# od
## English
### Etymology 1

Alteration of God.

#### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ɒd/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* (General American) IPA: /ɑd/
* Rhymes: -ɒd
* Homophone: odd

#### Noun

od
* (now archaic, regional) (Euphemistic form of) God. [from 17th c.]

##### Derived terms

* od's bobs
* ods bodikins
* od's niggers

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from German Od, arbitrarily coined by the German scientist and philosopher Carl Reichenbach (1788–1869).

#### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ɒd/, /əʊd/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* (General American) IPA: /ɑd/, /ɔd/, /oʊd/
* Rhymes: -ɒd, -əʊd, -ɔd
* Homophones: odd, ode

#### Noun

od
* (pseudoscience, historical, also attributive) A hypothetical force or natural power, which was supposed by Carl Reichenbach and others to inhere in certain people and produce phenomena such as animal magnetism and mesmerism, and to be developed by various agencies, as by chemical or vital action, heat, light, magnets, etc.
    Synonyms: (obsolete) odyl, odyle

##### Alternative forms

* Od, õd

##### Derived terms

* odic
* odically
* odism
* odylic, odyllic
* odylism
* odylist
* odyl, odyle

### References

* ↑ Charles von Reichenbach [i.e., Carl Reichenbach] (1850) “Sixth Treatise. The Material World in General.”, in Physico-psychological Researches on the Dynamics of Magnetism, Electricity, Heat, Light, Crystallization, and Chemism, in Their Relations to Vital Force. […], London: Hippolyte Baillière, […], →OCLC, paragraph 215, page 224:Leaving the etymological derivation to be justified at some other opportunity, I will take the liberty to propose the short word Od for the force which we are engaged in examining. Every one will admit it to be desirable that an uni-syllabic word beginning with a vowel should be selected for an object which occurs universally in an infinity of complex conditions of the material world, for the sake of convenient conjunction in the manifold compound words. The words magnetism, electricity, &c., are by far too long for convenient use in the language of science.
* ↑ “Od, n.$^2$”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, July 2023; “od$^1$, n.”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.

### Further reading

* Odic force on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

### Anagrams

* DO, D.O., 'do, D&O, do., d/o, do

## Azerbaijani
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ōt (“fire”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /od/
* (Tabriz) IPA: /ot/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

od (definite accusative odu, plural odlar)
* fire
    Synonyms: atəş, nar

#### Related terms

* odun
* ocaq

### References

* ↑ Səlimi, Hüseynqulu (1976) A generative phonology of Azerbaijani (PhD)‎, University of Florida, page 153: “[T]he words for 'milk' and 'fire' differ with respect to the final stop in Tabriz from the literary dialect. In Tabriz we have [süt] 'milk' and [ot] 'fire' whereas in the literary dialect we have [süd] and [od].”

## Czech
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech ot, from Proto-Slavic *otъ, from Proto-Indo-European *éti.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ot/
* Audio:(file)

### Preposition

od [with genitive]
* from
    Dostal jsem dopis od bratra. ― I got a letter from my brother.
* since
    Od té doby jsem tam nebyl. ― I haven't been there since.
* of
    To je od tebe moc hezké. ― That is very nice of you.

### Further reading

* “od”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “od”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989

## Danish
### Etymology

From Old Norse oddr, from Proto-Germanic *uzdaz, cognate with German Ort (“place, point”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɔðˀ/, [ˈʌðˀ]

### Noun

od c (singular definite odden, plural indefinite odde)
* sharp point

#### Declension
## Ido
### Alternative forms

* o (apocope)

### Etymology

Borrowing from English or, French ou, Italian od and Spanish o.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɔd/

### Conjunction

od
* or

#### Related terms

* ed (“and”)
* ad (“to”)

## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /od/

### Conjunction

od
* or (used before a vowel for euphony instead of o)

### Anagrams

* D-o, do, dò

## Latvian
### Verb

od
* inflection of ost:
** second-person singular present indicative
** second-person singular imperative

## Middle English
### Adjective

od
* Alternative form of odde

### Adverb

od
* Alternative form of odde

### Noun

od
* Alternative form of odde

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology 1

From Old Norse óðr.

#### Adjective

od (neuter singular odt, definite singular and plural ode, comparative odare, indefinite superlative odast, definite superlative odaste)
* mad, frenzied
    Synonyms: galen, styrlaus
    Han er så od i dag at eg torer ikkje snakka til han.He's so mad today that I don't dare talk to him.
* on heat, rutting
    Synonyms: brunstig, brundgalen

##### Derived terms

* odgalen
* oding
* odskap

### Etymology 2

From Old Norse óðr.

#### Noun

od n (definite singular odet, indefinite plural od, definite plural oda)
* wild impulse, sudden compulsion, yearning, frenzy
    Synonyms: ihuge, hugskot
    Eg gjorde det med odet var på meg.I did it while the impulse was on me.
* stormy weather
    Synonyms: hardver, uver

##### Derived terms

* odkast
* verod

### References

* “od” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
* “od”, in Norsk Ordbok: ordbok over det norske folkemålet og det nynorske skriftmålet, Oslo: Samlaget, 1950-2016

## Old French
### Etymology

From Latin apud.

### Preposition

od
* with

#### Descendants

* Norman: d'ot

## Old Polish
### Alternative forms

* hod, hot, ode, ot, ote

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *otъ. The final d is due to analogy with other prepositions such as nad and pod. First attested in the first half of the 14th century.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (10th–15th CE) /ɔt/
* IPA: (15th CE) /ɔt/

### Preposition

od [with genitive]
* indicates the beginning of an action has lasted; since, from, for
* indicates length of time; for
* indicates distance; from, away from
* indicates source or cause; from, because of
* indicates agent of a request; from
* indicates physical origin, sometimes used in names; from
* indicates author or letter; by, from
* used in passive constructions; by
* indicates the scope, manner or degree
* indicates relation, intended purpose or use, material, or age; from
* used in comparisons; than

#### Derived terms

* od-

#### Descendants

* Polish: od
* Silesian: ôd

### References

* B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “od”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN

## Polish
### Alternative forms

* ode

### Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish od.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɔt/
* (Middle Polish) IPA: /ˈɔt/
* (Lesser Poland):
** (Kielce) IPA: /ˈɔt/
* Audio 1 (isolated):(file)
* Audio 2:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔt
* Syllabification: od
* Homophones: od-, ot, -ot

### Preposition

od [with genitive]
* indicates separation, distance, loss of contact; from, away
    Jesteśmy dość daleko od domu. ― We're pretty far from home.
    Odsuń się od niej! ― Get away from her!
* indicates origin of movement; from, away
    Dostałem dziś list od siostry. ― I got a letter from my sister today.
    Odchodzę od tego budynku. ― I am walking away from that building.
* indicates moment of origin in time; from, since, for
    Pracuję codziennie od siódmej do piętnastej. ― I work from 7 AM till 3 PM every day.
    Od jutra będę mieszkał we własnym mieszkaniu. ― Starting tomorrow I'll be living in my own flat.
    Odlicz od dziesięciu w dół. ― Count backwards from ten.
    Czekam na ciebie od osiemnastej. ― I have been waiting for you since 6 PM.
* indicates source or cause; from, because of
    Jestem mokry od deszczu ― I'm wet from the rain.
* indicates intended use or purpose; for
    Czy widzisz przez dziurkę od klucza? ― Can you see through the keyhole? (literally, “Can you see through the hole for the key?”)
    Zamknąłeś okno od samochodu? ― Did you shut the car window?
* indicates specialization
* used in comparisons; than
    Synonyms: aniżeli, aniżeliby, niż, niżby, niźli, niźliby, niżeli, niżeliby
    Janusz jest wyższy od Piotra. ― Janusz is taller than Piotr.
* (Middle Polish) used to indicate the author of a letter or work; from, by
* (Middle Polish) used in passive constructions; by
* (Middle Polish) indicates material; from
    Synonym: z

### Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), od is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 477 times in scientific texts, 319 times in news, 310 times in essays, 371 times in fiction, and 303 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 1780 times, making it the 23rd most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.

### References

* ↑ Ida Kurcz (1990) “od”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 309

### Further reading

* od in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* od in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “od”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
* “OD”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 2010 May 24
* Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “od”, in Słownik języka polskiego
* Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “od”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
* J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1904), “od”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 3, Warsaw, page 564
* Jan Łoś (1886) “já ńe od tego”, in “Gwara opoczyńska. Studium dialektologiczne”, in Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności (1), volume 11, page 186

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *otъ, from Proto-Indo-European *éti. See od-, ot-, o, oda-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ôd/

### Preposition

ȍd (Cyrillic spelling о̏д)
* from, since [with genitive]
    od Zagreba do Beograda ― from Zagreb to Belgrade
    od jutra do mraka ― from dusk until dawn
    od 5 do 10 sati ― from 5 to 10 o'clock
    od danas ― from today on
    od sad(a) ― from now on
    od tad(a) ― since then
    od kraja zime ― from the end of winter
* of [with genitive]
    selo od tri kuće ― a village of three houses
    jedan od njih ― one of them
    čovjek od (svoje) r(ij)eči. ― a man of his word
    Hvala! To je bilo jako l(ij)epo od tebe! ― Thank you! That was very nice of you!
* (comparison) (+ genitive case) than
    Avioni su brži od helikoptera. ― Airplanes are faster than helicopters.
    Stariji je od svoje sestre. ― He is older than his sister.
* made of, made out of, made from [with genitive]
    stolica od drveta ― a chair made of wood
    Plastika se proizvodi od nafte. ― Plastic is made from oil.
    U slamovima, ljudi često žive u kućama napravljenim od otpadnog metala. ― In slums, people often live in houses made out of scrap metal.
* (proscribed, passive voice) (+ genitive case) by (usually followed by strane ("side/party") denoting the party which is doing the action; active form is preferred in formal language)
    Bomba je bila pronađena od (strane) policije. ― The bomb was found by the police.
* because of, from, with (denoting a direct or indirect cause) [with genitive]
    Umrla je od raka kože. ― She died of skin cancer.
    Umrla je od alkoholizma. ― She died from alcoholism.
    umr(ij)eti od dosade ― to die of boredom
    drhtati od straha ― to tremble with fear
    tresti se od hladnoće ― to shiver with cold

## Slovak
### Alternative forms

* odo

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *otъ, from Proto-Indo-European *éti.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɔd/

### Preposition

od (+ genitive)
* from
* since
* of

### Further reading

* “od”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2025

## Slovene
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *otъ

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɔt/

### Preposition

od
* from, away from [with genitive]
* since or starting from (place or time) [with genitive]
* originating from, having origin in [with genitive]
* of, belonging to, part of [with genitive]
* (with genitive, in comparisons) than
* of, from, because of, due to [with genitive]

## Turkish
### Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish اود (od), اوت (ot), from Old Anatolian Turkish اود (od), from Proto-Turkic *ōt (“fire”).

### Noun

od (definite accusative odu, plural odlar)
* (archaic or dialectal) fire
    Synonyms: ateş, nâr

#### Declension

singular
plural
nominative
od
odlar
definite accusative
odu
odları
dative
oda
odlara
locative
odda
odlarda
ablative
oddan
odlardan
genitive
odun
odların
Possessive forms
nominative
singular
plural
1st singular
odum
odlarım
2nd singular
odun
odların
3rd singular
odu
odları
1st plural
odumuz
odlarımız
2nd plural
odunuz
odlarınız
3rd plural
odları
odları
definite accusative
singular
plural
1st singular
odumu
odlarımı
2nd singular
odunu
odlarını
3rd singular
odunu
odlarını
1st plural
odumuzu
odlarımızı
2nd plural
odunuzu
odlarınızı
3rd plural
odlarını
odlarını
dative
singular
plural
1st singular
oduma
odlarıma
2nd singular
oduna
odlarına
3rd singular
oduna
odlarına
1st plural
odumuza
odlarımıza
2nd plural
odunuza
odlarınıza
3rd plural
odlarına
odlarına
locative
singular
plural
1st singular
odumda
odlarımda
2nd singular
odunda
odlarında
3rd singular
odunda
odlarında
1st plural
odumuzda
odlarımızda
2nd plural
odunuzda
odlarınızda
3rd plural
odlarında
odlarında
ablative
singular
plural
1st singular
odumdan
odlarımdan
2nd singular
odundan
odlarından
3rd singular
odundan
odlarından
1st plural
odumuzdan
odlarımızdan
2nd plural
odunuzdan
odlarınızdan
3rd plural
odlarından
odlarından
genitive
singular
plural
1st singular
odumun
odlarımın
2nd singular
odunun
odlarının
3rd singular
odunun
odlarının
1st plural
odumuzun
odlarımızın
2nd plural
odunuzun
odlarınızın
3rd plural
odlarının
odlarının :

#### Related terms

* oda
* odun

## Volapük
### Pronoun

od
* each other

#### Declension
## Welsh
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɔd/

### Etymology 1

From Middle English odde.

#### Adjective

od (feminine singular od, plural od, equative oded, comparative odach, superlative odaf)
* odd, strange
    Synonyms: anarferol, rhyfedd
* odd (not even)
    Antonym: cynifer

##### Usage notes

Unusually for a monosyllabic word ending in a monophthong and single d, the current spelling of this word does not require the grave accent to indicate that the vowel is short. Likewise, there is a circumflex in the word ôd to show that its vowel is long. Compare this to regular spellings such as mwd and mẁd or nod and nòd. This phenomenon of not requiring a grave accent where one may expect it is more common in well-established grammatical words such as od below. See also os, nid or nag for similar cases.

##### Derived terms

* odiaeth (“excellent, splendid”)
* odrif (“odd number”)

### Etymology 2
#### Conjunction

od
* (literary) Alternative form of o (“if, whether”) used before vowels.

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.