# 羅剎
## Chinese

* 羅剎

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Sanskrit राक्षस (rākṣasa).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): luóchà
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄔㄚˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): lo$^4$ caat$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: luóchà
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄔㄚˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: luóchà
*** Wade–Giles: lo$^2$-chʻa$^4$
*** Yale: lwó-chà
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: luochah
*** Palladius: лоча (loča)
*** Sinological IPA : /lu̯ɔ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰä⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lo$^4$ caat$^3$
*** Yale: lòh chaat
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lo$^4$ tsaat$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lo$^4$ cad$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɔː²¹ t͡sʰaːt̚³/
* Middle Chinese: la tsrhaet
Rime :
| Character | 羅 | 剎 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) | 初 (19) |
| Final (韻) | 歌 (94) | 黠 (71) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | II |
| Fanqie | 魯何切 | 初鎋切 |
| Baxter | la | tsrhaet |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /lɑ/ | /t͡ʃʰˠat̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /lɑ/ | /ʈ͡ʂʰᵚat̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /lɑ/ | /t͡ʃʰɐt̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /la/ | /ʈ͡ʂʰaɨt̚/ |
| Li Rong | /lɑ/ | /t͡ʃʰat̚/ |
| Wang Li | /lɑ/ | /t͡ʃʰat̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /lɑ/ | /ʈ͡ʂʰăt̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | luó | cha |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | lo$^4$ | caat$^3$ |

#### Noun

羅剎
* (Hindu mythology, Hinduism, Buddhism) rakshasa

##### Synonyms

* 羅叉／罗叉
* 羅叉娑／罗叉娑
* 羅剎娑／罗刹娑

##### Descendants

* → Japanese: 羅(ら)刹(せつ) (rasetsu)
* → Korean: 나찰(羅刹) (nachal)
* → Vietnamese: La Sát (羅剎)

### Etymology 2

Phono-semantic matching of Manchu ᠯᠣᠴᠠ (loca, “Russian”, noun), from Solon lōča (“Russian”, noun). Also intentionally used due to another meaning of this word, "rakshasa" (a sort of demon or monster), to demonize Russians during wars between the Qing Dynasty and the Russian Empire.
Compare modern Solon ᠯᠣᠤᠲ (loot, “Russian”, noun), ᠯᠣᠤᠴᠠ (looqa, “Russian”, noun); Daur luaaq (“Russian”, noun); Nanai лоча (loča); Evenki лӯча (lūça), Even ню̄чи (ņūci), Yakut нуучча (nuucca); Ainu ヌチャ (nuca), etc.

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Luóchà
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄔㄚˋ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Luóchà
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄔㄚˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Luóchà
*** Wade–Giles: Lo$^2$-chʻa$^4$
*** Yale: Lwó-chà
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Luochah
*** Palladius: Лоча (Loča)
*** Sinological IPA : /lu̯ɔ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰä⁵¹/

#### Proper noun

羅剎
* (obsolete, chiefly used in Qing dynasty) Russia, Russians
    Synonyms: 俄國 / 俄国 (Éguó), 俄羅斯 / 俄罗斯 (Éluósī) (Russia)
    Synonym: 俄羅斯人 / 俄罗斯人 (éluósīrén) (Russian people)
    From: 1689, 《平定羅剎方略》 (Strategic Narrative of the Pacification of Russia)
    Jù Lángtǎn děng zòu, gōngqǔ Luóchà shèn yì, fā bīng sān qiān zú yǐ. [Pinyin]
    According to the report of Langtan and others, it is very easy to attack and seize Russia, sending 3,000 soldiers is enough.
    From: 1731, 《聖祖仁皇帝實錄》
    Xiānshì, Hēilóngjiāng jiāngjūn Sàbùsù zòu, Xiāoqíjiào Shuògésè děng, wǎng tàn Luóchà qíngxíng. [Pinyin]
    Formerly, the Heilongjiang general Sabsu presented the report: those Funde Bošokū (驍騎校), such as Šogese, went to investigate the situation of Russians.
    From: 1886, 陳康祺 (Chen Kangqi), 《郎潛紀聞》
    Ér wǒ Shèngzǔ yóu xuānyù zhū jiàng, wèi Zhōngguó bīngmǎ jīngqiáng, qìxiè jiānlì, Luóchà shì bùnéng dí, guīchéng shí wù shā yīrén, bǐ huán gùtǔ. [Pinyin]
    However, my Shengzu [Emperor Kangxi] still issued an order to the generals, saying that the Chinese soldiers and horses are strong, the weapons are strong, and the Russians are invincible. When they return to their hometown, they should not kill anyone in order to return to their homeland.
    From: 1929, Zhao Erxun (lead editor), Draft History of Qing
    Luóchà fàn wǒ jìng, shì Yǎkèsà chéng wéi cháoxué, lìnián yǐjiǔ, shālüè bùyǐ. [Pinyin]
    The Russians have invaded our territory and have used the city of Yagsi as their nest. They have been killing and plundering for many years.

### Further reading

* Ding, Fubao (丁福保) (1922), “羅剎” in 佛學大辭典 [A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms].

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 羅 | 剎 |

### Noun

羅剎
* chữ Hán form of La Sát (“rakshasa”).