# turbulent
## English
### Etymology

From Middle English turbulent, from Middle French turbulent, from Latin turbulentus, from turba (“disorder, tumult, crowd”).

### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈtɜːbjələnt/
* (General American) IPA: /ˈtɝbjələnt/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Hyphenation: tur‧bu‧lent

### Adjective

turbulent (comparative more turbulent, superlative most turbulent)
* violently disturbed or agitated; tempestuous, tumultuous
    It is dangerous to sail in turbulent seas.
* being in, or causing, disturbance or unrest
    The mid-19th century was a turbulent time in American history.
** 2013 August 10, Lexington, “Keeping the mighty honest”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8848:The [Washington] Post's proprietor through those turbulent [Watergate] days, Katharine Graham, held a double place in Washington’s hierarchy: at once regal Georgetown hostess and scrappy newshound, ready to hold the establishment to account. That is a very American position.

#### Derived terms

* gravitoturbulent
* gravoturbulent
* macroturbulent
* microturbulent
* nonturbulent
* turbulent flow
* turbulently

#### Related terms

* disturb
* perturb
* trouble
* turbid
* turbine
* turbulence

#### Translations

    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

### Further reading

* “turbulent”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
* William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “turbulent”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.
* “turbulent”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.

## Dutch
### Etymology

From Middle Dutch turbulent, from Middle French turbulent, from Old French turbulent, from Latin turbulentus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˌtʏr.byˈlɛnt/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: tur‧bu‧lent
* Rhymes: -ɛnt

### Adjective

turbulent (comparative turbulenter, superlative turbulentst)
* turbulent

#### Derived terms

* turbulentie

#### Descendants

* → Indonesian: turbulen

## French
### Etymology

Inherited from Middle French turbulent, from Old French turbulent, from Latin turbulentus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tyʁ.by.lɑ̃/
* Audio:(file)

### Adjective

turbulent (feminine turbulente, masculine plural turbulents, feminine plural turbulentes)
* turbulent
* unruly

#### Related terms

* turbulence

### Further reading

* “turbulent”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## German
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin turbulentus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tʊʁbuˈlɛnt/
* Audio:(file)

### Adjective

turbulent (strong nominative masculine singular turbulenter, comparative turbulenter, superlative am turbulentesten)
* turbulent

#### Related terms

* Turbulenz

### Further reading

* “turbulent” in Duden online
* “turbulent” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin turbulentus.

### Adjective

turbulent (neuter singular turbulent, definite singular and plural turbulente)
* turbulent

### References

* “turbulent” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin turbulentus.

### Adjective

turbulent (neuter singular turbulent, definite singular and plural turbulente)
* turbulent

### References

* “turbulent” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Piedmontese
### Alternative forms

* türbülent

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tyrbyˈlɛŋt/

### Adjective

turbulent
* turbulent

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from French turbulent, from Latin turbulentus.

### Adjective

turbulent m or n (feminine singular turbulentă, masculine plural turbulenți, feminine and neuter plural turbulente)
* turbulent

#### Related terms

* turbulență

## Swedish
### Adjective

turbulent (comparative turbulentare, superlative turbulentast)
* turbulent (agitated, whirling)
* (figuratively) turbulent, tumultuous

#### Declension

$^1$ The indefinite superlative forms are only used in the predicative. $^2$ Dated or archaic. $^3$ Only used, optionally, to refer to things whose natural gender is masculine.

#### Related terms

* turbulens

### References

* turbulent in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* turbulent in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)