# je
## Albanian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /je/

### Verb

je
* second-person singular present indicative of jam

## Bassa
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [dʒe]

### Noun

je
* jealousy
* a kind of lizard

### References

* Bassa-English Dictionary
* 2007. The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Department of Linguistics.

## Blagar
### Noun

je
* canoe

### References

* Antoinette Schapper, The Papuan Languages of Timor, Alor and Pantar: Volume 1 (2014), p. 173

## Bourguignon
### Alternative forms

* i (normal form)

### Etymology

The traditional form is i but je is found as early as in the first recorded texts in Bourguignon. However nowadays, it is rare to find it, most speakers saying i as it is a typical feature of Bourguignon.

### Pronoun

je
* (rare) Alternative form of i

#### Related terms

| Number | Person | Gender | Nominative (subject) | Inversion | Reflexive | Accusative (direct complement) | Dative (indirect complement) | Disjunctive (tonic) | Locative (at) | Genitive (of) |
| Singular | First | — | i (rarely je) | -je | me, m’ | me, m’ | me, m’ | moi | — | — |
| Singular | Second | — | tu, t' | -tu | te, t’ | te, t’ | te, t’ | toi | — | — |
| Singular | Third | Masculine | ai, before vowels el | -ti | se, s’ | le, l’ | lu | lu | y | en |
| Singular | Third | Feminine | ale | -ti | se, s’ | la, l’ | lu | lei | y | en |
| Singular | Third | Neuter | çai | -ce | se, s’ | çai | lu | çai, çan | — | — |
| Singular | Third | — | an | -an | se, s’ | — | — | soi | — | — |
| Plural | First | — | i (rarely je) | -je | nos | nos | nos | nos | — | — |
| Plural | Second | — | vos | -vos | vos | vos | vos | vos | — | — |
| Plural | Third | Masculine | ai, before vowels el | -ti | se, s’ | les | lor | lor | y | en |
| Plural | Third | Feminine | ales | -ti | se, s’ | les | lor | lor | y | en |

## Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈjɛ]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛ

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *jь, *ja, *je, originally from Proto-Indo-European *eno-, *ono-, *no-.

#### Pronoun

je
* third-person plural accusative of on
* third-person plural accusative of ona
* third-person singular/plural accusative of ono

##### See also

* ně

### Etymology 2

Formerly jest, from Proto-Slavic *estь, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es-.

#### Verb

je
* third-person singular present indicative of být

### References

* 1 2 Rejzek, Jiří (2007) Český etymologický slovník (in Czech), Version 1.0 edition, Prague: Leda

## Dutch
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /jə/
* Audio:(file)

### Etymology 1
#### Pronoun

je
* subjective unstressed form of jij (“you (singular)”)
    Wat doe je daar? ― What are you doing there?
* objective unstressed form of jij (“you (singular)”)
    Ik doe dit wel voor je. ― I'll do this for you.
    Hoe gaat het met je? — Goed. En met jou?How are you? — I'm good. What about you?
* subjective unstressed form of jullie (“you (plural), y'all”)
    Wat doe je daar? ― What are you doing there?
* objective unstressed form of jullie (“you (plural), y'all”)
    Ik doe dit wel voor je. ― I'll do this for you.
* (indefinite personal pronoun, informal) one, people, you, someone, anyone; an unspecified individual or group of individuals (as subject or object)
    Je mag hier niet zwemmen. ― Swimming is not allowed here.
    In dat restaurant kun je heerlijk eten. ― There is great food to be had in that restaurant.
** 1995 May 23, Marleen Barth, “'Politiek moet leren luisteren naar scholen' ['Politicians must learn to listen to schools']”, in Trouw‎, page 4:„Als je als directeur ondernemend van aard bent en je kunt goed leidinggeven, dan ben je natuurlijk wel gelukkig met meer vrijheid. Maar dat geldt voor veel directeuren niet.(...)""If a headteacher is entrepreneurial by nature and if he or she is a good manager, they'll obviously be happy with more freedom. But this does not apply to many headteachers.(...)"
* (personal pronoun, colloquial) I, one; used to talk about oneself indirectly, especially about feelings or personal experiences
    Je gaat wel even een moeilijk periode door, maar je zoekt toch naar een oplossing. ― I did go through a difficult period, but I looked for a solution nonetheless.
** 1994 December 31, Wang An Oe, “'Voor een paar tientjes was ik ineens directeur' ['For a couple of tenners, I suddenly became a CEO']”, in Leeuwarder Courant‎, page 17:Het echtpaar Duijm uit Spijkenisse toog zo'n vier maanden geleden naar de Kamer van Koophandel omdat meneer en mevrouw wel wat zagen in een strijkservice. (...) „Voor ƒ 58 inschrijfgeld waren we plotseling directeur en directrice. Na afloop voel je weer de frisse lucht buiten en dan denk je wel even: waar zijn we aan begonnen?"About four months ago, Mr and Mrs Duijm from Spijkenisse went to the Chamber of Commerce because the couple saw business potential for an ironing service. (...) "For a ƒ58 registration fee, we were suddenly CEOs. Afterwards, I felt the fresh outside air again and at that moment I did think to myself: what did we get ourselves into?"
** 2022 October 31, Gummbah, De Volkskrant‎ (cartoon), retrieved 23 November 2022:Hoe gaat het nou? Slecht !... Ja, je hebt toch net je moeder begraven, hèHow are things? Bad! After all, I just buried my mother, right?

##### Usage notes

* When je is the unstressed subjective form of jullie, it is construed with a singular verb. Compare:
       Het is gevaarlijk, maar jullie moeten weten wat je doet.It’s dangerous, but you must decide what you’re doing.
* In informal language, je often replaces jij, jou, and jouw, with those forms used for emphasis or contrast.
    Heb je aan je maat gevraagd of ’ie z’n boor voor je kan meenemen? — Ja, hij zei dat ik ’m daarna aan jou mag geven zodat jij ’m voor jouw klusje kunt gebruiken.Did you ask your mate to bring his drill for you? — Yes, he said I can give it to you afterwards so you can use it for your project.

##### Declension

| | subject | subject | object | object | possessive | possessive | possessive | reflexive | genitive$^5$ |
| singular | full | unstr. | full | unstr. | full | unstr. | pred. | | |
| 1st person | ik | 'k$^1$ | mij | me | mijn | m'n$^1$ | mijne | me | mijner, mijns |
| 2nd person | jij | je | jou | je | jouw | je | jouwe | je | jouwer, jouws |
| 2nd person archaic or regiolectal | gij | ge | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u | uwer, uws |
| 2nd person formal | u | – | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u, zich$^7$ | uwer, uws |
| 3rd person masculine | hij | ie$^1$ | hem | 'm$^1$ | zijn | z'n$^1$ | zijne | zich | zijner, zijns |
| 3rd person feminine | zij | ze | haar | h'r$^1$, 'r$^1$, d'r$^1$ | haar | h'r$^1$, 'r$^1$, d'r$^1$ | hare | zich | harer, haars |
| 3rd person neuter | het | 't$^1$ | het | 't$^1$ | zijn | z'n$^1$ | zijne | zich | zijner, zijns |
| plural | | | | | | | | | |
| 1st person | wij | we | ons | – | ons, onze$^2$ | – | onze | ons | onzer, onzes |
| 2nd person | jullie | je | jullie | je | jullie | je | – | je | – |
| 2nd person archaic or regiolectal$^6$ | gij | ge | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u | uwer, uws |
| 2nd person formal | u | – | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u, zich$^7$ | uwer, uws |
| 3rd person | zij | ze | hen$^3$, hun$^4$ | ze | hun | – | hunne | zich | hunner, huns |
| $^{1)}$ Not as common in written language. $^{2)}$ Inflected as an adjective. $^{3)}$ In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). $^{4)}$ In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative). $^{5)}$ Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. $^{6)}$ To differentiate from the singular gij, gelle (object form elle) and variants are commonly used colloquially in Belgium. Archaic forms are gijlieden and gijlui ("you people"). | $^{1)}$ Not as common in written language. $^{2)}$ Inflected as an adjective. $^{3)}$ In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). $^{4)}$ In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative). $^{5)}$ Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. $^{6)}$ To differentiate from the singular gij, gelle (object form elle) and variants are commonly used colloquially in Belgium. Archaic forms are gijlieden and gijlui ("you people"). | $^{1)}$ Not as common in written language. $^{2)}$ Inflected as an adjective. $^{3)}$ In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). $^{4)}$ In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative). $^{5)}$ Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. $^{6)}$ To differentiate from the singular gij, gelle (object form elle) and variants are commonly used colloquially in Belgium. Archaic forms are gijlieden and gijlui ("you people"). | $^{1)}$ Not as common in written language. $^{2)}$ Inflected as an adjective. $^{3)}$ In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). $^{4)}$ In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative). $^{5)}$ Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. $^{6)}$ To differentiate from the singular gij, gelle (object form elle) and variants are commonly used colloquially in Belgium. Archaic forms are gijlieden and gijlui ("you people"). | $^{7)}$ Zich is preferred if the reflexive pronoun immediately follows the subject pronoun u, e.g. Meldt u zich aan! 'Log in!', and if the subject pronoun u is used with a verb form that is identical with the third person singular but different from the informal second person singular, e.g. U heeft zich aangemeld. 'You have logged in.' Only u can be used in an imperative if the subject pronoun is not overt, e.g. Meld u aan! 'Log in!', where u is the reflexive pronoun. Otherwise, both u and zich are equally possible, e.g. U meldt u/zich aan. 'You log in.' | $^{7)}$ Zich is preferred if the reflexive pronoun immediately follows the subject pronoun u, e.g. Meldt u zich aan! 'Log in!', and if the subject pronoun u is used with a verb form that is identical with the third person singular but different from the informal second person singular, e.g. U heeft zich aangemeld. 'You have logged in.' Only u can be used in an imperative if the subject pronoun is not overt, e.g. Meld u aan! 'Log in!', where u is the reflexive pronoun. Otherwise, both u and zich are equally possible, e.g. U meldt u/zich aan. 'You log in.' | $^{7)}$ Zich is preferred if the reflexive pronoun immediately follows the subject pronoun u, e.g. Meldt u zich aan! 'Log in!', and if the subject pronoun u is used with a verb form that is identical with the third person singular but different from the informal second person singular, e.g. U heeft zich aangemeld. 'You have logged in.' Only u can be used in an imperative if the subject pronoun is not overt, e.g. Meld u aan! 'Log in!', where u is the reflexive pronoun. Otherwise, both u and zich are equally possible, e.g. U meldt u/zich aan. 'You log in.' | $^{7)}$ Zich is preferred if the reflexive pronoun immediately follows the subject pronoun u, e.g. Meldt u zich aan! 'Log in!', and if the subject pronoun u is used with a verb form that is identical with the third person singular but different from the informal second person singular, e.g. U heeft zich aangemeld. 'You have logged in.' Only u can be used in an imperative if the subject pronoun is not overt, e.g. Meld u aan! 'Log in!', where u is the reflexive pronoun. Otherwise, both u and zich are equally possible, e.g. U meldt u/zich aan. 'You log in.' | $^{7)}$ Zich is preferred if the reflexive pronoun immediately follows the subject pronoun u, e.g. Meldt u zich aan! 'Log in!', and if the subject pronoun u is used with a verb form that is identical with the third person singular but different from the informal second person singular, e.g. U heeft zich aangemeld. 'You have logged in.' Only u can be used in an imperative if the subject pronoun is not overt, e.g. Meld u aan! 'Log in!', where u is the reflexive pronoun. Otherwise, both u and zich are equally possible, e.g. U meldt u/zich aan. 'You log in.' | $^{7)}$ Zich is preferred if the reflexive pronoun immediately follows the subject pronoun u, e.g. Meldt u zich aan! 'Log in!', and if the subject pronoun u is used with a verb form that is identical with the third person singular but different from the informal second person singular, e.g. U heeft zich aangemeld. 'You have logged in.' Only u can be used in an imperative if the subject pronoun is not overt, e.g. Meld u aan! 'Log in!', where u is the reflexive pronoun. Otherwise, both u and zich are equally possible, e.g. U meldt u/zich aan. 'You log in.' |

##### Descendants

* Jersey Dutch: je

### Etymology 2
#### Determiner

je (second person, possessive)
* possessive unstressed form of jij (“you (singular)”): your (singular)
    Neem je boek en maak die oefening. ― Take your book and do that exercise.
* possessive unstressed form of jullie (“you (plural), y'all”): your (plural), y'all's
    Neem je boeken en maak die oefening. ― Take your books and do that exercise.

##### Declension

| | subject | subject | object | object | possessive | possessive | possessive | reflexive | genitive$^5$ |
| singular | full | unstr. | full | unstr. | full | unstr. | pred. | | |
| 1st person | ik | 'k$^1$ | mij | me | mijn | m'n$^1$ | mijne | me | mijner, mijns |
| 2nd person | jij | je | jou | je | jouw | je | jouwe | je | jouwer, jouws |
| 2nd person archaic or regiolectal | gij | ge | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u | uwer, uws |
| 2nd person formal | u | – | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u, zich$^7$ | uwer, uws |
| 3rd person masculine | hij | ie$^1$ | hem | 'm$^1$ | zijn | z'n$^1$ | zijne | zich | zijner, zijns |
| 3rd person feminine | zij | ze | haar | h'r$^1$, 'r$^1$, d'r$^1$ | haar | h'r$^1$, 'r$^1$, d'r$^1$ | hare | zich | harer, haars |
| 3rd person neuter | het | 't$^1$ | het | 't$^1$ | zijn | z'n$^1$ | zijne | zich | zijner, zijns |
| plural | | | | | | | | | |
| 1st person | wij | we | ons | – | ons, onze$^2$ | – | onze | ons | onzer, onzes |
| 2nd person | jullie | je | jullie | je | jullie | je | – | je | – |
| 2nd person archaic or regiolectal$^6$ | gij | ge | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u | uwer, uws |
| 2nd person formal | u | – | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u, zich$^7$ | uwer, uws |
| 3rd person | zij | ze | hen$^3$, hun$^4$ | ze | hun | – | hunne | zich | hunner, huns |
| $^{1)}$ Not as common in written language. $^{2)}$ Inflected as an adjective. $^{3)}$ In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). $^{4)}$ In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative). $^{5)}$ Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. $^{6)}$ To differentiate from the singular gij, gelle (object form elle) and variants are commonly used colloquially in Belgium. Archaic forms are gijlieden and gijlui ("you people"). | $^{1)}$ Not as common in written language. $^{2)}$ Inflected as an adjective. $^{3)}$ In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). $^{4)}$ In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative). $^{5)}$ Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. $^{6)}$ To differentiate from the singular gij, gelle (object form elle) and variants are commonly used colloquially in Belgium. Archaic forms are gijlieden and gijlui ("you people"). | $^{1)}$ Not as common in written language. $^{2)}$ Inflected as an adjective. $^{3)}$ In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). $^{4)}$ In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative). $^{5)}$ Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. $^{6)}$ To differentiate from the singular gij, gelle (object form elle) and variants are commonly used colloquially in Belgium. Archaic forms are gijlieden and gijlui ("you people"). | $^{1)}$ Not as common in written language. $^{2)}$ Inflected as an adjective. $^{3)}$ In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). $^{4)}$ In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative). $^{5)}$ Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. $^{6)}$ To differentiate from the singular gij, gelle (object form elle) and variants are commonly used colloquially in Belgium. Archaic forms are gijlieden and gijlui ("you people"). | $^{7)}$ Zich is preferred if the reflexive pronoun immediately follows the subject pronoun u, e.g. Meldt u zich aan! 'Log in!', and if the subject pronoun u is used with a verb form that is identical with the third person singular but different from the informal second person singular, e.g. U heeft zich aangemeld. 'You have logged in.' Only u can be used in an imperative if the subject pronoun is not overt, e.g. Meld u aan! 'Log in!', where u is the reflexive pronoun. Otherwise, both u and zich are equally possible, e.g. U meldt u/zich aan. 'You log in.' | $^{7)}$ Zich is preferred if the reflexive pronoun immediately follows the subject pronoun u, e.g. Meldt u zich aan! 'Log in!', and if the subject pronoun u is used with a verb form that is identical with the third person singular but different from the informal second person singular, e.g. U heeft zich aangemeld. 'You have logged in.' Only u can be used in an imperative if the subject pronoun is not overt, e.g. Meld u aan! 'Log in!', where u is the reflexive pronoun. Otherwise, both u and zich are equally possible, e.g. U meldt u/zich aan. 'You log in.' | $^{7)}$ Zich is preferred if the reflexive pronoun immediately follows the subject pronoun u, e.g. Meldt u zich aan! 'Log in!', and if the subject pronoun u is used with a verb form that is identical with the third person singular but different from the informal second person singular, e.g. U heeft zich aangemeld. 'You have logged in.' Only u can be used in an imperative if the subject pronoun is not overt, e.g. Meld u aan! 'Log in!', where u is the reflexive pronoun. Otherwise, both u and zich are equally possible, e.g. U meldt u/zich aan. 'You log in.' | $^{7)}$ Zich is preferred if the reflexive pronoun immediately follows the subject pronoun u, e.g. Meldt u zich aan! 'Log in!', and if the subject pronoun u is used with a verb form that is identical with the third person singular but different from the informal second person singular, e.g. U heeft zich aangemeld. 'You have logged in.' Only u can be used in an imperative if the subject pronoun is not overt, e.g. Meld u aan! 'Log in!', where u is the reflexive pronoun. Otherwise, both u and zich are equally possible, e.g. U meldt u/zich aan. 'You log in.' | $^{7)}$ Zich is preferred if the reflexive pronoun immediately follows the subject pronoun u, e.g. Meldt u zich aan! 'Log in!', and if the subject pronoun u is used with a verb form that is identical with the third person singular but different from the informal second person singular, e.g. U heeft zich aangemeld. 'You have logged in.' Only u can be used in an imperative if the subject pronoun is not overt, e.g. Meld u aan! 'Log in!', where u is the reflexive pronoun. Otherwise, both u and zich are equally possible, e.g. U meldt u/zich aan. 'You log in.' | $^{7)}$ Zich is preferred if the reflexive pronoun immediately follows the subject pronoun u, e.g. Meldt u zich aan! 'Log in!', and if the subject pronoun u is used with a verb form that is identical with the third person singular but different from the informal second person singular, e.g. U heeft zich aangemeld. 'You have logged in.' Only u can be used in an imperative if the subject pronoun is not overt, e.g. Meld u aan! 'Log in!', where u is the reflexive pronoun. Otherwise, both u and zich are equally possible, e.g. U meldt u/zich aan. 'You log in.' |

### Etymology 3
#### Pronoun

je (second person, reflexive)
* reflexive of jij (“you (singular)”): yourself
    Heb je je gewassen? ― Did you wash yourself?
* reflexive of jullie (“you (plural), y'all”): yourselves
    Hebben jullie je goed voorbereid? ― Have you all prepared yourselves well?

##### Declension

| | subject | subject | object | object | possessive | possessive | possessive | reflexive | genitive$^5$ |
| singular | full | unstr. | full | unstr. | full | unstr. | pred. | | |
| 1st person | ik | 'k$^1$ | mij | me | mijn | m'n$^1$ | mijne | me | mijner, mijns |
| 2nd person | jij | je | jou | je | jouw | je | jouwe | je | jouwer, jouws |
| 2nd person archaic or regiolectal | gij | ge | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u | uwer, uws |
| 2nd person formal | u | – | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u, zich$^7$ | uwer, uws |
| 3rd person masculine | hij | ie$^1$ | hem | 'm$^1$ | zijn | z'n$^1$ | zijne | zich | zijner, zijns |
| 3rd person feminine | zij | ze | haar | h'r$^1$, 'r$^1$, d'r$^1$ | haar | h'r$^1$, 'r$^1$, d'r$^1$ | hare | zich | harer, haars |
| 3rd person neuter | het | 't$^1$ | het | 't$^1$ | zijn | z'n$^1$ | zijne | zich | zijner, zijns |
| plural | | | | | | | | | |
| 1st person | wij | we | ons | – | ons, onze$^2$ | – | onze | ons | onzer, onzes |
| 2nd person | jullie | je | jullie | je | jullie | je | – | je | – |
| 2nd person archaic or regiolectal$^6$ | gij | ge | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u | uwer, uws |
| 2nd person formal | u | – | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u, zich$^7$ | uwer, uws |
| 3rd person | zij | ze | hen$^3$, hun$^4$ | ze | hun | – | hunne | zich | hunner, huns |
| $^{1)}$ Not as common in written language. $^{2)}$ Inflected as an adjective. $^{3)}$ In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). $^{4)}$ In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative). $^{5)}$ Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. $^{6)}$ To differentiate from the singular gij, gelle (object form elle) and variants are commonly used colloquially in Belgium. Archaic forms are gijlieden and gijlui ("you people"). | $^{1)}$ Not as common in written language. $^{2)}$ Inflected as an adjective. $^{3)}$ In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). $^{4)}$ In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative). $^{5)}$ Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. $^{6)}$ To differentiate from the singular gij, gelle (object form elle) and variants are commonly used colloquially in Belgium. Archaic forms are gijlieden and gijlui ("you people"). | $^{1)}$ Not as common in written language. $^{2)}$ Inflected as an adjective. $^{3)}$ In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). $^{4)}$ In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative). $^{5)}$ Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. $^{6)}$ To differentiate from the singular gij, gelle (object form elle) and variants are commonly used colloquially in Belgium. Archaic forms are gijlieden and gijlui ("you people"). | $^{1)}$ Not as common in written language. $^{2)}$ Inflected as an adjective. $^{3)}$ In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). $^{4)}$ In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative). $^{5)}$ Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. $^{6)}$ To differentiate from the singular gij, gelle (object form elle) and variants are commonly used colloquially in Belgium. Archaic forms are gijlieden and gijlui ("you people"). | $^{7)}$ Zich is preferred if the reflexive pronoun immediately follows the subject pronoun u, e.g. Meldt u zich aan! 'Log in!', and if the subject pronoun u is used with a verb form that is identical with the third person singular but different from the informal second person singular, e.g. U heeft zich aangemeld. 'You have logged in.' Only u can be used in an imperative if the subject pronoun is not overt, e.g. Meld u aan! 'Log in!', where u is the reflexive pronoun. Otherwise, both u and zich are equally possible, e.g. U meldt u/zich aan. 'You log in.' | $^{7)}$ Zich is preferred if the reflexive pronoun immediately follows the subject pronoun u, e.g. Meldt u zich aan! 'Log in!', and if the subject pronoun u is used with a verb form that is identical with the third person singular but different from the informal second person singular, e.g. U heeft zich aangemeld. 'You have logged in.' Only u can be used in an imperative if the subject pronoun is not overt, e.g. Meld u aan! 'Log in!', where u is the reflexive pronoun. Otherwise, both u and zich are equally possible, e.g. U meldt u/zich aan. 'You log in.' | $^{7)}$ Zich is preferred if the reflexive pronoun immediately follows the subject pronoun u, e.g. Meldt u zich aan! 'Log in!', and if the subject pronoun u is used with a verb form that is identical with the third person singular but different from the informal second person singular, e.g. U heeft zich aangemeld. 'You have logged in.' Only u can be used in an imperative if the subject pronoun is not overt, e.g. Meld u aan! 'Log in!', where u is the reflexive pronoun. Otherwise, both u and zich are equally possible, e.g. U meldt u/zich aan. 'You log in.' | $^{7)}$ Zich is preferred if the reflexive pronoun immediately follows the subject pronoun u, e.g. Meldt u zich aan! 'Log in!', and if the subject pronoun u is used with a verb form that is identical with the third person singular but different from the informal second person singular, e.g. U heeft zich aangemeld. 'You have logged in.' Only u can be used in an imperative if the subject pronoun is not overt, e.g. Meld u aan! 'Log in!', where u is the reflexive pronoun. Otherwise, both u and zich are equally possible, e.g. U meldt u/zich aan. 'You log in.' | $^{7)}$ Zich is preferred if the reflexive pronoun immediately follows the subject pronoun u, e.g. Meldt u zich aan! 'Log in!', and if the subject pronoun u is used with a verb form that is identical with the third person singular but different from the informal second person singular, e.g. U heeft zich aangemeld. 'You have logged in.' Only u can be used in an imperative if the subject pronoun is not overt, e.g. Meld u aan! 'Log in!', where u is the reflexive pronoun. Otherwise, both u and zich are equally possible, e.g. U meldt u/zich aan. 'You log in.' | $^{7)}$ Zich is preferred if the reflexive pronoun immediately follows the subject pronoun u, e.g. Meldt u zich aan! 'Log in!', and if the subject pronoun u is used with a verb form that is identical with the third person singular but different from the informal second person singular, e.g. U heeft zich aangemeld. 'You have logged in.' Only u can be used in an imperative if the subject pronoun is not overt, e.g. Meld u aan! 'Log in!', where u is the reflexive pronoun. Otherwise, both u and zich are equally possible, e.g. U meldt u/zich aan. 'You log in.' |

## Esperanto
### Etymology

From German je (“ever, per”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [je]
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: je

### Preposition

je
* An all-purpose preposition.

#### Usage notes

The preposition je can replace any other preposition and remain grammatically correct, albeit more ambiguous. It is usually clear what meaning is intended based on context.
It is most useful for prepositional phrases not involving a literal physical connection, and instead, the correct preposition in the source language is mandated by convention only:
    "He bets on the horses." (He doesn't place his money on the physical body of the horse.)
    "I typed it on the computer." (It was actually typed using the computer.)
    "She'll be here in a minute." (She'll be here within or after a minute.)
Without context, Donu ĝin je mi could mean any of the following:
    Donu ĝin je [al] mi. — “Give it to me.”
    Donu ĝin je [el] mi. — “Give it from me.”
    Donu ĝin je [kun] mi. — “Give it with me.”
Without context, La kato saltis je la tablon could mean any of the following:
    La kato saltis je [sur] la tablon. — “The cat jumped onto the table.”
    La kato saltis je [sub] la tablon. — “The cat jumped under the table.”
    La kato saltis je [malantaŭ] la tablon. — “The cat jumped behind the table.”

#### Related terms

* je la tria
* je mia bedaŭro

## Franco-Provençal
### Etymology

Inherited from Late Latin eo.

### Pronoun

je (prevocalic j', postpositive -jo) (ORB, broad)
* I (first-person singular nominative)

#### See also

| singular | nominative | accusative | dative | tonic$^1$ | possessive$^2$ |
| 1st person | jo | mè | mè | mè | min |
| 2nd person | te | tè | tè | tè | tin |
| 3rd person masculine | il | lo / le | lui | lui | sin |
| 3rd person feminine | el | la | lyé | lyé | | sin |
| 3rd person neuter | o | o | y | — | sin |
| 3rd person reflexive | — | sè | sè | sè | | | sin |
| plural | nominative | accusative | dative | tonic$^1$ | possessive$^2$ |
| 1st person | nos | nos | nos | nos | noutro |
| 2nd person | vos | vos | vos | vos | voutro |
| 3rd person masculine | ils | los / les | lor | lor | lor |
| 3rd person feminine | els | les | lor / lyés | lor / lyés | | lor |
| 3rd person reflexive | — | sè | sè | sè | | | lor |
| $^1$ Disjunctive or object of a preposition. | $^1$ Disjunctive or object of a preposition. | $^2$ Generally preceded by a definite article. | $^2$ Generally preceded by a definite article. | $^2$ Generally preceded by a definite article. | $^2$ Generally preceded by a definite article. |

### References

* je in DicoFranPro: Dictionnaire Français/Francoprovençal – on dicofranpro.llm.umontreal.ca
* je in Lo trèsor Arpitan – on arpitan.eu

## French
### Etymology

From Middle French je, from Old French je, from Late Latin eo, from Classical Latin egō̆.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʒə/
* (informal) IPA: (before a voiced segment) /ʒ/, (before an unvoiced segment) /ʃ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ə

### Pronoun

je (first person singular, plural nous, object me, emphatic moi, possessive determiner mon)
* I

#### Usage notes

* When several pronouns are included in the same sentence, it is considered impolite to say the pronoun je first; it must be the last one, and tu must be said after third persons (this applies also for toi and moi):
** Nous irons, Rose, toi et moi.We will go, Rose, you and I.

#### Derived terms

* j’

#### Related terms

$^1$ On can also function as a first person plural (although agreeing with third person singular verb forms). $^2$ Vous is also used as the polite singular form. $^3$ Ils and eux are also used when a group has a mixture of masculine and feminine members. $^4$ These forms are also used as third person plural reflexive.

### Further reading

* “je”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Garo
### Etymology

Likely borrowed from Bengali যেই (jei)

### Pronoun

je
* that which
* whatever
* whoever

### References

* Burling, R. (2003) The Language of the Modhupur Mandi (Garo) Vol. II: The Lexicon‎, Bangladesh: University of Michigan, page 56

## German
### Etymology

From Middle High German ie, from Old High German io.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /jeː/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -eː
* Homophone: jäh (regional)

### Adverb

je
* ever
** 1930, Paul Joachimsen, Der Humanismus und die Entwicklung des deutschen Geistes, in: Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte, 8, page 467:Und nun kommt die Reformation selbst. Die größte geistige Umwälzung, die je ein Volk des Abendlandes erlebt hat.And now comes the Reformation itself. The largest spiritual upheaval that was ever experienced by a nation of the Occident.
* per
* (with “desto”, “umso” or (dated) “je”) the
    je mehr, desto besser ― the more the better
    je früher, umso besser ― the sooner the better

#### Derived terms

* je länger je lieber (“the longer it lasts, the more I like it”)
* je nach
* je nachdem

### Further reading

* “je” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
* Friedrich Kluge (1883) “je”, in John Francis Davis, transl., Etymological Dictionary of the German Language, published 1891

## Haitian Creole
### Etymology

From earlier zye, from Saint Dominican Creole French z'yeu, from French les yeux (“the eyes”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʒe/

### Noun

je
* eye
    Alternative form: zye

## Icelandic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /jɛː/
* Rhymes: -ɛː

### Etymology 1

Shortening of Jesús (“Jesus”).

#### Interjection

je
* oh my!

##### Derived terms

* je minn eini

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from English yeah.

#### Interjection

je
* (slang, dated) yeah (indicating enthusiastic appreciation, etc.)

### Etymology 3
#### Noun

je n (genitive singular jes, nominative plural je)
* (obsolete) name of the letter J, j
    Synonym: joð

##### Declension
## Ido
### Etymology

From j +‎ -e.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʒe/, /ʒɛ/

### Noun

je (plural je-i)
* The name of the Latin script letter J/j.

#### See also

* Latin script letter names: literi: a · be · ce · che · de · e · fe · ge · he · i · je · ke · le · me · ne · o · pe · que · re · se · she · te · u · ve · we · xe · ye · ze

## Igbo
### Alternative forms

* jee (Onitsha)

### Verb

je
* go
* walk

#### Derived terms

* ije

## Indonesian
### Etymology

From Dutch jee. Doublet of ye. Represented Dutch-derived J (pronounced /j/, modern Y) before 1972.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /d͡ʒe/, [d͡ʒe]

### Noun

jé (plural je-je)
* The name of the Latin-script letter J/j.
* (1901–1947, 1947–1972) Superseded spelling of ye.

#### See also

* (Latin-script letter names) huruf; a, be, ce, de, e, ef, ge, ha, i, je, ka, el, em, en, o, pe, ki, er, es, te, u, ve, we, eks, ye, zet

### Further reading

* “je” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈje/
* Rhymes: -e
* Hyphenation: jé

### Pronoun

je (Rome and central Italy)
* Alternative form of gli (3rd-person dative pronoun)

## Japanese
### Romanization

je
* The katakana syllable ジェ (je) in Hepburn-like romanization.
* The katakana syllable ヂェ (je) in Hepburn-like romanization.

## Jersey Dutch
### Alternative forms

* jāi

### Etymology

From Dutch je.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /jə/

### Pronoun

je
* you (second-person singular subjective personal pronoun)

## Kari'na
### Etymology

From Proto-Cariban *ô, *jô; compare Apalaí je, Trió je, Wayana je, Waiwai yo, Akawaio ö, Macushi ye, Pemon ye, Ye'kwana yedü / dhedü, Yao (South America) hoieelii.

### Pronunciation

* (Venezuela) IPA: [ðe]
* (Suriname) IPA: [je]

### Noun

je (possessed jery)
* tooth
* sharpness

### References

* Courtz, Hendrik (2008) A Carib grammar and dictionary‎, Toronto: Magoria Books, →ISBN, page 285
* Ahlbrinck, Willem (1931) “ye”, in Encyclopaedie der Karaïben, Amsterdam: Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, page 548; republished as Willem Ahlbrinck, Doude van Herwijnen, transl., L'Encyclopédie des Caraïbes‎, Paris, 1956, page 537

## Lower Sorbian
### Alternative forms

* nje (after a preposition)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /jɛ/

### Pronoun

je
* accusative of wóni

## Malay
### Etymology 1

Phonetic spelling of ja in Johor-Riau Malay, clipping of sahaja or saja.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /d͡ʒə/
* Rhymes: -ə

#### Adverb

je
* (informal) Alternative form of sahaja.

### Etymology 2

From English jay.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈd͡ʒe/ [ˈd͡ʒe]

#### Noun

jé (plural je-je)
* The name of the Latin-script letter J/j.

##### Synonyms

* je (Indonesian)
* jim (Jawi letter name)

##### See also

* (Latin-script letter names) huruf; e, bi, si, di, i, ef, ji, hec, ai, je, ke, el, em, en, o, pi, kiu, ar, es, ti, yu, vi, dabel yu, eks, way, zed

## Marshallese
### Etymology

From Proto-Micronesian *tia, from Proto-Oceanic *tian, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tian, from Proto-Austronesian *tiaN.

### Pronunciation

* (phonetic) IPA: [tʲe]
* (phonemic) IPA: /tʲej/
* Bender phonemes: {jȩy}

### Noun

je
* abdomen
* stomach
* innard

### References

* Marshallese–English Online Dictionary

## Mbyá Guaraní
### Particle

je
* indicates hearsay or indirect source of information.
    Mboapy'i je oo jepe raka'e.It is said that few could escape.

## Middle French
### Pronoun

je
* Alternative form of ie

## Middle Low German
### Pronunciation

* Stem vowel: ê⁴
** (originally) IPA: /jeː/

### Pronoun

jê
* Alternative form of gî.

## Mokilese
### Verb

je
* to shout

#### References

* Harrison, Sheldon P., Mokilese-English Dictionary, University of Hawaii Press 1977

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

Borrowed from Old East Norse jak.(Can this etymology be sourced?)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /jeː/, /jɛː/, /jæː/
* IPA: /jeːɡ/, /jeː/ (rare, Northern Romerike)

### Pronoun

je (accusative meg or (dialectal) me)
* (pre-1938 or dialectal) alternative form of eg (“I”)

### See also

$^1$Obsolete. $^2$Landsmål. $^3$Rare or literary. Italic forms unofficial today.

## Old Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: (13th CE) /ˈjɛ/
* IPA: (15th CE) /ˈjɛ/

### Pronoun

je
* singular accusative of ono

## Old French
### Alternative forms

* e, eo, eu, io
* j, jei, jen, jeo, jeu, jo, joe, jou, ju
* g, ge, gé, gen, geo, gié, go, gou, gu

### Etymology

Inherited from Late Latin eo, from Classical Latin egō̆.

### Pronoun

je
* I
** c. 1176, Chrétien de Troyes, Cligès:qant je vos voi de tel menierewhen I see you in such a state

#### Descendants

* Angevin: je
* Bourbonnais-Berrichon: je
* Bourguignon: i, je
* Champenois: ju, je, jou
* Franc-Comtois: i
* Middle French: ie, je, i', j' (elided)
** French: je, j’
** Norman: jeo, je
* Gallo: je
* Lorrain: i, idj, jge, dje, jé
* Orléanais: je
* Picard: ej, jou
* Poitevin-Saintongeais: jhe
* Walloon: dji

### References

* “je”, in DEAF: Dictionnaire Étymologique de l'Ancien Français, Heidelberg: Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1968-.

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈjɛ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛ
* Syllabification: je

### Etymology 1
#### Pronoun

je
* accusative of one
* accusative of ono

#### See also

* Appendix:Polish pronouns

### Etymology 2
#### Verb

je
* third-person singular present indicative of jeść

### Etymology 3
#### Verb

je
* (colloquial) third-person singular present indicative of być

## Samogitian
### Etymology

Compare Lithuanian jei.

### Conjunction

je
* if

### References

* “Žemaičių Žodynas”, in Žemaičių žemė‎ (overall work in Lithuanian), 2012, page 19: “Je — jeigu, jei”

## Saterland Frisian
### Etymology

From Old Frisian jē, from Proto-West Germanic *jā. Cognates include West Frisian ja and German ja. Doublet of jee and jä.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /jə/
* Hyphenation: je
* Rhymes: -ə

### Particle

je
* Used to intensify a statement to express it is a known fact; obviously, of course

### References

* Marron C. Fort (2015) “je”, in Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch mit einer phonologischen und grammatischen Übersicht, Buske, →ISBN

## Serbo-Croatian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /je/

### Etymology 1

Shortened from jȅst (“is”).

#### Verb

je ? (Cyrillic spelling је)
* is (clitic third-person singular present of bȉti (“to be”))

### Etymology 2
#### Pronoun

je (Cyrillic spelling је)
* of her (clitic genitive singular of òna (“she”))
* her (clitic accusative singular of òna (“she”))

##### Declension
## Slovak
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [je]

### Etymology 1

The older jest, derived from Proto-Slavic *estь, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es-.

#### Verb

je
* third-person singular present indicative of byť

##### Related terms

* jestvovať

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ěstь, 3rd person singular present form of *ěsti (“to eat”). See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

je
* third-person singular present indicative of jesť

## Slovene
### Pronunciation 1

* IPA: /jɛ́/

#### Verb

jȅ
* third-person singular present of bíti

### Pronunciation 2

* IPA: /jèː/

#### Verb

jẹ́
* third-person singular present of jẹ́sti

## Swahili
### Pronunciation

* Audio (Kenya):(file)

### Particle

je
* well? now? (used to call attention to a question)

#### Usage notes

Je precedes the question, and is more commonly used in writing (to supplement for what is usually conveyed by tone of voice in speech).

### Adverb

-je
* A clitic placed at the end of a verb, meaning how.
    umelalaje?
       how did you sleep?

## Ternate
### Etymology

Clipping of waje.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /d͡ʒe/

### Conjunction

je
* Alternative form of waje (“complementizer, that”)
    ana iwaje je kolano osone ― they say that the king is dead

### References

* Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

## Turkish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʒe/

### Noun

je (definite accusative jeyi, plural jeler)
* The name of the Latin-script letter J/j.

#### See also

* (Latin-script letter names) harf; a, be, ce, çe, de, e, fe, ge, yumuşak ge, he, ı, i, je, ke, le, me, ne, o, ö, pe, re, se, şe, te, u, ü, ve, ye, ze

## Turkmen
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /d͡ʒe/

### Noun

je (definite accusative jeni, plural jeler)
* The name of the Latin-script letter J/j.

#### Declension
## Upper Sorbian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈjɛ/
* Rhymes: -ɛ
* Syllabification: je

### Verb

je
* third-person singular present of być
    Wón je zadołženy.He is in debt.

## Welsh
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dʒeː/

### Noun

je f (plural jeau, not mutable)
* The name of the Latin-script letter J/j.

#### See also

* (Latin-script letter names) llythyren; a, bi, ec, èch, di, èdd, e, èf, èff, èg, eng, aetsh, i / i dot, je, ce, el, èll, em, en, o, pi, ffi, ciw, er, rhi, ès, ti, èth, u / u bedol / u gwpan, fi, w, ecs, y, sèd

## West Makian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈd͡ʒe/

### Numeral

je
* attaches to pronouns to form the dual
    ini je ― you two
    eme je ― they two

### References

* Clemens Voorhoeve (1982) The Makian languages and their neighbours‎, Pacific linguistics