# Gall
## English
### Etymology

* As an English, Scottish Gaelic, and Irish surname, of Celtic origin, from Gall (“foreigner”). This is in turn from Latin Gallus, which has borrowings (many of which are surnames) in several European languages, such as Czech Havel, Polish Gawel.
* As a Hungarian surname, variant of Gál, itself from the Latin word.

### Proper noun

Gall (plural Galls)
* A surname.

## Breton
### Etymology

From Latin Gallus, see also Scottish Gaelic Gall.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɡalː/

### Noun

Gall m (plural Gallaoued)
* (archaic) foreigner
* (dated) Gaul, Gaulish person
* Gallo-speaker
* Frenchman, Romance-speaking person not from Lower Brittany

#### Derived terms

* galleg

#### Related terms

* gallaoueg

## Czech
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈɡal]

### Proper noun

Gall m anim (female equivalent Gallová)
* a male surname

#### Declension
## Irish
### Etymology

See gall.

### Pronunciation

* (Aran) IPA: /ɡɑ(ː)l̪ˠ/
* (Cois Fharraige) IPA: /ɡɑːl̪ˠ/
* (Ulster) IPA: /ɡal̪ˠ/

### Noun

Gall m (genitive singular Gaill, nominative plural Gaill)
* (historical) Gaul (person from Gaul)
* (historical) Northman, Dane (member of the Germanic tribe inhabiting the Danish islands and parts of southern Sweden)
* (historical) Norman (member of the mixed Scandinavian and French peoples who, in the 11th century, were a major military power in Western Europe and who conquered the English in 1066), Anglo-Norman (descendant of the Normans who settled in England after the Norman Conquest), Englishman
    Synonym: Normannach
** (by extension) Brit
    Synonyms: Briotanach, Sasanach

#### Declension

bare forms
case
singular
plural
nominative
Gall
Gaill
vocative
a Ghaill
a Ghalla
genitive
Gaill
Gall
dative
Gall
Gaill
forms with the definite article
case
singular
plural
nominative
an Gall
na Gaill
genitive
an Ghaill
na nGall
dative
leis an nGall don Ghall
leis na Gaill :

#### Derived terms

* Dún na nGall (“Donegal”)
* Fine Gall (“Fingal”)
* Gall- (“Anglo-”)
* Gall-Ghael m (“person of mixed Irish and foreign descent”)
* Gall-Rómhánach (“Gallo-Roman”)
* Inse Ghall (“the Hebrides”)
* Nua-Ghall m (“later Anglo-Norman or English settler”)
* Sean-Ghall m (“older Anglo-Norman or English settler”)

#### Related terms

* gall

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* ↑ Finck, F. N. (1899) Die araner mundart [The Aran Dialect] (in German), volume II, Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 120
* ↑ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 206, page 79

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “Gall”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “Gall”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
* “Gall”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2025

## Old Irish
### Etymology

From Latin Gallus (“a Gaul”), probably from the root of Proto-Celtic *galnati (“to be able”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡal͈/

### Noun

Gall m (genitive Gaill, nominative plural Gaill)
* Gaul (person from Gaul)

#### Usage notes

The only meaning attested in Old Irish is “person from Gaul”. In later stages of Irish, it came to be applied to anyone who was not of indigenous Gaelic ancestry, e.g. Norse people, Anglo-Normans, English people etc. and (normalized as lower-case gall) as a common noun meaning simply “foreigner”.

#### Declension

* $^H$ = triggers aspiration
* $^L$ = triggers lenition
* $^N$ = triggers nasalization

#### Descendants

* Irish: Gall
* Manx: Goal
* Scottish Gaelic: Gall
* Middle Irish: gall
** Irish: gall
** Manx: goal
** Scottish Gaelic: gall

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “25308”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## Scottish Gaelic
### Alternative forms

* gall

### Etymology

From Old Irish Gall (“a Gaul”), from Latin Gallus (“a Gaul”), from a native Celtic name, the Gauls being the first strangers to visit or be visited by the Irish in Pre-Roman and Roman times. Compare Proto-Celtic *gallos (whence Welsh gal (“enemy, foe”)).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kaul̪ˠ/

### Noun

Gall m (genitive singular Goill, plural Goill)
* foreigner, alien
    Synonyms: coimheach, coigreach
* Lowlander (Scottish Lowlands)

#### Derived terms

* Beurla Ghallta (“Scots”)
* Gallta (“alien, foreign; Lowland”, adjective)

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Scottish Gaelic. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.