# ἐπί
## Ancient Greek
### Alternative forms

* ἐπ’ (ep’) — apocopic, before a smooth breathing
* ἔπι (épi) — stress-shifted
* ἔπ’ (ép’) — stressed apocopic, before a smooth breathing
* ἐτ (et) — Thessalian, before τ
* ἐφ’ (eph’) — apocopic, before a rough breathing

### Etymology

From Proto-Hellenic *epí, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi (“on”).
Cognate with Mycenaean Greek 𐀁𐀠 (e-pi), Sanskrit अपि (ápi), Avestan 𐬀𐬌𐬞𐬌 (a$^i$pi), Old Persian 𐎠𐎱𐎡𐎹 (apiy), Old Armenian եւ (ew), Latin ob, Old High German bī, and Old English bī.
The genitive is an innovated Greek associative. The dative is from the PIE locative. The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /e.pí/ → /eˈpi/ → /eˈpi/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /e.pí/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /eˈpi/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /eˈpi/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /eˈpi/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /eˈpi/

### Preposition

ἐπῐ́ • (epĭ́) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)
* [with genitive]
** on, upon (on the upper surface of)
    καθέζεται ἐπὶ θρόνου.kathézetai epì thrónou.He sits down on a throne.
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.46:ἔκλαγξαν δ’ ἄρ’ ὀϊστοὶ ἐπ’ ὤμων χωομένοιοéklanxan d’ ár’ oïstoì ep’ ṓmōn khōoménoioThe arrows rattled on the shoulders of the angry god as he moved.
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 24.356:ἀλλ’ ἄγε δὴ φεύγωμεν ἐφ’ ἵππωνall’ áge dḕ pheúgōmen eph’ híppōnCome, let us flee on our chariot.
** on (supported by)
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.153:ἔγχεα δέ σφιν / ὄρθ’ ἐπὶ σαυρωτῆρος ἐλήλατοénkhea dé sphin / órth’ epì saurōtêros elḗlatoBut their spears were driven into the ground erect on their spikes.
** (mostly post-Homeric) in
*** 406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 1705–1706:ἇς ἔχρῃζε γᾶς ἐπὶ ξένας / ἔθανεhâs ékhrēize gâs epì xénas / éthaneHe died on the foreign ground that he desired.
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.121E.2:τὴν θυγατέρα τὴν ἑωυτοῦ κατίσαι ἐπ’ οἰκήματοςtḕn thugatéra tḕn heōutoû katísai ep’ oikḗmatosHe put his own daughter in a brothel.
** at, near
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 22.153:ἔνθα δ’ ἐπ’ αὐτάων πλυνοὶ εὐρέες ἐγγὺς ἔασι / καλοὶ λαΐνεοιéntha d’ ep’ autáōn plunoì eurées engùs éasi / kaloì laḯneoiAnd there near these selfsame [springs] are broad washing-tanks, fair and wrought of stone.
** (of ships) at (dependent upon)
    ὁρμεῖν ἐπ’ ἀγκύραςhormeîn ep’ ankúrasto ride at anchor
** (with reflexive or personal pronoun) by oneself
    ἐφ’ ἑαυτῶν ἐχώρουνeph’ heautôn ekhṓrounThey proceeded by themselves.
** (with numerals, of a body of soldiers) deep
    ἐτάχθησαν ἐπὶ τεττάρωνetákhthēsan epì tettárōnThey formed a line four men deep.
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 6.4.12:οἱ δὲ Θηβαῖοι οὐκ ἔλαττον ἢ ἐπὶ πεντήκοντα ἀσπίδων συνεστραμμένοι ἦσανhoi dè Thēbaîoi ouk élatton ḕ epì pentḗkonta aspídōn sunestramménoi êsanThe Thebans, however, were massed not less than fifty shields deep.
** (with a person) before (in the presence of)
*** 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, First Tetralogy 3.8:οὐ γὰρ ἐπὶ μαρτύρων ἀλλὰ κρυπτόμενα πράσσεται τὰ τοιαῦταou gàr epì martúrōn allà kruptómena prássetai tà toiaûtaCrimes of this kind are committed in secret, not before witnesses.
** in the case of; on
    ἐπὶ τῶν πλουσίων […] αἰσθάνομαιepì tôn plousíōn […] aisthánomaiIn the case of the rich, I can see that […]
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 3.9.3:ὁρῶ δ’ ἔγωγε καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων πάντων ὁμοίως καὶ φύσει διαφέροντας ἀλλήλων τοὺς ἀνθρώπουςhorô d’ égōge kaì epì tôn állōn pántōn homoíōs kaì phúsei diaphérontas allḗlōn toùs anthrṓpousAnd similarly in all other points, I find that human beings naturally differ from one another.
** in the time of
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 23.332:τό γε νύσσα τέτυκτο ἐπὶ προτέρων ἀνθρώπων, / καὶ νῦν τέρματ’ ἔθηκε ποδάρκης δῖος Ἀχιλλεύςtó ge nússa tétukto epì protérōn anthrṓpōn, / kaì nûn térmat’ éthēke podárkēs dîos AkhilleúsHaply it was made the turning-post of a race in the days of men of old, and now swift-footed goodly Achilles has appointed it his turning-post.
** (of authority, power, etc.) in
    οἰ έπὶ τῶν πραγμάτωνoi épì tôn pragmátōnthe [men] in power
*** 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Phocion 32.3:Δερκύλλου δὲ τοῦ ἐπὶ τῆς χώρας στρατηγοῦ συλλαβεῖν αὐτὸν ἐπιχειρήσαντοςDerkúllou dè toû epì tês khṓras stratēgoû sullabeîn autòn epikheirḗsantosBut Dercyllus, the Athenian general in command of the district, made an attempt to arrest him.
** on (an occasion)
*** 361 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Midias 38:καὶ οὐκ ἐπὶ τούτου μόνον, ἀλλ’ ἐπὶ πάντων φαίνεται προῃρημένος μ’ ὑβρίζεινkaì ouk epì toútou mónon, all’ epì pántōn phaínetai proēirēménos m’ hubrízeinAnd not only on that, but on every [occasion] he has shown a deliberate intention to insult me.
* [with dative]
** on, upon
    καθέζεται ἐπὶ θρόνῳ.kathézetai epì thrónōi.He sits down on a throne.
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 6.354:ἀλλ’ ἄγε νῦν εἴσελθε καὶ ἕζεο τῷδ’ ἐπὶ δίφρῳall’ áge nûn eíselthe kaì hézeo tôid’ epì díphrōiBut come now, enter in, and sit thee upon this chair.
*** 408 BCE, Euripides, The Phoenician Women 1131:σιδηρονώτοις δ’ ἀσπίδος τύποις ἐπῆν / γίγας ἐπ’ ὤμοις γηγενὴς ὅλην πόλιν / φέρων μοχλοῖσιν ἐξανασπάσας βάθρωνsidēronṓtois d’ aspídos túpois epên / gígas ep’ ṓmois gēgenḕs hólēn pólin / phérōn mokhloîsin exanaspásas báthrōnThis device his shield bore upon its iron back: an earth-born giant carrying on his shoulders a whole city which he had wrenched from its base.
** in
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.77.2:νικήσαντες δὲ καὶ τούτους τετρακισχιλίους κληρούχους ἐπὶ τῶν ἱπποβοτέων τῇ χώρῃ λείπουσιnikḗsantes dè kaì toútous tetrakiskhilíous klēroúkhous epì tôn hippobotéōn têi khṓrēi leípousiAnd after overcoming them as well, they left four thousand tenant farmers on the lands of the horse-breeders.
** at, near
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 13.408:αἱ δὲ νέμονται / πὰρ Κόρακος πέτρῃ ἐπί τε κρήνῃ Ἀρεθούσῃhai dè némontai / pàr Kórakos pétrēi epí te krḗnēi ArethoúsēiThey are feeding by the rock of Corax and near the spring Arethusa.
** over
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 11.261:τοῖο δ’ ἐπ’ Ἰφιδάμαντι κάρη ἀπέκοψε παραστάςtoîo d’ ep’ Iphidámanti kárē apékopse parastásAnd he drew near and struck off his head over [the body of] Iphidamas.
** in honor of
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 24.91:οἷ’ ἐπὶ σοὶ κατέθηκε θεὰ περικαλλέ’ ἄεθλαhoî’ epì soì katéthēke theà perikallé’ áethlaSuch beautiful prises did the goddess set there in thy honor.
** against
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.74.1:ἐνθεῦτεν δὲ ἀπικόμενος ἐς τὴν Ἀρκαδίην νεώτερα ἔπρησσε πρήγματα, συνιστὰς τοὺς Ἀρκάδας ἐπὶ τῆ Σπάρτῃentheûten dè apikómenos es tḕn Arkadíēn neṓtera éprēsse prḗgmata, sunistàs toùs Arkádas epì tê SpártēiFrom there he came to Arcadia and stirred up disorder, uniting the Arcadians against Sparta.
** in addition to, over, besides
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 17.454:ὢ πόποι, οὐκ ἄρα σοί γ’ 'ἐπὶ εἴδεϊ καὶ φρένες ἦσανṑ pópoi, ouk ára soí g’ ’epì eídeï kaì phrénes êsanWell, now, it seems that you at least do not have wits in addition to your beauty.
** (with duplication of head noun) after
    ὄγχνη ἐπ’ ὄγχνῃ γηράσκειónkhnē ep’ ónkhnēi gēráskeiOne pear after another ripens.
*** 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 404:βοᾷ γὰρ λοιγὸς Ἐρινὺν / παρὰ τῶν πρότερον φθιμένων ἄτην / ἑτέραν ἐπάγουσαν ἐπ’ ἄτῃboâi gàr loigòs Erinùn / parà tôn próteron phthiménōn átēn / hetéran epágousan ep’ átēiMurder cries out on the Fury, which from those killed before brings one ruin after another.
** in the power of
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.29.2:νῦν τε παρὰ τῷ βαρβάρῳ τοσοῦτο δυνάμεθα ὥστε ἐπ’ ἡμῖν ἐστι τῆς γῆς ἐστερῆσθαι καὶ πρὸς ἠνδραποδίσθαι ὑμέαςnûn te parà tôi barbárōi tosoûto dunámetha hṓste ep’ hēmîn esti tês gês esterêsthai kaì pròs ēndrapodísthai huméasAnd now we bear such weight with the foreigner that it is in our power to have you deprived of your lands and enslaved.
** according to
*** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Timocrates 56:τὰς δίκας καὶ τὰς διαίτας, ὅσαι ἐγένοντο ἐπὶ τοῖς νόμοις ἐν δημοκρατουμένῃ τῇ πόλει, κυρίας εἶναιtàs díkas kaì tàs diaítas, hósai egénonto epì toîs nómois en dēmokratouménēi têi pólei, kurías eînaiJudgements and awards given according to the law while the government was democratic, shall be valid.
** (of conditions or circumstances) in, with
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.175:σέο δ’ ὀστέα πύσει ἄρουρα κειμένου ἐν Τροίῃ ἀτελευτήτῳ ἐπὶ ἔργῳséo d’ ostéa púsei ároura keiménou en Troíēi ateleutḗtōi epì érgōiAnd the earth will rot your bones as you lie in the land of Troy with your task unfinished.
*** 406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 1554:κἀπ’ εὐπραξίᾳ / μέμνησθέ μου θανόντος εὐτυχεῖς ἀείkap’ eupraxíāi / mémnēsthé mou thanóntos eutukheîs aeíAnd in your prosperity, remember me in my death, and be fortunate evermore.
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.3.12:τοσαύτας μὲν αὐτοῖς εὐθυμίας παρεῖχεν ἐπὶ τῷ δείπνῳtosaútas mèn autoîs euthumías pareîkhen epì tôi deípnōiHe furnished them such amusement at dinner.
** (of time, never in proper Attic) at, on
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 8.529:ἀλλ’ ἤτοι ἐπὶ νυκτὶ φυλάξομεν ἡμέας αὐτούςall’ ḗtoi epì nuktì phuláxomen hēméas autoúsSurely at night we will guard our own selves.
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.234:ἀλλ’ αὖθι κυνῶν μέλπηθρα γένοιτο, / ὅς τις ἐπ’ ἤματι τῷδε ἑκὼν μεθίῃσι μάχεσθαιall’ aûthi kunôn mélpēthra génoito, / hós tis ep’ ḗmati tôide hekṑn methíēisi mákhesthaiBut here may he, who on this day of his own will shrinks from fight, become the sport of dogs.
** (of time) after
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.164.3:μαθὼν δὲ ἐπ’ ἐξεργασμένοισι τὸ μαντήιον ἐὸν τοῦτοmathṑn dè ep’ exergasménoisi tò mantḗion eòn toûtoThen, perceiving after the deed had been done that this was the meaning of the oracle […]
** (expressing a cause) on account of, for
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 21.585:ἦ τ’ ἔτι πολλὰ τετεύξεται ἄλγε’ ἐπ’ αὐτῇê t’ éti pollà teteúxetai álge’ ep’ autêiMany be the woes that shall yet be wrought because of her.
** (expressing a purpose) for
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.154:ὃ δὲ τείρετο γήραϊ λυγρῷ, υἱὸν δ’ οὐ τέκετ’ ἄλλον ἐπὶ κτεάτεσσι λιπέσθαιhò dè teíreto gḗraï lugrôi, huiòn d’ ou téket’ állon epì kteátessi lipésthaiAnd their father was fordone with grievous old age, and begat no other son to leave in charge of his possessions.
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 18.44:γαστέρες αἵδ’ αἰγῶν κέατ’ ἐν πυρί, τὰς ἐπὶ δόρπῳ / κατθέμεθαgastéres haíd’ aigôn kéat’ en purí, tàs epì dórpōi / katthémethaHere at the fire lie goats' paunches, which we set there for supper.
** (of a condition) on
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.60.3:ἐνδεξαμένου δὲ τὸν λόγον καὶ ὁμολογήσαντος ἐπὶ τούτοισι Πεισιστράτου, μηχανῶνται δὴ ἐπὶ τῇ κατόδῳ πρῆγμαendexaménou dè tòn lógon kaì homologḗsantos epì toútoisi Peisistrátou, mēkhanôntai dḕ epì têi katódōi prêgmaWhen this offer was accepted by Pisistratus, who agreed on these terms [with Megacles], they devised a plan to bring Pisistratus back.
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica :ἀλλ’ ἐποιοῦντο εἰρήνην ἐφ’ ᾧ τά τε μακρὰ τείχη καὶ τὸν Πειραιᾶ καθελόνταςall’ epoioûnto eirḗnēn eph’ hôi tá te makrà teíkhē kaì tòn Peiraiâ kathelóntasThey offered to make peace on the condition that the Athenians destroy the long walls and the walls of Piraeus.
** for (i.e. in exchange for)
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.304:τίς κέν μοι τόδε ἔργον ὑποσχόμενος τελέσειε / δώρῳ ἔπι μεγάλῳtís kén moi tóde érgon huposkhómenos teléseie / dṓrōi épi megálōiWho is there now that would promise me this deed and bring it to pass for a great gift?
** (of a name) for
*** 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, R 470b:ἐπὶ μὲν οὖν τῇ τοῦ οἰκείου ἔχθρᾳ στάσις κέκληται, ἐπὶ δὲ τῇ τοῦ ἀλλοτρίου πόλεμοςepì mèn oûn têi toû oikeíou ékhthrāi stásis kéklētai, epì dè têi toû allotríou pólemosNow the term employed for the hostility of the friendly is faction, and for that of the alien is war.
** in charge of
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 20.209:Ὀδυσῆος ἀμύμονος, ὅς μ’ ἐπὶ βουσὶν / εἷσ’ ἔτι τυτθὸν ἐόνταOdusêos amúmonos, hós m’ epì bousìn / heîs’ éti tutthòn eóntaBlameless Odysseus, who set me in charge of his cattle […]
* [with accusative]
** onto (the upper surface of)
    ἀνέβαινεν ἐπὶ τὸν ἵππονanébainen epì tòn hípponHe got up onto the horse.
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 6.386:ἀλλ’ ἐπὶ πύργον ἔβη μέγαν Ἰλίουall’ epì púrgon ébē mégan IlíouBut she went onto the great wall of Ilios.
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.131.2:οἳ δὲ νομίζουσι Διὶ μὲν ἐπὶ τὰ ὑψηλότατα τῶν ὀρέων ἀναβαίνοντες θυσίας ἔρδεινhoì dè nomízousi Diì mèn epì tà hupsēlótata tôn oréōn anabaínontes thusías érdeinThey are accustomed to go up onto the highest peaks of the mountains to offer sacrifices to Zeus.
** to
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.12:ὃ γὰρ ἦλθε θοὰς ἐπὶ νῆας Ἀχαιῶν λυσόμενός τε θύγατραhò gàr êlthe thoàs epì nêas Akhaiôn lusómenós te thúgatraFor he had come to the swift ships of the Achaeans to free his daughter.
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 3.421:αἳ δ’ ὅτ’ Ἀλεξάνδροιο δόμον περικαλλέ’ ἵκοντο, ἀμφίπολοι μὲν ἔπειτα θοῶς ἐπὶ ἔργα τράποντοhaì d’ hót’ Alexándroio dómon perikallé’ híkonto, amphípoloi mèn épeita thoôs epì érga trápontoNow when they were come to the beautiful palace of Alexander, the handmaids turned forthwith to their tasks.
** up to, as far as
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.181.1:ὑπὲρ δὲ τῆς θηριώδεος ὀφρύη ψάμμης κατήκει παρατείνουσα ἀπὸ Θηβέων τῶν Αἰγυπτιέων ἐπ’ Ἡρακλέας στήλαςhupèr dè tês thēriṓdeos ophrúē psámmēs katḗkei parateínousa apò Thēbéōn tôn Aiguptiéōn ep’ Hērakléas stḗlasBeyond this wild beasts' haunt runs a ridge of sand that stretches from Thebes of Egypt up to the Pillars of Heracles.
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 23.248:οὐ γάρ πω πάντων ἐπὶ πείρατ’ ἀέθλων / ἤλθομενou gár pō pántōn epì peírat’ aéthlōn / ḗlthomenWe have not yet come to the end of all our trials.
** (with a person) to before, into the presence of
*** 70 CE – 110 CE, The Gospel of Matthew 10:18:καὶ ἐπὶ ἡγεμόνας δὲ καὶ βασιλεῖς ἀχθήσεσθε ἕνεκεν ἐμοῦkaì epì hēgemónas dè kaì basileîs akhthḗsesthe héneken emoûYes, and you will be brought before governors and kings for my sake.
** (of an army) deep
*** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.93:ἐπ’ ἀσπίδας δὲ πέντε μὲν καὶ εἴκοσι Θηβαῖοι ἐτάξαντοep’ aspídas dè pénte mèn kaì eíkosi Thēbaîoi etáxantoThe Thebans formed twenty-five shields deep.
** to or into a certain side
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.74:Χαλκιδέες τε ἐπὶ τὰ ἕτερα ἐσίνοντο ἐπιόντες χώρους τῆς ἈττικῆςKhalkidées te epì tà hétera esínonto epióntes khṓrous tês AttikêsThe Chalcidians however attacked on another side and raided lands in Attica.
** against
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.590:τοὺς δ’ Ἕκτωρ ἐνόησε κατὰ στίχας, ὦρτο δ’ ἐπ’ αὐτοὺς / κεκλήγωνtoùs d’ Héktōr enóēse katà stíkhas, ôrto d’ ep’ autoùs / keklḗgōnBut Hector marked them across the ranks, and rushed against them shouting aloud.
** over
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.159:οὕτω δὴ οἶκον δὲ φίλην ἐς πατρίδα γαῖαν / Ἀργεῖοι φεύξονται ἐπ’ εὐρέα νῶτα θαλάσσηςhoútō dḕ oîkon dè phílēn es patrída gaîan / Argeîoi pheúxontai ep’ euréa nôta thalássēsIs it thus indeed that the Argives are to flee their dear native land over the broad back of the sea?
** (of time) for, during
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.299:τλῆτε φίλοι, καὶ μείνατ’ ἐπὶ χρόνονtlête phíloi, kaì meínat’ epì khrónonEndure, my friends, and abide for a time.
** (of time) up to, until
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 7.288:ἔνθα μὲν ἐν φύλλοισι φίλον τετιημένος ἦτορ / εὗδον παννύχιος καὶ ἐπ’ ἠῶéntha mèn en phúlloisi phílon tetiēménos êtor / heûdon pannúkhios kaì ep’ ēôSo there among the leaves I slept, my heart sore stricken, the whole night through, until the morning.
** for (the purpose of)
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 3.421:ἀλλ’ ἄγ’ ὁ μὲν πεδίονδ’ ἐπὶ βοῦν, ἴτωall’ ág’ ho mèn pedíond’ epì boûn, ítōCome now, let one go to the plain for a heifer.
** for (with respect to)
*** 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 889:ἡμεῖς γὰρ ἁγνοὶ τοὐπὶ τήνδε τὴν κόρηνhēmeîs gàr hagnoì toupì tḗnde tḕn kórēnOur hands are clean with respect to this girl.
** over (in command of)
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 4.5.58:ἐπὶ δὲ τοὺς πεζοὺς τῶν ὁμοτίμων ἀνθ’ αὑτοῦ ἕκαστον καθιστάναι ἄλλον ἄρχοντα τῶν ὁμοτίμωνepì dè toùs pezoùs tôn homotímōn anth’ hautoû hékaston kathistánai állon árkhonta tôn homotímōnHe also instructed each one of the newly-mounted officers to appoint some other peer to take his place of command over the infantry of the peers.
* (without a noun) as well, besides (often with δέ (dé))
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.529:οἳ μὲν τὰ προϊδόντες ἐπέδραμον, ὦκα δ’ ἔπειτα / τάμνοντ’ ἀμφὶ βοῶν ἀγέλας καὶ πώεα καλὰ / ἀργεννέων οἰῶν, κτεῖνον δ’ ἐπὶ μηλοβοτῆραςhoì mèn tà proïdóntes epédramon, ôka d’ épeita / támnont’ amphì boôn agélas kaì pṓea kalà / argennéōn oiôn, kteînon d’ epì mēlobotêrasBut the liers-in-wait, when they saw these coming on, rushed forth against them and speedily cut off the herds of cattle and fair flocks of white-fleeced sheep, and slew the herdsmen as well.
For usage in composition, see ἐπι- (epi-).

#### Descendants

* Greek: επί (epí)

#### References

* ↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἔπι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 440

### Further reading

* “ἐπί”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “ἐπί”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “ἐπί”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
* ἐπί in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* ἐπί in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
* “ἐπί”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
* G1909 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
* Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited. aboard idem, page 2.about idem, page 2.addition idem, page 11.address idem, page 11.after idem, page 17.against idem, page 18.angry idem, page 29.arrive idem, page 41.as idem, page 42.at idem, page 48.attack idem, page 49.beside idem, page 75.board idem, page 86.by idem, page 107.change idem, page 123.charge idem, page 125.delight idem, page 208.depend idem, page 211.deride idem, page 214.direction idem, page 226.enjoy idem, page 275.exult idem, page 298.fall idem, page 303.fetch idem, page 317.finishing idem, page 322.for idem, page 334.frequent idem, page 344.gaze idem, page 355.glory in idem, page 363.hate idem, page 388.haunt idem, page 388.head idem, page 389.invade idem, page 456.joy idem, page 464.laugh idem, page 478.lean idem, page 482.look idem, page 498.make idem, page 508.mercy idem, page 525.mock idem, page 537.mount idem, page 543.muster idem, page 548.near idem, page 553.on idem, page 573.over idem, page 584.pass idem, page 595.patronise idem, page 599.please idem, page 619.plume oneself (on) idem, page 621.power idem, page 630.price idem, page 640.pride idem, page 640.proud idem, page 653.pursuit idem, page 659.put idem, page 660.rate idem, page 673.reach idem, page 675.rejoice idem, page 689.sail idem, page 731.scale idem, page 736.scan idem, page 737.scoff idem, page 740.send idem, page 751.study idem, page 829.sympathise idem, page 850.tend idem, page 861.time idem, page 875.to idem, page 878.top idem, page 881.towards idem, page 884.triumph idem, page 896.turn idem, page 901.up idem, page 937.upon idem, page 938.vaunt idem, page 945.vex idem, page 949.visit idem, page 954.weep idem, page 972.
* Smyth, Herbert Weir (1920) “Part IV: Syntax”, in A Greek grammar for colleges, Cambridge: American Book Company, § 1689