# ꜣbw
## Egyptian
### Etymology 1

From ꜣb (“to tarry, avoid, cease”).

#### Pronunciation

* (reconstructed) IPA: /ˈʀaːbaw/ → /ˈʀaːbaw/ → /ˈʔaːbə/ → /ʔoːβ/
* (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA: /ˈʀaːbaw/
* (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA: /ˈʀaːbaw/
* (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA: /ˈʔaːbə/
* (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA: /ʔoːβ/
* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /ɑbuː/
** Conventional anglicization: abu

#### Noun

m
* cessation (+ m: cessation of (something))

##### Usage notes

This word is usually negated. It is almost exclusively used
* in the negated phrases (nn ꜣbw), (nj wnt ꜣbw), (nj ḫpr ꜣbw), and in Late Egyptian (bn ꜣbw), to mean “unceasing, without end”; or
* as part of (jrj ꜣbw, “to cease”) and its infinitive (jrt ꜣbw, “cessation”), themselves often negated with nn, bn, tm, etc.

##### Alternative forms

| ꜣbw | ꜣb | ꜣb | ꜣb | ꜣb |
| [New Kingdom] | [New Kingdom] | [Greco-Roman Period] | [Greco-Roman Period] | [Greco-Roman Period] |

##### Derived terms

* jrj ꜣbw

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Afroasiatic *leb- (compare Tangale labata, Mukulu ʾelbi).
Likely related to ꜣb (“fingernail”) via the ‘ivory, tusk’ sense.

#### Pronunciation

* (reconstructed) IPA: /ˈʀuːbaw/ → /ˈʀuːbaw/ → /ˈjuːbə/ → /ˈjeːβ/
* (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA: /ˈʀuːbaw/
* (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA: /ˈʀuːbaw/
* (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA: /ˈjuːbə/
* (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA: /ˈjeːβ/
* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /ɑbuː/
** Conventional anglicization: abu

#### Noun

m
* elephant [Old Kingdom to New Kingdom]

##### Alternative forms

ꜣbw :

##### Descendants

* →? Ancient Greek: ἐλέφας (eléphas) (see there for further descendants)

##### See also

* 𓃰

#### Noun

m
* elephant tusk [Since the Middle Kingdom]
* ivory [Since the Middle Kingdom]

##### Alternative forms

| ꜣbw | ꜣb | ꜣb | ꜣbw | ꜣb |
| | | | | [Greco-Roman Period] |

##### Descendants

* Demotic: yb
** → Latin: ebur
*** ⇒ Anglo-Norman: ivurie
**** → Middle English: ivorie
***** English: ivory

#### Proper noun

m./f. topo.
* Elephantine (modern Aswan)

##### Alternative forms

| ꜣbw | ꜣbw | ꜣb | ꜣb | ꜣbw | ꜣb |
| [Old Kingdom] | [Old Kingdom] |
| ꜣbw | ꜣbw | ꜣbw | ꜣb | ꜣb |
| | | | | [New Kingdom] |

##### Descendants

* → Aramaic: יב
* → Ancient Greek: Ἰηβ (Iēb)
* Demotic: yb, ybꜣ, jb, jbꜣ
** Coptic: ⲓⲏⲃ (iēb)

### Etymology 3

Related to ꜣbt (“brand”).

#### Verb

3-lit.
* (transitive) to brand (cattle or slaves) (+ m or + ḥr: to brand with (a seal or name, etc.)) [since New Kingdom literature]
* (transitive) to scorch (the skin)

##### Inflection

infinitival forms
imperative
infinitive
negatival complement
complementary infinitive$^1$
singular
plural
ꜣbw
ꜣbww, ꜣbw
ꜣbwt
ꜣbw
ꜣbw
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem
periphrastic imperfective$^2$
periphrastic prospective$^2$
ꜣbw
ḥr ꜣbw
m ꜣbw
r ꜣbw
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood
active
passive
contingent
aspect / mood
active
passive
perfect
ꜣbw.n
ꜣbww, ꜣbw
consecutive
ꜣbw.jn
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
terminative
ꜣbwt
perfective$^3$
ꜣbw
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
obligative$^1$
ꜣbw.ḫr
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
imperfective
ꜣbw
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
prospective$^3$
ꜣbw
ꜣbw
potentialis$^1$
ꜣbw.kꜣ
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
subjunctive
ꜣbw
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
participles
active
passive
active
passive
perfect
ꜣbw.n
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
perfective
ꜣbw
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
ꜣbw
ꜣbw, ꜣbww$^5$, ꜣbwy$^5$
imperfective
ꜣbw, ꜣbwy, ꜣbww$^5$
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
ꜣbw, ꜣbwj$^6$, ꜣbwy$^6$
ꜣbw, ꜣbww$^5$
prospective
ꜣbw, ꜣbwtj$^7$
ꜣbwtj$^4$, ꜣbwt$^4$
$^1$ Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
$^2$ Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
$^3$ Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
$^4$ Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
$^5$ Only in the masculine singular.
$^6$ Only in the masculine.
$^7$ Only in the feminine. :

##### Alternative forms

ꜣbw :

#### Noun

m
* (Late Egyptian) brand, branding iron

##### Alternative forms

ꜣb :

### Etymology 4
#### Noun

m
* (medicine) a substance used medicinally

##### Inflection
### References

* Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 2
* Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎, volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 6.9–6.23, 7.15–7.20, 7.22
* Wilson, Penelope (1991) A Lexicographical Study of the Ptolemaic Texts in the Temple of Edfu, Liverpool: University of Liverpool, pages 7–9
* James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 339.
* Erichsen, Wolja (1954) Demotisches Glossar, Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, page 49
* Janet H. Johnson, editor (2001), The Demotic Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago‎, volume Y (01.1), Chicago: The University of Chicago, pages 7–10
* ↑ Orel, Vladimir E., Stolbova, Olga V. (1995) “*leb-”, in Hamito-Semitic Etymological Dictionary: Materials for a Reconstruction (Handbuch der Orientalistik; I.18), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill, § 1662, page 360