# 禪

| 禪 | U+79AA, &#31146; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-79AA |
| ← 禩 [U+79A9] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 禫 → [U+79AB] |

## Translingual

| Traditional | 禪 |
| Simplified | 禅 |
| Japanese | 禅 |
| Korean | 禪 |

### Han character

禪 (Kangxi radical 113, 示+12, 17 strokes, cangjie input 戈火口口十 (IFRRJ), four-corner 3625$_6$, composition ⿰礻單)

#### Descendants

* 禅

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 846, character 36
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24835
* Dae Jaweon: page 1267, character 26
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2408, character 10
* Unihan data for U+79AA

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 禪 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 嚲 | *taːlʔ |
| 癉 | *taːlʔ, *taːls, *taːn, *daːn |
| 奲 | *taːlʔ, *tʰjaːlʔ |
| 驒 | *daːl, *daːn, *teːn |
| 鼉 | *daːl |
| 磾 | *teːl |
| 鷤 | *deːl, *deːls, *daːn |
| 觶 | *tjal, *tjals |
| 單 | *taːn, *djan, *djanʔ, *djans |
| 鄲 | *taːn |
| 殫 | *taːn |
| 簞 | *taːn |
| 匰 | *taːn |
| 襌 | *taːn |
| 彈 | *daːn, *daːns |
| 貚 | *daːn, *deːn |
| 撣 | *daːn, *daːnʔ, *daːns, *djan, *taːnʔ |
| 潬 | *daːnʔ |
| 僤 | *daːnʔ, *daːns, *djan |
| 憚 | *daːns |
| 樿 | *tjanʔ |
| 燀 | *tjanʔ, *tʰjan, *tʰjanʔ |
| 戰 | *tjans |
| 闡 | *tʰjanʔ |
| 繟 | *tʰjanʔ |
| 幝 | *tʰjanʔ |
| 嘽 | *tʰaːn, *tʰjanʔ |
| 灛 | *tʰjanʔ |
| 蟬 | *djan |
| 禪 | *djan, *djans |
| 嬋 | *djan |
| 墠 | *djanʔ |
| 鱓 | *djanʔ |
| 蕇 | *teːnʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *djan, *djans): semantic 示 + phonetic 單 (OC *taːn, *djan, *djanʔ, *djans).

### Etymology

Pronunciation 1 is short for 禪那, which is a borrowing from Sanskrit ध्यान (dhyāna, “dhyana”).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chán (chan$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄢˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): sim$^4$ / sin$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): sàm
* Eastern Min (BUC): sièng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): siân / sîⁿ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): siam$^5$ / siêng$^5$ / siang$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$zoe
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chán
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chán
*** Wade–Giles: chʻan$^2$
*** Yale: chán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: charn
*** Palladius: чань (čanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰän³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: sim$^4$ / sin$^4$
*** Yale: sìhm / sìhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sim$^4$ / sin$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: xim$^4$ / xin$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /siːm²¹/, /siːn²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sàm
*** Hakka Romanization System: sam$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: sam$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /sam¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: sièng
*** Sinological IPA : /sieŋ⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siân
*** Tâi-lô: siân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sieen
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /siɛn¹³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /siɛn²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /siɛn²³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sîⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: sînn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: svii
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /sĩ²⁴/
* siân - literary;
* sîⁿ - vernacular.
* Middle Chinese: dzyen
Rime :
| Character | 禪 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 常 (25) |
| Final (韻) | 仙 (77) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 市連切 |
| Baxter | dzyen |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡ʑiᴇn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡ʑiɛn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡ʑjæn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡ʑian/ |
| Li Rong | /ʑiɛn/ |
| Wang Li | /ʑĭɛn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʑi̯ɛn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | chán |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | sin$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*djan/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 禪 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 2031 |
| Phonetic component | 單 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 鋋 |
| Old Chinese | /*djan/ |

#### Definitions

禪
* (Buddhism) dhyana; deep meditation; contemplation
* Buddhist doctrine; Buddhist teachings
* relating to Buddhism; Buddhist; thoughtful; philosophical

#### Compounds

* 一味禪 / 一味禅
* 參禪 / 参禅 (cānchán)
* 口頭禪 / 口头禅 (kǒutóuchán)
* 四禪八定 / 四禅八定
* 坐禪 / 坐禅 (zuòchán)
* 安禪 / 安禅
* 悟禪 / 悟禅
* 打禪 / 打禅
* 打禪七 / 打禅七
* 枯禪 / 枯禅
* 牛頭禪 / 牛头禅
* 班禪 / 班禅 (bānchán)
* 班禪喇嘛 / 班禅喇嘛 (bānchán lǎma)
* 看話禪 / 看话禅
* 禪七 / 禅七
* 禪味 / 禅味
* 禪和子 / 禅和子
* 禪堂 / 禅堂 (chántáng)
* 禪學 / 禅学 (chánxué)
* 禪宗 / 禅宗 (chánzōng)
* 禪定 / 禅定 (chándìng)
* 禪宗七祖 / 禅宗七祖
* 禪室 / 禅室
* 禪客 / 禅客
* 禪寂 / 禅寂
* 禪寺 / 禅寺 (chánsì)
* 禪師 / 禅师 (chánshī)
* 禪床 / 禅床
* 禪心 / 禅心
* 禪悅 / 禅悦
* 禪悟 / 禅悟 (chánwù)
* 禪房 / 禅房 (chánfáng)
* 禪數 / 禅数
* 禪杖 / 禅杖 (chánzhàng)
* 禪林 / 禅林 (chánlín)
* 禪椅 / 禅椅
* 禪機 / 禅机 (chánjī)
* 禪號 / 禅号
* 禪詩 / 禅诗
* 禪那 / 禅那
* 禪門五宗 / 禅门五宗
* 禪關 / 禅关
* 野狐禪 / 野狐禅 (yěhúchán)
* 面壁坐禪 / 面壁坐禅
* 默照禪 / 默照禅

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 禅(ぜん) (zen) (see there for further descendants)
* → Korean: 선(禪) (seon)
* → Vietnamese: thiền (禪)

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shàn (shan$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄕㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): sin$^6$
* Eastern Min (BUC): siêng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): siān
    (Teochew, Peng'im): siam$^6$ / siang$^6$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$zoe
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shàn
*** Wade–Giles: shan$^4$
*** Yale: shàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shann
*** Palladius: шань (šanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂän⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: sin$^6$
*** Yale: sihn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sin$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: xin$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /siːn²²/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: siêng
*** Sinological IPA : /siɛŋ²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siān
*** Tâi-lô: siān
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sien
*** IPA (Xiamen): /siɛn²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /siɛn⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /siɛn²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /siɛn³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /siɛn³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: siam$^6$ / siang$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: siăm / siăng
*** Sinological IPA : /siam³⁵/, /siaŋ³⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$zoe
*** MiniDict: zoe$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$zoe
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zø²³/
* Middle Chinese: dzyenH
Rime :
| Character | 禪 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 常 (25) |
| Final (韻) | 仙 (77) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 時戰切 |
| Baxter | dzyenH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡ʑiᴇn$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡ʑiɛn$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡ʑjæn$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡ʑian$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ʑiɛn$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ʑĭɛn$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʑi̯ɛn$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | sin$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[d]ar-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*djans/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 禪 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | shàn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dzyen$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[d]ar-s/ |
| English | hand over to another |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 禪 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 2036 |
| Phonetic component | 單 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 繕 |
| Old Chinese | /*djans/ |

#### Definitions

禪
* (obsolete) to offer sacrifices to nature
    See also: 封
    From: Guanzi, 5th century BCE to 220 CE
    Fēng yú Tàishān, Shàn yú Liángfǔ. Fēngshàn zhī wáng, qīshí'èr jiā. [Pinyin]
    Some sevety-two kings performed the Feng sacrifice [to Heaven] on Mount Tai and the Shan sacrifice [to Earth] on Liangfu (translation based on Rickett, 1998)
    From: 《大戴禮記》 Records of Ritual Matters by Dai the Elder, Late Western Han
    Shìyǐ fēng Tàishān ér shàn Liángfǔ, cháo zhūhóu ér yī tiānxià. [Pinyin]
    So he offered sacrifices to Heaven at Mount Tai and offer sacrifices to Earth at Liangfu; he gathered the various princes and united All under Heaven.
* to abdicate and pass the throne to someone
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Kǒngzǐ yuē: ‘Tángyú shàn, Xiàhòu, Yīn, Zhōu jì, qí yì yī yě.’ [Pinyin]
    Confucius said, "Tang and Yu resigned the throne to their worthy ministers. The sovereign of Xia and those of Yin and Zhou transmitted it to their sons. The principle of righteousness was the same in all the cases."
    alt. forms: 儃, 嬗 (shàn)
* to succeed; to replace

#### Compounds

* 受禪 / 受禅 (shòushàn)
* 封禪 / 封禅 (fēngshàn)
* 禪位 / 禅位 (shànwèi)
* 禪讓 / 禅让 (shànràng)

### Pronunciation 3

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Tán (Tan$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄢˊ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Tán
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Tán
*** Wade–Giles: Tʻan$^2$
*** Yale: Tán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Tarn
*** Palladius: Тань (Tanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰän³⁵/

#### Definitions

禪
* name of an ancient state

### References

* “禪”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 禅 |
| Kyūjitai | 禪 |

### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 禅)
* dhyana; deep meditation; contemplation

#### Readings

* Go-on: ぜん (zen)
* Kan-on: せん (sen)
* Kun: しずか (shizuka, 禪)、ゆずる (yuzuru, 禪る)

## Korean
### Hanja

禪 • (seon) (hangeul 선, revised seon, McCune–Reischauer sŏn, Yale sen)
* Zen

## Vietnamese
### Han character

禪: Hán Nôm readings: thiền, thiện, thuyền, xèng
* Dhyana
* Zen Buddhism