# jihad
## English
### Alternative forms

* jehad

### Etymology

From Arabic جِهَاد (jihād, “struggle; effort”).

### Pronunciation

* enPR: jĭ-hăd', jĭ-häd, jə-häd', jē'-häd, jē'-hăd, IPA: /d͡ʒɪˈhæd/, /d͡ʒɪˈhɑːd/, /d͡ʒəˈhɑːd/, /ˈd͡ʒiːhæd/, /ˈd͡ʒiːhɑːd/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Rhymes: -æd, -ɑːd, -iːhæd, -iːhɑːd

### Noun

jihad (countable and uncountable, plural jihads)
Wikiquote
* (Islam) A holy war undertaken by Muslims.
** 1938 August 22, “Holy War”, in Time:Young Iraqis of both sects obeyed the imams' ruling last week by rushing to conscription offices in hot, dirty, dusty Bagdad to offer themselves or their money for the jihad.
** 1977, Alistair Horne, A Savage War of Peace, New York: Review Books, published 2006, page 26:Small groups of killers, the scent of blood in their nostrils, now fanned out by taxi, bicycle or even on horseback into the surrounding countryside, spreading the word that a general jihad, or ‘holy war’, had broken out.
** 2013 May 8, Mona Mahmood, Ian Black, The Guardian:The Jabhat al-Nusra media, with songs about jihad and martyrdom, is extremely influential.
* (Islam, theology) A personal spiritual struggle for self-improvement and/or against evil.
** 2023 May 3, “Update on Terrorism-Related Case Under Internal Security Act”, in Internal Security Department (Singapore)‎:As a result, Amirull has renounced his radical beliefs in armed jihad and the use of violence. He now sees jihad as caring for his parents, improving himself, and contributing to society.
* (by extension) An aggressive campaign for an idea.
** 1984, 41:18 from the start, in Dune‎ (Science Fiction), spoken by Reverend Mother Ramallo, →OCLC:And now, the prophecy. One will come, the voice from the outer world, bringing the holy war, the jihad, which will cleanse the universe and bring us out of darkness.

#### Derived terms

* jihadi
* jihadic
* jihadisation
* jihadise
* jihadism
* jihadist
* jihadistic
* jihadization
* jihadize
* jihobbyist
* Love Jihad

#### Related terms

* mujahid

#### Translations
### Verb

jihad (third-person singular simple present jihads, present participle jihading, simple past and past participle jihaded)
* To participate in a jihad.

### See also

* crusade
* holy war
* infidel

### Anagrams

* Djahi, hadji

## Danish
### Etymology

From Arabic جِهَاد (jihād, “struggle; effort”).

### Noun

jihad c (uncountable)
* jihad

#### Related terms

* jihadisme
* jihadist
* jihadistisk

### References

* “jihad” in Den Danske Ordbog

## Dutch
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Noun

jihad m (plural jihads, diminutive jihadje n)
* Alternative form of djihaad

#### Derived terms

* jihadstrijder

#### Related terms

* jihadi
* jihadist

## Finnish
### Alternative forms

* džihad

### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Arabic جِهَاد (jihād).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈdʒihɑd/, [ˈdʒiɦɑ̝d]
* IPA: /ˈjihɑd/, [ˈjiɦɑ̝d]
* IPA: /ˈtsihɑd/, [ˈts̠iɦɑ̝d]
* Rhymes: -ihɑd
* Hyphenation: ji‧had

### Noun

jihad
* jihad (Muslims' holy war)

#### Declension

Possessive forms of jihad (Kotus type 5/risti, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
jihadini
jihadini
accusative
nom.
jihadini
jihadini
gen.
jihadini
genitive
jihadini
jihadieni
partitive
jihadiani
jihadejani
inessive
jihadissani
jihadeissani
elative
jihadistani
jihadeistani
illative
jihadiini
jihadeihini
adessive
jihadillani
jihadeillani
ablative
jihadiltani
jihadeiltani
allative
jihadilleni
jihadeilleni
essive
jihadinani
jihadeinani
translative
jihadikseni
jihadeikseni
abessive
jihadittani
jihadeittani
instructive
comitative
—jihadeineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
jihadisi
jihadisi
accusative
nom.
jihadisi
jihadisi
gen.
jihadisi
genitive
jihadisi
jihadiesi
partitive
jihadiasi
jihadejasi
inessive
jihadissasi
jihadeissasi
elative
jihadistasi
jihadeistasi
illative
jihadiisi
jihadeihisi
adessive
jihadillasi
jihadeillasi
ablative
jihadiltasi
jihadeiltasi
allative
jihadillesi
jihadeillesi
essive
jihadinasi
jihadeinasi
translative
jihadiksesi
jihadeiksesi
abessive
jihadittasi
jihadeittasi
instructive
comitative
—jihadeinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
jihadimme
jihadimme
accusative
nom.
jihadimme
jihadimme
gen.
jihadimme
genitive
jihadimme
jihadiemme
partitive
jihadiamme
jihadejamme
inessive
jihadissamme
jihadeissamme
elative
jihadistamme
jihadeistamme
illative
jihadiimme
jihadeihimme
adessive
jihadillamme
jihadeillamme
ablative
jihadiltamme
jihadeiltamme
allative
jihadillemme
jihadeillemme
essive
jihadinamme
jihadeinamme
translative
jihadiksemme
jihadeiksemme
abessive
jihadittamme
jihadeittamme
instructive
comitative
—jihadeinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
jihadinne
jihadinne
accusative
nom.
jihadinne
jihadinne
gen.
jihadinne
genitive
jihadinne
jihadienne
partitive
jihadianne
jihadejanne
inessive
jihadissanne
jihadeissanne
elative
jihadistanne
jihadeistanne
illative
jihadiinne
jihadeihinne
adessive
jihadillanne
jihadeillanne
ablative
jihadiltanne
jihadeiltanne
allative
jihadillenne
jihadeillenne
essive
jihadinanne
jihadeinanne
translative
jihadiksenne
jihadeiksenne
abessive
jihadittanne
jihadeittanne
instructive
comitative
—jihadeinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
jihadinsa
jihadinsa
accusative
nom.
jihadinsa
jihadinsa
gen.
jihadinsa
genitive
jihadinsa
jihadiensa
partitive
jihadiaan jihadiansa
jihadejaan jihadejansa
inessive
jihadissaan jihadissansa
jihadeissaan jihadeissansa
elative
jihadistaan jihadistansa
jihadeistaan jihadeistansa
illative
jihadiinsa
jihadeihinsa
adessive
jihadillaan jihadillansa
jihadeillaan jihadeillansa
ablative
jihadiltaan jihadiltansa
jihadeiltaan jihadeiltansa
allative
jihadilleen jihadillensa
jihadeilleen jihadeillensa
essive
jihadinaan jihadinansa
jihadeinaan jihadeinansa
translative
jihadikseen jihadiksensa
jihadeikseen jihadeiksensa
abessive
jihadittaan jihadittansa
jihadeittaan jihadeittansa
instructive
comitative
—jihadeineen jihadeinensa :

#### Derived terms

* jihadismi
* jihadisti

### Further reading

* “jihad”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-02

## French
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dʒi.ad/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

jihad m (plural jihads)
* Alternative form of djihad

## Italian
### Noun

jihad m or f (invariable)
* jihad

## Portuguese
### Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from Arabic جِهَاد (jihād, “struggle; effort”).

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ʒiˈʁad͡ʒ/ [ʒiˈhad͡ʒ], /ʒiˈʁa.d͡ʒi/ [ʒiˈha.d͡ʒi]
* (Brazil) IPA: /ʒiˈʁad͡ʒ/ [ʒiˈhad͡ʒ], /ʒiˈʁa.d͡ʒi/ [ʒiˈha.d͡ʒi]
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /ʒiˈʁad͡ʒ/ [ʒiˈχad͡ʒ], /ʒiˈʁa.d͡ʒi/ [ʒiˈχa.d͡ʒi]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ʒiˈʁad͡ʒ/ [ʒiˈhad͡ʒ]
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈʒjad/ [ˈʒjað]

### Noun

jihad f (plural jihads)
* (Islam) jihad (holy war undertaken by Muslims)

#### Derived terms

* jihadismo
* jihadista

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from French djihad.

### Noun

jihad n (plural jihaduri)
* jihad

#### Declension
## Swedish
### Etymology

From Arabic جِهَاد (jihād, “struggle; effort”)

### Noun

jihad c or n
* jihad

#### Usage notes

Almost always as "jihaden" (common gender) in the definite, though "ett jihad" is fairly common.

#### Related terms

* jihadism
* jihadist
* jihadistisk

### References

* jihad in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* jihad in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)

## Tagalog
### Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from Arabic جِهَاد (jihād, “struggle; effort”).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog)
** IPA: /ˈd͡ʒihad/ [ˈd͡ʒiː.hɐd̪̚]
*** IPA: (no yod coalescence) /ˈdjihad/ [ˈd̪jiː.hɐd̪̚]
*** Rhymes: -ihad
** IPA: /d͡ʒiˈhad/ [d͡ʒɪˈhad̪̚] (prescriptive from Arabic)
*** IPA: (no yod coalescence) /djiˈhad/ [d̪jɪˈhad̪̚] (prescriptive from Arabic)
*** Rhymes: -ad
* Syllabification: ji‧had

### Noun

jihad or jihád (Baybayin spelling ᜇ᜔ᜌᜒᜑᜇ᜔) (Islam)
* jihad (holy war undertaken by Muslims)

#### See also

* krusada
* sikap

### Further reading

* “jihad”, in KWF Diksiyonaryo ng Wikang Filipino, Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino, 2024
* “jihad”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018