# cloch
## Irish
### Etymology

From Old Irish cloch, from Proto-Celtic *klukā (compare Welsh clog).

### Pronunciation

* (Munster) IPA: /kl̪ˠɞx/, /kl̪ˠɔx/
* (Connacht, Ulster) IPA: /klˠɔx/, /kl̪ˠɔx/

### Noun

cloch f (genitive singular cloiche, nominative plural clocha)
* stone (substance; small piece of stone; central part of some fruits, consisting of the seed and a hard endocarp layer)
* (Christianity) bead (in a rosary)
* (anatomy) testicle
    Synonyms: caid, magairle, úirí
* stone (unit of mass)
    Synonym: cloch mheáchain

#### Declension

bare forms
case
singular
plural
nominative
cloch
clocha
vocative
a chloch
a chlocha
genitive
cloiche
cloch
dative
cloch cloich (archaic, dialectal)
clocha
forms with the definite article
case
singular
plural
nominative
an chloch
na clocha
genitive
na cloiche
na gcloch
dative
leis an gcloch leis an gcloich (archaic, dialectal) don chloch don chloich (archaic, dialectal)
leis na clocha :

#### Derived terms

* binse cloiche m (“rock shelf”)
* bunchloch f (“foundation stone”)
* cloch adhmainte f (“lodestone”)
* cloch altóra f (“altar-stone”)
* cloch ancaire f (“anchor stone”)
* cloch aoil f (“limestone”)
* cloch bhoinn f (“foundation stone”)
* cloch bhró f (“millstone”)
* cloch bhua f (“precious stone”)
* cloch chairéil f (“quarry-stone”)
* cloch cheangail f (“bond-stone”)
* cloch chinn f (“headstone”)
* cloch choirnéil f (“corner-stone”)
* cloch chora f (“stepping-stone”)
* cloch chormaic f (“(type of) granite”)
* cloch chúinne f (“corner-stone”)
* cloch chumaisc f (“pudding-stone”)
* cloch dhín f (“cope-stone”)
* cloch dhomlais f (“gall-stone”)
* cloch dhuáin f (“kidney-stone”)
* cloch dhuirlinge f (“cobble-stone”)
* cloch dhúshraithe f (“foundation stone”)
* cloch eibhir f (“granite”)
* cloch fhaobhair f (“whetstone, hone”)
* cloch fhorbháis f (“perched stone”)
* cloch ghabhála f (“fulcrum (stone)”)
* cloch ghainimh f (“sandstone”)
* cloch ghallúnaí f (“soap-stone”)
* cloch ghlas f (“greenstone; whinstone”)
* cloch ghorm f (“blue-stone”)
* cloch ghreama f (“bond-stone”)
* cloch ghréine f (“quartz”)
* cloch ghualainne f (“heavy casting-stone”)
* cloch líofa f (“whetstone, hone”)
* cloch lómhar f (“precious stone”)
* cloch luachmhar f (“precious stone”)
* cloch mhíle f (“milestone”)
* cloch mhuilinn f (“millstone”)
* cloch mhullaigh f (“cope-stone”)
* cloch nirt f (“heavy casting-stone”)
* cloch phaidrín f (“bead of rosary”)
* cloch phluma f (“plum-stone”)
* cloch phréacháin f (“cope-stone”)
* cloch reatha f (“rolling stone”)
* cloch róid f (“anchor stone”)
* cloch scáil f (“quartz”)
* cloch sceimhil f (“drip-stone”)
* cloch shalainn f (“rock salt”)
* cloch shileáin f (“drip-stone”)
* cloch shilín f (“cherry-stone”)
* cloch shneachta f (“hailstone”)
* cloch shópa f (“soap-stone”)
* cloch speile f (“scythe-stone”)
* cloch spideoige f (“cope-stone”)
* cloch tharraingthe f (“light casting-stone”)
* cloch theampaill f (“taciturn person”)
* cloch théide f (“anchor stone”)
* cloch theorann f (“boundary stone”)
* cloch thine f (“flint”)
* cloch uasal f (“precious stone”)
* clocha briste f pl (“road-metal”)
* clocha cóirithe f pl (“ashlars”)
* clocha fuail f pl (“gravel”)
* clocha saoirseachta f pl (“building-stones”)
* Na Clocha Liatha (“Greystones”)
* obair chloiche f (“stone-work”)
* órchloch f (“philosopher’s stone”)

### Verb

cloch (present analytic clochann, future analytic clochfaidh, verbal noun clochadh, past participle clochta)
* (transitive) stone

#### Conjugation

| verbal noun | clochadh | clochadh | clochadh | clochadh | clochadh | clochadh | clochadh | clochadh |
| past participle | clochta | clochta | clochta | clochta | clochta | clochta | clochta | clochta |
| tense | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural | relative | autonomous |
| tense | first | second | third | first | second | third | relative | autonomous |
| indicative |||||||||
| present | clochaim | clochann tú; clochair$^†$ | clochann sé, sí | clochaimid | clochann sibh | clochann siad; clochaid$^†$ | a chlochann; a chlochas / a gclochann* | clochtar |
| past | chloch mé; chlochas | chloch tú; chlochais | chloch sé, sí | chlochamar; chloch muid | chloch sibh; chlochabhair | chloch siad; chlochadar | a chloch / ar chloch* | clochadh |
| past habitual | chlochainn / gclochainn‡‡ | chlochtá / gclochtá‡‡ | chlochadh sé, sí / gclochadh sé, sí‡‡ | chlochaimis; chlochadh muid / gclochaimis‡‡; gclochadh muid‡‡ | chlochadh sibh / gclochadh sibh‡‡ | chlochaidís; chlochadh siad / gclochaidís‡‡; gclochadh siad‡‡ | a chlochadh / a gclochadh* | chlochtaí / gclochtaí‡‡ |
| future | clochfaidh mé; clochfad | clochfaidh tú; clochfair$^†$ | clochfaidh sé, sí | clochfaimid; clochfaidh muid | clochfaidh sibh | clochfaidh siad; clochfaid$^†$ | a chlochfaidh; a chlochfas / a gclochfaidh* | clochfar |
| conditional | chlochfainn / gclochfainn‡‡ | chlochfá / gclochfá‡‡ | chlochfadh sé, sí / gclochfadh sé, sí‡‡ | chlochfaimis; chlochfadh muid / gclochfaimis‡‡; gclochfadh muid‡‡ | chlochfadh sibh / gclochfadh sibh‡‡ | chlochfaidís; chlochfadh siad / gclochfaidís‡‡; gclochfadh siad‡‡ | a chlochfadh / a gclochfadh* | chlochfaí / gclochfaí‡‡ |
| subjunctive |||||||||
| present | go gclocha mé; go gclochad$^†$ | go gclocha tú; go gclochair$^†$ | go gclocha sé, sí | go gclochaimid; go gclocha muid | go gclocha sibh | go gclocha siad; go gclochaid$^†$ | — | go gclochtar |
| past | dá gclochainn | dá gclochtá | dá gclochadh sé, sí | dá gclochaimis; dá gclochadh muid | dá gclochadh sibh | dá gclochaidís; dá gclochadh siad | — | dá gclochtaí |
| imperative |||||||||
| – | clochaim | cloch | clochadh sé, sí | clochaimis | clochaigí; clochaidh$^†$ | clochaidís | — | clochtar |
* indirect relative † archaic or dialect form ‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

#### Descendants

* → Yola: clouk, klouk

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* ↑ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “cloch”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* ↑ Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931) Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry [Phonetics of an Irish Dialect of Kerry] (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, § 159, page 81
* ↑ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 149, page 58

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “cloch”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “cloch”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
* “cloch”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2025

## Old Irish
### Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *klukā (“stone”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /klox/

### Noun

cloch f
* stone, rock
* stone (as material)
* precious stone, gem
* (Christianity) bead (in a rosary)
* something built of stone, castle, fortress, stronghold

#### Inflection

* $^H$ = triggers aspiration
* $^L$ = triggers lenition
* $^N$ = triggers nasalization

#### Derived terms

* clochach (“stony, rocky”, adjective)
* clochaid (“stones; covers with stones”, verb)
* clochamail (“stony, unyielding”, adjective)
* clochán m (“paved road or causeway”)
* clochar m (“stony place”)
* clochda (“made of stone, stony”, adjective)

#### Descendants

* Irish: cloch
* Manx: clagh
* Scottish Gaelic: clach

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “cloch”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈklot͡ʃ/ [ˈklot͡ʃ]
* Rhymes: -otʃ
* Syllabification: cloch

### Noun

cloch m (plural cloches)
* Alternative form of cloche

## Welsh
### Etymology

From Middle Welsh cloch, from Proto-Brythonic *klox, from Proto-Celtic *klokkos (“bell”) (compare Cornish clogh, Breton kloc'h, Old Irish cloc, Irish clog), of onomatopoeic origin. Doublet of cloc (“clock”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kloːχ/
* Rhymes: -oːχ

### Noun

cloch f (plural clych or clychau or clochau)
* bell
** (figuratively) someone who praises or proclaims
** (figuratively) bell-shaped object, especially bubble
** (figuratively) bell-like sound or noise, vociferation
* prize, feat
* o'clock, of the clock
    Synonym: o'r gloch

#### Derived terms

* cloch aberth (“sacring bell”)
* cloch adarwr (“low-bell, bell used in fowling at night”)
* cloch Afi (“Avel-bell”)
* cloch angladd (“passing bell, death bell”)
* cloch alarwm (“alarm bell, warning bell”)
* cloch alw (“alarm-bell, call-bell; Sanctus bell”)
* cloch (ar) ddwfr (“bubble”)
* cloch babis (“harebell”)
* cloch bach (“sanctus bell”, literally “little bell”)
* cloch Bangor (“harebell”)
* cloch bugail (“harebell”)
* cloch dân (“fire-alarm”)
* cloch drydan (“electric bell”)
* cloch dyn marw (“passing bell, death bell”)
* cloch enaid (“passing bell, death bell”)
* cloch Enid (“lily of the valley, May-lily”)
* cloch fach (“sanctus bell”, literally “little bell”)
* cloch fach yn y glust (“a ringing or tingling in the ear”, literally “a little bell in the ear”)
* cloch ginio (“dinner-bell”)
* cloch glaw (“raindrop”)
* cloch gnùl (“passing bell, death bell”)
* cloch hwyrol (“curfew bell”)
* cloch iâ (“icicle”)
* cloch las (“bluebell”)
* cloch las (“harebell”)
* cloch law (“hand-bell”)
* cloch Llundain (“Canterbury bells, bellflowers, throatwort”)
* cloch maban (“snowdrop”)
* cloch offeren (“sacring bell”)
* cloch osber (“vesper bell”)
* cloch rybudd (“alarm bell, warning bell”)
* cloch soddi (“diving-bell”)
* cloch suddo (“diving-bell”)
* cloch tawch (“fog-bell”)
* cloch wasanaeth (“church bell”)
* cloch (y) baban (“snowdrop”)
* cloch (y) drws (“door-bell”)
* cloch y ffair (“bell rung to announce the commencement of a fair or market”)
* cloch y gog (“bluebell”)
* cloch y llan (“church bell”)
* cloch y march (“yellow rattle”)
* cloch y perthi (“Canterbury bells, hedge-bells, hedge-bindweed”)
* cloch y tylwyth teg (“harebell”)
* cloch y tylwyth teg (“bluebell”)
* cloch yr eglwys (“church bell”)
* cloch (yr) eos (“harebell”)
* cloch yr ymadrodd (“uvula, epiglottis”)
* clochdy (“bell tower”)
* clych y cerrig (“cup-lichen, cup-moss”)

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “cloch”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies