# 肌

| 肌 | U+808C, &#32908; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-808C |
| ← 肋 [U+808B] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 肍 → [U+808D] |

## Translingual
### Han character

肌 (Kangxi radical 130, 肉+2, 6 strokes, cangjie input 月竹弓 (BHN), four-corner 7721$_0$, composition ⿰⺼几)

#### Derived characters

* 𥬾

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 973, character 7
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29242
* Dae Jaweon: page 1425, character 1
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2043, character 6
* Unihan data for U+808C

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 肌 | *kril |
| 飢 | *kril |
| 机 | *kril, *krilʔ |
| 虮 | *kril |
| 几 | *krilʔ |
| 麂 | *krilʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kril): semantic ⺼ + phonetic 几 (OC *krilʔ).

### Etymology

Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-k-rəj (“skin”), and cognate with Burmese ရေ (re, “skin, hide”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jī (ji$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gei$^1$
* Eastern Min (BUC): gĭ
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gi$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): ki
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gi$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jī
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ji
*** Wade–Giles: chi$^1$
*** Yale: jī
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ji
*** Palladius: цзи (czi)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gei$^1$
*** Yale: gēi
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gei$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: géi$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kei̯⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gĭ
*** Sinological IPA : /ki⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gi$^1$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: gi
*** Sinological IPA : /ki⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ki
*** Tâi-lô: ki
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ky
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ki⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ki³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ki⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ki⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ki⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gi$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ki
*** Sinological IPA : /ki³³/
* Middle Chinese: kjij
Rime :
| Character | 肌 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 脂 (15) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 居夷切 |
| Baxter | kjij |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kiɪ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ki/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kjɪ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ki/ |
| Li Rong | /ki/ |
| Wang Li | /ki/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ki/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jī |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gei$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*krə[j]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kril/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 肌 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jī |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kij › |
| Old Chinese | /*krə[j]/ |
| English | flesh |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 肌 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 5756 |
| Phonetic component | 几 |
| Rime group | 脂 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 飢 |
| Old Chinese | /*kril/ |

### Definitions

肌
* muscle; flesh
    腹肌 ― fùjī ― abdominal muscle
    騷肌／骚肌 [Cantonese] ― sou$^1$ gei$^1$ [Jyutping] ― to show one's muscles
* (literary) skin

### Compounds

* 三角肌 (sānjiǎojī)
* 三頭肌 / 三头肌 (sāntóujī)
* 三頭臂肌 / 三头臂肌
* 不隨意肌 / 不随意肌 (bùsuíyìjī)
* 二頭肌 / 二头肌 (èrtóujī)
* 二頭股肌 / 二头股肌
* 二頭臂肌 / 二头臂肌
* 侵肌透骨
* 冰肌玉骨
* 分肌劈理
* 刻肌刻骨
* 前鋸肌 / 前锯肌 (qiánjùjī)
* 勁骨豐肌 / 劲骨丰肌
* 口輪肌 / 口轮肌
* 咀嚼肌 (jǔjuéjī)
* 大胸肌
* 小胸肌
* 平滑肌 (pínghuájī)
* 心肌 (xīnjī)
* 心肌梗塞 (xīnjī gěngsè)
* 括約肌 / 括约肌 (kuòyuējī)
* 提睪肌 / 提睾肌 (tígāojī)
* 撫臆誓肌 / 抚臆誓肌
* 擘肌分理
* 斜方肌 (xiéfāngjī)
* 明肌雪
* 橫紋肌 / 横纹肌 (héngwénjī)
* 死肌
* 比目魚肌 / 比目鱼肌 (bǐmùyújī)
* 浹髓淪肌 / 浃髓沦肌
* 淪肌浹髓 / 沦肌浃髓
* 玉肌 (yùjī)
* 玉肌花貌
* 玉骨冰肌
* 皮膚肌炎 / 皮肤肌炎 (pífūjīyán)
* 眼球肌
* 睫狀肌 / 睫状肌 (jiézhuàngjī)
* 肌內膜 / 肌内膜 (jīnèimó)
* 肌原纖維 / 肌原纤维 (jīyuánxiānwéi)
* 肌外膜 (jīwàimó)
* 肌小節 / 肌小节 (jīxiǎojié)
* 肌束 (jīshù)
* 肌束膜 (jīshùmó)
* 肌梭 (jīsuō)
* 肌漿網 / 肌浆网 (jījiāngwǎng)
* 肌無完膚 / 肌无完肤
* 肌理 (jīlǐ)
* 肌理豐盈 / 肌理丰盈
* 肌痺 / 肌痹
* 肌節 / 肌节 (jījié)
* 肌紅素 / 肌红素
* 肌細胞 / 肌细胞 (jīxìbāo)
* 肌纖維 / 肌纤维 (jīxiānwéi)
* 肌肉 (jīròu)
* 肌肉注射 (jīròu zhùshè)
* 肌肉麻痺 / 肌肉麻痹
* 肌腱 (jījiàn)
* 肌膜 (jīmó)
* 肌膚 / 肌肤 (jīfū)
* 肌膚之愛 / 肌肤之爱
* 肌膚之親 / 肌肤之亲 (jīfūzhīqīn)
* 肌覺 / 肌觉
* 肌質網 / 肌质网 (jīzhìwǎng)
* 肌酸 (jīsuān)
* 肋間肌 / 肋间肌 (lèjiānjī)
* 肌電圖 / 肌电图 (jīdiàntú)
* 肌革
* 肌骨 (jīgǔ)
* 肋骨舉肌 / 肋骨举肌
* 肌體 / 肌体 (jītǐ)
* 肱橈肌 / 肱桡肌
* 肩胛舌骨肌 (jiānjiǎ shégǔ jī)
* 背肌 (bèijī)
* 背闊肌 / 背阔肌 (bèikuòjī)
* 胸大肌 (xiōngdàjī)
* 胸肌 (xiōngjī)
* 胸鎖乳突肌 / 胸锁乳突肌 (xiōngsuǒrǔtūjī)
* 腓腸肌 / 腓肠肌 (féichángjī)
* 腹內斜肌 / 腹内斜肌 (fùnèixiéjī)
* 腹外斜肌 (fùwàixiéjī)
* 腹橫肌 / 腹横肌 (fùhéngjī)
* 腹直肌 (fùzhíjī)
* 腹肌 (fùjī)
* 腰肌 (yāojī)
* 腡肌 / 脶肌
* 臀大肌 (túndàjī)
* 豐肌 / 丰肌
* 逼尿肌 (bīniàojī)
* 里肌 (lǐjī)
* 銘肌鏤骨 / 铭肌镂骨
* 鏤骨銘肌 / 镂骨铭肌
* 闊背肌 / 阔背肌
* 隨意肌 / 随意肌 (suíyìjī)
* 面黃肌瘦 / 面黄肌瘦 (miànhuángjīshòu)
* 頸肌 / 颈肌
* 香肌玉體 / 香肌玉体
* 骨骼肌 (gǔgéjī)
* 髖骨肌 / 髋骨肌

### References

* ↑ Luce, G. H. (1981) “-I and -E Finals (87. Skin; Hide; Leather)”, in A Comparative Word-List of Old Burmese, Chinese and Tibetan‎, London: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, →ISBN

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: き (ki, 肌)
* Kan-on: き (ki, 肌)
* Kun: はだ (hada, 肌, Jōyō)、はだえ (hadae, 肌)

#### Compounds

* 肌(き)理(め) (kime)
* 肌(はだ)着(ぎ) (hadagi)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 肌
* はだ Grade: S
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 膚
/pada/ → /ɸada/ → /hada/.
From Old Japanese, Proto-Japonic *panta. First attested in the Man'yōshū, completed sometime around 759 CE.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) はだ [háꜜdà] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ha̠da̠]

#### Noun

肌(はだ) • (hada)
* human skin
    Synonyms: 皮膚 (hifu), はだえ (hadae)
** 794, Shin'yaku Kegonkyō Ongi Shiki, page 80:連膚 下波太音普(please add an English translation of this quotation)
** 898–901, Shinsen Jikyō, volume 1, page 44:脕[...] 波太奈女良介之(please add an English translation of this quotation)
** 1603, Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam (Nippo Jisho) [Vocabulary of the Language of Japan] (in Portuguese), Nagasaki, pages 195-196:Fada. ハダ (肌) Fadaye (膚)に同じ. 肉の表皮, または, 人間の身体の表面. Fadauo yurusu. (肌を許す) 油断する. Cocorouo yurusu (心を許す)と言う方がまさる. Fadato fadauo auasuru. (肌と肌を合はする) 男女が交合する. 時には, Fadauo auasuru (肌を合はする)と言うことがある. これは,結び合って親しい間柄の人々について言われるけれども, あまり使われもしないし, 本来の正しい言い方でもない.(please add an English translation of this quotation)
* surface of an object
    木(き)の肌(はだ) ― ki no hada ― tree bark
* temperament, nature
    芸(げい)術(じゅつ)家(か)肌(はだ)
       geijutsuka-hada
       artistic temperament

##### Related terms

* はだえ (hadae)

#### References

* Unknown (794) Yoshinori Kobayashi, editor, Shin'yaku Kegonkyō Ongi Shiki (Kojisho Ongi Shūsei) (in Japanese), volume 1, Kyūko Shoin, published 1978, →ISBN.
* Shōjū with Kyōto Daigaku Bungakubu Kokugogaku Kokubungaku Kenkyūshitu (898–901) Shinsen Jikyō (Zōteiban) (in Japanese), Kyōto: Rinsen, published 15 December 1967, →ISBN.
* Doi, Tadao (1603–1604) Hōyaku Nippo Jisho (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 1980, →ISBN.
* ↑ “肌・膚”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

### Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 肌 – see the following entry. :
| 【はだえ】 | [noun] skin Alternative spelling 膚 |
(This term, 肌, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

## Korean
### Hanja

肌 • (gi) (hangeul 기, revised gi, McCune–Reischauer ki, Yale ki)
* muscle tissue
* meat on bones

## Vietnamese
### Han character

肌: Hán Nôm readings: cơ
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.