# log

| ㏒ | U+33D2, &#13266; SQUARE LOG |
| ← ㏑ [U+33D1] | CJK Compatibility | ㏓ → [U+33D3] |

## Translingual
### Symbol

log
* (mathematics) logarithm
    if $x=b^{y}$ then $\log _{b}(x)=y$

#### Usage notes

If not specified, the base of the logarithm is assumed to be either 2, 10, or e, depending on context:
* Base e is most common in professional mathematics.
* Base 10 is typical for many calculators, in the physical sciences, and in secondary school pedagogy.
* Base 2 is frequently used in theoretical computer science but rare outside that field.

#### Hyponyms

* (with base e) ln
* (with base 10) lg
* (with base 2) lb, ld

### Symbol

log
* (international standards) ISO 639-3 language code for Logo.

## English
### Alternative forms

* logg, logge (obsolete)

### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /lɒɡ/
* (General American) IPA: /lɔɡ/
* (cot–caught merger) IPA: /lɑɡ/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɒɡ, -ɔːɡ

### Etymology 1

From Middle English logg, logge (first recorded in Anglo-Latin as loggum), of uncertain origin, but probably from Old Norse lóg, lág (“felled tree, log”), derived from Old Norse liggja (“to lie”). If so, then cognate with Norwegian låg (“fallen tree”), Dutch loog (“wood, timber, lumber”).
Alternatively, directly from Norwegian låg (“fallen tree”), which could have been borrowed through the Norwegian timber trade. However the Old Norse/Middle Norwegian vowel is long while Middle English vowel is short.

#### Noun

log (plural logs)
* The trunk of a dead tree, cleared of branches.
    They walked across the stream on a fallen log.
* Any bulky piece as cut from the above, used as timber, fuel etc.
** 1995, New American Standard Bible: Matthew 7, 3 - 5‎:Why do you look at the speck that is in your brother's eye, but do not notice the log that is in your own eye? Or how can you say to your brother, "Let me take the speck out of your eye," and behold, the log is in your own eye? You hypocrite, first take the log out of your own eye, and then you will see clearly to take the speck out of your brother's eye.
* A unit of length equivalent to 16 feet, used for measuring timber, especially the trunk of a tree.
* Anything shaped like a log; a cylinder.
** 1999, Glen Duncan, Hope:[…] it was a thing of sinuous durability, wound around the spirit like a tapeworm around a log of shit.
** 2011, Edward Espe Brown, The Complete Tassajara Cookbook:Dip both sides in the sauce on the plate and then arrange a log of cheese filling down the middle of the tortilla.
* (nautical) A floating device, usually of wood, used in navigation to estimate the speed of a vessel through water.
    Hyponyms: chip log, taffrail log
** 1659, Navigation by the Mariners Plain Scale New Plain'd, by John Collins
    Every Noon the Master and his Mates take the reckoning off the Log-board, and double the Knots run, and then divide the Product, which is the number of Miles run by three, the quotient is the Leagues run since the former Noon, and according to custom the Log is thrown every two hours, and I never knew the course nearer expressed on the Log-board, then to half a point of the Compass.
* (figuratively) A blockhead; a very stupid person.
* (surfing slang) A heavy longboard.
** 1999, Neal Miyake
    I know he hadn’t surfed on a log much in his childhood
* (figuratively) A rolled cake with filling.
    Hyponyms: Swiss roll, Yule log
* (mining) A weight or block near the free end of a hoisting rope to prevent it from being drawn through the sheave.
* (vulgar) A piece of feces.
* (vulgar) A penis.

##### Derived terms

* ants on a log
* as easy as rolling off a log
* backlog
* Christmas log
* drop a log
* Dutchman's log
* easy as falling off a log
* easy as rolling off a log
* flog the log
* hand log
* heave the log
* lick log
* like a bump on a log
* like falling off a log
* like rolling off a log
* log boat
* log book
* log burner
* log-burner
* log cabin
* log car
* log chip
* log dog
* log drive
* log flume
* logger
* log-glass
* log jam
* log reel
* log ride
* log scaler
* log splitter
* log washer
* murder log
* nurse log
* patent log
* sawlog
* sleep like a log

##### Translations

    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

#### Verb

log (third-person singular simple present logs, present participle logging, simple past and past participle logged)
* (transitive) To cut trees into logs.
* (transitive) To cut down (trees).
** 2013 June 29, “Unspontaneous combustion”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8842, page 29:Since the mid-1980s, when Indonesia first began to clear its bountiful forests on an industrial scale in favour of lucrative palm-oil plantations, “haze” has become an almost annual occurrence in South-East Asia. The cheapest way to clear logged woodland is to burn it, producing an acrid cloud of foul white smoke that, carried by the wind, can cover hundreds, or even thousands, of square miles.
* (intransitive) To cut down trees in an area, harvesting and transporting the logs as wood.

##### Derived terms

* logger
* logging

##### Translations
### Etymology 2

From logbook, itself from log (above) + book, from a wooden float (chip log, or simply log) used to measure speed.

#### Noun

log (plural logs)
* A logbook, or journal of a vessel's (or aircraft's) progress.
** 1881–1882, Robert Louis Stevenson, Treasure Island, London; Paris: Cassell & Company, published 14 November 1883, →OCLC:The captain sat down to his log, and here is the beginning of the entry:...
** 2023 November 15, Prof. Jim Wild, “This train was delayed because of bad weather in space”, in RAIL, number 996, page 30:The scientific instruments of the day recorded rapid fluctuations in the Earth's magnetic field, as powerful electrical currents flowed through the upper atmosphere. Ships' logs noted observations of the northern lights as far south as the Caribbean, and telegraph systems across the world were disrupted as electrical currents were induced in the copper lines.
* A chronological record of actions, performances, computer/network usage, etc.
* (computer science) Specifically, an append-only sequential record of events written to a file, display, or other data stream.

##### Derived terms

* changelog
* key log
* log pot
* log slate
* log spam
* log-structured
* weblog
* write-ahead log

##### Translations

    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

#### Verb

log (third-person singular simple present logs, present participle logging, simple past and past participle logged)
* (transitive) To make, to add an entry (or more) in a log or logbook.
    to log the miles travelled by a ship
* (transitive) To travel (a distance) as shown in a logbook.
* (transitive) To travel at a specified speed, as ascertained by a chip log.

##### Derived terms

* log in
* log into
* log off
* log on
* log onto
* log out

##### Translations
### Etymology 3

Ellipsis of log out, itself from Etymology 2.

#### Verb

log (third-person singular simple present logs, present participle logging, simple past and past participle logged)
* (video games) To log out; to disconnect from an online video game.
    You only won that game because your last opponent logged. That's no fair!

##### Derived terms

* combat log
* PvP log

### Etymology 4
#### Verb

log (third-person singular simple present logs, present participle logging, simple past and past participle logged)
* (obsolete) To move to and fro; to rock.

### Etymology 5

From Hebrew לֹג.

#### Noun

log (plural logs)
* (historical units of measure) A Hebrew unit of liquid volume (about $^1$⁄$_3$ liter).
** 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Leviticus 14:10:...and one log of oil...
** 1902, Jewish Encyclopedia, s.v. "Weights and Measures":
    In the Hebrew system the log (Lev. xiv. 10) corresponds to the mina. Since the Hellenistic writers equate the log with the Græco-Roman sextarius, whatever these writers say on the relation of the sextarius to other measures applies also to the relation of these measures to the log. The log and the sextarius, however, are not equal in capacity. The sextarius is estimated at .547 liter, while there is no reason to regard the log as larger than the Babylonian mina, especially as other references of the Greek metrologists support the assumption that the log was equal to the mina. The fact that in the Old Testament the log is mentioned only as a fluid measure may be merely accidental, for the dry measures, which are distinguished in all other cases from the liquid measures, also have the log as their unit. The corresponding dry measure may, however, have been known under a different name.

##### Meronyms

* cab, kab (4 logs); hin (12 logs); bath (72 logs); cor, kor, homer, chomer (720 logs)

### Etymology 6

A clipping of logarithm.

#### Noun

log (plural logs)
* Synonym of logarithm.
    To multiply two numbers, add their logs.
* (sciences) A difference of one in the logarithm, usually in base 10; an order of magnitude.
** 1978, F. J. Silverblatt, I. Ofek, “Influence of Pili on the Virulence of Proteus mirabilis in Experimental Hematogenous Pyelonephritis”, in The Journal of Infectious Diseases, volume 138, number 5, →DOI:During the first 24 hr, however, titers of the lightly piliated organisms in the kidney increased by 4 logs, whereas the heavily piliated P. mirabilis were virtually all eliminated.

##### Derived terms

* common log
* lin-log
* log-lin
* log-linear
* log-log
* log-logistic
* log-log paper
* lognormal
* log-normal distribution
* natural log
* semi-log paper
* skew-T log-P diagram

### See also

* bandar log

### References

* ↑ T. F. Hoad. "log." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology
* ↑ Elliott K. Dobbie, C. William Dunmore, Robert K. Barnhart, et al. (editors), Chambers Dictionary of Etymology (Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd, 2004 [1998], →ISBN), p. 607.
* ↑ https://blog.oup.com/2018/06/etymology-gleanings-may-2018-part-2/
* “log”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
* "Weights and Measures" at Oxford Biblical Studies Online

### Anagrams

* Glo.

## Albanian
### Etymology

From Proto-Albanian *lēga, from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ- (“to put down, lie down”). Compare Old Frisian lōch, Dutch oorlog (“war”), Middle High German urlage (“fate, battle”), Old English log (“place”), Old Norse løgi (“tranquillity”), Greek λόχος (lóchos, “confinement”), Tocharian A lake, Tocharian B leke (“lair”), Old Irish lige (“bad, grave”). Alternatively derived from Proto-Slavic *lǫgъ, compare Serbo-Croatian lug, Bulgarian лъг (lǎg).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [lɔɡ], /loɡ/
* Rhymes: -ɔɡ, -oɡ

### Noun

log m (plural logje, definite logu, definite plural logjet)
* field (in a forest); flat ground, area, lawn
    Synonyms: lëndinë, shesh, rrafsh
* (archaic, chiefly Gheg) battlefield
    Synonym: mejdan

#### Related terms

* lamth
* lug
* llogore

### References

* ↑ Omari, Anila (2012) “log”, in Marrëdhëniet Gjuhësore Shqiptaro-Serbe [Albanian-Serbian Linguistic Relations] (in Albanian), Tirana, Albania: Krishtalina KH, →ISBN, page 185
* ↑ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “log”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 230

### Further reading

* FGJSSH: Fjalor i gjuhës së sotme shqipe [Dictionary of the modern Albanian language]‎, 1980
* “log”, in FGJSH: Fjalor i gjuhës shqipe [Dictionary of the Albanian language] (in Albanian), 2006
* Mann, S. E. (1948) “log”, in An Historical Albanian–English Dictionary, London: Longmans, Green & Co., page 250

## Dutch
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /lɔx/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔx

### Etymology 1

Cognates may include English log, lag, Middle High German luggich (“slow”).

#### Adjective

log (comparative logger, superlative logst)
* lumbering, inert, slow in movement; immobile
* (originally) plumb, (too) heavy in built and/or weight
* cumbersome, hard to move or change
* dull, uninspired

##### Derived terms

* loggroot
* logheid
* logte
* logzwaar
* verloggen

### Etymology 2

Cognate with liegen (“to (tell a) lie”), German lügen. This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

#### Noun

log n (uncountable)
* (obsolete) falsehood

##### Derived terms

* logbaar
* onlogbaar

### Etymology 3

Borrowed from German Loch (“hole, opening, cavity”).

#### Noun

log n (plural loggen)
* (obsolete) Alternative form of loch

##### Derived terms

* jammerlog
* loggat
* schutlog

### Etymology 4

From English log (see above), sense (and short for) chip log.

#### Noun

log m (plural loggen, diminutive logje n)
* a chip log, instrument to measure a vessel's speed
    Synonym: logplankje

##### Derived terms

* handlog
* leklog
* logboek n (perhaps from English logbook)
* loggekas
* loggen
* logglas
* loglijn, loglijnknoop
* logmerk
* logplankje
* logrol
* logschuitje
* logtafel
* patentlog

### Etymology 5

From logboek.

#### Noun

log n (plural loggen, diminutive logje n)
* logbook
* (computing) log

### Etymology 6
#### Noun

log n or m (plural logs, diminutive logje n)
* (Internet) weblog
    Synonym: blog

## German
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /loːk/

### Verb

log
* first/third-person singular preterite of lügen

## Irish
### Etymology

From Old Irish loc (“place; hollow, pit, ditch; burial place, grave”), possibly from Latin locus.

### Pronunciation

* (Munster, Connacht) IPA: /l̪ˠɔɡ/
* (Ulster) IPA: /l̪ˠʌɡ/
* Homophones: lag, lug (Ulster)

### Noun

log m or f (genitive singular loig or loige, nominative plural loig)
* (literary) place
* hollow

#### Declension

bare forms
singular
plural
nominative
log
loig
vocative
a loig
a loga
genitive
loig
log
dative
log
loig
forms with the definite article
singular
plural
nominative
an log
na loig
genitive
an loig
na log
dative
leis an log don log
leis na loig :

##### Alternative declension

bare forms
singular
plural
nominative
log
loga
vocative
a log
a loga
genitive
loige
log
dative
log
loga
forms with the definite article
singular
plural
nominative
an log
na loga
genitive
na loige
na log
dative
leis an log don log
leis na loga :

#### Derived terms

* log amharclainne
* log an ghoile
* log catha
* log codlata
* log deice
* log dín
* log margaidh
* log salainn
* log staighre
* log súile
* log tine
* log tógála
* logainm
* logán
* logfhungas

#### Descendants

* → Yola: lhug, lug

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “log”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 loc”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## Lombard
### Etymology

From Latin locus.

### Noun

log
* (Old Lombard) a place

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology 1

From Old Norse lǫgr (“lake, liquid”), from Proto-Germanic *laguz, and ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *lókus (“pond, pool”). Cognates include Latin lacus and Scottish Gaelic loch.

#### Alternative forms

* Log (obsolete capitalization)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /loːɡ/
* Homophone: låg

#### Noun

log m (definite singular logen, indefinite plural logar, definite plural logane)
* a fluid used in the boiling of plant material
** the resulting broth or stock from such a process
** (agriculture) a drink for livestock made from hey boiled or soaked in water
** (brewing) hot water poured over the malt during the brewing process
* (in place names) a body of water, usually a river or lake

##### Synonyms

* (from boiling): avkok, kraft

##### Derived terms

* barlog
* briskelog
* einelog, einerlog
* humlelog
* tjærelog, tjørelog

##### Related terms

* låg (Norwegian Bokmål)

### Etymology 2

From Old Norse lǫg, neuter plural nominative and accusative of lag. Akin to English law.

#### Alternative forms

* Log (obsolete capitalization)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /loːɡ/
* Homophone: låg

#### Noun

log f (definite singular logi, indefinite plural loger, definite plural logene)
* Archaic form of lov (“law”).
** 1894, Log um sams normaltid fyr kongeriket Norig [Law about standard time in the Kingdom of Norway] (Wikipedia)
    §2 Naar normaltid etter denne logi er innførd, og det daa maatte visa seg trong til aa byta um noko klokkeslætte, som er nemnt i eldre loger, skal kongen kunne taka avgjerd um slikt umbyte fyr det heile land elder fyr einskilde landsluter.§2 If when, standard time is introduced according to this law, there be need to change some times mentioned in older laws, the king shall decide on such a change for all the land, or for a specific province.

### Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /loːɡ/
* Homophone: låg

#### Verb

log
* imperative of loga

### Etymology 4

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /luːɡ/

#### Verb

log
* (non-standard since 1917) past of le

### References

* ↑ “log” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
* 1 2 Ivar Aasen (1850) “Log”, in Ordbog over det norske Folkesprog‎ (in Danish), Oslo: Samlaget, published 2000

### Anagrams

* glo, gol, -log

## Old English
### Alternative forms

* lōh

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /loːɡ/, [loːɣ]

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Germanic *lōgą (“site, situation, camp”), from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ- (“to be situated, lie”). Cognate with Old Frisian lōch (“place, locality”), Old High German luog (“cave, den, cubicle”), Old Norse lóg (“place”). The Indo-European root is also the source of Greek λέκτρον (léktron), Latin lectus (“bed”), Albanian log (“place for men, gathering”), Proto-Celtic *legeti (Old Irish lige, Irish luí), Proto-Slavic *ležati (Russian лежа́ть (ležátʹ)).

#### Noun

lōg n
* a place, stead
    on his lōg ― in his place; instead of him

##### Declension

Strong a-stem:

##### Derived terms

* lōhsceaft

##### Related terms

* ġeliġer
* lecgan
* leġer
* licgan
* lōgian

##### Descendants

* Middle English: loȝ, loogh, lough

### Etymology 2

Inflected forms.

#### Verb

lōg
* first-person singular preterite of lēan
* third-person singular preterite of lēan

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *logъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /lôːɡ/

### Noun

lȏg m (Cyrillic spelling ло̑г)
* (archaic) bed

#### Declension
### References

* “log”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025

## Slovene
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *lǫgъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /lóːk/

### Noun

lọ̑g m inan
* grove
* small forest

#### Inflection

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

### Further reading

* “log”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran
* “log”, in Termania, Amebis
* See also the general references

## Swedish
### Verb

log
* past indicative of le

### Anagrams

* glo, gol

## Volapük
### Etymology

Compound of French le and German Auge.

### Noun

log (nominative plural logs)
* (anatomy) eye
** 1952, Arie de Jong, Diatek nulik: Gospul ma ‚Matthaeus’. Kapit: VI:Log binon lampad koapa.The lamp of the body is the eye.

#### Declension

$^1$ status as a case is disputed $^2$ in later, non-classical Volapük only

#### Derived terms

* logalip
* logön

## White Hmong
### Etymology

From Thai ล้อ (lɔ́ɔ) ("wheel") + or from Lao ລໍ້ (lǭ) ("wheel"), ultimately from Middle Chinese 轆 (luk̚) ("wheel").

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /lɒ˧˩̤/

### Noun

log
* wheel; tire (of a vehicle)