# -us
## Translingual
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin -us.

### Suffix

-us m
* (taxonomy) Used to form taxonomic names.

#### Derived terms
## Esperanto
### Etymology

The Esperanto suffixes -as, -is, -os, and -us are related and appear to have been inspired by previous language projects:
    This play of vowels is not an original idea of Zamenhof's: -as, -is, -os are found for the three tenses of the infinitive in Faiguet's system of 1765; -a, -i, -o without a consonant are used like Z's -as, -is, -os by Rudelle (1858); Courtonne in 1885 had -am, -im, -om in the same values, and the similarity with Esperanto is here even more perfect than in the other projects, as -um corresponds to Z's -us. —An International Language (1928)
In addition, the u of -us is likely to be related to -u.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Suffix

-us
* Ending of the conditional in verbs.

## Estonian
### Etymology

A merger of Proto-Finnic *-us (in the first sense) and Proto-Finnic *-uc (in the second sense). Cognate with Finnish -us.

### Suffix

-us (genitive -use, partitive -ust)
* Derives nouns from verbs.
    armastama "to love" → armastus "love"
    võistlema "to compete" → võistlus "competition"
    joonistama "to draw" → joonistus "a drawing"
* Derives nouns from adjectives.
    aus "honest" → ausus "honesty"
    pikk "long" → pikkus "length"

#### Derived terms
## Finnish
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *-us, generalized from -s-derivatives of u-stem verbs (e.g. ihastua → ihastus, menestyä → menestys). Compare -os.

#### Suffix

-us (front vowel harmony variant -ys, linguistic notation -Us)
* Forms nouns from verbs, describing an action, event or a result of that action.
    ‎kuvata (“to describe”) + ‎-us → ‎kuvaus (“description”)
    ‎pakata (“to pack”) + ‎-us → ‎pakkaus (“package”)
    ‎ylentää (“to promote”) + ‎-us → ‎ylennys (“promotion”)
    ‎hälyttää (“to alarm”) + ‎-us → ‎hälytys (“alarm”)

##### Usage notes

* With -ahtaa (momentane) verbs, the final -ht- may disappear entirely (through *-AhdUs > *-AhUs (regular loss in e.g. eastern dialects) > *-AUs). This has led to -AUs (-aus/-äys) becoming its own pseudo-suffix. Often both variants, one with -AhdUs and one with -AUs, exist in parallel.

##### Declension

Possessive forms of -us (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-ukseni
-ukseni
accusative
nom.
-ukseni
-ukseni
gen.
-ukseni
genitive
-ukseni
-usteni -uksieni
partitive
-ustani
-uksiani
inessive
-uksessani
-uksissani
elative
-uksestani
-uksistani
illative
-ukseeni
-uksiini
adessive
-uksellani
-uksillani
ablative
-ukseltani
-uksiltani
allative
-ukselleni
-uksilleni
essive
-uksenani
-uksinani
translative
-uksekseni
-uksikseni
abessive
-uksettani
-uksittani
instructive
comitative
—-uksineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-uksesi
-uksesi
accusative
nom.
-uksesi
-uksesi
gen.
-uksesi
genitive
-uksesi
-ustesi -uksiesi
partitive
-ustasi
-uksiasi
inessive
-uksessasi
-uksissasi
elative
-uksestasi
-uksistasi
illative
-ukseesi
-uksiisi
adessive
-uksellasi
-uksillasi
ablative
-ukseltasi
-uksiltasi
allative
-uksellesi
-uksillesi
essive
-uksenasi
-uksinasi
translative
-ukseksesi
-uksiksesi
abessive
-uksettasi
-uksittasi
instructive
comitative
—-uksinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-uksemme
-uksemme
accusative
nom.
-uksemme
-uksemme
gen.
-uksemme
genitive
-uksemme
-ustemme -uksiemme
partitive
-ustamme
-uksiamme
inessive
-uksessamme
-uksissamme
elative
-uksestamme
-uksistamme
illative
-ukseemme
-uksiimme
adessive
-uksellamme
-uksillamme
ablative
-ukseltamme
-uksiltamme
allative
-uksellemme
-uksillemme
essive
-uksenamme
-uksinamme
translative
-ukseksemme
-uksiksemme
abessive
-uksettamme
-uksittamme
instructive
comitative
—-uksinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-uksenne
-uksenne
accusative
nom.
-uksenne
-uksenne
gen.
-uksenne
genitive
-uksenne
-ustenne -uksienne
partitive
-ustanne
-uksianne
inessive
-uksessanne
-uksissanne
elative
-uksestanne
-uksistanne
illative
-ukseenne
-uksiinne
adessive
-uksellanne
-uksillanne
ablative
-ukseltanne
-uksiltanne
allative
-uksellenne
-uksillenne
essive
-uksenanne
-uksinanne
translative
-ukseksenne
-uksiksenne
abessive
-uksettanne
-uksittanne
instructive
comitative
—-uksinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-uksensa
-uksensa
accusative
nom.
-uksensa
-uksensa
gen.
-uksensa
genitive
-uksensa
-ustensa -uksiensa
partitive
-ustaan -ustansa
-uksiaan -uksiansa
inessive
-uksessaan -uksessansa
-uksissaan -uksissansa
elative
-uksestaan -uksestansa
-uksistaan -uksistansa
illative
-ukseensa
-uksiinsa
adessive
-uksellaan -uksellansa
-uksillaan -uksillansa
ablative
-ukseltaan -ukseltansa
-uksiltaan -uksiltansa
allative
-ukselleen -uksellensa
-uksilleen -uksillensa
essive
-uksenaan -uksenansa
-uksinaan -uksinansa
translative
-uksekseen -ukseksensa
-uksikseen -uksiksensa
abessive
-uksettaan -uksettansa
-uksittaan -uksittansa
instructive
comitative
—-uksineen -uksinensa :

##### Alternative forms

* -tus (used with the verb types rohkaista (66) and valita (69))

##### Synonyms

* -mus (used with the verb types sallia (61), and in some cases, sanoa (52) and muistaa (53))

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

From Proto-Finnic *-us. Probably generalized from -s-derivatives of u-stem nominals (e.g. etu- → edus, palvelu → palvelus), or through the loss of a plain u-derivative from the standard language (e.g. keski- → dial. kesku- → keskus), and thus identical to -us (etymology 1). In some cases potentially by confusion with -uus, -us (etymology 3). Alternatively from Proto-Uralic *-wikse.

#### Suffix

-us (front vowel harmony variant -ys, linguistic notation -Us)
* Forms nouns, indicating resemblance or association.
    ‎kanta (“base”) + ‎-us → ‎kannus (“spur”)
    ‎sormi (“finger”) + ‎-us → ‎sormus (“ring”)
    ‎vasta- (“counter-”) + ‎-us → ‎vastus (“resistance, opposition”)
    ‎kehä (“circle, ring”) + ‎-us → ‎kehys (“frame”)
    ‎syli (“bosom, lap”) + ‎-us → ‎sylys (“armful”)
    ‎typerä (“stupid”) + ‎-us → ‎typerys (“fool”)

##### Declension

Possessive forms of -us (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-ukseni
-ukseni
accusative
nom.
-ukseni
-ukseni
gen.
-ukseni
genitive
-ukseni
-usteni -uksieni
partitive
-ustani
-uksiani
inessive
-uksessani
-uksissani
elative
-uksestani
-uksistani
illative
-ukseeni
-uksiini
adessive
-uksellani
-uksillani
ablative
-ukseltani
-uksiltani
allative
-ukselleni
-uksilleni
essive
-uksenani
-uksinani
translative
-uksekseni
-uksikseni
abessive
-uksettani
-uksittani
instructive
comitative
—-uksineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-uksesi
-uksesi
accusative
nom.
-uksesi
-uksesi
gen.
-uksesi
genitive
-uksesi
-ustesi -uksiesi
partitive
-ustasi
-uksiasi
inessive
-uksessasi
-uksissasi
elative
-uksestasi
-uksistasi
illative
-ukseesi
-uksiisi
adessive
-uksellasi
-uksillasi
ablative
-ukseltasi
-uksiltasi
allative
-uksellesi
-uksillesi
essive
-uksenasi
-uksinasi
translative
-ukseksesi
-uksiksesi
abessive
-uksettasi
-uksittasi
instructive
comitative
—-uksinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-uksemme
-uksemme
accusative
nom.
-uksemme
-uksemme
gen.
-uksemme
genitive
-uksemme
-ustemme -uksiemme
partitive
-ustamme
-uksiamme
inessive
-uksessamme
-uksissamme
elative
-uksestamme
-uksistamme
illative
-ukseemme
-uksiimme
adessive
-uksellamme
-uksillamme
ablative
-ukseltamme
-uksiltamme
allative
-uksellemme
-uksillemme
essive
-uksenamme
-uksinamme
translative
-ukseksemme
-uksiksemme
abessive
-uksettamme
-uksittamme
instructive
comitative
—-uksinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-uksenne
-uksenne
accusative
nom.
-uksenne
-uksenne
gen.
-uksenne
genitive
-uksenne
-ustenne -uksienne
partitive
-ustanne
-uksianne
inessive
-uksessanne
-uksissanne
elative
-uksestanne
-uksistanne
illative
-ukseenne
-uksiinne
adessive
-uksellanne
-uksillanne
ablative
-ukseltanne
-uksiltanne
allative
-uksellenne
-uksillenne
essive
-uksenanne
-uksinanne
translative
-ukseksenne
-uksiksenne
abessive
-uksettanne
-uksittanne
instructive
comitative
—-uksinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-uksensa
-uksensa
accusative
nom.
-uksensa
-uksensa
gen.
-uksensa
genitive
-uksensa
-ustensa -uksiensa
partitive
-ustaan -ustansa
-uksiaan -uksiansa
inessive
-uksessaan -uksessansa
-uksissaan -uksissansa
elative
-uksestaan -uksestansa
-uksistaan -uksistansa
illative
-ukseensa
-uksiinsa
adessive
-uksellaan -uksellansa
-uksillaan -uksillansa
ablative
-ukseltaan -ukseltansa
-uksiltaan -uksiltansa
allative
-ukselleen -uksellensa
-uksilleen -uksillensa
essive
-uksenaan -uksenansa
-uksinaan -uksinansa
translative
-uksekseen -ukseksensa
-uksikseen -uksiksensa
abessive
-uksettaan -uksettansa
-uksittaan -uksittansa
instructive
comitative
—-uksineen -uksinensa :

##### Derived terms

* -tusten
* -ustaa

### Etymology 3

See the etymology of -uus.

#### Suffix

-us (front vowel harmony variant -ys, linguistic notation -Us)
* Short form of the suffix -uus, used where the stem of the root adjective ends in a vowel.

##### Declension

Possessive forms of -us (Kotus type 40*F/kalleus, t-d gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-uteni
-uteni
accusative
nom.
-uteni
-uteni
gen.
-uteni
genitive
-uteni
-uksieni
partitive
-uttani
-uksiani
inessive
-udessani
-uksissani
elative
-udestani
-uksistani
illative
-uteeni
-uksiini
adessive
-udellani
-uksillani
ablative
-udeltani
-uksiltani
allative
-udelleni
-uksilleni
essive
-utenani
-uksinani
translative
-udekseni
-uksikseni
abessive
-udettani
-uksittani
instructive
comitative
—-uksineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-utesi
-utesi
accusative
nom.
-utesi
-utesi
gen.
-utesi
genitive
-utesi
-uksiesi
partitive
-uttasi
-uksiasi
inessive
-udessasi
-uksissasi
elative
-udestasi
-uksistasi
illative
-uteesi
-uksiisi
adessive
-udellasi
-uksillasi
ablative
-udeltasi
-uksiltasi
allative
-udellesi
-uksillesi
essive
-utenasi
-uksinasi
translative
-udeksesi
-uksiksesi
abessive
-udettasi
-uksittasi
instructive
comitative
—-uksinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-utemme
-utemme
accusative
nom.
-utemme
-utemme
gen.
-utemme
genitive
-utemme
-uksiemme
partitive
-uttamme
-uksiamme
inessive
-udessamme
-uksissamme
elative
-udestamme
-uksistamme
illative
-uteemme
-uksiimme
adessive
-udellamme
-uksillamme
ablative
-udeltamme
-uksiltamme
allative
-udellemme
-uksillemme
essive
-utenamme
-uksinamme
translative
-udeksemme
-uksiksemme
abessive
-udettamme
-uksittamme
instructive
comitative
—-uksinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-utenne
-utenne
accusative
nom.
-utenne
-utenne
gen.
-utenne
genitive
-utenne
-uksienne
partitive
-uttanne
-uksianne
inessive
-udessanne
-uksissanne
elative
-udestanne
-uksistanne
illative
-uteenne
-uksiinne
adessive
-udellanne
-uksillanne
ablative
-udeltanne
-uksiltanne
allative
-udellenne
-uksillenne
essive
-utenanne
-uksinanne
translative
-udeksenne
-uksiksenne
abessive
-udettanne
-uksittanne
instructive
comitative
—-uksinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-utensa
-utensa
accusative
nom.
-utensa
-utensa
gen.
-utensa
genitive
-utensa
-uksiensa
partitive
-uttaan -uttansa
-uksiaan -uksiansa
inessive
-udessaan -udessansa
-uksissaan -uksissansa
elative
-udestaan -udestansa
-uksistaan -uksistansa
illative
-uteensa
-uksiinsa
adessive
-udellaan -udellansa
-uksillaan -uksillansa
ablative
-udeltaan -udeltansa
-uksiltaan -uksiltansa
allative
-udelleen -udellensa
-uksilleen -uksillensa
essive
-utenaan -utenansa
-uksinaan -uksinansa
translative
-udekseen -udeksensa
-uksikseen -uksiksensa
abessive
-udettaan -udettansa
-uksittaan -uksittansa
instructive
comitative
—-uksineen -uksinensa :

##### Derived terms
### Anagrams

* su

## Hungarian
### Etymology

From -u (diminutive suffix) +‎ -s (diminutive suffix).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [uʃ]

### Suffix

-us
* (diminutive suffix) Added to a proper noun or other nouns to create a diminutive noun.
    Teréz (“Theresa”) → Terus (“Tess”)
    apa (“father”) → apus (“dad”)
    cica (“cat”) → cicus (“kitty”)
    kutya (“dog”) → kutyus (“pooch, puppy”)
* A distinguishable foreign word ending in nouns. It cannot be considered as an independent Hungarian suffix.
    agronómus (“agronomist”)

#### Usage notes

* (diminutive suffix): It creates diminutive or affectionate forms, most of the time of people’s given names, but also of common nouns, usually from ones ending in -a. Other examples: Anna → Annus, Magda → Magdus, Gyula → Gyulus. The -ka diminutive suffix can also be appended after -us to further increase the degree of endearment: apuska, cicuska, kutyuska, Annuska, Magduska.

#### Derived terms
### See also

* -is
* Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

### References

* Attila Mártonfi: The System of the Hungarian Suffixes, Theses of PhD Dissertation, Budapest, 2006
* ↑ -us in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)

## Ingrian
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *-us. Cognates include Finnish -us.

#### Pronunciation

* (Ala-Laukaa) IPA: /-us/, [-uz̠]
* (Soikkola) IPA: /-us/, [-uʒ̥]

#### Suffix

-us (front vowel variant -ys)
* Forms nouns denoting resemblance.
    ‎pääl (“above”) + ‎-us → ‎päälys (“surface”)

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Pronunciation

* (Ala-Laukaa) IPA: /-us/, [-uz̠]
* (Soikkola) IPA: /-us/, [-uʒ̥]

#### Suffix

-us (front vowel variant -ys)
* Alternative form of -uus

##### Derived terms
### References

* V. I. Junus (1936) Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka‎, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 57

## Latin
### Etymology 1

From Old Latin -os, from Proto-Italic *-os, from Proto-Indo-European *-os (adjectival ending). Cognate with Ancient Greek -ος (-os), Proto-Germanic *-az, Icelandic -ur, Sanskrit -अः (-aḥ), Proto-Slavic *-ъ.

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈus/, [ˈʊs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈus/, [ˈus]

#### Suffix

-us
* suffix of nouns in the second declension.
** (chiefly) nominative singular of -us
** (not productive) nominative/accusative/vocative singular of -us for second-declension neuter nouns.
    vīrus (“a poisonous or acrid secretion”); vulgus (“common people”); pelagus (“sea”)
* suffix of adjectives in the first/second declension.
** (chiefly) nominative singular of -us
* (New Latin) suffix used to Latinize names ending in consonants.

##### Declension

Note: The plural exists for New Latin vīrus.
First/second-declension adjective, with locative.

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

Generally from Proto-Indo-European *-os (suffix forming neuter s-stem nouns from verbs), as in genus n from *ǵénh₁os n (“race”). Not a productive derivational suffix in Latin. The plural and oblique case forms have -r- as the result of the sound change of rhotacism. Additionally, in many words, the oblique stem has the vowel -ĕ- (as in generis), which is generally taken to be the phonetically regular development of the Proto-Indo-European forms. Some words, such as as decus, decoris, instead have -ŏ- in the oblique stem; this is the result of analogical introduction of the rounded vowel from the nominative/accusative singular form.

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈus/, [ˈʊs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈus/, [ˈus]

#### Suffix

-us
* ending of some neuter nouns in the third declension.
** nominative/accusative/vocative singular of -us

##### Declension

From the noun tempus, the locative forms temperī and temporī were used adverbially, as well as the ablative tempore.

##### Descendants

From the plural -ora:
* Romanian: -uri (final vowel replaced due to analogy with feminine plural forms)
* Sicilian: -ura, -ira, -ara

### Etymology 3

Not a single suffix, but an ending of various miscellaneous origins. In most words, from Old Latin -us, from Proto-Italic *-us, from Proto-Indo-European *-us as the final part of Proto-Indo-European *-tus (suffix deriving action nouns from verb roots).

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈus/, [ˈʊs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈus/, [ˈus]

#### Suffix

-us
* nominative/vocative singular of -us for nouns in the fourth declension.

##### Declension
#### Suffix

-ūs
* nominative/vocative plural of -us for fourth-declension nouns.
* genitive singular of -us for fourth-declension nouns.
* accusative plural of -us for fourth-declension nouns.

#### See also

* -tus

### References

* ↑ Nicolae, Andreea and Scontras, Gregory, 2015. "The Progression of Gender from Latin to Romanian," page 87
* ↑ Maiden, Martin. January 2016. "Ambiguity in Romanian word-structure. The structure of plurals in ...uri" Revue Roumaine de Linguistique 61(1):3-12
* ↑ Cruschina, Silvio (2021) “Language contact and morphological competition: Plurals in central Sicily”, in Word Structure‎, volume 14, number 2, pages 174-194
* “-us” on page 2,108/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)

## Lithuanian
### Etymology 1

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-ós (“adjectival ending”). Pairs such as lañkas (“bend”) : lankùs (“flexible”) find parallels in Sanskrit रुधिर (rúdhira-, “blood”) : रुधिर (rudhirá-, “red”), Ancient Greek δόλιχος (dólikhos, “a long run”) : δολιχός (dolikhós, “long”) and suggest that oxytone stress was used to mark adjectives in Proto-Indo-European. In Proto-Balto-Slavic, the raising of *o to *u must have been conditioned by stress, with the ending *-os giving Lithuanian -ùs under stress and -as otherwise.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʊs/

#### Suffix

-ùs m stress pattern 4
* Adjectival suffix, applied to verbal and nominal roots to denote a disposal or tendency towards something
    ardýti (“take apart”) → ardùs (“crumbly”)
    kalbėti (“talk”) → kalbùs (“talkative”)

##### Derived terms

* -usis

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-us, reflecting Proto-Indo-European u-stems.

#### Alternative forms

* -ius

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʊs/

#### Suffix

-us, -ùs m
* Masculine nominal singular ending for u-stem nouns and adjectives.
    alùs (“beer”) (< Proto-Indo-European *h₂elu-)
    sūnùs (“son”) (< Proto-Indo-European *suHnús)

##### Declension

(noun):
(adjective):

### Etymology 3

From an older *-uos (compare the pronominal ending -uosius). From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ons; compare Latvian -us, Old Prussian -ans, Proto-Slavic *-y. From Proto-Indo-European *-ons (“accusative plural ending”), also reflected in Ancient Greek -ους (-ous), Latin -ōs, Sanskrit -आन् (-ān) and Gothic -𐌰𐌽𐍃 (-ans).

#### Alternative forms

* -ius
* -uos, -iuos

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʊs/

#### Suffix

-us, -ùs
* Used to form accusative plurals of masculine a- and u-stem nouns.
* Used to form accusative plurals of masculine a-stem adjectives.

##### Derived terms

* -uosius

### Etymology 4

From Proto-Indo-European *-wōs. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *-vъ. See also -usi.

#### Alternative forms

* -ius

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʊs/

#### Suffix

-us
* Used to form the past adverbial (padalyvis) participle
    bū́ti (“to be”) → bùvo (“was”) → bùvus (“having been”)
    slė̃pti (“hide”) → past frequentative slė̃pdavo (“hid”) → slė̃pdavus (“having hidden”)

##### Related terms

* -ęs

### References

* ↑ Eugen Hill. (2013) 'Historical phonology in service of subgrouping. Two laws of final syllables in the common prehistory of baltic and slavonic'. Baltistica, volume 48, number 2, p. 161-204

## Livvi
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *-us. Cognates include Finnish -us and Estonian -us.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-us/

### Suffix

-us (front vowel variant -ys)
* Used to form action nouns from verbs; -ion

#### Derived terms
## Middle English
### Suffix

-us
* Alternative form of -ous

## Middle Welsh
### Etymology

From Proto-Brythonic *-ʉs, from Latin -ōsus. Cognate with Cornish -us.

### Suffix

-us
* -ous, full of, prone to; used to form adjectives from nouns

#### Descendants

* Welsh: -us

### References

* ↑ J. Morris Jones, A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative (Oxford 1913), § 153 i 13.

## Northern Sami
### Etymology

From Proto-Samic *-ōksë.

### Pronunciation

* This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

### Suffix

-us
* Forms nouns from verbs, indicating something that is to have the verb's action performed on it.
    ‎vuošˈšat (“to cook”) + ‎-us → ‎vuoššus (“something to be cooked”)
    ‎muitalit (“to tell”) + ‎-us → ‎muitalus (“something to be told; story”)
* Forms nouns from verbs, indicating something that results from having the verb's action performed.
    ‎juohkit (“to divide”) + ‎-us → ‎juogus (“division, section”)

#### Usage notes

* This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable in the nominative singular and essive, and the strong grade in the other forms.
When attached to even-syllable stems, there is diphthong simplification in all forms except the nominative singular and essive.

#### Inflection

For even-syllable stems:
For odd-syllable stems:

#### Derived terms
## Old French
### Alternative forms

* -eus, -eux, -os, -ous

### Etymology

From Latin -ōsus.

### Suffix

-us
* -ous, used for forming adjectives

#### Descendants

* Middle French: -eux, -eulx
** French: -eux, -ueux
*** → Danish: -øs
*** → Dutch: -eus
*** → German: -ös
*** → Norwegian: -øs
*** → Swedish: -ös
* Norman: -eux
* → Middle English: -ous, -os, -ose, -ouse, -ows, -owse, -us, -ws
** English: -ous

## Old Irish
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Celtic *-es-tus.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /us/

#### Suffix

-us
* Alternative form of -as

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Suffix

-us (suffixed pronoun)
* her (object pronoun), it (in reference to a feminine noun)
* them

##### See also

$^L$ means this form triggers lenition. $^N$ means this form triggers nasalization (eclipsis) $^{(N)}$ means this form triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others.

## Polish
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Masurized form of -usz or back formation of -uch?”)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /us/
* Rhymes: -us
* Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]

### Suffix

-us
* derogatory suffix
    ‎sługa + ‎-us → ‎sługus
* demonym suffix
    ‎Kraków + ‎-us → ‎krakus

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* -us in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Welsh
### Etymology

From Middle Welsh -us, from Proto-Brythonic *-ʉs, from Latin -ōsus. Cognate with Cornish -us, Breton -us and English -ous.

### Pronunciation

* (North Wales) IPA: /ɨ̞s/
* (South Wales) IPA: /ɪs/

### Suffix

-us
* adjectival suffix often indicating a characteristic, propensity or abundance
    ‎blas (“taste”) + ‎-us → ‎blasus (“tasty”)
    ‎gwybod (“to know”) + ‎-us → ‎gwybodus (“knowledgeable”)
    ‎anffawd (“misfortune”) + ‎-us → ‎anffodus (“unfortunate”)
* (chemistry) -ous, Used in chemical nomenclature to name chemical compounds in which a specified chemical element has a lower oxidation number than in the equivalent compound whose name ends in the suffix -ig. For example asid nitrus (“nitrous acid, HNO$_2$”) has fewer oxygen atoms per molecule than asid nitrig (“nitric acid, HNO$_3$”).

#### Derived terms
### References

* ↑ Morris Jones, John (1913) A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, § 153 i 13

### Further reading

* R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “-us”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies