# 天竺
## Chinese

* 天竺 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 天竺 (Cantonese)
* Thian-tiok (Southern Min)
* Tianzhu (India) (English)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Tiānzhú
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄧㄢ ㄓㄨˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): tin$^1$ zuk$^1$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): Thian-tiok
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$thi-tsoq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Tiānzhú
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄧㄢ ㄓㄨˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Tianjhú
*** Wade–Giles: Tʻien$^1$-chu$^2$
*** Yale: Tyān-jú
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Tianjwu
*** Palladius: Тяньчжу (Tjanʹčžu)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: tin$^1$ zuk$^1$
*** Yale: tīn jūk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tin$^1$ dzuk$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: tin$^1$ zug$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sʊk̚⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Thian-tiok
*** Tâi-lô: Thian-tiok
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tiendiog
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tiɔk̚³²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰiɛn³³ tiɔk̚⁵/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tiɔk̚³²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɔk̚³²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɔk̚³²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$thi-tsoq
*** MiniDict: thi$^平$ tsoh
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$thi-tsoq
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /tʰi⁵⁵ t͡soʔ²¹/
* Middle Chinese: then trjuwk
Rime :
| Character | 天 | 竺 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 透 (6) | 知 (9) |
| Final (韻) | 先 (85) | 屋 (4) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | IV | III |
| Fanqie | 他前切 | 張六切 |
| Baxter | then | trjuwk |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tʰen/ | /ʈɨuk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /tʰen/ | /ʈiuk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /tʰɛn/ | /ȶiuk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /tʰɛn/ | /ʈuwk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /tʰen/ | /ȶiuk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /tʰien/ | /ȶĭuk̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /tʰien/ | /ȶi̯uk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | tiān | zhu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | tin$^1$ | zuk$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*qʰl'iːn tuɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 天 | 天 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | tiān | xiān |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ then › | ‹ xen › |
| Old Chinese | /*l̥ˁi[n]/ | /*l̥ˁi[n]/ (W dialect: l̥ˁ- > Hàn-time *xˁ- > MC x-) |
| English | heaven | heaven |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 天 | 竺 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 3/3 |
| No. | 12387 | 17589 |
| Phonetic component | 天 | 竹 |
| Rime group | 眞 | 覺 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 天 | 竹 |
| Old Chinese | /*qʰl'iːn/ | /*tuɡ/ |
| Notes | | 天竺譯hinduka |

### Etymology 1

First recorded use in the Book of Later Han, compiled in the 5th century. Itself a transcription of Old Persian [script needed] (*Hinduka-) (Pulleyblank, 1962, Coblin, 1983), hypocoristic of 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 (hi$^n$duš, “people living beyond the Indus”). Compare 身毒 (Juāndú).

#### Proper noun

天竺
* (～國) (archaic) India

##### Synonyms

* 身毒 (Juāndú), 賢豆／贤豆 (Xiándòu), 狷篤／狷笃, 乾篤／干笃, (modern) 印度 (Yìndù)

##### Derived terms

* 三天竺
* 中天竺
* 五天竺 (Wǔtiānzhú)
* 南天竺 (nántiānzhú)
* 天竺國 / 天竺国
* 天竺子
* 天竺山
* 天竺書 / 天竺书
* 天竺江
* 天竺牡丹 (tiānzhú mǔdān)
* 天竺葵
* 天竺鯛 / 天竺鲷
* 天竺鼠 (tiānzhúshǔ)
* 安南通天竺道

##### Descendants

* → Japanese: 天(てん)竺(じく) (tenjiku)
* → Okinawan: 天(てぃん)竺(じく) (tinjiku)
* → Korean: 천축(天竺) (cheonchuk)
* → Vietnamese: Thiên Trúc (天竺)

### Etymology 2

* A user suggests that this Chinese entry be cleaned up, giving the reason: “badly formatted quotes”.
* Please see the discussion on Requests for cleanup or the talk page for more information and remove this template after the problem has been dealt with.
Per 《北京市顺义县地名志》:
In Liao dynasty, there is a place named 天柱莊:
* https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B740: 順州，歸化軍，中，刺史。……城東北有華林、天柱二莊，遼建涼殿，春賞花，夏納涼。
In Qing dynasty, the village is renamed to 天竺, since they have similar pronunciation.

#### Proper noun

天竺
* (～地區) Tianzhu Area (an area in Shunyi District, Beijing, China)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 天 | 竺 |
| てん Grade: 1 | じく Jinmeiyō |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) てんじく [téꜜǹjìkù] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [tẽ̞ɲ̟d͡ʑikɯ̟]

### Etymology 1

/tendiku/ → /tend͡ʑiku/
From Middle Chinese 天竺 (MC then trjuwk), a transcription from either of the following:
* Old Persian *Hind-uka ("people living beyond the Indus") an alternative of *Hinduš (“Indus, people of the Indus”)
* Sanskrit सिन्धु (Sindhu, “the country of the Indus river, India (later, after Herodotus)”)
First mentioned in the 後漢書 (Gokansho, “Book of the Later Han”), in volume 88, the 西域伝 (Saiiki Den, “Treatise on the Western Regions”).

#### Proper noun

天(てん)竺(じく) • (Tenjiku)
* (archaic) India

##### Synonyms

* インド (Indo)
* 身(しん)毒(どく) (Shindoku)

#### Prefix

天(てん)竺(じく) • (Tenjiku)
* foreign or exotic
* overly spicy or hot

##### Usage notes

The prefix senses appear to have arisen after European traders arrived in Japan, by way of India.

##### Derived terms

* 天(てん)竺(じく)葵(あおい) (Tenjiku aoi): an “Indian hollyhock or mallow” → a geranium
* 天(てん)竺(じく)織(おり) (tenjiku ori): “Indian weaving” → a kind of thick woven cloth featuring various designs of birds, people, and other motifs
* 天(てん)竺(じく)花(か) (Tenjiku ka): an “Indian flower” → alternate for 萩 (hagi, “bush clover”)
* 天(てん)竺(じく)楽(がく) (Tenjiku gaku): “Indian music” → those pieces of 雅楽 (gagaku, “ancient court music”) originating from India
* 天(てん)竺(じく)鮫(ざめ) (Tenjiku-zame): an “Indian shark” → a wobbegong, a shark of family Orectolobidae
* 天(てん)竺(じく)鯛(だい) (Tenjiku-dai): an “Indian sea bream” → a kind of cardinalfish, Apogon lineatus
* 天(てん)竺(じく)茄子(なすび) (Tenjiku nasubi): “Indian eggplant” → alternate for 朝鮮朝顔 (Chōsen asagao, literally “Korean morning glory”): the devil's trumpet or metel, Datura metel
* 天(てん)竺(じく)鼠(ねずみ) (Tenjiku nezumi): an “Indian rat” → a guinea pig, a cavy
* 天(てん)竺(じく)醤(ひしお) (Tenjiku hishio): “Indian sauce” → a kind of spicy uncooked miso
* 天(てん)竺(じく)菩(ぼ)提(だい)樹(じゅ) (Tenjiku bodaiju): “Indian linden tree” → the bodhi tree, Ficus religiosa
* 天(てん)竺(じく)牡(ぼ)丹(たん) (Tenjiku botan): an “Indian peony” → a dahlia
* 天(てん)竺(じく)豆(まめ) (Tenjiku mame): “Indian bean” → alternate for 八升豆 (hasshō mame): the velvet bean, Mucuna pruriens
* 天(てん)竺(じく)守(まもり) (Tenjiku mamori): “Indian protector, Indian charm” → alternate for 八房 (yatsubusa), the fasciculatum variety of Capsicum annuum (chili pepper)
* 天(てん)竺(じく)味(み)噌(そ) (Tenjiku miso): “Indian miso” → spicy miso
* 天(てん)竺(じく)木(も)綿(めん) (Tenjiku momen): “Indian cotton” → thickly woven cotton sheeting
* 天(てん)竺(じく)様(よう) (Tenjiku yō): “Indian style” → a style of Buddhist temple architecture imported from the Southern Song Dynasty during the Kamakura period

### Etymology 2

By extension from the 天 character (“sky, heavens”), and possibly by association with the Himalayas.

#### Noun

天(てん)竺(じく) • (tenjiku)
* the sky, the heavens
* a high place, the top of something, a summit

##### Derived terms

* 天(てん)竺(じく)豆(まめ) (tenjiku mame): “sky bean” → alternate for 空豆 (sora mame): the broad bean or fava bean, Vicia faba
* 天(てん)竺(じく)浪(ろう)人(にん) (tenjiku rōnin): a vagrant, a wanderer (The 天竺 portion of this term is purely slang, a play on the term 逐電 (chikuden, “running away, absconding”, literally “chasing lightning”).)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 天 | 竺 |

### Proper noun

天竺 • (Cheonchuk) (hangeul 천축)
* hanja form of 천축 (“India”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 天 | 竺 |

### Proper noun

天竺
* chữ Hán form of Thiên Trúc (“India”).