# nyonya
## Indonesian
### Etymology

From Malay nyonya, possibly from Portuguese dona (“lady”) via Javanese thus doublet of nona and nonya. See also Hokkien 娘仔 (niô͘-á). Semantic loan from Javanese nyonyah.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɲoɲa/

### Noun

nyonya
* madam
* wife
    Synonym: istri

#### Derived terms

* nyonya besar
* nyonya rumah

#### See also

* nona

### Further reading

* “nyonya” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Malay
### Alternative forms

* nyonyah
* nonya

### Etymology

Perhaps from Portuguese dona (“lady”) via Javanese thus doublet of nona and nonya. See also Hokkien 娘娘 (niû-niû) or 娘仔 (niô͘-á). Compare Macanese nhonha, Spanish doña (“lady”).

### Pronunciation

* (Johor-Selangor) IPA: /ɲoɲə/
* (Riau-Lingga) IPA: /ɲoɲa/
* Rhymes: -oɲə, -ɲə, -ə
* Rhymes: -a

### Noun

nyonya (Jawi spelling ڽوڽا, plural nyonya-nyonya, informal 1st possessive nyonyaku, 2nd possessive nyonyamu, 3rd possessive nyonyanya)
* A Nyonya; a female Peranakan.
* (Java) A married Chinese or European lady of some position; madam
* (Malaya) A married colonial Straits-born Chinese or Eurasian or Portuguese lady (as opposed to immigrant Chinese or European women)

#### Descendants

* → English: Nyonya
* Indonesian: nyonya
* →? Macanese: nhonha
* → Hokkien: 娘惹 (nō͘-niâ)

#### See also

* baba
* nona

### References

* Wilkinson, Richard James (1901) “ڽوڽه nyonyah”, in A Malay-English dictionary, Hong Kong: Kelly & Walsh limited, page 700
* Wilkinson, Richard James (1932) “nyonya”, in A Malay-English dictionary (romanised), volume II, Mytilene, Greece: Salavopoulos & Kinderlis, page 182
* Dalgado, Sebastião Rodolfo (1936) Xavier, Anthony, transl., Portuguese Vocables in Asiatic Languages‎, Baroda: Oriental Institute, pages 136-8

### Further reading

* “nyonya” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.

## Swahili
### Pronunciation

* Audio (Kenya):(file)

### Verb

-nyonya (infinitive kunyonya)
* to suck (to work the lips and tongue on)
* to breastfeed
* to exploit someone

#### Conjugation

Conjugation of -nyonya :
| Positive present | -nanyonya |
| Subjunctive | -nyonye |
| Negative | -nyonyi |
| Imperative singular | nyonya |
Infinitives :
| Positive | kunyonya |
| Negative | kutonyonya |
Imperatives :
| Singular | nyonya |
| Plural | nyonyeni |
Tensed forms :
| Habitual | hunyonya |
| Positive past | positive subject concord + -linyonya |
| Negative past | negative subject concord + -kunyonya |
| Positive future | positive subject concord + -tanyonya |
| Negative future | negative subject concord + -tanyonya |
| Negative subjunctive | positive subject concord + -sinyonye |
| Positive present conditional | positive subject concord + -ngenyonya |
| Negative present conditional | positive subject concord + -singenyonya |
| Positive past conditional | positive subject concord + -ngalinyonya |
| Negative past conditional | positive subject concord + -singalinyonya |
| Perfect | positive subject concord + -menyonya |
| "Already" | positive subject concord + -meshanyonya |
| "Not yet" | negative subject concord + -janyonya |
| "If/When" | positive subject concord + -kinyonya |
| "If not" | positive subject concord + -siponyonya |
| Consecutive | kanyonya / positive subject concord + -kanyonya |
| Consecutive subjunctive | positive subject concord + -kanyonye |
Relative forms :
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information. :

#### Derived terms

* Verbal derivations:
** Applicative: -nyonyea
** Causative: -nyonyesha
** Passive: -nyonywa
** Reciprocal: -nyonyana
** Stative: -nyonyeka
* Nominal derivations:
** mnyonyaji (“exploiter, profiteer”)
** nyonyo (“breast”)
** unyonyaji (“exploitation”)