# 無用
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): wúyòng
    (Zhuyin): ㄨˊ ㄩㄥˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): mou$^4$ jung$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): mò-yung
    (Meixian, Guangdong): mo$^2$ ngiung$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): bû-iōng / bô-iōng / bô-ēng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): bho$^5$ êng$^7$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wúyòng
*** Zhuyin: ㄨˊ ㄩㄥˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wúyòng
*** Wade–Giles: wu$^2$-yung$^4$
*** Yale: wú-yùng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wuyonq
*** Palladius: уюн (ujun)
*** Sinological IPA : /u³⁵ jʊŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: mou$^4$ jung$^6$
*** Yale: mòuh yuhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: mou$^4$ jung$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: mou$^4$ yung$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /mou̯²¹ jʊŋ²²/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mò-yung
*** Hakka Romanization System: mo$^ˇ$ iung
*** Hagfa Pinyim: mo$^2$ yung$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /mo¹¹ i̯uŋ⁵⁵/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mò-yung
*** Hakka Romanization System: mo$^ˇ$ (r)iung
*** Hagfa Pinyim: mo$^2$ yung$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /mo¹¹ (j)i̯uŋ⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: mo$^2$ ngiung$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /mo¹¹ ŋiʊŋ⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bû-iōng
*** Tâi-lô: bû-iōng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: bu'iong
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /bu²⁴⁻²² iɔŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /bu¹³⁻²² iɔŋ²²/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /bu²⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²²/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bô-iōng
*** Tâi-lô: bô-iōng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: boi'iong
*** IPA (Taipei): /bo²⁴⁻¹¹ iɔŋ³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /bɤ²³⁻³³ iɔŋ³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /bo¹³⁻²² iɔŋ²²/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bô-ēng
*** Tâi-lô: bô-īng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: boi'eng
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /bo²⁴⁻²² iɪŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /bo²⁴⁻²² iɪŋ²²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: bho$^5$ êng$^7$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: bô ēng
*** Sinological IPA : /bo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ eŋ¹¹/
* Middle Chinese: mju yowngH
Rime :
| Character | 無 | 用 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) | 以 (36) |
| Final (韻) | 虞 (24) | 鍾 (7) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 武夫切 | 余頌切 |
| Baxter | mju | yowngH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /mɨo/ | /jɨoŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /mio/ | /jioŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /mio/ | /ioŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /muə̆/ | /juawŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /mio/ | /ioŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /mĭu/ | /jĭwoŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /mi̯u/ | /i̯woŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | wú | yòng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | mou$^4$ | jung$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ma|mo loŋ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ma loŋs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 無 | 無 | 無 | 用 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | wú | wú | wú | yòng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ mju › | ‹ mju › | ‹ mju › | ‹ yowng$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*ma/ | /*ma/ | /*mo/ | /*loŋ-s/ |
| English | not have | volitional prefix | don’t | use (v.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 無 | 用 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 13117 | 15460 |
| Phonetic component | 無 | 用 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 無 | 用 |
| Old Chinese | /*ma/ | /*loŋs/ |

### Verb

無用
* to be useless; to be of no use; to be a waste of time
       Yǒurén rènwéi dúshū wúyòng. [Pinyin]
       Some believe reading is a waste of time.

#### Synonyms

* 沒用／没用 (méiyòng)
* 沒卵用／没卵用 (méiluǎnyòng)
* (Cantonese) 冇用
* (Hokkien, Teochew) 無路用／无路用, 無路使／无路使, 無事使／无事使, 無路使用／无路使用

#### Antonyms

* 有用 (yǒuyòng)
* (Hokkien) 有路用

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 無(む)用(よう) (muyō)
* → Korean: 무용(無用) (muyong)
* → Vietnamese: vô dụng (無用)

### Adverb

無用
* (Hainanese) need not
* (Hainanese) don't

#### Synonyms

* (need not):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 不必, 無須, 毋庸 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 不必, 毋須, 無須, 無須乎, 不待 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 甭, 不用, 甭用 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 不用 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 甭 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 不用 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 不用, 不必 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 甭 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 不用 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 不消 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 不消, 用不著 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 不用 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 用不著 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 不用 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 唔使 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 唔使 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 唔使 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 唔使, 冇使 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 唔使 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 無使, 使乜 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 冇使 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Shatian) | 冇使 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 冇使 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Nankang) | 冇使 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Yingpan) | 冇使 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 冇使 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 冇使 |
| Cantonese | Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 冇使 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 唔使 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 唔使 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 不消, 用不著 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 唔使 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 唔使 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 唔使 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 唔使 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 唔使 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 唔使 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 唔使 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 唔使 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 不用 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 伓讓 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 伓使 |
| Eastern Min | Matsu | 伓使 |
| Eastern Min | Singapore (Fuqing) | 伓使 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 毋免, 免, 毋使 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 毋免, 免 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 毋免, 免, 毋使 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 毋免, 免 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 毋免, 免 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 毋免, 免 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 毋免, 免 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 毋免, 免 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 免, 免用 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 免, 免用 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 免 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 免 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 免, 免用 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 免 |
| Southern Min | Pontianak (Teochew) | 免 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 無用 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 無用 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 唔使 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 勿要, 覅, 用勿著, 勿用, 好勿要, 好覅 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 用勿著 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 甮, 好甮 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 覅用, 否用 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 不消 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 不消, 不要 |
* (don't):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 勿, 莫$_1$, 毋, 無 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 別, 不要, 勿, 別要 chiefly Hong Kong |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 別, 別價 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 別, 不要 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 別 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 不要, 別 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 不要, 別 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 別, 別價, 甭價, 不要 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 別 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 嫑, 甭$_1$, 休 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 嫑, 不要 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 嫑, 不敢 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 嫑 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 嫑, 休 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 不要 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 嫑 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 莫$_1$, 不要, 嫑 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 莫$_1$, 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 不要 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 莫$_1$ |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 莫$_1$, 莫要 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangtan (Jiangnan Industries Group koine) | 莫$_1$ |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 不要 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 莫$_1$, 不要 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 別, 不要 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 咪, 咪個, 唔好 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 咪, 唔好, 冇 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 唔好 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 唔要 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 咪 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 咪 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 唔好 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 唔好 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 唔好 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 咪, 唔好 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan | 咪 |
| Cantonese | Yunfu | 咪, 唔好 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 莫$_1$, 無好 |
| Cantonese | Xinyi | 毛 |
| Cantonese | Lianjiang | 冇 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 冇要 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 咪 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 咪, 唔好 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 莫$_1$ |
| Gan | Lichuan | 毋要, 不要 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 不要 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 莫$_1$, 毋愛, 毋好 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 毋愛 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 毋好 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 毋好 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 毋好 |
| Hakka | Changting | 毋要 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 毋要 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 毋要 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 毋要, 毋敢 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 毋要 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 毋要 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 毋要 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 毋好 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 毋好 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 毋好 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 毋好 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 毋好 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 毋好 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 毋好 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Longchuan) | 毋愛 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 毋好 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 唔愛 |
| Hakka | Singapore (Dabu) | 莫$_1$, 毋好 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 不要, 嫑 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 不要, 嫑 |
| Huizhou | Huangshan (Tunxi) | 不要, 嫑 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 不要, 不敢 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 不要, 嫑, 播 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 伓敢, 伓讓, 毋 |
| Northern Min | Pucheng (Shibei) | 伓敢 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 伓通, 毋 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 伓通 |
| Eastern Min | Matsu | 毋 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 毋通, 毋愛, 莫$_2$, 𱰠, 莫用, 汰 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 毋通, 毋愛, 甭$_2$, 莫用, 汰 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 毋通, 莫$_2$, 甭$_2$, 𱰠, 莫用, 汰 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 孬 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 莫$_2$ |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 莫去 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 莫$_2$ |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 毋通, 莫$_2$ |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 莫$_2$ |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 莫$_2$, 甭$_2$ |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 莫$_2$, 毋通, 甭$_2$ |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 莫$_2$, 毋通, 甭$_2$ |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 毋通, 甭$_2$ |
| Southern Min | Pingnan (Shangdu) | 別 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 孬, 莫$_2$ |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 孬, 莫$_2$ |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 莫$_2$ |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 孬, 莫$_2$ |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 莫$_2$ |
| Southern Min | Ho Chi Minh City (Teochew) | 孬 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 孬 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Teochew) | 莫$_2$ |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 莫$_2$, 孬 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 無地 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 無用, 莫$_2$, 無莫 |
| Southern Min | Qionghai | 無用 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 無用 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 伓通 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 冇要 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 勿要, 𧟰 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 拗 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 𧟰 |
| Wu | Wuxi | 𧟰 |
| Wu | Nantong (Haimen) | 拗, 拗要, 弗要 |
| Wu | Danyang | 弗要, 𫸻 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 嫑 |
| Wu | Hangzhou (Yuhang) | 弗要, 消, 𧟰 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 莫, 甮 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 𧟰 |
| Wu | Lishui | ⿰毋樂 |
| Wu | Qingyuan | ⿰否樂 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 𫸻, 弗要, 弗用 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 莫$_1$, 不要 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 不要, 莫$_1$ |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 莫$_1$ |
| Xiang | Quanzhou | 別 |

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 無 | 用 |
| む Grade: 4 | よう Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||

### Etymology

無 (“non-”) +‎ 用 (“use”)

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) むよー [mùyóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [mɯ̟jo̞ː]

### Adjective

無(む)用(よう) • (muyō) -na (adnominal 無(む)用(よう)な (muyō na), adverbial 無(む)用(よう)に (muyō ni))
* useless
* unnecessary; needless
* forbidden, no (...ing)

#### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Imperfective (未然形) | 無用だろ | むようだろ | muyō daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 無用で | むようで | muyō de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 無用だ | むようだ | muyō da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 無用な | むような | muyō na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 無用なら | むようなら | muyō nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 無用であれ | むようであれ | muyō de are |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 無用ではない 無用じゃない | むようではない むようじゃない | muyō de wa nai muyō ja nai |
| Informal past | 無用だった | むようだった | muyō datta |
| Informal negative past | 無用ではなかった 無用じゃなかった | むようではなかった むようじゃなかった | muyō de wa nakatta muyō ja nakatta |
| Formal | 無用です | むようです | muyō desu |
| Formal negative | 無用ではありません 無用じゃありません | むようではありません むようじゃありません | muyō de wa arimasen muyō ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 無用でした | むようでした | muyō deshita |
| Formal negative past | 無用ではありませんでした 無用じゃありませんでした | むようではありませんでした むようじゃありませんでした | muyō de wa arimasen deshita muyō ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 無用で | むようで | muyō de |
| Conditional | 無用なら（ば） | むようなら（ば） | muyō nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 無用だったら | むようだったら | muyō dattara |
| Volitional | 無用だろう | むようだろう | muyō darō |
| Adverbial | 無用に | むように | muyō ni |
| Degree | 無用さ | むようさ | muyōsa |

#### Antonyms

* 有用(ゆうよう) (yūyō, “useful”)

### Noun

無(む)用(よう) • (muyō)
* uselessness
* needlessness
* forbiddenness; being forbidden

#### Derived terms

* 問答無用(もんどうむよう) (mondōmuyō)

### References

* 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 無 | 用 |

### Noun

無用 • (muyong) (hangeul 무용)
* hanja form of 무용 (“uselessness”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 無 | 用 |

### Adjective

無用
* chữ Hán form of vô dụng (“useless”).