# brennen
## German
### Etymology

From Middle High German brennen, a merger of Old High German brennan (from Proto-West Germanic *brannijan), and Old High German brinnan (from *brinnan).
Cognate with Bavarian brenna, Dutch branden, Swedish brinna, Icelandic brenna, Old English birnan, and therefore English burn.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈbʁɛnən/
* Audio:(file)
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: bren‧nen

### Verb

brennen (irregular weak, third-person singular present brennt, past tense brannte, past participle gebrannt, past subjunctive brennte, auxiliary haben)
* (intransitive) to burn; to light on fire
    Ich beobachtete, wie das Haus brannte. ― I watched the house burn.
    Es brennt! ― There is a fire!
* (intransitive) to burn; to be on fire
    Mein Haus brennt! ― My house is on fire!
    Trockenes Holz brennt am besten. ― Dry wood burns best.
* (intransitive) to have a strong affection for; to be affectionate
    Ich brenne darauf sie zu besuchen! ― I would really like to visit her.
* (intransitive) to be lit, to be on (of a light or lamp)
    Das Licht in der Küche brannte noch immer. ― The light in the kitchen was still on.
* (intransitive) to irritate; to induce pain or another painful sensation; to bite; to sting
    Die Zwiebeln brennen in meinen Augen! ― The onions sting in my eyes!
    Dieser Senf brennt wie Teufel auf meiner Zunge! ― This mustard bites my tongue like hell!
* (intransitive) to smart; to sting (a sore or wound)
* (transitive) to fire; to bake; to kiln (tiles and pottery)
    Dachziegel werden im Brennofen gebrannt. ― Tiles are baked in a kiln.
    Nach drei Tagen kann die Vase gebrannt werden. ― The vase can be fired after three days.
    Keramikwaren müssen gebrannt werden, bevor sie genutzt werden können. ― Pottery needs to be fired before one can use it.
* (transitive) to distil (alcoholic beverages such as schnapps)
    Synonym: destillieren
* (transitive, computing) to burn; to archive data on a storage medium. (such as CDs, DVDs, etc.)
    Kannst du mir 'Das weiße Album' von den Beatles brennen? ― Can you burn 'The White Album' from The Beatles for me?
* (intransitive, figuratively) to emit heat
    Die Sonne brannte auf sie herab. ― The sun was shining upon them with great heat.
* to roast
* to bream (clean a ship etc. by fire and scraping)
* (Austria, informal) to fork out, to shell out
    Synonyms: bezahlen, blechen, berappen, löhnen, pecken, zahlen

#### Conjugation

$^1$Rare except in very formal contexts; alternative in würde normally preferred.

#### Derived terms

* auf den Nägeln brennen
* brennbar
* Brenner
* Brennerei
* verbrennen

#### Related terms

* abbrennen
* anbrennen
* Brand
* Branntwein
* Brennen
* brennend
* Brennpunkt
* brinnen
* durchbrennen
* einbrennen
* gebrannt
* niederbrennen
* wegbrennen

### Further reading

* “brennen” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
* “brennen” in Uni Leipzig: Wortschatz-Lexikon
* “brennen” in Duden online
* “brennen” in OpenThesaurus.de
* Friedrich Kluge (1883) “brennen”, in John Francis Davis, transl., Etymological Dictionary of the German Language, published 1891

## Luxembourgish
### Etymology

From Middle High German brinnen, from Old High German brinnan, from Proto-West Germanic *brinnan.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈbʀænen/, [ˈbʀænən]
** Rhymes: -ænən

### Verb

brennen (third-person singular present brennt, past participle gebrannt, auxiliary verb hunn)
* (transitive) to burn, to set alight
* (intransitive) to burn, to be on fire
* (intransitive) to smart, to sting
* (transitive) to distil (spirits)
* (transitive) to brand (an animal)
* (transitive, computing) to burn (a disk)

#### Conjugation

(n) or (nn) indicates the Eifeler Regel.

#### Derived terms

* abrennen
* ausbrennen
* ubrennen
* verbrennen

## Middle English
### Alternative forms

* bren, brenne
* brin, brine, brynne (especially Northern)
* berne, bernen, birne, byrne (uncommon or early)
* bearne, beornen (early), bærnen (Laȝamon), bærnenn, brennenn (Ormulum)

### Etymology

Originally three distinct verbs:
* Old English biernan, from Proto-West Germanic *brinnan, from Proto-Germanic *brinnaną (“to burn”).
* Old English bærnan, from Proto-West Germanic *brannijan, from Proto-Germanic *brannijaną (“to cause to burn”).
* Old Norse brenna, brinna, cognate with bærnan; forms derived from this source are usual after early Middle English.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈbrɛnən/, (especially Northern) /ˈbrinən/
* IPA: /ˈbɛrnən/, /ˈbɛːrnən/, /ˈbeːrnən/ (less common)

### Verb

brennen (third-person singular simple present brenneth, present participle brennynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative brente, past participle brent)
* (intransitive) To burn; to undergo combustion.
    (Can we find and add a quotation of Piers Plowman to this entry?)
* (ambitransitive) To burn; to set on fire:
** To burn a sacrifice or offering.
** To torture or kill with fire.
** To raze or destroy by fire.
*** 1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Manciples Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales (in Middle English), [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xcix, recto, column 2:That for the tyraunt is of greater might / By force of meyne, to ſlee downe right / And brenne houſe & home, & make al playn, / Lo therfore is he called a capitayne / And for the outlawe hath but ſmal meyne / And maie not do ſo great an harm, as he / Ne brynge a countrey to ſo great miſchefe / Men callen him an outlawe or a thefeThat because the tyrant is of greater might / By force of retinue, to slay downright / And burn house and home, and make all level / Lo therefore is he called a captain / And because the outlaw has but a small retinue / And may not do so great a harm as he [the tyrant] / Nor bring a country to so great mischief / Men call him an outlaw or a thief
* (ambitransitive) To apply fire to:
** To injure with fire; to cause a burn.
** To toast or roast; to mark with fire in cooking.
** To calcine; to heat to refine or dry.
* (intransitive) To resemble or behave like fire:
** To be hot or burning.
** To be bright or shiny.
** To be emotionally fervent.
* (transitive) To act like fire; to metaphorically "burn":
** To emotionally actuate or impel.
** (medicine, pathology) To corrode or inflame.

#### Conjugation

$^1$ Sometimes used as a formal 2nd-person singular.

#### Descendants

* English: burn
** → Middle Scots: burn
*** Scots: burn
* Middle Scots: bryn, byrn
** Scots: bren, brenn, brend

#### References

* “brennen, v.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

## Old Dutch
### Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *brannijan.

### Verb

brennen
* to burn

#### Descendants

* Middle Dutch: bernen, barnen
** Dutch: barnen
** Limburgish: borre
** ⇒ Middle Dutch: branden (backformation)
*** Dutch: branden
*** Limburgish: branje, brenje

#### Further reading

* “brennen”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012

## Old High German
### Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *brannijan, from Proto-Germanic *brannijaną. Cognate with Old English bærnan, Old Saxon brinnan, Old Norse brenna.

### Verb

brennen
* (transitive) to burn

#### Descendants

* Middle High German: brennen
** Bavarian: brenna
** German: brennen
** Luxembourgish: brennen
** Yiddish: ברענען (brenen)