# 謹

| 謹 | U+8B39, &#35641; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8B39 |
| ← 謸 [U+8B38] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 謺 → [U+8B3A] |
| 謹 | U+FA63, &#64099; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA63 |
| ← 謁 [U+FA62] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 賓 → [U+FA64] |
| 謹 | U+FABF, &#64191; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FABF |
| ← 諭 [U+FABE] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 變 → [U+FAC0] |

## Translingual

| Japanese | 謹 |
| Simplified | 谨 |
| Traditional | 謹 |

### Alternative forms

Note that in Japanese shinjitai, the top right component of 堇 is written 艹 instead of 廿. Due to Han unification, both characters (謹/謹) are encoded under the same Unicode codepoint. A CJK compatibility ideograph (U+FA63) exists for the kyūjitai form of 謹.

### Han character

謹 (Kangxi radical 149, 言+11 in Chinese, 言+10 in Japanese, 18 strokes in Chinese, 17 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 卜口廿中一 (YRTLM), four-corner 0461$_4$, composition ⿰訁堇 or ⿰訁𦰌)

#### Descendants

* 谨

#### Derived characters

* 𭀑, 𡄾, 𢥢, 𤄲

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1178, character 23
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 35850
* Dae Jaweon: page 1642, character 28
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4010, character 13
* Unihan data for U+8B39
* Unihan data for U+FA63
* Unihan data for U+FABF

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 謹
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 囏 | *krɯːn |
| 螼 | *kʰrɯnʔ, *kʰrɯns |
| 堇 | *ɡrɯn, *kɯnʔ |
| 墐 | *ɡrɯn, *ɡrɯns |
| 𥎊 | *ɡrɯn |
| 僅 | *ɡrɯns |
| 瑾 | *ɡrɯns |
| 覲 | *ɡrɯns |
| 殣 | *ɡrɯns |
| 饉 | *ɡrɯns |
| 廑 | *ɡrɯns |
| 瘽 | *ɡrɯns, *ɡɯn, *ɡɯnʔ |
| 歏 | *ɡrɯns |
| 鄞 | *ŋɡrɯn, *ŋɡɯn |
| 謹 | *kɯnʔ |
| 槿 | *kɯnʔ |
| 漌 | *kɯnʔ |
| 慬 | *kɯnʔ, *ɡɯn |
| 勤 | *ɡɯn |
| 懃 | *ɡɯn |
| 懄 | *ɡɯn |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kɯnʔ): semantic 言 (“speech”) + phonetic 堇 (OC *ɡrɯn, *kɯnʔ) – to speak caution.

### Etymology

Cognate with 兢 (OC *kɯŋ, “to be cautious”), which is possibly the vocalic variant of 驚 (OC *kreŋ, “to be afraid; to alarm”) (Schuessler, 2007).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jǐn (jin$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄣˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gan$^2$
* Eastern Min (BUC): gīng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ging$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kín
    (Teochew, Peng'im): geng$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jǐn
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄣˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jǐn
*** Wade–Giles: chin$^3$
*** Yale: jǐn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiin
*** Palladius: цзинь (czinʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕin²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gan$^2$
*** Yale: gán
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gan$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gen$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɐn³⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gīng
*** Sinological IPA : /kiŋ³³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ging$^3$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: gîng
*** Sinological IPA : /kiŋ⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ging$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kiŋ³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kín
*** Tâi-lô: kín
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kien
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kin⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kin⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kin⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kin⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kin⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: geng$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kṳ́ng
*** Sinological IPA : /kɯŋ⁵²/
* Middle Chinese: kj+nX
Rime :
| Character | 謹 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 欣 (57) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 居隱切 |
| Baxter | kj+nX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɨn$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kɨn$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kiən$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kɨn$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /kiən$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /kĭən$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ki̯ən$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jǐn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gan$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kə[r]ʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kɯnʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 謹 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jǐn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kj+n$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*kə[r]ʔ/ |
| English | attentive, careful |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 謹 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 6744 |
| Phonetic component | 堇 |
| Rime group | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 謹 |
| Old Chinese | /*kɯnʔ/ |

### Definitions

謹
* prudent; cautious; careful; reverent

### Compounds

* 修謹以俟 / 修谨以俟
* 勤謹 / 勤谨
* 卑謹 / 卑谨
* 嚴謹 / 严谨 (yánjǐn)
* 奉命唯謹 / 奉命唯谨
* 小廉曲謹 / 小廉曲谨
* 小心謹慎 / 小心谨慎 (xiǎoxīnjǐnshèn)
* 恭謹 / 恭谨 (gōngjǐn)
* 恭謹謙和 / 恭谨谦和
* 慎小謹微 / 慎小谨微
* 拘謹 / 拘谨 (jūjǐn)
* 敬謹 / 敬谨
* 曲謹 / 曲谨
* 細謹 / 细谨
* 謙謹 / 谦谨
* 謹上 / 谨上 (jǐnshàng)
* 謹厚 / 谨厚
* 謹嚴 / 谨严 (jǐnyán)
* 謹守 / 谨守 (jǐnshǒu)
* 謹密 / 谨密
* 謹小慎微 / 谨小慎微 (jǐnxiǎoshènwēi)
* 謹慎 / 谨慎 (jǐnshèn)
* 謹慎行事 / 谨慎行事
* 謹於心 / 谨于心
* 謹毛失貌 / 谨毛失貌
* 謹祕 / 谨秘
* 謹稟 / 谨禀
* 謹細 / 谨细
* 謹終追遠 / 谨终追远
* 謹肅 / 谨肃
* 謹言 / 谨言
* 謹言慎行 / 谨言慎行 (jǐnyánshènxíng)
* 謹記 / 谨记 (jǐnjì)
* 謹謹慎慎 / 谨谨慎慎
* 謹防 / 谨防 (jǐnfáng)
* 謹領 / 谨领
* 謹飭 / 谨饬

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 謹 |
| Kyūjitai | 謹 &#xFA63; or 謹+&#xFE00; |
| Kyūjitai | 謹󠄀 謹+&#xE0100; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 謹󠄄 謹+&#xE0104; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 謹)
* be mindful of
* be prudent

#### Readings

* Go-on: こん (kon)
* Kan-on: きん (kin, Jōyō)
* Kun: つつしむ (tsutsushimu, 謹む, Jōyō)
* Nanori: すすむ (susumu)、ちか (chika)、なり (nari)、のり (nori)、もり (mori)

#### Compounds

* 恐(きょう)惶(こう)謹(きん)言(げん) (kyōkō kingen)
* 謹(きん)賀(が)新(しん)年(ねん) (kinga shinnen)
* 謹(きん)啓(けい) (kinkei)
* 謹(きん)言(げん) (kingen)
* 謹(きん)厳(げん) (kingen)
* 謹(きん)厳(げん)実(じっ)直(ちょく) (kingen jitchoku)
* 謹(きん)告(こく) (kinkoku)
* 謹(きん)上(じょう) (kinjō)
* 謹(きん)慎(しん) (kinshin): house arrest, self restraint
* 謹(きん)製(せい) (kinsei)
* 謹(きん)聴(ちょう) (kinchō)
* 謹(きん)直(ちょく) (kinchoku)
* 謹(きん)勅(ちょく), 謹(きん)飭(ちょく) (kinchoku)
* 謹(きん)呈(てい) (kintei)
* 不(ふ)謹(きん)慎(しん) (fukinshin)

### References

* ↑ “謹”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎ (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2025
* ↑ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 1992 (paper), page 1048 (digital)
* ↑ Shōundō Henshūjo, editor (1927), 新漢和辞典 [The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Ōsaka: Shōundō, →DOI, page 1137 (paper), page 581 (digital)

## Korean
### Hanja

謹 (eumhun 삼갈 근 (samgal geun))
* hanja form of 근 (“prudent, cautious”)
* hanja form of 근 (“attentive”)

#### Compounds

* 근계 (謹啓, geun'gye)
* 근고 (謹告, geun'go)
* 근상 (謹上, geunsang)
* 근신 (謹愼, geunsin)
* 근언 (謹言, geuneon)
* 근엄 (謹嚴, geuneom)
* 근엄 실직 (謹嚴實直, geuneom siljik)
* 근정 (謹呈, geunjeong)
* 근제 (謹製, geunje)
* 근직 (謹直, geunjik)
* 근청 (謹聽, geuncheong)
* 근칙 (謹飭, geunchik)
* 근하신년 (謹賀新年, geunhasinnyeon)
* 불근신 (不謹愼, bulgeunsin)
* 황공 근언 (恐惶謹言, hwanggong geuneon)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

謹: Hán Việt readings: cẩn
謹: Nôm readings: ngẩn, kín, ghín, cẩn
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Lê Sơn Thanh, "Nom-Viet.dat", WinVNKey (details)