# na-
## Azerbaijani
### Etymology

Borrowed from Persian ناـ (nâ-).

### Pronunciation

IPA: [nɑ]

### Prefix

na- (rarely productive)
* un-, non-, in-
    Synonym: qeyri-
    ‎na- + ‎tamam (“complete”) → ‎natamam (“incomplete”)
* -less
    Synonym: -siz
    ‎na- + ‎ümid (“hope”) → ‎naümid (“hopeless”)

#### Derived terms
## Big Nambas
### Alternative forms

* n-

### Etymology

From Proto-Oceanic *na.

### Article

na-
* The noun article. Added to nouns and verb stems to affirm nominal use. Has an element of definiteness. Also used in derivation.

#### Derived terms
### References

* Big Nambas Grammar Pacific Linguistics - G.J. Fox

## Chichewa
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ná/

### Prefix

ná-
* Prefixed to a traditional Chewa clan name to denote a woman belonging to that clan.

## Curripaco
### Prefix

na-
* third person plural agent marker

### References

* Swintha Danielsen, Tania Granadillo, Agreement in two Arawak languages, in The Typology of Semantic Alignment (edited by Mark Donohue, Søren Wichmann) (2008, →ISBN, page 398

## Czech
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech na-, from Proto-Slavic *na-. Doublet of ná-. From the preposition na.

### Prefix

na-
* a prefix, often used where English would use a phrasal verb with on
* (as an imperfective verb) (often used with se) intensification: added to mean a lot
    ‎na- + ‎představovat se (“present onself”) → ‎napředstavovat se (“present oneself many times”)

#### Derived terms

* nalít
* naložit
* nanést
* nanosit
* napálit
* napravit
* napsat
* narodit
* nastavit
* nastoupit
* nasypat
* natřít
* nazvat

### Further reading

* na- in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017

## Dutch
### Etymology

Derived from the preposition na

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Prefix

na-
* after

#### Antonyms

voor-

#### Derived terms
## Gunwinggu
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /na-/

### Prefix

na-
* male prefix added onto human words.

#### Related terms

* ngal-

### References

* Steven and Narelle Etherington, Kunwinjku Kunwok: A Short Introduction to Kunwinjku Language and Society (third edition, 1998)

## Ilocano
### Prefix

na- (Kur-itan spelling ᜈ)
* forms adjectives indicating a quality
    ‎na- + ‎dalus (“cleanliness”) → ‎nadalus (“clean”)

#### Derived terms
## Kambera
### Pronoun

na-
* third person singular nominative proclitic

#### See also
## Makasar
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [na]

### Pronoun

na- (nominative proclitic, Lontara spelling ᨊ)
* he, she, it, they (third person singular and plural)

#### See also
## Mwotlap
### Etymology

From Proto-Torres-Banks *na, from Proto-Oceanic *na (“noun article”).

### Article

na-
* a, the (singular article for common nouns)

#### Morphophonology

* When followed by a noun starting with a vowel, the vowel of na- is elided:
       na- +‎ ēm̄ → nēm̄ (“house”)
* When followed by a noun starting with a single consonant, na- normally changes its vowel to a clone of the vowel in the next syllable:
       na- +‎ bē → nēbē (“water”)
       na- +‎ vinhe → nivinhe (“bamboo”)
* When followed by a noun starting with two underlying consonants, na- normally remains unchanged:
       na- +‎ l(ō)qōvēn → nalqōvēn (“woman”)

#### Semantics

* General determiner; does not encode definiteness.
* Forms the determinate form of most nouns.
* For [+human] referents, the number value is singular, contrasting with dual yoge, trial tēlge, plural ige.
       nalqōvēn (“a woman”)
       — opp. yoge lōqōvēn (“two women”), tēlge lōqōvēn (“three women”), ige lōqōvēn (“women”).
* For [-human] referents, the number value of the article is unspecified.
       nēbē (“water”)
       nēm̄ (“a house, houses; the house, the houses”)

### References

* François, Alexandre. 2005. A typological overview of Mwotlap, an Oceanic language of Vanuatu. Linguistic typology 9 (1): 115–146. DOI:10.1515/lity.2005.9.1.115.
* François, Alexandre. 2007. Noun articles in Torres and Banks languages: Conservation and innovation. In Siegel, Jeff; Lynch, John; Eades, Diana (eds.), Language Description, History and Development: Linguistic indulgence in memory of Terry Crowley, 313–326. (Creole Language Library 30) Amsterdam: Benjamins.

## Navajo
### Etymology 1
#### Prefix

na-
* Marks the continuative aspect, describing actions that take place over an indefinite time and move without a fixed direction or goal. Can also be translated as 'around about, here and there,' and is sometimes referred to as an atelic prefix.
    ‎na- + ‎-nish (“work”) → ‎naalnish (“have a job, work”)

##### Usage notes

* This prefix is realized as ni- before the fourth-person prefix ji-, the distributive plural prefix da-, and all of the si- perfective prefixes except s/z-: nijiné (“someone is playing”), not *najiné, and nidajiné (“some people are playing”), not *nadajiné.

#### See also
### Etymology 2
#### Prefix

na-
* Marks the diversitative aspect on certain verbs, indicating action taking place in multiple places ("here and there") without taking place over a specific period of time

### Etymology 3
#### Prefix

na-
* Verbal derivational prefix meaning across

### Etymology 4
#### Prefix

na-
* Verbal derivational prefix meaning downward, down from a height

#### See also
### References

* Young, Robert W & William Morgan, Sr. The Navajo Language. A Grammar and Colloquial Dictionary. University of New Mexico Press. Albuquerque, NM: 1987.

## Old English
### Etymology

From nā.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /nɑː/

### Prefix

nā-
* Denotes absence or lack

#### See also

* nān-
* nāhwæþer
* nāwiht

## Old Polish
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *na-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (10th–15th CE) /na(ː)/
* IPA: (15th CE) /na/, /nɒ/

### Prefix

na-
* added to verbs to make them perfective
    ‎na- + ‎pisać → ‎napisać
* added to verbs to mean onto
    ‎na- + ‎łożyć → ‎nałożyć
* added to verbs to with various meanings
    ‎na- + ‎mówić → ‎namówić

#### Descendants

* Polish: na-

## Polish
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish na-. Doublet of ana-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /na/
* Rhymes: -a
* Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]

### Prefix

na-
* added to verbs to make them perfective
    ‎na- + ‎pisać → ‎napisać
* added to verbs to mean onto
    ‎na- + ‎łożyć → ‎nałożyć
* added to verbs to with various meanings
    ‎na- + ‎mówić → ‎namówić

#### Derived terms
## Slovene
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *na-. Prefixed form of the preposition na.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /na-/

### Prefix

na-
* Forms perfective verbs with the following meanings:
** (no change in meaning)
    ‎na- + ‎pisáti (“to write”) → ‎napisáti (“to write”)
** onto, into
    ‎na- + ‎líti (“to pour”) → ‎nalíti (“to pour in”)
** a little, to begin to
    ‎na- + ‎krivīti (“to bend”) → ‎nakrivīti (“to bend a little”)
    ‎na- + ‎gníti (“to rot”) → ‎nagníti (“to begin to rot”)
** enough of, a sufficient amount of
    ‎na- + ‎cepīti (“to chop”) → ‎nacepīti (“to chop enough of”)
** (reflexive) excessively, thoroughly
    ‎na- + ‎píti (“to drink”) → ‎napíti (“to drink one's fill, get drunk”)

#### Derived terms
## Slovincian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *na-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /na/

### Prefix

na-
* added to verbs to make them perfective, often meaning "to do X verb much or enough"
    ‎na- + ‎ochac → ‎naochac

#### Derived terms
## Swahili
### Prefix

na-
* Contraction of ni- + -a-.
* Contraction of ni- + -na-.
    Synonym: nina-

## Tagalog
### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog)
** IPA: /na/ [n̪ɐ] (complete aspect prefix)
** IPA: /ˈna/ [ˈn̪aː] (progressive aspect prefix)
* Syllabification: na-

### Prefix

na- (Baybayin spelling ᜈ)
* used to form complete aspects of verbs prefixed with ma-

### Prefix

ná- (Baybayin spelling ᜈ)
* (dialectal) used to form progressive aspects of verbs prefixed with um- or infixed with -um-

#### Usage notes

* The dialectal prefix, when written, is generally a source of confusion and mockery for the majority of Tagalog speakers, but the two actually differ by pronunciation. The na-, where it indicates a perfective aspect, is pronounced without stress, while the na- prefix, where it indicates a progressive aspect in some dialects, is pronounced with stress.
    Nakain siya ng isda.He/She happened to be eaten by the fish.
    Nákain siya ng isda.He/She is eating fish.

#### See also

* ma-

### Anagrams

* -an

## Ternate
### Pronoun

na-
* first-person plural inclusive possessive prefix, our
    Synonym: nga-
* second-person plural possessive prefix, your
    Synonym: nia-
* (human) third-person plural possessive prefix, their
    Synonym: nga-

#### See also

* unmarked pronouns are gender non-specific
* m - masculine, f - feminine, h - human, nh - non-human
* 1 - for mixed-gender groups
* † - archaic

### References

* Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

## Turkish
### Etymology

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ناـ (nâ-), from Persian ناـ (nâ-).

### Prefix

na- (rarely productive)
* un-, non-, in-
    Synonym: gayri-
    ‎na- + ‎tamam (“complete”) → ‎natamam (“incomplete”)
* -less
    Synonym: -siz
    ‎na- + ‎ümit (“hope”) → ‎naümit (“hopeless”)

#### Derived terms
## West Makian
### Etymology 1

Cognate with Ternate na- (“our”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /n̪a/

#### Pronoun

na-
* first-person plural inclusive possessive prefix, our

##### Usage notes

The possessive prefix na- is subject to West Makian vowel harmony, and as such may surface as ne-, ni-, or no-.

##### Alternative forms

* ne-, ni-, no-

#### See also

V indicates the expected assimilated vowel of the following noun, following standard West Makian vowel harmony.

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /na/

#### Pronoun

na-
* second-person singular clitic, you
    noco ― you see

##### Usage notes

The prefix na- follows West Makian vowel harmony, and as such may surface as ne-, ni-, no-, or nu-.

##### Alternative forms

* ne-, ni-, no-, nu-

### References

* Clemens Voorhoeve (1982) The Makian languages and their neighbours‎, Pacific linguistics

## Xhosa
### Preposition

na-
* with, in company of
* (with subject concord) to have

### Conjunction

na-
* and (joining individual words)

## Zulu
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /nʱa/

### Preposition

na-
* with, in company of
* (with subject concord) to have

#### Usage notes

The meaning "have" can be analysed more literally as "to be with". In the negative, a- is prefixed to the subject concord, and the initial vowel of the noun prefix is dropped:
* Nginekati. ― I have a cat.
* Anginakati. ― I don't have a cat.

### Conjunction

na-
* and (joining individual words)
    Synonym: futhi
* also, too
    Synonym: futhi
* even (implying an extreme example)

### References

* C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “na-”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “na-”