OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# بخار
## Arabic
### Etymology

From the root ب خ ر (b ḵ r), related to vapor. Compare with بَخَرَ (baḵara, “to boil”), تَبَخَّر (tabaḵḵar, “to evaporate, to perfume with incense”) and بُخُور (buḵūr, “incense”).

### Noun

بُخَار • (buḵār) m (plural أَبْخِرَة (ʔabḵira))
* vapor, fume
* steam

#### Descendants

* Gulf Arabic: بخار (buḵār)
* → Armenian: բուխարի (buxari)
* → Azerbaijani: buxar, buxarı
* Hindustani:
** → Hindi: बुख़ार (buxār)
** → Urdu: بخار (buxār)
* → Georgian: ბუხარი (buxari)
** → Bats: ბუხარ (buxar)
* → Persian: بخار (boxâr)
* → Turkish: buhar

#### References

* ↑ Federico Corriente and Ignacio Ferrando (2005) Diccionario avanzado árabe: Tomo I: árabe-español, page 49,50

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic بُخَار (buḵār, “steam, vapour”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [bu.ˈxɑːɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [bʊ.xɑ́ːɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [bʊ.xɑ́ːɾ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [bʊ.xɑ́ːɾ]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [bu.xɔ́ːɾ]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [bo.xɒ́ːɹ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [bu.χɔ́ɾ]
* Rhymes: -ɑːr

### Noun

بخار • (boxâr)
* steam, vapor

## Urdu
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian بُخَار (buxār), from Arabic بُخَار (buḵār, “steam, vapour”).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /bʊ.xɑːɾ/
* Rhymes: -ɑːɾ
* Hyphenation: بُ‧خَار

### Noun

بُخَار • (buxār) m (formal plural بُخارات (buxārāt), Hindi spelling बुख़ार)
* fever
* steam; vapour; exhalation
* smoke
* anger; anguish

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “بخار”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
* “بخار”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.
* Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971) “بخار”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary‎, Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co.
* Platts, John T. (1884) “بخار”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.
* S. W. Fallon (1879) “بخار”, in A New Hindustani-English Dictionary, Banaras, London: Trubner and Co.
* John Shakespear (1834) “بخار”, in A dictionary, Hindustani and English: with a copious index, fitting the work to serve, also, as a dictionary of English and Hindustani, 3rd edition, London: J.L. Cox and Son, →OCLC
# in regard to
## English
### Alternative forms

* in regards to (sometimes proscribed)

### Preposition

in regard to
* Concerning; about.
    I am writing in regard to the advertisement that you placed in last week's Daily News.
    Synonyms: IRT (initialism), with regard to, with respect to, WRT (initialism), regarding; see also Thesaurus:about

#### Translations
### Anagrams

* denigrator
# келерге
## Northern Altai
### Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *kel-. Cognate to Khakas килерге (kilerge), Shor келерге (kelerge), Tuvan келир (kelir), Tofa келір (kelír), кээр (keer), Western Yugur kel-, etc.

### Verb

келерге • (kelerge)
* to come

### Antonyms

* парарга (pararga)

### See Also

* келерге (kelerge) (Kumandy, Tuba, Chelkan)
* килерге (kilerge) (Kumandy)
* гелерге (gelerge) (Kumandy, Tuba)

### References

* N. A Baskakov, editor (1972), “кел-”, in Severnyje dialekty Altajskovo (Ojrotskovo Jazyka- Dialekt kumandincev(Kumandin Kiži) [Northern Dialect of Altai -Kumandin Dialect(Kumandin kiži)], Moskva: glavnaja redakcija vostočnoja literatury, →ISBN, page 221
# şişmek
## Turkish
### Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish شیشمك (şişmek, “to swell”), from Proto-Turkic *sīĺč- (“to swell”). With rarely seen /s/- to /ş/- assimilation due to final /ş/. Compare the only other two examples: şaşmak and şiş.
Cognate with Karakhanid [script needed] (sışıl-, “to swell”), Old Uyghur [script needed] (sış-, “to swell”), Azerbaijani şişmək (“to swell, grow fat”), Bashkir шешеү (şeşew, “to swell”), Chuvash шыҫма (šyśma, “to swell”), Kyrgyz шишүү (şişüü, “to swell”), Southern Altai тижер (tižer), Turkmen çişmek (“to swell”), Tuvan ыжар (ıjar, “to swell up”), Uzbek shishmoq (“to swell”), Yakut ис (is, “to swell”).

### Verb

şişmek (third-person singular simple present şişer)
* (intransitive) to swell, get swollen; to become distended; to billow (in the wind); to become filled with air
* (intransitive) to get fat
* (intransitive) to get winded, become completely out of breath

#### Conjugation

* Show negative conjugation:
* Show potential conjugation:
* Show impotential conjugation:

#### Synonyms

* (to swell): kabarmak
* (to get fat): semirmek

#### Derived terms

* şişebilmek
* şişememek
* şişik
* şişinmek
* şişirmek
* şişiş
* şişkin
* şişko
* şişman
* şişme
* şişmemek
* şişmiş

#### Related terms

* şiş (“swelling”)

### References

* ↑ Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*č`ī́ĺč`u”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
# სარა
## Georgian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [saɾa]

### Proper noun

სარა • (sara) (uncountable)
* Sara, Sarah

#### Declension

Notes: archaic plurals might not exist.
# E Përhitura
## Albanian

* A user suggests that this Albanian entry be cleaned up.
* Please see the discussion on Requests for cleanup for more information and remove this template after the problem has been dealt with.

### Etymology

e (“the”) +‎ përhitura (“ashened-one”), from hi (“ashened”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈɛ pɚhiʼtura]

### Noun

E Përhitura m (definite hiri)
* a female given name
* Cinderella
# Varteean
## Yola
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /varˈtɛːn/

### Proper noun

Varteean
* a surname, equivalent to English Fortune
** 1987, The Manuscript of Jacob Poole's Glossary of the Dialect of Forth and Bargy:Varte=eanFortune

### References

* T. P. Dolan (1987) Eighteenth-Century lreland / lris an dá chultúr Vol. 2, Eighteenth-Century lreland Society, page 205
# חיבוק
## Hebrew
### Etymology

Verbal noun of חיבק / חִבֵּק (khibék, “to hug, embrace”).

### Pronunciation

* (Modern Israeli Hebrew) IPA: /χiˈbuk/

### Noun

חיבוק / חִבּוּק • (khibúk) m [pattern: קִטּוּל]
* hug (affectionate embrace)

### Further reading

* חיבוק on the Hebrew Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{he}$
# تساؤل
## Arabic
### Etymology

Verbal noun of تَسَاءَلَ (tasāʔala)

### Noun

تَسَاؤُل • (tasāʔul) m (plural تَسَاؤُلَات (tasāʔulāt))
* verbal noun of تَسَاءَلَ (tasāʔala) (form VI)
* wondering
# etimologji
## Albanian
### Noun

etimologjí f
* (linguistics) etymology

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “etimologji”, in FGJSH: Fjalor i gjuhës shqipe [Dictionary of the Albanian language] (in Albanian), 2006
* FGJSSH: Fjalor i gjuhës së sotme shqipe [Dictionary of the modern Albanian language]‎, 1980
* Newmark, L. (1999) “etimologji”, in Oxford Albanian-English Dictionary‎
# señar
## Spanish
### Etymology

From seña, possibly corresponding to Latin signāre, and therefore a doublet of signar.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /seˈɲaɾ/ [seˈɲaɾ]
* Rhymes: -aɾ
* Syllabification: se‧ñar

### Verb

señar (first-person singular present seño, first-person singular preterite señé, past participle señado)
* (Latin America) to sign (to use sign language)
* (Rioplatense, Paraguay) to pay in advance

#### Conjugation

$^1$Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language. $^2$Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.
These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

### References

* ↑ Joan Coromines, José A[ntonio] Pascual (1983–1991) “señar”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critical Castilian and Hispanic Etymological Dictionary] (in Spanish), Madrid: Gredos

### Further reading

* “señar”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# boğmak
## Turkish
### Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish بوغمق (boğmak, “to choke, strangle, constrict by binding, overwhelm”), from Proto-Turkic *bog- (“to tie up, to strangle”).
Cognate with Old Turkic [script needed] (boɣ-, “to strangle”), Azerbaijani boğmaq (“to choke, strangle”), Bashkir быуыу (bıwıw, “to strangle”), Chuvash пӑв (păv, “to choke, strangle”), Khakas поғырарға (poğırarğa, “to squeeze, strangle”), Kyrgyz буу (buu, “to squeeze, tie”), Turkmen bogmak (“to tie, bind, choke”), Uzbek bo'g'moq (“to choke, strangle”), Yakut буой (buoy, “to hinder, forbid, prohibit”). Compare Mongolian боох (boox, “to tie up, bind, hinder, obstruct”), possibly a Turkic borrowing.

### Verb

boğmak (third-person singular simple present boğar)
* (transitive) to choke, strangle, throttle; to suffocate; to drown
* (transitive, with dative case) to cover up with, drown (something) in (bluster, a torrent of words)

#### Conjugation

* Show negative conjugation:
* Show potential conjugation:
* Show impotential conjugation:

#### Synonyms

* kısmak

#### Derived terms

* boğma
* boğuş
* boğuk
* boğucu
* boğmaca
* boğuntu
* boğulmak
* boğuşmak
* boğdurmak
* boğmamak
* boğamamak
* boğabilmek

#### Related terms

* bohça
* boğum
* (?) boğaz

### References

* ↑ Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*pŏ́ga”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
# სარეკლამო
## Georgian
### Etymology

From რეკლამა (reḳlama, “credit”) +‎ სა- -ო (sa- -o).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [saɾekʼɫamo]
* Hyphenation: სა‧რეკ‧ლა‧მო

### Adjective

სარეკლამო • (sareḳlamo) (indeclinable, not comparable)
* advertisement-related, for advertising, advertising-
# Mbaresa
## Albanian
### Proper noun

Mbaresa f
* a female given name
# Paculo
## Latin
### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈpa.ku.loː/, [ˈpäkʊɫ̪oː]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈpa.ku.lo/, [ˈpäːkulo]

### Proper noun

Paculō
* dative/ablative singular of Paculus
# جاوز
## Arabic
### Verb

جَاوَزَ • (jāwaza) III (non-past يُجَاوِزُ (yujāwizu), verbal noun مُجَاوَزَة (mujāwaza))
* to cross, to pass beyond
# éxtasis
## Spanish
### Etymology

From Latin extasis, from Ancient Greek ἔκστασις (ékstasis), from ἐξίστημι (exístēmi, “to displace”) from ἐκ (ek, “out”) and ἵστημι (hístēmi, “to stand”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈeɡstasis/ [ˈeɣ̞s.t̪a.sis]
* Audio (Colombia):(file)
* Rhymes: -eɡstasis
* Syllabification: éx‧ta‧sis

### Noun

éxtasis m (plural éxtasis)
* ecstasy
    Synonym: arrobo

#### Related terms

* extasiar
* extático

### Further reading

* “éxtasis”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# 꿀템
## Korean
### Etymology

From 꿀 (kkul, “honey”) +‎ 아이템 (aitem, “item”).

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [k͈uɭtʰe̞m]
* Phonetic hangul: [꿀템]

### Noun

꿀템 • (kkultem)
* (slang) a useful product, item
    이 솔 진짜 꿀템이야.I sol jinjja kkultemiya.This brush is really useful.
# artmak
## Turkish
### Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish آرتمق (artmak, “to grow, become more, multiply, remain over, be left”), from Old Anatolian Turkish [script needed] (art-, “to increase”), from Proto-Turkic *art-.
Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰺𐱃𐰸 (artuq, “excess”), Old Uyghur 𐽰𐽰𐽾𐾀𐽹𐽰𐽷 (artmak, “multiplication”), Karakhanid [script needed] (artmāk, “to become bigger, increase”), Azerbaijani artmaq (“to grow, increase”), Bashkir артыу (artıw, “to increase”), Chagatai [script needed] (artmaq, “to increase”), Kazakh арту (artu, “to increase, to be in excess”), Khakas артарға (artarğa, “to be in excess, to remain”), Kipchak [Arabic needed] (art-, “to increase”), Kyrgyz артуу (artuu, “to increase”), Southern Altai артар (artar, “to remain”), Tatar арту (artu, “to increase, remain”), Turkmen artmak (“to increase”), Tuvan артыр (artır, “to remain”), Uyghur ئارتماق (artmaq, “to increase, exceed”), Uzbek ortmoq (“to increase, exceed, remain”), Yakut орт (ort, “to be in excess, remain”).

### Verb

artmak (third-person singular simple present artar)
* (intransitive) to increase, rise, go up
* (intransitive) to be in excess, be left over, remain

#### Conjugation

* Show negative conjugation:
* Show potential conjugation:
* Show impotential conjugation:

#### Synonyms

* kalmak
* çoğalmak, yükselmek

#### Derived terms

* artı
* artık

#### Related terms

* artabilmek
* artakalmak
* artamamak
* artık
* artırmak
* artış
* artma
* artmamak
* artmış
* arttırmak

### Further reading

* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “artmak”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
# სარო
## Georgian
### Etymology

From Old Georgian საროჲ (saroy), from Old Armenian սարոյ (saroy), from Iranian: compare Persian سرو (sarw).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [saɾo]
* Hyphenation: სა‧რო

### Noun

სარო • (saro) (plural საროები)
* cypress
    Synonym: კვიპაროსი (ḳviṗarosi)

#### Declension

Notes: archaic plurals might not exist.

### References

* ↑ Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1979) “սարոյ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume IV, Yerevan: University Press, page 190a

### Further reading

* Abulaʒe, Ilia (1973) “სარო”, in Ʒveli kartuli enis leksiḳoni (masalebi) [Dictionary of Old Georgian (Materials)]‎ (in Georgian), Tbilisi: Metsniereba, page 368
# Cagayán de Oro
## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kaɡaˌʝan de ˈoɾo/ [ka.ɣ̞aˌʝãn̪ d̪e ˈo.ɾo]
* IPA: (everywhere but Argentina and Uruguay) /kaɡaˌʝan de ˈoɾo/ [ka.ɣ̞aˌʝãn̪ d̪e ˈo.ɾo]
* IPA: (Buenos Aires and environs) /kaɡaˌʃan de ˈoɾo/ [ka.ɣ̞aˌʃãn̪ d̪e ˈo.ɾo]
* IPA: (elsewhere in Argentina and Uruguay) /kaɡaˌʒan de ˈoɾo/ [ka.ɣ̞aˌʒãn̪ d̪e ˈo.ɾo]
* Syllabification: Ca‧ga‧yán de O‧ro

### Proper noun

Cagayán de Oro ?
* Cagayan de Oro (an independent city in Misamis Oriental, Philippines)
# حقيقي
## Arabic
### Etymology

Relative adjective (nisba) composed of حَقِيقَة (ḥaqīqa, “truth, reality”) +‎ ـِيّ (-iyy).

### Adjective

حَقِيقِيّ • (ḥaqīqiyy) (feminine حَقِيقِيَّة (ḥaqīqiyya), masculine plural حَقِيقِيُّونَ (ḥaqīqiyyūna), feminine plural حَقِيقِيَّات (ḥaqīqiyyāt))
* true, real, actual
    الإِصْرَارُ وَالْعَمَلُ الْجَادُ هُمَا الْمِفْتَاحَانِ لِتَحْقِيقِ النَّجَاحِ الْحَقِيقِيِّ.al-ʔiṣrāru wālʕamalu l-jādu humā l-miftāḥāni litaḥqīqi n-najāḥi l-ḥaqīqiyyi.Determination and serious work are the two keys to achieving real success
* (rhetoric) literal (not figurative)
    Antonym: مَجَازِيّ (majāziyy)

#### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: həqiqi
* → Ottoman Turkish: حقیقی (hakiki)
** Turkish: hakiki
** → Crimean Tatar: aqiqiy
** → Zazaki: heqiqi
* → Persian: حقیقی (haqiqi)
** Tajik: ҳақиқӣ (haqiqi)
* → Turkmen: hakyky
* → Uyghur: ھەقىقىي (heqiqiy)
* → Uzbek: haqiqiy

## Hijazi Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic حَقِيقِيّ (ḥaqīqiyy).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ħa.ɡiː.ɡi/

### Adjective

حقيقي • (ḥagīgi) (feminine حقيقية (ḥagīgiyya), common plural حقيقيّين (ḥagīgiyyīn), feminine plural حقيقيّات (ḥagīgiyyāt))
* true, real, actual
# sarsmak
## Turkish
### Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish صارسمق, صارصمق (sarsmak, “to shake with a shock, to joggle”), from Proto-Turkic [Term?]. Cognate to Karakhanid [script needed] (sarsıtmāk, “to ill-use, treat harshly”), [script needed] (sarsıɣlı, “violent”), Old Uyghur [script needed] (sarsıɣ, “harsh”), Azerbaijani sarsımaq (“to be shaken, shocked”), Chagatai [script needed] (sarsamaq, “to be shaken, quiver”), Turkmen sarsmak (“to shudder, quiver”). Clauson thinks there is no obvious semantic connection to modern Turkish, Azeri and Turkmen forms.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /saɾs.mak/

### Verb

sarsmak (third-person singular simple present sarsar)
* (transitive) to shake, convulse, jar, jolt
* (transitive) to shock
* (transitive) to affect, weaken, upset, afflict

#### Conjugation

* Show negative conjugation:
* Show potential conjugation:
* Show impotential conjugation:

#### Synonyms

* silkmek, titretmek
* yıkmak, üzmek

#### Related terms

* sarsıcı
* sarsak
* sarsıntı
* sarsılmak

### References

* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “sarsmak”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
* ↑ Clauson, Gerard (1972) “sarsı:-”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 854

### Further reading

* “sarsmak”, in Turkish dictionaries, Türk Dil Kurumu
# სარტყელი
## Georgian
### Etymology

From Old Georgian სარტყელი (sarṭq̇eli), from Proto-Kartvelian *raṭq̇- : *rṭq̇- (“to gird, engird”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [saɾtʼχʼeli]
* Hyphenation: სარ‧ტყე‧ლი

### Noun

სარტყელი • (sarṭq̇eli) (plural სარტყლები)
* belt, cincture, girdle, sash

#### Declension

Notes: archaic plurals might not exist.

#### Derived terms

* სარტყელი ცისა (sarṭq̇eli cisa), ცისარტყელა (cisarṭq̇ela)

#### See also

* ქამარი (kamari)
* ღვედი (ɣvedi)

## Old Georgian
### Etymology

From Proto-Kartvelian *raṭq̇- : *rṭq̇- (“to gird, engird”).

### Noun

სარტყელი • (sarṭq̇eli)
* belt, girdle

#### Descendants

* Georgian: სარტყელი (sarṭq̇eli)

### Further reading

* Abulaʒe, Ilia (1973) “სარტყელი”, in Ʒveli kartuli enis leksiḳoni (masalebi) [Dictionary of Old Georgian (Materials)]‎ (in Georgian), Tbilisi: Metsniereba, page 368b
# نکاح
## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic نِكَاح (nikāḥ).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ni.ˈkɑːh]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [nɪ.kʰɑ́ːʱ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [nɪ.kʰɑ́ːʱ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [nɪ.kʰɑ́ː]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [ni.kʰɔ́ː]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [ne.kʰɒ́ːʰ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [ni.kʰɔ́ʱ]

### Noun

نکاح • (nekâh)
* marriage, matrimony
    Synonym: ازدواج (ezdevâj)

#### Usage notes

* In Iran, نکاح (nekâh) is a notarized civil marriage marked by the عقد (aqd, “[marriage] contract”), distinct from and preceding the state of full ازدواج (ezdevâj, “marriage”) marked by the عروسی (arusi, “wedding”).

#### Derived terms

* نکاح کردن (nekâh kardan)

### Further reading

* Hayyim, Sulayman (1934) “نکاح”, in New Persian–English dictionary, Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Béroukhim

## Urdu
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian نکاح (nikāh), from Arabic نِكَاح (nikāḥ).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /nɪ.kɑːɦ/
* Rhymes: -ɑːɦ

### Noun

نِکاح • (nikāh) m (Hindi spelling निकाह)
* (Islam) matrimony, nikah

#### Derived terms

* نکاح کرنا (nikāh karnā, “to marry”)
* نکاح پڑہانا (nikāh paṛhānā, “to conduct a marriage”)
* نکاح میں لانا (nikāh mẽ lānā, “to take in marriage”)
* نکاح نامہ (nikāh-nāmā, “marital contract, marriage certificate”)
* شرائطِ نکاح (śarā'it-e-nikāh, “marriage terms, conditions of a marriage”)

### References

* “نکاح”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
* “نکاح”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.
# Graziaplena
## Italian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin grātia (“grace”) + plēna (“full”), part of the first line of the Hail Mary, in this case probably used as a nickname for a foundling.

### Proper noun

Graziaplena m or f by sense
* a surname from Latin [in turn transferred from the nickname]

### Further reading

* Stefano Ravara, Mappa dei Cognomi, 2015–2025
# topping
## English
### Etymology

From Middle English toppyng; equivalent to top +‎ -ing.

### Pronunciation

* (General American) IPA: /ˈtɑpɪŋ/
* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈtɒpɪŋ/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɒpɪŋ
* Hyphenation: top‧ping

### Verb

topping
* present participle and gerund of top

#### Derived terms

* topping cycle

### Adjective

topping (comparative more topping, superlative most topping)
* (UK, informal, dated) Wonderful.
    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:excellent
** 1919, Katherine Mansfield [pseudonym; Kathleen Mansfield Murry], “Pictures”, in Bliss and Other Stories, London: Constable & Company, published 1920, →OCLC, page 162:“My boy came home last night,” sang the waitress. “Oh, I say–how topping for you !” gurgled the cashier.
** 1953, Roald Dahl, Galloping Foxley:'Well,' he said, settling back in the seat directly opposite. 'It's a topping day.'
* (archaic) Assuming superiority; proud.
** 1692–1717, Robert South, Twelve Sermons Preached upon Several Occasions, volume (please specify |volume=I to VI), London:A second Ground, upon which Men are apt to persuade themselves, that they shall escape the Stroke of Divine Justice for their Sins, is their Observation of the great and flourishing Condition of some of the topping Sinners of the World.

### Noun

topping (plural toppings)
* Any food item added on top of another, such as sprinkles on ice cream or pepperoni on pizza.
* The act of cutting off the top of something.
* (nautical) The act of raising one extremity of a spar higher than the other.
* (nautical) Either of the cables that support the ends of a spar or boom.
* (fishing) The tail of an artificial fly.

#### Coordinate terms

* (food item added on top): garnish

#### Derived terms

* boot-topping
* chart-topping
* hill-topping
* topping lift
* topping out

#### Related terms

* top off
* topper-offer

#### Translations
## Spanish
### Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from English topping.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈtopin/ [ˈt̪o.pĩn]
* Rhymes: -opin
* Syllabification: top‧ping

### Noun

topping m (plural toppings)
* topping (of food)

#### Usage notes

According to Royal Spanish Academy (RAE) prescriptions, unadapted foreign words should be written in italics in a text printed in roman type, and vice versa, and in quotation marks in a manuscript text or when italics are not available. In practice, this RAE prescription is not always followed.
# ミチ
## Ainu
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /mi.t͡ʃi/

### Noun

ミチ (Latin spelling mici)
* (Hokkaido, Kuril, South Kuril) father

### References

   * DYBOWSKI のシュムシュ島アイヌ語資料について（第1部） (DYBOWSKI No Shumushu Tō Ainu Go Shiryō Ni Tsuite (Dai 1 Bu), “On DYBOWSKI's Shumshu Island Ainu Language Materials (Part 1)”)‎ (in Japanese), Fukuoka: 村山七郎 (Murayama Shichirō), 1970 (Kuril)
   * p.523 和愛辞典 草稿版 Sísamitak-Aynuitak-Eonnekunnep Ciietokenuyep (Waai Jiten, “Japanese Ainu Language Dictionary”)‎ (in Japanese), Hokkaidō: 太田 満 (Oota Mitsuru, “Oota Mitsuru”), 2022
   * Anna Bugaeva and Tomomi Satō (2021) A Kuril Ainu Glossary by Captain V. M. Golovnin (1811)‎, Tokyo: International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics (Kuril)
# iletmek
## Turkish
### Etymology

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ایلتمك (iletmek, “to let or make go, to take or carry away”), from Old Anatolian Turkish [script needed] (ilet-, “to carry, bring, carry away”), from Proto-Turkic *ẹl-t-, *ẹl-č-.
Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰠𐱅 (elt, “to take, drive, lead”), Old Uyghur [script needed] (élt-), [script needed] (élit-, “to lead, carry, convey”), Karakhanid [script needed] (életmēk, “to carry, bring”), Bashkir илтеү (iltew, “to carry”), Chagatai [script needed] (éltmek, “to carry”), Chuvash леҫме (leśme, “to bring, deliver”), Tatar илтү (iltü, “to take, carry, lead”), Turkmen eltmek (“to deliver, hand, bring”), Yakut илт (ilt, “to take away, carry”).

### Verb

iletmek (third-person singular simple present iletir)
* (transitive) to hand in, convey, deliver
* (transitive) to conduct, transfer, transmit

#### Conjugation

* Show negative conjugation:
* Show potential conjugation:
* Show impotential conjugation:

#### Synonyms

* (to convey deliver): göndermek, yollamak, taşımak
* (to conduct, transmit): geçirmek, taşımak

#### Derived terms

* ileti
* iletken
* iletişim

#### Related terms

* iletebilmek
* iletememek
* iletici
* iletilmek
* iletim
* iletiş
* iletki
* iletme
* iletmemek
* ilettirmek

### References

* ↑ Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*ẹl-t-, -č-”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
# limiting
## English
### Noun

limiting (plural limitings)
* A limitation.
** 1846, George Frederick Simmons, Letter to the So-called "Boston Churches", page 19:After the discoveries of criticism, the new reverence for the Bible will teach one thing, and that namely which has been my theme, — how much deeper the truth that is in Christ lies than the errors and limitings of the understanding […]

### Verb

limiting
* present participle and gerund of limit

#### Derived terms

* career-limiting move
* life-limiting
* limiting adjective
* limiting belief
* limiting factor
* rate limiting