# 唱歌
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chànggē
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄤˋ ㄍㄜ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): coeng$^3$ go$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chhong-kô
    (Hailu, HRS): chong$^ˇ$ go$^ˋ$
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): cieo$^4$ gor$^1$ / ciuⁿ$^4$ gor$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chhiùⁿ-koa / chhiòⁿ-koa / chhiò-koa / chhiàng-ko / chhiàuⁿ-koa
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ciang$^3$ go$^1$ / cio$^3$ gua$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$tshaon-ku; $^5$tshaon $^1$ku
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chànggē
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄤˋ ㄍㄜ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chàngge
*** Wade–Giles: chʻang$^4$-ko$^1$
*** Yale: chàng-gē
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chanqge
*** Palladius: чангэ (čangɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵¹ kɤ⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed) (唱歌兒 / 唱歌儿)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chànggēr
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄤˋ ㄍㄜㄦ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chàngger
*** Wade–Giles: chʻang$^4$-ko$^1$-ʼrh
*** Yale: chàng-gēr
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chanqge'l
*** Palladius: чангэр (čangɛr)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵¹ kɤɻ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: coeng$^3$ go$^1$
*** Yale: cheung gō
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsoeng$^3$ go$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cêng$^3$ go$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰœːŋ³³ kɔː⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhong-kô
*** Hakka Romanization System: cong go$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: cong$^4$ go$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰoŋ⁵⁵ ko²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: chong$^ˇ$ go$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡ʃʰoŋ¹¹ ko⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: cieo$^4$ gor$^1$ [Phonetic: cieo$^1$ gor$^1$]
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: cha̤̍uⁿ-go̤
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰieu⁴²⁻⁵⁵ kɒ⁵³³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ciuⁿ$^4$ gor$^1$ [Phonetic: ciuⁿ$^1$ gor$^1$]
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰĩũ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ kɒ⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiùⁿ-koa
*** Tâi-lô: tshiùnn-kua
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chviuo'koaf
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰiũ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kua³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰiũ²¹⁻⁵³ kua⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰiũ²¹⁻⁴¹ kua⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Singapore): /t͡sʰiũ²¹⁻⁴² kua⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰiũ¹¹⁻⁵³ kua⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiòⁿ-koa
*** Tâi-lô: tshiònn-kua
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chvioirkoaf
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰiɔ̃²¹⁻⁵³ kua⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiò-koa
*** Tâi-lô: tshiò-kua
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chioirkoaf
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰiɤ²¹⁻⁴¹ kua⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰio²¹⁻⁵³ kua⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiàng-ko
*** Tâi-lô: tshiàng-ko
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chiarngkoy
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰiaŋ²¹⁻⁵³ ko⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Penang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiàuⁿ-koa
*** Tâi-lô: tshiàunn-kua
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chviao'koaf
*** IPA (Penang): /t͡sʰiãu²¹⁻³³ kua³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ciang$^3$ go$^1$ / cio$^3$ gua$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshiàng ko / tshiò kua
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰiaŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ko³³/, /t͡sʰio²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kua³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$tshaon-ku; $^5$tshaon $^1$ku
*** MiniDict: tshaon$^去$ ku; tshaon$^去$ ku$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$tshaan-ku; $^2$tshaan $^1$ku
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡sʰɑ̃³³ ku⁴⁴/, /t͡sʰɑ̃⁴⁴ ku⁵³/

### Verb

唱歌
* to sing (songs)
* (Canada) to partake in a citizenship ceremony
* (Wu, humorous) to urinate

#### Synonyms

* (to sing): 唱曲 (chàngqǔ), 歌唱 (gēchàng)
* (to urinate):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 溺, 旋, 小遺 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 小便, 小解, 泌尿, 排尿, 尿 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 撒尿, 尿尿, 解小手兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 撒尿, 小便, 尿尿, 上一號, 上小號 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 小便, 尿尿, 解小手兒, 放水 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 尿, 小便 childish |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 小便 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 解小手兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 尿尿, 解小手, 小便 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 尿尿 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 小便, 尿尿, 解小手兒, 放水 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 尿尿 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 尿尿 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 解小手, 解手, 尿尿, 消水, 小便 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 尿尿, 解小手, 小解, 小便 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 尿尿, 解手 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 尿尿, 消水 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 尿尿, 小便, 解小手 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 屙尿, 解小手 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 屙尿, 解小手, 打岔, 打小岔 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 屙尿, 解小手, 解小便, 解手, 放水 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 解小手, 撒尿 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 屙尿, 解小手, 解小便, 射尿 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 撒尿 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 尿尿, 出小恭, 解手, 方便, 小便 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 拆尿, 尿尿 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 撒尿, 尿尿 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 屙尿, 小便, 放輕 slang, 放水 slang, 放低二兩 slang |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 屙尿, 小便, 𭉝𭉝 childish, 屙𭉝𭉝 childish, 屙wee wee childish, 放水 slang, 放低二兩 slang, 揸水 slang, 交水費 slang, 擺柳 slang |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 屙尿 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 屙尿, 小便 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 屙尿 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 屙尿 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 屙尿 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 屙尿 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 屙尿 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 屙尿 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 屙尿 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 屙尿 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 屙尿 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 屙尿 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 屙尿 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 屙尿 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 屙尿 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 屙尿 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 屙尿 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 屙尿 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 屙尿, 放二兩 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 屙尿 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 屙尿 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 屙尿 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 屙尿 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 屙尿 |
| Cantonese | Zhanjiang | 擺柳 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 屙尿 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 屙尿, 𭉝𭉝 childish |
| Gan | Nanchang | 屙尿, 解小手 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 屙尿 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 屙尿, 解小手 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 屙尿 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 屙尿, 屙注 childish |
| Hakka | Changting | 屙尿 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 屙尿 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 屙尿 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 屙尿 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 屙尿 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 屙尿 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 屙尿 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 屙尿 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 屙尿 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 屙尿 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 屙尿 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 尿尿 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 𱚺尿 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 拉尿, 小解 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 放尿, 濺尿 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 放尿, 濺尿 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 放尿 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 放尿, 濺尿 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 放尿 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Tamsui) | 放尿 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Pingxi) | 放尿 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Cijin) | 放尿 |
| Southern Min | Yilan (Toucheng) | 放尿 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Xiyu) | 放尿 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 放尿 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 放尿, 濺尿 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 放尿, 小便 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 放尿 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 放尿 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 放尿 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 放尿 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 放尿 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 放尿 |
| Southern Min | Pontianak (Teochew) | 放尿 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 放尿 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 放尿 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 放尿 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 放尿 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 拉尿 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang) | 拉尿 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang) | 拉尿 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu) | 拉尿 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 拉尿 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Fengting) | 拉尿 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Youyang) | 拉尿 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 拉尿 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 屙尿 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 拆尿, 惹尿, 小便, 小解, 解小溲, 交水費, 唱歌 humorous, 噓噓 childish, 拆尿尿 childish, 惹尿尿 childish, 小溲 dated |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 射尿 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 拆尿, 惹尿 |
| Wu | Wuxi | 惹尿 |
| Wu | Danyang | 渣尿 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 惹尿 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 惹尿 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 拉尿 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 射尿, 泡尿, 放尿 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 屙尿, 解小手 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 屙尿, 射尿, 解小手, 屙稀稀 childish |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 屙尿 |

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 唱 | 歌 |
| しょう Grade: 4 | か Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しょーか [shóꜜòkà] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɕo̞ːka̠]

### Noun

唱(しょう)歌(か) • (shōka)
* singing, songs
* (historical) the school subject of music; or, a song produced for it
    「鉄道(てつどう)唱歌(しょうか)」
       “Tetsudō Shōka”
       "Railway Song"

### Verb

唱(しょう)歌(か)する • (shōka suru) suru (stem 唱(しょう)歌(か)し (shōka shi), past 唱(しょう)歌(か)した (shōka shita))
* to sing

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 唱歌し | しょうかし | shōka shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 唱歌し | しょうかし | shōka shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 唱歌する | しょうかする | shōka suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 唱歌する | しょうかする | shōka suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 唱歌すれ | しょうかすれ | shōka sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 唱歌せよ¹ 唱歌しろ² | しょうかせよ¹ しょうかしろ² | shōka seyo¹ shōka shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 唱歌される | しょうかされる | shōka sareru |
| Causative | 唱歌させる 唱歌さす | しょうかさせる しょうかさす | shōka saseru shōka sasu |
| Potential | 唱歌できる | しょうかできる | shōka dekiru |
| Volitional | 唱歌しよう | しょうかしよう | shōka shiyō |
| Negative | 唱歌しない | しょうかしない | shōka shinai |
| Negative continuative | 唱歌せず | しょうかせず | shōka sezu |
| Formal | 唱歌します | しょうかします | shōka shimasu |
| Perfective | 唱歌した | しょうかした | shōka shita |
| Conjunctive | 唱歌して | しょうかして | shōka shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 唱歌すれば | しょうかすれば | shōka sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.