# 牆

| 牆 | U+7246, &#29254; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7246 |
| ← 牅 [U+7245] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 片 → [U+7247] |

## Translingual
### Han character

牆 (Kangxi radical 90, 爿+13, 17 strokes, cangjie input 女一土人田 (VMGOW), four-corner 2426$_1$, composition ⿰爿嗇)

#### Derived characters

* 蘠

#### Related characters

* 墻 (Variant form)
* 墙 (Simplified Chinese)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 692, character 29
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 19806
* Dae Jaweon: page 1105, character 20
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2378, character 22
* Unihan data for U+7246

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 牆 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 臧 | *ʔsaːŋ |
| 牂 | *ʔsaːŋ |
| 戕 | *kaːl, *ʔsaːŋ, *zaŋ |
| 贓 | *ʔsaːŋ |
| 藏 | *zaːŋ, *zaːŋs |
| 奘 | *zaːŋʔ, *zaːŋs |
| 臟 | *zaːŋs |
| 將 | *ʔsaŋ, *ʔsaŋs |
| 漿 | *ʔsaŋ |
| 鱂 | *ʔsaŋ |
| 蔣 | *ʔsaŋ, *ʔsaŋʔ |
| 螿 | *ʔsaŋ |
| 槳 | *ʔsaŋʔ |
| 獎 | *ʔsaŋʔ |
| 醬 | *ʔsaŋs |
| 鏘 | *sʰaŋ |
| 蹡 | *sʰaŋ, *ʔshaŋs |
| 嶈 | *sʰaŋ |
| 斨 | *sʰaŋ |
| 爿 | *braːn, *zaŋ |
| 牆 | *zaŋ |
| 妝 | *ʔsraŋ |
| 莊 | *ʔsraŋ |
| 裝 | *ʔsraŋ, *ʔsraŋs |
| 壯 | *ʔsraŋs |
| 疒 | *rnɯːɡ, *zraŋ |
| 床 | *zraŋ |
| 牀 | *zraŋ |
| 狀 | *zraŋs |
| | Old Chinese |
| 薔 | *zaŋ, *srɯɡ |
| 廧 | *zaŋ |
| 蘠 | *zaŋ |
| 嬙 | *zaŋ, *srɯɡ |
| 檣 | *zaŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *zaŋ): phonetic 爿 (OC *braːn, *zaŋ) + semantic 嗇 (“wheat in a granary”).

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): qiáng (qiang$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄤˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): qiang$^2$
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): чён (či͡on, I)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): coeng$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): tiang$^3$
* Gan (Wiktionary): qiong$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chhiòng / siòng
    (Hailu, HRS): ciong
    (Meixian, Guangdong): xiong$^2$
* Jin (Wiktionary): qion$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): ciông
* Eastern Min (BUC): chiòng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): cieo$^2$ / cyong$^2$ / ciuⁿ$^2$ / cyeng$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chhiûⁿ / chhiôⁿ / chhiâuⁿ / chhiông / chhiâng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ciên$^5$ / cion$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$zhian
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): zian$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qiáng
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄤˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ciáng
*** Wade–Giles: chʻiang$^2$
*** Yale: chyáng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyang
*** Palladius: цян (cjan)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: qiang$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: kiang
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰiaŋ²¹/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: чён (či͡on, I)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰiɑŋ²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: coeng$^4$
*** Yale: chèuhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsoeng$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cêng$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰœːŋ²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: tiang$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰiaŋ²²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: qiong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰiɔŋ²⁴/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhiòng
*** Hakka Romanization System: qiong$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: qiong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰi̯oŋ¹¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: siòng
*** Hakka Romanization System: xiong$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: xiong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /si̯oŋ¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: ciong
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰioŋ⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: xiong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /siɔŋ¹¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: qion$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕʰiɒ̃¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ciông
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siɔŋ³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: chiòng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰuoŋ⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: cieo$^2$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: chá̤uⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰieu¹³/
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: cyong$^2$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: chió̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰyɒŋ¹³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ciuⁿ$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰĩũ¹³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: cyeng$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰyøŋ¹³/
* cieo2/ciuⁿ2 - vernacular;
* cyong2/cyeng2 - literary.
* Middle Chinese: dzjang
Rime :
| Character | 牆 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 從 (15) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (105) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 在良切 |
| Baxter | dzjang |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡zɨɐŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡ziɐŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡ziɑŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡zɨaŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /d͡ziaŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /d͡zĭaŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /d͡zʱi̯aŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qiáng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | coeng$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*zaŋ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 牆 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 10302 |
| Phonetic component | 爿 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 牆 |
| Old Chinese | /*zaŋ/ |

### Definitions

牆
* wall (Classifier: 面 m; 堵 m mn; 埲 c; 幅 c)
    城牆／城墙 ― chéngqiáng ― city wall
    石牆／石墙 ― shíqiáng ― stone wall
    高牆／高墙 ― gāoqiáng ― high wall
    翻牆／翻墙 ― fānqiáng ― to scale a wall
    柏林牆／柏林墙 ― Bǎilínqiáng ― Berlin Wall
    牆上有張地圖。／墙上有张地图。 ― Qiáng shàng yǒu zhāng dìtú. ― There is a map on the wall.
* (Mainland China, Internet slang) Great Firewall
    翻牆／翻墙 ― fānqiáng ― to circumvent the Great Firewall
       Liǎnghuì qījiān qiáng gāo le, wǒ de jiédiǎn shīxiào le. [Pinyin]
       The Great Firewall becomes higher during the Two Sessions. My proxy is not working.
* (Mainland China, Internet slang, usually passive) (the Great Firewall) to censor; to block (a website)
    AO3被牆了。／AO3被墙了。 ― AO3 bèi qiáng le. ― AO3 is blocked by the Great Firewall.
** 2021 February 18, “Clubhouse 無言論審查 遭北京封殺”, in 看中國 [Vision Times]‎, Western Canada edition, number 720, page A3:
       Duì cǐ, wǎngyǒu fēnfēn zài Wēibó biǎoshì, “gāng huǒ liǎng tiān jiù bèi qiáng le”, “tūrán jiù SSL error le”, “dēng bù jìnqù le, qìngxìng jíshí tǐyànle yī bǎ, gǎnshòu dàole nà fèn jiǔwéi de zhìxùgǎn, hùliánwǎng lǐyí”. [Pinyin]
       (please add an English translation of this quotation)

#### Synonyms

* (wall):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 牆, 壁, 垣墉 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 牆, 牆壁, 牆垣 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 牆 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 牆 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 牆壁 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 牆 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 牆 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 牆 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 牆, 壁頭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 牆 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 牆 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 牆 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 牆 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 牆 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 牆 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 籬壆, 牆 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 牆 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 牆 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 牆 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 籬 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 牆 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 牆 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Shatian) | 牆 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 牆 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Nankang) | 牆 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Yingpan) | 牆 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 牆壁 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 牆 |
| Cantonese | Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 牆 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 牆 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 牆 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 牆 |
| Cantonese | Móng Cái | 牆 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 牆, 壁 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 牆 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 牆, 壁 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 牆 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 壁 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 壁 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 壁 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 壁 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 壁 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 壁 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 牆, 壁頭 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 牆 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 牆壁 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 牆 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 牆 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 牆, 牆壁, 壁 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 牆, 壁, 壁堵 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 壁堵 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 壁 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 牆, 壁, 壁堵 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 牆, 壁 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 牆, 壁 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 壁 |
| Southern Min | Medan (Hokkien) | 壁 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 牆 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 牆 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 牆 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 壁, 牆 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 牆, 壁 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang) | 牆, 壁 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang) | 牆 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu) | 牆, 壁, 牆壁 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 牆 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Fengting) | 牆 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Youyang) | 牆 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 牆 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 牆頭, 牆壁 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 牆 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 牆頭, 牆壁 |
| Wu | Danyang | 牆頭 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 牆頭 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 牆壁 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 屏牆, 牆 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 牆壁, 牆, 壁 |
| Xiang | Xiangxiang | 牆 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 壁頭 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 牆頭, 壁頭 |

### Compounds

* 亂作蕭牆 / 乱作萧墙
* 佛跳牆 / 佛跳墙 (fótiàoqiáng)
* 兄弟鬩牆 / 兄弟阋墙 (xiōngdìxìqiáng)
* 哭牆 / 哭墙 (Kūqiáng)
* 圍牆 / 围墙 (wéiqiáng)
* 圜牆 / 圜墙
* 土牆 / 土墙 (tǔqiáng)
* 垣牆 / 垣墙
* 城牆 / 城墙 (chéngqiáng)
* 堵牆 / 堵墙
* 女兒牆 / 女儿墙 (nǚ'érqiáng)
* 女牆 / 女墙 (nǚqiáng)
* 宮牆 / 宫墙
* 宮牆外望 / 宫墙外望
* 山牆 / 山墙 (shānqiáng)
* 巖牆之下 / 岩墙之下
* 巴南牆望 / 巴南墙望
* 引水入牆 / 引水入墙
* 彫牆 / 雕墙
* 忝列門牆 / 忝列门墙
* 打牆腳 / 打墙脚
* 扶牆摸壁 / 扶墙摸壁
* 承重牆 / 承重墙 (chéngzhòngqiáng)
* 拆牆腳 / 拆墙脚 (chāi qiángjiǎo)
* 挖牆根 / 挖墙根
* 挖牆腳 / 挖墙脚 (wā qiángjiǎo)
* 挖牆角 / 挖墙角
* 排牆倒 / 排墙倒
* 撞牆 / 撞墙 (zhuàngqiáng)
* 撞牆期 / 撞墙期
* 擋土牆 / 挡土墙 (dǎngtǔqiáng)
* 擋油牆 / 挡油墙
* 攔門牆兒 / 拦门墙儿
* 朽木糞牆 / 朽木粪墙 (xiǔmùfènqiáng)
* 東牆 / 东墙
* 板牆球 / 板墙球
* 柏林圍牆 / 柏林围墙 (Bólín Wéiqiáng)
* 桃李門牆 / 桃李门墙
* 民主牆 / 民主墙
* 沙牆 / 沙墙
* 泥牆 / 泥墙
* 照牆 / 照墙
* 爬牆虎 / 爬墙虎
* 牆上泥皮 / 墙上泥皮
* 牆上草 / 墙上草
* 牆垣 / 墙垣 (qiángyuán)
* 牆垛子 / 墙垛子
* 牆壁 / 墙壁 (qiángbì)
* 牆外漢 / 墙外汉
* 牆宇 / 墙宇
* 牆有茨 / 墙有茨
* 牆根 / 墙根 (qiánggēn)
* 牆腳 / 墙脚 (qiángjiǎo)
* 牆花路柳 / 墙花路柳
* 牆花路草 / 墙花路草
* 牆衣 / 墙衣
* 牆裙 / 墙裙
* 牆角 / 墙角 (qiángjiǎo)
* 牆鈴 / 墙铃
* 牆面 / 墙面
* 牆面而立 / 墙面而立
* 牆頭 / 墙头 (qiángtóu)
* 牆頭草 / 墙头草 (qiángtóucǎo)
* 牆頭馬上 / 墙头马上
* 牆風壁耳 / 墙风壁耳
* 狗急跳牆 / 狗急跳墙 (gǒujítiàoqiáng)
* 矮牆 / 矮墙
* 矮牆淺屋 / 矮墙浅屋
* 石牆 / 石墙 (shíqiáng)
* 磚牆 / 砖墙 (zhuānqiáng)
* 禍發蕭牆 / 祸发萧墙
* 禍稔蕭牆 / 祸稔萧墙
* 禍起蕭牆 / 祸起萧墙 (huòqǐxiāoqiáng)
* 稟牆 / 禀墙
* 粉牆 / 粉墙
* 紅杏出牆 / 红杏出墙 (hóngxìngchūqiáng)
* 累牆 / 累墙
* 羹牆 / 羹墙
* 羹牆見堯 / 羹墙见尧
* 聽牆根 / 听墙根
* 蕭牆 / 萧墙 (xiāoqiáng)
* 蕭牆之禍 / 萧墙之祸
* 蕭牆禍起 / 萧墙祸起
* 見堯於牆 / 见尧于墙
* 觸事面牆 / 触事面墙
* 變起蕭牆 / 变起萧墙 (biànqǐxiāoqiáng)
* 路柳牆花 / 路柳墙花
* 跳牆和尚 / 跳墙和尚
* 跳牆頭 / 跳墙头
* 跳牆驀圈 / 跳墙蓦圈
* 踰牆 / 逾墙
* 踰牆避命 / 逾墙避命
* 踰牆鑽穴 / 逾墙钻穴
* 踰牆鑽隙 / 逾墙钻隙
* 逐出門牆 / 逐出门墙
* 鄰女窺牆 / 邻女窥墙
* 釁發蕭牆 / 衅发萧墙
* 釁起蕭牆 / 衅起萧墙
* 銅牆鐵壁 / 铜墙铁壁 (tóngqiángtiěbì)
* 鐵壁銅牆 / 铁壁铜墙
* 鑽穴踰牆 / 钻穴逾墙
* 鑽隙踰牆 / 钻隙逾墙
* 門牆 / 门墙
* 門牆桃李 / 门墙桃李
* 防火牆 / 防火墙 (fánghuǒqiáng)
* 防音牆 / 防音墙
* 隙大牆壞 / 隙大墙坏
* 隔牆有耳 / 隔墙有耳 (géqiángyǒu'ěr)
* 隔音牆 / 隔音墙
* 電視牆 / 电视墙
* 面牆 / 面墙
* 面牆而立 / 面墙而立
* 頹牆壞壁 / 颓墙坏壁 (tuí qiáng huài bì)
* 風火牆 / 风火墙
* 飛牆走壁 / 飞墙走壁
* 騎牆 / 骑墙 (qíqiáng)
* 騎牆之見 / 骑墙之见
* 鬩牆 / 阋墙
* 鬩牆之禍 / 阋墙之祸
* 鬼打牆 / 鬼打墙

### Descendants

* → Lü: ᦌᧂᧉ (sang²)
* → Zhuang: ciengz

### References

* “牆”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: ぞう (zō)
* Kan-on: しょう (shō)
* Kun: かき (kaki, 牆)

#### Compounds

* 垣牆(えんしょう) (enshō)
* 牆壁(しょうへき) (shōheki)

## Korean
### Hanja

牆 • (jang) (hangeul 장, revised jang, McCune–Reischauer chang, Yale cang)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

牆: Hán Nôm readings: tường
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Nôm: tường

#### References

* Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
* Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
* Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999