# en
## Translingual
### Etymology

Clipping of English English.

### Symbol

en
* (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for English.

## English
### Etymology 1

Abbreviation.

#### Pronunciation

* (UK) IPA: /ˈɛn/, /ˈiː.ɛn/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Audio (Southern England):(file)

#### Noun

en
* Abbreviation of English.

### Etymology 2

The name of the letter comes from Latin en. The typographic sense dates to 1793.

#### Pronunciation

* (UK, US) enPR: ĕn, IPA: /ˈɛn/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛn
** (pin–pen merger) IPA: /ɪn/
** Homophones: in, inn

#### Noun

en (plural ens)
* The name of the Latin-script letter N/n.
    The ems and ens at the beginnings and ends.
** 1773 October, The Monthly Review Or Literary Journal Enlarged:The word length, which contains only four sounds l e ng th, is usually spell'd thus, el ee en gee tee aitch.
** 2004, Will Rogers, The Stonking Steps, page 170:I have drunk en-ee-cee-tee-ay-ar from the ef-ell-oh-doubleyou-ee-ar-ess in his gee-ay-ar-dee-ee-en many a time.
* (typography) A unit of measurement equal to half an em (half the height of the type in use).

##### Derived terms

* enby
* en dash
* ennage
* en quad
* en space

##### See also

* (Latin-script letter names) letter; a, bee, cee, dee, e, ef, gee, aitch, i, jay, kay, el, em, en, o, pee, cue, ar, ess, tee, u, vee, double-u, ex, wye, zee / zed

### Etymology 3

From French.

#### Pronunciation

* (imitating the French pronunciation) IPA: [ɑ̃], [õ]
* (anglicised) IPA: /ɒn/, /ɑn/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)

#### Preposition

en
* Used in various phrases borrowed from French or formed as if borrowed from French (see "Derived terms" below).

##### Derived terms

* en ami
* en banc
* en bloc
* en brochette
* en clair
* en effet
* en famille
* en femme
* en garçon
* en garde
* en masse
* en pantoufles
* en passant
* en règle
* en retard
* en retraite
* en revanche
* en route
* en secondes noces
* en suite

### Etymology 4

From Old English hine.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ən/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)

#### Pronoun

en
* (dialectal, Newfoundland) Him.
** 1895, Thomas Hardy, A Pair of Blue Eyes‎, page 236:Such a strappen fine gentleman as he was, too. Yes, I rather like en sometimes.
* (dialectal, Newfoundland) It (when the thing being referred to is masculine).

### Etymology 5
#### Noun

en (plural ens)
* The name of the Cyrillic script letter Н / н.

### Anagrams

* nê, né, Ne., ne, -ne-, NE, ne., -ne

## Afar
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈen/ [ˈʔɛn]

### Verb

én
* (intransitive) be, exist

#### Conjugation
### References

* E. M. Parker, R. J. Hayward (1985) An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN, page 283
* Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎, Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)

## Afrikaans
### Etymology

From Dutch en.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛn/
* Audio:(file)
   * (unstressed) IPA: /ən/

### Conjunction

en
* and
    Ek sit en drink koeldrank ― I sit and drink a cold drink.
* well
    En? ― well?

## Ainu
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [e̞n]

### Pronoun

en= (Kana spelling エン)
* me (first-person singular object pronoun)

### See also

1. Saru dialect

## Alemannic German
### Etymology

From Middle High German ein, from Old High German ein, from Proto-Germanic *ainaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁óynos. Cognate with German ein, German Low German en, ein, Dutch een, English one, Icelandic einn, Swedish en.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ən/

### Article

en
* (indefinite) a, an
** 1835, Jakob Stutz, Gemälde aus dem Volksleben nach der Natur aufgenommen und treu dargestellt in gereimten Gesprächen Zürcherischer Mundart, first part, 2nd ed., pp. 27, 49, 97, 109:
*** Ih wött dih jetz nu duße möge-n- Auh noh en einzigs Wörtli fröge.
*** [...] as en einzigs Mol, [...]
*** Denn ist er si Lebtig e stills Büebli gsi.
*** Aber es wot e chüels Windli goh.
** 1864, J. C. Ott, Rosen und Dornen. Gedichte und Gerichte, gewachsen auf Bernerboden, 1st small volume, 2nd ed., pp. 53, 57:
*** „„Nu, wenn i öppis by d'r gilte,““ Seit Franz, – „„so mach en End myr Qual! [...]““
*** „[...] O, schenk-mer, Herr, es gnädig's End, Nimm uf my Geist i dyni Händ!“
** 1864, J. C. Ott, Rosen und Dornen. Gedichte und Gerichte, gewachsen auf Bernerboden, 1st small volume, 2nd ed., pp. 43, 76, 106, 186:
*** E Mezgerbursch i syne schönste Jahre Mit rothe Backe, schwarze, chruse Haare, Chunt spät am Aabe ganz allei Vom Erlebacher-Märit hei.
*** Im Berner Alpeg'länd sitzt vor sym chlyne Hüsi [...] En alte Veteran vom Cheiserrych Na Dörflerg'wohnheit i d'r Gartenlaube.
*** [...] Da villicht en alte Jud, [...]
*** En Ehrebrecher isch sy Kamerad, [...]
** Joh. Schönauer, Beschreibung miner Heimat, in: 1876, Volksthümliches aus dem Kanton Bern. Localsagen und Satzungen des Aberglaubens. Gesammelt von Heinrich Grunholzer durch seine Seminarzöglinge. Zusammengestellt und herausgegeben von J. E. Rothenbach. Separat-Abdruck aus der „Neuen Alpenpost“, p. 5:
    Vor zwei Jahra ist z' Höchstetta, das 20 Minuta vo Zäziwyl ist, emene Länder-Güterfuhrma der Waga verbrönnt worda.

#### Declension

Zürich:
| | Singular | Singular | Singular |
| | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | en | e | e (before a consonant) en (before a vowel) |
| Dative | eme | ene | eme |
| Accusative | en | e | e (before a consonant) en (before a vowel) |
Bern:
| | Singular | Singular | Singular |
| | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | e (before a consonant) en (before a vowel) | e (before a consonant) en (before a vowel) | es (before a consonant) |
| Dative | emene | | |
| Accusative | e (before a consonant) | e (before a consonant) en (before a vowel) | es (before a consonant) en (before a vowel) |

## Asturian
### Alternative forms

* in (Paḷḷuezu)

### Etymology

From Latin in, from Proto-Italic *en, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /en/ [ẽŋ]

### Preposition

en
* in
* (+ gerund) after
    En comiendo, voi marcharAfter eating, I'll leave

#### Usage notes

* The preposition en contracts to n' before a word beginning with a vowel or h-: n'Asturies (in Asturias), n'honor (in honor)

#### Derived terms

* an
* n'
* na
* nas
* nel
* nes
* no
* nos

## Aukan
### Etymology

From English and.

### Noun

en
* and

## Australian Kriol
### Etymology

From English and.

### Conjunction

en
* and

## Azerbaijani
### Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *ēn.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [en]
* Audio (Baku):(file)

### Noun

en (definite accusative eni, plural enlər)
* width
    Synonym: genişlik

#### Derived terms

* en dairəsi (“latitude”)

### References

* ↑ Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*ēn”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎, Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
* “en” in Obastan.com.

## Breton
### Contraction

en
* e (preposition "in") + un (indefinite article "a(n)")
* e (preposition "in") + an (definite article "the")

## Catalan
### Etymology 1

From the final syllable of Latin domine (“Mister”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [ən]
* IPA: (Valencia) [en]

#### Article

en m sg (elided n', feminine na)
* (Eastern) Personal article used before masculine given names instead of the definite article el.
    En Pau i na Maria arribaran demà.Pau and Maria will be arriving tomorrow.

##### Usage notes

* While this article (and its feminine counterpart na) is standard in Balearic Catalan, in other Eastern Catalan dialects its use is waning, and the elided of the definite article, l', is used before names beginning with vowels. There is no plural personal article, so the plural definite article els is used in all dialects.

##### Derived terms

* can (contraction of ca and ne)

### Etymology 2

From Latin in (“in, inside”), from Proto-Italic *en, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [ən]
* IPA: (Valencia) [en]

#### Preposition

en
* in

### Etymology 3

Inherited from Latin inde (“thence”). Compare French en, Italian ne.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [ən]
* IPA: (Valencia) [en]

#### Pronoun

en (proclitic, contracted n', enclitic ne, contracted enclitic 'n)
* Represents an indeterminate number or quantity of a given noun.
* Represents a place (associated with the action described by the verb) that would be introduced by the preposition de.
* Replaces a phrase introduced by the preposition de.
* Replaces the object of a causative verb.

##### Usage notes

* en cannot be used more than once as the object of a given verb.
* While en is usually used to replace phrases beginning with the preposition de, adverbial phrases (e.g., de pressa) are replaced with hi.
* en is sometimes used instead of ho to replace an adjective or indefinite noun as the predicate of a verb.
* en is sometimes used popularly to add emphasis to a sentence: in this sense, it has no translation in English.
* en is the reinforced (reforçada) form of the pronoun. It is used before verbs beginning with a consonant.

##### Declension

$^1$ Behaves grammatically as plural.   $^2$ Behaves grammatically as third person. $^3$ Only as object of a preposition.   $^4$ Not before unstressed (h)i-, (h)u-.

##### See also

* hi
* ho

#### Further reading

* “en” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “en” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

### Etymology 4
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈen]

#### Noun

en f (plural ens)
* (traditional) Alternative form of ena (“the letter N”)

## Central Franconian
### Etymology 1

From Old High German in.

#### Alternative forms

* on, ön (Eifel)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /en/

#### Preposition

en
* (most dialects) in; into

#### Adverb

en
* (most dialects) in

### Etymology 2

From Old High German indi.

#### Alternative forms

* on, un (predominant)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /en/

#### Conjunction

en
* (some western dialects) and

### Etymology 3

From Old High German ein.

#### Alternative forms

* e (neuter and in some dialects masculine, before non-dental consonants)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ən/

#### Article

en (indefinite)
* (most dialects) feminine nominative and accusative
* (most dialects) neuter nominative and accusative, used before vowels and alternatively before h and dental consonants
* (some dialects) masculine nominative, used before vowels and alternatively before h and dental consonants
* (some dialects) masculine accusative, used before vowels and alternatively before h and dental consonants

### Etymology 4
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ən/

#### Pronoun

en (personal, reduced)
* (most dialects) him; masculine accusative
* (some dialects) he; masculine nominative
* (most dialects) them; plural dative

## Chamorro
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /en/

### Pronoun

en
* ye, you (plural)

#### Usage notes

* en is used as a subject of a transitive verb in realis mood, and as a subject with all verbs in irrealis mood. It is in complementary distribution with hamyo, which is generally used as an object of a transitive verb, and also as a subject of an intransitive verb in realis mood.

#### References

* Donald M. Topping (1973) Chamorro Reference Grammar‎, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

## Chuukese
### Pronoun

en
* Second-person singular pronoun; you

#### See also
### Determiner

en (plural ekkan)
* this (not in possession of the speaker)

## Cimbrian
### Pronoun

en
* Alternative form of in (“him”)

#### Further reading

* “en” in Martalar, Umberto Martello, Bellotto, Alfonso (1974) Dizionario della lingua Cimbra dei Sette Communi vicentini, 1st edition, Roana, Italy: Instituto di Cultura Cimbra A. Dal Pozzo

## Crimean Tatar
### Noun

en
* width

## Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈɛn]

### Noun

en n (indeclinable)
* The name of the Latin-script letter N/n.

### Further reading

* “en”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “en”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989

## Dalmatian
### Alternative forms

* in

### Etymology

From Latin in.

### Preposition

en
* in

#### Related terms

* nel, nei, nela

## Danish
### Etymology

From Old Norse einn, from Proto-Germanic *ainaz (“one, some”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁óynos (“one”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /en/, [en], (stressed) [ˈeːˀn]

### Article

en (neuter et)
* a, an

### Numeral

en (neuter et)
* one

### Pronoun

en or én (neuter et or ét, definite ene)
* one

#### Usage notes

* Used as the oblique form of the generic pronoun man:
    Hvis ens lærer behandler en uretfærdigt, kan man klage til skolens lederIf one's teacher treats one unfairly, one can complain to the head of the school

### References

* ↑ Erik Hansen & Lars Hedtoft, Grammatik over det Danske Sprog (Odense 2011), vol. 2, 557.

## Dutch
### Pronunciation

* (stressed) IPA: /ɛn/
* (unstressed) IPA: /ən/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: en
* Rhymes: -ɛn

### Etymology 1

From Middle Dutch ende, from Old Dutch ande, inde, from Proto-Germanic *andi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂entí.

#### Conjunction

en
* and
    De oude man en de zee. ― The Old Man and the Sea.
* well, so
    En, hoe gaat het ermee? ― Well, how're you doing?
    En? ― Well?
    En, wat zou dat? ― So what?
* (mathematics) plus, and
    Synonym: plus
    Drie en vier is zeven. ― Three plus four is seven.

##### Alternative forms

* ende (archaic)

##### Derived terms

* door en door
* en dan
* en of
* en toch
* nou en

##### Descendants

* Afrikaans: en
* Berbice Creole Dutch: an
* Jersey Dutch: en
* Negerhollands: en, an
* Petjo: en
* Sranan Tongo: èn

##### See also

* dus
* maar
* of

### Etymology 2

From Middle Dutch ne, en, from Old Dutch ne, from Proto-Germanic *ne, from Proto-Indo-European *ne.

#### Adverb

en
* (colloquial or dialectal in Belgium, obsolete elsewhere) not (often with another negator, see usage notes)
** 1544, "Van proper Janneken" (song 123), in Dieuwke E. van der Poel, Dirk Geirnaert, Hermina Joldersma, J.B. Oosterman & Louis Peter Grijp (eds.) Het Antwerps liedboek, vol. 1, Lannoo (publ. 2004), page 283.
    Schoon soete lief, waert u bequame / Dat ghi mi gaeft een troostelijc woort, / Ic en soude certeyn geen ander boelken kiesen, / Al sout mi oock aen mijn leven gaen.Beautiful sweet darling, if it were pleasing to you / that you gave me a word of consolation, / I would certainly choose no other girlfriend, / even if it were to put my life at risk.
** 1632, Jacob Cats, Spiegel van den ouden ende nieuwen tijt, bestaende uyt spreeckwoorden ende sinspreucken, "Een rotten appel in de mande, maeckt oock het gave fruyt te schande.", in J. van Vloten (ed.), Alle de werken, vol. 1, 1862, page 649.
    Daer magh geen rotte peer in onse manden wesen, / En wat'er niet en deught, dat dient'er uyt gelesen;There should not be any rotten pear in our baskets, / and what is not of decent quality, that ought be taken out of it;
** "Herr Halewyn", A.H. Hoffmann von Fallersleben, Horae Belgicae, page 41.
    ‘Uw zoon heer Halewyn is gaen jagen, / g’ en ziet hem weêr uw levens dagen.’'Your son Lord Halewyn has gone hunting / you won't see him again for the rest of your life.'
** c. 1860, Guido Gezelle, Gij zegt dat 't vlaamsch te niet zal gaan:Gij zegt dat 't vlaamsch te niet zal gaan: / 't en zal! / dat 't waalsch gezwets zal boven slaan: / 't en zal!You say that Flemish will go extinct: / no, it won't! / That Walloon banter [i.e. Belgian French, not the Walloon language] will gain the upper hand: / No, it won't!
    ...dat aldaer binnen Utrecht niet meer geacht ende respecteert en wordt, ... ― that in Utrecht is no longer valued and respected...
* (obsolete) only, merely, no other than, none other than (together with maar)

##### Usage notes

* In historical usage, en is always used directly before the finite verb. When used to negate it is commonly accompanied by another negator: gij en zult niet stelen (“thou shalt not steal”), en wat er niet en deugt (“and what is not of decent quality”), ik en zoude certein geen ander boelken kiezen (“I would certainly not choose another girlfriend”). Also when used as a stand-alone negator or when combined with maar, it still stands directly before the finite verb. Use of the particle does not trigger a change in the word order.
* In Belgian Dutch it is still sometimes used in certain regional lects and in the tussentaal (“informal registers influenced by both Standard Belgian Dutch and the regional lects”). Details and frequency of use depend on what regional language variety influences a given speaker's idiom, as well as on the speaker's preferences.
** In West Flemish usage broadly conforms to historical use: the negation particle may be used along with other negators, independentely or it may be omitted. It is also used as a stand-alone negator to contradict a previous statement that was phrased with positive polarity: Gij zegt dat 't Vlaams te niet zal gaan: / 't en zal! (“You say that Flemish will go extinct: / no, it won't!”)
** In Belgian Brabantian it is frequently omitted, but it may also be used directly before another negator rather than before the finite verb: en niet.
* In contemporary Netherlands Dutch the use of the particle is limited to old proverbs, such as wat baten kaars en bril als de uil niet zien en wil.

### Anagrams

* ne

## Esperanto
### Etymology

Primarily from French en.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [en]
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: en

### Preposition

en
* in, within, inside
    Ĝi estas en la domo. ― It is in (within, inside) the house.
* into (when followed by a noun or phrase in the accusative case)
    Li iras en la domon. ― He goes into the house.

#### Derived terms

* ene

## Fala
### Alternative forms

* in (Valverdeñu)

### Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese en, from Latin in (“in”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én.

### Preposition

en
* in
** 2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Chapter 2: Númerus:Cumu to é custión de proporciós, sin que sirva de argumentu por nun fel falta, poemus vel que en a misma Europa hai Estaus Soberarius con menus territoriu que os tres lugaris nossus, cumu: […]As everything is a matter of proportions, without its presence being an argument, we can see that even in Europe there are Sovereign States with less territory than our three places, such as: […]

#### Usage notes

* When followed by the articles u/o, a, us/os, as; it contracts to nu/no, na, nus/nos, nas respectively.
* The form in is more common in Valverdeñu.

### References

* Valeš, Miroslav (2021) Diccionariu de A Fala: lagarteiru, mañegu, valverdeñu (web)‎, 2nd edition, Minde, Portugal: CIDLeS, published 2022, →ISBN

## Finnish
### Etymology

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈen/, [ˈe̞n]
* Rhymes: -en
* Hyphenation: en

### Verb

en
* first-person singular indicative of ei

### Anagrams

* -ne, -ne-, ne

## French
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɑ̃/, (before a vowel) /ɑ̃.n‿/
* Audio:(file)
* Homophones: an, ans
* Rhymes: -ɑ̃

### Etymology 1

From Middle French en, from Old French en, from Latin in, from Proto-Italic *en, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”).

#### Preposition

en
* in (used to indicate space, also see usage notes)
    J’habite en Angleterre. ― I live in England.
* to (indicates direction towards certain very large locations, see usage notes)
    Il est allé en France. ― He went to France.
* by (used to indicate means)
    aller en bus ― go by bus
    partir en voiture ― leave by car
* as
    Il me traite en ami. ― He treats me as a friend.
    habillé en père Noël ― dressed as Father Christmas
* at (used to describe an ability)
    fort en histoire ― good at history
* of, made of (used to describe composition)
    une chaise en hêtre ― a chair made of beech/a beech chair
    une fourchette en métal ― a fork made of metal/a metal fork
* in (during the following time (used for months and years))
    en 1993 ― in 1993
    en janvier ― in January
    en septembre 2001 ― in September 2001
* (followed by a gerund) while
* (followed by a gerund) by, in (describing a way of getting something)
    C’est en trichant qu’il est devenu champion. ― It was by cheating that he became champion.
* in (used to describe color)
    une photo en noir et blanc ― a photo in black and white
* in (used to describe feelings)
    en détresse ― in distress
* in (as part of something)
    en équipe ― on a team

##### Usage notes

* En in the sense of while is often not translated into English.
* When referring to location in countries, provinces, or similar subdivisions in sense 1 and direction in sense 2, en must be used when the name for that very large location is either a feminine singular noun or a vowel-initial masculine singular noun. If the name for the very large location is a consonant-initial masculine singular noun, au is used, while if the name of the very large location is plural, aux is used.

##### Derived terms

* Saussure en Vôges
* Sucy-en-Brie
* Tremblay-en-France

#### Further reading

* “en”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

### Etymology 2

From Latin inde (“thence”). Compare Catalan en, Italian ne.

#### Pronoun

en
* Used as the object of a verb to indicate an indefinite quantity; of it, of them. Replaces the partitive article (du, de la, etc.)
    Essaies-en !Try some (of it / them)!
    Tu as combien de livres ? J’en ai trois.How many books do you have? I have three (of them).
    Y a-t-il beaucoup de pièces ? Oui. Il y en a beaucoup.Are there many rooms? Yes, there are many (of them).
    Martin a trois sandwichs, mais j’en ai seulement deux.Martin has three sandwiches, but I have only two (of them).
    Il y en a combien ?How many of them are there?
    Je bois de l’alcool parce que j’en ai besoinI drink alcohol because I need it.
** 1654, Blaise Pascal, Traité du triangle arithmétique :J'en donnerai ici la méthode, que je poursuivrai seulement en deux ou trois exemples, qui seront si aisés à continuer qu'il ne sera pas nécessaire d'en donner davantage.I shall give (of it) here the method that I shall pursue only in two or three examples, which will be so easy to continue that it will not be necessary to give more of them.
* Adverbial preposition indicating movement away from a place already mentioned; from there, from it. Replaces the phrase de là or d’ici.
    Est-ce qu’elle vient de Barcelone ? Oui, elle en vient.Does she come from Barcelona? Yes, she comes from there.

##### Related terms

$^1$ On can also function as a first person plural (although agreeing with third person singular verb forms). $^2$ Vous is also used as the polite singular form. $^3$ Ils and eux are also used when a group has a mixture of masculine and feminine members. $^4$ These forms are also used as third person plural reflexive.

### Anagrams

* N.-É., NE, NÉ, ne, né

## Fula
### Pronoun

en
* first person plural inclusive pronoun;short form we

#### Usage notes

* Common to all varieties of Fula (Fulfulde / Pulaar / Pular).

#### See also

* enen
* hiɗen
* eɗen
* min

### References

* Oumar Bah, Dictionnaire Pular-Français, Avec un index français-pular, Webonary.org, SIL International, 2014.
* Ritsuko Miyamoto (1993) “A Study of Fula Dialects : Examining the Continuous/Stative Constructions”, in Senri Ethnological Studies‎, volume 35, →DOI, pages 215-230

## Gagauz
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /jen/

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Anatolian Turkish اَكْ (äŋ), from Proto-Turkic *eŋ. Compare Turkish en, Azerbaijani ən.

#### Adverb

en
* used to make superlatives from the following adjective or adverb, most, -est.
    en iithe best
    en gözäl kızthe prettiest girl

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Old Anatolian Turkish یك (yeŋ), from Proto-Turkic *yeŋ. Compare Turkish yen, Azerbaijani yen.

#### Noun

en (definite accusative eni, plural ennär)
* sleeve, cuff

##### Declension
### References

* ↑ Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “en”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
* ↑ Clauson, Gerard (1972) “yéŋ”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 940
* ↑ Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “yen”, in Nişanyan Sözlük

### Further reading

* Mavrodi M. F., editor (2019), Gagauzça-rusça sözlük: klaslar 1-4, Komrat: Gagauziya M.V. Maruneviç adına Bilim-Aaraştırma merkezi, →ISBN, page 30
* Kopuşçu M. İ. , Todorova S. A. , Kiräkova T.İ., editors (2019), Gagauzça-rusça sözlük: klaslar 5-12, Komrat: Gagauziya M.V. Maruneviç adına Bilim-Aaraştırma merkezi, →ISBN, page 61
* N. A Baskakov, editor (1972), “en”, in Gagauzsko-Russko-Moldavskij Slovarʹ [Gagauz-Russian-Moldovan Dictionary], Moskva: Izdatelʹstvo Sovetskaja Enciklopedija, →ISBN, page 176

## Galician
### Etymology 1

From Old Galician-Portuguese en, from Latin in, from Proto-Italic *en, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /eŋ/

#### Preposition

en
* in
* when preceding a verb or a complement of a verb it can denote an unfinished or continued action:
    O Manuel vai na casa ― Manuel went home (implying that eventually he'll be back)
    María beberrica no licor ― María is sipping the liquor
** 1822, anonymous author, A Parola Polêteca:En escoitalo, señor tio Calacú, xà o peléxo do meu corpo tembra. Sei que á tanta agua que acarrexóu amolentoulle os miolos, é por eso louquéaWhile listening to you, my sir uncle Pumpkin, my body's skin trembles. Perhaps the much water you have carried softened you brain, and therefore you are going insane
** 1853, Xosé Manuel Pintos, A Gaita Gallega:xa morder ti ben non podes con tal podrico nos dentes, inda no pan teño mentes seique non podes chancharyou can no longer aptly eat with such rottenness in you teeth, even bread, I think, probably you cannot gnaw [chanchar means "bite", but en preceding pan, "bread", implies a repeated action]

##### Usage notes

* The preposition en contracts to n- before articles, before third-person tonic pronouns, and before the determiners algún and outro.

##### Derived terms

in/on + the table :
| - | Singular | Plural |
| Masculine | no | nos |
| Feminine | na | nas |
* nalgún, nalgunha, nalgunhas, nalgúns
* nel, nela, nelas, neles
* nese, nesa, neses, nesas, niso
* neste, nesta, nestes, nestas, nisto
* noutra, noutras, noutro, noutros
* nestoutro, nestoutra, nestoutros, nestoutras
in/on + indefinite article table :
| - | Singular a | Plural some |
| Masculine | nun | nuns |
| Feminine | nunha | nunhas |
* naquel, naquela, naqueles, naquelas

### Etymology 2

Probably from Old Galician-Portuguese en, from Latin inde.

#### Alternative forms

* ende (now literary)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /eŋ/

#### Adverb

en
* while; as soon as (followed by the gerund of a verb, expresses immediacy or simultaneity)
    En chegando mudas a roupa mollada ― As soon as you arrive change your wet clothes
** 1295, R. Lorenzo, editor, La traducción gallega de la Crónica General y de la Crónica de Castilla., Ourense: I. E. O. P. F, page 111:Et o conde, en chegando et ferindo logo ẽnos mouros, todo en hũu o fezoAnd the count, [just] arriving, and hurting promptly the Moors, all in one he did that
** 1460, Rui Vasques, Corónica de Iria:en leendo perlos llibros algũus de canõicas antijgas, et preujlegios goticos dos santos catholicos et deuotos bispos de Yria et porla Escriptura, achey o fundamento para rreduzir aa memoria dos homes quanto durarõ çertas ydades[while/after] reading books, some of them of ancient canons, and Gothic privileges of the saint Catholic and devout bishops of Iria, and through the Bible, I found the foundation for reducing to the mind of men for how long some ages lasted
** 1461, X. Ferro Couselo (ed.), A vida e a fala dos devanceiros. Escolma de documentos en galego dos séculos XIII ao XVI. 2 vols. Vigo: Galaxia, page 141:
    dito testigo en seendo moço pequeno con seu tyo Afonso Dominges, guardando o gaando en Curro do Moyño, que le dixera o dito Afonso Domingees "bees, por aquy se parte ho término do conde do de Juan d'Estúñigasaid witness [while/when] being a young boy and together with his uncle Afonso Domínguez, watching the cattle in Curro do Muíño, he was told by said Afonso Domínguez: "you see, here the term of the count limits with that of Xoán de Estúñiga"
** 1858, Francisco María de la Iglesia, O orfiño da arquiña:Que pan e insinanza Pardiola has de ter, Roupiña e oficio Para deprender; E ende sendo grande Si es home de ben, Na Seña Duquesa Madriña taménSuch bread and teaching By gosh you'll have! Clothes and office to learn; And them when you're big If you're a good man our Lady the Duchess will be also your protector

### References

* Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “en”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “en”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “en”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “en”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

## German Low German
### Alternative forms

* 'n, -'n
* (in other dialects, including Low Prussian) een
* (in some dialects) ein
* (East Pomeranian) ain

### Etymology

From Middle Low German ên, from Old Saxon ēn. Compare Dutch een, German ein, West Frisian ien, English one.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɛɪ̯n/, /ˈeːn/, /ˈæɪ̯n/, /ˈeːɪ̯n/

### Article

en m or n (indefinite article)
* (in some dialects) a, an

### Numeral

en
* (in some dialects, including Low Prussian) one (1)

### See also

* Dutch Low Saxon: een
* Plautdietsch een, (cardinal number) eent

## Haitian Creole
### Etymology

From French un (“one”), from Latin ūnus (“one”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛ̃/

### Numeral

en
* one

#### Synonyms

* youn

#### See also

* zewo 0
* de 2
* twa 3
* kat 4
* senk 5
* sis 6
* sèt 7
* uit 8
* nèf 9
* dis 10
* san 100

## Hunsrik
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /n̩/, /eːn/

### Determiner

en (indefinite)
* a, an
    Sie sitze aan em runde Disch.They are sitting at a round table.

### Pronoun

en
* unstressed accusative of er: him.

#### Declension
### Further reading

* Online Hunsrik Dictionary

## Icelandic
### Etymology

From Old Norse en. The comparative superior conjunction and the hesitational conjunction have developed separately into the same form. The comparative conjunction is -an in the old language; -þan on runestone probably is related to -then, while the other form (hesitational) has formed from the augmentive.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɛːn/
* This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.

### Adverb

en
* how
    Nei, Elín? En gaman að sjá þig! ― Elín? How good to see you!

### Conjunction

en
* but
    Ég drekk kaffi en ég drekk ekki te. ― I drink coffee but I don't drink tea.
    Ég ætla að fá brauð en ekki mjólk. ― I'll have bread but not milk.
* than (with an adjective in the comparative)
    Ég er betri en bróðir minn. ― I'm better than my brother.
    Hún er skemmtilegri en ég. ― She is more fun than I am.
* (formal written language) used to join closely linked sentences, similar to a semicolon in English
** 2019 April 25 (last accessed), “Baldur ákærður fyrir innherjasvik og brot í opinberu starfi”, in Vísir‎, archived from the original on 19 September 2016:Rannsókn embættis sérstaks saksóknara á meintum innherjasvikum Baldurs Guðlaugssonar stóð yfir í rúmlega ár, en FME kærði málið með bréfi til embættisins hinn 9. júlí á síðasta ári.(please add an English translation of this quotation)
* conjunction similar to and
    Sonur hans hét Jón, en dóttir hans Ása. ― His son was named John and his daughter was named Ása.
    Veðrið var ekki gott framan af: rigning á fjallinu, en þoka í byggð. ― The weather was not good to begin with: rain in the mountains, and fog in the countryside.

#### Derived terms

* áður en
* betri er krókur en kelda
* betur sjá augu en auga
* fyrr en
* heldur en
* nær dauða en lífi
* sveltur sitjandi kráka en fljúgandi fær

### References
## Ido
### Etymology

From French en, Spanish en, from Latin in, inde from Proto-Indo-European *én (“in”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /en/

### Preposition

en
* in

## Indonesian
### Etymology

From Dutch en.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛn/, [ɛn]

### Noun

èn (plural en-en)
* The name of the Latin-script letter N/n.

#### See also

* (Latin-script letter names) huruf; a, be, ce, de, e, ef, ge, ha, i, je, ka, el, em, en, o, pe, ki, er, es, te, u, ve, we, eks, ye, zet

### Further reading

* “en” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Ingrian
### Pronunciation

* (Ala-Laukaa) IPA: /ˈen/, [ˈe̞n]
* (Soikkola) IPA: /ˈen/, [ˈe̞n]
* (Hevaha) IPA: /ˈen/, [ˈe̞n]
* Rhymes: -en
* Hyphenation: en

### Verb

en
* first-person singular indicative of ei

### References

* Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 29
* Arvo Laanest (1997) Isuri keele Hevaha murde sõnastik, Eesti Keele Instituut, page 24

### Anagrams

* ne

## Japanese
### Romanization

en
* Rōmaji transcription of えん

## Jersey Dutch
### Etymology 1

From Dutch een (“a”). Cognates include Afrikaans 'n.

#### Alternative forms

* ên

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /en/, /ən/

#### Article

en
* (indefinite article) Placed before a singular noun, indicating a general case of a person or thing: a, an.

### Etymology 2

From Dutch en. Cognates include Afrikaans en.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ən/

#### Conjunction

en
* and
** 1912, Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsche taal— en letterkunde, volumes 31-32, page 309:Hai waz nît tevrêde täus en […]He was not content at home and […]

## Kabuverdianu
### Etymology

From Portuguese em.

### Preposition

en
* in

## Kankanaey
### Pronunciation

* (Standard Kankanaey) IPA: /ʔen/ [ʔen]
* Rhymes: -en
* Syllabification: en

### Article

en
* oblique argument
** a singular proper nominal marker
** a personal pronoun marker, wherein "en" is followed by a class III pronoun

#### See also

* (oblique arguments) sin, si, sis, ed, en, en da
$^1$ Null morpheme.

### References

* Janet L. Allen (2014) Kankanaey: A Role and Reference Grammar Analysis‎ (overall work in English), →ISBN, page 128

## Kott
### Etymology

From Proto-Yeniseian *ʔäń (˜x-) ("wave").

### Noun

en (plural ēnaŋ)
* wave

### Noun

en
* plural of ei

## Ladino
### Preposition

en (Hebrew spelling אין)
* in
** 2000, David Altabé, “Ay koza triste en ser Sefaradi”, in Esther Benbassa, editor, Les Sépharades en littérature, page 164:En todas partes del mundo bivi, i pedasos de mi alma abandoniI've lived in all parts of the world, and abandoned pieces of my soul
** 2014, Şeli GAON, “La solidaridad”, in Şalom Gazetesi‎:Deke la solidaridad es emportante? Porke la solidaridad es lo djusto. Porke; todos bivimos en una sosyetad...Why is solidarity important? Because solidarity is what is right. Because we all live in a society...

## Latin
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈeːn/, [ˈeːn]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈen/, [ˈɛn]

#### Interjection

ēn
* look! behold! (presenting something in a lively or indignant manner)
* really!? (surprise or anger in questions)
* come on! (exhortation to action in imperatives)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈen/, [ˈɛn]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈen/, [ˈɛn]

#### Noun

en f (indeclinable)
* The name of the letter N.

##### Usage notes

* Multiple Latin names for the letter N, n have been suggested. The most common is en or a syllabic n, although there is some evidence which also supports, as names for the letter, nē, ən, nə, and even (in the fourth- or fifth-century first Antinoë papyrus, which gives Greek transliterations of the Latin names of the Roman alphabet’s letters) ιννε (inne).

##### Coordinate terms

* (Latin-script letter names) littera; ā, bē, cē, dē, ē, ef, gē, hā / *acca, ī, kā, el, em, en, ō, pē, kū, er, es, tē, ū, ix / īx / ex, ȳ / ī graeca / ȳpsīlon, zēta

#### References

* en in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* en in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Arthur E. Gordon, The Letter Names of the Latin Alphabet (University of California Press, 1973; volume 9 of University of California Publications: Classical Studies), especially pages 30–31, 42–44, and 63

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈen/, [ˈɛn]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈen/, [ˈɛn]

#### Preposition

en (+ accusative, ablative)
* (Old Latin) Alternative form of in (“in, within”)

## Latvian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɛn]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

en m (invariable)
* The Latvian name of the Latin script letter N/n.

#### See also

* Latvian letter names:
    a (A), garais ā (Ā), bē (B), cē (C), čē (Č), dē (D), e (E), garais ē (Ē), ef (F), gā (G), ģē (Ģ), hā (H), i (I), garais ī (Ī), jē (J), kā (K), ķē (Ķ), el (L), eļ (Ļ), em (M), en (N), eņ (Ņ), o (O), pē (P), er (R), es (S), eš (Š), tē (T), u (U), garais ū (Ū), vē (V), zē (Z), žē (Ž)

## Leonese
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin in.

### Preposition

en
* in

#### Usage notes

When followed by an article, en is combined with the next word to give the following combined forms:
| en + article | Combined form |
| en + el | nel |
| en + la | na |
| en + lu | nu |
| en + los | nos |
| en + las | nas |
| en + article | Combined form |
| en + un | nun |
| en + una | nuna |
| en + unos | nunos |
| en + unas | nunas |
| en + pronoun | Combined form |
| en + el | nél |
| en + eilla | neilla |
| en + eillu | neillu |
| en + eillos | neillos |
| en + eillas | neillas |
| en + dem. adjective | Combined form | en + dem. pronoun | Combined form |
| en + esti | nesti | en + ésti | nésti |
| en + esta | nesta | en + ésta | nésta |
| en + estu | nestu | en + éstu | néstu |
| en + estos | nestos | en + éstos | néstos |
| en + estas | nestas | en + éstas | néstas |
| en + dem. adjective | Combined form | en + dem. pronoun | Combined form |
| en + esi | nesi | en + ési | nési |
| en + esa | nesa | en + ésa | nésa |
| en + esu | nesu | en + ésu | nésu |
| en + esos | nesos | en + ésos | nésos |
| en + esas | nesas | en + ésas | nésas |
| en + dem. adjective | Combined form | en + dem. pronoun | Combined form |
| en + aquel | naquel | en + aquél | naquél |
| en + aqueilla | naqueilla | en + aquéilla | naquéilla |
| en + aqueillu | naqueillu | en + aquéillu | naquéillu |
| en + aqueillos | naqueillos | en + aquéillos | naquéillos |
| en + aqueillas | naqueillas | en + aquéillas | naquéillas |

### References

* AEDLL

## Livvi
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈen/
* Hyphenation: en
* Rhymes: -en

### Verb

en
* first-person singular indicative of ei

### References

* N. Gilojeva, S. Rudakova (2009) Karjalan kielen Livvin murdehen algukursu [Beginners' course of Karelian language's Livvi dialect]‎ (in Livvi), Petrozavodsk, →ISBN, page 20
* Olga Žarinova (2012) Pagizemmo Karjalakse [Let's speak Karelian], St Petersburg, →ISBN, page 142
* Tatjana Boiko (2019) “ei”, in Suuri Karjal-Venʹalaine Sanakniigu (livvin murreh) [The Big Karelian-Russian dictionary (Livvi dialect)], 2nd edition, →ISBN, page 38

## Lower Sorbian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛn/

### Noun

en m inan
* The name of the Latin-script letter n/N.

### See also

* (Latin-script letter names) a, bej, cej, čet, ćej, dej, ej, ět, ef, gej, ha, cha, i, jot, ka, eł, el, em, en, ejn, o, pej, er, ejŕ, es, eš, śej, tej, u, wej, y, zet, žet, źej

## Lule Sami
### Verb

en
* first-person dual present of ij

## Luxembourgish
### Etymology

From Old High German ein, from Proto-Germanic *ainaz.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ən]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ən
* Homophone: Ënn

### Article

en m or n
* Indefinite article; a, an
    Ech droen en Hutt, wann et reent. ― I wear a hat when it rains.
    Hues du e bloe Stëft? ― Do you have a blue pen?

#### Declension

Plural forms indicate a vague number (before numerals and certain adjectives).

### Pronoun

en
* unstressed form of hien
    Hues de n e gefrot? ― Have you asked him?
* unstressed form of hinnen
    Ech hunn et e gesot. ― I told it them

#### Usage notes

* Due to the Eifel Rule, the final -n is lost when the following word begins with a consonant other than <d>, <h>, <n>, <t> or <z>.

#### Declension
## Mandarin
### Romanization

en (en$^5$ / en$^0$, Zhuyin ˙ㄣ)
* Hanyu Pinyin reading of 嗯

### Romanization

en
* Nonstandard spelling of ēn.
* Nonstandard spelling of én.
* Nonstandard spelling of ěn.
* Nonstandard spelling of èn.

#### Usage notes

* Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

## Middle Dutch
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /en/

### Adverb

en
* Alternative form of ne (“not”)

### Conjunction

en
* Alternative form of ende (“and”)

## Middle English
### Preposition

en
* Alternative form of in (“in”)

## Middle French
### Etymology

From Old French en, from Latin in.

### Preposition

en
* on; on to

#### Descendants

* French: en

## Middle Low German
### Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *ne (“not”).

### Pronunciation

Unknown, possibly IPA: /ɛn/ or /ən/.

### Particle

en m
* not; negates a verb, usage is facultative if it leads to a double negative
    Idt en sal nümant syn Erve vryg verkopenn dar ander lüde wat anne hebbet. he en segget den kop to varenn.Nobody shall [not] sell his inheritance, to which other people have rights attached, freely, unless he tell this to the buyer beforehand...
* unless
    Idt en sal nümant syn Erve vryg verkopenn dar ander lüde wat anne hebbet. he en segget den kop to varenn.Nobody shall sell his inheritance, to which other people have rights attached, freely, unless he tell this to the buyer beforehand...

#### Alternative forms

* ne (older, Eastphalian)

## Movima
### Verb

en
* to stand

#### Further reading

* http://webdoc.ubn.ru.nl/mono/h/haude_k/gramofmo.pdf
* https://web.archive.org/web/20170516185108/http://www.ioling.org/booklets/iol-2007-indiv-prob.en.pdf

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

From Old Norse einn, from Proto-Germanic *ainaz (“one, some”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁óynos (“one”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /eːn/ (stressed)
* IPA: /ən/ (unstressed)
* Audio:(file)
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -eːn, -ən
* Hyphenation: en
* Homophone: -en

### Article

en m (feminine ei or (non-standard since 1938) e, neuter et)
* a, an (indefinite article)

### Numeral

en m (feminine ei, neuter ett, stressed én)
* one

#### Derived terms

* endimensjonal
* ene
* enegget
* enhet
* enkel
* enslig
* enstemmig
* entydig

### See also

* ein (Nynorsk)

### References

* “en” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology 1
#### Conjunction

en
* (pre-1901) alternative form of enn

### Etymology 2
#### Article

en
* (dialectal, nonstandard) Alternative form of ein

### Etymology 3
#### Preposition

en
* Used as part of set phrases from French

### Etymology 4
#### Conjunction

en
* Used as part of the expression stopp en hal

## Old French
### Alternative forms

* in (10th century)

### Etymology

From Latin in.

### Pronunciation

* (archaic) IPA: /en/
* (classical, late) IPA: /an/

### Preposition

en
* in; inside
** 1377, Bernard de Gordon, Fleur de lis de medecine (a.k.a. lilium medicine):Et pour ce qu’il se complaint moult de froit et horipilacion, pour ce au commencement on luy doit mettre les piés et les mains en eaue chauldeAnd if he complains about cold and shivers, to start with one must put his feet and is hands in hot water
* on; upon
** 12th Century, Unknown, Raoul de Cambrai:qi en la crois fu mis[He] who was put on the cross
* in (experiencing an emotion, a feeling, etc.)
    en paine ― in pain
* in (indicates a language)
    en latin ― in Latin

#### Descendants

* Middle French: en
** French: en
* Norman: en

## Old Frisian
### Alternative forms

* ān
* (Late Old Frisian) een

### Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *ain. Cognates include Old English ān and Old Saxon ēn.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈeːn/, [ˈɛːn]

### Numeral

ēn m or n
* one
    ēn skilling ― one shilling

### Article

ēn m or n
* a, an

#### Descendants

* North Frisian:
    Föhr-Amrum:
       Föhr: een m, ian f or n
       Amrum: ään m, ian f or n
    Goesharde:
       Hoolmer: åån m, iin f or n
       Hoorninger: aan m, iin f or n
    Halligen: aon m, ian f or n
    Heligoland: iaan, jaan
    Mooring: ån m, iinj f or n
    Sylt: jen
    Wiedingharde: oan m, iin f or n
* Saterland Frisian: aan m, een f or n
* West Frisian: ien

### References

* Bremmer, Rolf H. (2009) An Introduction to Old Frisian: History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN

## Old Galician-Portuguese
### Etymology

From Latin in (“in”), from Proto-Italic *en, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈẽ/

### Preposition

en
* in
** a. 1284, Alfonso X of Castile, Cantigas de Santa Maria, Códice de los músicos, cantiga 294 (facsimile):
    [C]omo hũa moller q̇ iogaua os dados en pulla lançou hũa pedra aa omagen de ſṫa maṙi[a] poꝛ q̇ perdera ⁊ parou un angeo de pedra que y eſtaua a mão ⁊ reçibiu o colpe.
       How a woman who was playing dice in Apulia threw a stone at the statue of Holy Mary because she had lost, and an angel of stone which was there reached out its hand and received the blow.

#### Descendants

* Fala: en
* Galician: en
* Portuguese: em

## Old Norse
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Germanic *anþi, *andi. Unstressed doublet of enn (“yet, still”).

#### Conjunction

en
* but
* (as a copulative): and
    Synonym: ok

##### Descendants

* Icelandic: en
* Norwegian Nynorsk: enn, en
* Norwegian Bokmål: enn
* Old Swedish: æn
** Swedish: än
* Danish: end

### Etymology 2

From earlier an (“than”). Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *þan, possibly through *þannai, whence cognate with Old English þonne (“than”). For similar loss of þ- compare at from earlier Proto-Norse ᚦᚨᛏ (þat), ᚦᛡᛏ (þᴀt).

#### Conjunction

en
* than
    Synonym: an

##### Descendants

* Icelandic: en
* Norwegian Nynorsk: enn
* Norwegian Bokmål: enn
* Old Swedish: æn
** Swedish: än
* Danish: end

### Further reading

* Zoëga, Geir T. (1910) “en”, in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press; also available at the Internet Archive

## Old Occitan
### Pronoun

en
* of it; of them
** 12th century, Bernard de Ventadour, Can vei la lauzeta mover
    Ailas! Tan cuidava saber D'amor, e tan petit en sai,Alas! I thought I knew so much about love, and I know so little [of it]!

## Old Saxon
### Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *ain.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛːn/

### Numeral

en m
* one
** 9th c. Heliand, verse 2637
    thoh uui hēr te meti habdin garu im te geƀanne sō uui mahtin fargelden mēst tueho uuāri is noh than that iro ēnig thar ēnes gināmiThough we had food that we should buy to give him. The most doubt is still there that anyone once felt
** 9th c. Heliand, verse 3880
    ēn aftar ōđrumu...one after another...

### Article

en m
* a, an (rarely used)
** 9th c. Heliand, verse 2984-2985
    Thar imu tegėgnes quam ēn idis fan āðrom thiodun; siu was iru aðaligeburdeo...There towards him a woman came from another nation; she was of their noble-birth...

#### Descendants

* Middle Low German: ên, ein
** Low German: ein, en
*** German Low German: een (Hamburgisch)
*** Westphalian:
    Lippisch: eun
    Ravensbergisch: åine
    Sauerländisch: ên
    Westmünsterländisch: een, eene, ne
** Plautdietsch: een

## Old Swedish
### Etymology

From Old Norse einn, from Proto-Germanic *ainaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁óynos.

### Numeral

ēn m or f
* one

## Pennsylvania German
### Etymology

Compare German ein.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛn/

### Article

en
* a, an

#### Declension
### Pronoun

en
* accusative of er: him

#### Declension

$^1$ unstressed

## Plautdietsch
### Preposition

en
* in

### Conjunction

en
* alternative form of un; and

## Slovene
### Etymology

Contraction of earlier êden, from Proto-Slavic *(j)edinъ.

### Pronunciation 1

* IPA: /ɛ́n/
* Rhymes: -ɛn
* Hyphenation: en

#### Numeral

ȅn
* one

##### Usage notes

The form éden is used when the word does not modify a noun directly, but stands in predicate position. When counting or reciting numbers, the feminine form éna is normally used (see the number box).

##### Derived terms

* enóta

#### Determiner

ȅn
* (colloquial) some (someone/something – indefinite determiner)
    Synonyms: nekȁk, nekȁkšen
    Eni moški stojijo tam. ― Some men are standing there.
* (colloquial, also unstressed) some (someone/something arbitrary – unspecified determiner)
    Synonyms: kāk, kākšen

##### Declension
#### Noun

ȅn m anim
* (regional) Alternative form of éden

### Pronunciation 2

* IPA: /ɛn/

#### Article

en
* (colloquial, regional) a
    To je ena velika izmišljotina! ― This is a big made-up story.

### Further reading

* “en”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran
* “en”, in Termania, Amebis
* See also the general references

## Spanish
### Etymology

From Old Spanish en, from Latin in, from Proto-Italic *en, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”). Cognate with Old English in and English in.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /en/ [ẽn]
** Audio:(file)
** Rhymes: -en
** Syllabification: en
* IPA: /ˈem/ [ˈẽm] (before b, v, p)

### Preposition

en
* in, at, on
    Estoy en casa. ― I'm at home.
    Estoy sentado en la computadora. ― I'm sitting at the computer.
    en esta página ― on this page
    en la caja en la mesa ― in the box on the table
* in (a time)
    en la antigüedad ― in antiquity
    en 1999 ― in 1999
* in (a language)
    No conozco esta palabra en francés.I don't know this word in French.
    en todos los idiomas ― in all languages
* used after some verbs and translated by various prepositions in English
    Pienso en ti. ― I'm thinking of you.
* in (in various expressions)
    en el sentido ― in the sense
    en nuestro afán ― in our eagerness

### Further reading

* “en”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

## Sranan Tongo
### Alternative forms

* hem (obsolete)

### Etymology

From older hem, from English him.

### Pronoun

en
* Third-person singular possessive determiner/pronoun; his, her, its

### Pronoun

en
* Third-person singular object pronoun; him, her, it
* Contrastive variant of a; he, she, it.

## Sumerian
### Romanization

en
* Romanization of 𒂗 (en)

## Swedish
### Etymology 1

From Old Swedish ēn, æn, from Old Norse einn, from Proto-Germanic *ainaz (“one, some”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁óynos (“one”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛnː/; /ɛŋː/ (numeral and article when used before g in close syntactic connection)
* Homophones: än, N, n

#### Pronoun

en (genitive ens)
* object form of the indefinite pronoun man ("one," "you")
    Det man inte vet skadar en inteWhat one doesn’t know doesn’t hurt one.
* (dialectal, colloquial) one, you
    Det en inte vet har en inte ont av.What you don't know can't hurt you.

##### Usage notes

Besides being the subject form in some dialects and vernaculars, en is sometimes deliberately used as an alternative subject form of the indefinite pronoun man, which is a homonymous derivative of the noun man ("man"). This development is in some ways parallel to the gender-neutral pronoun hen.

##### Declension
#### Numeral

en (neuter ett)
* one

##### Coordinate terms

| | —0 | —1 | —2 | —3 | —4 | —5 | —6 | —7 | —8 | —9 |
| 0— | noll | ett, en | två | tre | fyra | fem | sex | sju | åtta | nio |
| 1— | tio | elva | tolv | tretton | fjorton | femton | sexton | sjutton | arton | nitton |
| 2— | tjugo | tjugoett, tjugoen | tjugotvå | tjugotre | tjugofyra | tjugofem | tjugosex | tjugosju | tjugoåtta | tjugonio |
| 3— | trettio | trettioett, trettioen | trettiotvå | trettiotre | trettiofyra | trettiofem | trettiosex | trettiosju | trettioåtta | trettionio |
| 4— | fyrtio | fyrtioett, fyrtioen | fyrtiotvå | fyrtiotre | fyrtiofyra | fyrtiofem | fyrtiosex | fyrtiosju | fyrtioåtta | fyrtionio |
| 5— | femtio | femtioett, femtioen | femtiotvå | femtiotre | femtiofyra | femtiofem | femtiosex | femtiosju | femtioåtta | femtionio |
| 6— | sextio | sextioett, sextioen | sextiotvå | sextiotre | sextiofyra | sextiofem | sextiosex | sextiosju | sextioåtta | sextionio |
| 7— | sjuttio | sjuttioett, sjuttioen | sjuttiotvå | sjuttiotre | sjuttiofyra | sjuttiofem | sjuttiosex | sjuttiosju | sjuttioåtta | sjuttionio |
| 8— | åttio | åttioett, åttioen | åttiotvå | åttiotre | åttiofyra | åttiofem | åttiosex | åttiosju | åttioåtta | åttionio |
| 9— | nittio | nittioett, nittioen | nittiotvå | åttiotre | nittiofyra | nittiofem | nittiosex | nittiosju | nittioåtta | nittionio |
* 100: hundra
* 10$^3$: tusen
* 10$^4$: tiotusen (myriad)
* 10$^6$: miljon
* 10$^9$: miljard
* 10$^{12}$: biljon
* 10$^{15}$: biljard
* 10$^{18}$: triljon
* 10$^{21}$: triljard
* 10$^{24}$: kvadriljon
* 10$^{27}$: kvadriljard
* 10$^{30}$: kvintiljon
* 10$^{33}$: kvintiljard
* 10$^{36}$: sextiljon
* 10$^{39}$: sextiljard
* 10$^{42}$: septiljon
* 10$^{45}$: septiljard
* 10$^{48}$: oktiljon
* 10$^{51}$: oktiljard
* 10$^{54}$: noniljon
* 10$^{57}$: noniljard
* 10$^{60}$: deciljon
* 10$^{63}$: deciljard
* 10$^{66}$: undeciljon
* 10$^{69}$: undeciljard
* 10$^{72}$: duodeciljon
* 10$^{75}$: duodeciljard
* 10$^{78}$: tredeciljon
* 10$^{81}$: tredeciljard
* 10$^{84}$: quattuordeciljon
* 10$^{87}$: quattuordeciljard
* 10$^{100}$: googol
* 10$^{120}$: vigintiljon
* 10$^{123}$: vigintiljard

##### Related terms

* en-ord
* ena
* enahanda
* enaktare
* enande
* enare
* enarmad
* enarmslyft
* enarådande
* enas
* enastående
* enbarnsfamilj
* enbart
* enbo
* enbyggare
* enbäddsrum
* encellig
* endagskonferens
* endagsstrejk
* endera
* endimensionell
* endräkt
* endräktig
* eneggad
* enfald
* enfaldig
* enfaldighet
* enfamiljshus
* enfamiljsvilla
* enfas
* enfasig
* enfilig
* enformig
* enformighet
* enfrågeparti
* enfröig
* enfärgad
* enfödd
* enföräldersfamilj
* engifte
* engradig
* engångs-
* enhandsräddning
* enhet
* enhetlig
* enhetlighet
* enhjuling
* enhjärtbladig
* enhällig
* enhänt
* enhörning
* enig
* enighet
* ening
* enkammarriksdag
* enkammarsystem
* enkilosburk
* enklang
* enkornsfrö
* enkrona
* enkönad
* enlighet
* enligt
* enlitersflaska
* enlitersförpackning
* enläkarstation
* enmans
* enmastad
* enmastare
* enmotorig
* enpartiregering
* enpartistat
* enpartisystem
* enpartivälde
* enpersonshushåll
* enplans
* enplanshus
* enplansvilla
* enprocentig
* enpucklig
* enradig
* enrum
* enrummare
* enrummig
* enrums
* enrumslägenhet
* enrådig
* enrådighet
* ens
* ensa
* ensak
* ensam
* ensamhet
* ensamt
* ensartad
* ense
* ensidig
* ensidighet
* ensiffrig
* enskifte
* enskild
* enskildhet
* enslig
* enslighet
* ensling
* enspaltig
* enspråkig
* enspråkighet
* enspårig
* enstaka
* enstavig
* enstavighet
* enstensmur
* enstjärnig
* enstrofig
* ensträngad
* enstämmig
* enstämmighet
* enständig
* enstörig
* enstörighet
* enstöring
* ental
* entimmesparkering
* entonig
* entonighet
* entonnare
* enträgen
* entums
* entumsbräda
* entydig
* entydighet
* entypsbåt
* envar
* enveten
* envetenhet
* envetnas
* envig
* envis
* envisas
* envishet
* envåldshärskare
* envånings
* envåningshus
* envägs
* envälde
* enväldig
* envärd
* enäggig
* enäggstvilling
* enögd
* enögdhet

#### Article

en c (neuter ett)
* the indefinite article: a, an.

##### Declension

* en and ett are invariable in the singular, as nominative en konung (a king) and genitive en konungs (a king's).
* The genitive enes and the dative enom are dated.

### Etymology 2

From earlier ene (sometimes also ener), from Old Norse einir.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /eːn/

#### Noun

en c
* juniper

##### Related terms

* enbacke
* enbuske
* enbär
* ene
* enebuske
* enris
* enrisrökt
* enruska
* entita

### References

* en in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* en in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* en in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)
* han in Elof Hellquist, Svensk etymologisk ordbok (1st ed., 1922)
* Brüch, Josef (1922) “Lateinische Etymologien”, in Indogermanische Forschungen. Zeitschrift für Indogermanistik und allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft‎ (in German), volume 40, Berlin und Leipzig: Walter de Gruyter & Co., pages 225–226

### Anagrams

* -ne

## Tagalog
### Etymology

Borrowed from English en, the English name of the letter N/n.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ʔen/ [ʔɛn̪]
* Rhymes: -en
* Syllabification: en

### Noun

en (Baybayin spelling ᜁᜈ᜔)
* the name of the Latin-script letter N/n, in the Filipino alphabet
    Synonyms: (in the Abakada alphabet) na, (in the Abecedario) ene

#### Derived terms

* gatlang en

#### See also

* (Latin-script letter names) titik; ey, bi, si, di, i, ef, dyi, eyts, ay, dyey, key, el, em, en, enye, en dyi, o, pi, kyu, ar, es, ti, yu, vi, dobolyu, eks, way, zi

### Further reading

* “en”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018

### Anagrams

* ne

## Tedim Chin
### Etymology

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *ʔen, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ken (“to see, to know”).

### Verb

en
* to look

### References

* Zomi Ordbog based on the work of D.L. Haokip

## Turkish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /æn/, /en/

### Etymology 1

From Ottoman Turkish ان (en), from Proto-Turkic *ēn (“breadth, width”).

#### Noun

en (definite accusative eni, plural enler)
* width
* a cachet on an animal or bonded goods

##### Declension

singular
plural
nominative
en
enler
definite accusative
eni
enleri
dative
ene
enlere
locative
ende
enlerde
ablative
enden
enlerden
genitive
enin
enlerin
Possessive forms
nominative
singular
plural
1st singular
enim
enlerim
2nd singular
enin
enlerin
3rd singular
eni
enleri
1st plural
enimiz
enlerimiz
2nd plural
eniniz
enleriniz
3rd plural
enleri
enleri
definite accusative
singular
plural
1st singular
enimi
enlerimi
2nd singular
enini
enlerini
3rd singular
enini
enlerini
1st plural
enimizi
enlerimizi
2nd plural
eninizi
enlerinizi
3rd plural
enlerini
enlerini
dative
singular
plural
1st singular
enime
enlerime
2nd singular
enine
enlerine
3rd singular
enine
enlerine
1st plural
enimize
enlerimize
2nd plural
eninize
enlerinize
3rd plural
enlerine
enlerine
locative
singular
plural
1st singular
enimde
enlerimde
2nd singular
eninde
enlerinde
3rd singular
eninde
enlerinde
1st plural
enimizde
enlerimizde
2nd plural
eninizde
enlerinizde
3rd plural
enlerinde
enlerinde
ablative
singular
plural
1st singular
enimden
enlerimden
2nd singular
eninden
enlerinden
3rd singular
eninden
enlerinden
1st plural
enimizden
enlerimizden
2nd plural
eninizden
enlerinizden
3rd plural
enlerinden
enlerinden
genitive
singular
plural
1st singular
enimin
enlerimin
2nd singular
eninin
enlerinin
3rd singular
eninin
enlerinin
1st plural
enimizin
enlerimizin
2nd plural
eninizin
enlerinizin
3rd plural
enlerinin
enlerinin :

#### References

* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “en2”, in Nişanyan Sözlük

### Etymology 2

From Ottoman Turkish اڭ (eŋ), from Proto-Common Turkic *eŋ. Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰭 (ŋ /⁠eŋ⁠/), Azerbaijani ən, Kyrgyz эң (eŋ), Tuvan эң (eñ), Uzbek eng.

#### Adverb

en
* the most ..., the ...-est (marks the superlative degree of any or most adjectives)
    büyük, en büyükbig, (the) biggest
    en küçükthe smallest
    en acayipthe most interesting

## Veps
### Verb

en
* first-person singular present of ei

## Welsh
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛn/

### Noun

en f (plural eniau)
* The name of the Latin-script letter N/n.

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### See also

* (Latin-script letter names) llythyren; a, bi, ec, èch, di, èdd, e, èf, èff, èg, eng, aetsh, i / i dot, je, ce, el, èll, em, en, o, pi, ffi, ciw, er, rhi, ès, ti, èth, u / u bedol / u gwpan, fi, w, ecs, y, sèd

## West Frisian
### Etymology

From Old Frisian and, ende, from Proto-Germanic *andi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂entí.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛn/, /ɪn/

### Conjunction

en
* and

#### Further reading

* “en”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011

## Zou
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *ʔen, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ken. Cognates include Chinese [Term?] 見／见 (jiàn) and Tibetan མཁྱེན་པ (mkhyen pa).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /en˧˥/

#### Verb

én
* (intransitive) to look

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *ʔan (“vegetables”), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *h(y)an.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ən˧˥/

#### Noun

én
* food
* meal

### References

* Lukram Himmat Singh (2013) A Descriptive Grammar of Zou, Canchipur: Manipur University, page 41