# 又

| 又 | U+53C8, &#21448; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-53C8 |
| ← 叇 [U+53C7] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 叉 → [U+53C9] |
| ⼜ | U+2F1C, &#12060; KANGXI RADICAL AGAIN |
| ← ⼛ [U+2F1B] | Kangxi Radicals | ⼝ → [U+2F1D] |

## Translingual
### Han character

又 (Kangxi radical 29, 又+0, 2 strokes, cangjie input 弓大 (NK), four-corner 1740$_0$ or 7740$_0$, composition ⿻㇇㇏)
* Kangxi radical #29, ⼜.
* Shuowen Jiezi radical №76

#### Derived characters

* Appendix:Chinese radical/又
* 仅, 叹, 奴, 汉, 权, 臤, 馭(驭), 劝, 对, 邓, 戏, 欢, 艰, 覌(观), 难, 鳮(鸡)
* 圣, 支, 攴, 殳, 㝊, 㝕, 隻, 曼, 䯭, 燮, 雙, 矍, 㞋, 夃, 凤, 㘝
* 𠘫, 𪢲, 𫲡, 𡯉, 𫵴, 𢎤, 𭠎, 𨸕, 𡯅, 𪱙, 𤕭, 𪻍, 𤰖, 𥃫, 𥝐, 𣦼, 𣦻, 𮕧, 𥸩, 𭁥, 𡊋, 𭐶, 𮍍, 𧺉, 𬩴, 𮮃, 𭰇, 𨥁, 𩚄, 𦒺, 𧆤, 𬴲, 𩵎, 𣕒, 𧧙, 𪎳
* 𠚫, 𠨏, 𪠂, 𩑌, 𠮢, 𡚩, 𤆆, 𦘬, 𦤵, 𧈡, 𧠈(𬢇), 𬥎
* 𪠲, 𭐟, 𦫿, 𤆌, 𠇀, 𤼦, 𥤦, 𡧌, 𢆼, 𠵬, 𫳓, 𥆣, 𦴋, 𡩠, 𣺎, 𤔪, 𭙎, 𤴨, 𧆛, 𮓚, 𤔔, 𤶯, 𪗅, 𭅄, 𠕀

#### Descendants

* ㄡ (ōu) (Zhuyin letter)

### Further reading

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 164, character 43
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3115
* Dae Jaweon: page 374, character 14
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 390, character 1
* Unihan data for U+53C8

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 又 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 絠 | *kɯːʔ |
| 醢 | *qʰɯːʔ |
| 珛 | *qʰʷɯs |
| 栯 | *ɢʷɯʔ, *qʷɯ |
| 有 | *ɢʷɯʔ |
| 友 | *ɢʷɯʔ |
| 右 | *ɢʷɯʔ, *ɢʷɯs |
| 宥 | *ɢʷɯs |
| 囿 | *ɢʷɯs, *ɡʷɯ |
| 侑 | *ɢʷɯs |
| 酭 | *ɢʷɯs |
| 姷 | *ɢʷɯs |
| 又 | *ɢʷɯs |
| 佑 | *ɢʷɯs |
| 祐 | *ɢʷɯs |
| 賄 | *qʰʷɯːʔ |
| 蛕 | *qʰʷɯːʔ, *ɡʷɯː |
| 烠 | *ɡʷɯː |
| 倄 | *ɢraːw, *ɢʷɯːʔ |
| 鮪 | *ɢʷɯʔ |
| 洧 | *ɢʷɯʔ |
| 痏 | *ɢʷɯʔ |
| 郁 | *qʷɯ |
| 戫 | *qʷɯ |
| 哊 | *ɡʷɯ |
Pictogram (象形) – a right hand. Original form of 右 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ, *ɢʷɯs, “right”). Unrelated to 𠬤 (> 译).
Often written as 彐 in many modern characters such as 事, 聿, 雪, 急, 爭, 尹, and 建 (which is unrelated to 聿).

### Etymology

Adverbial derivation of 有 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ, “to have; there is”) (Schuessler, 2007).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): yòu (you$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄧㄡˋ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): ю (i͡u, III)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jau$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): yu
    (Meixian, Guangdong): yu$^4$
* Eastern Min (BUC): êu
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): iu$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): iū
    (Teochew, Peng'im): iu$^7$ / iu$^6$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$yeu
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yòu
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄡˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yòu
*** Wade–Giles: yu$^4$
*** Yale: yòu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yow
*** Palladius: ю (ju)
*** Sinological IPA : /joʊ̯⁵¹/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: ю (i͡u, III)
*** Sinological IPA : /iou⁴⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jau$^6$
*** Yale: yauh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jau$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yeo$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɐu̯²²/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yu
*** Hakka Romanization System: iu
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yiu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /i̯u⁵⁵/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yu
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)iu
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yiu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯u⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: yu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /iu⁵³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: êu
*** Sinological IPA : /iɛu²⁴²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: iu$^5$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: iū
*** Sinological IPA : /iu²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iū
*** Tâi-lô: iū
*** Phofsit Daibuun: iu
*** IPA (Xiamen): /iu²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /iu⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /iu²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /iu³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /iu³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: iu$^7$ / iu$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: iū / iŭ
*** Sinological IPA : /iu¹¹/, /iu³⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$yeu
*** MiniDict: yeu$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$hhieu
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦiɤ²³/
* Middle Chinese: hjuwH
Rime :
| Character | 又 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 云 (35) |
| Final (韻) | 尤 (136) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 于救切 |
| Baxter | hjuwH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦɨu$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦiu$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣiəu$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦuw$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣiu$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣĭəu$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /i̯ə̯u$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yòu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jau$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ʷəʔ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɢʷɯs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 又 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yòu |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hjuw$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɢ]ʷəʔ-s/ |
| English | also, in addition |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 又 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 15603 |
| Phonetic component | 又 |
| Rime group | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 宥 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɢʷɯs/ |

### Definitions

又
* again; once more
    又下雨了！ ― Yòu xiàyǔ le! ― It's raining again!
    想了又想 ― xiǎng le yòu xiǎng ― to think and think; to deeply think about
       yīcì yòu yīcì de shībài [Pinyin]
       failure after failure
    From: 1919, Lu Xun, 孔乙己 (Kung I-chi)
    Zìcǐ yǐhòu, yòu chángjiǔ méiyǒu kànjiàn Kǒng Yǐjǐ. [Pinyin]
    A long time went by after that without our seeing Kung again.
* Used to express the coexistence of several conditions or qualities; both ... and ...
    聰明又漂亮／聪明又漂亮 ― cōngmíng yòu piàoliang ― smart and pretty
    我又餓又渴。／我又饿又渴。 ― Wǒ yòu è yòu kě. ― I am hungry and thirsty.
       Wǒ yòu xiǎng qù, yòu bù xiǎng qù, gāi zěnme bàn? [Pinyin]
       I want to go, but I also don't want to go, what should I do?
* also; in addition
       Dá Fēnqí shì kēxuéjiā, yòu shì yìshùjiā. [Pinyin]
       Leonardo da Vinci was a scientist also an artist.
    From: 新標點和合本 (Chinese Union Version with New Punctuation), 創世記 (Genesis) 1:21
    Shén jiù zào chū dà yú hé shuǐ zhōng suǒ zīshēng gèyàng yǒu shēngmìng de dòngwù, gè cóng qí lèi. Yòu zào chū gèyàng fēiniǎo, gè cóng qí lèi. Shén kàn zhuó shì hǎo de. [Pinyin]
    And God created great whales, and every living creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly, after their kind, and every winged fowl after his kind: and God saw that it was good.
* Used between a whole number and a fraction
    四小時又十分鐘／四小时又十分钟 ― sì xiǎoshí yòu shí fēnzhōng ― four hours and ten minutes
    二又三分之一 ― èr yòu sān fēn zhī yī ― two and a third
* but; on the other hand
* Used in negative statements and rhetorical questions for emphasis
       Zhèyàng zuò duì nǐ yòu yǒu shénme hǎochù? [Pinyin]
       What good for you is there in doing that?
       go$^2$ di$^1$ je$^5$ jau$^6$ m$^4$ hai$^6$ ngo$^5$ zou$^6$, gwaan$^1$ ngo$^5$ me$^1$ si$^6$ ze$^1$. [Jyutping]
       Why should I care about that! It's not like I did it.
       ngo$^5$ jau$^6$ m$^4$ hai$^6$ mou$^5$ cin$^4$. [Jyutping]
       It's not like I'm broke.
    你又知？ [Cantonese] ― nei$^5$ jau$^6$ zi$^1$? [Jyutping] ― Oh, you know this? (surprised tone)

#### Usage notes

Compared to 再 (zài) which is used for something that has not happened, 又 (yòu) is used for something that already happened.

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 又 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 又 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 又 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 又 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 又 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 又 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 又 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 又 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 又 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 又 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 又, 又試 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 又, 又試 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 又 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 又 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 又 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 又 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 又, 已 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 復 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 閣, 閣再, 又閣再, 又閣 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 閣, 閣再, 又閣再, 又閣 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 閣, 閣再, 又閣再, 又閣 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 閣 GT, 閣再 GT, 又閣 GT |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 閣, 閣再, 又閣 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 閣, 閣再 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 又, 又再 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 又 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 再, 又 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 亦 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 亦 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 又 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 又 |
| Note | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) |

#### See also

* (again): 再 (zài)

### Compounds

* 一又
* 三又
* 卻又 / 却又
* 又且
* 又作別論 / 又作别论
* 又作馮婦 / 又作冯妇
* 又及
* 又双叒叕
* 又名 (yòumíng)
* 又好笑，又好氣 / 又好笑，又好气 (yòu hǎo xiào, yòu hǎo qì)
* 又弱一個 / 又弱一个
* 又急又氣 / 又急又气
* 又早
* 又是
* 又氣又急 / 又气又急
* 又生一秦
* 又當別論 / 又当别论
* 又紅又專 / 又红又专 (yòu hóng yòu zhuān)
* 又要
* 又試 / 又试
* 又說又笑 / 又说又笑
* 又讀 / 又读
* 又道是
* 又閣 / 又阁
* 又驚又喜 / 又惊又喜 (yòujīngyòuxǐ)
* 可又來 / 可又来
* 少之又少 (shǎozhīyòushǎo)
* 復又 / 复又
* 損之又損 / 损之又损
* 日新又新
* 欲言又止 (yùyányòuzhǐ)
* 玄之又玄 (xuánzhīyòuxuán)
* 賠了夫人又折兵 / 赔了夫人又折兵 (péi le fūrén yòu zhébīng)

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 又 |
| Kyūjitai | 又󠄂 又+&#xE0102; (Moji_Joho) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* again, as well
* and
* also

#### Readings

* Go-on: う (u)
* Kan-on: ゆう (yū)
* Kun: また (mata, 又, Jōyō)

### Definitions

* Kanji in this term
* 又
* また Grade: S
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 又 – see the following entry. :
| 【また】 | [adverb] 又, 復: again, as well [conjunction] and, also Alternative spellings 復, 亦, 也 |
(This term, 又, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### References

* ↑ 白川静 (Shirakawa Shizuka) (2014) “又”, in 字通 (Jitsū)‎ (in Japanese), popular edition, Tōkyō: Heibonsha, →ISBN
* ↑ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 389 (paper), page 244 (digital)
* ↑ Shōundō Henshūjo, editor (1927), 新漢和辞典 [The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Ōsaka: Shōundō, →DOI, page 268 (paper), page 146 (digital)

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 又 (MC hjuwH).

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [u(ː)]
* Phonetic hangul: [우(ː)]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Hanja

Wikisource 又 (eumhun 또 우 (tto u))
* hanja form of 우 (“again; and, also”) [affix]

#### Compounds

* 우황 (又況, uhwang)

## Old Korean
### Alternative forms

* 于 (*wu)

### Etymology

Both John B. Whitman and Alexander Francis-Ratté speculate of a connection to Proto-Japonic *wa (“I; me”), although Whitman and Francis-Ratté's belief that Korean and Japanese are genetically linked does not have consensus in the field.

### Pronoun

又 (*wu)
* we, us
** c. 1170, Interpretive gugyeol glosses to the Avatamsaka Sutra, vol. 35:[我]身薄祐*wu-uy MWOM-un PAK.WU-hoy-aour bodies being poor in fortune(N.B. Gugyeol glyphs are given in non-abbreviated forms. Bracketed terms were ignored when read.)

#### Usage notes

This term is given as a native Korean equivalent of the Chinese first-person pronouns 我 and 吾 in plural contexts (Chinese not making the distinction morphologically) in three different sources of Korean-language interpretive gugyeol glosses to the Buddhist canon, made between the tenth and thirteenth centuries. Interpretive gugyeol encodes guidelines by which a Korean speaker could have read out a Classical Chinese text in its native Korean translation, much like Japanese kanbun. These three sources accordingly instruct the Korean reader to pronounce the Chinese first-person pronouns as 又 or 于, allowing us to understand that this is the Old Korean word for "we; us".
The Middle Korean first-person plural pronoun 우리 (wuli, “we; us”) is almost certainly derived from it, although the second syllable remains as yet inexplicable.

#### Derived terms

* 吾里 (*WUli)

#### Descendants

* Middle Korean: 우리 (wuli, “we; us”)
** Korean: 우리 (uri, “we; us”)

### References

* 황선엽 (Hwang Seon-yeop), 이전경 (Yi Jeon-gyeong), 하귀녀 (Ha Gwi-nyeo), 이용 (Yi Yong), 박진호 (Park Jin-ho), 김성주 (Kim Seong-ju), 장경준 (Jang Gyeong-jun), 서민욱 (Seo Min-uk), 이지영 (Yi Ji-yeong), 서형국 (Seo Hyeong-guk). (2009) 석독구결사전/釋讀口訣辭典 [Dictionary of interpretive gugyeol], Bakmunsa, →ISBN
* 이병기 (Yi Byeong-gi) (2014) “구결자료의 어휘 [Gugyeol jaryo-ui eohwi, Vocabulary in the gugyeol sources]”, in Gugyeol Yeon'gu, volume 33, pages 23–61

## Vietnamese
### Han character

又: Hán Việt readings: hựu, hữu
又: Nôm readings: lại
* chữ Hán form of hựu (“again”).
* chữ Nôm form of lại (“again”).

#### References

* 1 2 Trần (2004).
* ↑ Bonet (1899).
* ↑ Génibrel (1898).
* ↑ Hồ (1976).
* 1 2 Trần (1999).
* https://hvdic.thivien.net/wnom/%E5%8F%88