# doktor
## Albanian
### Noun

doktor m (plural doktorë, definite doktori, definite plural doktorët); feminine equivalent doktoreshë
* a male doctor

#### Declension
## Azerbaijani
### Etymology

Internationalism; ultimately from Latin doctor.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Noun

doktor (definite accusative doktoru, plural doktorlar)
* doctor (a person who has attained a doctorate)
    tarixi elmlər doktoru ― a PhD (doctor) in history
* physician
    Synonyms: həkim, təbib

#### Declension
## Bikol Central
### Alternative forms

* Dr. — abbreviation
* Doc, dok

### Etymology

Borrowed from Spanish doctor.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dokˈtoɾ/ [d̪okˈtoɾ]
* Hyphenation: dok‧tor

### Noun

doktór (Basahan spelling ᜇᜓᜃ᜔ᜆᜓᜍ᜔)
* doctor; physician
    Synonyms: mediko, parabulong
* (dated) act of tinkering with
    Synonym: ano
* (dated) act of fiddling with
    Synonym: kuyan

#### Derived terms

* doktoran
* magdoktor

## Brunei Malay
### Etymology

Borrowed from English doctor, from Middle English doctor, doctour (“an expert, authority on a subject”), from Anglo-Norman doctour, from Latin doctor (“teacher”), from doceō (“I teach”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dok.tor/
* (Kedayan) IPA: /dok.to/

### Noun

doktor
* doctor (physician)
* (academic) doctor, person who has attained a doctorate

#### Hyponyms

* doktor bedah (“surgeon”)
* doktor gigi (“dentist”)
* doktor pakar (“specialist”)

#### Derived terms

* kedoktoran

## Cebuano
### Etymology

Borrowed from Spanish doctor, from Latin doctor (“teacher”), from doceō (“I teach”).
The verb sense is a semantic loan from English doctor

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dokˈtoɾ/ [d̪okˈt̪oɾ̪]
* Hyphenation: dok‧tor

### Noun

doktór (feminine doktora, Badlit spelling ᜇᜓᜃ᜔ᜆᜓᜇ᜔)
* doctor
** physician
** a person who has attained a doctorate
* veterinarian

### Verb

doktór (Badlit spelling ᜇᜓᜃ᜔ᜆᜓᜇ᜔)
* to doctor (alter or falsify a document)

#### Conjugation
## Czech
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech doktor, from Latin doctor.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈdoktor]
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: dok‧tor

### Noun

doktor m anim (female equivalent doktorka)
* doctor, physician
    Synonyms: lékař, léčitel
* doctor, PhD

#### Derived terms

* lžidoktor

#### Related terms

* docent

### Further reading

* “doktor”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “doktor”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* “doktor”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech), 2008–2025

## Danish
### Etymology

From Latin doctor, from doceō (“to teach”) +‎ -tor +‎ agent noun.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈdɔɡdɐ/, [ˈd̥ʌɡ̊d̥ɐ], [ˈtɒ̽ktɒ̽]

### Noun

doktor c (singular definite doktoren, plural indefinite doktorer)
* doctor (a physician)
* doctor (a person who has attained a doctorate)

#### Synonyms

* (physician): læge

#### Derived terms

* doktorafhandling c
* doktorand c
* doktordisputats c
* doktorere
* doktorgrad c
* dr.
* heksedoktor c
* æresdoktor

### References

* “doktor” in Den Danske Ordbog

## Estonian
### Etymology

German Doktor. Doublet of tohter.

### Noun

doktor (genitive doktori, partitive doktorit)
* doctor (person who has obtained a doctorate)
* doctor (physician)
    Synonym: arst
* Doctor (title)
    Synonym: dr

#### Declension
### Further reading

* doktor in Sõnaveeb (Eesti Keele Instituut)

## Hungarian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈdoktor]
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: dok‧tor
* Rhymes: -or

### Noun

doktor (plural doktorok)
* (folksy) doctor (physician)
    Synonym: orvos
* doctor (a person who has attained a doctorate)

#### Derived terms

* doki
* doktornő
* orvosdoktor

### Further reading

* doktor in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
* doktor in Nóra Ittzés, editor, A magyar nyelv nagyszótára [A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (Nszt.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031 (work in progress; published a–ez as of 2024).

## Icelandic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈtɔxtɔr/

### Noun

doktor m (genitive singular doktors, nominative plural doktorar)
* doctor (person with a university doctorate)

#### Derived terms

* doktorsefni
* doktorsgráða
* doktorshattur
* doktorskjör
* doktorsnafn
* doktorsnafnbót
* doktorsnám
* doktorspróf
* doktorsrit
* doktorsritgerð
* doktorsskjal
* doktorsstig
* doktorstitill
* doktorsverkefni
* doktorsvörn

## Indonesian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Dutch doctor (“doctor (person who has attained a doctorate)”), from Middle Dutch doctor, from Latin doctor (“teacher, instructor”). Doublet of dokter.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dɔk.tɔr/
* Hyphenation: dok‧tor
* Rhymes: -ɔr

### Noun

doktor
* doctor (person who has attained a doctorate)

#### Usage notes

The word is part of false friends between Standard Malay and Indonesian due to shared etymology. The Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore usage can be seen in Malay doktor.

#### Derived terms

* mendoktorkan
* doktor kehormatan
* doktor terapan

#### Related terms

* dokter
* doktoral
* doktoranda
* doktorandus
* doktorat

### Further reading

* “doktor” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Ladino
### Etymology

Borrowed from Turkish doktor, from French docteur.

### Noun

doktor m
* doctor
    Synonym: mediko

## Malay
### Etymology

Borrowed from English doctor, from Middle English doctor, doctour (“an expert, authority on a subject”), from Anglo-Norman doctour, from Latin doctor (“teacher”), from doceō (“I teach”).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Malaysian) IPA: /doktor/, [dɔk̚to̟(r)]
* Rhymes: -tor, -or
* Audio (Malaysia):(file)

### Noun

doktor (Jawi spelling دوکتور, plural doktor-doktor, informal 1st possessive doktorku, 2nd possessive doktormu, 3rd possessive doktornya)
* (Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore) doctor; physician
    Synonyms: (Indonesian Malay) dokter, tabib, bomor
* doctor (person who has attained a doctorate, such as a Ph.D. or Th.D. or one of many other terminal degrees conferred by a college or university)

#### Usage notes

* The word is part of false friends between Standard Malay and Indonesian due to shared etymology. The Indonesian usage can be seen in Indonesian doktor.
* Both Standard Malaysian and Singaporean Malay plus Indonesian lists "person who has attained a doctorate" sense. However, Indonesian uses the cognate dokter, for the physician sense.

#### Derived terms

* doktor gigi

### Further reading

* “doktor” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

From Latin doctor.

### Noun

doktor m (definite singular doktoren, indefinite plural doktorer, definite plural doktorene)
* doctor (physician)
* Doctor (person who has attained a doctorate)

#### Synonyms

* (physician): lege

#### Derived terms

* doktorgrad
* heksedoktor
* æresdoktor

### References

* “doktor” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

From Latin doctor.

### Noun

doktor m (definite singular doktoren, indefinite plural doktorar, definite plural doktorane)
* Doctor (person who has attained a doctorate)

#### Derived terms

* doktorgrad
* heksedoktor
* æresdoktor

### References

* “doktor” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Old Czech
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin doctor. Compare Old Polish doktor.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (13th CE) /ˈdoktor/
* IPA: (15th CE) /ˈdoktor/

### Noun

doktor m pers (relational adjective doktorský)
* (Ecclesiastic) teacher
* doctor (person holding a doctorate)
* scholar
* (religion) Honorary title of church dignitaries.

#### Derived terms

* doktornicě
* doktorstvie
* doktorovati impf

#### Descendants

* Czech: doktor

### References

* ↑ Rejzek, Jiří (2015) “doktor”, in Český etymologický slovník [Czech Etymological Dictionary] (in Czech), 3rd (revised and expanded) edition, Praha: LEDA, →ISBN
* Jan Gebauer (1903–1916) “doktor”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění

## Old Polish
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin doctor. First attested in c. 1420. Compare Old Czech doktor.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (10th–15th CE) /dɔktɔ(ː)r/
* IPA: (15th CE) /dɔktɔr/, /dɔktor/

### Noun

doktor m animacy unattested (related adjective doktorowski)
* scholar (learned person; especially an expert in the Bible and theology, in Christianity sometimes the official title of theological writers)
** 1874-1891 [c. 1420], Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności‎, volume XXIV, page 86:Wszelky mysztrz nawczony, wszelky doctor albo pyszarz w crolewszthwe nebeszkem (omnis scriba doctus in regno coelorum Mat 13, 52) rowni yeszth oczczw czeladnemw[Wszelki mistrz nauczony, wszelki doktor albo pisarz w krolewstwie niebieskim (omnis scriba doctus in regno coelorum Mat 13, 52) rowny jest oćcu czeladnemu]
** Beginning of the 15th century, Łukasz z Wielkiego Koźmina, Kazania gnieźnieńskie‎, Krakow, page 11b:Ten tho velebny doctor, gemusczy Bedza (leg. Beda) dzegø, mouiy[Ten to wielebny doktor, jemużci Beda dzieją, mowi]
* (attested in Masovia) doctor (person holding a doctorate)
** 1895 [1448–1450], Mikołaj Suled, edited by Franciszek Piekosiński, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich, Kodeks Świętosławów, Warka, page 82:Yvsz prawa polska szą dokonana, yasz wykladana przes mystrza y doctora Swanthoslawa s Woczyeschyna, cvstosscha kosczola warszewskyego swąnthego Iana[Już prawa polska są dokonana, jaż wykładana przez mistrza i doktora Świętosława s Wocieszyna, kustosza kościoła warszewskiego Świętego Jana]

#### Derived terms

* doktorowa

#### Descendants

* Polish: doktor, doktór (regional or colloquial)
** → Kashubian: doktór
* Silesian: dŏchtōr

### References

* ↑ Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “doktor”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
* ↑ Mirosław Bańko, Lidia Wiśniakowska (2021) “doktor”, in Wielki słownik wyrazów obcych, →ISBN
* ↑ Stanisław Dubisz, editor (2003), “doktor”, in Uniwersalny słownik języka polskiego [Universal dictionary of the Polish language]‎ (in Polish), volumes 1-4, Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN SA, →ISBN
* ↑ Witold Doroszewski, editor (1958–1969), “doktor”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), Warszawa: PWN
   * B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “doktor”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN

## Polish
### Alternative forms

* doktór (regional or colloquial)

### Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish doktor.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈdɔk.tɔr/
* (Middle Polish) IPA: /ˈdɔk.tɔr/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔktɔr
* Syllabification: dok‧tor

### Noun

doktor m pers (female equivalent doktor or doktorka, diminutive doktorek, abbreviation dr)
* (colloquial, medicine) physician, medical doctor
    Synonyms: eskulap, lekarz, medyk
* doctor (person holding a doctorate)
* (obsolete) doctor, scholar
    Synonym: uczony

#### Derived terms

* doktorowy
* doktorski
* doktor dekretów
* doktor honoris causa
* doktor Kościoła
* doktorostwo
* doktorowa
* doktorówna
* doktorstwo
* spin doktor
* doktorować impf
* bawić się w doktora impf

#### Descendants

* → Kashubian: doktór

#### Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), doktor is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 3 times in scientific texts, 52 times in news, 15 times in essays, 22 times in fiction, and 39 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 131 times, making it the 460th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.

### Noun

doktor f (indeclinable)
* (colloquial, medicine) female equivalent of doktor (“physician, medical doctor”)
    Synonym: doktorka
* female equivalent of doktor (“doctor”) (person holding a doctorate)
    Synonym: doktorka

### References

* ↑ Ida Kurcz (1990) “doktor”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 81

### Further reading

* doktor in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* doktor in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “doktor”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
* “DOKTOR”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 18.03.2016
* Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “doktor”, in Słownik języka polskiego
* Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “doktor”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
* J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1900), “doktor”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 1, Warsaw, page 495
* doktor in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego

## Serbo-Croatian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dôktor/
* Hyphenation: dok‧tor

### Noun

dȍktor m (Cyrillic spelling до̏ктор)
* doctor, physician
* doctor, PhD

#### Derived terms

* dȍktorica
* (Serbia) dȍktōrka

## Slovak
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin doctor.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈdɔktɔr]

### Noun

doktor m pers (female equivalent doktorka, relational adjective doktorský, diminutive doktorík or doktorko, augmentative doktorisko)
* doctor, physician
    Synonyms: lekár, liečiteľ
* doctor, PhD

#### Derived terms

* doktorový

## Swedish
### Alternative forms

* (Abbreviations) d:r, dr, dr.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈdɔkˌtɔr/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

doktor c
* doctor; physician
* doctor; person who has achieved a graduate degree such as a Ph.D. or a Th.D.

#### Synonyms

* (physician): läkare

#### Related terms

* doktorand
* doktorat
* doktorera
* doktorsavhandling
* doktorsexamen
* doktorsgrad
* doktorshatt
* doktorspromotion
* doktorstitel
* Dr.
* hedersdoktor
* jubeldoktor
* skärgårdsdoktor

#### Descendants

* → Finnish: tohtori

### Further reading

* doktor in Svensk ordbok.

## Tagalog
### Etymology

Borrowed from Spanish doctor (“doctor”), from Latin doctor (“teacher”).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /dokˈtoɾ/ [d̪okˈt̪oɾ]
* Rhymes: -oɾ
* Syllabification: dok‧tor

### Noun

doktór (feminine doktora, Baybayin spelling ᜇᜓᜃ᜔ᜆᜓᜇ᜔)
* doctor; physician
    Synonyms: manggagamot, mediko
* doctorate degree
    Synonym: doktorado
* (colloquial) falsification

#### Derived terms

* doktor-laway
* doktorin
* magdoktor
* pandodoktor
* sulat-doktor

#### Related terms

* Doktor
* doktorado
* Doktorado sa Pilosopiya
* doktoral
* doktorsilyo
* doktrina
* dosil
* Dr.

### Further reading

* “doktor”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018

## Turkish
### Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish دوقتور (doktor), from French docteur, from Latin doctor (“teacher”), from doceō (“I teach”). Cognate with Azerbaijani doktor.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dokˈtoɾ/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: dok‧tor

### Noun

doktor (definite accusative doktoru, plural doktorlar)
* doctor

#### Declension

singular
plural
nominative
doktor
doktorlar
definite accusative
doktoru
doktorları
dative
doktora
doktorlara
locative
doktorda
doktorlarda
ablative
doktordan
doktorlardan
genitive
doktorun
doktorların
Possessive forms
nominative
singular
plural
1st singular
doktorum
doktorlarım
2nd singular
doktorun
doktorların
3rd singular
doktoru
doktorları
1st plural
doktorumuz
doktorlarımız
2nd plural
doktorunuz
doktorlarınız
3rd plural
doktorları
doktorları
definite accusative
singular
plural
1st singular
doktorumu
doktorlarımı
2nd singular
doktorunu
doktorlarını
3rd singular
doktorunu
doktorlarını
1st plural
doktorumuzu
doktorlarımızı
2nd plural
doktorunuzu
doktorlarınızı
3rd plural
doktorlarını
doktorlarını
dative
singular
plural
1st singular
doktoruma
doktorlarıma
2nd singular
doktoruna
doktorlarına
3rd singular
doktoruna
doktorlarına
1st plural
doktorumuza
doktorlarımıza
2nd plural
doktorunuza
doktorlarınıza
3rd plural
doktorlarına
doktorlarına
locative
singular
plural
1st singular
doktorumda
doktorlarımda
2nd singular
doktorunda
doktorlarında
3rd singular
doktorunda
doktorlarında
1st plural
doktorumuzda
doktorlarımızda
2nd plural
doktorunuzda
doktorlarınızda
3rd plural
doktorlarında
doktorlarında
ablative
singular
plural
1st singular
doktorumdan
doktorlarımdan
2nd singular
doktorundan
doktorlarından
3rd singular
doktorundan
doktorlarından
1st plural
doktorumuzdan
doktorlarımızdan
2nd plural
doktorunuzdan
doktorlarınızdan
3rd plural
doktorlarından
doktorlarından
genitive
singular
plural
1st singular
doktorumun
doktorlarımın
2nd singular
doktorunun
doktorlarının
3rd singular
doktorunun
doktorlarının
1st plural
doktorumuzun
doktorlarımızın
2nd plural
doktorunuzun
doktorlarınızın
3rd plural
doktorlarının
doktorlarının
Predicative forms
singular
plural
1st singular
doktorum
doktorlarım
2nd singular
doktorsun
doktorlarsın
3rd singular
doktor doktordur
doktorlar doktorlardır
1st plural
doktoruz
doktorlarız
2nd plural
doktorsunuz
doktorlarsınız
3rd plural
doktorlar
doktorlardır :

#### Synonyms

* hekim
* tabip

#### Descendants

* → Ladino: doktor

### References

* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “دوقتور”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 610

## Yogad
### Noun

doktór
* doctor