# ex-
## English
### Alternative forms

* e-

### Etymology

From Middle English, from words borrowed from Middle French; from Latin ex (“out of, from”), from Proto-Indo-European *eǵ-, *eǵs- (“out”), *eǵʰs. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἐξ (ex, “out of, from”), Transalpine Gaulish ex- (“out”), Old Irish ess- (“out”), Old Church Slavonic изъ (izŭ, “out”), Russian из (iz, “from, out of”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (hyphened always) /ɛks/
* IPA: (unhyphened with primary or secondary stress) /ɛks/, (before a vowel) /ɛɡz/
* IPA: (unhyphened unstressed) /ɪks/, (before a vowel) /ɪɡz/

### Prefix

ex-
* out of
    borrowed from Latin: extract, expel, except, expression, exclusion
* outside
    ex-directory; borrowed from Latin: exterior
* former
    ex-husband, ex-president, ex-wife
** 1969 December 7, “Full Frontal Nudity”, in Monty Python's Flying Circus‎, season 1, episode 8, spoken by Mr Praline (John Cleese), Dead Parrot sketch:This parrot is no more. It has ceased to be. It's expired and gone to see its maker. This is a late parrot. It's a stiff. Bereft of life, it rests in peace. If you hadn't nailed it to the perch it would be pushing up the daisies. It's run down the curtain and joined the choir invisible. This is an ex-parrot.
** 2018 April 16, Stephen Collinson, “Trump now faces Comey’s moral assault”, in CNN‎:While he may not deserve to be branded a “slimeball,” as Trump did on Sunday, Comey does risk coming across as a disgruntled ex-employee and someone seeking vengeance for his dismissal. He has a highly developed sense of his own morality and sometimes comes across as holier than thou.
** 2023 September 30, CSX8600, “September 2023 Update”, in Mesabrook Blog‎:A major event involves an ex-member of our build team. Due to a lack of legal protection on Mesabrook’s end, this member was able to make a legal request to have their builds and artwork removed from the Mesabrook project.
* (biology) Lacking, not possessing.
    excaudate, exstipulate

#### Usage notes

* Sometimes the x in ex- is elided before certain constants, being reduced to e- (as, e.g., in ejaculate and egregious which are borrowed from Latin).
* Words derived from ex- in the sense of former are usually formed with a hyphen. Using hyphen is recommended by GPO manual.

#### Synonyms

* (outside): out-, exo-, ecto-
* (former): then-
* (lacking): an-, -less, -free

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “outside”): in-, intra-, en-/em-/im-, end-/endo-/ento-

#### Derived terms

* ex-directory
* exsert
Derived words without entries:
* ex-actor
* ex-atheist
* ex-athlete
* ex-Beatle
* ex-boss
* ex-CEO
* ex-CFO
* ex-Christian
* ex-colleague
* ex-consul
* ex-councillor
* ex-Czar
* ex-dictator
* ex-director
* ex-doctor
* ex-drummer
* ex-emperor
* ex-employee
* ex-fighter
* ex-fighter pilot
* ex-friend
* ex-governor
* ex-guitarist
* ex-Hindu
* ex-Jesuit
* ex-Jew
* ex-Jewish
* ex-judge
* ex-Kaiser
* ex-lover
* ex-manager
* ex-mayor
* ex-member
* ex-minister
* ex-Muslim
* ex-official
* ex-organ grinder
* ex-piano player
* ex-pilot
* ex-policeman
* ex-police officer
* ex-praetor
* ex-priest
* ex-programmer
* ex-scientist
* ex-Scientologist
* ex-senator
* ex-sergeant
* ex-soldier
* ex-statistician
* ex-student

#### Translations
### See also

* e-
* ex
* extra-

### References

* ↑ 6. Compounding Rules in U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual, govinfo.gov

### Further reading

* “ex-”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
* “ex-”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.
* “ex-”, in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 5th edition, Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016, →ISBN.
* “ex-”, in Collins English Dictionary.
* ex- in Britannica Dictionary
* John A. Simpson and Edmund S. C. Weiner, editors (1989), “ex-”, in The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN.
* John A. Simpson and Edmund S. C. Weiner, editors (1989), “ex-”, in The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN.

### Anagrams

* XE, xe

## Czech
### Prefix

ex-
* ex- (former)

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* ex- in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017

## Dutch
### Etymology

Borrowed from French ex-, from Latin ex-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛks/
* Audio:(file)

### Prefix

ex-
* ex- (former, but still living)

#### Derived terms

* ex

## Finnish
### Etymology

< English ex-

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈeks/, [ˈe̞ks̠]

### Prefix

ex-
* (informal) ex- (former)
    ex-aviomies ― ex-husband
    ex-pomo ― ex-boss

#### Synonyms

* aiempi
* entinen

## French
### Prefix

ex-
* ex- (former)
    ‎ex- + ‎femme → ‎ex-femme

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* “ex-”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## German
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Prefix

ex-
* ex- (former)
* ex- (out)

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* “ex-” in Duden online

## Hungarian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈɛks]

### Prefix

ex-
* ex- (former)

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* ex- in Nóra Ittzés, editor, A magyar nyelv nagyszótára [A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (Nszt.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031 (work in progress; published a–ez as of 2024).

## Italian
### Prefix

ex-
* ex-

## Latin
### Alternative forms

* ē- (before b, d, g, j, l, m, n, r, or v)
* ec-, ef- (before f)

### Etymology

The preposition ex, ē used in combination.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /eks/, [ɛks̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /eks/, [eks]

### Prefix

ex-
* out, away
    ‎ē- + ‎veniō → ‎ēveniō
    ‎ex- + ‎clāmō (“call, shout”) → ‎exclāmō (“call out, exclaim”)
    ‎ex- + ‎eō (“go”) → ‎exeō (“exit, depart”)
* throughout
    ‎ē- + ‎dormiō → ‎ēdormiō
    ‎ē- + ‎pōtō (“drink”) → ‎ēpōtō (“drink up”)
* (intensive) thoroughly
    ‎ē- + ‎dūrus → ‎ēdūrō
    ‎ex- + ‎acuō → ‎exacuō
* denoting achievement
    ‎ex- + ‎ōrō → ‎exōrō
    ‎ex- + ‎pugnō (“battle, fight, combat”) → ‎expugnō (“capture, conquer”)
* up
    ‎ex- + ‎aggerō → ‎exaggerō
    ‎ex- + ‎struō (“pile, arrange”) → ‎exstruō (“heap up, build up, construct”)
* denoting privation
    ‎ex- + ‎anima (“air, breath, soul, life”) → ‎exanimō (“deprive of air, deprive of life”)
    ‎ex- + ‎sanguis (“blood”) → ‎exsanguis (“deprived of blood, bloodless”)

#### Descendants

* French: é-
* Italian: s-, es-
* Old Occitan:
** Occitan: es-
* Polish: eks-, eks
* Portuguese: es-, ex-
* Sicilian: s- (before consonant), sc- (before vowel)
* Spanish: es-

### References

* “ex-” on pages 629–630 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)

## Middle English
### Alternative forms

* ef- (before f)

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Prefix

ex-
* privation
    ‎ef- + ‎flouren → ‎efflouren

#### Derived terms
## Portuguese
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin ex.

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˌe(j)s/ [ˌe(ɪ̯)s]
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˌe(j)s/ [ˌe(ɪ̯)s]
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /ˌe(j)ʃ/ [ˌe(ɪ̯)ʃ]
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˌeʃ/
* Homophones: ex, -ês, Es (without /j/), eis (with /j/)

### Prefix

ex-
* ex- (former)

#### Usage notes

Always used with a hyphen.

#### Derived terms

* ex

## Slovak
### Prefix

ex-
* ex- (former)

#### Derived terms
## Spanish
### Etymology

From Latin ex.

### Prefix

ex-
* ex- (former)

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* “ex-”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

## Swedish
### Prefix

ex-
* ex-, former, past

#### Related terms

* ex

### References

* ex- in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* ex- in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* ex- in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)