# 承認
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chéngrèn
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄥˊ ㄖㄣˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): sing$^4$ jing$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): sṳ̀n-ngin
    (Hailu, HRS): shin ngin$^˖$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): sen$^2$ ngin$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): ceng$^1$ reng$^3$
* Eastern Min (BUC): sìng-nêng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): sêng-līn / sêng-jīn / sîn-jīn
    (Teochew, Peng'im): sêng$^5$ ring$^7$ / sêng$^5$ rêng$^7$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chéngrèn
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄥˊ ㄖㄣˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chéngrèn
*** Wade–Giles: chʻêng$^2$-jên$^4$
*** Yale: chéng-rèn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: cherngrenn
*** Palladius: чэнжэнь (čɛnžɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ ʐən⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: sing$^4$ jing$^6$
*** Yale: sìhng yihng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sing$^4$ jing$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: xing$^4$ ying$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɪŋ²¹ jɪŋ²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sṳ̀n-ngin
*** Hakka Romanization System: siin$^ˇ$ ngin
*** Hagfa Pinyim: sin$^2$ ngin$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /sɨn¹¹ ŋin⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: shin ngin$^˖$
*** Sinological IPA: /ʃin⁵⁵ ŋin³³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: sen$^2$ ngin$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /sən¹¹ ŋin⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: ceng$^1$ reng$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡sʰəŋ¹¹ ʐəŋ⁴⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: sìng-nêng
*** Sinological IPA : /siŋ⁵³⁻²¹ nˡɛiŋ²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei, Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sêng-līn
*** Tâi-lô: sîng-līn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: senglin
*** IPA (Taipei): /siɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ lin³³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines): /siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² lin⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² lin²²/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sêng-jīn
*** Tâi-lô: sîng-jīn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sengjin
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /siɪŋ²³⁻³³ zin³³/
*** IPA (Singapore): /seŋ²⁴⁻²¹ d͡zin²²/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /siɪŋ¹³⁻²² d͡zin²²/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sîn-jīn
*** Tâi-lô: sîn-jīn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sinjin
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /sin¹³⁻²² d͡zin²²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: sêng$^5$ ring$^7$ / sêng$^5$ rêng$^7$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sêng jīng / sêng jēng
*** Sinological IPA : /seŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ d͡ziŋ¹¹/, /seŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ d͡zeŋ¹¹/

### Verb

承認 (transitive)
* to admit; to concede; to acknowledge; to confess
    承認說錯話／承认说错话 ― chéngrèn shuō cuò huà ― to admit to saying the wrong thing
* to recognise (diplomatically)

#### Synonyms

* (to admit): (literary, or in compounds) 認／认 (rèn)
* (to confess):
* 交代 (jiāodài)
* 供認 / 供认 (gòngrèn) (one's crimes)
* 坦白 (tǎnbái)
* 招
* 招供 (zhāogòng) (one's crimes)
* 招認 / 招认 (zhāorèn) (one's crimes)
* 自供 (zìgòng)
* 自白 (zìbái)
* (to recognise):
* 允諾 / 允诺 (yǔnnuò)
* 同意 (tóngyì)
* 壋頭 / 垱头 (Zhangzhou Hokkien, figurative)
* 應 / 应 (yīng)
* 批准 (pīzhǔn)
* 擁護 / 拥护 (yōnghù)
* 答應 / 答应 (dāyìng)
* 認可 / 认可 (rènkě)
* 認同 / 认同 (rèntóng)
* 贊同 / 赞同 (zàntóng)
* 贊成 / 赞成 (zànchéng)
* 附合 (fùhé) (literary, to echo)
* 附和 (fùhè) (to echo)
* 附議 / 附议 (fùyì)
* 首肯 (shǒukěn) (literary)
* 點頭 / 点头 (diǎntóu) (figurative)

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “to admit”): 否定 (fǒudìng), 否認／否认 (fǒurèn)
* (antonym(s) of “to recognise”):
* 回絕 / 回绝 (huíjué)
* 屏絕 / 屏绝 (bǐngjué)
* 拒 (jù) (formal, or in compounds)
* 拒絕 / 拒绝 (jùjué)
* 摒絕 / 摒绝 (bìngjué)

#### Derived terms

* 國家承認 / 国家承认
* 坦承 (tǎnchéng)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 承 | 認 |
| しょう Grade: 6 | にん Grade: 6 |
| on'yomi ||

### Etymology

From 承 (shō, “agree to”) + 認 (nin, “recognize”).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しょーにん [shòóníń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɕo̞ːɲ̟ĩɴ]

### Noun

承(しょう)認(にん) • (shōnin)
* approval, recognition

#### Derived terms

* 不承認 (fushōnin): disapproval, dissent
* 未承認 (mishōnin): unapproved
* 未承認国家 (mishōnin kokka) unrecognized state
* 国家承認 (kokka shōnin): diplomatic recognition
* 承認図 (shōninzu): approved plan or drawing
* 承認履歴 (shōnin rireki): (computing) approval log
* 承認状 (shōninjō): certificate of approval
* 承認者 (shōninsha): (computing) approver, authorizer
* 承認者表示 (shōninsha hyōji): (computing) authorizing users indication

### Verb

承(しょう)認(にん)する • (shōnin suru) suru (stem 承(しょう)認(にん)し (shōnin shi), past 承(しょう)認(にん)した (shōnin shita))
* approve

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 承認し | しょうにんし | shōnin shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 承認し | しょうにんし | shōnin shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 承認する | しょうにんする | shōnin suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 承認する | しょうにんする | shōnin suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 承認すれ | しょうにんすれ | shōnin sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 承認せよ¹ 承認しろ² | しょうにんせよ¹ しょうにんしろ² | shōnin seyo¹ shōnin shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 承認される | しょうにんされる | shōnin sareru |
| Causative | 承認させる 承認さす | しょうにんさせる しょうにんさす | shōnin saseru shōnin sasu |
| Potential | 承認できる | しょうにんできる | shōnin dekiru |
| Volitional | 承認しよう | しょうにんしよう | shōnin shiyō |
| Negative | 承認しない | しょうにんしない | shōnin shinai |
| Negative continuative | 承認せず | しょうにんせず | shōnin sezu |
| Formal | 承認します | しょうにんします | shōnin shimasu |
| Perfective | 承認した | しょうにんした | shōnin shita |
| Conjunctive | 承認して | しょうにんして | shōnin shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 承認すれば | しょうにんすれば | shōnin sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

#### Synonyms

* 是認(ぜにん) (zenin)

#### Antonyms

* 否認(ひにん) (hinin)

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 承 | 認 |

### Noun

承認 • (seung'in) (hangeul 승인)
* hanja form of 승인 (“approval, recognition”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 承 | 認 |

### Verb

承認
* chữ Hán form of thừa nhận (“to recognise; to admit”).