# گذشتن
## Persian
### Alternative forms

* گذریدن (gozarîdan, “present stem infinitive”)

### Etymology

From Middle Persian [script needed] (wtštn' /⁠widaštan⁠/), [script needed] (wtltn' /⁠widardan⁠/, “pass, cross, die”), from Proto-Iranian *witárHati (“to pass by”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wí + Proto-Indo-Iranian *tárHati (“to cross over”), the prefix ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wí (“apart”). The change -d- → classical -ð- → modern -z- is irregular, since following the second stage, it would be reverted again into the first one. Cognate with Northern Kurdish bihurîn (“to pass”), Central Kurdish بووردن (biwurdin, “to pass”) and Zazaki viyartene (“to pass”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ɡu.ðaʃ.ˈtan]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ɡʊ.zäʃ.t̪ʰǽn]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ɡʊ.zäʃ.t̪ʰǽn]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [ɡʊ.zäʃ.t̪ʰǽn]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [ɡu.zäʃ.t̪ʰǽn]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [ɡ̥o.zæʃ.t̪ʰǽn]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [ɡu.zäʃ.t̪ʰǽn]

### Verb

گُذَشتَن • (gozaštan) (present stem گُذَر (gozar)) (intransitive)
* to pass, to pass away (especially of time)
    این نیز بگذرد ― in niz bogzorad ― this too shall pass
** c. 1100, Omar Khayyam, translated by Ahmad Saidi, Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam:از دی که گذشت هیچ از آن یاد مکن فردا که نیامده است فریاد مکن.az dī ki guzašt hēč az ān yād ma-kun fardā ki nay-āmada ast faryād ma-kunThe yesterday that's gone, you must forget what it was For the tomorrow not come, don't flitter and fuss.(Classical Persian transliteration)
** c. 1789, Wajīh al-Dīn Ashraf, بحرِ زخّار [Bahr-i Zaxxār]:چنانچه بعد از نماز چهار روز گذشت و باران نبارید […]čunānči ba'd az namāz čahār rōz guzašt u bārān na-bārīd […] when four days passed after the prayer and it did not rain […] (Classical Persian transliteration)
* to pass away; to die
    Synonym: درگذشتن (dargozaštan)
* to cross over
    از این رودخانه گذشتم.az in rudxâne gozaštam.I crossed over this river.
* to overlook; to pardon (a wrong, a sin)
* to surpass, to excel
** c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume I, verse 3054:ز آن که در الاست او از لا گذشت / هر که در الاست او فانی نگشتza ân ki dar alâ-st ô az lâ guzašt / har ki dar alâ-st ô fâni na-gaštBecause he is in except, he has transcended nonentity: whosoever is in except has not passed away.

#### Usage notes

* گذشتن (gozaštan) is intransitive, and in senses that are equivalent to English transitive verbs, از (az) is used for what in English would be the direct object.

#### Derived terms

* خوش گذشتن (xoš gozaštan)
* درگذشتن (dargozaštan, “to pass away”)
* گذراندن (gozarândan, “to spend; to pass (time)”)
* گذشت (gozašt, “indulgence; generosity”)
* گذشته (gozašte, “past”)

#### Related terms

* گذاشتن (gozâštan, “to let; to place”)

### References

* ↑ MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) “widardan”/“widaštan”, in A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, page 90
* ↑ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “pages-380-2”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
Hayyim, Sulayman (1934) “گذشتن”, in New Persian–English dictionary, Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Béroukhim