# 憂ふ
## Japanese
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɯ̟ɾe̞ɸɯ̟]
(Can we verify this pronunciation?)
* IPA: [ɯ̟ɾʲo̞ɯ̟]

### Verb

憂(うれ)ふ • (urefu) $^†$nidan
* Classical Japanese form of うれえる (ureeru, “to be anxious; to mourn”)
* Classical Japanese form of うれう (ureu, “to be anxious; to lament”)

#### Usage notes

* Originally conjugated as a 下(しも)二(に)段(だん) (shimo nidan, “lower bigrade”) verb, and a phonetic shift of the 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “conjunctive form”) from うれへ (urefe) to うれひ (urefi) led to it also conjugating in a 上(かみ)二(に)段(だん) (kami nidan, “upper bigrade”) or 四(よ)段(だん) (yodan, “quatrigrade”) conjugation pattern.

#### Conjugation

Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 憂ひ | うれひ | urefi |
| Continuative (連用形) | 憂ひ | うれひ | urefi |
| Terminal (終止形) | 憂ふ | うれふ | urefu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 憂ふる | うれふる | urefuru |
| Realis (已然形) | 憂ふれ | うれふれ | urefure |
| Imperative (命令形) | 憂ひよ | うれひよ | urefiyo |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 憂ひず | うれひず | urefizu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 憂ふれど | うれふれど | urefuredo |
| Causal conjunction | 憂ふれば | うれふれば | urefureba |
| Conditional conjunction | 憂ひば | うれひば | urefiba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 憂ひき | うれひき | urefiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 憂ひけり | うれひけり | urefikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 憂ひつ | うれひつ | urefitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 憂ひぬ | うれひぬ | urefinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 憂ひたり | うれひたり | urefitari |
| Volitional | 憂ひむ | うれひむ | urefimu |
Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 憂へ | うれへ | urefe |
| Continuative (連用形) | 憂へ | うれへ | urefe |
| Terminal (終止形) | 憂ふ | うれふ | urefu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 憂ふる | うれふる | urefuru |
| Realis (已然形) | 憂ふれ | うれふれ | urefure |
| Imperative (命令形) | 憂へよ | うれへよ | urefeyo |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 憂へず | うれへず | urefezu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 憂ふれど | うれふれど | urefuredo |
| Causal conjunction | 憂ふれば | うれふれば | urefureba |
| Conditional conjunction | 憂へば | うれへば | urefeba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 憂へき | うれへき | urefeki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 憂へけり | うれへけり | urefekeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 憂へつ | うれへつ | urefetu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 憂へぬ | うれへぬ | urefenu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 憂へたり | うれへたり | urefetari |
| Volitional | 憂へむ | うれへむ | urefemu |
Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 憂は | うれは | urefa |
| Continuative (連用形) | 憂ひ | うれひ | urefi |
| Terminal (終止形) | 憂ふ | うれふ | urefu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 憂ふ | うれふ | urefu |
| Realis (已然形) | 憂へ | うれへ | urefe |
| Imperative (命令形) | 憂へ | うれへ | urefe |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 憂はず | うれはず | urefazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 憂へど | うれへど | urefedo |
| Causal conjunction | 憂へば | うれへば | urefeba |
| Conditional conjunction | 憂はば | うれはば | urefaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 憂ひき | うれひき | urefiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 憂ひけり | うれひけり | urefikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 憂ひつ | うれひつ | urefitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 憂ひぬ | うれひぬ | urefinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 憂へり 憂ひたり | うれへり うれひたり | ureferi urefitari |
| Volitional | 憂はむ | うれはむ | urefamu |

### References

* ↑ “憂ふ”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006