# 造

| 造 | U+9020, &#36896; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9020 |
| ← 速 [U+901F] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 逡 → [U+9021] |

## Translingual
### Han character

造 (Kangxi radical 162, 辵+7, 11 strokes in traditional Chinese and Korean, 10 strokes in simplified Chinese and Japanese, cangjie input 卜竹土口 (YHGR), four-corner 3430$_6$, composition ⿺辶告)

#### Derived characters

* 𠻛, 𭏤, 𡠻, 慥, 𢳥, 𭧙, 𪳤, 𰟔, 𭹱, 𬒝, 糙, 䎭, 䒃, 䗢, 𧷹, 𨄹, 𮡀, 𬩭, 䔏, 𡮯, 簉, 𨖰

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1258, character 12
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 38898
* Dae Jaweon: page 1746, character 6
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3841, character 6
* Unihan data for U+9020

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 造
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 造 | *skʰuːɡs, *sɡuːʔ |
| 慥 | *skʰuːɡs |
| 艁 | *skʰuːɡs, *sɡuːʔ |
| 糙 | *skʰuːɡs |
| 告 | *kuːɡs, *kuːɡ |
| 誥 | *kuːɡs |
| 郜 | *kuːɡs, *kuːɡ |
| 祰 | *kʰuːʔ, *kuːɡ |
| 靠 | *kʰuːɡs |
| 浩 | *ɡuːʔ, *kuːb |
| 晧 | *ɡuːʔ |
| 皓 | *ɡuːʔ |
| 窖 | *kruːɡs |
| 簉 | *skʰruɡs |
| 梏 | *kruːɡ, *kuːɡ |
| 硞 | *kʰruːɡ, *kʰuːɡ |
| 牿 | *kuːɡ |
| 鵠 | *kuːɡ, *ɡuːɡ |
| 酷 | *kʰuːɡ |
| 焅 | *kʰuːɡ |
| 嚳 | *kʰuːɡ |
| 頶 | *ɡuːɡ |
Bronze script (per 漢語多功能字庫): Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *skʰuːɡs, *sɡuːʔ): semantic 辶 (“to walk”) + phonetic 屮 (sʰuːʔ) + semantic 口.
Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *skʰuːɡs, *sɡuːʔ): semantic 辶 (“to walk”) + phonetic 告 (OC *kuːɡs, *kuːɡ).

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): zào (zao$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄗㄠˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): cao$^4$ / zao$^4$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): zou$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): dau$^5$
* Gan (Wiktionary): cau$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chho
    (Hailu, HRS): co$^˖$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): cau$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): cau$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): càu
* Eastern Min (BUC): cô̤
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): cor$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chō / chǒ / chǒ͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zao$^6$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^6$zau / $^6$dzau
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): cau$^4$ / zau$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zào
*** Zhuyin: ㄗㄠˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: zào
*** Wade–Giles: tsao$^4$
*** Yale: dzàu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzaw
*** Palladius: цзао (czao)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɑʊ̯⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: cao$^4$ / zao$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: cao / zao
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰau²¹³/, /t͡sau²¹³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zou$^6$
*** Yale: jouh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzou$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zou$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sou̯²²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: dau$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /tau³²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: cau$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰau¹¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chho
*** Hakka Romanization System: co
*** Hagfa Pinyim: co$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰo⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: co$^˖$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰo³³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: cau$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰau⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: cau$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡sʰau⁴⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: càu
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sau⁴²/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: cô̤
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɔ²⁴²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: cor$^4$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: cho̤̍
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɒ⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chō
*** Tâi-lô: tsō
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zoi
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡so³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡so²²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sɤ³³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chǒ
*** Tâi-lô: tsǒ
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡so²²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chǒ͘
*** Tâi-lô: tsǒo
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sɔ²²/
* Quanzhou:
** chǒ - vernacular;
** chǒ͘ - literary.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit造 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /t͡sɑu⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /t͡sau⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /t͡sɑu⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /t͡sɔ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /t͡sɔ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /t͡sau³¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /t͡sʰau⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /t͡sɔ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /t͡sɔ¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /t͡sɔ¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /t͡sɔ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /t͡sʰau³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /t͡sʰau¹³/ /t͡sau¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /t͡sʰao²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /t͡sʰɔ²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /t͡sɔo⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /t͡sʰɔ⁵³/ /t͡sɔ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡sʰau⁴⁵/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /t͡sʰɔ³⁵/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /t͡sɔ⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /zɔ²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /zæ³¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /d͡zɔ¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /zɜ³⁵/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /t͡sʰɔ²²/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /t͡sʰə²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /t͡sʰau⁵⁵/ 建～ /t͡sau¹¹/ ～孽 |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /t͡sʰaɯ⁵⁵/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /t͡sʰɑu²¹/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /t͡sʰau⁵³/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /t͡sʰo⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /t͡sou²²/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /t͡su²²/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /t͡sou²²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /t͡sʰo²¹/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /t͡sʰɔ²¹²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /t͡sau⁴²/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /t͡sau³⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /tau³³/ |
* Middle Chinese: dzawX
Rime :
| Character | 造 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 從 (15) |
| Final (韻) | 豪 (89) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 昨早切 |
| Baxter | dzawX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡zɑu$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡zɑu$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡zɑu$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡zaw$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /d͡zɑu$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /d͡zɑu$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /d͡zʱɑu$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zào |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zou$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[dzˤ]uʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*sɡuːʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 造 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zào |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dzaw$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[dzˁ]uʔ/ |
| English | make |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 造 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 3803 |
| Phonetic component | 告 |
| Rime group | 幽 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 皁 |
| Old Chinese | /*sɡuːʔ/ |

#### Definitions

造
* to make; to build; to manufacture
    造船 ― zàochuán ― to build a ship
    仿造 ― fǎngzào ― to produce something after a model; to copy
    創造／创造 ― chuàngzào ― to create
    造房子 ― zào fángzǐ ― to build a house
    造輿論／造舆论 ― zào yúlùn ― to manufacture public opinion
    造軍艦／造军舰 ― zào jūnjiàn ― to manufacture a warship
    From: 新標點和合本 (Chinese Union Version), 約翰福音 (John) 1:3
    Wànwù shì jièzhe tā zào de; fán bèi zào de, méiyǒu yī yàng bùshì jièzhe tā zào de. [Pinyin]
    All things were made by him; and without him was not any thing made that was made.
* to make up; to fabricate
    造假賬／造假账 ― zào jiǎzhàng ― to cook the books
    造謠／造谣 ― zàoyáo ― to fabricate stories
* (colloquial) to spend money without constraint
* (literary, obsolete) to start
* (literary, obsolete) to establish
* (dialectal) harvest of crops
    早造 ― zǎozào ― early crops
* (dialectal) Classifier for harvests.
       jat$^1$ nin$^4$ zung$^3$ loeng$^5$ zou$^6$ mai$^5$ [Jyutping]
       to grow two rice crops per year
* (law) party concerned in the suit
    對造／对造 ― duìzào ― opposing side in a court case

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 蓋, 建, 建造, 建築, 興建, 修建 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 蓋 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 蓋 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 蓋 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 建 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 蓋 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 蓋 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 蓋 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 蓋 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 蓋 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 起 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 蓋 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 蓋 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 蓋, 起 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 修, 起 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 起, 修 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 起 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 蓋, 造 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 蓋 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 起 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 起 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 起 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 起 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 起 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 起 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 起 |
| Cantonese | Rongxian | 起 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 起 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Shatian) | 做 |
| Cantonese | Guiping | 起 |
| Cantonese | Guiping (Mule) | 起, 整 |
| Cantonese | Pingnan | 起 |
| Cantonese | Guigang (Gangcheng) | 起 |
| Cantonese | Guigang (Pingdong) | 起 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 起 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Nankang) | 起 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Yingpan) | 起 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 起, 做 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 起 |
| Cantonese | Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 做 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 起, 搭 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 起 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 起 |
| Cantonese | Móng Cái | 起 |
| Cantonese | Bangkok (Guangfu) | 起 |
| Cantonese | Betong (Rongxian) | 起 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 起 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 做 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 起 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 起, 做 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 做 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 起 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 起 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 起 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 起 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 起 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 起 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 起 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 起 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 起 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 蓋 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 蓋 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 開 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 起 |
| Eastern Min | Matsu | 起 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 起 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 起 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 起 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 起 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 起 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 起 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 起 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 起 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 起 |
| Southern Min | Chiang Mai (Teochew) | 起 |
| Southern Min | Hat Yai (Teochew) | 起 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 起 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 起 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 作 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 作 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 起 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 造 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 造, 起 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 造 |
| Wu | Danyang | 砌 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 造 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 起 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 起 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 起 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 起 |

#### Compounds

* 不造
* 主情造意
* 乾坤再造 / 干坤再造
* 乾造 / 干造
* 人造 (rénzào)
* 仿造 (fǎngzào)
* 修造 (xiūzào)
* 假造 (jiǎzào)
* 偽造 / 伪造 (wěizào)
* 偽造文書 / 伪造文书
* 儲油構造 / 储油构造
* 內造 / 内造
* 兩造 / 两造
* 再造 (zàizào)
* 再造之恩 (zàizàozhī'ēn)
* 創意造言 / 创意造言
* 創造 / 创造 (chuàngzào)
* 創造力 / 创造力 (chuàngzàolì)
* 向壁虛造 / 向壁虚造 (xiàngbìxūzào)
* 合造
* 坤造
* 埋鍋造飯 / 埋锅造饭 (mái guō zàofàn)
* 填海造地 (tiánhǎizàodì)
* 塑造 (sùzào)
* 壓枉造舌 / 压枉造舌
* 大造
* 天地造化
* 天造
* 天造地設 / 天造地设 (tiānzàodìshè)
* 好造化
* 媒體造勢 / 媒体造势
* 對造 / 对造 (duìzào)
* 屣履造門 / 屣履造门
* 嵌版構造 / 嵌版构造
* 嵌造 (qiànzào)
* 巧同造化
* 建造 (jiànzào)
* 恩同再造
* 憑空捏造 / 凭空捏造
* 打火造飯 / 打火造饭
* 打造 (dǎzào)
* 承造
* 抄造
* 指瑕造隙
* 捏造 (niēzào)
* 搬是造非
* 改造 (gǎizào)
* 新造邦
* 木造 (mùzào)
* 末造 (mòzào)
* 板塊構造 / 板块构造
* 構造 / 构造 (gòuzào)
* 構造地震 / 构造地震
* 模造紙 / 模造纸
* 沒造化 / 没造化
* 沒造化的 / 没造化的
* 深造 (shēnzào)
* 添造
* 混造黑白
* 濫造 / 滥造
* 為情造文 / 为情造文
* 營造 / 营造 (yíngzào)
* 營造尺 / 营造尺
* 營造法式 / 营造法式
* 生情造意
* 監造 / 监造
* 矯揉造作 / 矫揉造作 (jiǎoróuzàozuò)
* 秀才造反
* 積衰新造 / 积衰新造
* 空中造雨
* 空造
* 立馬造橋 / 立马造桥
* 筆參造化 / 笔参造化
* 筆補造化 / 笔补造化
* 粗製濫造 / 粗制滥造 (cūzhìlànzào)
* 締造 / 缔造 (dìzào)
* 編造 / 编造 (biānzào)
* 織造 / 织造
* 肇造
* 臆造 (yìzào)
* 良造
* 蒙恬造筆 / 蒙恬造笔
* 蓋造 / 盖造
* 製造 / 制造 (zhìzào)
* 製造品 / 制造品
* 製造商 / 制造商 (zhìzàoshāng)
* 製造業 / 制造业 (zhìzàoyè)
* 訂造 / 订造
* 變造 / 变造
* 變造文書 / 变造文书
* 貴造 / 贵造
* 賤造 / 贱造
* 趕造 / 赶造
* 造亂 / 造乱
* 造人 (zàorén)
* 造作
* 造假 (zàojiǎ)
* 造像
* 造像記 / 造像记
* 造價 / 造价 (zàojià)
* 造勢 / 造势 (zàoshì)
* 造化
* 造化小兒 / 造化小儿
* 造化弄人
* 造反 (zàofǎn)
* 造反派 (Zàofǎn pài)
* 造句 (zàojù)
* 造命
* 造園 / 造园
* 造型 (zàoxíng)
* 造士
* 造天立極 / 造天立极
* 造孽 (zàoniè)
* 造山運動 / 造山运动
* 造幣廠 / 造币厂
* 造府
* 造形 (zàoxíng)
* 造形藝術 / 造形艺术
* 造微入妙
* 造愛 / 造爱
* 造成 (zàochéng)
* 造林 (zàolín)
* 造格
* 造橋 / 造桥 (Zàoqiáo)
* 造次 (zàocì)
* 造次顛沛 / 造次颠沛
* 造父
* 造物 (zàowù)
* 造物主 (Zàowùzhǔ)
* 造物者 (zàowùzhě)
* 造畜稠棧 / 造畜稠栈
* 造福 (zàofú)
* 造端
* 造紙 / 造纸 (zàozhǐ)
* 造罪
* 造船 (zàochuán)
* 造船工業 / 造船工业
* 造船廠 / 造船厂 (zàochuánchǎng)
* 造言惑眾 / 造言惑众
* 造言生事
* 造詞 / 造词
* 造謠 / 造谣 (zàoyáo)
* 造謠惑眾 / 造谣惑众 (zàoyáo huòzhòng)
* 造謗生事 / 造谤生事
* 造謠生事 / 造谣生事 (zàoyáoshēngshì)
* 造陸 / 造陆 (zàolù)
* 造陸運動 / 造陆运动
* 造馬 / 造马 (zàomǎ)
* 鄉壁虛造 / 乡壁虚造 (xiàngbìxūzào)
* 釀造 / 酿造 (niàngzào)
* 鍛造 / 锻造 (duànzào)
* 鑄造 / 铸造 (zhùzào)
* 閉門造車 / 闭门造车
* 陳造 / 陈造
* 龍門造像 / 龙门造像

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zào, cào (zao$^4$, cao$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄗㄠˋ, ㄘㄠˋ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): cou$^3$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): dau$^5$
* Eastern Min (BUC): chó̤
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chhò
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zào
*** Zhuyin: ㄗㄠˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: zào
*** Wade–Giles: tsao$^4$
*** Yale: dzàu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzaw
*** Palladius: цзао (czao)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɑʊ̯⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese, literary variant in Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: cào
*** Zhuyin: ㄘㄠˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cào
*** Wade–Giles: tsʻao$^4$
*** Yale: tsàu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tsaw
*** Palladius: цао (cao)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɑʊ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: cou$^3$
*** Yale: chou
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsou$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cou$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰou̯³³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: dau$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /tau³²/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: chó̤
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɔ²¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhò
*** Tâi-lô: tshò
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhoix
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰo²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰo⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰo²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰo¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰɤ²¹/
* Middle Chinese: tshawH
Rime :
| Character | 造 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 清 (14) |
| Final (韻) | 豪 (89) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 七到切 |
| Baxter | tshawH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡sʰɑu$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡sʰɑu$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡sʰɑu$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡sʰaw$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡sʰɑu$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡sʰɑu$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡sʰɑu$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | cào |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | cou$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*(mə-)tsʰˤuʔ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*skʰuːɡs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 造 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zào |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tshaw$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*(mə-)tsʰˁuʔ-s/ |
| English | go to |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 造 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 3799 |
| Phonetic component | 告 |
| Rime group | 奧 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 操 |
| Old Chinese | /*skʰuːɡs/ |

#### Definitions

造
* (literary) to go to; to visit; to reach
    造訪／造访 ― zàofǎng ― to pay a visit; to call on
    登峰造極／登峰造极 ― dēngfēngzàojí ― to reach great heights; to reach the peak of perfection
* (literary) attainments; achievements
    造詣／造诣 ― zàoyì ― attainments; achievements
* (literary) to train
    深造 ― shēnzào ― to pursue advanced studies
    可造之材 ― kězàozhīcái ― a promising talent deserving training
* (literary) to give a life
    再造之恩 ― zàizàozhī'ēn ― great benevolence of saving one's life
* (literary) era

#### Compounds

* 不堪造就
* 可造之材 (kězàozhīcái)
* 深造 (shēnzào)
* 登峰造極 / 登峰造极 (dēngfēngzàojí)
* 登門造訪 / 登门造访
* 造就 (zàojiù)
* 造極 / 造极
* 造極登峰 / 造极登峰
* 造訪 / 造访 (zàofǎng)
* 造詣 / 造诣 (zàoyì)
* 造謁 / 造谒
* 遭家不造

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zào (zao$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄗㄠˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): cou$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zào
*** Zhuyin: ㄗㄠˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: zào
*** Wade–Giles: tsao$^4$
*** Yale: dzàu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzaw
*** Palladius: цзао (czao)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɑʊ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: cou$^5$
*** Yale: chóuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsou$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cou$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰou̯¹³/

#### Definitions

造
* Used in 新造 (xīnzào, “Xinzao, a town in Guangzhou”).

### Etymology 4
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zào (zao$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄗㄠˋ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zào
*** Zhuyin: ㄗㄠˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: zào
*** Wade–Giles: tsao$^4$
*** Yale: dzàu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzaw
*** Palladius: цзао (czao)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɑʊ̯⁵¹/

#### Definitions

造
* (Mandarin, slang) Contraction of 知道 (zhīdào).
    你造嗎？／你造吗？ ― Nǐ zào ma? ― Didja know?

### Etymology 5

* For pronunciation and definitions of 造 – see 𢲵 (“(Sichuan) to stir; to flip over; to rummage”). (This character is a variant form of 𢲵).

### References

* “造”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A04146

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 造 |
| Kyūjitai | 造󠄁 造+&#xE0101; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 造󠄃 造+&#xE0103; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| Kyūjitai | 造󠄄 造+&#xE0104; (Hanyo-Denshi) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)
* create, make, physique, structure

#### Readings

From Middle Chinese 造 (MC dzawX); compare Mandarin 造 (zào):
* Go-on: ぞう (zō, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: そう (sō)
From Middle Chinese 造 (MC tshawH); compare Mandarin 造 (zào, cào):
* Go-on: そう (sō)
* Kan’yō-on: ぞう (zō, Jōyō)
From native Japanese roots:
* Kun: いたる (itaru, 造る)、つく (tsuku)、つくる (tsukuru, 造る, Jōyō)、つくり (tsukuri, 造り)、なす (nasu, 造す)、なる (naru, 造る)、みやつこ (miyatsuko, 造)
* Nanori: いたる (itaru)、なり (nari)、なる (naru)、はじめ (hajime)、みやつこ (miyatsuko)

#### Compounds

* 造(ぞう)悪(あく) (zōaku)
* 造(ぞう)意(い) (zōi)
* 造(ぞう)為(い) (zōi)
* 造(ぞう)営(えい) (zōei)
* 造(ぞう)園(えん) (zōen)
* 造(ぞう)化(か) (zōka)
* 造(ぞう)花(か) (zōka)
* 造(ぞう)艦(かん) (zōkan)
* 造(ぞう)機(き) (zōki)
* 造(ぞう)鈞(きん) (zōkin)
* 造(ぞう)宮(ぐう) (zōgū)
* 造(ぞう)形(けい), 造(ぞう)型(けい) (zōkei)
* 造(ぞう)詣(けい) (zōkei)
* 造(ぞう)血(けつ) (zōketsu)
* 造(ぞう)孼(げつ) (zōgetsu)
* 造(ぞう)言(げん) (zōgen)
* 造(ぞう)語(ご) (zōgo)
* 造(ぞう)構(こう) (zōkō)
* 造(ぞう)石(こく) (zōkoku)
* 造(ぞう)国(こく) (zōkoku)
* 造(ぞう)作(さ) (zōsa)
* 造(ぞう)材(ざい) (zōzai)
* 造(ぞう)作(さく) (zōsaku)
* 造(ぞう)士(し) (zōshi)
* 造(ぞう)次(じ) (zōji)
* 造(ぞう)寺(じ) (zōji)
* 造(ぞう)酒(しゅ) (zōshu)
* 造(ぞう)就(しゅう) (zōshū)
* 造(ぞう)出(しゅつ) (zōshutsu)
* 造(ぞう)醸(じょう) (zōjō)
* 造(ぞう)進(しん) (zōshin)
* 造(ぞう)成(せい) (zōsei)
* 造(ぞう)請(せい) (zōsei)
* 造(ぞう)設(せつ) (zōsetsu)
* 造(ぞう)説(せつ) (zōsetsu)
* 造(ぞう)船(せん) (zōsen)
* 造(ぞう)像(ぞう) (zōzō)
* 造(ぞう)猝(そつ) (zōsotsu)
* 造(ぞう)替(たい) (zōtai)
* 造(ぞう)端(たん) (zōtan)
* 造(ぞう)築(ちく) (zōchiku)
* 造(ぞう)注(ちゅう) (zōchū)
* 造(ぞう)第(てい) (zōtei)
* 造(ぞう)反(はん) (zōhan)
* 造(ぞう)畢(ひつ) (zōhitsu)
* 造(ぞう)仏(ぶつ) (zōbutsu)
* 造(ぞう)物(ぶつ) (zōbutsu)
* 造(ぞう)兵(へい) (zōhei)
* 造(ぞう)幣(へい) (zōhei)
* 造(ぞう)訪(ほう) (zōhō)
* 造(ぞう)本(ほん) (zōhon)
* 造(ぞう)昧(まい) (zōmai)
* 造(ぞう)命(めい) (zōmei)
* 造(ぞう)面(めん) (zōmen) (蔵(ぞう)面(めん))
* 造(ぞう)謡(よう) (zōyō)
* 造(ぞう)立(りゅう) (zōryū)
* 造(ぞう)粒(りゅう) (zōryū)
* 造(ぞう)林(りん) (zōrin)
* 造(ぞう)暦(れき) (zōreki)
* 営(えい)造(ぞう) (eizō)
* 改(かい)造(ぞう) (kaizō)
* 偽(ぎ)造(ぞう) (gizō)
* 構(こう)造(ぞう) (kōzō)
* 興(こう)造(ぞう) (kōzō)
* 国造(くにのみやつこ) (kuni no miyatsuko)
* 再(さい)造(ぞう) (saizō)
* 修(しゅう)造(ぞう) (shūzō)
* 新(しん)造(ぞ) (shinzo)
* 新(しん)造(ぞう) (shinzō)
* 深(しん)造(ぞう) (shinzō)
* 製(せい)造(ぞう) (seizō)
* 創(そう)造(ぞう) (sōzō)
* 大(たい)造(ぞう) (taizō)
* 築(ちく)造(ぞう) (chikuzō)
* 鋳(ちゅう)造(ぞう) (chūzō)
* 肇(ちゅう)造(ぞう) (chūzō)
* 捏(でつ)造(ぞう) (detsuzō)
* 捏(ねつ)造(ぞう) (netsuzō)
* 末(ばつ)造(ぞう) (batsuzō)
* 仿(ほう)造(ぞう) (hōzō)
* 末(まつ)造(ぞう) (matsuzō)
* 木(もく)造(ぞう) (mokuzō)
* 模(も)造(ぞう), 摸(も)造(ぞう) (mozō)
* 乱(らん)造(ぞう) (ranzō)
* 両(りょう)造(ぞう) (ryōzō)

### References

* ↑ “造”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎ (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2025
* ↑ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 2107 (paper), page 1105 (digital)
* ↑ Shōundō Henshūjo, editor (1927), 新漢和辞典 [The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Ōsaka: Shōundō, →DOI, page 1214 (paper), page 620 (digital)

## Korean
### Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 造 (MC dzawX).
* Recorded as Middle Korean 쪼ᇢ〯 (Yale: ccwǒw) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 조〯 (cwǒ)$^訓$ (Yale: cwǒ) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 조 ( cwo)$^訓$ (Yale: cwo) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [t͡ɕo̞(ː)]
* Phonetic hangul: [조(ː)]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

#### Hanja

Wikisource 造 (eumhun 지을 조 (jieul jo))
* hanja form of 조 (“to create; to make”)
* hanja form of 조 (“physique; structure”)

#### Compounds

* 가조 (假造, gajo)
* 개조 (改造, gaejo)
* 건조 (建造, geonjo)
* 구조 (構造, gujo)
* 급조 (急造, geupjo)
* 날조 (捏造, naljo)
* 모조 (模造, mojo)
* 목조 (木造, mokjo)
* 변조 (變造, byeonjo)
* 석조 (石造, seokjo)
* 위조 (僞造, wijo)
* 인조 (人造, injo)
* 재조 (再造, jaejo)
* 제조 (製造, jejo)
* 조물 (造物, jomul)
* 조선 (造船, joseon)
* 조성 (造成, joseong)
* 조어 (造語, jo'eo)
* 조작 (造作, jojak)
* 조차 (造次, jocha)
* 조청 (造淸, jocheong)
* 조폐 (造幣, jopye)
* 조화 (造化, johwa)
* 주조 (鑄造, jujo)
* 창조 (創造, changjo)
* 천조 (天造, cheonjo)
* 축조 (築造, chukjo)
* 편조 (編造, pyeonjo)

### Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 造 (MC tshawH).
* Recorded as Middle Korean 초ᇢ〮 (Yale: chwów) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [t͡ɕo̞(ː)]
* Phonetic hangul: [조(ː)]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

#### Hanja

造 (eumhun 이룰 조 (irul jo))
* (literary) hanja form of 조 (“to achieve”)

#### Compounds

* 심조 (深造, simjo)
* 조예 (造詣, joye)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

造: Hán Nôm readings: tạo, xáo, xạo, tháo
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.