# 深刻
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shēnkè
    (Zhuyin): ㄕㄣ ㄎㄜˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): sam$^1$ hak$^1$ / sam$^1$ haak$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chhṳ̂m-khiet / chhṳ̂m-khiat
    (Hailu, HRS): chim$^ˋ$ kied
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chhim-khiak / chhim-khek
    (Teochew, Peng'im): cim$^1$ kêg$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shēnkè
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄣ ㄎㄜˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shenkè
*** Wade–Giles: shên$^1$-kʻo$^4$
*** Yale: shēn-kè
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shenkeh
*** Palladius: шэнькэ (šɛnʹkɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂən⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: sam$^1$ hak$^1$ / sam$^1$ haak$^1$
*** Yale: sām hāk / sām hāak
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sam$^1$ hak$^7$ / sam$^1$ haak$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sem$^1$ heg$^1$ / sem$^1$ hag$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɐm⁵⁵ hɐk̚⁵/, /sɐm⁵⁵ haːk̚⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhṳ̂m-khiet
*** Hakka Romanization System: ciim$^ˊ$ kied$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: cim$^1$ kiad$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰɨm²⁴ kʰi̯et̚²/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhṳ̂m-khiat
*** Hakka Romanization System: ciim$^ˊ$ kiad$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: cim$^1$ kiad$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰɨm²⁴ kʰi̯at̚²/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: chim$^ˋ$ kied
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡ʃʰim⁵³ kʰiet⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhim-khiak
*** Tâi-lô: tshim-khiak
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chimqiag
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰim³³ kʰiak̚⁵/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhim-khek
*** Tâi-lô: tshim-khik
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chimqeg
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪk̚³²/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰiɪk̚³²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: cim$^1$ kêg$^4$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshim khek
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰim³³⁻²³ kʰek̚²/
* Middle Chinese: syim khok
Rime :
| Character | 深 | 刻 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 書 (26) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 侵 (139) | 德 (131) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 式針切 | 苦得切 |
| Baxter | syim | khok |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɕiɪm/ | /kʰək̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɕim/ | /kʰək̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɕjem/ | /kʰək̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɕim/ | /kʰək̚/ |
| Li Rong | /ɕiəm/ | /kʰək̚/ |
| Wang Li | /ɕĭĕm/ | /kʰək̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɕi̯əm/ | /kʰək̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shēn | ke |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | sam$^1$ | hak$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[l̥][ə]m [kʰ]ˤək/
    (Zhengzhang): /*hljum kʰɯːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 深 | 刻 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | shēn | kè |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ syim › | ‹ khok › |
| Old Chinese | /*[l̥][ə]m/ | /*[kʰ]ˁək/ |
| English | deep | cut, engrave |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 深 | 刻 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 11255 | 4840 |
| Phonetic component | 罙 | 亥 |
| Rime group | 侵 | 職 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 深 | 刻 |
| Old Chinese | /*hljum/ | /*kʰɯːɡ/ |

### Adjective

深刻
* profound; deep
       Zhè duàn jīnglì gěi wǒ liúxià le shēnkè de yìnxiàng. [Pinyin]
       This experience left a deep impression on me.
* (Classical) strict and harsh
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Shì shí Zhào Yǔ, Zhāng Tāng yǐ shēnkè wéi jiǔqīng yǐ. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Synonyms

* (profound):
* 孔 (kǒng) (literary)
* 幽幽 (yōuyōu)
* 延延 (yányán) (literary)
* 深入 (shēnrù)
* 深厚 (shēnhòu)
* 深層 / 深层 (shēncéng)
* 深篤 / 深笃 (shēndǔ)
* 深遠 / 深远 (shēnyuǎn)
* 篤深 / 笃深 (dǔshēn)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 深刻(しんこく) (shinkoku)
* → Korean: 심각(深刻) (simgak)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 深 | 刻 |
| しん Grade: 3 | こく Grade: 6 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しんこく [shìńkókú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɕĩŋko̞kɯ̟]

### Adjective

深(しん)刻(こく) • (shinkoku) -na (adnominal 深(しん)刻(こく)な (shinkoku na), adverbial 深(しん)刻(こく)に (shinkoku ni))
* serious, deep, heavy (topic), profound (change), weighty (matter)
    深刻(しんこく)に悩(なや)んだ
       shinkoku ni nayanda
       seriously worried

#### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Imperfective (未然形) | 深刻だろ | しんこくだろ | shinkoku daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 深刻で | しんこくで | shinkoku de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 深刻だ | しんこくだ | shinkoku da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 深刻な | しんこくな | shinkoku na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 深刻なら | しんこくなら | shinkoku nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 深刻であれ | しんこくであれ | shinkoku de are |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 深刻ではない 深刻じゃない | しんこくではない しんこくじゃない | shinkoku de wa nai shinkoku ja nai |
| Informal past | 深刻だった | しんこくだった | shinkoku datta |
| Informal negative past | 深刻ではなかった 深刻じゃなかった | しんこくではなかった しんこくじゃなかった | shinkoku de wa nakatta shinkoku ja nakatta |
| Formal | 深刻です | しんこくです | shinkoku desu |
| Formal negative | 深刻ではありません 深刻じゃありません | しんこくではありません しんこくじゃありません | shinkoku de wa arimasen shinkoku ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 深刻でした | しんこくでした | shinkoku deshita |
| Formal negative past | 深刻ではありませんでした 深刻じゃありませんでした | しんこくではありませんでした しんこくじゃありませんでした | shinkoku de wa arimasen deshita shinkoku ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 深刻で | しんこくで | shinkoku de |
| Conditional | 深刻なら（ば） | しんこくなら（ば） | shinkoku nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 深刻だったら | しんこくだったら | shinkoku dattara |
| Volitional | 深刻だろう | しんこくだろう | shinkoku darō |
| Adverbial | 深刻に | しんこくに | shinkoku ni |
| Degree | 深刻さ | しんこくさ | shinkokusa |

### Noun

深(しん)刻(こく) • (shinkoku)
* seriousness