# 箴言
## Chinese

* 箴言 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 箴言 (Cantonese)
* Cĭng-ngiòng (Eastern Min)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhēnyán
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄣ ㄧㄢˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zam$^1$ jin$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chṳ̂m-ngièn / chṳ̂m-ngiàn
* Eastern Min (BUC): cĭng-ngiòng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): zing$^1$ ngoeng$^2$ / zing$^1$ ngyng$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chim-giân / cherm-giân / chom-gân
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zim$^1$ ngang$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhēnyán
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄣ ㄧㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhenyán
*** Wade–Giles: chên$^1$-yen$^2$
*** Yale: jēn-yán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jenyan
*** Palladius: чжэньянь (čžɛnʹjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ jɛn³⁵/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$真言 箴言
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zam$^1$ jin$^4$
*** Yale: jām yìhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzam$^1$ jin$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zem$^1$ yin$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɐm⁵⁵ jiːn²¹/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chṳ̂m-ngièn
*** Hakka Romanization System: ziim$^ˊ$ ngien$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: zim$^1$ ngian$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sɨm²⁴ ŋi̯en¹¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chṳ̂m-ngiàn
*** Hakka Romanization System: ziim$^ˊ$ ngian$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: zim$^1$ ngian$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sɨm²⁴ ŋi̯an¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: cĭng-ngiòng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siŋ⁵⁵ ŋyoŋ⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: zing$^1$ ngoeng$^2$ [Phonetic: zing$^5$ ngoeng$^2$]
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: cing-ngé̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ŋœŋ¹³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: zing$^1$ ngyng$^2$ [Phonetic: zing$^5$ ngyng$^2$]
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ŋyŋ¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chim-giân
*** Tâi-lô: tsim-giân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: cimgieen
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡiɛn²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡiɛn²³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡiɛn²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: cherm-giân
*** Tâi-lô: tserm-giân
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡səm³³ ɡiɛn²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chom-gân
*** Tâi-lô: tsom-gân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zomgaan
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sɔm⁴⁴⁻²² ɡan¹³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: zim$^1$ ngang$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsim ngâng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sim³³⁻²³ ŋaŋ⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: tsyim ngjon
Rime :
| Character | 箴 | 言 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 章 (23) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 侵 (139) | 元 (65) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 職深切 | 語軒切 |
| Baxter | tsyim | ngjon |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ɕiɪm/ | /ŋɨɐn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡ɕim/ | /ŋiɐn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ɕjem/ | /ŋiɐn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /cim/ | /ŋɨan/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ɕiəm/ | /ŋiɐn/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ɕĭĕm/ | /ŋĭɐn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡ɕi̯əm/ | /ŋɨ̯ɐn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhēn | yán |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zam$^1$ | jin$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*t.[k]əm ŋa[n]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kjɯm ŋan/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 箴 | 言 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 3/4 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zhēn | yán |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsyim › | ‹ ngjon › |
| Old Chinese | /*t.[k]əm/ | /*ŋa[n]/ |
| English | needle | speak; speech |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 箴 | 言 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 13527 | 14271 |
| Phonetic component | 咸 | 言 |
| Rime group | 侵 | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 斟 | 言 |
| Old Chinese | /*kjɯm/ | /*ŋan/ |

### Noun

箴言
* admonition; exhortation; maxim
    德爾斐箴言／德尔斐箴言 ― Dé'ěrfěi zhēnyán ― The Delphic maxims

### Proper noun

箴言
* Proverbs

#### Synonyms

| Branch | Names | Abbreviations |
| Protestant | 箴言 | 箴 |
| Roman Catholic | 箴言 | 箴 |
| Eastern Orthodox | 索洛蒙箴言 | |

#### Derived terms

* 基督教科學箴言報 / 基督教科学箴言报
* 索洛蒙箴言

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 箴言(しんげん) (shingen)
* → Korean: 잠언(箴言) (jameon)
* → Vietnamese: châm ngôn (箴言)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 箴 | 言 |
| しん Hyōgai | げん Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||

### Etymology

From Middle Chinese compound 箴言 (tsyim + ngjon, literally “admonish + speech”).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しんげん [shìńgéń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɕĩŋɡẽ̞ɴ]

### Noun

箴(しん)言(げん) • (shingen)
* proverb

#### Synonyms

* 諺(ことわざ) (kotowaza)

### Proper noun

箴(しん)言(げん) • (Shingen)
* Proverbs

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 箴 | 言 |

### Noun

箴言 • (jameon) (hangeul 잠언)
* hanja form of 잠언 (“proverb”)

### Proper noun

箴言 • (Jameon) (hangeul 잠언)
* hanja form of 잠언 (“Proverbs”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 箴 | 言 |

### Noun

箴言
* chữ Hán form of châm ngôn (“maxim; proverb; dictum; saying; motto; slogan”).