# 造成
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zàochéng
    (Zhuyin): ㄗㄠˋ ㄔㄥˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zou$^6$ sing$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chho-sṳ̀n
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chō-sêng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zao$^6$ sêng$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zàochéng
*** Zhuyin: ㄗㄠˋ ㄔㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: zàochéng
*** Wade–Giles: tsao$^4$-chʻêng$^2$
*** Yale: dzàu-chéng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzawcherng
*** Palladius: цзаочэн (czaočɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zou$^6$ sing$^4$
*** Yale: jouh sìhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzou$^6$ sing$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zou$^6$ xing$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sou̯²² sɪŋ²¹/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$做成 造成
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chho-sṳ̀n
*** Hakka Romanization System: co siin$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: co$^4$ sin$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰo⁵⁵ sɨn¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chō-sêng
*** Tâi-lô: tsō-sîng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zoixseeng
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡so³³⁻¹¹ siɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sɤ³³⁻²¹ siɪŋ²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: zao$^6$ sêng$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsău sêng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sau³⁵⁻¹¹ seŋ⁵⁵/

### Verb

造成
* to bring about; to cause; to lead to (typically a negative outcome)
    造成後果／造成后果 ― zàochéng hòuguǒ ― to have consequences
       Sānjiǎojī luánsuōzhèng tōngcháng shì yóu fǎnfù jīròu zhùshè huò wàishāng suǒ zàochéng de. [Pinyin]
       Deltoid muscle contracture is usually caused by repeated intramuscular injections or trauma.
       Jízhuǎnwān yǐ bìmiǎn zhuàng dào dòngwù shì zàochéng chēhuò de zhǔyào yuányīn. [Pinyin]
       Swerving to avoid animals is a major cause of crashes.
    From: 1942, 毛澤東 (Mao Zedong), 《在延安文藝座談會上的講話》 (Talks at the Yenan Forum on Literature and Art), 《毛澤東選集》. English translation based on the Foreign Languages Press edition
    Wényì jiù bǎ zhè zhǒng rìcháng de xiànxiàng jízhōng qǐlái, bǎ qízhōng de máodùn hé dòuzhēng diǎnxínghuà, zàochéng wénxué zuòpǐn huò yìshù zuòpǐn [Pinyin]
    Writers and artists concentrate such everyday phenomena, typify the contradictions and struggles within them and produce works of literature and art […]

#### Synonyms

* (to bring about):
* 使到 (shǐdào)
* 使得 (shǐde)
* 導致 / 导致 (dǎozhì)
* 招致 (zhāozhì)
* 致 (zhì) (literary, or in compounds)
* 致使 (zhìshǐ)
* 誘 / 诱 (yòu) (literary, or in compounds)
* 誘發 / 诱发 (yòufā)
* 釀成 / 酿成 (niàngchéng) (a negative outcome)
* 闖 / 闯 (a negative outcome)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 造 | 成 |
| ぞう Grade: 5 | せい Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||

### Noun

造(ぞう)成(せい) • (zōsei)
* (construction) site preparation, development of lots

### Verb

造(ぞう)成(せい)する • (zōsei suru) transitive suru (stem 造(ぞう)成(せい)し (zōsei shi), past 造(ぞう)成(せい)した (zōsei shita))
* develop land for housing lots
    盛土(もりつち)により造成(ぞうせい)された土地(とち)
       moritsuchi ni yori zōsei sareta tochi
       land reclaimed by raising the ground level

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 造成し | ぞうせいし | zōsei shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 造成し | ぞうせいし | zōsei shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 造成する | ぞうせいする | zōsei suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 造成する | ぞうせいする | zōsei suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 造成すれ | ぞうせいすれ | zōsei sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 造成せよ¹ 造成しろ² | ぞうせいせよ¹ ぞうせいしろ² | zōsei seyo¹ zōsei shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 造成される | ぞうせいされる | zōsei sareru |
| Causative | 造成させる 造成さす | ぞうせいさせる ぞうせいさす | zōsei saseru zōsei sasu |
| Potential | 造成できる | ぞうせいできる | zōsei dekiru |
| Volitional | 造成しよう | ぞうせいしよう | zōsei shiyō |
| Negative | 造成しない | ぞうせいしない | zōsei shinai |
| Negative continuative | 造成せず | ぞうせいせず | zōsei sezu |
| Formal | 造成します | ぞうせいします | zōsei shimasu |
| Perfective | 造成した | ぞうせいした | zōsei shita |
| Conjunctive | 造成して | ぞうせいして | zōsei shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 造成すれば | ぞうせいすれば | zōsei sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 造 | 成 |

### Verb

造成
* chữ Hán form of tạo thành (“to create; to make; to build”).