# λίθος
## Ancient Greek
### Etymology

Uncertain. Has been compared to λεῖος (leîos, “smooth”), λιτός (litós, “simple, plain”), Latin laedō (“to strike, hurt”), and Lithuanian slidùs (“slippery, slick”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /lí.tʰos/ → /ˈli.θos/ → /ˈli.θos/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /lí.tʰos/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /ˈli.tʰos/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /ˈli.θos/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /ˈli.θos/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /ˈli.θos/

### Noun

λῐ́θος • (lĭ́thos) m (genitive λῐ́θου); second declension
* a stone
    Synonym: πέτρος (pétros)
* stone as a substance
    Synonym: πέτρα (pétra)
* stone, pebble (used as as piece in a board-game)
* large rock or stone block, used as a seat to a speaker's platform, especially in the Assembly or in the Athenian agora, where archons, arbitrators and certain witnesses swore oaths

#### Usage notes

Λίθος is sometimes used as a feminine noun. This often (but not always) is used to refer to some special stone, such as a gem or magnet.

#### Derived terms

* λιθάργυρος (lithárguros)
* λιθουργός (lithourgós)
* μονόλιθος (monólithos)
* λίθινος (líthinos)
* λιθωτός (lithōtós)

#### Descendants

* ⇒ taxonomic name: Lithops
* → Catalan: liti (learned)
* → English: -lite, -lith, lith-, litho-
* → Georgian: ლითონი (litoni)
* ⇒ New Latin: lithium (see there for further descendants)
** → English: lithium

### Further reading

* “λίθος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “λίθος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “λίθος”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
* λίθος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
* λίθος in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
* “λίθος”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
* G3037 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
* Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited. boulder idem, page 90.crag idem, page 182.gem idem, page 355.jewel idem, page 463.pebble idem, page 601.precious idem, page 634.rock idem, page 719.stone idem, page 819.touch-stone idem, page 884.trinket idem, page 895.
* Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
* λίθος, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011

## Greek
### Etymology

Learnedly, from Ancient Greek λίθος (líthos), masculine (also feminine).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈli.θos/
* Hyphenation: λί‧θος

### Noun

λίθος • (líthos) m or f (plural λίθοι)
* masculine form:
** stone (building material)
    ο θεμέλιος λίθος ― o themélios líthos ― the foundation stone
** (medicine, formal) stone, calculus
** (archaeology) Εποχή του Λίθου (“Stone Age”)
* feminine form (in phrases): special "stones":
** λυδία λίθος (“touch stone”)
** φιλοσοφική λίθος (“philosopher's stone”)

#### Synonyms

* (rock, medicine): πέτρα f (pétra, “stone”)
* (rock): βράχος m (vráchos, “stone”)

#### Coordinate terms

* βράχος m (vráchos, “rock”)
* πέτρα f (pétra, “rock”)

#### Related terms

* ακρογωνιαίος λίθος m (akrogoniaíos líthos, “cornerstone”)
* ημιπολύτιμος λίθος m (imipolýtimos líthos)
* θεμέλιος λίθος m (themélios líthos)
* κινώ πάντα λίθον (kinó pánta líthon)
* λίθοι, πλίνθοι και κέραμοι ατάκτως ερριμένα (líthoi, plínthoi kai kéramoi atáktos erriména) ancient: λίθοι καὶ πλίνθοι καὶ ξύλα καὶ κέραμος ἀτάκτως ἐρριμμένα (líthoi kaì plínthoi kaì xúla kaì kéramos atáktōs errhimména)
* πολύτιμος λίθος m (polýtimos líthos)
* απολίθωμα n (apolíthoma, “fossil”)
* ασβεστόλιθος m (asvestólithos, “limestone”)
* λιθίαση f (lithíasi)
* λιθικός (lithikós)
* λίθινος f (líthinos)
* λιθογραφία f (lithografía, “lithograph, lithography”)
* λιθόκτιστος (lithóktistos)
* λιθοξόος m (lithoxóos)
* λιθόστρωτο n (lithóstroto, “cobblestone”)
* λιθόσφαιρα f (lithósfaira, “lithosphere”)
* λιθοτριψία f (lithotripsía)
* λιθώδης f (lithódis)
* μονόλιθος m (monólithos)
* σφραγιδόλιθος m (sfragidólithos)
* σχιστόλιθος m (schistólithos)

#### Further reading

* λίθος on the Greek Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{el}$
* λίθος, in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998 at the Centre for the Greek language