# 血肉
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xuèròu, xuěròu, xiěròu
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄩㄝˋ ㄖㄡˋ, ㄒㄩㄝˇ ㄖㄡˋ, ㄒㄧㄝˇ ㄖㄡˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hyut$^3$ juk$^6$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hiat-lio̍k / hiat-bah / hiat-jio̍k / huih-hiak / huih-bah / hoeh-bah
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xuèròu
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄩㄝˋ ㄖㄡˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: syuèròu
*** Wade–Giles: hsüeh$^4$-jou$^4$
*** Yale: sywè-ròu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiuehrow
*** Palladius: сюэжоу (sjuežou)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕy̯ɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʐoʊ̯⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese, variant in Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xuěròu
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄩㄝˇ ㄖㄡˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: syuěròu
*** Wade–Giles: hsüeh$^3$-jou$^4$
*** Yale: sywě-ròu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sheuerow
*** Palladius: сюэжоу (sjuežou)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐoʊ̯⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan; colloquial in Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiěròu
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄝˇ ㄖㄡˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: siěròu
*** Wade–Giles: hsieh$^3$-jou$^4$
*** Yale: syě-ròu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shieerow
*** Palladius: сежоу (sežou)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐoʊ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hyut$^3$ juk$^6$
*** Yale: hyut yuhk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hyt$^8$ juk$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hüd$^3$ yug$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /hyːt̚³ jʊk̚²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiat-lio̍k
*** Tâi-lô: hiat-lio̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hiatliok
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ liɔk̚⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ liɔk̚²⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiat-bah
*** Tâi-lô: hiat-bah
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hiatbaq
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ baʔ³²/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiat-jio̍k
*** Tâi-lô: hiat-jio̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hiatjiok
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hiɛt̚³²⁻⁵ d͡ziɔk̚¹²¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: huih-hiak
*** Tâi-lô: huih-hiak
*** Phofsit Daibuun: huihhiag
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hui(ʔ)⁵ hiak̚⁵/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: huih-bah
*** Tâi-lô: huih-bah
*** Phofsit Daibuun: huihbaq
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hui(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ baʔ³²/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoeh-bah
*** Tâi-lô: hueh-bah
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoehbaq
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hue(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ baʔ³²/
* Middle Chinese: xwet nyuwk
Rime :
| Character | 血 | 肉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 曉 (32) | 日 (38) |
| Final (韻) | 屑 (88) | 屋 (4) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | IV | III |
| Fanqie | 呼決切 | 如六切 |
| Baxter | xwet | nyuwk |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /hwet̚/ | /ȵɨuk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /hʷet̚/ | /ȵiuk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /xuɛt̚/ | /ȵʑiuk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /hwɛt̚/ | /ȵuwk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /xuet̚/ | /ȵiuk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /xiwet̚/ | /ȵʑĭuk̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /xiwet̚/ | /ȵʑi̯uk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xue | rù |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hyut$^3$ | juk$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*m̥ˤik k.nuk/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qʰʷiːɡ njuɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 血 | 肉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xuè | ròu |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ xwet › | ‹ nyuwk › |
| Old Chinese | /*m̥ˁik/ | /*k.nuk/ |
| English | blood | meat, flesh |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 血 | 肉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 14098 | 10866 |
| Phonetic component | 血 | 肉 |
| Rime group | 質 | 覺 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 血 | 肉 |
| Old Chinese | /*qʰʷiːɡ/ | /*njuɡ/ |

### Noun

血肉
* flesh and blood; human body
    From: Han Feizi, circa 2nd century BCE
    Fú mù zhě yǒu qì fà, chú zhě shāng xuèròu, wéirén jiàn qí nán, yīn shì qí yè, shì wúshù zhī shì yě. [Pinyin]
    Indeed, the washer of the head has hair falling out, and the curer of a lesion hurts blood and flesh. Seeing some difficulties and thus abandoning the cause is an act of tactlessness.
    From: 1663, 黄宗羲 (Huang Zongxi),《原君》(On Kingship)
    Ér xiǎo rú guīguī yān yǐ jūnchén zhī yì wú suǒ táo yú tiāndì zhījiān, zhì Jié Zhòu zhī bào, yóu wèi Tāng Wǔ bùdāng zhū zhī, ér wàng chuán Bóyí Shūqí wújī zhī shì, shǐ zhàorén wànxìng bēngkuì zhī xuèròu zēng bù yì fú fǔshǔ. [Pinyin]
    Yet those dogmatic Confucian scholars stubbornly uphold the doctrine that the hierarchical duty between ruler and subject is an immutable cosmic order, to the extent they question the propriety of Tang and Wu's justified overthrow of the tyrants Jie and Zhou, while defaming patriots like Boyi and Shuqi [for refusing to submit to a conqueror]. To them, the mangled flesh and bones of the masses seemed as insignificant as rotting carcasses of rodents.
    From: 1945 July 4, 新華日報 (Xinhua Daily), 《象徵民主自由的日子》(A Day Symbolizing Democracy and Freedom)
    “Qīyuè sìrì”, zhè rìzi dàibiǎo zhe yīge shénme yìyì, bāohán zhe yīzhǒng shénme nèiróng, měiguórén shì bùhuì wàngjì de. Duìyú wǒmen Zhōngguó rénmín — yīge zhèngzài yǐ xuèròu zhēngqǔ mínzú dúlì hé mínzhǔ zìyóu de mínzú — láishuō, yě tóngyàng shì zhídé tǐyàn, zhídé rènshi érqiě xuéxí de. [Pinyin]
    "The Fourth of July," a day whose meaning and content Americans will never forget, is also worth experiencing, understanding, and learning for us Chinese people — a nation struggling for national independence, democracy, and freedom with our flesh and blood.
* (figuratively) closest relationship

#### Derived terms

* 血肉之軀 / 血肉之躯 (xuèròuzhīqū)
* 血肉模糊 (xuèròumóhú)
* 血肉橫飛 / 血肉横飞 (xuèròuhéngfēi)
* 血肉相連 / 血肉相连 (xuèròuxiānglián)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 血 | 肉 |
| けつ Grade: 3 | にく Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||
Kanji in this term :
| 血 | 肉 |
| ち Grade: 3 | にく Grade: 2 |
| yutōyomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) けつにく [kètsúníkú] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) けつにく [kètsúꜜnìkù] (Nakadaka – [2])
* IPA: [ke̞t͡sɨɲ̟ikɯ̟]
* (Tokyo) ちにく [chìníkú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [t͡ɕiɲ̟ikɯ̟]

### Noun

血(けつ)肉(にく) or 血(ち)肉(にく) • (ketsuniku or chiniku)
* flesh and blood; human body
** 西條八十 (lyricist), 「同期の桜」
    血肉(ちにく)分(わ)けたる仲(なか)ではないが
       chiniku waketaru naka de wa nai ga
       (please add an English translation of this example)

#### Derived terms

* 血(けつ)肉(にく)化(か) (ketsunikuka)

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* 1 2 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 血 | 肉 |

### Noun

血肉 • (hyeoryuk) (hangeul 혈육)
* hanja form of 혈육 (“flesh and blood”)