# 坩

| 坩 | U+5769, &#22377; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5769 |
| ← 坨 [U+5768] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 坪 → [U+576A] |

## Translingual
### Han character

坩 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 土廿一 (GTM), four-corner 4417$_0$, composition ⿰土甘)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 226, character 21
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4975
* Dae Jaweon: page 461, character 33
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 429, character 12
* Unihan data for U+5769

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 紺 | *kɯːms |
| 姏 | *mɡaːm |
| 嵌 | *sɡaːmʔ, *kʰraːm |
| 甘 | *kaːm |
| 柑 | *kaːm |
| 苷 | *kaːm |
| 泔 | *kaːm |
| 坩 | *kaːm, *kʰaːm |
| 蚶 | *ɢaːm, *ɢaːm |
| 酣 | *ɢaːm |
| 甝 | *ɢaːm |
| 魽 | *ɢaːm |
| 邯 | *ɡaːm, *ɡaːm |
| 鉗 | *ɡram |
| 箝 | *ɡram |
| 黚 | *ɡram, *ɡrɯm |
| 拑 | *ɡram |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kaːm, *kʰaːm): semantic 土 (“earth; dirt”) + phonetic 甘 (OC *kaːm).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gān (gan$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄢ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ham$^1$
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): kor$^1$ / korⁿ$^1$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khaⁿ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gān
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gan
*** Wade–Giles: kan$^1$
*** Yale: gān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gan
*** Palladius: гань (ganʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /kän⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ham$^1$
*** Yale: hām
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ham$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hem$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɐm⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: kor$^1$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ko̤ⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɒ⁵³³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: korⁿ$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɒ̃⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khaⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: khann
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qvaf
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kʰã⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: kham
Rime :
| Character | 坩 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 談 (143) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 苦甘切 |
| Baxter | kham |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰɑm/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰɑm/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰɑm/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰam/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰɑm/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰɑm/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kʰɑm/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | kān |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ham$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰaːm/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 坩 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 3657 |
| Phonetic component | 甘 |
| Rime group | 談 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 坩 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰaːm/ |

#### Definitions

坩
* earthenware

#### Compounds

* 坩仔
* 坩囝
* 坩𡋙
* 坩熅 / 坩煴
* 坩蓋 / 坩盖
* 坩豚
* 沙坩
* 磨坩
* 糊坩
* 花坩
* 菜坩
* 飯坩 / 饭坩

#### References

* “坩”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.
* 莆田市政协文化文史和学习委员会 [Culture, History and Learning Committee of Putian CPPCC], editor (2021), “坩”, in 莆仙方言大词典 [Comprehensive Dictionary of Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 325.

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gān (gan$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄢ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ham$^1$ / kim$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gān
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gan
*** Wade–Giles: kan$^1$
*** Yale: gān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gan
*** Palladius: гань (ganʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /kän⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ham$^1$ / kim$^4$
*** Yale: hām / kìhm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ham$^1$ / kim$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hem$^1$ / kim$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɐm⁵⁵/, /kʰiːm²¹/
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*kaːm/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 坩 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 3656 |
| Phonetic component | 甘 |
| Rime group | 談 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 甘 |
| Old Chinese | /*kaːm/ |
| Notes | 甘堝之甘今字 |

#### Definitions

坩
* Only used in 坩堝／坩埚 (gānguō).

#### References

* “坩”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* jar, pot

#### Readings

* Go-on: かん (kan)
* Kan-on: かん (kan)
* Kun: つぼ (tsubo, 坩)

#### Compounds

* 坩堝(かんか) (kanka)
* 坩堝(るつぼ) (rutsubo)

## Korean
### Hanja

坩 • (gam) (hangeul 감, revised gam, McCune–Reischauer kam)
* earthenware, earthenware vessel

## Vietnamese
### Han character

坩: Hán Nôm readings: cam
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation