# lesen
## Galician
### Verb

lesen
* third-person plural imperfect subjunctive of ler

## German
### Etymology

From Middle High German lesen, from Old High German lesan, from Proto-Germanic *lesaną (“to gather”), from Proto-Indo-European *les- (“to gather”). Cognate with English lease (“to gather”) [with an obsolete meaning], cognate with Low German lesen (“to read”), Dutch lezen (“to read”), Afrikaans lees (“to read”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈleːzn̩/ (Germany)
* IPA: /ˈleːsn̩/ (Austria)
* Audio:(file)
* Audio:(file)
* Audio (Austria):(file)

### Verb

lesen (class 5 strong, third-person singular present liest, past tense las, past participle gelesen, past subjunctive läse, auxiliary haben)
* (transitive or intransitive) to read (look at and understand symbols, words, or data)
* (transitive) to select and gather or harvest (things like grapes)

#### Conjugation

$^1$Rare except in very formal contexts; alternative in würde normally preferred.

#### Derived terms

* ablesen
* anlesen
* auflesen
* auseinanderlesen
* auslesen
* belesen
* drüberlesen
* durchlesen
* einlesen
* erlesen
* gegenlesen
* guten Lesestoff abgeben
* herauslesen
* herunterlesen
* hineinlesen
* hinweglesen
* Lese-
* Lese- und Schreibfähigkeit
* Lese- und Schreibrecht
* lese-rechtschreibschwach
* Lese-Rechtschreibschwäche, Lese-Rechtschreib-Schwäche
* Lese-Rechtschreibstörung
* Lese-Schreibelektronik
* Lese-Schreibgeschwindigkeit
* Lese-Schreibschaltung
* Lese-Schreibspeicher
* Lese-Schreibverstärker
* Leseabend
* Leseaufführung
* Leseausweis
* Lesebändchen
* Lesebefehl
* Lesebereitschaft
* Lesebestätigung
* Lesebrille
* Lesebuch
* Lesebücher
* Lesedrama
* Leseecke
* Leseeinheit
* Leseerlebnis
* Leseexemplar
* Lesefähigkeit
* Lesefehler
* Lesefibel
* Lesefluss
* lesefreudig
* Lesefrucht
* Lesegenauigkeit
* Lesegerät
* Lesegeschwindigkeit
* Lesegesellschaft
* Lesegewohnheit
* Lesegruppe
* Lesegut
* Leseheft
* Lesehilfe
* Lesehore
* Lesehunger
* Lesekompetenz
* Lesekopf
* Lesekreis
* Lesekultur
* Leselampe
* Leseleistung
* Leseleuchte
* Leselicht
* Leseliste
* Lesemarathon
* Lesemarke
* Lesemöglichkeit
* Lesemuffel
* Lesen
* lesend
* lesenswert
* Leseordnung
* Lesepfeife
* Lesepistole
* Leseplatz
* Leseprobe
* Leseproblem
* Leseprogramm
* Lesepublikum
* Lesepuffer
* Lesepult
* Leser
* Leseranalyse
* Leseratte
* Leserausweis
* Leserbrief
* Leserbriefseite
* Leserbriefspalte
* Leserecht
* Lesereise
* Leserforschung
* Leserichtung
* Leserin
* Leserkolumne
* Leserkommentar
* Leserkreis
* leserlich
* Leserlichkeit
* Leserreise
* Leserreporter
* Leserschaft
* Leserstamm
* Lesertipp
* Leserverarsche
* Leserzahl
* Lesesaal
* Lesesessel
* Lesesicherheit
* Lesespaß
* Lesestab
* Leseständer
* Lesestation
* Lesestift
* Lesestoff
* Lesestück
* Lesetipp
* Leseübung
* Lesevergnügen
* Leseverständnis
* Leseverstärker
* Leseverstehen
* Leseversuch
* Lesevorgang
* Lesevorrichtung
* Lesewiederholung
* lesewürdig
* Lesewürdigkeit
* Lesewut
* lesewütig
* Lesewütigkeit
* Lesezeichen
* Lesezeiger
* Lesezirkel
* Lesezugriff
* Lesezusatz
* Lesezyklen
* Lesezyklus
* Lesung
* loslesen
* mitlesen
* nachlesen
* Nur-Lese-Speicher
* offener Leserahmen
* querlesen
* rauslesen
* runterlesen
* Schreib-Lese-Speicher
* selektives Leseverstehen
* überlesen
* verlesen
* voraus lesend
* vorlesen
* Vorlesung
* Weinlese
* weiterlesen

### Further reading

* “lesen” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
* “lesen” in Uni Leipzig: Wortschatz-Lexikon
* “lesen” in Duden online
* “lesen” in Duden online

## German Low German
### Alternative forms

* leesen
* lësen (western Low Prussian)
* lëse (eastern Low Prussian)

### Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *lesaną.
Cognate with Dutch Low Saxon leazn, lezen; Plautdietsch läsen; German lesen; Dutch lezen.

### Verb

lesen (past singular lees, past participle leest or gelesen, auxiliary verb hebben)
* (transitive or intransitive) to read
    Hest du de Daagbläder vunmorgen leest?Did you read the newspapers this morning?
* (rare, dated, transitive or intransitive) to gather up

#### Conjugation

Note: This conjugation is one of many. Neither its grammar nor spelling apply to all dialects.
Note: This conjugation is one of many. Neither its grammar nor spelling apply to all dialects.
* 3rd ps. sg. pres.: (hei) lest, les't
* imp. sg.: les'

## Hungarian
### Etymology

les +‎ -en

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈlɛʃɛn]
* Hyphenation: le‧sen

### Noun

lesen
* superessive singular of les

## Malay
### Etymology

Borrowed from English licence. The loss of the final consonant -ce /s/ is either due to constraint against final consonant clusters, or being analysed as a plural ending (Malay lacked regular plurals).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /lesen/
* Rhymes: -sen, -en
* Hyphenation: lé‧sén

### Noun

lesen (Jawi spelling ليسين, plural lesen-lesen, informal 1st possessive lesenku, 2nd possessive lesenmu, 3rd possessive lesennya)
* A licence.

#### Affixations

* berlesen
* dilesenkan
* lesenkan
* melesenkan
* pelesen
* pelesenan

#### Compounds

* kedai lesen

#### Alternative forms

* lisensi (Indonesia)

### Further reading

* “lesen” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.

## Middle Dutch
### Etymology

From Old Dutch lesan, from Proto-West Germanic *lesan, from Proto-Germanic *lesaną, from Proto-Indo-European *les- (“to gather”).

### Verb

lēsen
* to gather, to collect
* to read
* to read out loud (to an audience)

#### Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

#### Descendants

* Dutch: lezen
** Afrikaans: lees
** Berbice Creole Dutch: lesi
** Javindo: lesen
** Jersey Dutch: lêze
** Negerhollands: lees
** → Lokono: alesedin
** →? Mahican: lesówu
** → Papiamentu: lesa, leza
** → Sranan Tongo: leisi
*** Aukan: leisi
*** Saramaccan: lési
*** → Caribbean Javanese: lési
*** → Kari'na: resima
* Limburgish: laeze, leuze

### Further reading

* “lesen (II)”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
* Verwijs, E., Verdam, J. (1885–1929) “lesen (II)”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN, page II

## Middle High German
### Etymology

Inherited from Old High German lësan, from Proto-West Germanic *lesan, from Proto-Germanic *lesaną (“to collect”). The sense “to read”, found throughout North and West Germanic except English, is a semantic loan from Latin legō.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (before 13th CE) /ˈlɛs̠ən/

### Verb

lësen (class 5 strong, third-person singular present liset, past tense las, past participle gelësen, past subjunctive læse, auxiliary hān)
* to read, to read aloud
* to examine
* to collect

#### Descendants

* Alemannic German: läse, lääse
* Bavarian: lesn
    Cimbrian: lesan, lèzan (Sette Comuni)
* Central Franconian:
    Hunsrik: lese
* German: lesen
* Luxembourgish: liesen
* Rhine Franconian:
    Pennsylvania German: lese
* Vilamovian: łaoza

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Participle

lesen (neuter lese, definite singular and plural lesne)
* past participle of lesa

### Anagrams

* lesne, nesle, selen