# 否

| 否 | U+5426, &#21542; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5426 |
| ← 吥 [U+5425] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 吧 → [U+5427] |

## Translingual
### Han character

否 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 一火口 (MFR), four-corner 1060$_9$, composition ⿱不口)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 178, character 2
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3340
* Dae Jaweon: page 395, character 11
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 586, character 5
* Unihan data for U+5426

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 否
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 肧 | *pʰlɯː, *pʰɯ, *pʰlɯː |
| 俖 | *pʰɯːʔ |
| 娝 | *prɯʔ |
| 痞 | *prɯʔ, *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ |
| 丕 | *pʰrɯ |
| 伾 | *pʰrɯ |
| 秠 | *pʰrɯ, *pʰrɯʔ, *pʰɯ, *pʰɯʔ |
| 駓 | *pʰrɯ |
| 怌 | *pʰrɯ |
| 豾 | *pʰrɯ |
| 髬 | *pʰrɯ |
| 魾 | *pʰrɯ, *brɯ |
| 鉟 | *pʰrɯ, *brɯ |
| 嚭 | *pʰrɯʔ |
| 邳 | *brɯ |
| 岯 | *brɯ |
| 否 | *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ |
| 抔 | *bɯ, *pʰlɯː |
| 不 | *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ' |
| 紑 | *pɯ, *pʰɯ, *pʰɯʔ |
| 鴀 | *pɯ, *pɯʔ |
| 衃 | *pʰɯ, *pʰlɯː |
| 罘 | *bɯ |
| 芣 | *bɯ |
| 杯 | *plɯː |
| 盃 | *plɯː |
| 桮 | *pɯː |
| 坯 | *pʰɯː |
| 胚 | *pʰɯː |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ): phonetic 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”) + semantic 口 (“mouth”). Similar to 咅.

### Etymology 1

See etymology of 不.

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): fǒu (fou$^3$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄈㄡˇ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): fo$^3$ / fou$^3$
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): fù
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): fau$^2$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): feu$^2$
* Gan (Wiktionary): feu$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): féu
    (Meixian, Guangdong): fêu$^3$
* Jin (Wiktionary): fu$^2$
* Northern Min (KCR): pě
* Eastern Min (BUC): pēu
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hieo$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hóⁿ / hó͘ / hió
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hou$^2$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^5$feu / $^1$feu / $^3$feu / $^3$fei
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): hou$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: fǒu
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄡˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: fǒu
*** Wade–Giles: fou$^3$
*** Yale: fǒu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: foou
*** Palladius: фоу (fou)
*** Sinological IPA : /foʊ̯²¹⁴/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: fo$^3$ / fou$^3$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: fo / fou
*** Sinological IPA : /fo⁵³/, /fəu⁵³/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: fù
*** Sinological IPA : /fu⁵³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fau$^2$
*** Yale: fáu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fau$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: feo$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /fɐu̯³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: feu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /feu⁵⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: feu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /fɛu²¹³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: féu
*** Hakka Romanization System: feu$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: feu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /feu̯³¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: fêu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /feu³¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: fu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /fu⁵³/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: pě
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰe²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: pēu
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰɛu³³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hieo$^3$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: hâ̤u
*** Sinological IPA : /hieu⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hieo$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /hieu³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hóⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: hónn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hvor
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /hɔ̃⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔ̃⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hó͘
*** Tâi-lô: hóo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hor
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /hɔ⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔ⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hió
*** Tâi-lô: hió
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hioir
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /hio⁵⁵⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: hou$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hóu
*** Sinological IPA : /hou⁵²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$feu
*** MiniDict: feu$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$feu
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /fɤ³⁴/
** (Northern: Suzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^1$feu
*** MiniDict: feu$^平$
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /føy⁴⁴/
** (Northern: Suzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^3$feu
*** MiniDict: feu$^上$
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /føy⁵¹/
** (Northern: Hangzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^3$fei
*** MiniDict: fei$^上$
*** Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /fei⁵³/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: hou$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /xəu̯⁴¹/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit否 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /fou²¹⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /fau²¹³/ /fou²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /fou¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /fɔ⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /fɔ⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /fu⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /fu⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /fv̩⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /fu⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /fu⁴⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /fu⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /fəu⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /fo⁵³/ /fəu⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /fu⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /fəu⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /fəi²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /fʊ²⁴/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /fu⁵³/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | |
| Jin | Hohhot | /fu⁵³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /fɤ³⁵/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /fɤ⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /fei⁵³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /fɜ³⁵/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /fo³⁵/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /fo³¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /xəu⁴¹/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ɸəɯ⁴²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /fɛu²¹³/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /feu³¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /feu¹¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /fɐu³⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /fɐu³⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /fɐu³⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /hɔ⁵³/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /pʰeu³²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /pʰe²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /hõu⁵³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /fɔu²¹³/ |
* Middle Chinese: pjuwX
Rime :
| Character | 否 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 幫 (1) |
| Final (韻) | 尤 (136) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 方久切 |
| Baxter | pjuwX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /pɨu$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /piu$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /piəu$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /puw$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /piu$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /pĭəu$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /pi̯ə̯u$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | fǒu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | fau$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*pəʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*pɯʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 否 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | fǒu |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ pjuw$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*pəʔ/ |
| English | not |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 否 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 1028 |
| Phonetic component | 不 |
| Rime group | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 缶 |
| Old Chinese | /*pɯʔ/ |

#### Definitions

否
* nay; no; negative
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Yuē: “Zì zhī zhī yǔ?” Yuē: “Fǒu. Yǐ sù yì zhī.” [Pinyin]
    'Is it woven by himself?' 'No. He gets it in exchange for grain.'
* not
* final interrogative particle
    From: Romance of the Three Kingdoms, circa 14th century CE
    Yòu yǐn shù bēi, Yǔn zhǐ Chán wèi Bù yuē: “Wú yù jiāng cǐ nǚ sòng yǔ jiāngjūn wéi qiè, hái kěn nà fǒu?” [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)

##### Usage notes

In Classical Chinese, 否 is the form taken by 不 when the verb which it negates is omitted (Pulleyblank, 1995, p. 104).

#### Compounds

* 不置可否 (bùzhìkěfǒu)
* 全盤否定 / 全盘否定 (quánpánfǒudìng)
* 可否 (kěfǒu)
* 否則 / 否则 (fǒuzé)
* 否否
* 否定 (fǒudìng)
* 否定之否定
* 否決 / 否决 (fǒujué)
* 否決權 / 否决权 (fǒujuéquán)
* 否認 / 否认 (fǒurèn)
* 唯唯否否
* 是否 (shìfǒu)
* 未知可否
* 未置可否
* 無可否認 / 无可否认 (wúkěfǒurèn)
* 獻可替否 / 献可替否
* 獻替可否 / 献替可否
* 矢口否認 / 矢口否认 (shǐkǒufǒurèn)
* 能否 (néngfǒu)
* 與否 / 与否 (yǔfǒu)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): pǐ (pi$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄆㄧˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): pei$^2$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): phí
* Eastern Min (BUC): pī
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): phí
    (Teochew, Peng'im): pi$^2$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^5$phi / $^6$bi
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: pǐ
*** Zhuyin: ㄆㄧˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: pǐ
*** Wade–Giles: pʻi$^3$
*** Yale: pǐ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: pii
*** Palladius: пи (pi)
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰi²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: pei$^2$
*** Yale: péi
*** Cantonese Pinyin: pei$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: péi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰei̯³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: phí
*** Hakka Romanization System: pi$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: pi$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /pʰi³¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: pī
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰi³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phí
*** Tâi-lô: phí
*** Phofsit Daibuun: phie
*** IPA (Xiamen): /pʰi⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /pʰi⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /pʰi⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /pʰi⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /pʰi⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: pi$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: phí
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰi⁵²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$phi
*** MiniDict: phi$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$phi
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /pʰi³⁴/
** (Northern: Suzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^6$bi
*** MiniDict: bi$^去$
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /bi²³¹/
* Middle Chinese: bijX
Rime :
| Character | 否 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 並 (3) |
| Final (韻) | 脂 (17) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 符鄙切 |
| Baxter | bijX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /bˠiɪ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /bᵚi$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /biɪ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /bji$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /bji$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /bi$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /bʱi$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | bì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | bei$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*brɯʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 否 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 1022 |
| Phonetic component | 不 |
| Rime group | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 否 |
| Old Chinese | /*brɯʔ/ |

#### Definitions

否
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to block; to obstruct
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to denounce; to censure
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to become extinct
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) poverty-stricken; poor
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) evil; vile
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 鄙 (bǐ, “superficial; shallow”)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 痞 (pǐ, “lump in the abdomen”)
* 12th hexagram of the I Ching

#### Compounds

* 否剝 / 否剥
* 否去泰來 / 否去泰来
* 否往泰來 / 否往泰来
* 否德 (pǐdé)
* 否極必泰 / 否极必泰
* 否極泰來 / 否极泰来 (pǐjítàilái)
* 否極生泰 / 否极生泰
* 否泰
* 否滯 / 否滞
* 否終而泰 / 否终而泰
* 否隔
* 屯否
* 屯蹶否塞
* 晦盲否塞 (huìmángpǐsè)
* 泰來否往 / 泰来否往
* 泰極而否 / 泰极而否
* 臧否 (zāngpǐ)
* 臧否人物
* 賢否不明 / 贤否不明
* 進可替否 / 进可替否
* 陟罰臧否 / 陟罚臧否 (zhìfázāngpǐ)

### Etymology 3

* For pronunciation and definitions of 否 – see 歹 (“(Hokkien, Teochew) bad; wicked; evil”). (This character is a variant form of 歹).

### References

* “否”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)
* no
* negate

#### Readings

* Go-on: び (bi)、ふ (fu)
* Kan-on: ひ (hi, Jōyō)、ふう (fū)
* Kun: いな (ina)、いなむ (inamu, 否む)、いや (iya)、あらず (arazu)

#### Compounds

* 否(ひ)運(うん) (hiun, “misfortune”)
* 否(ひ)決(けつ) (hiketsu, “refusal”)
* 否(ひ)塞(そく) (hisoku)
* 否(ひ)泰(たい) (hitai)
* 否(ひ)定(てい) (hitei, “denial”)
* 否(ひ)認(にん) (hinin, “denial”)
* 否(いや)応(おう) (iyaō)
* 拒(きょ)否(ひ) (kyohi, “refusal”)
* 否(いな)む (inamu, “decline”)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 否
* いな Grade: 6
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 否 – see the following entry. :
| 【いな】 | [interjection] no [noun] nay, no [noun] (uncommon, perhaps archaic) a river snail |
(This term, 否, is an alternative spelling (rare) of the above term.) :

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 否
* ひ Grade: 6
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 否 (MC bijX). The kan'on pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [çi]

#### Noun

否(ひ) • (hi)
* no

## Korean
### Hanja

否 (eumhun 아닐 부 (anil bu))
* hanja form of 부 (“not, no, negative”)
否 (eumhun 막힐 비 (makhil bi))
* hanja form of 비 (“obstruct, block”)

## Tày
### Adverb

否 (bấu)
* Nôm form of bấu (“not; not at all”).
    斉福否欣坪Te̱ phúc bấu hăn phắng(please add an English translation of this usage example)

### References

* Lục Văn Pảo, Hoàng Tuấn Nam (2003) Hoàng Triều Ân, editor, Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày [A Dictionary of (chữ) Nôm Tày]‎ (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội

## Vietnamese
### Han character

否: Hán Nôm readings: bĩ, phủ, phầu
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Nôm: bí, bĩ, phủ

#### References

* Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
* Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
* Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999