# 竄

| 竄 | U+7AC4, &#31428; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7AC4 |
| ← 竃 [U+7AC3] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 竅 → [U+7AC5] |

## Translingual
### Han character

竄 (Kangxi radical 116, 穴+13, 18 strokes, cangjie input 十金竹難女 (JCHXV), four-corner 3071$_7$, composition ⿱穴鼠)

#### Derived characters

* 攛, 𬉬, 𥎣, 躥, 鑹, 𮪠

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 869, character 1
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25679
* Dae Jaweon: page 1298, character 15
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2744, character 7
* Unihan data for U+7AC4

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 竄
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 躥 | *sʰoːn |
| 竄 | *sʰoːn, *sʰoːns |
| 攛 | *sʰoːn |
| 鑹 | *sʰoːns |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 鼠 (“mouse”) + 穴 (“hole”) – to hide in a hole.

### Etymology

Related to 鑽 (OC *ʔsoːn, *ʔsoːns, “to bore, perforate”), with semantic shift "to bore" > "to hide (in a bored-out area)" > "to go into exile" (STEDT).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): cuàn (cuan$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄘㄨㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): cyun$^3$ / cyun$^2$
* Eastern Min (BUC): chuáng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): cuang$^4$ / cuong$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chhǹg / chhoàn
    (Teochew, Peng'im): cuang$^3$ / cuêng$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: cuàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄘㄨㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cuàn
*** Wade–Giles: tsʻuan$^4$
*** Yale: tswàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tsuann
*** Palladius: цуань (cuanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰu̯än⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: cyun$^3$ / cyun$^2$
*** Yale: chyun / chyún
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsyn$^3$ / tsyn$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: qun$^3$ / qun$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰyːn³³/, /t͡sʰyːn³⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: chuáng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰuɑŋ²¹³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: cuang$^4$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: chua̍ng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰuaŋ⁴²/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: cuong$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰuoŋ⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhǹg / chhoàn
*** Tâi-lô: tshǹg / tshuàn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhngx, zhoaxn
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰŋ̍²¹/, /t͡sʰuan²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰŋ̍⁴¹/, /t͡sʰuan⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰŋ̍²¹/, /t͡sʰuan²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰŋ̍¹¹/, /t͡sʰuan¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰŋ̍²¹/, /t͡sʰuan²¹/
* chhǹg - vernacular;
* chhoàn - literary.
* Middle Chinese: tshwanH, tshwan
Rime :
| Character | 竄 | 竄 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 清 (14) | 清 (14) |
| Final (韻) | 桓 (62) | 桓 (62) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Closed |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 七亂切 | 七丸切 |
| Baxter | tshwanH | tshwan |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡sʰuɑn$^H$/ | /t͡sʰuɑn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡sʰʷɑn$^H$/ | /t͡sʰʷɑn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡sʰuɑn$^H$/ | /t͡sʰuɑn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡sʰwan$^H$/ | /t͡sʰwan/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡sʰuɑn$^H$/ | /t͡sʰuɑn/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡sʰuɑn$^H$/ | /t͡sʰuɑn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡sʰuɑn$^H$/ | /t͡sʰuɑn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | cuàn | cuān |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | cyun$^3$ | cyun$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[tsʰ]ˤo[n]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*sʰoːn/, /*sʰoːns/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 竄 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | cuàn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tshwan$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[tsʰ]ˁo[n]-s/ |
| English | hide; flee |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 竄 | 竄 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 1869 | 1871 |
| Phonetic component | 竄 | 竄 |
| Rime group | 元 | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | | 竄 |
| Old Chinese | /*sʰoːn/ | /*sʰoːns/ |

### Definitions

竄
* (now derogatory) to flee; to go in exile
* (literary) to exile; to banish
    From: The Book of Documents, circa 4th – 3rd century BCE
    Liú Gònggōng yú yōuzhōu, fàng huāndōu yú chóngshān, cuàn Sānmiáo yú Sānwēi, jí Gǔn yú Yǔshān, sìzuì ér tiānxià xiánfú. [Pinyin]
    He (Shun) banished the Minister of Works to You island; confined Huan-dou on mount Chong; drove (the chief of) San-miao (and his people) into San-wei, and kept them there; and held Gun a prisoner till death on mount Yu. These four criminals being thus dealt with, all under heaven acknowledged the justice (of Shun's administration).
* (literary) to hide
* (literary, or in compounds) to revise; to
    竄改／窜改 ― cuàngǎi ― to doctor; to alter
* (neologism, officialese, derogatory) Short for 竄訪／窜访 (cuànfǎng)
    From: 2022, Xinhua News Agency,
    Pèiluòxī cuàn Tái de ruògān shìshí [Pinyin]
    A few facts about Pelosi's "sneaky" visit to Taiwan
    From: 2023, People's Daily,
    zhēnduì Cài Yīngwén cuàn Měi cǎiqǔ fǎnzhì cuòshī bìyào qiě zhèngdāng [Pinyin]
    Counter-measures against Tsai Ing-wen's "sneaky" visit are necessary and correct
* a surname, Cuan

#### Synonyms

* (to flee):
* 亡命 (wángmìng)
* 出亡 (chūwáng) (literary)
* 出奔 (chūbēn)
* 散亡 (sànwáng)
* 流亡 (liúwáng)
* 走反 (Hokkien, from war)
* 逃亡 (táowáng)
* 逃荒 (táohuāng) (from famine)
* 逃難 / 逃难 (táonàn) (from a disaster)
* 逋逃 (būtáo) (literary)
* 避難 / 避难 (bìnàn)
* (to hide):
* 伏
* 匿藏 (nìcáng)
* 埋
* 埋藏 (máicáng) (figuratively)
* 暗囥 (Hokkien, Teochew)
* 暗藏 (àncáng)
* 潛藏 / 潜藏 (qiáncáng)
* 竄匿 / 窜匿 (cuànnì)
* 藏蹤 / 藏踪 (cángzōng)
* 藏身 (cángshēn)
* 藏躲 (cángduǒ)
* 覕囥 / 𰴕囥 (Hokkien)
* 走覕 / 走𰴕 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien, Taiwanese Hokkien)
* 走閃 / 走闪 (Min Nan)
* 躲藏 (duǒcáng)
* 躲避 (duǒbì)
* 逃 (táo)
* 逃僻 (Taiwanese Hokkien)
* 逃匿 (táonì)
* 迴避 / 回避 (huíbì)
* 逃避 (táobì)
* 避諱 / 避讳 (bìhuì) (colloquial)
* 閃覕 / 闪𰴕 (Min Nan)
* 隱秘 / 隐秘 (yǐnmì)
* 隱蔽 / 隐蔽 (yǐnbì)
* 隱藏 / 隐藏 (yǐncáng)
* 隱覕 / 隐𰴕 (ín-bih, ún-bih) (Min Nan)
* 隱避 / 隐避 (yǐnbì)
* (to revise):
* 修改 (xiūgǎi)
* 切換 / 切换 (qiēhuàn)
* 改動 / 改动 (gǎidòng)
* 改換 / 改换 (gǎihuàn)
* 改觀 / 改观 (gǎiguān) (to change appearance, to change one's view)
* 改變 / 改变 (gǎibiàn)
* 改造 (gǎizào)
* 更動 / 更动 (gēngdòng)
* 更換 / 更换 (gēnghuàn)
* 更改 (gēnggǎi)
* 游移 (yóuyí)
* 移 (yí)
* 移易 (yíyì) (literary)
* 竄亂 / 窜乱 (cuànluàn) (literary)
* 變 / 变 (biàn)
* 變換 / 变换 (biànhuàn)
* 變易 / 变易 (biànyì)
* 變更 / 变更 (biàngēng)
* 變變 / 变变 (Hokkien)
* 變革 / 变革 (biàngé) (chiefly social systems)
* 轉化 / 转化 (zhuǎnhuà)
* 轉換 / 转换 (zhuǎnhuàn)
* 轉變 / 转变 (zhuǎnbiàn)
* 遷 / 迁 (qiān)
* 革變 / 革变 (gébiàn) (literary)

### Compounds

* 上竄下跳 / 上窜下跳 (shàngcuànxiàtiào)
* 亂竄 / 乱窜 (luàncuàn)
* 伏竄 / 伏窜
* 匿竄 / 匿窜
* 壯竄 / 壮窜
* 奔竄 / 奔窜 (bēncuàn)
* 奉頭鼠竄 / 奉头鼠窜
* 打竄鼓 / 打窜鼓
* 打著竄鼓 / 打著窜鼓
* 投山竄海 / 投山窜海
* 抱頭鼠竄 / 抱头鼠窜 (bàotóu-shǔcuàn)
* 捧頭鼠竄 / 捧头鼠窜
* 掉頭鼠竄 / 掉头鼠窜
* 改竄 / 改窜 (gǎicuàn)
* 東奔西竄 / 东奔西窜 (dōngbēnxīcuàn)
* 東逃西竄 / 东逃西窜 (dōngtáoxīcuàn)
* 楊葉竄兒 / 杨叶窜儿
* 流竄 / 流窜 (liúcuàn)
* 潛骸竄影 / 潜骸窜影
* 狐奔鼠竄 / 狐奔鼠窜
* 狼奔鼠竄 / 狼奔鼠窜
* 竄伏 / 窜伏
* 竄動 / 窜动
* 竄匿 / 窜匿 (cuànnì)
* 竄升 / 窜升
* 竄句 / 窜句
* 竄定 / 窜定
* 竄擾 / 窜扰 (cuànrǎo)
* 竄改 / 窜改 (cuàngǎi)
* 竄犯 / 窜犯 (cuànfàn)
* 竄紅 / 窜红 (cuānhóng)
* 竄訪 / 窜访 (cuànfǎng) (officialese)
* 竄起 / 窜起
* 竄身 / 窜身
* 竄逃 / 窜逃 (cuàntáo)
* 竄逐 / 窜逐
* 竄進竄出 / 窜进窜出
* 竄遊 / 窜游
* 跳竄 / 跳窜
* 逃竄 / 逃窜 (táocuàn)
* 點竄 / 点窜
* 鼠竄 / 鼠窜 (shǔcuàn)
* 鼠竄狼奔 / 鼠窜狼奔

### References

* “竄”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “窜”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 41.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* escape, run away
* encroach
* alter a document

#### Readings

* Go-on: さん (san)
* Kan-on: さん (san)
* Kan’yō-on: ざん (zan)
* Kun: かくれる (kakureru, 竄れる)、のがれる (nogareru, 竄れる)

#### Compounds

* 竄走(ざんそう) (zansō)
* 竄謫(ざんたく) (zantaku)
* 竄定(ざんてい) (zantei)
* 竄匿(ざんとく) (zantoku)
* 竄入(ざんにゅう) (zannyū)
* 竄伏(ざんぷく) (zanpuku)
* 竄貶(ざんぺん) (zanpen)
* 竄流(ざんりゅう) (zanryū)
* 遠竄(えんざん) (enzan)
* 改竄(かいざん) (kaizan)
* 点竄(てんざん) (tenzan)
* 添竄(てんざん) (tenzan)
* 逃竄(とうざん) (tōzan)
* 遯竄(とんざん), 遁竄(とんざん) (tonzan)
* 貶竄(へんざん) (henzan)
* 奔竄(ほんざん) (honzan)
* 流竄(りゅうざん) (ryūzan)
* 流竄(るざん) (ruzan)
* 逋竄(ほざん) (hozan)

## Korean
### Hanja

竄 • (chan) (hangeul 찬)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

竄: Hán Nôm readings: thoán
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.