# 閏

| 閏 | U+958F, &#38287; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-958F |
| ← 閎 [U+958E] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 閐 → [U+9590] |

## Translingual
### Han character

閏 (Kangxi radical 169, 門+4, 12 strokes, cangjie input 日弓一土 (ANMG), four-corner 7710$_4$, composition ⿵門王)
* intercalary
* extra, surplus

#### Derived characters

* 𠾽, 㠈, 𢡞, 撋, 潤(润), 𣋆, 膶(𬂀), 橍, 𪼙, 瞤(𥆧), 𮝧, 𨬔, 𨶽, 𨷎, 𦻺

#### Related characters

* 闰 (Simplified Chinese)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1331, character 18
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41244
* Dae Jaweon: page 1837, character 10
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4285, character 9
* Unihan data for U+958F

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 閏
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 撋 | *njon |
| 瞤 | *njun |
| 潤 | *njuns |
| 閏 | *njuns |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 門 (“gate”) + 王 (“king”). The original meaning “intercalary” is derived from kings' ancient practice of remaining within the palace gates on a leap day (which was in excess of the lunar calendar's 364 days, whence the meanings “remainder” and “surplus”), not engaging in their usual governing functions.

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): rùn (run$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄖㄨㄣˋ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jeon$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ngun$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): yun
    (Hailu, HRS): rhun$^˖$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): yun$^4$ / ngiun$^4$
* Eastern Min (BUC): nông
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): jūn / lūn
    (Teochew, Peng'im): rung$^7$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: rùn
*** Zhuyin: ㄖㄨㄣˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: rùn
*** Wade–Giles: jun$^4$
*** Yale: rwùn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ruenn
*** Palladius: жунь (žunʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʐu̯ən⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jeon$^6$
*** Yale: yeuhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: joen$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yên$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɵn²²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ngun$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ᵑɡun³²/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yun
*** Hakka Romanization System: iun
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yun$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /i̯un⁵⁵/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yun
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)iun
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yun$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯un⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: rhun$^˖$
*** Sinological IPA: /ʒun³³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: yun$^4$ / ngiun$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /iun⁵³/, /ŋiun⁵³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: nông
*** Sinological IPA : /nˡouŋ²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jūn
*** Tâi-lô: jūn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: jun
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /zun³³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lūn
*** Tâi-lô: lūn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: lun
*** IPA (Taipei): /lun³³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /lun⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /lun²²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: rung$^7$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: jūng
*** Sinological IPA : /d͡zuŋ¹¹/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit閏 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ʐuən⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ʐən⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /yn⁵³/ /ʐuən⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /yẽ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /yə̃⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /yn³¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /vẽ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /uə̃²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ʐuŋ¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /və̃n¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ʐuŋ²¹³/ /vɤŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /yn³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /zuən¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /zuen²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ʐuə̃²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /ʐun⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /ʐən⁵³/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /zuəŋ⁴⁵/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /zuŋ³⁵/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /ʐũŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ȵiŋ²³/ /zəŋ²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ɦyən³¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /zz̩ʷen¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /joŋ²²/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /yʌ̃²²/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /yan¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /yn¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /yn²¹/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /lɨn²¹/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /iun⁵³/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /ʒuŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /jøn²²/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /yn²²/ /jɐn²²/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /jøn²²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /lun²²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /nouŋ²⁴²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /nœyŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /zuŋ³¹/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /zun²³/ |
* Middle Chinese: nywinH
Rime :
| Character | 閏 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 日 (38) |
| Final (韻) | 諄 (47) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 如順切 |
| Baxter | nywinH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ȵiuɪn$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ȵʷin$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȵʑjuen$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ȵwin$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ȵiuĕn$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ȵʑĭuĕn$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȵʑi̯uĕn$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | rùn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jeon$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*nu[n]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*njuns/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 閏 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | rùn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ nywin$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*nu[n]-s/ |
| English | intercalary month |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 閏 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 10927 |
| Phonetic component | 閏 |
| Rime group | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 閠 |
| Old Chinese | /*njuns/ |

### Definitions

閏
* intercalary; leap
    閏年／闰年 ― rùnnián ― leap year
* (literary) surplus; remainder
* (literary) deputy; illegitimate; usurped

### Compounds

* 偏閏 / 偏闰
* 再閏 / 再闰
* 厄閏 / 厄闰
* 正閏 / 正闰
* 沒閏 / 没闰
* 秋閏 / 秋闰
* 積閏 / 积闰
* 置閏 / 置闰 (zhìrùn)
* 閏位 / 闰位
* 閏分 / 闰分
* 閏宮 / 闰宫
* 閏察 / 闰察
* 閏年 / 闰年 (rùnnián)
* 閏徵 / 闰征
* 閏日 / 闰日 (rùnrì)
* 閏月 / 闰月 (rùnyuè)
* 閏朝 / 闰朝
* 閏法 / 闰法
* 閏益 / 闰益
* 閏盤 / 闰盘 (rùnpán)
* 閏秒 / 闰秒 (rùnmiǎo)
* 閏秋 / 闰秋
* 閏統 / 闰统
* 閏繼 / 闰继
* 閏變 / 闰变
* 閏運 / 闰运
* 閏陞 / 闰升
* 閏集 / 闰集
* 閏雙 / 闰双
* 閏音 / 闰音
* 閏餘 / 闰余
* 霸閏之朝 / 霸闰之朝
* 餘分閏位 / 余分闰位
* 餘分閏氣 / 余分闰气
* 餘閏 / 余闰
* 黃楊厄閏 / 黄杨厄闰
* 鼃音閏位 / 鼃音闰位

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* intercalary
* heresy

#### Readings

* Go-on: にん (nin)
* Kan-on: じゅん (jun)
* Kun: うるう (urū, 閏)

#### Compounds

* 閏年 (うるうどし, urū-doshi)
* 輝閏
* 清水閏
* 正閏
* 平閏
* 沃閏
* 閏井
* 閏一
* 閏賀
* 閏賀橋
* 閏間
* 閏系
* 閏刑
* 閏月
* 閏戸
* 閏子
* 閏住
* 閏田
* 閏統
* 閏二
* 閏日
* 閏秒
* 閏夫
* 閏米
* 置閏法
* 閏木
* 閏野
* 閏余

### Noun

閏(うるう) • (urū)
* intercalary, leap
    閏(うるう)日(び)
       urūbi
       intercalary day
    閏(うるう)年(どし)
       urūdoshi
       leap year
    閏(うるう)八月(はちがつ)
       urūhachigatsu
       intercalary eighth month in the lunisolar calendar

## Korean
### Alternative forms

* 閠
* 䦞

### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 閏 (MC *nywinH).
* Recorded as Middle Korean 閠/ᅀᅲᆫ〯 (zywǔn) (Yale: zyǔn) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
* Recorded as Early Modern Korean 윤 (Yale: yun) in Samun Seonghwi (三韻聲彙 / 삼운성휘), 1751.

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ju(ː)n]
* Phonetic hangul: [윤(ː)]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Hanja

Wikisource 閏 (eumhun 윤달 윤 (yundal yun))
* hanja form of 윤 (“intercalary”)

#### Compounds

* 윤년 (閏年, yunnyeon, “leap year”)
* 윤달 (閏달, yundal, “leap month”)
* 윤삭 (閏朔, yunsak)
* 윤월 (閏月, yunwol, “leap month”)
* 윤일 (閏日, yunil, “leap day”)
* 윤초 (閏秒, yuncho, “leap second”)
* 정윤 (正閏, jeong'yun)
* 치윤법 (置閏法, chiyunbeop)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

閏: Hán Nôm readings: nhuận, nhộn, nhuần, nhún
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.