# 獨立
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): dúlì
       (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨˊ ㄌㄧˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): du$^2$ ni$^2$
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): дўли (dwli, I-I)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): duk$^6$ laap$^6$ / duk$^6$ lap$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): thu̍k-li̍p
    (Hailu, HRS): tug$^ˋ$ lib$^ˋ$
* Eastern Min (BUC): dŭk-lĭk
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): dorh$^7$ lih$^7$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): to̍k-li̍p
    (Teochew, Peng'im): dog$^8$ lib$^8$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^8$doq-liq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dúlì
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄨˊ ㄌㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: dúlì
*** Wade–Giles: tu$^2$-li$^4$
*** Yale: dú-lì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: dwulih
*** Palladius: дули (duli)
*** Sinological IPA : /tu³⁵ li⁵¹/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$獨力 / 独力 獨立 / 独立
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: du$^2$ ni$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: duli
*** Sinological IPA : /tu²¹ ni²¹/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: дўли (dwli, I-I)
*** Sinological IPA : /tu²⁴ li²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: duk$^6$ laap$^6$ / duk$^6$ lap$^6$
*** Yale: duhk laahp / duhk lahp
*** Cantonese Pinyin: duk$^9$ laap$^9$ / duk$^9$ lap$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: dug$^6$ lab$^6$ / dug$^6$ leb$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʊk̚² laːp̚²/, /tʊk̚² lɐp̚²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thu̍k-li̍p
*** Hakka Romanization System: tug lib
*** Hagfa Pinyim: tug$^6$ lib$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰuk̚⁵ lip̚⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: tug$^ˋ$ lib$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰuk² lip²/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: dŭk-lĭk
*** Sinological IPA : /tuʔ⁵⁻³³ l̃iʔ⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: dorh$^7$ lih$^7$ [Phonetic: dorh$^6$ lih$^7$]
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: do̤̍h-li̍h
*** Sinological IPA : /tɒʔ⁴⁻¹ liʔ⁴/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: dorh$^7$ lih$^7$ [Phonetic: dorh$^6$ lih$^7$]
*** Sinological IPA : /tɒʔ²⁴⁻² liʔ²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: to̍k-li̍p
*** Tâi-lô: to̍k-li̍p
*** Phofsit Daibuun: doglip
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tɔk̚⁴⁻³² lip̚⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tɔk̚²⁴⁻² lip̚²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ lip̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tɔk̚⁴⁻³² lip̚⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tɔk̚⁴⁻³² lip̚⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: dog$^8$ lib$^8$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: to̍k li̍p
*** Sinological IPA : /tok̚⁴⁻² lip̚⁴/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^8$doq-liq
*** MiniDict: doh$^入$ lih
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^5$doq-liq
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /doʔ¹¹ liɪʔ²³/
* Middle Chinese: duwk lip
Rime :
| Character | 獨 | 立 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 定 (7) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 屋 (3) | 緝 (141) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 徒谷切 | 力入切 |
| Baxter | duwk | lip |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /duk̚/ | /liɪp̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /duk̚/ | /lip̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /duk̚/ | /ljep̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /dəwk̚/ | /lip̚/ |
| Li Rong | /duk̚/ | /liəp̚/ |
| Wang Li | /duk̚/ | /lĭĕp̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /dʱuk̚/ | /li̯əp̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | dú | lì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | duk$^6$ | lap$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[d]ˤok k.rəp/
    (Zhengzhang): /*doːɡ rɯb/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 獨 | 立 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | dú | lì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ duwk › | ‹ lip › |
| Old Chinese | /*[d]ˁok/ | /*k.rəp/ |
| English | alone; only | stand (v.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 獨 | 立 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 11818 | 7869 |
| Phonetic component | 蜀 | 立 |
| Rime group | 屋 | 緝 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 獨 | 立 |
| Old Chinese | /*doːɡ/ | /*rɯb/ |

### Verb

獨立
* (literal) to stand alone
* to be independent; to stand on one's own
       Tā de dúlì shēnghuó de nénglì hěn chà. [Pinyin]
       His ability to live independently is very poor.
* (of a country, ethnic group, etc.) to be independent
    宣佈獨立／宣布独立 ― xuānbù dúlì ― to declare independence

#### Synonyms

* 自立 (zìlì)

#### Antonyms

* 依賴／依赖 (yīlài)

### Adjective

獨立
* (literary) extraordinary; preeminent
* independent; separate
       "huìyìzì" shì zhǐ yóu liǎng ge huò duō ge dúlì de zì, hébìng zài yīqǐ biǎodá zì de yìsī. [Pinyin]
       "Compound ideograph" characters refer to characters which are formed from two or more separate characters, combined together to express the meaning of a word.

### Derived terms

* 獨立化 / 独立化 (dúlìhuà)
* 獨立國 / 独立国 (dúlìguó)
* 獨立國家聯合體 / 独立国家联合体 (Dúlì Guójiā Liánhétǐ)
* 獨立性 / 独立性 (dúlìxìng)
* 獨立日 / 独立日 (dúlìrì)
* 獨立王國 / 独立王国 (dúlì wángguó)
* 獨立自主 / 独立自主 (dúlìzìzhǔ)
* 美國獨立戰爭 / 美国独立战争 (Měiguó Dúlì Zhànzhēng)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 独立(どくりつ) (dokuritsu)
* → Korean: 독립(獨立) (dongnip)
* → Vietnamese: độc lập (獨立)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 獨 | 立 |
| どく Hyōgai | りつ Grade: 1 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [do̞kɯ̟ɾʲit͡sɨ]

### Noun

獨(どく)立(りつ) • (dokuritsu)
* Kyūjitai form of 独立 (“independence”)

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 獨 | 立 |

### Noun

獨立 • (dongnip) (hangeul 독립)
* hanja form of 독립 (“independence”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 獨 | 立 |

### Noun

獨立
* chữ Hán form of độc lập (“independence”).

### Adjective

獨立
* chữ Hán form of độc lập (“independent”).