# e-
## English
### Etymology 1

From Latin ē-.

#### Pronunciation

* (General American) IPA: /ɛ-/

#### Prefix

e-
* (non-productive) Used to form adjectives with the sense of something being lacking or removed.
    e.g. eluviation, edentulous, elenge
    Synonym: ex-

#### Further reading

* “e-”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.
* “e-”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, launched 2000.

### Etymology 2

Abbreviation of electronic.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /i-/

#### Prefix

e-
* In an electronic form, especially computerized and digital; often in association with the Internet.
    Coordinate terms: cyber-, i-

##### Usage notes

This practice began with E-mail in June 1979. The first usage of E-mail, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, occurred in the journal Electronics with reference to an initiative of the United States Postal Service (USPS) called Electronic Computer Originated Mail, which USPS abbreviated E-COM.
Many terms beginning with e- can be seen in both hyphenated (e.g. e-card) and unhyphenated (e.g., ecard) form, and sometimes – particularly in a business context – the letter following the e- will be capitalized (e.g., eBusiness or e-Business). In the present day, e- is generally used to indicate association with or transmission over the Internet. In proper names beginning with e-, the convention is generally to leave the e- lower-case, and to capitalize the second letter of the name (e.g., eBay). The e remains then lower-case when the name is used at the beginning of a sentence.

##### Translations
#### See also

* Appendix:American Dialect Society words of the year

### Etymology 3

Abbreviation of emergency.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /i-/

#### Prefix

e-
* For emergency purposes.
    e-stop, e-brake

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 4

Abbreviation of electric or electrical.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /i-/

#### Prefix

e-
* (marketing) Used to prefix product names, to indicate an electrified or all-electric variant of the product, particularly cars.
** (marketing) Used to prefix product names, to indicate a battery-powered or onboard electric power source variant.
* Electric.
    e-stim

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 5

Abbreviation of embedded.

#### Prefix

e-
* (electronics) Used to prefix items that are embedded into devices, instead of being discrete or removable elements.

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 6

Abbreviation of educational.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /i-/

#### Prefix

e-
* educational

### References

* ↑ “e-, prefix$^2$”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, January 2018; “e-”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.

## Cayuga
### Prefix

e-
* third person feminine agent pronominal prefix; she

### References

* Marianne Mithun, Reginald Henry (1982) Wadęwayę́stanih - A Cayuga Teaching Grammar, 3rd edition, Woodland Cultural Centre, published 2015, page 66

## Chuukese
### Prefix

e-
* Third-person singular subject marker for tense modifying adverbs.
* one

## Danish
### Etymology

From English e-, abbreviation of electronic.

### Prefix

e-
* electronic; including the hyphen

#### Derived terms
## Finnish
### Etymology

From English e-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈeː/, [ˈe̞ː]

### Prefix

e-
* e- (electronic)

#### Usage notes

The hyphen is kept (not dropped) when this prefix is used.

#### Derived terms

* e-julkaisu
* e-kirja
* e-lehti
* e-liiketoiminta
* e-opetus
* e-oppiminen

## Latin
### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈeː/, [ˈeː]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈe/, [ˈɛː]

### Prefix

ē-
* Alternative form of ex- (combining with b-, d-, g-, j-, l-, m-, n-, r-, and v-initial words).

#### Derived terms
## Mokilese
### Prefix

e-
* number prefix for one

#### Usage notes

e- is a numerical prefix, attached to classifiers and other numbers to create various numeral forms and numbers.

#### Derived terms

* ew
* emen
* ekij
* eijek

## Northern Ndebele
### Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Prefix

e-
* Class 4 relative concord.

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Prefix

e-
* Class 9 relative concord.

### Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Prefix

e-
* Class 9 adjective concord.

## Old Irish
### Prefix

e- (class A infixed pronoun)
* Alternative form of a- (“him, it”)

#### See also

$^L$ means this form triggers lenition. $^N$ means this form triggers nasalization (eclipsis) $^{(N)}$ means this form triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others.

## Polish
### Etymology

Borrowed from English e-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɛ/, /ˈi/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛ, -i

### Prefix

e-
* e-, as relating to electronics or the internet
    ‎e- + ‎papier → ‎e-papier

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* e- in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Portuguese
### Prefix

e-
* Alternative form of em- used before M and N
* Alternative form of ex- (outward motion)

## Southern Ndebele
### Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Prefix

e-
* Class 4 relative concord.

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Prefix

e-
* Class 9 relative concord.

### Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Prefix

e-
* Class 9 adjective concord.

## Swedish
### Etymology 1

From Old Norse æ, from Proto-Germanic *aiwi (“forever”), Proto-Germanic *aiwaz.

#### Prefix

e-
* prefix that may be used on certain pronouns and adverbs to create "-ever" constructions, most of which are formal or archaic.
    ‎e- + ‎huru (“how”) → ‎ehuru (“although, however”)
    ‎e- + ‎vad (“what”) → ‎evad (“whatever”)
    ‎e- + ‎var (“where”) → ‎evar (“wherever”)
    ‎e- + ‎ho (“who”) → ‎eho (“whoever”)

##### Related terms

* e

### Etymology 2

From English e-, shortening of electronic.

#### Prefix

e-
* electronic; including the hyphen

##### Derived terms
## Tocharian A
### Etymology

Compare Tocharian B ai-.

### Verb

e-
* to give

## Tooro
### Alternative forms

* (before -a- or subjunctive -e-) y-
* (before vowels in other cases) ey-

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /e-/

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *jɪ̀-. Originally the concord of Class 9, it replaced the Class 4 concord as well.

#### Prefix

e-
* class 4 pronominal concord
    ‎e- + ‎-nu (“this, these”) → ‎enu (“these (class 4)”)
* class 9 pronominal concord
    ‎e- + ‎-nu (“this, these”) → ‎enu (“this (class 9)”)

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *jɪ́-. Originally the concord of Class 9, it replaced the Class 4 concord as well.

#### Prefix

e-
* they; class 4 subject concord
    ‎e- + ‎-kora (“to do”) → ‎ekora (“they (class 4) do”)
* it; class 9 subject concord
    ‎e- + ‎-kora (“to do”) → ‎ekora (“it (class 9) does”)

#### See also

| Class | Person | Independent | Possessive | Subject concord | Object concord | Combined forms | Combined forms |
| Class | Person | Independent | Possessive | Subject concord | Object concord | na | ni |
| Class 1 | First | nyowe, nye | -ange | n- | -n- | nanyowe, nanye | ninyowe, ninye |
| Class 1 | Second | iwe | -awe | o- | -ku- | naiwe | niiwe |
| Class 1 | Third | uwe | -e | a- | -mu- | nawe | nuwe |
| Class 2 | First | itwe | -aitu | tu- | -tu- | naitwe | niitwe |
| Class 2 | Second | inywe | -anyu | mu- | -ba- | nainywe | niinywe |
| Class 2 | Third | abo | -abo | ba- | -ba- | nabo | nubo |
| Class 3 | Class 3 | gwo | -agwo | gu- | -gu- | nagwo | nugwo |
| Class 4 | Class 4 | yo | -ayo | e- | -gi- | nayo | niyo |
| Class 5 | Class 5 | lyo | -alyo | li- | -li- | nalyo | niryo |
| Class 6 | Class 6 | go | -ago | ga- | -ga- | nago | nugo |
| Class 7 | Class 7 | kyo | -akyo | ki- | -ki- | nakyo | nikyo |
| Class 8 | Class 8 | byo | -abyo | bi- | -bi- | nabyo | nibyo |
| Class 9 | Class 9 | yo | -ayo | e- | -gi- | nayo | niyo |
| Class 10 | Class 10 | zo | -azo | zi- | -zi- | nazo | nizo |
| Class 11 | Class 11 | rwo | -arwo | ru- | -ru- | narwo | nurwo |
| Class 12 | Class 12 | ko | -ako | ka- | -ka- | nako | nuko |
| Class 13 | Class 13 | two | -atwo | tu- | -tu- | natwo | nutwo |
| Class 14 | Class 14 | bwo | -abwo | bu- | -bu- | nabwo | nubwo |
| Class 15 | Class 15 | kwo | -akwo | ku- | -ku- | nakwo | nukwo |
| Class 16 | Class 16 | ho | -aho | ha- | -ha- | naho | nuho |
| Class 17 | Class 17 | (kwo) | N/A | ha- (...-yo) | -ha- | N/A | nukwo |
| Class 18 | Class 18 | (mwo) | -amwo | ha- (...-mu) | -ha- | N/A | numwo |
| Reflexive | Reflexive | -enyini, -onyini | — | — | -e- | — | — |

### References

* Kaji, Shigeki (2007) A Rutooro Vocabulary‎, Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, pages 413-414

## Welsh
### Etymology

From English e-, an abbreviation of electronic.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /eː/, /ɛ/

### Prefix

e-
* e-
    ‎e- + ‎llyfr (“book”) → ‎e-lyfr (“e-book”)
    ‎e- + ‎masnach (“trade, commerce”) → ‎e-fasnach (“e-commerce”)
    ‎e- + ‎post (“post, mail”) → ‎e-bost (“email”)
    ‎e- + ‎dysgu (“to learn”) → ‎e-ddysgu (“e-learning”)

#### Derived terms
### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “e-”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

## Xhosa
### Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Prefix

e-
* Class 4 relative concord.

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Prefix

e-
* Class 9 relative concord.

### Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Prefix

e-
* at, on, in; locative prefix.

##### Usage notes

This prefix is used with nouns of all classes except 1(a) and 2(a). Usually, it occurs in the form of the circumfix e- -ini, but certain nouns have only the prefix. When affixed to a class 11 noun in u-, it changes to elu-. Also when affixed to a class 10 noun in iin-, iim-, ii-, it also changes to ezin-, ezim-, ezi-.

## Ye'kwana
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [e-]

### Etymology 1

Perhaps originally related to or a variant form of öt-, which has an allmorphic form e- in some related languages. However, note that intransitive verbs formed with öt- have agent-like arguments, whereas those formed with e- have patient-like arguments.

#### Prefix

e-
* converts a transitive verb into an intransitive verb with a patient-like argument, variously with reflexive, reciprocal, or passive meaning

##### Usage notes

Only used with transitive verbs whose root begins with a consonant. A transitive verb that can be converted in such a way will generally have an epenthetic i- preceding its root in most conjugated forms, as well as palatalization of its initial consonant.

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2
#### Prefix

e-
* attaches to possessed nouns beginning with ö when the possessor is first- or second-person or is indicated by a full noun preceding the possessed noun

##### Usage notes

This prefix takes the place of the ö that introduces the possessed noun. Its status as a prefix is debatable; it may rather be analyzed as an ablaut phenomenon.

### References

* Cáceres, Natalia (2011) Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎, Lyon, pages 70–72, 111, 132–133

## Zou
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ə˧/

### Prefix

e-
* Used to form agent nouns from verbs; -er
    ‎e- + ‎ne (“to eat”) → ‎ene (“eater”)

#### Derived terms
### References

* Lukram Himmat Singh (2013) A Descriptive Grammar of Zou, Canchipur: Manipur University, page 81

## Zulu
### Etymology 1

From a- (“relative”) +‎ i- (“class 4”).

#### Prefix

ḗ-
* Class 4 relative concord.

### Etymology 2

From a- (“relative”) +‎ i- (“class 9”).

#### Prefix

ḗ-
* Class 9 relative concord.

### Etymology 3

Possibly related to Rwanda-Rundi i.
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Prefix

e-
* at, on, in; locative prefix.

##### Usage notes

This prefix is used with nouns of all classes except 1(a) and 2(a). Usually, it occurs in the form of the circumfix e- -ini, but certain nouns have only the prefix. When affixed to a class 5 noun beginning in ī-, it is lengthened to ē-, and when affixed to a class 11 noun in ū-, it is lengthened and also changes to ō-. It takes on the tone of whichever prefix it replaces.

### References

* C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “e-”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “e-”