# 杜父魚
## Chinese

* 杜父魚科

### Etymology

渡父 (“one who steers a boat”) + 魚／鱼 (yú, “fish”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): dùfùyú
    (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨˋ ㄈㄨˋ ㄩˊ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dùfùyú
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄨˋ ㄈㄨˋ ㄩˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: dùfùyú
*** Wade–Giles: tu$^4$-fu$^4$-yü$^2$
*** Yale: dù-fù-yú
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duhfuhyu
*** Palladius: дуфуюй (dufujuj)
*** Sinological IPA : /tu⁵¹⁻⁵³ fu⁵¹ y³⁵/

### Noun

杜父魚
* freshwater sculpin (Cottus)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 杜 | 父 | 魚 |
| かまきり |||
| Jinmeiyō | Grade: 2 | Grade: 2 |
| jukujikun |||
* Alternative spelling
* 鎌切
Apparently from 鎌切 (kamakiri, “mantis”), possibly from the way the pectoral fins are smooth on the upper edge and webbed with sharp rays along the lower edge, somewhat similar to a mantis's forelegs, or from the way the fish lies in wait to grab prey, similar to a mantis.
The kanji are jukujikun (熟字訓), from Chinese 杜父魚 / 杜父鱼 (dùfùyú).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かまきり [káꜜmàkìrì] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ka̠ma̠kʲiɾʲi]

#### Noun

杜父魚(かまきり) or 杜父魚(カマキリ) • (kamakiri)
* a fourspine sculpin (species Cottus kazika); very similar to the kajika (see below), but larger

##### Usage notes

The synonym 鮎掛 (ayukake) is much more commonly used, to avoid confusion between the fish and the insect senses of the term kamakiri.
Note that the species name Cottus kazika does not refer to the kajika (see below), but rather to the kamakiri or ayukake.

##### Synonyms

* 鮎(あゆ)掛(かけ) (ayukake) (more common)
* 杜父魚(かくぶつ) (kakubutsu) (rare; see below)

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 杜 | 父 | 魚 |
| かくぶつ |||
| Jinmeiyō | Grade: 2 | Grade: 2 |
| jukujikun |||
Unknown.
The kanji are jukujikun (熟字訓), from Chinese 杜父魚 / 杜父鱼 (dùfùyú).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かくぶつ [kàkúbútsú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ka̠kɯ̟bɯ̟t͡sɨ]

#### Noun

杜父魚(かくぶつ) • (kakubutsu)
* (rare) a fourspine sculpin (species Cottus kazika); very similar to the kajika (see below), but larger

##### Usage notes

The kamakiri reading is more common for the fish sense. However, the synonym 鮎掛 (ayukake) is much more commonly used, to avoid confusion between the fish and the insect senses of the term kamakiri.

### Etymology 3

Kanji in this term :
| 杜 | 父 | 魚 |
| かじか |||
| Jinmeiyō | Grade: 2 | Grade: 2 |
| jukujikun |||
* Alternative spellings
* 鰍 (more common) 鮖
Possibly from 河鹿 (kajika, literally “river deer”), the short name for 河鹿蛙 (kajika-gaeru, “Japanese river frog”), from the way the fish can resemble a young frog or tadpole as it sits on the bottom.
Alternatively, possibly derived from the same roots as 河鹿 (kajika) in reference to the fish's use as food, ultimately as a compound of 河 (kawa, “river”) +‎ 鹿 (shika, “deer”): /kawa ɕika/ → /kad͡ʑika/.
The kanji are jukujikun (熟字訓), from Chinese 杜父魚 / 杜父鱼 (dùfùyú).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かじか [kàjíká] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ka̠ʑika̠]

#### Noun

杜父魚(かじか) or 杜父魚(カジカ) • (kajika)
* a Japanese fluvial sculpin (species Cottus pollux); very similar to the kamakiri (see above), but smaller

##### Synonyms

* 鮴(ごり) (gori)
* まごり (magori) (rare)
* おごり (ogori) (rare)
* 杜(と)父(ふ)魚(ぎょ) (tofugyo) (rare; Chinese contexts; see below)

### Etymology 4

Kanji in this term :
| 杜 | 父 | 魚 |
| と Jinmeiyō | ふ Grade: 2 | ぎょ Grade: 2 |
| kan'on |||
Appears to be a borrowing from Middle Chinese 杜父魚 (MC duX pjuX|bjuX ngjo). The 漢音 (kan'on), so a later borrowing after the end of the Old Japanese stage of the language.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) とふぎょ [tòfúꜜgyò] (Nakadaka – [2])
* IPA: [to̞ɸɯ̟ɡʲo̞]

#### Noun

杜(と)父(ふ)魚(ぎょ) • (tofugyo)
* a Japanese fluvial sculpin (species Cottus pollux), more commonly known as 鰍 (kajika)

##### Usage notes

This reading is generally only used in contexts relating to China or the Chinese language.

##### Synonyms

* 鰍(かじか) (kajika)
* 鮴(ごり) (gori)
* まごり (magori) (rare)
* おごり (ogori) (rare)

### References

* 1 2 3 4 5 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* 1 2 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN