# 製

| 製 | U+88FD, &#35069; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-88FD |
| ← 裼 [U+88FC] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 裾 → [U+88FE] |

## Translingual
### Han character

製 (Kangxi radical 145, 衣+8, 14 strokes, cangjie input 竹弓卜竹女 (HNYHV), four-corner 2273$_2$, composition ⿱制衣)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1119, character 20
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 34380
* Dae Jaweon: page 1586, character 5
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3095, character 12
* Unihan data for U+88FD

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 制 | *kjeds |
| 淛 | *kjeds |
| 製 | *kjeds |
| 掣 | *kʰjeds, *kʰjed |
| 痸 | *kʰjeds |
| 猘 | *kreds |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kjeds): phonetic 制 (OC *kjeds, “to cut out; to make”) + semantic 衣 (“clothes”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhì (zhi$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄓˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zai$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chṳ
* Eastern Min (BUC): cié
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ze$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chè / chì
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zi$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhì
*** Zhuyin: ㄓˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhìh
*** Wade–Giles: chih$^4$
*** Yale: jr̀
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jyh
*** Palladius: чжи (čži)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zai$^3$
*** Yale: jai
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzai$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zei$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɐi̯³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chṳ
*** Hakka Romanization System: zii
*** Hagfa Pinyim: zi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sɨ⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: cié
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siɛ²¹³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ze$^4$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ca̤̍
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡se⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chè
*** Tâi-lô: tsè
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zex
*** IPA (Xiamen, Kaohsiung): /t͡se²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡se⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡se¹¹/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chì
*** Tâi-lô: tsì
*** Phofsit Daibuun: cix
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡si²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: zi$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsì
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡si²¹³/
* Middle Chinese: tsyejH
Rime :
| Character | 製 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 章 (23) |
| Final (韻) | 祭 (35) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 征例切 |
| Baxter | tsyejH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ɕiᴇi$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡ɕiɛi$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ɕjæi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ciaj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ɕiɛi$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ɕĭɛi$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡ɕi̯ɛi$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zai$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*tet-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kjeds/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 製 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zhì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsyej$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*tet-s/ |
| English | cut out (a garment) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 製 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 17379 |
| Phonetic component | 制 |
| Rime group | 祭 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 制 |
| Old Chinese | /*kjeds/ |

### Definitions

製
* to make; to manufacture; to produce
    製造／制造 ― zhìzào ― to manufacture
    自製／自制 ― zìzhì ― to make by oneself
    日本製商品／日本制商品 ― Rìběn zhì shāngpǐn ― goods manufactured in Japan
* to cut out
    縫製／缝制 ― féngzhì ― to sew; to make (clothes)

### Compounds

* 乳製品 / 乳制品 (rǔzhìpǐn)
* 仿製 / 仿制 (fǎngzhì)
* 仿製品 / 仿制品 (fǎngzhìpǐn)
* 依法炮製 / 依法炮制
* 內製作 / 内制作
* 再製紙 / 再制纸
* 再製鹽 / 再制盐
* 半製品 / 半制品 (bànzhìpǐn)
* 印製 / 印制 (yìnzhì)
* 土製 / 土制 (tǔzhì)
* 壓製 / 压制 (yāzhì)
* 大製作 / 大制作
* 如法泡製 / 如法泡制
* 如法炮製 / 如法炮制 (rúfǎpáozhì)
* 御製 / 御制 (yùzhì)
* 打製 / 打制
* 承製 / 承制 (chéngzhì)
* 提製 / 提制
* 攝製 / 摄制 (shèzhì)
* 木製 / 木制 (mùzhì)
* 浸製 / 浸制
* 炮製 / 炮制 (páozhì)
* 烘製 / 烘制
* 照相製版 / 照相制版
* 煉製 / 炼制
* 熏製
* 特製 / 特制 (tèzhì)
* 玄製 / 玄制
* 生物製劑 / 生物制剂 (shēngwù zhìjì)
* 皮製品 / 皮制品
* 監製 / 监制 (jiānzhì)
* 石製 / 石制
* 研製 / 研制 (yánzhì)
* 禁製品 / 禁制品 (jìnzhìpǐn)
* 粗製 / 粗制
* 粗製品 / 粗制品
* 粗製濫造 / 粗制滥造 (cūzhìlànzào)
* 精製 / 精制 (jīngzhì)
* 統計製圖 / 统计制图
* 編製 / 编制 (biānzhì)
* 縫製 / 缝制 (féngzhì)
* 繪製 / 绘制 (huìzhì)
* 自製 / 自制 (zìzhì)
* 裁製 / 裁制 (cáizhì)
* 製件 / 制件 (zhìjiàn)
* 製作 / 制作 (zhìzuò)
* 製作人 / 制作人 (zhìzuòrén)
* 製備 / 制备 (zhìbèi)
* 製品 / 制品 (zhìpǐn)
* 製圖 / 制图 (zhìtú)
* 製圖尺 / 制图尺
* 製圖板 / 制图板
* 製圖桌 / 制图桌
* 製坯 / 制坯
* 製定 / 制定 (zhìdìng)
* 製成 / 制成 (zhìchéng)
* 製材 / 制材
* 製法 / 制法 (zhìfǎ)
* 製片 / 制片
* 製版 / 制版 (zhìbǎn)
* 製藥 / 制药 (zhìyào)
* 製造 / 制造 (zhìzào)
* 製造品 / 制造品
* 製造商 / 制造商 (zhìzàoshāng)
* 製造業 / 制造业 (zhìzàoyè)
* 複製 / 复制 (fùzhì)
* 複製品 / 复制品 (fùzhìpǐn)
* 訂製 / 订制 (dìngzhì)
* 調製 / 调制 (tiáozhì)
* 趕製 / 赶制
* 軋製 / 轧制
* 配製 / 配制 (pèizhì)
* 醃製 / 腌制 (yānzhì)
* 釀製 / 酿制 (niàngzhì)
* 錦囊佳製 / 锦囊佳制
* 錄製 / 录制 (lùzhì)
* 陶土製品 / 陶土制品
* 音像製品 / 音像制品
* 體製 / 体制

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: せ (se)
* Kan-on: せい (sei, Jōyō)
* Kun: たつ (tatsu, 製つ)、つくる (tsukuru, 製る)

#### Compounds

* 自家製(じかせい) (jikasei): homemade
* 製作(せいさく) (seisaku): manufacture, production
* 製造(せいぞう) (seizō): manufacturing
* 製品(せいひん) (seihin): product, manufactured good
* 石製(せきせい) (sekisei): stonen
* 銅製(どうせい) (dōsei): coppern
* 和製(わせい) (wasei): Japanese-made

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 製
* せい Grade: 5
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 製 / 制 (tsyej$^H$).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) せー [séꜜè] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [se̞ː]

### Noun

製(せい) • (sei)
* make

### Suffix

製(せい) • (-sei)
* -made
    日本(にほん)製(せい)
       Nihon-sei
       made in Japan
* made of
    木(もく)製(せい)
       mokusei
       made of wood, wooden

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

製 (eumhun 지을 제 (jieul je))
* hanja form of 제 (“build; make”)

#### Compounds

* 제작 (製作, jejak, “production”)
* 제조 (製造, jejo, “manufacturing”)
* 제과점 (製菓店, jegwajeom, “bakery”)
* 제빵 (製-, jeppang, “baking”)
* 제빵사 (製-師, jeppangsa, “baker”)
* 제빵기 (製-師, jeppanggi, “breadmaker”)
* 특제 (特製, teukje, “specially made”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

製: Hán Nôm readings: chế, chẽ
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.