# -as
## Albanian
### Etymology

Variant of -at, seen in toponyms such as Qesarat, Kastrat, Dukat, Progonat, Bushat. The [-t] and [-s] are both from similar Proto-Albanian *tāi and Proto-Albanian *tjā. An Illyrian derivation.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /as/

### Suffix

-as m (-as m)
* used to form toponyms. -ian

### References

* ↑ Dhrimo, Ali. Për Shqipen dhe shqiptarët. 2008
* ↑ Kulla, Ariola (2010) The Albanian Linguistic Journey from Ancient Illyricum to EU: Lexical Borrowings‎, Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, page 21

## Cornish
### Etymology

Perhaps from Proto-Celtic *-os.

### Pronunciation

* (Revived Middle Cornish) IPA: /-as/

### Suffix

-as m (plural -asow)
* Forms masculine nouns denoting capacity; -ful
    ‎hanaf (“cup”) + ‎-as → ‎hanafas (“cupful”)
    ‎dorn (“fist, hand”) + ‎-as → ‎dornas (“fistful, handful”)
* Forms masculine nouns denoting the result of an action
    ‎gwia (“to weave”) + ‎-as → ‎gwias (“web”)
    ‎boks (“box; blow”) + ‎-as → ‎boksas (“flurry of blows, fisticuffs”)
    ‎mynn- (“root of mynnes, to want”) + ‎-as → ‎mynnas (“wish, purpose, intent”)

#### Derived terms
### References

* 2020, An Gerlyver Meur, ed. Dr Ken George (3rd edition, pp. 77, 99)

## Esperanto
### Etymology

The Esperanto suffixes -as, -is, -os, -us are related, and appear to have been inspired by previous language projects:
    This play of vowels is not an original idea of Zamenhof's: -as, -is, -os are found for the three tenses of the infinitive in Faiguet's system of 1765; -a, -i, -o without a consonant are used like Z's -as, -is, -os by Rudelle (1858); Courtonne in 1885 had -am, -im, -om in the same values, and the similarity with Esperanto is here even more perfect than in the other projects, as -um corresponds to Z's -us. —An International Language (1928)
The vowel of -as is likely cognate with the Latin present, as in amat (“s/he loves”), and the corresponding present infinitive amāre, permitting the natural (for a European) -ant ending. i could come from past tense in Latin ami, amisti.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [as]
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: as

### Suffix

-as
* ending of the present tense in verbs.

## Finnish
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *-as, a variant of *-s (adjective-forming suffix), from Proto-Finno-Ugric *-s.

### Suffix

-as (front vowel harmony variant -äs, linguistic notation -As)
* Forms some adjectives.
* Forms some nouns.

#### Declension

Possessive forms of -as (Kotus type 41/vieras, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-aani
-aani
accusative
nom.
-aani
-aani
gen.
-aani
genitive
-aani
-aideni -aitteni -asteni $^{rare}$
partitive
-astani
-aitani
inessive
-aassani
-aissani
elative
-aastani
-aistani
illative
-aaseeni
-aisiini -aihini $^{rare}$
adessive
-aallani
-aillani
ablative
-aaltani
-ailtani
allative
-aalleni
-ailleni
essive
-aanani
-ainani
translative
-aakseni
-aikseni
abessive
-aattani
-aittani
instructive
comitative
—-aineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-aasi
-aasi
accusative
nom.
-aasi
-aasi
gen.
-aasi
genitive
-aasi
-aidesi -aittesi -astesi $^{rare}$
partitive
-astasi
-aitasi
inessive
-aassasi
-aissasi
elative
-aastasi
-aistasi
illative
-aaseesi
-aisiisi -aihisi $^{rare}$
adessive
-aallasi
-aillasi
ablative
-aaltasi
-ailtasi
allative
-aallesi
-aillesi
essive
-aanasi
-ainasi
translative
-aaksesi
-aiksesi
abessive
-aattasi
-aittasi
instructive
comitative
—-ainesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-aamme
-aamme
accusative
nom.
-aamme
-aamme
gen.
-aamme
genitive
-aamme
-aidemme -aittemme -astemme $^{rare}$
partitive
-astamme
-aitamme
inessive
-aassamme
-aissamme
elative
-aastamme
-aistamme
illative
-aaseemme
-aisiimme -aihimme $^{rare}$
adessive
-aallamme
-aillamme
ablative
-aaltamme
-ailtamme
allative
-aallemme
-aillemme
essive
-aanamme
-ainamme
translative
-aaksemme
-aiksemme
abessive
-aattamme
-aittamme
instructive
comitative
—-ainemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-aanne
-aanne
accusative
nom.
-aanne
-aanne
gen.
-aanne
genitive
-aanne
-aidenne -aittenne -astenne $^{rare}$
partitive
-astanne
-aitanne
inessive
-aassanne
-aissanne
elative
-aastanne
-aistanne
illative
-aaseenne
-aisiinne -aihinne $^{rare}$
adessive
-aallanne
-aillanne
ablative
-aaltanne
-ailtanne
allative
-aallenne
-aillenne
essive
-aananne
-ainanne
translative
-aaksenne
-aiksenne
abessive
-aattanne
-aittanne
instructive
comitative
—-ainenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-aansa
-aansa
accusative
nom.
-aansa
-aansa
gen.
-aansa
genitive
-aansa
-aidensa -aittensa -astensa $^{rare}$
partitive
-astaan -astansa
-aitaan -aitansa
inessive
-aassaan -aassansa
-aissaan -aissansa
elative
-aastaan -aastansa
-aistaan -aistansa
illative
-aaseensa
-aisiinsa -aihinsa $^{rare}$
adessive
-aallaan -aallansa
-aillaan -aillansa
ablative
-aaltaan -aaltansa
-ailtaan -ailtansa
allative
-aalleen -aallensa
-ailleen -aillensa
essive
-aanaan -aanansa
-ainaan -ainansa
translative
-aakseen -aaksensa
-aikseen -aiksensa
abessive
-aattaan -aattansa
-aittaan -aittansa
instructive
comitative
—-aineen -ainensa :
Note that gradation may apply.

#### Derived terms
### Anagrams

* sa

## Hungarian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɒʃ]
* Rhymes: -ɒʃ

### Suffix

-as
* (adjective-forming suffix) Added to a noun to form an adjective meaning "having something, a quality"; sometimes referred to as ornative.
    ‎haj (“hair”) + ‎-as → ‎hajas (“covered with hair”)
* (noun-forming suffix) Added to a noun to form an occupation or a collective noun.
    ‎fazék (“pot”) + ‎-as → ‎fazekas (“potter”)
* (number-forming suffix) Added to an ordinal number to form a digit or figure, cf. the relevant template.
    ‎három (“three”) + ‎-as → ‎hármas (“the digit or figure 3”)

#### Usage notes

* (all senses) Variants:
    -s is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.
    -os is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -as is added to other back-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -es is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -ös is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant

#### Derived terms
### See also

* Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

## Ido
### Etymology

Borrowed from Esperanto -as, Latin -ās, French -es, Spanish -as.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /as/

### Suffix

-as
* desinence of the present tense in verbs

### See also

* -is
* -os
* -ar
* -ir
* -or

## Irish
### Alternative forms

* -eas (after palatal consonants)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /əsˠ/

### Etymology 1

From Old Irish -as, from Proto-Celtic *-assus, from Proto-Indo-European *-ad-tus.

#### Suffix

-as m
* Nominal suffix, used to form abstract ideas or nouns
    Synonym: -achas

##### Declension

bare forms
case
singular
plural
nominative
-as
-ais
vocative
a -ais
a -asa
genitive
-ais
-as
dative
-as
-ais
forms with the definite article
case
singular
plural
nominative
an -as
na -ais
genitive
an -ais
na -as
dative
leis an -as don -as
leis na -ais :

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2
#### Suffix

-as
* Relative ending of first conjugation verbs in the present tense
* Synthetic first person singular ending of first conjugation verbs in the past tense

## Latin
### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈaːs/, [ˈäːs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈas/, [ˈäs]

### Etymology 1

By syncope, from the earlier form -ātis. If Oscan 𐌋𐌞𐌅𐌊𐌀𐌍𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌝𐌔 (lúvkanateís, “Lucanian”, gen. sg.) has a cognate suffix -𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌝𐌔 (-ateís), one can reconstruct Proto-Italic *-ātis.

#### Suffix

-ās
* Used to form gentilic adjectives with the meaning "of/from" a country or place.

##### Usage notes

In an exception to the usual Latin stress rule, Latin words ending in this suffix were generally stressed on the final syllable of their nominative singular forms in -ās because of the aforementioned syncope.

##### Declension

Third-declension one-termination adjective.

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

A declined form of -us (suffix forming adjectives).

#### Suffix

-ās
* accusative feminine plural of -us

### Etymology 3

From Proto-Italic *-ās, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yési.

#### Suffix

-ās
* second-person singular present active indicative of -ō (first conjugation)

##### Descendants

* Catalan: -es
* French: -es
* Old Galician-Portuguese: -as
** Galician: -as
** Portuguese: -as
* Spanish: -as

### Etymology 4

A declined form of -a (suffix forming masculine agent nouns).

#### Suffix

-ās m
* accusative plural of -a

##### Descendants

* Catalan: -es
* French: -es
* Italian: -e
* Galician: -as
* Portuguese: -as
* Portuguese: -e
* Spanish: -as

## Lithuanian
### Suffix

-as m
* nominal suffix (ending) of the first declension of the nouns.
* nominal suffix (ending) which indicates a demonym.
    ‎Rusija (“Russia”) + ‎-as → ‎rusas (“Russian (person)”)

#### Derived terms
## Middle English
### Etymology 1
#### Suffix

-as
* Alternative form of -yssh

##### References

* “-ish, suf.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 16 June 2018.

### Etymology 2
#### Suffix

-as
* Alternative form of -esse

##### References

* “-esse, suf.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 June 2018.

## Northern Sami
### Etymology

From Proto-Samic *-ës. Cognate of Finnish -e, Estonian -e.

### Pronunciation

* (Kautokeino) IPA: /ˈ-as/

### Suffix

-as
* Forms nouns from verbs, indicating something used for performing the verb.
    ‎vuoidat (“to smear”) + ‎-as → ‎vuoiddas (“ointment”)

#### Usage notes

* This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable in the nominative singular and essive, and the strong grade in the other forms.

#### Derived terms
## Old English
### Etymology

Perhaps from the Proto-Germanic accusative plural ending *-anz, with regularly lost -n- before a fricative, or perhaps from the nominative plural *-ōs, a voiceless variety of the regular ending *-ōz, or a merger of both. Akin to Saterland Frisian -s, West Frisian -s, Old Saxon -os (Low German -s), Dutch -s, Swedish -ar.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɑs/

### Suffix

-as
* Plural ending of nominative and accusative cases, originally of a-stem masculine nouns, later extended to other nouns.
    ‎hund (“dog”) + ‎-as → ‎hundas (“dogs”)
    ‎wulf (“wolf”) + ‎-as → ‎wulfas (“wolves”)

#### Descendants

* Middle English: -æs, -es, -s
** English: -es, -s (see there for further descendants)
** Scots: -is, -es, -s

## Old Galician-Portuguese
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin -ās.

### Suffix

-as
* a suffix indicating the second-person singular present indicative of a verb in -ar
    ‎amar (“to love”) + ‎-as → ‎amas (“[you] love”)
    ‎cantar (“to sing”) + ‎-as → ‎cantas (“[you] sing”)

#### Descendants

* Galician: -as
* Portuguese: -as

## Old Irish
### Alternative forms

* -es (after palatal consonants)
* -us

### Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *-assus, from Proto-Indo-European *-ad-tus.

### Suffix

-as m
* Nominal suffix, used to form abstract ideas or nouns
    ‎óclach (“young man”) + ‎-as → ‎óclachas (“youth”)
    ‎muinter (“family”) + ‎-as → ‎muinteras (“familiarity”)

#### Descendants

* Irish: -as
* Manx: -ys
* Scottish Gaelic: -as

### References

* Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940) D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, § 261; reprinted 2017

## Polish
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /as/
* Rhymes: -as
* Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]
* Homophone: as

### Suffix

-as m pers
* masculine noun suffix

#### Derived terms
## Portuguese
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese -as, from Latin -ās. Compare Galician and Spanish -as.

#### Suffix

-as
* a suffix indicating the second-person singular present indicative of -ar
    ‎amar (“to love”) + ‎-as → ‎amas (“[you] love”)
    ‎cantar (“to sing”) + ‎-as → ‎cantas (“[you] sing”)

##### See also

* -es

### Etymology 2
#### Suffix

-as
* a suffix indicating the second-person singular present subjunctive of -er
    ‎correr (“to run”) + ‎-as → ‎corras (“that you run”)
* a suffix indicating the second-person singular present subjunctive of -ir

##### See also

* -es

## Spanish
### Etymology 1

From Latin -ās, the second-person singular present active indicative ending of first conjugation verbs.

#### Suffix

-as
* suffix indicating the second-person singular present indicative of -ar.

### Etymology 2

From Latin -eās, Latin -ās, and Latin -iās, the second-person singular present active subjunctive endings of second, third, and fourth conjugation verbs, respectively.

#### Suffix

-as
* suffix indicating the second-person singular present subjunctive of -er verbs and -ir verbs

##### See also

* -es

## Swedish
### Suffix

-as
* Alternative form of -s (“adverbial suffix”)

#### Derived terms

* i höstas
* i julas
* i påskas
* i somras
* i vintras
* i våras

#### References

* påsk in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

### Anagrams

* sa

## Welsh
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /as/

### Etymology 1
#### Suffix

-as f
* Forms abstract nouns.
    ‎teyrn (“monarch, king”) + ‎-as → ‎teyrnas (“kingdom”)
    ‎bardd (“poet”) + ‎-as → ‎barddas (“poetry”)
    ‎urdd (“order, guild”) + ‎-as → ‎urddas (“honour, dignity”)

### Etymology 2

Cognate with Cornish -as.

#### Suffix

-as
* (South Wales) (colloquial) verb suffix for the third-person singular preterite
    Synonyms: -odd, -ws

##### Derived terms
### References

R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “-as”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies