# فلس
## Arabic
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Aramaic פֵילַס (pilas) / פלס (polləs) / ܦܠܣ / פּוּלְסָא (puləsā) / ܦܘܽܠܣܴܐ (puləsā), from Ancient Greek φόλλις (phóllis), from Latin follis.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /fils/
* IPA: /fuls/
* IPA: /fals/

#### Noun

فِلْس or فُلْس or فَلْس • (fils or fuls or fals) m (plural فُلُوس (fulūs) or أَفْلُس (ʔaflus))
* a small-denomination coin, penny
* (colloquial, in the plural) money

##### Derived terms

* فَلَّسَ (fallasa, “to bankrupt”)
* أَفْلَسَ (ʔaflasa, “to become bankrupt”)
** إِفْلَاس (ʔiflās, “bankruptcy”)
* فَلَاسَة (falāsa, “bankruptcy”)

##### Descendants

* Egyptian Arabic: فلوس (filūs)
* Gulf Arabic: فلوس (flūs), فلس (fils)
* Hijazi Arabic: فلوس (fulūs, filūs)
* Maltese: flus
* Moroccan Arabic: فلوس (flūs), فلس (fals)
* → English: fils, fals
* → Dutch: floes
* → French: flouze
* → Indonesian: fulus
* → Swahili: fulusi
* → Swedish: flos
* → Ottoman Turkish: فلس (fels)
* → Turkish: fülus

### Etymology 2

Denominal verb of فِلْس (fils).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /fa.la.sa/

#### Verb

فَلَّسَ • (fallasa) II (non-past يُفَلِّسُ (yufallisu), verbal noun تَفْلِيس (taflīs))
* to bankrupt, to make broke, to ruin, to render out of pennies
* to cut the vines in straight line (because not every one who pruned the vines had the capacity to do so)
** Dozy s.v. from Auw. man. from Leiden, 121 r missing in the edition c. 1200, يحيى بن محمد بن أحمد بن العوام [yaḥyā ibn muḥammad ibn ʔaḥmad ibn al-ʕawwām], edited by José Antonio Banqueri, كتاب الفلاحة [Book on Agriculture], volume 1, Madrid: Imprenta Real, published 1802$^{IA}$, page 509:الخطيب ابن حَجّاجٍ وقد اعتاد الكسّاحون عندنا ان يكون قطع القضبان من الكروم قطعا معتدلا بدون تحريف فيه ويسمونه المُفَلَّسْ وهو اغرب فى صناعتهم لانهم عندهم ليس كل الناس يقدر عليه(please add an English translation of this quotation)

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 3

Borrowed from Ancient Greek φολίς (pholís).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /fals/

#### Noun

فَلْس • (fals) m (plural فُلُوس (fulūs))
* scale of a fish

##### Descendants

* → Swahili: fulusi
* → Ottoman Turkish: فلس (fels)

### References

* “pls”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* Dozy, Reinhart Pieter Anne (1881) “فلس”, in Supplément aux dictionnaires arabes‎ (in French), volume 1, Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 278
* Fraenkel, Siegmund (1886) Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen (in German), Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 192
* Freytag, Georg (1835) “فلس”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎ (in Latin), volume 3, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 369
* Kazimirski, Albin de Biberstein (1860) “فلس”, in Dictionnaire arabe-français contenant toutes les racines de la langue arabe, leurs dérivés, tant dans l’idiome vulgaire que dans l’idiome littéral, ainsi que les dialectes d’Alger et de Maroc‎ (in French), volume 2, Paris: Maisonneuve et C$^{ie}$, pages 629–630
* Lane, Edward William (1863) “فلس”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate, page 2440
* Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “فلس”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart‎ (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, pages 979–980

## Hijazi Arabic
### Etymology 1

From Arabic فَلَّسَ (fallasa).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /fal.las/

#### Verb

فَلَّس • (fallas) II (non-past يِفَلِّس (yifallis))
* to go broke, to become bankrupt.

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2

From Arabic فِلْس (fils).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /fils/, [fɪls]

#### Noun

فلس • (fils) m (plural فِلوس (filūs) or فُلوس (fulūs))
* a small-denomination coin, penny
* a subdivision of currency used in some Arab countries.

##### Usage notes

The plural is used mainly to mean "money".

## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology 1

From Arabic فَلْس (fals, a kind of coin).

#### Noun

فلس • (fels) (plural فلوس)
* mite, very small coin worth about the twentieth part of a penny sterling

### Etymology 2

From Arabic فَلْس (fals, “scale”).

#### Noun

فلس • (fels) (plural فلوس)
* scale of a fish, a small, flat and hard piece of keratin
* any scale-like thing, as a spangle, etc.
* small boss on a compound astrolabe

### Further reading

* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “فلس”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 909
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “فلس”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, columns 3545–3546
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “فلس”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1395

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic فَلْس (fals), from Ancient Greek φολίς (pholís).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [fals]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [fäls]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [fäls]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [fäls]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [fäls]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [fæls]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [fäls]

### Noun

فلس • (fals) (plural فلس‌ها (fals-hâ))
* flake, lamination, scale
** The Bible, Acts 9:18:در ساعت از چشمان او چیزی مثل فلس افتاده، بینایی یافت و برخاسته، تعمید گرفتAt that instant something like a scale fell from his eyes, and he regained his sight. Then he rose and was baptized