# 北方
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): běifāng
       (Zhuyin): ㄅㄟˇ ㄈㄤ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): быйфон (bɨyfon, I-I)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): bak$^1$ fong$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): 'bet$^6$ fong$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): pet-fông
    (Hailu, HRS): bed fong$^ˋ$
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): bah$^6$ horng$^1$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): pak-hong / pak-hng
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: běifāng
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄟˇ ㄈㄤ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: běifang
*** Wade–Giles: pei$^3$-fang$^1$
*** Yale: běi-fāng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: beeifang
*** Palladius: бэйфан (bɛjfan)
*** Sinological IPA : /peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ fɑŋ⁵⁵/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: быйфон (bɨyfon, I-I)
*** Sinological IPA : /pei²⁴ fɑŋ²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: bak$^1$ fong$^1$
*** Yale: bāk fōng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: bak$^7$ fong$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: beg$^1$ fong$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /pɐk̚⁵ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: 'bet$^6$ fong$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /ˈpɛt̚⁵ fɔŋ⁴²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: pet-fông
*** Hakka Romanization System: bed$^ˋ$ fong$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: bed$^5$ fong$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /pet̚² foŋ²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: bed fong$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /pet⁵⁻² foŋ⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: bah$^6$ horng$^1$ [Phonetic: bah$^7$ horng$^1$]
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: bah-ho̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /paʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ hɒŋ⁵³³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: bah$^6$ horng$^1$ [Phonetic: bah$^7$ horng$^1$]
*** Sinological IPA : /paʔ²⁻²⁴ hɒŋ⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pak-hong
*** Tâi-lô: pak-hong
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pakhofng
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /pak̚³²⁻⁴ hɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /pak̚³²⁻⁵ hɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ hɔŋ³³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pak-hng
*** Tâi-lô: pak-hng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pakhngf
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ hŋ̍³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /pak̚³²⁻⁴ hŋ̍⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /pak̚³²⁻⁵ hŋ̍⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: pok pjang
Rime :
| Character | 北 | 方 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 幫 (1) | 幫 (1) |
| Final (韻) | 德 (131) | 陽 (106) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 博墨切 | 府良切 |
| Baxter | pok | pjang |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /pək̚/ | /pʉɐŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /pək̚/ | /pʷiɐŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /pək̚/ | /piuɑŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /pək̚/ | /puaŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /pək̚/ | /piuaŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /pək̚/ | /pĭwaŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /pək̚/ | /piwaŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | bo | fāng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | bak$^1$ | fong$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*pˤək C-paŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*pɯːɡ paŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 北 | 方 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | běi | fāng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ pok › | ‹ pjang › |
| Old Chinese | /*pˁək/ | /*C-paŋ/ |
| English | north | square |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 北 | 方 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| No. | 414 | 3023 |
| Phonetic component | 北 | 方 |
| Rime group | 職 | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 北 | 方 |
| Old Chinese | /*pɯːɡ/ | /*paŋ/ |
| Notes | | 甲金文象槳即榜初文， 下初爲單筆，猶旂左初亦作單杆 |

### Noun

北方
* north
* northern area (of a country)
* (specifically) northern China (usually referring to the area to the north of the Yellow River)

#### Synonyms

* (Hokkien) 北頂／北顶

#### Derived terms

* 北方之強 / 北方之强
* 北方人 (běifāngrén)
* 北方佛教
* 北方話 / 北方话 (běifānghuà)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 北方(ほっぽう) (hoppō)
* → Korean: 북방(北方) (bukbang)
* → Vietnamese: bắc phương (北方)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 北 | 方 |
| ほく > ほっ Grade: 2 | ほう > ぽう Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ほっぽー [hòppóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ho̞p̚po̞ː]

#### Noun

北(ほっ)方(ぽう) • (hoppō)
* north, northern area

##### Related terms

* 東方(とうほう) (tōhō): east, eastern area
* 西方(せいほう) (seihō): west, western area
* 南方(なんぽう) (nanpō): south, southern area

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 北 | 方 |
| きた Grade: 2 | かた > がた Grade: 2 |
| kun'yomi ||

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kʲita̠ɡa̠ta̠]

#### Noun

北(きた)方(がた) • (kitagata)
* north

#### Proper noun

北(きた)方(がた) • (Kitagata)
* Kitagata (various towns in Japan)
* a surname

### Etymology 3

Kanji in this term :
| 北 | 方 |
| きた Grade: 2 | かた Grade: 2 |
| kun'yomi ||

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kʲita̠ka̠ta̠]

#### Proper noun

北(きた)方(かた) • (Kitakata)
* Kitakata (various towns in Japan)
* a surname

### Etymology 4

Kanji in this term :
| 北 | 方 |
| きた Grade: 2 | さま > ざま Grade: 2 |
| kun'yomi ||

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kʲita̠za̠ma̠]

#### Noun

北(きた)方(ざま) • (kitazama)
* north

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN