# im-
## English
### Etymology 1

From Latin im-, assimilated form of in- used before b-/p-/m-.

#### Prefix

im-
* Expressing negation; not.

##### Usage notes

Widely used in borrowings (from French and Latin). Somewhat productive (appended as prefix to existing English words).

##### Synonyms

* (not): a-, an-, dys-, i-/il-/in-/ir-, mal-, non-, un-

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

From em-, from Old French em-. Also from later Middle French im-, partly by confusion with im- of Latin origin (on which see above).

#### Prefix

im-
* Alternative form of the prefix em-, itself variant of en-.

##### Usage notes

Both used in borrowings (from French and Latin), and productive (appended as prefix to existing English words), as in imbed, imbitter, imbody, imbosom, imbower, imbrown; and similarly impark.

##### Derived terms
### References

* ↑ Skeat, Walter W. (1882) An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. Oxford.

### Anagrams

* MI, mi, mi.

## Catalan
### Prefix

im-
* Form used before a root beginning with the letter b, m, or p of in-
    ‎im- + ‎perdible → ‎imperdible

## Choctaw
### Prefix

im- (before consonants i̱-, class III third-person)
* the indirect object of an active transitive verb
    to him, her, it or them; for him, her, it or them
* the subject of an intransitive affective verb
    he, she, it or they
* the direct object of a small set of transitive verbs mostly dealing with affect, communication and intimacy
    him, her, it or them
* indicates possession of a noun
    his, her, its or their
    hattak imofithe man's dog

#### Inflection

| | | | class I | class I | class I | class II | class II | class III | class III | class N | class N | imperative | imperative |
| | | | +s | +C | +V | +C/i | +a/o | +C | +V | +C | +V | +C | +V |
| first-person | singular | initial | -li | -li | -li | sa- | si- | a̱- | am- | ak- | ak- | n/a | n/a |
| first-person | singular | medial | -li | -li | -li | sa- | si- | -sa- | -sam- | ak- | ak- | n/a | n/a |
| first-person | paucal | paucal | ī- | ī- | il- | pi- | pi- | pi̱- | pim- | kī- | kil- | n/a | n/a |
| first-person | plural | plural | ī- | ī- | il- | hapi- | hapi- | hapi̱- | hapim- | kī- | kil- | n/a | n/a |
| second-person | singular | singular | is- | ish- | ish- | chi- | chi- | chi̱- | chim- | chik- | chik- | ∅ | ∅ |
| second-person | plural | plural | has- | hash- | hash- | hachi- | hachi- | hachi̱- | hachim- | hachik- | hachik- | ho- | oh- |
| third-person | third-person | third-person | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | i̱- | im- | ik- | ik- | | |

## East Central German
### Etymology

Compare German -um, English um-, Dutch om-, Swedish om-, Icelandic um-.

### Prefix

im-
* (Erzgebirgisch) round, round about
* (Erzgebirgisch) repeatedly, over again, re-
* (Erzgebirgisch) in another way
* (Erzgebirgisch) to the ground, down, over

#### Derived terms

* Imbau
* imbaue
* imblohsn
* imbrenge
* imdrehe
* imfahrn
* imflieng
* Imgaabing
* imgaam
* imgebardlt
* imgenitt
* imgiehe
* imgromme
* imguckn
* imhaae
* imhern
* imhilln
* imkehrn
* imknickn
* imkomme
* imkrampln
* imleeng
* imlodn
* imme
* immedimm
* immenim
* immering
* immering kumme
* immerink
* immesisst
* immr
* imreime
* imrenne
* immriehrn
* imschietn
* imschreim
* imse
* imwannln
* imzeine
* imziehe

### Further reading

* 2020 June 11, Hendrik Heidler, Hendrik Heidler's 400 Seiten: Echtes Erzgebirgisch: Wuu de Hasen Hoosn haaßn un de Hosen Huusn do sei mir drhamm: Das Original Wörterbuch: Ratgeber und Fundgrube der erzgebirgischen Mund- und Lebensart: Erzgebirgisch – Deutsch / Deutsch – Erzgebirgisch‎, 3. geänderte Auflage edition, Norderstedt: BoD – Books on Demand, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 46:

## French
### Etymology

From Latin in (“without”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛ̃/ (always before a b or p, sometimes before a mm)
* IPA: /im/ (sometimes before a m)
* Audio:(file)

### Prefix

im-
* a form of the prefix in-, used before b, m and p

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* “im-”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

### Anagrams

* mi-

## Irish
### Etymology

From Old Irish imm-, from Proto-Celtic *ambi-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰi.

### Prefix

im- (lenites except with m; becomes iom- before broad m)
* about, around, peri-

### Prefix

im- (intensive particle; lenites except with m; becomes iom- before broad consonant or vowel)
* great, very

### References

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “im-”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN

## Italian
### Etymology

Assimilated form of in-, before b-/p-/m-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /im/
* Hyphenation: im-

### Prefix

im-
* Alternative form of in-

### Anagrams

* -mi, MI, mi

## Latin
### Etymology

Assimilated form of in-, before b-/p-/m-.

### Prefix

im-
* Alternative form of in-

## Northern Ndebele
### Prefix

im-
* Class 9 noun prefix; form of in- used before stems beginning with a labial consonant.

## Northern Ohlone
### Alternative forms

* em- (before syllables with open vowels)

### Etymology

Compare Southern Ohlone men-.

### Pronoun

im-
* you, thou (second-person, singular, subject proclitic pronoun)

### Pronoun

im-
* your, thy (second-person, singular, possessive pronoun)

#### See also

$^1$ Disjunctive is mostly used in copular sentences or for emphasis, either alone (eg. kaana) or with a clitic (eg. kaana-k ...-ek). $^2$ Null morpheme. An unmarked verb implies a third person singular pronoun. The disjunctives waaka and wiš may also be used. Note: Proclitic and enclitic forms can combine and undergo syncope, eg. ellešk (“let me do to him/her/it”) = elle +‎ -eš +‎ -ek

### References

* María de los Angeles Colós, José Guzman, and John Peabody Harrington (1930s) Chochenyo Field Notes (Survey of California and Other Indian Langauges)‎, Unpublished

## Ojibwe
### Prefix

im-
* Alternative form of nim-

#### See also

| | | stem begins with... | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person |
| Consonants | Consonants | p t k h ch m n s sh w y | ni- | gi- | o- |
| Consonants | Consonants | d g ' j z zh | nin- | gi- | o- |
| Consonants | Consonants | b | nim- | gi- | o- |
| Vowels | Vowels | o | nindo- | gido- | odo- |
| Vowels | Vowels | a aa e i | nind- | gid- | od- |
| Vowels | Vowels | oo | n- | g- | od- |
| Vowels | Vowels | ii | n- | g- | w- |

## Polish
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin im-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /im/
* Rhymes: -im
* Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]
* Homophone: im

### Prefix

im-
* im-, en-
    ‎im- + ‎moralizm → ‎immoralizm

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* im- in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Portuguese
### Prefix

im-
* Allomorph of in-, used before ⟨p⟩ and ⟨b⟩.

## Spanish
### Prefix

im-
* a form of the prefix in-, used before b and p

### Further reading

* “im-”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

## Swazi
### Prefix

im-
* Class 9 noun prefix; form of in- used before stems beginning with a labial consonant.

## Xhosa
### Prefix

im-
* Class 9 noun prefix; form of in- used before stems beginning with a labial consonant.

## Zulu
### Prefix

ím-
* Class 9 noun prefix; form of in- used before stems beginning with a labial consonant.

### References

* C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “im-, in-”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “im-, in-”