# ἔχω
## Ancient Greek
### Etymology

From Proto-Hellenic *hékʰō, from Proto-Indo-European *séǵʰeti, from Proto-Indo-European *seǵʰ-. Compare Mycenaean Greek 𐀃𐀏 (o-ka) and 𐀁𐀐 (e-ke).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /é.kʰɔː/ → /ˈe.xo/ → /ˈe.xo/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /é.kʰɔː/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /ˈe.kʰo/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /ˈe.xo/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /ˈe.xo/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /ˈe.xo/

### Verb

ἔχω • (ékhō)
* to have, possess, contain, own
** 424 BCE, Aristophanes, The Knights 1295
** 388 BCE, Aristophanes, Plutus 596
** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, For Phormio 41
** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Pantaenetus 12
** 438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 57
** 412 BCE, Euripides, Helen 30
** 413 BCE, Euripides, Ion 997
** 408 BCE, Euripides, The Phoenician Women 405
** 423 BCE, Euripides, The Suppliants 240
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.22
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.130
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.197
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 2.336
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 16.386
** 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 9.116
** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 157
** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 663
** 406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 1618
** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.6
** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 7.6.33
** 7th–6th centuries BC, Homeric Hymn to Apollo 191
** 7th–6th centuries BC, Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite 77
** to keep, have charge of
*** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Evergus and Mnesibulus 45
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.13
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.749
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 8.393
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 9.1
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 9.471
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.515
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 11.271
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.10
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 2.22
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.737
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 8.302
*** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 564
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 7.3.7
** (with accusative of place) to inhabit
*** 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Eumenides 24
*** 416 BCE, Euripides, Herakles 4
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.890
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 21.267
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 6.123
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 6.177
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 23.46
*** 406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 37
*** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.74
*** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.107
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 2.1.15
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cynegeticus 5.12
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 8.3.24
** (of place) to keep (to the left/right) of
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.42
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 3.171
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 5.277
*** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.106
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 4.2.2
** to possess mentally, understand
*** 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 582
*** 424 BCE, Aristophanes, The Knights 490
*** 423 BCE, Aristophanes, The Clouds 733
*** 421 BCE, Aristophanes, Peace 1193
*** 438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 51
*** 408 BCE, Euripides, Orestes 778
*** 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Theogony 770
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 17.476
*** 366 BCE – 348 BCE, Plato, Theaetetus 154a
*** 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 311
*** 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 789
** to involve, admit of
*** 341 BCE, Demosthenes, Fourth Philippic 44
*** 425 BCE, Euripides, Andromache 244
*** 445 BCE – 380 BCE, Lysias, Against Eratosthenes 31
*** 1 CE – 100 CE, Onasander, Strategikos 1.15
*** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.5
*** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.41
* to hold
** 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Theogony 517
** 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Theogony 746
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 6.509
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 9.209
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.200
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.600
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 23.136
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 6.107
** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Fragments 373
** to hold fast, grip
*** 446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, The Acharnians 571
*** 424 BCE, Aristophanes, The Knights 388
*** 423 BCE, Aristophanes, The Clouds 1047
*** 405 BCE, Aristophanes, The Frogs 469
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.154
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 16.763
** (of arms and clothes) to bear, wear
*** 389 BCE – 314 BCE, Aeschines, Against Timarchus 49
*** 412 BCE, Euripides, Helen 554
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 3.17
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 14.376
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.538
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 17.24
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 17.573
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 24.231
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.4.26
** (of a woman) to be pregnant
*** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Politics 1335b.18
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.32
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.41
*** 460 BCE – 370 BCE, Hippocrates of Kos, Epidemics 1.26
*** 460 BCE – 370 BCE, Hippocrates of Kos, Epidemics 4.21
** to hold a course, guide, drive, steer
*** 405 BCE, Aristophanes, The Frogs 188
*** 408 BCE, Euripides, Orestes 1181
*** 408 BCE, Euripides, The Phoenician Women 360
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.95
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.40
*** 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, The Shield of Heracles 352
*** 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Works and Days 445
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 3.263
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.569
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.752
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 8.139
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 16.378
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 23.422
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 23.871
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 3.182
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 9.279
*** 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 600c
*** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 191
*** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 720
*** 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 305
*** 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 1119
*** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 272
*** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.25
*** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.29
*** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.129
*** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.19
** to hold back, stay, check
*** 425 BCE, Aristophanes, Lysistrata 284
*** 1 CE – 100 CE, Aretaeus, De Curatione Acutorum Morborum 2.5
*** 343 BCE, Demosthenes, On the False Embassy 272
*** 428 BCE, Euripides, Hippolytus 660
*** 413 BCE, Euripides, Iphigenia in Tauris 1159
*** 484 BCE – 425 BCE, Herodotus, 9 93
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.302
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 11.820
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 16.712
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 23.720
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 5.451
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 15.445
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 16.191
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 19.502
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 22.70
*** 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Fragments 232
* (with infinitive) to have means to do, to be able
** 424 BCE, Euripides, Hecuba 614
** 407 BCE, Euripides, Iphigenia in Aulis 1452
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 7.217
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 16.110
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 17.354
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 15.281
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 18.364
** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 1379
** 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 1047
** to have to, must
*** Astrampsychus, Oracles p.5
*** 50 CE – 100 CE, The Gospel of Luke 12:50
*** 234 CE – 305 CE, Porphyry, Against the Christians 63
** (followed by a dependent clause) to know
*** 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 905
*** 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Panathenaicus 130
*** 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 270
*** 406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 1710
*** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 705
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.4.24
* (impersonal) there is
* (intransitive) to hold oneself, keep balanced
** 405 BCE, Aristophanes, The Frogs 793
** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Stephanus 1 26
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.42
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.492
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 12.433
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.679
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 24.27
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 19.494
** 386 BCE – 367 BCE, Plato, Cratylus 399e
** 380 BCE, Plato, Gorgias 460a
** 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 349e
** 406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 1169
** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.81
** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Oeconomicus 10.10
** to hold fast
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 16.740
** (with genitive) to keep from
*** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.112
** to be
*** 405 BCE, Euripides, The Bacchae 88
*** 458 BCE, Euripides, Electra 238
*** 413 BCE, Euripides, Iphigenia in Tauris 1226
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.91
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.128
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.39
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 12.435
** (with adverbs of manner) to be, to happen
*** 425 BCE, Aristophanes, Lysistrata 610
*** 388 BCE, Aristophanes, Plutus 110
*** 411 BCE, Aristophanes, Thesmophoriazusae 854
*** 349 BCE, Demosthenes, First Olynthiac 9
*** 341 BCE, Demosthenes, Third Philippic 45
*** 341 BCE, Demosthenes, Third Philippic 63
*** 330 BCE, Demosthenes, On the Crown 45
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.114
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.16
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 9.27
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 24.245
*** 400 BCE – 387 BCE, Plato, Apology 39b
*** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 684
*** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 981
*** 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 639
*** 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 1336
*** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.134
*** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.30
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 3.2.10
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 4.1.30
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 4.8.7
** (with εὖ and genitive of manner) to be well off for something; to abound in it
*** 412 BCE, Euripides, Helen 313
*** 412 BCE, Euripides, Helen 857
*** 428 BCE, Euripides, Hippolytus 462
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.32
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.20
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.116
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.109
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 9.59
*** 362 BCE – 262 BCE, Philemon, Collected Works 4.11
*** 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 404d
*** 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 456d
*** 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 571d
*** ante 177 CE, Pollux, Onomasticon 5.108
*** 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 345
*** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.22
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 7.5.56
** (post-Homeric, with aorist participle) to keep (doing something)
*** 391 BCE, Aristophanes, Assemblywomen 853
*** 391 BCE, Aristophanes, Assemblywomen 1151
*** 423 BCE, Aristophanes, The Clouds 509
*** 411 BCE, Aristophanes, Thesmophoriazusae 473
*** 411 BCE, Aristophanes, Thesmophoriazusae 852
*** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Metaphysics 1072b.23
*** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Aristocrates 35
*** 125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian, Icaromenippus 24
*** 380 BCE, Plato, Euthydemus 295c
*** 380 BCE, Plato, Gorgias 490e
*** 300 BCE – 200 BCE, Theocritus, Collected Works 14.8
* (middle voice) to hold oneself fast, cling closely to
** 467 BCE, Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 98
** 388 BCE, Aristophanes, Plutus 101
** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, First Philippic 40
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.513
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 5.329
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 5.429
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 9.435
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 12.433
** to come next to, follow closely, neighbour
*** 400 BCE – 300 BCE, Aeneas Tacticus, How to Survive under Siege 11.3
*** 400 BCE – 300 BCE, Aeneas Tacticus, How to Survive under Siege 22.27
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.134
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.169
*** 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Archidamus 29
*** 380 BCE, Plato, Gorgias 494e
*** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.96
*** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.3
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 6.3.17
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 7.1.9
** to depend
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 9.102
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 6.197
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 11.346
*** to be connected with by etymology
**** 234 CE – 305 CE, Porphyry, On Abstinence 2.59
** to pertain to
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.120
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.193
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.77
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.25
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.66
*** 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 661b
*** 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 319e
*** 386 BCE – 367 BCE, Plato, Meno 94b
** to bear or hold for oneself
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 12.294
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 12.298
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 20.262
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 1.334
** to maintain oneself, stand one's ground
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 12.126
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 16.501
*** (with accusative) to repel from oneself
**** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 17.639
** to keep oneself back, abstain from, refrain from
*** 300 BCE – 250 BCE, Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 1.328
*** c. 440 BCE, Euripides, Rhesus 174
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.85
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.169
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.98
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 3.84
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 14.129
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 21.379
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 22.416
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.422
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 22.316
*** 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 891
*** 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1387

#### Usage notes

The future ἕξω (héxō) is imperfective (meaning that it has the same aspect as the imperfect tense), with continuative aspect ("I will have") whereas σχήσω (skhḗsō) is perfective (meaning that it has the same aspect as the aorist), with an inchoative aspect ("I will get"). Aorist forms of stative verbs often have an inchoative meaning.

#### Inflection

Homer uses the poetic aorist ἔσχεθον rather than ἔσχον about half the time, and likewise in ἀνέχω, κατέχω, ὑπέχω, and ὑπερέχω.

#### Derived terms

* ἀμπέχω (ampékhō)
* ᾰ̓νέχω (ănékhō)
* ἀντέχω (antékhō)
* Ἀντίοχος (Antíokhos)
* ᾰ̓πέχω (ăpékhō)
* δῐέχω (dĭékhō)
* εἰσέχω (eisékhō)
* ἐνέχω (enékhō)
* ἐξέχω (exékhō)
* ἐπέχω (epékhō)
* εὐνοῦχος (eunoûkhos)
* ἐχέγγυος (ekhénguos)
* ἐχεδερμῐ́ᾱ (ekhedermĭ́ā)
* ἐχέθῡμος (ekhéthūmos)
* ἐχέκολλος (ekhékollos)
* Ἐχεκράτης (Ekhekrátēs)
* ἐχεκτέᾰνος (ekhektéănos)
* Ἐχέμβροτος (Ekhémbrotos)
* ἐχέμῡθος (ekhémūthos)
* ἐχενηῐ̈́ς (ekhenēĭ̈́s)
* ἐχεπευκής (ekhepeukḗs)
* Ἐχέφρων (Ekhéphrōn)
* ἐχέφρων (ekhéphrōn)
* κᾰτέχω (kătékhō)
* μετέχω (metékhō)
* πᾰρέχω (părékhō)
* περιέχω (periékhō)
* προέχω (proékhō)
* προσέχω (prosékhō)
* σῠνέχω (sŭnékhō)
* ῠ̔περέχω (hŭperékhō)
* ῠ̔πέχω (hŭpékhō)

#### Related terms

* ἄσχετος (áskhetos)
* ἔγμᾰ (égmă)
* ἑκτέος (hektéos)
* ἑκτῐκός (hektĭkós)
* Ἕκτωρ (Héktōr)
* ἕξῐς (héxĭs)
* ἐχέτης (ekhétēs)
* ἐχέτλη (ekhétlē)
* ἔχης (ékhēs)
* ἔχησῐς (ékhēsĭs)
* ἔχμᾰ (ékhmă)
* ἐχῠρός (ekhŭrós)
* ῐ̓́σχω (ĭ́skhō)
* ὀχῠρός (okhŭrós)
* σχέδην (skhédēn)
* σχέδιο (skhédio)
* σχεδόν (skhedón)
* σχέδῠνος (skhédŭnos)
* σχέσῐς (skhésĭs)
* σχετέος (skhetéos)
* σχετήρῐον (skhetḗrĭon)
* σχετῐκός (skhetĭkós)
* σχέτλιος (skhétlios)
* σχῆμᾰ (skhêmă)
* σχῆσῐς (skhêsĭs)
* σχολή (skholḗ)

#### Descendants

* Greek: έχω (écho)
* Mariupol Greek: э́ху (éxu)

#### References

* ↑ Smyth, Herbert Weir (1920) “Part IV: Syntax”, in A Greek grammar for colleges, Cambridge: American Book Company, § 1924

#### Further reading

* “ἔχω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
* “ἔχω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “ἔχω”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
* ἔχω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* ἔχω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
* “ἔχω”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
* G2192 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible