# 涯

| 涯 | U+6DAF, &#28079; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6DAF |
| ← 涮 [U+6DAE] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 涰 → [U+6DB0] |

## Translingual
### Han character

涯 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 水一土土 (EMGG), four-corner 3111$_4$, composition ⿰氵厓)

#### Derived characters

* 𠽎 𦹹

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 627, character 38
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17582
* Dae Jaweon: page 1029, character 24
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1643, character 7
* Unihan data for U+6DAF

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 涯
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 街 | *kreː, *kreː |
| 鞋 | *ɡreː, *ɡreː, *ɡreː |
| 娾 | *ŋreː, *ŋreːʔ |
| 佳 | *kreː |
| 鮭 | *ɡreː, *kʷeː, *kʰʷeː |
| 涯 | *ŋreː, *ŋre |
| 崖 | *ŋreː, *ŋre |
| 啀 | *ŋreː |
| 厓 | *ŋreː |
| 捱 | *ŋreː |
| 睚 | *ŋreːs |
| 娃 | *qreː |
| 洼 | *qreː, *qʷraː, *kʷeː |
| 哇 | *qreː, *qʷraː |
| 胿 | *ɡeː, *kʷeː |
| 溎 | *qeːns |
| 觟 | *ɡʷraːʔ |
| 黊 | *ɡʷraːʔ, *ɡʷreːs, *ɡʷeː |
| 蘳 | *ɡʷraːʔ, *qʰʷe |
| 蛙 | *qʷraː, *qʷreː |
| 窪 | *qʷraː |
| 卦 | *kʷreːs |
| 挂 | *kʷreːs |
| 掛 | *kʷreːs |
| 詿 | *kʷreːs, *ɡʷreːs |
| 罣 | *kʷreːs, *ɡʷreːs, *kʷeːs |
| 絓 | *kʰʷreː, *ɡʷreːs |
| 鼃 | *ɢʷreː, *qʷreː |
| 圭 | *kʷeː |
| 珪 | *kʷeː |
| 邽 | *kʷeː |
| 閨 | *kʷeː |
| 袿 | *kʷeː |
| 窐 | *kʷeː, *ɡʷeː |
| 茥 | *kʷeː, *kʰʷeː |
| 桂 | *kʷeːs |
| 筀 | *kʷeːs |
| 奎 | *kʰʷeː |
| 刲 | *kʰʷeː |
| 蝰 | *kʰʷeː |
| 楏 | *kʰʷeː |
| 睳 | *qʰʷeː |
| 畦 | *ɡʷeː |
| 眭 | *ɡʷeː, *sqʰʷe, *qʰʷe, *qʰʷi |
| 烓 | *qʷeː, *kʰʷeːŋʔ |
| 跬 | *kʰʷeʔ |
| 恚 | *qʷes |
| 硅 | *qʰʷreɡ |

### Etymology 1

From a root *ŋ(ˤ)rar (“slope, nearly vertical side”), whence also 巘 (OC *ŋ(r)ar(ʔ), “hill”), 山 (OC *s-ŋrar, “mountain”), and 顏 (OC *C.ŋˤrar, “forehead”) (Baxter & Sagart, 2014).
Same word as 崖 (yá, “cliff”) and 睚 (yá, “rim (of the eye)”) (Schuessler, 2007).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yá (ya$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄚˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ngaai$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ngài
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ngai$^2$
* Eastern Min (BUC): ngài
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ga$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): gâi / gâ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ngai$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$ya
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yá
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄚˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yá
*** Wade–Giles: ya$^2$
*** Yale: yá
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ya
*** Palladius: я (ja)
*** Sinological IPA : /jä³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ngaai$^4$
*** Yale: ngàaih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ngaai$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ngai$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋaːi̯²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngài
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngai$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngai$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋai̯¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: ngai$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋaɪ¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ngài
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋai⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ga$^2$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: gá
*** Sinological IPA : /ka¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gâi
*** Tâi-lô: gâi
*** Phofsit Daibuun: gaai
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /ɡai²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡai¹³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡai²³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gâ
*** Tâi-lô: gâ
*** Phofsit Daibuun: gaa
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /ɡa²⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ngai$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngâi
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋai⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$ya
*** MiniDict: ya$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$hhia
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦia²³/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit涯 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ia³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ia²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /iɑ⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /iɛ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /ia⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ia⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /iai²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /ia²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ia⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ia⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ia⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /ia²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /ia⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /ia²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ia̠³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /iɑ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /ia⁵⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /ia¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /ȵiɑ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /ia³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ɦia²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ɦiɑ¹³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ɦie̞²¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ŋa³¹/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /ia³¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /ŋɔ⁴⁴/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /ia¹³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /iɒ¹²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | |
| Hakka | Meixian | /ŋai¹¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /ŋɑi¹¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /ŋai²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /ŋai²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /ŋai²¹/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /gai³⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /ŋai⁵³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /ŋa³³/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /ŋãi⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /zai³¹/ |
* Middle Chinese: ngje, ngea
Rime :
| Character | 涯 | 涯 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 支 (13) | 佳 (31) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | II |
| Fanqie | 魚羈切 | 五佳切 |
| Baxter | ngje | ngea |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ŋˠiᴇ/ | /ŋˠɛ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ŋᵚiɛ/ | /ŋᵚæ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ŋiɛ/ | /ŋæi/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ŋjiə̆/ | /ŋaɨj/ |
| Li Rong | /ŋje/ | /ŋɛ/ |
| Wang Li | /ŋǐe/ | /ŋai/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ŋie̯/ | /ŋai/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yí | yá |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ji$^4$ | ngaai$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ŋˤrar/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋreː/, /*ŋre/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 涯 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yá |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ngɛ › |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋˁrar/ |
| English | river bank; limit |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 涯 | 涯 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 4535 | 4546 |
| Phonetic component | 圭 | 圭 |
| Rime group | 支 | 支 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 崖 | 宜 |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋreː/ | /*ŋre/ |

#### Definitions

涯
* (literary, or in compounds) bank; shore
* (literary, or in compounds) limit; boundary; margin

##### Synonyms

* (limit):
* 墘頭 / 墘头 (Hokkien)
* 崖 (yá) (literary, or in compounds)
* 沿子 (yánzi)
* 沿邊 / 沿边 (yánbiān)
* 界線 / 界线 (jièxiàn)
* 端倪 (duānní) (literary)
* 邊 / 边 (biān)
* 邊墘 / 边墘 (Hokkien)
* 邊沿 / 边沿 (biānyán)
* 邊緣 / 边缘 (biānyuán)
* 邊角 / 边角 (biānjiǎo)
* 邊際 / 边际 (biānjì)

#### Compounds

* 不自涯
* 咫尺天涯
* 地角天涯
* 天涯 (tiānyá)
* 天涯咫尺
* 天涯地角 (tiānyá dìjiǎo)
* 天涯海角 (tiānyáhǎijiǎo)
* 天涯知己
* 明日天涯
* 橫無際涯 / 横无际涯
* 水涯
* 津涯
* 海角天涯
* 浪跡天涯 / 浪迹天涯
* 涯分
* 涯涘
* 涯詞 / 涯词
* 涯際 / 涯际
* 無涯 / 无涯 (wúyá)
* 生涯 (shēngyá)
* 皮肉生涯
* 神女生涯
* 筆墨生涯 / 笔墨生涯
* 苦海無涯 / 苦海无涯
* 際涯 / 际涯

### Etymology 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 涯 – see 𠊎 (“I; me; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 𠊎).

### References

* “涯”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 李如龙 [Li, Ru-long], 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu], 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying], 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019) “涯 (天～)”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 149.
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “涯”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 273.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* shore, horizon

#### Readings

* Go-on: げ (ge)
* Kan-on: がい (gai, Jōyō)
* Kun: はて (hate, 涯)

#### Compounds

* 一生涯(いっしょうがい) (isshōgai): lifetime
* 境涯(きょうがい) (kyōgai): circumstances; one's situation in life
* 公生涯(こうしょうがい) (kōshōgai): public life
* 際涯(さいがい) (saigai): limits; boundary; end
* 水涯(すいがい) (suigai): water's edge
* 全生涯(ぜんしょうがい) (zenshōgai): one's whole life
* 天涯(てんがい) (tengai): horizon; distant land; skyline; heavenly shores; remote region
* 生涯(しょうがい)学習(がくしゅう) (shōgaigakushū): lifelong learning

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 涯
* はて Grade: S
* kun'yomi
By extension from verb 果(は)てる (hateru, “to be at an end, to finish, to be done”).
The hate reading for 涯 is rare, and is not listed in all dictionaries.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) はて [hàtéꜜ] (Odaka – [2])
* IPA: [ha̠te̞]

### Noun

涯(はて) • (hate)
* the end of the land: the shore
    Synonyms: 際涯, 限り
* the end of the visible world: the horizon

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 涯 (MC ngje|ngea). Recorded as Middle Korean 애 (ay) (Yale: ay) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

Wikisource 涯 (eumhun 물가 애 (mulga ae))
* hanja form of 애 (“shore”)

#### Compounds

* 경애 (境涯, gyeong'ae)
* 생애 (生涯, saeng'ae)
* 애한 (涯限, aehan)
* 천애 (天涯, cheonae)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

涯: Hán Nôm readings: rượi, nhai, nhười, rười, nhầy
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.