# 駕

| 駕 | U+99D5, &#39381; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-99D5 |
| ← 駔 [U+99D4] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 駖 → [U+99D6] |

## Translingual
### Han character

駕 (Kangxi radical 187, 馬+5, 15 strokes, cangjie input 大口尸手火 (KRSQF), four-corner 4632$_7$, composition ⿱加馬)

#### Derived characters

* 𡃉 𪯀

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1436, character 9
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 44667
* Dae Jaweon: page 1960, character 34
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4550, character 9
* Unihan data for U+99D5

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 駕 :
| Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 妿 | *kaːl, *qaːl |
| 賀 | *ɡaːls |
| 迦 | *ka, *kal, *kraːl |
| 茄 | *ɡa, *ɡal, *kraːl |
| 伽 | *ɡa, *ɡal |
| 枷 | *ɡa, *ɡal, *kraːl |
| 嘉 | *kraːl |
| 加 | *kraːl |
| 笳 | *kraːl |
| 痂 | *kraːl |
| 袈 | *kraːl |
| 跏 | *kraːl |
| 珈 | *kraːl |
| 鴐 | *kraːl |
| 架 | *kraːls |
| 駕 | *kraːls |
| 瘸 | *ɡʷal |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kraːls): phonetic 加 (OC *kraːl) + semantic 馬.

### Etymology

The exopassive of 加 (OC *kraːl, “to add; to attach”). Cognate with Tibetan ཁྲལ (khral, “to impose a tax”) (Schuessler, 2007).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): jià (jia$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄚˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): jia$^4$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gaa$^3$
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ga$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kà / kèe
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gê$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jià
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄚˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jià
*** Wade–Giles: chia$^4$
*** Yale: jyà
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiah
*** Palladius: цзя (czja)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ä⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: jia$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gia
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕia²¹³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gaa$^3$
*** Yale: ga
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gaa$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ga$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kaː³³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ga$^4$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ga̍
*** Sinological IPA : /ka⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kà
*** Tâi-lô: kà
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kax
*** IPA (Taipei): /ka¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung, Xiamen): /ka²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ka⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kèe
*** Tâi-lô: kèe
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɛ²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gê$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kè
*** Sinological IPA : /ke²¹³/
* Middle Chinese: kaeH
Rime :
| Character | 駕 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (98) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 古訝切 |
| Baxter | kaeH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠa$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kᵚa$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ka$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kaɨ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ka$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ka$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ka$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jià |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gaa$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤraj-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kraːls/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 駕 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jià |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kæ$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*kˁraj-s/ |
| English | hitch horses to a chariot |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 駕 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 5884 |
| Phonetic component | 加 |
| Rime group | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 駕 |
| Old Chinese | /*kraːls/ |

### Definitions

駕
* to harness; to yoke (an animal, e.g. to a cart)
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Jīn chéngyú yǐ jià yǐ, yǒusī wèi zhī suǒ zhī. Gǎn qǐng. [Pinyin]
    Now, the horses have been put to the carriage, and the officers do not yet know where you are going. I venture to ask.
* to drive (a vehicle); to sail (a ship); to fly (a plane)
    駕車／驾车 ― jiàchē ― to drive a vehicle
* to direct; to control; to harness
* (historical) cart; carriage
* (historical) emperor's carriage
* (figurative) emperor (especially on a journey)
    駕崩／驾崩 ― jiàbēng ― (of monarchs) to pass away (literally, “the emperor collapses”)
** 1658, 谷應泰 [Gu Yingtai], chapter 37, in 明史紀事本末 [Compilation of Ming history]‎:
       Yòu yuē: “Jià zhì.” Xù yì rúgù. [Pinyin]
       Someone then said, "the Emperor is coming." [But A Chou] kept [acting] to be drunk.
* (Classical) distance a horse travels in a day
    From: Xunzi, c. 3rd century BCE
    Fū jì yīrì ér qiān lǐ, númǎ shí jià, zé yì jí zhī yǐ. [Pinyin]
    The horse Qi Ji could go a thousand li in a day, but with ten days of riding an old nag can also go that far.
* giddyup (interjection)

#### Synonyms

* (to control):
* 主宰 (zhǔzǎi)
* 主張 / 主张 (zhǔzhāng) (archaic)
* 克制 (kèzhì)
* 克治 (kèzhì) (literary)
* 制禦 / 制御 (zhìyù) (literary)
* 制約 / 制约 (zhìyuē)
* 君 (jūn) (literary)
* 執掌 / 执掌 (zhízhǎng)
* 壓制 / 压制 (yāzhì)
* 壓抑 / 压抑 (yāyì)
* 局 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 局限 (júxiàn)
* 左右 (zuǒyòu)
* 把
* 抑制 (yìzhì)
* 把持 (bǎchí)
* 把控 (bǎkòng)
* 把攬 / 把揽 (bǎlǎn)
* 抵制 (dǐzhì)
* 拘束 (jūshù)
* 按 (àn)
* 按捺 (ànnà) (usually in the negative)
* 控 (literary, or in compounds)
* 控制 (kòngzhì)
* 掌控 (zhǎngkòng)
* 掌握 (zhǎngwò)
* 提控 (tíkòng) (literary)
* 撥弄 / 拨弄 (bōnòng)
* 撙節 / 撙节 (zǔnjié)
* 操控 (cāokòng)
* 操縱 / 操纵 (cāozòng)
* 擺佈 / 摆布 (bǎibù)
* 擺治 / 摆治 (bǎizhì) (regional)
* 支配 (zhīpèi)
* 收斂 / 收敛 (shōuliǎn)
* 束 (literary, or in compounds)
* 束縛 / 束缚 (shùfù)
* 柄 (literary, or in compounds)
* 框 (kuàng)
* 禁錮 / 禁锢 (jìngù) (figurative)
* 積壓 / 积压 (jīyā) (figurative)
* 節制 / 节制 (jiézhì)
* 節撙 / 节撙 (Quanzhou Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien)
* 管制 (guǎnzhì)
* 管束 (guǎnshù)
* 約束 / 约束 (yuēshù)
* 統御 / 统御 (tǒngyù) (literary)
* 統治 / 统治 (tǒngzhì)
* 羈束 / 羁束 (jīshù) (literary)
* 裁 (cái) (literary, or in compounds)
* 遏抑 (èyì) (literary)
* 鎮 / 镇 (zhèn)
* 限 (xiàn)
* 限乏 (Xiamen Hokkien)
* 限制 (xiànzhì)
* 駕馭 / 驾驭 (jiàyù) (figurative)

### Compounds

* 並駕 / 并驾
* 並駕齊驅 / 并驾齐驱 (bìngjiàqíqū)
* 乘鶴駕雲 / 乘鹤驾云
* 保駕 / 保驾 (bǎojià)
* 光駕 / 光驾
* 凌駕 (língjià)
* 別駕 / 别驾 (biéjià)
* 勞駕 / 劳驾 (láojià)
* 勸駕 / 劝驾
* 千里命駕
* 半朝鑾駕 / 半朝銮驾
* 命駕 / 命驾
* 嚴駕 / 严驾
* 國際駕照 / 国际驾照
* 夙駕 / 夙驾
* 大駕 / 大驾 (dàjià)
* 大駕光臨 / 大驾光临
* 宮車晏駕 / 宫车晏驾
* 尊駕 / 尊驾 (zūnjià)
* 屈駕 / 屈驾 (qūjià)
* 崩駕 / 崩驾
* 征駕
* 御駕 / 御驾 (yùjià)
* 御駕親征 / 御驾亲征 (yùjiàqīnzhēng)
* 扈駕 / 扈驾
* 打鑾駕 / 打銮驾
* 接駕 / 接驾
* 搗謊駕舌 / 捣谎驾舌
* 擎天駕海 / 擎天驾海 (qíngtiān jià hǎi)
* 擋駕 / 挡驾 (dǎngjià)
* 救駕 / 救驾 (jiùjià)
* 方駕 / 方驾
* 方駕齊驅 / 方驾齐驱
* 星言夙駕 / 星言夙驾
* 星陳夙駕 / 星陈夙驾
* 星駕 / 星驾
* 晏駕 / 晏驾 (yànjià)
* 東曦既駕 / 东曦既驾
* 枉駕 / 枉驾
* 柯駕 / 柯驾
* 法駕 / 法驾 (fǎjià)
* 泛駕 / 泛驾
* 泛駕之馬 / 泛驾之马
* 無照駕駛 / 无照驾驶 (wúzhào jiàshǐ)
* 移駕 / 移驾 (yíjià)
* 稅駕 / 税驾
* 羽駕 / 羽驾
* 聖駕 / 圣驾 (shèngjià)
* 臺駕 / 台驾
* 覂駕 / 覂驾
* 見駕 / 见驾 (jiànjià)
* 親駕 / 亲驾
* 誑駕 / 诳驾
* 護駕 / 护驾 (hùjià)
* 起駕 / 起驾 (qǐjià)
* 車駕 / 车驾 (jūjià)
* 軒駕 / 轩驾
* 速駕 / 速驾
* 鑾駕 / 銮驾 (luánjià)
* 面駕 / 面驾
* 頂喪駕靈 / 顶丧驾灵
* 駕上人 / 驾上人
* 駕凌
* 駕娘 / 驾娘
* 駕崩 / 驾崩 (jiàbēng)
* 駕帖 / 驾帖
* 駕御 / 驾御 (jiàyù)
* 駕照 / 驾照 (jiàzhào)
* 駕臨 / 驾临 (jiàlín)
* 駕說 / 驾说
* 駕車 / 驾车 (jiàchē)
* 駕輕就熟 / 驾轻就熟 (jiàqīngjiùshú)
* 駕返瑤池 / 驾返瑶池
* 駕長 / 驾长
* 駕霧騰雲 / 驾雾腾云
* 駕靈 / 驾灵
* 駕頭 / 驾头
* 駑馬十駕 / 驽马十驾
* 駕馭 / 驾驭 (jiàyù)
* 駕駛 / 驾驶 (jiàshǐ)
* 駙駕 / 驸驾
* 駕駛執照 / 驾驶执照 (jiàshǐ zhízhào)
* 駕駛盤 / 驾驶盘
* 駕鶴西歸 / 驾鹤西归
* 騰雲駕霧 / 腾云驾雾
* 驚駕 / 惊驾
* 鶴駕 / 鹤驾
* 鸞駕 / 鸾驾
* 齊驅並駕 / 齐驱并驾
* 龍駕 / 龙驾

### References

* “駕”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “驾”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 103.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: け (ke)
* Kan-on: か (ka)
* Kan’yō-on: が (ga)
* Kun: かご (kago, 駕)、のる (noru, 駕る)、しのぐ (shinogu, 駕ぐ)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 駕
* が Jinmeiyō
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 駕 (MC kaeH)

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) が [gáꜜ] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɡa̠]

### Noun

駕(が) • (ga)
* vehicle; horse-drawn carriage

#### Idioms

* 駕(が)を枉(ま)げる (ga o mageru)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 駕 (MC kaeH). Recorded as Middle Korean 가〯 (kǎ) (Yale: ka) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

Wikisource 駕 (eumhun 멍에 가 (meong'e ga))
* hanja form of 가 (“cart; carriage”)

#### Compounds

* 가락국 (駕洛國, Garakguk, “Geumgwan Gaya”)
* 능가 (凌駕, neungga, “excelling; surpassing; outdoing”)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

駕: Hán Nôm readings: giá
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.