# kapal
## English
### Noun

kapal (plural kapals)
* Alternative form of kappal (“ship”)

## Ambonese Malay
### Etymology

From Malay kapal, from Tamil கப்பல் (kappal, “ship, sailing vessel”).

### Noun

kapal
* ship (large water vessel)

## Amis
### Noun

kapal
* (anatomy) palm

## Balinese
### Romanization

kapal
* Romanization of ᬓᬧᬮ᭄

## Cebuano
### Pronunciation

* Hyphenation: ka‧pal

### Noun

kapal
* the yellow-tailed sergeant major (Abudefduf notatus)

## Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈkapal]

### Participle

kapal
* masculine singular past active participle of kapat

## Indonesian
### Pronunciation

* (Standard Indonesian) IPA: /ˈkapal/ [ˈka.pal]
* Rhymes: -apal
* Syllabification: ka‧pal

### Etymology 1

From Malay kapal (“ship”), from Classical Malay kapal (“decked ship”), from Tamil கப்பல் (kappal, “ship, sailing vessel”). In the third sense, a mistranslation of English ship (“relationship”), from relation + -ship (etymologically unrelated to the noun ship).

#### Noun

kapal (plural kapal-kapal)
* ship (a water-borne vessel generally larger than a boat)
* (chiefly in combination) ship (a vessel which travels through any medium other than across land)
* (slang, fandom slang) ship (a fictional romantic relationship between two characters)

##### Derived terms

* kapal api
* kapal barang
* kapal feri
* kapal haji
* kapal kargo
* kapal laut
* kapal motor
* kapal pemburu
* kapal penyeberangan
* kapal penyusur
* kapal perintis
* kapal perusak
* kapal pesiar
* kapal pukat
* kapal selam
* kapal tangki
* kapal tanker
* kapal terbang
* kapal udara

### Etymology 2

From Malay kapal (“thickening skin”), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kapal (“thick, as a plank”). Compare to Tagalog kapal (“thick”).

#### Noun

kapal (plural kapal-kapal)
* thickening skin; lichenification

##### Derived terms

* kapalan

### Further reading

* “kapal” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Javanese
### Romanization

kapal
* Romanization of ꦏꦥꦭ꧀

## Mag-Anchi Ayta
### Etymology

Borrowed from Tagalog kapal.

### Adjective

kapal
* thick

### References

* Greenhill, S.J., Blust. R, & Gray, R.D. (2008). The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics. Evolutionary Bioinformatics, 4:271-283.

## Maguindanao
### Etymology

Borrowed from Malay kapal.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Maguindanaon) IPA: /ˈkapal/ [ˈka.pʌɭ]
* Rhymes: -apal
* Syllabification: ka‧pal

### Noun

kapal
* ship

## Malay
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ka.pal]
* Rhymes: -pal, -al
* Hyphenation: ka‧pal

### Etymology 1

From Tamil கப்பல் (kappal, “ship, sailing vessel”). (Can this etymology be sourced?)

#### Noun

kapal (Jawi spelling کاڤل, plural kapal-kapal, informal 1st possessive kapalku, 2nd possessive kapalmu, 3rd possessive kapalnya)
* A large water vessel; a ship.
    Kapal satu, nakhoda dua ― saying about two lovers fighting in rivalry over a girl (lit. 'a ship with two captains')
** (chiefly in combination) Any vessel travelling through any medium other than across land, such as an airship or spaceship.

##### Affixations

* berkapal
* berkapal-kapal
* kapalkan
* pengapalan
* perkapalan

##### Compounds

* kapal angkasa
* kapal api, kapal asap
* kapal barang
* kapal belangkas
* kapal calu
* kapal dagang, kapal niaga
* kapal feri
* kapal haji
* kapal induk
* kapal kargo
* kapal keruk
* kapal kontena
* kapal korek
* kapal laut
* kapal layar
* kapal motor
* kapal pandu
* kapal pemair
* kapal pembinasa
* kapal pemburu
* kapal pemecah ais
* kapal pendarat
* kapal penempur
* kapal pengangkut
* kapal pengantar, kapal pengiring, kapal pengawal
* kapal penjelajah
* kapal penumpang
* kapal penyapu periup api
* kapal penyeberangan
* kapal penyusur
* kapal perang
* kapal perintis
* kapal peronda
* kapal perosak
* kapal pesiar
* kapal pesiaran
* kapal pukat
* kapal roda lambung
* kapal selam
* kapal stim, kapal wap
* kapal tangki
* kapal terbang
* kapal torpedo
* kapal udara

##### Descendants

* Ambonese Malay: kapal
* Indonesian: kapal
** → Balinese: ᬓᬧᬮ᭄ (kapal)
* → Alor: kapal
* → Balinese: ᬓᬧᬮ᭄ (kapal)
* → Buginese: ᨀᨄᨒ (kappala')
* → Chinese: 甲板 (jiǎbǎn)
* → English: kappal, capel, kapal
* → Javanese: ꦏꦥꦭ꧀ (kapal)
* → Khmer: កប៉ាល់ (kaʼpal)
* → Maguindanao: kapal
* → Maranao: kapal
* → Sundanese: ᮊᮕᮜ᮪ (kapal)
* → Tboli: kafal
* → Tausug: kappal
* → Thai: กำปั่น (gam-bpàn)
** → Lao: ກຳປັ່ນ (kam pan)
** → Khmer: កងព័ន្ធ (kɑɑngpŏənthɔɔ) (possibly)

#### References

* ↑ Salmon Claudine. Malay (and Javanese) Loan-words in Chinese as a Mirror of Cultural Exchanges. In: Archipel, volume 78, 2009. pp. 181-208

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kapal (“thick, as a plank”). Compare to Tagalog kapal (“thick”).

#### Noun

kapal (plural kapal-kapal, informal 1st possessive kapalku, 2nd possessive kapalmu, 3rd possessive kapalnya)
* Thickening skin; lichenification.

##### Affixations

* kapalan

#### References

* Pijnappel, Jan (1875) “کڤل kapal”, in Maleisch-Hollandsch woordenboek, John Enschede en Zonen, Frederik Muller, page 84
* Wilkinson, Richard James (1901) “کڤل kapal”, in A Malay-English dictionary, Hong Kong: Kelly & Walsh limited, pages 522-3
* Wilkinson, Richard James (1932) “kapal”, in A Malay-English dictionary (romanised), volume I, Mytilene, Greece: Salavopoulos & Kinderlis, page 508

### Further reading

* “kapal” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.

## Maranao
### Etymology

Borrowed from Malay kapal

### Noun

kapal
* ship
    Synonyms: bapor, barko, mospil
* boat
    Synonym: biday
* vessel

### References

* A Maranao Dictionary, by Howard P. McKaughan and Batua A. Macaraya

## Tagalog
### Alternative forms

* capal — obsolete, Spanish-based spelling

### Etymology 1

From Western Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kapal or Proto-Austronesian *kaS(ə)pal. Compare Indonesian kapal (“thickening skin”) and Malay kapal (“thickening skin”).

#### Noun

kapál (Baybayin spelling ᜃᜉᜎ᜔)
* thickness
* multitude; numerousness
    Synonyms: dami, tambak, sagana, damulas, katerba
* (colloquial, derogatory) Ellipsis of kapal ng mukha.
    Ang kapal talaga ng hayop na yun!The shamelessness of that animal!

##### Derived terms

* kakapalan
* kapal ng mukha
* kapalan
* kumapal
* magpakapal
* makapal
* pagkapal
* pakapalin
* pampakapal

### Etymology 2

Unknown. Possibly related to etymology 1 or an apocope from Malay kepala (“head, source (metaphorical)”), from Sanskrit कपाल (kapāla, “head”).

#### Noun

kapál (Baybayin spelling ᜃᜉᜎ᜔)
* figure; creation
    Synonyms: likha, lalang, gawa
* cake out of bread; tart
    Synonym: keyk
    kapal na tinapay ― cake of bread
* lump made of wax
    kapal na pagkit ― lump of wax

##### Derived terms

* ikapal
* ipakapal
* kapalin
* kumapal
* Maykapal

### Further reading

* “kapal”, in KWF Diksiyonaryo ng Wikang Filipino, Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino, 2024
* “kapal”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018
* Noceda, Fr. Juan José de, Sanlucar, Fr. Pedro de (1860) Vocabulario de la lengua tagala, compuesto por varios religiosos doctos y graves‎ (in Spanish), Manila: Ramirez y Giraudier
* Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*kapal”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI
* Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*kaS(e)pal”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI

### Anagrams

* kalap, pakla, plaka