# 惶

| 惶 | U+60F6, &#24822; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-60F6 |
| ← 惵 [U+60F5] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 惷 → [U+60F7] |

## Translingual
### Han character

惶 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 心竹日土 (PHAG), four-corner 9601$_4$, composition ⿰忄皇)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 392, character 32
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10863
* Dae Jaweon: page 728, character 15
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2329, character 9
* Unihan data for U+60F6

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 皇 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 惶 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 遑 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 堭 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 煌 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 餭 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 騜 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 艎 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 隍 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 湟 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 徨 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 篁 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 蝗 | *ɡʷaːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋs |
| 凰 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 偟 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 媓 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 韹 | *ɡʷaːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋ |
| 葟 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 皝 | *ɡʷaːŋʔ |
| 汪 | *qʷaːŋ, *qʷaːŋs, *qʷaŋʔ |
| 尪 | *qʷaːŋ |
| 迋 | *kʷaŋʔ, *kʰʷaŋ, *ɡʷaŋ, *ɢʷaŋs |
| 逛 | *kʷaŋʔ |
| 誑 | *kʷaŋs, *ɡʷaŋ, *kʷaŋs |
| 匡 | *kʰʷaŋ |
| 筐 | *kʰʷaŋ |
| 框 | *kʰʷaŋ |
| 眶 | *kʰʷaŋ |
| 誆 | *kʰʷaŋ, *ɡʷaŋs |
| 邼 | *kʰʷaŋ |
| 恇 | *kʰʷaŋ |
| 劻 | *kʰʷaŋ |
| 洭 | *kʰʷaŋ |
| 軭 | *kʰʷaŋ, *ɡʷaŋ |
| 狂 | *ɡʷaŋ, *ɡʷaŋs |
| 軖 | *ɡʷaŋ |
| 鵟 | *ɡʷaŋ |
| 俇 | *ɡʷaŋʔ |
| 王 | *ɢʷaŋ, *ɢʷaŋs |
| 蚟 | *ɢʷaŋ |
| 彺 | *ɢʷaŋ |
| 旺 | *ɢʷaŋs |
| 諻 | *qʰʷraːŋ |
| 喤 | *qʰʷraːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋ |
| 瑝 | *ɡʷraːŋ |
| 鍠 | *ɡʷraːŋ |
| 揘 | *ɡʷaŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡʷaːŋ): semantic 忄 + phonetic 皇 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): huáng (huang$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄤˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): wong$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): fòng
* Eastern Min (BUC): huòng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): horng$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hông / hiâⁿ / iâⁿ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): huang$^5$ / ian$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: huáng
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄤˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: huáng
*** Wade–Giles: huang$^2$
*** Yale: hwáng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hwang
*** Palladius: хуан (xuan)
*** Sinological IPA : /xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: wong$^4$
*** Yale: wòhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: wong$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: wong$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /wɔːŋ²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fòng
*** Hakka Romanization System: fong$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /foŋ¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: huòng
*** Sinological IPA : /huoŋ⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: horng$^2$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: hó̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /hɒŋ¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hông
*** Tâi-lô: hông
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoong
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔŋ²³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɔŋ¹³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /hɔŋ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiâⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: hiânn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hviaa
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hiã¹³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /hiã²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hiã²³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iâⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: iânn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: viaa
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /iã¹³/
* hông - literary;
* hiâⁿ/iâⁿ - vernacular.
* Middle Chinese: hwang
Rime :
| Character | 惶 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 唐 (102) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 胡光切 |
| Baxter | hwang |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦwɑŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦʷɑŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣuɑŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦwaŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣuɑŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣuɑŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣwɑŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | huáng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | wong$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡʷaːŋ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 惶 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 12697 |
| Phonetic component | 王 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 黃 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡʷaːŋ/ |

### Definitions

惶
* fearful; afraid; anxious; nervous
    Synonyms: 恐懼 / 恐惧 (kǒngjù), 不安 (bù'ān)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) confuse; confused
    Synonym: 迷惑 (míhuò)

#### Compounds

* 人心惶惶 (rénxīnhuánghuáng)
* 回惶
* 恓恓惶惶
* 恓惶 (xīhuáng)
* 恐惶 (kǒnghuáng)
* 恐惶悚懼 / 恐惶悚惧 (kǒnghuángsǒngjù)
* 悽悽惶惶 / 凄凄惶惶
* 悽惶 / 凄惶 (qīhuáng)
* 惶怖 (huángbù)
* 惶急
* 惶恐 (huángkǒng)
* 惶恐不安 (huángkǒngbù'ān)
* 惶悚
* 惶悚不安
* 惶惑 (huánghuò)
* 惶惶 (huánghuáng)
* 惶惶不安 (huánghuángbù'ān)
* 惶惶不定
* 惶惶無措 / 惶惶无措
* 惶愧
* 惶汗
* 惶然
* 惶遽 (huángjù)
* 愴惶 / 怆惶
* 愧惶無地 / 愧惶无地
* 慞惶
* 慚惶 / 惭惶
* 慞惶失次
* 戰戰惶惶 / 战战惶惶
* 誠恐誠惶 / 诚恐诚惶 (chéngkǒngchénghuáng)
* 誠惶誠恐 / 诚惶诚恐 (chénghuángchéngkǒng)
* 誠惶誠懼 / 诚惶诚惧
* 驚惶 / 惊惶 (jīnghuáng)
* 驚惶失措 / 惊惶失措 (jīnghuáng shīcuò)

### References

* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “惶”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 94.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* be anxious
* fear

#### Readings

* Go-on: おう (ō)
* Kan-on: こう (kō)
* Kun: おそれる (osoreru, 惶れる)

## Korean
### Hanja

惶 • (hwang) (hangeul 황, revised hwang, McCune–Reischauer hwang, Yale hwang)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

惶: Hán Nôm readings: hoàng
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.