# jfd
## Egyptian
### Etymology 1

Likely from jfdw (“four”), with an original meaning of ‘run on all fours’ and so ‘run away like a wild animal’. Compare jfdt (“all fours”).

#### Pronunciation

* (reconstructed) IPA: /ˈjaːfatʼ/ → /ˈjaːfatʼ/ → /ˈʔaːfətʼ/ → /ˈʔoːfətʼ/
* (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA: /ˈjaːfatʼ/
* (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA: /ˈjaːfatʼ/
* (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA: /ˈʔaːfətʼ/
* (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA: /ˈʔoːfətʼ/
* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /ifɛd/
** Conventional anglicization: ifed

#### Verb

3-lit.
* (intransitive) to flee or run away like a wild animal [since the 18th Dynasty]
* (transitive) to rush through or across (a place)
    ― jfdj ḥr ssmt ― to traverse on horseback

##### Inflection

infinitival forms
imperative
infinitive
negatival complement
complementary infinitive$^1$
singular
plural
jfd
jfdw, jfd
jfdt
jfd
jfd
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem
periphrastic imperfective$^2$
periphrastic prospective$^2$
jfd
ḥr jfd
m jfd
r jfd
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood
active
passive
contingent
aspect / mood
active
passive
perfect
jfd.n
jfdw, jfd
consecutive
jfd.jn
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
terminative
jfdt
perfective$^3$
jfd
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
obligative$^1$
jfd.ḫr
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
imperfective
jfd
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
prospective$^3$
jfd
jfdd
potentialis$^1$
jfd.kꜣ
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
subjunctive
jfd
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
participles
active
passive
active
passive
perfect
jfd.n
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
perfective
jfd
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
jfd
jfd, jfdw$^5$, jfdy$^5$
imperfective
jfd, jfdy, jfdw$^5$
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
jfd, jfdj$^6$, jfdy$^6$
jfd, jfdw$^5$
prospective
jfd, jfdtj$^7$
jfdtj$^4$, jfdt$^4$
$^1$ Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
$^2$ Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
$^3$ Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
$^4$ Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
$^5$ Only in the masculine singular.
$^6$ Only in the masculine.
$^7$ Only in the feminine. :

##### Alternative forms

| jfd | jfjd |
| | [21st Dynasty] |
| | in hieratic |

##### Derived terms

* m jfd

##### Descendants

* Sahidic Coptic: ⲱϥⲧ (ōft)

### Etymology 2

From jfdw (“four”).

#### Pronunciation

* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /ifɛd/
** Conventional anglicization: ifed

#### Noun

m
* rectangular block of stone [Middle Kingdom]
* rectangle, rectangular form (as opposed to dbn (“round”)) [Mathematical papyri]

##### Descendants

* Demotic: jft, ꜣft

#### Noun

m
* rectangular parcel of land [Mathematical papyri]

##### Alternative forms

jfd :

#### Noun

m
* a kind of linen, ‘four-weave’ linen

##### Alternative forms

| jfd | jfd | jfd |

##### Derived terms

* jfd-nṯr

#### Noun

m
* (linen) sheet or blanket

##### Usage notes

Some authors separate this word into two and hypothesize that certain writings—those with determinatives such as
or
—represent a different meaning, an article of furniture such as couch. By contrast, others such as the Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache and the Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae analyze all writings as the same word. (The TLA treats the writing with determinative
as a scribal error.)

##### Alternative forms

| jfd | jfd | jfd | jfd | jfdj | jfdj |
| | | | [New Kingdom] | [New Kingdom] | [New Kingdom] |
| | | | in hieratic | in hieratic | in hieratic |

##### Derived terms

* mt-jfd

#### Proper noun

m
* a shrine in Edfu [Greco-Roman Period]

### References

* “jfd (lemma ID 24610)”, “jfd (lemma ID 24600)”, “jfd (lemma ID 24570)”, “jfd.j (lemma ID 850630)”, “jfd.j (lemma ID 24590)”, and “Jfd (lemma ID 24580)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎, Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
* Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎, volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 71.10–72.3
* Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 17
* James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 191.
* Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 97
* ↑ Černý, Jaroslav (1976) Coptic Etymological Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 232