# son
## Translingual
### Symbol

son
* (international standards) ISO 639-2 & ISO 639-5 language code for Songhay languages.

## English
### Alternative forms

* sonne (obsolete)

### Pronunciation

* (offspring, beget) IPA: /sʌn/
* (Northern England, Ireland) IPA: /sʊn/
* (Spanish borrowing) IPA: /sɒn/
* Audio (Received Pronunciation):(file)
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -ʌn, -ɒn
* Homophone: sun

### Etymology 1

From Middle English sonn, sone, sun, sune, from Old English sunu (“son”), from Proto-Germanic *sunuz (“son”), from Proto-Indo-European *suHnús (“son”), from Proto-Indo-European *sewH- (“to bear; give birth”).

#### Noun

son (plural sons)
* One's male offspring.
    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:son
    Before the birth of the man's child, he said: "I want a son, not a daughter."
** 1671, John Milton, “The First Book”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes, London: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC, page 10, lines 165-166:From what conſummate vertue I have choſe / This perfect Man, by merit call'd my Son,
* A male adopted person in relation to his adoptive parents.
* A male person who has such a close relationship with an older or otherwise more authoritative person that he can be regarded as a son of the other person.
** 1832, Noah Webster, “SON”, in A Dictionary of the English Language Intended to Exhibit the Origin of Words, the Orthography and Definitions: in Two Volumes · Volume 2‎:Eli called Samuel his son. Be plain, good son, and homely in thy drift.
* A male person considered to have been significantly shaped by social conflict.
    He was a son of the mafia system.
* A person regarded as the product of some place.
** 1850, Oliver P. Badger, convention member from Putnam, Indiana, Report of the Debates and Proceedings of the Convention for the Revision of the Constitution of the State of Indiana, 1850 Volume 1‎, page 827:I hold it to be true, that the people are the sons of the soil; and we are only their instruments here.
* A familiar address to a male person from an older or otherwise more authoritative person.
** 1984, “Working on the Highway”, in Bruce Springsteen (music), Born in the U.S.A.:Son, can't you see that she's just a little girl?
** 2012, BioWare, Mass Effect 3 (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →OCLC, PC, scene: Citadel:Shepard: Stay with me. We're almost through this. Admiral Anderson: You did good, son. You did good. I'm proud of you. Shepard: Thank you, sir. Anderson?
* (UK, New York City, colloquial) An informal address to a friend or person of equal authority.
* (computing) The current version of a file, derived from the preceding father file.
** 2004, Ray Bradley, The Ultimate Computing Glossary for Advanced Level, page 31:Three generations of file are usually kept, being the grandfather, father and son files.
** 2007, O. Ray Whittington, Patrick R. Delaney, Wiley CPA Exam Review 2008: Auditing and Attestation, page 779:After the update, the new file master file is the son. The file from which the father was developed with the transaction files of the appropriate day is the grandfather. The grandfather and son files are stored in different locations.

##### Antonyms

* (with regards to gender) daughter
* (with regards to ancestry) father, mother, parent

##### Hypernyms

* child

##### Derived terms

* bachelor's son
* batchelor's son
* favorite son, favourite son
* from father to son
* grandfather-father-son
* grandson
* I'll be a son of a gun
* like father, like son
* like father like son
* mother's son
* my son
* native son
* natural son
* only son
* paper son
* prodigal son
* sexy son hypothesis
* sonhead
* son-in-law
* sonny
* son of a
* son of a bachelor
* son of a bitch
* son of Adam
* son of a duck
* son of a fuck
* son of a gun
* son of a jackal
* son of a motherless goat
* son of a sea-cook
* son of a snake
* son of a whore
* son of bitch
* son of God
* son of privilege
* son of the manse
* son of the morning
* son of the soil
* son-out-law
* stepson
* whoreson
* Wisdom of Jesus son of Sirach

##### Translations
### Etymology 2

From Middle English sonen, sunen, from the noun (see above).

#### Verb

son (third-person singular simple present sons, present participle sonning, simple past and past participle sonned)
* (transitive) To produce (i.e. bear, father, beget) a son.
** 1997, Noel Polk, Outside the Southern Myth:I sonned a father who would not be sonned, […]
* (transitive) To address (someone) as "son".
** 2005, Jerry Flesher, Tomorrow I'll Miss You:“Don't 'son' me.” “I'm old enough to be your father,” he said with a dismissive wave of his hand.
** 2014, Stuart A. McKeever, Becoming Joey Fizz:“Son—now's not the time, please.” “It's the perfect time—it's the best time fucking time I ever had. There's not gonna be another time, so don't son me, you bastard. […] ”

### Etymology 3

From Spanish son (literally “tone, sound”).

#### Noun

son (uncountable)
* (music) Son cubano, a genre of music and dance blending Spanish and African elements that originated in Cuba during the late 19th century.
** 2017, Mark Kurlansky, Havana: A Subtropical Delirium‎, Bloomsbury, →ISBN:When son first emerged in the streets of Havana, in the early twentieth century, it was shut down by the police, as were most forms of African culture. Son groups, conjuntos, caught playing on the street, as was the tradition, had their instruments confiscated.

### Further reading

* son on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* son cubano on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

### Anagrams

* ons, Nos, Nos., nos., NSO, ONS, nos, NOS, Nºˢ

## Afrikaans
### Etymology

From Dutch zon, from Middle Dutch sonne, from Old Dutch sunna, from Proto-Germanic *sunnǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *sh₂un-, *sóh₂wl̥.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sɔn/
* Audio:(file)

### Proper noun

son
* Sun, sun (star of the solar system)

#### Derived terms

* middernagson
* sonbril
* Sondag
* sonlig
* sonneblom
* sonnestelsel
* sonnig
* sonpaneel
* sonskyn

## Aromanian
### Etymology

From Latin sonus. Compare Daco-Romanian sun.

### Noun

son n (plural sonuri)
* sound

#### Related terms

* asun

## Ashkun
### Etymology

Borrowed from a descendant of Sanskrit सुवर्ण (suvárṇa).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈson/

### Noun

son (Sanu)
* gold

### References

* ↑ Strand, Richard F. (2016) “s′on”, in Nûristânî Etymological Lexicon‎

## Asturian
### Etymology

From Latin sunt.

### Verb

son
* third-person plural present indicative of ser

## Azerbaijani
### Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *soŋ (“back, end”). Compare Turkish son below.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [son]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

son (definite accusative sonu, plural sonlar)
* end, ending
    Synonym: axır
    Antonym: baş
    sonda isə başa düşdük ki... ― but at the end we understood that...
    Filmin sonunda əsas personaj ölür. ― The main character dies at the end of the movie.

#### Derived terms

* son qoymaq (“put an end to”)
* sonlandırmaq (“to terminate”)
** sonlandırılma (“termination”)
* sonsuz (“endless; barren, sterile”)
** sonsuzluq
* sonuncu (“last, ultimate”)

### Adjective

son
* recent, latest
* last, final
    Synonym: axırıncı
    ötən əsrin son onilliyi ― last decade of the previous century

### References

* ↑ Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*soŋ”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎, Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

## Catalan
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Catalan son, from Vulgar Latin sum, reduced form of Latin suum, accusative of suus, from Proto-Italic *sowos. Compare Occitan and French son.
In unstressed position in Vulgar Latin suum, suam etc. were monosyllabic and regularly became son, sa etc. in Catalan. When stressed they were disyllabic and became seu, sua > seua etc.

#### Pronunciation

* (Balearic, Central) IPA: /sun/ (always unstressed)
* (Valencia) IPA: /son/ (always unstressed)

#### Determiner

son m (feminine sa, masculine plural sos, feminine plural ses)
* his, her, its
* their
* your (alluding to vostè or vostès)

##### Usage notes

* The use of son and the other possessive determiners is mostly archaic in the majority of dialects, with articulated possessive pronouns (e.g. el meu) mostly being used in their stead. However, mon, ton, and son are still widely used before certain nouns referring to family members and some affective nouns, such as amic, casa, and vida. Which nouns actually find use with the possessive determiners depends greatly on the locale.
The standard masculine plural form is sos, but sons can be found in some dialects.
In Algherese, son and its forms mainly give reference to vostè.

##### See also

* seu
* llur
* vostre

#### References

El Català de l'Alguer : un model d'àmbit restringit, Barcelona, 2003, →ISBN, page 31

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Old Catalan son, from Latin somnus, from Proto-Indo-European *swépnos. Feminine noun by analogy with fam (“hunger”) and set (“thirst”).

#### Alternative forms

* so (Balearic)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈsɔn]

#### Noun

son m (plural sons)
* sleep

#### Noun

son f (uncountable)
* sleepiness
    Synonym: somnolència

##### Derived terms

* malson

#### Related terms

* somni

#### References

* “son” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “son” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

## Danish
### Verb

son
* imperative of sone

## Faroese
### Noun

son
* indefinite accusative singular of sonur

## Finnish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈson/, [ˈs̠o̞n]
* Rhymes: -on
* Hyphenation: son

### Contraction

son
* (dialectal) Contraction of se on.

#### Usage notes

This spelling is only used in texts meant to represent dialectal speech. The same contraction is common in rapid speech in many Finnish varieties, but the spelling is usually not used even in the most informal text or chat messages.

## Franco-Provençal
### Etymology

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *sum. Doublet of sin (possessive pronoun).

### Determiner

son (feminine sa, masculine plural sos or ses, feminine plural ses) (ORB, broad)
* his, her, its (third-personal singular possessor)

#### See also

| | | | Possessee | Possessee | Possessee | Possessee |
| | | | singular | singular | plural | plural |
| | | | m | f | m | f |
| Possessor | singular | 1st | mon | ma | mos | mes |
| Possessor | singular | 2nd | ton | ta | tos | tes |
| Possessor | singular | 3rd | son | sa | sos | ses |
| Possessor | plural | 1st | noutron | noutra | noutros | noutres |
| Possessor | plural | 2nd | voutron | voutra | voutros | voutres |
| Possessor | plural | 3rd | lor | lor | lors | lors |

### References

* son [1] in DicoFranPro: Dictionnaire Français/Francoprovençal – on dicofranpro.llm.umontreal.ca
* son in Lo trèsor Arpitan – on arpitan.eu

## French
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old French son, suen, suon, from Latin sonus (the current form may be remade after or influenced by sonner).

#### Pronunciation

* (Europe) IPA: /sɔ̃/
* (Canada) IPA: /sõ(ː)/
* Homophones: sons, sont

#### Noun

son m (plural sons)
* sound
    Le son de ce piano est agréable.The sound of this piano is nice.
* (slang) music
    Synonyms: musique, morceau
    C’est une bête de son ce truc !That thing is one hell of a music!.

##### Derived terms

* au son de
* ingénieur du son
* mur du son
* son de cloche

##### Related terms

* sonner
* sonore

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Middle French son, from Old French son, from Vulgar Latin sum, a reduced/atonic variant of suus, suum, from Proto-Italic *sowos, from Proto-Indo-European *sewos, from *swé (“self”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sɔ̃/, (before a vowel) /sɔ̃.n‿/, /sɔ.n‿/

#### Determiner

son m (feminine sa, plural ses)
* (possessive) his, her, their, its (used to qualify masculine nouns and before a vowel)
    Elle a perdu son chapeau.She lost her hat.
    Il a perdu son chapeau.He lost his hat.
    J’aime son amie.I like his/her girlfriend.
    La décision a été prise pendant son absence.The decision was taken in her/his absence.

##### Usage notes

Son is used before all singular nouns beginning with a vowel or a mute H, even those that are feminine. However, sa is used with singular feminine nouns beginning with a consonant or an aspirated H.

##### Derived terms

* sondit

##### Related terms
### Etymology 3

Inherited from Latin secundus (presumably through an earlier Old French form *seon; compare an attested Medieval Latin seonno, seonnum). Cognate with Catalan segó, Old Occitan segon. The meaning derives from the fact that bran results from a second sifting of flour. Doublet of second, a borrowing.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sɔ̃/

#### Noun

son m (plural sons)
* bran
    Ceci est du pain de son.This bread is done with bran.

### Further reading

* “son”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

### Anagrams

* nos

## Galician
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsoŋ/ [ˈs̺oŋ]
* Rhymes: -oŋ
* Hyphenation: son

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese sõo, son (13th century, Cantigas de Santa Maria, probably influenced by or possibly borrowed from Old Occitan son), from Latin sonus. Alternatively, regressively derived from the verb soar. Compare Portuguese som, Spanish son.

#### Alternative forms

* som (reintegrationist)

#### Noun

son m (plural sons)
* sound
** 1370, R. Lorenzo, editor, Crónica troiana, A Coruña: Fundación Barrié, page 561:Et começou o torneo a creçer tãto, et a seer o acapelamento tã grande, et a uolta et os braados et os alaridos et os sõos dos cornos et das tronpas tã grandes et tã esquiuos que ome nõ se podía oýrAnd the tournament began to grow so much, and the carnage was so large, and the din and the roars and the yells and the sounds of the horns and of the trumpets so big and harsh that a man couldn't heard himself
** 1409, J. L. Pensado Tomé, editor, Tratado de Albeitaria, Santiago de Compostela: Centro Ramón Piñeiro, page 69:Et pasando porllos ditos, hu ha gran roido et gran soon se se o Cauallo espantar no no deuen ferir con açorregos, nen con vara, nen con espora, mais deuen no trager mansamente, con hũa cana afaagandoo et lleuandoo porllos ditos llugares a miudeAnd passing by the mentioned places, where there is big noise and big sound, if the horse frightens, they should not wound him with whips nor with a stick, nor with spoor, rather they should bring him meekly, fondling him with a twig and taking him through this places often

##### Related terms

* soar
* sónico
* sonoro

### Etymology 2
#### Alternative forms

* som (reintegrationist)
* são (reintegrationist)

#### Verb

son
* am; are; inflection of ser:
** first-person singular present indicative
** third-person plural present indicative
    Son parvo ― I'm stupid
    Son parvos ― They're stupid

### References

* Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “son”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “soon”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “son”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “son”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “son”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

## German
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Pronoun

son
* Alternative form of so'n
** 1857, Der Glücksstern. Novelle von Julie Burow (Frau Pfannenschmidt), Bromberg, page 95:
    „[...] Macht Platz Leute! en Wagen wär' so übel nicht in soner Hitze.“(please add an English translation of this quotation)

### Further reading

* “son” in Duden online
* “son” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

## Icelandic
### Noun

son
* indefinite accusative singular of sonur

## Indonesian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈson/, [ˈson]
* Rhymes: -sɔn
* Hyphenation: son

### Etymology 1

Unknown (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Noun

son (plural son-son)
* (agriculture) harvested young garlic at the age of 70 days after planting

### Etymology 2

Unadapted borrowing from Japanese 村(そん) (son, “village”). Romanised according modified Kunrei-shiki romanization.

#### Noun

son
* (historical, 1942-1945) Synonym of kecamatan

#### Suffix

son
* (historical, 1942-1945) Synonym of kecamatan

### Further reading

* “son” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Irish
### Noun

son
* Only used in ar son

## Istriot
### Verb

son
* first-person singular present indicative of ièsi
* second-person singular present indicative of ièsi
** 1877, Antonio Ive, Canti popolari istriani: raccolti a Rovigno, volume 5, Ermanno Loescher, page 29:Ti son la manduleîna inzucherada.You are the sugared almond.

## Italian
### Verb

son
* Apocopic form of sono

## Japanese
### Romanization

son
* Rōmaji transcription of そん

## Ladin
### Etymology 1
#### Alternative forms

* sun

#### Verb

son
* first-person singular present indicative of ester

### Etymology 2
#### Alternative forms

* sun
* sion

#### Verb

son
* third-person singular present indicative of ester

## Lower Sorbian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sɔn]

### Noun

son m anim
* (archaic) swan (waterfowl of genus Cygnus)

#### Synonyms

* kołp
* šwon

## Manx
### Alternative forms

* er son

### Etymology

A contraction of er son, from Middle Irish ar son of unknown etymology. Cognate to Irish ar son and Scottish Gaelic airson; see the Irish entry for further etymology.

### Preposition

son
* for
    Cur booise da Jee son dty hlaynt.Thank God for your health.
    Eeckee oo son shen.You'll pay for that.
    C're vees ain son jinnair?What shall we have for dinner?
* by
    Dy cadjin ta mee ec y thie son queig er y chlag.I'm usually home by five o'clock.
* (used with verbal noun) want
    Cha nel ee son credjal yn irriney.She doesn't want to believe the truth.
    Cha nel eh son poosey.He's not the marrying kind.
    As myr shen, bee oo son gee?You'll be wanting to eat, then?

#### Usage notes

Not used with pronouns. See er son for inflected forms.

#### Derived terms

* cre hon (“for what purpose?”)
* son shickyrys (“for certain”)

## Middle English
### Etymology 1
#### Noun

son
* Alternative form of sonne (“sun”)

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

son
* Alternative form of sone (“son”)

## Middle French
### Etymology

From Old French son.

### Noun

son m (plural sons)
* sound

#### Descendants

* French: son

## Mirandese
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsõ/

### Verb

son
* third-person plural present of ser

## Northern Sami
### Etymology

From Proto-Samic *sonë.

### Pronunciation

* This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

### Pronoun

son
* he, she, it

#### Further reading

* Koponen, Eino, Ruppel, Klaas, Aapala, Kirsti, editors (2002–2008), Álgu database: Etymological database of the Saami languages‎, Helsinki: Research Institute for the Languages of Finland

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

From Old Norse sonr, from Proto-Germanic *sunuz, from Proto-Indo-European *suHnús.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [so̞ːn]

### Noun

son m (definite singular sonen, indefinite plural søner, definite plural sønene)
* a son
    Han hadde to søner.He had two sons.

#### Derived terms

* steson

#### Related terms

Male given names:
* Son
* Sone, Sune

### References

* “son” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Occitan
### Etymology 1
#### Determiner

son m sg (feminine singular sa, masculine plural sos, feminine plural sas)
* his; her; its
    Synonyms: seu, sieu

### Etymology 2
#### Verb

son
* third-person plural present indicative of èsser

## Old English
### Etymology

From Latin sonus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /soːn/

### Noun

sōn m
* a musical sound; vocal, instrumental

#### Derived terms

* sōncræft

### References

* Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller (1898) “sōn”, in An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary‎, 2nd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

## Old French
### Alternative forms

* soun (Anglo-Norman)
* sun (Anglo-Norman)

### Etymology

From Vulgar Latin sum, a reduced/atonic variant of Latin suum.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sun/
* Rhymes: -on

### Determiner

son m (feminine sa, plural ses)
* his/hers/its (third-person singular possessive)

#### Descendants

* Middle French: son
** French: son

## Old Frisian
### Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *sān (“immediately”). Cognates include Old English sōna, Old Saxon sān and Old Dutch *sān.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsɔːn/

### Adverb

sōn
* soon

#### References

* Bremmer, Rolf H. (2009) An Introduction to Old Frisian: History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN

## Old Irish
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Latin sonus.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /son/

#### Noun

son m
* sound

##### Inflection

* $^H$ = triggers aspiration
* $^L$ = triggers lenition
* $^N$ = triggers nasalization

### Etymology 2
#### Pronoun

son
* Alternative spelling of són

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “son”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## Old Norse
### Noun

son
* accusative singular of sonr

## Old Swedish
### Alternative forms

* sun

### Etymology

From Old Norse sonr, from Proto-Germanic *sunuz.

### Noun

son m
* son

#### Descendants

* Swedish: son

## Scots
### Etymology

From Old English sunu (“son”), from Proto-Germanic *sunuz (“son”), from Proto-Indo-European *suHnús (“son”), from *sewH- (“to bear, give birth”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sɪn]

### Noun

son (plural sons)
* son, male child

#### Derived terms

* brither-son, sister-son (“nephew”)
* guid-son (“son-in-law”)
* son-afore-the-faither (“flowering currant”)

## Scottish Gaelic
### Noun

son m (indeclinable)
* sake, account
    Dèan seo air ar son.Do this for us/for our sake.
    Dèan seo air mo shon.Do this for me/for my sake.

#### Usage notes

Note that a grammaticalised unit meaning ‘for’ is formed by a prepositional phrase combining the preposition air / ar with a nominal or pronominal argument and son. (These structures are sometimes called ‘compound prepositions’.)

#### Derived terms

* airson, carson

### Preposition

son (+ genitive)
* Colloquial form of airson.

#### Alternative forms

* 'son

## Skolt Sami
### Etymology

From Proto-Samic *sonë.

### Pronoun

son
* he, she, it

#### Further reading

* Koponen, Eino, Ruppel, Klaas, Aapala, Kirsti, editors (2002–2008), Álgu database: Etymological database of the Saami languages‎, Helsinki: Research Institute for the Languages of Finland

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈson/ [ˈsõn]
* Audio (Colombia):(file)
* Rhymes: -on
* Syllabification: son

### Etymology 1

From Latin sonus, probably through the intermediate of Old Occitan son (or influenced by it); alternatively, but less likely, regressively derived from the verb sonar (the more expected form is sueno that appeared in some Medieval texts). Compare English sound and Portuguese som.

#### Noun

son m (plural sones)
* tone (pleasant sound)
* (music, genre, uncountable) son (Afro-Cuban musical form)
    Synonym: son cubano
* (music) musical composition in this form

##### Derived terms

* bailar al son que le tocan
* en son de
* sin ton ni son
* ¿a qué son?
* ¿a son de qué?

##### Related terms

* sonar

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

son
* third-person plural present indicative of ser

### Further reading

* “son”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
* son on the Spanish Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{es}$
* son cubano on the Spanish Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{es}$

### References

* ↑ Joan Coromines, José A[ntonio] Pascual (1983–1991) “son”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critical Castilian and Hispanic Etymological Dictionary] (in Spanish), Madrid: Gredos

## Sranan Tongo
### Etymology

From English Sun (from Middle English sunne, from Old English sunne (“sun; the Sun”)) or Dutch zon (from Middle Dutch sonne (“sun”), from Old Dutch sunna), both from Proto-Germanic *sunnǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *sh₂un-, *sóh₂wl̥.

### Noun

son
* Sun

#### Derived terms

* sonde

#### Descendants

* → Saramaccan: sónu

## Swedish
### Etymology 1

From Old Swedish son, sun, from Old Norse sonr, sunr from Proto-Germanic *sunuz, from Proto-Indo-European *suHnús. Masculine in Late Modern Swedish.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /soːn/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -oːn

#### Noun

son c
* a son
    Antonym: dotter

##### Related terms

* -son (see there for more derivations)
* brorson
* dotterson
* sonbarn
* sondotter
* sonhustru
* sonlig
* sonnamn
* sonson
* sonsonsson
* styvson
* svärson
* systerson

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Noun

son
* definite singular of so

#### References

* son in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* son in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

### Anagrams

* nos, ons, sno

## Turkish
### Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish صوڭ (soŋ, “end, consequence”), from Proto-Turkic *soŋ (“back, end, after”).
Cognate with Old Turkic [script needed] (soŋ, “after; late”); Tatar, Kazakh, Kyrgyz соң (soñ), Southern Altai соҥ (soŋ), Uzbek so'ng (“after”), Yakut онтон (onton, “then”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈson/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: son

### Adjective

son
* last, final
    Antonym: ilk

### Noun

son (definite accusative sonu, plural sonlar)
* end, ending
    sona erdirmek ― bring to an end, put an end to
* consequence, result, conclusion

#### Declension

singular
plural
nominative
son
sonlar
definite accusative
sonu
sonları
dative
sona
sonlara
locative
sonda
sonlarda
ablative
sondan
sonlardan
genitive
sonun
sonların
Possessive forms
nominative
singular
plural
1st singular
sonum
sonlarım
2nd singular
sonun
sonların
3rd singular
sonu
sonları
1st plural
sonumuz
sonlarımız
2nd plural
sonunuz
sonlarınız
3rd plural
sonları
sonları
definite accusative
singular
plural
1st singular
sonumu
sonlarımı
2nd singular
sonunu
sonlarını
3rd singular
sonunu
sonlarını
1st plural
sonumuzu
sonlarımızı
2nd plural
sonunuzu
sonlarınızı
3rd plural
sonlarını
sonlarını
dative
singular
plural
1st singular
sonuma
sonlarıma
2nd singular
sonuna
sonlarına
3rd singular
sonuna
sonlarına
1st plural
sonumuza
sonlarımıza
2nd plural
sonunuza
sonlarınıza
3rd plural
sonlarına
sonlarına
locative
singular
plural
1st singular
sonumda
sonlarımda
2nd singular
sonunda
sonlarında
3rd singular
sonunda
sonlarında
1st plural
sonumuzda
sonlarımızda
2nd plural
sonunuzda
sonlarınızda
3rd plural
sonlarında
sonlarında
ablative
singular
plural
1st singular
sonumdan
sonlarımdan
2nd singular
sonundan
sonlarından
3rd singular
sonundan
sonlarından
1st plural
sonumuzdan
sonlarımızdan
2nd plural
sonunuzdan
sonlarınızdan
3rd plural
sonlarından
sonlarından
genitive
singular
plural
1st singular
sonumun
sonlarımın
2nd singular
sonunun
sonlarının
3rd singular
sonunun
sonlarının
1st plural
sonumuzun
sonlarımızın
2nd plural
sonunuzun
sonlarınızın
3rd plural
sonlarının
sonlarının
Predicative forms
singular
plural
1st singular
sonum
sonlarım
2nd singular
sonsun
sonlarsın
3rd singular
son sondur
sonlar sonlardır
1st plural
sonuz
sonlarız
2nd plural
sonsunuz
sonlarsınız
3rd plural
sonlar
sonlardır :

#### Related terms

* sonra
* sonlu
* sonsuz
* sonuç
* sonlanmak

### References

* “son”, in Turkish dictionaries, Türk Dil Kurumu

### Anagrams

* ons

## Uzbek
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Noun

son (plural sonlar)
* thigh

## Venetan
### Verb

son
* first-person singular present indicative of èser

## Vietnamese
### Etymology

This word had initial *k-r- in Old Vietnamese.

### Pronunciation

* (Hà Nội) IPA: [sɔn˧˧]
* (Huế) IPA: [ʂɔŋ˧˧] ~ [sɔŋ˧˧]
* (Saigon) IPA: [ʂɔŋ˧˧] ~ [sɔŋ˧˧]

### Adjective

son • (侖, 倫, 崙, 󱏟, 󰅬, 𣗾, 𣘈, 𪳔, 𧹪, 𪿽, 󱠟)
* vermilion
    rệp son ― a cochineal
* (literary) unshakable; firm

### Noun

(classifier thỏi, cây (“lipstick”)) son • (侖, 倫, 崙, 󱏟, 󰅬, 𣗾, 𣘈, 𪳔, 𧹪, 𪿽, 󱠟)
* red cosmetic
* (by extension) lipstick

#### Derived terms

* đỏ son
* sắt son
* son môi
* son phấn
* son sắt
* sơn son thếp vàng
* vàng son

## Volapük
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [son]

### Noun

son (nominative plural sons)
* son
** 1952, Arie de Jong, Diatek nulik: Gospul ma ‚Matthaeus’. Kapit: II:Se Lägüptän evokob soni obik.I called my son out of Egypt.
** 1952, Arie de Jong, Diatek nulik: Gospul ma ‚Matthaeus’. Kapit: I:Ekö! jivirgan ogrodikof, ed omotof soni, keli onemoy eli ‚Emmanuel’, kela tradutod binon: God binom ko obs.Look! the virgin is with child and will give birth to a son whom they will call Immanuel, a name which means „God-is-with-us”.

#### Declension

$^1$ status as a case is disputed $^2$ in later, non-classical Volapük only

#### Synonyms

* hicil

#### Hypernyms

* cil

#### Coordinate terms

* daut
* jicil

#### Derived terms

* leson
* lüson
* posson
* sonef
* sonik
* soniko
* sono

#### See also

* famül
* fat
* ledaut
* mot
* pal
* palik
* poscil
* posdaut

## Zhuang
### Etymology

From Proto-Tai *soːlᴬ (“to teach”). Cognate with Thai สอน (sɔ̌ɔn), Northern Thai ᩈᩬᩁ, Lao ສອນ (sǭn), Lü ᦉᦸᧃ (ṡoan), Tai Dam ꪎꪮꪙ, Shan သွၼ် (sǎun), Tai Nüa ᥔᥩᥢᥴ (sóan), Ahom 𑜏𑜨𑜃𑜫 (son).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Zhuang) IPA: /θoːn˨˦/
* Tone numbers: son$^1$
* Hyphenation: son

### Verb

son (1957–1982 spelling son)
* to teach