# 沙

| 沙 | U+6C99, &#27801; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6C99 |
| ← 沘 [U+6C98] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 沚 → [U+6C9A] |

## Translingual
### Han character

沙 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 水火竹 (EFH), four-corner 3912$_0$, composition ⿰氵少)

#### Derived characters

* 唦 挱 猀 逤 桫 𣻅 䤬 鯋 𣾾 𬕍
* 乷 娑 挲 桬 㲚 㸺 硰 𧋊 裟 䣉 鯊(鲨) 莎 痧 閯 髿 䓾

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 611, character 21
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17212
* Dae Jaweon: page 1005, character 3
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1562, character 9
* Unihan data for U+6C99

## Chinese

* 沙 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 沙 (Cantonese)

### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 沙 :
| Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script |
| | Old Chinese |
| 硰 | *ʔsaːlʔ, *sʰaːlʔ, *sraːl |
| 娑 | *saːl, *saːlʔ |
| 挱 | *saːl, *sraːl |
| 挲 | *saːl |
| 桫 | *saːl |
| 渻 | *saːl, *sreŋʔ, *seŋʔ |
| 沙 | *sraːl, *sraːls |
| 紗 | *sraːl |
| 砂 | *sraːl |
| 鯊 | *sraːl |
| 裟 | *sraːl |
| 桬 | *sraːl |
| 髿 | *sraːl, *soːl |
| 魦 | *sraːl, *soːl |
| 莎 | *soːl |
| 莏 | *soːl |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 水 (“water”) + 少 (“to lack; to be short of”).

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(s/z)a-j (“earth, sand”). Compare Tibetan ས (sa, “sand”) and Burmese သဲ (sai:, “sand”).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): shā (sha$^1$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄕㄚ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): sa$^1$
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): sǎ
    (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): shà
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): са (sa, I)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): saa$^1$
    (Dongguan, Jyutping++): saa$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): sa$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): sa$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): sâ
    (Hailu, HRS): sa$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): sa$^1$
    (Changting, Changting Pinyin): sa$^1$
* Jin (Wiktionary): sa$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): suói / sá
* Eastern Min (BUC): săi / să
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): sua$^1$ / sa$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): soa / se / sa / see
    (Teochew, Peng'im): sua$^1$ / sa$^1$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): sua$^1$ / sa$^1$
* Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): saa$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$so
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): sa$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shā
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄚ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sha
*** Wade–Giles: sha$^1$
*** Yale: shā
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sha
*** Palladius: ша (ša)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂä⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: sa$^1$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: sa
*** Sinological IPA : /sa⁵⁵/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: sǎ
*** Sinological IPA : /sa²¹/
** (Nanjing)
*** Nanjing Pinyin: shà
*** Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): sha$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂa³¹/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: са (sa, I)
*** Sinological IPA : /sa²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: saa$^1$
*** Yale: sā
*** Cantonese Pinyin: saa$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sa$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /saː⁵⁵/
** (Dongguan, Guancheng)
*** Jyutping++: saa$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sa²¹³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: sa$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sa³³/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: sa$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sa⁴²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sâ
*** Hakka Romanization System: sa$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: sa$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /sa²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: sa$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /sa⁵³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: sa$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /sa⁴⁴/
** (Changting)
*** Changting Pinyin: sa$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /sa³³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: sa$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /sa¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: suói / sá
*** Sinological IPA : /suɛ⁵⁴/, /sa⁵⁴/
* suói - vernacular;
* sá - literary.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit沙 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ʂa⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ʂa⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /sɑ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /ʂa²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /ʂa²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ʂa²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /sa²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /sa⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ʂa⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ʂa³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /sa⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /sa²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /sa⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /sa⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ʂa̠⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /ʂɑ³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /ʂa²¹/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /sa¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /sɑ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /sa³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /so⁵³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /so⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /sɑ³³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /so³³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /sa³¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /sɔ¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /sa³³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /dɒ³³/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /sɑ⁴²/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /sa⁴⁴/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /sɑ²⁴/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /sa⁵³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /sa⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /sa⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /sa⁵⁵/ /sua⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /sa⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /suɛ⁵⁴/ /sa⁵⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /sua³³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /sa²³/ /tua²³/ |
* Middle Chinese: srae, sraeH
Rime :
| Character | 沙 | 沙 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 生 (21) | 生 (21) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (98) | 麻 (98) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | II | II |
| Fanqie | 所加切 | 所嫁切 |
| Baxter | srae | sraeH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʃˠa/ | /ʃˠa$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʃᵚa/ | /ʃᵚa$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʃa/ | /ʃa$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʂaɨ/ | /ʂaɨ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ʃa/ | /ʃa$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ʃa/ | /ʃa$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʂa/ | /ʂa$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shā | shà |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | saa$^1$ | saa$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*sˤraj/
    (Zhengzhang): /*sraːl/, /*sraːls/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 沙 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | shā |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ sræ › |
| Old Chinese | /*sˁraj/ |
| English | sand |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 沙 | 沙 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 11025 | 11035 |
| Phonetic component | 沙 | 沙 |
| Rime group | 歌 | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 鯊 | 嗄 |
| Old Chinese | /*sraːl/ | /*sraːls/ |

#### Definitions

沙
* sand (Classifier: 粒 c mn)
    泥沙 ― níshā ― silt
    沙漠 ― shāmò ― desert
* (usually used in place names) shoal
* something granular
    豆沙 ― dòushā ― red bean paste
* mushy and rough (as sand), texture of a watermelon of good quality.
    沙瓤 ― shāráng ― mushy watermelon pulp, Refers to the watermelon when the flesh becomes loose and fine-grained
    沙梨 ― shālí ― Pyrus pyrifolia
    西沙瓜 ― xīshāguā ― alternative of 硒砂瓜 (xī shā guā)
* (of a voice) hoarse; husky
    沙啞／沙哑 ― shāyǎ ― hoarse
       giu$^3$ dou$^3$ baa$^2$ seng$^1$ saa$^1$ saai$^3$ [Jyutping]
       shout so much that one's voice is all hoarse
* (obsolete) the number 10$^{−8}$
* Short for 沙皇 (shāhuáng).
    沙俄 ― Shā'é ― Russian Empire
* (Malaysia, Singapore) Short for 沙巴 (Shābā, “Sabah”).
* (Mainland China) Short for 沙特阿拉伯 (Shātè Ālābó, “Saudi Arabia”).
* (Hong Kong) Short for 沙田 (shātián, “Sha Tin”).
* a surname

##### Synonyms

* (sand):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 沙 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 沙子, 沙粒, 沙礫 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 沙子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 沙子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chengde | 沙子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 沙子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 沙子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Heihe | 沙子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Qiqihar | 沙子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 沙子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Wuchang (Yingchengzi) | 沙子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jiamusi | 沙子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Baicheng | 沙子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Changchun | 沙子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tonghua | 沙子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 沙子, 沙 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jinzhou | 沙子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Olginsky (Mikhaylovka) | 沙子 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 沙子 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 沙子, 沙 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 沙子 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Xianxian (Xiaoying) | 沙子 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 沙子 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 沙子 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Lijin | 沙子 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 沙子 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dalian | 沙子 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dandong | 沙子 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai | 沙 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 沙 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 沙子, 沙 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Zhucheng | 沙子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Lingbao | 沙 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Jining | 沙土, 沙 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 沙 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Linfen | 沙子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Shangqiu | 沙子, 沙 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yuanyang | 沙 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 沙 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xinyang | 沙子兒, 沙 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baihe | 沙子, 沙 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 沙子, 沙 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Dingbian | 沙子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baoji | 沙子, 沙 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Tianshui | 沙石 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 沙子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 沙子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Fuyang | 沙子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Qimen (Anling; Junhua) | 沙子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 沙子, 沙 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 沙子, 沙 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Dunhuang | 沙子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Hami | 沙子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 沙子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 沙子, 沙, 河沙 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanchong | 沙子, 沙 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dazhou | 沙, 河沙 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanyuan | 沙子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xichang | 沙子, 沙 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zigong | 沙 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 沙 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 沙, 沙子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yichang | 沙子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangyang | 沙 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianmen | 沙子, 沙 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 沙, 沙子, 沙沙 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zunyi | 沙子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Bijie | 沙子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liping | 沙子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zhaotong | 沙 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dali | 沙子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 沙 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mengzi | 沙子, 沙垃 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 沙子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin (Lingui) | 沙子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 沙子, 沙 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou (Luorong) | 沙子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanning (Wuming) | 沙子, 沙, 河沙 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hechi (Yizhou) | 沙子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Luocheng (Dongmen) | 沙子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianlin (Langping) | 沙子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jishou | 沙子, 沙 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Changde | 沙 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanzhong | 沙子, 沙 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dagudi (Maliba) | 沙子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Reshuitang (Longling) | 沙子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Salong (Lancang) | 沙子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Sai (Tengchong) | 沙子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Oudomxay | 沙 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Pematangsiantar | 泥沙 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 沙子, 沙 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 沙子, 沙 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianyungang | 沙 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianshui | 沙子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 沙子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Anqing | 沙 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Wuhu | 沙 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 沙子, 沙 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hong'an | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 沙, 泥沙 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 沙公 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 沙公 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Taishan (Guanghai) | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Guiping | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Guiping (Jintian) | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Guiping (Jiangkou) | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Guiping (Madong) | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Mengshan (Xihe) | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Guigang (Nanjiang) | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Beiliu (Tangliao) | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Baise | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Bobai | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Lingshan | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Pubei | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Qinzhou | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Qinzhou (Changtan) | 沙子 |
| Cantonese | Qinzhou (Xiniujiao) | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 沙, 沙子, 泥沙 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Ningming | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Hengzhou | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Hezhou (Pumen, Babu) | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Chongzuo (Laituan) | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Fusui (Qujiu) | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Móng Cái | 沙 |
| Cantonese | Mandalay (Taishan) | 沙 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 沙子, 沙 |
| Gan | Pengze | 沙子 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 沙子, 沙 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 沙子 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 沙仔, 沙 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 泥沙 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 沙 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 沙 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 沙公 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 沙 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 沙子 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 沙仔 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 沙仔 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 沙仔 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 沙 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 沙仔, 沙 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 沙 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 沙公 |
| Hakka | Beiliu (Tang'an) | 沙 |
| Hakka | Beiliu (Gonghe, Xilang) | 沙, 沙公 |
| Hakka | Xingye (Gaofeng) | 沙 |
| Hakka | Mashan (Pianlian) | 沙 |
| Hakka | Guilin (Xiaojiang, Lingui) | 沙子 |
| Hakka | Lipu (Shuangduitun) | 沙 |
| Hakka | Pingle (Tong'an) | 沙公, 沙子 |
| Hakka | Yangshuo (Jinbao) | 沙子 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 沙 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 沙 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 沙, 石沙 |
| Huizhou | Qimen (Anling; Minhua) | 沙 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 沙子 |
| Jin | Yangyuan | 沙子, 沙 |
| Jin | Datong | 沙子 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 沙子, 沙 |
| Jin | Lüliang (Lishi) | 沙子, 沙 |
| Jin | Changzhi | 沙子, 沙 |
| Jin | Linhe | 沙子 |
| Jin | Jining | 沙子 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 沙子, 沙 |
| Jin | Erenhot | 沙子 |
| Jin | Pingshan | 沙 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 沙子 |
| Jin | Handan | 沙子 |
| Jin | Linzhou | 沙 |
| Jin | Suide | 沙 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 沙 |
| Northern Min | Pucheng (Shibei) | 沙 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 沙 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 沙 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 沙 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 沙 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 沙 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 沙 |
| Southern Min | Pingnan (Shangdu) | 沙 |
| Southern Min | Pingnan (Pingtian) | 沙 |
| Southern Min | Guiping (Xiaowen) | 沙 |
| Southern Min | Guiping (Dongsheng) | 沙 |
| Southern Min | Guilin (Biyange) | 沙塗 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 沙 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 沙 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 沙 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 沙, 塗沙 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 沙, 塗沙 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang) | 沙 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang) | 沙 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu) | 沙, 塗沙 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 沙, 塗沙 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Fengting) | 沙, 塗沙 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Youyang) | 沙, 塗沙 |
| Central Min | Yong'an | 沙 |
| Central Min | Nanping (Wangtai, Yanping) | 沙 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 塗沙, 沙 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 沙 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Shajing) | 沙 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Gejiayuan) | 沙 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Zhegulu) | 沙 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Silian) | 沙 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Xiuxiang) | 沙子 |
| Southern Pinghua | Binyang | 沙子 |
| Southern Pinghua | Chongzuo (Laituan) | 沙 |
| Southern Pinghua | Liucheng (Yangmei) | 沙 |
| Southern Pinghua | Luocheng (Niubi) | 沙 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Chaoyang) | 沙子 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Zhuyuan) | 沙子 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Wutong, Lingui) | 沙, 沙子 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Liutang, Lingui) | 沙子 |
| Northern Pinghua | Lingchuan (Sanjie) | 沙哩 |
| Northern Pinghua | Lingchuan (Tanxia) | 沙 |
| Northern Pinghua | Lingchuan (Shuangzhou) | 沙哩 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guanyang (Guanyinge) | 沙子 |
| Northern Pinghua | Yangshuo (Jima) | 沙子 |
| Waxiang | Guzhang (Gaofeng) | 沙子 |
| Waxiang | Yuanling (Shaojiwan) | 沙子 |
| Waxiang | Luxi (Liangjiatan) | 沙子 |
| Waxiang | Chengbu (Xuntou) | 沙子 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 沙 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 沙, 河沙 |
| Wu | Danyang | 沙 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 沙子 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 沙 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 沙 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 沙子, 沙婆子, 沙婆 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 沙子 |
| Xiang | Quanzhou | 沙子 |
| Xiang | Guanyang (Wenshi) | 沙子 |

#### Compounds

* 一片散沙
* 一盤散沙 / 一盘散沙 (yīpánsǎnshā)
* 三沙 (Sānshā)
* 中沙 (Zhōngshā, “Zhongsha”)
* 中沙群島 / 中沙群岛 (Zhōngshā Qúndǎo)
* 丹沙 (dānshā)
* 乾村沙 / 干村沙
* 佉沙
* 勢沙 / 势沙
* 南沙群島 / 南沙群岛 (Nánshā Qúndǎo)
* 博浪沙
* 叻沙 (lèshā)
* 吐沙拉 (Tǔshālā)
* 吾合沙魯 / 吾合沙鲁 (Wúhéshālǔ)
* 吳沙 / 吴沙 (Wúshā)
* 含沙射影 (hánshāshèyǐng)
* 含沙量
* 命染黃沙 / 命染黄沙
* 唱籌量沙 / 唱筹量沙
* 喇沙 (lǎshā)
* 固沙林 (gùshālín)
* 團沙群島 / 团沙群岛 (Tuánshā Qúndǎo)
* 塗沙 / 涂沙
* 塵沙 / 尘沙
* 奓沙
* 尖沙咀 (Jiānshāzuǐ)
* 巫沙布提俑
* 巴爾沙 / 巴尔沙
* 平沙落雁
* 弄鬼搏沙
* 恆河沙數 / 恒河沙数 (hénghéshāshù)
* 愛沙尼亞 / 爱沙尼亚 (Àishāníyà)
* 懷沙 / 怀沙
* 扒沙
* 打破沙鍋 / 打破沙锅
* 折戟沉沙 (zhéjǐchénshā)
* 披沙揀金 / 披沙拣金
* 披沙簡金 / 披沙简金
* 排沙簡金 / 排沙简金
* 掿沙
* 摶沙 / 抟沙
* 摶沙作飯 / 抟沙作饭
* 摶沙嚼蠟 / 抟沙嚼蜡
* 攔沙壩 / 拦沙坝
* 散沙 (sǎnshā)
* 既不沙
* 曾母暗沙 (Zēngmǔ Ànshā)
* 村沙
* 村沙樣勢 / 村沙样势
* 板沙 (bǎnshā)
* 杷沙
* 東沙 / 东沙 (Dōngshā)
* 東沙群島 / 东沙群岛 (Dōngshā Qúndǎo)
* 查沙
* 毘婆沙部 / 毗婆沙部
* 沙丁魚 / 沙丁鱼 (shādīngyú)
* 沙三
* 沙丘 (shāqiū)
* 沙俄 (Shā'é)
* 沙克疫苗
* 沙其馬 / 沙其马
* 沙勞越 / 沙劳越
* 沙包 (shābāo)
* 沙化 (shāhuà)
* 沙參 / 沙参 (shāshēn)
* 沙口 (Shākǒu)
* 沙啞 / 沙哑 (shāyǎ)
* 沙嗲
* 沙嘴 (shāzuǐ)
* 沙噀
* 沙土 (shātǔ)
* 沙地 (shādì)
* 沙坑
* 沙坪 (Shāpíng)
* 沙基慘案 / 沙基惨案 (Shājī Cǎn'àn)
* 沙場 / 沙场 (shāchǎng)
* 沙塵 / 沙尘 (shāchén)
* 沙壪河 / 沙塆河 (Shāwānhé)
* 沙士 (shāshì)
* 沙壺 / 沙壶
* 沙子 (shāzi)
* 沙岸
* 沙崙 / 沙仑 (Shālún)
* 沙州 (Shāzhōu)
* 沙市 (Shāshì)
* 沙彌 / 沙弥 (shāmí)
* 沙微 (sa-bui) (Min Nan)
* 沙悟淨 / 沙悟净 (Shā Wùjìng)
* 沙手
* 沙拉 (shālā)
* 沙拉油 (shālāyóu)
* 沙文主義 / 沙文主义 (shāwén zhǔyì)
* 沙暴 (shābào)
* 沙柱
* 沙梨 (shālí)
* 沙棠
* 沙棗 / 沙枣 (shāzǎo)
* 沙欖 / 沙榄 (Cantonese)
* 沙殼子 / 沙壳子
* 沙水
* 沙沙 (shāshā)
* 沙汰 (shātài)
* 沙河 (Shāhé)
* 沙河口 (Shāhékǒu)
* 沙洋 (Shāyáng)
* 沙洲 (shāzhōu)
* 沙淺兒 / 沙浅儿
* 沙湖 (Shāhú)
* 沙溪 (Shāxī)
* 沙漠 (shāmò)
* 沙漏 (shālòu)
* 沙漠之舟 (shāmò zhī zhōu)
* 沙漠氣候 / 沙漠气候
* 沙灘 / 沙滩 (shātān)
* 沙牆 / 沙墙
* 沙狐 (shāhú)
* 沙獾 (shāhuān)
* 沙琪瑪 / 沙琪玛 (shāqímǎ)
* 沙瓤兒 / 沙瓤儿 (shārángr)
* 沙田 (shātián)
* 沙發 / 沙发 (shāfā)
* 沙發床 / 沙发床 (shāfāchuáng)
* 沙皇 (shāhuáng)
* 沙盤 / 沙盘 (shāpán)
* 沙盤推演 / 沙盘推演 (shāpán tuīyǎn)
* 沙礫 / 沙砾 (shālì)
* 沙窩 / 沙窝 (Shāwō)
* 沙肝兒 / 沙肝儿 (shāgānr)
* 沙船
* 沙荒
* 沙茶 (shāchá)
* 沙蕩 / 沙荡 (Shādàng)
* 沙蠶 / 沙蚕 (shācán)
* 沙袋 (shādài)
* 沙裡淘金 / 沙里淘金
* 沙賓疫苗 / 沙宾疫苗
* 沙道溝 / 沙道沟 (Shādàogōu)
* 沙道觀 / 沙道观 (Shādàoguàn)
* 沙金 (shājīn)
* 沙錢 / 沙钱
* 沙鍋 / 沙锅 (shāguō)
* 沙鎮溪 / 沙镇溪 (Shāzhènxī)
* 沙門 / 沙门 (shāmén)
* 沙陀 (Shātuó)
* 沙隆
* 沙雅 (Shāyǎ)
* 沙雕 (shādiāo)
* 沙雞 / 沙鸡 (shājī)
* 沙魚 / 沙鱼 (shāyú)
* 沙鰍 / 沙鳅 (shāqiū)
* 沙鷗 / 沙鸥 (shā'ōu)
* 沙鹿 (Shālù)
* 沙龍 / 沙龙 (shālóng)
* 泥沙 (níshā)
* 泥沙俱下
* 流沙 (liúshā)
* 流沙墜簡 / 流沙坠简
* 浪淘沙
* 海金沙 (hǎijīnshā)
* 淘沙
* 滅火沙 / 灭火沙
* 漂沙
* 炊沙成飯 / 炊沙成饭
* 炊沙鏤冰 / 炊沙镂冰
* 焦沙爛石 / 焦沙烂石
* 蒸沙成飯 / 蒸沙成饭
* 爬沙
* 猿鶴沙蟲 / 猿鹤沙虫
* 猿鶴蟲沙 / 猿鹤虫沙
* 白沙 (báishā)
* 白沙學派 / 白沙学派
* 白沙洲 (Báishāzhōu)
* 白沙灣 / 白沙湾
* 白沙鄉 / 白沙乡
* 福爾摩沙 / 福尔摩沙 (Fú'ěrmóshā)
* 稗沙門 / 稗沙门
* 紅沙 / 红沙 (Hóngshā)
* 聚沙之年
* 聚沙成塔 (jùshāchéngtǎ)
* 胠沙思水
* 英吉沙 (Yīngjíshā)
* 華沙 / 华沙 (Huáshā)
* 華沙公約 / 华沙公约
* 蟲沙微類 / 虫沙微类
* 蟲沙猿鶴 / 虫沙猿鹤
* 蠶沙 / 蚕沙 (cánshā)
* 西沙群島 / 西沙群岛 (Xīshā Qúndǎo)
* 觰沙
* 豆沙 (dòushā)
* 走石揚沙 / 走石扬沙
* 鄧沙 / 邓沙
* 金夏沙 (Jīnxiàshā)
* 金沙 (jīnshā)
* 金沙江 (Jīnshājiāng)
* 金沙灘 / 金沙滩
* 鐵沙掌 / 铁沙掌
* 長沙 / 长沙 (Chángshā)
* 長沙會戰 / 长沙会战
* 防沙堤
* 防沙林
* 阿沙不魯 / 阿沙不鲁 (a-sa-puh-luh) (Min Nan)
* 韓信囊沙 / 韩信囊沙
* 風沙 / 风沙 (fēngshā)
* 飛沙 / 飞沙
* 飛沙揚礫 / 飞沙扬砾
* 飛沙走石 / 飞沙走石 (fēi shā zǒu shí)
* 飛沙走礫 / 飞沙走砾
* 飛沙陣 / 飞沙阵
* 馬沙溝 / 马沙沟
* 鳴沙 / 鸣沙
* 鳴沙山 / 鸣沙山 (Míngshāshān)
* 麻沙本
* 黃沙蓋面 / 黄沙盖面
* 龍沙 / 龙沙

#### Descendants

* → Proto-Tai: *zwɯəjᴬ
** Proto-Southwestern Tai: *zaːjᴬ
*** Thai: ทราย (saai)

#### See also

Chinese historical small numbers :
| Value | Character | Notes |
| 10$^{-1}$ | 分 (fèn) | Still in use. SI prefix deci-. |
| 10$^{-2}$ | 厘 (lí), 釐 (lí) | Still in use. SI prefix centi-. |
| 10$^{-3}$ | 毫 (háo) | Still in use. SI prefix milli-. Also 毛 (máo). |
| 10$^{-4}$ | 絲 / 丝 (sī) | Rarely used today. |
| 10$^{-4}$ | 秒 (miǎo) | Obsolete, only in ancient texts. |
| 10$^{-5}$ | 忽 (hū) | Rarely used today. |
| 10$^{-6}$ | 微 (wēi) | Still in use. SI prefix micro-. |
| 10$^{-7}$ | 纖 / 纤 (xiān) | Obsolete. |
| 10$^{-8}$ | 沙 (shā) | Obsolete. |
| 10$^{-9}$ | 塵 / 尘 (chén) | Obsolete. 納 / 纳 (nà) and 奈 (nài) are used for nano-. |
| 10$^{-10}$ | 埃 (āi) | Obsolete. In modern use, the character for angstrom (10$^{-10}$ m). |
| 10$^{-11}$ | 渺 (miǎo) | Obsolete. |
| 10$^{-12}$ | 漠 (mò) | Obsolete. 皮 (pí) is used for SI prefix pico-. |

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shà (sha$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄕㄚˋ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shà
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄚˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shà
*** Wade–Giles: sha$^4$
*** Yale: shà
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shah
*** Palladius: ша (ša)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂä⁵¹/

#### Definitions

沙
* (dialectal) to shake in order to gather impurities to be removed

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): suō (suo$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄙㄨㄛ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: suō
*** Zhuyin: ㄙㄨㄛ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: suo
*** Wade–Giles: so$^1$
*** Yale: swō
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: suo
*** Palladius: со (so)
*** Sinological IPA : /su̯ɔ⁵⁵/

#### Definitions

沙
* (alt. form 娑) to twirl; to whirl
* (alt. form 挲) to fondle; to caress

#### Compounds

* 沙劘

### Etymology 4

* For pronunciation and definitions of 沙 – see 砂. (This character is the second-round simplified form of 砂).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

### References

* “沙”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: しゃ (sha)
* Kan-on: さ (sa, Jōyō)
* Kun: すな (suna, 沙)、いさご (isago, 沙)、よなげる (yonageru, 沙げる)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 沙
* すな Grade: S
* kun'yomi
* Kanji in this term
* 沙
* いさご Grade: S
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 沙 – see the following entry. :
| 【砂すな】6 | [noun] sand |
| 【砂いさご】6 | [noun] sand [noun] small rock Alternative spelling 沙子 |
(This term, 沙, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 沙
* しゃ Grade: S
* goon
* Kanji in this term
* 沙
* さ Grade: S
* kan'on

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɕa̠]
* IPA: [sa̠]

#### Noun

沙(しゃ) or 沙(さ) • (sha or sa)
* one hundred millionth (1 in 100,000,000)

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 沙 (MC srae|sraeH). Recorded as Middle Korean 사 (sa) (Yale: sa) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

Wikisource 沙 (eumhun 모래 사 (morae sa))
* hanja form of 사 (“sand”)
    Synonym: 砂 (사 (sa))

#### Compounds

* 백사장 (白沙場, baeksajang, “sandy beach”)
* 사공 (沙工, sagong)
* 사구 (沙丘, sagu)
* 사기 (沙器, sagi)
* 사막 (沙漠, samak, “desert”)
* 사발 (沙鉢, sabal)
* 사암 (沙巖, saam)
* 사탕 (沙糖, satang)
* 사태 (沙汰, satae)
* 사포 (沙布, sapo)
* 산사태 (山沙汰, sansatae, “landslide”)
* 토사 (土沙, tosa)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

沙: Hán Nôm readings: sa
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation
* Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
* Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
* Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville