# 稔

| 稔 | U+7A14, &#31252; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7A14 |
| ← 稓 [U+7A13] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 稕 → [U+7A15] |

## Translingual
### Han character

稔 (Kangxi radical 115, 禾+8, 13 strokes, cangjie input 竹木人戈心 (HDOIP), four-corner 2893$_2$, composition ⿰禾念)

#### Derived characters

* 𡀝, 𣿇

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 854, character 34
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25107
* Dae Jaweon: page 1280, character 1
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2614, character 7
* Unihan data for U+7A14

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 淰 | *rnɯːmʔ, *nɯːmʔ, *hnjɯmʔ |
| 唸 | *tɯːms, *tɯːns |
| 埝 | *tɯːms, *nɯːb |
| 趝 | *klɯːms, *n̥ʰɯːms |
| 諗 | *hnjɯmʔ |
| 稔 | *njɯːm |
| 棯 | *njɯmʔ |
| 腍 | *njɯmʔ |
| 捻 | *nɯːb |
| 錜 | *nɯːb |
| 敜 | *nɯːb |
| 惗 | *nɯːb, *sens |
| 菍 | *nɯːb, *nɯːd |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *njɯːm): semantic 禾 (“grain”) + phonetic 念 (OC *nɯːms).

### Etymology 1
#### “year”

    Austroasiatic (Benedict, 1990; Schuessler, 2003; Schuessler, 2007): compare Proto-Austroasiatic *c<n>am ~ *c<n>ɨm (“year”), whence Khmer ឆ្នាំ (chnam), Mon သၞာံ (hnam), Vietnamese năm.

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): rěn (ren$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄖㄣˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jam$^5$ / nam$^5$
* Eastern Min (BUC): sīng / īng
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$zen
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: rěn
*** Zhuyin: ㄖㄣˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: rěn
*** Wade–Giles: jên$^3$
*** Yale: rěn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: reen
*** Palladius: жэнь (žɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʐən²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jam$^5$ / nam$^5$
*** Yale: yáhm / náhm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jam$^5$ / nam$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yem$^5$ / nem$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɐm¹³/, /nɐm¹³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: sīng / īng
*** Sinological IPA : /siŋ³³/, /iŋ³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$zen
*** MiniDict: zen$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$zen
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zən²³/
* Middle Chinese: nyimX
Rime :
| Character | 稔 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 日 (38) |
| Final (韻) | 侵 (139) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 如甚切 |
| Baxter | nyimX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ȵiɪm$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ȵim$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȵʑjem$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ȵim$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ȵiəm$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ȵʑĭĕm$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȵʑi̯əm$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | rěn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jam$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*nimʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*njɯːm/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 稔 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | rěn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ nyim$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*nimʔ/ |
| English | harvest, year |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 稔 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 9496 |
| Phonetic component | 念 |
| Rime group | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 荏 |
| Old Chinese | /*njɯːm/ |

#### Definitions

稔
* year
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
    Zhēn wén zhī: “Guó wúdào ér niángǔ héshú. Tiān zàn zhī yě. Xiǎn bù wǔ rěn.” [Pinyin]
    I have heard the warning that: "When a state is immoral yet the yearly harvests are plentiful, Heaven is helping it; seldom not for five years."
* (of crops, grains) to ripen; ripe; mature; fully-grown
* Classifier for number of crops grown in a year: crop; harvest
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
    Guógōng bài róng yú Sāngtián. Jìn bǔ Yǎn yuē: “Guó bì wáng yǐ. Wáng Xiàyáng bùjù, ér yòu yǒugōng, shì tiān duó zhī jiàn, ér yì qí jí yě! Bì yì jìn ér bùfǔ qí mín yǐ, bùkě yǐ wǔ rěn.” [Pinyin]
    The Duke of Guo defeated the Rong at Sangtian. The Jin soothsayer Yan said: "Guo shall surely lose. He lost at Xiayang yet he was not afraid and again has done a (military) feat. Verily, Heaven is taking away his vigilance and increasing his sickness. He will surely take Jin lightly and won't comfort his people; he shan't be able to last for five harvests."
* to accumulate in the course of time; to collect; to pile up
* to be familiar with; to know
* usually; normally
* beautiful
* Alternative form of 飪 / 饪 (rèn, “to steam (till cooked)”)

#### Compounds

* 一稔
* 中稔
* 五穀豐稔 / 五谷丰稔
* 來稔 / 来稔
* 再稔
* 多歷年稔 / 多历年稔
* 大稔
* 失稔
* 小稔
* 年稔
* 年豐時稔 / 年丰时稔
* 年豐歲稔 / 年丰岁稔
* 恣凶稔惡
* 惡盈罪稔 / 恶盈罪稔
* 惡稔 / 恶稔
* 惡稔禍盈 / 恶稔祸盈
* 惡稔罪盈 / 恶稔罪盈
* 惡稔貫盈 / 恶稔贯盈
* 時和歲稔 / 时和岁稔
* 期稔
* 歲稔 / 岁稔
* 歲稔年豐 / 岁稔年丰
* 歲豐年稔 / 岁丰年稔
* 歷稔 / 历稔
* 民和年稔
* 熟稔 (shúrěn)
* 登稔
* 禍盈惡稔 / 祸盈恶稔
* 禍稔惡盈 / 祸稔恶盈
* 禍稔惡積 / 祸稔恶积
* 禍稔蕭牆 / 祸稔萧墙
* 秋稔
* 稔亂 / 稔乱
* 稔姦 / 稔奸
* 稔寇
* 稔山
* 稔年
* 稔悉
* 稔惡 / 稔恶
* 稔惡不悛 / 稔恶不悛
* 稔惡盈貫 / 稔恶盈贯
* 稔惡藏奸
* 稔慝
* 稔成
* 稔戾
* 稔收
* 稔歲 / 稔岁
* 稔泰
* 稔熟
* 稔知
* 稔禍 / 稔祸
* 稔禍胎 / 稔祸胎
* 稔稔膩膩 / 稔稔腻腻
* 稔究
* 稔聞 / 稔闻
* 稔育
* 稔膩 / 稔腻
* 稔色
* 稔謀 / 稔谋
* 稔轉 / 稔转
* 稔釁 / 稔衅
* 積稔 / 积稔
* 窮稔 / 穷稔
* 累稔
* 習稔 / 习稔
* 豐年稔歲 / 丰年稔岁
* 豐稔 / 丰稔 (fēngrěn)
* 貫盈惡稔 / 贯盈恶稔
* 連稔 / 连稔
* 釁稔惡盈 / 衅稔恶盈

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Cantonese (Jyutping): nim$^1$
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: nim$^1$
*** Yale: nīm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: nim$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: nim$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /niːm⁵⁵/

#### Definitions

稔
* (Cantonese) Alternative form of 棯 (nim1, “rose myrtle”)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: にん (nin)
* Kan-on: じん (jin)
* Kan’yō-on: ねん (nen)
* Kun: みのる (minoru, 稔る)、みのり (minori, 稔)
* Nanori: とし (toshi)

### Proper noun

稔(みのる) • (Minoru)
* a male given name

## Korean
### Hanja

稔 • (im, yeom) (hangeul 임, 염, revised im, yeom, McCune–Reischauer im, yŏm, Yale im, yem)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

稔: Hán Nôm readings: nhẫm, nậm, nẫm
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.