# 瓦

| 瓦 | U+74E6, &#29926; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-74E6 |
| ← 瓥 [U+74E5] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 瓧 → [U+74E7] |
| ⽡ | U+2F61, &#12129; KANGXI RADICAL TILE |
| ← ⽠ [U+2F60] | Kangxi Radicals | ⽢ → [U+2F62] |

## Translingual
### Han character

瓦 (Kangxi radical 98, 瓦+0, 5 strokes in Chinese in traditional Chinese, 4 strokes in mainland China, 5 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 一女弓戈 (MVNI), four-corner 1071$_7$, composition ⿵⿸⿱一𠄌㇈丶(G) or ⿵⿸⿱丅㇀㇈丶(HTJKV))
* Kangxi radical #98, ⽡.

#### Derived characters

* Appendix:Chinese radical/瓦
* 佤, 咓, 㧚, 𭯽, 𣐎, 珁, 𥘳, 㽍, 砙, 𮕰, 𡨍, 𦍭, 缻, 𮗩, 𧧀, 𨀄, 𨠛, 𨥯, 𩐛, 䰛, 𩶏, 𤁦, 齀
* 邷, 𦓓, 𩿺(𬸁), 𡊝, 𡧗, 𭖋, 𦭈, 𥥟, 𨋐, 旊, 𢦭, 𠩅, 𢋩

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 747, character 36
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 21438
* Dae Jaweon: page 1156, character 5
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1421, character 3
* Unihan data for U+74E6

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 瓦 :
| Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 瓦 | *ŋʷraːlʔ, *ŋʷraːls |
| 邷 | *ŋʷraːlʔ |
Pictogram (象形) – fired earthenware pottery, or a tile.

### Etymology 1

Possibly derived from 化 (OC *hŋʷraːls, “to transform”) by eliminating causative devoicing and adding an endoactive rising tone (上聲), literally “that which has transformed (through fire)” (Schuessler, 2007).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): wǎ (wa$^3$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄨㄚˇ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): wa$^3$
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): ва (va, II)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ngaa$^5$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): nga$^2$
* Gan (Wiktionary): ua$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ngá
    (Hailu, HRS): nga$^ˊ$ / ngua$^ˊ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): nga$^3$
* Jin (Wiktionary): va$^2$
* Northern Min (KCR): uà
* Eastern Min (BUC): nguâ / nguā
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hiā / hiǎ / hōa / hǒa / góa / óa
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hia$^6$ / ua$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$ngo
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ua$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wǎ
*** Zhuyin: ㄨㄚˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wǎ
*** Wade–Giles: wa$^3$
*** Yale: wǎ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: woa
*** Palladius: ва (va)
*** Sinological IPA : /wä²¹⁴/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: wa$^3$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ua
*** Sinological IPA : /ua⁵³/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: ва (va, II)
*** Sinological IPA : /va⁵¹/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ngaa$^5$
*** Yale: ngáh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ngaa$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: nga$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋaː¹³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: nga$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /ᵑɡa⁵⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: ua$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /ua²¹³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngá
*** Hakka Romanization System: nga$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: nga$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋa³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: nga$^ˊ$ / ngua$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋa²⁴/, /ŋua²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: nga$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋa³¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: va$^2$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /va⁵³/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: uà
*** Sinological IPA : /ua⁴²/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: nguâ / nguā
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋuɑ²⁴²/, /ŋua³³/
* nguâ - vernacular;
* nguā - literary.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit瓦 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ua²¹⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ua²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /vɑ¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /va⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /va⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ua⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /ua⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /ua⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /va⁵³/ ～房 |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /va⁴⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /va⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /ua⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /ua⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /ua⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ua̠⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /uɑ²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /ua²⁴/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /va⁵³/ 磚～ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /uɑ⁵³/ 名詞 |
| Jin | Hohhot | /va⁵³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ŋo²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ŋo³¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ʔuɑ⁵³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ŋo³⁵/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /ua³⁵/ /ŋa³⁵/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /ŋɔ²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /ua⁴¹/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /uɒ⁴²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /uɑ²¹³/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /ŋa³¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /ŋɑ³¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /ŋa²³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /ŋa²⁴/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /ŋa¹³/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /gua⁵³/ /hia²²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /ua³²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /ua⁴²/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /ua⁵³/ /hia³⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /hia³³/ |
* Middle Chinese: ngwaeX
Rime :
| Character | 瓦 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (99) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 五寡切 |
| Baxter | ngwaeX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ŋˠua$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ŋʷᵚa$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ŋua$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ŋwaɨ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ŋua$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ŋwa$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ŋwa$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | wǎ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ngaa$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.ŋʷˤra[j]ʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋʷraːlʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 瓦 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | wǎ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ngwæ$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*C.ŋʷˁra[j]ʔ/ |
| English | roof tile |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 瓦 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 12601 |
| Phonetic component | 瓦 |
| Rime group | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 瓦 |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋʷraːlʔ/ |

#### Definitions

瓦
* earthenware; earthenware pottery
* tile (roof covering)
* (historical) back of shield (arching, as if it is covered by tile)
* (historical) amusement park; market
* (historical, dialectal) protecting plate of wheel
* (music) Alternative name for 土 (tǔ, “earth”).
* Ancient placename in modern Hua County, Henan.
* a surname, Wa

#### Compounds

* 七十瓦上霜，八十不稀奇 (qīshí wǎ shàng shuāng, bāshí bù xīqí)
* 上無片瓦遮身，下無立錐之地 / 上无片瓦遮身，下无立锥之地
* 三瓦兩舍 / 三瓦两舍
* 三瓦四舍
* 丟下瓦磚兒，一個個要著地 / 丢下瓦砖儿，一个个要著地
* 丟磚料瓦 / 丢砖料瓦
* 冰散瓦解
* 冰消瓦解 (bīngxiāowǎjiě)
* 化瓦糧 / 化瓦粮
* 南瓦子
* 反打瓦
* 各人自掃檐前雪，莫管他家瓦上霜 / 各人自扫檐前雪，莫管他家瓦上霜
* 各人自掃門前雪，休管他人瓦上霜 / 各人自扫门前雪，休管他人瓦上霜
* 各人自掃門前雪，莫管他家瓦上霜 / 各人自扫门前雪，莫管他家瓦上霜
* 吃瓦片兒 / 吃瓦片儿 (chī wǎpiànr)
* 單浪瓦房子 / 单浪瓦房子
* 土崩瓦解 (tǔbēngwǎjiě)
* 土雞瓦犬 / 土鸡瓦犬
* 大小金瓦寺
* 寧可玉碎，不為瓦全 / 宁可玉碎，不为瓦全
* 寧可玉碎，不能瓦全 / 宁可玉碎，不能瓦全
* 寧為玉碎，不為瓦全 / 宁为玉碎，不为瓦全
* 小青瓦
* 屋瓦 (wūwǎ)
* 弄瓦 (nòngwǎ)
* 弄瓦之喜 (nòngwǎzhīxǐ)
* 打瓦
* 明瓦
* 望風瓦解 / 望风瓦解
* 木瓦 (mùwǎ)
* 朱瓦碧甍
* 朱甍碧瓦
* 板瓦 (bǎnwǎ)
* 根椽片瓦
* 毀方瓦合 / 毁方瓦合
* 毀瓦畫墁 / 毁瓦画墁
* 泥瓦匠 (níwǎjiàng)
* 泥豬瓦狗 / 泥猪瓦狗
* 添磚加瓦 / 添砖加瓦 (tiānzhuānjiāwǎ)
* 滴水瓦
* 片瓦根椽
* 片瓦無存 / 片瓦无存
* 琉璃瓦 (liúlíwǎ)
* 瓦下
* 瓦全 (wǎquán)
* 瓦剌 (Wǎlā)
* 瓦匠 (wǎjiàng)
* 瓦合
* 瓦合之卒
* 瓦器 (wǎqì)
* 瓦器蚌盤 / 瓦器蚌盘
* 瓦圈 (wǎquān)
* 瓦埠 (Wǎbù)
* 瓦塊 / 瓦块
* 瓦壟 / 瓦垄 (wǎlǒng)
* 瓦壟子 / 瓦垄子
* 瓦子
* 瓦屋 (wǎwū)
* 瓦市
* 瓦影龜魚 / 瓦影龟鱼
* 瓦松 (wǎsōng)
* 瓦棺篆鼎
* 瓦楞 (wǎléng)
* 瓦楞子 (wǎléngzi)
* 瓦楞帽
* 瓦楞紙 / 瓦楞纸
* 瓦溝 / 瓦沟
* 瓦灶繩床 / 瓦灶绳床
* 瓦片 (wǎpiàn)
* 瓦獸 / 瓦兽
* 瓦當 / 瓦当 (wǎdāng)
* 瓦當文 / 瓦当文
* 瓦盆
* 瓦石峽 / 瓦石峡 (Wǎshíxiá)
* 瓦碴兒 / 瓦碴儿
* 瓦礫 / 瓦砾 (wǎlì)
* 瓦窯 / 瓦窑 (wǎyáo)
* 瓦罐
* 瓦罐不離井上破 / 瓦罐不离井上破
* 瓦舍 (wǎshè)
* 瓦解 (wǎjiě)
* 瓦解冰泮
* 瓦解冰消
* 瓦解冰銷 / 瓦解冰销
* 瓦解土崩
* 瓦解星散
* 瓦解星飛 / 瓦解星飞
* 瓦解雲散 / 瓦解云散
* 瓦釜之鳴 / 瓦釜之鸣
* 瓦釜雷鳴 / 瓦釜雷鸣
* 瓷瓦兒 / 瓷瓦儿
* 石棉瓦
* 破瓦頹垣 / 破瓦颓垣
* 硯瓦 / 砚瓦 (yànwǎ)
* 碧瓦
* 碧瓦朱甍
* 磚瓦 / 砖瓦 (zhuānwǎ)
* 繩床瓦灶 / 绳床瓦灶
* 纍瓦結繩 / 累瓦结绳
* 缸瓦 (gāngwǎ)
* 虛舟飄瓦 / 虚舟飘瓦
* 銅瓦 / 铜瓦
* 陶犬瓦雞 / 陶犬瓦鸡
* 雷鳴瓦釜 / 雷鸣瓦釜
* 青瓦臺 / 青瓦台 (Qīngwǎtái)
* 飛磚擲瓦 / 飞砖掷瓦
* 鴛鴦瓦 / 鸳鸯瓦

#### Descendants

* → Proto-Hmong-Mien: *ŋʷæX (“tile”)
* → Vietnamese: ngói (“tile”)
* → Zhuang: vax (“tile”)

### Etymology 2

Derived from etymology 1 with denominal verbalization.

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): wà (wa$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄨㄚˋ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ngaa$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): nga$^2$
* Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): nga$^3$
* Jin (Wiktionary): va$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hiā / gōa
    (Teochew, Peng'im): huê$^7$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wà
*** Zhuyin: ㄨㄚˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wà
*** Wade–Giles: wa$^4$
*** Yale: wà
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wah
*** Palladius: ва (va)
*** Sinological IPA : /wä⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ngaa$^6$
*** Yale: ngah
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ngaa$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: nga$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋaː²²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: nga$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /ᵑɡa⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: nga$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋa³¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: va$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /va⁴⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiā
*** Tâi-lô: hiā
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hia
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hia²²/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gōa
*** Tâi-lô: guā
*** Phofsit Daibuun: goa
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ɡua²²/
* hiā - vernacular;
* gōa - literary.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit瓦 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ua⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | |
| Mandarin | Jinan | |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | |
| Mandarin | Xining | |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /va¹³/ ～刀 |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | |
| Mandarin | Kunming | |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | |
| Mandarin | Hefei | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /va⁴⁵/ 泥～匠 |
| Jin | Pingyao | /uɑ³⁵/ 動詞 |
| Jin | Hohhot | |
| Wu | Shanghai | |
| Wu | Suzhou | |
| Wu | Hangzhou | |
| Wu | Wenzhou | |
| Hui | Shexian | |
| Hui | Tunxi | |
| Xiang | Changsha | |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | |
| Gan | Nanchang | |
| Hakka | Meixian | |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | |
| Cantonese | Nanning | |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | |
* Middle Chinese: ngwaeH
Rime :
| Character | 瓦 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (99) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 五化切 |
| Baxter | ngwaeH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ŋˠua$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ŋʷᵚa$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ŋua$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ŋwaɨ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ŋua$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ŋwa$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ŋwa$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | wà |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ngaa$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋʷraːls/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 瓦 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 12603 |
| Phonetic component | 瓦 |
| Rime group | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 瓦 |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋʷraːls/ |

#### Definitions

瓦
* to tile; to cover with tiles

#### Compounds

* 瓦刀 (wàdāo)

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): wǎ (wa$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄨㄚˇ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ngaa$^5$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): nga$^2$
* Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): nga$^3$
* Eastern Min (BUC): nguā
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): óa
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ua$^1$ / ua$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wǎ
*** Zhuyin: ㄨㄚˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wǎ
*** Wade–Giles: wa$^3$
*** Yale: wǎ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: woa
*** Palladius: ва (va)
*** Sinological IPA : /wä²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ngaa$^5$
*** Yale: ngáh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ngaa$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: nga$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋaː¹³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: nga$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /ᵑɡa⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: nga$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋa³¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: nguā
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋua³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: óa
*** Tâi-lô: uá
*** Phofsit Daibuun: oar
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ua⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ua⁵⁵⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ua$^1$ / ua$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ua / uá
*** Sinological IPA : /ua³³/, /ua⁵²/

#### Definitions

瓦
* Used in transcription.
* Short for 瓦特 (wǎtè, “watt”).

##### Synonyms

* (watt):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 瓦特, 瓦 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 瓦 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 支光 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 支光, 瓦 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 瓦 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dagudi (Maliba) | 瓦 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Reshuitang (Longling) | 瓦 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Salong (Lancang) | 瓦 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Sai (Tengchong) | 瓦 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 火, 𡆇 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 火, 𡆇 |
| Cantonese | Taishan (Guanghai) | 瓦 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 瓦 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 瓦, 火 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 瓦 |
| Cantonese | Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 瓦 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 瓦 |
| Cantonese | Móng Cái | 瓦 |
| Cantonese | Mandalay (Taishan) | 度 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 𡆇 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 瓦 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 支光 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 支光 |

#### Compounds

* 亞瓦格 / 亚瓦格 (yàwǎgé)
* 伊洛瓦底江 (Yīluòwǎdǐ Jiāng)
* 催淚瓦斯 / 催泪瓦斯 (cuīlèi wǎsī)
* 努瓦克肖特 (Nǔwǎkèxiàotè)
* 千瓦 (qiānwǎ)
* 千瓦時 / 千瓦时
* 史瓦濟蘭 / 史瓦济兰 (Shǐwǎjìlán)
* 吐瓦魯 / 吐瓦鲁 (Tǔwǎlǔ)
* 哈瓦那 (Hāwǎnà)
* 喀瓦克 (Kāwǎkè)
* 圖瓦 / 图瓦 (Túwǎ)
* 天然瓦斯
* 密涅瓦 (Mìnièwǎ)
* 巴依阿瓦提 (Bāyī'āwǎtí)
* 德拉瓦河
* 扎瓦 (Zhāwǎ)
* 摩爾多瓦 / 摩尔多瓦 (Mó'ěrduōwǎ)
* 斯里賈亞瓦德納普拉科特 / 斯里贾亚瓦德纳普拉科特 (Sīlǐ Jiǎyàwǎdénàpǔlā Kētè)
* 日內瓦 / 日内瓦 (Rìnèiwǎ)
* 日內瓦公約 / 日内瓦公约
* 杜瓦 (Dùwǎ)
* 毒瓦斯 (dúwǎsī)
* 液化瓦斯
* 液體瓦斯 / 液体瓦斯
* 瓦努阿圖 / 瓦努阿图 (Wǎnǔ'ātú)
* 瓦斯 (wǎsī)
* 瓦斯中毒
* 瓦斯彈 / 瓦斯弹
* 瓦斯槍 / 瓦斯枪
* 瓦斯爐 / 瓦斯炉 (wǎsīlú)
* 瓦斯車 / 瓦斯车
* 瓦根基 (Wǎgēnjī)
* 瓦特 (wǎtè)
* 瓦特表
* 窩瓦河 / 窝瓦河
* 納瓦 / 纳瓦 (Nàwǎ)
* 英阿瓦提 (Yīng'āwǎtí)
* 薩爾瓦多 / 萨尔瓦多 (Sà'ěrwǎduō)
* 蘇瓦 / 苏瓦 (Sūwǎ)
* 赤瓦不剌海
* 阿瓦
* 阿瓦提 (Āwǎtí)
* 雅瓦 (Yǎwǎ)

### References

* “瓦”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* tile
* gram, gramme

#### Readings

* Go-on: げ (ge)
* Kan-on: が (ga, Jōyō)
* Kun: かわら (kawara, 瓦, Jōyō)、グラム (guramu, 瓦)

#### Compounds

* 瓦(が)解(かい) (gakai, “collapse, downfall”)
* 瓦(が)礫(れき) (gareki, “rubble, wreckage”)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 瓦
* かわら Grade: S
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 𦨞 (rare)
/kapara/ → /kaɸara/ → /kawara/
Probably from Sanskrit कपाल (kapāla, “cup, bowl, skull”), possibly via Middle Chinese 迦波羅 (MC kae pa la). Along with Buddhism, roof tiles came to Japan in the Asuka period.
Cognate with 骨, 䯊 (kawara, “a bone, particularly a covering bone such as a skull or kneecap”).
Folk etymologies include:
* From 変わら (kawara), the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of verb 変わる (kawaru, “to change”), from the idea that tiles were produced by changing the clay into pottery through firing

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かわら [kàwárá] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ka̠β̞a̠ɾa̠]

#### Noun

瓦(かわら) • (kawara)
* roof tile

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 瓦
* グラム Grade: S
* kun'yomi
Abbreviation of transliterated ateji (当て字) spelling 瓦(グ)蘭(ラ)姆(ム) (guramu), attested in the Meiji period. The term グラム (guramu) itself was borrowed from either English gram or French gramme.
Once considered a 国字 (kokuji, “national character”, a kanji coined in Japan), another example being 瓲(トン) (ton, “ton, tonne”).
For pronunciation and definitions of 瓦 – see the following entry. :
| 【グラム】 | [noun] gram (unit of mass) [counter] gram (unit of mass) Alternative spelling g |
(This term, 瓦, is an alternative spelling (dated) of the above term.) :

#### Derived terms

* 瓱(ミリグラム) (miriguramu, “milligram, milligramme”)
* 甅(センチグラム) (senchiguramu, “centigram, centigramme”)
* 瓰(デシグラム) (deshiguramu, “decigram, decigramme”)
* 瓧(デカグラム) (dekaguramu, “decagram, decagramme”)
* 瓸(ヘクトグラム) (hekutoguramu, “hectogram, hectogramme”)
* 瓩(キログラム) (kiroguramu, “kilogram, kilogramme”)

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 瓦
* が Grade: S
* kan'on
From Middle Chinese 瓦 (MC ngwaeX|ngwaeH).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɡa̠]

#### Affix

瓦(が) • (ga)
* roof tile
* Used phonetically.
    瓦斯(ガス) (gasu): gas

##### Derived terms

* 瓦当(がとう) (gatō)

### References

* 1 2 3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ “瓦・𦨞”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* 1 2 “瓦”, in 改訂新版 世界大百科事典 (Kaitei Shinpan Sekai Dai-hyakka Jiten, “Heibonsha World Encyclopedia Revised Edition”)‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Heibonsha, 2007, →ISBN
* ↑ “瓦”, in 日本大百科全書：ニッポニカ (Nippon Dai Hyakka Zensho: Nipponica, “Encyclopedia Nipponica”)‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 1984
* ↑ “瓦”, in ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典 (Buritanika Kokusai Dai Hyakka Jiten: Shō Kōmoku Jiten, “Encyclopædia Britannica International: Micropædia”)‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Britannica Japan Co., Ltd., 2014
* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 瓦 (MC ngwaeX).
* Recorded as Middle Korean ᅌᅪᆼ〯 (Yale: ngwǎ) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 와〯 (wǎ) (Yale: wǎ) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [wa̠]
* Phonetic hangul: [와]

### Hanja

Wikisource 瓦 (eumhun 기와 와 (giwa wa))
* hanja form of 와 (“roof tile”)

#### Compounds

* 연와 (煉瓦, yeonwa)
* 와가 (瓦家, waga)
* 와괴 (瓦壞, wagoe)
* 와기 (瓦器, wagi)
* 와력 (瓦礫, waryeok)
* 와송 (瓦松, wasong)
* 와옥 (瓦屋, waok)
* 와전 (瓦傳, wajeon)
* 와편 (瓦片, wapyeon)
* 와해 (瓦解, wahae)
* 청와 (靑瓦, cheong'wa)
* 청와대 (靑瓦臺, cheong'wadae)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

瓦: Hán Nôm readings: ngõa/ngoã, ngói, ngoa
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.