# 牌

| 牌 | U+724C, &#29260; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-724C |
| ← 牋 [U+724B] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 牍 → [U+724D] |

## Translingual
### Han character

牌 (Kangxi radical 91, 片+8, 12 strokes, cangjie input 中中竹竹十 (LLHHJ), four-corner 2604$_0$, composition ⿰片卑)

#### Derived characters

* 簰

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 693, character 34
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 19854
* Dae Jaweon: page 1106, character 28
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2016, character 28
* Unihan data for U+724C

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 捭 | *preːʔ |
| 牌 | *breː, *breː |
| 郫 | *breː, *bre, *be |
| 蠯 | *breː, *be, *breːŋʔ |
| 猈 | *breːʔ, *breː |
| 稗 | *breːs |
| 粺 | *breːs |
| 𥱼 | *breː |
| 豍 | *peː |
| 箄 | *peː, *pe, *peʔ |
| 錍 | *pʰeː, *pe |
| 睥 | *pʰeːs |
| 渒 | *pʰeːs, *pe |
| 鼙 | *beː |
| 鞞 | *beː, *pe, *peʔ, *peːŋʔ |
| 椑 | *beː, *pe, *beɡ, *beːɡ |
| 崥 | *beː, *peʔ |
| 髀 | *beːʔ, *peʔ, *piʔ |
| 卑 | *pe |
| 鵯 | *pe, *pʰiɡ |
| 裨 | *pe, *be |
| 痺 | *pe |
| 碑 | *pre |
| 婢 | *peʔ, *beʔ |
| 諀 | *pʰeʔ |
| 脾 | *be |
| 埤 | *be |
| 陴 | *be |
| 蜱 | *be, *mbew |
| 焷 | *be |
| 螷 | *be, *breːŋʔ |
| 庳 | *beʔ |
| 琕 | *biːŋ |
| 萆 | *beɡ, *slɯʔ |
| 綼 | *biɡ, *peːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *breː, *breː): semantic 片 + phonetic 卑 (OC *pe).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): pái (pai$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄆㄞˊ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): пэ (pe, I)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): paai$^4$ / paai$^{4-2}$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): pai$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): phài
    (Hailu, HRS): pai
* Jin (Wiktionary): pai$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): bǎi
* Eastern Min (BUC): bà̤
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): bai$^2$ / be$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): pâi
    (Teochew, Peng'im): bai$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$ba
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: pái
*** Zhuyin: ㄆㄞˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: pái
*** Wade–Giles: pʻai$^2$
*** Yale: pái
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: pair
*** Palladius: пай (paj)
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰaɪ̯³⁵/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: пэ (pe, I)
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰɛ²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: paai$^4$ / paai$^{4-2}$
*** Yale: pàaih / páai
*** Cantonese Pinyin: paai$^4$ / paai$^{4-2}$
*** Guangdong Romanization: pai$^4$ / pai$^{4-2}$
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰaːi̯²¹/, /pʰaːi̯²¹⁻³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: pai$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰai²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: phài
*** Hakka Romanization System: pai$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: pai$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /pʰai̯¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: pai
*** Sinological IPA: /pʰai⁵⁵/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: pai$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /pʰai¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: bǎi
*** Sinological IPA : /pai²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: bà̤
*** Sinological IPA : /pɛ⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: bai$^2$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: bái
*** Sinological IPA : /pai¹³/
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: be$^2$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: bá̤
*** Sinological IPA : /pe¹³/
* bai2 - literary;
* be2 - vernacular.
* Middle Chinese: bea, beaj
Rime :
| Character | 牌 | 牌 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 並 (3) | 並 (3) |
| Final (韻) | 佳 (31) | 皆 (33) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | II | II |
| Fanqie | 薄佳切 | 步皆切 |
| Baxter | bea | beaj |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /bˠɛ/ | /bˠɛi/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /bᵚæ/ | /bᵚæi/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /bæi/ | /bɐi/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /baɨj/ | /bəɨj/ |
| Li Rong | /bɛ/ | /bɛi/ |
| Wang Li | /bai/ | /bɐi/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /bʱai/ | /bʱăi/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | pái | pái |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | paai$^4$ | paai$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*breː/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 牌 | 牌 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 349 | 355 |
| Phonetic component | 卑 | 卑 |
| Rime group | 支 | 支 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 牌 | 排 |
| Old Chinese | /*breː/ | /*breː/ |

### Definitions

牌
* board; plate
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) census plate
* signboard; placard; sign; tablet
* brand; trademark
    椰樹牌／椰树牌 ― Yēshù pái ― “Coconut Palm” brand
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) nameplate
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Name of a type of historical documents delivered to the lower levels.
* (card games, mahjong, dominoes) playing cards; cards; dominoes; mahjong; etc. (Classifier: 張／张 m c; 飛／飞 c)
    打牌 ― dǎpái ― to play cards
    洗牌 ― xǐpái ― to shuffle cards
       Wǒ jiù shèng yī zhāng pái le! [Pinyin]
       I have only one card left!
* (figurative) card (a resource or an argument, used to achieve a purpose)
       Zhōngfāng jǐnggào Yìndù bùyào dǎ “Xīcáng pái”. [Pinyin]
       China warns India not to play the “Tibet card”.
* (Hong Kong) licence (Classifier: 個／个 c)
    無牌／无牌 [Cantonese] ― mou$^4$ paai$^4$ [Jyutping] ― unlicensed
    考牌 [Cantonese] ― haau$^2$ paai$^4$ [Jyutping] ― to take a test for a licence
* list (of prices)
* shield
* memorial (gateway or building)
* pitch (style) of ancient Chinese poetry (ci) or music (qu)
* manner; air; shape
* (Cantonese) medal (Classifier: 塊／块 c)
    攞牌／𫽋牌 [Cantonese] ― lo$^2$ paai$^{4-2}$ [Jyutping] ― to win a medal
* (Southern Min) plaque; memorial tablet
* (Jilu Mandarin) Classifier for card games: round
* a surname, Pai

#### Synonyms

* (brand):
* 品牌 (pǐnpái)
* 商品名 (shāngpǐnmíng)
* 商標 / 商标 (shāngbiāo)
* 商號 / 商号 (shānghào)
* 嘜頭 / 唛头 (Hokkien, chiefly Cantonese, Teochew, chiefly Cantonese)
* 標頭 / 标头 (Hokkien, Puxian Min)
* 牌號 / 牌号 (páihào)

### Compounds

* 三元牌 (sānyuánpái)
* 偉士牌 / 伟士牌
* 優諾牌 / 优诺牌
* 冒牌 (màopái)
* 叫牌 (jiàopái)
* 名牌 (míngpái)
* 和牌 (húpái)
* 品牌 (pǐnpái)
* 啤牌
* 多米諾骨牌 / 多米诺骨牌 (duōmǐnuò gǔpái)
* 大牌 (dàpái)
* 姓名牌 (xìngmíngpái)
* 將牌 / 将牌 (jiàngpái)
* 廣告牌 / 广告牌 (guǎnggàopái)
* 廠牌 / 厂牌 (chǎngpái)
* 打牌 (dǎpái)
* 招牌 (zhāopái)
* 掛牌 / 挂牌 (guàpái)
* 揭牌 (jiēpái)
* 摘牌 (zhāipái)
* 撲克牌 / 扑克牌
* 擋箭牌 / 挡箭牌 (dǎngjiànpái)
* 攤牌 / 摊牌 (tānpái)
* 旗牌
* 月份牌 (yuèfènpái)
* 標牌 / 标牌 (biāopái)
* 標語牌 / 标语牌 (biāoyǔpái)
* 橋牌 / 桥牌 (qiáopái)
* 殼牌 / 壳牌
* 汽車號牌 / 汽车号牌
* 洗牌 (xǐpái)
* 無將牌 / 无将牌
* 無牌 / 无牌
* 牌仔
* 牌位 (páiwèi)
* 牌價 / 牌价 (páijià)
* 牌匾 (páibiǎn)
* 牌坊 (páifāng)
* 牌子 (páizi)
* 牌戲 / 牌戏
* 牌樓 / 牌楼 (páilóu)
* 牌照 (páizhào)
* 牌號 / 牌号 (páihào)
* 狗牌 (gǒupái)
* 獎牌 / 奖牌 (jiǎngpái)
* 王牌 (wángpái)
* 玩牌
* 甩牌
* 登機牌 / 登机牌 (dēngjīpái)
* 發牌 / 发牌 (fāpái)
* 盾牌 (dùnpái)
* 石牌 (shípái)
* 萬智牌 / 万智牌
* 站牌 (zhànpái)
* 符牌
* 箭牌 (jiànpái)
* 紅牌 / 红牌 (hóngpái)
* 紙牌 / 纸牌 (zhǐpái)
* 老牌 (lǎopái)
* 葛牌 (Gěpái)
* 虎牌
* 虎頭牌 / 虎头牌
* 號牌 / 号牌 (hàopái)
* 號碼牌 / 号码牌
* 貼牌 / 贴牌 (tiēpái)
* 車牌 / 车牌 (chēpái)
* 車號牌 / 车号牌
* 金牌 (jīnpái)
* 釘牌 / 钉牌
* 銀牌 / 银牌 (yínpái)
* 銅牌 / 铜牌 (tóngpái)
* 門牌 / 门牌 (ménpái)
* 雜牌 / 杂牌 (zápái)
* 雙牌 / 双牌 (Shuāngpái)
* 頭牌 / 头牌
* 風牌 / 风牌 (fēngpái)
* 餐牌 (cānpái)
* 骨牌 (gǔpái)
* 麻將牌 / 麻将牌 (májiàngpái)
* 黃牌 / 黄牌 (huángpái)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 牌(はい) (hai)
* → Korean: 패(牌) (pae)
* → Vietnamese: bài (牌)
Others:
* → Burmese: ဖဲ (hpai:, “playing cards; game of cards”)
* → Khmer: បៀ (biə, “playing cards”)
* → Lao: ໄພ້ (phai, “playing cards”)
* → Lü: ᦘᦻᧉ (phaay², “playing cards”)
* → Shan: ၽၢႆႉ (phâ̰ai, “domino, playing cards”)
* → Thai: ไพ่ (pâi, “playing cards”)
* → White Hmong: phaib (“playing cards”)
* → Zhuang: bej (“playing cards”)

### References

* “牌”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “牌”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 170.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* a small, written slip of paper: ticket, receipt, label, etc.
* sign, placard
* playing card, mahjong tile
* shield, buckler

#### Readings

* Go-on: べ (be)
* Kan-on: はい (hai)
* Kun: ふだ (fuda, 牌)

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 牌 (MC bea|beaj).

### Hanja

牌 (eumhun 패 패 (pae pae))
* hanja form of 패 (“tablet”)

#### Compounds

* 깡패 (깡牌, kkangpae, “bully”)
* 명패 (名牌, myeongpae, “name tag”)
* 방패 (防牌/旁牌, bangpae, “shield”)
* 패거리 (牌거리, paegeori, “(pejorative) gang, clique”)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

牌: Hán Nôm readings: bài, bìa, bời
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.