# gad
## English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡæd/
** Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Rhymes: -æd

### Etymology 1

Euphemistic alteration of God.

#### Interjection

gad
* An exclamation roughly equivalent to by God, goodness gracious, for goodness' sake.
** 1905, Edith Wharton, chapter 13, in The House of Mirth:That's the trouble — it was too easy for you — you got reckless — thought you could turn me inside out, and chuck me in the gutter like an empty purse. But, by gad, that ain't playing fair: that's dodging the rules of the game.

##### Derived terms

* egads
* egad

### Etymology 2

From Middle English gadden (“to hurry, to rush about”).

#### Verb

gad (third-person singular simple present gads, present participle gadding, simple past and past participle gadded)
* (intransitive) To move from one location to another in an apparently random and frivolous manner.
    Synonym: gallivant
** 1852, Alice Cary, Clovernook ....‎:This, I suppose, is the virgin who abideth still in the house with you. She is not given, I hope, to gadding overmuch, nor to vain and foolish decorations of her person with ear-rings and finger-rings, and crisping-pins: for such are unprofitable, yea, abominable.
** 1903, Howard Pyle, The Story of King Arthur and His Knights, Part III, Chapter Fourth, page 123
    So when he saw King Arthur he said: "Thou knave! Wherefore didst thou quit thy work to go a-gadding?"
** 1888–1891, Herman Melville, “[Billy Budd, Foretopman.] Chapter [HTTP://GUTENBERG.NET.AU/EBOOKS06/0608511H.HTML 19].”, in Billy Budd and Other Stories, London: John Lehmann, published 1951, →OCLC:But there is no telling the sacrament, seldom if in any case revealed to the gadding world, wherever under circumstances at all akin to those here attempted to be set forth, two of great Nature's nobler order embrace.
** 1960, P[elham] G[renville] Wodehouse, chapter XIII, in Jeeves in the Offing, London: Herbert Jenkins, →OCLC:If you are on the board of governors of a school and have contracted to supply an orator for the great day of the year, you can be forgiven for feeling a trifle jumpy when you learn that the silver-tongued one has gadded off to the metropolis, leaving no word as to when he will be returning, if ever.
* (of cattle) To run with the tail in the air, bent over the back, usually in an attempt to escape the warble fly.

##### Derived terms

* gadabout
* gadder
* gaddish, gaddishness

##### Translations
#### Noun

gad (plural gads)
* One who roams about idly; a gadabout.

### Etymology 3

From Middle English gade (“a fool, simpleton, rascal, scoundrel; bastard”), from Old English *gada (“fellow, companion, comrade, associate”), from Proto-West Germanic *gadō, from Proto-Germanic *gadô, *gagadô (“companion, associate”), related to Proto-West Germanic *gaduling (“kinsman”). Cognate with Dutch gade (“spouse”), German Gatte (“male spouse, husband”). See also gadling.

#### Alternative forms

* ged, gade

#### Noun

gad (plural gads)
* (Northern England, Scotland, derogatory) A greedy and/or stupid person.
    Get over here, ye good-for-nothing gadǃ
** 1913, George Gordon, The Auld Clay Biggin:Ye greedy ged, ye have taken the very breath out o' me.

#### References

* The Dictionary of the Scots Language

### Etymology 4

From Middle English gad, gadde, borrowed from Old Norse gaddr (“goad, spike”), from Proto-Germanic *gazdaz (“spike, rod, stake”). Doublet of goad and yard.
* This entry needs a photograph or drawing for illustration. Please try to find a suitable image on Wikimedia Commons or upload one there yourself!

#### Noun

gad (plural gads)
* (especially UK, US, dialect) A goad, a sharp-pointed rod for driving cattle, horses, etc, or one with a whip or thong on the end for the same purpose.
    Hyponym: goad
** 1684, Meriton, Praise Ale, l. 100, in 1851, James Orchard Halliwell-Phillipps, The Yorkshire Anthology: A Collection of Ancient and Modern Ballads, Poems and Songs, Relating to the County of Yorkshire, page 71:
    Ist yoakes and bowes and gad and yoaksticks there?
** c. 1844, Prairie Farmer:Does your cow kick? Do not fly into a passion and pound her with a handspike, or trim her with a gad or a cow-hide.
** 1885 December 17, Detroit Free Press‎:Twain finds his voice after a short search for it and when he impels it forward it is a good, strong, steady voice in harness until the driver becomes absent-minded, when it stops to rest, and then the gad must be used to drive it on again.
** 1888, “Robin Spraggon's Auld Grey Mare”, in The Monthly Chronicle of North-country Lore and Legend, page 171:Our thrifty dame, Mally, she rises soon at morn, She goes and tells the master I'm pulling up the corn; He clicks up the oxen gad and sair belabours me, For I'm Robin Spraggon's auld grey mare, ae how he's guided me!
** 1908, Folklore Society (Great Britain), Publications, page 288:On the morning of Palm-Sunday, the gamekeeper, some servant on the estate, brings with him a large gad or whip, with a long thong; the stock is made of the mountain ash, […]
* (UK, US, dialect) A rod or stick, such as a fishing rod or a measuring rod.
** 1836, A Collection of Right Merrie Garlands for North Country Anglers, page 4:And we'll prepare our limber gads, Lang lines, and braw brass wheels;
** 1876, Armstrong, Wanny Blossoms, page 33:Seek out thy tackle, thy creel and thy gad.
** 1879, William Henderson, Folklore Society (Great Britain), Notes on the Folk-lore of the Northern Counties of England and the Borders:Woe to the lad / without a rowen-tree gad.
** 1896, Proudlock, Borderland Muse, page 268:We'll splice oor gads nigh Barra Mill, Beneath yon auld birk tree.
* (especially mining) A pointed metal tool for breaking or chiselling rock.
** c. 1588–1593 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Lamentable Tragedy of Titus Andronicus”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i]:I will go get a leaf of brass, / And with a gad of steel will write these words.
** 2006, Thomas Pynchon, Against the Day, Vintage, published 2007, page 327:Frank was able to keep his eyes open long enough to check his bed with a miner's gad and douse the electric lamp
* (obsolete) A metal bar.
** 1485, Thomas Malory, Le Morte d'Arthur, Book XV:they sette uppon hym and drew oute their swerdys to have slayne hym – but there wolde no swerde byghte on hym more than uppon a gadde of steele, for the Hyghe Lorde which he served, He hym preserved.
** 1677–1683, Joseph Moxon, “(please specify the page)”, in Mechanick Exercises, or The Doctrine of Handy-Works, […], volume (please specify |volume=I or II), London: […] Joseph Moxon, published 1678–1683, →OCLC:Flemish steel […] some in bars and some in gads.
** 1836, Walter Scott, Guy Mannering, Or, The Astrologer: With the Author's Last Notes and Additions, page 372:When a man received sentence of death, he was put upon the gad as it was called, that is, secured to the bar of iron in the manner mentioned in the text. The practice subsisted in Edinburgh […]
* (dated, metallurgy) An indeterminate measure of metal produced by a furnace, sometimes equivalent to a bloom weighing around 100 pounds.
** 1957, H.R. Schubert, History of the British Iron and Steel Industry, page 146:Twice a day a 'gad' of iron, i.e., a bloom weighing 1 cwt. was produced, which took from six to seven hours.
* A spike on a gauntlet; a gadling.
    Synonyms: gadling, spike
** 1840, Charles Henry Hartshorne, An Endeavor to Classify the Sepulchral Remains in Northamptonshire, Or, a Discourse on Funeral Monuments in that County: Delivered Before the Members of the Religious and Useful Knowledge Society, at Northampton, page 35:Sometimes we see the knuckles ornamented with gads or gadlings.
** 1842, Ecclesiological Society, Illustrations of Monumental Brasses ..., page 70:His gauntlets have embroidered cuffs; there are gads or gadlings on the fingers.
** 1858, Edward Cave, The Gentleman's Magazine: Or, Monthly Intelligencer: Volume the first [-fifth], for the year 1731 [-1735] ..., page 215:Another curious device was that of arming the knuckles of the gauntlets with spikes (gads or gadlings), by which they became weapons as well as defences.
** 1992, Sir Guy Francis Laking, A Record of European Armour and Arms Through Seven Centuries, page 214:On both finger joints are gads, which are beautifully faceted and brought to a point.

##### Derived terms

* gadder
* gadfly
* gadsman

##### Translations
### See also

* Baal-gad (etymologically unrelated)

### Anagrams

* DAG, GDA, dag

## Afar
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɡad/ [ˈɡʌd]
* Hyphenation: gad

### Noun

gád m (plural gadoowá f or gaditté f or gadoodá f)
* song
* sung poetry

#### Declension

absolutive
gád
predicative
gáda
subjective
gád
genitive
gaddí
Postpositioned forms
l-case
gádal
k-case
gádak
t-case
gádat
h-case
gádah :

### References

* E. M. Parker, R. J. Hayward (1985) “gad”, in An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN
* Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎, Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)

## Danish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈɡ̊æˀð], [ˈɡ̊æðˀ]

### Verb

gad
* past of gide

## Fingallian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Irish gad.

### Noun

gad
* withe
** 1689 James Farewell, The Irish Hudibras, or, Fingallian prince taken from the sixth book of Virgil's Æneids, and adapted to the present times. (Appendix: "Alphabetical Table" of "Fingallian Words, or Irish Phrases"):
    Gad,A With.

## Haitian Creole
### Etymology

From French garde.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡad/

### Noun

gad
* guard

#### Related terms

* gadò
* gadyen

### Verb

gad
* Alternative form of gade (“to watch”)

## Irish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡɑd̪ˠ/, /ɡad̪ˠ/, (Cois Fharraige) [ɡaːd̪ˠ]

### Etymology 1

From Old Irish gat, from Proto-Celtic *gazdos, from late Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰasdʰos (“branch ~ spear, sharp spine”), a root also connected to Proto-Germanic *gazdaz (“spike”), Latin hasta (“spear”).

#### Noun

gad m (genitive singular gaid, nominative plural gaid)
* withe
* string, rope, band

##### Declension

bare forms
case
singular
plural
nominative
gad
gaid
vocative
a ghaid
a ghada
genitive
gaid
gad
dative
gad
gaid
forms with the definite article
case
singular
plural
nominative
an gad
na gaid
genitive
an ghaid
na ngad
dative
leis an ngad don ghad
leis na gaid :

##### Derived terms

* gad bráid m (“scrofula”)
* gad brollaigh (“breast-strap”)
* gad tairr m (“bellyband, cinch”)
* pionós an ghaid (“garrotte”)
* ropaire gaid (“gallows-bird”)

##### Descendants

* → Fingallian: gad

### Etymology 2

From Old Irish gataid (“to take away”). Doublet of goid.

#### Verb

gad (present analytic gadann, future analytic gadfaidh, verbal noun gad, past participle gadta)
* (ambitransitive, literary) take away, remove; snatch, carry off
* Alternative form of goid (“to steal”)

##### Conjugation

| verbal noun | gad | gad | gad | gad | gad | gad | gad | gad |
| past participle | gadta | gadta | gadta | gadta | gadta | gadta | gadta | gadta |
| tense | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural | relative | autonomous |
| tense | first | second | third | first | second | third | relative | autonomous |
| indicative |||||||||
| present | gadaim | gadann tú; gadair$^†$ | gadann sé, sí | gadaimid | gadann sibh | gadann siad; gadaid$^†$ | a ghadann; a ghadas / a ngadann* | gadtar |
| past | ghad mé; ghadas | ghad tú; ghadais | ghad sé, sí | ghadamar; ghad muid | ghad sibh; ghadabhair | ghad siad; ghadadar | a ghad / ar ghad* | gadadh |
| past habitual | ghadainn / ngadainn‡‡ | ghadtá / ngadtá‡‡ | ghadadh sé, sí / ngadadh sé, sí‡‡ | ghadaimis; ghadadh muid / ngadaimis‡‡; ngadadh muid‡‡ | ghadadh sibh / ngadadh sibh‡‡ | ghadaidís; ghadadh siad / ngadaidís‡‡; ngadadh siad‡‡ | a ghadadh / a ngadadh* | ghadtaí / ngadtaí‡‡ |
| future | gadfaidh mé; gadfad | gadfaidh tú; gadfair$^†$ | gadfaidh sé, sí | gadfaimid; gadfaidh muid | gadfaidh sibh | gadfaidh siad; gadfaid$^†$ | a ghadfaidh; a ghadfas / a ngadfaidh* | gadfar |
| conditional | ghadfainn / ngadfainn‡‡ | ghadfá / ngadfá‡‡ | ghadfadh sé, sí / ngadfadh sé, sí‡‡ | ghadfaimis; ghadfadh muid / ngadfaimis‡‡; ngadfadh muid‡‡ | ghadfadh sibh / ngadfadh sibh‡‡ | ghadfaidís; ghadfadh siad / ngadfaidís‡‡; ngadfadh siad‡‡ | a ghadfadh / a ngadfadh* | ghadfaí / ngadfaí‡‡ |
| subjunctive |||||||||
| present | go ngada mé; go ngadad$^†$ | go ngada tú; go ngadair$^†$ | go ngada sé, sí | go ngadaimid; go ngada muid | go ngada sibh | go ngada siad; go ngadaid$^†$ | — | go ngadtar |
| past | dá ngadainn | dá ngadtá | dá ngadadh sé, sí | dá ngadaimis; dá ngadadh muid | dá ngadadh sibh | dá ngadaidís; dá ngadadh siad | — | dá ngadtaí |
| imperative |||||||||
| – | gadaim | gad | gadadh sé, sí | gadaimis | gadaigí; gadaidh$^†$ | gadaidís | — | gadtar |
* indirect relative † archaic or dialect form ‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

### Etymology 3
#### Pronoun

gad
* Alternative form of cad

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* ↑ Finck, F. N. (1899) Die araner mundart [The Aran Dialect] (in German), volume II, Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 120
* ↑ Ó Máille, T. S. (1974) Liosta Focal as Ros Muc [Word List from Rosmuck] (in Irish), Baile Átha Cliath [Dublin]: Irish University Press, →ISBN, page 100
* ↑ Breatnach, Risteard B. (1947) The Irish of Ring, Co. Waterford: A Phonetic Study, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, page 104
* ↑ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 125, page 48
* ↑ de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1977) Gaeilge Chois Fhairrge: An Deilbhíocht [The Irish of Cois Fharraige: Accidence] (in Irish), 2nd edition, Institiúid Ard-Léinn Bhaile Átha Cliath [Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies], section 343
* ↑ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “gat”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* ↑ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “gataid”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “gad”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* Dinneen, Patrick S. (1904) “gad”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 1st edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 344
* Dinneen, Patrick S. (1904) “gadaim”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 1st edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 344
* de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “gad”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
* “gad”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2025

## Lower Sorbian
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *gadъ (“serpent”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡat/

### Noun

gad m anim
* (archaic) venomous snake, viper, adder

#### Declension
### Noun

gad m inan
* poison, venom

#### Declension
### Further reading

* Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928) “gad”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
* Starosta, Manfred (1999) “gad”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag

## Middle English
### Alternative forms

* gadd, gadde

### Etymology

Borrowed from Old Norse gaddr, from Proto-Germanic *gazdaz (“spike, rod, stake”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡad/

### Noun

gad (plural gads)
* gad

#### Descendants

* English: gad

#### References

* “gad(de, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

## Navajo
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kàt/, [kàt], [kɣàt]

### Noun

gad
* juniper, cedar (especially Juniperus deppeana)

#### Derived terms

* gad diltáłii

## Old English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡɑːd/

### Etymology 1

From Proto-West Germanic *gaidu, from Proto-Germanic *gaidwą.

#### Alternative forms

* gǣd

#### Noun

gād n
* lack, want
* desire, need

##### Declension

Strong a-stem:

##### Derived terms

* *ǣgǣde

### Etymology 2

From Proto-West Germanic *gaidu, from Proto-Germanic *gaidō.

#### Alternative forms

* gaad

#### Noun

gād f
* point, tip
* spearhead or arrowhead
* spike, goad

##### Declension

Strong ō-stem:

##### Descendants

* Middle English: gade, gode
** English: goad
** Scots: gade, gaid

## Polish
### Alternative forms

* gád (Przemyśl, Biecz, Żywiec)

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *gadъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɡat/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -at
* Syllabification: gad
* Homophone: Gad

### Noun

gad m animal (augmentative (dialectal) gadzisko, related adjective gadzi)
* reptile (cold-blooded vertebrate of the class Reptilia)

#### Declension
### Noun

gad m pers
* scoundrel (villain)

#### Declension
### Further reading

* gad in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* gad in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Scots
### Etymology 1

Unknown. Possibly from gaud (“a bar of iron; a rod”). Alternatively, compare Icelandic gaddr (“packed snow”). Attested from the 19th century.

#### Noun

gad (plural gads)
* a mass of ice

### Etymology 2

Unknown. Attested from the 20th century. Compare caddle, cad (“stones used to play the game of cherry pit”). Compare also Scottish Gaelic gad (“a twig, stick”).

#### Noun

gad (plural gads)
* a ball of wood or cork used to play shinty

### See also

* gads

### References

* ↑ “gad, n.$^1$”, in The Dictionary of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Scottish Language Dictionaries, 2004–present, →OCLC.
* ↑ “gad, n.$^2$”, in The Dictionary of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Scottish Language Dictionaries, 2004–present, →OCLC.

## Scottish Gaelic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kat̪/

### Etymology 1
#### Pronoun

gad
* you (informal singular, direct object)
    Bruidhinn nas labhaire, chan eil mi gad chluinntinn ceart. ― Speak louder, I don't hear you well.

##### Usage notes

* Lenites the following word.

##### Related terms

* ga
* gam
* gan
* gar
* gur
* iad
* tu

### Etymology 2

From Old Irish gat, from Proto-Celtic *gazdo-, from late Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰasto- or *ǵʰasdʰo- (“branch ~ spear, sharp spine”), a root also connected to Proto-Germanic *gazdaz (“spike”), Latin hasta (“spear”).

#### Noun

gad m (genitive singular gaid, plural gaid or gadan)
* withy, withe

### Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Conjunction

gad
* Alternative form of ged

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Scottish Gaelic. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *gadъ.

### Noun

gȁd m (Cyrillic spelling га̏д)
* a repulsive person
* scoundrel
* cad
* asshole
* snake; lizard

#### Declension
## Somali
### Verb

gad
* to buy

## Torres Strait Creole
### Noun

gad
* (eastern dialect) an immature coconut

#### Usage notes

Gad or smol koknat is the third stage of coconut growth. It is preceded by giru (eastern dialect) or musu koknat (western dialect), and followed by kopespes.

## Veps
### Etymology

Borrowed from Russian гад (gad).

### Noun

gad
* snake

#### Inflection
## Volapük
### Noun

gad (nominative plural gads)
* garden

#### Declension

$^1$ status as a case is disputed $^2$ in later, non-classical Volapük only

#### Derived terms

* bimagad
* brasidagad
* celepagad
* floragad
* flukagad
* gadabam
* gadam
* gadamöb
* gadan
* gadanik
* gadapiadil
* gadaplan
* gadatail
* gadatuin
* gadav
* gadavaklub
* gadavam
* gadavan
* gadavik
* gadik
* gadil
* gadilik
* gadimeik
* gadöm
* gadön
* higadan
* härbatagad
* jigadan
* kasedagad
* labürenagad
* legad
* legadik
* nimagad
* planavagad
* rosadagad
* sanakebagad
* spatagad
* tedagadan
* vitidagad

## Welsh
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡaːd/
* Rhymes: -aːd

### Etymology 1
#### Noun

gad
* Soft mutation of cad.

#### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Etymology 2
#### Alternative forms

* gadawa (colloquial)

#### Verb

gad
* (literary) second-person singular imperative of gadael

#### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

## Western Apache
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kàt]

### Noun

gad
* cedar or juniper tree, especially Juniperus deppeana.

### References

* 2007. The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Department of Linguistics.