# 流形
## Chinese

* 流形

### Etymology
#### manifold

    Coined by Jiang Zehan in 1938. Taken from the first line of Wen Tianxiang's famous poem A Song of the Moral Sense:
    From: 1281, 文天祥 (Wén Tiānxiáng),《正氣歌》, translated by Herbert A. Giles, 1919.
    Tiāndì yǒu zhèngqì, zárán fù liúxíng. [Pinyin]
    There is in the universe an Aura which permeates all things, and makes them what they are.
Which can be ultimately traced back to the Book of Changes, from the commentary on the first hexagram 乾 (qián, “䷀”):
    From: I Ching, 11th – 8th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Dà zāi qiányuán, wànwù zī shǐ, nǎi tǒng tiān. Yún xíng yǔ shī, pǐnwù liúxíng, dàmíng zhōngshǐ, liù wèi shí chéng. [Pinyin]
    Vast is the ‘great and originating [power]’ indicated by Qian! All things owe to it their beginning—it contains all the meaning belonging to heaven. The clouds move and the rain is distributed; the various things appear in their developed forms; [the connection between] the end and the beginning is grandly understood [by the sages], so as how the six lines [in the hexagram] are accomplished, [each] in its season.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): liúxíng
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄡˊ ㄒㄧㄥˊ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: liúxíng
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄡˊ ㄒㄧㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lióusíng
*** Wade–Giles: liu$^2$-hsing$^2$
*** Yale: lyóu-syíng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lioushyng
*** Palladius: люсин (ljusin)
*** Sinological IPA : /li̯oʊ̯³⁵ ɕiŋ³⁵/
* Middle Chinese: ljuw heng
Rime :
| Character | 流 | 形 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 尤 (136) | 青 (125) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | IV |
| Fanqie | 力求切 | 戸經切 |
| Baxter | ljuw | heng |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /lɨu/ | /ɦeŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /liu/ | /ɦeŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /liəu/ | /ɣɛŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /luw/ | /ɦɛjŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /liu/ | /ɣeŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /lĭəu/ | /ɣieŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /li̯ə̯u/ | /ɣieŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | liú | xíng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | lau$^4$ | jing$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ru [ɢ]ˤeŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ru ɡeːŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 流 | 形 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | liú | xíng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ljuw › | ‹ heng › |
| Old Chinese | /*ru/ | /*[ɢ]ˁeŋ/ |
| English | flow (v.) | form, shape |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 流 | 形 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 8335 | 6862 |
| Phonetic component | 流 | 井 |
| Rime group | 幽 | 耕 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 劉 | 㓝 |
| Old Chinese | /*ru/ | /*ɡeːŋ/ |
| Notes | 或爲毓省聲 | |

### Noun

流形
* (geometry) manifold
* (literary) things of different and changing shape; everything

### Noun

流形
* (literary) (of things) to change and take shape