# co-
## English
### Etymology

From Latin co-, allomorph of Latin con-.

### Pronunciation

* enPR: kōʹ
** (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈkəʊ-/, /ˌkəʊ-/
** (General American) IPA: /ˈkoʊ-/, /ˌkoʊ-/
** (General Australian) IPA: /ˈkəʉ-/, /ˌkəʉ-/
* (unstressed form) enPR: kŏ, IPA: /kɒ/
* Audio (US):(file)

### Prefix

co-
* Together: the root word is done co-incidently.
** Jointly: the root verb is done in coordination between multiple actors or entities
    coadoption is joint adoption, coadapt is to adapt together, coanalysis is analysis together
** Along with: the root verb is done along with or in addition to others.
    coassemble is to assemble along with others, coadhesion is adhesion along with another material, coadsorb is to be adsorbed along with another substance. Here there is not an indication of intentional coordination.
** Mutually: the root is done in a way that is reciprocal and bidirectional.
    coadherence is mutual adherence, coattraction is mutual attraction, coannihilate is to annihilate each other. Unlike the sense of jointly where it is done by both, this sense indicates it is being both to each other.
** Simultaneously, done or able to do at the same time.
    cobirthing is simultaneous bringing into being, cosexual is being able to simultaneously reproduce as both female and male, cocluster is a simultaneous cluster of rows and columns, coagglutination is the simultaneous agglutination of two or more proteins or antigens. This sense emphasizes the temporal aspect.
** Spatially located or positioned together, co-located.
    cocirculate is to circulate together, coarctate is arctated together, coattend is to attend together.
** In conjunction: the root needs another entity to take effect, or there is a one-way interaction between them.
    coantioxidant is a material that has antioxidant activity in the presence of another, codepletion is the depletion of one substance in conjunction with the depletion of another, comedication is a second medication used to alleviate the side-effects of another
** Moving or oriented in the same direction; co-directional.
    coflowing is flowing in the same direction, cocurrent is of or pertaining to flow in the same direction, coalign is to align together
** Gender-mixed; having men and women together for the root activity or location.
    co-corrections is the housing together of male and female prisoners, co-educate is to educate children of both sexes together
* Having commonality, similarity with respect to the root.
    coaxial is having a common central axis, cobelligerent is country that wages war against a common enemy, without the countries on the same side having a formal treaty of military alliance, coaltitude is the same altitude as that of another aircraft
** Coequal, equal in rank.
    coadministrator is a joint administrator, coassessor is a joint assessor, cocaptain is a joint captain
** Indicating a family relationship that indicates a common rank made through three degrees of separation, the middle of which is by marriage.
    co-sister is one's spouse's sibling's wife, co-parent-in-law is a parent of one's child-in-law; co-husband is in a polyandrous marriage, another husband of a man’s wife
** Equally, equal with respect to the root.
    cointense is equal in intensity, codominant is equally dominant, coextension is being equally extended
** (mathematics) Homomorphic with respect to the root.
    cocharacter is a homomorphism of a character, cofree is homomorphic and free, cohyponormal is homomorphic and hyponormal
** During the same time period as the root.
    coseasonal is during a season, coseismic is during an earthquake, cotemporality is the state or characteristic of existing or occurring during the same period of time
* (mathematics) Dual or complement.
    coaltitude is the complement of an altitude, colatitude is the complement, in spherical coordinates, of a latitude (the difference between a latitude and 90°, cocategory is the dual of a category, coarea is the dual of the area
* Having multiple targets or effects; the root affects or involves multiple subjects.
    coaccused is one of two or more people accused of the same offence, coaccumulation is the accumulation of two or more materials at the same time, coadsorption is the adsorption of multiple substances at the same time
* Secondary or auxiliary in rank or priority.
    copilot is a backup or assistant pilot of an aircraft, coabuser is someone who collaborates with or refrains from interfering with an abuser in perpetrating abuse, cofeature is an auxiliary or secondary feature, coname is a secondary name
* (biochemistry) Referring to coenzymes.
    coglucosidase is a coenzyme that activates a glucosidase, coprotease is a protease coenzyme, codehydrogenase is any dehydrogenase coenzyme
* (organic chemistry) Referring to copolymers.
    codimer is any dimeric copolymer, copolypeptide is any polypeptide that is a copolymer, comonomer is any of a group of monomers that, when polymerized, form a copolymer
* (chemistry) Deriving from multiple sources.
    copolymer is a polymer derived from more than one species of monomer, cointercalation is the intercalation of two or more materials, coconformation is the joint conformation of two, interacting molecules, especially that of a rotaxane

#### Usage notes

* With many terms, a hyphen (-) is used in British English, and is omitted in American English.

#### Synonyms

* (together): con-/com-/col-/cor-, syn-/syl-/sym-, inter-

#### Derived terms

* coact
* coaction
* coactivation
* coactive
* coactivity
* coactualization
* coadapt
* coaddict
* coadministrate
* coadmit
* coadoption
* coadventure
* coaggregation
* coalignment
* coanalysis
* coanalyze
* coanchor
* coappearance
* coapplication
* coaration
* coarctate
* coassist
* coassistance
* coassume
* coattest
* coattestation
* coawareness
* cocaptain
* co-chair
* cochair
* cocompose
* cocomposer
* cocomposition
* coconscious
* coconspire
* coconstitute
* coconstrain
* coconstruct
* coconstructive
* cocreate
* cocreation
* cocreative
* co-credit
* cocurate
* cocuration
* codebtor
* codebug
* codefine
* codesign
* codetermine
* codevelop
* codevelopment
* codirect
* codirection
* codiscover
* codiscoverer
* codiverge
* codivergent
* codominant
* codominated
* codrive
* coedit
* coeffect
* coefficacy
* coefficiency
* coemperor
* coenact
* coencapsidate
* coestablishment
* coestimated
* coeternal
* coevolution
* co-evolve
* coexpansion
* coexperience
* coextinct
* cofacilitate
* cofacilitation
* cofinance
* co-fire
* cofractionate
* cofractionated
* co-fund
* cofunded
* cogeneration
* cogenerative
* cogrowth
* coguarantor
* coguardian
* cohead
* coheadline
* coheadliner
* co-host
* cohost
* coimmunofluorescence
* coimperium
* coincubate
* coinfect
* coinfluence
* coingest
* coinheritance
* coinhibition
* coinquirer
* coinstall
* coinstantiate
* coinsurance
* coinsure
* coinsurer
* coinvasion
* coinvent
* coinvention
* coinventor
* coinvest
* coinvestigate
* coinvestigation
* coinvestment
* cojoin
* colanguage
* colead
* colessor
* colicense
* colimitation
* comanage
* comanagement
* co-meddled
* comembership
* comodulate
* comodulation
* conominee
* co-official
* coordinance
* co-own
* co-ownership
* co-parent
* coparticipate
* coparticipation
* copartner
* copay
* cophenetic
* coplot
* copoiesis
* copractitioner
* coprecipitant
* copreservation
* coprimacy
* coprincipality
* coproduce
* coproducer
* copropagation
* coprosperity
* copublication
* copublish
* corear
* coredeem
* coredemption
* coregulator
* coreign
* corelease
* coreport
* coreporter
* corequirement
* coresident
* co-responsibility
* co-responsible
* corotation
* coscreenplay
* coscreenwriter
* coscript
* cosentient
* cosign
* cosignatory
* co-sounding
* cosovereignty
* cospecialize
* cosponsor
* cosponsorship
* costatement
* cosupervise
* cosupervision
* cosurety
* cotenancy
* cotenure
* cotillage
* cotranslate
* cotranslation
* cotutelage
* counite
* covolatility
* coactivated
* coadded
* coaddition
* coadhesion
* coadhesive
* coadminister
* coadministered
* coadministrate
* coadsorb
* coaggregate
* co-agonist
* coagroinfiltrated
* coamplification
* coapply
* coassemble
* coauthor
* cobelligerent
* cobless
* coboard
* cobound
* co-branding
* cobuild
* cocite
* co-conspirator
* cocultivate
* cocurricular
* codeleted
* codenaturated
* codenaturation
* codenature
* codepleted
* codeposit
* codissolve
* codistributed
* codominate
* codoped
* codoping
* coelevated
* coemergence
* coencapsulate
* coendemic
* co-endure
* coevolve
* coexhibit
* coexport
* coexpress
* coextend
* coextrude
* co-feed
* cofeed
* cofiltered
* cofluctuate
* coformulated
* cofostered
* cofound
* cogovern
* coharbour
* cohemolytic
* cohybridize
* coimmobilisation
* coimmunofluorescent
* coimmunopurify
* coimplantation
* coimpregnated
* coincorporation
* coinduce
* coinfectant
* coinfective
* coinfiltrate
* coinfiltration
* coinfuse
* coinherit
* coinhibit
* coinhibitor
* coinhibitory
* coinoculate
* coinstantiation
* cointegrant
* cointernalize
* cointernalized
* cointroduce
* coinvade
* coisolate
* coisolation
* colabel
* colegislate
* colimit
* colinearize
* comanufacture
* comitogenic
* comodified
* cooccupy
* coordain
* coossified
* coossify
* copanellist
* coparalogous
* copassenger
* copathogenesis
* copathology
* coplayer
* copolymerized
* coprescribe
* copresent
* coregistered
* coregistrated
* coregulate
* corepress
* coresistant
* corotate
* cosecreted
* cosedimentation
* coseeded
* cosegregate
* cosegregated
* coshift
* cosonicate
* cospeciate
* co-speech
* costimulant
* costratification
* cosynthesized
* coteach
* coterminate
* coterminated
* cotest
* cotext
* cotransduce
* cotransduced
* cotransfect
* cotransferred
* cotranslocate
* cotranslocation
* cotransmission
* cotransmit
* cotravel
* covary
* coventilated
* coverbal
* cowrite
* coactor
* coaddressee
* coadministration
* coadministrator
* coally
* coambassador
* coanchor
* coarbitrator
* coarchitect
* coassessor
* coassignee
* coauditor
* co-aunt
* coauthor
* coauthorship
* cobishop
* cocaptain
* cocaptaincy
* co-CEO
* cochair
* cochairman
* cochairperson
* cochairwoman
* cochampion
* cochief
* co-commander
* cocommentator
* coconstruction
* coconsul
* cocounsel
* cocreator
* cocurator
* codesigner
* codeveloper
* codictatorship
* codirector
* codrawer
* coeditor
* coestate
* coexecutant
* coexecutor
* coexecutrix
* cofacilitator
* co-father
* cofavorite
* cofeoffee
* cofilmmaker
* cofounder
* cogovernor
* cohead
* coheir
* coheiress
* coherald
* coheritor
* coholder
* cohost
* co-host
* cohostess
* coinheritor
* coinmate
* coinventorship
* coinvestigator
* coinvestor
* colaborer
* colead
* coleader
* colecturer
* colegatee
* colessee
* co-linguist
* comanager
* comediator
* comortgagee
* cooperator
* coorganizer
* co-owner
* copacker
* coparcenary
* copartaker
* coparticipant
* copartisan
* copartner
* copartnership
* copastor
* copatentee
* copatriot
* copatron
* copayer
* copetitioner
* copresenter
* copresident
* coprince
* coprincipal
* coprisoner
* copromoter
* coproprietor
* coprotagonist
* copublisher
* copurchaser
* corecipient
* coredeemer
* coredemptress
* coredemptrix
* coregent
* coregnant
* coregulator
* co-religionary
* co-religionist
* coresearcher
* coruler
* coscenarist
* co-scripter
* cosettler
* cosigner
* cosleeper
* cosovereign
* cosponsor
* co-spy
* costar
* cosupervisor
* cosustainer
* coteacher
* cotitular
* cotortfeasor
* cotraitor
* cotranslator
* cotrustee
* cotutor
* co-uncle
* covaledictorian
* covisitor
* cowinner
* coworker
* cowriter
* coagglutination
* coarticulate
* cobinding
* cobirthing
* cobreeding
* cochromatography
* cocirculation
* co-citation
* cocluster
* coclustering
* cocolonization
* cocondensation
* coconsumption
* cocontraction
* coconversion
* cocrystallization
* cocrystallize
* cocultivation
* codeletion
* codelivery
* codeposition
* codetect
* codetection
* codigestion
* codispersal
* codisplay
* codistillation
* codistribution
* codiversification
* codiversify
* codopant
* coedition
* coelectroporation
* coelution
* coenrich
* coenrichment
* coestimation
* coevaluate
* coexistent
* coexpose
* coexposure
* coexpression
* coextensive
* coextinction
* coextraction
* coextrusion
* cofermentation
* coflowering
* cofluctuation
* cofound
* cogenerate
* cogeneration
* cogenerative
* cogenerator
* cogenesis
* coimmunolabel
* coimmunolocalization
* coimmunoprecipitation
* coimmunoreactivity
* coimmunostaining
* coincidental
* coinduction
* coinfected
* coinfection
* coinjected
* coinoculation
* cointroduction
* coinversion
* colocalize
* co-locate
* comigration
* comilling
* comobilization
* comorbid
* comorbidity
* conatal
* co-occur
* cooxidation
* cophylogenetic
* cophylogeny
* coproduct
* copurify
* corecognition
* corecruit
* corecruitment
* coregistration
* coregulated
* coregulation
* coresistance
* cosecretion
* coseismal
* coselection
* cosensitization
* cosexual
* cosimulation
* cosuppression
* cosynthesis
* cotargeting
* cotemporal
* coterminal
* cotherapy
* cothymia
* cotranscribe
* cotranscription
* cotransduction
* cotransfection
* cotransformation
* cotranslation
* cotranslational
* cotransmitter
* cotransplant
* cotransport
* cotreat
* cotreatment
* cotunneling
* covisualization
* coadventurer
* coagency
* coaltitude
* coaxial
* co-bed
* co-believer
* cobelligerent
* cocelebrant
* cocircular
* cocitizen
* cocultural
* cocyclomatic
* codefendant
* codirectional
* coequal
* coessential
* coethnic
* coeval
* cofamilial
* cogenetic
* coindex
* coindicant
* coinstantaneous
* coinstantiated
* coislander
* coisotropic
* cojuror
* colingual
* co-locate
* comagmatic
* comeasurable
* comember
* comeronym
* comeronymous
* comovement
* co-opinionist
* coorbital
* coöriginal
* copack
* coplaintiff
* coplanar
* copunctal
* copunctual
* coradicate
* corefer
* coreference
* coreferent
* coreferential
* corotational
* cosentential
* cosignificative
* cosingular
* cosleep
* cosolute
* costraight
* costructure
* covillager
* noncoreferential
* coadjoint
* coalgebra
* coaltitude
* coanalytic
* coarea
* coassociative
* coassociativity
* cocategory
* cocircuit
* coclique
* coclosed
* cocoloring
* coconform
* codual
* coend
* cofinite
* cofunction
* cograph
* cogroup
* cohomotopy
* coimage
* colatitude
* coline
* comass
* comeagre
* comodernism
* comodule
* comonad
* comonoid
* conatural
* conorm
* conull
* coorbit
* coplane
* copoint
* copower
* copresheaf
* coquasitriangular
* corecursion
* coreflective
* corelation
* coresolution
* coring
* cosemisimple
* cosheaf
* cosimplex
* cospan
* cotilting
* cotranslation
* counimodular
* co-adaptation
* coadherence
* coadjacent
* coadjument
* coadjust
* coadjustment
* coadjutant
* coadjuting
* coadjuvancy
* coadoration
* coalternate
* coannihilate
* coannihilation
* coassociation
* coattraction
* cocatalyst
* cocounsel
* codefine
* codeformational
* co-dependent
* codivergence
* coequate
* coequilibration
* coevolutive
* coexchangeable
* coexistence
* cofolding
* co-fusion
* coimmunoprecipitate
* coinitiator
* co-IVF
* comimetic
* coorientation
* coprevalence
* coreachable
* coregulation
* corepression
* corespective
* counion
* co-vilification
* coabuse
* coaccumulation
* coaccused
* coadsorb
* coadsorption
* coamplify
* cobombardment
* cocapture
* cocatalyzed
* cochannel
* cocladogenesis
* coculture
* codeliver
* codigest
* codominant
* coendocytosis
* coimmunization
* coimmunize
* coimmunostain
* coimmunostaining
* coincubation
* coingestion
* coinjection
* colexification
* colexify
* coloaded
* comajor
* cooverexpression
* coprescription
* coprocessing
* cosegmentation
* costain
* costaining
* costructure
* coteach
* cotransplantation
* covitrification
* coappear
* coarctate
* coattend
* cocirculate
* coculture
* coextensive
* cofilament
* co-host
* cohost
* cohouse
* cohoused
* coinhabit
* coinhabitant
* cointer
* colayered
* coliving
* colocalize
* co-location
* cooccupancy
* copathogen
* copolar
* coreside
* coresidence
* coresident
* cosediment
* co-sleeping
* cospatial
* coworking
* coadapted
* coadsorbent
* coanalgesic
* coantioxidant
* coarticulate
* cobenefit
* cocarcinogen
* cocarcinogenesis
* co-decision
* codepletion
* codrug
* coenzyme
* coessential
* coextract
* colegislator
* colethal
* comedication
* cometabolism
* comorbidity
* conutrient
* cooxidant
* co-pattern
* corequisite
* cosolvent
* co-stimulation
* costimulator
* co-affine
* co-aunt
* co-brother
* co-brother-in-law
* co-father-in-law
* co-grandfather
* co-grandmother
* co-grandparent
* co-husband
* co-in-law
* co-mother-in-law
* co-parent-in-law
* co-sibling-in-law
* co-sister
* co-sister-in-law
* cotwin
* co-uncle
* co-wife
* coabuser
* coagent
* codriver
* co-father
* cofeature
* coinstaller
* coname
* copilot
* coprocess
* cosign
* costar
* cosysop
* cowalker
* coalign
* coarctation
* cocurrent
* codistribute
* coemerge
* coexpand
* coflowing
* colaminar
* comigrate
* comove
* copropagating
* codehydrogenase
* coenzymic
* cofactor
* coferment
* coglucosidase
* colipase
* coprotease
* cosubstrate
* codimer
* coglycolide
* comonomer
* copolyester
* copolyimide
* copolymerase
* copolymerizable
* copolymerize
* copolypeptide
* coconformation
* cocrystal
* cointercalation
* copolymer
* copurification
* coreactant
* cotrimerization
* codominance
* codominant
* coeternity
* coextension
* cointense
* coportion
* cocenter
* cocharacter
* cofree
* cohyponormal
* coinvariant
* cosinusoidal
* co-corrections
* co-educate
* coeducation
* Co-Freemasonry
* cogender
* coseasonal
* coseismic
* cotemporality

#### Translations
### Further reading

* “co-”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
* “co-”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.
* John A. Simpson and Edmund S. C. Weiner, editors (1989), “co-”, in The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN. -- lists many derived terms

### Anagrams

* Oc, O. C., oc, Oc., O.C., OC

## Catalan
### Alternative forms

* com-, con-

### Etymology

From Latin co-.

### Prefix

co-
* co- (together; jointly)

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* “co-” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “co-”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025
* “co-” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.

## French
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ko/, /kɔ/
* Audio:(file)

### Prefix

co-
* co- (together; jointly)

#### Derived terms
## Italian
### Prefix

co-
* co-

#### Derived terms
## Latin
### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ko/, [kɔ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ko/, [ko]

### Prefix

co-
* allomorph of con-

#### Usage notes

Used before vowels and h, but not the consonants /j/ and /w/.

## Manx
### Etymology

From Old Irish com-.

### Prefix

co-
* co-

#### Derived terms
### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Manx. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “com-”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## Polish
### Etymology

From co.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /t͡sɔ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔ
* Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]
* Homophone: co

### Prefix

co-
* forms adjectives and adverbs specifying how often something happens: -ly
    ‎co- + ‎dzienny → ‎codzienny (“daily”)
    ‎co- + ‎godzinny → ‎cogodzinny (“hourly”)
    ‎co- + ‎miesięczny → ‎comiesięczny (“monthly”)
    ‎co- + ‎roczny → ‎coroczny (“yearly”)

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* co- in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Portuguese
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin co-.

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ko/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ku/

### Prefix

co-
* co-

#### Usage notes

The prefix co- only takes a hyphen when attached to words starting with h. Even so, the h may be alternatively lost. Compare coerdeiro and co-herdeiro.

#### Derived terms
## Scottish Gaelic
### Alternative forms

* comh-

### Etymology

From Old Irish com-.

### Prefix

co-
* Usually (but not always) designates mutuality or reciprocity.

#### Derived terms
### References

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “com-”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## Spanish
### Etymology

From Latin co-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ko/ [ko]
* Syllabification: co-

### Prefix

co-
* co-

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* “co-”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10