# فرمان
## Old Hindi
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian فَرْمَان (farmān). Compare Old Punjabi ਫੁਰਮਾਣੁ (phuramāṇu) and Old Gujarati फुरमाण (phuramāṇa).

### Noun

فَرْمان (frman) m (Middle Hindi)
* decree, order
** 1564, حَسَن شَوقِی (hasan śauqī), مِعْراج اُلْعَاشِقِین (mi'rāj ul'āśiqīn), page 82:نِظامِیَاں کوں فَرْمان یُوں لیکھ توں جِیتے قاعِدے ہِندوی سِیکھ توںnz̤amyaṉ kvṉ frman yvṉ lykh tvṉ jyte qa'de hndvy sykh tvṉ(please add an English translation of this quotation)

#### Descendants

* Braj: फरमान (pharmān)
* Bundeli: फरमान (pharmān)
* Hindustani: farmān
    Hindi: फ़रमान
    Urdu: فَرْمان
* Kannauji: फरमान

### Further reading

* “فرمان”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.

## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Persian فرمان (farmân, “decree, order”), from Middle Persian 𐫜𐫡𐫖𐫀𐫗 (frmʾn /⁠framān⁠/, “order, command”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pramaHnam.

### Noun

فرمان • (ferman)
* command, order, an action or inaction that must be obeyed, mandated by someone in authority
    Synonyms: امر (emr, emir), بیورق (buyuruk)
* firman, a decree issued by a sovereign in certain historical Islamic states, like the Ottoman Empire

#### Derived terms

* فرمان آلمق (ferman almak, “to procure a firman”)
* فرمان چیقمق (ferman çıkmak, “for a firman, to be given”)
* فرمانده (fermandıh, “sovereign”)
* فرمانرو (fermanrev, “domain”)
* فرمانلو (fermanlı, “provided of a firman”)
* فرماننامه (fermanname, “letter of commands”)

#### Descendants

* Turkish: ferman
* → Albanian: ferman
* → Armenian: ֆէրման (fērman), ֆա̈րմա̈ն (färmän)
* → English: firman
* → Hungarian: fermán
* → Romanian: firman

### Further reading

* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “ferman”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 1565
* Devellioğlu, Ferit (1962) “fermân”, in Osmanlıca-Türkçe Ansiklopedik Lûgat‎‎ (in Turkish), Istanbul: Türk Dil Kurumu, page 311
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “فرمان”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 896
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Mandatum”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎, Vienna, column 999
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “فرمان”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, column 3507
* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “ferman”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “فرمان”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1379

## Persian
### Alternative forms

* فرمون (farmun) (colloquial)

### Etymology

From Middle Persian [script needed] (plmʾn'), 𐫜𐫡𐫖𐫀𐫗 (frmʾn /⁠framān⁠/, “order, command”), from Old Persian 𐎳𐎼𐎶𐎠𐎴𐎠 (framānā, “command”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pramaHnam. Cognate with Gurani ھەرمانە (harmāna, “work”) and Iranian loanwords Old Armenian հրաման (hraman), Aramaic הַרְמָן (hrmnʾ, “order”).
Cognate with Sanskrit प्रमाण (pramāṇa).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [faɾ.ˈmɑːn]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [fäɾ.mɑ́ːn]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [fäɾ.mɑ́ːn]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [fäɾ.mɑ́ːn]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [fäɾ.mɔ́ːn]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [fæɹ.mɒ́ːn]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [fæɹ.mɒ́ːn]
** (Tehrani) IPA: [fæɹ.múːn]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [fäɾ.mɔ́n]

### Noun

فرمان • (farmân) (plural فرامین (farâmin) or فرمان‌ها (farmân-hâ))
* command, order
    Synonym: دستور (dastur)
** (computing) command
* decree, edict
    Synonym: حکم (hokm)
* steering wheel (of a car)

#### Derived terms

* فرمان دادن (farmân dâdan)
* فرمانبر (farmânbar)
** فرمانبری (farmânbari)
* فرمانبردار (farmânbardâr)
** فرمانبرداری (farmânbardâri)
* فرماندار (farmândâr)
** فرمانداری (farmândâri)
* فرمانده (farmândeh)
** فرماندهی (farmândehi)
* فرمانروا (farmânravâ)
** فرمانروایی (farmânravâyi)
* فرمان‌فرما (farmân-farmâ)

#### Related terms

* فرمودن (farmudan)

#### Descendants

* → Arabic: فَرْمَان (farmān)
* → Assamese: ফৰমান (phorman), ফৰ্মান (phorman)
* → Azerbaijani: fərman
* → Bashkir: фарман (farman)
* → Bengali: ফরমান (fôrman)
* → Old Gujarati: फुरमाण (phuramāṇa)
** Gujarati: ફરમાન (pharmān)
* → Old Hindi: فَرْمان (frman)
** Braj: फरमान (pharmān)
** Bundeli: फरमान (pharmān)
** Hindustani: farmān
    Hindi: फ़रमान
    Urdu: فَرْمان
** Kannauji: फरमान
* → Indonesian: firman
* → Kannada: ಫರ್ಮಾನು (pharmānu)
* → Kumyk: пурман (purman)
* → Lezgi: фарман (farman)
* → Maithili: pharᵊmān
    Devanagari script: फरमान
    Tirhuta script: 𑒤𑒩𑒧𑒰𑒢
* → Marwari:
    Devanagari script: फरमांन (pharmā̃n), फरमांण (pharmā̃ṇ)
    Mahajani script: 𑅩𑅭𑅬𑅧𑅧 (phrmnn), 𑅩𑅭𑅬𑅧𑅢 (phrmnṇ)
* → Malayalam: പരമാന് (paramāṉ)
* → Marathi: फर्मान (pharmān)
* → Ottoman Turkish: فرمان (ferman)
** Turkish: ferman
** → Albanian: ferman
** → Armenian: ֆէրման (fērman), ֆա̈րմա̈ն (färmän)
** → English: firman
** → Hungarian: fermán
** → Romanian: firman
* → Old Punjabi: ਫੁਰਮਾਣੁ (phuramāṇu), ਫੁਰਮਾਨੁ (phuramānu)
** Punjabi: farmān
    Gurmukhi script: ਫ਼ਰਮਾਨ
    Shahmukhi script: فَرْمان
** Saraiki:
    Devanagari script: फ़रमान (farmān)
    Multani script: 𑊜𑊢𑊠𑊚 (phrmn /⁠farmān⁠/)
    Shahmukhi script: فَرْمان (farmān)
* → Russian: фирман (firman)
* → Sanskrit: फरमान (pharamāna)
* → Sindhi: farmānu
    Arabic script: فَرْمانُ
    Devanagari script: फ़र्मानु
    Khudabadi script: 𑋓𑋩𑋙𑋪𑋗𑋠𑋑𑋣
* → Tamil: பரமானா (paramāṉā)
* → Telugu: ఫర్మానా (pharmānā)

### References

* Walter W[illiam] Skeat (1910) “فرمان”, in An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, new (4th) revised and enlarged edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: At the Clarendon Press, published 1963, →OCLC.
* Klein, Dr. Ernest, A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., 1971.
* Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit

## Punjabi
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian فَرْمَان (farmān). First attested in c. 1600 as Old Punjabi ਫੁਰਮਾਣੁ (phuramāṇu).

### Noun

فَرْمان • (farmān) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਫ਼ਰਮਾਨ)
* order, command, edict
* (historical) firman (royal decree)

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “ਫਰਮਾਨ”, in Punjabi-English Dictionary, Patiala: Punjabi University, 2025
* Iqbal, Salah ud-Din (2002) “فرمان”, in vaḍḍī panjābī lughat‎ (in Punjabi), Lahore: ʻAzīz Pablisharz

## Urdu
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian فَرْمَان (farmān). First attested in c. 1564 as Middle Hindi فَرْمان (frman).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /fəɾ.mɑːn/
* Rhymes: -ɑːn
* Hyphenation: فَر‧مان

### Noun

فَرْمان • (farmān) m (Hindi spelling फ़रमान)
* a command (by any individual)
* (historical) decree; mandate (especially a royal or an official one)

#### Related terms

* فَرْمائِش (farmāiś, “request”)
* فَرْمانا (farmānā, “to state; command”)
* فَرْمان٘بَرْداری (farmāmbardārī, “obedience”)

### Adjective

فَرْمان • (farmān) (indeclinable, Hindi spelling फ़रमान) (poetic)
* obedient, servant
    مَیں قائِد کا فَرْمان۔ دِل سِینے میں قُرْآنma͠i qāid kā farmān. dil sīne mẽ qur-ānI am servant of my leader, with the word of God lying against my heart; chest.

### Further reading

* “فرمان”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
* “فرمان”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.
* Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971) “فرمان”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary‎, Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co., page 453
* S. W. Fallon (1879) “فرمان”, in A New Hindustani-English Dictionary, Banaras, London: Trubner and Co., page 870
* Platts, John T. (1884) “فرمان”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co., page 779
* John Shakespear (1834) “فرمان”, in A dictionary, Hindustani and English: with a copious index, fitting the work to serve, also, as a dictionary of English and Hindustani, 3rd edition, London: J.L. Cox and Son, →OCLC, page 1258