# 永遠
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yǒngyuǎn
    (Zhuyin): ㄩㄥˇ ㄩㄢˇ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): wing$^5$ jyun$^5$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ven$^4$ yon$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): yún-yén / yún-yán
    (Hailu, HRS): rhun$^ˊ$ rhan$^ˊ$
* Eastern Min (BUC): īng-uōng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): éng-oán
    (Teochew, Peng'im): iong$^2$ iang$^2$ / iong$^2$ iêng$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$ion-yoe
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yǒngyuǎn [Phonetic: yóngyuǎn]
*** Zhuyin: ㄩㄥˇ ㄩㄢˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yǒngyuǎn
*** Wade–Giles: yung$^3$-yüan$^3$
*** Yale: yǔng-ywǎn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yeongyeuan
*** Palladius: юнъюань (junʺjuanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ɥɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: wing$^5$ jyun$^5$
*** Yale: wíhng yúhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: wing$^5$ jyn$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: wing$^5$ yun$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /wɪŋ¹³ jyːn¹³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ven$^4$ yon$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /ven²¹ jᵘɔn⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yún-yén
*** Hakka Romanization System: iun$^ˋ$ ien$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yun$^3$ yan$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /i̯un³¹ i̯en³¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yún-yán
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)iun$^ˋ$ (r)ian$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yun$^3$ yan$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯un³¹ (j)i̯an³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: rhun$^ˊ$ rhan$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /ʒun²⁴⁻³³ ʒan²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: īng-uōng
*** Sinological IPA : /iŋ³³⁻³⁵ $^{(Ø-)}$ŋuoŋ³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: éng-oán
*** Tâi-lô: íng-uán
*** Phofsit Daibuun: efng'oarn
*** IPA (Xiamen): /iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ uan⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ uan⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ uan⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ uan⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ uan⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: iong$^2$ iang$^2$ / iong$^2$ iêng$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ióng iáng / ióng iéng
*** Sinological IPA : /ioŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ iaŋ⁵²/, /ioŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ ieŋ⁵²⁻²¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$ion-yoe
*** MiniDict: ion$^去$ yoe
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$ion-hhyoe
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ioŋ³³ ɦyø⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: hjwaengX hjwonX
Rime :
| Character | 永 | 遠 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 云 (35) | 云 (35) |
| Final (韻) | 庚 (112) | 元 (66) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 于憬切 | 雲阮切 |
| Baxter | hjwaengX | hjwonX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦˠwiæŋ$^X$/ | /ɦʉɐn$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦʷᵚiaŋ$^X$/ | /ɦʷiɐn$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣiuaŋ$^X$/ | /ɣiuɐn$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦwiajŋ$^X$/ | /ɦuan$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣiuɐŋ$^X$/ | /ɣiuɐn$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣĭwɐŋ$^X$/ | /ɣĭwɐn$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /i̯wɐŋ$^X$/ | /i̯wɐn$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yǒng | yuǎn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | wing$^5$ | jyun$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ʷraŋʔ C.ɢʷanʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɢʷraŋʔ ɢʷanʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 永 | 遠 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yǒng | yuǎn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hjwæng$^X$ › | ‹ hjwon$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɢ]ʷraŋʔ/ | /*C.ɢʷanʔ/ |
| English | long (time) | far |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 永 | 遠 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| No. | 15423 | 16226 |
| Phonetic component | 永 | 袁 |
| Rime group | 陽 | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 永 | 遠 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɢʷraŋʔ/ | /*ɢʷanʔ/ |

### Adverb

永遠
* forever; always; permanently
    永遠相愛／永远相爱 ― yǒngyuǎn xiàng'ài ― love each other forever
       Zhuāngjiā yǒngyuǎn shì yíngjiā. [Pinyin]
       The house always wins.
       Wǒmen de dàmén yǒngyuǎn xiàng nǐ chǎngkāi. [Pinyin]
       Our door is always open to you.
       Rénshēng yǒngyuǎn méiyǒu tài wǎn de kāishǐ. [Pinyin]
       No beginning has ever been proved to be too late.
       Rúguǒ méiyǒu rén juānzhù dehuà, zhè ge xiǎohái jiù huì yǒngyuǎn shīmíng. [Pinyin]
       If no one offers assistance this kid will become permanently blind.

#### Synonyms

* 永世 (yǒngshì)
* 終古 / 终古 (zhōnggǔ) (literary)

#### Antonyms

* 短暫／短暂 (duǎnzàn)
* 臨時／临时 (línshí)
* 暫時／暂时 (zànshí)

#### Derived terms

* 一次得救永遠得救 / 一次得救永远得救 (yīcì déjiù yǒngyuǎn déjiù)

### Noun

永遠
* eternity
    相愛到永遠／相爱到永远 ― xiàng'ài dào yǒngyuǎn ― love each other forever
    From: 2000s, 美国·圣地亚戈, an advertisement of the product 金氮丹
    yùmǐ zhuīféi yòng le tā / gāochǎn dào yǒngyuǎn [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 永遠(えいえん) (eien)
* → Korean: 영원(永遠) (yeong'won)
* → Vietnamese: vĩnh viễn (永遠)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 永 | 遠 |
| えい Grade: 5 | えん Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) えーえん [èééń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [e̞ːẽ̞ɴ]

#### Noun

永(えい)遠(えん) • (eien)
* eternity

#### Adjective

永(えい)遠(えん) • (eien) -na (adnominal 永(えい)遠(えん)な (eien na), adverbial 永(えい)遠(えん)に (eien ni))
* forever, eternal

#### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Imperfective (未然形) | 永遠だろ | えいえんだろ | eien daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 永遠で | えいえんで | eien de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 永遠だ | えいえんだ | eien da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 永遠な | えいえんな | eien na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 永遠なら | えいえんなら | eien nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 永遠であれ | えいえんであれ | eien de are |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 永遠ではない 永遠じゃない | えいえんではない えいえんじゃない | eien de wa nai eien ja nai |
| Informal past | 永遠だった | えいえんだった | eien datta |
| Informal negative past | 永遠ではなかった 永遠じゃなかった | えいえんではなかった えいえんじゃなかった | eien de wa nakatta eien ja nakatta |
| Formal | 永遠です | えいえんです | eien desu |
| Formal negative | 永遠ではありません 永遠じゃありません | えいえんではありません えいえんじゃありません | eien de wa arimasen eien ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 永遠でした | えいえんでした | eien deshita |
| Formal negative past | 永遠ではありませんでした 永遠じゃありませんでした | えいえんではありませんでした えいえんじゃありませんでした | eien de wa arimasen deshita eien ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 永遠で | えいえんで | eien de |
| Conditional | 永遠なら（ば） | えいえんなら（ば） | eien nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 永遠だったら | えいえんだったら | eien dattara |
| Volitional | 永遠だろう | えいえんだろう | eien darō |
| Adverbial | 永遠に | えいえんに | eien ni |
| Degree | 永遠さ | えいえんさ | eiensa |

##### Synonyms

* とわ (towa)
* 永久(えいきゅう) (eikyū)

##### Related terms

* 無限(むげん) (mugen, “mugen”): infinity

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 永 | 遠 |
| とわ ||
| Grade: 5 | Grade: 2 |
| jukujikun ||
For pronunciation and definitions of 永遠 – see the following entry. :
| 【とわ】 | [adjective] constant, permanent, everlasting [noun] eternity [noun] constancy, permanence, everlastingness Alternative spellings 永久, 常 |
(This term, 永遠, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 永 | 遠 |

### Noun

永遠 • (yeong'won) (hangeul 영원)
* hanja form of 영원 (“eternity”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 永 | 遠 |

### Adjective

永遠
* chữ Hán form of vĩnh viễn (“everlasting; long-lasting; permanent; for ever”).