# 出生
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chūshēng
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄨ ㄕㄥ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ceot$^1$ saang$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chhut-sên
* Eastern Min (BUC): chók-sĕng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): coh$^6$ seng$^1$ / cuoh$^6$ seng$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chhut-siⁿ / chhut-seⁿ / chhut-seng / chhut-sng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): cug$^4$ sên$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chūshēng
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄨ ㄕㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chusheng
*** Wade–Giles: chʻu$^1$-shêng$^1$
*** Yale: chū-shēng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chusheng
*** Palladius: чушэн (čušɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$出生 出聲 / 出声 初升 初生 初聲 / 初声
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ceot$^1$ saang$^1$
*** Yale: chēut sāang
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsoet$^7$ saang$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cêd$^1$ sang$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɵt̚⁵ saːŋ⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhut-sên
*** Hakka Romanization System: cud$^ˋ$ sen$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: cud$^5$ sen$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰut̚² sen²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: chók-sĕng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰuʔ²⁴⁻²¹ sɛiŋ⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: coh$^6$ seng$^1$ [Phonetic: coh$^7$ seng$^1$]
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: cheoh-seng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɔʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ ɬɛŋ⁵³³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: cuoh$^6$ seng$^1$ [Phonetic: cuoh$^7$ seng$^1$]
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰuoʔ²⁻²⁴ ɬɛŋ⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhut-siⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: tshut-sinn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhutsvy
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ sĩ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰut̚⁵⁻²⁴ sĩ³³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhut-seⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: tshut-senn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhutsvef
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁵ sɛ̃⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ sẽ⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Yilan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhut-seng
*** Tâi-lô: tshut-sing
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhutsefng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ siɪŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁵ siɪŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Yilan): /t͡sʰut̚²⁻⁵ siɪŋ⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhut-sng
*** Tâi-lô: tshut-sng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhutsngf
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰut̚⁵⁻²⁴ sŋ̍³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: cug$^4$ sên$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshuk seⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰuk̚²⁻⁴ sẽ³³/

### Verb

出生
* to be born
    出生體重／出生体重 ― chūshēng tǐzhòng ― birth weight
       Nǐ zài nǎr chūshēng de? [Pinyin]
       Where were you born?
       Shéi bù yuànyì yī chūshēng jiù shì hán zhe jīnyàoshi de fùjiā háizi, shéi bù yuànyì bùláo'érhuò? [Pinyin]
       Who doesn't want to be a rich kid born with a silver spoon? Who doesn't want to get something for nothing?
    From: Jiao Gong, Yilin, 1st century BCE
    Gǔfēng bù qì, wànwù chūshēng. [Pinyin]
    The eastern valley wind propagates qi, the myriad things come forth into life.
* (obsolete) to lay down one's own life, to give up one's own life
    From: Lü Buwei, Master Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals, 239 BCE
    Zhōngchén yì rán. Gǒu biàn yú zhǔ lì yú guó, wú gǎn cíwéi shāshēn chūshēng yǐ xùn zhī....... Hóng Yǎn kěwèi zhōng yǐ, shāshēn chūshēng yǐ xùn qí jūn. [Pinyin]
    A loyal minister behaves in just this fashion. If he can advantage his ruler and profit his state, he will not consider shirking or evading anything, even killing himself and abjuring life to accompany his ruler in death. [...] Hong Yan can be called loyal. He killed himself and gave up his own life to accompany his lord.
    From: Wei Liaozi, c. 4th – 3rd centuries BCE
    Zhìniǎo zhú què, yǒu xí rén zhī huái, rù rén zhī shì zhě, fēi chūshēng yě, hòu yǒu dàn yě. [Pinyin]
    A sparrow, pursued by a bird of prey, flies into someone's arms or enters someone's dwelling. It is not that the sparrow is casting away its life, but that to the rear there is something to fear.

#### Synonyms

* 出世 (chūshì) (literary or dialectal)
* 生人 (shēngrén) (of a person)
* 落地 (figurative)
* 誕生 / 诞生 (dànshēng) (of a person)
* 降世 (jiàngshì) (especially of an important figure)
* 降生 (jiàngshēng) (especially of an important figure)
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 生, 出世 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 出生, 出世, 誕生, 降生, 降世 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 出生 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 出生 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 出世 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 出世 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 出世 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 出世 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 出世 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 出世 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 出世 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 出世 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 出世 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 出世 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 出世 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 出世 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 出世 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 出世 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 出世 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 出世 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 出世 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 出世 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 出世 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 出世 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 出生 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 出世 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 出世 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 出世 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 出世 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 出世 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 出世 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 出世 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 出世 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 出世, 出生 |
| Southern Min | Longyan | 出世 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 出世 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 出生 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 出世 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 出世 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 出世 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 出世 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 出世 |

#### Derived terms

* 出生入死 (chūshēngrùsǐ)
* 出生日期 (chūshēng rìqī)
* 出生率 (chūshēnglǜ)
* 出生證 / 出生证 (chūshēngzhèng)
* 出生證明 / 出生证明 (chūshēng zhèngmíng)
* 出生證明書 / 出生证明书 (chūshēng zhèngmíngshū)
* 出生證書 / 出生证书 (chūshēng zhèngshū)

#### Related terms

* 出身 (chūshēn)

## Japanese
### Pronunciation 1

Kanji in this term :
| 出 | 生 |
| しゅつ > しゅっ Grade: 1 | しょう Grade: 1 |
| kan'on ||
* (Tokyo) しゅっしょー [shùsshóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɕɨɕːo̞ː]

#### Noun

出(しゅっ)生(しょう) • (shusshō)
* birth

#### Verb

出(しゅっ)生(しょう)する • (shusshō suru) suru (stem 出(しゅっ)生(しょう)し (shusshō shi), past 出(しゅっ)生(しょう)した (shusshō shita))
* be born

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 出生し | しゅっしょうし | shusshō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 出生し | しゅっしょうし | shusshō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 出生する | しゅっしょうする | shusshō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 出生する | しゅっしょうする | shusshō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 出生すれ | しゅっしょうすれ | shusshō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 出生せよ¹ 出生しろ² | しゅっしょうせよ¹ しゅっしょうしろ² | shusshō seyo¹ shusshō shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 出生される | しゅっしょうされる | shusshō sareru |
| Causative | 出生させる 出生さす | しゅっしょうさせる しゅっしょうさす | shusshō saseru shusshō sasu |
| Potential | 出生できる | しゅっしょうできる | shusshō dekiru |
| Volitional | 出生しよう | しゅっしょうしよう | shusshō shiyō |
| Negative | 出生しない | しゅっしょうしない | shusshō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 出生せず | しゅっしょうせず | shusshō sezu |
| Formal | 出生します | しゅっしょうします | shusshō shimasu |
| Perfective | 出生した | しゅっしょうした | shusshō shita |
| Conjunctive | 出生して | しゅっしょうして | shusshō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 出生すれば | しゅっしょうすれば | shusshō sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

##### Synonyms

* 生(う)まれる (umareru)

### Pronunciation 2

Kanji in this term :
| 出 | 生 |
| しゅつ > しゅっ Grade: 1 | せい Grade: 1 |
| kan'on | goon |
* (Tokyo) しゅっせー [shùsséé] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɕɨsːe̞ː]

#### Noun

出(しゅっ)生(せい) • (shussei)
* birth

#### Verb

出(しゅっ)生(せい)する • (shussei suru) suru (stem 出(しゅっ)生(せい)し (shussei shi), past 出(しゅっ)生(せい)した (shussei shita))
* be born

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 出生し | しゅっせいし | shussei shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 出生し | しゅっせいし | shussei shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 出生する | しゅっせいする | shussei suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 出生する | しゅっせいする | shussei suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 出生すれ | しゅっせいすれ | shussei sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 出生せよ¹ 出生しろ² | しゅっせいせよ¹ しゅっせいしろ² | shussei seyo¹ shussei shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 出生される | しゅっせいされる | shussei sareru |
| Causative | 出生させる 出生さす | しゅっせいさせる しゅっせいさす | shussei saseru shussei sasu |
| Potential | 出生できる | しゅっせいできる | shussei dekiru |
| Volitional | 出生しよう | しゅっせいしよう | shussei shiyō |
| Negative | 出生しない | しゅっせいしない | shussei shinai |
| Negative continuative | 出生せず | しゅっせいせず | shussei sezu |
| Formal | 出生します | しゅっせいします | shussei shimasu |
| Perfective | 出生した | しゅっせいした | shussei shita |
| Conjunctive | 出生して | しゅっせいして | shussei shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 出生すれば | しゅっせいすれば | shussei sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* 1 2 Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 出 | 生 |

### Noun

出生 • (chulsaeng) (hangeul 출생)
* hanja form of 출생 (“birth”)