# ber
## Translingual
### Symbol

ber
* (international standards) ISO 639-2 & ISO 639-5 language code for Berber languages.

## English
### Alternative forms

* bair, bear, bér, bèr, bër, bher, bir

### Etymology

Borrowed from Hindi बेर (ber).

### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) enPR: bâr, IPA: /bɛə(ɹ)/
* (India) enPR: bâr, IPA: [beːɾ]
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛə(ɹ)

### Noun

ber (plural bers)
* A fruit-bearing tree (Ziziphus mauritiana); the jujube.

### See also

* ber month

### References

* ber listed in the Oxford English Dictionary [2nd ed., 1989] (paywall)

### Anagrams

* 'erb, BrE, Bre, Erb, REB, Reb, reb

## Albanian
### Etymology

From Proto-Albanian *bōr-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰōrs-, from root *bʰers- (“point, tip bolt”). Cognate to Old Irish barr (“point”).

### Noun

ber m (plural berë, definite beri, definite plural berët)
* bow, arc, arch
* arrow
* javelin, lance
* European whipsnake (Dolichophis jugularis, syn. Coluber jugularis)

#### Derived terms

* beronjë

#### Related terms

* ylber, bërryl

### References

* ↑ Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997) Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎ (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 95

## Cimbrian
### Alternative forms

* bèar (Sette Comuni)

### Etymology

Inherited from Middle High German wer, from Old High German wer, from Proto-West Germanic *hwaʀ, from Proto-Germanic *hwaz. Cognate with German wer, English who.

### Pronoun

ber
* (Luserna) who
    Bobrall du geast, gedenkhte ber du pist. ― Wherever you go, remember who you are.

### References

* Patuzzi, Umberto, ed., (2013) Luserna / Lusérn: Le nostre parole / Ünsarne börtar / Unsere Wörter [Our Words], Luserna, Italy: Comitato unitario delle isole linguistiche storiche germaniche in Italia / Einheitskomitee der historischen deutschen Sprachinseln in Italien

## Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈbɛr]
* Rhymes: -ɛr

### Verb

ber
* second-person singular imperative of brát

### Anagrams

* erb

## Elfdalian
### Adjective

ber
* bare, uncovered

#### Inflection

This adjective needs an inflection-table template.

## Faroese
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Norse ber, from Proto-Germanic *basją, *bazją.

#### Noun

ber n (genitive singular bers, plural ber)
* berry

##### Derived terms

* berjalyngur (“Empetrum”)
* bervísa
* bláber (“Vaccinium”)
* einiber
* jarðber (“Fragaria”)
* krákuber
* maðkaber
* oljuber
* reyðber
* rossaber (“Rubus”)
* stikkulsber (“Ribes uva-crispa”)
* svartber
* vinbláber (“Vaccinium vitis-idaea”)

### Etymology 2

Conjugated form.

#### Verb

ber
* inflection of bera:
** third-person singular present
** second-person singular imperative

##### Derived terms

* tað ber ikki til (“this is impossible”)

## French
### Etymology

Inherited from Middle French berz, from Vulgar Latin *bertium (“little cradle”), from Gaulish.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Noun

ber m (plural bers)
* (nautical) a cradle that holds a ship before and during its launch

### Further reading

* “ber”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Icelandic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pɛːr/
* Rhymes: -ɛːr

### Etymology 1

From Old Norse berr, from Proto-Germanic *bazaz.

#### Adjective

ber (comparative berari, superlative berastur)
* bare
* bare, naked
* uncovered
* discovered
    Hann varð ber að lygi.He was caught lying.

##### Derived terms

* allsber
* berrassaður
* ber er hver að baki, nema sér bróður eigi

### Etymology 2

From Old Norse ber, from Proto-Germanic *basją, *bazją.

#### Noun

ber n (genitive singular bers, nominative plural ber)
* berry

##### Derived terms

* aðalbláber
* bláber
* jarðarber
* kirsuber
* krækiber
* rifsber
* sólber
* steinber

## Latvian
### Verb

ber
* inflection of bērt:
** second/third-person singular present indicative
** third-person plural present indicative
** second-person singular imperative
* (with the particle lai) third-person singular imperative of bērt
* (with the particle lai) third-person plural imperative of bērt

## Middle High German
### Alternative forms

* bere, per

### Etymology

From Old High German bero, from Proto-West Germanic *berō, from Proto-Germanic *berô.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (before 13th CE) /ˈber/, /ˈbɛr/

### Noun

ber or bër m
* bear

#### Descendants

* Alemannic German: Bärr
* Cimbrian: per
* German: Bär
* Rhine Franconian:
** Hunsrik: Bäer
** Luxembourgish: Bier
* Vilamovian: baor
* Yiddish: בער (ber)

### References

* Benecke, Georg Friedrich, Müller, Wilhelm, Zarncke, Friedrich (1863) “ber”, in Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch: mit Benutzung des Nachlasses von Benecke, Stuttgart: S. Hirzel
* "ber" in Köbler, Gerhard, Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch (3rd edition 2014)

## Middle Welsh
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Brythonic *ber, from Proto-Celtic *beru (“spit”).

### Noun

ber (plural bereu)
* spear, lance, pike
* spit, skewer

#### Descendants

* Welsh: bêr

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Middle Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

## Mirandese
### Verb

ber
* to see

#### Related terms

* besible
* bison
* bista

## Mòcheno
### Pronoun

ber
* unstressed form of biar

### References

* “ber” in Cimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.

## Namuyi
### Alternative forms

* bzhe

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [bɚ˧]
* Hyphenation: ber

### Verb

ber
* (stative) to be full (of)

### References

* Štěpán Pavlík (2017) The Description of Namuzi Language‎, Prague: Charles University (PhD Thesis), page 119

## North Frisian
### Alternative forms

* bad (Föhr-Amrum)
* bade (Mooring)

### Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *bidjaną.

### Pronunciation

* (Sylt) IPA: [b̥ɛɐ̯]

### Verb

ber
* (Sylt) to ask politely, to beg, request

#### Conjugation
## Northern Kurdish
### Etymology 1

From the same root as Etymology 2 below.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bɛɾ/
* Rhymes: -ɛɾ
* Hyphenation: ber

#### Noun

ber m (Arabic spelling بەر)
* front, face
    Synonym: pêşî

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

Slightly under the influence of Persian بر (“on, over”) (akin to wer (“prefix meaning "around"”)) but from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“front; around”). The change in meaning of this word in Northwest Iranic languages can be seen in Parthian [script needed] (par, “to; at”) also.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bɛɾ/
* Rhymes: -ɛɾ
* Hyphenation: ber

#### Preposition

ber (Arabic spelling بەر)
* (temporal and spatial) before; in front of; toward
* in, under

##### Derived terms

* ber avîtin
* ber xwe ketin
* ber xwe kirin
* ber çûyîn

### Etymology 3

Likely from Proto-Iranian *varta- (“stone”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bɛɾ/
* Rhymes: -ɛɾ
* Hyphenation: ber

#### Noun

ber m (Arabic spelling بەر)
* stone, rock
** particularly a small stone
    Antonym: kevir
* bullet

##### Declension
### Etymology 4

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bɛr/
* Rhymes: -ɛr
* Hyphenation: ber

#### Noun

ber f (Arabic spelling بەڕ)
* kilim (type of carpet)

##### Declension
### Etymology 5

Compare Persian بر (bar, “fruit”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bɛɾ/
* Rhymes: -ɛɾ
* Hyphenation: ber

#### Noun

ber m or f (Arabic spelling بەر)
* fruit
    Synonyms: êmîş, fîkî, mêwe
* (figurative) product

##### Declension
### Etymology 6
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bɛˤɾ/
* Rhymes: -ɛʕɾ
* Hyphenation: ber

#### Noun

be'r f (Arabic spelling بەعر)
* Alternative form of behr (“sea”)

##### Declension
### References

* Chyet, Michael L. (2020) “ber I”, in Ferhenga Birûskî: Kurmanji–English Dictionary (Language Series; 1), volume 1, London: Transnational Press, page 45
* Chyet, Michael L. (2020) “ber II”, in Ferhenga Birûskî: Kurmanji–English Dictionary (Language Series; 1), volume 1, London: Transnational Press, page 45
* Chyet, Michael L. (2020) “ber III”, in Ferhenga Birûskî: Kurmanji–English Dictionary (Language Series; 1), volume 1, London: Transnational Press, page 46
* Chyet, Michael L. (2020) “ber̄ IV”, in Ferhenga Birûskî: Kurmanji–English Dictionary (Language Series; 1), volume 1, London: Transnational Press, page 46
* Chyet, Michael L. (2020) “ber V”, in Ferhenga Birûskî: Kurmanji–English Dictionary (Language Series; 1), volume 1, London: Transnational Press, page 47
* Chyet, Michael L. (2020) “be‘r VI”, in Ferhenga Birûskî: Kurmanji–English Dictionary (Language Series; 1), volume 1, London: Transnational Press, page 47

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Verb

ber
* present of be

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology 1
#### Verb

ber
* present tense of bera
* imperative of bera

### Etymology 2
#### Verb

ber
* present tense of be

### Anagrams

* bre

## Old English
### Alternative forms

* bǣr

### Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *bāru, from Proto-Germanic *bērō, whence also Old High German bāra.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /beːr/

### Noun

bēr f
* bier; a litter to transport dead people

#### Declension

Strong ō-stem:

#### Descendants

* Middle English: bere, beere, beer
** Scots: bere, beir
** English: bier

## Old French
### Noun

ber m
* nominative singular of baron

## Old Irish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bʲer/

### Verb

·ber
* first-person singular present subjunctive conjunct of beirid

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

## Old Norse
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Germanic *basją, *bazją, whence also Old English berġe, Old High German beri.

#### Noun

ber n (genitive plural berja)
* berry

##### Descendants

* Icelandic: ber
* Faroese: ber
* Norwegian: bær
* Old Swedish: bær
** Swedish: bär
* Danish: bær

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Adjective

ber
* inflection of berr (“bare”):
** strong feminine nominative singular
** strong neuter nominative/accusative plural

#### Verb

ber
* inflection of bera:
** first-person singular present indicative active
** second-person singular imperative active
* inflection of berja:
** first-person singular present indicative active
** second-person singular imperative active

### Further reading

* Zoëga, Geir T. (1910) “ber”, in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press; also available at the Internet Archive

## Old Polish
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *bъrъ. First attested in 1409.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (10th–15th CE) /bɛr/
* IPA: (15th CE) /bɛr/

### Noun

ber m animacy unattested
* (attested in Greater poland) foxtail millet (Setaria italica)
** 1900 [1437], Józef Rostafiński, editor, Symbola ad historiam naturalem medii aevi = Średniowieczna historya naturalna w Polsce. Ps 2‎, number 2650:Ber iocues, panicus[Ber iocues, panicus]
** 1920 [1409], Marceli Handelsman, Antoni Rybarski, Kazimierz Tymieniecki, editors, Najdawniejsze księgi sądowe mazowieckie, volume I, number 1398, Płońsk:Yacom ne popasl Recziboroui poltory copi brw[Jakom nie popasł Reciborowi połtory kopy bru]
** c. 1500, Wokabularz lubiński, Lubiń: inkunabuł Archiwum Archidiecezjalnego w Gnieźnie, sygn. Inc. 78d., page 95r:Panichium est legumen quoddam proprie fenchel ber[Panichium est legumen quoddam proprie fenchel ber]

#### Descendants

* Polish: ber

### References

* Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “ber”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
* B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “ber”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
* Ewa Deptuchowa, Mariusz Frodyma, Katarzyna Jasińska, Magdalena Klapper, Dorota Kołodziej, Mariusz Leńczuk, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, editors (2023), “ber”, in Rozariusze z polskimi glosami. Internetowa baza danych [Dictionaries of Polish glosses, an Internet database] (in Polish), Kraków: Pracownia Języka Staropolskiego Instytut Języka Polskiego Polskiej Akademii Nauk

## Polabian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Middle Low German bâr / bare

### Noun

ber m ?
* bear

### References

* Lehr-Spławiński, T., Polański, K. (1962) “ber”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka Drzewian połabskich [Etymological Dictionary of the Polabian Drevani Language] (in Polish), number 1 (A – ďüzd), Wrocław, Warszawa etc.: Ossolineum, page 30
* Polański, Kazimierz, James Allen Sehnert (1967) “ber”, in Polabian-English Dictionary, The Hague, Paris: Mouton & Co, page 37
* Olesch, Reinhold (1962) “Báar”, in Thesaurus Linguae Dravaenopolabicae [Thesaurus of the Drevani language] (in German), volumes 1: A – O, Cologne, Vienna: Böhlau Verlag, →ISBN, page 10

## Polish
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Polish ber.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈbɛr/
* (Middle Polish) IPA: /ˈbɛr/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛr
* Syllabification: ber

#### Noun

ber m inan
* foxtail millet (Setaria italica)

##### Declension

or

##### Derived terms

* brzany

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈbɛr/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛr
* Syllabification: ber

#### Noun

ber f
* genitive plural of bera

### Further reading

* ber in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “ber”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
* Danuta Lankiewicz (22.02.2016) “BER”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]
* Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “ber”, in Słownik języka polskiego
* Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “ber”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
* J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1900), “ber”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 1, Warsaw, page 115

## Swedish
### Verb

ber
* present indicative of be

### Anagrams

* bre

## Tatar
### Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *bīr (“one”).

### Numeral

ber (Cyrillic spelling бер)
* one

## Volapük
### Etymology

Borrowed from English bear (Ursidae).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [beɾ]

### Noun

ber (nominative plural bers)
* (male or female) bear (ursid)

#### Declension

$^1$ status as a case is disputed $^2$ in later, non-classical Volapük only

#### Derived terms

* berik
* beril
* berül
* blägaber
* braunaber
* gedaber
* hiber
* hiberül
* jiber
* jiberül
* lekevaber
* sigretaber
* sismalaber

## Welsh
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bɛr/
* Rhymes: -ɛr

### Adjective

ber
* feminine singular of byr

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

## Yola
### Alternative forms

* baar

### Etymology

From Middle English beren, baren, from Old English beran, from Proto-West Germanic *beran.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bɛr/, /baːr/

### Verb

ber
* to bear, to carry

### References

* Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828) William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published 1867, page 26

## Zaghawa
### Pronoun

ber
* third person singular pronoun

#### Related terms

* bers third person plural

### References

* Beria-English English-Beria Dictionary [provisional] ADESK, Iriba, Kobe Department, Chad