# 存

| 存 | U+5B58, &#23384; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5B58 |
| ← 字 [U+5B57] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 孙 → [U+5B59] |

## Translingual
### Han character

存 (Kangxi radical 39, 子+3, 6 strokes, cangjie input 大中弓木 (KLND), four-corner 4024$_7$, composition ⿸𠂇⿰丨子)

#### Derived characters

* 侟, 拵, 洊, 栫, 珔, 袸, 臶, 銌(𲇻), 荐
* 𠱜, 𪣋, 𡜒, 𢂣, 𢙨, 𤞐, 𨒸, 𰓚, 𣆱, 𤈊, 𦛊, 𱛄, 𥞘, 𰄕, 𱹲, 𧋃, 𨀛, 𫑴
* 𨚲, 𫲳, 𤶐, 𫭇, 𮘥

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 278, character 2
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 6943
* Dae Jaweon: page 545, character 8
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1009, character 7
* Unihan data for U+5B58

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 荐 | *zlɯːns |
| 洊 | *zlɯːns |
| 臶 | *zlɯːns, *zluːns |
| 栫 | *zlɯːns, *zluːns |
| 袸 | *zlɯːns, *zluːn |
| 存 | *zluːn |
| 拵 | *zluːn |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *zluːn): phonetic 才 (OC *zlɯː, *zlɯːs) + semantic 子.

### Etymology 1

Possibly the demonstrative *-n derivation from 在 (OC *zlɯːʔ) (Schuessler, 2007).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): cún (cun$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄘㄨㄣˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): cen$^2$ / cun$^2$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): cyun$^4$
* Gan (Wiktionary): cun$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chhùn / sùn
    (Hailu, HRS): cun / sun
    (Meixian, Guangdong): cun$^2$
* Jin (Wiktionary): cung$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): cǒ̤ng
* Eastern Min (BUC): còng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): zong$^2$ / zuong$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chûn
    (Teochew, Peng'im): cung$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$zen
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): zen$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: cún
*** Zhuyin: ㄘㄨㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cún
*** Wade–Giles: tsʻun$^2$
*** Yale: tswún
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tswen
*** Palladius: цунь (cunʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰu̯ən³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: cen$^2$ / cun$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: cen / cun
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰən²¹/, /t͡sʰuən²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: cyun$^4$
*** Yale: chyùhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsyn$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: qun$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰyːn²¹/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: cun$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰun²⁴/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhùn / sùn
*** Hakka Romanization System: cun$^ˇ$ / sun$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: cun$^2$ / sun$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰun¹¹/, /sun¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: cun / sun
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰun⁵⁵/, /sun⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: cun$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰun¹¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: cung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡sʰuŋ¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cǒ̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɔŋ²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: còng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡souŋ⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: zong$^2$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ceóng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɔŋ¹³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: zuong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡suoŋ¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chûn
*** Tâi-lô: tsûn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zuun
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sun²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sun²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sun¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sun²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sun²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: cung$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshûng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰuŋ⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$zen
*** MiniDict: zen$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$zen
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zən²³/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: zen$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sən¹³/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit存 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /t͡sʰuən³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /t͡sʰuən²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /t͡sʰuən⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /t͡sʰuẽ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /t͡sʰuə̃⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /t͡sʰuən⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /t͡sʰuẽ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /t͡sʰuə̃²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /t͡sʰuŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /t͡sʰũn⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /t͡sʰuŋ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /t͡sʰən²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /t͡sʰən³¹/ /t͡sʰuən³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /t͡sʰen²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /t͡sʰuə̃³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /t͡sʰun²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /t͡sʰən⁵⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡sʰuəŋ¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /t͡sʰuŋ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /t͡sʰũŋ³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /zəŋ²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /zən¹³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /d͡zen²¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /zø³¹/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /t͡sʰʌ̃⁴⁴/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /t͡sʰuːə⁴⁴/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /t͡sən¹³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /d͡zən¹²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /t͡sʰun²⁴/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /t͡sʰun¹¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /t͡sʰun¹¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /t͡sʰyn²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /t͡sʰyn²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /t͡sʰyn²¹/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /t͡sun³⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /t͡souŋ⁵³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /t͡sɔŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /t͡sʰuŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /sun³¹/ |
* Middle Chinese: dzwon
Rime :
| Character | 存 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 從 (15) |
| Final (韻) | 魂 (55) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 徂尊切 |
| Baxter | dzwon |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡zuən/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡zuon/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡zuən/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡zwən/ |
| Li Rong | /d͡zuən/ |
| Wang Li | /d͡zuən/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /d͡zʱuən/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | cún |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | cyun$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[dz]ˤə[n]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*zluːn/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 存 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | cún |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dzwon › |
| Old Chinese | /*[dz]ˁə[n]/ |
| English | exist |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 存 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 1905 |
| Phonetic component | 存 |
| Rime group | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 存 |
| Old Chinese | /*zluːn/ |

### Definitions

存
* (literary) to exist
* to cherish; to harbor
* to store; to retain
* stock; reserve

#### Synonyms

* (to exist):
* 在
* 存在 (cúnzài)
* 有
* 留存 (liúcún)

### Compounds

* 一息尚存 (yīxīshàngcún)
* 一滴無存 / 一滴无存
* 下存
* 不存
* 不存不濟 / 不存不济
* 不存大體 / 不存大体
* 不存濟 / 不存济
* 並存 / 并存 (bìngcún)
* 並存不悖 / 并存不悖
* 主敬存誠 / 主敬存诚
* 久有存心
* 亡人自存
* 人存政舉 / 人存政举
* 依存 (yīcún)
* 保存 (bǎocún)
* 倖存 / 幸存 (xìngcún)
* 傳真存轉 / 传真存转
* 儲存 / 储存 (chǔcún)
* 儲存單位 / 储存单位
* 儲蓄存款 / 储蓄存款
* 共存 (gòngcún)
* 典範長存 / 典范长存
* 分隸偶存 / 分隶偶存
* 勢不兩存 / 势不两存
* 去偽存真 / 去伪存真 (qùwěicúnzhēn)
* 去蕪存菁 / 去芜存菁 (qùwúcúnjīng)
* 名存實亡 / 名存实亡 (míngcúnshíwáng)
* 和平共存 (hépíng gòngcún)
* 圖存 / 图存 (túcún)
* 在此存照
* 外匯存底 / 外汇存底
* 外幣存款 / 外币存款
* 存亡 (cúnwáng)
* 存亡未卜
* 存亡絕續 / 存亡绝续
* 存亡繼絕 / 存亡继绝
* 存候
* 存勞 / 存劳
* 存包處 / 存包处
* 存古 (cúngǔ)
* 存問 / 存问
* 存單 / 存单 (cúndān)
* 存在 (cúnzài)
* 存在主義 / 存在主义 (cúnzài zhǔyì)
* 存坐
* 存執 / 存执
* 存存
* 存孤
* 存宿
* 存底
* 存廢 / 存废 (cúnfèi)
* 存心 (cúnxīn)
* 存恤 (cúnxù)
* 存慰
* 存戶 / 存户 (cúnhù)
* 存摺 / 存折 (cúnzhé)
* 存撫 / 存抚
* 存放 (cúnfàng)
* 存查 (cúnchá)
* 存案
* 存根 (cúngēn)
* 存檔 / 存档 (cúndàng)
* 存欄 / 存栏
* 存款 (cúnkuǎn)
* 存沒 / 存没
* 存活 (cúnhuó)
* 存活率 (cúnhuólǜ)
* 存濟 / 存济
* 存照
* 存留 (cúnliú)
* 存疑 (cúnyí)
* 存省
* 存眷
* 存神
* 存視 / 存视
* 存稿
* 存續 / 存续 (cúnxù)
* 存而不論 / 存而不论
* 存記 / 存记
* 存證信函 / 存证信函
* 存貨 / 存货 (cúnhuò)
* 存身 (cúnshēn)
* 存量 (cúnliàng)
* 存錢 / 存钱 (cúnqián)
* 存錄 / 存录
* 存食
* 存養 / 存养
* 安存
* 定存 (dìngcún)
* 定期存款 (dìngqī cúnkuǎn)
* 寄存 (jìcún)
* 封存 (fēngcún)
* 屍骨無存 / 尸骨无存 (shīgǔ wú cún)
* 巋然獨存 / 岿然独存
* 庫存 / 库存 (kùcún)
* 心存不軌 / 心存不轨 (xīncúnbùguǐ)
* 心存魏闕 / 心存魏阙
* 思存
* 惠存 (huìcún)
* 意存筆先 / 意存笔先
* 推亡固存
* 提存
* 撫存 / 抚存 (fǔcún)
* 救亡圖存 / 救亡图存 (jiùwángtúcún)
* 李存勗 / 李存勖
* 死生存亡
* 殘存 / 残存 (cáncún)
* 殷文存
* 永存 (yǒngcún)
* 永存不朽
* 求同存異 / 求同存异 (qiútóngcúnyì)
* 治亂存亡 / 治乱存亡
* 活存 (huócún)
* 活期存款 (huóqī cúnkuǎn)
* 浩氣長存 / 浩气长存 (hàoqì chángcún)
* 溫存 / 温存 (wēncún)
* 滾存 / 滚存 (gǔncún)
* 無存濟 / 无存济
* 片瓦無存 / 片瓦无存
* 片甲不存 (piànjiǎbùcún)
* 片甲無存 / 片甲无存 (piànjiǎwúcún)
* 猶存 / 犹存
* 現存 / 现存 (xiàncún)
* 生存 (shēngcún)
* 生存空間 / 生存空间 (shēngcún kōngjiān)
* 生存競爭 / 生存竞争
* 生死存亡 (shēngsǐcúnwáng)
* 留存 (liúcún)
* 百不存一
* 百無一存 / 百无一存
* 盤存 / 盘存 (páncún)
* 目擊道存 / 目击道存
* 碩果僅存 / 硕果仅存 (shuòguǒjǐncún)
* 票據存款 / 票据存款
* 禮存寧儉 / 礼存宁俭
* 積存 / 积存 (jīcún)
* 立此存照
* 結存 / 结存 (jiécún)
* 綜合存款 / 综合存款
* 繼絕存亡 / 继绝存亡
* 聚落保存
* 興廢存亡 / 兴废存亡
* 舍生存義 / 舍生存义
* 苟存
* 若存若亡
* 蕩然無存 / 荡然无存 (dàngránwúcún)
* 貯存 / 贮存 (zhùcún)
* 軟語溫存 / 软语温存
* 進退存亡 / 进退存亡
* 過化存神 / 过化存神
* 適者生存 / 适者生存 (shìzhě shēngcún)
* 長存 / 长存 (chángcún)
* 閑邪存誠 / 闲邪存诚
* 難存濟 / 难存济
* 零存整付
* 零庫存 / 零库存
* 霽範永存 / 霁范永存
* 養性存身 / 养性存身
* 餘存 / 余存
* 餘悸猶存 / 余悸犹存
* 黃金存摺 / 黄金存折
* 默存
* 齒亡舌存 / 齿亡舌存
* 齒弊舌存 / 齿弊舌存

### Etymology 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 存 – see 伸 (“to be left; to remain; surplus; remainder”). (This character is recorded in one or more historical dictionaries as a variant form of 伸).

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)
* exist

#### Readings

* Go-on: ぞん (zon, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: そん (son, Jōyō)
* Kun: ある (aru, 存る)、たもつ (tamotsu, 存つ)、とう (tou, 存う)、ながらえる (nagaraeru, 存える)
* Nanori: あきら (akira)、あり (ari)、ありや (ariya)、ある (aru)、さだ (sada)、すすむ (susumu)、たもつ (tamotsu)、つぎ (tsugi)、なが (naga)、のぶ (nobu)、のり (nori)、まさ (masa)、やす (yasu)、やすし (yasushi)

#### Compounds

* 保(ほ)存(ぞん) (hozon, “preservation”)
* 存(そん)続(ぞく) (sonzoku, “duration”)
* 依(い)存(ぞん) (izon, “depend”)
* 依(い)存(ぞん)症(しょう) (izonshō, “addiction”)
* 現(げん)存(ぞん) (genzon, “existence”)
* 共(きょう)存(ぞん) (kyōzon, “coexistence”)
* 生(せい)存(ぞん) (seizon, “living, life”)
* 生(せい)存(ぞん)権(けん) (seizonken, “right to life”)
* 残(ざん)存(ぞん) (zanzon, “survival”)
* 存(そん)立(りつ) (sonritsu, “existence”)
* 存(そん)否(ぴ) (sonpi, “existence or nonexistence”)
* 存(ぞん)心(しん) (zonshin, “inner thoughts”)
* 存(そん)する (sonsuru, “to exist, to be, to survive, to remain”)

### Pronunciation

* Kanji in this term
* 存
* そん Grade: 6
* on'yomi
* (Tokyo) そんする [sòńsúꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [3])
* IPA: [sõ̞ɰ̃sɨɾɯ̟]

### Verb

存(そん)する • (son suru) suru (stem 存(そん)し (son shi), past 存(そん)した (son shita))
* (intransitive) to exist
* (transitive) to preserve

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 存し | そんし | son shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 存し | そんし | son shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 存する | そんする | son suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 存する | そんする | son suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 存すれ | そんすれ | son sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 存せよ¹ 存しろ² | そんせよ¹ そんしろ² | son seyo¹ son shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 存される | そんされる | son sareru |
| Causative | 存させる 存さす | そんさせる そんさす | son saseru son sasu |
| Potential | 存できる | そんできる | son dekiru |
| Volitional | 存しよう | そんしよう | son shiyō |
| Negative | 存しない | そんしない | son shinai |
| Negative continuative | 存せず | そんせず | son sezu |
| Formal | 存します | そんします | son shimasu |
| Perfective | 存した | そんした | son shita |
| Conjunctive | 存して | そんして | son shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 存すれば | そんすれば | son sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

#### Synonyms

* (to exist): 存在(そんざい)する (sonzai suru)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

存 (eum 존 (jon))
* to have
* to exist
* to be living

#### Compounds

* 존재 (存在, jonjae, “existence”)
* 기존 (旣存, gijon, “existing”)
* 의존 (依存, uijon, “dependence”)
* 보존 (保存, bojon, “preservation”)
* 생존 (生存, saengjon, “survival”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

存: Hán Nôm readings: tồn, dòn, sòn, ròn, tòn
* chữ Hán form of tồn (“to exist; to preserve”).