# 驚惶
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jīnghuáng
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄥ ㄏㄨㄤˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ging$^1$ wong$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kiâng-fòng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kiaⁿ-hiâⁿ / kiaⁿ-iâⁿ / keng-hông / kiaⁿ-hiông
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gian$^1$ ian$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jīnghuáng
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥ ㄏㄨㄤˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jinghuáng
*** Wade–Giles: ching$^1$-huang$^2$
*** Yale: jīng-hwáng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jinghwang
*** Palladius: цзинхуан (czinxuan)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ging$^1$ wong$^4$
*** Yale: gīng wòhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ging$^1$ wong$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ging$^1$ wong$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɪŋ⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiâng-fòng
*** Hakka Romanization System: giang$^ˊ$ fong$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: giang$^1$ fong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki̯aŋ²⁴ foŋ¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiaⁿ-hiâⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: kiann-hiânn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kvia'hviaa
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiã⁴⁴⁻²² hiã¹³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kiã⁴⁴⁻²² hiã²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ hiã²³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ hiã²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiaⁿ-iâⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: kiann-iânn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kvia'viaa
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiã⁴⁴⁻²² iã¹³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: keng-hông
*** Tâi-lô: king-hông
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kenghoong
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɪŋ³³ hɔŋ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiaⁿ-hiông
*** Tâi-lô: kiann-hiông
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kvia'hioong
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɔŋ²³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɔŋ²⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gian$^1$ ian$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kiaⁿ iâⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /kĩã³³⁻²³ ĩã⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: kjaeng hwang
Rime :
| Character | 驚 | 惶 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 庚 (111) | 唐 (102) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 舉卿切 | 胡光切 |
| Baxter | kjaeng | hwang |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠiæŋ/ | /ɦwɑŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kᵚiaŋ/ | /ɦʷɑŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kiaŋ/ | /ɣuɑŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kiajŋ/ | /ɦwaŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /kiɐŋ/ | /ɣuɑŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /kĭɐŋ/ | /ɣuɑŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ki̯ɐŋ/ | /ɣwɑŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jīng | huáng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ging$^1$ | wong$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*kreŋ ɡʷaːŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 驚 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jīng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kjæng › |
| Old Chinese | /*kreŋ/ |
| English | be afraid |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 驚 | 惶 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 6877 | 12697 |
| Phonetic component | 敬 | 王 |
| Rime group | 耕 | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 驚 | 黃 |
| Old Chinese | /*kreŋ/ | /*ɡʷaːŋ/ |

### Adjective

驚惶
* (literary or Southern Min) alarmed; frightened; panic-stricken

#### Synonyms

* 刺促 (literary)
* 怖懼 / 怖惧 (bùjù) (literary)
* 恐慌 (kǒnghuāng)
* 恐懼 / 恐惧 (kǒngjù)
* 惶恐 (huángkǒng)
* 慹 / 𰑔 (zhí)
* 遑急 (huángjí) (literary)
* 驚恐 / 惊恐 (jīngkǒng)
* 驚慌 / 惊慌 (jīnghuāng)
* 驚駭 / 惊骇 (jīnghài) (literary)
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 懼, 畏, 恐, 怯, 驚, 惶, 悚, 懾, 恇 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 害怕, 懼怕, 畏懼 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 害怕, 怕 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 害怕, 怕 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 害怕, 發毛 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 怕 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 怕, 害怕 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 害怕, 怕, 打怵 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 害怕, 怵 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 害怕, 怕 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 驚 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 害怕, 怕, 怯火 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 嫌怕, 打怵 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 害怕, 嚇 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 害怕, 怯, 怯乎, 怯豁 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 害怕 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 害怕, 怕, 虛火, 虛 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 嚇不過, 怕 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 害怕, 怕 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 害怕 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 怕 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 慌 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 嚇怕, 怕 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 害怕, 怕, 怕懼, 懼乎 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 怕 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 驚, 怕, 慌, 窒 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 驚, 怕, 慌 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 狂 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 驚 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 驚 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 慌 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 驚 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 好怕 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 驚, 窒 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 慌, 怕 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 慌 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 慌 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 慌 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 驚 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Huancheng) | 驚 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Nanlang) | 驚 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Xiaolan) | 慌 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Dongsheng, Xiaolan) | 慌 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Tanbei, Xiaolan) | 慌 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Henglan) | 慌 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Dongfeng) | 慌 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Nantou) | 慌 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Fusha) | 慌 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shalang) | 慌 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Gangkou) | 慌 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Huangpu) | 慌, 驚 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Sanjiao) | 狂, 驚 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Langwang, Minzhong) | 慌, 驚 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Minzhong) | 慌, 驚 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Guzhen) | 𢗉 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Banfu) | 慌, 驚 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Tanzhou) | 慌, 驚 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 驚 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 驚 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 驚 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 驚 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 驚 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 𢗉 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 𢗉 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 𢗉 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 慌 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 狂 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 驚 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan | 驚, 窒 |
| Cantonese | Yunfu | 怕, 驚 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 𢗉 |
| Cantonese | Xinyi | 狂 |
| Cantonese | Lianjiang | 驚 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 驚, 怕 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 驚, 怕 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 怕 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 怕 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 驚, 怕畏, 畏, 怕 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 狂 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 狂 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 好狂 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 驚 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 怕, 驚, 畏 |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 驚 |
| Hakka | Wengyuan | 驚 |
| Hakka | Liannan | 驚 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 狂 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 驚 |
| Hakka | Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) | 驚 |
| Hakka | Changting | 怕 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 怕 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Yanqian) | 怕 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 嚇 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 怕 |
| Hakka | Ningdu | 怕 |
| Hakka | Tonggu (Sandu) | 怕 |
| Hakka | Ganzhou (Panlong) | 怕 |
| Hakka | Dayu | 怕 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 驚 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 驚 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 驚 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 驚 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 驚 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 驚 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 狂, 驚 |
| Hakka | Mengshan (Xihe) | 怕 |
| Hakka | Luchuan | 狂 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Longchuan) | 狂 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 狂 |
| Hakka | Singkawang | 驚 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 怕, 嚇 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 害怕, 怕 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 著怕, 怕 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 驚, 怕, 怯, 畏 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou (Dikou) | 驚 |
| Northern Min | Songxi | 驚 |
| Northern Min | Zhenghe | 驚 |
| Northern Min | Zhenghe (Zhenqian) | 驚 |
| Northern Min | Jianyang | 驚 |
| Northern Min | Jianyang (Huangkeng) | 畏 |
| Northern Min | Wuyishan | 嚇 |
| Northern Min | Pucheng (Shibei) | 嚇 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 驚 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou (Changle) | 驚 |
| Eastern Min | Lianjiang | 驚 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 驚 |
| Eastern Min | Pingtan | 驚 |
| Eastern Min | Yongtai | 驚 |
| Eastern Min | Minqing | 驚 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 驚 |
| Eastern Min | Pingnan | 驚 |
| Eastern Min | Luoyuan | 驚 |
| Eastern Min | Fu'an | 驚 |
| Eastern Min | Ningde | 驚 |
| Eastern Min | Xiapu | 驚 |
| Eastern Min | Zherong | 驚 |
| Eastern Min | Shouning | 驚 |
| Eastern Min | Zhouning | 驚 |
| Eastern Min | Fuding | 驚 |
| Eastern Min | Singapore (Fuqing) | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 驚, 著驚, 驚惶, 懾, 懾屎, 會攝, 掣 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 驚, 著驚, 懾, 懾屎, 會攝, 掣 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Nan'an | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Shishi | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Hui'an | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Anxi | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Yongchun | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Dehua | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 驚, 著驚, 驚惶, 懾, 會攝, 掣 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou (Longhai) | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou (Changtai) | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Hua'an | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Nanjing | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Pinghe | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Zhangpu | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Yunxiao | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 驚惶 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Longyan | 嚇 |
| Southern Min | Zhangping | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Datian | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 驚, 畏 |
| Southern Min | Raoping | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 驚, 畏 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Qionghai | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 驚 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 驚 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang) | 驚 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang) | 驚 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu) | 驚 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 驚 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Fengting) | 驚 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Youyang) | 驚 |
| Central Min | Yong'an | 驚 |
| Central Min | Sanming (Sanyuan) | 驚 |
| Central Min | Sanming (Shaxian) | 驚 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 驚 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 狂, 怕 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 怕, 嚇 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 嚇 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 怕, 嚇 |
| Wu | Danyang | 怕 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 怕, 嚇, 慌, 怕慌, 發毛 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 怕, 嚇 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 怕, 嚇 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 光 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 怕, 畏怯 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 怕 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 怕 |

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 驚惶(きょうこう) (kyōkō)
* → Korean: 경황(驚惶) (gyeonghwang)
* → Vietnamese: kinh hoàng (驚惶)

### References

* “驚惶”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.