# chi
## Translingual
### Symbol

chi
* (international standards) ISO 639-2/B language code for Chinese.

## English
### Etymology 1

From Latin chī, from Ancient Greek χεῖ (kheî).

#### Alternative forms

* khi

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kaɪ/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Rhymes: -aɪ

#### Noun

chi (plural chis)
* The twenty-second letter of the Classical and Modern Greek alphabets.

##### Derived terms

* chi-by-eye
* chi-rho
* chi-square distribution
* chi-square test

##### Derived terms

* chi distribution
* chi-square

##### See also

* (Greek-script letter names) alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, eta, theta, iota, kappa, lambda, mu, nu, xi, omicron, pi, rho, sigma, tau, upsilon, phi, chi, psi, omega

### Etymology 2

From the Mandarin 氣／气 (qì) from the Wade–Giles romanization: chʻi⁴, from Middle Chinese 氣 (MC khj+jH), from Old Chinese 氣 (OC *kʰɯds, “breath, vapor”). Compare modern Japanese 気(き) (ki), Korean 기(氣) (gi) and Vietnamese khí (氣).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /t͡ʃiː/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)

#### Noun

chi (usually uncountable, plural chis)
* (philosophy, mysticism) A life force in traditional Chinese philosophy, culture, medicine, etc, related (but not limited) to breath and circulation.
** [1987, “ch'i”, in Encyclopedia Britannica‎, 15th edition, volume 3, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 186, column 3:Early Taoist philosophers and alchemists regarded ch'i as a vital force inhering in the breath and bodily fluids and developed techniques to alter and control the movement of ch'i within the body; their aim was to achieve physical longevity and spiritual power.]
** 2001, Eoin Colfer, Artemis Fowl, Viking Press, page 196:He took several deep breaths, finding his chi as Butler had taught him.
** 2013 April 2, David Tanis, “Hurry Up, Spring”, in The New York Times‎, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 02 April 2013, Dining & Wine‎:At the greenmarket, it’s still mostly potatoes and apples. There are no tender greens, fava beans, peas, asparagus, artichokes, sorrel, rhubarb or early strawberries. Those harbingers of the season are said to be full of chi, or qi, the Chinese word for life force. We’re craving them as we’re craving lighter, brighter-tasting meals, food that is greener and fresher.
** 2017 January 8, Leslie Hsu Oh, “I tried the Chinese practice of ‘sitting the month’ after childbirth”, in The Washington Post‎, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 08 January 2017, Health & Science‎:According to traditional Chinese medicine, blood carries chi, your “life force,” which fuels all the functions of the body. When you lose blood, you lose chi, and this causes your body to go into a state of yin (cold). When yin (cold) and yang (hot) are out of balance, your body will suffer physical disorders.

##### Alternative forms

* ch'i, ki
* qi (Hanyu Pinyin)

##### Related terms

* chi kung

##### See also

* ether
* huna
* life force
* orgone
* prana
* qigong

### Etymology 3

From the pinyin romanization of Mandarin 尺 (chǐ). Doublet of chek.

#### Alternative forms

* chih, ch'ih

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /t͡ʃə/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)

#### Noun

chi (usually uncountable, plural chis)
* The Chinese foot, a traditional Chinese unit of length based on the human forearm.
* (Mainland China) The Chinese unit of length standardized in 1984 as $^1$/$_3$ of a meter.
* (Taiwan) The Taiwanese unit of length standardized as $^{10}$/$_{33}$ of a meter, identical to the Japanese shaku.
* (Hong Kong) The chek or Hong Kong foot, a unit of length standardized as 0.371475 meters.

##### Synonyms

* (traditional, mainland): Chinese foot
* (Taiwan): Taiwanese foot
* (Hong Kong): Hong Kong foot, chek

##### Related terms

* shaku, the equivalent Japanese unit

### Etymology 4
#### Noun

chi (plural chis)
* Clipping of chihuahua.

### See also

* chi chi
* chi-chi
* chi chi man
* chi-ike
* chi ko pek
* tai chi
* tai-chi
* tai chi chuan

### Anagrams

* CIH, HCI, ICH, IHC, Ich, hic, ich

## Atsahuaca
### Noun

chi
* fire

## Cornish
### Alternative forms

* (Standard Cornish) chy

### Etymology

From Proto-Brythonic *tɨɣ, from Proto-Celtic *tegos, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teg-.

### Pronunciation

* (Revived Middle Cornish) IPA: [tʃiː]

### Noun

chi m (plural chiow or treven)
* (Standard Written Form) house

#### Derived terms

* abatti (“abbey”)
* arbrovji (“laboratory”)
* asklotti (“chip shop”)
* batti (“mint”)
* bosti (“restaurant”)
* bragji (“brewery”)
* chanjya chi (“move house”)
* Chi an Arydhi (“House of Lords”)
* Chi an Gemmynyon (“House of Commons”)
* chi dolli (“doll house”)
* chi golyow (“holiday house”)
* chi gweder (“greenhouse”)
* chi gwedhen (“tree house”)
* chi gwynn (“burning house”)
* chi tiek (“farmhouse”)
* chi unnik (“detached house”)
* chi unnleur (“bungalow”)
* chi-ladha (“butchery, slaughterhouse, abattoir”)
* diwotti (“pub, tavern”)
* folji (“mental hospital”)
* golowji (“lighthouse”)
* gwerthji (“shop”)
* gwevelji (“semi-detached house”)
* gwiskti (“wardrobe”)
* gwrys y'n chi (“homemade”)
* hwelji (“workshop”)
* jynnji (“engine house”)
* kigti (“butcher's shop”)
* klavji (“hospital”)
* lenji (“nunnery”)
* leti (“dairy (farm)”)
* managhti (“monastery”)
* ordenor chi (“housekeeper”)
* popti (“bakery”)
* pronterji (“vicarage”)
* rannji (“flat, apartment”)
* skolji (“school house”)
* yn chi (“at home”)

### Mutation
## Dutch
### Etymology

From Ancient Greek χεῖ (kheî).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /xi/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

chi m or f (plural chi's, diminutive chi'tje n)
* chi (letter of the Greek alphabet)

### Further reading

* chi on the Dutch Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{nl}$

## Esperanto
### Particle

chi
* H-system spelling of ĉi

## Garo
### Alternative forms

* চি

### Etymology

From Proto-Bodo-Garo *tɯi¹ (“water”), from Proto-Tibeto-Burman *ti(y), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-t(w)əj-n ~ m-ti-s (“water; fluid; liquid; river; to soak; to spit”). Cognate with Atong (India) tyi (“water”), Kokborok twi (“water”).

### Noun

chi
* water

#### Derived terms

* chibatram
* chibima
* chibol
* chidari
* chidek
* chiga
* chigitok
* chiganduri
* chijima
* chiklok
* chimik
* chipek
* chirama
* chiret
* chiriking
* chiring
* chisam
* chisikwilwilgipa
* chitingkilok
* kramchi
* mikchi

### References

* The Bodos in Assam: a socio-cultural study, year 2005-2006 (2007)

## Guerrero Amuzgo
### Noun

chi
* grandfather

### Adverb

chi
* not

## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ki/$^*$
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -i
* Hyphenation: chi

### Etymology 1

From Latin quis, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷis, *kʷos.

#### Pronoun

chi
* (interrogative pronoun) who, whom
* (interrogative pronoun) whoever

### Etymology 2

From Latin quī, from Old Latin quei, from Proto-Italic *kʷoi.

#### Pronoun

chi
* (relative pronoun) who, whom
* (relative pronoun) whoever

### Etymology 3

Borrowed from Latin chī, from Ancient Greek χεῖ (kheî).

#### Noun

chi m or f (invariable)
* chi (Greek letter)

### Further reading

chi in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)

## Japanese
### Romanization

chi
* The hiragana syllable ち (chi) or the katakana syllable チ (chi) in Hepburn romanization.

## K'iche'
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /t͡ʃʰiː/

### Conjunction

chi
* and
* that
* in

#### Related terms

* are chi (“in order that”)
* chi chawal (“in secret”)
* chi ik’ (“monthly”)
* chi jumul (“once again”)
* chi nojimal (“slowly; little by little”)
* chi saqil (“in the open; openly”)
* libaj chi (“early”)
* rajwaxik chi (“to be necessary to”)
* taqom chi kaj (“commanded from heaven; sent from heaven”)
* -umal chi (“because”)
* wuqoj chi paq (“bubble”)
* wuqüb chi wuqub (“7x7”)

### References

* Allen J. Christenson, Kʼiche-English dictionary

## Kokborok
### Numeral

chi
* ten

### References

* Binoy Debbarma, Concise Kokborok-English-Bengali Dictionary (2001)

## Ladin
### Etymology

From Latin quis, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷís. Cognates include French qui and Italian chi.

### Pronoun

chi
* who, whoever

## Lombard
### Etymology

Akin to Italian chi, from Latin quis.

### Pronoun

chi
* who

## Mandarin
### Romanization

chi
* Nonstandard spelling of chī.
* Nonstandard spelling of chí.
* Nonstandard spelling of chǐ.
* Nonstandard spelling of chì.

#### Usage notes

* Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

## Norman
### Pronunciation

* Audio (Jersey):(file)

### Adjective

chi m
* Alternative form of chièr

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈxi/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -i
* Syllabification: chi

### Etymology 1

Onomatopoeic.

#### Interjection

chi
* he (expression of laughter)

### Etymology 2

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek χεῖ (kheî).

#### Noun

chi n (indeclinable)
* chi (Greek letter Χ, χ)

### Etymology 3

Borrowed from Mandarin 氣／气 (qì), from Middle Chinese 氣 (MC khj+jH), from Old Chinese 氣 (OC *kʰɯds).

#### Noun

chi n (indeclinable)
* (philosophy, mysticism) chi (fundamental life-force or energy)

### Further reading

* chi in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* chi in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈʃi/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈʃi/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈʃi/
** (Northern Portugal) IPA: /ˈt͡ʃi/

### Noun

chi m (plural chis)
* (Portugal, colloquial) bear hug (any especially large, tight or enthusiastic hug)
    Synonym: chi-coração

### Noun

chi m (plural chis)
* Alternative form of qi

## Sardinian
### Etymology

From Latin quid, from Proto-Italic *kʷid, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷid.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ki/

### Conjunction

chi
* (Limba Sarda Comuna) that

### Pronoun

chi
* (relative, Limba Sarda Comuna) who, whom, which (nominative and accusative case)

## Sassarese
### Etymology

From a conflation of Latin quia, quod, and other conjunctions.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ki/

### Conjunction

chi
* that
    Li me' amigghi dìzini chi soggu simpàtigguMy friends say that I'm nice
* than
    Mégliu figlioru di la bonasorthi chi figlioru di reBetter [to be] son of good luck than son of a king

#### Derived terms

* daghì

#### Related terms

* che

### Pronoun

chi
* (relative) who, whom, which
    Lu giràniu, chi ha curori dibessi, dura umbè di tempu fioridduGeraniums, which have various colors, stay in blossom for a long time(literally, “The geranium, which has different colors, lasts a lot of time in blossom”)

### Adjective

chi (invariable)
* Used in exclamations to indicate something remarkable; some, what a
    Chi festha! ― What a party!

### References

* Rubattu, Antoninu (2006) Dizionario universale della lingua di Sardegna, 2nd edition, Sassari: Edes

## Spanish
### Etymology

From sí.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈt͡ʃi/ [ˈt͡ʃi]
* Rhymes: -i
* Syllabification: chi

### Particle

chi
* (childish) Synonym of sí (yes)
    Antonym: ño

## Vietnamese
### Pronunciation

* (Hà Nội) IPA: [t͡ɕi˧˧]
* (Huế) IPA: [t͡ɕɪj˧˧]
* (Saigon) IPA: [cɪj˧˧]
* Audio (Hà Nội):(file)

### Etymology 1

Sino-Vietnamese word from 支 (“branch; to spend”).

#### Noun

chi
* (taxonomy) genus
    Synonym: giống

##### Derived terms

* chi bộ
* chi cục
* chi đoàn
* chi đội
* chi hội
* chi nhánh
* chi uỷ

##### Related terms

* vực, liên giới
* giới
* ngành
* lớp
* bộ
* họ
* chi, giống
* loài

#### Verb

chi
* to spend (money); to pay out; to disburse

##### Derived terms

* bội chi
* chi dùng
* chi phí
* chi tiêu
* chi trả
* dự chi
* tạm chi
* thu chi

### Etymology 2

Sino-Vietnamese word from 肢.

#### Noun

chi
* (formal, anatomy, chiefly zoology) a limb

##### Usage notes

In everyday speech, limbs collectively are referred to as tay chân or chân tay, but there is no word for an individual limb, apart from the more specific tay (“arm”) and chân (“leg”).

##### Derived terms

* chi sau
* chi trước
* đầu óc ngu si, tứ chi phát triển

### Etymology 3

* This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Is the meaning "what for" used in the Central dialects actually? Maybe it's a Southern semantic innovation due to competition with gì (which is not weird at all in Vietnamese, cf. đỏ (“red”) vs. hồng (“pink”)).”
From Proto-Vietic *ciː (“what”). Cognate with gì (the form affected by lenition) and Muong Bi chi.

#### Pronoun

chi • (之)
* (Central Vietnam, literary elsewhere) what; whatever
    Synonym: gì
    Mi mần chi rứa?What are you doing over there?
** (Can we date this quote?), “Tình đến rồi đi [Love Comes and Goes]”, performed by Thu Thủy:Cuộc tình đến rồi đi. Buồn làm chi nhung nhớ làm gì.Love comes and goes. Why be sad? Why be tormented by it?

##### Derived terms

* can chi
* chi mô
* chưa chi
* hèn chi
* hề chi
* huống chi
* không có chi
* phải chi
* phương chi

#### Adverb

chi • (之)
* (Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam) what for
    Chi?For what?
    Làm vậy chi?What did you do that for?

## Welsh
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /χiː/
* Rhymes: -iː
* Homophone: ’chi

### Etymology 1

From Middle Welsh chwi, from Proto-Celtic *swīs (compare Breton c’hwi, Cornish hwi, Old Irish síi), from Proto-Indo-European *wos.

#### Alternative forms

* chwi (literary)

#### Pronoun

chi
* you (plural; polite)

##### Usage notes

* In the singular, chi is a polite form like French vous or German Sie.
* Chi is a feature of most registers of Modern Welsh, whereas very literary Welsh employs chwi.
* In certain southwestern dialects, chi is used as the indefinite personal pronoun like English you.

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

chi m
* aspirated form of ci

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

## Yola
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /t͡ʃiː/

### Noun

chi
* A small quantity
    Synonym: smaddereen
** 1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY:A chi of barach.A little barley.

### References

* Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828) William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published 1867, page 30

## Zou
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *tsii, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *dzəy. Cognates include Burmese အစေ့ (a.ce.).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ci˧/

#### Noun

chi
* seed

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *tsii, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-tsji.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ci˧˩/

#### Noun

chi
* salt

### References

* Lukram Himmat Singh (2013) A Descriptive Grammar of Zou, Canchipur: Manipur University, page 44