# 作業
## Chinese

* 作業

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): zuòyè
       (Zhuyin): ㄗㄨㄛˋ ㄧㄝˋ
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): zuǒniě
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zok$^3$ jip$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chok-ngia̍p
    (Meixian, Guangdong): zog$^5$ ngiab$^6$
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): zorh$^6$ gieh$^7$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chok-gia̍p
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zag$^4$ ngieb$^8$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^7$tsoq-gniq$_8$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zuòyè
*** Zhuyin: ㄗㄨㄛˋ ㄧㄝˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: zuòyè
*** Wade–Giles: tso$^4$-yeh$^4$
*** Yale: dzwò-yè
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzuohyeh
*** Palladius: цзое (czoje)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɛ⁵¹/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: zuǒniě [Phonetic: zuóniě]
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡suo²¹⁻²⁴ niɛ²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zok$^3$ jip$^6$
*** Yale: jok yihp
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzok$^8$ jip$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zog$^3$ yib$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɔːk̚³ jiːp̚²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chok-ngia̍p
*** Hakka Romanization System: zog$^ˋ$ ngiab
*** Hagfa Pinyim: zog$^5$ ngiab$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sok̚² ŋi̯ap̚⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: zog$^5$ ngiab$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sɔk̚¹ ŋiap̚⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: zorh$^6$ gieh$^7$ [Phonetic: zorh$^7$ gieh$^7$]
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: co̤h-gia̍h
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɒʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ kiɛʔ⁴/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: zorh$^6$ gieh$^7$ [Phonetic: zorh$^7$ gieh$^7$]
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɒʔ²⁻²⁴ kiɛʔ²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chok-gia̍p
*** Tâi-lô: tsok-gia̍p
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zokgiap
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ɡiap̚⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ ɡiap̚²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sɔk̚³²⁻⁵ ɡiap̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ɡiap̚⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ɡiap̚⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: zag$^4$ ngieb$^8$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsak ngiṳ̍p
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sak̚²⁻⁴ ŋiɯp̚⁴/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^7$tsoq-gniq$_8$
*** MiniDict: tsoh$^入$ nyih$^入$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^4$tsoq-nyiq$_5$
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡soʔ³³ n̠ʲiɪʔ⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: tsuH|tsaH|tsak ngjaep
Rime :
| Character | 作 | 作 | 作 | 業 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 精 (13) | 精 (13) | 精 (13) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) | 歌 (94) | 鐸 (103) | 業 (147) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Departing (H) | Checked (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I | I | III |
| Fanqie | 臧祚切 | 則箇切 | 則落切 | 魚怯切 |
| Baxter | tsuH | tsaH | tsak | ngjaep |
| Reconstructions |||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡suo$^H$/ | /t͡sɑ$^H$/ | /t͡sɑk̚/ | /ŋɨɐp̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡suo$^H$/ | /t͡sɑ$^H$/ | /t͡sɑk̚/ | /ŋiɐp̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡so$^H$/ | /t͡sɑ$^H$/ | /t͡sɑk̚/ | /ŋiɐp̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡sɔ$^H$/ | /t͡sa$^H$/ | /t͡sak̚/ | /ŋɨap̚/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡so$^H$/ | /t͡sɑ$^H$/ | /t͡sɑk̚/ | /ŋiap̚/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡su$^H$/ | /t͡sɑ$^H$/ | /t͡sɑk̚/ | /ŋĭɐp̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡suo$^H$/ | /t͡sɑ$^H$/ | /t͡sɑk̚/ | /ŋi̯ɐp̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zù | zuò | zuo | yè |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zou$^3$ | zo$^3$ | zok$^3$ | jip$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ts]ˤak|[ts]ˤak-s [m-qʰ](r)[a]p/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ʔsaːɡs|ʔsaːɡ ŋab/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 作 | 作 | 業 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zuò | zuò | yè |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsak › | ‹ tsu$^H$ › | ‹ ngjæp › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ts]ˁak/ | /*[ts]ˁak-s/ | /*[m-qʰ](r)[a]p/ |
| English | do, work | do, work | work (n.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 作 | 作 | 作 | 業 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 | 1/1 |
| No. | 16641 | 16653 | 16661 | 14819 |
| Phonetic component | 乍 | 乍 | 乍 | 業 |
| Rime group | 暮 | 暮 | 鐸 | 盍 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 佐 | 作 | 作 | 業 |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔsaːɡs/ | /*ʔsaːɡs/ | /*ʔsaːɡ/ | /*ŋab/ |
| Notes | | 祚原誤衤旁巾箱本不誤 | 乍轉註字 | |

### Noun

作業
* work; operation; task
    道路作業／道路作业 ― dàolù zuòyè ― road work
       Běn bù kèzhèng bànlǐ cǎigòu zuòyè. [Pinyin]
       Our ministry is handling the procurement.
* schoolwork; assignment; homework
    抄作業／抄作业 ― chāo zuòyè ― to copy (someone's) homework
       Nǐ xǐhuān biān tīng yīnyuè biān zuò zuòyè ma? [Pinyin]
       Do you listen to music while doing your homework?
* (literary) job; work; profession
    From: Guanzi, 5th century BCE to 220 CE
    xínglìng bàn suì, wànmín wén zhī, shě qí zuòyè, ér wèi qūnjīng yǐ cáng shūsù wǔgǔ zhě guò bàn [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Cháng yǒu dàdù, bù shì jiārén shēngchǎn zuòyè. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    From: Qing dynasty, 方苞 (Fang Bao), 廣東副都統陳公墓誌銘
    Jīn gài jué zhī, zé tǔhuò zhìjī, ér bīnhǎi zhī mín bàn shī zuòyè. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Synonyms

* (task): 任務／任务 (rènwù)
* (schoolwork): 功課／功课 (gōngkè)

### Verb

作業
* to operate (a piece of machinery, etc.)
* to work in a profession
* to contribute to bad karma; to sin; to do evil

#### Synonyms

* (to operate): 操縱／操纵 (cāozòng), 操作 (cāozuò)

### Derived terms

* 一貫作業 / 一贯作业
* 交談式作業 / 交谈式作业
* 作業員 / 作业员 (zuòyèyuán)
* 作業平臺 / 作业平台
* 作業本 / 作业本 (zuòyèběn)
* 作業研究 / 作业研究
* 作業簿 / 作业簿
* 作業系統 / 作业系统 (zuòyè xìtǒng)
* 前置作業 / 前置作业
* 即時作業 / 即时作业
* 單機作業 / 单机作业
* 家庭作業 / 家庭作业 (jiātíng zuòyè)
* 無紙化作業 / 无纸化作业
* 磁碟作業系統 / 磁碟作业系统
* 紙上作業 / 纸上作业
* 網路作業 / 网路作业
* 連線作業 / 连线作业
* 野外作業 / 野外作业 (yěwài zuòyè)
* 離線作業 / 离线作业
* 高空作業 / 高空作业 (gāokōng zuòyè)
* 黑箱作業 / 黑箱作业 (hēixiāng zuòyè)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 作(さ)業(ぎょう) (sagyō)
* → Korean: 작업(作業) (jageop)
* → Vietnamese: tác nghiệp (作業)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 作 | 業 |
| さ Grade: 2 | ぎょう Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) さぎょー [sáꜜgyòò] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [sa̠ɡʲo̞ː]

### Noun

作(さ)業(ぎょう) • (sagyō)
* work; operation

#### Derived terms

* 作(さ)業(ぎょう)衣(い) (sagyōi)
* 作(さ)業(ぎょう)着(ぎ) (sagyōgi)
* 作(さ)業(ぎょう)靴(ぐつ) (sagyōgutsu)
* 作(さ)業(ぎょう)服(ふく) (sagyōfuku)
* 手(て)作(さ)業(ぎょう) (tesagyō)
* 突(とっ)貫(かん)作(さ)業(ぎょう) (tokkan sagyō)
* 流(なが)れ作(さ)業(ぎょう) (nagaresagyō)
* 農(のう)作(さ)業(ぎょう) (nōsagyō)

### Verb

作(さ)業(ぎょう)する • (sagyō suru) suru (stem 作(さ)業(ぎょう)し (sagyō shi), past 作(さ)業(ぎょう)した (sagyō shita))
* work

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 作業し | さぎょうし | sagyō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 作業し | さぎょうし | sagyō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 作業する | さぎょうする | sagyō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 作業する | さぎょうする | sagyō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 作業すれ | さぎょうすれ | sagyō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 作業せよ¹ 作業しろ² | さぎょうせよ¹ さぎょうしろ² | sagyō seyo¹ sagyō shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 作業される | さぎょうされる | sagyō sareru |
| Causative | 作業させる 作業さす | さぎょうさせる さぎょうさす | sagyō saseru sagyō sasu |
| Potential | 作業できる | さぎょうできる | sagyō dekiru |
| Volitional | 作業しよう | さぎょうしよう | sagyō shiyō |
| Negative | 作業しない | さぎょうしない | sagyō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 作業せず | さぎょうせず | sagyō sezu |
| Formal | 作業します | さぎょうします | sagyō shimasu |
| Perfective | 作業した | さぎょうした | sagyō shita |
| Conjunctive | 作業して | さぎょうして | sagyō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 作業すれば | さぎょうすれば | sagyō sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 作 | 業 |

### Noun

作業 • (jageop) (hangeul 작업)
* hanja form of 작업 (“work; job; operation”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 作 | 業 |

### Adjective

作業
* chữ Hán form of tác nghiệp (“operational”).