# 鼾

| 鼾 | U+9F3E, &#40766; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F3E |
| ← 鼽 [U+9F3D] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 鼿 → [U+9F3F] |

## Translingual
### Han character

鼾 (Kangxi radical 209, 鼻+3, 17 strokes, cangjie input 竹中一十 (HLMJ), four-corner 2124$_0$, composition ⿰鼻干)

### Further reading

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1530, character 8
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 48505
* Dae Jaweon: page 2066, character 24
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4779, character 7
* Unihan data for U+9F3E

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 訐 | *krads, *krads, *ked, *kad |
| 肝 | *kaːn |
| 竿 | *kaːn |
| 干 | *kaːn |
| 奸 | *kaːn |
| 玕 | *kaːn |
| 汗 | *kaːn, *ɡaːn, *ɡaːns |
| 迀 | *kaːn |
| 忓 | *kaːn, *ɡaːns |
| 鳱 | *kaːn |
| 邗 | *kaːn, *ɡaːn |
| 秆 | *kaːnʔ |
| 矸 | *kaːnʔ, *kaːns, *ɡaːns |
| 仠 | *kaːnʔ |
| 皯 | *kaːnʔ |
| 衦 | *kaːnʔ |
| 簳 | *kaːnʔ |
| 擀 | *kaːnʔ |
| 旰 | *kaːns |
| 盰 | *kaːns |
| 幹 | *kaːns |
| 杆 | *kaːns |
| 骭 | *kaːns, *ɡraːns |
| 桿 | *kaːnʔ |
| 趕 | *kaːnʔ |
| 稈 | *kaːnʔ |
| 刊 | *kʰaːn |
| 靬 | *kʰaːn, *kʰaːns, *kreːn, *kan |
| 衎 | *kʰaːnʔ, *kʰaːns |
| 犴 | *ŋaːn, *ŋaːns |
| 豻 | *ŋaːn, *ŋaːns, *ɦŋaːns, *ŋ̊ʰraːn |
| 頇 | *ŋaːns, *hŋaːn, *ŋaːd |
| 岸 | *ŋɡaːns |
| 鼾 | *qʰaːn, *ɢaːns |
| 罕 | *qʰaːnʔ, *qʰaːns |
| 焊 | *qʰaːnʔ, *ɡaːns |
| 蔊 | *qʰaːnʔ |
| 虷 | *ɡaːn |
| 旱 | *ɡaːnʔ |
| 皔 | *ɡaːnʔ |
| 釬 | *ɡaːns |
| 扞 | *ɡaːns |
| 閈 | *ɡaːns |
| 馯 | *ɡaːns, *kʰraːn |
| 捍 | *ɡaːns, *ɡraːnʔ |
| 悍 | *ɡaːns |
| 銲 | *ɡaːns |
| 垾 | *ɡaːns |
| 駻 | *ɡaːns |
| 睅 | *ɡʷranʔ |
| 娨 | *ɡraːns |
| 飦 | *kan |
| 赶 | *ɡan, *ɡʷad |
| 軒 | *qʰan |
| 蓒 | *qʰan |
| 酐 | *qʰaːŋʔ |
| 澣 | *ɡʷaːnʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *qʰaːn, *ɢaːns): semantic 鼻 + phonetic 干 (OC *kaːn).

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *hal (“to snore”). Compare Tibetan ཧལ (hal, “to pant; to wheeze; to snort; to snore”).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): hān (han$^1$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄏㄢ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): han$^4$ / han$^1$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): hon$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): hon$^3$
* Gan (Wiktionary): hon$^5$ / hon$^1$
* Jin (Wiktionary): han$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): hûing
* Eastern Min (BUC): hăng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hôaⁿ / hoaⁿ / han
    (Teochew, Peng'im): huan$^5$ / hang$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$hoe
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): han$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hān
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: han
*** Wade–Giles: han$^1$
*** Yale: hān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: han
*** Palladius: хань (xanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /xän⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: han$^4$ / han$^1$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xan / xan
*** Sinological IPA : /xan²¹³/, /xan⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hon$^4$
*** Yale: hòhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hon$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hon$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɔːn²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: hon$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /hᵘɔn²²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: hon$^5$ / hon$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɵn¹¹/, /hɵn⁴²/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: han$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /xæ̃¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hûing
*** Sinological IPA : /xuiŋ³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: hăng
*** Sinological IPA : /haŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hôaⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: huânn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hvoaa
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /huã²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /huã¹³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /huã²³/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoaⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: huann
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hvoaf
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /huã⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: han
*** Tâi-lô: han
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hafn
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /han⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /han³³/
* hôaⁿ/hoaⁿ - vernacular;
* han - literary.
* Middle Chinese: xan, hanH
Rime :
| Character | 鼾 | 鼾 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 曉 (32) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 寒 (61) | 寒 (61) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 許干切 | 侯旰切 |
| Baxter | xan | hanH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /hɑn/ | /ɦɑn$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /hɑn/ | /ɦɑn$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /xɑn/ | /ɣɑn$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /han/ | /ɦan$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /xɑn/ | /ɣɑn$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /xɑn/ | /ɣɑn$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /xɑn/ | /ɣɑn$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | hān | hàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hon$^1$ | hon$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*qʰaːn/, /*ɢaːns/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 鼾 | 鼾 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 3606 | 3621 |
| Phonetic component | 干 | 干 |
| Rime group | 元 | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 頇 | 翰 |
| Old Chinese | /*qʰaːn/ | /*ɢaːns/ |
| Notes | 讀若汗 | |

#### Definitions

鼾
* (literary or Southern Min) to snore
* snore; snoring
    打鼾 ― dǎhān ― to snore

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 打鼾 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 打呼嚕, 打呼 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 打鼾, 打呼嚕, 打呼 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Ulanhot | 打呼嚕 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tongliao | 打呼嚕 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 打鼾 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 打呼嚕 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 打呼嚕兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 打呼嚕 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 打呼嚕, 打呼 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 打呼嚕 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 扯呼嚕, 扯黑嘍 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 打鼾睡 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 打呼嚕 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 打鼾睡, 拉鼾睡, 打呼嚕 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 打呼嚕, 打呼 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 打呼嚕, 打呼兒 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 扯呼 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Bayanhot | 扯呼, 打呼嚕 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 拉呼, 扯呼 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 扯呼, 打呼兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 扯撲鼾, 打撲鼾 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 打鼾, 打呼 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 扯撲鼾, 打撲鼾 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 打鼾 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 打呼, 扯呼 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 扯呼, 扯鼾, 打鼾, 打呼嚕 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 打呼 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 打呼 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 打呼 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 打呼 |
| Mandarin | Fuzhou (Qinjiang, Changle) | 扯呼 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 打鼻鼾, 扯鼻鼾 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 打鼻鼾, 扯鼻鼾 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 扯鼻鼾 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 打鼻鼾 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 打鼻鼾 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 打鼻鼾 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 打鼻梁 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 鼻龍徑響 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 鼻囊徑響 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 打鼻鼾 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan | 打鼻鼾 |
| Cantonese | Yunfu | 扯鼻鼾 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 鼻囊響 |
| Cantonese | Xinyi | 打鼻鼾 |
| Cantonese | Lianjiang | 打鼻鼾 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 扯鼻鼾, 打鼻鼾 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 扯鼻鼾 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 扯鼻鼾 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 打鼾 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 打鼾睡 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 扯鼾睡 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 打噴睡, 噴睡 |
| Hakka | Changting | 打鼾 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 孔鼻 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 打鼾屁 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 牽覺, 噴睡 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 燉飯干, 牽覺 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 牽覺 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 吹包, 打呵, 牽覺 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 牽覺 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 牽大念 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 扯鼻鼾 |
| Hakka | Luchuan | 打呼嚕 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 打鼻鼾 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 打呼 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 打鼾睡, 打呼嚕 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 打鼾睡 |
| Jin | Taibus (Baochang) | 打鼾 |
| Jin | Linhe | 打鼾睡 |
| Jin | Jining | 打鼾水 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 打鼾睡, 打呼嚕 |
| Jin | Baotou | 打鼾水 |
| Jin | Dongsheng | 打鼾 |
| Jin | Haibowan | 打呼嚕 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 𢫦呼嚕, 𢫦鼾 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 拍鼾 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 鼾, 起鼾, 齁 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 鼾, 起鼾 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 鼾眠, 起鼾, 鼾, 齁 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 齁 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 齁 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 齁 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 齁 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 齁 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 吹包仔 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 齁 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 鼾 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 齁 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 齁 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 齁 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 鼾 |
| Southern Min | Pingnan (Shangdu) | 扯風箱 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 鼾 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 鼾 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 鼾 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 拍呼 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 鼾 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 喉嚨響 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Dahe) | 打呼 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 打昏塗 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 打昏塗 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 打昏 |
| Wu | Wuxi | 打呼嚕, 欠昏 |
| Wu | Danyang | 打呼 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 打迷鼾 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 打眠鼾 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 鼾起, 睏鼾起 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 打鼾 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 打鼾 |
| Xiang | Quanzhou | 打呼嚕 |

#### Compounds

* 噗鼾
* 打鼻鼾
* 打鼾 (dǎhān)
* 扯鼻鼾
* 臥榻鼾睡 / 卧榻鼾睡
* 鼻鼾 (bíhān)
* 鼻鼾如雷
* 鼾睡 (hānshuì)
* 鼾聲 / 鼾声 (hānshēng)
* 鼾聲如雷 / 鼾声如雷
* 鼾聲雷動 / 鼾声雷动
* 鼾鼻
* 鼾鼾
* 鼾齁 (hānhōu)
* 鼾齁如雷

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hôⁿ / kôⁿ
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hôⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: hônn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hvoo
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔ̃²³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /hɔ̃²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kôⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: kônn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kvoo
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔ̃¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kɔ̃²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔ̃²³/

#### Definitions

鼾
* (Hokkien) Alternative form of 齁 (hôⁿ, kôⁿ, “to snore”)

#### References

* “鼾”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: かん (kan)、がん (gan)
* Kan-on: かん (kan)
* Kun: いびき (ibiki, 鼾)、くつち (kutsuchi, 鼾)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 鼾
* かん Hyōgai
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 鼾 (MC xan|hanH, “snoring”).
Only found in compounds. Not used in isolation.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kã̠ɴ]

#### Affix

鼾(かん) • (kan)
* snoring

##### Derived terms

* 鼾睡(かんすい) (kansui): to sleep while snoring
* 鼾声(かんせい) (kansei): the sound of snoring, a snoring voice

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 鼾
* いびき Hyōgai
* kun'yomi
Originally a compound of 息 (i, “breath, breathing”) +‎ 引き (hiki, “pulling, drawing”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 引く hiku “to pull, to draw”). The hiki changes to biki as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) いびき [ìbíkíꜜ] (Odaka – [3])
* IPA: [ibʲikʲi]

#### Noun

鼾(いびき) • (ibiki)
* snoring, a snore

##### Derived terms

* 空鼾(そらいびき) (soraibiki): a fake snore, a snore deliberately made to make one appear to be asleep
* 高鼾(たかいびき) (takaibiki): a loud snore

#### Verb

鼾(いびき)する • (ibiki suru) suru (stem 鼾(いびき)し (ibiki shi), past 鼾(いびき)した (ibiki shita))
* to snore

##### Usage notes

The verb sense “to snore” is more commonly expressed using the verbal phrases 鼾を掻く (ibiki o kaku, literally “to make a snoring sound”) or 鼾を立てる (ibiki o tateru, literally “to raise a snore, to put up a snore”).

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 鼾し | いびきし | ibiki shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 鼾し | いびきし | ibiki shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 鼾する | いびきする | ibiki suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 鼾する | いびきする | ibiki suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 鼾すれ | いびきすれ | ibiki sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 鼾せよ¹ 鼾しろ² | いびきせよ¹ いびきしろ² | ibiki seyo¹ ibiki shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 鼾される | いびきされる | ibiki sareru |
| Causative | 鼾させる 鼾さす | いびきさせる いびきさす | ibiki saseru ibiki sasu |
| Potential | 鼾できる | いびきできる | ibiki dekiru |
| Volitional | 鼾しよう | いびきしよう | ibiki shiyō |
| Negative | 鼾しない | いびきしない | ibiki shinai |
| Negative continuative | 鼾せず | いびきせず | ibiki sezu |
| Formal | 鼾します | いびきします | ibiki shimasu |
| Perfective | 鼾した | いびきした | ibiki shita |
| Conjunctive | 鼾して | いびきして | ibiki shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 鼾すれば | いびきすれば | ibiki sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

##### Synonyms

* 鼾(いび)く (ibiku) (rare, probably obsolete)

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 鼾
* くつち Hyōgai
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spellings
* 癲狂 癲癇
Apparently the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of obsolete verb 鼾つ (kutsutsu, “to sleep while snoring”, possibly onomatopoeic).
The epilepsy sense may have arisen from how one's breathing may be spastic and vaguely similar to snoring when suffering an epileptic seizure.
However, the conjugation of this putative verb is unknown, and it is only encountered in what would be the nominalized 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of kutsuchi. This leaves open the possibility of alternative origins:
* May be a compound of 口 (kutsu, “mouth”, the bound form of modern 口 (kuchi), only found in compounds) +‎ 風 (chi, “wind”, from the way that snoring often happens when breathing through the mouth, or from the way that an epileptic seizure may involve spastic breathing vaguely similar to snoring).
* The epilepsy sense may be a compound of 口 (kutsu, “mouth”, the bound form of modern 口 (kuchi), only found in compounds) +‎ 血 (chi, “blood”, from the common occurrence of biting one's tongue during an epileptic seizure).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kɯ̟t͡sɨt͡ɕi]

#### Noun

鼾(くつち) • (kutsuchi)
* (archaic, rare) snoring
* (archaic, rare) epilepsy

##### Synonyms

* (epilepsy): 癲癇(てんかん) (tenkan)

##### Derived terms

* 鼾掻(くつちかき) (kutsuchikaki): a person who has epilepsy; (obsolete) a snorer, a person who snores
* 鼾臥(くつちふ)す (kutsuchifusu): to sleep while snoring

### References

* 1 2 3 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

鼾 • (han) (hangeul 한, McCune–Reischauer han, Yale han)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

鼾: Hán Nôm readings: han
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.