# 向

| 向 | U+5411, &#21521; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5411 |
| ← 吐 [U+5410] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 吒 → [U+5412] |

## Translingual
### Han character

向 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+3, 6 strokes, cangjie input 竹月口 (HBR), four-corner 2722$_0$, composition ⿱丿冋 or ⿵𰃦口)

#### Derived characters

* 响, 垧, 姠, 恦, 逈, 𣂝, 晌, 𬂭, 𤈍, 珦, 𥹝, 𥿧, 䖮, 𧧦, 𮚹, 銄, 餉(饷), 𮯄
* 䚁, 𭕜, 扄, 晑, 𥭈, 𰈜, 𠽘, 𤍀, 嚮, 𪢞, 𧥁, 𫝙, 𫷇, 𣹚, 𮣛

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 176, character 4
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3301
* Dae Jaweon: page 393, character 4
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 579, character 8
* Unihan data for U+5411

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 向 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 晌 | *hljaŋʔ |
| 餉 | *hljaŋs |
| 向 | *hljaŋs, *hlaŋs |
| 珦 | *hljaŋs, *hlaŋs |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 宀 (“house”) + 口 (“mouth”), echos in a place. The original form of 響. It was borrowed to represent 𠨍 (嚮) later. The mouth doesn't represent an opening (e.g., a door or a window) as in 高 and 谷. Similar to 冋.

### Etymology 1
#### “ACG: for (directed at, intended to belong to)”

    Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 向(む)け (muke).

#### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): xiàng (xiang$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄤˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): xiang$^4$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hoeng$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): hiong
    (Hailu, HRS): hiong$^ˇ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): hiong$^4$
* Eastern Min (BUC): hióng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hyong$^4$ / hyeng$^4$ / hieo$^4$ / hiuⁿ$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hiòng / hiàng / hiàⁿ / hiùⁿ / hiòⁿ / ǹg / àⁿ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hiang$^3$ / nia$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$shian
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiàng
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄤˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: siàng
*** Wade–Giles: hsiang$^4$
*** Yale: syàng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shianq
*** Palladius: сян (sjan)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: xiang$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xiang
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕiaŋ²¹³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hoeng$^3$
*** Yale: heung
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hoeng$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hêng$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /hœːŋ³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hiong
*** Hakka Romanization System: hiong
*** Hagfa Pinyim: hiong$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /hi̯oŋ⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: hiong$^ˇ$
*** Sinological IPA: /hioŋ¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: hiong$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /hiɔŋ⁵³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: hióng
*** Sinological IPA : /hyɔŋ²¹³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hyong$^4$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: hio̤̍ng
*** Sinological IPA : /hyɒŋ⁴²/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hyeng$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /hyøŋ⁴²/
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hieo$^4$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ha̤̍uⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /hieu⁴²/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hiuⁿ$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /hĩũ⁴²/
* hyong4/hyeng4 - literary;
* hieo4/hiuⁿ4 - vernacular.
* Middle Chinese: xjangH
Rime :
| Character | 向 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 曉 (32) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (105) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 許亮切 |
| Baxter | xjangH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /hɨɐŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /hiɐŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /xiɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /hɨaŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /xiaŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /xĭaŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /xi̯aŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xiàng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hoeng$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*n̥aŋ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*hlaŋs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 向 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xiàng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ xjang$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*n̥aŋ-s/ |
| English | window facing North; turn towards |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 向 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 13660 |
| Phonetic component | 向 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 向 |
| Old Chinese | /*hlaŋs/ |

##### Definitions

向
* to face
    向陽／向阳 ― xiàngyáng ― to face the sun
    大門向南／大门向南 ― dàmén xiàng nán ― the entrance faces south
    相向而行 ― xiàng xiàng ér xíng ― to walk towards each other
* to side with; to favour; to discriminate in favour of
* (Hokkien) to lean; to slant; to tilt; to list; to slope; to incline
* (Hokkien) to stoop; to bend down
* (Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to monopolize food
* (Hokkien) to expect; to hope; to favor
* (literary) to admire; to revere
* (literary) to approach; to advance towards
    向晚 ― xiàngwǎn ― evening
* direction
    風向／风向 ― fēngxiàng ― wind direction
    志向 ― zhìxiàng ― ambitions
* towards; to
    向東走／向东走 ― xiàng dōng zǒu ― to go east
    流向大海 ― liú xiàng dàhǎi ― to flow towards the sea
    向警方報案／向警方报案 ― xiàng jǐngfāng bào'àn ― to report a crime to the post
       Wǒ yǒu xiē wèntí xiǎng xiàng nín qǐngjiào. [Pinyin]
       (please add an English translation of this usage example)
       Dàjiā fēnfēn bǎ mùguāng tóu xiàng tā. [Pinyin]
       Everyone cast their gaze towards him.
* (literary) the old days; the past
* always; throughout
    向有研究 ― xiàng yǒu yánjiū ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (Taivoan religious concept) sorcery, taboo, and magic
* (chiefly ACG, suffix forming attributive adjectives) for (directed at, intended to belong to)
    子供向 ― zǐgōngxiàng ― family-friendly (literally, “for children”)
    催淚向／催泪向 ― cuīlèixiàng ― tearjerker

##### Compounds

* 一向 (yīxiàng)
* 不可向邇 / 不可向迩 (bùkěxiàng'ěr)
* 不知去向 (bùzhīqùxiàng)
* 人心向背 (rénxīnxiàngbèi)
* 人心所向 (rénxīnsuǒxiàng)
* 偏向 (piānxiàng)
* 傾向 / 倾向
* 內向 / 内向 (nèixiàng)
* 共同趨向 / 共同趋向
* 出口導向 / 出口导向
* 分向島 / 分向岛
* 劉向 / 刘向
* 動向 / 动向 (dòngxiàng)
* 去向 (qùxiàng)
* 反向 (fǎnxiàng)
* 反方向 (fǎnfāngxiàng)
* 取向 (qǔxiàng)
* 向上 (xiàngshàng)
* 向下 (xiàngxià)
* 向使 (xiàngshǐ)
* 向例
* 向來 / 向来 (xiànglái)
* 向光 (xiàngguāng)
* 向光性
* 向前 (xiàngqián)
* 向化
* 向北 (xiàngběi)
* 向午
* 向善 (xiàngshàn)
* 向地性
* 向壁虛構 / 向壁虚构 (xiàngbìxūgòu)
* 向壁虛造 / 向壁虚造 (xiàngbìxūzào)
* 向外 (xiàngwài)
* 向學 / 向学 (xiàngxué)
* 向寵 / 向宠
* 向導 / 向导 (xiàngdǎo)
* 向平之願 / 向平之愿
* 向年
* 向往 (xiàngwǎng)
* 向後 / 向后 (xiànghòu)
* 向心力 (xiàngxīnlì)
* 向心花序
* 向斜層 / 向斜层
* 向日 (xiàngrì)
* 向日性
* 向日葵 (xiàngrìkuí)
* 向時 / 向时 (xiàngshí)
* 向晚 (xiàngwǎn)
* 向暮 (xiàngmù)
* 向曉 / 向晓
* 向望 (ǹg-bāng) (Min Nan)
* 向東 / 向东 (xiàngdōng)
* 向格 (xiànggé)
* 向榮 / 向荣
* 向溼性 / 向湿性
* 向火
* 向火乞兒 / 向火乞儿
* 向當 / 向当
* 向盤 / 向盘 (xiàngpán)
* 向秀
* 向聲背實 / 向声背实
* 向背 (xiàngbèi)
* 向著 / 向着 (xiàngzhe)
* 向西 (xiàngxī)
* 向量 (xiàngliàng)
* 向錢看 / 向钱看
* 向隅 (xiàngyú)
* 向陽 / 向阳 (xiàngyáng)
* 向隅獨泣 / 向隅独泣 (xiàngyúdúqì)
* 向隅而泣 (xiàngyú'érqì)
* 向電性 / 向电性
* 向非
* 向順 / 向顺
* 向風 / 向风
* 單向 / 单向 (dānxiàng)
* 單向天線 / 单向天线
* 單向道 / 单向道 (dānxiàngdào)
* 外向 (wàixiàng)
* 大方向 (dàfāngxiàng)
* 奈向
* 奮發向上 / 奋发向上
* 定向 (dìngxiàng)
* 定向天線 / 定向天线
* 導向 / 导向 (dǎoxiàng)
* 導向思考 / 导向思考
* 導向飛彈 / 导向飞弹 (dǎoxiàng fēidàn)
* 導向魚雷 / 导向鱼雷
* 山向
* 志向 (zhìxiàng)
* 性向 (xìngxiàng)
* 性向測驗 / 性向测验
* 怒目相向
* 意向 (yìxiàng)
* 所向披靡
* 所向無前 / 所向无前
* 所向無敵 / 所向无敌 (suǒxiàngwúdí)
* 投向 (tóuxiàng)
* 折節向學 / 折节向学
* 指向 (zhǐxiàng)
* 改惡向善 / 改恶向善
* 改過向善 / 改过向善
* 斐然向風 / 斐然向风
* 方向 (fāngxiàng)
* 方向燈 / 方向灯
* 方向盤 / 方向盘 (fāngxiàngpán)
* 方向舵 (fāngxiàngduò)
* 昏頭轉向 / 昏头转向
* 暈頭轉向 / 晕头转向 (yūntóuzhuànxiàng)
* 朝向 (cháoxiàng)
* 東向 / 东向
* 東奔西向 / 东奔西向
* 橫向 / 横向 (héngxiàng)
* 欣欣向榮 / 欣欣向荣 (xīnxīnxiàngróng)
* 歸向 / 归向 (guīxiàng)
* 歸向導引 / 归向导引
* 民心趨向 / 民心趋向
* 民意向背
* 無計向 / 无计向
* 物件導向 / 物件导向
* 特殊性向
* 發憤向上 / 发愤向上
* 相向 (xiāngxiàng)
* 看風向 / 看风向
* 矇頭轉向 / 蒙头转向
* 矛盾相向
* 航向
* 蘄向 / 蕲向
* 護向 / 护向
* 走向 (zǒuxiàng)
* 趨向 / 趋向 (qūxiàng)
* 轉向 / 转向
* 迎向
* 逆向 (nìxiàng)
* 迴向 / 回向 (huíxiàng)
* 逆向公車 / 逆向公车
* 逆向思考
* 逆向整合
* 邁向 / 迈向 (màixiàng)
* 鋒芒所向 / 锋芒所向
* 雙向 / 双向 (shuāngxiàng)
* 雙向溝通 / 双向沟通
* 震旦方向
* 靡然向風 / 靡然向风
* 風向 / 风向 (fēngxiàng)
* 風向標 / 风向标 (fēngxiàngbiāo)
* 風向球 / 风向球
* 風向袋 / 风向袋

##### Descendants

* → Vietnamese: hướng (向)

#### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Xiàng (Xiang$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄤˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hoeng$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): hiong
    (Hailu, HRS): hiong$^ˇ$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): Hiòng / Hiàng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hiang$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Xiàng
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄤˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Siàng
*** Wade–Giles: Hsiang$^4$
*** Yale: Syàng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Shianq
*** Palladius: Сян (Sjan)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hoeng$^3$
*** Yale: heung
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hoeng$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hêng$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /hœːŋ³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hiong
*** Hakka Romanization System: hiong
*** Hagfa Pinyim: hiong$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /hi̯oŋ⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: hiong$^ˇ$
*** Sinological IPA: /hioŋ¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hiòng
*** Tâi-lô: Hiòng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hioxng
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hiɔŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hiɔŋ²¹/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hiàng
*** Tâi-lô: Hiàng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hiaxng
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hiaŋ²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: hiang$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hiàng
*** Sinological IPA : /hiaŋ²¹³/
* Middle Chinese: syangH
Rime :
| Character | 向 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 書 (26) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (105) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 式亮切 |
| Baxter | syangH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɕɨɐŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɕiɐŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɕiɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɕɨaŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɕiaŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɕĭaŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɕi̯aŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shàng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | soeng$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*hljaŋs/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 向 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 13658 |
| Phonetic component | 向 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 餉 |
| Old Chinese | /*hljaŋs/ |

##### Definitions

向
* An ancient state in modern Shandong
* name of two places in modern Henan
* a surname
    From: 227 CE, 諸葛亮 (Zhuge Liang), 出師表
    Jiāngjūn Xiàng Chǒng, xìngxíng shūjūn, xiǎochàng jūnshì. [Pinyin]
    General Xiang Chong is a kind and fair-minded man proficient in military matters.

### Etymology 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 向 – see 嚮 (“to turn toward; to approach; toward; facing; against; etc.”). (This character is the simplified and ancient form of 嚮).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

### Etymology 3

* For pronunciation and definitions of 向 – see 曏 (“in the near past; in the past; formerly; facing; against; etc.”). (This character is the simplified form of 曏).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

### Etymology 4

Contraction of 許塊／许块 (Xu Huiling, 2007, pg. 88).

#### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Teochew, Peng'im): hiên$^3$ / hion$^3$ / hio$^3$
* Southern Min
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: hiên$^3$ / hion$^3$ / hio$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hièⁿ / hiòⁿ / hiò
*** Sinological IPA : /hĩẽ²¹³/, /hĩõ²¹³/, /hio²¹³/

#### Definitions

向
* (Teochew) that; in that manner; that much (modifies adjectives)
** Late Qing/Early Republic, 《古板秦世美全歌》, volume 4, 潮州 [Chaozhou]: 李萬利, page 10r:
       keh$^4$ ning$^2$ siên$^1$ huê$^6$ u$^6$ hiên$^3$ gu$^2$ / siam$^2$ rib$^8$ guên$^1$ mung$^5$ ziu$^6$ bug$^4$ kui$^1$ [Peng'im]
       [they] let you have that much time to meet / one enters in an instant, the door is closed and does not open
** 1886, Lim Hiong Seng, Handbook of the Swatow Vernacular, Singapore: Koh Yew Hean Press, page 29:月無日向光 Guéh bô jít hièⁿ-kng月無日向光／月无日向光 [Teochew] ― ghuêh$^8$ bho$^5$ rig$^8$ hiên$^3$ gng$^1$ [Peng'im] ― The moon is not so bright as the sun

#### Compounds

* 向塊 / 向块
* 向爿
* 向生

#### See also

* (Teochew) 照 (ziên3/zion3/zio3, “this; so; such”)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)
* yonder
* facing

#### Readings

* Go-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: きょう (kyō)
* Kun: むかう (mukau, 向かう, Jōyō)、むく (muku, 向く, Jōyō)、むける (mukeru, 向ける, Jōyō)、むこう (mukō, 向こう, Jōyō)、さきに (sakini, 向に)、むかい (mukai, 向かい)、むき (muki, 向き)
* Nanori: ひさ (hisa)、むか (muka)、むかう (mukau)、むき (muki)、むけ (muke)、むこう (mukō)、しょう (shō)

#### Compounds

* 向(きょう)後(ご) (kyōgo)
* 向(きょう)後(こう) (kyōkō)
* 向(きょう)日(じつ) (kyōjitsu) (嚮(きょう)日(じつ))
* 向(きょう)日(じっ)葵(き) (kyōjikki)
* 向(きょう)者(しゃ) (kyōsha) (嚮(きょう)者(しゃ))
* 向(きょう)前(ぜん) (kyōzen) (嚮(きょう)前(ぜん))
* 向(きょう)明(めい) (kyōmei) (嚮(きょう)明(めい))
* 向(きょう)来(らい) (kyōrai) (嚮(きょう)来(らい))
* 向(こう)学(がく) (kōgaku)
* 向(こう)寒(かん) (kōkan)
* 向(こう)後(ご) (kōgo)
* 向(こう)日(じつ) (kōjitsu) (嚮(こう)日(じつ))
* 向(こう)日(じっ)葵(き) (kōjikki)
* 向(こう)暑(しょ) (kōsho)
* 向(こう)上(じょう) (kōjō)
* 向(こう)性(せい) (kōsei)
* 向(こう)背(はい) (kōhai) (嚮(こう)背(はい))
* 向(ご)拝(はい) (gohai)
* 向日葵(ひまわり) (himawari)
* 向(むこう)三(さん)軒(げん)両(りょう)隣(どなり) (mukōsangen ryōdonari)
* 意(い)向(こう) (ikō) (意(い)嚮(こう))
* 一(いっ)向(こう) (ikkō)
* 回(え)向(こう), 廻(え)向(こう) (ekō)
* 外(がい)向(こう) (gaikō)
* 葵(き)向(こう) (kikō)
* 傾(けい)向(こう) (keikō)
* 下(げ)向(こう) (gekō)
* 参(さん)向(こう) (sankō)
* 志(し)向(こう) (shikō)
* 指(し)向(こう) (shikō)
* 趣(しゅ)向(こう) (shukō)
* 出(しゅっ)向(こう) (shukkō)
* 趨(すう)向(こう) (sūkō)
* 性(せい)向(こう) (seikō)
* 対(たい)向(こう) (taikō)
* 手(た)向(むけ) (tamuke)
* 転(てん)向(こう) (tenkō)
* 動(どう)向(こう) (dōkō)
* 内(ない)向(こう) (naikō)
* 発(はっ)向(こう) (hakkō)
* 日向(ひなた) (hinata)
* 風(ふう)向(こう) (fūkō)
* 偏(へん)向(こう) (henkō)
* 方(ほう)向(こう) (hōkō)
* 真(ま)っ向(こう) (makkō)
* 影(よう)向(ごう) (yōgō)

### Proper noun

向(むかい) • (Mukai)
* a surname

## Korean
### Etymology 1
#### Hanja

向 (eumhun 향할 향 (hyanghal hyang))
* hanja form of 향 (“facing”)

### Etymology 2
#### Hanja

向 (eumhun 성 상 (seong sang))
* hanja form of 상 (“a surname”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

向: Hán Nôm readings: hướng
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.