# いる
## Japanese
### Etymology 1

* Alternative spelling
* 居る
/wiru/ → /iru/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *wu. Found in the Nihon Shoki, completed around 720 CE.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) いる [ìrú] (Heiban – [0])
* (Mishima) いる [íꜜrù] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [iɾɯ̟]
* Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「居る」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary :
| Stem forms ||||
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) | 居る | いる | [ìrú] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 居ろ | いろ | [ìró] |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 居られる | いられる | [ìrárérú] |
| Causative | 居させる | いさせる | [ìsásérú] |
| Potential | 居られる | いられる | [ìrárérú] |
| Volitional | 居よう | いよー | [ìyóꜜò] |
| Negative | 居ない | いない | [ìnáí] |
| Negative perfective | 居なかった | いなかった | [ìnáꜜkàttà] |
| Formal | 居ます | います | [ìmáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 居た | いた | [ìtá] |
| Conjunctive | 居て | いて | [ìté] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 居れば | いれば | [ìréꜜbà] |

#### Verb

いる • (iru) intransitive ichidan (stem い (i), past いた (ita))
* (of animate objects) to exist, to be
    鈴(すず)木(き)ですが、田(た)中(なか)さんいますか？
       Suzuki desu ga, Tanaka-san imasu ka?
       This is Suzuki calling; may I speak to Tanaka?
       (literally, “[This] is Suzuki; is Tanaka present?”)
    あなたがいないと何(なに)もできない
       anata ga inai to nani mo dekinai
       I can't do anything if you aren't here/there
    君(きみ)がいた夏(なつ)
       kimi ga ita natsu
       the summer you were there [with me; by my side]
    君(きみ)といた夏(なつ)
       kimi to ita natsu
       the summer [I] was with you
* (of animate objects) to have
    彼(かれ)氏(し)いますか？
       Kareshi imasu ka?
       Do you have a boyfriend?
* Used as a 補助動詞 (hojo dōshi), after a verb in the て (-te) conjunctive form. Note that ている (-te iru) colloquially shortens to てる (-teru), ていた (-te ita) colloquially shortens to てた (-teta), etc.
** Indicates a progressive or continuative tense: to be doing
    朝(あさ)ご飯(はん)を食(た)べていますか？
       Asagohan o tabete imasu ka?
       Are you eating breakfast [now]?
    黙(だま)っていられるもんか！
       Damatte irareru mon ka!
       Like hell this is something I can silently let pass!
       (literally, “Is this something that I can be quiet about!?”)
    何(なに)もしてねーって。
       Nani mo shitenē tte.
       I'm telling you, I haven't done anything.
    子(こ)供(ども)が遊(あそ)んでいる。
       Kodomo ga asonde iru.
       The children are playing.
** Indicates a regular, repetitive action.
    朝(あさ)ご飯(はん)を食(た)べていますか？
       Asagohan o tabete imasu ka?
       Are you eating breakfast these days?
    This is equivalent to using the simple non-past form of verbs (e.g. 食べますか (tabemasu ka) = 食べていますか (tabete imasu ka)).
** Indicates a state resulting from the action.
    壁(かべ)には絵(え)がかかっている。
       Kabe ni wa e ga kakatte iru.
       There is a picture hanging on the wall.
    豚(ぶた)が肥(こ)えている。
       Buta ga koete iru.
       The pig is fat.
* (obsolete) to sit
** c. late 9th–mid-10th century, Taketori Monogatari
    それを見(み)れば、三(さん)寸(すん)ばかりなる人(ひと)いと美(うつく)しうて居(ゐ)たり。
       Sore wo mireba, sansun bakari naru fito ito utukusiute witari (Classical pronunciation) Sore o mireba, sansun bakari naru hito ito utsukushūte itari. (modern pronunciation)
       When he looked at it, there sat a very lovely human being about three sun long.

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | い | i |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | い | i |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | いる | iru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | いる | iru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | いれ | ire |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | いよ¹ いろ² | iyo¹ iro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | いられる | irareru |
| Causative | いさせる いさす | isaseru isasu |
| Potential | いられる いれる³ | irareru ireru³ |
| Volitional | いよう | iyō |
| Negative | いない いぬ いん | inai inu in |
| Negative continuative | いず | izu |
| Formal | います | imasu |
| Perfective | いた | ita |
| Conjunctive | いて | ite |
| Hypothetical conditional | いれば | ireba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential ||||
Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | ゐ | ゐ | wi |
| Continuative (連用形) | ゐ | ゐ | wi |
| Terminal (終止形) | ゐる | ゐる | wiru |
| Attributive (連体形) | ゐる | ゐる | wiru |
| Realis (已然形) | ゐれ | ゐれ | wire |
| Imperative (命令形) | ゐよ | ゐよ | wiyo |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | ゐず | ゐず | wizu |
| Contrasting conjunction | ゐれど | ゐれど | wiredo |
| Causal conjunction | ゐれば | ゐれば | wireba |
| Conditional conjunction | ゐば | ゐば | wiba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | ゐき | ゐき | wiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | ゐけり | ゐけり | wikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | ゐつ | ゐつ | witu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | ゐぬ | ゐぬ | winu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | ゐたり | ゐたり | witari |
| Volitional | ゐむ | ゐむ | wimu |

##### Synonyms

* (dialectal) おる (oru)
* ある (aru, “of inanimate objects: to be”)

### Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of いる – see the following entries. :
| 【要る】 | [verb] to be necessary, to need |
| 【煎る】 | [verb] fry, broil Alternative spellings 炒る, 熬る |
| 【入る】 | [verb] [from 759] to go in; to come in [verb] [from 900s] 要る: to be necessary, to be required [verb] to put something into something else Alternative spelling 要る |
| 【鋳る】 | [verb] cast, mint |
| 【射る】 | [verb] shoot [verb] (rare) shoot |
| 【率る】 | [verb] (archaic) to take along with Alternative spelling 将る |
(This term, いる (iru), is the hiragana spelling of the above terms.) For a list of all kanji read as いる, see Category:Japanese kanji read as いる.) :
(The following entries do not have a page created for them yet: 沃る, 將る.)

### References

* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Uwano, Zendo (2002 October 31) “見島方言の用言のアクセント調査報告 [A Report on the Accentual Surveys of Verbs and Adjectives in the Mishima Dialect]”, in 環太平洋の「消滅に瀕した言語」にかんする緊急調査研究 [Endangered languages of the Pacific Rim]‎, →ISSN, archived from the original on 25 September 2022