# 薔薇
## Chinese

* 薔薇 (Written Standard Chinese)
* Rosa multiflora (English)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qiángwēi, qiángwéi
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄤˊ ㄨㄟ, ㄑㄧㄤˊ ㄨㄟˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): coeng$^4$ mei$^4$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chhiông-bî / chhiûⁿ-bî
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$zhian-vi; $^6$zhia-bi
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qiángwēi
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄤˊ ㄨㄟ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ciángwei
*** Wade–Giles: chʻiang$^2$-wei$^1$
*** Yale: chyáng-wēi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyanguei
*** Palladius: цянвэй (cjanvɛj)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ³⁵ weɪ̯⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qiángwéi
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄤˊ ㄨㄟˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ciángwéi
*** Wade–Giles: chʻiang$^2$-wei$^2$
*** Yale: chyáng-wéi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyangwei
*** Palladius: цянвэй (cjanvɛj)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ³⁵ weɪ̯³⁵/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$牆帷 / 墙帷 薔薇 / 蔷薇
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: coeng$^4$ mei$^4$
*** Yale: chèuhng mèih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsoeng$^4$ mei$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cêng$^4$ méi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ mei̯²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiông-bî
*** Tâi-lô: tshiông-bî
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chiongbii
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰiɔŋ²³⁻³³ bi²³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² bi²⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ bi²⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiûⁿ-bî
*** Tâi-lô: tshiûnn-bî
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chviu'bii
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰiũ²⁴⁻¹¹ bi²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰiũ²³⁻³³ bi²³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$zhian-vi; $^6$zhia-bi
*** MiniDict: zhian$^去$ vi; zhia$^去$ bi
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$xxian-vi; $^3$xxia-bi
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ʑiã²² vi⁴⁴/, /ʑia²² bi⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: dzjang mij|mj+j
Rime :
| Character | 薔 | 薇 | 薇 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 從 (15) | 明 (4) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (105) | 脂 (17) | 微 (21) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | III | III |
| Fanqie | 在良切 | 武悲切 | 無非切 |
| Baxter | dzjang | mij | mj+j |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡zɨɐŋ/ | /mˠiɪ/ | /mʉi/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡ziɐŋ/ | /mᵚi/ | /mʷɨi/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡ziɑŋ/ | /miɪ/ | /miuəi/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡zɨaŋ/ | /mji/ | /muj/ |
| Li Rong | /d͡ziaŋ/ | /mji/ | /miuəi/ |
| Wang Li | /d͡zĭaŋ/ | /mi/ | /mĭwəi/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /d͡zʱi̯aŋ/ | /mi/ | /mwe̯i/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qiáng | mí | wéi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | coeng$^4$ | mei$^4$ | mei$^4$ |

### Noun

薔薇
* (botany) rose, especially multiflora rose

#### Derived terms

* 薔薇戰爭 / 蔷薇战争
* 薔薇硝 / 蔷薇硝
* 薔薇科 / 蔷薇科
* 薔薇露 / 蔷薇露
* 野薔薇 / 野蔷薇

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 薔薇(しょうび) (shōbi); 薔薇(そうび) (sōbi)
* → Korean: 장미(薔薇) (jangmi)
* → Vietnamese: tường vi (薔薇)

#### See also

* 玫瑰 (méigui)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 薔 | 薇 |
| ばら ||
| Hyōgai | Hyōgai |
| jukujikun ||
* Alternative spellings
* 荊棘 ("bramble") バラ ("rose")
From 茨 (ibara, “bramble, briar”), itself an alteration from earlier reading ubara of the same meaning. The reading mubara appears in Heian period sources, but ubara is older.
The spelling is from Chinese 薔薇 / 蔷薇 (qiángwēi).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ばら [bàrá] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ba̠ɾa̠]

#### Noun

薔薇(ばら) or 薔薇(バラ) • (bara)
* any shrub with thorns: a bramble, a briar
* a thorny flower of the genus Rosa: a rose

##### Usage notes

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as バラ.

##### Derived terms

* 薔薇(ばら)園(えん) (baraen)
* 薔薇色(ばらいろ) (barairo)
* 薔薇戦争(ばらせんそう) (Bara sensō)
* 薔薇鱮(バラタナゴ) (bara-tanago)
* 薔薇羽太(バラハタ) (bara-hata)
* 十六夜薔薇(イザヨイバラ) (izayoi bara)
* 難波薔薇(ナニワバラ) (Naniwa bara)

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 薔 | 薇 |
| しょう Hyōgai | び Hyōgai |
| kan'on ||
/sʲaubi/ → /ɕʲɔːbi/ → /ɕoːbi/
From Middle Chinese 薔薇 (MC dzjang|srik mij|mj+j, literally “wild rose + kind of fern”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しょーび [shóꜜòbì] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ɕo̞ːbʲi]

#### Noun

薔(しょう)薇(び) • (shōbi)
* a thorny flower of the genus Rosa: a rose
* a color scheme for 襲 (kasane, literally “layering”, a traditional style of layering robes or kimono), with crimson for the outer layer and purple for the inner layer

##### Usage notes

For the rose sense, the bara reading above is most common.

### Etymology 3

Kanji in this term :
| 薔 | 薇 |
| そう Hyōgai | び Hyōgai |
| goon | kan'on |
/saubi/ → /sɔːbi/ → /soːbi/
Uses the goon reading of sō for the first character, and the kan'on reading of bi for the second character. Appears to be a shift in reading from shōbi above.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) そーび [sóꜜòbì] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [so̞ːbʲi]

#### Noun

薔(そう)薇(び) • (sōbi)
* a thorny flower of the genus Rosa: a rose
* a color scheme for 襲 (kasane, literally “layering”, a traditional style of layering robes or kimono), with crimson for the outer layer and purple for the inner layer

##### Usage notes

For the rose sense, the bara reading above is most common.

### References

* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* 1 2 3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 薔 | 薇 |

### Noun

薔薇 • (jangmi) (hangeul 장미)
* hanja form of 장미 (“rose”)