# 鋼

| 鋼 | U+92FC, &#37628; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-92FC |
| ← 鋻 [U+92FB] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 鋽 → [U+92FD] |

## Translingual
### Han character

鋼 (Kangxi radical 167, 金+8, 16 strokes, cangjie input 金月廿山 (CBTU), four-corner 8712$_0$, composition ⿰釒岡)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1309, character 1
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 40509
* Dae Jaweon: page 1810, character 25
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4220, character 5
* Unihan data for U+92FC

## Chinese

* 鋼

### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 岡 | *klaːŋ |
| 崗 | *klaːŋ |
| 剛 | *klaːŋ |
| 掆 | *klaːŋ, *klaːŋs |
| 鋼 | *klaːŋ, *klaːŋs |
| 綱 | *klaːŋ |
| 犅 | *klaːŋ |
| 堈 | *klaːŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *klaːŋ, *klaːŋs): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 岡 (OC *klaːŋ).

### Etymology

Along with 剛 (OC *klaːŋ, “hard, firm, stiff”), derived from the terminative of 固 (OC *kaːs, “firm, solid, hard”), literally "having become solid, hard" (Schuessler, 2007).
For the identity of the unknown preinitial *C reconstructed by Baxter & Sagart (2014), compare the pre-syllable *t- of Proto-Vietic *t-kaːŋ, its reflex.

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gāng (gang$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄤ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gong$^3$ / gong$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): gong$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kong
    (Hailu, HRS): gong$^ˇ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): gong$^4$
* Eastern Min (BUC): gáung
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kǹg / kòng / kong
    (Teochew, Peng'im): geng$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$kaon
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gāng
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄤ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gang
*** Wade–Giles: kang$^1$
*** Yale: gāng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gang
*** Palladius: ган (gan)
*** Sinological IPA : /kɑŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gong$^3$ / gong$^1$
*** Yale: gong / gōng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gong$^3$ / gong$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gong$^3$ / gong$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɔːŋ³³/, /kɔːŋ⁵⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: gong$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɔŋ²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kong
*** Hakka Romanization System: gong
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gong$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /koŋ⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: gong$^ˇ$
*** Sinological IPA: /koŋ¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: gong$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /kɔŋ⁵³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gáung
*** Sinological IPA : /kɑuŋ²¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kǹg
*** Tâi-lô: kǹg
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kngx
*** IPA (Taipei): /kŋ̍¹¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /kŋ̍²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kŋ̍⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kòng
*** Tâi-lô: kòng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: koxng
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kɔŋ²¹/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kong
*** Tâi-lô: kong
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kofng
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kɔŋ⁴⁴/
* kǹg - vernacular;
* kòng/kong - literary.
* Middle Chinese: kang, kangH
Rime :
| Character | 鋼 | 鋼 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 唐 (101) | 唐 (101) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 古郎切 | 古浪切 |
| Baxter | kang | kangH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɑŋ/ | /kɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kɑŋ/ | /kɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kɑŋ/ | /kɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kaŋ/ | /kaŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kɑŋ/ | /kɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kɑŋ/ | /kɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kɑŋ/ | /kɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gāng | gàng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gong$^1$ | gong$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.kˤaŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*klaːŋ/, /*klaːŋs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 鋼 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gāng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kang › |
| Old Chinese | /*C.kˁaŋ/ |
| English | cast iron; steel |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 鋼 | 鋼 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 3715 | 3719 |
| Phonetic component | 岡 | 岡 |
| Rime group | 陽 | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 岡 | 鋼 |
| Old Chinese | /*klaːŋ/ | /*klaːŋs/ |

#### Definitions

鋼
* steel

##### See also

* 鐵／铁 (tiě, “iron”)

#### Compounds

* 不鏽鋼 / 不锈钢 (bùxiùgāng)
* 不鏽鋼板 / 不锈钢板
* 中碳鋼 / 中碳钢
* 九煉成鋼 / 九炼成钢
* 冷軋鋼板 / 冷轧钢板
* 合金鋼 / 合金钢
* 吊鋼絲 / 吊钢丝
* 土法煉鋼 / 土法炼钢 (tǔfǎ liàngāng)
* 型鋼 / 型钢
* 塑鋼 / 塑钢
* 小鋼炮 / 小钢炮
* 小鋼珠 / 小钢珠
* 工具鋼 / 工具钢 (gōngjùgāng)
* 工字鋼 / 工字钢 (gōngzìgāng)
* 彈簧鋼 / 弹簧钢 (tánhuánggāng)
* 斬鋼截鐵 / 斩钢截铁
* 槽鋼 / 槽钢 (cáogāng)
* 殷鋼
* 煉鋼 / 炼钢 (liàngāng)
* 煉鋼廠 / 炼钢厂
* 特種鋼 / 特种钢
* 玻璃鋼 / 玻璃钢
* 百鍊之鋼 / 百炼之钢
* 百鍊成鋼 / 百炼成钢 (bǎiliànchénggāng)
* 百鍊鋼 / 百炼钢
* 矽鋼 / 矽钢
* 硬鋼 / 硬钢
* 硼鋼 / 硼钢 (pénggāng)
* 碳素鋼 / 碳素钢
* 磁鋼 / 磁钢
* 碳鋼 / 碳钢 (tàngāng)
* 角鋼 / 角钢 (jiǎogāng)
* 謄寫鋼版 / 誊写钢版
* 走鋼絲 / 走钢丝 (zǒu gāngsī)
* 軋鋼 / 轧钢
* 軋鋼機 / 轧钢机
* 鉬鋼 / 钼钢 (mùgāng)
* 鉻鋼 / 铬钢
* 銦鋼 / 铟钢
* 鋼刀 / 钢刀 (gāngdāo)
* 鋼剪 / 钢剪
* 鋼化玻璃 / 钢化玻璃 (gānghuà bōli)
* 鋼協 / 钢协 (gāngxié)
* 鋼印 / 钢印 (gāngyìn)
* 鋼叉 / 钢叉
* 鋼城 / 钢城 (Gāngchéng)
* 鋼婚 / 钢婚
* 鋼尺 / 钢尺
* 鋼山 / 钢山 (Gāngshān)
* 鋼彈 / 钢弹
* 鋼材 / 钢材 (gāngcái)
* 鋼板 / 钢板 (gāngbǎn)
* 鋼架 / 钢架 (gāngjià)
* 鋼條 / 钢条
* 鋼水 / 钢水 (gāngshuǐ)
* 鋼片琴 / 钢片琴 (gāngpiànqín)
* 鋼版 / 钢版
* 鋼牙 / 钢牙 (gāngyá)
* 鋼珠 / 钢珠
* 鋼琴 / 钢琴 (gāngqín)
* 鋼琴酒吧 / 钢琴酒吧
* 鋼盔 / 钢盔 (gāngkuī)
* 鋼砂 / 钢砂
* 鋼砧 / 钢砧
* 鋼種 / 钢种
* 鋼筆 / 钢笔 (gāngbǐ)
* 鋼筋 / 钢筋 (gāngjīn)
* 鋼筆畫 / 钢笔画
* 鋼管 / 钢管 (gāngguǎn)
* 鋼索 / 钢索 (gāngsuǒ)
* 鋼紙 / 钢纸
* 鋼絲 / 钢丝 (gāngsī)
* 鋼絲刷 / 钢丝刷
* 鋼絲鋸 / 钢丝锯
* 鋼纜 / 钢缆
* 鋼胚 / 钢胚
* 鋼軌 / 钢轨 (gāngguǐ)
* 錳鋼 / 锰钢
* 鋼錠 / 钢锭
* 鋼鐵 / 钢铁 (gāngtiě)
* 鋼鐵工業 / 钢铁工业
* 鋼鑿 / 钢凿
* 鋼骨 / 钢骨
* 鋼骨水泥 / 钢骨水泥
* 鍍鉻鋼 / 镀铬钢
* 鎢鋼 / 钨钢
* 鎳鋼 / 镍钢
* 鑄鋼 / 铸钢
* 高碳鋼 / 高碳钢
* 高速鋼 / 高速钢
* 點鋼槍 / 点钢枪
* 點鋼鍬 / 点钢锹

#### Descendants

* → Classical Mongolian: ᠭᠠᠩ (ɣang)
** Mongolian:
    Mongolian script: ᠭᠠᠩ (ɣang)
    Cyrillic script: ган (gan)
** → Buryat: ган (gan)
** → Tuvan: каң (kañ)
* → Manchu: ᡬᠠᠨ (g'an)
* → Tai Nüa: ᥐᥣᥒ (kaang)
* → Proto-Vietic: *t-kaːŋ (via Old Chinese)
** Middle Vietnamese:
*** Vietnamese: gang

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gàng (gang$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄤˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gong$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gàng
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄤˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gàng
*** Wade–Giles: kang$^4$
*** Yale: gàng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ganq
*** Palladius: ган (gan)
*** Sinological IPA : /kɑŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gong$^3$
*** Yale: gong
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gong$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gong$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɔːŋ³³/

#### Definitions

鋼
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) hard; strong; tough
* to sharpen; to whet; to strop

#### Compounds

* 鋼刀布 / 钢刀布

### References

* “鋼”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
* Kun: はがね (hagane, 鋼, Jōyō)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 鋼
* はがね Grade: 6
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 刃金
刃 (ha, “blade”) +‎ 金 (kane, “metal”)

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) はがね [hàgáné] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ha̠ɡa̠ne̞]

### Noun

鋼(はがね) • (hagane)
* steel (metal produced from iron)
    鋼(はがね)のように硬(かた)い。
       Hagane no yō ni katai.
       Hard as steel.

#### Synonyms

* 鋼(こう)鉄(てつ) (kōtetsu)

## Korean
### Hanja

鋼 (eumhun 강철/굳셀 강 (gangcheol/gutsel gang))
* hanja form of 강 (“steel”)
* hanja form of 강 (“hard; strong”)

#### Compounds

* 강철 (鋼鐵, gangcheol, “steel”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

鋼: Hán Nôm readings: cương, gang, cang
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.