# 誓

| 誓 | U+8A93, &#35475; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8A93 |
| ← 誒 [U+8A92] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 誔 → [U+8A94] |

## Translingual
### Han character

誓 (Kangxi radical 149, 言+7, 14 strokes, cangjie input 手中卜一口 (QLYMR), four-corner 5260$_1$, composition ⿱折言)

#### Derived characters

* 𡂉

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1162, character 1
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 35514
* Dae Jaweon: page 1627, character 1
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3973, character 5
* Unihan data for U+8A93

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 誓 :
| Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script |
| | Old Chinese |
| 晢 | *ʔljeds, *ʔljed |
| 狾 | *ʔljeds |
| 誓 | *ɦljeds |
| 逝 | *ɦljeds |
| 銴 | *ɢljeds, *ɢʷleds |
| 折 | *l'eːl, *ʔljed, *ɦljed |
| 娎 | *hleːws, *qʰred |
| 哳 | *ʔr'eːd |
| 踅 | *sɢʷled |
| 哲 | *ʔl'ed |
| 蜇 | *ʔl'ed |
| 悊 | *ʔl'ed |
| 嚞 | *ted |
| 喆 | *ted |
| 硩 | *l̥ʰed, *l̥ʰeːɡ |
| 浙 | *ʔljed |
| 晣 | *ʔljed |
| 焎 | *hred |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɦljeds): phonetic 折 (OC *l'eːl, *ʔljed, *ɦljed) + semantic 言 (“speech”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shì (shi$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄕˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): sai$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): sṳ
    (Hailu, HRS): shi$^˖$
* Eastern Min (BUC): siê
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): se$^5$ / syo$^5$ / sya$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): sē / sī / sè / chōa
    (Teochew, Peng'im): si$^7$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shì
*** Zhuyin: ㄕˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shìh
*** Wade–Giles: shih$^4$
*** Yale: shr̀
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyh
*** Palladius: ши (ši)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: sai$^6$
*** Yale: saih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sai$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sei$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɐi̯²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sṳ
*** Hakka Romanization System: sii
*** Hagfa Pinyim: si$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /sɨ⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: shi$^˖$
*** Sinological IPA: /ʃi³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: siê
*** Sinological IPA : /siɛ²⁴²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: se$^5$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: sā̤
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬe²¹/
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: syo$^5$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: siō̤
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬyɒ²¹/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: sya$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬya²¹/
* se5 - literary;
* syo5/sya5 - vernacular.
* Middle Chinese: dzyejH
Rime :
| Character | 誓 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 常 (25) |
| Final (韻) | 祭 (35) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 時制切 |
| Baxter | dzyejH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡ʑiᴇi$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡ʑiɛi$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡ʑjæi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡ʑiaj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ʑiɛi$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ʑĭɛi$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʑi̯ɛi$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | sai$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[d][a]t-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɦljeds/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 誓 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | shì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dzyej$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[d][a]t-s/ |
| English | swear |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 誓 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 16934 |
| Phonetic component | 折 |
| Rime group | 祭 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 逝 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɦljeds/ |

### Definitions

誓
* to swear; to vow; to pledge
    誓師／誓师 ― shìshī ― to take a mass pledge before one's troops
* oath; pledge; vow
    宣誓 ― xuānshì ― to take an oath

### Compounds

* 信誓 (xìnshì)
* 信誓旦旦 (xìnshìdàndàn)
* 刑馬作誓 / 刑马作誓
* 四弘誓願 / 四弘誓愿 (sìhóngshìyuàn)
* 宣誓 (xuānshì)
* 對天發誓 / 对天发誓
* 山盟海誓 (shānménghǎishì)
* 折箭為誓 / 折箭为誓 (zhéjiànwéishì)
* 指天為誓 / 指天为誓 (zhǐ tiān wéi shì)
* 指天誓心
* 指天誓日
* 撫臆誓肌 / 抚臆誓肌
* 旦旦信誓 (dàndànxìnshì)
* 明誓
* 柏舟之誓
* 歃血為誓 / 歃血为誓
* 泰誓
* 洪誓
* 海誓山盟 (hǎishìshānméng)
* 瀝血以誓 / 沥血以誓
* 發誓 / 发誓 (fāshì)
* 盟誓
* 監誓 / 监誓 (jiānshì)
* 秦誓
* 立誓 (lìshì)
* 罰誓 / 罚誓
* 要誓
* 言誓
* 誓不兩立 / 誓不两立 (shìbùliǎnglì)
* 誓不甘休
* 誓劍 / 誓剑
* 誓反教 (shìfǎnjiào)
* 誓同生死
* 誓墓
* 誓山盟海
* 誓師 / 誓师 (shìshī)
* 誓彼襟靈 / 誓彼襟灵
* 誓死 (shìsǐ)
* 誓死不二 (shìsǐ bù'èr)
* 誓死不屈 (shìsǐbùqū)
* 誓泉之譏 / 誓泉之讥
* 誓海盟山
* 誓無二心 / 誓无二心
* 誓無二志 / 誓无二志
* 誓約 / 誓约 (shìyuē)
* 誓言 (shìyán)
* 誓詞 / 誓词 (shìcí)
* 誓願 / 誓愿 (shìyuàn)
* 賭誓 / 赌誓 (dǔshì)
* 賭身發誓 / 赌身发誓
* 賭身立誓 / 赌身立誓 (dǔshēnlìshì)
* 起誓 (qǐshì)

### References

* “誓”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “誓”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 212.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* vow
* swear
* pledge

#### Readings

* Go-on: ぜ (ze)
* Kan-on: せい (sei, Jōyō)
* Kan’yō-on: ぜい (zei)
* Kun: いましめる (imashimeru, 誓める)、ちかい (chikai, 誓い)、ちかう (chikau, 誓う, Jōyō)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 誓
* うけい Grade: S
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spellings
* 誓ひ 祈 祈ひ 誓約 祈請
Continuative of 誓ふ (ukefu, “to vow”)

### Noun

誓(うけい) • (ukei)
* (archaic, Shinto, Japanese mythology) an "oath", a ritual in which whether something is true or false, right or wrong, good or evil, etc. is judged based on whether the stated outcome of an act comes true as expected
    アマテラスとスサノオの誓約(うけい)
       Amaterasu to Susanoo no ukei
       the oath of Amaterasu and Susanoo

## Korean
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [sʰʌ̹]
* Phonetic hangul: [서]

### Hanja

Wikisource 誓 • (seo) (hangeul 서, revised seo, McCune–Reischauer sŏ, Yale se)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

誓: Hán Nôm readings: thệ, thề
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.