# 堅

| 堅 | U+5805, &#22533; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5805 |
| ← 堄 [U+5804] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 堆 → [U+5806] |

## Translingual
### Han character

堅 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 尸水土 (SEG), four-corner 7710$_4$, composition ⿱臤土)

#### Derived characters

* 慳(悭) 摼(𰓱) 樫(㭴) 熞(𰞤) 䃘(𬒎) 鏗(铿) 鰹(鲣) 䌑 䵛
* 𠗻 𠼤(𫪄) 𡐖 𡠩 𣻹 𤠿 𪼑 𥉸(𰥣) 𮌲(𭨶) 𧜶(𮖃) 𧤵 𫍊 𮩌 𧽡 𪅤 𥧬 𦸃

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 232, character 3
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5210
* Dae Jaweon: page 469, character 5
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 451, character 4
* Unihan data for U+5805

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 臤 | *kʰaːn, *kʰriːn, *ɡiːn, *kʰins |
| 掔 | *kʰriːn, *kʰiːn |
| 慳 | *kʰriːn |
| 藖 | *ɡriːn, *ɡriːns |
| 堅 | *kiːn |
| 鋻 | *kiːn, *kiːns |
| 鰹 | *kiːn |
| 蜸 | *kʰiːnʔ |
| 菣 | *kʰiːns, *kʰins |
| 賢 | *ɡiːn |
| 礥 | *ɡiːn, *ɢrin |
| 臔 | *ɡiːnʔ |
| 挋 | *kiŋs |
| 臣 | *ɡiŋ |
| 茞 | *ɡiŋ |
| 腎 | *ɡjinʔ |
| 頣 | *hŋiŋʔ |
| 緊 | *kinʔ |
| 嚚 | *ŋɡriŋ |
| 鏗 | *kʰreːŋ |
| 摼 | *kʰreːŋ |
| 硻 | *kʰreːŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kiːn): phonetic 臤 (OC *kʰaːn, *kʰriːn, *ɡiːn, *kʰins) + semantic 土.

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jiān (jian$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gin$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): gen$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kiên / kiân
    (Hailu, HRS): gien$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): gian$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): gíng
* Eastern Min (BUC): giĕng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): geng$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kian
    (Teochew, Peng'im): giêng$^1$ / giang$^1$
* Wu (Wugniu)
** (Northern): $^1$ci / $^1$cie / $^1$cien
** (Jinhua): $^1$cie; $^1$cian
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiān
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jian
*** Wade–Giles: chien$^1$
*** Yale: jyān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jian
*** Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gin$^1$
*** Yale: gīn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gin$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gin$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kiːn⁵⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: gen$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /ken³³/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiên
*** Hakka Romanization System: gien$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gian$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki̯en²⁴/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiân
*** Hakka Romanization System: gian$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gian$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki̯an²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: gien$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /kien⁵³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: gian$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kian⁴⁴/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gíng
*** Sinological IPA : /kiŋ⁵⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: giĕng
*** Sinological IPA : /kieŋ⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: geng$^1$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: geng
*** Sinological IPA : /kɛŋ⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kian
*** Tâi-lô: kian
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kiefn
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kiɛn⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɛn³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɛn⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kiɛn⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɛn⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: giêng$^1$ / giang$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kieng / kiang
*** Sinological IPA : /kieŋ³³/, /kiaŋ³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai, Songjiang, Ningbo)
*** Wugniu: $^1$ci
*** MiniDict: ci$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$ji
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕi⁵³/
*** Sinological IPA (Songjiang): /ci⁵³/
*** Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /t͡ɕi⁵²/
** (Northern: Jiading, Chongming, Suzhou, Kunshan, Changzhou, Jiaxing)
*** Wugniu: $^1$cie
*** MiniDict: cie$^平$
*** Sinological IPA (Jiading): /t͡ɕɪ⁵³/
*** Sinological IPA (Chongming): /t͡ɕie⁵⁵/
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /t͡ɕɪ⁴⁴/
*** Sinological IPA (Kunshan): /t͡ɕɪ⁵⁵/
*** Sinological IPA (Changzhou): /t͡ɕɪ⁵⁵/
*** Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /t͡ɕie⁵³/
** (Northern: Hangzhou, Shaoxing, Zhoushan)
*** Wugniu: $^1$cien
*** MiniDict: cien$^平$
*** Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /t͡ɕiẽ̞³³⁴/
*** Sinological IPA (Shaoxing): /t͡ɕiẽ⁵²/
*** Sinological IPA (Zhoushan): /t͡ɕĩ⁵³/
** (Jinhua)
*** Wugniu: $^1$cie; $^1$cian
*** Sinological IPA (Jinhua): /t͡ɕie³³⁴/, /t͡ɕiã³³⁴/
* Middle Chinese: ken
Rime :
| Character | 堅 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 先 (85) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | IV |
| Fanqie | 古賢切 |
| Baxter | ken |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ken/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ken/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kɛn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kɛn/ |
| Li Rong | /ken/ |
| Wang Li | /kien/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kien/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiān |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gin$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤi[ŋ]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kiːn/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 堅 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jiān |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ken › |
| Old Chinese | /*kˁi[ŋ]/ |
| English | solid, strong |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 堅 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 1330 |
| Phonetic component | 臣 |
| Rime group | 眞 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 堅 |
| Old Chinese | /*kiːn/ |

#### Definitions

堅
* hard
* strong; firm
* resolute
* (Cantonese) real; genuine
* (Cantonese) really; very
* 72nd tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "hardness" (𝍍)

#### Compounds

* 一念堅貞 / 一念坚贞
* 不堅 / 不坚
* 中堅 / 中坚 (zhōngjiān)
* 乘堅策肥 / 乘坚策肥
* 乘堅驅良 / 乘坚驱良
* 內秉堅孤 / 内秉坚孤
* 四個堅持 / 四个坚持
* 堅不可摧 / 坚不可摧 (jiānbùkěcuī)
* 堅信 / 坚信 (jiānxìn)
* 堅信禮 / 坚信礼 (jiānxìnlǐ)
* 堅勁 / 坚劲 (jiānjìng)
* 堅固 / 坚固 (jiāngù)
* 堅城深池 / 坚城深池
* 堅執 / 坚执 (jiānzhí)
* 堅壁 / 坚壁 (jiānbì)
* 堅壁清野 / 坚壁清野 (jiānbìqīngyě)
* 堅如磐石 / 坚如磐石 (jiānrúpánshí)
* 堅如鐵石 / 坚如铁石
* 堅守 / 坚守 (jiānshǒu)
* 堅定 / 坚定 (jiāndìng)
* 堅定不移 / 坚定不移 (jiāndìngbùyí)
* 堅實 / 坚实 (jiānshí)
* 堅巧 / 坚巧
* 堅強 / 坚强 (jiānqiáng)
* 堅忍 / 坚忍 (jiānrěn)
* 堅忍不拔 / 坚忍不拔
* 堅拒 / 坚拒
* 堅持 / 坚持 (jiānchí)
* 堅持不懈 / 坚持不懈 (jiānchíbùxiè)
* 堅持到底 / 坚持到底
* 堅挺 / 坚挺 (jiāntǐng)
* 堅振 / 坚振 (jiānzhèn)
* 堅振禮 / 坚振礼 (jiānzhènlǐ)
* 堅木 / 坚木 (jiānmù)
* 堅果 / 坚果 (jiānguǒ)
* 堅毅 / 坚毅 (jiānyì)
* 堅毅不拔 / 坚毅不拔
* 堅毅不撓 / 坚毅不挠
* 堅江 / 坚江 (Jiānjiāng)
* 堅決 / 坚决 (jiānjué)
* 堅牡 / 坚牡
* 堅牢 / 坚牢 (jiānláo)
* 堅瓠 / 坚瓠
* 堅甲利兵 / 坚甲利兵 (jiānjiǎlìbīng)
* 堅白 / 坚白
* 堅白同異 / 坚白同异
* 堅白石論 / 坚白石论
* 堅硬 / 坚硬 (jiānyìng)
* 堅稱 / 坚称 (jiānchēng)
* 堅緻 / 坚致
* 堅臥 / 坚卧
* 堅臥煙霞 / 坚卧烟霞
* 堅臥白門 / 坚卧白门
* 堅苦 / 坚苦 (jiānkǔ)
* 堅苦卓絕 / 坚苦卓绝
* 堅請 / 坚请
* 堅貞 / 坚贞 (jiānzhēn)
* 堅貞不屈 / 坚贞不屈 (jiānzhēnbùqū)
* 堅辭 / 坚辞
* 堅韌 / 坚韧 (jiānrèn)
* 堅韌不拔 / 坚韧不拔 (jiānrènbùbá)
* 夷堅志 / 夷坚志
* 履霜堅冰 / 履霜坚冰
* 心堅石穿 / 心坚石穿
* 心如堅石 / 心如坚石
* 志堅 / 志坚 (zhìjiān)
* 披堅執銳 / 披坚执锐
* 摧堅 / 摧坚
* 摧堅殪敵 / 摧坚殪敌
* 摧堅獲醜 / 摧坚获丑
* 摧堅陷陣 / 摧坚陷阵
* 攻堅 / 攻坚 (gōngjiān)
* 攻堅戰 / 攻坚战 (gōngjiānzhàn)
* 攻無堅城 / 攻无坚城
* 松柏之堅 / 松柏之坚
* 深溝堅壁 / 深沟坚壁
* 深溝堅壘 / 深沟坚垒
* 無堅不摧 / 无坚不摧 (wújiānbùcuī)
* 窮且益堅 / 穷且益坚
* 窮當益堅 / 穷当益坚
* 精堅 / 精坚
* 老而彌堅 / 老而弥坚
* 船堅炮利 / 船坚炮利 (chuánjiānpàolì)
* 衝堅陷陣 / 冲坚陷阵
* 被堅執銳 / 被坚执锐
* 鑽堅仰高 / 钻坚仰高
* 陷堅破陣 / 陷坚破阵

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kian / kiân
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kian
*** Tâi-lô: kian
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kiefn
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kiɛn⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiân
*** Tâi-lô: kiân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kieen
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɛn²⁴/

#### Definitions

堅
* (Hokkien) to become dry and form a crust; to congeal

#### Compounds

* 喙堅 / 喙坚
* 堅乾 / 坚干
* 堅𠕆 / 坚𠕆
* 堅凍 / 坚冻
* 堅巴 / 坚巴
* 堅疕 / 坚疕
* 堅痡 / 坚痡
* 收堅 / 收坚
* 焦堅 / 焦坚

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* hard, firm
* tough
* strict

#### Readings

* Go-on: けん (ken, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: けん (ken, Jōyō)
* Kun: かたい (katai, 堅い, Jōyō)
* Nanori: きん (kin)

#### Compounds

* 堅強
* 堅固
* 堅持
* 堅実
* 堅忍不抜
* 堅牢
* 具志堅

### Proper noun

堅(けん) • (Ken)
* a male given name

## Korean
### Hanja

堅 (eumhun 굳을 견 (gudeul gyeon))
* hanja form of 경 (“hard, stiff”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

堅: Hán Nôm readings: kiên
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.