# كفر
## Arabic
### Etymology 1

Compare Classical Syriac ܟܦܲܪ (kəp̄ar).

#### Verb

كَفَرَ • (kafara) I (non-past يَكْفُرُ (yakfuru), verbal noun كُفْر (kufr) or كُفْرَان (kufrān) or كُفُور (kufūr))
* (intransitive or transitive with بِ) to disbelieve (in), to close oneself off to
** 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 2:212:زُيِّنَ لِلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوٱ ٱلْحَيَاةُ ٱلدُّنْيَا وَيَسْخَرُونَ مِنَ ٱلَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَالَّذِينَ ٱتَّقَوْا فَوْقَهُمْ يَوْمَ ٱلْقِيَامَةِ وَٱللّٰهُ يَرْزُقُ مَنْ يَشَاءُ بِغَيْرِ حِسَابٍzuyyina lillaḏīna kafarū l-ḥayātu d-dunyā wayasḵarūna mina llaḏīna ʔāmanū wāllaḏīna ttaqaw fawqahum yawma l-qiyāmati wal-lāhu yarzuqu man yašāʔu biḡayri ḥisābinBeautified is the life of this world for those who disbelieve, and they mock at those who believe. But those who fear [Allah] are above them on the Day of Resurrection, and Allah begifts whom He wills without account.
** 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 2:256:لَا إِكْرَاهَ فِي ٱلدِّينِ ۖ قَدْ تَبَيَّنَ ٱلرُّشْدُ مِنَ ٱلْغَيِّ ۚ فَمَنْ يَكْفُرْ بِٱلطَّاغُوتِ وَيُؤْمِنْ بِٱللَّهِ فَقَدِ ٱسْتَمْسَكَ بِٱلْعُرْوَةِ ٱلْوُثْقَىٰ لَا ٱنْفِصَامَ لَهَا ۗ وَٱللَّهُ سَمِيعٌ عَلِيمٌlā ʾikrāha fī d-dīni qad tabayyana r-rušdu mina l-ḡayyi faman yakfur bi-ṭ-ṭāḡūti wayuʾmin bi-l-lahi faqadi stamsaka bi-l-ʿurwati l-wuṯqā lā nfiṣāma lahā wal-lahu samīʿun ʿalīmun(please add an English translation of this quotation)
* (transitive or with بِ) to be ungrateful
** 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 2:152:فَٱذْكُرُونِي أَذْكُرْكُمْ وَٱشْكُرُوا لِي وَلَا تَكْفُرُونِfaḏkurūnī ʔaḏkurkum waškurū lī walā takfurūni(please add an English translation of this quotation)
* (construed with بِ (bi)) to disclaim association with, to renounce
** 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 35:14:إِن تَدْعُوهُمْ لَا يَسْمَعُوا دُعَاءَكُمْ وَلَوْ سَمِعُوا مَا ٱسْتَجَابُوا لَكُمْۖ وَيَوْمَ ٱلْقِيَامَةِ يَكْفُرُونَ بِشِرْكِكُمْۚ وَلَا يُنَبِّئُكَ مِثْلُ خَبِيرٍʔin tadʕūhum lā yasmaʕū duʕāʔakum walaw samiʕū mā stajābū lakum wayawma l-qiyāmati yakfurūna biširkikum walā yunabbiʔuka miṯlu ḵabīrinIf you invoke them they will not hear your invocation, and even if they heard they cannot respond to you, and on the Day of Resurrection they will forswear your polytheism, and none can inform you like the One who is all-aware.

##### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “to disbelieve”): آمَنَ (ʔāmana)
* (antonym(s) of “to be ungrateful”): شَكَرَ (šakara)

#### Verb

كَفَرَ • (kafara) I (non-past يَكْفُرُ (yakfuru) or يَكْفِرُ (yakfiru), verbal noun كَفْر (kafr))
* to cover, hide

##### Conjugation
#### Noun

كُفْر • (kufr) m
* verbal noun of كَفَرَ (kafara) (form I)
** disbelief; disacknowledgment
** ingratitude

##### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: küfr
* → English: kufr
* → Indonesian: kufur, keparat
* → Northern Kurdish: kufir, kifir, kifr, kufr
* → Ottoman Turkish: كفر (küfr)
** Turkish: küfür
** → Armenian: քֆուր (kʻfur), քյուֆյուր (kʻyufyur), քիֆիր (kʻifir)
* → Swahili: kufuru

#### Noun

كَفْر • (kafr) m
* verbal noun of كَفَرَ (kafara) (form I)
* darkness, blackness
* earth, dust
* grave, sepulcher

##### Declension
#### Verb

كَفَّرَ • (kaffara) II (non-past يُكَفِّرُ (yukaffiru), verbal noun تَكْفِير (takfīr))
* (religion) to expiate, do penance, atone
    كفّر عن ذنوبه ― He atoned for his sins.
* to forgive, grant pardon
* (religion) to accuse of infidelity, charge with unbelief
* (religion) to make an infidel, seduce to unbelief
* (dated) to cover, hide

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Aramaic כַּפְרָא / ܟܰܦܪܳܐ (kap̄rā, “village, open town, unfortified town”), from Akkadian 𒅗𒀊𒊒 (kaprum, “farm, village; a settlement outside of a city”), considered to represent a word particular to the non-Akkadian “Mari language”, that is to be formed either in the unknown East Semitic or the unknown Amorite language spoken there. Probably originally meaning an agricultural storage-room, doublet of غَفْر (ḡafr), related to the meaning of “covering” connecting the roots غ ف ر (ḡ f r), כ־פ־ר (k-p-r). Compare Hebrew כְּפָר (kp̄ār, “village”).

#### Noun

كَفْر • (kafr) m (plural كُفُور (kufūr))
* open, town, village, suburb
** 7th century CE, Al-ʾAdab al-Mufrad, 30:42:لَا تَسْكُنِ الْكُفُورَ، فَإِنَّ سَاكِنَ الْكُفُورِ كَسَاكِنِ الْقُبُورِlā taskuni l-kufūra, faʔinna sākina l-kufūri kasākini l-qubūriDon’t dwell in the suburbs, for he who dwells in the suburbs is like a dweller of the graves.

##### Usage notes

Not retained anymore except in place-names.

##### Declension
### Etymology 3

Borrowed from Aramaic כּוּפְרָא / ܟܘܦܪܐ (kūp̄rā, “pitch, tar; asphalt”), from Akkadian 𒇒𒌓𒀀 (kupru, “bitumen, pitch”), from Akkadian 𒅗𒉺𒊒 (kapāru, “to smear or daub on”). Doublet of غُفْرَان (ḡufrān). Compare Old Armenian կուպր (kupr), a Semitic borrowing.

#### Noun

كُفْر • (kufr) m
* pitch, tar

##### Declension
### Etymology 4

Borrowed from English cover.

#### Noun

كَفَر • (kavar, kafar) m (plural كفرات (kavarāt, kafarāt))
* (electronics) cover, case

### References

* “kpr”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* “kpwr”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* Dozy, Reinhart Pieter Anne (1881) “كفر”, in Supplément aux dictionnaires arabes‎ (in French), volume 2, Leiden: E. J. Brill, pages 476–477
* Fraenkel, Siegmund (1886) Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen (in German), Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 150
* Fraenkel, Siegmund (1886) Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen (in German), Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 281
* Freytag, Georg (1837) “كفر”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎ (in Latin), volume 4, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, pages 46–47
* Kazimirski, Albin de Biberstein (1860) “كفر”, in Dictionnaire arabe-français contenant toutes les racines de la langue arabe, leurs dérivés, tant dans l’idiome vulgaire que dans l’idiome littéral, ainsi que les dialectes d’Alger et de Maroc‎ (in French), volume 2, Paris: Maisonneuve et C$^{ie}$, pages 913–914
* Lane, Edward William (1863) “كفر”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate, pages 2620–2621
* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “كفر”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen, page 890
* Wahrmund, Adolf (1887) “كفر”, in Handwörterbuch der neu-arabischen und deutschen Sprache‎ (in German), volume 2, Gießen: J. Ricker’sche Buchhandlung, pages 585–586
* Wehr, Hans (1979) “كفر”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN, page 975
* Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “كفر”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart‎ (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, page 1110

## Hijazi Arabic
### Etymology 1

From Arabic كَفَرَ (kafara).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈka.far/

#### Verb

كفر • (kafar) I (non-past يِكْفُر (yikfur))
* to disbelieve

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2

From Arabic كَفَّرَ (kaffara).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkaf.far/

#### Verb

كفر • (kaffar) II (non-past يِكَفِّر (yikaffir))
* (religion) to expiate, do penance, atone
* (religion) to accuse of infidelity, charge with unbelief

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 3

From Arabic كُفْر (kufr).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈku.fur/

#### Noun

كفر • (kufur) m
* apostasy
* infidelity

### Etymology 4

From English cover.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ka.far/ (common pronunciation mainly used for the sense of "a vehicle's tire")
** IPA: /ka.var/ (common pronunciation for all senses but seldom used so for the first one)

#### Noun

كفر • (kafar or kavar) m (plural كفرات (kafarāt, kavarāt))
* tire, tyre, vehicle’s wheel
* A device's case
* A cover, cover song, cover version (rerecording of a previously recorded song, typically by a different artist).

## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic كُفْر (kufr, “disbelief; ingratitude”), verbal noun of كَفَرَ (kafara, “to disbelieve in”).

### Noun

كفر • (küfr)
* disbelief, incredulity, the inability to believe that something is the case
    Synonym: اینانمزلق (inanmazlık)
* infidelity, faithlessness, unbelief, the rejection of religious belief
* (religion) atheism, irreligion, a lack of belief in deities or in God
    Synonyms: ایمانسزلق (imansızlık), دینسزلك (dinsizlik)
* blasphemy, profanity, any act of irreverence or contempt toward a god

#### Derived terms

* كفر ایتمك (küfr etmek, “to disbelieve”)
* كفرباز (küfr-baz, “profane man”)
* كفرگو (küfr-gü, “blasphemer”)

#### Descendants

* Turkish: küfür
* → Armenian: քֆուր (kʻfur), քյուֆյուր (kʻyufyur), քիֆիր (kʻifir)

### Further reading

* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “küfür2”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 2884
* Devellioğlu, Ferit (1962) “küfr”, in Osmanlıca-Türkçe Ansiklopedik Lûgat‎‎ (in Turkish), Istanbul: Türk Dil Kurumu, page 636
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “كفر”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 1031
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Infidelitas”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎, Vienna, column 797
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “كفر”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, columns 3981-3982
* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “küfür”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “كفر”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1556