# foedus
## Latin
### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈfoe̯.dus/, [ˈfoe̯d̪ʊs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈfe.dus/, [ˈfɛːd̪us]

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Italic *feiðos (“faithful”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeydʰ-os, from *bʰeydʰ- (“to trust”). Same root as fīdō, fidēs, fīdus, and Proto-Germanic *bīdaną. Perhaps a corruption from an o-stem.

#### Noun

foedus n (genitive foederis); third declension
* (among nations, states, or rulers) treaty, compact, alliance, truce, league
    Synonym: conventum
** 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita I.1:Inde foedus ictum inter ducesThen a treaty being made between the commanders
* (among individuals) agreement, bond, contract, compact, pact, pledge, conditions, terms
** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.338–339:“[...] Nec coniugis umquam / praetendī taedās, aut haec in foedera vēnī.”“Nor did I ever extend the wedding-torches of a bridegroom, or enter into these bonds [with you].”
* (biblical) covenant

##### Declension

Third-declension noun (neuter, imparisyllabic non-i-stem).

##### Derived terms

* confoedustus
* foederātus
* foederō
* foedifragus

##### Descendants

* ⇒ English: federal, foedus rerum
* ⇒ French: fédéral, fédérale
* ⇒ Italian: federale
* ⇒ Spanish: federal
* ⇒ Portuguese: federal

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Italic *foiðos (“afraid”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyh₂- (“to frighten; be afraid”).

#### Adjective

foedus (feminine foeda, neuter foedum, comparative foedior, superlative foedissimus, adverb foedē); first/second-declension adjective
* (physically) filthy, foul, disgusting, loathsome, ugly, unseemly, detestable, abominable, horrible
    Synonyms: nefandus, turpis
* (mentally) disgraceful, vile, obscene, base, horrible, dreadful, dishonorable, shameful, infamous, foul
** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.195:Haec passim dea foeda virum diffundit in ōra.The disgraceful goddess scatters these [tales] here and there into the mouths of men. (The goddess: Fama or Rumor personified.)

##### Declension

First/second-declension adjective.

##### Derived terms

* foeditās
* foedo

##### Descendants

* Asturian: feu
* Italian: fedo
* Old Galician-Portuguese: feo
** Galician: feo
** Portuguese: feio
* Spanish: feo

### References

* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 218-9
* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 229

### Further reading

* “foedus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “foedus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "foedus", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* foedus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. to conclude a treaty, an alliance: foedus facere (cum aliquo), icere, ferire to violate a treaty, terms of alliance: foedus frangere, rumpere, violare (ambiguous) according to treaty: ex pacto, ex foedere
* “foedus”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “foedus”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin