# 敗

| 敗 | U+6557, &#25943; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6557 |
| ← 敖 [U+6556] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 敘 → [U+6558] |

## Translingual
### Han character

敗 (Kangxi radical 66, 攴+7, 11 strokes, cangjie input 月金人大 (BCOK), four-corner 6884$_0$, composition ⿰貝攵)

#### Derived characters

* 𰂪, 𠼚, 𡏯, 𪦚, 𬄎, 𠮆, 𤼹, 𥨇, 𡫄, 𰩞, 闝

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 471, character 15
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13227
* Dae Jaweon: page 824, character 2
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1462, character 2
* Unihan data for U+6557

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 敗
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 貝 | *paːds |
| 狽 | *paːds |
| 鋇 | *paːds |
| 浿 | *pʰaːds, *pʰreːds |
| 垻 | *praːs |
| 敗 | *praːds, *braːds |
| 唄 | *braːds |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *praːds, *braːds): phonetic 貝 (OC *paːds) + semantic 攵 (“strike”).

### Etymology

Possibly Sino-Tibetan. According to Zhang, Jacques and Lai (2019), the modern meaning of the word originated from a semantic narrowing of its original sense "to break", thus making it cognate with Situ ka-prāt (“to break”) and also Japhug prɤt (“to break”). Their common root would be Proto-Sino-Tibetan *prat (“to break”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): bài (bai$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄞˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): baai$^6$
* Northern Min (KCR): bāi
* Eastern Min (BUC): bài
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): pāi
    (Teochew, Peng'im): bai$^7$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$ba
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bài
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄞˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bài
*** Wade–Giles: pai$^4$
*** Yale: bài
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bay
*** Palladius: бай (baj)
*** Sinological IPA : /paɪ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: baai$^6$
*** Yale: baaih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: baai$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: bai$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /paːi̯²²/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: bāi
*** Sinological IPA : /pai⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: bài
*** Sinological IPA : /pai⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pāi
*** Tâi-lô: pāi
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pai
*** IPA (Xiamen): /pai²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /pai⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /pai²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /pai³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /pai³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: bai$^7$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: pāi
*** Sinological IPA : /pai¹¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$ba
*** MiniDict: ba$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$ba
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ba²³/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit敗 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /pai⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /pai⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /pai⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /pɛ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /pɛ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /pai³¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /pai⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /pɛ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /pɛ¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /pɛ¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /pai²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /pai³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /pai¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /pai²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /pæ²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /pae⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /pe̞⁵³/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /pai⁴⁵/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /pæ³⁵/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /pɛ⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ba²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /bɑ³¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /be̞¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ba²²/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /pʰa²²/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /pʰa¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /pai⁵⁵/ /pai¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /bai²¹/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /pʰai²¹/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /pʰai⁵³/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /pʰɑi⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /pai²²/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /pai²²/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /pai²²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /pai²²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /pɑi²⁴²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /pai⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /pai³¹/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /ʔbai³³/ 失～ /ʔbai²³/ 坏 |
* Middle Chinese: baejH, paejH
Rime :
| Character | 敗 | 敗 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 並 (3) | 幫 (1) |
| Final (韻) | 夬 (29) | 夬 (29) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | II | II |
| Fanqie | 薄邁切 | 補邁切 |
| Baxter | baejH | paejH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /bˠai$^H$/ | /pˠai$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /bᵚai$^H$/ | /pᵚai$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /bai$^H$/ | /pai$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /baɨjs$^H$/ | /paɨjs$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /bai$^H$/ | /pai$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /bæi$^H$/ | /pæi$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /bʱai$^H$/ | /pai$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | bài | bài |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | baai$^6$ | baai$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-pˤra[t]-s/, /*pˤra[t]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*praːds/, /*braːds/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 敗 | 敗 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | bài | bài |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ bæj$^H$ › | ‹ pæj$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*N-pˁra[t]-s/ | /*pˁra[t]-s/ |
| English | suffer defeat | defeat (v.t.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 敗 | 敗 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 421 | 422 |
| Phonetic component | 貝 | 貝 |
| Rime group | 祭 | 祭 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 敗 | 敗 |
| Old Chinese | /*praːds/ | /*braːds/ |

### Definitions

敗
* to lose (a game); to be defeated
       Jiǎ duì yǐ yī bǐ èr bài yú yǐ duì. [Pinyin]
       (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    From: The Art of War, circa 5th century BCE
    Gù shànzhàn zhě, lì yú bùbài zhī dì, ér bùshī dí zhī bài yě. [Pinyin]
    Hence the skillful fighter puts himself into a position which makes defeat impossible, and does not miss the moment for defeating the enemy.
* to fail
    成敗／成败 ― chéngbài ― success or failure
* (transitive) to defeat
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Liùyuè, rénxū, gōng bài Sòng shī yú Jiān. [Pinyin]
    In the sixth month, on [the day] Renxu, the duke defeated an army of Song at Jian.
    From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
    Dōng, yǔ Yuè rén shuǐzhàn, dàbài Yuè rén, liè dì ér fēng zhī. [Pinyin]
    In the winter he had an engagement with that of Yue, on which he inflicted a great defeat, and was invested with a portion of territory taken from Yue.
* to tarnish; to ruin; to destroy
    敗家／败家 ― bàijiā ― to squander a family fortune
    身敗名裂／身败名裂 ― shēnbàimíngliè ― to have one's reputation destroyed
    傷風敗俗／伤风败俗 ― shāngfēngbàisú ― to corrupt public morals
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
    Ruòzhīhé qí yǐ bìng, bài jūn zhī dàshì yě. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* to wither and fall
    枯枝敗葉／枯枝败叶 ― kūzhībàiyè ― withered branches and leaves
    菊花敗了。／菊花败了。 ― Júhuā bài le. ― The chrysanthemums have withered.
* dilapidated; worn-out; (of clothing) tattered
    敗絮／败絮 ― bàixù ― worn cotton wool
* to rot; rotten
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Yú něi ér ròu bài bù shí. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* to remove; to get rid of
    敗火／败火 ― bàihuǒ ― to relieve internal heat

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “to lose”): 勝／胜 (shèng)
* (antonym(s) of “to fail”): 成 (chéng)

#### See also

* (to lose): 輸／输 (shū)

### Compounds

* 一敗塗地 / 一败涂地 (yībàitúdì)
* 不敗之地 / 不败之地 (bùbàizhīdì)
* 事敗垂成 / 事败垂成
* 佯敗 / 佯败
* 傷化敗俗 / 伤化败俗
* 傲卒多敗 / 傲卒多败
* 傷風敗俗 / 伤风败俗 (shāngfēngbàisú)
* 優勝劣敗 / 优胜劣败
* 兩敗俱傷 / 两败俱伤 (liǎngbàijùshāng)
* 八敗命 / 八败命
* 兵敗將亡 / 兵败将亡
* 凋敗 / 凋败
* 功敗垂成 / 功败垂成 (gōngbàichuíchéng)
* 劣敗 / 劣败
* 反敗為勝 / 反败为胜 (fǎnbàiwéishèng)
* 呰敗 / 呰败
* 善敗 / 善败
* 喪敗 / 丧败
* 坑家敗業 / 坑家败业
* 坐視成敗 / 坐视成败
* 坐觀成敗 / 坐观成败
* 大敗 / 大败 (dàbài)
* 大敗虧輸 / 大败亏输
* 失敗 / 失败 (shībài)
* 定勝敗 / 定胜败 (dìng shèngbài)
* 家敗人亡 / 家败人亡
* 屢戰屢敗 / 屡战屡败 (lǚzhànlǚbài)
* 屢敗屢戰 / 屡败屡战 (lǚbàilǚzhàn)
* 并贓拿敗 / 并赃拿败
* 形跡敗露 / 形迹败露
* 得失成敗 / 得失成败
* 心灰意敗 / 心灰意败
* 慘敗 / 惨败 (cǎnbài)
* 成敗 / 成败 (chéngbài)
* 成敗利鈍 / 成败利钝 (chéngbàilìdùn)
* 成敗得失 / 成败得失
* 成敗興廢 / 成败兴废
* 成敗論人 / 成败论人
* 成者為王，敗者為寇 / 成者为王，败者为寇 (chéng zhě wéi wáng, bài zhě wéi kòu)
* 戕敗 / 戕败
* 戰敗 / 战败 (zhànbài)
* 戰敗國 / 战败国 (zhànbàiguó)
* 打敗 / 打败 (dǎbài)
* 打敗仗 / 打败仗
* 打敗子 / 打败子
* 捉敗 / 捉败
* 挫敗 / 挫败 (cuòbài)
* 摧敗 / 摧败
* 擊敗 / 击败 (jībài)
* 敗不旋踵 / 败不旋踵
* 敗事 / 败事 (bàishì)
* 敗亡 / 败亡 (bàiwáng)
* 敗仗 / 败仗 (bàizhàng)
* 敗俗傷化 / 败俗伤化
* 敗俗傷風 / 败俗伤风
* 敗兆 / 败兆
* 敗兵折將 / 败兵折将 (bàibīngzhéjiàng)
* 敗化傷風 / 败化伤风
* 敗北 / 败北 (bàiběi)
* 敗名失德 / 败名失德
* 敗國亡家 / 败国亡家
* 敗國喪家 / 败国丧家
* 敗壞 / 败坏 (bàihuài)
* 敗壞門楣 / 败坏门楣
* 敗壞門面 / 败坏门面
* 敗壞門風 / 败坏门风
* 敗子 / 败子 (bàizǐ)
* 敗子回頭 / 败子回头 (bàizǐhuítóu)
* 敗宇頹垣 / 败宇颓垣
* 敗家 / 败家 (bàijiā)
* 敗家子 / 败家子 (bàijiāzǐ)
* 敗將殘兵 / 败将残兵
* 敗局 / 败局 (bàijú)
* 敗常亂俗 / 败常乱俗
* 敗德 / 败德 (bàidé)
* 敗意 / 败意
* 敗挫 / 败挫
* 敗損 / 败损
* 敗於垂成 / 败于垂成
* 敗柳 / 败柳
* 敗柳殘花 / 败柳残花
* 敗業傾家 / 败业倾家
* 敗歲 / 败岁
* 敗殘 / 败残 (bàicán)
* 敗法亂紀 / 败法乱纪
* 敗漏 / 败漏
* 敗火 / 败火 (bàihuǒ)
* 敗盟 / 败盟
* 敗破 / 败破
* 敗筆 / 败笔 (bàibǐ)
* 敗絮 / 败絮 (bàixù)
* 敗績 / 败绩 (bàijì)
* 敗缺 / 败缺
* 敗脫 / 败脱
* 敗腎 / 败肾
* 敗興 / 败兴 (bàixìng)
* 敗草 / 败草
* 敗葉 / 败叶 (bàiyè)
* 敗落 / 败落 (bàiluò)
* 敗血症 / 败血症 (bàixuèzhèng)
* 敗衄 / 败衄
* 敗行 / 败行 (bàixíng)
* 敗訴 / 败诉 (bàisù)
* 敗財 / 败财
* 敗走 / 败走 (bàizǒu)
* 敗軍 / 败军 (bàijūn)
* 敗軍之將 / 败军之将 (bàijūnzhījiāng)
* 敗軍折將 / 败军折将
* 敗退 / 败退 (bàituì)
* 敗部 / 败部
* 敗部復活 / 败部复活
* 敗醬 / 败酱
* 敗醬草 / 败酱草 (bàijiàngcǎo)
* 敗陣 / 败阵 (bàizhèn)
* 敗露 / 败露 (bàilù)
* 敗類 / 败类 (bàilèi)
* 敗鼓之皮 / 败鼓之皮
* 斯文敗類 / 斯文败类 (sīwénbàilèi)
* 新敗 / 新败 (xīnbài)
* 朽敗 / 朽败 (xiǔbài)
* 橈敗 / 桡败 (náobài)
* 殘兵敗將 / 残兵败将 (cánbīngbàijiàng)
* 殘垣敗壁 / 残垣败壁
* 殘敗 / 残败 (cánbài)
* 殘花敗柳 / 残花败柳 (cánhuābàiliǔ)
* 殘軍敗將 / 残军败将
* 毀敗 / 毁败
* 毀風敗俗 / 毁风败俗
* 氣急敗壞 / 气急败坏 (qìjíbàihuài)
* 淪敗 / 沦败
* 潰敗 / 溃败 (kuìbài)
* 破敗 / 破败 (pòbài)
* 窳敗 / 窳败
* 節節敗退 / 节节败退 (jiéjiébàituì)
* 納敗缺 / 纳败缺
* 老腐敗 / 老腐败
* 腐敗 / 腐败 (fǔbài)
* 著著失敗 / 著著失败
* 落敗 / 落败 (luòbài)
* 衰敗 / 衰败 (shuāibài)
* 覆敗 / 覆败
* 觀望成敗 / 观望成败
* 詐敗 / 诈败 (zhàbài)
* 詐敗佯輸 / 诈败佯输
* 諱敗推過 / 讳败推过
* 貪墨敗度 / 贪墨败度
* 身敗名裂 / 身败名裂 (shēnbàimíngliè)
* 身敗名隳 / 身败名隳
* 轉敗為功 / 转败为功
* 轉敗為勝 / 转败为胜
* 辱身敗名 / 辱身败名
* 辱門敗戶 / 辱门败户
* 迷人敗本 / 迷人败本
* 酢敗 / 酢败
* 酸敗 / 酸败
* 隳節敗名 / 隳节败名
* 雖敗猶榮 / 虽败犹荣 (suībàiyóuróng)
* 頹敗 / 颓败 (tuíbài)
* 驕兵必敗 / 骄兵必败 (jiāobīngbìbài)
* 驕者必敗 / 骄者必败

### Descendants

* → Thai: พ่าย (pâai)

### References

* “敗”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: へ (he)、べ (be)
* Kan-on: はい (hai, Jōyō)、ばい (bai)
* Kun: やぶれる (yabureru, 敗れる, Jōyō)、やぶる (yaburu, 敗る)、まける (makeru, 敗ける)

### Counter

敗(はい) • (-hai)
* losses

### Compounds

* (lose a game): 敗北(はいぼく) (haiboku), 敗退(はいたい) (haitai), 敗軍(はいぐん) (haigun), 敗戦(はいせん) (haisen), 完敗(かんぱい) (kanpai), 大敗(たいはい) (taihai), 勝敗(しょうはい) (shōhai)
* (fail): 失敗(しっぱい) (shippai), 成敗(せいはい) (seihai), 腐敗(ふはい) (fuhai)

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 敗 (MC baejH|paejH).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 뺑〮 (Yale: ppáy) | 뺑〮 (Yale: ppáy) |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | ᄒᆡ〮야〮딜 (Yale: hóyyátìl) | 패〯 (Yale: phǎy) |

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [pʰɛ(ː)] ~ [pʰe̞(ː)]
* Phonetic hangul: [패(ː)/페(ː)]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Hanja

Wikisource 敗 (eumhun 질 패 (jil pae))
* hanja form of 패 (“defeat; loss”) [noun]

#### Compounds

* 무패 (無敗, mupae)
* 부패 (腐敗, bupae)
* 불패 (不敗, bulpae)
* 석패 (惜敗, seokpae)
* 승패 (勝敗, seungpae)
* 실패 (失敗, silpae)
* 연패 (連敗, yeonpae)
* 완패 (完敗, wanpae)
* 참패 (慘敗, champae)
* 패망 (敗亡, paemang)
* 패배 (敗北, paebae)
* 패소 (敗訴, paeso)
* 패업 (敗業, paeeop)
* 패자 (敗者, paeja)
* 패전 (敗戰, paejeon)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

敗: Hán Nôm readings: bại, bậy
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.