# -ed
## English
### Alternative forms

* -d (now standard only after -e)
* -'d (chiefly poetry)
* -èd (chiefly poetry)

### Pronunciation

* (in verbs, past participles, and some denominal adjectives):
** (after a vowel or a voiced consonant other than a /d/) enPR: d, IPA: /d/
** (after a voiceless consonant other than a /t/) enPR: t, IPA: /t/
** (after a /d/ or /t/) same as below
* (other denominal adjectives):
** (UK) enPR: ĭd, IPA: /ɪd/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
** (US) enPR: ĭd, IPA: /ɪd/ or enPR: əd, IPA: /əd/
** (General Australian) enPR: əd, IPA: /əd/
* (Hong Kong)
** (after a /d/ or /t/) IPA: /əd/
** (after vowels) IPA: /d/, /dəd/
** (after other consonants) IPA: /dəd/

### Etymology 1

From Middle English -ede, -eden, from Old English -ode, -odon (class 2 weak past ending), from Proto-Germanic *-ōd-, *-ōdēdun. Cognate with Saterland Frisian -ede (“-ed”, first person singular past indicative ending), German Low German -de (“-ed”, first and third person singular past indicative ending), Swedish -ade (“-ed”), Icelandic -aði (“-ed”).

#### Suffix

-ed
* Used to form past tenses of (regular) verbs. In linguistics, it is used for the base form of any past form. See -t for a variant.
    ‎point + ‎-ed → ‎pointed
    He pointed at the dog.

##### Translations
### Etymology 2

From Middle English -ed, from Old English -od (class 2 weak past participle), from Proto-Germanic *-ōdaz. Cognate with Saterland Frisian -ed.

#### Suffix

-ed
* Used to form past participles of (regular) verbs. See -en and -t for variants.
    ‎point + ‎-ed → ‎pointed
    He has pointed at the dog.

### Etymology 3

From Middle English -ed, from Old English -od (adjective suffix), from Proto-Germanic *-ōdaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂tos. While identical in appearance to the past participle of class 2 weak verbs, this suffix was attached directly to nouns without any intervening verb. Cognate with Latin -ātus (whence also a doublet -ate).

#### Suffix

-ed
* Used to form possessional adjectives from nouns, in the sense of having the object represented by the noun.
    Antonym: -less
    ‎point + ‎-ed → ‎pointed
    ‎horn + ‎-ed → ‎horned
    ‎hoof + ‎-ed → ‎hooved
* As an extension of the above, used to form possessional adjectives from adjective-noun pairs.
    ‎red + ‎hair + ‎-ed → ‎red-haired
    ‎left + ‎hand + ‎-ed → ‎left-handed
    ‎two + ‎prong(s) + ‎-ed → ‎two-pronged

##### Translations
### See also

* -t
* -ing

### Anagrams

* de-, D&E, dE, DE, de, De

## Breton
### Etymology

Cognate to Cornish -es.

### Suffix

-ed
* Suffix denoting plural of certain nouns
    ‎kazhez (“female cat”) + ‎-ed → ‎kazhezed (“female cats”)

#### Derived terms
## Hungarian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɛd]
* Rhymes: -ɛd

### Etymology 1

From -e- (linking vowel) +‎ -d (possessive suffix).

#### Suffix

-ed
* (possessive suffix) your (second-person singular, single possession)
    ‎kert (“garden”) + ‎-ed → ‎kerted (“your (singular, informal) garden”)
    Megbízol engem a kerted gondozásával? ― Will you entrust me with the care of your garden?

##### Usage notes

* (possessive suffix) Variants:
    -d is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.
    -ad is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -od is added to the other back-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -ed is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -öd is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant

### Etymology 2

From -e- (linking vowel) +‎ -d (personal suffix).

#### Suffix

-ed
* (personal suffix) Forms the definite second-person singular indicative present of verbs.
    ‎fest (“to paint”) + ‎-ed → ‎fested (“you paint [him/her/it], you are painting [him/her/it]”)
    Mikor fested a kerítést? ― When do you paint the fence?

##### Usage notes

* (personal suffix) See harmonic variants in the table below.
| Person | Person | Back vowel | Front vowel | Front vowel |
| Person | Person | Back vowel | unrounded | rounded |
| én | 1st person singular | -om | -em | -öm |
| te | 2nd person singular | -od | -ed | -öd |
| ő maga ön | 3rd person singular or formal 2nd person singular | -ja | -i | -i |
| mi | 1st person plural | -juk | -jük | -jük |
| ti | 2nd person plural | -játok | -itek | -itek |
| ők maguk önök | 3rd person plural or formal 2nd person plural | -ják | -ik | -ik |
| See also: present-tense indefinite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing. |||||

### Etymology 3

From -e- (linking vowel) +‎ -d (fraction-forming and verb-forming suffix).

#### Suffix

-ed
* (fraction-forming suffix) -th (added to a cardinal number to form a fraction)
    ‎ezer (“thousand”) + ‎-ed → ‎ezred (“thousandth”)
* (frequentative verb-forming suffix) Added to a stem to form a verb to indicate repetitive action. No longer productive.
    szenved (“to suffer”)

##### Usage notes

* (fraction-forming suffix) Variants:
    -d is added to words ending in a vowel
    -ad is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -od is added to some other back-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -ed is added to unrounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -öd is added to rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant
* (frequentative suffix) Variants:
    -d is found only in a few words as an obscured suffix
       mond (“to say, tell”), kezd (“to begin”)
    -od is added to back-vowel words
       tapod (“to tread on something”)
    -ad is added to back-vowel words
    -ed is added to unrounded front-vowel words
       szenved (“to suffer”)
    -öd is added to rounded front-vowel words
       bököd (“to repeatedly poke at something”)

##### Derived terms
### See also

* Category:Hungarian noun forms
* Category:Hungarian verb forms
* Appendix:Hungarian possessive suffixes
* Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

## Ido
### Etymology

From French -ée, Italian -ata, Spanish -ada, ultimately from Latin -atus.

### Suffix

-ed
* contents of, -ful.
    ‎manuo (“hand”) + ‎-ed → ‎manuedo (“handful”)

#### Derived terms
## Middle English
### Etymology 1
#### Suffix

-ed
* Forms the past participle of weak verbs.

##### Alternative forms

* -et, -it, -t

### Etymology 2
#### Suffix

-ed
* Alternative form of -hede

### References

* “-(e)d, suf.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

## Old English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ed/

### Etymology 1
#### Suffix

-ed
* Used to form the past participle of class I weak verbs
    ‎fremman (“to perform”) + ‎-ed → ‎fremed (“performed”)

### Etymology 2
#### Suffix

-ed
* Alternative form of -od
    ‎æppel (“apple”) + ‎-ed → ‎æppled (“apple-shaped”)

## Old Irish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /eð/

### Suffix

-ed
* slender form of -ad

## Spanish
### Etymology

From Latin -ēte (second-person plural present active imperative ending of second conjugation verbs).

### Suffix

-ed
* used to form the informal second-person plural imperative mood of -er verbs
    ‎comer (“to eat”) + ‎-ed → ‎¡Comed! (“Eat!”)

## Swedish
### Suffix

-ed c
* (place-names) path between or along water
    Synonym: -eda

### See also

* ed (“isthmus”)

## Welsh
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Brythonic *-hed, from Proto-Celtic *-isetos.

#### Pronunciation

* (North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA: /ɛd/
** (North Wales, colloquial) IPA: /ad/
* (South Wales) IPA: /ɛd/

#### Suffix

-ed
* Forms an equative of an adjective of one or two syllables.
    ‎gwan (“weak”) + ‎-ed → ‎gwanned (“as weak”)
    ‎rhad (“cheap”) + ‎-ed → ‎rhated (“as cheap”)
    ‎cynt (“faster, earlier, sooner”) + ‎-ed → ‎cynted (“as fast, as early, as soon”)

##### Usage notes

Causes fortition of final voiced consonant of adjectival roots.

### Etymology 2

Reduced form of -fed. Cognate with Cornish -es.

#### Pronunciation

* (North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA: /ɛd/
** (North Wales, colloquial) IPA: /ad/
* (South Wales) IPA: /ɛd/

#### Suffix

-ed
* Used to form the ordinal forms of five and six.
    Synonyms: -edd, -fed, -ydd
    ‎pump (“five”) + ‎-ed → ‎pumed (“fifth”)
    ‎chwech (“six”) + ‎-ed → ‎chweched (“sixth”)

### Etymology 3

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-tis or Proto-Indo-European *-tus.

#### Pronunciation

* (North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA: /ɛd/
** (North Wales, colloquial) IPA: /ad/
* (South Wales) IPA: /ɛd/

#### Suffix

-ed
* Used to form verbal nouns.
    ‎cerdd- (“to walk”, stem) + ‎-ed → ‎cerdded (“to walk”, verbal noun)
    ‎clyw- (“to hear”, stem) + ‎-ed → ‎clywed (“to hear”, verbal noun)

### Etymology 4

Cognate with Cornish -es.

#### Pronunciation

* (North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA: /ɛd/
** (North Wales, colloquial) IPA: /ad/
* (South Wales) IPA: /ɛd/

#### Suffix

-ed
* Used to form nouns.
    ‎colli (“to lose”) + ‎-ed → ‎colled (“loss”)
    ‎sych (“dry”) + ‎-ed → ‎syched (“thirst”)
    ‎cymuno (“to take communion, to communicate”) + ‎-ed → ‎cymuned (“community”)

### Etymology 5
#### Pronunciation

* (North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA: /ɛd/
** (North Wales, colloquial) IPA: /ad/, /ai̯d/
* (South Wales) IPA: /ɛd/

#### Suffix

-ed
* Used to form plural nouns.
    Synonyms: -aid, -aint, -au, -edd, -en, -i, -iadau, -iaid, -iau, -ion, -od, -oedd, -on, -ydd, -yr, -ys
    ‎pryf (“bug, insect”) + ‎-ed → ‎pryfed (“bugs, insects”)
    ‎merch (“girl”) + ‎-ed → ‎merched (“girls”)

##### Usage notes

-ed is only used in the above two plural forms in Modern Welsh.

### Etymology 6
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛd/

#### Suffix

-ed
* (literary) verb suffix for the third-person singular imperative

### Etymology 7
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛd/

#### Suffix

-ed
* (literary) verb suffix for the third-person singular imperative
    Synonyms: -pwyd, -wyd

##### Usage notes

* Rare in Modern Welsh with a few verbs creating an alternative secondary form.
       ganwyd, ganed ― was born, one bore
       trowyd, troed ― was turned, one turned
       cafwyd, caed ― was had, one had
       daethpwyd, deuwyd, doed ― one came

### References

* ↑ Morris Jones, John (1913) A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, § 203 iii 8

### Further reading

R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “-ed”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies