# 百合
## Chinese

* 百合

### Etymology

Named “hundred-union”, for the numerous segmented and overlapping scales on the bulb of the lily. The lily is traditionally a propitious sign of a blissful, long-lasting marriage; see the idiom 百年好合 (bǎiniánhǎohé).
The sense “yuri; lesbian” is a semantic loan and an orthographic borrowing from Japanese 百合 (yuri).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): bǎihé
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄞˇ ㄏㄜˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): baak$^3$ hap$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): pak-ha̍p
* Northern Min (KCR): pă-hō̤
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): pek-ha̍p / peh-ha̍p / iú-lih
    (Teochew, Peng'im): bêh$^4$ hah$^8$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^7$paq-gheq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bǎihé
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄞˇ ㄏㄜˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bǎihé
*** Wade–Giles: pai$^3$-ho$^2$
*** Yale: bǎi-hé
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: baeher
*** Palladius: байхэ (bajxɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /paɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: baak$^3$ hap$^6$
*** Yale: baak hahp
*** Cantonese Pinyin: baak$^8$ hap$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: bag$^3$ heb$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /paːk̚³ hɐp̚²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: pak-ha̍p
*** Hakka Romanization System: bag$^ˋ$ hab
*** Hagfa Pinyim: bag$^5$ hab$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /pak̚² hap̚⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: pă-hō̤
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰa²⁴ xɔ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pek-ha̍p
*** Tâi-lô: pik-ha̍p
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pekhap
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /piɪk̚³²⁻⁴ hap̚⁴/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: peh-ha̍p
*** Tâi-lô: peh-ha̍p
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pehhap
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /pe(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ hap̚⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /pe(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ hap̚⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iú-lih
*** Tâi-lô: iú-lih
*** Phofsit Daibuun: iwliq
*** IPA (Taipei): /iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liʔ³²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /iu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ liʔ³²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: bêh$^4$ hah$^8$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: peh ha̍h
*** Sinological IPA : /peʔ²⁻⁴ haʔ⁴/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^7$paq-gheq
*** MiniDict: pah$^入$ gheh
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^4$paq-hheq
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /paʔ³³ ɦəʔ⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: paek hop
Rime :
| Character | 百 | 合 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 幫 (1) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 陌 (113) | 合 (160) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | II | I |
| Fanqie | 博陌切 | 侯閤切 |
| Baxter | paek | hop |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /pˠæk̚/ | /ɦʌp̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /pᵚak̚/ | /ɦəp̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /pak̚/ | /ɣɒp̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /paɨjk̚/ | /ɦəp̚/ |
| Li Rong | /pɐk̚/ | /ɣᴀp̚/ |
| Wang Li | /pɐk̚/ | /ɣɒp̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /pɐk̚/ | /ɣăp̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | bo | hé |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | bak$^1$ | hap$^6$ |

### Noun

百合
* lily (flower or bulb)
* (ACG slang) yuri; lesbianism

#### Synonyms

* (lily flower):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 百合花, 百合 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 百合花, 百合 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 百合花, 百合 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 百合 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 叭哈花 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 喇叭花 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 打碗花 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 喇叭花 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 打碗花, 喇叭花 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 喇叭花 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 糖球花 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 百合花, 百合 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 鈴鐺仔花 GT |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 百合花 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 百合花, 百合 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 百合 |
| Note | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) |
* (lily bulb): (Hokkien) 國白／国白

#### Derived terms

* 偽百合 / 伪百合
* 大葉野百合 / 大叶野百合
* 恆春野百合 / 恒春野百合
* 法國百合 / 法国百合 (Fǎguó bǎihé)
* 洋百合 (yángbǎihé)
* 海百合
* 百合侶 / 百合侣
* 百合情侶 / 百合情侣
* 百合病
* 百合粉
* 百合花 (bǎihéhuā)
* 真百合
* 聖誕百合 / 圣诞百合
* 脊百合
* 車百合 / 车百合
* 輕百合 / 轻百合
* 野百合

#### Descendants

* → Korean: 백합(百合) (baekhap)
* → Vietnamese: bách hợp (百合)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 百 | 合 |
| ゆり ||
| Grade: 1 | Grade: 2 |
| jukujikun ||
Probably the nominalization of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of classical verb 揺る (yuru, “to sway, to swing, to wave back and forth”), from the way that lilies tend to grow tall and sway in the breeze.
The spelling is an orthographic borrowing from Chinese 百合 (bǎihé), indicating the way that lily bulbs cluster together—合わす (awasu, “to gather, combine”)—in large numbers, as in 百 (hyaku, literally “hundred”).
For information on the slang for homosexuality, see Yuri (genre).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ゆり [yùrí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [jɯ̟ɾʲi]

#### Noun

百合(ゆり) or 百合(ユリ) • (yuri)
* lily
* a style of 襲の色目 (kasane no irome, “color scheme of layering garments”), featuring a red outer layer and a reddish-gold inner layer, and worn in summer (from the way the color scheme resembles the coloration of the petals of certain varieties of lily)
* (slang) yuri, manga or other media depicting attraction, romance, romantic friendship or sexual relationship between women, usually lesbians
** 2015 February 25, “Dansei ga ‘yuri’ (gāruzurabu) ni moeru riyū [The reason men enjoy ‘yuri’ (girls love)]”, in Mainabi News‎:
    だったらむしろ、レズビアンや百合(ゆり)のほうが楽(たの)しめるというわけなんです。男(だん)性(せい)が百合(ゆり)に萌(も)えるのは、性(せい)に対(たい)するファンタジーなのかもしれません。
       Dattara mushiro, rezubian ya yuri no hō ga tanoshimeru to iu wake nan desu. Dansei ga yuri ni moeru no wa, sei ni taisuru fantajī na no kamoshiremasen.
       If that's the case, it seems to be the reason that they enjoy lesbians or yuri. That a man fancies yuri, it is likely a sexual fantasy.

##### Derived terms

* 百合鴎(ユリカモメ) (yurikamome)
* 編笠百合(アミガサユリ) (amigasayuri)
* 乙女百合(オトメユリ) (otomeyuri)
* 鬼百合(オニユリ) (oniyuri)
* 鹿(カ)の子百合(コユリ) (kanokoyuri)
* 小百合(さゆり) (sayuri)
* 笹(ササ)百合(ユリ) (sasayuri, “Japanese or bamboo lily (Lilium japonicum)”)
* 稚児百合(チゴユリ) (chigoyuri)
* 鉄砲百合(テッポウユリ) (teppōyuri)
* 鳴子百合(ナルコユリ) (narukoyuri)

##### Descendants

* → English: yuri
* → Chinese: 百合 (bǎihé, “yuri”)
* → Korean: 백합(百合) (baekhap, “yuri”), 유리 (yuri, “yuri”)
* → Vietnamese: bách hợp
* → Russian: ю́ри (júri)
* → Ukrainian: ю́рі (júri)

#### Proper noun

百合(ゆり) • (Yuri)
* a female given name

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 百 | 合 |
| ひゃく > びゃく Grade: 1 | ごう Grade: 2 |
| goon ||

#### Noun

百(びゃく)合(ごう) • (byakugō)
* (traditional Chinese medicine) dried lily bulbs used in medicine

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
   * Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 百 | 合 |

### Noun

百合 • (baekhap) (hangeul 백합)
* hanja form of 백합 (“lily”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 百 | 合 |

### Noun

百合
* chữ Hán form of bách hợp (“Lilium pumilum”).