# 伸

| 伸 | U+4F38, &#20280; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4F38 |
| ← 伷 [U+4F37] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 伹 → [U+4F39] |

## Translingual
### Han character

伸 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+5, 7 strokes, cangjie input 人中田中 (OLWL), four-corner 2520$_6$, composition ⿰亻申)

#### Derived characters

* 𭈁, 𥆓, 𦕽, 𨁬, 敒, 𫣰, 𰁷

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 97, character 6
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 481
* Dae Jaweon: page 205, character 12
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 133, character 2
* Unihan data for U+4F38

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 伸
* Small seal scripts05824Transcribed ancient scriptsL31183L31184
* References:
* Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:
* Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
* Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
* Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
* Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
| | Old Chinese |
| 電 | *l'iːns |
| 胂 | *l̥ʰin, *hlin |
| 申 | *hlin |
| 伸 | *hlin |
| 呻 | *hlin |
| 紳 | *hlin |
| 眒 | *hlin, *hlins |
| 柛 | *hlin |
| 訷 | *hlin |
| 抻 | *hlins |
| 神 | *hlin |
| 朄 | *lins |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *hlin): semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 申 (OC *hlin).

### Etymology

STEDT derives the word from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsjan ~ *dzjan (“to stretch out”), and compares Burmese ဆင်း (hcang:, “idem”), though the Old Chinese reconstructions make this somewhat problematic.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): shēn (shen$^1$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄕㄣ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): cen$^1$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): san$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chhûn / sṳ̂n
    (Hailu, HRS): chun$^ˋ$ / shin$^ˋ$
* Eastern Min (BUC): sĭng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): cong$^1$ / cuong$^1$ / sing$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chhun / chhng / sin
    (Teochew, Peng'im): cung$^1$ / sing$^1$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^1$sen
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shēn
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄣ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shen
*** Wade–Giles: shên$^1$
*** Yale: shēn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shen
*** Palladius: шэнь (šɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂən⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: cen$^1$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: cen
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰən⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: san$^1$
*** Yale: sān
*** Cantonese Pinyin: san$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sen$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɐn⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhûn / sṳ̂n
*** Hakka Romanization System: cun$^ˊ$ / siin$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: cun$^1$ / sin$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰun²⁴/, /sɨn²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: chun$^ˋ$ / shin$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡ʃʰun⁵³/, /ʃin⁵³/
* chhûn - vernacular;
* sṳ̂n - literary.
* Middle Chinese: syin
Rime :
| Character | 伸 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 書 (26) |
| Final (韻) | 眞 (43) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 失人切 |
| Baxter | syin |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɕiɪn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɕin/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɕjen/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɕin/ |
| Li Rong | /ɕiĕn/ |
| Wang Li | /ɕĭĕn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɕi̯ĕn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shēn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | san$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*l̥i[n]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*hlin/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 伸 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | shēn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ syin › |
| Old Chinese | /*l̥i[n]/ |
| English | stretch, extend |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 伸 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 11236 |
| Phonetic component | 申 |
| Rime group | 眞 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 申 |
| Old Chinese | /*hlin/ |

### Definitions

伸
* to extend; to stretch out
    伸長兩隻手／伸长两只手 ― shēncháng liǎng zhī shǒu ― to extend two hands
* to report
* (Hakka, Hokkien) to be left; to remain
    Alternative forms: 剩, 賰 / 䞐, 偆, 存
* a surname

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 剩, 剩餘 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 剩 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 剩 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 剩 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 剩 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 剩 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 剩 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 剩 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 伸 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 伸 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 伸 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 伸 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 伸 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 伸 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 伸 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 偆 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 伸, 偆 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 伸 |
| Southern Min | Puning | 存 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 剩, 挺, 挺剩 |
| Wu | Danyang | 剩 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 剩 |

### Compounds

* 以屈求伸
* 仰首伸眉
* 伸冤 (shēnyuān)
* 伸出 (shēnchū)
* 伸出援手
* 伸剖
* 伸展 (shēnzhǎn)
* 伸張 / 伸张 (shēnzhāng)
* 伸張正義 / 伸张正义
* 伸志
* 伸懶腰 / 伸懒腰 (shēn lǎnyāo)
* 伸手 (shēnshǒu)
* 伸手牌
* 伸港 (Shēngǎng)
* 伸直 (shēnzhí)
* 伸眉
* 伸眉吐氣 / 伸眉吐气
* 伸縮 / 伸缩 (shēnsuō)
* 伸縮尺 / 伸缩尺
* 伸縮縫 / 伸缩缝
* 伸腰
* 伸腿 (shēntuǐ)
* 伸腿瞪眼
* 伸舌頭 / 伸舌头
* 伸鉤索鐵 / 伸钩索铁
* 伸長 / 伸长 (shēncháng)
* 伸開 / 伸开 (shēnkāi)
* 伸頭探腦 / 伸头探脑
* 伸頭縮頸 / 伸头缩颈
* 小屈大伸
* 屈一伸萬 / 屈一伸万
* 屈伸 (qūshēn)
* 平伸
* 延伸 (yánshēn)
* 握鉤伸鐵 / 握钩伸铁
* 有屈無伸 / 有屈无伸
* 欠伸 (qiànshēn)
* 眉頭不伸 / 眉头不伸
* 能屈能伸
* 蠖屈求伸
* 詘寸伸尺 / 诎寸伸尺
* 轉伸 / 转伸
* 顰伸 / 颦伸

### References

* “伸”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* lengthen

#### Readings

* Go-on: しん (shin, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: しん (shin, Jōyō)
* Kun: のびる (nobiru, 伸びる, Jōyō)、のべる (noberu, 伸べる, Jōyō)、のばす (nobasu, 伸ばす, Jōyō)、のす (nosu, 伸す)
* Nanori: のぶ (nobu)、よぼる (yoboru)

#### Compounds

* 伸筋
* 伸縮
* 伸張
* 伸長, 伸暢
* 伸展
* 伸度
* 伸び伸び

#### Idioms

* 伸(の)るか反(そ)るか (noru ka soru ka): sink or swim; come what may

#### Related terms

* 伸す
* 伸べ広げる

### Proper noun

* Kanji in this term
* 伸
* しん Grade: S
* on'yomi
伸(しん) • (Shin)
* a male given name
伸(のぶる) • (Noburu)
* a male given name

## Korean
### Hanja

伸 (eumhun 펼 신 (pyeol sin))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

伸: Hán Nôm readings: thân
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation