# لغة
## Arabic
### Etymology

Related to Hebrew לוע / לֹעַ (lóaʕ, “throat, pharynx, maw”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /lu.ɣa/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

لُغَة • (luḡa) f (plural لُغَات (luḡāt))
* language
    Synonym: لِسَان (lisān)
    هَلْ تَسْتَطِيعُ ٱلْحَدِيثَ بِغَيْرِ لُغَتِكَ ٱلْْأُمِّ؟hal tastaṭīʕu l-ḥadīṯa bi-ḡayri luḡatika l-ʔummi?Can you speak another language besides your mother tongue?
* dialect, vernacular
    Synonym: لَهْجَة (lahja)
* jargon
* (linguistics) a variant
** 1290, Ibn Manẓūr, “وي”, in لسان العرب [The Tongue of the Arabs]‎, فصل الحاء المهملة [The section of the undotted letter ح (ḥāʔ)], page 211:حَيِيَ حَياةً وَحَيَّ يَحْيَا وَيَحَيُّ فَهُوَ حَيٌّ، وَلِلْجَمِيعِ حَيُّوا، بِٱلتَّشْدِيدِ، قَالَ: وَلُغَةٌ أُخْرَى حَيَّ يَحَيُّ وَلِلْجَمِيعِ حَيُوا، خَفِيفَة.ḥayiya ḥayātan wa-ḥayya yaḥyā wa-yaḥayyu fa-huwa ḥayyun, wa-li-l-jamīʕi ḥayyū, bi-t-tašdīdi, qāla: wa-luḡatun ʔuḵrā ḥayya yaḥayyu wa-li-l-jamīʕi ḥayū, ḵafīfa.He lived a life, and he lived, he lives and he lives so he is alive, and in the plural they lived, with gemination; [it was] said: another variant is he lived, he lives, and in the plural they lived, [without gemination].
** (Can we date this quote?), الفَرَّاء، أَبُو زَكَرِيَّا يَحْيَا بِن زِيَاد [al-farrāʔ, ʔabū zakariyyā yaḥyā bin ziyād, Al-Farrāʾ], edited by جَابِر بِن عَبْدِ اللهِ السُّرَيِّع [jābir bin ʕabdi llāhi s-surayyiʕ], كِتَابٌ فِيهِ لُغَاتُ القُرْآن (kitābun fīhi luḡātu al-qurʔān) [A book containing variant readings of the Qur'an], published 2014:وَفِي (نَسْتَعِينُ) لُغَتَانِ: قُرَيْشٌ وَكِنَانَةُ يَنْصِبُونَ النُّونَ، وَعَامَّةُ العَرَبِ مِن بَنِي قَيْسِ وَرَبِيعَةَ يَقُولُونَ: نِسْتَعِينُ...wa-fī (nastaʕīnu) luḡatāni: qurayšun wa-kinānatu yanṣibūna n-nūna, wa-ʕāmmatu l-ʕarabi min banī qaysi wa-rabīʕata yaqūlūna: nistaʕīnu...And there are two variants of نَسْتَعِينُ (nastaʕīnu): Quraysh and Kinanah pronounce it with na-, [whereas] the general Arab public of the tribes Tamim, Qays, and Rabīʿa say: nistaʿīnu...
* (with the definite article) Classical Arabic
* lexicography, lexicographic literature, lexicographers
** a. 1050, مروان بن جناح [Marwān ibn Janāḥ], edited by Gerrit Bos, Fabian Käs, كتاب التلخيص [kitāb at-talḵīṣ] [On the Nomenclature of Medicinal Drugs], Leiden: Brill, published 2020, →DOI, →ISBN, 825 (fol. 70r,14–v,1), page 963:القبج بالفارسية هو الحجل عنه ومن كتاب أهرن وفي اللغة: القبج ذكر الحجل، قال الصنوبري يٰأخِي قُمْ فَقَدْ شَجَجْنا لَكَ الرَّاحَ … فَخُذْها مَشْجُوجَةً أيّ شَجّ قَطَعَ المَاءُ جِسْمَها قِطَعًا لَمْ … تَغْذِ أَمْثالَها مَناقِيرُ قَبْجAl-qabj is Persian for partridge ibidem [in ar-Rāzī’s Ḥāwī]. From ʾAhrun’s book and the lexicographers: It is the male partridge. Aṣ-Ṣanawbarīy said: O brother, get up! We have mixed wine for you. Take it in a mixed state in whichever fashion! The water has stripped down its substance into bits, of size smaller than chukar beaks eat.

#### Derived terms

* أَهْل اللُّغَة (ʔahl al-luḡa, “philologists, lexicographers”)
* عِلْم اللُّغَة (ʕilm al-luḡa, “lexicography, philology, linguistics”)
* لُغَة أَجْنَبِيَّة (luḡa ʔajnabiyya, “foreign language”)
* لُغَة الْمَوْلِد (luḡat al-mawlid, “mother tongue”)
* لُغَة الْمُحَادَة (luḡat al-muḥāda, “colloquial language”)
* لُغَة الْمِحْنَة (luḡat al-miḥna, “professional jargon, slang”)
* لُغَة عَامِّيَّة (luḡa ʕāmmiyya, “popular language”)
* لُغَوِيّ (luḡawiyy, “linguistic, philological, lexicographical”)

#### Descendants

* Gulf Arabic: لغة (luḡa)
* → Azerbaijani: lüğət
* → Classical Persian: لُغَت (luğat) (see there for further descendants)
* → Malay: loghat (“dialect”)
** Indonesian: logat
* → Ottoman Turkish: لغت (lüğat)
** Turkish: lügat
** Crimean Tatar: luğat
* → Somali: luuqada
* → Swahili: lugha
* → Tajik: луғат (luġat)
* → Uyghur: لۇغەت (lughet)
* → Uzbek: lugʻat
(via plural form لُغَات (luḡāt)):
* → Classical Persian: لُغَات (luğāt)
** → Hindustani:
    Hindi: लुग़ात (luġāt)
    Urdu: لُغات (luġāt)
** → Punjabi: luġāt
    Gurmukhi script: ਲੁਗ਼ਾਤ
    Shahmukhi script: لُغات
** → Sindhi: luġāta
    Arabic script: لُغات
    Devanagari script: लुग़ात
    Khudabadi script: 𑋚𑋣𑊼𑋩𑋠𑋍

#### References

* Wehr, Hans (1979) “لغو”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic لُغَة (luḡa).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /lu.ɣa/, [ˈlʊ.ɣa]
* Audio (Ramallah):(file)

### Noun

لغة • (luḡa) f (plural لغات (luḡāt))
* language
    لغة أجنبية ― luḡa ʔajnabiyye ― foreign language
    اللغة الأم ― il-luḡa il-ʔumm ― native language, mother tongue
    Audio (Ramallah):(file)

#### See also

* لهجة (lahje, “dialect”)