# 匈

| 匈 | U+5308, &#21256; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5308 |
| ← 匇 [U+5307] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 匉 → [U+5309] |

## Translingual
### Han character

匈 (Kangxi radical 20, 勹+4, 6 strokes, cangjie input 心山大 (PUK), four-corner 2772$_0$, composition ⿹勹凶)

#### Derived characters

* 哅, 恟, 𢫤, 洶, 𣑤, 𭮌, 𤈤, 胸, 𥒚, 詾, 𨠮, 𨥸, 胷, 𦭪

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 151, character 4
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2512
* Dae Jaweon: page 340, character 9
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 258, character 5
* Unihan data for U+5308

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 匈 :
| Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 酗 | *qʰos |
| 凶 | *qʰoŋ |
| 匈 | *qʰoŋ |
| 兇 | *qʰoŋ, *qʰoŋʔ |
| 訩 | *qʰoŋ |
| 胸 | *qʰoŋ |
| 胷 | *qʰoŋ |
| 洶 | *qʰoŋ, *qʰoŋʔ |
| 恟 | *qʰoŋ |
| 詾 | *qʰoŋ, *qʰoŋʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *qʰoŋ): semantic 勹 + phonetic 凶 (OC *qʰoŋ). The derivative 胸 refers to the original word.

### Etymology 1

* For pronunciation and definitions of 匈 – see 胸 (“chest; thorax; breast; bosom; etc.”). (This character is the second-round simplified and variant form of 胸).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xiōng (xiong$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄩㄥ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hung$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hiûng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hoeng$^1$ / hyeng$^1$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): heng / hiong
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiōng
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄩㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: syong
*** Wade–Giles: hsiung$^1$
*** Yale: syūng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiong
*** Palladius: сюн (sjun)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ʊŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hung$^1$
*** Yale: hūng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hung$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /hʊŋ⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hiûng
*** Hakka Romanization System: hiung$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: hiung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /hi̯uŋ²⁴/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hoeng$^1$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: he̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /hœŋ⁵³³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hyeng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /hyøŋ⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: heng / hiong
*** Tâi-lô: hing / hiong
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hefng, hiofng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hiɪŋ⁴⁴/, /hiɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hiɪŋ³³/, /hiɔŋ³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hiɪŋ⁴⁴/, /hiɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /hiɪŋ⁴⁴/, /hiɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hiɪŋ⁴⁴/, /hiɔŋ⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: xjowng
Rime :
| Character | 匈 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 曉 (32) |
| Final (韻) | 鍾 (7) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 許容切 |
| Baxter | xjowng |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /hɨoŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /hioŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /xioŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /huawŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /xioŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /xĭwoŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /xi̯woŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xiōng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hung$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*qʰoŋ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 匈 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 13890 |
| Phonetic component | 凶 |
| Rime group | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 胷 |
| Old Chinese | /*qʰoŋ/ |
| Notes | 説文胷字見集韻 |

#### Definitions

匈
* Hun, Hunnic
* Short for 匈牙利 (Xiōngyálì, “Hungary, Hungarian”).
* Used in 匈匈.
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 凶 (xiōng, “famine”)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 兇 / 凶 (xiōng, “fearful; fierce; ferocious”)

#### Compounds

* 匈匈
* 匈奴 (Xiōngnú)
* 匈奴入侵
* 匈牙利 (Xiōngyálì)
* 奧匈帝國 / 奥匈帝国 (Ào-Xiōng Dìguó)
* 貫匈國 / 贯匈国

#### Usage notes

This character is only used in some proper nouns and is not productive in modern Chinese. See 匈奴 (Xiōngnú) and 匈牙利 (Xiōngyálì).

### References

* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “匈”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 266.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: く (ku)
* Kan-on: きょう (kyō)
* Kun: むね (mune, 匈)、おそれる (osoreru)、さわぐ (sawagu)

### Pronunciation

* Kanji in this term
* 匈
* きょう Hyōgai
* kan'on
* IPA: [kʲo̞ː]

### Noun

匈(きょう) • (kyō)
* Abbreviation of 匈牙利. Hungary

## Korean
### Hanja

匈 (eumhun 오랑캐 흉 (orangkae hyung))
* barbarian
* savage
* foreigner

## Vietnamese
### Han character

匈: Hán Nôm readings: hung
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.