# ἐκτός
## Ancient Greek
### Alternative forms

* ἐχθός (ekhthós)

### Etymology

From ἐκ (ek, “out”), formed on the model of ἐντός (entós, “within, inside”). Cognate with Old Irish acht (“but, provided that”), Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 (aiþþau, “or, otherwise”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ek.tós/ → /ekˈtos/ → /ekˈtos/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /ek.tós/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /ekˈtos/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /ekˈtos/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /ekˈtos/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /ekˈtos/

### Adverb

ἐκτός • (ektós)
* without, outside, out
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.80
** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 1.2.3
** 380 BCE, Plato, Gorgias 474D
** 53 CE – 55 CE, Paul the Apostle, First Epistle to the Corinthians 15:2
** 125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian, The Fisherman 6
** 200 CE – 400 CE, Heliodorus of Emesa, Aethiopica 10.5
* (absolute) external, strange, vulgar
** 413 BCE, Euripides, Ion 231
** 200 BCE – 118 BCE, Polybius, The Histories 2.4.8
** 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 629D
** 200 BCE – 118 BCE, Polybius, The Histories 2.47.10
* out
** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 269
** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 1402
** 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 18
** 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 616A
** 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 676
** 407 BCE, Euripides, Iphigenia in Aulis 1117
** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 1189

### Preposition

ἐκτός • (ektós) (governs the genitive)
* out of, far from
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 14.13
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 21.608
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 12.219
** 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 1260
** 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 4.289
** 405 BCE, Aristophanes, The Frogs 995
** 262 BCE – 190 BCE, Apollonius of Perga, Conics 1.8
** 6th century BC, Theognis of Megara, Elegies 754
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.133
** 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 332
** 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 504
** 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 614
** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Fragments 724
** 380 BCE, Plato, Gorgias 523B
** 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 498C
** 460 BCE – 370 BCE, Hippocrates of Kos, Epidemics 7.90
** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 640
** 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 330
** 416 BCE, Euripides, Herakles 771

### Descendants

* Greek: εκτός (ektós)
* → English: ecto-

### References

* ↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἐκτός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 399

### Further reading

* “ἐκτός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “ἐκτός”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “ἐκτός”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
* ἐκτός in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* ἐκτός in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
* ἐκτός in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2025)
* “ἐκτός”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
* G1622 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
* ἐκτός in Trapp, Erich, et al. (1994–2007) Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität besonders des 9.-12. Jahrhunderts [the Lexicon of Byzantine Hellenism, Particularly the 9th–12th Centuries], Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
* Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited. beside idem, page 75.except idem, page 288.forth idem, page 339.free idem, page 343.out idem, page 581.outside idem, page 583.reach idem, page 675.without idem, page 984.