# 安敦
## Chinese

* 安敦

### Etymology

Unclear, possibly from Latin Antonius.
Generally believed to be a corrupted form of the name of one of the Antonines (Pulleyblank, 1999). According to the Hou Hanshu, in 166 CE an embassy from Rome supposedly arrived in China via what is now modern Vietnam:
    From: The Book of the Later Han, circa 5th century CE
    zhì Huándì Yán Xī jiǔ nián, Dàqín wáng Āndūn qiǎnshǐ zì Rìnán jiào wài xiàn xiàngyá, xījiǎo, dàimào [Pinyin]
    In the ninth year of the Yanxi era of Emperor Huan of Han (166 C.E.), the king of Daqin (Rome) Andun sent an embassy from the frontiers of Rinan offering elephant tusks, rhinoceros horns, turtle shells […]
The exact identity of this figure is disputed and the details about the embassy reported in the Hou Hanshu are quite controversial. The hypothesis that the name Andun was referred to Antoninus Pius is often rejected by most historians, mainly because he died several years before 166 C.E. (Clements, 2014). Therefore, is generally believed to be one of his successors, most likely Marcus Aurelius (Baxter and Sagart, 2014).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Āndūn
    (Zhuyin): ㄢ ㄉㄨㄣ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): on$^1$ deon$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Āndūn
*** Zhuyin: ㄢ ㄉㄨㄣ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Andun
*** Wade–Giles: An$^1$-tun$^1$
*** Yale: Ān-dwūn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Anduen
*** Palladius: Аньдунь (Anʹdunʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ˀän⁵⁵ tu̯ən⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: on$^1$ deon$^1$
*** Yale: ōn dēun
*** Cantonese Pinyin: on$^1$ doen$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: on$^1$ dên$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɔːn⁵⁵ tɵn⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: 'an twon
Rime :
| Character | 安 | 敦 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/4 |
| Initial (聲) | 影 (34) | 端 (5) |
| Final (韻) | 寒 (61) | 魂 (55) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 烏寒切 | 都昆切 |
| Baxter | 'an | twon |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʔɑn/ | /tuən/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʔɑn/ | /tuon/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʔɑn/ | /tuən/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʔan/ | /twən/ |
| Li Rong | /ʔɑn/ | /tuən/ |
| Wang Li | /ɑn/ | /tuən/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʔɑn/ | /tuən/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | ān | dūn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | on$^1$ | deon$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ʔ]ˤa[n] tˤur/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qaːn tuːn/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 安 | 敦 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | ān | dūn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ 'an › | ‹ twon › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ʔ]ˁa[n]/ | /*tˁur/ |
| English | peace(ful) | solid, thick |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 安 | 敦 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 3/4 |
| No. | 11 | 2597 |
| Phonetic component | 安 | 敦 |
| Rime group | 元 | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 安 | 敦 |
| Old Chinese | /*qaːn/ | /*tuːn/ |

### Proper noun

安敦
* The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:
** Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus, Roman emperor (121–180 C.E.)