# Aprilis
## Latin
### Alternative forms

* aprīlis (alternative case form)

### Etymology

Perhaps based on Etruscan 𐌖𐌓𐌐𐌀 (apru), from Ancient Greek Ἀφροδίτη (Aphrodítē, “Venus”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /aˈpriː.lis/, [äˈpriːlʲɪs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /aˈpri.lis/, [äˈpriːlis]

### Adjective

Aprīlis (neuter Aprīle); third-declension two-termination adjective
* Of April.
** 44 BCE – 43 BCE, Cicero, Philippicae 2.93.6, (This can be understood either as an accusative plural adjective in -īs or a genitive singular noun in -is):Tu autem quadringentiens sestertium quod Idibus Martiis debuisti quonam modo ante Kalendas Aprilis debere desisti?(please add an English translation of this quotation)
** 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita 25.1.12.4:Is et in contione senatus consultum recitavit et edixit ut quicumque libros vaticinos precationesve aut artem sacrificandi conscriptam haberet eos libros omnes litterasque ad se ante kalendas Apriles deferret neu quis in publico sacrove loco novo aut externo ritu sacrificaret.(please add an English translation of this quotation)
** 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita 29.14.14.2:Eae per manus, succedentes deinde aliae aliis, omni obuiam effusa ciuitate, turibulis ante ianuas positis qua praeferebatur atque accenso ture precantibus ut volens propitiaque urbem Romanam iniret, in aedem Victoriae quae est in Palatio pertulere deam pridie idus Apriles; isque dies festus fuit.(please add an English translation of this quotation)
** 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita 44.19.4.2:Et ne quid profectionem suam teneret, pridie idus Apriles Latinis esse constitutam diem.(please add an English translation of this quotation)
** 8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 4.621:Occupat Apriles Idus cognomine Victor / Iuppiter: hac illi sunt data templa die.(please add an English translation of this quotation)
** c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 10.124.2:Hoc gestum M. Servilio C. Cestio cos. a. d. V kal. Apriles.(please add an English translation of this quotation)
** c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 17.189.4:Quidam ita determinant: veterem semel a vindemia ante brumam, cum alii ablaqueare et stercorare satis put(e)nt, iterum ab idibus Aprilibus, antequam concipiat, hoc est in VI idus Maias; dein prius quam florere incipiat et cum defloruerit et variante se uva.(please add an English translation of this quotation)
** c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 18.169.6:Hoc fit Novembri mense incipiente, postea pauci runcant—botanismon vocant—, reliqua pars non nisi cum falce arva visit paulo ante kal. Apriles.(please add an English translation of this quotation)

#### Usage notes

In Classical Latin, month names were regularly used as adjectives, generally modifying a case-form of mēnsis m sg (“month”) or of one of the nouns used in the Roman calendar to refer to specific days of the month from which other days were counted: Calendae f pl (“calends”), Nōnae f pl (“nones”), Īdūs f pl (“ides”). However, the masculine noun mēnsis could be omitted by ellipsis, so the masculine singular forms of month names eventually came to be used as proper nouns.
The accusative plural adjective forms Aprīlīs, Septembrīs, Octōbrīs, Novembrīs, Decembrīs are ambiguous in writing, being spelled identically to the genitive singular forms of the nouns; nevertheless, the use of ablative singular forms in -ī and comparison with the usage of other month names as adjectives supports the interpretation of -is as an accusative plural adjective ending in Classical Latin phrases such as "kalendas Septembris".

#### Declension

Third-declension two-termination adjective.
* In medieval and New Latin, the ablative singular can also be found as Aprīle.

### Proper noun

Aprīlis m sg (genitive Aprīlis); third declension
* April

#### Declension

Third-declension noun (i-stem, ablative singular in -ī), singular only.
* In medieval and New Latin, the ablative singular can also be found as Aprīle.

#### Descendants

* Balkan Romance
** Aromanian: aprir
** Romanian: prier
* Dalmatian:
** aprail
* Italo-Dalmatian
** Corsican: aprile
** Italian: aprile
*** → Cimbrian: aprile
** Neapolitan: abbrile
** Sicilian: aprili
* Padanian:
** Friulian: Avrîl
** Ladin: oril
** Piedmontese: avril, avrì, auril
** Romagnol: abrìl
** Romansch: avregl, avrigl, avrel
** Venetan: avril
* Northern Gallo-Romance:
** Franco-Provençal: avril, avrel, avréoul, avrics, avrin
** Old French: avril
*** French: avril
**** Haitian Creole: avril
**** Mauritian Creole: avril
**** → Iranian Persian: آوریل (âvril)
**** → South Azerbaijani: آوریل (avril)
**** → Tunisian Arabic: أفريل (avrīl)
*** Norman: Avri
*** Walloon: avri
*** → Middle English: Averil
**** ⇒ Middle English: Aprill, Aprille, April, Apprille, Aperil, Aprel (relatinized)
***** English: April (see there for further descendants)
***** Scots: Apryle
* Southern Gallo-Romance:
** Aragonese: abril
** Catalan: abril
** Occitan: abriu (All dialects except most Lengadocian)
    Auvergnat: abrieu, abriau
    Gascon: abrieu
    Languedocien: abril, abrièl, abrial, abriòl
    Limousin: abrie, abria, abriau
    Vivaro-Alpine: abrieu
* Ibero-Romance:
** Old Leonese:
*** Asturian: abril
*** Mirandese: abril
** Old Galician-Portuguese: abril
*** Fala: abril
*** Galician: abril
*** Portuguese: abril (see there for further descendants)
** Old Spanish:
*** Ladino: avril
*** Spanish: abril (see there for further descendants)
* Insular Romance:
** Sardinian: abriri, albile, aprile, arbile

##### Borrowings

* → Albanian: prill
* → Basque: apiril
* → Proto-Brythonic:
** Breton: Ebrel
** Cornish: Ebrel, Ebryl
** Welsh: Ebrill
* → Byzantine Greek: Απρίλιος (Aprílios)
** Greek: Απρίλιος (Aprílios), Απρίλης m (Aprílis)
** → Old Church Slavonic: априль (aprilĭ)
** → Old East Slavic: априль (aprilĭ), апрѣль (aprělĭ)
*** Russian: апрель (aprelʹ) (see there for further descendants)
** → Romanian: aprilie (via some Slavic language)
* → Middle Dutch: april
** Dutch: april
*** Afrikaans: April
*** Negerhollands: apriel
*** → Caribbean Hindustani: april
*** → Papiamentu: aprel
*** → Sranan Tongo: aprel
*** → Trió: eiperëu
** Limburgish: eprèl, april
* → Old High German: abrello
** Middle High German: aberelle, abrille, aprille, aberell
*** Bavarian:
**** Cimbrian: abrèl, avrell (Sette Comuni), avrelle
**** Mòcheno: oberel
*** German: April
**** → Estonian: aprill
**** → Hunsrik: April
**** → Kashubian: aprël (dated)
**** → Slovincian: april
* → Old Irish: Apréil
** Irish: Aibreán

### See also

* Roman calendar on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

### References

* ↑ Hanson, J. H. (1870) Preparatory Latin Prose-book..., 21st edition, page 358
* ↑ Karl Gottlob Zumpt (1853) Leonhard Schmitz, Charles Anthon, transl., A Grammar of the Latin Language, 3rd edition, pages 31, 85
* ↑ Gaeng, Paul A. (1968) An Inquiry into Local Variations in Vulgar Latin: As Reflected in the Vocalism of Christian Inscriptions, page 183
* ↑ Frost, P. (1861) The Germania and Agricola of Tacitus, page 161

### Further reading

* “Aprilis”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “Aprilis”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* Aprilis in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.