# 肯

| 肯 | U+80AF, &#32943; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-80AF |
| ← 肮 [U+80AE] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 肰 → [U+80B0] |

## Translingual
### Han character

肯 (Kangxi radical 130, 肉+4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 卜一月 (YMB), four-corner 2122$_7$, composition ⿱止月)

#### Derived characters

* 啃, 掯, 𪣩, 𣔨, 𬒔, 𥺾, 褃, 錹

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 976, character 1
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29311
* Dae Jaweon: page 1427, character 21
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2048, character 4
* Unihan data for U+80AF

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 肯
* Western Zhou
* Bronze inscriptions
| | Old Chinese |
| 肯 | *kʰɯːŋʔ |
| 肎 | *kʰɯːŋʔ |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): abbreviated 冎 (“bone”) + 肉 (“meat”) – meat attached to the bone. Originally written more like 肎 or 𦘫, the top component is now written 止.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kěn, kěng (ken$^3$, keng$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄣˇ, ㄎㄥˇ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): hang$^2$ / hoi$^2$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): hang$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): hén / khién
    (Hailu, HRS): hen$^ˊ$ / kien$^ˊ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): hên$^3$ / kên$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): kǎing
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): keng$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): khńg / khéng / khín / khán
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kêng$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$khen
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kěn
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄣˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kěn
*** Wade–Giles: kʻên$^3$
*** Yale: kěn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: keen
*** Palladius: кэнь (kɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰən²¹⁴/
** (Standard Chinese, variant)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kěng
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄥˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kěng
*** Wade–Giles: kʻêng$^3$
*** Yale: kěng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: keeng
*** Palladius: кэн (kɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɤŋ²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hang$^2$ / hoi$^2$
*** Yale: háng / hói
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hang$^2$ / hoi$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: heng$^2$ / hoi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɐŋ³⁵/, /hɔːi̯³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: hang$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /haŋ⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hén / khién
*** Hakka Romanization System: hen$^ˋ$ / kien$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: hen$^3$ / kian$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /hen³¹/, /kʰi̯en³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: hen$^ˊ$ / kien$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /hen²⁴/, /kʰien²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: hên$^3$ / kên$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /hɛn³¹/, /kʰɛn³¹/
* Sixian:
** hén - vernacular;
** khién - literary.
* Hailu:
** henˊ - vernacular;
** kienˊ - literary.
* Meixian:
** hên3 - vernacular;
** kên3 - literary.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit肯 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /kʰən²¹⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /kʰən²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /kʰən¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /kʰẽ⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /kʰə̃⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /kʰən⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /kʰẽ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /kʰə̃⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /kʰəŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /kʰə̃n⁴⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /kʰɤŋ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /kʰən⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /kʰən⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /kʰen⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /kʰə̃⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /kʰən²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /kʰən²⁴/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /kʰəŋ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /kʰəŋ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /kʰə̃ŋ⁵³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /kʰəŋ³⁵/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /kʰən⁵¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /kʰen⁵³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /kʰaŋ³⁵/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /kʰʌ̃³⁵/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /t͡ɕʰin³¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /kʰən⁴¹/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /kʰən⁴²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /kʰiɛn²¹³/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /kʰen³¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /hen³¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /hɐŋ³⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /hɐŋ³⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /hɐŋ³⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kʰiŋ⁵³/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kʰiŋ³²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kʰaiŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /kʰeŋ⁵³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /xin²¹³/ |
* Middle Chinese: khongX
Rime :
| Character | 肯 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 登 (129) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 苦等切 |
| Baxter | khongX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰəŋ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰəŋ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰəŋ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰəŋ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰəŋ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰəŋ$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kʰəŋ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | kěng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hang$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kʰˤəŋʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰɯːŋʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 肯 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | kěn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ khong$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰˁəŋʔ/ |
| English | to be willing |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 肯 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 7485 |
| Phonetic component | 肯 |
| Rime group | 蒸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 肯 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰɯːŋʔ/ |
| Notes | 說文作肎 |

### Definitions

肯
* meat attached to the bone; tendon; sinew
* to be willing to; to be ready to
* to consent to; to permit; to agree
* (archaic, rhetorical question) how could it be that
* (Teochew, negated or interrogative) to be only
** 1883, Adele Marion Fielde, “止”, in A Pronouncing and Defining Dictionary of the Swatow Dialect, Arranged According to Syllables and Tones, Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press:
    不止八個／不止八个 [Teochew] ― m$^7$ kêng$^2$ boih$^4$ gai$^5$ [Peng'im] ― not eight only; there were more than eight
    怎止許長？／怎止许长？ [Teochew] ― zo$^3$ kêng$^2$ hiên$^3$ deng$^5$? [Peng'im] ― How can it be of only that length?
** 蔡俊明 [Cai Junming], editor (1991), “肯 kʰeng˥˧”, in 潮州方言詞滙 / 潮州方言词滙 (Cháozhōu fāngyán cíhuì), 香港 [Hong Kong]: 香港中文大學 / 香港中文大学 [The Chinese University of Hong Kong]
       i$^1$ mng$^7$ ua$^2$ zio$^2$ gian$^6$ muêh$^8$ kêng$^2$ m$^7$ kêng$^2$ dag$^8$ zab$^8$ gai$^5$ ngêng$^5$, ua$^2$ dan$^3$ m$^7$ kêng$^2$. [Peng'im]
       (please add an English translation of this quotation)

### Compounds

* 不肯 (bùkěn)
* 不肯一世
* 不肯干休
* 中肯
* 問肯 / 问肯
* 心折首肯
* 心肯意肯
* 惠然肯來 / 惠然肯来
* 毋肯
* 洞中肯綮
* 肯亞 / 肯亚 (Kěnyà)
* 肯分的
* 肯堂肯構 / 肯堂肯构
* 肯塔基州
* 肯定 (kěndìng)
* 肯定命題 / 肯定命题
* 肯尼亞 / 肯尼亚 (Kěnníyà)
* 肯德基 (Kěndéjī)
* 肯心兒 / 肯心儿
* 肯構肯堂 / 肯构肯堂
* 肯綮
* 肯許 / 肯许
* 肯酒
* 自我肯定
* 阿肯色州
* 首肯 (shǒukěn)

### References

* “肯”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* to agree, to affirm, to consent

#### Readings

* Go-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
* On: かい (kai)
* Kun: うべなう (ubenau, 肯う)、がえんずる (gaenzuru, 肯んずる)、がえんじる (gaenjiru, 肯んじる)、あえて (aete, 肯えて)、うけがう (ukegau, 肯う)

#### Compounds

* 肯(こう)綮(けい) (kōkei)
* 肯(こう)定(てい) (kōtei)

## Korean
### Hanja

肯 (eumhun 옳이 여길 긍 (ori yeogil geung))
* hanja form of 긍 (“willing”)
* hanja form of 긍 (“consent to, permit”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

肯: Hán Nôm readings: khẳng, khứng, khừng
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.