# gladius
## English
### Etymology

From Latin gladius (“Roman short sword, gladius”). Doublet of glaive.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɡlæd.i.əs/

### Noun

gladius (plural gladiuses or gladii)
* (historical) A Roman sword roughly two feet long.
** 1882, “The Genesis of the Sword”, in Popular Science Monthly, volume 21, page 81:Finally, the Romans made the gladius—sharp, of highly-tempered steel, and strongly piercing—the first real sword (Figs. 17, 18, 19), of which only five specimens are now known to exist.
** 2007, Pat Southern, The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History, page 212:The gladius was effective either for cutting or for thrusting and was used by legionaries and auxiliaries.
* (zoology) A pen, a hard internal bodypart of certain cephalopods, made of chitin-like material.
** 2017 October 31, Mark Carnall, The Guardian‎:From the Cretaceous of North America fossilised gladii in the enigmatic genus Tusoteuthis have been estimated to give a mantle length (body size) of 1.8m, just less than that of the giant squid’s.

#### Translations
## Dutch
### Etymology

From Latin gladius (“Roman short sword, gladius”).

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Noun

gladius m (plural gladii, diminutive gladiusje n)
* Roman short sword; gladius
    Hypernym: kortzwaard

#### Usage notes

Like many Dutch words borrowed from Latin, the plural takes the form of the Latin nominative plural.

#### See also

* spatha

## Finnish
### Etymology

< Latin

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɡlɑdius/, [ˈɡlɑ̝dius̠]
* Rhymes: -ɑdius
* Hyphenation: gla‧di‧us

### Noun

gladius
* gladius (Roman sword)
    Hypernym: miekka

#### Declension

Possessive forms of gladius (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
gladiukseni
gladiukseni
accusative
nom.
gladiukseni
gladiukseni
gen.
gladiukseni
genitive
gladiukseni
gladiusteni gladiuksieni
partitive
gladiustani
gladiuksiani
inessive
gladiuksessani
gladiuksissani
elative
gladiuksestani
gladiuksistani
illative
gladiukseeni
gladiuksiini
adessive
gladiuksellani
gladiuksillani
ablative
gladiukseltani
gladiuksiltani
allative
gladiukselleni
gladiuksilleni
essive
gladiuksenani
gladiuksinani
translative
gladiuksekseni
gladiuksikseni
abessive
gladiuksettani
gladiuksittani
instructive
comitative
—gladiuksineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
gladiuksesi
gladiuksesi
accusative
nom.
gladiuksesi
gladiuksesi
gen.
gladiuksesi
genitive
gladiuksesi
gladiustesi gladiuksiesi
partitive
gladiustasi
gladiuksiasi
inessive
gladiuksessasi
gladiuksissasi
elative
gladiuksestasi
gladiuksistasi
illative
gladiukseesi
gladiuksiisi
adessive
gladiuksellasi
gladiuksillasi
ablative
gladiukseltasi
gladiuksiltasi
allative
gladiuksellesi
gladiuksillesi
essive
gladiuksenasi
gladiuksinasi
translative
gladiukseksesi
gladiuksiksesi
abessive
gladiuksettasi
gladiuksittasi
instructive
comitative
—gladiuksinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
gladiuksemme
gladiuksemme
accusative
nom.
gladiuksemme
gladiuksemme
gen.
gladiuksemme
genitive
gladiuksemme
gladiustemme gladiuksiemme
partitive
gladiustamme
gladiuksiamme
inessive
gladiuksessamme
gladiuksissamme
elative
gladiuksestamme
gladiuksistamme
illative
gladiukseemme
gladiuksiimme
adessive
gladiuksellamme
gladiuksillamme
ablative
gladiukseltamme
gladiuksiltamme
allative
gladiuksellemme
gladiuksillemme
essive
gladiuksenamme
gladiuksinamme
translative
gladiukseksemme
gladiuksiksemme
abessive
gladiuksettamme
gladiuksittamme
instructive
comitative
—gladiuksinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
gladiuksenne
gladiuksenne
accusative
nom.
gladiuksenne
gladiuksenne
gen.
gladiuksenne
genitive
gladiuksenne
gladiustenne gladiuksienne
partitive
gladiustanne
gladiuksianne
inessive
gladiuksessanne
gladiuksissanne
elative
gladiuksestanne
gladiuksistanne
illative
gladiukseenne
gladiuksiinne
adessive
gladiuksellanne
gladiuksillanne
ablative
gladiukseltanne
gladiuksiltanne
allative
gladiuksellenne
gladiuksillenne
essive
gladiuksenanne
gladiuksinanne
translative
gladiukseksenne
gladiuksiksenne
abessive
gladiuksettanne
gladiuksittanne
instructive
comitative
—gladiuksinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
gladiuksensa
gladiuksensa
accusative
nom.
gladiuksensa
gladiuksensa
gen.
gladiuksensa
genitive
gladiuksensa
gladiustensa gladiuksiensa
partitive
gladiustaan gladiustansa
gladiuksiaan gladiuksiansa
inessive
gladiuksessaan gladiuksessansa
gladiuksissaan gladiuksissansa
elative
gladiuksestaan gladiuksestansa
gladiuksistaan gladiuksistansa
illative
gladiukseensa
gladiuksiinsa
adessive
gladiuksellaan gladiuksellansa
gladiuksillaan gladiuksillansa
ablative
gladiukseltaan gladiukseltansa
gladiuksiltaan gladiuksiltansa
allative
gladiukselleen gladiuksellensa
gladiuksilleen gladiuksillensa
essive
gladiuksenaan gladiuksenansa
gladiuksinaan gladiuksinansa
translative
gladiuksekseen gladiukseksensa
gladiuksikseen gladiuksiksensa
abessive
gladiuksettaan gladiuksettansa
gladiuksittaan gladiuksittansa
instructive
comitative
—gladiuksineen gladiuksinensa :

#### Related terms

* gladiaattori

## Latin
### Etymology

Possibly from Gaulish *kladyos (“sword”), from Proto-Celtic *kladiwos (“sword”) (compare Old Irish claideb (“sword”), Welsh cleddyf (“sword”) from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₂- (“to beat, break”)). Cognate with Latin clādēs, clāva, percellō.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈɡla.di.us/, [ˈɡɫ̪äd̪iʊs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈɡla.di.us/, [ˈɡläːd̪ius]

### Noun

gladius m (genitive gladiī or gladī); second declension
* sword
    Synonyms: ēnsis, mucrō, spatha
    Mitte gladium in vaginam. ― Put the sword into its sheath.
    in gladium incumbere ― to fall on one's sword
** 8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 2.101:quid tibi cum gladiō?What are you doing with a sword?
* (figuratively) murder, death
    Synonym: mors
* a gladiatorial contest
* swordfish
    Synonym: xiphiās

#### Declension

Second-declension noun.
$^1$Found in older Latin (until the Augustan Age).

#### Derived terms

* gladiātor
* gladiātōriē
* gladiātōrium
* gladiātūra
* gladiolus
* glāvus

#### Descendants

* Gallo-Italic:
** Old Ligurian: iao (“sword”)
** Old Lombard: giaio
** ⇒ Piedmontese: sgiái (“horror”)
* Gallo-Romance:
** Old Catalan: glay, glai (“sword, fright”)
*** ⇒ Catalan: esglai (“fright”)
** Old Franco-Provençal: glaio
** Old French: glai, glay (“sword, lance, sword-lily”)
*** French: glai (“sword-lily”) (regional)
** Old Occitan: glai (“horror, ice”), glazi (“sword, carnage”) (probably from gladī NOM.PL)
*** Auvergnat: glasi (“sword”)
*** Limousin: glaize
* Italo-Romance:
** Italian: ghiado (“sword, cold”), >? glave (“swordfish”)
** Neapolitan: jajo (“disgust, shiver”)
* Borrowings:
** → Dutch: gladius
** → English: gladius
** → Italian: gladio
** → Portuguese: gládio
** → Spanish: gladio
** → Romanian: gladium

### References

* “gladius”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “gladius”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "gladius", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* gladius in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. a sword hangs over his neck: gladius cervicibus impendet to use javelins at a distance, swords at close quarters: eminus hastis, comminus gladiis uti to draw one's sword (from the scabbard): gladium educere (e vagīna) to sheath one's sword: gladium in vaginam recondere to draw one's sword: gladium stringere, destringere to plunge one's sword in some one's breast: gladium alicui in pectus infigere to transfix, pierce a man's breast with one's sword: gladio aliquem per pectus transfigere (Liv. 2. 46) to fight with swords at close quarters: gladio comminus (opp. eminus) rem gerere to throw down the javelins (pila) and fight with the sword: omissis pilis gladiis rem gerere swords must now decide the day: res ad gladios vēnit swords must now decide the day: res gladiis geri coepta est to throw oneself on the enemy with drawn sword: strictis gladiis in hostem ferri
* “gladius”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “gladius”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin
* Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “gladius”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume 4: G H I, page 144
* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 263