# stratum
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin strātum (“a spread for a bed, coverlet, quilt, blanket; a pillow, bolster; a bed”), neuter singular of strātus, perfect passive participle of sternō (“spread”). Doublet of estrade.

### Pronunciation

* (UK) IPA: /ˈstɹɑː.təm/, /ˈstɹeɪ.təm/
** Audio (Southern England):(file)
** Audio (Southern England):(file)
* (US) IPA: /ˈstɹeɪ.təm/, [ˈstɹeɪ.ɾəm], /ˈstɹæt.əm/, [ˈstɹæɾ.əm]
* (General Australian) IPA: /ˈstɹaː.təm/
* Rhymes: -ɑːtəm, -eɪtəm, -ætəm

### Noun

stratum (plural stratums or strata)
* One of several parallel horizontal layers of material arranged one on top of another.
    Synonym: tier
** 1884, Alfred Ronald Conkling, Appleton's Guide to Mexico, page 43:It is built of alternate strata of brick and clay, and the sides correspond to the direction of the meridians and parallels.
** 1952 July, W. R. Watson, “Sankey Viaduct and Embankment”, in Railway Magazine, page 487:He describes the operation thus: "The heavy ram employed to impart the finishing strokes, hoisted up with double purchase and snail's pace to the summit of the Piling Engine, and then falling down like a thunderbolt on the head of the devoted timber, driving it perhaps a single half inch in to the stratum below, is well calculated to put to the test the virtue of patience, while it illustrates the old adage of—slow and sure."
* (geology) A layer of sedimentary rock having approximately the same composition throughout.
    Synonyms: bed, layer
    Coordinate term: seam
** 1961 November, “Talking of Trains: The subsidence problem”, in Trains Illustrated, page 651:An illuminating article in a recent issue of the Eastern Region's Civil Engineering News points out that where coal is worked over a reasonably large area, it is not only the whole of the strata above the workings, but also an area beyond which is liable to subside at varying rates after the coal has been removed.
* Any of the regions of the atmosphere, such as the stratosphere, that occur as layers.
* (biology) A layer of tissue.
* A class of society composed of people with similar social, cultural, or economic status.
* (ecology) A layer of vegetation, usually of similar height.
* (computing) The level of accuracy of a computer's clock, relative to others on the network.
** 2006, Roderick W. Smith, Linux Samba Server Administration:Computers that synchronize themselves to the stratum 1 time servers are known as stratum 2 time servers if they allow others to synchronize to them, and so on.
* (linguistics) A historical layer of a language.
    Synonym: strate

#### Derived terms

* lateral stratum
* stratum album intermediale
* stratum corneum
* stratum germinativum
* stratum granulosum
* stratum griseum intermediale
* stratum lemnisci
* stratum spinosum
* substratum
* superstratum

#### Related terms

* stratification
* stratify
* stratosphere

#### Further reading

* stratum on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* “stratum”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
* William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “stratum”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.

## French
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin stratum. Doublet of estrade.

### Noun

stratum m (plural stratums)
* stratum

## Indonesian
### Etymology

From Dutch stratum, from Latin stratum. Doublet of setrat and strata.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈstratʊm]
* Hyphenation: stra‧tum

### Noun

stratum (plural stratum-stratum)
* (geology) stratum, a layer of sedimentary rock having approximately the same composition throughout.

#### Related terms

* setrat
* strata
* stratifikasi

### Further reading

* “stratum” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Latin
### Etymology

From strātus, perfect passive participle of sternō (“spread”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈstraː.tum/, [ˈs̠t̪räːt̪ʊ̃ˑ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈstra.tum/, [ˈst̪räːt̪um]

### Noun

strātum n (genitive strātī); second declension
* a bed-covering, coverlet, quilt, blanket
* a pillow, bolster
* a bed, couch
    Synonym: lectus
* a horse-blanket, saddle-cloth
* a pavement

#### Declension

Second-declension noun (neuter).

#### Descendants

* Catalan: estrat
* → Dutch: stratum
* → English: stratum
** → Welsh: stratwm
* French: strate
* Friulian: strât
* Galician: estrado
* Italian: strato
* Occitan: estrat
* Piedmontese: strat
* Portuguese: estrado
* Romanian: strat
* Spanish: estrado
** → French: estrade
*** → English: estrade
* → Welsh: gwastrawd (“groom, stablekeeper”)

### Verb

strātum
* accusative supine of sternō

### References

* “stratum”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “stratum”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "stratum", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* stratum in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. (ambiguous) a street, a made road: via strata (ambiguous) to prostrate oneself before a person: ad pedes alicuius iacēre, stratum esse (stratum iacēre) (ambiguous) all have perished by the sword: omnia strata sunt ferro