# 臘

| 臘 | U+81D8, &#33240; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-81D8 |
| ← 臗 [U+81D7] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 臙 → [U+81D9] |
| 臘 | U+F926, &#63782; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F926 |
| ← 拉 [U+F925] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 蠟 → [U+F927] |

## Translingual

| Traditional | 臘 |
| Shinjitai (extended) | 𫞇 |
| Simplified | 腊 |

### Han character

臘 (Kangxi radical 130, 肉+15, 19 strokes, cangjie input 月女女女 (BVVV), four-corner 7221$_7$, composition ⿰月巤(GJKV) or ⿰⺼巤(HT))

#### Derived characters

* 𡅘, 𢺎, 𥸆, 𧅕

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 997, character 30
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30009
* Dae Jaweon: page 1448, character 33
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2123, character 6
* Unihan data for U+81D8
* Unihan data for U+F926

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 鑞 | *raːb |
| 蠟 | *raːb |
| 邋 | *raːb, *rab |
| 臘 | *raːb |
| 臈 | *raːb |
| 擸 | *raːb, *rab |
| 擖 | *kʰreːd, *kraːd, *r'aːb |
| 獵 | *rab |
| 躐 | *rab |
| 鬣 | *rab |
| 儠 | *rab |
| 犣 | *rab |
| 鱲 | *rab |
| 巤 | *rab |
| 獦 | *klaːd, *rab |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *raːb): semantic ⺼ (“meat”) + phonetic 巤 (OC *rab).

### Etymology

Uncertain.
* Bodde (1975) cites Zheng Xuan's comment on the relation between 臘 (OC *raːb, “year-end sacrifice”) and 獵 (OC *rab, “hunt”);
* Boltz (1979) instead relates it to a much later word written with the same phonetic & meaning "to cut off, to terminate" (of a year);
* Schuessler (2007) proposes an alternative Sino-Tibetan etymology: just as the 葉 (OC *hljeb, *leb) word-family encompasses the meanings "leaf > foliage, year, generation"; so the root *râp "new year, change of year" is apparently a parallel etymon, which also is cognate with Tibetan རབས། (rabs, “generation”) (Bodman, 1980).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): là (la$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄚˋ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): laap$^6$ / lip$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): lap$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): la̍p
    (Meixian, Guangdong): lab$^6$
* Eastern Min (BUC): lăk
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): la̍p / lia̍p / la̍h
    (Teochew, Peng'im): lah$^8$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: là
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄚˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: là
*** Wade–Giles: la$^4$
*** Yale: là
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lah
*** Palladius: ла (la)
*** Sinological IPA : /lä⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: laap$^6$ / lip$^6$
*** Yale: laahp / lihp
*** Cantonese Pinyin: laap$^9$ / lip$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lab$^6$ / lib$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /laːp̚²/, /liːp̚²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: lap$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /lap̚³²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: la̍p
*** Hakka Romanization System: lab
*** Hagfa Pinyim: lab$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /lap̚⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: lab$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /lap̚⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: lăk
*** Sinological IPA : /l̃aʔ⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: la̍p
*** Tâi-lô: la̍p
*** Phofsit Daibuun: lap
*** IPA (Xiamen): /lap̚⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /lap̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /lap̚²⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lia̍p
*** Tâi-lô: lia̍p
*** Phofsit Daibuun: liap
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /liap̚⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: la̍h
*** Tâi-lô: la̍h
*** Phofsit Daibuun: lah
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /laʔ⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /laʔ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /laʔ¹²¹/
* la̍p/lia̍p - literary;
* la̍h - vernacular.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit臘 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /la⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /la⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /lɑ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /la²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /la⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /la²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /la²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /la⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /la¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /la¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /la²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /na²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /na³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /na²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /la̠³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /lɑʔ⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /lɐʔ⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /laʔ²/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /lʌʔ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /laʔ⁴³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /laʔ¹/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /laʔ³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /lɑʔ²/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /la²¹³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /la²²/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /lɔ¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /la²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /nɒ²⁴/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /laʔ²/ ～月 /laʔ⁵/ ～肉 |
| Hakka | Meixian | /lap̚⁵/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /lɑp̚⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /lap̚²/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /ʟap̚²²/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /lap̚²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /lap̚⁵/ /laʔ⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /laʔ⁵/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /la⁴²/ /si²⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /laʔ⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /la³³/ |
* Middle Chinese: lap
Rime :
| Character | 臘 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 盍 (144) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 盧盍切 |
| Baxter | lap |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /lɑp̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /lɑp̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /lɑp̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /lap̚/ |
| Li Rong | /lɑp̚/ |
| Wang Li | /lɑp̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /lɑp̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | là |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | laap$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.rˤap/
    (Zhengzhang): /*raːb/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 臘 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | là |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ lap › |
| Old Chinese | /*C.rˁap/ |
| English | winter sacrifice |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 臘 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 8146 |
| Phonetic component | 巤 |
| Rime group | 盍 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 臘 |
| Old Chinese | /*raːb/ |

### Definitions

臘
* year-end sacrifice to the gods
* twelfth month of the Chinese lunar calendar
* dried preserved meat; cured meat
    燒臘／烧腊 ― shāolà ― preserved or roasted meat
    臘鴨／腊鸭 ― làyā ― dried preserved duck

#### Compounds

* 一臘 / 一腊
* 乾茨臘 / 干茨腊
* 伏臘 / 伏腊
* 厚味臘毒 / 厚味腊毒
* 夏臘 / 夏腊
* 寒冬臘月 / 寒冬腊月 (hándōnglàyuè)
* 希臘 / 希腊 (Xīlà)
* 希臘哲學 / 希腊哲学
* 希臘字母 / 希腊字母
* 希臘建築 / 希腊建筑
* 希臘戲劇 / 希腊戏剧
* 希臘教會 / 希腊教会
* 希臘正教 / 希腊正教
* 希臘神話 / 希腊神话
* 希臘群島 / 希腊群岛
* 年臘 / 年腊
* 戒臘 / 戒腊
* 歲時伏臘 / 岁时伏腊
* 殘冬臘月 / 残冬腊月
* 江西臘 / 江西腊 (jiāngxīlà)
* 燒臘 / 烧腊 (shāolà)
* 真臘 / 真腊 (Zhēnlà)
* 耆臘 / 耆腊
* 臘八 / 腊八 (Làbā)
* 臘八節 / 腊八节 (Làbājié)
* 臘八粥 / 腊八粥 (làbāzhōu)
* 臘味 / 腊味 (làwèi)
* 臘尾 / 腊尾
* 臘日 / 腊日
* 臘月 / 腊月 (Làyuè)
* 臘梅 / 腊梅 (làméi)
* 臘盡 / 腊尽
* 臘盡冬殘 / 腊尽冬残
* 臘祭 / 腊祭
* 臘肉 / 腊肉 (làròu)
* 臘腸 / 腊肠 (làcháng)
* 臘腸樹 / 腊肠树
* 臘腸狗 / 腊肠狗
* 臘酒 / 腊酒 (làjiǔ)
* 臘鎗頭 / 腊枪头
* 臘魚 / 腊鱼
* 臘鴨 / 腊鸭 (làyā)
* 臘鼓 / 腊鼓
* 臘鼓頻催 / 腊鼓频催
* 花臘搽 / 花腊搽
* 葷湯臘水 / 荤汤腊水
* 蘇門答臘 / 苏门答腊 (Sūméndálà)
* 走臘法 / 走腊法
* 醃臘 / 腌腊

#### Descendants

(Non-Sino-Xenic)
* → Tocharian B: rapaññe

### References

* “臘”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese

| Shinjitai (extended) | 𫞇 |
| Kyūjitai | 臘 |

### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: ろう (rō)
* Kan-on: ろう (rō)

### Noun

* Kanji in this term
* 臘
* ろう Hyōgai
* on'yomi
臘(ろう) • (rō)
* a Buddhist ceremony held in winter on the third day of the dog
* the twelfth month of the lunar-solar calendar
* a year in Buddhism after one completes a meditation retreat

#### Synonyms

* (twelfth month): 臘月

## Korean
### Hanja

臘 • (rap>nap) (hangeul 랍>납, revised rap>nap, McCune–Reischauer rap>nap, Yale lap>nap)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

臘: Hán Nôm readings: chạp, chợp, lạp, lép
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.