# 土

| 土 | U+571F, &#22303; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-571F |
| ← 圞 [U+571E] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 圠 → [U+5720] |
| ⼟ | U+2F1F, &#12063; KANGXI RADICAL EARTH |
| ← ⼞ [U+2F1E] | Kangxi Radicals | ⼠ → [U+2F20] |

## Translingual
### Han character

土 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+0, 3 strokes, cangjie input 土 (G), four-corner 4010$_0$, composition ⿱十一)
* Kangxi radical #32, ⼟.

#### Derived characters

* Appendix:Chinese radical/土
* 吐, 扗, 汢, 肚, 杜, 灶, 牡, 社, 䝅, 釷(钍), 靯, 壻, 䲧, 䵺
* 凷, 尘, 庄, 芏, 至, 㽵, 茔, 里, 䦌(𮤬), 烾, 墨, 皨, 䜃, 㦱, 㐋, 去, 寺, 灻, 赤, 走, 赱, 幸
* 𫡢, 𡚳, 𢎳, 𢓂, 𪫞, 𣧅, 𤣰, 𨑒, 𥃾, 𥝟, 𬡃, 𫊥, 𧺔, 𮛄, 𨑡, 𪶇, 𩡶, 𩵚(𬶂), 𪐢, 𡉗, 𨙭, 𤬪
* 𫧀, 𫲵, 𢨫, 𬻁, 𣂓, 𭎊, 𦉷, 𥤧, 𭯼, 𥫦, 𮓛, 𦯀, 𫕞, 𭎭, 𣵹, 𤥷, 𡴠, 𩫽, 𤍢, 𪔋, 𰀔
* 𧗥, 𠮷, 𡕟, 𢖽, 𭟯, 𣏅, 𣏄, 𥸮, 𫅢, 𮤇, 𪔄, 𪔌

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 223, character 1
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4867
* Dae Jaweon: page 453, character 23
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 415, character 1
* Unihan data for U+571F

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 土 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 社 | *ɦljaːʔ |
| 肚 | *ʔl'aːʔ, *l'aːʔ |
| 土 | *l̥ʰaːʔ, *l'aːʔ |
| 吐 | *l̥ʰaːʔ, *l̥ʰaːs |
| 芏 | *l̥ʰaːʔ |
| 杜 | *l'aːʔ |
| 靯 | *l'aːʔ |
| 荰 | *l'aːʔ |
Pictogram (象形): a lump of clay either on the ground or on a potter’s wheel. See the bottom part of the original version of 生 and 丰. Then, the lump of clay was stylized as a vertical stroke with a black dot in the middle perhaps to avoid confusion with other characters. Eventually, the black dot turned into a short horizontal stroke. Compare the top part of 土 with the ancient version of 十, which is a vertical stroke with a black dot in the middle.
Unrelated to the top component of 夌, 走, and 周; also unrelated to the central component of 金 and the overall character 圭.

### Etymology 1

There is no obvious cognate and etymology, unless it may be related to Proto-Austroasiatic *tiʔ (Proto-Monic *tiiʔ (“soil; ground consisting of earth”), Semnam tɛʔ (“soil; earth”)). However, this would require the assumption of a shift from front vowel to Old Chinese *a (Schuessler, 2007).
Probably related to 社 (OC *ɦljaːʔ, “god of soil; altar to god of soil”).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): tǔ (tu$^3$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨˇ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): tu$^3$
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): tù
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): тў (tw, II)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): tou$^2$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): hu$^2$
* Gan (Wiktionary): tu$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): thú
    (Hailu, HRS): tu$^ˊ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): tu$^3$
* Jin (Wiktionary): tu$^2$
* Northern Min (KCR): tǔ
* Eastern Min (BUC): tù
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): tou$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): thó͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): tou$^2$ / dou$^6$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$thu
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): tou$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tǔ
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄨˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tǔ
*** Wade–Giles: tʻu$^3$
*** Yale: tǔ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tuu
*** Palladius: ту (tu)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰu²¹⁴/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: tu$^3$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: tu
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰu⁵³/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: tù
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰu⁵³/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: тў (tw, II)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰu⁵¹/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: tou$^2$
*** Yale: tóu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tou$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: tou$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰou̯³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: hu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /hu⁵⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: tu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰu²¹³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thú
*** Hakka Romanization System: tu$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: tu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰu³¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: tu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰu³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: tu$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰu²⁴/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: tu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /tʰu⁵³/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: tǔ
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰu²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: tù
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰu⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: tou$^3$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: tô
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰɔu⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: tou$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰɔu³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thó͘
*** Tâi-lô: thóo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tor
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰɔ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /tʰɔ⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /tʰɔ⁵⁵⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: tou$^2$ / dou$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thóu / tŏu
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰou⁵²/, /tou³⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$thu
*** MiniDict: thu$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$thu
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /tʰu³⁴/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: tou$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰəu̯⁴¹/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit土 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /tʰu²¹⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /tʰu²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /tʰu¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /tʰu⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /tʰu⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /tʰu⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /tʰu⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /tʰv̩⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /tʰu⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /tʰu⁴⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /tʰu⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /tʰəu⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /tʰu⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /tʰu⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /tʰu⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /tʰu²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /tʰu²⁴/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /tʰu⁵³/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /tʰu⁵³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /tʰu⁵³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /tʰu³⁵/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /tʰəu⁵¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /tʰu⁵³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /tʰøy³⁵/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /tʰu³⁵/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /tʰəu³¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /tʰəu⁴¹/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /tʰəɯ⁴²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /tʰu²¹³/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /tʰu³¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /tʰu³¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /tʰou³⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /tʰu³⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /tʰou³⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /tʰɔ⁵³/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /tʰu³²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /tʰu²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /tʰou⁵³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /hɔu³¹/ 訓途 /hɔu²¹³/ ～產 |
* Middle Chinese: thuX
Rime :
| Character | 土 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 透 (6) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 他魯切 |
| Baxter | thuX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tʰuo$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /tʰuo$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /tʰo$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /tʰɔ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /tʰo$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /tʰu$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /tʰuo$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | tǔ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | tou$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*tʰˤaʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*l̥ʰaːʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 土 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | tǔ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ thu$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*tʰˁaʔ/ |
| English | earth |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 土 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 12499 |
| Phonetic component | 土 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 土 |
| Old Chinese | /*l̥ʰaːʔ/ |

#### Definitions

土
* earth; soil
    土堆 ― tǔduī ― mound; hillock
       Zhèr de tǔ gòu féi de. [Pinyin]
       The soil here is quite fertile.
* (dialectal) dust
* land
    國土／国土 ― guótǔ ― territory
    寸土不讓／寸土不让 ― cùntǔbùràng ― to not give up a single inch of one's territory
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Pǔtiān zhī xià, mòfēi wángtǔ. [Pinyin]
    Under the wide heaven, All is the king's land.
* crude opium
    煙土／烟土 ― yāntǔ ― crude opium
* hometown; native place
    故土 ― gùtǔ ― native land; native place
* local; native; indigenous
    土著 ― tǔzhù ― aboriginal
    土話／土话 ― tǔhuà ― local dialect
* rustic; unsophisticated; uncouth; vulgar; tasteless; uncultured
       Wǒ juéde dōngběihuà shízài tài tǔ le. [Pinyin]
       I think that Northeastern Mandarin is too rustic.
* indigenous; traditional and used by the common people
    土法 ― tǔfǎ ― traditional method used by the common people; indigenous method
    土槍／土枪 ― tǔ qiāng ― gun manufactured using indigenous methods
* (～族) the Tu ethnic group; Monguor people; White Mongol
* Short for 土耳其 (Tǔ'ěrqí, “Turkey”).
    俄土戰爭／俄土战争 ― É Tǔ zhànzhēng ― Russo-Turkish War
* a surname

##### Synonyms

* (earth):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 土 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 土 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 土 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 土 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 土, 土拉 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 泥巴 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 泥巴 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 泥巴 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 土 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 泥, 泥巴 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 泥, 爛泥 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 土 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 泥 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 泥 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 泥 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 泥 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 泥 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 土 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 土 |
| Cantonese | Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 土, 泥 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 泥 |
| Cantonese | Móng Cái | 土, 泥 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 泥巴, 土 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 泥 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 泥 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 泥 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 泥 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 泥 |
| Hakka | Changting | 泥 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 泥 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 泥 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 泥 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 泥, 那泥 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 泥 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 泥 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 糊泥 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 土 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 土 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 泥 |
| Northern Min | Songxi | 泥 |
| Northern Min | Zhenghe | 泥 |
| Northern Min | Jianyang | 泥 |
| Northern Min | Wuyishan | 泥 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 塗 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou (Changle) | 塗 |
| Eastern Min | Lianjiang | 塗 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 塗 |
| Eastern Min | Pingtan | 塗 |
| Eastern Min | Yongtai | 塗 |
| Eastern Min | Minqing | 塗 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 塗 |
| Eastern Min | Pingnan | 塗 |
| Eastern Min | Luoyuan | 塗 |
| Eastern Min | Fu'an | 塗 |
| Eastern Min | Ningde | 塗 |
| Eastern Min | Xiapu | 塗 |
| Eastern Min | Zherong | 塗 |
| Eastern Min | Shouning | 塗 |
| Eastern Min | Zhouning | 塗 |
| Eastern Min | Fuding | 塗 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 塗 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 塗 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 塗 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 塗 |
| Southern Min | Nan'an | 塗 |
| Southern Min | Shishi | 塗 |
| Southern Min | Hui'an | 塗 |
| Southern Min | Anxi | 塗 |
| Southern Min | Yongchun | 塗 |
| Southern Min | Dehua | 塗 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 塗 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou (Longhai) | 塗 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou (Changtai) | 塗 |
| Southern Min | Hua'an | 塗 |
| Southern Min | Nanjing | 塗 |
| Southern Min | Pinghe | 塗 |
| Southern Min | Zhangpu | 塗 |
| Southern Min | Yunxiao | 塗 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 塗 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 塗 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 塗 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 塗 |
| Southern Min | Longyan | 塗 |
| Southern Min | Zhangping | 塗 |
| Southern Min | Datian | 塗 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 塗 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 塗 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 塗 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 塗 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 塗 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 塗 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 塗 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 塗 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 塗 |
| Central Min | Yong'an | 泥 |
| Central Min | Sanming (Sanyuan) | 泥 |
| Central Min | Sanming (Shaxian) | 泥 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 泥 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 爛泥, 爛糊泥 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 爛泥 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 爛泥, 硬爛泥 |
| Wu | Danyang | 爛泥 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 爛污泥 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 淖泥, 爛泥 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 爛污泥, 爛污泥兒, 爛泥, 泥 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 糊泥, 泥 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 泥巴 |
| Xiang | Xiangxiang | 土 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 土 |
* (dust):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 塵, 埃, 塵埃, 坌, 塕, 坱 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 灰塵, 灰土, 塵土, 塵埃 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 塵土, 土, 灰 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 灰塵, 塵埃, 塵土 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chengde | 𡋯土 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 灰, 土 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 灰土, 灰, 塵土 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Heihe | 灰塵, 灰, 塵土, 土 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Qiqihar | 灰塵, 灰土 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 灰塵, 灰, 塵土, 土 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jiamusi | 灰塵, 灰, 塵土, 土 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Baicheng | 灰塵, 灰, 灰土, 塵搭灰 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Changchun | 灰塵, 灰, 塵土 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tonghua | 灰, 土 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 灰塵, 灰, 塵土, 土 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jinzhou | 灰塵, 塵土, 𡋯土 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 灰塵, 塵土 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 塵土 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 灰塵, 灰, 塵土, 塵 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 灰, 塵土, 土 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 堂土 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 塵土 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Lijin | 灰, 𡋯土 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 𡋯土, 土, 灰 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dalian | 灰, 塵 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dandong | 灰塵, 灰, 塵土, 土 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai | 灰, 𡋯土 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 灰 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 灰, 𡋯土, 土 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Zhucheng | 灰 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 灰塵, 塵土 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Lingbao | 灰 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Jining | 𡋯土 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 土 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Linfen | 塵土 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Shangqiu | 灰塵, 灰, 塵土 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yuanyang | 灰塵, 灰, 塵土 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 灰塵, 灰 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xinyang | 灰 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baihe | 灰, 塵土 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 塵土, 土, 灰, 灰塵, 灰纖 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baoji | 灰塵, 灰, 塵土, 土 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Tianshui | 灰, 𡋯土 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 塵土, 灰塵 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 灰, 𡋯土, 土 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Fuyang | 灰塵, 灰 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 灰塵, 塵灰, 灰 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 灰, 灰土, 塵土, 土 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Dunhuang | 灰塵, 塵土 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Hami | 灰塵 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 灰, 灰灰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 灰塵, 灰, 灰灰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanchong | 灰塵, 灰, 灰灰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dazhou | 灰塵 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanyuan | 灰塵, 灰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xichang | 灰塵, 灰, 灰灰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zigong | 灰, 揚塵 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 灰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 灰, 灰塵 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yichang | 灰塵, 灰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangyang | 灰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianmen | 灰塵, 灰, 土 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 灰灰, 灰, 灰塵 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zunyi | 灰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Bijie | 灰塵, 灰灰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liping | 灰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zhaotong | 塵灰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dali | 灰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 塵灰, 灰, 土, 灰灰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mengzi | 灰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 灰塵 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin (Lingui) | 灰塵 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 灰塵, 灰, 塳塵 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou (Luorong) | 灰塵 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanning (Wuming) | 灰塵, 煙塵 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jishou | 灰塵 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Changde | 灰塵 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanzhong | 灰塵, 灰, 塵土, 土 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dagudi (Maliba) | 灰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Reshuitang (Longling) | 灰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Salong (Lancang) | 灰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Sai (Tengchong) | 灰 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 灰塵, 灰, 堂灰 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 灰塵, 灰 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianyungang | 堂灰, 灰 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianshui | 堂灰, 灰 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 沙灰 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Anqing | 堂灰, 屯灰, 灰 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Wuhu | 灰 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 灰 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hong'an | 灰塵, 灰 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 塵, 灰塵, 煙塵, 泥塵, 沙塵, 塳塵 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 塵, 灰塵, 灰, 塵埃, 沙塵 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 灰塵, 泥塵 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 灰塵, 煙塵 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 泥塵 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 泥塵 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 煙塵 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 塵 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 灰塵, 沙塵 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Qingyuan | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Fogang | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Yingde (Hanguang) | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Yangshan | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Lianshan (Butian) | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Lianzhou (Qingshui; Sihui) | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 塵灰, 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Renhua | 塵灰 |
| Cantonese | Lechang | 塵灰 |
| Cantonese | Zhaoqing (Gaoyao) | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Sihui | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Guangning | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Deqing | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Huaiji | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Fengkai (Nanfeng) | 泥塵 |
| Cantonese | Yunfu | 塳塵 |
| Cantonese | Xinxing | 灰塵, 塵埃 |
| Cantonese | Luoding | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Yunan (Pingtai) | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 煙塵 |
| Cantonese | Xinyi | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Lianjiang | 灰塵, 煙塵 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 灰塵, 煙塵 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 灰塵, 煙塵 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 煙塵 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 灰塵, 煙塵 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Shatian) | 煙塵, 塵土, 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Guiping | 灰塵, 蚊塵 |
| Cantonese | Guiping (Mule) | 蚊塵 |
| Cantonese | Pingnan | 蚊塵 |
| Cantonese | Mengshan (Xihe) | 塳塵 |
| Cantonese | Guigang (Gangcheng) | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Guigang (Nanjiang) | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Guigang (Pingdong) | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Beiliu (Tangliao) | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Baise | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Bobai | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Lingshan | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Pubei | 煙塵 |
| Cantonese | Qinzhou | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Nankang) | 泥塵 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Yingpan) | 煙塵 |
| Cantonese | Ningming | 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Hengzhou | 蚊塵 |
| Cantonese | Danzhou | 煙塵 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 塵灰, 灰塵 |
| Cantonese | Bangkok (Guangfu) | 灰塵 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 灰 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 灰 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 灰, 灰塵 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 塵灰, 泥塵 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 塵灰 |
| Hakka | Dabu (Xihe) | 灰塵 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 塵灰, 煙塵, 泥塵, 沙塵 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 塵灰 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 泥塵 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 灰塵 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Wuguishan) | 灰塵, 泥塵 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 灰塵 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Shuizhai) | 灰塵 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 塵, 塵灰, 灰塵 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Changbu) | 泥塵 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Mianyang) | 塵灰 |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 塵灰 |
| Hakka | Wengyuan | 塵灰 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 塵灰 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 塳 |
| Hakka | Liannan | 塵灰 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 塵灰 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 塵灰 |
| Hakka | Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) | 揚塵 |
| Hakka | Changting | 塵灰, 灰塵 |
| Hakka | Longyan (Yongding) | 塵灰 |
| Hakka | Longyan (Xiayang, Yongding) | 塵灰 |
| Hakka | Longyan (Gaobei, Yongding) | 灰塵 |
| Hakka | Longyan (Hukeng, Yongding) | 灰塵 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 塵灰 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Yanqian) | 塵灰 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 塵灰 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 塵灰 |
| Hakka | Liancheng (Peitian) | 塵灰 |
| Hakka | Liancheng (Juxi) | 塵灰 |
| Hakka | Liancheng (Zhongbao) | 塵灰 |
| Hakka | Liancheng (Laiyuan) | 灰塵 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 塵灰, 灰塵 |
| Hakka | Qingliu | 塵灰 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 灰 |
| Hakka | Ningdu | 塵灰 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 塵灰 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 塵灰 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 塵灰 |
| Hakka | Tonggu (Sandu) | 塵灰 |
| Hakka | Ganzhou (Panlong) | 灰塵 |
| Hakka | Dayu | 灰塵 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 塵灰 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 塵灰 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 塵灰 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 塵灰, 塕塵 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 塵灰 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 泥粉 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 泥塵 |
| Hakka | Yangxi (Tangkou) | 煙塵 |
| Hakka | Yangchun (Sanjia) | 灰塵 |
| Hakka | Xinyi (Sihe) | 塳塵 |
| Hakka | Xinyi (Qianpai) | 塳塵 |
| Hakka | Gaozhou (Xindong) | 煙塵 |
| Hakka | Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai) | 泥塵, 灰塵 |
| Hakka | Huazhou (Xin'an) | 煙塵 |
| Hakka | Lianjiang (Shijiao) | 灰塵 |
| Hakka | Lianjiang (Qingping) | 塵煙 |
| Hakka | Mengshan (Xihe) | 塳塵 |
| Hakka | Luchuan | 泥煙 |
| Hakka | Luchuan (Daqiao) | 塵煙 |
| Hakka | Beiliu (Tang'an) | 灰塵 |
| Hakka | Mashan (Pianlian) | 灰塵 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Longchuan) | 塵灰, 泥塵 |
| Hakka | Kuala Lumpur (Dabu) | 灰塵 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 灰塵 |
| Hakka | Singkawang | 塵灰 |
| Hakka | Bangkok (Meixian) | 塵灰 |
| Hakka | Bangkok (Fengshun) | 塵灰 |
| Hakka | Bangkok (Jiexi) | 塵灰, 泥粉 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 灰 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 灰塵, 灰 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 塵土, 土 |
| Jin | Yangyuan | 灰, 塵土 |
| Jin | Datong | 灰塵, 塵土 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 塵土, 灰塵 |
| Jin | Lüliang (Lishi) | 灰塵, 塵土 |
| Jin | Changzhi | 塵灰, 灰 |
| Jin | Linhe | 灰塵, 灰, 土 |
| Jin | Jining | 灰塵 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 灰塵, 灰, 塵土, 土 |
| Jin | Erenhot | 灰塵 |
| Jin | Pingshan | 塵土, 土 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 灰土, 灰 |
| Jin | Handan | 灰塵 |
| Jin | Linzhou | 灰塵, 灰 |
| Jin | Suide | 灰塵, 灰, 土 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 灰塵, 塵灰 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou (Dikou) | 塵 |
| Northern Min | Zhenghe (Zhenqian) | 塵, 煙腸苦 |
| Northern Min | Pucheng (Shibei) | 灰塵 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 塕塵, 塗粉 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou (Changle) | 塕塵 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 塕塵 |
| Eastern Min | Yongtai | 塗粉 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 塕塵 |
| Eastern Min | Fu'an | 煙霧 |
| Eastern Min | Ningde | 塕塵 |
| Eastern Min | Shouning | 塗粉 |
| Eastern Min | Zhouning | 塕塵 |
| Eastern Min | Fuding | 塕埃 |
| Eastern Min | Matsu | 塕塵 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 塗粉, 塕埃, 風飛沙 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 塗粉 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 塗粉 |
| Southern Min | Yongchun | 塗粉 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 塗粉 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou (Changtai) | 塗粉 |
| Southern Min | Pinghe | 塗粉 |
| Southern Min | Zhangpu | 塗粉 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 塗粉 |
| Southern Min | Taipei (Wanhua) | 塗沙粉 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Tamsui) | 塗沙粉仔 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 塗沙粉 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Cijin) | 塗沙粉仔 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang) | 塗粉仔 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 風飛沙 |
| Southern Min | Yilan (Toucheng) | 塗粉 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 沙粉 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 塗沙 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 風飛沙 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 塗粉, 塗沙粉, 塕埃, 風飛沙 |
| Southern Min | Tainan (Anping) | 塗粉 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 風飛沙 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 風飛沙 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 塗沙粉 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Xiyu) | 塗沙粉 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 塗粉 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 塗粉 |
| Southern Min | Zhangping | 塕埃 |
| Southern Min | Zhangping (Yongfu) | 灰, 塗粉, 塕埃 |
| Southern Min | Datian | 塗粉, 塕塵 |
| Southern Min | Pingnan (Shangdu) | 灰 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 塗粉, 塕塵 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 塵, 塕塵, 灰塵 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 塗粉, 塕塵 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 塕塵 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 塕塵 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 塕塵, 塗沙粉 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 塗灰 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 塗灰 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 塗粉, 塕塵 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 煙塵 |
| Central Min | Yong'an | 塕塵 |
| Central Min | Sanming (Sanyuan) | 塕塵 |
| Central Min | Sanming (Shaxian) | 塕塵 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 煙塵 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Sanxiang) | 塕塵, 煙塵, 灰塵 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 坌塵, 煙塵, 灰塵 |
| Southern Pinghua | Binyang (Xinqiao) | 蚊塵 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Dahe) | 灰塵 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Chaoyang) | 灰塵 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Zhuyuan) | 灰塵 |
| Northern Pinghua | Lingchuan (Tanxia) | 灰塵 |
| Shehua | Fu'an | 煙霧 |
| Shehua | Fuding | 泥粉 |
| Shehua | Luoyuan | 煙塵 |
| Shehua | Sanming | 擸𢶍 |
| Shehua | Shunchang | 擸𢶍粉 |
| Shehua | Guixi (Zhangping) | 灰塵 |
| Shehua | Cangnan | 泥粉 |
| Shehua | Jingning (Hexi) | 火煤塵 |
| Shehua | Lishui | 火灰粉 |
| Shehua | Longyou | 灰粉 |
| Shehua | Chaozhou | 煙塵 |
| Shehua | Fengshun | 塕塵 |
| Waxiang | Guzhang (Gaofeng) | 灰 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 灰塵, 塳塵 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 灰塵, 塳塵 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 灰塵, 塳塵 |
| Wu | Danyang | 灰塵, 灰 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 灰塵, 塳塵 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 塳塵, 塳灰, 灰塵 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 坌塵, 坌塕, 塳塵 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 塕, 塳塵 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 灰 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 灰, 灰塵 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 灰 |
| Xiang | Hengyang | 灰 |
| Xiang | Quanzhou | 灰塵 |
* (land): 土地 (tǔdì)
* (hometown):
* 家鄉 / 家乡 (jiāxiāng)
* 故國 / 故国 (gùguó) (literary)
* 故園 / 故园 (gùyuán) (literary)
* 故土 (gùtǔ)
* 故鄉 / 故乡 (gùxiāng)
* 故里 (gùlǐ)
* 老家 (lǎojiā)
* 老屋 (Hakka)
* 鄉下 / 乡下
* 鄉土 / 乡土 (xiāngtǔ)
* 鄉梓 / 乡梓 (xiāngzǐ) (literary)
* 鄉關 / 乡关 (xiāngguān) (literary)
* 鄉黨 / 乡党 (xiāngdǎng) (Classical)

##### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “indigenous”): 洋 (yáng)

#### Compounds

* 三合土 (sānhétǔ)
* 三和土 (sānhétǔ)
* 五峰土家族自治縣 / 五峰土家族自治县 (Wǔfēng Tǔjiāzú Zìzhìxiàn)
* 冥土
* 北美土撥鼠 / 北美土拨鼠 (Běiměi tǔbōshǔ)
* 后土 (hòutǔ)
* 土人 (tǔrén)
* 土俗
* 土偶 (tǔ'ǒu)
* 土包子 (tǔbāozi)
* 土匪 (tǔfěi)
* 土名
* 土嗨 (tǔhāi)
* 土器 (tǔqì)
* 土國 / 土国
* 土地
* 土地廟 / 土地庙 (tǔdìmiào)
* 土地改革 (tǔdì gǎigé)
* 土坎 (tǔkǎn)
* 土坎兒 / 土坎儿
* 土坯 (tǔpī)
* 土坡
* 土坡兒 / 土坡儿
* 土城 (tǔchéng)
* 土城垸 (Tǔchéngyuàn)
* 土埂 (tǔgěng)
* 土塊 / 土块
* 土壘 / 土垒
* 土壤 (tǔrǎng)
* 土壩 / 土坝
* 土家族 (Tǔjiāzú)
* 土專家 / 土专家 (tǔzhuānjiā)
* 土屄 (tǔbī)
* 土崗 / 土岗 (tǔgǎng)
* 土崩瓦解 (tǔbēngwǎjiě)
* 土巴佬
* 土布 (tǔbù)
* 土庫曼 / 土库曼 (Tǔkùmàn)
* 土庫曼斯坦 / 土库曼斯坦 (Tǔkùmànsītǎn)
* 土建
* 土得掉渣
* 土性 (tǔxìng)
* 土房 (tǔfáng)
* 土撥鼠 / 土拨鼠 (tǔbōshǔ)
* 土撥鼠日 / 土拨鼠日 (Tǔbōshǔ Rì)
* 土改 (tǔgǎi)
* 土政策
* 土方 (tǔfāng)
* 土方兒 / 土方儿 (tǔfāngr)
* 土族 (Tǔzú)
* 土星 (Tǔxīng)
* 土木 (tǔmù)
* 土木之變 / 土木之变
* 土木堡
* 土木工程 (tǔmù gōngchéng)
* 土木形骸
* 土模
* 土氣 / 土气 (tǔqì)
* 土法 (tǔfǎ)
* 土洋結合 / 土洋结合
* 土溫 / 土温 (tǔwēn)
* 土澳 (Tǔ'ào)
* 土炮 (tǔpào)
* 土牆 / 土墙 (tǔqiáng)
* 土牛木馬 / 土牛木马
* 土牢
* 土物 (tǔwù)
* 土特產 / 土特产 (tǔtèchǎn)
* 土生土長 / 土生土长 (tǔshēngtǔzhǎng)
* 土產 / 土产 (tǔchǎn)
* 土疙瘩
* 土皇帝 (tǔhuángdì)
* 土石方
* 土笛
* 土糞 / 土粪
* 土紙 / 土纸
* 土老帽
* 土老帽兒 / 土老帽儿
* 土老財 / 土老财
* 土耳其 (Tǔ'ěrqí)
* 土耳其人 (Tǔ'ěrqírén)
* 土耳其文 (tǔ'ěrqíwén)
* 土耳其語 / 土耳其语 (tǔ'ěrqíyǔ)
* 土肥 (tǔféi)
* 土腥氣 / 土腥气 (tǔxīngqì)
* 土色
* 土著
* 土葬 (tǔzàng)
* 土裡土氣 / 土里土气 (tǔlitǔqì)
* 土話 / 土话 (tǔhuà)
* 土語 / 土语 (tǔyǔ)
* 土豆 (tǔdòu)
* 土豆兒 / 土豆儿 (tǔdòur)
* 土豆泥 (tǔdòuní)
* 土豪 (tǔháo)
* 土財主 / 土财主
* 土貨 / 土货 (tǔhuò)
* 土質 / 土质 (tǔzhì)
* 土造 (tǔzào)
* 土道
* 土門 / 土门
* 土關埡 / 土关垭 (Tǔguānyà)
* 土階茅茨 / 土阶茅茨
* 土雞 / 土鸡 (tǔjī)
* 土雞國 / 土鸡国
* 土雞蛋 / 土鸡蛋
* 土霸王
* 土音 (tǔyīn)
* 土頭土腦 / 土头土脑 (tǔtóutǔnǎo)
* 土鱉 / 土鳖 (tǔbiē)
* 土黃 / 土黄 (tǔhuáng)
* 塵土 / 尘土 (chéntǔ)
* 塵歸塵，土歸土 / 尘归尘，土归土 (chénguīchén, tǔguītǔ)
* 恩施土家族苗族自治州 (Ēnshī Tǔjiāzú Miáozú Zìzhìzhōu)
* 挖土機 / 挖土机 (wātǔjī)
* 掘土機 / 掘土机 (juétǔjī)
* 推土機 / 推土机 (tuītǔjī)
* 故土 (gùtǔ)
* 故土難離 / 故土难离 (gùtǔnánlí)
* 日土 (Rìtǔ)
* 有土栽培
* 本土 (běntǔ)
* 樂土 / 乐土 (lètǔ)
* 水土 (shuǐtǔ)
* 水土不伏
* 水土不服 (shuǐtǔbùfú)
* 水土保持 (shuǐtǔ bǎochí)
* 水土流失 (shuǐtǔ liúshī)
* 沃土 (wòtǔ)
* 泥土 (nítǔ)
* 混凝土
* 淨土 / 净土 (jìngtǔ)
* 無土栽培 / 无土栽培
* 紅土 / 红土 (hóngtǔ)
* 老土 (lǎotǔ)
* 脾土 (pî-thó͘) (Min Nan)
* 赤土 (Chìtǔ)
* 鏟土機 / 铲土机 (chǎntǔjī)
* 陶土 (táotǔ)
* 黃土崗 / 黄土岗 (Huángtǔgǎng)
* 黏土 (niántǔ)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): dù (du$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨˋ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dù
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄨˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: dù
*** Wade–Giles: tu$^4$
*** Yale: dù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duh
*** Palladius: ду (du)
*** Sinological IPA : /tu⁵¹/
* Middle Chinese: duX
Rime :
| Character | 土 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 定 (7) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 徒古切 |
| Baxter | duX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /duo$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /duo$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /do$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /dɔ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /do$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /du$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /dʱuo$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | dù |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | dou$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*l'aːʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 土 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 12503 |
| Phonetic component | 土 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 杜 |
| Old Chinese | /*l'aːʔ/ |

#### Definitions

土
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 杜 (dù, “root”)
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Dài tiān zhī wèi yīnyǔ, chè bǐ sāngdù, chóumóu yǒuhù. [Pinyin]
    Before the sky was dark with rain, I gathered the roots of the mulberry tree, And bound round and round my window and door.
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) An ancient river

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chǎ (cha$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄚˇ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chǎ
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄚˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chǎ
*** Wade–Giles: chʻa$^3$
*** Yale: chǎ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chaa
*** Palladius: ча (ča)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰä²¹⁴/

#### Definitions

土
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Only used in 土苴 (chǎzhǎ).

### Etymology 4
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tú (tu$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨˊ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tú
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄨˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tú
*** Wade–Giles: tʻu$^2$
*** Yale: tú
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: twu
*** Palladius: ту (tu)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰu³⁵/

#### Definitions

土
* Only used in 土門／土门 (Túmén).

### Etymology 5

* For pronunciation and definitions of 土 – see 士 (“unmarried male; bachelor; man; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 士).

### References

* “土”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00740
* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00831-001
* “土”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: つ (tsu)
* Kan-on: と (to, Jōyō)
* Kan’yō-on: ど (do, Jōyō)
* Kun: つち (tsuchi, 土, Jōyō)
* Nanori: ひじ (hiji)

#### Compounds

* 土(ど)柱(ちゅう) (dochū)
* 土曜日(どようび) (doyōbi)
* 苦土(くど) (kudo)
* 土地(とち) (tochi)
* 陶(とう)土(ど) (tōdo)
* 土産(みやげ) (miyage)
* 土竜(もぐら) (mogura)
* 国土(こくど) (kokudo)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 土
* つち Grade: 1
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 地
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) つち [tsùchíꜜ] (Odaka –)
* IPA: [t͡sɨ̥t͡ɕi]

#### Noun

土(つち) • (tsuchi)
* earth, soil, mud
* the ground

##### Derived terms

* 土(つち)狼(おおかみ) (tsuchiōkami)
* 土豚(つちぶた) (tsuchibuta)
* 真(ま)土(つち) (matsuchi)

##### Idioms

* 土(つち)を踏(ふ)む (tsuchi o fumu, “tread on the ground → enter a foreign country”)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 土
* と Grade: 1
* kan'on
Short form of the ateji spelling 土耳古(トルコ) (Toruko).

#### Proper noun

土(と) • (To)
* Short for トルコ (Toruko): Turkey

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 土
* ど Grade: 1
* kan'yōon
Ultimately from Middle Chinese 土 (MC duX).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ど [dóꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [do̞]

#### Noun

土(ど) • (do)
* earth, soil
* land, ground, territory
* earth (one of the five elements)
* Short for 土曜日 (doyōbi): Saturday

### References

* ↑ “土・地”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* 1 2 3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 土 (MC thuX).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 통〯 (Yale: thwǒ) | 통〯 (Yale: thwǒ) |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | ᄒᆞᆰ (Yale: hòlk) | 토〮 (Yale: thwó) |

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [tʰo̞]
* Phonetic hangul: [토]

### Hanja

Wikisource 土 (eumhun 흙 토 (heuk to))
* hanja form of 토 (“earth; soil”) [affix]
* hanja form of 토 (“Short for 토요일(土曜日) (toyoil, “Saturday”).”)

#### Compounds

* 국토 (國土, gukto, “national territory”)
* 본토 (本土, bonto)
* 영토 (領土, yeongto, “territory”)
* 척토 (瘠土, cheokto, “barren soil”)
* 토기 (土器, togi, “earthenware”)
* 토대 (土臺, todae)
* 토성 (土星, Toseong, “Saturn”)
* 토양 (土壤, toyang)
* 토요일 (土曜日, Toyoil)
* 토종 (土種, tojong, “native species”)
* 토지 (土地, toji)
* 풍토 (風土, pungto)
* 향토 (鄕土, hyangto, “local; rural”)
* 황토 (黃土, hwangto)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

土: Hán Việt readings: thổ (他(tha)魯(lỗ)切(thiết))
土: Nôm readings: thổ, độ, thuở
* chữ Hán form of thổ (“earth; soil; land”).

#### Compounds

* 動土 (động thổ)
* 土匪 (thổ phỉ)
* 土地 (thổ địa)
* 土壤 (thổ nhưỡng)
* 土星 (thổ tinh)
* 土民 (thổ dân)
* 土神 (thổ thần)
* 土耳其 (Thổ Nhĩ Kì)
* 土語 (thổ ngữ)
* 遁土 (độn thổ)

### References

* 1 2 Nguyễn (2014).
* 1 2 3 4 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* ↑ Trần (2004).
* ↑ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).