# 嚇

| 嚇 | U+5687, &#22151; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5687 |
| ← 嚆 [U+5686] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 嚈 → [U+5688] |

## Translingual
### Han character

嚇 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+14, 17 strokes, cangjie input 口土金金 (RGCC), four-corner 6403$_1$, composition ⿰口赫 or ⿰哧赤)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 211, character 37
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4459
* Dae Jaweon: page 434, character 29
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 695, character 10
* Unihan data for U+5687

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 浾 | *sqraː |
| 嚇 | *qʰraːɡs, *qʰraːɡ |
| 赦 | *hljaɡs |
| 郝 | *qʰljaɡ, *kʰljaɡ, *hljaɡ |
| 赫 | *qʰraːɡ |
| 爀 | *qʰraːɡ |
| 赤 | *kʰljaɡ |
| 烾 | *kʰljaɡ |
| 螫 | *qʰjaːɡ |
| 赥 | *qʰleːɡ |
| 捇 | *qʰʷreːɡ |
| 焃 | *qʰʷreːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *qʰraːɡs, *qʰraːɡ): semantic 口 + phonetic 赫 (OC *qʰraːɡ).

### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/d-krwak (“frighten”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan སྐྲག་ (skrag), Burmese ကြောက် (krauk) (Hill, 2019).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xià, hè (xia$^4$, he$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄚˋ, ㄏㄜˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): haak$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): hak
    (Meixian, Guangdong): hag$^5$
* Jin (Wiktionary): hah$^4$ / heh$^4$ / xia$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): hiă
* Eastern Min (BUC): hiáh / háik
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hiak / hek / herk / hà / hiahⁿ / heeh / hehⁿ / heh / hat
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hêh$^4$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^7$haq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xià
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄚˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sià
*** Wade–Giles: hsia$^4$
*** Yale: syà
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiah
*** Palladius: ся (sja)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ä⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hè
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄜˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hè
*** Wade–Giles: ho$^4$
*** Yale: hè
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: heh
*** Palladius: хэ (xɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /xɤ⁵¹/
* xià - vernacular;
* hè - literary (stronger connotation of “to intimidate” than “to scare”).
* Middle Chinese: xaeH, xaek
Rime :
| Character | 嚇 | 嚇 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 曉 (32) | 曉 (32) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (98) | 陌 (113) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | II | II |
| Fanqie | 呼訝切 | 呼格切 |
| Baxter | xaeH | xaek |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /hˠa$^H$/ | /hˠæk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /hᵚa$^H$/ | /hᵚak̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /xa$^H$/ | /xak̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /haɨ$^H$/ | /haɨjk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /xa$^H$/ | /xɐk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /xa$^H$/ | /xɐk̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /xa$^H$/ | /xɐk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xià | he |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | haa$^3$ | hak$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*qʰˤ<r>ak/, /*qʰˤ<r>ak-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qʰraːɡs/, /*qʰraːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 嚇 | 嚇 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | hè | xià |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ xæk › | ‹ xæ$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*qʰˁ<r>ak/ | /*qʰˁ<r>ak-s/ |
| English | frighten | frighten |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 嚇 | 嚇 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 1471 | 1475 |
| Phonetic component | 赤 | 赤 |
| Rime group | 暮 | 鐸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 嚇 | 赫 |
| Old Chinese | /*qʰraːɡs/ | /*qʰraːɡ/ |
| Notes | | 見莊子 |

#### Definitions

嚇
* (transitive) to frighten; to scare
    驚嚇／惊吓 ― jīngxià ― to frighten
    嚇死寶寶了！／吓死宝宝了！ ― Xià sǐ bǎobao le! ― (You) scared me! [Internet slang, usually by females]
       Wǒ bèi zhè qíngjǐng xià dào le. [Pinyin]
       I was frightened by the sight.
       Tā késòu de shēngyīn hěn dà, xià le wǒ yī tiào. [Pinyin]
       Her huge cough startled me.
* (intransitive) to be afraid; to be scared; to be frightened
       $^6$non $^8$veq-iau $^7$haq-teq-gheq [Wugniu]
       Don't be scared.
       I hiahⁿ chi̍t-ē soah bōe kóng-ōe. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       He/she was scared, then could not say anything.
       Hāi góa hiahⁿ chi̍t-ē. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       It made me get scared.
* to threaten; to intimidate
    恫嚇／恫吓 ― dònghè ― to intimidate
    From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
    Jīn zǐ yù yǐ zǐ zhī Liáng Guó ér hè wǒ xié? [Pinyin]
    Do you wish now, in your possession of the kingdom of Liang, to frighten me with a similar scream?' (transl. James Legge)
* (Zhangzhou Hokkien) Used to express intimidation
       Lí sī chiàⁿ ê heeh. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       You really want to do it like this?

#### Synonyms

* (to be afraid):
* 害怕 (hàipà)
* 忌 (jì) (literary, or in compounds)
* 怕
* 怕懼 / 怕惧 (pàjù) (literary)
* 恐懼 / 恐惧 (kǒngjù)
* 懼怕 / 惧怕 (jùpà)
* 深怕 (shēnpà)
* 生怕 (shēngpà)
* 生畏 (shēngwèi) (literary)
* 畏怯 (wèiqiè)
* 畏懼 / 畏惧 (wèijù)
* 驚 / 惊 (dialectal)

#### Compounds

* 哄嚇騙詐 / 哄吓骗诈
* 嚇一跳 / 吓一跳 (xiàyītiào)
* 嚇人 / 吓人 (xiàrén)
* 嚇人倒怪 / 吓人倒怪
* 嚇住 / 吓住
* 嚇價 / 吓价 (Min Nan)
* 嚇呆 / 吓呆 (xiàdāi)
* 嚇唬 / 吓唬 (xiàhu)
* 嚇嚇叫 / 吓吓叫 (Min Nan)
* 嚇場 / 吓场 (Min Nan)
* 嚇壞 / 吓坏 (xiàhuài)
* 嚇市 / 吓市 (Min Nan)
* 嚇怕 / 吓怕
* 嚇昏 / 吓昏
* 嚇死 / 吓死 (xiàsǐ)
* 嚇殺 / 吓杀 (xiàshā)
* 嚇殺人 / 吓杀人
* 嚇殺人香 / 吓杀人香 (xiàshārénxiāng)
* 嚇眉唬眼 / 吓眉唬眼
* 嚇詐 / 吓诈
* 嚇跑 / 吓跑 (xiàpǎo)
* 嚇阻 / 吓阻 (hèzǔ)
* 嚇驚 / 吓惊 (Min Nan)
* 威嚇 / 威吓
* 心驚膽嚇 / 心惊胆吓 (Min Nan)
* 恐嚇 / 恐吓 (kǒnghè)
* 恫嚇 / 恫吓 (dònghè)
* 懂嚇 / 懂吓 (Min Nan)
* 搭嚇 / 搭吓 (Min Nan)
* 瞞神嚇鬼 / 瞒神吓鬼
* 虎嚇 / 虎吓
* 虛聲恫嚇 / 虚声恫吓
* 諕嚇 / 𬤀吓
* 鎮嚇 / 镇吓
* 震嚇 / 震吓
* 驚嚇 / 惊吓 (jīngxià)
* 鴟嚇 / 鸱吓

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): hè (he$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄜˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): haak$^1$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hiak / hek / hehⁿ / he̍hⁿ / hehⁿ / heⁿ / hiahⁿ / heh
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hè
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄜˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hè
*** Wade–Giles: ho$^4$
*** Yale: hè
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: heh
*** Palladius: хэ (xɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /xɤ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: haak$^1$
*** Yale: hāak
*** Cantonese Pinyin: haak$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hag$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /haːk̚⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiak
*** Tâi-lô: hiak
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hiag
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hiak̚⁵/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hek
*** Tâi-lô: hik
*** Phofsit Daibuun: heg
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hiɪk̚³²/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hehⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: hennh
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hveq
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hẽʔ³²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: he̍hⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: he̍nnh
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hveh
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hẽʔ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hehⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: hennh
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hveq
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɛ̃ʔ³²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: heⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: henn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hvef
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hẽ³³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiahⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: hiannh
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hviaq
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hiãʔ³²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hiãʔ⁵/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: heh
*** Tâi-lô: heh
*** Phofsit Daibuun: heq
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /heʔ³²/
* hiak/hek - literary;
* hehⁿ/hehⁿ - vernacular (“used to express astonishment; that's right; isn't it so”);
* he̍hⁿ - vernacular (“used to express astonishment; that's right”);
* heⁿ - (“isn't it so”);
* hiahⁿ/heh - vernacular.
* Middle Chinese: xaek
Rime :
| Character | 嚇 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 曉 (32) |
| Final (韻) | 陌 (113) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 呼格切 |
| Baxter | xaek |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /hˠæk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /hᵚak̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /xak̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /haɨjk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /xɐk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /xɐk̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /xɐk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | he |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hak$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*qʰˤ<r>ak/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qʰraːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 嚇 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | hè |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ xæk › |
| Old Chinese | /*qʰˁ<r>ak/ |
| English | frighten |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 嚇 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 1475 |
| Phonetic component | 赤 |
| Rime group | 鐸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 赫 |
| Old Chinese | /*qʰraːɡ/ |
| Notes | 見莊子 |

#### Definitions

嚇
* Used to express disapproval, discontent, or resentment: tut-tut; humph
       Hè, qǐyǒucǐlǐ! [Pinyin]
       Tut-tut! Absurd!
    From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
    Yúshì chī dé fǔ shǔ, yuānchú guò zhī, yǎng ér shì zhī yuē: “Hè!” [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    From: 1921 January, Lu Xun, 《故鄉》
    Hè, shénme dōu mán bù guò wǒ. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* Used to express astonishment.
       Hè, zhè shì zěnme gǎo de! [Pinyin]
       Damn! How has this happened?
    From: 1924, Lu Xun, 《祝福》
    Hè, nǐ kàn, zhè duōme hǎo dǎsuàn? [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
       Hehⁿ, sī leh pìⁿ sahN-mih kúi? [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       What? What trickeries are you playing?
* (Hokkien) Used to express a positive response: that's right; right
       Hehⁿ, lí kóng ê to̍h sī góa. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       That's right, who you're talking about is precisely me.
* (Hokkien) Placed at the end of a sentence to indicate doubt: isn’t it so?
       Chiâ sī lín tau hehⁿ? [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       This is your house, isn't it so?

#### Compounds

* 嚇嚇 / 吓吓

### Pronunciation 3

* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): háⁿ
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: háⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: hánn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hvar
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Zhangzhou): /hã⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hã⁴¹/

#### Definitions

嚇
* (Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to threaten; to intimidate; to frighten
* (Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to cow someone to submission
    嚇頭／吓头 [Hokkien] ― háⁿ-thâu [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to assume an intimidating and frightening posture

#### Compounds

* 嚇膽 / 吓胆
* 嚇頭 / 吓头

### References

* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00706
* “嚇”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* “Query for 嚇”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Hokkien and Mandarin), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: きゃく (kyaku)
* Kan-on: かく (kaku, Jōyō)
* Kun: おどす (odosu, 嚇す)、おどし (odoshi, 嚇し)

## Korean
### Hanja

嚇 • (ha, hyeok) (hangeul 하, 혁, revised ha, hyeok, McCune–Reischauer ha, hyŏk)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

嚇: Hán Nôm readings: hách, hạ
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.