# summum
## Faroese
### Pronoun

summum
* dative of summur: some

## French
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin summum.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sɔ.mɔm/
* Audio (Canada):(file)

### Noun

summum m (plural summums)
* (figurative) summit, apogee, acme
** 2024 May 25, “Couples Erasmus”, in Libération, →ISSN, page 5:Je devais accompagner à une soirée une copine espagnole qui en pinçait pour un Irlandais qui parlait danois, ce qui pour nous, à l’époque, était le summum de l’intégration.I had to go to a party with a Spanish friend who had a crush on an Irishman who spoke Danish, which for us, at the time, was the height of multiculturalism.

### Further reading

* “summum”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Latin
### Etymology

Noun use of neuter of summus.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈsum.mum/, [ˈs̠ʊmːʊ̃ˑ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈsum.mum/, [ˈsumːum]

### Noun

summum n (genitive summī); second declension
* top
* summit

#### Declension

Second-declension noun (neuter).

#### Descendants

* Italian: sommo
* Old French: som, ⇒ somet
** English: summit
** French: sommet
* Spanish: somo, → súmmum
* → Catalan: súmmum

### Adjective

summum
* inflection of summus:
** accusative masculine singular
** nominative/accusative/vocative neuter singular

### References

* “summum”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "summum", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* summum in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. (ambiguous) a gentle ascent: collis leniter ab infimo acclivis (opp. leniter a summo declivis) (ambiguous) the surface of the water: summa aqua (ambiguous) in the height of summer, depth of winter: summa aestate, hieme (ambiguous) the position is very critical: res in summo discrimine versatur (ambiguous) to be entirely destitute; to be a beggar: in summa egestate or mendicitate esse (ambiguous) to be bound by the closest ties of friendship: artissimo amicitiae vinculo or summa familiaritate cum aliquo coniunctum esse (ambiguous) to be in a dignified position: dignitas est summa in aliquo (ambiguous) to be in a dignified position: summa dignitate praeditum esse (ambiguous) to praise, extol, commend a person: (maximis, summis) laudibus efferre aliquem or aliquid (ambiguous) to have reached the highest pinnacle of eminence: summa gloria florere (ambiguous) to bring to the highest perfection: ad summum perducere (ambiguous) to attain perfection: ad perfectionem, (ad summum) pervenire (ambiguous) ideal perfection: absolutio et perfectio (not summa perfectio) (ambiguous) to be an ardent student of..: summo studio in litteris versari (ambiguous) to possess rich mental endowments: summo ingenio praeditum esse (ambiguous) unanimously: uno, communi, summo or omnium consensu (Tusc. 1. 15. 35) (ambiguous) the learned men are most unanimous in..: summa est virorum doctissimorum consensio (opp. dissensio) (ambiguous) a master-piece of classical work: opus summo artificio[TR1] factum (ambiguous) to depict a thing in lively colours: summo colore aliquid illustrare (ambiguous) to consider virtue the highest good: summum bonum in virtute ponere (ambiguous) to honour the gods with all due ceremonial (very devoutly): deum rite (summa religione) colere (ambiguous) to stand in very intimate relations to some one: summa necessitudine aliquem contingere (ambiguous) to be in severe pecuniary straits: in summa difficultate nummaria versari (Verr. 2. 28. 69) (ambiguous) the welfare of the state: summa res publica (or summa rei publicae) (ambiguous) of high rank: summo loco natus (ambiguous) high and low: summi (et) infimi (Rep. 1. 34. 53) (ambiguous) to proceed against some one with the utmost rigour of the law; to strain the law in one's favour: summo iure agere cum aliquo (cf. summum ius, summa iniuria) (ambiguous) the command-in-chief: summa belli, imperii (B. G. 2. 4. 7) (ambiguous) the position is critical: res est in periculo, in summo discrimine (ambiguous) deep peace: summa pax (ambiguous) legitimately; with the fullest right: optimo iure (cf. summo iure, sect. XV. 1).

## Romanian
### Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from Latin summum.

### Noun

summum n (uncountable)
* summit

#### Declension
## Spanish
### Noun

summum m (plural summums)
* summit; apogee

### Further reading

* “summum”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10