# 法律
## Chinese
### Etymology

Attestable in Classical Chinese. Popularised from Japanese 法律(ほうりつ) (hōritsu).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): fǎlǜ
       (Zhuyin): ㄈㄚˇ ㄌㄩˋ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): фалү (falü, I-II)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): faat$^3$ leot$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): fap-li̍t
    (Hailu, HRS): fab lud$^ˋ$
* Eastern Min (BUC): huák-lŭk
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hah$^6$ loh$^7$ / hah$^6$ luoh$^7$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hoat-lu̍t
    (Teochew, Peng'im): huag$^4$ lug$^8$ / huah$^4$ luh$^8$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^7$faq-liq$_8$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: fǎlǜ
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄚˇ ㄌㄩˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: fǎlyù
*** Wade–Giles: fa$^3$-lü$^4$
*** Yale: fǎ-lyù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: faaliuh
*** Palladius: фалюй (faljuj)
*** Sinological IPA : /fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ly⁵¹/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: фалү (falü, I-II)
*** Sinological IPA : /fa²⁴ ly⁵¹/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: faat$^3$ leot$^6$
*** Yale: faat leuht
*** Cantonese Pinyin: faat$^8$ loet$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fad$^3$ lêd$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /faːt̚³ lɵt̚²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fap-li̍t
*** Hakka Romanization System: fab$^ˋ$ lid
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fab$^5$ lid$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /fap̚² lit̚⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: fab lud$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /fap⁵⁻² lut²/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: huák-lŭk
*** Sinological IPA : /huaʔ²⁴⁻²¹ l̃uʔ⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hah$^6$ loh$^7$ [Phonetic: hah$^7$ loh$^7$]
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: hah-leo̍h
*** Sinological IPA : /haʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ lɔʔ⁴/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hah$^6$ luoh$^7$ [Phonetic: hah$^7$ luoh$^7$]
*** Sinological IPA : /haʔ²⁻²⁴ luoʔ²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoat-lu̍t
*** Tâi-lô: huat-lu̍t
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoatlut
*** IPA (Xiamen): /huat̚³²⁻⁴ lut̚⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /huat̚⁵⁻²⁴ lut̚²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /huat̚³²⁻⁵ lut̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /huat̚³²⁻⁴ lut̚⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /huat̚³²⁻⁴ lut̚⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: huag$^4$ lug$^8$ / huah$^4$ luh$^8$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huak lu̍k / huah lu̍h
*** Sinological IPA : /huak̚²⁻⁴ luk̚⁴/, /huaʔ²⁻⁴ luʔ⁴/
* huag4 lug8 - Shantou;
* huah4 luh8 - Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Hat Yai.
* Middle Chinese: pjop lwit
Rime :
| Character | 法 | 律 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 幫 (1) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 乏 (148) | 術 (52) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 方乏切 | 呂卹切 |
| Baxter | pjop | lwit |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /pɨɐp̚/ | /liuɪt̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /piɐp̚/ | /lʷit̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /piɐp̚/ | /ljuet̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /puap̚/ | /lwit̚/ |
| Li Rong | /piɐp̚/ | /liuĕt̚/ |
| Wang Li | /pĭwɐp̚/ | /lĭuĕt̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /pi̯wɐp̚/ | /li̯uĕt̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | fa | lǜ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | faat$^3$ | leot$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[p.k]ap [r]ut/
    (Zhengzhang): /*pqab rud/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 法 | 律 | 律 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | fǎ | lǜ | lǜ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ pjop › | ‹ lwit › | ‹ lwit › |
| Old Chinese | /*[p.k]ap/ | /*[r]ut/ | /*[r]ut/ |
| English | model, law | law, rule (n.) | 不律 writing brush (pron. in Wú 吳 ap. Shuōwén; E. Hàn) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 法 | 律 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 2867 | 15978 |
| Phonetic component | 法 | 聿 |
| Rime group | 盍 | 物 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 法 | 律 |
| Old Chinese | /*pqab/ | /*rud/ |
| Notes | 說文灋省文 | |

### Noun

法律
* law (body of binding rules and regulations) (Classifier: 部 m)
    制定法律 ― zhìdìng fǎlǜ ― to make laws
    執行法律／执行法律 ― zhíxíng fǎlǜ ― to enforce the law
    訴諸法律／诉诸法律 ― sùzhū fǎlǜ ― to resort to the law
    觸犯法律／触犯法律 ― chùfàn fǎlǜ ― to break the law
    詮釋法律／诠释法律 ― quánshì fǎlǜ ― to interpret the law
    法律條文／法律条文 ― fǎlǜ tiáowén ― legal provision
    法律推理 ― fǎlǜ tuīlǐ ― legal reasoning
    適用法律／适用法律 ― shìyòng fǎlǜ ― applicable law
    法律法規／法律法规 ― fǎlǜ fǎguī ― laws and regulations
    採取法律行動／采取法律行动 ― cǎiqǔ fǎlǜ xíngdòng ― to take legal action
       Fǎlǜ miànqián rénrén píngděng. [Pinyin]
       All men are equal before the law.

#### Synonyms

* 令牌 (lìngpái)
* 律令 (lǜlìng)
* 律例 (lǜlì)
* 律法 ($^8$liq-faq$_7$) (Wu)
* 法令 (fǎlìng)

#### Derived terms

* 法律事務所 / 法律事务所 (fǎlǜ shìwùsuǒ)
* 法律制裁 (fǎlǜ zhìcái)
* 法律學 / 法律学 (fǎlǜxué)
* 法律家 (fǎlǜjiā)
* 法律實證主義 / 法律实证主义 (fǎlǜ shízhèngzhǔyì)
* 法律援助 (fǎlǜ yuánzhù)
* 法律效力 (fǎlǜ xiàolì)
* 法律構成要件 / 法律构成要件 (fǎlǜ gòuchéng yàojiàn)
* 法律社會學 / 法律社会学 (fǎlǜ shèhuìxué)
* 法律精神 (fǎlǜ jīngshén)
* 法律罅

#### Related terms

* 法度 (fǎdù)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 法律(ほうりつ) (hōritsu)
* → Korean: 법률(法律) (beomnyul)
* → Vietnamese: pháp luật (法律)

#### See also

* 成文法 (chéngwénfǎ)
* 法案 (fǎ'àn)
* 法學／法学 (fǎxué)
* 立法 (lìfǎ)
* 民法 (mínfǎ)
* 普通法 (pǔtōngfǎ)
* 守法 (shǒufǎ)
* 憲法法／宪法法 (xiànfǎfǎ)
* 刑法 (xíngfǎ)
* 執法／执法 (zhífǎ)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 法 | 律 |
| ほう Grade: 4 | りつ Grade: 6 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ほーりつ [hòórítsú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ho̞ːɾʲit͡sɨ]

### Noun

法(ほう)律(りつ) • (hōritsu)
* The field, profession, and study of law. The rule of law.
    Synonym: 法学
    政治(せいじ)より法律(ほうりつ)を学(まな)びたい。
       Seiji yori hōritsu o manabitai.
       I would rather study law than politics.
    法律(ほうりつ)事務所(じむしょ)
       hōritsu jimusho
       a law firm/office
* A statute. An act of a legislature.
    その法律(ほうりつ)は不当(ふとう)だ。
       Sono hōritsu wa futō da.
       That law is unjust.

#### Synonyms

* 法(ほう) (hō)
* 法令(ほうれい) (hōrei)

#### Related terms

* 六法(ろっぽう) (roppō): six codes
* 憲法(けんぽう) (kenpō): constitution
* 民法(みんぽう) (minpō): civil law
* 商法(しょうほう) (shōhō): commercial law
* 刑法(けいほう) (keihō): criminal law
* 民事訴訟法(みんじそしょうほう) (minji soshōhō): civil procedure code
* 刑事訴訟法(けいじそしょうほう) (keiji soshōhō): criminal procedure code

### References

* 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 法 | 律 |

### Noun

法律 • (beomnyul) (hangeul 법률)
* hanja form of 법률 (“law”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 法 | 律 |

### Noun

法律
* chữ Hán form of pháp luật (“law”).