# kova
## Albanian
### Verb

kova
* first-person singular aorist of koj

## Finnish
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kova.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkoʋɑ/, [ˈko̞ʋɑ̝]
* Rhymes: -oʋɑ
* Hyphenation: ko‧va

### Adjective

kova (comparative kovempi, superlative kovin)
* hard (of an object, resistant to pressure)
    Antonym: pehmeä
** strict, harsh, severe, unfriendly, hard, stern, brutal (of behavior or character)
    Synonym: ankara
    Antonyms: pehmeä, lempeä
** tough (rowdy or rough)
    Hän on kova kaveri.He is a tough guy.
** tough, hard (demanding a lot of effort to endure)
** (physics, ferromagnetism) hard (of material: having the capability of being a permanent magnet)
** (of water) hard (high on dissolved calcium and other minerals)
** (phonetics) hard, unvoiced (pronounced without using the vocal cords)
** (of light) harsh, hard (intensive and creating disagreeable and abrupt contrasts in colour or shading)
** (vulgar, of a man) hard, aroused; erect
* strong, hard, heavy, severe (having a high impact or influence)
    Antonym: (e.g. of wind) heikko
    kova isku ― hard hit, hard blow
    kova tuuli ― strong wind
    Minulla on kova jano.I'm very thirsty.
** loud (of sound: of great intensity)
    Synonyms: luja, kovaääninen, äänekäs
    Antonym: hiljainen
    Radio on liian kovalla.The radio is too loud.
** live (of ammunition)
    Tappaja väitti, että hän ei tiennyt aseen olevan ladattu kovilla panoksilla.The killer claimed that he didn't know that the weapon was loaded with live rounds.
** (finance) unregulated, market-rate, unsubsidized, hard
    Synonyms: (unsubsidized) vapaarahoitteinen, (market-based) markkinaehtoinen
    kova valuutta ― hard currency (globally traded currency that is expected to serve as a reliable and stable store of value)
    kova raha ― unsubsidized financing (especially as opposite to aravalaina (“type of subsidized loan for social housing”))
** (pornography) hard, hardcore
    kova porno ― hardcore pornography
* high, great, ambitious, remarkable [with illative of third infinitive (with verbs)]
    kova kysyntä ― great demand
    Pidän ilmapiiristä, mutta heidän hintansa ovat aika kovat.I like the atmosphere, but their prices are quite high.
    Heillä on kovat suunnitelmat - ensin valloitetaan Pohjoismaiden markkinat, sitten koko maailma.They have ambitious plans – first the Nordic market, then the whole world. / They have ambitious plans to first conquer the Nordic market and then the whole world.
** excellent, great, well-known
    Synonyms: erinomainen, mainio
    Alle kaksi tuntia on kova aika maratonilla.Less than two hours is an excellent time on a marathon.
    Niin, mutta olenkin kovassa kunnossa. Olen kova nimi urheilupiireissä.Yes, but I'm in a great shape. I'm a well-known name in the sports circles.
** eager, devoted
    Hän on kova kalamies.He's an eager fisherman.
    Hän on kova Kärppä-fani.He's a devoted fan of the Kärpät.
** hard, hardworking
    Hän on kova työmies.He's a hard worker.

#### Declension

Possessive forms of kova (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation) :
Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives. :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
kovani
kovani
accusative
nom.
kovani
kovani
gen.
kovani
genitive
kovani
kovieni kovaini $^{rare}$
partitive
kovaani
koviani
inessive
kovassani
kovissani
elative
kovastani
kovistani
illative
kovaani
koviini
adessive
kovallani
kovillani
ablative
kovaltani
koviltani
allative
kovalleni
kovilleni
essive
kovanani
kovinani
translative
kovakseni
kovikseni
abessive
kovattani
kovittani
instructive
comitative
—kovineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
kovasi
kovasi
accusative
nom.
kovasi
kovasi
gen.
kovasi
genitive
kovasi
koviesi kovaisi $^{rare}$
partitive
kovaasi
koviasi
inessive
kovassasi
kovissasi
elative
kovastasi
kovistasi
illative
kovaasi
koviisi
adessive
kovallasi
kovillasi
ablative
kovaltasi
koviltasi
allative
kovallesi
kovillesi
essive
kovanasi
kovinasi
translative
kovaksesi
koviksesi
abessive
kovattasi
kovittasi
instructive
comitative
—kovinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
kovamme
kovamme
accusative
nom.
kovamme
kovamme
gen.
kovamme
genitive
kovamme
koviemme kovaimme $^{rare}$
partitive
kovaamme
koviamme
inessive
kovassamme
kovissamme
elative
kovastamme
kovistamme
illative
kovaamme
koviimme
adessive
kovallamme
kovillamme
ablative
kovaltamme
koviltamme
allative
kovallemme
kovillemme
essive
kovanamme
kovinamme
translative
kovaksemme
koviksemme
abessive
kovattamme
kovittamme
instructive
comitative
—kovinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
kovanne
kovanne
accusative
nom.
kovanne
kovanne
gen.
kovanne
genitive
kovanne
kovienne kovainne $^{rare}$
partitive
kovaanne
kovianne
inessive
kovassanne
kovissanne
elative
kovastanne
kovistanne
illative
kovaanne
koviinne
adessive
kovallanne
kovillanne
ablative
kovaltanne
koviltanne
allative
kovallenne
kovillenne
essive
kovananne
kovinanne
translative
kovaksenne
koviksenne
abessive
kovattanne
kovittanne
instructive
comitative
—kovinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
kovansa
kovansa
accusative
nom.
kovansa
kovansa
gen.
kovansa
genitive
kovansa
koviensa kovainsa $^{rare}$
partitive
kovaansa
koviaan koviansa
inessive
kovassaan kovassansa
kovissaan kovissansa
elative
kovastaan kovastansa
kovistaan kovistansa
illative
kovaansa
koviinsa
adessive
kovallaan kovallansa
kovillaan kovillansa
ablative
kovaltaan kovaltansa
koviltaan koviltansa
allative
kovalleen kovallensa
kovilleen kovillensa
essive
kovanaan kovanansa
kovinaan kovinansa
translative
kovakseen kovaksensa
kovikseen koviksensa
abessive
kovattaan kovattansa
kovittaan kovittansa
instructive
comitative
—kovineen kovinensa :

#### Derived terms

* kovaa
* kovahko
* Kovanen
* kovasin
* kovasti
* koventaa
* koveta
* kovetin
* kovettaa
* kovike
* kovin
* kovio
* kovis
* kovistaa
* koviten
* kovittaa
* kovo
* kovuus
* ottaa koville
* pitää kovilla
* sen koommin
* silmä kovana
* kivenkova
* kivikova
* kovaiskuinen
* kovajuotos
* kovajuottaa
* kovakallo
* kovakalloinen
* kovakalvo
* kovakantinen
* kovakoodata
* kovakorvainen
* kovakourainen
* kovaksikeitetty
* kovakumi
* kovakuntoinen
* kovakuoriainen
* kovakuorinen
* kovakätinen
* kovalevy
* kovaluonteinen
* kovaluontoinen
* kovametalli
* kovanaama
* kovanaamainen
* Kovaniemi
* kovankypsä
* kovaonninen
* kovaosainen
* kovaotteinen
* kovapalkkainen
* kovapanosammunta
* kovapintainen
* kovapohjainen
* kovapäinen
* kovasanainen
* kovasuinen
* kovasydäminen
* kovaääninen
* luunkova
* metallinkova
* piinkova
* puolikova
* raudankova
* teräksenkova
* timantinkova

### Further reading

* “kova”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-02

### Anagrams

* vako

## Hungarian
### Etymology

From an otherwise unattested stem + -a (diminutive suffix).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈkovɒ]
* Hyphenation: ko‧va
* Rhymes: -vɒ

### Noun

kova (plural kovák)
* flint

#### Declension
### References

* ↑ kova in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)

### Further reading

* kova in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN

## Ingrian
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kova. Cognates include Finnish kova and Estonian kõva.

### Pronunciation

* (Ala-Laukaa) IPA: /ˈkoʋɑ/, [ˈko̞ʋɑ]
* (Soikkola) IPA: /ˈkoʋɑ/, [ˈko̞ʋɑ]
* Rhymes: -oʋɑ
* Hyphenation: ko‧va

### Adjective

kova (comparative kovemp)
* hard
** 1936, D. I. Efimov, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 12:A kalastajat - koko talvia merel ollaa, ja pakkaist kittäät, etti jään kovanna pittää.And the fishermen - they are on the sea all winter, and thank the frost, that it keeps the ice hard.
* harsh
** 18th century, “Kui tulloo syvä syksy [When late autumn comes]”:Kui tulloo syvä syksy, kova talvi tallajaa.When late autumn comes, the harsh winter sets in.
* rough
* strong, sturdy

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “hard”): pehmiä
* (antonym(s) of “harsh”): raju, valju, valjo
* (antonym(s) of “rough”): pehmiä

#### Derived terms

* kovain
* kovast
* kovin
* kovvuus

### References

* V. I. Junus (1936) Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka‎, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 59
* Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 199
* Olga I. Konkova, Nikita A. Dyachkov (2014) Inkeroin Keel: Пособие по Ижорскому Языку‎, →ISBN, page 72

## Karelian
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kova.

### Adjective

kova
* hard

## Kilivila
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkova/

### Noun

kova
* fire

### References

* Gunter Senft (1986), Kilivila: the Language of the Trobriand Islanders. Berlin • New York • Amsterdam: Mouton de Gruyter, p. 291. →ISBN

## Lithuanian
### Etymology 1

From káuti +‎ -a.

#### Pronunciation

* (kovà) IPA: [koːˈvɐ]
* (kõva) IPA: [ˈkǒːvɐ]

#### Noun

kovà f (plural kõvos) stress pattern 4
* fight, struggle

##### Derived terms

* dvikova
* kovoti

##### Related terms

* kauti

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *kā́ˀwāˀ.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈkôːvɐ]

#### Noun

kóva f (plural kóvos) stress pattern 1
* rook (Corvus frugilegus)

##### Declension
### References

* ↑ “kova” in Balčikonis, Juozas et al. (1954), Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla.
* ↑ “kova 3”, in Lietuvių kalbos žodynas [Dictionary of the Lithuanian language], lkz.lt, 1941–2025
* “kova” in Martsinkyavitshute, Victoria (1993), Hippocrene Concise Dictionary: Lithuanian-English/English-Lithuanian. New York: Hippocrene Books. →ISBN

## Ludian
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kova.

### Adjective

kova
* hard

## Swedish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Finnish kova, from expressions like kova raha (“hard money”).

### Noun

kova c
* (informal) money

#### Usage notes

Only as part of compounds and certain expressions.

#### Derived terms

* storkova

### References

* kova in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* kova in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* kova in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

## Turkish
### Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish قوغه (koğa. kova), from Proto-Turkic *kobga. Cognate to Southern Altai кого (kogo).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈkovɑ]
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: ko‧va

### Noun

kova (definite accusative kovayı, plural kovalar)
* bucket

#### Declension
## Veps
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kova.

### Adjective

kova
* hard (not soft)
* solid
* stiff, rigid
* strong
* strict, stern
* harsh, severe

#### Inflection
### References

* Zajceva, N. G., Mullonen, M. I. (2007) “жёсткий, жестокий, ожесточённый, сильный, суровый, твёрдый, чёрствый”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary]‎, Petrozavodsk: Periodika