# جوهر
## Arabic
### Etymology

From Classical Persian گَوهَر (gawhar).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /d͡ʒaw.har/

### Noun

جَوْهَر • (jawhar) m (collective, singulative جَوْهَرَة f (jawhara), plural جَوَاهِر (jawāhir))
* jewel(s)
    جَوْهَر فَرْد ― jawhar fard ― atom
* precious stone(s)
* pearl(s)
* gem(s), gemstone(s)
* any stone from which one may extract a profit
* precious ore
* veins of marble

#### Declension
### Noun

جَوْهَر • (jawhar) m (plural جَوَاهِر (jawāhir))
* essence (inherent nature), substance, matter, nature
* soul
* marrow
* worth, excellence

#### Descendants

* Maltese: ġawhar
* → Azerbaijani: cövhər
* → Chagatai: جوهر
** Uzbek: javhar
* → Chechen: жовхӏар (žovhar)
* → Kazakh: жауһар (jauhar)
* → Kurdish: cewher
* → Malay: jauhar
** Indonesian: jauhar
* → Malay: Johor
** → English: Johor, Johore
* → Middle Armenian: ջոհար (ǰohar), ջուար (ǰuar), ջօհար (ǰōhar), ջուհար (ǰuhar), ջաւհար (ǰawhar), ճոհար (čohar), ճուհար (čuhar), ճօհար (čōhar)
* → Ottoman Turkish: جوهر (cevher)
** Turkish: cevher
** → Armenian: ճէվհէր (čēvhēr)
** → Serbo-Croatian:
    Cyrillic script: џевер
    Latin script: džever
* → Persian: جوهر (jowhar)
** → Bengali: জওহর (joōhor)
** → Gujarati: જૌહર (jauhar), જોહર (johar)
** → Hindustani:
    Hindi: जौहर (jauhar)
    Urdu: جَوہَر (jauhar)
** → Punjabi:
    Gurmukhi script: ਜੌਹਰ (jauhar)
    Shahmukhi script: جَوہَر (jauhar)
* → Swahili: johari

#### References

* Lane, Edward William (1863) “جوهر”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate
* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “جوهر”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen
* Wehr, Hans (1979) “جوهر”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN

## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic جَوْهَر (jawhar, “jewel, gem, precious stone”), from Classical Persian گَوهَر (gawhar, “jewel, gem”), from Middle Persian gwhl (gôhr).

### Noun

جوهر • (cevher) (definite accusative جوهری (cevheri), plural جواهر (cevâhir) or جوهرلر (cevherler))
* jewel, a valuable object used for personal ornamentation, especially one made of precious metals and stones
    Synonyms: قویم (kuyum), مجوهر (mücevher)
* gem, gemstone, jewel, a precious stone, usually of substantial monetary value or prized for its beauty or shine
    Synonyms: قیمتلو طاش (kıymetli taş), مجوهر (mücevher)
* (mineralogy) ore, rock or other material that contains valuable or utilitarian materials, primarily metals or gems
    Synonym: معدن (maʼden)
* damascening, the art of inlaying different metals into one another to produce intricate patterns similar to niello
    Synonym: قلج جوهری (kılıc cevheri)

#### Derived terms

* جوهر علوی (cevher-i ʼulvi, “superior essence”)
* جوهر فرد (cevher-i ferd, “atom”)
* جوهر مجرد (cevher-i mücerred, “absolute essence”)
* جوهر چیقارمه (cevher çıkarma, “ore-extraction”)
* جوهردار (cevherdâr, “set with jewels”)
* جوهرلو (cevherli, “set with jewels”)
* جوهری (cevherî, “pertaining to precious stones”)
* قلج جوهری (kılıc cevheri, “damascening”)

#### Descendants

* Turkish: cevher
* → Armenian: ճէվհէր (čēvhēr)
* → Serbo-Croatian:
    Cyrillic script: џевер
    Latin script: džever

### Further reading

* Barbier de Meynard, Charles (1881) “جوهر”, in Dictionnaire turc-français, volume I, Paris: E. Leroux, page 544
* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “cevher”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 785
* Hindoglu, Artin (1838) “جوهر”, in Hazine-i lûgat ou dictionnaire abrégé turc-français‎, Vienna: F. Beck, page 192b
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “جوهر”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 451
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Gemma”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎, Vienna, column 642
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “جوهر”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, column 1685
* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “cevher”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “جوهر”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 691

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic جَوْهَر (jawhar), itself from Early Classical Persian گَوهَر (gawhar), from Middle Persian gwhl (gôhr).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [d͡ʒaw.ˈhaɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [d͡ʒäw.hǽɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [d͡ʒäw.hǽɾ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [d͡ʒä.wǽɾ]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [d͡ʒä.wǽɾ]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [d͡ʒow.hǽɹ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [d͡ʒäw.hǽɾ]

### Noun

جوهر • (jowhar) (plural جوهرها (jowhar-hâ))
* essence, substance
* ink, dye
* acid
    Synonym: اسید (asid)

#### Derived terms

* جوهر سرکه (jowhar-e serke)
* جوهر لیمو (jowhar-e limu)
* جوهر مورچه (jowhar-e murče)
* جوهر نمک (jowhar-e namak)
* جوهر گوگرد (jowhar-e gugerd)
* جوهری (jowhari)

### Noun

جوهر • (jowhar) (plural جواهر (javâher))
* (archaic) jewel, gem, pearl

#### Usage notes

* جواهر (javâher) is now used as a singular noun for "jewel".

### Descendants

* → Bengali: জওহর (joōhor)
* → Gujarati: જૌહર (jauhar), જોહર (johar)
* → Hindustani:
    Hindi: जौहर (jauhar)
    Urdu: جَوہَر (jauhar)
* → Punjabi:
    Gurmukhi script: ਜੌਹਰ (jauhar)
    Shahmukhi script: جَوہَر (jauhar)