# σθένος
## Ancient Greek
### Etymology

Unknown. The cluster /stʰ/ is unusual for Ancient Greek terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European. However several hypotheses for an Indo-European derivation exist:
* Cognate with Old English stīþ (“hard, cruel, violent”) (English stith (“stiff, hard”)), from Proto-Indo-European *stHen-. This assumes that a sequence *-TH- could result in Greek -θ- (-th-), which is disputed.
* Cognate with Proto-Germanic *swinþaz (“strong”) (and possibly also *sundaz (“healthy”)) through the root of *segaz (“victory”); from a Proto-Indo-European *séǵʰwr̥, *sǵʰwén- (“power, overpowering”) which is inferred from various derivatives.
* From the zero-grade *sgʷʰ- of a root *segʷʰ- (“to be strong”), whence also Sanskrit सघ्नोति (saghnóti, “to be a match for, be equal to (a task)”), क्षम् (kṣam, “to endure, resist; forgive”) and Avestan 𐬀𐬰𐬔𐬀𐬙𐬀 (a-zg-ata, “irresistible (?)”), plus an uncertain suffix *-énos.
The latter two both assume Proto-Hellenic *skʷʰénos.
This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /stʰé.nos/ → /ˈsθe.nos/ → /ˈsθe.nos/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /stʰé.nos/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /ˈstʰe.nos/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /ˈsθe.nos/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /ˈsθe.nos/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /ˈsθe.nos/

### Noun

σθένος • (sthénos) n (genitive σθένεος or σθένους); third declension
* strength, might, power

#### Derived terms

* Αλκισθένη (Alkisthénē)
* Ᾰ̓νδροσθένης (Ăndrosthénēs)
* Ἀντισθένης (Antisthénēs)
* ἀσθενής (asthenḗs)
* Δεινοσθένης (Deinosthénēs)
* Δημοσθένης (Dēmosthénēs)
* Ἐρᾰτοσθένης (Erătosthénēs)
* ἐρισθενής (eristhenḗs)
* Εὐρυσθένης (Eurusthénēs)
* Καλλισθένης (Kallisthénēs)
* Κλεισθένης (Kleisthénēs)
* Λεωσθένης (Leōsthénēs)
* Μεγᾰσθένης (Megăsthénēs)
* Σθενέλᾱος (Sthenélāos)
* Σθένελος (Sthénelos)
* Σθενώ (Sthenṓ)
* Τιμοσθένης (Timosthénēs)

#### Descendants

* → Greek: σθένος (sthénos)

### References

* 1 2 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “σθένος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1325–1326
* 1 2 George Melville Bolling, "The Etymology of ΣΘΕΝΟΣ", The American Journal of Philology 21 (1900), 315f

### Further reading

* “σθένος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* σθένος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* σθένος in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
* Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited. force idem, page 335.lustiness idem, page 505.might idem, page 528.power idem, page 630.strength idem, page 824.thews idem, page 865.vigour idem, page 952.

## Greek
### Etymology

Borrowed from Ancient Greek σθένος (sthénos).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsθe.nos/
* Hyphenation: σθέ‧νος

### Noun

σθένος • (sthénos) n
* moral or emotional strength, might, power
* (chemistry) valence, valency
* (grammar, linguistics) valency (number of grammatical arguments a verb can take)

#### Declension
### Further reading

* σθένος, in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998 at the Centre for the Greek language