# خاتم
## Arabic
### Alternative forms

* خَاتَام (ḵātām), خَيْتَام (ḵaytām), خَاتِيَام (ḵātiyām)

### Etymology

Of uncertain chain of etymology; once thought to be a borrowing from Aramaic, but deemed unlikely as had the word been borrowed from Biblical Hebrew חוֹתָם (ḥōtām) or Aramaic חוֹתָמָא (ḥōtāmā) / ܚܵܘܬܵܡܵܐ (ḥāwtāmā, “seal”), it would probably have started with a /ḥ/, unless the Arabic has been borrowed from it in the incipient 1st millennium BC or earlier when Aramaic still distinguished the sounds; the initial /ḫ/ in Arabic word suggests therefore that it is derived from the same source as the latter. Ultimately suspected to be from or related to Egyptian ḫtm (“seal”), however not being attested in Akkadian or Ugaritic. The root خ ت م (ḵ t m) “related to finishing, sealing” would then be derived from this borrowing; the like in every Semitic language.
Alternatively, there is a hypothetical reconstruction as Proto-Afroasiatic *qatam- (“ring, signet”), being the source of both the Proto-Semitic *ḫatm- and Egyptian ḫtm, as well as Miya katam (“ring”) potentially a separate West Chadic development. Compare also طَابَع (ṭābaʕ, “seal, stamp”), representing either an Akkadian 𒋰 (ṭepûm, to imprint or impress) or an Egyptian ḏbꜥwt (“signet, seal”) equivalent and for more on the foreign pattern فَاعَل (fāʕal) see عَالَم (ʕālam).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /xaː.tam/, /xaː.tim/

### Noun

خَاتَم or خَاتِم • (ḵātam or ḵātim) m (plural خَوَاتِم (ḵawātim))
* signet, seal ring
* ring

#### Descendants

* Maltese: ħatem
* Moroccan Arabic: خاتم (ḵātim)

### References

* Fraenkel, Siegmund (1886) Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen (in German), Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 252
* Fraenkel, Siegmund (1880) De vocabulis in antiquis Arabum carminibus et in Corano peregrinis‎ (in Latin), Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 17
* Jeffery, Arthur (1938) The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qurʾān (Gaekwad’s Oriental Series; 79), Baroda: Oriental Institute, pages 120–121
* Leslau, Wolf (1991) Comparative Dictionary of Geʿez (Classical Ethiopic), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN, pages 267–268
* Nöldeke, Theodor (1875) Mandäische Grammatik‎ (in German), Halle: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses, page 112

## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic خَاتَم (ḵātam, “signet, seal ring”).

### Noun

خاتم • (hatem) (plural خواتم (hevatim))
* ring, a round piece of precious metal worn around a finger
    Synonyms: حلقه (halka), یوزوك (yüzük)
* signet, a ring used to impress a design into the sealing wax
* seal, a stamp used to impress a design on a soft substance
    Synonym: مهر (mühür)
* the impression of such stamp on a material used for sealing
* inlaid mosaic of ivory, ebony, metals or other materials

#### Derived terms

* خاتم الملك (hatemü'l mülk, “sovereign's seal”)
* خاتم الوحی (hatemü'l-vahy, “the seal of revelation”)
* خاتمی (hatemi, “seal-engraver”)

#### Related terms

* مختوم (mahtum, “sealed”)

#### Descendants

* Turkish: hatem

### Further reading

* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “hatem2”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 1897
* Devellioğlu, Ferit (1962) “hâtem”, in Osmanlıca-Türkçe Ansiklopedik Lûgat‎‎ (in Turkish), Istanbul: Türk Dil Kurumu, page 404
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “خاتم”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 525
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Annulus”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎, Vienna, column 65
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “خاتم”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, column 1829
* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “hatem”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “خاتم”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 818

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic خَاتَم (ḵātam).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [xɑː.ˈtam]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [xɑː.t̪ʰǽm]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [xɑː.t̪ʰǽm]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [xɑː.t̪ʰǽm]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [xɔː.t̪ʰǽm]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [xɒː.t̪ʰǽm]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [χɔ.t̪ʰǽm]

### Noun

خاتَم • (xâtam)
* a drawing
* ornamented decoration, patterned or inlaid motifs
    Synonym: نَقش (naqš)
* (archaic) a seal, a signet
    Synonym: مُهر (mohr)
* (archaic) a ring
    Synonym: اَنگُشتَر (angoštar)
* (archaic) a command, an edict
    Synonym: فَرمان (farmân)

### Proper noun

خاتم • (xâtam)
* a male given name, Khatam or Khaatam, from Arabic

### Derived terms

* حَرفِ خاتَم (harf-e-xâtam, “ornated caligraphy”)
* خاتَم کَردَن (xâtam kardan, “to inlay”)

### References

* Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar (1931–) “خاتم”, in Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute, editors, Dehkhoda Dictionary (in Persian), Tehran: University of Tehran Press