# close
## English
### Etymology 1

From Middle English closen (“to close, enclose”), partly continuing (in altered form) earlier Middle English clusen (“to close”) (from Old English clȳsan (“to close, shut”); compare beclose, foreclose, etc.), and partly derived from Middle English clos (“close, shut up, confined, secret”, adjective), from Old French clos (“close, confined”, adjective), from Latin clausus (“shut up”, past participle), from claudere (“to bar, block, close, enclose, bring an end to, confine”), from Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂w- (“key, hook, nail”), related to Latin clāvis (“key, deadbolt, bar”), clāvus (“nail, peg”), claustrum (“bar, bolt, barrier”), claustra (“dam, wall, barricade, stronghold”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κλείς (kleís, “bar, bolt, key”), German schließen (“to close, conclude, lock”), Dutch sluiten (“to close, conclude, lock”). Partially replaced Old English lūcan (“to close, lock, enclose”), (whence English lock). Doublet of clause.

#### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) enPR: klōz, IPA: /kləʊz/
* (General American) enPR: klōz, IPA: /kloʊz/
* Rhymes: -əʊz
* Audio (US):(file)
* Homophones: cloze, clothes (when the /ð/ is omitted)

#### Verb

close (third-person singular simple present closes, present participle closing, simple past and past participle closed)
* (physical) To remove or block an opening, gap or passage through.
** (ambitransitive) To move a thing, or part of a thing, nearer to another so that the gap or opening between the two is removed.
    Synonyms: close up, shut
    Antonym: open
    Close the door behind you when you leave.
    Many flowers close at night.
    Jim closed his eyes and reclined back in his chair.
    The runner in second place is closing the gap on the leader.
    to close the ranks of an army
*** 1816, Lord Byron, “Canto III”, in Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. Canto the Third, London: Printed for John Murray, […], →OCLC, stanza LXXXIV:What deep wounds ever closed without a scar?
*** 1977, Agatha Christie, chapter 2, in An Autobiography, part II, London: Collins, →ISBN:If I close my eyes I can see Marie today as I saw her then. Round, rosy face, snub nose, dark hair piled up in a chignon.
** (transitive) To obstruct or block.
    Synonyms: close off, close up, shut, shut off
    Antonym: open
    They closed the road for the festival.
    Ice has closed the channel to shipping.
** (intransitive) To become denser or more crowded with objects.
    As we penetrated further, the forest closed around us.
** (figuratively, transitive, intransitive) To make or become unreceptive.
    He has closed his mind to new ideas.
** (transitive, intransitive, engineering, gas and liquid flow, of valve or damper) To move to a position preventing fluid from flowing.
** (transitive, intransitive, electricity, of a switch, fuse or circuit breaker) To move to a position allowing electricity to flow.
** To grapple; to engage in close combat.
*** 1856-1858, William H. Prescott, History of the Reign of Phillip II
    They boldly closed in a hand-to-hand contest.
** (transitive, intransitive, especially sports) To angle (a club, bat or other hitting implement) downwards and/or (for a right-hander) anticlockwise of straight.
* To finish.
** (transitive) To end or conclude.
    Synonyms: complete, end, finish, wind up, wrap up
    Antonyms: begin, commence, initiate, start
    The committee chairman made a few concluding remarks and then closed the session.
    to close a bargain;   to close a course of instruction
*** 1693, Decimus Junius Juvenalis, John Dryden, transl., “[The Satires of Decimus Junius Juvenalis.] The Fifth Satyr”, in The Satires of Decimus Junius Juvenalis. Translated into English Verse. […] Together with the Satires of Aulus Persius Flaccus. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson […], →OCLC:One frugal supper did our studies close.
*** 1850, [Alfred, Lord Tennyson], In Memoriam, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC, Canto XLVII, page 70:If these brief lays, of Sorrow born, ⁠Were taken to be such as closed ⁠Grave doubts and answers here proposed, Then these were such as men might scorn: […]
** (intransitive) To finish; to come to an end.
    Synonyms: end, finish, wind up, wrap up
    Antonyms: begin, commence, start
    The debate closed at six o'clock.
** (ergative, marketing) To conclude (a sale).
** (transitive) To perform as the final act at (a show etc.).
    Nirvana closed the festival.
** (transitive, baseball, pitching) To make the final outs, usually three, of a game.
    He has closed the last two games for his team.
** (transitive, finance) To cancel or reverse (a trading position).
* To make or become non-operational or unavailable for use.
** (transitive) To put out of use or operation.
    Synonym: close down
    We are closing the phone lines at 9 pm.
    Your account has been closed because of non-payment.
    They closed the airport because of a bomb scare.
** (intransitive) To cease operation or cease to be available.
    Phone lines will close in ten minutes.
    Our options are closing fast.
** (intransitive, of a business, market etc.) To cease trading for the day, or permanently.
    Synonym: shut
    Antonym: open
    The supermarket closes at eight o'clock.
    Lots of shops in the town centre have closed because of the recession.
    The FTSE 100 closed up 1.2%.
** (intransitive) To do the tasks (putting things away, locking doors, etc.) required to prepare a store or other establishment to shut down for the night.
    Whoever closed last night forgot to turn off the closet light.
** (ergative, computing) To terminate an application, window, file or database connection, etc.
    Synonym: exit (an application)
    Antonyms: launch (an application), open, start (an application)
    Close the file when you have finished reading data.
    This app has a bug: when you try to sort a large spreadsheet, it closes.
** (Philippines, Quebec) To turn off; to switch off.
    Please close the lights, the (electric) fan, the TV.
* (chiefly figurative) To come or gather around; to enclose.
    Synonyms: encompass, confine
** 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Jonah 2:5:The depth closed me round about.
** 1633, George Herbert, The Church:But now Thou dost Thyself immure and close / In some one corner of a feeble heart; / Where yet both Sinne and Satan, Thy old foes, / Do pinch and straiten Thee, and use much art / To gain Thy thirds' and little part.
* (surveying) To have a vector sum of 0; that is, to form a closed polygon.

##### Usage notes

Due to the near-opposite meanings relating to fluid flow and electrical components, these usages are deprecated in safety-critical instructions, with the words to "on" or to "off" preferred, so instead of Close valve A; close switch B use Turn valve A to OFF; turn switch B to ON.

##### Conjugation

$^†$ Archaic or obsolete.

##### Hyponyms

* autoclose

##### Derived terms

* autoclose
* closable
* closeable
* close in upon
* close round
* close the books
* close the door
* close with
* disclose
* enclose
* exclosure
* foreclose
* interclose
* misclose
* overclose
* reclose
* unclose
* upclose
* close down
* close in
* close in on
* close off
* close out, closeout
* close up, close-up
* case closed
* closefisted
* close for press
* closemouthed
* close one eye
* close one's doors
* close one's ears
* close one's eyes
* close one's mind
* close ranks
* close-stool
* close the book on
* close the door on
* close the face
* close the loop
* close the range
* close the stable door after the horse has bolted
* number close
* when one door closes, another opens

##### Related terms

* clause

##### Translations
#### Noun

close (plural closes)
* An end or conclusion.
    We owe them our thanks for bringing the project to a successful close.
** 1878, Thomas Babington Macaulay, “Francis Atterbury”, in Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition‎:His long and troubled life was drawing to a close.
* The manner of shutting; the union of parts; junction.
** 1614–1615, Homer, “(please specify the book number)”, in Geo[rge] Chapman, transl., Homer’s Odysses. […], London: […] Rich[ard] Field [and William Jaggard], for Nathaniell Butter, published 1615, →OCLC; republished in The Odysseys of Homer, […], volume (please specify the book number), London: John Russell Smith, […], 1857, →OCLC:The doors of plank were; their close exquisite.The spelling has been modernized.
* (sales) The point at the end of a sales pitch when the consumer is asked to buy.
    Synonym: closer
** 1983, Charles B. Roth, Roy Alexander, Secrets of Closing Sales, page 110:Regardless of the situation, the minute you feel it's time for the close, try it.
* A grapple in wrestling.
** c. 1597 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The First Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i]:The intestine shocke, And furious cloze of ciuill Butchery.
* (music) The conclusion of a strain of music; cadence.
** 1700, [John] Dryden, “The Flower and the Leaf: Or, The Lady in the Arbour. A Vision.”, in Fables Ancient and Modern; […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC:At every close she made, the attending throng / Replied, and bore the burden of the song.
* (music) A double bar marking the end.
* (aviation, travel) The time when check-in staff will no longer accept passengers for a flight.

##### Synonyms

* (end): end, finale

##### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “end”): beginning, start

##### Derived terms

* bring to a close
* close of business
* close of play
* close season
* close time
* come to a close
* door close
* draw to a close
* letters close
* sell past the close

##### Translations
### Etymology 2

Borrowed from French clos, from Latin clausum, participle of claudō.

#### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) enPR: klōs, IPA: /kləʊs/
* (General American) IPA: /kloʊs/
* Audio (UK):(file)
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -əʊs

#### Adjective

close (comparative closer, superlative closest)
* Having little difference or distance in place, position, or abstractly; see also close to.
** At little distance; near in space or time.
    Is your house close?
    Christmas is getting close.
*** 1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter VII, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:[…] St. Bede's at this period of its history was perhaps the poorest and most miserable parish in the East End of London. Close-packed, crushed by the buttressed height of the railway viaduct, rendered airless by huge walls of factories, it at once banished lively interest from a stranger's mind and left only a dull oppression of the spirit.
** Almost, but not quite (getting to an answer, goal, or other state); near.
    No, but you were close.
    We were so close to winning!
    She wasn't quite in tears but she was close.
*** 2013 June 1, “End of the peer show”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8838, page 71:Finance is seldom romantic. But the idea of peer-to-peer lending comes close. This is an industry that brings together individual savers and lenders on online platforms. Those that want to borrow are matched with those that want to lend.
** (in particular) Almost resulting in disaster.
    Phew! That was close!
** Nearly equal; almost evenly balanced; almost exactly matching.
    Their ages are quite close.
    His face is a close fit with the artist's impression.
    It was a close contest.
** Adhering strictly to a standard or original; exact or nearly so.
    a close translation; a close copy
** Intimate or immediate in personal relationship.
    He is a close friend.
    My brother and I were close when we were younger, but not so much now.
    For Christmas we just had a few close relatives round.
    a close colleague; a close ally
** Involving a tight connection; involving frequent communication, shared or cooperative activity, etc.
    We have a close affiliation with the college.
    I keep in close contact with my former colleagues.
* Compressed, restricted, constrained, etc.
** (archaic outside certain phrases) Physically narrow or confined.
    a close alley; close quarters; close confines
*** 1836 March – 1837 October, Charles Dickens, chapter 41, in The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, London: Chapman and Hall, […], published 1837, →OCLC:[...] he took to wondering what possible temptation could have induced a dingy-looking fly that was crawling over his pantaloons, to come into a close prison, when he had the choice of so many airy situations [...]
** Tight, with little space separating components or elements.
    For this job it's best to use wood with a close grain.
    These trousers are a close fit.
** Strictly confined; carefully guarded.
    He was captured and kept a close prisoner.
** Tightly restricted in availability.
    The pregnancy was a close secret.
    His lawyers have so far kept this information close.
** (law) Of a corporation or other business entity, closely held.
** Oppressive; without motion or ventilation; causing a feeling of lassitude.
*** 1627 (indicated as 1626), Francis [Bacon], “(please specify the page, or |century=I to X)”, in Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […], London: […] William Rawley […]; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], →OCLC:If the rooms be low-roofed, or full of windows and doors, the one maketh the air close, [...] and the other maketh it exceeding unequal.
*** 1907, Algernon Blackwood, The Dance of Death [...]the artificial light and close air of his high office stool [...]
*** 1921, P. G. Wodehouse, chapter X, in Indiscretions of Archie:He sighed drowsily. The atmosphere of the auction room was close; you weren't allowed to smoke; and altogether he was beginning to regret that he had come.
** (Ireland, UK, weather) Hot, humid, with no wind.
** (archaic) Dense; solid; compact.
*** 1689 (indicated as 1690), [John Locke], An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding. […], London: […] Eliz[abeth] Holt, for Thomas Basset, […], →OCLC:The golden globe being put into a press, [...] the water made itself way through the pores of that very close metal.
* Rigorous, careful, etc.
** Attentive; undeviating; strict.
    The patient was kept under close observation.
    Keep a close eye on him.
*** a. 1705, John Locke, “Of the Conduct of the Understanding”, in Posthumous Works of Mr. John Locke: […], London: […] A[wnsham] and J[ohn] Churchill, […], published 1706, →OCLC, page 90:I must acknowledge that hitherto I have discover’d no other way to keep our Thoughts cloſe to their Buſineſs, but the endeavouring as much as we can, and by frequent Attention and Application, getting the habit of Attention and Application.
** Carefully done, detailed.
    This issue merits close examination.
    Unfortunately, on close reading of the Ts and Cs, it appears that your insurance does not cover this.
** Accurate; precise. (Can we add an example for this sense?)
* Short.
    to cut grass or hair close
* (now rare) Closed, shut.
** 1526, [William Tyndale, transl.], The Newe Testamẽt […] (Tyndale Bible), [Worms, Germany: Peter Schöffer], →OCLC, Matthew viij:There is nothinge so close, that shall not be openned, and nothinge so hyd that shall not be knowen.
** 1830, Thomas Thomson (chemist), The History of Chemistry, volume 1, pages 30–31:As the alchymists were assiduous workmen—as they mixed all the metals, salts, &c... and subjected such mixtures to the action of heat in close vessels, their labours were occasionally repaid by the discovery of new substances...
** 1847 October 16, Currer Bell [pseudonym; Charlotte Brontë], chapter I, in Jane Eyre. An Autobiography. […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), London: Smith, Elder, and Co., […], →OCLC:I mounted into the window-seat: gathering up my feet, I sat cross-legged, like a Turk; and, having drawn the red moreen curtain nearly close, I was shrined in double retirement.
* (linguistics, phonetics, of a vowel) Articulated with the tongue body relatively close to the hard palate.
* (heraldry, of a bird) With its wings at its side, closed, held near to its body (typically also statant); (of wings) in this posture. An eagle close.
** 1780, Joseph Edmondson, A Complete Body of Heraldry:Crest, a cockatrice, wings close, vert, combed and wattled gu.
** 1894, Henry Gough, James Parker, A Glossary of Terms Used in Heraldry, page 215:Sable, an eagle close or - ROPER, Derby. / Sable, a chevron ermine between three eagles close argent - GAMES, Leicester, granted 1614. / Sable a chevron between three eagles close argent - JERVOISE.
** 1902, Lincoln's Inn (London, England), The Records of the Honorable Society of Lincoln's Inn, page 458:Arms : Azure, a chevron ermine between three cross - crosslets fitchy argent. Crest : An eagle close argent, ducally gorged.
* (dated) Difficult to obtain.
** 1886, “Leases of Lands in the Indian Territory”, in United States Congressional Serial Set, volume 2362, page 184:Some of these parties have not paid their last payment, because money was close last fall.
** 1903, Gunton's Magazine of American Economics and Political Science, page 249:We are told out West that the reason money is so close now is because so large an amount has been invested in real estate. I cannot understand why that would make any difference if that money has been sent from one section of the country into another for the purpose of buying real estate. Why should it make any difference as to money being close? We are told in the East large amounts have been invested in the large manufacturing plants, such as the steel plants, etc. but if the money has been invested there it has simply changed hands, and why should that make any difference?
** 1965, Country Life - Volume 137, page 326:But there is reason underlying this confusion: time as well as money is close these days and a small wardrobe of hats can be very boring.
    Money is close.
* (dated) Parsimonious; stingy.
** 1820, John Keats, “Isabella; or, The Pot of Basil. A Story from Boccaccio.”, in Lamia, Isabella, the Eve of St. Agnes, and Other Poems, London: […] [Thomas Davison] for Taylor and Hessey, […], →OCLC, stanza XVII, page 57:Yet were these Florentines as self-retired / In hungry pride and gainful cowardice, / As two close Hebrews in that land inspired, / Paled in and vineyarded from beggar-spies; [...]
** 1837, Nathaniel Hawthorne, “Mr. Higginbotham's Catastrophe”, in Twice-Told Tales, volume I:[...] he was a crusty old fellow, as close as a vice.
** 1852 March – 1853 September, Charles Dickens, Bleak House, London: Bradbury and Evans, […], published 1853, →OCLC:Though a hard-grained man, close, dry, and silent, he can enjoy old wine with the best. He has a priceless bin of port in some artful cellar under the Fields, which is one of his many secrets.
* (obsolete) Out of the way of observation; secluded; secret; hidden.
** 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 1 Chronicles 12:1:He yet kept himself close because of Saul.
** 1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book III, Canto I”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 57:her close intent
* (archaic) Concise; to the point.
    close reasoning
** 1690, John Dryden, Translations (Preface)
    Where the original is close no version can reach it in the same compass.
* Marked, evident.(Can we add an example for this sense?)

##### Synonyms

* (at little distance): close by, near, nearby; see also Thesaurus:near
* (intimate): intimate
* (hot, humid): muggy, oppressive; see also Thesaurus:muggy
* (articulated with the tongue body relatively close to the hard palate): high
* (dense, solid, compact): see also Thesaurus:compact

##### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “at little distance”): distant, far, faraway, far off, remote; see also Thesaurus:distant
* (antonym(s) of “intimate”): aloof, cool, distant
* (antonym(s) of “articulated with the tongue body relatively close to the hard palate”): open

##### Hyponyms

* this close, thisclose
* ultra-close

##### Derived terms

* close as wax
* close at hand
* close-bodied
* close borough
* close, but no cigar
* close call
* close captioning
* close combat
* close-coupled
* close-cropped
* close encounter
* close enough
* close-fights
* close-fisted
* close-fitting
* closehanded
* close-hauled
* close helm
* close helmet
* closeish
* close-knit
* closely
* close-mid
* close-minded
* closeness
* close one
* close only counts in horseshoes
* close only counts in horseshoes and darts
* close only counts in horseshoes and hand grenades
* close on the heels of
* close order
* close-packed
* close-packing
* close protection
* close quarter
* close-quarter
* close quarters
* close-range
* close range
* close reach
* close reading
* closereefed
* close-reefed
* close-run
* close-serried
* close-set
* close shave
* closestool
* close thing
* close-tiled
* close to
* close together
* close to home
* close-tongued
* close to one's heart
* close to one's vest
* close to someone's heart
* close to the bone
* close to the vest
* close to the wind
* close-up
* close-winded
* close with a buck
* couple-close
* cut it close
* fly too close to the sun
* hit too close to home
* in close neighbourhood
* keep a close watch
* keep one's cards close to one's chest
* nonclose
* play it close to the hip
* sail close to the wind
* soft-close
* subclose
* this close
* too close for comfort
* too close to call
* too close to the sun
* ultraclose
* up close

##### Translations
#### Adverb

close (comparative closer, superlative closest)
* In a close manner (limited contexts; more often closely).
** So as to leave or create little distance or space between objects.
    The car behind was following too close and could not brake in time.
    Please stay close together.
** Carefully, in detail.
    Look close at the pictures.
** In combination (sometimes potentially ambiguous between adverb and adjective).
    close-packed, close-knit, close-fitting

#### Noun

close (plural closes)
* (now rare, chiefly Yorkshire) An enclosed field, especially a field enclosed around a (usually religious) building.
* (chiefly British) A street that ends in a dead end.
* (Scotland) A very narrow alley between two buildings, often overhung by one of the buildings above the ground floor.
* (Scotland) The common staircase in a tenement.
** 2022, Liam McIlvanney, The Heretic, page 279:The woman nodded at a nearby flight of steps. 'This is my close. We can talk in here. Come on.'.
* A cathedral close.
** 1849–1861, Thomas Babington Macaulay, chapter III, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second, volume (please specify |volume=I to V), London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC:closes surrounded by the venerable abodes of deans and canons.
* (law) The interest which one may have in a piece of ground, even though it is not enclosed

##### Synonyms

* (street): cul-de-sac
* (narrow alley): See Thesaurus:alley

##### Derived terms

* up a close

##### Translations
#### Descendants

* → Irish: clós
* → Welsh: clos

### References

* ↑ John Bouvier (1839) “CLOSE”, in A Law Dictionary, […], volumes I (A–K), Philadelphia, Pa.: T. & J. W. Johnson, […], successors to Nicklin & Johnson, […], →OCLC.
* “close”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.

### Anagrams

* Coles, coles, socle

## French
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kloz/
* Audio:(file)

### Adjective

close
* feminine singular of clos

### Verb

close
* first/third-person singular present subjunctive of clore

### Participle

close f sg
* feminine singular of clos

### Further reading

* “close”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

### Anagrams

* socle

## Middle English
### Noun

close
* plural of cloth

## Portuguese
### Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from English close.

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈklo.zi/
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈklo.zi/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˈklo.ze/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈklo.zɨ/

### Noun

close m (plural closes)
* (photography) close-up (photography in which the subject is shown at a large scale)
    Synonym: close-up
* (Brazil, gay slang) attitude
    Synonym: carão

#### Derived terms

* close errado
* dar close