# li
## Translingual
### Symbol

li
* (mathematics) The symbol for the logarithmic integral function.
* (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Limburgish.

## English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /liː/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Rhymes: -iː

### Etymology 1

An early romanization of Chinese Mandarin 里 (lǐ). As a Korean unit, via the Yale romanization of Korean 리 (ri), from the Chinese distance.

#### Alternative forms

* (Korea): ri

#### Noun

li (plural lis or li)
* The Chinese mile, a traditional unit of distance equal to 1500 chis or 150 zhangs, now standardized as a half-kilometer (500 meters).
    Synonym: Chinese mile
** 1927, Chi Li, “Archaeological Survey of the Fêng River Valley, Southern Shansi, China”, in Explorations and Field-work of the Smithsonian Institution in 1926 (Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections)‎, volume 78, number 7, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, →OCLC, page 129:It was a whole day's journey from I-ch'eng to Chü-wo which, in turn, is about 60 li east of Chiang Chou — one of the most important cities in southern Shansi and a center for curio-dealers.
** 1999 [1994], Heng (邹衡) Zou, “The Early Jin State Capital Discovered: a Personal Account”, in Roderick Whitfield, Wang Tao, transl., Exploring China's Past: New Discoveries and Studies in Archaeology and Art‎, Saffron Books, Eastern Art Publishing, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 106:In 1979, while we were conducting our archaeological work in Yucheng and Quwo, Shanxi province, I noticed another historical record in the Kuodizhi (a comprehensive account of geography written in 641), which stated that "the ancient city of Tang was 20 li west of Yuchengxian in Jiangzhou."
** 2000, Shui-Bian Chen, “Learning and Transformation”, in David J. Toman, transl., The Son of Taiwan: The Life of Chen Shui-Bian and His Dreams for Taiwan‎, Taiwan Publishing Co., Ltd., →ISBN, →OCLC, page 40:The two gods who accompany Matsu, one with eyes that can see 1000 li⁶ and the other with ears that can hear far over the horizon, represent empathy, observation, and feeling. Government should be like Matsu, equipped with acute powers of observation; see clearly to the bottom of issues, and know how to respond.
** For more quotations using this term, see Citations:li.
* The Korean mile, a traditional unit of distance equivalent to about 393 m.
    Synonym: Korean mile
** 1980, Il-sung Kim, “Meeting with My Comrades-in-Arms in North Manchuria”, in Kim Il Sung Works‎, volume 48, Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Publishing House, →OCLC, page 144:While scaling the Laoyeling Mountains, the Chinese Worker-Peasant Red Army, under the command of Mao Ze-dong and Zhu De, was successfully stepping up the historic 25 000-li Long March in China proper, breaking through the surrounding rings formed by Chiang Kai-shek’s army.

##### Translations
### Etymology 2

From Mandarin 市厘 (lí).

#### Noun

li (plural li)
* A traditional Chinese unit of weight, equal to one-thousandth of a liang, or fifty milligrams.

### Etymology 3

From Mandarin 禮 / 礼 (lǐ).

#### Noun

li (plural li)
* (Chinese philosophy) A meaningful ceremony or ritual; etiquette, behaviour.

### Etymology 4

From Mandarin 鬲 (lì).

#### Noun

li (plural li)
* An ancient Chinese cauldron having three hollow legs.

### Etymology 5

Altered from la, with the vowel changed to signify a raised note.

#### Noun

li (uncountable)
* (music) In solfège, the raised sixth note of a major scale (the note A-sharp in the fixed-do system).
    Synonyms: A-sharp, B-flat, ta, te

### Anagrams

* I'l, IL, il-

## Albanian
### Etymology 1

Orel suggests from South Slavic, compare Serbo-Croatian lȉh (“exclusive”), lȋh (“false, odd”), Slovene lȋh (“uneven, odd”). However, generally thought to be from Ancient Greek εὐλογία (eulogía) "blessing", with a euphemistic sense development. Compare e.g. the euphemistic synonym "e lume" (the happy/blessed one)

#### Alternative forms

* lijë

#### Noun

li f (definite lia)
* (uncountable) pox
* olive scab, peacock spot (Cycloconium oleaginum)
    Synonym: sypallua

##### Hyponyms

* li e bardhë (“chicken pox”)
* li e dushkut (“chicken pox”)
* li e dhenve (“sheeppox”)
* li e madhe (“smallpox”)
* li e mirë (“chicken pox”)
* li e pyllit (“chicken pox”)
* li e ullirit (“olive scab, peacock spot”) (Cycloconium oleaginum)

##### Derived terms

* lijëvrarë
* lijim
* lijoj
* lijosje
* lijosh
* lijuar

#### References

* ↑ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “lijë”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 227
* ↑ Eqrem Çabej, Studime etimologjike në fushë të shqipes, Akademia e Shkencave e RPS të Shqipërisë, Instituti i Gjuhësisë dhe i Letërsisë, 1996, page 168
* ↑ Eqrem Çabej, Studime Filologjike, Akademia e Shkencave e RPSSH, Instituti i Gjuhësisë dje i Letërsisë., 1990, page 99
* ↑ Eqrem Çabej, Studime gjuhësore: Nga historia e gjuhës shqipe, Rilindja, 1977, page 22

### Etymology 2

Borrowed through Vulgar Latin from Latin līnum.

#### Noun

li m (definite liri)
* flax

## Aragonese
### Etymology

From Latin ille (“that one”).

### Pronoun

li
* him (indirect object)

#### Synonyms

* le

## Aromanian
### Etymology

From Latin illis, dative common plural of ille. Compare Romanian le.

### Pronoun

li f (short/unstressed accusative form of eali)
* (direct object) them (all-female group)

#### Related terms

* lã (feminine/masculine plural dative- short/unstressed form)
* u (feminine singular accusative- short/unstressed form)
* (a) lor (feminine/masculine plural dative- long/stressed form)

## Catalan
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin illī, dative common singular of ille.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [li]
* Rhymes: -i

### Pronoun

li (enclitic and proclitic)
* him, her, it (indirect object, singular all genders)
    doneu-li una moneda ― give him/her a coin

#### Declension

$^1$ Behaves grammatically as plural.   $^2$ Behaves grammatically as third person. $^3$ Only as object of a preposition.   $^4$ Not before unstressed (h)i-, (h)u-.

## Corsican
### Etymology

From Latin illi, masculine plural of ille, from Old Latin olle. Cognates include Italian gli (“the, them”) and Romanian îi (“them”).

### Pronoun

li
* him, her (indirect object)
* them (indirect object)
* Archaic form of i.

#### See also
### Article

li
* Archaic form of i.

### References

* https://infcor.adecec.net/

## Dutch
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Noun

li m (uncountable)
* li (Chinese unit of distance)

## Esperanto
### Etymology

From Italian lui, French lui, or Spanish le, plus the i of personal pronouns.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [li]
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: li

### Pronoun

li (accusative lin, possessive lia)
* (personal pronoun) he

#### Usage notes

* Li is traditionally used as both a masculine and a gender-neutral pronoun, but since the 1970s generic usage has sometimes been criticized and is increasingly being avoided and replaced by "ĝi" and or "oni" and or "li aŭ ŝi". Some people (reformists) think this is an imperfect solution which is inappropriately long. In response to such criticisms, there have been various proposals for new pronouns, but the only proposal that has been gaining some adoption is ri.

#### Synonyms

* (person whose gender is unknown): ĝi, oni, ri, ŝli

#### Related terms

* ili (“they”) (plural)

### See also

| | | Singular | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural | Plural |
| | | Nominative | Accusative | Possessive | Nominative | Accusative | Possessive |
| First person | First person | mi | min | mia | ni | nin | nia |
| Second person | Formal | vi | vin | via | vi | vin | via |
| Second person | Familiar$^1$ | ci | cin | cia | vi | vin | via |
| Third person | Masculine | li | lin | lia | ili iŝi$^3$ | ilin iŝin$^3$ | ilia iŝia$^3$ |
| Third person | Feminine | ŝi | ŝin | ŝia | ili iŝi$^3$ | ilin iŝin$^3$ | ilia iŝia$^3$ |
| Third person | Neuter | ĝi | ĝin | ĝia | ili iŝi$^3$ | ilin iŝin$^3$ | ilia iŝia$^3$ |
| Third person | Gender-neutral$^2$ | ri ŝli | rin ŝlin | ria ŝlia | ili iŝi$^3$ | ilin iŝin$^3$ | ilia iŝia$^3$ |
| Third person | Reflexive | si | sin | sia | si | sin | sia |
| Indefinite | Indefinite | oni | onin | onia | oni | onin | onia |
| Notes ||||||||
| $^1$ The second person familiar pronouns are archaic. $^2$ The proposed gender-neutral third-person singular pronouns ri (rin, ria) and ŝli (ŝlin, ŝlia) are not widely used. $^3$ The proposed third-person feminine plural pronoun iŝi (iŝin, iŝia) is not widely used. ||||||||

## French
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /li/
** Audio (Nancy):(file)
* Rhymes: -i
* Homophones: lient, lies, lis, lit, lits, lys

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Mandarin 里 (lǐ).

#### Noun

li m (plural lis)
* li (Chinese unit of distance)

### Etymology 2

Probably from influence of Louisiana Creole li (“he, she, it”).

#### Pronoun

li (second person singular, objective case)
* (Louisiana) him
* (Louisiana) it

### Further reading

* “li”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

### Anagrams

* il

## Galician
### Verb

li
* (reintegrationist norm) first-person singular preterite indicative of ler

## Guinea-Bissau Creole
### Etymology

From Portuguese ali. Cognate with Kabuverdianu li.

### Adverb

li
* here

## Haitian Creole
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /li/

### Etymology 1

From French lui.

#### Pronoun

li (contracted form l)
* he
* him
* she
* her
* it

### Etymology 2

From French lire.

#### Verb

li
* to read

## Ido
### Etymology

From lu (“he, him, she, her, it, that”) +‎ -i (“-s; plural”).

### Pronoun

li pl
* they, them

#### Related terms

* ili (“they, them”, masculine)
* eli (“they, them”, feminine)
* oli (“they, them”, neuter)

## Istriot
### Article

li
* masculine plural definite article
** 1877, Antonio Ive, Canti popolari istriani: raccolti a Rovigno, volume 5, Ermanno Loescher, page 40:Ti me pari oûna dea infra li dai,You seem to me a goddess among the gods

## Italian
### Etymology 1

From Latin illī, nominative masculine plural of ille.

#### Alternative forms

* -li (enclitic, as a pronoun)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: $^°$/li/$^°$
* Homophone: lì
* Rhymes: -i
* Hyphenation: li
* As an unstressed clitic, it does not trigger syntactic gemination of the following consonant. It also actively blocks syntactic gemination of its initial consonant, such as after a word like però (“but”) that would normally trigger syntactic gemination. (This does not apply to the enclitic form -li, e.g. dalli a me (“give them to me”).)

#### Pronoun

li m pl
* (accusative) them (masculine)
    Li ricordo. ― I remember them.

##### Usage notes

* Never elides.

##### See also

| Number | Person | Gender | Nominative | Reflexive | Accusative | Dative | Combined | Disjunctive | Locative | Partitive |
| Singular | first | — | io | mi, m', -mi | mi, m', -mi | mi, m', -mi | me | me | — | — |
| Singular | second | — | tu | ti, t', -ti | ti, t', -ti | ti, t', -ti | te | te | — | — |
| Singular | third | m | lui | si$^2$, s', -si | lo, l', -lo | gli, -gli | glie, se$^2$ | lui, sé | ci, c', vi, v' (formal) | ne, n' |
| Singular | third | f | lei, Lei$^1$ | si$^2$, s', -si | la, La$^1$, l', L'$^1$, -la, -La$^1$ | le$^3$, Le$^1$, -le$^3$, -Le$^1$ | glie, se$^2$ | lei, Lei$^1$, sé | ci, c', vi, v' (formal) | ne, n' |
| Plural | first | — | noi | ci, c', -ci | ci, c', -ci | ci, c', -ci | ce | noi | — | — |
| Plural | second | — | voi, Voi$^4$ | vi, Vi$^4$, v', V'$^4$, -vi, -Vi$^4$ | vi, Vi$^4$, v', V'$^4$, -vi, -Vi$^4$ | vi, Vi$^4$, v', V'$^4$, -vi, -Vi$^4$ | ve | voi, Voi$^4$ | — | — |
| Plural | third | m | loro, Loro$^1$ | si, s', -si | li, Li$^1$, -li, -Li$^1$ | gli, -gli, loro (formal), Loro$^1$ | glie, se | loro, Loro$^1$, sé | ci, c', vi, v' (formal) | ne, n' |
| Plural | third | f | loro, Loro$^1$ | si, s', -si | le, Le$^1$, -le, -Le$^1$ | gli, -gli, loro (formal), Loro$^1$ | glie, se | loro, Loro$^1$, sé | ci, c', vi, v' (formal) | ne, n' |
| $^1$ | Third person pronominal forms used as formal terms of address to refer to second person subjects (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead. | Third person pronominal forms used as formal terms of address to refer to second person subjects (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead. | Third person pronominal forms used as formal terms of address to refer to second person subjects (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead. | Third person pronominal forms used as formal terms of address to refer to second person subjects (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead. | Third person pronominal forms used as formal terms of address to refer to second person subjects (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead. | Third person pronominal forms used as formal terms of address to refer to second person subjects (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead. | Third person pronominal forms used as formal terms of address to refer to second person subjects (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead. | Third person pronominal forms used as formal terms of address to refer to second person subjects (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead. | Third person pronominal forms used as formal terms of address to refer to second person subjects (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead. |
| $^2$ | Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive. | Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive. | Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive. | Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive. | Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive. | Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive. | Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive. | Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive. | Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive. |
| $^3$ | Often replaced by gli, -gli in informal language. | Often replaced by gli, -gli in informal language. | Often replaced by gli, -gli in informal language. | Often replaced by gli, -gli in informal language. | Often replaced by gli, -gli in informal language. | Often replaced by gli, -gli in informal language. | Often replaced by gli, -gli in informal language. | Often replaced by gli, -gli in informal language. | Often replaced by gli, -gli in informal language. |
| $^4$ | Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with French vous). | Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with French vous). | Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with French vous). | Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with French vous). | Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with French vous). | Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with French vous). | Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with French vous). | Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with French vous). | Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with French vous). |

#### Article

li m pl (singular lo)
* (archaic or dialectal) the (masculine plural definite article), sometimes untranslated, depending on context
** 1300s–1310s, Dante Alighieri, “Canto I”, in Inferno [Hell]‎, lines 67–69; republished as Giorgio Petrocchi, editor, La Commedia secondo l'antica vulgata [The Commedia according to the ancient vulgate]‎, 2nd revised edition, Florence: publ. Le Lettere, 1994:Rispuosemi: "Non omo, omo già fui, / e li parenti miei furon lombardi, / mantoani per patrïa ambedui.He [Virgil] replied to me: "Not a man; I once was a man, and my parents were Lombard, both of them Mantuan by country.["](literally, “He answered me: "Not a man, a man I already was, and the parents of mine were Lombard, Mantuan by country both.”)
** 1350s, anonymous author, “De papa Benedetto e dello tetto de Santo Pietro de Roma lo quale fu renovato [About pope Benedict, and about the roof of Saint Peter in Rome, which was renovated]” (chapter 7), in Cronica [Chronicle]‎ (overall work in Old Italian); republished as Giuseppe Porta, editor, Anonimo romano - Cronica, Adelphi, 1979, →ISBN:Allora mutao favella lo papa e disse: «E conveose allo abbate dello venerabile monistero de Santo Pavolo essere buffone? Va’ per li fatti tuoi!» (Roman)Then the pope changed his tone, and said: "And is it appropriate for the abbot of the venerable monastery of Saint Paul to be a buffoon? Get out of here!"(literally, “Then changed speech the pope and said: "And it is appropriate for the abbot of the venerable monastery of Saint Paul to be a buffoon? Go about the business of yours!"”)
* (archaic) Alternative form of gli

#### Pronoun

li m pl (singular lo)
* (dative, archaic) Alternative form of gli
** (to) him
*** 1350s, anonymous author, “De papa Benedetto e dello tetto de Santo Pietro de Roma lo quale fu renovato [About pope Benedict, and about the roof of Saint Peter in Rome, which was renovated]” (chapter 7), in Cronica [Chronicle]‎ (overall work in Old Italian); republished as Giuseppe Porta, editor, Anonimo romano - Cronica, Adelphi, 1979, →ISBN:E·lla soa paura non potéo nasconnere, ca subitamente la mesa della varva li deventao canuta. (Roman)And he was unable to hide his fear, for half of his beard immediately turned white(literally, “And the fear of his he could not hide, because immediately the half of the beard to him became white.”)
*** mid 1560s [29–19 BCE], “Libro quarto”, in Annibale Caro, transl., Eneide, translation of Aeneis by Publius Vergilius Maro (in Classical Latin), lines 400–403; republished as L’Eneide di Virgilio‎, Florence: G. Barbera, 1892:Nè ’l vide pria, che li fu sopra, e disse: / Tu te ne stai sì neghittosamente, / Enea […]And he did not see him before he was above him, and said: "You stand there so idly, Aeneas["](literally, “Nor he saw him before, that to him he was above, and said: "You stand there so so idly, Aeneas["]”)
** (to) them
*** 1350s, anonymous author, “Como frate Venturino venne a Roma colle palommelle e dello campanile de Santo Pietro lo quale fu arzo. [About how fra Venturino came to Rome with doves, and about the bell tower of St. Peter that was burned down]” (chapter 6), in Cronica [Chronicle]‎ (overall work in Old Italian); republished as Giuseppe Porta, editor, Anonimo romano - Cronica, Adelphi, 1979, →ISBN:L’abito, lo quale questo frate Venturino li avea dato, era che questi portavano una gonnella bianca, longa, passata mesa gamma. (Roman)The clothing this fra Venturino had given them was [such] that they wore a long white skirt, [going] beyond the middle of the leg.

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Adverb

li
* Misspelling of lì.

### Anagrams

* il, il-

## Japanese
### Romanization

li
* Rōmaji transcription of り゚
* Rōmaji transcription of リ゚

## Jarawa
### Etymology

Cognate to Önge li.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /li/

### Determiner

li
* this, these
    Synonym: lijə (“this here, this”)
    Coordinate term: luwə (“that”)
    li aːw ʈʰi talu.This bow is long.

### Pronoun

li
* this, these, this one, these ones
    Coordinate term: luwə (“that”)
    li topo t-ita-b.He ate the snake.
    li aːw.This is a bow.

### References

* Kumar, Pramod (2012) Descriptive and Typological Study of Jarawa (PhD). Jawaharlal Nehru University. Page 85, 101—102.

## Kabuverdianu
### Etymology

From Portuguese ali.

### Adverb

li
* here

## Khumi Chin
### Etymology

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *lii, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-liy. Cognate to Burmese လေး (le:, “bow”) and S'gaw Karen ချံၣ် (khleè, “bow”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /li˥/

### Noun

li
* crossbow

### References

* K. E. Herr (2011) The phonological interpretation of minor syllables, applied to Lemi Chin‎, Payap University, page 45

## Livonian
### Verb

li
* second-person singular imperative of lǟdõ

## Louisiana Creole
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “May be unrelated to French "il" or "lui".”)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /li/
* Rhymes: -i

### Pronoun

li (third-person singular, plural yé, objective li, possessive sô, emphatic sokin, sochin)
* he
* him
* she
* her
* it

#### Descendants

* → French: li

## Maltese
### Alternative forms

* illi (after a word-final consonant cluster)

### Etymology

From Arabic اَلَّذِي (allaḏī, relative pronoun). Compare common dialectal Arabic اللي (illi, lli). The use as a conjunction is widely found in Maghrebi Arabic, so there is no reason to consider it a Romance influence (as might otherwise be thought; compare Italian che, which is both a relative pronoun and the conjunction “that”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /lɪ/

### Pronoun

li
* (relative) who; which; that
    Dan huwa r-raġel li seraq il-karozza. ― That’s the man who stole the car.
    Din hija ħaġa li tħawwadni. ― This is something that confuses me.
** 2018, Antoinette Borg, Amina, Merlin Publishers, →ISBN:Imnalla għajjatlu Fredu u kellu jwaqqaf l-eloġju ta’ nannuh, għax naħseb l-istorja li kien imiss kienet li għandu xi gżira privata.(please add an English translation of this quotation)

#### Usage notes

* Unlike standard Arabic, the relative pronoun is normally used also with indefinite referents (example sentence 2). However, it is optional in this case.

### Conjunction

li
* that
    Nixtieq ngħidilha li nħobbha. ― I want to tell her that I love her.

#### Derived terms

* billi
* filli
* ġieli
* għalli
* malli
* milli
* talli

## Mandarin
### Romanization

li (li$^5$ / li$^0$, Zhuyin ˙ㄌㄧ)
* Hanyu Pinyin reading of 哩
* Hanyu Pinyin reading of 裏 / 里
* Hanyu Pinyin reading of 裡 / 里
* Hanyu Pinyin reading of 里
li
* Nonstandard spelling of lī.
* Nonstandard spelling of lí.
* Nonstandard spelling of lǐ.
* Nonstandard spelling of lì.

#### Usage notes

* Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

## Mauritian Creole
### Etymology

From French le, lui.

### Pronoun

li
* he, she, it (third-person singular personal pronoun)

#### See also
## Michif
### Etymology

From French le.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [lɪ]

### Article

li m (feminine la, masculine and feminine plural lii)
* the

## Miskito
### Noun

li
* water

### References

* Eduard Conzemius, Ethnographical Survey of the Miskito and Sumu Indians (1932)

## Mokilese
### Noun

li
* woman

#### Inflection
## Moore
### Etymology

from French lit (“bed”)

### Pronunciation

IPA: /lí/

### Noun

li
* bed

## Munsee
### Particle

lí
* here, there, thus, so

### References

* ↑ O'Meara, John (2014) “lí-”, in Delaware-English/English-Delaware Dictionary (Heritage), Toronto: University of Toronto Press, published 1996, →ISBN

## Neapolitan
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /i/

### Pronoun

li
* Alternative form of 'i

## Niuatoputapu
### Article

li
* the

## Norman
### Etymology

From Old French li, from Vulgar Latin *illui, a Vulgar Latin dative of Classical Latin ille.

### Pronoun

li
* (Guernsey) him

## Northern Kurdish
### Etymology

Cognate with Central Kurdish لە (le), from earlier *ne < *en. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *en.

### Pronunciation

* Rhymes: -ɪ

### Preposition

| Central Kurdish | لە (le) |
li
* on
    ew li hespekî siwar bû ― he/she mounted on a horse
* at (time)
    li kêlîka dirust ― at the right moment
* in (location, country, city)
    li Kurdistanê ― in Kurdistan
* an element of several prepositions and circumpositions

#### Usage notes

* In most cases, "li" refers to on rather than in. The more south it goes the more the sense becomes much more extensive; in Central Kurdish encapsulating from, on, in, over, etc. as a whole. Around more Northern dialects, (li) ser ("on top") is used to mean on and in those regions "li" especially has the meaning of in, often times replacing di in "di ... de" ("in, inside"), compare li ... de.
* "li" can be added pretty much before any preposition except di, ji, bi; as in li ber, li pêş, li dijî, li hember, etc., all of which can be used without the li.

#### Related terms

* li ba
* li ... de
* li cem
* li ber
* li dijî
* li dora
* li gora
* li pey
* li pêş
* li rex
* li ser

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

From Old Norse hlíð.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /liː/

### Noun

li f or m (definite singular lia or lien, indefinite plural lier, definite plural liene)
* A sloping mountainside or hillside covered with grass or forest.

### References

* “li” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

### Anagrams

* il

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /liː/

### Etymology 1

From Old Norse hlíð, from Proto-Germanic *hlīdō, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱleytéh₂ (“something leaned, inclined”).

#### Alternative forms

* Lid, lid (obsolete spellings)

#### Noun

li f (definite singular lia, indefinite plural lier, definite plural liene)
* a sloping mountainside or hillside covered with grass or forest.

##### Inflection

* Forms in italics are currently considered non-standard.
* Forms in [brackets] were official, but considered second-tier.
* Forms in (parentheses) were allowed under Midlandsnormalen.
* $^1$Nouns were capitalised for most of the 19th century.

### Etymology 2

From Old Norse líða, from Proto-Germanic *līþaną. The sense of suffering may be a loan from Middle Low German.

#### Alternative forms

* lida, lide (long forms)

#### Verb

li (present tense lir, past tense lei, supine lidd or lidt or liden, past participle lidd or liden, present participle lidande, imperative li)
* (intransitive, of time) to pass, elapse
* (intransitive) to suffer
** (intransitive) to endure
** (intransitive) to tolerate, like

##### Related terms

* lei
* leia, leie

### References

* “li” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

### Anagrams

* il

## Old French
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /li/

### Etymology 1

From Latin illī (“those”). The use for the nominative singular is due to a Vulgar Latin alteration of ille under the influence of the pronoun quī (“who, which”). The same influence (through the dative cui) also explains the Vulgar Latin forms mentioned in etymology 2 below. Doublet of il (“he”).

#### Article

li
* the (masculine nominative singular and plural definite article)
** c. 1170, Chrétien de Troyes, Érec et Énide:Li rois respont: "N'est pas mançonge"The king replied "this is no lie"

##### Inflection

$^1$ These singular forms elide to l' before a vowel or non-aspirate h.

### Etymology 2

Either directly from Latin illī, dative singular of ille (“that one”), or from reduction of Old French lui, lei, themselves from Vulgar Latin *illui, *illei. This depends on whether the innovative forms had replaced illī entirely in Gaul or whether they existed side by side with it. Compare Italian gli, Spanish le, Portuguese lhe.

#### Pronoun

li
* third-person singular indirect object pronoun; to him, to her, to it, chiefly atonic form of lui and lei
** c. 1180, Chrétien de Troyes, Lancelot ou le Chevalier de la charrette:Si li ancomancent a direHe started to tell him

## Old Occitan
### Etymology

From Latin ille (“that”).

### Article

li
* the (masculine nominative singular and plural definite article)

## Old Polish
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *li. First attested in 1395. Displaced by Polish czy.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (10th–15th CE) /lʲi/
* IPA: (15th CE) /lʲi/

### Particle

li
* (attested in Lesser Poland, Greater Poland) interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question
** 1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter]‎, Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 72, 11:Kaco bog we y iestli wedzene (si est scientia) na wysocosci?[Kako Bog wie? I jestli wiedzenie (si est scientia) na wysokości?]
** 1959 [1395], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty poznańskie, volume I, number 187, Poznań:Kedi w wogewodi bili, tedi go szø pitali, moszeli goscza dafnoszcø sbicz[Kiedy u wojewody byli, tedy go się pytali, możeli gościa dawnością zbyć]
** (when reduplicated, attested in Pomerania, Greater Poland) whether … or
*** 1930 [c. 1455], “I Reg”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka)‎, 14, 37:Mamly boiowacz s Fylystinmy a podaszly ge (num persequar Philisthiim, si trades eos) w røce israhelske?[Mamli bojować z Filistynmi a podaszli je (num persequar Philisthiim, si trades eos) w ręce israhelskie?]
*** 1930 [c. 1455], “Ex”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka)‎, 17, 7:Gestly pan w nas czyly nyczs (estne..., an non)?[Jestli Pan w nas, czyli nics (estne..., an non)?]
*** 1930 [c. 1455-1460], Ortyle magdeburskie Vrtel 116-120, page 118:Pytalysczye nasz...: Gyestly k themv mvrowanemv domv nyewyasthą blyszką, czyly thy tho dzyeczy, czyly prawo[Pytaliście nas...: Jestli k temu murowanemu domu niewiasta bliska, czyli ty to dzieci, czyli [co jest] prawo]
*** Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa‎, page 694:Nye vymy, gdzye y nam vyedzyono any vymy, yesczely zyw, albo yvzly vbyly[Nie wimy, gdzie ji nam wiedziono ani wimy, jeszczeli żyw, albo jużli ji ubili]
*** 1874-1891 [15th century], Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności‎, volume XXIV, Grochów, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Kcynia, page 68:Primo an liceat, moszeli, volnoli yest, secundo an deceat, podobnoli, tertio an expediat, pot[r]zebnoli[Primo an liceat, możeli, wolnoli jest, secundo an deceat, podobnoli, tertio an expediat, pot[r]zebnoli]
*** 1930 [c. 1455], “Num”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka)‎, 13, 19:Opatrzicze... lvd, genze bydli w nyey, gestli silni, czili mdli, iestli mali, czili wyeliki (considerate... et populum, qui habitator est eius, utrum fortis sit, an infirmus, si pauci numero, an plures)[Opatrzycie... lud, jenże bydli w niej, jestli silny czyli mdły, jestli mały czyli wieliki (considerate... et populum, qui habitator est eius, utrum fortis sit, an infirmus, si pauci numero, an plures)]
*** 1861 [1427], Pismo poświęcone naukom, sztukom i przemysłowi‎, volume III, Biblioteka Warszawska, page 40:Szescz czlowyekow ranyono, o pyancz gich mowyą tim rasem, szostego *wygmugyo, czso leszy we szmyertnich ranach, bo nye wem, bądzeli szyw, abo umrze[Sześć człowiekow raniono, a pięć jich mowią tym razem, szostego wyjmują, cso leży we śmiertnych ranach, bo nie wiem, będzieli żyw, abo umrze]
* and; and also
** Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa‎, page 48:Czczyenye o tem, gdzye Marya vtenczasz byla, kyedy anyol k nyey przyschedl, czoly czynyla albo myslyla[Czcienie o tem, gdzie Maryja wtenczas była, kiedy anjoł k niej przyszedl, coli czyniła albo myśliła]

### Conjunction

li
* (attested in Lesser Poland) Introduces a conditional; if
** 1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter]‎, Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 129, 3:Bødzeszly lychoty chowacz (si iniquitates observaveris), pane, pane, kto sczyrzpy?[Będzieszli lichoty chować (si iniquitates observaveris), Panie, Panie, kto ścirzpi?]
** 1895 [Fifteenth century], Franciszek Piekosiński, editor, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich. Kodeks Działyńskich I‎, Lesser Poland, page 9:Ktoricole... zaklad weszmye..., tho gest konye abo gynsze bydlo..., nye mayą... dzelicz myedzy sobą, ale gestly zymye (si autem hiemali), tedy za tydzen, a gestly lecze (si fuerit in aestivo tempore), tedy za dwie nyedzeli mayą bycz chowany[Ktorykole... zakład weźmie..., to jest konie abo jinsze bydło..., nie mają... dzielić miedzy sobą, ale jestli zimie (si autem hiemali, Sul 22: paknięli zimie), tedy za tydzień, a jestli lecie (si fuerit in aestivo tempore), tedy za dwie niedzieli mają być chowany]

#### Derived terms

* atoli
* azali
* czyli
* jeśli

#### Related terms

* albo
* ale
* le

#### Descendants

* Polish: li

### References

* ↑ Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “li”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
* ↑ Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “li”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
* B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “li”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈli/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -i
* Syllabification: li

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Polish li.

#### Particle

li
* (archaic, literary) interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question
    Synonym: czy
* (archaic, literary) only
    Synonyms: jedynie, tylko
* (Middle Polish) emphasis particle

#### Conjunction

li
* (obsolete) if
    Synonym: jeśli
* (Middle Polish) since, because
    Synonym: skoro
* (Middle Polish) though
    Synonyms: acz, aczkolwiek, chociaż, mimo że
* (Middle Polish) when
    Synonym: kiedy
* (Middle Polish) or
    Synonyms: albo, bądź, czy, lub

##### Derived terms

* ali
* aniżeli
* aniżeliby

##### Related terms

* albo
* ale
* ali
* atoli
* czyli
* jeśli
* le

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Mandarin 里 (lǐ).

#### Noun

li n (indeclinable)
* li (Chinese unit of distance)
* li (Chinese unit of weight)

### Etymology 3

From Mandarin 禮／礼 (lǐ).

#### Noun

li n (indeclinable)
* li (meaningful ceremony or ritual)

### References

* ↑ Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “li”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
* ↑ Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “li”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
* Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “li”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

### Further reading

* li in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* li in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “li”, in Słownik języka polskiego
* Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “li”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
* J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1902), “li”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 2, Warsaw, page 2730
* Witold Doroszewski, editor (1958–1969), “li”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), Warszawa: PWN

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈli/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈli/
* Hyphenation: li
* Rhymes: -i

### Verb

li
* first-person singular preterite indicative of ler

## Romagnol
### Pronoun

li (plural le)
* she

### References

Ercolani, Libero (1971) Vocabolario Romagnolo-Italiano, Monte di Ravenna, page 232

## Romanian
### Pronoun

li (dative form of ele, form of le)
* to them

#### Usage notes

This word is used when le (which is dative) is combined with the following accusatives:
* îl (the accusative of el, contracted as li-l)
* îi (the accusative of ei, contracted as li-i)
* le (the accusative of ele)
* se (the reflexive accusative of all third-person pronouns)

#### See also

* vi
* ni

## Sassarese
### Alternative forms

* -lli (pronoun, enclitic, used when previous syllable is stressed)
* -ri (pronoun, enclitic, used when previous syllable is unstressed)

### Etymology

From Latin illī, illae, masculine and feminine plural forms of ille (“that”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /li/, (after a word ending in a vowel) /ri/

### Article

li m pl or f pl
* the (masculine and feminine plural)

#### Usage notes

* Becomes l' before a vowel.

#### Inflection
### Pronoun

li m pl or f pl
* (followed by chi) those
    Di curori vi ni so umbè. Ca so li chi tu priferi?There are lots of colors. Which ones do you prefer?(literally, “Of colors there are a lot. Which ones are those which you prefer?”)
* them (accusative)
    Abà li zerchu ― I'll look for them (literally, “Now I look for them”)
* dative of eddu
    Li cuzinu la trìglia ― I'll prepare him mullet (literally, “I cook to him the mullet”)
* dative of edda
    Li fozzu li frisgiori ― I'll prepare her some flapjacks (literally, “I make to her the flapjacks”)
* dative of eddi

### References

* Rubattu, Antoninu (2006) Dizionario universale della lingua di Sardegna, 2nd edition, Sassari: Edes

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *li.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /li/

### Particle

li (Cyrillic spelling ли)
* question-forming interrogative particle (postpositive, unlike other particles, never first word in a sentence)
    poznaješ li me ― do you know me?
    jesi li stigao na odredište? ― did you reach the destination?
    jeste li ga vid(j)eli ― have you seen him?
    gd(j)e li se samo nalazimo? ― where could we be?
    kad li će doći? ― when will he/they come?
    je li? ― Is it? (Is that so? Isn't that so?)
* used as conjunction with je (Croatia) or da (Bosnia, Serbia, Montenegro)
    je/da li ― whether
    nemam pojma je/da li je došao ― I have no idea whether he came
* (as a conjunction) if
    pokušaš li me napasti, ja ću ti uzvratiti ― should you try to attack me, I'll strike you back (when "li" is used in this sense, it is usually translated as a subjunctive form "should", and when "ako" is used, it is usually translated as "if" - ako me pokušaš napasti = if you try to attack me)
* used as an emphatic intensifier
    a sn(ij)eg pada li pada ― the snow just keeps falling and falling...
    d(ij)ete plače li plače ― the child just keeps crying and crying...

### See also

* zar (interrogative particle)

## Sicilian
### Alternative forms

* i

### Etymology 1

From the conflation of the apheresis of Latin illī and illae, both nominative plurals of ille.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /li/ (stressed)
* IPA: /li/ (unstressed)

#### Article

li m pl or f pl
* (masculine and feminine plural definite article) the
    Synonym: i

##### Usage notes

* This article is nowadays an obsolete variant, unlike its illiquid counterpart i. It is currently used only in some restricted areas where it is still withheld in conversational communications.
* Today it is mostly used in crystallized contexts, such as singing, poetry or sayings and proverbs. In all these cases this definite article is more euphonetic than the variants, now predominant, which have undergone the lenition of the initial liquid consonant.
* Its use is however almost undisputed before nouns (or nominalized forms of other parts of speech, most often adjectives) that begin with vowels. In this case the form is an apocopic l'. Otherwise, illiquid definite articles are phonetically absorbed by the following noun. I.e: l'arancini (liquid) and ârancini (illiquid).

##### Inflection
### Etymology 2

From the conflation of the apheresis of Latin illī and illae, both nominative plurals of ille.

#### Alternative forms

* -li (enclitic)
* i (illiquid form)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /li/ (stressed)
* IPA: /li/ (unstressed)

#### Pronoun

li m pl or f pl
* (accusative) them
    Synonym: i
    Li canusci? ― Do you know them?
* (accusative) them, these or those thing
    Synonym: i
    Quannu ti li desi. ― When I gave them to you.

##### Usage notes

* This pronoun is now an obsolete variant. It is currently used only in some restricted areas where it is still withheld in conversational communications.
* Today it is mostly used in crystallized contexts, such as singing, poetry or sayings and proverbs. In all these cases this definite article is more euphonetic than the variants, now predominant, which have undergone the lenition of the initial liquid consonant.
* Its use is however almost undisputed before words that begin with vowels. In this case the form is an apocopic l'.

## Sumerian
### Romanization

li
* Romanization of 𒇷 (li)

## Swahili

Other scripts :
| Ajami | ـلِ |

### Pronunciation

* Audio (Kenya):(file)

### Verb

-li
* (archaic) to be
** 1728, Bwana Mwengo wa Athman, Utenzi wa Hirqal [Epic of Heraclius]‎, transliteration and translation from Knappert (1967):كَمُيُبِنِ نِلِ يُمَ اَوْ تِنِ كُطِلِيَاHamuoni nili nyuma / au ṯini kutwelea.Do you not see that I am the last prophet / to descend on earth?
* general relative positive degree stem of -wa, -wapo, -wako, or -wamo
    mambo yaliomo ― the things which are inside

#### Usage notes

In the present tense, -li was only used with locatives. In other cases, no copula was used. (The focus particle ni could appear, and later turned into a copula due to such use.) In other tenses, -li was used both with locatives and with other complements.

### References

* ↑ Jan Knappert (1967) Tradition Swahili poetry
* ↑ John H. McWhorter (1992) “NI and the Copula System in Swahili: A Diachronic Approach”, in Diachronica, volume 9, number 1, →DOI, pages 15–46

## Tedim Chin
### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-ləj.

### Numeral

li
* four

### References

* Zomi Ordbog based on the work of D.L. Haokip

## Tooro
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /li/

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *dɪ̀ (“to be”, irregular verb). Cognate with Kikuyu -rĩ.

#### Verb

-li (defective)
* to be, to exist
    Synonyms: -ba, ni
    Tuli Batooro. ― We are Tooro people.
** 2008, Ekitabu Ekirukwera N'Ebitabu Ebyeetwa Deturokanoniko/Apokurifa [Bible in Runyoro/Rutooro Interconfessional Translation], Bible Society of Uganda, Okubanza 4:9:Aho MUKAMA yakaguza Kaini ati: “Abberi owanyoko ali nkaha?” Kaini yagarukamu ati: “Tindukumanya; ninyowe mulinzi w'Owanyina nyowe?”Then the Lord said to Cain, “Where is your brother Abel?” “I don’t know,” he replied. “Am I my brother’s keeper?”
* to become
    Synonym: -ba

##### Usage notes

* Since this is a defective verb, it does not have many conjugations, and the remaining conjugations needed are constructed using -ba as an auxiliary verb. For example, the 1st person singular negative remote past of -li is nkaba ntali (literally, “I was not being”).
* This verb removes the augment of the noun after it (e.g. ndi manzi, not *ndi emanzi "I am a courageous person").
* The 3rd person singular present and 3rd person plural present forms are usually only used after a locative class or a place name. In other cases, the noun is almost always left augmentless (e.g. muntu "he/she is a person").

##### Conjugation

Tensed forms :
Positive present (subject concord + -li)
Person
Noun class
Singular
Plural
1st person
ndi
tuli
2nd person
oli
muli
3rd person
1/2
ali
bali
3/4
guli
eri
5/6
liri
gali
7/8
kiri
biri
9/10
eri
ziri
11/10
ruli
12/14
kali
buli
13
tuli
14/6
buli
gali
15/6
kuli
16
hali :
Negative present (ti- + subject concord + -li)
Person
Noun class
Singular
Plural
1st person
tindi
tituli
2nd person
toli
timuli
3rd person
1/2
tali
tibali
3/4
tiguli
teri
5/6
tiriri
tigali
7/8
tikiri
tibiri
9/10
teri
tiziri
11/10
tiruli
12/14
tikali
tibuli
13
tituli
14/6
tibuli
tigali
15/6
tikuli
16
tihali :
Positive present continuative (subject concord + -kyali)
Person
Noun class
Singular
Plural
1st person
nkyali
tukyali
2nd person
okyali
mukyali
3rd person
1/2
akyali
bakyali
3/4
gukyali
ekyali
5/6
likyali
gakyali
7/8
kikyali
bikyali
9/10
ekyali
zikyali
11/10
rukyali
12/14
kakyali
bukyali
13
tukyali
14/6
bukyali
gakyali
15/6
kukyali
16
hakyali :
Negative present continuative (ti- + subject concord + -kyali)
Person
Noun class
Singular
Plural
1st person
tinkyali
titukyali
2nd person
tokyali
timukyali
3rd person
1/2
takyali
tibakyali
3/4
tigukyali
tekyali
5/6
tirikyali
tigakyali
7/8
tikikyali
tibikyali
9/10
tekyali
tizikyali
11/10
tirukyali
12/14
tikakyali
tibukyali
13
titukyali
14/6
tibukyali
tigakyali
15/6
tikukyali
16
tihakyali :
Positive past (subject concord + -ali)
Person
Noun class
Singular
Plural
1st person
nali
twali
2nd person
wali
mwali
3rd person
1/2
yali
baali
3/4
gwali
yali
5/6
lyali
gaali
7/8
kyali
byali
9/10
yali
zaali
11/10
rwali
12/14
kaali
bwali
13
twali
14/6
bwali
gaali
15/6
kwali
16
haali :
For more conjugations, see -ba. :

##### Derived terms

* -roho (“to be at/on something, to be present”)
* -rumu (“to be in something”)
* -liyo (“to be there”)
* -raha (“where is it?, where are they?”)
* -ruku-, -liku-

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *dɪ́á (“that, those”). Cognate with Swahili -le.

#### Determiner

-li
* that, those (distal demonstrative determiner)

##### See also

* -nu (“this (proximal demonstrative determiner)”)

### References

* Kaji, Shigeki (2007) A Rutooro Vocabulary‎, Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, pages 313-315, 409
* Entry 940 at Bantu Lexical Reconstructions 3
* Entry 945 at Bantu Lexical Reconstructions 3

## Vietnamese
### Alternative forms

* ly

### Pronunciation

* (Hà Nội) IPA: [li˧˧]
* (Huế) IPA: [lɪj˧˧]
* (Saigon) IPA: [lɪj˧˧]

### Etymology 1

Sino-Vietnamese word from 璃 (“glass”).

#### Noun

(classifier cái) li
* cup; glass

##### Derived terms

* li cối

#### See also

* chén; cốc; tách

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Noun

li
* a crease (a line or mark made by folding or doubling any pliable substance)

## Volapük
### Particle

li
* Appended with a hyphen to a verb, it turns the entire clause it is in into a question.

## Walloon
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /li/

### Article

li (after an open syllable and/or before a vowel: l', plural: les, plural after an open syllable and before a vowel: ls)
* the
    Li mwaisse ― The master
    Li maistrece ― The mistress
    L' ome ― The man
    C' est li l' mwaisse ― He is the master
    Les måjhons ― The houses
    Les omes ― The men
    Çou sont ls åtes tchesteas ― These are the other castles

### Pronoun

li
* him, her, it (direct object, before verb)
    C' est li l' mwaisse ― It's him who's the master

## West Makian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /l̪i/

### Adverb

li
* also

### References

* Clemens Voorhoeve (1982) The Makian languages and their neighbours‎, Pacific linguistics

## Yoruba
### Pronunciation

IPA: /lí/

### Noun

lí
* The name of the Latin-script letter L/l.

### See also

* (Latin-script letter names) lẹ́tà; á, bí, dí, é, ẹ́, fí, gí, gbì, hí, í, jí, kí, lí, mí, ní, ó, ọ́, pí, rí, sí, ṣí, tí, ú, wí, yí

## Zou
### Etymology

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *lii, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-ləj. Cognates include Burmese လေး (le:) and Nuosu ꇖ (ly).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /lī/
* Hyphenation: li

### Numeral

li
* four

### References

* Lukram Himmat Singh (2013) A Descriptive Grammar of Zou, Canchipur: Manipur University, page 40
* Philip Thanglienmang (2014) “Zou Tonology”, in Indian Linguistics, volume 75, numbers 1-2, →ISSN