# w-
## Navajo
### Prefix

w-
* A peg element added to 2nd person plural ∅-imperfective verbs and 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person optative verbs to fit syllable shape restraints
    ‎oh- + -cha + ‎w- → ‎wohcha (“You (plural) are crying”)

#### See also

* Navajo terms prefixed with w- (peg element) wooh- wó- wósh- wóó- wolyé

## Ojibwe
### Prefix

w-
* Alternative form of o-

#### Usage notes

w- appears before stems that begin with ii.

#### See also

| | | stem begins with... | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person |
| Consonants | Consonants | p t k h ch m n s sh w y | ni- | gi- | o- |
| Consonants | Consonants | d g ' j z zh | nin- | gi- | o- |
| Consonants | Consonants | b | nim- | gi- | o- |
| Vowels | Vowels | o | nindo- | gido- | odo- |
| Vowels | Vowels | a aa e i | nind- | gid- | od- |
| Vowels | Vowels | oo | n- | g- | od- |
| Vowels | Vowels | ii | n- | g- | w- |

## Old Polish
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *vъ-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (10th–15th CE) /v/
* IPA: (15th CE) /v/

### Prefix

w-
* indicates motion inside or inward
    Antonym: wy-
    ‎w- + ‎rzucić → ‎wrzucić
* indicates motion upward
    ‎w- + ‎stać → ‎wstać

#### Derived terms
## Polish
### Alternative forms

* we-

### Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish w-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /v/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -v
* Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]
* Homophone: w

### Prefix

w-
* indicates motion inside or inward
    Antonym: wy-
    ‎w- + ‎rzucić → ‎wrzucić
* indicates motion upward
    Synonyms: pod-, wz-
    ‎w- + ‎stać → ‎wstać

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* w- in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Swahili
### Alternative forms

* u-

### Prefix

w- (plural ny-)
* u class$_{(XI)}$ noun prefix used before vowels
    wakati mwingine ― another time

## Tooro
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /w-/

### Prefix

w-
* Form used before a verb affixed with -a- or subjunctive -e- of o-
    ‎w- + ‎efubike (“to cover oneself”) → ‎wefubike (“may you cover yourself”)

## Ye'kwana
### Etymology 1
#### Alternative forms

* ∅- (allomorph before a consonant)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [w-]

#### Prefix

w-
* Obligatorily marks derivations of intransitive verbs adverbialized with -e or nominalized with any marker.

##### Usage notes

This prefix is unrealized (disappears) when the stem it is attached to begins with a consonant. When it is used in the third person, the third-person marker y- itself is unrealized, but it palatalizes this suffix w- to y- and lengthens the vowel after it if possible, so that w- appears to disappear (as it becomes indistinguishable from the pre-vocalic form of the third-person marker y- that palatalized it).
This prefix comes between the person marker and the verb stem.

### Etymology 2
#### Alternative forms

* wi- (allomorph before a consonant)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [w-]

#### Prefix

w-
* Marks a transitive verb as having a first-person agent/subject when the patient/object is of third person.
* Marks an intransitive verb with agent-like argument or (with certain vowel-initial verbs) patient-like argument as having a first-person argument/subject with verb forms that take series I markers.

##### Usage notes

The form w- is used with stems that start with a vowel; wi- is used with those that start with a consonant, in which case the initial consonant is also palatalized. In practice, since all intransitive verbs to which this prefix can attach start with a vowel, wi- only appears on certain transitive verbs.

##### Inflection

| | pronoun | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | postposition object | postposition object | series I verb argument | series I verb argument | series I verb argument | series I verb argument | series I verb argument |
| | pronoun | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | postposition object | postposition object | transitive patient | intransitive patient-like | intransitive patient-like | intransitive agent-like | transitive agent |
| first person | ewü | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | w-, wi- | w-, wi- | w-, wi- |
| first person dual inclusive | küwü | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kii-, ki-$^1$ |
| second person | amödö | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | m-, mi- | m-, mi- |
| first person dual exclusive | nña | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | chö- | ∅- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- |
| third person | tüwü | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | chö- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- |
| distant past third person | tüwü | — | — | — | — | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- |
| coreferential/reflexive | — | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | — | — | — | — | — |
| reciprocal | — | — | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- |
| With following vowel lengthened if in an unreduced open syllable. |||||||||||
| | series I verb argument: transitive agent and transitive patient |
| first person > second person | mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni- |
| first person dual exclusive > second person | mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni- |
| second person > first person | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- |
| second person > first person dual exclusive | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- |
| third person > any person X …or… any person X > third person | see person X in the chart above |

### References

* Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “w-”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎, Lyon, pages 152, 179–180, 200–202