# 莙薘
## Chinese
### Etymology

Attested since the 5th century CE. The Jingxingji of the 8th century records that this vegetable was produced in the country of Mo-lu 末祿 / 末禄 (< *Mar-luk), perhaps referring to Merv in modern-day Turkmenistan.
It is an Iranian loan, corresponding to Middle Persian forms of the type of *gundar or *gundur (Laufer, 1967). Compare modern Persian چغندر (čoğondar, “beet”), Turkmen şuğundyr, etc.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jūndá, jùndá
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄩㄣ ㄉㄚˊ, ㄐㄩㄣˋ ㄉㄚˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gwan$^1$ daat$^6$
* Jin (Wiktionary): jyng$^1$ dah$^5$
* Northern Min (KCR): gěng-duòi
* Puxian Min (Xianyou, Pouseng Ping'ing): guong$^4$ lah$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jūndá
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄩㄣ ㄉㄚˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jyundá
*** Wade–Giles: chün$^1$-ta$^2$
*** Yale: jyūn-dá
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiundar
*** Palladius: цзюньда (czjunʹda)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕyn⁵⁵ tä³⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jùndá
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄩㄣˋ ㄉㄚˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jyùndá
*** Wade–Giles: chün$^4$-ta$^2$
*** Yale: jyùn-dá
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiunndar
*** Palladius: цзюньда (czjunʹda)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕyn⁵¹ tä³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gwan$^1$ daat$^6$
*** Yale: gwān daaht
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gwan$^1$ daat$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: guen$^1$ dad$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʷɐn⁵⁵ taːt̚²/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: jyng$^1$ dah$^5$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕyŋ¹¹ taʔ⁵⁴/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gěng-duòi
*** Sinological IPA : /keiŋ²¹ tuɛ⁴²/
* Puxian Min
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: guong$^4$ lah$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /kuoŋ⁴² laʔ²/
* Middle Chinese: kjun dat
Rime :
| Character | 莙 | 薘 |
| Reading # | 2/3 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 定 (7) |
| Final (韻) | 文 (59) | 曷 (63) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 舉云切 | 唐割切 |
| Baxter | kjun | dat |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɨun/ | /dɑt̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kiun/ | /dɑt̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kiuən/ | /dɑt̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kun/ | /dat̚/ |
| Li Rong | /kiuən/ | /dɑt̚/ |
| Wang Li | /kĭuən/ | /dɑt̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ki̯uən/ | /dʱɑt̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jūn | dá |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gwan$^1$ | daat$^6$ |

### Noun

莙薘
* chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris)

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 莙薘菜, 葉甜菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 莙薘菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 莙薘菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 厚皮菜, 牛皮菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 甜白菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 牛皮菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 豬肚菜, 豬婆菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanning (Wuming) | 牛皮菜 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 莙薘菜, 豬乸菜, 𣸛菜 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 豬乸菜 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 莙薘菜, 豬乸菜, 甜菜 |
| Cantonese | Yunfu | 豬婆菜 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 豬乸菜 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 厚皮菜, 豬乸菜 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 豆腐菜, 關辣菜 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 豆腐菜, 豬乸菜 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 母豬菜, 油菜 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 莙藍菜 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 莙菜 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 莙菜 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 勺菜, 豬食菜 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 豬嫲菜 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 豬乸菜, 勺菜 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Zhengguo, Zengcheng) | 勺菜 |
| Hakka | Longyan (Xiayang, Yongding) | 豬嫲菜, 蒲勺菜 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 莙薘菜, 豬婆菜 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 莙薘 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 勺菜 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 勺菜 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 勺菜 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 莙薘 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 莙薘 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 牛皮菜, 豬母菜 suburbs |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 豬母菜 |
| Eastern Min | Yongtai | 煠菜 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 煠菜 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 茄茉菜 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 茄茉菜, 軍辣菜 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 茄茉菜 |
| Southern Min | Yongchun | 厚老菜 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 茄茉菜 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 茄茉菜 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Tamsui) | 茄茉仔 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Pingxi) | 茄茉菜 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 茄茉菜, 茄茉仔 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Cijin) | 茄茉菜 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang) | 茄茉菜, 茄茉仔菜 |
| Southern Min | Yilan (Toucheng) | 茄茉仔, 生疥菜 |
| Southern Min | Tainan (Anping) | 茄茉菜 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Xiyu) | 茄茉菜 |
| Southern Min | Zhangping (Yongfu) | 禾菜 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 厚合 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 厚合菜 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 厚合菜, 厚合 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 厚合, 厚合菜 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 春不老 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 春不老, 莙薘 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 厚皮菜 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 軟菜, 莙薘 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 甜菜, 牛皮菜 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 牛皮菜, 豬婆菜, 泥白菜 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 豬婆菜 |
| Xiangnan Tuhua | Jiangyong | 甜菜, 牛耳菜 |

#### Derived terms

* 莙薘菜 / 莙荙菜 (jūndácài)