# cal

| ㎈ | U+3388, &#13192; SQUARE CAL |
| ← ㎇ [U+3387] | CJK Compatibility | ㎉ → [U+3389] |

## Translingual
### Symbol

cal
* calorie

#### Derived terms

* ㎉ / kcal

## English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kæl/
* Rhymes: -æl

### Etymology 1

Clippings.

#### Noun

cal (plural cals)
* (informal) Clipping of calorie.
* (military, informal) Clipping of caliber.
* (informal) Clipping of calendar.
** 2020 April 1, Taylor Lorenz, “Stop Trying to Be Productive”, in The New York Times‎:“I set an hour on my cal every day for a home workout. Then I’d be on calls for three hours, then I’d make a homemade breakfast, take a walk at lunchtime, work on something non-screen-related in the evening, cook dinner and go on a run,” she said.
* Clipping of calibration.

##### Derived terms

* lo-cal
* low-cal

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Noun

cal (uncountable)
* (mining, archaic, UK, dialect, Cornwall) wolfram, an ore of tungsten.

##### References

* ↑ 1858, Peter Lund Simmonds, The Dictionary of Trade Products

### Etymology 3

From an abbreviation of calcium hydroxide.

#### Noun

cal (uncountable)
* calcium hydroxide, slaked lime

### See also

* Nor-cal
* So-cal

### Anagrams

* ACL, CLA, LAC, LAc, LCA, Lac, alc, lac

## Aromanian
### Alternative forms

* calu

### Etymology

From Late Latin caballus (“horse”), from Latin caballus (“pack horse”). Compare Romanian cal.

### Noun

cal m (plural calj or cai)
* horse

#### Related terms

* cãlãrets
* cãlar / ncãlar
* cãlãriu
* ncalic

## Catalan
### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈkal]
* Rhymes: -al

### Etymology 1
#### Contraction

cal
* Contraction of ca el.

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

cal
* third-person singular present indicative of caldre

## Chinese
### Etymology

From clipping of English calibrate.

### Pronunciation

* Cantonese (Jyutping): ke$^1$
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ke$^1$
*** Yale: kē
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ke$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ké$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɛː⁵⁵/

### Verb

cal
* (Hong Kong Cantonese) to fine-tune; to calibrate (a hardware, e.g. camera, television, speakers)

#### See also

* cal機／cal机, caltor

## Dalmatian
### Etymology 1

From Latin quālis.

#### Conjunction

cal
* as

### Etymology 2

From Latin callis.

#### Noun

cal
* road, street

### References

* Bartoli, Matteo (1906) Il Dalmatico: Resti di un’antica lingua romanza parlata da Veglia a Ragusa e sua collocazione nella Romània appenino-balcanica, Rome: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, published 2000

## French
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kal/

### Noun

cal m (plural cals)
* callus (hardened part of the skin)

### Further reading

* “cal”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Galician
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkal/ [ˈkɑɫ]
* Rhymes: -al

### Etymology 1

From Old Galician-Portuguese cal, from Vulgar Latin *calem, from Latin calx, from Ancient Greek χάλιξ (khálix, “pebble”).

#### Noun

cal m (plural cales)
* lime (calcium oxide)

##### Derived terms

* Caeira
* Caeiro
* Cal
* cal morto
* cal vivo

### Etymology 2

From Old Galician-Portuguese caal, from Latin canalis. Doublet of canal.

#### Alternative forms

* canle

#### Noun

cal m or f (plural cales)
* ditch
* furrow
* mill race
* chute

##### Derived terms

* Cal
* Da Cal
* Dacal

### Etymology 3

From Old Galician-Portuguese cal / qual, from Latin quālis (“which”). Cognate with Portuguese qual and Spanish cual.

#### Alternative forms

* cual

#### Pronoun

cal (plural cales)
* which (what one)

### Etymology 4
#### Noun

cal f (uncountable)
* Abbreviation of caloría.

### References

* Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “qual”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “cal”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “cãal”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “cal”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “cal”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “cal”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “cal”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

## Istriot
### Etymology

From Latin callis, callem.

### Noun

cal
* street, alley

## Megleno-Romanian
### Etymology

Inherited from Late Latin caballus (“horse”), from Latin caballus (“pack horse”), probably of Gaulish [Term?] origin.

### Noun

cal m
* horse

### References

* Atasanov, Petar (1990) Le mégléno-roumain de nos jours: Une approche linguistique, Hamburg: Buske
* ↑ https://www.dex.ro/cal

## Old English
### Etymology

Variant of cawel.

### Noun

cāl m
* cabbage, kale, colewort

#### Inflection

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

#### Descendants

* Middle English: col
** English: cole

#### References

* Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller (1898) “cál”, in An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary‎, 2nd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

## Old Galician-Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈkal]
* Rhymes: -al
* Hyphenation: cal

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Vulgar Latin cals, from Latin calx, from Ancient Greek χάλιξ (khálix, “pebble”).

#### Noun

cal f (plural cals)
* lime (calcium oxide)
** 13th century, Afonso Lopes de Baião, En arouca hũa casa faria; republished as chapter 1471, in Angelo Colocci, compiler, Cancioneiro da Biblioteca Nacional‎, c. 1526:En arouca hũa casa faria Atantei grã sabor dea fazer Que ia mays custa nõ recearia Nen ar daria rẽ por meu auer Ca ey pedreyꝛos e pedra e cal E desta casa nõ mi mĩgua al Senõ madeyra noua q̃ queria(please add an English translation of this quotation)

##### Descendants

* Galician: cal
* Portuguese: cal

### Etymology 2
#### Pronoun

cal
* Alternative form of qual

##### Descendants

* Galician: cal

### References

* Manuel Ferreiro (2014–2025) “cal”, in Universo Cantigas. Edición crítica da poesía medieval galego-portuguesa (in Galician), A Coruña: University of A Coruña, →ISSN

## Pipil
### Etymology

From Proto-Uto-Aztecan *kaliR. Compare Classical Nahuatl calli (“house”).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard) IPA: /kal/
* (Witzapan) IPA: /ɡal/
* (Cuisnahuat) IPA: /kaɬ/, /kaːl/
* (Teotepeque) IPA: /kaɬ/
* (Jicalapa) IPA: /kaɬʲ/

### Noun

cal (plural cahcal)
* an enclosed habitational space, a house or room
    Ne nocompa nemi tic oni toltic calMy friend lives in that yellow house

#### Related terms

* -chan (“home”)

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈt͡sal/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -al
* Syllabification: cal

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from German Zoll.

#### Noun

cal m inan
* inch (English unit of length equal to 1/12 of a foot or 2.54 cm, conceived as roughly the width of a thumb)

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

cal
* second-person singular imperative of calić

### Further reading

* cal in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* cal in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Portuguese
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese cal, from Vulgar Latin cals, from Latin calx, from Ancient Greek χάλιξ (khálix, “pebble”).

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈkaw/ [ˈkaʊ̯]
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈkal/ [ˈkaɫ]
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈkal/ [ˈkaɫ]
** (Southern Portugal) IPA: /ˈka.li/
* Rhymes: (Portugal) -al, (Brazil) -aw
* Hyphenation: cal

### Noun

cal f or (nonstandard) m (usually uncountable, plural cales or cais)
* lime (calcium oxide)

#### Usage notes

Although common, the usage of cal as a masculine-gender noun is proscribed.

## Romanian
### Etymology

Inherited from Late Latin caballus (“horse”), from Latin caballus (“pack horse”), probably of Gaulish [Term?] origin or from something further east, such as a Scythian and ultimately Proto-Iranian [Term?] origin. The Romanian word likely went through an earlier hypothetical form *căal or *caual. Compare Aromanian cal.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kal/
* Audio:(file)
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

cal m (plural cai)
* horse
* (chess) knight

#### Related terms

* călare
* încăleca

#### See also

Chess pieces in Romanian · piese de șah (layout · text) :
| rege | regină, damă | tură, turn | nebun | cal | pion |

### References

* ↑ https://www.dex.ro/cai
* ↑ https://www.academia.edu/44349879/Sextil_Pu%C8%99cariu_Limba_rom%C3%A2n%C4%83_Vol_II_Rostirea_1959_

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkal/ [ˈkal]
* Audio (Colombia):(file)
* Rhymes: -al
* Syllabification: cal

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Vulgar Latin cals, from Latin calx (via the nominative), from Ancient Greek χάλιξ (khálix, “pebble”).

#### Noun

cal f (uncountable)
* lime (calcium oxide)

##### Derived terms

* a cal y canto
* agua de cal
* cal apagada
* cal hidráulica
* cal muerta
* cal viva
* cloruro de cal
* de cal y canto
* línea de cal
* mortero de cal
* piedra de cal
* una de cal y otra de arena

### Etymology 2
#### Symbol

cal
* Symbol of caloría

### Further reading

* “cal”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

## Volapük
### Noun

cal (nominative plural cals)
* occupation
* office (position)
* profession

#### Declension

$^1$ status as a case is disputed $^2$ in later, non-classical Volapük only

#### Derived terms

* bai cal
* bijopacal
* bötädalacal
* büakanitanacal
* büranacal
* calablig
* caladinit
* calajäf
* calal
* calam
* calan
* calanem
* calanemön
* calasvist
* calasvistät
* calasvistätik
* calasvistik
* calavobod
* calazil
* calid
* (transitive) calidön
* calihilaban
* calijilaban
* calilab
* calilaban
* calik
* caliko
* calikön
* calilisit
* calilisitan
* calinotedian
* calo
* calodugälan
* calohidugälan
* calohikrütan
* calohikusadan
* calohilekusadan
* calohisukan
* calojidugälan
* calojikrütan
* calojikusadan
* calojilekusadan
* calojisukan
* calokrütan
* calokusadan
* calokusadan rejimenik
* calolekusadan
* calolekusadan militik
* calosukan
* caloyül
* caloyülan
* calöf
* calöfik
* calöfo
* calön
* calön as
* calükam
* (transitive) calükön
* calükön eki
* calül
* calülilisit
* calülilisitan
* cifacal
* cödalacal
* dilekanacal
* diviguvanacal
* donacalan
* donahicalan
* donajicalan
* fotocalan
* fotocalanaziläk
* fotohicalan
* fotojicalan
* gämöpahicalan
* gämöpajicalan
* gämöpacalan
* geracal
* gijätacal
* gijätacalan
* gijätahicalan
* gijätajicalan
* gitädadünanacal
* hicalan
* jicalan
* kasedabötalacal
* kasedacalan
* kasedahicalan
* kasedajicalan
* komotacal
* kuracal
* kuracalal
* kuracalan
* kurahicalan
* kurajicalan
* laidacal
* legätacal
* lelivacal
* libavilacalan
* libavilacalan pö gitäd
* libavilahicalan
* libavilajicalan
* lelivacals
* löpacal
* löpacalihilaban
* löpacalihilaban
* löpacalik
* löpacalilaban
* penanacal
* pläidanacal
* poldacalalabür
* poldacalalam
* potacal
* potacalan
* potahicalan
* potajicalan
* presidanacal
* reiganacal
* säcalükam
* säcalükamapenäd
* (transitive)säcalükön
* sekretanacal
* stimacal
* tidalacal
* tidanacal
* yananacal

#### Related terms

* cäl
* cälan
* cäläb
* cälod
* cälodön
* cälov
* cälovik
* cälön
* hicäläb
* hicälan
* jicäläb
* jicälan
* laidacäl

## Welsh
### Etymology

From Proto-Brythonic *kalɣ, from Proto-Celtic *kalgā. Cognate with Cornish kal, kalgh; Breton kalc'h.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kal/
* Rhymes: -al

### Noun

cal f
* Alternative form of cala (“penis”)

#### Derived terms

* caldrist (“helleborine, orchid”)

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.