# 乎

| 乎 | U+4E4E, &#20046; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E4E |
| ← 乍 [U+4E4D] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 乏 → [U+4E4F] |

## Translingual
### Han character

乎 (Kangxi radical 4, 丿+4, 5 strokes, cangjie input 竹火木 (HFD), four-corner 2040$_9$, composition ⿻𠂌丷)

#### Derived characters

* 𠇼, 呼, 垀, 𡛚, 𫼞, 泘, 𤝘, 㭔, 𣧯, 烀, 𬏃, 䉿, 𮎇, 𫊯, 𧦝(𫍞), 軤(轷), 䤣, 𫗶, 𩶈, 䴣, 𪏹, 𪕉
* 𮓦, 𫚶, 𬼔, 乯, 𬼡, 𤇠, 𠓧, 苸, 𥬏, 雽, 𢨽, 𤵡, 虖

#### Descendants

* ヲ

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 82, character 7
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 131
* Dae Jaweon: page 166, character 1
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 36, character 8
* Unihan data for U+4E4E

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 乎 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| Oracle bone scriptj11586j11587j11588j11589j11590j11591j11592j11593j11594j11595j11596j11597j11598j11599j11600j11601j11602j11603j11604j11605j11606j11607j11608j11609j11610j11611j11612j11613j11614j11615j11616j11617j11618j11619j11620j11621j11622j11623j11624j11625j11626j11627j11628j11629j11630j11631j11632j11633j11634j11635j11636j11637j11638j11639j11640j11641j11642j11643j11644j11645j11646j11647j11648j11649j11650j11651j11652j11653j11654j11655j11656j11657j11658j11659j11660j11661j11662j11663j11664j11665j11666j11667j11668j11669j11670j11671j11672j11673j11674j11675j11676j11677j11678j11679j11680j11681j11682j11683j11684j11685j11686j11687j11688j11689j11690j11691j11692Bronze inscriptionsb07119b07120b07121b07122b07123b07124b07125b07126b07127b07128b07129b07130b07131b07132b07133b07134b07135b07136b07137b07138b07139b07140b07141b07142b07143b07144b07145b07146b07147b07148b07149b07150b07151b07152b07153b07154b07155b07156b07157b07158b07159b07160Small seal scripts03512Transcribed ancient scriptsL03355L03356L03357 ||||
| References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script). ||||
| | Old Chinese |
| 罅 | *qʰraːs |
| 呼 | *qʰaː |
| 軤 | *qʰaː |
| 苸 | *qʰaː |
| 嘑 | *qʰaː |
| 歑 | *qʰaː |
| 謼 | *qʰaː, *qʰaːs |
| 滹 | *qʰaː |
| 乎 | *ɢaː |
| 虖 | *qʰaː, *qʰʷa, *qʰaː, *qʰʷa |
| 嫭 | *ɢaːs |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɢaː): semantic [Term?] (“wind; air”) + phonetic 丂 (OC *kʰluːʔ, “branch”) – original form of 呼 (OC *qʰaː, “to call; to cry”). Compare 兮 (OC *ɢeː).

### Etymology 1
#### in; at; on

    Attrited or unstressed form of 於 (OC *qa) (Schuessler, 2007).
This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): hū, hú (hu$^1$, hu$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨ, ㄏㄨˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): hu$^2$ / fu$^2$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): fu$^4$ / wu$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): fu$^3$
* Gan (Wiktionary): fu$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): fû / fù
    (Meixian, Guangdong): fu$^2$
* Jin (Wiktionary): hu$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): hú
* Eastern Min (BUC): hŭ
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): ho͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hu$^1$ / hu$^7$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$wu
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): fu$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hū
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄨ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hu
*** Wade–Giles: hu$^1$
*** Yale: hū
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hu
*** Palladius: ху (xu)
*** Sinological IPA : /xu⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, rare literary variant)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hú
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄨˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hú
*** Wade–Giles: hu$^2$
*** Yale: hú
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hwu
*** Palladius: ху (xu)
*** Sinological IPA : /xu³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: hu$^2$ / fu$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xu / fu
*** Sinological IPA : /xu²¹/, /fu²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fu$^4$ / wu$^4$
*** Yale: fùh / wùh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fu$^4$ / wu$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fu$^4$ / wu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /fuː²¹/, /wuː²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: fu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /fu²²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: fu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /fu³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fû / fù
*** Hakka Romanization System: fu$^ˊ$ / fu$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fu$^1$ / fu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /fu²⁴/, /fu¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: fu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /fu¹¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: hu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /xu¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hú
*** Sinological IPA : /xu⁵⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: hŭ
*** Sinological IPA : /hu⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ho͘
*** Tâi-lô: hoo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hof
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hɔ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔ³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɔ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /hɔ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔ⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: hu$^1$ / hu$^7$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hu / hū
*** Sinological IPA : /hu³³/, /hu¹¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$wu
*** MiniDict: wu$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$hhu
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦu²³/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: fu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɸu¹³/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit乎 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /xu⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /xu⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /xu²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /xu⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /xu²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /xu²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /xu²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /xv̩⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /xu⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /xu³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /xu⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /xu⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /xu³¹/ /fu³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /fu⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /xu⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /xu³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /xu²¹/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /xu¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /xu¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /xu³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /hu⁵³/ /ɦu²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ɦəu¹³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ɦu²¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /vu³¹/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /xu³¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /xu¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /fu¹³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ɸu³³/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /fu⁴⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /fu¹¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /fu¹¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /fu²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /fu⁵⁵/ /wu²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /fu²¹/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /hɔ³⁵/ /hɔ⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /hu⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /xu⁵⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /hu³³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /hu²³/ |
* Middle Chinese: hu
Rime :
| Character | 乎 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 戸吳切 |
| Baxter | hu |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦuo/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦuo/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣo/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦɔ/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣo/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣu/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣuo/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | hú |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | wu$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ɢˤa/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɢaː/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 乎 | 乎 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | hū | hū |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hu › | ‹ hu › |
| Old Chinese | /*ɢˁa/ | /*ɢˁa/ |
| English | (Q particle) | in, at |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 乎 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 5189 |
| Phonetic component | 乎 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 胡 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɢaː/ |

#### Definitions

乎
* in; at; on
    Synonym: 於 / 于
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Gù pèirán déjiào yì hū sìhǎi. [Pinyin]
    When this is the case, such an one's virtue and teachings will spread over all within the four seas like the rush of water.
    From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
    Jīn zǐ yǒu wǔ dàn zhī hù, hé bù lǜ yǐwèi dà zūn ér fú hū jiānghú, ér yōu qí hùluò wú suǒ róng? [Pinyin]
    Sir, had calabashes large enough to hold five piculs; why did you not think of making large bottle-gourds of them, by means of which you could have floated over rivers and lakes, instead of giving yourself the sorrow of finding that they were useless for holding anything.
* (indicates the object of an action) with; on
    Synonym: 於 / 于
    Fěi yǐnshí, ér zhì xiào hū guǐshén. [Pinyin]
    He used himself coarse food and drink, but displayed the utmost filial piety towards the spirits.
    From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
    Niè Quē wèn hū Wáng Ní. [Pinyin]
    Nie Que asked Wang Ni.
* (indicates comparison) than
    Synonym: 於 / 于
    From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
    Fú qīng hū yǔ, mò zhī zhī zǎi; huò zhòng hū dì, mò zhī zhī bì. [Pinyin]
    Happiness is lighter than a feather, but no one knows how to support it; calamity is heavier than the earth, and yet no one knows how to avoid it.
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) A suffix placed after adjectives and adverbs to express praise or amazement.
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Sentence-final interrogative particle.
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Yǒu péng zì yuǎnfāng lái, bù yì lè hū? [Pinyin]
    Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters?
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Sentence-final exclamatory particle.
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Sentence-final imperative particle.
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Sentence-final speculative particle.

#### Compounds

* 不亦樂乎 / 不亦乐乎 (bùyìlèhū)
* 不在乎 (bù zàihu)
* 不外乎 (bùwàihū)
* 之乎者也 (zhīhūzhěyě)
* 二乎
* 云乎
* 似乎 (sìhū)
* 傻乎乎 (shǎhūhū)
* 出乎尋常 / 出乎寻常
* 出乎意外
* 出乎意料 (chūhūyìliào)
* 呀呀乎
* 嗟乎 (jiēhū)
* 在乎 (zàihū)
* 套近乎 (tàojìnhū)
* 幾乎 / 几乎 (jīhū)
* 微乎其微 (wēihūqíwēi)
* 情見乎言 / 情见乎言
* 情見乎辭 / 情见乎辞
* 應乎人心 / 应乎人心
* 扎乎
* 拉近乎
* 攻乎異端 / 攻乎异端
* 斷乎 / 断乎 (duànhū)
* 斷乎不可 / 断乎不可
* 於乎 / 于乎 (wūhū)
* 於是乎 / 于是乎 (yúshìhū)
* 毫不在乎
* 況乎 / 况乎 (kuànghū)
* 渙乎 / 涣乎
* 溜之乎也
* 滿不在乎 / 满不在乎
* 猶之乎 / 犹之乎
* 異乎尋常 / 异乎寻常 (yìhūxúncháng)
* 瞠乎其後 / 瞠乎其后 (chēnghūqíhòu)
* 瞠乎後矣 / 瞠乎后矣
* 確乎 / 确乎
* 神乎其技 (shénhūqíjì)
* 神乎其神
* 胖乎乎 (pànghūhū)
* 臭乎乎
* 超乎 (chāohū)
* 辣乎乎
* 近乎
* 迥乎不同 (jiǒnghūbùtóng)
* 關乎 / 关乎 (guānhū)
* 難乎為繼 / 难乎为继 (nánhūwéijì)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hō͘
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hō͘
*** Tâi-lô: hōo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ho
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hɔ²²/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hɔ³³/

### Definitions

乎
* Alternative form of 予 (“hō͘”)
    From: 2015, 曹雅雯 and 許富凱, 今生的願望
    Kè hō͘ lí sī gún kim-seng ê goān-bāng. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    Getting married to you is my wish in this life.
    From: 2017, 蔡佳麟, 心‧離開
    Khòaⁿ lí ūi i teh siong-sim, hō͘ góa sim-lāi chhiūⁿ chiam ui. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    Seeing you grieve over him makes my heart feel like it is poked with a needle.

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hohⁿ / hôⁿ / hô͘ / hoⁿ / hōⁿ
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hohⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: honnh
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hvoq
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hɔ̃ʔ³²/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hôⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: hônn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hvoo
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines): /hɔ̃²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hô͘
*** Tâi-lô: hôo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoo
*** IPA (Philippines): /hɔ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: honn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hvof
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɔ̃⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hōⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: hōnn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hvo
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɔ̃²²/

#### Definitions

乎
* (Hokkien) Sentence-final particle expressing doubt with a question, especially to ask for confirmation: right?
       Koe-lō͘ chhia chin chòe, hohⁿ? [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       There's so many cars on the road, right?
       Lí kin-á-li̍t beh chhut-khì chhit-thô hohⁿ? [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       You're going out today to play, right?
* (Mainland China and Philippine Hokkien) Particle in the middle of a sentence to express a pause in speaking with slight emphasis on the preceding word: right
       Góa hohⁿ, beh kià lí bóe chi̍t pún chheh. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       I, right, want to send you to buy a book.
       In kiáⁿ hohⁿ, beh chòe kong-si ê keng-lí lo͘h. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       Their son, right, is gonna be a company manager.
* (Taiwanese Hokkien) Sentence-final particle expressing a question to tease or ridicule someone
       Hoe sī lí sàng ê hohⁿ? Bián pháiⁿ-sè là! [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       You gave the flowers, didn't you? Don't be embarrassed!
* (Taiwanese Hokkien) modal particle expressing understanding, comprehension, realization: oh!
       Hohⁿ, goân-lâi sī án-ni o͘h! [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       Oh! So that's how it is.
* (Zhangzhou Hokkien) Sentence-final particle to indicate an imperative sentence
       Lí ta̍k kò goe̍h tio̍h kià phe lâi hohⁿ. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       You send a letter every month, okay?

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: ご (go)、お (o)
* Kan-on: こ (ko)
* Kun: よ (yo, 乎)、かな (kana, 乎)、ああ (ā, 乎)、や (ya, 乎)、か (ka, 乎)、を (o, 乎)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 乎
* か Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 乎 – see the following entry. :
| 【か】 | [particle] interrogative or rhetorical question particle, similar to a question mark ("?"). [particle] indefinite particle; "some-" [particle] disjunctive particle; "or" [particle] whether (or not) [particle] indication of doubt [prefix] (emphatic, before an adjective, non-productive) very [suffix] forms 形容動詞 (keiyō dōshi, “-na adjectives”) from stems, indicating the state or feeling of an object Alternative spellings 歟, カ, ヵ |
(This term, 乎, is an alternative spelling (literary, obsolete) of the above term.) :

## Korean
### Hanja

乎 (eumhun 어조사 호 (eojosa ho))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

### References

* Naver Hanja Dictionary: 乎

## Old Korean
### Etymology 1

From the Middle Chinese reading 乎 (MC hu).

#### Phonogram

乎 (*-wo or *-hwo)
* A syllabic phonogram denoting either final syllable *-wo or *-hwo

### Etymology 2
#### Suffix

乎 (*-wo)
* A very common verbal suffix, sometimes called the "modulator" in English, whose meaning is disputed. See the Middle Korean entry 오 (-wo) for more.

##### Descendants

* Middle Korean: 오 (-wo, yang-vowel modulator suffix)

### Etymology 3
#### Suffix

乎 (*-wo)
* An adverb-deriving suffix.

##### Descendants

* Middle Korean: 오 (-wo, yang-vowel adverb-deriving suffix)

### Etymology 4
#### Verb

乎 (*h(oy)-wo)
* Form with modulator suffix of 爲 (*ho(y)-, “to do”)

### References

* 황선엽 (Hwang Seon-yeop), 이전경 (Yi Jeon-gyeong), 하귀녀 (Ha Gwi-nyeo), 이용 (Yi Yong), 박진호 (Park Jin-ho), 김성주 (Kim Seong-ju), 장경준 (Jang Gyeong-jun), 서민욱 (Seo Min-uk), 이지영 (Yi Ji-yeong), 서형국 (Seo Hyeong-guk). (2009) 석독구결사전/釋讀口訣辭典 [Dictionary of interpretive gugyeol], Bakmunsa, →ISBN, pages 393—396

## Vietnamese
### Han character

乎: Hán Việt readings: hồ, hô
乎: Nôm readings: hồ
* (Literary Chinese) sentence final particle expressing a question.