# 結果
## Chinese
### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): jiéguǒ
       (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄝˊ ㄍㄨㄛˇ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): җегуә (ži͡əguə, I-II)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): git$^3$ gwo$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kiet-kó / kiat-kó
    (Hailu, HRS): gied go$^ˊ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): giad$^5$ guo$^3$
* Eastern Min (BUC): giék-guōi
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): geh$^6$ gor$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kiat-kó / kiat-kó͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gag$^4$ guê$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^7$ciq-ku
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiéguǒ
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄝˊ ㄍㄨㄛˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jiéguǒ
*** Wade–Giles: chieh$^2$-kuo$^3$
*** Yale: jyé-gwǒ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jyeguoo
*** Palladius: цзего (czego)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: җегуә (ži͡əguə, I-II)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiə²⁴ kuə⁵¹/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: git$^3$ gwo$^2$
*** Yale: git gwó
*** Cantonese Pinyin: git$^8$ gwo$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gid$^3$ guo$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kiːt̚³ kʷɔː³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiet-kó
*** Hakka Romanization System: gied$^ˋ$ go$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: giad$^5$ go$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki̯et̚² ko³¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiat-kó
*** Hakka Romanization System: giad$^ˋ$ go$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: giad$^5$ go$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki̯at̚² ko³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: gied go$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /kiet⁵⁻² ko²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: giad$^5$ guo$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /kiat̚¹ kuo³¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: giék-guōi
*** Sinological IPA : /kieʔ²⁴⁻³⁵ kui³³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: geh$^6$ gor$^3$ [Phonetic: geh$^7$ gor$^3$]
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: geh-gô̤
*** Sinological IPA : /kɛʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ kɒ⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: geh$^6$ gor$^3$ [Phonetic: geh$^7$ gor$^3$]
*** Sinological IPA : /kɛʔ²⁻²⁴ kɒ³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiat-kó
*** Tâi-lô: kiat-kó
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kiatkoir
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ kɤ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɛt̚³²⁻⁵ ko⁵³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ ko⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiat-kó͘
*** Tâi-lô: kiat-kóo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kiatkor
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ kɔ⁵⁵⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gag$^4$ guê$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kak kué
*** Sinological IPA : /kak̚²⁻⁴ kue⁵²⁻²¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^7$ciq-ku
*** MiniDict: cih$^入$ ku
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^4$jiq-ku
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕiɪʔ³³ ku⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: ket kwaX
Rime :
| Character | 結 | 果 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 屑 (87) | 戈 (95) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | IV | I |
| Fanqie | 古屑切 | 古火切 |
| Baxter | ket | kwaX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ket̚/ | /kuɑ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ket̚/ | /kuɑ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kɛt̚/ | /kuɑ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kɛt̚/ | /kwa$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ket̚/ | /kuɑ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /kiet̚/ | /kuɑ$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kiet̚/ | /kuɑ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jie | guǒ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | git$^3$ | gwo$^2$ |

#### Noun

結果
* result; outcome (Classifier: 個／个)
    得出結果／得出结果 ― déchū jiéguǒ ― to obtain a result
    治療結果／治疗结果 ― zhìliáo jiéguǒ ― treatment outcome
       Wǒ zuò guò hésuān jiǎncè le, jiéguǒ shì yīnxìng de. [Pinyin]
       I have taken a nucleic acid test, and the result was negative.
       Zhège jiéguǒ yǐjīng chāochū le wǒmen de yùxiǎng. [Pinyin]
       This result has exceeded our expectations.
       Wǒ yīzhí zài chángshì nǔlì, kě jiéguǒ zǒngshì bùjìn rényì. [Pinyin]
       I have been putting in a lot of effort, but the results are always less than satisfactory.
    From: 1942, 朱自清 (Zhu Ziqing), 經典常談
    Wǒguó jīngdiǎn, wèijīng zhěnglǐ, dú qǐlái tèbié nán, yībānrén wǎngwǎng wàng'érshēngwèi, jiéguǒ shì jìng'éryuǎnzhī. [Pinyin]
    Chinese classics are difficult to read uncollated. Ordinary people are often terrified by the sight of them, and prefer to remain at a respectful distance.
* (obsolete) style of dress

##### Synonyms

* (result):
* 分曉 / 分晓 (fēnxiǎo)
* 後果 / 后果 (hòuguǒ) (chiefly negative)
* 惡果 / 恶果 (èguǒ) (negative)
* 效應 / 效应 (xiàoyìng) (chiefly in biology, chemistry)
* 效果 (xiàoguǒ) (chiefly positive)
* 歸結 / 归结 (guījié)
* 產物 / 产物 (chǎnwù) (figurative)
* 結局 / 结局 (jiéjú)

##### Antonyms

* 原因 (yuányīn)

#### Adverb

結果
* finally; in the end; as a result; to end up being
       Tāmen xiángxì tǎolùn le zhè jiàn shì, jiéguǒ dáchéng liàngjiě. [Pinyin]
       They discussed the matter in detail, and finally came to an understanding.

##### Synonyms

* 最後／最后 (zuìhòu)
* 最終／最终 (zuìzhōng)
* 到頭來／到头来 (dàotóulái)
* (colloquial) 臨了／临了 (línliǎo)

#### Verb

結果
* to kill; to finish off
* (obsolete) to dress up; to deck out; to make up

##### Synonyms

* (to dress up):
* 修飾 / 修饰 (xiūshì)
* 打刷 (Xinzhou)
* 打扮
* 扮靚 / 扮靓 (bànliàng) (chiefly Cantonese)
* 扮飾 / 扮饰 (bànshì)
* 捯飭 / 捯饬 (dáochi) (colloquial)
* 梳妝 / 梳妆 (shūzhuāng)
* 結束 / 结束 (jiéshù) (archaic)
* 裝扮 / 装扮 (zhuāngbàn)
* 裝束 / 装束 (zhuāngshù) (formal)
* 裝飾 / 装饰 (zhuāngshì)
* 裝點 / 装点 (zhuāngdiǎn)
* 點綴 / 点缀 (diǎnzhuì)

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jiēguǒ, jiéguǒ
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄝ ㄍㄨㄛˇ, ㄐㄧㄝˊ ㄍㄨㄛˇ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): git$^3$ gwo$^2$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): get$^1$ go$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kiet-kó / kiat-kó
    (Hailu, HRS): gied go$^ˊ$
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): geh$^6$ gor$^3$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kiat-kó / kiat-kó͘
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiēguǒ
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄝ ㄍㄨㄛˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jieguǒ
*** Wade–Giles: chieh$^1$-kuo$^3$
*** Yale: jyē-gwǒ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jieguoo
*** Palladius: цзего (czego)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiéguǒ
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄝˊ ㄍㄨㄛˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jiéguǒ
*** Wade–Giles: chieh$^2$-kuo$^3$
*** Yale: jyé-gwǒ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jyeguoo
*** Palladius: цзего (czego)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: git$^3$ gwo$^2$
*** Yale: git gwó
*** Cantonese Pinyin: git$^8$ gwo$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gid$^3$ guo$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kiːt̚³ kʷɔː³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: get$^1$ go$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /ket̚³³ kᵘɔ⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiet-kó
*** Hakka Romanization System: gied$^ˋ$ go$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: giad$^5$ go$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki̯et̚² ko³¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiat-kó
*** Hakka Romanization System: giad$^ˋ$ go$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: giad$^5$ go$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki̯at̚² ko³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: gied go$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /kiet⁵⁻² ko²⁴/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: geh$^6$ gor$^3$ [Phonetic: geh$^7$ gor$^3$]
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: geh-gô̤
*** Sinological IPA : /kɛʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ kɒ⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: geh$^6$ gor$^3$ [Phonetic: geh$^7$ gor$^3$]
*** Sinological IPA : /kɛʔ²⁻²⁴ kɒ³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiat-kó
*** Tâi-lô: kiat-kó
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kiatkoir
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ kɤ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɛt̚³²⁻⁵ ko⁵³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ ko⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiat-kó͘
*** Tâi-lô: kiat-kóo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kiatkor
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ kɔ⁵⁵⁴/

#### Verb

結⫽果 (verb-object)
* to bear fruit
       Tā bǎ bù jiēguǒ de zhī dōu xiūjiǎn diào. [Pinyin]
       He pruned every branch that did not bear fruit.
       Cǎoméi bù kāihuā, yě bù jiēguǒ. [Pinyin]
       The strawberry tree won't bloom or bear fruit.

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 結果, 結實, 結子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 結果 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 結果 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 打子 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 結子, 打子 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 結子, 打子 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 結子, 打子 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 結子, 打子 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 結子, 打子 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 結子, 打子 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 結果 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 結囝 |

##### Derived terms

* 開花結果 / 开花结果

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 結(けっ)果(か) (kekka)
* → Korean: 결과(結果) (gyeolgwa)
* → Vietnamese: kết quả (結果)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 結 | 果 |
| けつ > けっ Grade: 4 | か Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) けっか [kèkká] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ke̞k̚ka̠]

### Noun

結(けっ)果(か) • (kekka)
* the result, effect, consequence
    結果(けっか)だけだ、この世(よ)には結果(けっか)だけが残(のこ)る。
       Kekka dake da, kono yo ni wa kekka dake ga nokoru.
       Only the result, only the result remains in this world.
* the performance, the accomplishment, the achievement

#### Synonyms

* (effect): 成果(せいか) (seika), 余波(よは) (yoha)

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “effect”): 原因(げんいん) (gen'in)

### Verb

結(けっ)果(か)する • (kekka suru) suru (stem 結(けっ)果(か)し (kekka shi), past 結(けっ)果(か)した (kekka shita))
* (rare) bear fruit

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 結果し | けっかし | kekka shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 結果し | けっかし | kekka shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 結果する | けっかする | kekka suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 結果する | けっかする | kekka suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 結果すれ | けっかすれ | kekka sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 結果せよ¹ 結果しろ² | けっかせよ¹ けっかしろ² | kekka seyo¹ kekka shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 結果される | けっかされる | kekka sareru |
| Causative | 結果させる 結果さす | けっかさせる けっかさす | kekka saseru kekka sasu |
| Potential | 結果できる | けっかできる | kekka dekiru |
| Volitional | 結果しよう | けっかしよう | kekka shiyō |
| Negative | 結果しない | けっかしない | kekka shinai |
| Negative continuative | 結果せず | けっかせず | kekka sezu |
| Formal | 結果します | けっかします | kekka shimasu |
| Perfective | 結果した | けっかした | kekka shita |
| Conjunctive | 結果して | けっかして | kekka shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 結果すれば | けっかすれば | kekka sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

#### Synonyms

* 結実(けつじつ) (ketsujitsu), 実(み)を結(むす)ぶ (mi o musubu)

### References

* 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.
* Kitahara, Yasuo, editor (2002), 明鏡国語辞典 [Meikyō Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Taishūkan Shoten, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 結 | 果 |

### Noun

結果 • (gyeolgwa) (hangeul 결과)
* hanja form of 결과 (“result”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 結 | 果 |

### Noun

結果
* chữ Hán form of kết quả (“result”).