# 家長
## Chinese

* 家長

### Etymology

Semantically parallels Proto-Indo-European *déms pótis (“master of the house”), whence Ancient Greek δεσπότης (despótēs), Sanskrit दम्पति (dampati), etc.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jiāzhǎng
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄚ ㄓㄤˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gaa$^1$ zoeng$^2$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kâ-chóng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): ka-tióng / kee-tiáng / ka-tiúⁿ / kee-tióⁿ / ke-tiúⁿ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gê$^1$ ziang$^2$ / gê$^1$ diên$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiāzhǎng
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄚ ㄓㄤˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jiajhǎng
*** Wade–Giles: chia$^1$-chang$^3$
*** Yale: jyā-jǎng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiajaang
*** Palladius: цзячжан (czjačžan)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gaa$^1$ zoeng$^2$
*** Yale: gā jéung
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gaa$^1$ dzoeng$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ga$^1$ zêng$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kaː⁵⁵ t͡sœːŋ³⁵/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$嘉獎 / 嘉奖 家長 / 家长
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kâ-chóng
*** Hakka Romanization System: ga$^ˊ$ zong$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ga$^1$ zong$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /ka²⁴ t͡soŋ³¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ka-tióng
*** Tâi-lô: ka-tióng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ka'diorng
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ka⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɔŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ka³³ tiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ka⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɔŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ka⁴⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kee-tiáng
*** Tâi-lô: kee-tiáng
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² tiaŋ⁵³/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ka-tiúⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: ka-tiúnn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ka'dviuo
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ka⁴⁴⁻³³ tiũ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ka⁴⁴⁻³³ tiũ⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kee-tióⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: kee-tiónn
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² tiɔ̃⁵³/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ke-tiúⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: ke-tiúnn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ke'dviuo
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ke⁴⁴⁻³³ tiũ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ke⁴⁴⁻³³ tiũ⁵³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gê$^1$ ziang$^2$ / gê$^1$ diên$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ke tsiáng / ke tiéⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /ke³³⁻²³ t͡siaŋ⁵²/, /ke³³⁻²³ tĩẽ⁵²/
* Middle Chinese: kae trjangX
Rime :
| Character | 家 | 長 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 知 (9) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (98) | 陽 (105) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | II | III |
| Fanqie | 古牙切 | 知丈切 |
| Baxter | kae | trjangX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠa/ | /ʈɨɐŋ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kᵚa/ | /ʈiɐŋ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ka/ | /ȶiɑŋ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kaɨ/ | /ʈɨaŋ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ka/ | /ȶiaŋ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ka/ | /ȶĭaŋ$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ka/ | /ȶi̯aŋ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiā | zhǎng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gaa$^1$ | zoeng$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤra traŋʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kraː taŋʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 家 | 長 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jiā | zhǎng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kæ › | ‹ trjang$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*kˁra/ | /*traŋʔ/ |
| English | household | grow; elder |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 家 | 長 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/3 |
| No. | 5919 | 1263 |
| Phonetic component | 家 | 長 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 嘉 | 長 |
| Old Chinese | /*kraː/ | /*taŋʔ/ |

### Noun

家長
* head of a household; family head; patriarch
    From: Mozi, c. 4th century BCE
    Ruò chùjiā dézuì yú jiācháng, yóu yǒu línjiā suǒ bìtáo zhī. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* parent(s) or guardian of a minor (especially a student)
    見家長／见家长 ― jiàn jiāzhǎng ― (of a student's teacher or a person's partner) to meet one's parents

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 父母, 爺娘, 怙恃, 雙親 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 父母, 雙親, 父母親 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 爹媽, 老家兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 爸媽 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 爸媽, 家長 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 老的兒, 爹媽 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 老兒的 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 媽爸 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 娘老子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 娘老子, 老漢們 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 娘老子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 娘老子, 媽老漢兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 媽老漢兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 娘老子, 兩老 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 娘老子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 娘老子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 娘老子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 爺娘 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 老豆老母 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 老豆老母, 爹哋媽咪, 阿爸阿媽 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 老子阿奶 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 爺娘 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 娘爺 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 爺哀 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 爺哀 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 阿爸阿姆 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 阿姆阿爸 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 爺哀 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 阿爸阿姆 |
| Hakka | Liannan | 爺哀 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 爺哀 |
| Hakka | Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) | 爺哀 |
| Hakka | Changting | 爹哀, 爺哀 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 爺哀 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Yanqian) | 爺哀 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 爺哀 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 爹母 |
| Hakka | Ningdu | 爹姐 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 哀爹, 爺娘, 爺哀 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 爹哀 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 爺姐 |
| Hakka | Tonggu (Sandu) | 娘爺 |
| Hakka | Ganzhou (Panlong) | 爺姐 |
| Hakka | Dayu | 爺佬姐佬 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 爺哀, 爺娘, 兩老 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 爺哀, 爺娘, 兩老 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 爺哀, 爺娘, 兩老 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 爺哀, 爺娘, 兩老 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 爺哀, 爺娘, 兩老 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 爺哀, 爺母, 兩老 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 阿爸阿姆 |
| Hakka | Yangxi (Tangkou) | 老子阿奶 |
| Hakka | Yangchun (Sanjia) | 父母 |
| Hakka | Xinyi (Sihe) | 爺哀 |
| Hakka | Xinyi (Qianpai) | 爺哀 |
| Hakka | Gaozhou (Xindong) | 爸媽 |
| Hakka | Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai) | 父母親 |
| Hakka | Huazhou (Xin'an) | 爺哀 |
| Hakka | Lianjiang (Shijiao) | 爺哀, 爸哀 |
| Hakka | Lianjiang (Qingping) | 爸哀 |
| Hakka | Luchuan | 爸媽 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 娘老子, 老子娘, 老子爺娘 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 爹娘 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 老子娘 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 爹奶 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 爸奶 |
| Eastern Min | Matsu | 爸奶 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 爸母, 老爸母 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 爸母, 老爸母 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 爸母 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 爸母, 老爸母 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 爸母 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 爸母 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 爸母 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 爸母 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 爸母 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 爸母 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 爸母 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 爸母 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 爸母 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 爸母 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 爸母 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 爸母 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 爸母 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 爸母 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 父嬡, 爸母 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 父嬡 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 爸母 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 爺娘 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 爺娘 |
| Wu | Danyang | 娘啊老子, 爺娘 rare |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 娘老子 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 爹娘 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 奶阿伯, 阿伯奶 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 爺娘 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 爺娘 |

#### Derived terms

* 大家長 / 大家长
* 家長主義 / 家长主义 (jiāzhǎng zhǔyì)
* 家長制 / 家长制
* 家長會 / 家长会 (jiāzhǎnghuì)
* 家長黨 / 家长党 (jiāzhǎngdǎng)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 家(か)長(ちょう) (kachō)
* → Korean: 가장(家長) (gajang)
* → Vietnamese: gia trưởng (家長)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 家 | 長 |
| か Grade: 2 | ちょう Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||

### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 家長 (MC kae trjangX).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ka̠t͡ɕo̞ː]

### Noun

家(か)長(ちょう) • (kachō)
* the head of a household, a householder
* a patriarch
* a matriarch

#### Usage notes

* Historically, this role has more commonly been filled by a man. However, this word alone is generally not gender-specific, and can refer to either a male or female head of household. To specify a particular gender, this word may be prefixed with either 女 (onna, “woman”) or 男 (otoko, “man”).

#### Synonyms

* 族長(ぞくちょう) (zokuchō): the head of a family or clan

#### See also

* 女家長(おんなかちょう) (onna kachō): a matriarch, the female head of a household
* 男家長(おとこかちょう) (otoko kachō): a patriarch, the male head of a household
* 女族長(おんなぞくちょう) (onna zokuchō): a matriarch, the female head of a family or clan
* 男族長(おとこぞくちょう) (otoko zokuchō): a patriarch, the male head of a family or clan

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 家 | 長 |

### Noun

家長 • (gajang) (hangeul 가장)
* hanja form of 가장 (“the head of a family”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 家 | 長 |

### Noun

家長
* chữ Hán form of gia trưởng (“the head of a family”).

### Adjective

家長
* chữ Hán form of gia trưởng (“patriarchal; paternalistic”).