# 天地
## Chinese

* 天地 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 天地 (Cantonese)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tiāndì
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄧㄢ ㄉㄧˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): tin$^1$ dei$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thiên-thi
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): thiⁿ-tōe / thiⁿ-tē / thian-tē / thian-tōe / thiⁿ-tǐ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): tin$^1$ di$^7$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tiāndì
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄧㄢ ㄉㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tiandì
*** Wade–Giles: tʻien$^1$-ti$^4$
*** Yale: tyān-dì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tiandih
*** Palladius: тяньди (tjanʹdi)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ti⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: tin$^1$ dei$^6$
*** Yale: tīn deih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tin$^1$ dei$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: tin$^1$ déi$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰiːn⁵⁵ tei̯²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thiên-thi
*** Hakka Romanization System: tien$^ˊ$ ti
*** Hagfa Pinyim: tian$^1$ ti$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰi⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thiⁿ-tōe
*** Tâi-lô: thinn-tuē
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tvi'doe
*** IPA (Taipei): /tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ tue³³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰĩ³³ tue⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² tue²²/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thiⁿ-tē
*** Tâi-lô: thinn-tē
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tvi'de
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ te³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² te²²/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thian-tē
*** Tâi-lô: thian-tē
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tiende
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ te³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² te²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰiɛn³³ te⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thian-tōe
*** Tâi-lô: thian-tuē
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tiendoe
*** IPA (Taipei): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tue³³/
** (Hokkien: Longyan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thiⁿ-tǐ
*** Tâi-lô: thinn-tǐ
*** IPA (Longyan): /tʰĩ³³⁴ ti⁵³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: tin$^1$ di$^7$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thiⁿ tī
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰĩ³³⁻²³ ti¹¹/
* Middle Chinese: then dijH
Rime :
| Character | 天 | 地 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 透 (6) | 定 (7) |
| Final (韻) | 先 (85) | 脂 (15) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | IV | III |
| Fanqie | 他前切 | 徒四切 |
| Baxter | then | dijH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tʰen/ | /diɪ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /tʰen/ | /di$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /tʰɛn/ | /djɪ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /tʰɛn/ | /di$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /tʰen/ | /di$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /tʰien/ | /di$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /tʰien/ | /dʱi$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | tiān | dì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | tin$^1$ | dei$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*l̥ˤi[n]|l̥ˤi[n] [l]ˤej-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qʰl'iːn l'els/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 天 | 天 | 地 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | tiān | xiān | dì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ then › | ‹ xen › | ‹ dij$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*l̥ˁi[n]/ | /*l̥ˁi[n]/ (W dialect: l̥ˁ- > Hàn-time *xˁ- > MC x-) | /*[l]ˁej-s/ |
| English | heaven | heaven | earth, ground |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 天 | 地 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 12387 | 14808 |
| Phonetic component | 天 | 也 |
| Rime group | 眞 | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 天 | 地 |
| Old Chinese | /*qʰl'iːn/ | /*l'els/ |

### Noun

天地
* (literally) sky and ground; heaven and earth
    From: Zhou Xingsi, Thousand Character Classic, circa 6th century CE
    Tiāndì xuánhuáng, yǔzhòu hónghuāng. [Pinyin]
    Heaven and earth is dark and yellow; the universe is vast and chaotic.
* (figurative) world; the vast earth; universe
    From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
    Tiāndì yǔ wǒ bìngcún, ér wànwù yǔ wǒ wèi yī. [Pinyin]
    The universe and I came into being together; and I, and everything therein, are One.
    From: Wu Cheng'en, Journey to the West, 16th century CE
    Rénxīn shēng yīniàn, tiāndì jìn jiēzhī. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (figurative, literary) two opposing things; contrasting items
* (figurative) scope; field; area; realm; sphere; range
* (figurative, now dialectal) situation; plight; predicament

#### Synonyms

* (heaven and earth): 乾坤 (qiánkūn)

#### Derived terms

* 不共天地
* 別有天地 / 别有天地 (biéyǒutiāndì)
* 功均天地
* 同志天地
* 壺中天地 / 壶中天地
* 天地一沙鷗 / 天地一沙鸥
* 天地一色
* 天地不容 (tiāndìbùróng)
* 天地世間 / 天地世间
* 天地之別 / 天地之别
* 天地交泰
* 天地可表
* 天地君親師 / 天地君亲师 (tiān dì jūn qīn shī)
* 天地會 / 天地会
* 天地玄黃 / 天地玄黄
* 天地萬物 / 天地万物
* 天地精華 / 天地精华
* 天地良心
* 天地蓋載 / 天地盖载
* 天地轉側 / 天地转侧
* 天地造化
* 天地間 / 天地间 (tiāndìjiān)
* 天地頭 / 天地头
* 天地鬼神
* 小天地
* 感動天地 / 感动天地
* 拜天地 (bài tiāndì)
* 新天地 (xīntiāndì)
* 闖天地 / 闯天地
* 驚天地，泣鬼神 / 惊天地，泣鬼神 (jīng tiāndì, qì guǐshén)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 天(てん)地(ち) (tenchi)
* → Korean: 천지(天地) (cheonji)
* → Vietnamese: thiên địa (天地)
* → Old Uyghur: 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷 𐽶𐽰𐽲𐽶𐽴 (kök yagïz) (calque)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 天 | 地 |
| てん Grade: 1 | ち Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) てんち [téꜜǹchì] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [tẽ̞ɲ̟t͡ɕi]

### Noun

天(てん)地(ち) • (tenchi)
* heaven and earth; and all things in them.
* (by extension) top and bottom
    天地無用(てんちむよう) (tenchimuyō)
    天地(てんち)ひっくり返(かえ)し
       tenchi hikkurikaeshi
       (please add an English translation of this example)

#### Synonyms

* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう) (uchū): the universe
* 自(し)然(ぜん) (shizen): nature
* 世(せ)界(かい) (sekai): the world
* 万(ばん)象(しょう) (banshō): all things, all of the universe, every manifestation of nature
* 万(ばん)物(ぶつ) (banbutsu): all things, all of the universe, every manifestation of nature

#### See also

* 天(てん)変(ぺん)地(ち)異(い) (tenpenchii): turmoil throughout heaven and earth

#### Further reading

* 天地 on the Japanese Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{ja}$

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 天 | 地 |

### Noun

天地 • (cheonji) (hangeul 천지)
* hanja form of 천지 (“heaven and earth”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 天 | 地 |

### Noun

天地
* chữ Hán form of thiên địa (“heaven and earth”).