# 䆀

| 䆀 | U+4180, &#16768; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4180 |
| ← 䅿 [U+417F] | CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A | 䆁 → [U+4181] |

## Translingual
### Han character

䆀 (Kangxi radical 115, 禾+12, 17 strokes, cangjie input 竹木田土火 (HDWGF), four-corner 2693$_1$, composition ⿰禾黑)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 860, character 18
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2632, character 8
* Unihan data for U+4180

## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some! Particularly: “Teochew”
* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): měi (mei$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄇㄟˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): mui$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): bái / bóe
    (Teochew, Peng'im): bhai$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: měi
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄟˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: měi
*** Wade–Giles: mei$^3$
*** Yale: měi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: meei
*** Palladius: мэй (mɛj)
*** Sinological IPA : /meɪ̯²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: mui$^5$
*** Yale: múih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: mui$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: mui$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /muːi̯¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bái
*** Tâi-lô: bái
*** Phofsit Daibuun: bae
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /bai⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /bai⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bóe
*** Tâi-lô: bué
*** Phofsit Daibuun: boea
*** IPA (Xiamen): /bue⁵³/
* bái - vernacular;
* bóe - literary.
* Middle Chinese: mojX, mwojH, mojH
Rime :
| Character | 䆀 | 䆀 | 䆀 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) | 明 (4) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 咍 (41) | 灰 (42) | 咍 (41) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Departing (H) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I | I |
| Fanqie | 莫亥切 | 莫佩切 | 莫代切 |
| Baxter | mojX | mwojH | mojH |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /mʌi$^X$/ | /muʌi$^H$/ | /mʌi$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /məi$^X$/ | /muoi$^H$/ | /məi$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /mɒi$^X$/ | /muɒi$^H$/ | /mɒi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /məj$^X$/ | /mwəj$^H$/ | /məj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /mᴀi$^X$/ | /muᴀi$^H$/ | /mᴀi$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /mɒi$^X$/ | /muɒi$^H$/ | /mɒi$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /mɑ̆i$^X$/ | /muɑ̆i$^H$/ | /mɑ̆i$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | mǎi | mèi | mài |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | moi$^5$ | mui$^6$ | moi$^6$ |

### Definitions

䆀
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to corrupt; to ruin
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) dark spots on crops after getting wet in the rain
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) black
* (Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) bad; not good; disappointing; of poor quality
    心情䆀 [Hokkien] ― sim-chêng bái [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien, euphemistic) to die (usually of children; also of adults in Zhangzhou)
* (Hokkien, of fire) slow; small
* (Hokkien, Teochew) ugly
* (Zhao'an Hokkien) difficult; hard (to do something)

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 惡 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 壞 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 壞, 賴 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 壞 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 壞 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 壞 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 壞, 孬, 賴 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 瞎, 壞 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 壞 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 壞, 拐 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 壞 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 壞 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 壞, 弊, 衰 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 壞, 衰 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 衰 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 壞 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 衰 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 衰 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 壞 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 壞 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Meilin) | 衰 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 賴, 壞 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 壞, 獰 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 呆, 否 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 歹, 䆀 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 歹 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 歹 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 歹 |
| Southern Min | Nan'an | 歹 |
| Southern Min | Shishi | 歹 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 䆀 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 䆀, 孬 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 歹 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 䆀, 歹 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 歹 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 歹 |
| Southern Min | Datian | 歹 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 孬 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 孬 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 孬, 歹 |
| Southern Min | Puning | 孬 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 歹, 孬 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 㾀 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 㾀 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 㾀 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 㾀 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 壞, 恘 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 壞, 恘 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 歪, 推扳, 嘸做 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 毛 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 壞, 拐 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 壞, 拐 |
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 難, 困難, 艱難 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 難, 困難, 艱難 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 難 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 難 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 難 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 難 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 難 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 難 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 難 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 難 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 難 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 難 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 難, 惡 † |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 難, 惡 † |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 難 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 難, 惡 † |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 難, 惡 † |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 難 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 難 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 難 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 難 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 難 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 難 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 難 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 難 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 難 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 難 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 難 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 艱難, 難 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 惡, 艱苦, 歹 † |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 難 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 惡, 䆀 † |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 惡 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 惡, 歹 † |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 艱苦, 歹 † |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 惡, 艱苦, 歹 † |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 艱苦, 惡, 歹 † |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 難, 惡 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 惡, 艱苦 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 惡, 歹 † |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 惡 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 惡 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 惡 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 難 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 難 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 難 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 難 |
| Note | † - only used with a verbal complement | † - only used with a verbal complement |
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 醜, 媸 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 醜陋 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 難看, 寒磣, 磣 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 難看, 醜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 難看, 醜 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 難看, 醜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 難看, 醜, 不心疼 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 難看, 醜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 醜, 不好看 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 難看, 醜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 難看, 醜, 相壞 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 難睇, 醜, 醜怪, 樣衰, 醜樣, 肉酸, 核突 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 難睇, 醜, 醜怪, 樣衰, 醜樣, 肉酸, 核突 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 難睞 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 惡看, 醜鬼 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 不客氣, 難看 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 難看, 難睞, 醜, 像鬼 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 媸, 醜 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 媸, 醜 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 媸, 醜 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 媸, 醜 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 媸, 醜 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 䆀 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 難看, 醜 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 驚人, 毛格式, 生得呆 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 驚儂, 驚, 伓好看, 生得呆 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 歹看, 㾀勢 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 兇, 歹看, 㾀勢 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 兇, 歹看, 㾀勢 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 䆀看, 㾀勢 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 歹看, 䆀, 䆀材, 㾀, 䆀猴, 㾀勢 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 歹看 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 歹看, 䆀 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 兇, 歹看, 㾀勢 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 孬睇, 野樣, 䆀 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 野樣, 䆀 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 野樣 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 歹睇 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 難看, 怕 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Songjiang) | 怕 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Jiading) | 怕 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 難看, 怕 |
| Wu | Kunshan | 難看 |
| Wu | Jiaxing | 難看 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 難看 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 難看 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 難覷, 否好覷, 醜 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 醜, 不好看, 不打彩 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 醜, 不好看 |

### Compounds

* 好䆀
* 𣍐䆀 / 𫧃䆀 (bē-bái)
* 䆀代
* 䆀價 / 䆀价
* 䆀冬
* 䆀剃頭 / 䆀剃头
* 䆀勢 / 䆀势
* 䆀勢面 / 䆀势面
* 䆀味
* 䆀喙
* 䆀喙斗
* 䆀天
* 䆀字運 / 䆀字运
* 䆀市
* 䆀康
* 䆀彩頭 / 䆀彩头
* 䆀徛
* 䆀徛起
* 䆀性地
* 䆀才
* 䆀手
* 䆀手蹄
* 䆀指
* 䆀拾抾
* 䆀收山
* 䆀料
* 䆀樣 / 䆀样
* 䆀款
* 䆀流水
* 䆀火
* 䆀物
* 䆀猴
* 䆀生棄 / 䆀生弃
* 䆀症頭 / 䆀症头
* 䆀癖
* 䆀皮肉
* 䆀目色
* 䆀看
* 䆀看相
* 䆀空
* 䆀粒
* 䆀紡 / 䆀纺
* 䆀聲嗽 / 䆀声嗽
* 䆀育飼 / 䆀育饲
* 䆀腳數 / 䆀脚数
* 䆀講 / 䆀讲
* 䆀譜 / 䆀谱
* 䆀貨 / 䆀货
* 䆀路
* 䆀躄
* 䆀身命
* 䆀辦 / 䆀办
* 䆀面昌
* 䆀體 / 䆀体
* 䆀鬥 / 䆀斗
* 衰䆀
* 起毛䆀

### Further reading

* “䆀”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.