# مر
## Arabic
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /mar.ra/

#### Verb

مَرَّ • (marra) I (non-past يَمُرُّ (yamurru), verbal noun مَرّ (marr) or مُرُور (murūr) or مَمَرّ (mamarr))
* to pass, to elapse, to go by, to cross
* to go through(?) (constructed with ب (b))
    فهل تمر بمشاكل كهذه. ― Are you going through problems like this.[translit?]

##### Derived terms

* مَرَّ مُرُورَ الْكِرَامِ (marra murūra l-kirāmi)

#### Verb

مَرَّ • (marra) I (first-person singular past مَرِرْتُ (marirtu), non-past يَمَرُّ (yamarru), verbal noun مَرَارَة (marāra))
* to be bitter

##### Conjugation
#### Noun

مَرّ • (marr) m
* passing, passage, going by, transit

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Aramaic מרא / ܡܪܐ (marrā, “shovel”), from Akkadian 𒄑𒈥 (GEŠ-MAR /⁠marru⁠/).
* This entry needs quotations to illustrate usage. If you come across any interesting, durably archived quotes then please add them!

#### Noun

مَرّ • (marr) m (plural مُرُور (murūr))
* shovel, spade

##### Declension
### Etymology 3

Compare Hebrew מַר (mar), Classical Syriac ܡܪܝܪܐ (marrīrā), Akkadian 𒋀 (marru), and Ugaritic 𐎎𐎗 (mr).

#### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

#### Adjective

مُرّ • (murr) (feminine مُرَّة (murra), masculine plural أَمْرَار (ʔamrār), feminine plural مَرَائِر (marāʔir), elative أَمَرّ (ʔamarr))
* bitter
* severe
* sharp
* painful

##### Descendants

* Maltese: morr
* → Azerbaijani: mürr
* → Ottoman Turkish: مر (murr)
** →⇒ Armenian: մռու (mṙu)
* → Persian: مر (morr)

#### Noun

مُرّ • (murr) m (plural أَمْرَار (ʔamrār))
* myrrh, the dried sap of Commiphora myrrha

##### Descendants

* → Middle Armenian: մուռ (muṙ)

#### Noun

مُرّ • (murr) m (collective, singulative مُرَّة f (murra))
* myrrh, the plant Commiphora myrrha
* (obsolete) dandelion (Taraxacum officinale sensu lato)

##### Declension
#### See also

Basic tastes in Arabic · طُعُوم‎ (ṭuʕūm) (layout · text) :
| حُلْو (ḥulw) | حَامِض (ḥāmiḍ) | مَالِح (māliḥ) | مُرّ‎ (murr) | حَارّ (ḥārr) | لَاذِع‎ (lāḏiʕ) |

### Etymology 4
#### Verb

مر (form I)
* مُرْ (mur) /mur/: second-person masculine singular imperative of أَمَرَ (ʔamara, “to command”), أَمَرَ (ʔamara, “to become an emir”), and أَمُرَ (ʔamura, “to become an emir”)
* مَرْ (mar) /mar/: second-person masculine singular imperative of أَمِرَ (ʔamira, “to become an emir”) and أَمِرَ (ʔamira, “to grow, to become abundant; to become wealthy”)

### References

* Dozy, Reinhart Pieter Anne (1881) “مر”, in Supplément aux dictionnaires arabes‎ (in French), volume 2, Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 576
* Fraenkel, Siegmund (1886) Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen (in German), Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 86
* Kaufman, Stephen A. (1974) The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic (The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago Assyriological Studies; 19)‎, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, page 70
* Lane, Edward William (1863) “مر”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate, page 2699 seqq.
* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “مر”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen, pages 979–980
* Wehr, Hans (1979) “مر”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN, page 1056 seqq.
* Zimmern, Heinrich (1915) Akkadische Fremdwörter als Beweis für babylonischen Kultureinfluss (in German), Leipzig: A. Edelmann, page 41

## Central Kurdish
### Noun

مر (mir)
* hen

#### Derived terms

* مامر (mamir)
* مراوی (mrawî)
* مریشک (mrîşk)

## Gilaki
### Noun

مر (mar)
* mother

## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology

From Arabic مُرّ (murr).

### Adjective

مر • (murr, mürr)
* bitter

#### Descendants

* →⇒ Armenian: մռու (mṙu)

### Noun

مر • (murr, mürr)
* bitterness
* myrrh

#### Descendants

* →? Armenian: մուռ (muṙ)

### Further reading

* Karapetean, Petros Zēkʻi (1912) “مر”, in Mec baṙaran ōsmanerēnē hayerēn [Great Ottoman–Armenian Dictionary], Constantinople: Aršak Karōean, page 776b
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “مر”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 1143b
* Pōzačean, Yakovbos (1841) “միւրր”, in Hamaṙōt baṙaran i tačkakanē i hay [Concise Ottoman–Armenian Dictionary]‎, Vienna: Mekhitarist Press, page 648a

## Persian
### Etymology 1

From Middle Persian [script needed] (ml /⁠mar⁠/, “number; account; class”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [maɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [mäɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [mäɾ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [mäɾ]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [mäɾ]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [mæɹ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [mäɾ]

#### Particle

مر • (mar) (obsolete)
* Occurs before a word or phrase followed by را (râ), the accusative-dative-genitive marker. [rare after 12th c.]
    مرین مرد را گفتم. (obsolete) ― mar īn mard rā guftam. ― I told this man.
** c. 1080, Nāṣir-i Khusraw, “Qaṣīda 4”, in دیوان ناصرخسرو [Dīvān of Nāṣir-i Khusraw]‎:سلام کن ز من ای باد مر خراسان را مر اهل فضل و خرد را نه عام نادان راsalām kun zi man ay bād mar xurāsān rā mar ahl-i fazl u xirad rā na āmm-i nādān rāO wind, send my greetings to Khurāsān, To its wise and excellent men, not to the ignorant masses.(Classical Persian transliteration)
** Used redundantly with را, with no additional meaning.
** that very, only; used with a restrictive sense.
** Used to denote that را is being used for an indirect object, especially in later usage when را became increasingly associated with the direct object.
* In later texts, sometimes used without را simply for archaic effect, without any semantic meaning.
* number, amount, quantity, limit
** c. 1520, Selim I of the Ottoman Empire, edited by Benedek Péri, The Persian Dīvān of Yavuz Sulṭān Selīm, Budapest, Hungary: Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, →ISBN, page 75:بمن همیشه جفا گر کنی نمی‌رنجم که دیده‌ام ز تو الطاف بی حد و بی مرba-man hamēša jafā gar kunī na-mē-ranjam ki dīda'am zi tu altāf-i bē hadd u bē marThough you always torment me, I am not vexed, For I have seen favors from you beyond count and limit.(Classical Persian transliteration)

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Arabic مُرّ (murr).

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [muɾɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [mʊɾ(ː)]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [mʊɾ(ː)]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [mʊɾ(ː)]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [muɾ(ː)]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [moɹ(ː)]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [muɾ(ː)]

#### Noun

مر • (morr)
* myrrh

#### Adjective

مر • (morr)
* (archaic, rare) bitter
    Synonym: تلخ (talx)
** c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume I, verse 344:گفت ای شه گوش و دستم را ببر بینی‌‌ام بشکاف و لب در حکم مرguft ay šah gūš u dast-am rā biburr bīnī-am biškāf u lab dar hukm-i murr“O king,” said he, “cut off my ears and hands, rip my nose and lips by bitter [cruel] decree.”(Classical Persian transliteration)

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /moɾ/

#### Noun

مر • (mor)
* (Herati) Dialectal form of مار (mâr, “snake”)

### References

* Agnès Lenepveu-Hotz (2018) “Specialization of an ancient object marker in the New Persian of the fifteenth century”, in Alireza Korangy, Corey Miller, editors, Trends in Iranian and Persian Linguistics, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, →ISBN, pages 81–101

## Punjabi
### Verb

مَر • (mar)
* inflection of مَرݨا (marṇā, “to die; die for”):
** stem
** second-person singular familiar imperative

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology 1

From Arabic مَرَّ (marra).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /marr/, [mɑrˤ]
* Audio (al-Lidd):(file)

#### Verb

مرّ • (marr) I (present بمرّ (bimorr))
* to pass, to pass by
* to undergo

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2

From Arabic مُرّ (murr).

#### Adjective

مرّ • (murr) (feminine مرّة (murra))
* bitter

#### See also

Basic tastes in South Levantine Arabic · طعم (ṭaʕm), ذوق (zōʕ) (layout · text) :
| حلو (ḥilu) | حامض (ḥāmeḍ) | مالح (māleḥ) | مرّ (murr) | حارّ (ḥārr) | - |