# s-
## English
### Etymology 1

Abbreviation of scalar (“particle with spin 0”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /s/

#### Prefix

s-
* (physics) Subatomic particles with a spin (quantum angular momentum) of 0, predicted by supersymmetry; the bosonic equivalent of known fermions.

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

Abbreviation of sec- (“secondary”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛs/

#### Prefix

s-
* (organic chemistry) secondary form
    Synonym: sec-
    Coordinate terms: (normal form) n-, (tertiary form) t-

## Albanian
### Prefix

s-
* intensifier

## Cayuga
### Alternative forms

* -hs-

### Prefix

s-
* second person agent pronominal prefix; you

### References

* Marianne Mithun, Reginald Henry (1982) Wadęwayę́stanih - A Cayuga Teaching Grammar, 3rd edition, Woodland Cultural Centre, published 2015, page 54

## Czech
### Etymology

s used as a prefix.

### Prefix

s-
* a prefix, usually indicating either movement together or movement downwards
* direction from top down
    ‎s- + ‎jít → ‎sejít
    Sešel dolů. ― He came down.
* direction toward the middle
    ‎s- + ‎jít → ‎sejít
    Sejdeme se zítra. ― We will gather tomorrow.

#### Antonyms

* roz-

#### Derived terms

* se-
* shromáždit
* sklidit
* skrýt
* slézt
* sloučit
* spojit
* srocený

#### Related terms

* s

### Further reading

* “s-”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* s(e)- in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017

## Egyptian
### Etymology

From Proto-Afroasiatic *s- (causative prefix).

### Pronunciation

* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /sɛ/
** Conventional anglicization: se-

### Prefix

* Used to form a causative verb from a non-causative verb.

#### Alternative forms

s :

#### Derived terms
### References

* James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 157.

## Italian
### Etymology

In most cases, this prefix stems from Latin ex- (see ex). In some cases, it stems from Latin dis-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /s/ (before voiceless consonants)
* IPA: /z/ (before voiced consonants)

### Prefix

s-
* used to form words that have an opposing sense: un-, in-
    ‎s- + ‎fatto (“done”, “made”) → ‎sfatto (“(of a bed) unmade”)
* used to form verbs that have a sense of undoing an action: de-, dis-, un-
    ‎s- + ‎gancio (“hook”) → ‎sganciare (“to unhook”)
    ‎s- + ‎borsa (“bag”) → ‎sborsare (“to disburse”)
* used to express a pejorative sense
    ‎s- + ‎bocca (“mouth”) → ‎sboccato (“foul-mouthed”)
* used to form verbs with a sense of exit, separation: dis-, ex-, trans-
    ‎s- + ‎buco (“hole”) → ‎sbucare (“to pop out”)
    ‎s- + ‎confine (“boundary”) → ‎sconfinare (“to stray away from”)
* used in a privative sense: a-, de-, un-
    ‎s- + ‎buccia (“skin”, “peel”) → ‎sbucciare (“to peel”)
    ‎s- + ‎fame (“hunger”) → ‎sfamare (“to feed”, “to satiate”)
* used to derive verbs from a noun, adjective or verb
    ‎s- + ‎bianco (“white”) → ‎sbiancare (“to whiten or bleach”)
    ‎s- + ‎gocciola (“droplet”) → ‎sgocciolare (“to drip”)
* used as an intensifier
    ‎s- + ‎cacciare (“to hunt”, “to drive away”) → ‎scacciare (“to expel”, “to drive away”)
* reduced form of dis-
    discendere (“to descend”) → scendere

#### Usage notes

* Often used to prefix words beginning with a consonant. Dis- rather than s- is often preferred before vowels.

#### See also

* dis-

### References

* ↑ Migliorini, Bruno with Aldo Duro (1950) “s-”, in Prontuario etimologico della lingua italiana (in Italian), Paravia

## Javanese
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Javanese sa-, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sa/, /sə/

### Prefix

s-
* one

#### Alternative forms

* ꦱ- (sa-)
* ꦱꦼ- (se-)

#### Derived terms
## Lushootseed
### Prefix

s-
* Added to a verb to form a noun.
    ‎s- + ‎ʔəɬəd (“eat”) → ‎sʔəɬəd (“food”)

## Maltese
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /s/

### Article

s-
* Alternative form of il-

#### Usage notes

* Used after a vowel and before the letter s. For details on usage, see the main lemma.

## Mohawk
### Alternative forms

* se- (before n-, r-, w-, and ’-stems)

### Prefix

s-
* pronominal prefix for
    you _____

#### Alternative forms

| - | Initial consonant | Initial consonant | Initial consonant | Initial consonant | Initial consonant | Initial consonant | Initial consonant |
| Environment | t/s/h/k | n/r/w/’ | a | e/en | o/on | i | y |
| Word-Initial | s- | se- | s- | s- | s- | ts- | ts- |

### Prefix

s-
* singulative noun prefix
* iterative verb prefix

### References

* Gunther Michelson (1973) A thousand words of Mohawk, University of Ottawa Press, page 9
* Nora Deering, Helga H. Delisle (1976) Mohawk: A teaching grammar (preliminary version), Quebec: Manitou College, pages 146, 344

## Navajo
### Prefix

s-
* Alternative form of si-, which marks third person of si-perfective verbs

#### Usage notes

* This form of the affix is used with ∅- classifier verbs.

## Neapolitan
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin ex-.

### Prefix

s-
* privative or negative affix that attaches to verbs

#### Derived terms
## Old Irish
### Prefix

s- (class A infixed pronoun, triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others)
* her (object pronoun)
* them

#### See also

$^L$ means this form triggers lenition. $^N$ means this form triggers nasalization (eclipsis) $^{(N)}$ means this form triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others.

## Old Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: (10th–15th CE) /s/
* IPA: (15th CE) /s/

### Prefix

s-
* Alternative form of z-

#### Derived terms
## Oneida
### Prefix

s-
* second person agent pronominal prefix; you

### References

* Floyd Lounsbury (1953) Oneida Verb Morphology, Yale University Press, pages 59-60

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /s/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -s
* Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]
* Homophones: z, z-

### Prefix

s-
* used before voiceless consonants to form a verb in a perfective aspect from a verb in an imperfective aspect
    ‎s- + ‎całkować → ‎scałkować
    ‎s- + ‎chłodzić → ‎schłodzić
* used before voiceless consonants to mean "in a downward direction"
    ‎s- + ‎chodzić → ‎schodzić
* used before voiceless consonants to mean "off, off the surface of", "away from", or "out of"
    Antonym: na-
    ‎s- + ‎chodzić → ‎schodzić

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* s- in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Serbo-Croatian
### Alternative forms

* sa- (before affricates, fricatives and certain consonant clusters)

### Prefix

s- (Cyrillic spelling с-)
* Prepended to verbs, usually forming a perfective from an imperfective verb.
    ‎s- + ‎pùstiti → ‎spùstiti
    ‎s- + ‎znȁti → ‎sàznati
    ‎s- + ‎lòmiti → ‎slòmiti
    ‎s- + ‎glȅdati → ‎sàgledati
    ‎s- + ‎kȕpiti → ‎skȕpiti
    ‎s- + ‎klòniti → ‎sklòniti
    ‎s- + ‎náći → ‎snȃći

#### Derived terms
### References

* “s-”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025