# -le
## English
### Alternative forms

* -el

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /əl/, /l̩/

### Etymology 1

From Middle English -elen, -len, -lien, from Old English -lian (frequentative verbal suffix), from Proto-West Germanic *-lōn, from Proto-Germanic *-lōną (frequentative verbal suffix).
Cognate with West Frisian -elje, Dutch -elen, German -eln, Danish -le, Norwegian Bokmål -le, Norwegian Nynorsk -la, Swedish -la, Icelandic -la. Compare -er.

#### Suffix

-le
* A frequentative suffix of verbs, indicating repetition or continuousness:
    assle, buzzle, crackle, cuddle, dazzle, draggle, drawl, dribble, drizzle, fumble, gamble, grapple, handle, jostle, kissle, maddle, mingle, nestle, nuzzle, prattle, quible, ramble, rattle, ripple, scribble, sile, sizzle, smartle, sniffle, snuggle, startle, stopple, suckle, tattle, tickle, topple, waggle, whemmle, wiggle, wrestle

##### Translations
### Etymology 2

From Middle English -el, -le (adjectival), from Old English -el, -ol, from Proto-Germanic *-ulaz and *-ilaz (adjective suffixes). Cognate with West Frisian -el, Dutch -el, Low German -el, German -el, Icelandic -ill.

#### Suffix

-le
* Forming adjectives from verbs with the meaning of "prone to", "tending to", "apt to", "capable of"; compare -ative:
    battle, breakle, brittle, fickle, forgettle, little, newfangle, nimble, wankle

### Etymology 3

From Middle English -el (agent suffix), from a combination of two suffixes:
* Old English -el, -il (diminutive suffix), from Proto-Germanic *-ilaz (diminutive suffix).
* Old English -el, -ol, -ul (agent suffix), from Proto-Germanic *-ilaz (agent suffix). Cognate with West Frisian -el, Dutch -el, Low German -el, German -el.

#### Alternative forms

* -el

#### Suffix

-le
* Forming diminutives from other nouns.
    Coordinate term: -ling
    ‎dump + ‎-le → ‎dimple
    ‎dung + ‎-le → ‎dingle
    ‎hatch + ‎-le → ‎hatchel
    ‎hose + ‎-le → ‎hosel
    ‎howf + ‎-le → ‎hovel
    ‎gome + ‎-le → ‎gomeral
    ‎corn + ‎-le → ‎kernel
    ‎new + ‎-le → ‎newel
    ‎nose + ‎-le → ‎nozzle
    ‎puck + ‎-le → ‎puckle
    ‎turd + ‎-le → ‎treddle
* Forming agent nouns from verbs:
    beadle, beetle, bridle, bundle, cripple, fettle, girdle, ladle, losel, runnel, shovel, spindle, spittle, steeple, stile, stopple, thimble, tool, towel, trundle

##### Derived terms

* dottle
* piffle
Unsorted:

### Anagrams

* -el, EL, El, el

## Basque
### Alternative forms

* -tzaile (see usage notes)

### Suffix

-le
* Forms agent noun from verbs.
    ‎ikasi (“study”) + ‎-le → ‎ikasle (“student”)

#### Usage notes

* It is used with verbs ending in -i preceded by a sibilant or -r(r)-. If the sibilant is an affricate, it is reduced to a fricative.
    ‎idatzi (“write”) + ‎-le → ‎idazle (“writer”)
    ‎irakatsi (“teach”) + ‎-le → ‎irakasle (“teacher”)
    ‎irakurri (“read”) + ‎-le → ‎irakurle (“reader”)
* For other verbs the alternative form -tzaile is used.

#### Derived terms
## Cimbrian
### Suffix

-le
* forms diminutives

#### Derived terms
## Finnish
### Etymology 1

-l(a) +‎ -e

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-leˣ/, [-le̞(ʔ)]

#### Suffix

-le
* Forms diminutive nouns.

##### Declension

Possessive forms of -le (Kotus type 48/hame, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-leeni
-leeni
accusative
nom.
-leeni
-leeni
gen.
-leeni
genitive
-leeni
-leideni -leitteni
partitive
-lettani
-leitani
inessive
-leessani
-leissani
elative
-leestani
-leistani
illative
-leeseeni
-leisiini -leihini
adessive
-leellani
-leillani
ablative
-leeltani
-leiltani
allative
-leelleni
-leilleni
essive
-leenani
-leinani
translative
-leekseni
-leikseni
abessive
-leettani
-leittani
instructive
comitative
—-leineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-leesi
-leesi
accusative
nom.
-leesi
-leesi
gen.
-leesi
genitive
-leesi
-leidesi -leittesi
partitive
-lettasi
-leitasi
inessive
-leessasi
-leissasi
elative
-leestasi
-leistasi
illative
-leeseesi
-leisiisi -leihisi
adessive
-leellasi
-leillasi
ablative
-leeltasi
-leiltasi
allative
-leellesi
-leillesi
essive
-leenasi
-leinasi
translative
-leeksesi
-leiksesi
abessive
-leettasi
-leittasi
instructive
comitative
—-leinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-leemme
-leemme
accusative
nom.
-leemme
-leemme
gen.
-leemme
genitive
-leemme
-leidemme -leittemme
partitive
-lettamme
-leitamme
inessive
-leessamme
-leissamme
elative
-leestamme
-leistamme
illative
-leeseemme
-leisiimme -leihimme
adessive
-leellamme
-leillamme
ablative
-leeltamme
-leiltamme
allative
-leellemme
-leillemme
essive
-leenamme
-leinamme
translative
-leeksemme
-leiksemme
abessive
-leettamme
-leittamme
instructive
comitative
—-leinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-leenne
-leenne
accusative
nom.
-leenne
-leenne
gen.
-leenne
genitive
-leenne
-leidenne -leittenne
partitive
-lettanne
-leitanne
inessive
-leessanne
-leissanne
elative
-leestanne
-leistanne
illative
-leeseenne
-leisiinne -leihinne
adessive
-leellanne
-leillanne
ablative
-leeltanne
-leiltanne
allative
-leellenne
-leillenne
essive
-leenanne
-leinanne
translative
-leeksenne
-leiksenne
abessive
-leettanne
-leittanne
instructive
comitative
—-leinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-leensa
-leensa
accusative
nom.
-leensa
-leensa
gen.
-leensa
genitive
-leensa
-leidensa -leittensa
partitive
-lettaan -lettansa
-leitaan -leitansa
inessive
-leessaan -leessansa
-leissaan -leissansa
elative
-leestaan -leestansa
-leistaan -leistansa
illative
-leeseensa
-leisiinsa -leihinsa
adessive
-leellaan -leellansa
-leillaan -leillansa
ablative
-leeltaan -leeltansa
-leiltaan -leiltansa
allative
-leelleen -leellensa
-leilleen -leillensa
essive
-leenaan -leenansa
-leinaan -leinansa
translative
-leekseen -leeksensa
-leikseen -leiksensa
abessive
-leettaan -leettansa
-leittaan -leittansa
instructive
comitative
—-leineen -leinensa :
Possessive forms of -le (Kotus type 48/hame, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-leeni
-leeni
accusative
nom.
-leeni
-leeni
gen.
-leeni
genitive
-leeni
-leideni -leitteni
partitive
-lettäni
-leitäni
inessive
-leessäni
-leissäni
elative
-leestäni
-leistäni
illative
-leeseeni
-leisiini -leihini
adessive
-leelläni
-leilläni
ablative
-leeltäni
-leiltäni
allative
-leelleni
-leilleni
essive
-leenäni
-leinäni
translative
-leekseni
-leikseni
abessive
-leettäni
-leittäni
instructive
comitative
—-leineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-leesi
-leesi
accusative
nom.
-leesi
-leesi
gen.
-leesi
genitive
-leesi
-leidesi -leittesi
partitive
-lettäsi
-leitäsi
inessive
-leessäsi
-leissäsi
elative
-leestäsi
-leistäsi
illative
-leeseesi
-leisiisi -leihisi
adessive
-leelläsi
-leilläsi
ablative
-leeltäsi
-leiltäsi
allative
-leellesi
-leillesi
essive
-leenäsi
-leinäsi
translative
-leeksesi
-leiksesi
abessive
-leettäsi
-leittäsi
instructive
comitative
—-leinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-leemme
-leemme
accusative
nom.
-leemme
-leemme
gen.
-leemme
genitive
-leemme
-leidemme -leittemme
partitive
-lettämme
-leitämme
inessive
-leessämme
-leissämme
elative
-leestämme
-leistämme
illative
-leeseemme
-leisiimme -leihimme
adessive
-leellämme
-leillämme
ablative
-leeltämme
-leiltämme
allative
-leellemme
-leillemme
essive
-leenämme
-leinämme
translative
-leeksemme
-leiksemme
abessive
-leettämme
-leittämme
instructive
comitative
—-leinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-leenne
-leenne
accusative
nom.
-leenne
-leenne
gen.
-leenne
genitive
-leenne
-leidenne -leittenne
partitive
-lettänne
-leitänne
inessive
-leessänne
-leissänne
elative
-leestänne
-leistänne
illative
-leeseenne
-leisiinne -leihinne
adessive
-leellänne
-leillänne
ablative
-leeltänne
-leiltänne
allative
-leellenne
-leillenne
essive
-leenänne
-leinänne
translative
-leeksenne
-leiksenne
abessive
-leettänne
-leittänne
instructive
comitative
—-leinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-leensä
-leensä
accusative
nom.
-leensä
-leensä
gen.
-leensä
genitive
-leensä
-leidensä -leittensä
partitive
-lettään -lettänsä
-leitään -leitänsä
inessive
-leessään -leessänsä
-leissään -leissänsä
elative
-leestään -leestänsä
-leistään -leistänsä
illative
-leeseensä
-leisiinsä -leihinsä
adessive
-leellään -leellänsä
-leillään -leillänsä
ablative
-leeltään -leeltänsä
-leiltään -leiltänsä
allative
-leelleen -leellensä
-leilleen -leillensä
essive
-leenään -leenänsä
-leinään -leinänsä
translative
-leekseen -leeksensä
-leikseen -leiksensä
abessive
-leettään -leettänsä
-leittään -leittänsä
instructive
comitative
—-leineen -leinensä :

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

See the main entry.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-leˣ/, [-le̞(ʔ)]

#### Suffix

-le (dialectal)
* Alternative form of -lle.
** 1878, J. Krohn, Kertomuksia Suomen Historiasta, →ISBN:Keisarilainen sotawoima riensi kaupungile awuksi ja ankara tappelu syttyi sen likellä.The imperial military came in haste to aid the town, and violent combat erupted near it.
** 1996, Rosa Liksom, Kreisland, →ISBN:Siinä nirppanokkanen kotifrouva istu kiitävässä avoautossa ja sano J. Edgar Hooverin näkselle miehele: »Tämä on unta.»There sat a stuck up housewife in a dashing convertible and said to a man that looked like J. Edgar Hoover: "This is a dream."

## German
### Etymology

From Middle High German -elīn, -līn, from Old High German -ilī, -ilīn.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [lə]
* Audio:(file)

### Suffix

-le
* (chiefly dialectal) suffix used to create a diminutive form; e.g., Haus → Häusle

#### Derived terms

* Brünnele
* Häusle
* Kätzle
* Krämle
* Ländle
* Mädle
* Säckle
* Späßle
* Spätzle (plural)

### See also

* -i
* -chen
* -lein

## Ingrian
### Pronunciation

* (Ala-Laukaa) IPA: /-le/, [-lʲe̞]
* (Soikkola) IPA: /-lʲe/, [-lʲe̞]

### Particle

-le
* Alternative form of -lee

## Italian
### Pronoun

-le
* (enclitic) Alternative form of le
    dare (“to give”) → darle (“to give them; to give for her”)
    vendere (“to sell”) → venderle (“to sell them; to sell to her”)
    servire (“to serve”) → servirle (“to serve them; to serve to her”)

#### Usage notes

* Appended to present active infinitive verb forms to derive accusative forms when the object is third plural feminine person and the dative form when the object is third singular feminine person. The final -e of the original infinitive is removed :
    -are → -arle
    -ere → -erle
    -ire → -irle
Where the verb ends in -rre, the final re is removed, leaving behind just an -r:
    introdurre (“to introduce”) → introdurle (“to introduce them; to insert in her”)
In any case, after the suffixation, there is only a single r and no vowels immediately before -le.

### Anagrams

* el

## Latin
### Suffix

-le
* vocative masculine singular of -lus

## Middle English
### Etymology 1
#### Suffix

-le
* Alternative form of -el (adjectival suffix)

### Etymology 2
#### Suffix

-le
* Alternative form of -el (agentive suffix)

### Etymology 3
#### Suffix

-le
* Alternative form of -el (diminutive suffix)

### Etymology 4
#### Suffix

-le
* Alternative form of -ly (“adjectival”)

### Etymology 5
#### Suffix

-le
* Alternative form of -ly (“adverbial”)

## Mwan
### Suffix

-le
* nominalising suffix

## Romanian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /le/

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Latin -ae (“first-declension ending”), with intrusive l.

#### Suffix

-le
* (in the plural) -s (feminine/neuter)

##### Usage notes

* This form of the plural is indefinite, and used for feminine nouns in the nominative/accusative and genitive/dative cases which end in a stressed vowel, or is monosyllabic:
* zile, from zi, fem.
* basmale, from basma, fem.
* cafele, from cafe, fem.

##### Alternative forms

* -e

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Latin ille.

#### Suffix

-le
* variant of -l: the (definite article)

##### Usage notes

This form of the definite article is used for both masculine and neuter singular nouns in the nominative and accusative cases which end in -e, whom earlier in Latin were third declension nouns:
* fratele, from frate, earlier frater, masc.
* numele, from nume, earlier nōmen, neut.
* muntele, from munte, earlier mōntem, accusative case of mōns, masc.

### Etymology 3

Inherited from Latin illae, nominative feminine plural of ille.

#### Suffix

-le
* (definite article) the (feminine/neuter plural, nominative and accusative)

##### Usage notes

This form of the definite article is used for both feminine and neuter plural nouns in the nominative and accusative cases
* amintirile, from amintiri, fem.
* visurile, from visuri, neut.
Note that this suffix is also added to indefinite feminine plurals in -le:
* zilele, from zile, fem.
* basmalele, from basmale, fem.
* cafelele, from cafele, fem.
The suffix is also used with feminine plural adjectives in the nominative and accusative cases to make the articulated definite form, often for emphasis, and it is used before the noun it modifies:
* caldele plăcinte, from plăcintele calde (both meaning, "the warm pies")

##### Related terms

* -l (masculine/neuter singular nominative and accusative)
* -a (feminine singular nominative and accusative)
* -i (masculine/neuter plural nominative and accusative)
* -lui (masculine/neuter singular genitive and dative)
* -ei (feminine singular genitive and dative)
* -lor (plural genitive and dative)

## Scots
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ʌl], [əl], [l]

### Etymology 1

From Middle English -el, -le, from Old English -el, -ol (adjective suffix), from Proto-Germanic *-ulaz (adjective suffix).

#### Suffix

-le
* used for forming adjectives signifying 'having a tendency to' or 'able to'; e.g. forgettle, smittle, fodgle

### Etymology 2
#### Suffix

-le
* a contracted form of full; e.g. cairtle (“cartful, cart-load”), cogle (“bowlful”)

### Etymology 3

From Middle English -elen, -len, -lien, from Old English -lian (frequentative verbal suffix), from Proto-Germanic *-lōną (frequentative verbal suffix).

#### Suffix

-le
* frequentative or diminutive suffix, added to verbs
* forms adverbs implying direction towards

## Swabian
### Etymology

Compare Yiddish ־ל (-l).

### Suffix

-le n
* Used to form diminutives.

## Turkish
### Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈle/

#### Suffix

-le
* Suffix appended to nouns to derive verbs with various meanings.
    ‎alkış (“applause”) + ‎la → ‎alkışlamak (“to applaude”)
    ‎temiz (“clean”) + ‎-le → ‎temizlemek (“to clean”)

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

From ile.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /le/

#### Suffix

-le
* with, shortened form of ile
    annemle okula gidiyorum
       I am going to school with my mother
* by, shortened form of ile
    Okula otobüsle gidiyorum
       I am going to school by bus

##### Usage notes

* If it's added to a proper noun, it must be used with an apostrophe.
    Zafer'le - with Zafer.
    Emre'yle - with Emre.
* Unlike most Turkish suffixes, this suffix is always unstressed; the stress in the combined word remains where it was in the word before suffixing.