# ملك
## Arabic
### Etymology 1.1

Shortened version of مَلْأَك (malʔak).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ma.lak/

#### Noun

مَلَك • (malak) m (plural مَلَائِكَة (malāʔika) or مَلَائِك (malāʔik))
* Alternative form of مَلْأَك (malʔak): angel
** a. 538, أبو جندب الهُذَليّ المشؤوم, ديوان الهذليين:مَنْ مُبْلِغٌ مَلَائِكِي حُبْشِيًّا أَخَا بَنِي زُلَيْفَةَ الصُّبْحِيَّا؟man mubliḡun malāʔikī ḥubšiyyan ʔaḵā banī zulayfata ṣ-ṣubḥiyyā?(please add an English translation of this quotation)
** 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 12:31:فَلَمَّا سَمِعَتْ بِمَكْرِهِنَّ أَرْسَلَتْ إِلَيْهِنَّ وَأَعْتَدَتْ لَهُنَّ مُتَّكَأً وَآتَتْ كُلَّ وَاحِدَةٍ مِّنْهُنَّ سِكِّينًا وَقَالَتِ ٱخْرُجْ عَلَيْهِنَّ فَلَمَّا رَأَيْنَهُ أَكْبَرْنَهُ وَقَطَّعْنَ أَيْدِيَهُنَّ وَقُلْنَ حَاشَ لِلّٰهِ مَا هَٰذَا بَشَرًا إِنْ هَٰذَا إِلَّا مَلَكٌ كَرِيمٌfa-lammā samiʕat bi-makrihinna ʔarsalat ʔilayhinna wa-ʔaʕtadat lahunna muttakaʔan wa-ʔātat kulla wāḥidatin minhunna sikkīnan wa-qālati ḵruj ʕalayhinna fa-lammā raʔaynahu ʔakbarnahu wa-qaṭṭaʕna ʔaydiyahunna wa-qulna ḥāša li-llāhi mā hāḏā bašaran ʔin hāḏā ʔillā malakun karīmunWhen she heard about their gossip, she invited them and set a banquet for them. She gave each one a knife, then said [to Joseph], “Come out before them.” When they saw him, they were so stunned [by his beauty] that they cut their hands, and exclaimed, “Good God! This cannot be human; this must be a noble angel!”
** 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 17:95:قُل لَّوْ كَانَ فِي الْأَرْضِ مَلَائِكَةٌ يَمْشُونَ مُطْمَئِنِّينَ لَنَزَّلْنَا عَلَيْهِم مِّنَ السَّمَاءِ مَلَكًا رَّسُولًاqul law kāna fī l-ʔarḍi malāʔikatun yamšūna muṭmaʔinnīna la-nazzalnā ʕalayhim mina s-samāʔi malakan rasūlanSay, “Had there been angels walking the earth, well settled, We would have surely sent down for them an angel from heaven as a messenger.”

##### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: mələk
* → Gagauz: melek
* → Ottoman Turkish: ملك (melek)
** > Turkish: melek (inherited)
** → Albanian: meleq
** → Crimean Tatar: melek
** → Romanian: melec
** → Zazaki: melek
* → Persian: ملک (malak)

### Etymology 2.1

From Proto-Semitic *malk-. The insertion of the vowel i is irregular, leading, though it could be a prop vowel as in إِبِل (ʔibil), to the suggestion that it is instead borrowed from an archaic Aramaic predecessor to Aramaic מַלְכָּא (malkā, “king”), along with the clear borrowing مَلَكُوت (malakūt).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ma.lik/

#### Noun

مَلِك • (malik) m (plural مُلُوك (mulūk) or أَمْلَاك (ʔamlāk), feminine مَلِكَة (malika))
* king, sovereign, monarch

##### Descendants

* Gulf Arabic: مَلِك (malik)
* → Armenian: մելիք (melikʻ)
** → English: melik
* → Classical Persian: مَلِک (malik)
** Iranian Persian: ملک (malek)
** Tajik: малик (malik)
* → Malay: malik
** Indonesian: malik
* → Maranao: malik
* → Ottoman Turkish: ملك (melik)
** Turkish: melik
** → Serbo-Croatian: mèlik / мѐлик
* → Pashto: ملک (malik)
* → Sanskrit: मलिक (malika)

### Etymology 2.2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /mulk/

#### Noun

مُلْك • (mulk) m
* verbal noun of مَلَكَ (malaka) (form I)
* rule, reign, supreme authority, dominion, dominance, sway, power
* sovereignty, kingship, royalty
* monarchy

##### Descendants

* → Avar: милк (milk)
* → Azerbaijani: mülk
* → Classical Persian: مُلْک (mulk) (see there for further descendants)
* → Malay: muluk
** Indonesian: muluk
* → Swahili: milki
* → Turkish: mülk
* → Uzbek: mulk

### Etymology 2.3
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /milk/

#### Noun

مِلْك • (milk) m (plural أَمْلَاك (ʔamlāk))
* verbal noun of مَلَكَ (malaka) (form I)
* property, possession, goods and chattels, fortune, wealth
* estate
* real estate, landed property

##### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: mülk
** → Armenian: մուլք (mulkʻ)
* → Kazakh: мүлік (mülık)
* → Malay: milik
** Indonesian: milik
* → Classical Persian: مِلْک (milk)
** Iranian Persian: مِلْک (melk)
** Tajik: милк (milk)
* → Ottoman Turkish: ملك (milk, mülk)
** Turkish: mülk
** → Albanian: mylk
** → Greek: μούλκι (moúlki)
** → Ladino: mulk
* → Uzbek: mulk
* → Uyghur: مۈلك (mülk)

### Etymology 2.4
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ma.la.ka/

#### Verb

مَلَكَ • (malaka) I (non-past يَمْلِكُ (yamliku), verbal noun مَلْك (malk) or مِلْك (milk) or مُلْك (mulk) or مَلَكَة (malaka) or مَمْلُكَة (mamluka) or مَمْلِكَة (mamlika) or مَمْلَكَة (mamlaka))
* to take in possession, to take over, to acquire, to seize
* to possess, to lay hold, to own, to have, to be the owner
    يَمْلِكُ ٱلرَّجُلُ سَيَّارَةً جَدِيدَةً.yamliku r-rajulu sayyāratan jadīdatan.The man owns a new car.
* to dominate, to control
* to be the master
* to be capable, to be able, to be in a position to
** Hadith
    لَيْسَ الشَّدِيدُ بِالصُّرَعَةِ؛ إِنَّمَا الشَّدِيدُ الَّذِي يَمْلِكُ نَفْسَهُ عِنْدَ الْغَضَبِ.laysa š-šadīdu bi-ṣ-ṣuraʕati; ʔinnamā š-šadīdu llaḏī yamliku nafsahu ʕinda l-ḡaḍabi.(please add an English translation of this quotation)
* to rule, to reign, to exercise authority, to hold sway, to lord over

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2.5
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /mal.la.ka/

#### Verb

مَلَّكَ • (mallaka) II (non-past يُمَلِّكُ (yumalliku), verbal noun تَمْلِيك (tamlīk))
* to make the owner
* to put in possession
* to transfer ownership, to assign, to make over, to convey
* to make king

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2.6
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ma.lak/

#### Noun

مَلَك • (malak) m (plural مُلُك (muluk))
* possession, property
* food and water, resources; anything which regulates, maintains, or sustains; essentials, supplies, utilities
* foundation of ones existence
** agent or effective cause

##### Declension
### Etymology 2.7
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /malk/

#### Noun

مَلْك • (malk) m
* verbal noun of مَلَكَ (malaka) (form I)

##### Declension
### Etymology 2.8
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /mul.lak/

#### Noun

مُلَّك • (mullak) m pl
* plural of مَالِك (mālik)

#### Adjective

مُلَّك • (mullak) m pl
* masculine plural of مَالِك (mālik)

### References

* Dozy, Reinhart Pieter Anne (1881) “ملك”, in Supplément aux dictionnaires arabes‎ (in French), volume 2, Leiden: E. J. Brill, pages 613–614
* Freytag, Georg (1837) “ملك”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎ (in Latin), volume 4, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, pages 208–209
* van Putten, Marijn (2020), "Classical and Modern Standard Arabic", in Arabic and Contact-induced Change (eds. Manfredi and Lucas)
* Wehr, Hans (1979) “ملك”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN, page 1081

## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Arabic مَلَك (malak), variant of مَلْأَك (malʔak, “angel”).

#### Noun

ملك • (melek) (plural ملائك or ملائكة)
* angel

##### Descendants

* Turkish: melek
* → Albanian: meleq
* → Romanian: melec
* → Serbo-Croatian: mèlek / мѐлек

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Arabic مَلِك (malik, “king”).

#### Noun

ملك • (melik) (feminine ملكه, plural ملوك)
* lord, king, sovereign
* God, the sovereign Lord
* pirate

##### Descendants

* Turkish: melik
* → Serbo-Croatian: mèlik / мѐлик

### Etymology 3

Borrowed from Arabic مِلْك (milk, “property”).

#### Noun

ملك • (milk, mülk) (plural املاك)
* possession, property
* sovereignty, dominion
* God's supreme sovereignty and dominion
* the whole creation, as the domain of God

##### Descendants

* Turkish: mülk
* → Albanian: mylk
* → Greek: μούλκι (moúlki)
* → Ladino: mulk

### Etymology 4

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Noun

ملك • (müllek)
* plural of مالك

### References

* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “ملك”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, pages 1971–1972
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “ملك”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 1221

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology 1

From Arabic مَلَكَ (malaka).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ma.lak/, [ˈma.lak]
* Audio (al-Lidd):(file)

#### Verb

ملك • (malak) I (present بملك (bimlik))
* to own
* to control

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2

From Arabic مَلِك (malik).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ma.lik/, [ˈma.lɪk]
* Audio (Ramallah):(file)

#### Noun

ملك • (malik) m (plural ملوك (mlūk), feminine ملكة (malike))
* king

##### See also

Chess pieces in South Levantine Arabic · قطع الشطرنج (ʔuṭaʕ iš-šaṭranj) (layout · text) :
| ملك (malik) | ملكة (malike) | قلعة (ʔalʕa) | وزير (wazīr) | حصان (ḥsān) | جندي (jundi) |