# o-
## English
### Noun

o-
* A blood type that has no antigens. It lacks the A, B and Rh factors on the blood cells. It is the universal donor for blood and can give blood to any blood type, but can only receive O- blood.

### Prefix

o-
* (organic chemistry) ortho-

### See also

* m-
* p-

## Basque
### Alternative forms

* ot-

### Prefix

o-
* Combining form of ogi (“bread”)

#### Usage notes

* If the following element of the compound starts with /b/ or /ɡ/, these are devoiced to /p/ and /k/ respectively.
* If the following element starts with a vowel, /s̺/ or /s̻/, the combining form ot- is used instead.

## Bavarian
### Alternative forms

* å- (East Central Bavarian)

### Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *ana, from Proto-Germanic *ana. Compare German an-, Dutch aan-, English on-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /oː/ (West Central Bavarian)

### Prefix

o-
* Separable verb prefix that indicates a direction, goal, destination and a contact made therein.
    ‎o- + ‎schraufn (“to screw”) → ‎oschraufn (“to screw on”)
    ‎o- + ‎greifn (“to grab, seize”) → ‎ogreifn (“to touch, handle”)
    ‎o- + ‎brenna (“to burn”) → ‎obrenna (“to scorch”)

#### Derived terms
## Cayuga
### Prefix

o-
* noun prefix

### References

Frances Froman, Alfred J. Keye, Lottie Keye, Carrie Dyck (2002) English-Cayuga/Cayuga-English Dictionary, University of Toronto, page 705

## Czech
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *o(b), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ebʰi. See o.

### Prefix

o-
* around, all around
* a complete action, a perfective verb
* something else

#### Derived terms

* obalamutit
* obalit
* obrat
* obrátit
* ocenit
* očekávat
* odrat
* odrbat
* odřít
* ohanbí
* ohlédnout
* ohnout
* ohodnotit
* ohradit
* ochabnout
* oklamat
* okleštit
* okopat
* okorat
* okovat
* okrást
* omastit
* omladit
* omluvit
* omotat
* omýt
* opracovat
* opravit
* oprášit
* opsat
* osamělý
* osamět
* osedlat
* osekat
* osvítit
* osvobodit
* osvojit
* osypat
* ošetřit
* ošidit
* oškubat
* otočit
* otrávit
* ovládat
* ozářit
* označit
* oznámit
* ozřejmit

### Further reading

* o-/ob(e)- in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017

## Japanese
### Romanization

o-
* Rōmaji transcription of お

## Lakota
### Prefix

o-
* Forms nouns from some verbs; verbal noun modifier; ‘place where...’.
    ‎o- + ‎wótA (“to eat”) → ‎owóte (“dining room”)
    ‎o- + ‎yuŋká (“to lie, recline”) → ‎oyúŋke (“a bed”)

## Mohawk
### Etymology

io- with loss of initial glide

### Prefix

o-
* noun prefix
* her (in kinship terms)

## Northern Ndebele
### Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Prefix

o-
* Second-person singular relative concord.

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Prefix

o-
* Class 1 relative concord.

### Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Prefix

o-
* Class 3 relative concord.

## Ojibwe
### Prefix

o-
* A prefix denoting the third person

#### Usage notes

o- is the unmarked form, and appears before stems that begin with a consonant. It may be omitted in many contexts.

#### Alternative forms

* od-
* odo-
* ow-
* oy-
* w-

#### See also

* wiin
* wiinawaa
| | | stem begins with... | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person |
| Consonants | Consonants | p t k h ch m n s sh w y | ni- | gi- | o- |
| Consonants | Consonants | d g ' j z zh | nin- | gi- | o- |
| Consonants | Consonants | b | nim- | gi- | o- |
| Vowels | Vowels | o | nindo- | gido- | odo- |
| Vowels | Vowels | a aa e i | nind- | gid- | od- |
| Vowels | Vowels | oo | n- | g- | od- |
| Vowels | Vowels | ii | n- | g- | w- |

### Preverb

o-
* go somewhere to do something, go over there to
    Mii go imaa ziigigamideg, mii imaa o-gondaabiiginag zhingobaandag.If it boiled over, I dipped the bough in the kettle.

#### Alternative forms

* awi-

### References

* The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/main-entry/o-pv-dir

## Old Polish
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *o(b)-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (10th–15th CE) /ɔ/
* IPA: (15th CE) /ɔ/

### Prefix

o-
* appears in front of some verbs meaning: to make something behave in a certain way, en-, be-, make
    ‎o- + ‎pozdny → ‎opóździć
* around
    ‎o- + ‎kropić → ‎okropić
* prefix indicating a perfective verb
    ‎o- + ‎soczyć → ‎osoczyć

#### Descendants

* Polish: o-

## Onondaga
### Prefix

o-
* noun prefix

### References

* Hanni Woodbury (2018) A Reference Grammar of the Onondaga Language, University of Toronto, page 284

## Polish
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish o-. Doublet of ob-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɔ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔ
* Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]
* Homophones: o, -o, -o-

### Prefix

o-
* prefix indicating a perfective verb
    ‎o- + ‎słabnąć → ‎osłabnąć
* affects verb meaning in various ways
    ‎o- + ‎strzec → ‎ostrzec
* appears in front of some verbs meaning: to make something behave in a certain way, en-, be-, make
    Synonym: u-
    ‎o- + ‎trzeźwy → ‎otrzeźwić
* around
    Synonym: ob-
    ‎o- + ‎winąć → ‎owinąć
* down
    Synonym: z-
    ‎o- + ‎suwać → ‎osuwać
    ‎o- + ‎puścić → ‎opuścić

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* o- in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Seneca
### Prefix

o-
* noun prefix

### References

* Wallace Chafe (2014) A Grammar of the Seneca Language, University of California Press, page 86

## Slovene
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *o(b)-. Prefixed form of the preposition o.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɔ-/

### Prefix

o-
* Forms perfective verbs with the following meanings:
** (no change in meaning)
    ‎o- + ‎čístiti (“to clean”) → ‎očístiti (“to clean”)
** around, past, avoiding
    ‎o- + ‎čŕtati (“to draw”) → ‎očŕtati (“to outline”)
    ‎o- + ‎īti (“to go”) → ‎obíti (“to go around, to bypass”)
** to stay, to remain
    ‎o- + ‎sedẹ́ti (“to sit”) → ‎obsedẹ́ti (“to stay sitting”)

#### Derived terms
## Southern Ndebele
### Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Prefix

o-
* Second-person singular relative concord.

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Prefix

o-
* Class 1 relative concord.

### Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Prefix

o-
* Class 3 relative concord.

## Swedish
### Etymology

From Old Swedish ō-, from Old Norse ú-, ó-, from Proto-Germanic *un-, from the Proto-Indo-European *n̥- whence also Greek α- (a-) and English un-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /²uː/

### Prefix

o-
* Added to adjectives to yield their opposites; un-
* Added to nouns to mean lack or being without

#### Derived terms
## Taos
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʔɑ/

### Prefix

o-
* (transitive) First person singular subject + third person duoplural object.
* (transitive) Second person singular subject + third person singular object.

## Ternate
### Etymology

Cognate with Tehit w- (“third-person singular masculine prefix”).

### Pronoun

o- (Jawi ؤ-)
* (masculine) third-person singular clitic, he

#### See also

* unmarked pronouns are gender non-specific
* m - masculine, f - feminine, h - human, nh - non-human
* 1 - for mixed-gender groups
* † - archaic

### References

* Frederik Sigismund Alexander de Clercq (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate, E.J. Brill
* Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

## Tooro
### Alternative forms

* (before -a- or -e- in the subjunctive mood) w-
* (before vowels in other cases) oy-

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /o-/

### Prefix

o-
* you; 2nd person singular subject concord
    ‎o- + ‎-kora (“to do”) → ‎okora (“you do”)

#### See also

| Class | Person | Independent | Possessive | Subject concord | Object concord | Combined forms | Combined forms |
| Class | Person | Independent | Possessive | Subject concord | Object concord | na | ni |
| Class 1 | First | nyowe, nye | -ange | n- | -n- | nanyowe, nanye | ninyowe, ninye |
| Class 1 | Second | iwe | -awe | o- | -ku- | naiwe | niiwe |
| Class 1 | Third | uwe | -e | a- | -mu- | nawe | nuwe |
| Class 2 | First | itwe | -aitu | tu- | -tu- | naitwe | niitwe |
| Class 2 | Second | inywe | -anyu | mu- | -ba- | nainywe | niinywe |
| Class 2 | Third | abo | -abo | ba- | -ba- | nabo | nubo |
| Class 3 | Class 3 | gwo | -agwo | gu- | -gu- | nagwo | nugwo |
| Class 4 | Class 4 | yo | -ayo | e- | -gi- | nayo | niyo |
| Class 5 | Class 5 | lyo | -alyo | li- | -li- | nalyo | niryo |
| Class 6 | Class 6 | go | -ago | ga- | -ga- | nago | nugo |
| Class 7 | Class 7 | kyo | -akyo | ki- | -ki- | nakyo | nikyo |
| Class 8 | Class 8 | byo | -abyo | bi- | -bi- | nabyo | nibyo |
| Class 9 | Class 9 | yo | -ayo | e- | -gi- | nayo | niyo |
| Class 10 | Class 10 | zo | -azo | zi- | -zi- | nazo | nizo |
| Class 11 | Class 11 | rwo | -arwo | ru- | -ru- | narwo | nurwo |
| Class 12 | Class 12 | ko | -ako | ka- | -ka- | nako | nuko |
| Class 13 | Class 13 | two | -atwo | tu- | -tu- | natwo | nutwo |
| Class 14 | Class 14 | bwo | -abwo | bu- | -bu- | nabwo | nubwo |
| Class 15 | Class 15 | kwo | -akwo | ku- | -ku- | nakwo | nukwo |
| Class 16 | Class 16 | ho | -aho | ha- | -ha- | naho | nuho |
| Class 17 | Class 17 | (kwo) | N/A | ha- (...-yo) | -ha- | N/A | nukwo |
| Class 18 | Class 18 | (mwo) | -amwo | ha- (...-mu) | -ha- | N/A | numwo |
| Reflexive | Reflexive | -enyini, -onyini | — | — | -e- | — | — |

### References

* Kaji, Shigeki (2007) A Rutooro Vocabulary‎, Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, page 413

## Volapük
### Prefix

o-
* denotes future tense in verbs and adverbs
    ‎o- + ‎penob (“I write.”) → ‎openob (“I will write.”)
    ‎o- + ‎adelo (“today”) → ‎odelo (“tomorrow”)

## Welsh
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɔ/

### Prefix

o-
* Soft mutation of go-.

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

## Xhosa
### Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Prefix

o-
* Second-person singular relative concord.

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Prefix

o-
* Class 1 relative concord.

### Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Prefix

o-
* Class 3 relative concord.

## Ye'kwana
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [o-]

### Prefix

o-
* allomorph of öt- (detransitivizing prefix)
* allomorph of ö- (second-person prefix) used for stems that begin with a consonant and have a first vowel o or u

#### Inflection

| | pronoun | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | postposition object | postposition object | series I verb argument | series I verb argument | series I verb argument | series I verb argument | series I verb argument |
| | pronoun | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | postposition object | postposition object | transitive patient | intransitive patient-like | intransitive patient-like | intransitive agent-like | transitive agent |
| first person | ewü | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | w-, wi- | w-, wi- | w-, wi- |
| first person dual inclusive | küwü | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kii-, ki-$^1$ |
| second person | amödö | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | m-, mi- | m-, mi- |
| first person dual exclusive | nña | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | chö- | ∅- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- |
| third person | tüwü | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | chö- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- |
| distant past third person | tüwü | — | — | — | — | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- |
| coreferential/reflexive | — | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | — | — | — | — | — |
| reciprocal | — | — | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- |
| With following vowel lengthened if in an unreduced open syllable. |||||||||||
| | series I verb argument: transitive agent and transitive patient |
| first person > second person | mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni- |
| first person dual exclusive > second person | mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni- |
| second person > first person | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- |
| second person > first person dual exclusive | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- |
| third person > any person X …or… any person X > third person | see person X in the chart above |

## Zulu
### Etymology 1

From a- (“relative”) +‎ u- (“second person singular”).

#### Prefix

ṓ-
* Second-person singular relative concord.

### Etymology 2

From a- (“relative”) +‎ u- (“class 1”).

#### Prefix

ṓ-
* Class 1 relative concord.

### Etymology 3

From a- (“augment”) +‎ bo- (“class 2a”).

#### Prefix

ô-
* Class 2a noun prefix.

### Etymology 4

From a- (“relative”) +‎ u- (“class 3”).

#### Prefix

ṓ-
* Class 3 relative concord.

### References

* C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “o-”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “o-”
* C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “o-”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “o- (8)”
* C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “o-”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “o- (3)”
* C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “o-”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “o-”