# tonus
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin tonus (“strain, tension”). Doublet of tone.

### Noun

tonus (countable and uncountable, plural tonuses or toni)
* (biology) tonicity; tone
    muscular tonus
** 1942, Myrtle Gladys Scott, Analysis of Human Motion: A Textbook in Kinesiology, page 51:The amount of stretch possible increases with the range in the joint and decreases with the cross section of the muscle and the amount of tonus or contraction in these antagonists .
** 1956, Personal character and cultural milieu: a collection of readings:Dr. H. S. Sullivan, for example, is known to many for his acute understanding of the postural tonuses of his patients.
** 1964, Vasillĭ Vasilʹevich Parin, F. Z. Myerson, An Outline of the Clinical Physiology of the Circulation, page 210:At the same time, from the vasomotor point of view the artrioles are an extremely active part of the vascular bed , and every important change in the peripheral resistance is traceable to a corresponding change in the tonus of the arterioles .
* A tonal system or mode used in Gregorian chant.
** 2021, Irene Caiazzo, Constantinos Macris, Aurélien Robert, Brill's Companion to the Reception of Pythagoras and Pythagoreanism in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, page 69:Aurelian associates antiphons and toni of the plain chant, so that the octave-based Pythagorean scale is exemlified by means of the liturgical chant, with the outstanding consequence that church music becomes the sounding representation of the harmony of the spherese and of human beings.

### Anagrams

* Notus, Tuson, noust, nouts, nutso, snout

## Finnish
### Etymology

Latin tonus

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈtonus/, [ˈt̪o̞nus̠]
* Rhymes: -onus
* Hyphenation: to‧nus

### Noun

tonus
* (medicine) Synonym of jänteys

#### Declension

Possessive forms of tonus (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
tonukseni
tonukseni
accusative
nom.
tonukseni
tonukseni
gen.
tonukseni
genitive
tonukseni
tonusteni tonuksieni
partitive
tonustani
tonuksiani
inessive
tonuksessani
tonuksissani
elative
tonuksestani
tonuksistani
illative
tonukseeni
tonuksiini
adessive
tonuksellani
tonuksillani
ablative
tonukseltani
tonuksiltani
allative
tonukselleni
tonuksilleni
essive
tonuksenani
tonuksinani
translative
tonuksekseni
tonuksikseni
abessive
tonuksettani
tonuksittani
instructive
comitative
—tonuksineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
tonuksesi
tonuksesi
accusative
nom.
tonuksesi
tonuksesi
gen.
tonuksesi
genitive
tonuksesi
tonustesi tonuksiesi
partitive
tonustasi
tonuksiasi
inessive
tonuksessasi
tonuksissasi
elative
tonuksestasi
tonuksistasi
illative
tonukseesi
tonuksiisi
adessive
tonuksellasi
tonuksillasi
ablative
tonukseltasi
tonuksiltasi
allative
tonuksellesi
tonuksillesi
essive
tonuksenasi
tonuksinasi
translative
tonukseksesi
tonuksiksesi
abessive
tonuksettasi
tonuksittasi
instructive
comitative
—tonuksinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
tonuksemme
tonuksemme
accusative
nom.
tonuksemme
tonuksemme
gen.
tonuksemme
genitive
tonuksemme
tonustemme tonuksiemme
partitive
tonustamme
tonuksiamme
inessive
tonuksessamme
tonuksissamme
elative
tonuksestamme
tonuksistamme
illative
tonukseemme
tonuksiimme
adessive
tonuksellamme
tonuksillamme
ablative
tonukseltamme
tonuksiltamme
allative
tonuksellemme
tonuksillemme
essive
tonuksenamme
tonuksinamme
translative
tonukseksemme
tonuksiksemme
abessive
tonuksettamme
tonuksittamme
instructive
comitative
—tonuksinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
tonuksenne
tonuksenne
accusative
nom.
tonuksenne
tonuksenne
gen.
tonuksenne
genitive
tonuksenne
tonustenne tonuksienne
partitive
tonustanne
tonuksianne
inessive
tonuksessanne
tonuksissanne
elative
tonuksestanne
tonuksistanne
illative
tonukseenne
tonuksiinne
adessive
tonuksellanne
tonuksillanne
ablative
tonukseltanne
tonuksiltanne
allative
tonuksellenne
tonuksillenne
essive
tonuksenanne
tonuksinanne
translative
tonukseksenne
tonuksiksenne
abessive
tonuksettanne
tonuksittanne
instructive
comitative
—tonuksinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
tonuksensa
tonuksensa
accusative
nom.
tonuksensa
tonuksensa
gen.
tonuksensa
genitive
tonuksensa
tonustensa tonuksiensa
partitive
tonustaan tonustansa
tonuksiaan tonuksiansa
inessive
tonuksessaan tonuksessansa
tonuksissaan tonuksissansa
elative
tonuksestaan tonuksestansa
tonuksistaan tonuksistansa
illative
tonukseensa
tonuksiinsa
adessive
tonuksellaan tonuksellansa
tonuksillaan tonuksillansa
ablative
tonukseltaan tonukseltansa
tonuksiltaan tonuksiltansa
allative
tonukselleen tonuksellensa
tonuksilleen tonuksillensa
essive
tonuksenaan tonuksenansa
tonuksinaan tonuksinansa
translative
tonuksekseen tonukseksensa
tonuksikseen tonuksiksensa
abessive
tonuksettaan tonuksettansa
tonuksittaan tonuksittansa
instructive
comitative
—tonuksineen tonuksinensa :

## French
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin tonus. Doublet of ton, an earlier borrowing.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tɔ.nys/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

tonus m (plural tonus)
* muscle tone, tonicity, tonus
* (by extension) energy, strength

#### Related terms

* tonicité
* tonifier

### Further reading

* “tonus”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Latin
### Etymology

From Ancient Greek τόνος (tónos, “tone”), from Proto-Hellenic *tónos, from Proto-Indo-European *tón-os, from *ten- (“stretch”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈto.nus/, [ˈt̪ɔnʊs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈto.nus/, [ˈt̪ɔːnus]

### Noun

tonus m (genitive tonī); second declension
* The stretching or straining of a rope.
* (by extension) A strain; tension.
* (figuratively) The pitch, sound or tone of something.
* (figuratively) A crack of thunder.

#### Declension

Second-declension noun.

#### Descendants

* Old Leonese:
** Asturian: tronu, truenu; → tonu
** Mirandese: truono
* Catalan: tro; → to
* Dalmatian: tun
* → Dutch: toon
* → Old French: ton
** → Middle English: tone
*** ⇒ Middle English: tune
**** English: tune
* → French: ton
** → English: ton
* → French: tonus
* Friulian: ton, tron
* Galician: trono; → ton
* → German: Ton
* Italian: tuono; → tono
* Occitan: tron; → ton
* Portuguese: trom; → tom (semi-learned), tono, tónus
* Romagnol: tràun
* Romanian: tun; → ton
* Romansch: tun, tung
* → Russian: то́нус (tónus), тон (ton)
* Sardinian: tronu
* Sicilian: tronu; → tonu
* Spanish: trueno; → tono
* → English: tone (or through Old French)
* → English: tonus
* → Welsh: tôn

#### See also

* tonō

### References

* “tonus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* "tonus", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* tonus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from French tonus.

### Noun

tonus n (plural tonusuri)
* muscle tone
* tonus