# dolus
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin dolus (“deceit, trickery”); akin to Ancient Greek δόλος (dólos, “bait, ruse”). Compare dolose, dolosity.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈdoʊləs/
* Rhymes: -oʊləs

### Noun

dolus (countable and uncountable, plural doli)
* (law) Evil intent: malice or fraud.
** 1849, James G. Butler, A Summary of the Roman Civil Law:Every actual delict presupposes a dolus or culpa, with the concomitant consciousness and prepense

#### Related terms

* dolose
* dolosity
* dolus specialis

### References

* “dolus”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.

### Anagrams

* Sudol, louds, ludos

## Latin
### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈdo.lus/, [ˈd̪ɔɫ̪ʊs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈdo.lus/, [ˈd̪ɔːlus]

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-European *dolh₁os. Cognates include Ancient Greek δόλος (dólos).

#### Noun

dolus m (genitive dolī); second declension
* deception, deceit, fraud, guile, treachery, trickery
    Synonyms: dēceptiō, perfidia, fraus, maleficium, stratēgēma, ars
** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.130:Nec latuēre dolī frātrem Iūnōnis et īrae.Nor was [her] brother [Neptune] unaware of the deceit and wrath of Juno.
* evil intent; malice; wrongdoing (with a view to the consequences)
* device, artifice, strategem, trap

##### Usage notes

The phrase dolum faciō means "to trick."

##### Declension

Second-declension noun.

##### Derived terms

* dolōsus
* subdolus

##### Related terms

* dolōsē
* dolōsitās

##### Descendants

* → Catalan: dol
* → English: dolus
* → French: dol
* → Italian: dolo
* → Portuguese: dolo
* → Romanian: dol
* → Sicilian: dolu
* → Spanish: dolo

### Etymology 2

Probably a separate and unrelated term from the above, instead deriving from doleō (“to hurt, grieve”) and dolor (“pain”).

#### Noun

dolus m (genitive dolī); second declension (Late Latin)
* pain, grief

##### Related terms

* cordolium

##### Descendants

* Balkano-Romance:
** Aromanian: dor
** Romanian: dor
* Italo-Dalmatian:
** Italian: duolo, dolo
** Venetan: diol
* Rhaeto-Romance:
** Friulian: dûl
* Gallo-Italic:
** Piedmontese: deur, deul
* Northern Gallo-Romance:
** Old French: duel, dol
*** French: deuil
*** Norman: deû (Continental), deu (Jersey)
* Southern Gallo-Romance:
** Catalan: dol
** Occitan: dòl
* Ibero-Romance:
** Old Galician-Portuguese: doo
*** Galician: dó
*** Portuguese: dó
** Spanish: duelo

### References

* “dolus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “dolus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "dolus", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. by craft: per dolum (B. G. 4. 13) by the aid of fraud and lies: dolis et fallaciis (Sall. Cat. 11. 2)
* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 177

## Middle Irish
### Etymology

do- +‎ lés (compare solus, from Old Irish solus).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈdˠolusˠ/

### Adjective

dolus
* lightless, obscure

#### Descendants

* Irish: dolas

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Middle Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “dolus”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language