# ἀνά
## Ancient Greek
### Alternative forms

* ἀμ (am), ἄμ (ám) — apocopic, before a labial
* ἀν’ (an’), ἄν’ (án’) — apocopic

### Etymology

From Proto-Hellenic *aná. Beekes' derivation from *h₂en- (“up, on high”) doesn't explain the second syllable. LIPP reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *áno (“up, over, along”). For /o/ > /a/ a vowel harmony is posited, cf. παρά (pará), κατά (katá), ἄντα (ánta), μάλα (mála), σάφα (sápha), θαμά (thamá). For the stress shift, an analogy with other prepositions. Cognates include Avestan 𐬀𐬥𐬀 (ana), Latin an- (“up”) in an-hēlō (“to gasp”), an-testor (“to call up as a witness”), and English on.
The genitive is an innovated Greek associative. The dative is from the PIE locative. The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /a.ná/ → /aˈna/ → /aˈna/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /a.ná/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /aˈna/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /aˈna/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /aˈna/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /aˈna/

### Preposition

ᾰ̓νᾰ́ • (ănắ) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)
* [with genitive] (rare) on board
* [with dative] (of location) on, upon
* [with accusative]
** up, upwards, along
** in sequence, each, throughout
** up to
** (of amounts) at a rate, speed, or price of, for
** (of time) translatable with an adverbial noun phrase
    ἀνὰ πᾶσαν ἡμέραν ― anà pâsan hēméran ― every day
    ἀνὰ πᾶν ἔτος ― anà pân étos ― every year

#### Derived terms

* ἀνα- (ana-)

#### Descendants

* Greek: ανά (aná)

### References

* ↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἀνά”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 97
* ↑ Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (Indogermanische Bibliothek. 2. Reihe: Wörterbücher) (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmbH Heidelberg, →ISBN, pages 50-1
* ↑ Walde, Alois, Hofmann, Johann Baptist (1938) “1. an-”, in Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), 3rd edition, volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, page 43

### Further reading

* “ἀνά”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “ἀνά”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “ἀνά”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
* ἀνά in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* ἀνά in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
* ἀνά in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2025)
* “ἀνά”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
* G303 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
* ἀνά in Trapp, Erich, et al. (1994–2007) Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität besonders des 9.-12. Jahrhunderts [the Lexicon of Byzantine Hellenism, Particularly the 9th–12th Centuries], Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
* Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited. along idem, page 25.over idem, page 584.through idem, page 871.throughout idem, page 871.up idem, page 937.