# 凝

| 凝 | U+51DD, &#20957; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51DD |
| ← 凜 [U+51DC] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 凞 → [U+51DE] |

## Translingual
### Han character

凝 (Kangxi radical 15, 冫+14, 16 strokes, cangjie input 戈一心大人 (IMPKO), four-corner 3718$_1$, composition ⿰冫疑)

#### Derived characters

* 𭗰, 𠘤

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 133, character 45
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1720
* Dae Jaweon: page 298, character 27
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 301, character 18
* Unihan data for U+51DD

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 凝
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 礙 | *ŋɯːs |
| 儗 | *ŋɯːs, *hŋɯːs, *ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯs |
| 懝 | *ŋɯːs, *ŋɯɡ |
| 譺 | *ŋrɯːs, *ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯs |
| 癡 | *ŋ̊ʰl'ɯ |
| 疑 | *ŋɯ |
| 嶷 | *ŋɯ, *ŋɯɡ |
| 觺 | *ŋɯ |
| 擬 | *ŋɯʔ |
| 薿 | *ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯɡ |
| 凝 | *ŋrɯŋ, *ŋrɯŋs |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ŋrɯŋ, *ŋrɯŋs): semantic 冫 (“ice”) + phonetic 疑 (OC *ŋɯ)

### Etymology 1

Possibly related to 冰 (OC *p.rəŋ, “ice”) (Baxter & Sagart, 2014); if so, also related to 凌 (OC *[r]əŋ ~ p.rəŋ, “ice”) and from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-p(w)am (“to freeze; snow”) (provisionally reconstructed) (STEDT); other comparanda are 雱 (OC *pʰˁaŋ) "heavy snowfall", and 霙 (OC *ʔraŋ) "sleet, snowflake".

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): níng (ning$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄋㄧㄥˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): nyin$^2$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jing$^4$ / king$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ngen$^3$ / ken$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): nèn / khièn / khiàn
    (Hailu, HRS): nen / kien
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ngên$^2$ / kên$^2$ / kên$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): ning$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): ngǐ
* Eastern Min (BUC): ngìng / ngĭk
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): nging$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): gêng / kiân / giân
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ngêng$^5$ / nging$^5$ / geng$^5$ / gêng$^5$ / ngang$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$gnin
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): nyin$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: níng
*** Zhuyin: ㄋㄧㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: níng
*** Wade–Giles: ning$^2$
*** Yale: níng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ning
*** Palladius: нин (nin)
*** Sinological IPA : /niŋ³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: nyin$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: nin
*** Sinological IPA : /nʲin²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jing$^4$ / king$^4$
*** Yale: yìhng / kìhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jing$^4$ / king$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ying$^4$ / king$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɪŋ²¹/, /kʰɪŋ²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ngen$^3$ / ken$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /ᵑɡen²²/, /kʰen²²/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nèn / khièn
*** Hakka Romanization System: nen$^ˇ$ / kien$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: nen$^2$ / kian$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /nen¹¹/, /kʰi̯en¹¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nèn / khiàn
*** Hakka Romanization System: nen$^ˇ$ / kian$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: nen$^2$ / kian$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /nen¹¹/, /kʰi̯an¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: nen / kien
*** Sinological IPA: /nen⁵⁵/, /kʰien⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: ngên$^2$ / kên$^2$ / kên$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋɛn¹¹/, /kʰɛn¹¹/, /kʰɛn⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: ning$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /niŋ¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ngǐ
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋi²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ngìng / ngĭk
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋiŋ⁵³/, /ŋiʔ⁵/
* ngìng - literary;
* ngĭk - vernacular.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit凝 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /niŋ³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /niŋ²⁴/ ～固 /niŋ⁵³/ 肉湯～了 |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /niŋ⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /ȵiŋ⁴²/ /iŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /niŋ⁴²/ /iŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /niŋ⁴²/ /iŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /niŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /ȵiə̃²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /niŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ȵĩn⁵³/ /lĩn⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ȵiŋ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /nin²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /ȵin³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /nin²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /nĩ³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /lin²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /lin⁵⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /niəŋ¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /ȵiŋ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /nĩŋ³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ȵiŋ²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ȵin¹³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ȵin²¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ȵaŋ³¹/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /niʌ̃⁴⁴/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | |
| Xiang | Changsha | /ȵin¹³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ȵin¹²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | |
| Hakka | Meixian | /kʰen¹¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /jeŋ²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /neŋ²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /jiŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /giŋ³⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /ŋiŋ⁵³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /ŋi²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /ŋeŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /ŋeŋ³¹/ /xeŋ³¹/ |
* Middle Chinese: nging, ngingH
Rime :
| Character | 凝 | 凝 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 蒸 (133) | 蒸 (133) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 魚陵切 | 牛𩜁切 |
| Baxter | nging | ngingH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ŋɨŋ/ | /ŋɨŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ŋɨŋ/ | /ŋɨŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ŋieŋ/ | /ŋieŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ŋiŋ/ | /ŋiŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ŋiəŋ/ | /ŋiəŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ŋĭəŋ/ | /ŋĭəŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ŋi̯əŋ/ | /ŋi̯əŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yíng | yìng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jing$^4$ | jing$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ](r)əŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋrɯŋ/, /*ŋrɯŋs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 凝 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | níng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ nging › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ŋ](r)əŋ/ (< uvular?) |
| English | freeze, coagulate |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 凝 | 凝 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 14902 | 14903 |
| Phonetic component | 疑 | 疑 |
| Rime group | 蒸 | 蒸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 凝 | 凝 |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋrɯŋ/ | /*ŋrɯŋs/ |

#### Definitions

凝
* to coagulate; to congeal; to freeze
* to focus; to concentrate (attention)
* to stop; to be still
* slow; sluggish
* deep; gorgeous
* (Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien, of eyes) not moving; staring blankly
* (Teochew) cold
    凝死 [Teochew] ― ngang$^5$ si$^2$ [Peng'im] ― very cold
* (Hakka) ice

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 冷, 寒冷 weather |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 冷 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 冷 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 冷 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 冷 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 冷 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 冷 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 冷 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 冷 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 冷 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 冷, 凊 very cold |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 冷, 冷凊 weather |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 冷 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 冷, 凊 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 冷 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 冷 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 凍, 冷 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 凍, 冷 weather |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 冷 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 凍, 冷 weather |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 凍 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 凍 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 凍 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 冷 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 冷 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 冷 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 冷, 寒 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 冷, 寒人 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 冷 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 冷, 寒 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 冷, 寒 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 冷, 寒 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 冷, 凍 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 冷 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 凊, 鎮 very cold |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 凊, 凍 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 冷, 凊, 寒 weather |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 冷, 凊, 寒 |
| Southern Min | Shishi | 寒 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 冷, 凊, 寒 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 寒 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 寒 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 冷, 凊, 寒 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 冷, 寒 weather, 凊 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 冷, 寒 weather |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 冷, 寒, 凊 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 凝, 寒 weather, 凊 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 凝, 寒, 凊, 冷 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 凝, 凊 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 凝 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 凝, 凊 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 凝 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 寒 |
| Southern Min | Qionghai | 寒 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 凊, 寒 weather |
| Wu | Shanghai | 冷 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 冷 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 冷, 凍 weather |
| Wu | Danyang | 冷 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 冷 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 冷 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 冷, 凍 |
| Wu | Lishui | 冷 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 冷 |
| Wu | Yushan | 凊 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 冷, 凊 very cold |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 冷, 凊 very cold |
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 冰, 凌 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 冰 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 冰 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 冰 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 冰, 冰冰 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 冰 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 冰 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Wuchang (Yingchengzi) | 冰 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 冰, 凍 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 冰 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Olginsky (Mikhaylovka) | 冰 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 冰 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 冰 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 冰 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Xianxian (Xiaoying) | 凌 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 冰 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 冰 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Weifang (Weicheng) | 凍凍 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Weifang (Fangzi) | 凍凍 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Changle | 凍凍 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shouguang | 凍凍 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Rizhao | 凍凍 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Wulian | 凍凍 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 冰, 凍凍 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 冰 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 冰 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Weifang (Hanting) | 凍凍 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Changyi | 凍凍 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Gaomi | 凍凍 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Zhucheng | 凍凍 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Anqiu | 凍凍 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Linqu | 凍凍 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingzhou | 凍凍 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 冰, 冰凌 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 冬凌 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 冰 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 冰 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Dingbian | 冰 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 冰 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 凍凍, 冰冰, 冰 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Qimen (Anling; Junhua) | 冰凍 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 冰 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 冰, 凍 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 冰, 凌冰, 凌冰兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Muli | 凌冰子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 冰, 凌冰兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 凌, 凌冰, 冰, 凍 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 冰, 凌冰 in nature |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 冰凌 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Pingle | 冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Luzhai | 冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanning (Wuming) | 冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Binyang (Nanjie) | 冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hechi (Yizhou) | 冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Luocheng (Dongmen) | 冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianlin (Langping) | 凝 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangzhou (Nalu) | 冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Reshuitang (Longling) | 冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Salong (Lancang) | 冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Sai (Tengchong) | 冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Oudomxay | 冰棒 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 冰, 凍 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 冰 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 凍 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 冰凍, 冰 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Chuzhou | 冰凍 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hong'an | 凌冰 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 雪, 冰 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 冰, 雪 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Chongkoumen, Nanlang; Tanka) | 冰, 雪 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Taishan (Guanghai) | 冰, 雪 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 冰, 雪 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Shatian) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Guiping (Jintian) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Guiping (Jiangkou) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Guiping (Madong) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Beiliu | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Baise | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Qinzhou | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Qinzhou (Changtan) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Qinzhou (Xiniujiao) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Nankang) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Yingpan) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Chongzuo (Laituan) | 冰, 霜 dated |
| Cantonese | Fusui (Qujiu) | 冰, 霜 dated |
| Cantonese | Lingchuan (Yangjia) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Danzhou | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Sanya (Yanglan; Maihua) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Móng Cái | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Yangon (Taishan) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Mandalay (Taishan) | 冰 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 冰, 冰凌 |
| Gan | Pengze | 凌冰 |
| Gan | Yanshan (Hekou) | 冰 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 冰凌 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 冰, 凌冰 dated; in nature |
| Hakka | Meixian | 凝, 冰 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 凝餅 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 凝 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Shuizhai) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 硬凝 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Changbu) | 凝 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Mianyang) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Wengyuan | 冰 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 硬凝 |
| Hakka | Liannan | 冰 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 冰 |
| Hakka | Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Changting | 凌冰 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 凌冰 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Yanqian) | 凌冰 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 硬凝 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 凌冰 |
| Hakka | Liancheng (Peitian) | 凌冰 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 凌冰 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 冰 |
| Hakka | Ningdu | 凌冰 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 凌冰 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 凌冰 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 硬構 |
| Hakka | Tonggu (Sandu) | 凌冰 |
| Hakka | Ganzhou (Panlong) | 凌冰 |
| Hakka | Dayu | 凌冰 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 冰 |
| Hakka | Yangxi (Tangkou) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Yangchun (Sanjia) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Xinyi (Sihe) | 雪 |
| Hakka | Xinyi (Qianpai) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Gaozhou (Xindong) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Huazhou (Xin'an) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Lianjiang (Shijiao) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Lianjiang (Qingping) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Mengshan (Xihe) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Luchuan | 冰 |
| Hakka | Bobai (Shahe) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Bobai (Longtan) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Bobai (Lingping) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Beiliu (Gonghe, Xilang) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Xingye (Gaofeng) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Guilin (Xiaojiang, Lingui) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Pingle (Tong'an) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Yangshuo (Jinbao) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Singkawang | 雪 |
| Hakka | Pontianak (Meixian) | 雪 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 冰, 凍冰 |
| Huizhou | Shexian (Xianggao) | 冰 |
| Huizhou | Shexian (Daguyun) | 冰, 凍冰 |
| Huizhou | Qimen (Anling; Minhua) | 冰凍 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 冰, 冰凌 |
| Jin | Datong | 冰 |
| Jin | Datong (Yunzhou) | 冰 |
| Jin | Datong (Xicetian, Yunzhou) | 冰凌 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 冬蠟 |
| Jin | Changzhi | 冰凌 |
| Jin | Linhe | 冰 |
| Jin | Jining | 冰 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 冰 |
| Jin | Handan | 冰 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 冰, 霜冰 |
| Northern Min | Pucheng (Shibei) | 冰 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 冰 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 冰 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 冰, 霜 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 冰, 霜 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 冰, 霜 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 冰 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 霜, 冰 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 霜, 冰 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 霜 |
| Southern Min | Pingnan (Pingtian) | 冰 |
| Southern Min | Guiping (Xiaowen) | 冰 |
| Southern Min | Guiping (Dongsheng) | 冰 |
| Southern Min | Guilin (Biyange) | 冰 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 霜, 冰 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 冰 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 冰 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 霜水 |
| Southern Min | Phnom Penh (Teochew) | 冰霜 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 冰 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 霜 |
| Southern Min | Pontianak (Teochew) | 冰 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 冰 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 冰 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 冰 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang) | 冰 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang) | 冰 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu) | 冰 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 冰 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Fengting) | 冰 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Youyang) | 冰 |
| Central Min | Yong'an | 霜冰 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 冰 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Sanxiang) | 冰 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 冰 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Gejiayuan) | 冰 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Zhegulu) | 冰 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Silian) | 冰 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Xiuxiang) | 冰 |
| Southern Pinghua | Binyang | 冰 |
| Southern Pinghua | Chongzuo (Laituan) | 冰 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Wutong, Lingui) | 冰 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Liutang, Lingui) | 冰 |
| Northern Pinghua | Lingchuan (Sanjie) | 冰 |
| Northern Pinghua | Lingchuan (Gaoqiao) | 冰 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guanyang (Guanyinge) | 雪 |
| Shehua | Fu'an | 冰 |
| Shehua | Fuding | 冰 |
| Shehua | Luoyuan | 冰 |
| Shehua | Sanming | 冰 |
| Shehua | Shunchang | 冰 |
| Shehua | Hua'an | 冰 |
| Shehua | Guixi (Zhangping) | 冰 |
| Shehua | Cangnan | 冰 |
| Shehua | Jingning (Hexi) | 冰 |
| Shehua | Lishui | 冰 |
| Shehua | Longyou | 冰 |
| Shehua | Chaozhou | 冰 |
| Shehua | Fengshun | 雪 |
| Waxiang | Guzhang (Gaofeng) | 涼槓 |
| Waxiang | Luxi (Liangjiatan) | 凝鉤子 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 冰 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Songjiang) | 冰 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Zhoupu, Pudong) | 冰 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Jiading) | 冰 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Shuangcaodun, Baoshan) | 冰 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Luodian, Baoshan) | 冰 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 冰 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 冰 |
| Wu | Suzhou (Lili, Wujiang) | 冰 |
| Wu | Suzhou (Shengze, Wujiang) | 冰 |
| Wu | Wuxi | 冰 |
| Wu | Changshu | 冰, 冰凍 |
| Wu | Kunshan | 冰 |
| Wu | Jiaxing | 冰 |
| Wu | Changzhou | 冰, 結冰 |
| Wu | Liyang | 冰 |
| Wu | Yixing | 冰 |
| Wu | Danyang | 冰, 凍 |
| Wu | Danyang (Tongjiaqiao) | 冰 |
| Wu | Jingjiang | 冰 |
| Wu | Jiangyin | 冰 |
| Wu | Huzhou (Shuanglin) | 冰 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 冰 |
| Wu | Hangzhou (Fuyang) | 冰 |
| Wu | Shaoxing | 冰 |
| Wu | Zhuji (Wangjiajing) | 冰凍 |
| Wu | Shengzhou (Chongren) | 冰 |
| Wu | Shengzhou (Taiping) | 冰 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 冰 |
| Wu | Ningbo (Yinzhou) | 冰 |
| Wu | Yuyao | 冰 |
| Wu | Zhoushan | 冰 |
| Wu | Taizhou (Huangyan) | 冰 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 冰, 霜冰 in nature |
| Wu | Quzhou | 冰 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 冰 |
| Wu | Jinhua (Tangxi) | 冰 |
| Wu | Yongkang | 冰 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 凌, 凌冰 in nature |
| Xiang | Xiangxiang | 冰 |
| Xiang | Xiangxiang (Meiqiao) | 凌構子 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 構冷子 |
| Xiang | Hengyang | 冰 |
| Xiang | Hengshan | 冰 |
| Xiang | Hengshan (Baiguo) | 冰 |
| Xiang | Qinglong (Changliu Laba Miao) | 冰, 凌, 凌構 |

#### Compounds

* 冷凝 (lěngníng)
* 冷凝劑 / 冷凝剂
* 冷凝器
* 冷凝管
* 凝乳 (níngrǔ)
* 凝佇
* 凝冱
* 凝凍 / 凝冻
* 凝凝
* 凝咽 (níngyè)
* 凝固 (nínggù)
* 凝固劑 / 凝固剂
* 凝固點 / 凝固点
* 凝妝 / 凝妆
* 凝寒
* 凝思 (níngsī)
* 凝想
* 凝態 / 凝态
* 凝慮 / 凝虑
* 凝望 (níngwàng)
* 凝水石
* 凝滯 / 凝滞 (níngzhì)
* 凝灰岩 (nínghuīyán)
* 凝然
* 凝目 (níngmù)
* 凝眄
* 凝眸 (níngmóu)
* 凝睇 (níngdì)
* 凝神 (níngshén)
* 凝視 / 凝视 (níngshì)
* 凝視點 / 凝视点
* 凝結 / 凝结 (níngjié)
* 凝結作用 / 凝结作用
* 凝結反應 / 凝结反应
* 凝網 / 凝网
* 凝練 / 凝练 (níngliàn)
* 凝聚 (níngjù)
* 凝聚力 (níngjùlì)
* 凝聽 / 凝听 (níngtīng)
* 凝脂 (níngzhī)
* 凝膠體 / 凝胶体
* 凝華 / 凝华 (nínghuá)
* 凝血因子 (níngxuè yīnzǐ)
* 凝血現象 / 凝血现象
* 凝血障礙 / 凝血障碍
* 凝重 (níngzhòng)
* 凝鍊 / 凝炼 (níngliàn)
* 凝集 (níngjí)
* 凝雨
* 凝霜 (níngshuāng)
* 凝霰
* 凝香
* 屏息凝氣 / 屏息凝气
* 屏息凝視 / 屏息凝视
* 屏氣凝神 / 屏气凝神
* 抗凝血劑 / 抗凝血剂
* 混凝
* 混凝劑 / 混凝剂
* 混凝土
* 端凝
* 絮凝 (xùníng)
* 血液凝固
* 酸凝酪 (suānnínglào)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): gîn / gûn / gîrn
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Yilan, Tainan, Kaohsiung, Kinmen, Magong, Hsinchu, Taichung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gîn
*** Tâi-lô: gîn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: giin
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡin¹³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡin²³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei, Yilan, Tainan, Kinmen): /ɡin²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Lukang, Kinmen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gûn
*** Tâi-lô: gûn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: guun
*** IPA (Lukang, Kinmen): /ɡun²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Sanxia)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gîrn
*** Tâi-lô: gîrn

#### Definitions

凝
* (Hokkien) Alternative form of 睨 (“to glare”)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* congeal

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): ぎょう (gyō, Jōyō)
* Kun: こる (koru, 凝る, Jōyō)、こらす (korasu, 凝らす, Jōyō)

#### Compounds

* 凝灰岩(ぎょうかいがん) (gyōkaigan)
* 凝結(ぎょうけつ) (gyōketsu)
* 凝固(ぎょうこ) (gyōko)
* 凝視(ぎょうし) (gyōshi)
* 凝集(ぎょうしゅう) (gyōshū)
* 凝然(ぎょうぜん) (gyōzen)
* 凝(こ)り形(がたち) (korigatachi)

## Korean
### Hanja

凝 (eum 응 (eung))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

凝: Hán Nôm readings: ngưng, ngừng
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.