# underground
## English
### Etymology

From Middle English undergrounde (adverb), equivalent to under +‎ ground or under- +‎ ground. Compare Dutch ondergrond, ondergronds, German Untergrund, Danish undergrunds.

### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˌʌndəˈɡɹaʊnd/, (especially for the noun) /ˈʌndəɡɹaʊnd/
** Audio (Southern England):(file)
* (General American) IPA: /ˌʌndɚˈɡɹaʊnd/, (especially for the noun) /ˈʌndɚɡɹaʊnd/
* Rhymes: -aʊnd
* Hyphenation: un‧der‧ground

### Adjective

underground (comparative more underground, superlative most underground)
* (not comparable) Below the ground; below the surface of the Earth.
    Synonyms: subterranean, hypogean
    There is an underground tunnel that takes you across the river.
** 2014 June 14, “It's a gas”, in The Economist‎, volume 411, number 8891:One of the hidden glories of Victorian engineering is proper drains. Isolating a city’s effluent and shipping it away in underground sewers has probably saved more lives than any medical procedure except vaccination.
* (figurative) Hidden, furtive, secretive.
    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:hidden, Thesaurus:covert
    These criminals operate through an underground network.
* (of music, art etc.) Outside the mainstream, especially unofficial and hidden from the authorities.
    Synonyms: unconventional, alternative
    Antonym: mainstream
    underground music
** 1991, Stephen Fry, The Liar, page 27:‘ […] he wrote to me last week telling me about an incredible bitch of a row blazing there on account of someone having been and gone and produced an unofficial magazine called Raddled, full of obscene libellous Oz-like filth. And what I though, what Sammy and I thought, was—why not?’ ‘Why not what?’ said Tom. ‘Why not do the same thing here?’ ‘You mean an underground magazine?’ ‘Yup.’
** 2010 March 20, James Campbell, “Barry Miles: 'I think of the 60s as a supermarket of ideas. We were looking for new ways to live'”, in The Guardian‎:"In many ways, it showed there was no longer an underground, as such. This proved that there was no longer one society with everyone agreeing how to live . . . The underground had officially come above ground, and consequently no longer existed."

#### Derived terms

* underground handball
* underground handpass
* underground mutton
* underground people
* Underground Railroad
* underground railway
* Weather Underground

#### Translations
### Adverb

underground (comparative more underground, superlative most underground)
* Below the ground.
    Synonym: below ground
    The tunnel goes underground at this point.
* Secretly.
    Synonyms: clandestinely, in secret, on the quiet

#### Translations
### Noun

underground (plural undergrounds)
* (geography) Regions beneath the surface of the earth, both natural (eg. caves) and man-made (eg. mines).
* (chiefly British) Synonym of subway: a railway that is under the ground.
    Synonym: underground railway
    London Underground
* (with definite article) A movement or organisation of people who resist political convention.
    Synonym: resistance
    the French underground during World War II
** 1942, Julius J. Epstein, Philip G. Epstein, Howard Koch, Casablanca, spoken by Ilsa (Ingrid Bergman):Victor, please, don't go to the underground meeting tonight.
* (with definite article) A movement or organisation of people who resist artistic convention.
    Synonyms: avant-garde, counterculture

#### Translations
### Verb

underground (third-person singular simple present undergrounds, present participle undergrounding, simple past and past participle undergrounded)
* To route electricity distribution cables underground.
** 1962, David Pesonen, “Battles Over Energy”, in Carolyn Merchant, editor, Green Versus Gold: Sources in California's Environmental History‎, Island Press, published 1998, →ISBN, page 325:One is to underground where no other alternative will work, and this method should be used universally in urban regions as it now is in “downtown” sections.
** 2004, Don L. Ivey, C. Paul Scott, “Solutions”, in Transportation Research Board Committee on Utilities, editor, Utilities and Roadside Safety‎, State of the Art Report 9, Transportation Research Board, →ISBN, page 9:Also, undergrounding may not eliminate the potential for crashes with other roadside objects, such as trees, walls, buildings, and so forth. [...] When looking at the fesibility of undergrounding utilities, the complete roadside area and nearby adjacent properties should be evaluated for potential roadside obstructions or hazards.
** 2006, Janes Northcote-Green, Robert Wilson, “Design, Construction and Operation of Distribution Systems, MV Networks”, in Control and Automation of Electrical Power Distribution Systems‎, CRC Press, →ISBN, page 110:The utility now wants the network to be undergrounded in the urban areas, which would mean substations with 33 kV distribution swtichgear.

#### Translations
### See also

* underground railway
* go underground

## Finnish
### Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from English underground.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɑnder.ɡrɑund/, [ˈɑ̝nde̞rˌɡrɑ̝und]
* Rhymes: -ɑund

### Noun

underground
* underground (culture)

#### Declension

Possessive forms of underground (Kotus type 5/risti, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
undergroundini
undergroundini
accusative
nom.
undergroundini
undergroundini
gen.
undergroundini
genitive
undergroundini
undergroundieni
partitive
undergroundiani
undergroundejani
inessive
undergroundissani
undergroundeissani
elative
undergroundistani
undergroundeistani
illative
undergroundiini
undergroundeihini
adessive
undergroundillani
undergroundeillani
ablative
undergroundiltani
undergroundeiltani
allative
undergroundilleni
undergroundeilleni
essive
undergroundinani
undergroundeinani
translative
undergroundikseni
undergroundeikseni
abessive
undergroundittani
undergroundeittani
instructive
comitative
—undergroundeineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
undergroundisi
undergroundisi
accusative
nom.
undergroundisi
undergroundisi
gen.
undergroundisi
genitive
undergroundisi
undergroundiesi
partitive
undergroundiasi
undergroundejasi
inessive
undergroundissasi
undergroundeissasi
elative
undergroundistasi
undergroundeistasi
illative
undergroundiisi
undergroundeihisi
adessive
undergroundillasi
undergroundeillasi
ablative
undergroundiltasi
undergroundeiltasi
allative
undergroundillesi
undergroundeillesi
essive
undergroundinasi
undergroundeinasi
translative
undergroundiksesi
undergroundeiksesi
abessive
undergroundittasi
undergroundeittasi
instructive
comitative
—undergroundeinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
undergroundimme
undergroundimme
accusative
nom.
undergroundimme
undergroundimme
gen.
undergroundimme
genitive
undergroundimme
undergroundiemme
partitive
undergroundiamme
undergroundejamme
inessive
undergroundissamme
undergroundeissamme
elative
undergroundistamme
undergroundeistamme
illative
undergroundiimme
undergroundeihimme
adessive
undergroundillamme
undergroundeillamme
ablative
undergroundiltamme
undergroundeiltamme
allative
undergroundillemme
undergroundeillemme
essive
undergroundinamme
undergroundeinamme
translative
undergroundiksemme
undergroundeiksemme
abessive
undergroundittamme
undergroundeittamme
instructive
comitative
—undergroundeinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
undergroundinne
undergroundinne
accusative
nom.
undergroundinne
undergroundinne
gen.
undergroundinne
genitive
undergroundinne
undergroundienne
partitive
undergroundianne
undergroundejanne
inessive
undergroundissanne
undergroundeissanne
elative
undergroundistanne
undergroundeistanne
illative
undergroundiinne
undergroundeihinne
adessive
undergroundillanne
undergroundeillanne
ablative
undergroundiltanne
undergroundeiltanne
allative
undergroundillenne
undergroundeillenne
essive
undergroundinanne
undergroundeinanne
translative
undergroundiksenne
undergroundeiksenne
abessive
undergroundittanne
undergroundeittanne
instructive
comitative
—undergroundeinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
undergroundinsa
undergroundinsa
accusative
nom.
undergroundinsa
undergroundinsa
gen.
undergroundinsa
genitive
undergroundinsa
undergroundiensa
partitive
undergroundiaan undergroundiansa
undergroundejaan undergroundejansa
inessive
undergroundissaan undergroundissansa
undergroundeissaan undergroundeissansa
elative
undergroundistaan undergroundistansa
undergroundeistaan undergroundeistansa
illative
undergroundiinsa
undergroundeihinsa
adessive
undergroundillaan undergroundillansa
undergroundeillaan undergroundeillansa
ablative
undergroundiltaan undergroundiltansa
undergroundeiltaan undergroundeiltansa
allative
undergroundilleen undergroundillensa
undergroundeilleen undergroundeillensa
essive
undergroundinaan undergroundinansa
undergroundeinaan undergroundeinansa
translative
undergroundikseen undergroundiksensa
undergroundeikseen undergroundeiksensa
abessive
undergroundittaan undergroundittansa
undergroundeittaan undergroundeittansa
instructive
comitative
—undergroundeineen undergroundeinensa :

#### Derived terms

* undergroundelokuva
* undergroundkirjallisuus
* undergroundkulttuuri
* undergroundsarjakuva

### Further reading

* “underground”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-04

## French
### Etymology

Borrowed from English underground.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /œ̃.dɛʁ.ɡʁawnd/

### Adjective

underground (invariable)
* underground (outside the mainstream)

### Noun

underground m (uncountable)
* (singular only) the underground (people who resist artistic convention)

### Further reading

* “underground”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Italian
### Etymology

Borrowed from English underground.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /an.derˈɡrawnd/
* Rhymes: -awnd

### Noun

l'underground m (invariable)
* the underground (people who resist artistic convention)

### References

* ↑ underground in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)

## Romanian
### Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from English underground.

### Adjective

underground m or f or n (indeclinable)
* underground

#### Declension
## Spanish
### Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from English underground.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /andeɾˈɡɾaund/ [ãn̪.d̪eɾˈɣ̞ɾãũn̪d̪]
* IPA: /ondeɾˈɡɾaund/ [õn̪.d̪eɾˈɣ̞ɾãũn̪d̪]
* Rhymes: -aund

### Noun

underground m (plural undergrounds)
* underground (movement)

#### Usage notes

According to Royal Spanish Academy (RAE) prescriptions, unadapted foreign words should be written in italics in a text printed in roman type, and vice versa, and in quotation marks in a manuscript text or when italics are not available. In practice, this RAE prescription is not always followed.

### Further reading

* “underground”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10