OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# escarpment
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from French escarpement.

### Pronunciation

* (UK) IPA: /ɪˈskɑːp.mənt/
* (US) IPA: /ɪˈskɑɹp.mənt/
** Audio (US):(file)
* Hyphenation: es‧carp‧ment

### Noun

escarpment (plural escarpments)
* A steep descent or declivity; steep face or edge of a ridge; ground about a fortified place, cut away nearly vertically to prevent hostile approach.
    Hypernym: cliff
** 1895, J[ohn] W[esley] Powell, chapter I, in Canyons of the Colorado, Meadville, PA: Flood & Vincent; republished as The Exploration of the Colorado River and Its Canyons, New York: Dover, 1961, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 32:After the canyons, the most remarkable features of the country are the long lines of cliffs. These are bold escarpments scores or hundreds of miles in length,—great geographic steps, often hundreds or thousands of feet in altitude, presenting steep faces of rock, often vertical.
** 1950 April, Timothy H. Cobb, “The Kenya-Uganda Railway”, in Railway Magazine, page 265:The railway winds down the face of the escarpment on a steady grade of 1.05 per cent, which is considerably better than the old route, up which trains took 2 hr. to struggle 15 miles, with two stops.
** 2012, David W. Phillipson, Foundations of an African Civilisation. Aksum & the northern Horn, 1000 BC–AD 1300, Woodbridge, Suffolk: James Currey, page 10:One of [the] defining characteristics of [the northern Horn of Africa] is its separateness, and this is partly due to its physical diversity. A detailed description of physical geography falls outside the scope of this book. It may simply be noted that the region comprises highlands that are bounded on the east by the precipitous escarpment bordering the Danakil lowlands and the Red Sea. To the west, the country descends more gradually to the extensive plains of the Nile Valley but is riven by the rugged valleys of the Takezze and other Nile tributaries. In the north, with decreasing altitude, the terrain becomes progressively more arid as the Sudanese lowlands converge with the Red-Sea coast. It is only to the south that the highlands continue, linking them with the principal mass of the Ethiopian plateau, near the western edge of which lies Lake Tana and the source of the Blue Nile.

#### Translations
### Further reading

* escarpment on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
# হাসন
## Bengali
### Etymology

From Arabic حَسَن (ḥasan). Compare Persian حسن (hasan) and Sylheti ꠢꠣꠍꠘ (hasón).

### Pronunciation

* (Rarh) IPA: /haʃɔn/, [haʃɔn]
* (Dhaka) IPA: /haʃɔn/, [haʃɔn]

### Proper noun

হাসন • (hasón)
* a male given name from Arabic
# shtrep
## Albanian
### Alternative forms

* shtrepë, shtrebë

### Etymology

From Proto-Albanian *straupa, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)rowpos. Compare Serbo-Croatian strup (“scab”), Lithuanian raupaĩ (“smallpox”). Possibly a singularized plural of shtrap.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃtɾɛp/

### Noun

shtrep m (plural shtrepa, definite shtrepi, definite plural shtrepat)
* (entomology) cheese mite

#### Derived terms

* shtreb

### Further reading

* “shtrep”, in FGJSH: Fjalor i gjuhës shqipe [Dictionary of the Albanian language] (in Albanian), 2006
* FGJSSH: Fjalor i gjuhës së sotme shqipe [Dictionary of the modern Albanian language]‎, 1980
* Newmark, L. (1999) “shtrep”, in Oxford Albanian-English Dictionary‎
# bluest
## English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈbluːɪst/, /ˈbluːəst/
* Rhymes: -uːɪst, -uːəst

### Adjective

bluest
* superlative form of blue: most blue

### Anagrams

* butles, sublet, bustle, Bustle, subtle, bluets
# shtir
## Albanian
### Etymology

Secondary formation from shtyj. In light of its meaning 'to ford, to cross' (a river), it could possibly be related to Proto-Germanic *stiurijaną (“to steer, to ferry”).

### Verb

shtir (aorist shtira, participle shtirur)
* to push (along), jostle, shove, nudge
* to cross (a river)
* to propel, repel
* to postpone, defer

#### Conjugation

* Show compound tenses:

### Further reading

* “shtir”, in FGJSH: Fjalor i gjuhës shqipe [Dictionary of the Albanian language] (in Albanian), 2006
* FGJSSH: Fjalor i gjuhës së sotme shqipe [Dictionary of the modern Albanian language]‎, 1980
# 99er
## English
### Etymology

99 + -er. "Unemployed person" sense from a US welfare provision entitling unemployed people to up to 99 weeks of insurance benefits.

### Noun

99er (plural 99ers)
* (US, chiefly plural) A long-term unemployed person who has exhausted his or her entitlement to welfare benefits.
* (US, chiefly plural) Someone in the bottom 99% of the population by wealth.
    Antonym: one-percenter
* Someone associated in any other way with the number 99 or a year ending in 99.
    The class of 1999 are referred to as the 99ers.
# suscetível
## Portuguese
### Alternative forms

* susceptível (pre-1990 spelling)
* susceptivel (pre-standardization spelling)

### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Late Latin susceptibilis, from Latin susceptus, from suscipiō.

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /su.seˈt͡ʃi.vew/ [su.seˈt͡ʃi.veʊ̯]
* (Portugal) IPA: (careful pronunciation) /suʃ.sɛˈti.vɛl/ [suʃ.sɛˈti.vɛɫ], /su.ʃɛˈti.vɛl/ [su.ʃɛˈti.vɛɫ]
* (Portugal) IPA: (careful pronunciation) /suʃ.sɛˈti.vɛl/ [suʃ.sɛˈti.vɛɫ], /su.ʃɛˈti.vɛl/ [su.ʃɛˈti.vɛɫ]
** (Northern Portugal) IPA: (careful pronunciation) /suʃ.sɛˈti.bɛl/ [suʃ.sɛˈti.βɛɫ], /su.ʃɛˈti.bɛl/ [su.ʃɛˈti.βɛɫ]
* Rhymes: (Portugal) -ivɛl
* Hyphenation: sus‧ce‧tí‧vel

### Adjective

suscetível m or f (plural suscetíveis)
* susceptible
* sensitive

#### Derived terms

* suscetibilidade
# násady
## Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈnaːsadɪ]

### Noun

násady
* inflection of násada:
** nominative/accusative/vocative plural
** genitive singular
# mpij
## Albanian
### Etymology

From Proto-Albanian *en-pāginja, from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂ǵ-. Cognate with Greek πήγνυμι (pígnymi, “to make firm, to make stiff”), Latin pangō (“id”), Gothic fahan (“to catch”).

### Verb

mpij (aorist mpiva, participle mpirë) (transitive)
* to benumb
* to make stiff

#### Conjugation

* Show compound tenses:

### References

* ↑ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “mpij”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 275

### Further reading

* “mpij”, in FGJSH: Fjalor i gjuhës shqipe [Dictionary of the Albanian language] (in Albanian), 2006
* FGJSSH: Fjalor i gjuhës së sotme shqipe [Dictionary of the modern Albanian language]‎, 1980
# Poecilotriccus
## Translingual

Wikispecies

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Proper noun

Poecilotriccus m
* A taxonomic genus within the family Tyrannidae – tody-flycatchers.

#### Hypernyms

* (genus): Eukaryota – superkingdom; Animalia – kingdom; Bilateria – subkingdom; Deuterostomia – infrakingdom; Chordata – phylum; Vertebrata – subphylum; Gnathostomata – infraphylum; Reptilia – class; Aves – subclass; Neognathae – infraclass; Neoaves – superorder; Passeriformes – order; Tyranni – suborder; Tyrannides – infraorder; Tyrannida – parvorder; Tyrannidae – family

### References

* Gill, F. and Wright, M. (2006) Birds of the World: Recommended English Names, Princeton University Press, →ISBN
# اوش امدی
## Old Anatolian Turkish
### Adverb

اوش امدی (uş imdi)
* Alternative form of شمدی (şimdi)

### Further reading

* Kanar, Mehmet (2018) “şimdi”, in Eski Anadolu Türkçesi Sözlüğü [Old Anatolian Turkish Dictionary] (in Turkish), 2nd edition, Istanbul: Say Yayınları, page 686
# perperus
## Latin
### Etymology

The root perus is from Proto-Italic *pero- (“on the other side”) from Proto-Indo-European *per-o-. Perhaps originally meaning “precipitous, heedless”. Cognate with Latin per (“through”), prīmus (“first”), prīvus (“private”) and prīscus (“ancient”). The additional per- prefix is from the same root, used in the sense of "through".

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈper.pe.rus/, [ˈpɛrpɛrʊs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈper.pe.rus/, [ˈpɛrperus]

### Adjective

perperus (feminine perpera, neuter perperum); first/second-declension adjective
* faulty, defective
* wrong, incorrect

#### Declension

First/second-declension adjective.

### References

* “perperus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* perperus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
# suscetibilidades
## Portuguese
### Noun

suscetibilidades
* plural of suscetibilidade
# بین الاقوامی
## Urdu
### Etymology

Coined in Urdu from Arabic بَيْنَ الأَقْوَام (bayna l-ʔaqwām, “between the peoples”) +‎ ـی (-ī), by analogy with Classical Persian بین‌المللی (baynalmilalī). The Arabic word قَوْم (qawm) is used (loaned via Classical Persian) in the sense of "nation" as is standard in Urdu. In Arabic itself, the word دُوَلِيّ (duwaliyy) has become standardised for "international". Also compare Ottoman Turkish بین‌الملل (beyn-elmilel)

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /bɛːn.ʊl.əq.ʋɑː.miː/

### Adjective

بَیْنَ الاَقْوامی • (bain-ul-aqvāmī) (Hindi spelling बैनल-अक़वामी)
* international
    بَیْنَ الاَقْوامی تَعْلُقات ― bainal-aqvāmī tāluqāt ― international relations

#### Synonyms

* عَالمِی ('ālmī, “global”)
* عَالَمگِیر ('ālamgīr, “worldwide”)

### References

* “بین+الاقوامی”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.
* “بین+الاقوامی”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
# statehood
## English
### Etymology

From state +‎ -hood.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsteɪthʊd/

### Noun

statehood (countable and uncountable, plural statehoods)
* The property of being a state.
    Alaska didn't attain statehood until 1959, when it became the 49th state of the United States.
* The condition of being a country.
** 2022 August 24, “Russia’s War on Ukraine: Six Months of Lies, Implemented”, in United States Department of State‎, archived from the original on 24 August 2022‎:Medvedev cited these supposed “Western analysts” in order to propagate Russia’s colonial fantasy: envisioning Ukraine’s territory reduced to just the Kyiv region, while the remainder of Ukraine would be divided among Russia, Poland, Romania, and Hungary. Such a narrative recalls Putin’s February 2022 speech questioning Ukraine’s statehood and accompanies intensifying Russian calls to expand its “special military operation” to realize its imperial map.
# Diotmar
## Old High German
### Etymology

From diot (“people, tribe”) (from Proto-West Germanic *Gaut, from Proto-Germanic *gautaz (“Geat”)) +‎ māri (“great, renowned”) (from Proto-West Germanic *mārī, from Proto-Germanic *mērijaz).

### Proper noun

Diotmar
* (Bavaria) a male given name

### References

* Schatz, Josef, 1871-1950 (1907) Altbairische Grammatik, Laut- und Flexionslehre (Grammatiken der althochdeutschen Dialekte; I. Band.)‎ (in German), Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, page 28
# շիտակ
## Armenian
### Etymology

Inherited from Middle Armenian շիտակ (šitak).

### Pronunciation

* (Eastern Armenian) IPA: /ʃiˈtɑk/, [ʃitɑ́k]
* (Western Armenian) IPA: /ʃiˈdɑɡ/, [ʃidɑ́ɡ]
* Audio (Eastern Armenian):(file)
* Audio (Western Armenian):(file)

### Adjective

շիտակ • (šitak) (superlative ամենաշիտակ)
* straight, upright, direct
** ca. 1680–1684, Baṙ girg taliani [An Armenian–Italian Dictionary published in Venice] page 45:շիտակ․ տռիթթօšitak; tṙitʻtʻōշիտակ (šitak) = dritto
* straightforward, honest, frank
* right-side-out
    Antonym: թարս (tʻars)

#### Declension
### Adverb

շիտակ • (šitak)
* in a straight, upright, direct manner
* straightforwardly, honestly, frankly
* right side out
    Antonym: թարս (tʻars)

### Related terms

* շտկել (štkel)

### References

* ↑ Orengo, Alessandro (2019) “Il ԲԱՌ ԳԻՐԳ ՏԱԼԻԱՆԻ Un dizionario armeno-italiano del XVII secolo”, in U. Bläsing, J. Dum-Tragut, T.M. van Lint, editors, Armenian, Hittite, and Indo-European Studies: A Commemoration Volume for Jos J.S. Weitenberg (Hebrew University Armenian Studies; 15), Leuven: Peeters, page 236

## Middle Armenian
### Etymology

From Old Armenian *շիտակ (*šitak), attested in the compounds ստեղնաշիտակ (stełnašitak) and գեղաշիտակ (gełašitak), borrowed from Iranian: compare Middle Persian [script needed] (šētak, “just, righteous, correct”) attested in Matigan-i Hazar Datistan 79:8.

### Adjective

շիտակ • (šitak)
* straight, upright

### Adverb

շիտակ • (šitak)
* straightly, uprightly

### Derived terms

* շիտակեալ (šitakeal)
* շիտկիլ (šitkil)

### Descendants

* Armenian: շիտակ (šitak)

### References

* ↑ Perixanjan, A. G. (1973) Сасанидский судебник (Mātakdān ī hazār dātastān)‎ (in Russian), Yerevan: Academy Press, pages 525, 235
* ↑ Perikhanian, Anahit (1997) Nina Garsoïan, transl., The Book of a Thousand Judgements: A Sasanian Law-book (Persian Heritage Series; 39), Costa Mesa, California and New York: Mazda Publishers in association with Bibliotheca Persica, pages 389, 192

### Further reading

* Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1977) “շիտակ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume III, Yerevan: University Press, page 520ab
* Awetikʻean, G., Siwrmēlean, X., Awgerean, M. (1836–1837) “շիտակ”, in Nor baṙgirkʻ haykazean lezui [New Dictionary of the Armenian Language] (in Old Armenian), Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
* J̌ahukyan, Geworg (2010) “շիտակ”, in Vahan Sargsyan, editor, Hayeren stugabanakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), Yerevan: Asoghik, page 588b
* Ġazaryan, Ṙuben, Avetisyan, Henrik (2009) “շիտակ”, in Miǰin hayereni baṙaran [Dictionary of Middle Armenian] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, Yerevan: University Press, page 595b
* Norayr N. Biwzandacʻi (2000) “շիտակ”, in Martiros Minassian, editor, Baṙagirkʻ storin hayerēni i matenagrutʻeancʻ ŽA–ŽĒ darucʻ [Dictionary of Middle Armenian Based on the Literature of 11–17th Centuries]‎, edited from the author's unfinished manuscript written 1884–1915, Geneva: Martiros Minassian, pages 580–581
# Pseudocolopteryx
## Translingual

Wikispecies

### Proper noun

Pseudocolopteryx f
* A taxonomic genus within the family Tyrannidae – doraditos.

#### Hypernyms

* (genus): Eukaryota – superkingdom; Animalia – kingdom; Bilateria – subkingdom; Deuterostomia – infrakingdom; Chordata – phylum; Vertebrata – subphylum; Gnathostomata – infraphylum; Reptilia – class; Aves – subclass; Neognathae – infraclass; Neoaves – superorder; Passeriformes – order; Tyranni – suborder; Tyrannides – infraorder; Tyrannida – parvorder; Tyrannidae – family

### References

* Gill, F. and Wright, M. (2006) Birds of the World: Recommended English Names, Princeton University Press, →ISBN
# tëharra
## Albanian
### Verb

tëharra
* first-person plural aorist indicative of tëharr
# tëharrur
## Albanian
### Verb

tëharrur
* past participle of tëharr
# cacophonia
## English
### Noun

cacophonia
* (chiefly obsolete) Alternative form of cacophony
** 1801, Jonathan Swift, ‎Thomas Sheridan, ‎John Nichols, The Works of the Rev. Jonathan Swift (page 281)
    […] for I will put no force upon the words, nor desire any more favour than to allow for the usual accidents of corruption, or the avoiding a cacophonia.
** 1959, Soviet Literature (issues 9-12, page 21)
    The craze for Cacophonia spread rapidly, and soon there were several orchestras that played only on broken-down and out-of-tune instruments.

## Latin
### Noun

cacophōnia f (genitive cacophōniae); first declension
* cacophony (disagreeable sound formed by the meeting of syllables or words)

#### Declension

First-declension noun.

### References

* “cacophonia”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* cacophonia in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* cacophonia in Ramminger, Johann (2016 July 16 (last accessed)) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎, pre-publication website, 2005-2016
# tentoj
## Albanian
### Etymology

From Italian tentare, from Latin temptāre. Compare English attempt.

### Verb

tentoj (aorist tentova, participle tentuar)
* to try, attempt
    Synonym: provoj

#### Conjugation

* Show compound tenses:

#### Derived terms

* tentim

## Esperanto
### Noun

tentoj
* plural of tento
# ἰπνέ
## Ancient Greek
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /i.pné/ → /iˈpne/ → /iˈpne/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /i.pné/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /iˈpne/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /iˈpne/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /iˈpne/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /iˈpne/

### Noun

ῐ̓πνέ • (ĭpné)
* vocative singular of ῐ̓πνός (ĭpnós)
# 沉重
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chénzhòng
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄣˊ ㄓㄨㄥˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): cam$^4$ zung$^6$ / cam$^4$ cung$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chhṳ̀m-chhung
    (Hailu, HRS): chim chung$^˖$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tîm-tāng / tîm-tǎng / tîm-tiōng / tîm-tiǒng / tiâm-tāng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): dim$^5$ dang$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chénzhòng
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄣˊ ㄓㄨㄥˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chénjhòng
*** Wade–Giles: chʻên$^2$-chung$^4$
*** Yale: chén-jùng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chernjonq
*** Palladius: чэньчжун (čɛnʹčžun)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: cam$^4$ zung$^6$ / cam$^4$ cung$^5$
*** Yale: chàhm juhng / chàhm chúhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsam$^4$ dzung$^6$ / tsam$^4$ tsung$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cem$^4$ zung$^6$ / cem$^4$ cung$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɐm²¹ t͡sʊŋ²²/, /t͡sʰɐm²¹ t͡sʰʊŋ¹³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhṳ̀m-chhung
*** Hakka Romanization System: ciim$^ˇ$ cung
*** Hagfa Pinyim: cim$^2$ cung$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰɨm¹¹ t͡sʰuŋ⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: chim chung$^˖$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡ʃʰim⁵⁵ t͡ʃʰuŋ³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tîm-tāng
*** Tâi-lô: tîm-tāng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dimdang
*** IPA (Taipei): /tim²⁴⁻¹¹ taŋ³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tim²³⁻³³ taŋ³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tim¹³⁻²² taŋ²²/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tim²⁴⁻²² taŋ²²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tîm-tǎng
*** Tâi-lô: tîm-tǎng
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tim²⁴⁻²² taŋ²²/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tîm-tiōng
*** Tâi-lô: tîm-tiōng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dimdiong
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tim¹³⁻²² tiɔŋ²²/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tim²⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ²²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tîm-tiǒng
*** Tâi-lô: tîm-tiǒng
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tim²⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ²²/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiâm-tāng
*** Tâi-lô: tiâm-tāng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: diamdang
*** IPA (Taipei): /tiam²⁴⁻¹¹ taŋ³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiam²³⁻³³ taŋ³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: dim$^5$ dang$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tîm tăng
*** Sinological IPA : /tim⁵⁵⁻¹¹ taŋ³⁵/

### Adjective

沉重
* heavy (of an object or person)
* grave; solemn; serious (of a situation)
* critical; severe; serious (of a mood, condition, illness, etc.)

#### Synonyms

* (heavy): 繁重 (fánzhòng)

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “grave”): 輕快／轻快 (qīngkuài), 輕盈／轻盈 (qīngyíng)
# ओग
## Hindi
### Pronunciation

* (Delhi) IPA: /oːɡ/

### Etymology 1

Possibly inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit *𑀑𑀕 (*oga), from an earlier *𑀑𑀕𑀳 (*ogaha), from Sanskrit अव- (ava-, “off, away, down”) +‎ ग्रह (gráha, “seizing, taking away”). Derivation from उगाहना (ugāhnā, “to gather, collect”, verb) is less likely, as it is from Sanskrit उद्ग्राहयति (udgrāhayati, “cause to pay”, causative of उद्ग्रह् (udgrah, “to take away, pay”)), ultimately from the same root ग्रह् (grah), but prefixed with उद्- (ud-) (of which the Hindi descendant is उ- (u-), not ओ- (o-)) instead of अव- (ava-).

#### Noun

ओग • (og) m (Urdu spelling اوگ)
* levy, tribute
    Synonyms: महसूल (mahsūl), कर (kar)

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Noun

ओग • (og) m (Urdu spelling اوگ)
* Pronunciation spelling of ओघ (ogh, “stream, flow of water”).

##### Declension
### Further reading

* Dāsa, Śyāmasundara (1965–1975) “ओग”, in Hindī Śabdasāgara [lit. Sea of Hindi words] (in Hindi), Kashi [Varanasi]: Nagari Pracarini Sabha
* Platts, John T. (1884) “ओग”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.
* McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “ओग”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press
# Varats grund
## Swedish
### Noun

Varats grund n
* Alternative letter-case form of varats grund
# पक्का
## Hindi
### Etymology

Inherited from Prakrit 𑀧𑀓𑁆𑀓 (pakka) without cluster simplification, from Sanskrit पक्व (pakva, “cooked”) (whence पकना (paknā, “to be cooked”)), from Proto-Indo-European *pₔkʷ-wó-s, from *pekʷ- (“to cook”). Cognate with Punjabi ਪੱਕਾ (pakkā).

### Pronunciation

* (Delhi) IPA: /pək.kɑː/, [pɐk̚.käː]

### Adjective

पक्का • (pakkā) (Urdu spelling پکا)
* certain, sure, definite
* ripe (of fruit)
* strong, firm (of a material)
    यह लकड़ी बहुत पक्की है। ― yah lakṛī bahut pakkī hai. ― This wood is very firm.
* experienced, steadfast
    वह ३० साल के लिए मेरा पक्का दोस्त रहा।vah 30 sāl ke lie merā pakkā dost rahā.He was my close friend for 30 years.

#### Related terms

* पकना (paknā)
* पकवाना (pakvānā)
* पकाई (pakāī)
* पकाऊ (pakāū)
* पकाना (pakānā)
* पकाव (pakāv)

#### Descendants

* → English: pukka

### References

* McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “पक्का”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press
* Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “pakvá”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press

## Nepali
### Etymology

from Prakrit *𑀧𑀓𑁆𑀓-𑀓 (*pakka-ka), from 𑀧𑀓𑁆𑀓 (pakka).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [pʌk̚kä]
* Phonetic Devanagari: पक्का

### Adjective

पक्का • (pakkā)
* certain, sure
    पक्का गर्नु ― pakkā garnu ― to make sure
* durable, strong
* careful, experienced
# ᡳᠰᡳᡨᠠᠯᠠ
## Manchu
### Etymology

Compare Classical Mongolian ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯ᠎ᠡ (kürtel-e).

### Pronunciation

* (standard) IPA: [i.ɕi.tʰa.la]

### Verb

ᡳᠰᡳᡨᠠᠯᠠ • (isitala)
* terminative converb of ᡳᠰᡳᠮᠪᡳ (isimbi, “to reach”)

### Particle

ᡳᠰᡳᡨᠠᠯᠠ • (isitala)
* (used after the dative/locative case) to; until
** 1723, Tulišen, 異域錄 [Narrative of the Chinese Embassy to the Khan of the Tourgouth Tartars]:ᡠᠪᠠᠴᡳ ᠠᠮᠠᠰᡳ ᠣᡵᠣᠰ ᠵᡝᠴᡝᠨ ᡩᡝ ᡳᠰᡳᡨᠠᠯᠠ ᠶᠣᠣᠨᡳ ᠠᠯᡳᠨ᠉ubaci amasi oros jecen de isitala yooni alin.After (setting off) from here to the Russian border, there were just mountains.

### References

* Jerry Norman (2013) A Comprehensive Manchu-English Dictionary, Harvard University Press
# Шэтэ
## Buryat

Alternative scripts :
| Classical Mongolian | ᠰᠢᠲ᠋ᠢ siti |
| Latin (1931–1936)$^a$ | Çite |
| Latin (1937–1939)$^b$ | [Term?] |
| Cyrillic | Шэтэ Šete |
| $^a$ Based on the southern Tsongol–Sartul dialect. $^b$ Based on the eastern Khori dialect. ||

### Etymology

Possibly from Evenki. Compare Khamnigan Mongol Читэ (Čite) and Russian Чита́ (Čitá). (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃe.te/, [ʃɨ̞.tʰɤ̞]
* Hyphenation: Шэ‧тэ

### Proper noun

Шэтэ • (Šete)
* Chitinka (a river in Trans-Baikalian Russia, left tributary of the Ingoda)
    Шэтэ гол ― Šete gol ― the Chitinka River
* Chita (a city in Trans-Baikalian Russia)
    Шэтэ хото ― Šete xoto ― the City of Chita

#### Declension

This proper noun needs an inflection-table template.
# Тес-Хем
## Tuvan
### Etymology

From original *tez-kem. хем (xem) which means ‘river’, was originally the name of the Yenisey.
Compare Old Turkic 𐱅𐰔 (t²z /⁠tez⁠/).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tes xem/, [tʰe̞s xe̞m]
* (Altay) IPA: [des kem]

### Proper noun

Тес-Хем • (Tes-Xem)
* the Tes River

#### Derived terms

* Тес-Хем кожуун (Tes-Xem kojuun)

#### Descendants

* → Russian: Тес-Хем (Tes-Xem)
# 몸가짐
## Korean
### Etymology

몸 (mom, “body”) +‎ 가짐 (gajim, “holding”, verbal noun of 가지다 (gajida)). Compare Japanese 身持ち (mimochi).

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [mo̞mɡa̠d͡ʑim]
* Phonetic hangul: [몸가짐]

### Noun

몸가짐 • (momgajim)
* behaviour, conduct