# 凱

| 凱 | U+51F1, &#20977; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51F1 |
| ← 凰 [U+51F0] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 凲 → [U+51F2] |

## Translingual
### Han character

凱 (Kangxi radical 16, 几+10, 12 strokes, cangjie input 山廿竹弓 (UTHN), four-corner 2711$_0$, composition ⿰豈几)

#### Derived characters

* 𣾚, 𤩑, 𨬫(𮸢), 𦻻

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 134, character 31
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1790
* Dae Jaweon: page 300, character 17
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 278, character 13
* Unihan data for U+51F1

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 獃 | *tŋɯː, *ŋɯː |
| 剴 | *kŋɯːl, *ŋɯːl |
| 凱 | *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ |
| 愷 | *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ |
| 塏 | *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ |
| 鎧 | *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯːls |
| 颽 | *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ |
| 暟 | *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ |
| 闓 | *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯːls |
| 豈 | *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯlʔ |
| 隑 | *ɡɯːls, *ŋɯːl |
| 皚 | *ŋɯːl |
| 嵦 | *ŋɡɯːl |
| 敳 | *ŋɯːl |
| 磑 | *ŋɯːl, *ŋuːl, *ŋuːls |
| 螘 | *ŋralʔ, *ŋɯlʔ |
| 覬 | *krɯls |
| 溰 | *ŋɯl |
| 顗 | *ŋɯlʔ |
Two possibilities:
* Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ): semantic 豈 (“drum”) + phonetic 几 (OC *krilʔ), in which case 豈 may have been the initial form of this character.
* Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ): phonetic 豈 (OC *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯlʔ) + semantic 几.
Originally used to mean “music of triumph; victory music”.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kǎi (kai$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄞˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hoi$^2$ / ngoi$^2$
* Eastern Min (BUC): kāi
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): khái
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kai$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kǎi
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄞˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kǎi
*** Wade–Giles: kʻai$^3$
*** Yale: kǎi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kae
*** Palladius: кай (kaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰaɪ̯²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hoi$^2$ / ngoi$^2$
*** Yale: hói / ngói
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hoi$^2$ / ngoi$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hoi$^2$ / ngoi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɔːi̯³⁵/, /ŋɔːi̯³⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: kāi
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰai³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khái
*** Tâi-lô: khái
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qae
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰai⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰai⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰai⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰai⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰai⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: kai$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khái
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰai⁵²/
* Middle Chinese: khojX
Rime :
| Character | 凱 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 咍 (41) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 苦亥切 |
| Baxter | khojX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰʌi$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰəi$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰɒi$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰəj$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰᴀi$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰɒi$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kʰɑ̆i$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | kǎi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hoi$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.qʰˤəjʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 凱 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | kǎi |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ khoj$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*C.qʰˁəjʔ/ |
| English | pleasant |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 凱 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 10102 |
| Phonetic component | 豈 |
| Rime group | 微 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 愷 |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ/ |
| Notes | 同愷，豈轉註字 |

### Definitions

凱
* music of triumph; paean
* triumph; victory
* triumphant; victorious
* Alternative form of 愷 / 恺 (kǎi, “peaceful; harmonious”)
* (Taiwan, colloquial) generous with money
* a surname

### Compounds

* 凱子 / 凯子 (kǎizi)
* 凱復 / 凯复
* 凱恩斯 / 凯恩斯 (Kǎi'ēnsī)
* 凱撒 / 凯撒
* 凱旋 / 凯旋 (kǎixuán)
* 凱旋門 / 凯旋门 (kǎixuánmén)
* 凱樂 / 凯乐
* 凱歌 / 凯歌 (kǎigē)
* 凱澤 / 凯泽
* 凱爾派 / 凯尔派 (kǎi'ěrpài)
* 凱爾特 / 凯尔特 (kǎi'ěrtè)
* 凱爾特人 / 凯尔特人 (kǎi'ěrtèrén)
* 凱瑟林 / 凯瑟林
* 凱薩琳 / 凯萨琳 (Kǎisàlín)
* 凱里 (Kǎilǐ)
* 凱門鰐 / 凯门鳄
* 凱風 / 凯风 (kǎifēng)
* 奏凱 / 奏凯
* 安凱 / 安凯 (Ānkǎi)
* 常凱申 / 常凯申 (Cháng Kǎishēn)
* 比什凱克 / 比什凯克 (Bǐshíkǎikè)
* 比斯凱克 / 比斯凯克 (Bǐsīkǎikè)
* 興凱湖 / 兴凯湖 (Xīngkǎi Hú)
* 陸凱 / 陆凯
* 魯凱族 / 鲁凯族 (Lǔkǎizú)

### References

* “凱”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* triumph, victory

#### Readings

* Go-on: かい (kai)
* Kan-on: かい (kai)
* Kan’yō-on: がい (gai)
* Kun: かちどき (kachidoki, 凱)、やわらぐ (yawaragu, 凱らぐ)

## Korean
### Hanja

凱 (eum 개 (gae))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

凱: Hán Nôm readings: khải, ngai
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.