# tener
## Aragonese
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Navarro-Aragonese tener, in turn from Latin tenēre.

### Verb

tener
* to have; to hold

## Asturian
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Leonese tenere, in turn from Latin tenēre.

### Verb

tener
* have got; to have
* to have to (indicates necessity)
* (used with por) to hold

#### Conjugation

* Reference http://www.academiadelallingua.com/diccionariu/gramatica_llingua.pdf

## Bikol Central
### Alternative forms

* tinir

### Etymology

Borrowed from Spanish tener.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /teˈneɾ/ [teˈn̪eɾ]
* Hyphenation: te‧ner

### Verb

tenér (plural terener, Basahan spelling ᜆᜒᜈᜒᜍ᜔)
* to stay; to remain

#### Derived terms

* magtener

#### Related terms

* tenedor

## Interlingua
### Verb

tener
* to hold

#### Conjugation
## Italian
### Verb

tener (apocopated)
* Apocopic form of tenere

## Ladino
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Spanish tener (“to hold”), from Latin tenēre, teneō (“to hold; to keep; to have”), from Proto-Italic *tenēō, stative from Proto-Indo-European *ten- (“to stretch or draw”). The preterite forms in tuv- are from contamination with those of the nearly synonymous aver, uv-.

### Verb

tener (Hebrew spelling טיניר)
* (transitive) to have; to possess
    Synonym: posedar
** 1940, Gren Rabino David Berman, La boz de Türkiye‎, numbers 11–34, page 85:Es la Boz del Chofar que nos combida a elevarnos mas arriva de las mesquinerias de la vida de cada dia, de nuestras vanedades pueriles(mesquinas), de nuestras ideas yerradas, siegas y malechoras de la animalidad, que, a nuestra grande verguensa, nosotros tenemos tanta pena a dominar.It is the voice of the chofer that invites us to elevate ourselves above the narrow-mindedness of everyday life, of our puerile (and narrow-minded) vanities, of our mistaken ideas, blind and criminal from the beastliness that, to our great shame, we have so much trouble dominating.
** 1982, Enrique Saporta y Beja, En torno de la torre blanca‎, Editions Vidas Largas, page 28:Djugava de oreja, i no tenia buena oreja ![Somebody] was playing by ear, and [they] did not have a good ear!
* to have (be with a quality or condition)
** 2000, La Lettre Sépharade‎, numbers 1–19, La Lettre Sépharade, page 16:Tyénes razón, Pérla presyáda, ken syénte a la mujer no se engánya.You are correct, precious Pearl, who listens to the woman who is honest with herself.(literally, “You have rightness, precious Pearl, who hears at the woman who to herself lies not.”)
* (transitive) to be of a certain age
** 2000, La Lettre Sépharade‎, numbers 1–19, La Lettre Sépharade, page 17:La ija Doreta kere ser avokata, i el terser, Hayimiko tyene katorze anyos.The daughter Doreta wants to become a lawyer, and the third one, Hayimiko, is fourteen years old.
** 2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar‎, Nur Afakot, page 36:Pensas de no poder eskrivir presto? No emporta. I yo empesí avagar avagar. Tinía katorze anyos. I saves porké para mí fue mas fasil? Porké de la edá de diez anyos yo tanyía el piano.You think that you can’t write early? Whatever. I started very slowly. I was fourteen years old. And you know why it was easier for me? Because at age ten I was playing the piano.
* (used with que) to have to
** 1999, Eliezer Papo, La megila de Saray‎, E. Papo, page 106:Siguro le vinieron algunos chuilis ke manyana parten i intonses tenia ke fazer fecho kon eyos agora.Surely some peasants that leave tomorrow came thereto, so [somebody] has to deal with them now.
* (transitive) to wear
    Synonym: vestir
** 1992, Aki Yerushalayim‎, numbers 45–48, page 58:Este viejo ke tenia los vistidos rotos i suzios vino i se asento enfrente de Sarika, kito de su djep un jurnal amariyo kon manchas de azeyte i se metio a meldarlo sin darle importansa.This old man wearing torn and dirty clothes came and sat down in front of Sarika, taking a yellow, oil-stained journal out of his pocket, and it was put down for reading without specifying its importance.
* (auxiliary) to have (in the present tense)
    Coordinate term: aver
** 2002, Gad Nassi, editor, En Tierras Ajenas Yo Me Vo Murir: Tekstos Kontemporanos en Djudeo-espaniol : Leyenda de Una Lingua - Haketia - Kuentos. Memorias - Meliselda - Oki Oki‎, Isis, →ISBN, page 208:“Vinites djusto en su tyempo, porke ay tres diyas ke no tengo komido nada i esto muy ambierto. Agora es a ti ke te va a komer.”‘You came just in time, because it has been three days since I have eaten anything and I am pretty hungry. Now I am going to eat you.’

#### Related terms

* abstener
* detener
* entretener
* kontener
* mantener
* obtener
* retener
* sostener
* tenis
* tenor

### References

* ↑ “tener”, in Trezoro de la Lengua Djudeoespanyola.

## Latin
### Etymology

Disputed; either:
* From Proto-Indo-European *ten- (“to stretch, draw”). Cognates would include Ancient Greek τείνω (teínō), Sanskrit तनोति (tanóti) and Old English þennan. (Can this etymology be sourced?)
* Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ter- (“soft, weak, tender; young, small”) with dissimilation or metathesis: according to M. de Vaan, from Proto-Italic *terenos along with Sabine terenum (“soft”). Further cognates would include Epic Greek τέρην (térēn, “soft, gentle”), Old Armenian թոռն (tʻoṙn, “grandchild”), Middle Armenian թարմ (tʻarm, “fresh”) and Sanskrit तरुण (táruṇa, “young, tender, juvenile”), तर्ण (tárṇa, “calf”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈte.ner/, [ˈt̪ɛnɛr]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈte.ner/, [ˈt̪ɛːner]

### Adjective

tener (feminine tenera, neuter tenerum, comparative tenerior, superlative tenerrimus, adverb tenerē); first/second-declension adjective (nominative masculine singular in -er)
* soft, delicate, tender
* young, youthful
* effeminate, sensitive
* (poetic) erotic

#### Declension

First/second-declension adjective (nominative masculine singular in -er).

#### Derived terms

* tenellulus
* tenerāscō
* tenerē
* teneritās

#### Descendants

* Insular Romance:
** Sardinian: téneru, ténneru
* Balkano-Romance:
** Aromanian: tinir, tiniru, tinãr
** Istro-Romanian: tiner
** Megleno-Romanian: tinir
** Romanian: tânăr
* Italo-Dalmatian:
** Italian: tenero
** Neapolitan: tiénnero
** Sicilian: tènniru, tènnuru
** Venetan: tènaro, tèndro, tènero
* Rhaeto-Romance:
** Friulian: tenar
** Romansch: tener, tegnair
* Gallo-Italic:
** Ligurian: tégno, ténio
** Lombard: tender, tendro
** Piedmontese: tënner, tenre, tenr
* Northern Gallo-Romance:
** Franco-Provençal: tendro
** Old French: tendre
*** French: tendre
*** → Middle English: tender
**** English: tender
* Southern Gallo-Romance:
** Catalan: tendre
** Occitan: tendre
    Gascon: tenhèr, trende
    Languedocien: tenre
* Ibero-Romance:
** Asturian: tienru
** Galician: tenro
** Portuguese: terno, tenro
** Spanish: tierno, ternero
* Borrowings:
** → Proto-Brythonic: *tɨner
*** Breton: tener
*** Welsh: tyner

### References

* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “tener, -a, -um”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 613

### Further reading

* “tener”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “tener”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* tener in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. (ambiguous) to be confined to one's bed: lecto teneri (ambiguous) to be in gross error, seriously misled: magno errore teneri (ambiguous) to be enamoured of philosophy: philosophiae (sapientiae) studio teneri (Acad. 1. 2. 4) (ambiguous) to cherish a hope: spe duci, niti, teneri (ambiguous) to long for a thing, yearn for it: desiderio alicuius rei teneri, affici (more strongly flagrare, incensum esse) (ambiguous) to be bound by one's word; to be on one's honour: fide obstrictum teneri (Pis. 13. 29) (ambiguous) to have an inclination for a thing: studio alicuius rei teneri (ambiguous) to be bound by oath: iureiurando teneri (Off. 3. 27. 100) (ambiguous) to be the slave of superstition: superstitione teneri, constrictum esse, obligatum esse (ambiguous) to be bound by a law: lege teneri (ambiguous) to be convicted by some one's evidence: testibus teneri, convictum esse

## Mirandese
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Leonese tenere, in turn from Latin tenēre.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tɨˈneɾ/

### Verb

tener
* (transitive) to have (own something)

#### Derived terms

* tenedor m
* tener algua fisgada
* tener eimenda

### References

* “tener” in Amadeu Ferreira, José Pedro Cardona Ferreira, Dicionário Mirandês-Português, 1st edition, 2004.

## Old Galician-Portuguese
### Verb

tener
* Alternative form of tẽer

### References

* Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “tener”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “tener”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega

## Old Navarro-Aragonese
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin tenēre, teneō (“to hold; to keep; to have”), from Proto-Italic *tenēō, stative from Proto-Indo-European *ten- (“to stretch or draw”).

### Verb

tener
* (transitive) to take (into possession)
** ca. 1376–1396, Juan Fernández de Heredia, Ystorias de Orosio :Diuso de aquesti tiempo, Quintilio Vario faziendose subdito de los subiectos con marauellosa soberuia et grant auaricia, de los germanos qui se rebellauan fue destruido con tres legiones. El qual tajamiento et mortaldat de la republica Cesar Agusto la tenia en tanto por mala et grieu, que muchas vegadas por el grant dolor que dende auia, dando con la cabeça a la pared cridaua: "Quintilio Vario riendeme las legiones que yo te di."Before this time, Quinctilius Varus, having become a subject of the conquered with marvelous arrogance and great greed, was destroyed by German rebels along with three legions. Augustus took this reduction [in the forces], this mortality of the Republic, so badly and with such grief, that he would often, in great pain, hit his head against a wall shouting, ‘Quinctilius Varus, give me back my legions!’

## Old Spanish
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin tenēre, teneō (“to hold; to keep; to have”), from Proto-Italic *tenēō, stative from Proto-Indo-European *ten- (“to stretch; to draw”).

### Verb

tener
* (transitive) to have; to possess
** c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 51v:[…] e fue reẏ de tr̃a de iudea. ⁊ de tr̃a de isrꝉ. e de ihrꝉm e de ſamaria e fazia cadaun dia grãt eſpenſa e tenia g̃nt cort. […] And he was king of the land of Judah and of the land of Israel, and of Jerusalem and of Samaria. And every day he incurred great expense and had a numerous court.
** c. 1250, Alfonso X, Lapidario, f. 95r:Et q́ deſcenda ſobreſta piedra la uertud de figura de mugier con cabellos creſpos. ⁊ que tiene un ſu fijo pequennuelo ante ſi.And may over this stone descend the virtue of the figure of the woman with the curly hair, and who has her infant son before her.
* (transitive) to hold (grip)
** c. 1250, Alfonso X, Lapidario, f. 56r.:[…] deſpues del retornamiento peſcueço dela culuebra que tiene el encantador dellas […]After the returning of the neck of the snake held by the snake charmer.
* (intransitive) to reach (a height)
** c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 46v. b.:e veno en viſion dela noch q̃ vedia una eſcalera q̃ eſtaua ſobre la tierra e el cabo tenia ſobre los cielos eangeles de nr̃o ſennor ſubiã e deſcendian.In the night came a vision where he saw a stairway resting on the earth, with its top reaching to the heavens, and the angels of the Lord were ascending and descending it.

#### Descendants

* Ladino: tener, טיניר
* Spanish: tener

### References

* Ralph Steele Boggs et al. (1946) “tener”, in Tentative Dictionary of Medieval Spanish, volume II, Chapel Hill, page 491

## Romansch
### Etymology 1

From Latin tener, tenerum.

#### Adjective

tener m (feminine singular tenra, masculine plural teners, feminine plural tenras)
* tender

### Etymology 2

From Latin teneō, tenēre.

#### Verb

tener
* (Sursilvan) to hold, keep

##### Conjugation

| infinitive | infinitive | infinitive | tener | tener | tener | tener |
| gerund | gerund | gerund | tenend | tenend | tenend | tenend |
| past participle | past participle | past participle | teniu | teniu | teniu | teniu |
| | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural |
| | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person |
| indicative | jeu | ti | el/ella | nus | vus | els/ellas |
| present | tenel | tenas | tena | tenein | teneis | tenan |
| imperfect | tenavel | tenavas | tenava | tenavan | tenavas | tenavan |
| future | vegnel a tener | vegns a tener | vegn a tener | vegnin a tener | vegnis a tener | vegnan a tener |
| conditional | jeu | ti | el/ella | nus | vus | els/ellas |
| direct present | teness | tenesses | teness | tenessen | tenesses | tenessen |
| indirect present | tenessi | tenessies | tenessi | tenessien | tenessies | tenessien |
| direct future | vegness a tener | vegnesses a tener | vegness a tener | vegnessen a tener | vegnesses a tener | vegnessen a tener |
| indirect future | vegnessi a tener | vegnessies a tener | vegnessi a tener | vegnessien a tener | vegnessies a tener | vegnessien a tener |
| subjunctive | che jeu | che ti | ch'el/ch'ella | che nus | che vus | ch'els/ch'ellas |
| present | teni | tenies | teni | teneien | teneies | tenien |
| past | tenevi | tenevies | tenevi | tenevien | tenevies | tenevien |
| future | vegni a tener | vegnies a tener | vegni a tener | vegnîen a tener | vegnîes a tener | vegnien a tener |
| imperative | — | ti | — | — | vus | — |
| imperative | | tena | | | tenei | |

##### Alternative forms

* tegnair (Rumantsch Grischun)
* taner (Sutsilvan)
* tigneir (Surmiran)
* tgnair (Puter, Vallader)

##### Derived terms

* tener cumpignia
* tener distanza
* tener ils polischs
* tener ora
* tener plaid
* tener quen
* tener si
* tenercasa

## Spanish
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Spanish tener (“to hold”), from Latin tenēre, teneō (“to hold; to keep; to have”), from Proto-Italic *tenēō, stative from Proto-Indo-European *ten- (“to stretch or draw”). The preterite forms in tuv- are from contamination with those of the nearly synonymous haber, hub-.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)
* IPA: /teˈneɾ/ [t̪eˈneɾ]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -eɾ
* Syllabification: te‧ner

### Verb

tener (first-person singular present tengo, first-person singular preterite tuve, past participle tenido)
* (transitive, literally) to have; to possess
    Synonym: poseer
    Ella tiene seis hermanos. ― She has six brothers.
    Tengo una pluma. ― I have a pen.
* (transitive) to have; to possess; to be (a condition or quality)
    Usted tiene suerte. ― You are lucky. (literally, “You have luck.”)
    ¡Ten cuidado! ― Be careful! (literally, “Have care!”)
    ¿Quién tiene razón? ― Who is right? (literally, “Who has reason?”)
* (transitive) to hold; to grasp
    Ten esto. ― Hold this.
* (transitive) to contain; to hold (e.g. to "hold the power to", "hold the key", "hold a clue", "hold the truth", "have a hold on", "hold in store", "hold all the cards", "hold in high regard", etc.)
    Este tarro tiene las cenizas. ― This jar contains the ashes.
    El estadio es enorme. Puede tener una capacidad de hasta cien mil espectadores.The stadium is huge. It can hold up to one hundred thousand spectators.
    Solía pensar que ese libro tenía todas las respuestas.I used to think that book held all the answers.
* (transitive) to have; to feel (internally)
    Él le tiene mucho cariño a ella. ― He has much admiration for her.
    Tengo frío. ― I feel cold.
    Tenemos hambre. ― We are hungry. (literally, “We have hunger.”)
* (transitive) to make to feel
    Eso nos tiene tristes. ― That makes us sad.
* (transitive) to have (a measure or age)
    Tiene tres metros de ancho. ― It is three metres wide. (literally, “It has three metres of width.”)
    Tengo veinte años. ― I am twenty (years old). (literally, “I have twenty years.”)
* (used with que) to have to
    Tengo que salir ahora. ― I have to leave now.
* to get (e.g. to get a minute, to get an idea, to get a chance, to get a concussion/bruise/headache, to get in an accident, to get a place, to get a view of, to get a meeting, to get a vision, etc.)
    Ese cadete necesita tenerlo bajo control. ― That cadet needs to get it under control.
* to keep; to bear (in certain phrases; e.g. to bear in mind, bear a resemblance, keep a journal/diary, keep around something or someone)
    Ten en cuenta que es más difícil de volver a subir al cañón que descenderlo.Keep in mind that it's more difficult to go back up the canyon than to go down it.
    Pronto voy a comprobar sus billetes, así que ténganlos a manos.I will soon be checking your tickets, so keep them handy.
    Ella tuvo diez hijos, todos partos naturales. ― She bore ten children, all natural births.
* to make (in a few select phrases)
    Ahora todo tiene sentido. ― Now everything makes sense.
* (reflexive) to be taken (usually has deber for an auxiliary verb when used)

#### Usage notes

In the sense (to feel): tener is often used with nouns like calor (“heat”), frío (“cold”), hambre (“hunger”), sed (“thirst”), to indicate states; English would use adjectives instead
* Tengo hambre ― I'm hungry (literally, “I have hunger”)
* Tengo miedo ― I'm scared (literally, “I have fear”)

#### Conjugation

$^1$Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language. $^2$Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.
These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

#### Derived terms

* nadar y tener la ropa
* no tener ánimos (“to not feel like, to not be in the mood for”)
* no tener arreglo (“to be beyond repair”)
* no tener cabida en (“to have no place for, to have no room for”) (figuratively)
* no tener vuelta de hoja
* qué tiene
* qué tienes
* tenedero
* tenedor
* tener a bien
* tener acceso
* tener algo que ver con
* tener antecedentes (“to have a record”) (penology)
* tener el mono
* tener en cuenta
* tener en mente
* tener en mucho
* tener ganas de
* tener los labios sellados
* tener lugar
* tener por
* tener prioridad (“to take precedence, to take priority, to be given priority”)
* tener puesto
* tener razón
* tener sentido
* tenerlos bien puestos
* tenerlos puestos
* teniente

#### Related terms

* abstener (“to abstain”)
* atener (“to maintain”)
* contener (“to contain”)
* detener (“to detain”)
* entretener (“to entertain”)
* mantener (“to maintain”)
* manutener (“to maintain”)
* obtener (“to obtain”)
* retener (“to retain”)
* sostener (“to sustain”)
* tenis
* tenor

#### See also

* haber

### Further reading

* “tener”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10