# عظم
## Arabic
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Semitic *ʕaṯ̣m-.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʕaðˤm/

#### Noun

عَظْم • (ʕaẓm) m (plural عِظَام (ʕiẓām) or أَعْظُم (ʔaʕẓum))
* bone
** 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 75:3:أَیَحۡسَبُ ٱلۡإِنسَـٰنُ أَلَّن نَّجۡمَع عِظَامَهُۥ.Thinketh man that We shall not assemble his bones?
** a. 965 CE, Al-Mutanabbi, رَأَيْتُكَ تُوسِعُ ٱلشُّعَرَاءَ نَيْلًا (raʔaytuka tūsiʕu š-šuʕarāʔa naylan):رَأَيْتُكَ تُوسِعُ ٱلشُّعَرَاءَ نَيْلًا / حَدِيثَهُمُ ٱلْمُوَلَّدَ وَٱلْقَدِيمَا فَتُعْطِي مَنْ بَقَى مَالًا جَسِيمًا / وَتُعْطِي مَنْ مَضَى شَرَفًا عَظِيمَا سَمِعْتُكَ مُنْشِدًا بَيْتَيْ زِيَادٍ / نَشِيدًا مِثْلَ مُنْشِدِهِ كَرِيمَا فَمَا أَنْكَرْتُ مَوْضِعَهُ وَلَٰكِنْ / غَبَطْتُ بِذَاكَ أَعْظُمَهُ ٱلرَّمِيمَاraʔaytuka tūsiʕu š-šuʕarāʔa naylan / ḥadīṯahumu l-muwallada wal-qadīmā fatuʕṭī man baqā mālan jasīman / watuʕṭī man maḍā šarafan ʕaẓīmā samiʕtuka munšidan baytay ziyādin / našīdan miṯla munšidihi karīmā famā ʔankartu mawḍiʕahu walākin / ḡabaṭtu biḏāka ʔaʕẓumahu r-ramīmā(please add an English translation of this quotation)

##### Descendants

* Gulf Arabic: عظم (ʕaḏ̣am)
* Maltese: għadam
* Moroccan Arabic: عضم (ʕḍam)
* South Levantine Arabic: عضم (ʕaḍm)
* → Azerbaijani: əzm
* → Ottoman Turkish: عظم (azm)
** Turkish: azm
* → Persian: عظم ('azm)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʕa.ðˤu.ma/

#### Verb

عَظُمَ • (ʕaẓuma) I (non-past يَعْظُمُ (yaʕẓumu), verbal noun عِظَم (ʕiẓam) or عَظَامَة (ʕaẓāma))
* (intransitive) to be great
    إِلٰهِي إِنْ عَظُمَ الذَّنْبُ مِنْ عَبْدِكَ فَلْيَحْسُنِ العَفْوُ مِنْ عِنْدِكَ.ʔilāhī ʔin ʕaẓuma aḏ-ḏanbu min ʕabdika falyaḥsuni l-ʕafwu min ʕindika.My God if the wrongdoing of your worshipper has gotten great then let your forgiveness be splendid.

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 3

Compare عَظِيم (ʕaẓīm, “great, powerful, important”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʕi.ðˤam/
* IPA: /ʕuðˤm/

#### Noun

عِظَم or عُظْم • (ʕiẓam or ʕuẓm) m
* verbal noun of عَظُمَ (ʕaẓuma) (form I)
* greatness, magnitude, power
* pomp
* bulk, extent, thickness
* importance
* pride
* crowd, multitude
* (historical, medicine, pathology) enlargement of an organ (in nomenclature of conditions)
    Antonym: تَصَغُّر (taṣaḡḡur)
    عِظَم الكَبِد ― ʕiẓam al-kabid ― hepatomegaly (enlargement of the liver)

##### Declension
### Etymology 4

Form-II causative of عَظُمَ (ʕaẓuma).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʕaðˤ.ðˤa.ma/

#### Verb

عَظَّمَ • (ʕaẓẓama) II (non-past يُعَظِّمُ (yuʕaẓẓimu), verbal noun تَعْظِيم (taʕẓīm))
* (transitive, causative) to make great

##### Conjugation
### References

* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “عظم”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen
* Wehr, Hans (1979) “عظم”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN

## Hijazi Arabic
### Etymology 1

From Arabic عَظْم (ʕaẓm).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʕa.dˤim/, /ʕa.dˤum/

#### Noun

عَظِم or عَظُم • (ʕaḍim or ʕaḍum) m (construct state عَظْم (ʕaḍm), plural عظام (ʕiḍām))
* bone

### Etymology 2

Learned borrowing from Arabic عَظَّمَ (ʕaẓẓama).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʕazˤ.zˤam/, /ʕaðˤ.ðˤam/

#### Verb

عظم • (ʕaẓẓam) II (non-past يِعَظِّم (yiʕaẓẓim))
* (transitive, causative) to make great

##### Conjugation
## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic عَظْم (ʕaẓm, “bone”), from Proto-Semitic *ʕaṯ̣m- (“bone”).

### Noun

عظم • (ʼazm) (definite accusative عظمی (ʼazmı), plural عظام (ʼizâm))
* bone, any of the components of an endoskeleton consisting of calcium phosphate and collagen
    Synonyms: استخوان (ustuhan), سوموك (sümük), كمیك (kemik)

#### Derived terms

* عظم زند (ʼazm-ı zend, “cubitus”)
* عظم عقب (ʼazm-ı ʼakab, “heel bone”)
* عظم قص (ʼazm-ı kass, “sternum”)
* عظم قفا (ʼazm-ı kafa, “occipital bone”)
* عظم كتف (ʼazm-ı kitf, “scapula, omoplate”)
* عظم كعب (ʼazm-ı kaʼb, “anklebone”)
* عظم لامی (ʼazm-ı lamî, “hyoid”)
* عظم مسطح (ʼazm-ı mistah, “flat bone”)
* عظمی (ʼazmî, “of bone, osseous”)

#### Descendants

* Turkish: azm

### Further reading

* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “azm”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 405
* Devellioğlu, Ferit (1962) “azm”, in Osmanlıca-Türkçe Ansiklopedik Lûgat‎‎ (in Turkish), Istanbul: Türk Dil Kurumu, page 74
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “عظم”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 852
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Os”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎, Vienna, column 1255
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “عظم”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, column 3284
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “عظم”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1307

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic عَظْم (ʕaẓm).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ʔazm]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʔäzm]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʔäzm]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [ʔäzm]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [ʔäzm]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [ʔæzm]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [ʔäzm]

### Noun

عظم • ('azm)
* bone
    Synonym: استخوان (ostoxân)

### Further reading

* Hayyim, Sulayman (1934) “عظم”, in New Persian–English dictionary, Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Béroukhim

## Urdu
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian عظم ('azm), from Arabic عَظْم (ʕaẓm).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /(ʔ)əzm/

### Noun

عَظْم • ('azm) m (Hindi spelling अज़्म)
* bone

### References

* “عظم”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
* “عظم”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.