# 烏賊
## Chinese
### Etymology

Attested earliest in the Yi Zhou Shu as □鰂 (missing 1st component being presumably 烏):
* 臣請正東符婁、仇州、伊慮、漚深、九夷、十蠻、越漚、鬋髮文身，請令以魚（皮）之鞞、□鰂之醬、鮫瞂、利劍為獻。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]臣请正东符娄、仇州、伊虑、沤深、九夷、十蛮、越沤、鬋发文身，请令以鱼（皮）之鞞、□鲗之酱、鲛瞂、利剑为献。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]From: Lost Book of Zhou, circa 4th – 1st centuries BCEChén qǐng zhèngdōng Fúlóu, chóuzhōu, Yīlǜ, Òushēn, Jiǔyí, Shímán, Yuè'òu, jiǎnfà wénshēn, qǐng lìng yǐ yú (pí) zhī bǐng, □zéi zhī jiàng, jiāo fá, lìjiàn wèi xiàn. [Pinyin]Your servant requests that, from the east, the Fulou, the hostile provinces, Yilu, Oushen, Nine Yi, Ten Man, the peoples who cut their hair and tattoo their bodies, be commanded to bring fish-skin scabbards, cuttlefish sauce, shark[-skin] shields, and sharp swords as tributes.
An early apperance of 烏鰂 is in the Huangdi Neijing (translation based on Yang, 2019):
* 以四烏鰂骨一藘茹二物并合之，丸以雀卵，大如小豆，以五丸為後飯，飲以鮑魚汁，利腸中及傷肝也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]以四乌鲗骨一𰱮茹二物并合之，丸以雀卵，大如小豆，以五丸为后饭，饮以鲍鱼汁，利肠中及伤肝也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]From: Huangdi Neijing, 4th century BCE to 3rd century CEYǐ sì wūzéigǔ yī lǘrú èr wù bìnghé zhī, wán yǐ quèluǎn, dà rú xiǎodòu, yǐ wǔ wán wèi hòu fàn, yǐn yǐ bàoyú zhī, lì chángzhōng jí shānggān yě. [Pinyin]Four parts of cuttlebone and one part of Rubia are [to be] mixed with sparrow egg to make pills like small beans. Five pills are [to be] taken in with abalone juice after meals in order to smooth the intestine and relieve the liver damage
* This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “「烏之賊害」 "robbers to the detriment of crows" (Unschuld's 2021 translation) from 《南越志》 (quoted in 《本草綱目》) seems to be a folk etymology.”

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): wūzéi
    (Zhuyin): ㄨ ㄗㄟˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): wu$^1$ caak$^6$
* Jin (Wiktionary): vu$^1$ zei$^1$
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ou$^1$ ceh$^7$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wūzéi
*** Zhuyin: ㄨ ㄗㄟˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wuzéi
*** Wade–Giles: wu$^1$-tsei$^2$
*** Yale: wū-dzéi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: utzeir
*** Palladius: уцзэй (uczɛj)
*** Sinological IPA : /u⁵⁵ t͡seɪ̯³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: wu$^1$ caak$^6$
*** Yale: wū chaahk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: wu$^1$ tsaak$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: wu$^1$ cag$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /wuː⁵⁵ t͡sʰaːk̚²/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: vu$^1$ zei$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /vu¹¹ t͡sei¹¹/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ou$^1$ ceh$^7$ [Phonetic: ou$^5$ leh$^7$]
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: o-che̍h
*** Sinological IPA : /ɔu⁵³³⁻²¹ $^{(t͡sʰ-)}$lɛʔ⁴/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ou$^1$ ceh$^7$ [Phonetic: ou$^5$ leh$^7$]
*** Sinological IPA : /ɔu⁵³³⁻²¹ $^{(t͡sʰ-)}$lɛʔ²⁴/
* Middle Chinese: 'u dzok
Rime :
| Character | 烏 | 賊 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 影 (34) | 從 (15) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) | 德 (131) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 哀都切 | 昨則切 |
| Baxter | 'u | dzok |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʔuo/ | /d͡zək̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʔuo/ | /d͡zək̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʔo/ | /d͡zək̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʔɔ/ | /d͡zək̚/ |
| Li Rong | /ʔo/ | /d͡zək̚/ |
| Wang Li | /u/ | /d͡zək̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʔuo/ | /d͡zʱək̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | wū | zé |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | wu$^1$ | zak$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ʔ]ˤa|qˤa|ʔˤa k.dzˤək/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qaː zɯːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 烏 | 烏 | 烏 | 賊 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | wū | wū | wū | zéi |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ʔu › | ‹ ʔu › | ‹ ʔu › | ‹ dzok › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ʔ]ˁa/ | /*qˁa/ | /*ʔˁa/ | /*k.dzˁək/ |
| English | oh! | crow, raven; black | 烏桓, 烏丸 Wūhuán: Avars (W. Hàn) | injure; murderer, bandit |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 烏 | 賊 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 13077 | 16596 |
| Phonetic component | 烏 | 則 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 職 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 烏 | 賊 |
| Old Chinese | /*qaː/ | /*zɯːɡ/ |

### Noun

烏賊
* cuttlefish (Classifier: 隻／只)
    From: The Compendium of Materia Medica [Bencao Gangmu], by Li Shizhen, 1578 CE
    ［ Sū ］ Sòng yuē ︰ yīzhǒng róuyú, yǔ wūzéi xiàngsì, dàn wú gǔ ěr. Yuèrén zhòng zhī. [Pinyin]
    [Su] Song: Squids are a variation similar to the cuttlefishes, but without a bone. The Yue people value them. (translation by Unschuld, 2021)

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 烏賊, 墨魚, 墨斗魚 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 墨斗兒魚 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 烏賊, 花枝, 墨魚 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Langfang | 墨斗兒魚 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 烏魚, 墨斗子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 墨魚 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 墨斗兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 墨斗兒魚 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 墨斗兒魚 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 墨斗兒魚 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 烏賊魚, 烏賊 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 蛸 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Daming | 墨斗兒魚 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 墨魚 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 烏賊, 墨魚 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 烏賊 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 墨魚 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 墨魚 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 墨魚 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 墨魚 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 烏賊魚, 烏賊 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 烏賊魚 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 墨魚 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 墨魚 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 墨魚 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 墨魚 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 墨魚 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 墨魚 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 墨魚 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 墨魚 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 墨魚 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 墨魚 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 墨魚 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 墨魚 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 墨魚 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 墨魚 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 墨魚 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 墨魚 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 墨魚 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 墨魚 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 墨魚 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 墨魚 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 墨魚 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 墨魚 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 墨魚 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 墨魚 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 墨魚 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 墨魚 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 墨魚, 木殼 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 墨魚 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 墨魚 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 墨魚 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 墨魚 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 墨魚 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Zhengguo, Zengcheng) | 墨魚, 墨斗仔 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Wuguishan) | 墨魚 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 墨魚 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 墨魚 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 墨魚 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 墨斗魚 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 墨斗魚 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 墨斗魚, 墨斗 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 墨斗魚 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 墨斗魚 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 墨斗魚 |
| Hakka | Singkawang | 墨斗 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 烏賊魚, 烏賊 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 烏賊 |
| Jin | Handan | 烏賊 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 墨魚仔 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 墨魚 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 墨賊 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 墨賊 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 墨賊 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 墨賊 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 墨賊 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 墨賊仔 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 墨賊仔 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 墨賊 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 墨賊 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 墨賊仔 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 墨賊, 墨賊仔, 花枝 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 墨賊仔 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 墨賊 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 墨賊 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 墨賊, 墨斗, 花枝 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 墨賊, 花枝 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 墨斗 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 墨斗 |
| Southern Min | Nan'ao (Houzhai) | 墨斗 |
| Southern Min | Nan'ao (Yun'ao) | 墨賊 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 墨斗 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 墨賊 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 烏賊 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang) | 烏賊 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang) | 烏賊 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu) | 烏賊 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 烏賊, 墨魚 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Fengting) | 烏賊, 墨魚 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Youyang) | 烏賊, 墨魚 |
| Central Min | Yong'an | 墨魚 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 墨魚 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Sanxiang) | 墨魚 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 墨魚 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 烏賊魚 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 烏賊 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 烏賊魚 |
| Wu | Danyang | 烏賊魚 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 烏賊魚, 烏賊 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 烏賊 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 烏賊 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 墨斗魚 |

#### Derived terms

* 吸血烏賊 / 吸血乌贼 (xīxuè wūzéi)
* 大王烏賊 / 大王乌贼 (dàwáng wūzéi)
* 巨烏賊 / 巨乌贼 (jùwūzéi)
* 歐洲烏賊 / 欧洲乌贼 (Ōuzhōu wūzéi)
* 烏賊喙硬 / 乌贼喙硬
* 烏賊巴 / 乌贼巴
* 烏賊船 / 乌贼船
* 烏賊車 / 乌贼车
* 烏賊魚 / 乌贼鱼 (wūzéiyú)
* 烏賊墨 / 乌贼墨

#### See also

* 魷魚／鱿鱼 (yóuyú)
* 章魚／章鱼 (zhāngyú)

### References

* 莆田市政协文化文史和学习委员会 [Culture, History and Learning Committee of Putian CPPCC], editor (2021), “乌贼”, in 莆仙方言大词典 [Comprehensive Dictionary of Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 430.

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 烏 | 賊 |
| いか ||
| Jinmeiyō | Grade: S |
| jukujikun ||
* Alternative spellings
* 鰞 (rare) 魷 (rare) 鰂 (rare) 柔魚 (rare) 墨魚 (rare)

### Etymology

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *ika. First cited to the 播磨風土記 (Satsuma Fudoki) of 715.
Ultimate derivation uncertain. Derivations from within Japanese include:
* Related to 厳めしい (ikameshii, “imposing; offputting”)
* Related to 怒る (ikaru, “to move in a rough or wild fashion”)
Outside of Japanese, compare also Hawaiian iʻa, Maori ika (“fish, marine animal in general”), in turn ultimately from Proto-Austronesian *Sikan (“fish”).
The kanji is an orthographic borrowing from Chinese 烏賊 / 乌贼 (wūzéi, literally “crow + murderer / thief”). According to the 和名類聚抄 (Wamyō Ruijushō) of 938, the spelling was chosen for the way that certain squid would feign death and float motionless on the surface near shore, and when a crow would come to pick up the "dead" squid, the squid would instead grab the crow and drag it underwater.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) いか [ìká] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ika̠]

### Noun

烏賊(いか) or 烏賊(イカ) • (ika)
* [from 715] a squid (sea animal), a cuttlefish

#### Derived terms

* 障泥烏賊(あおりいか) (aoriika)
* 凧(いか) (ika), 紙鳶(いか) (ika, “kite”)
* 烏賊(いか)刺(さ)し (ikasashi)
* 烏賊(いか)墨(すみ) (ikasumi)
* 烏賊(いか)素(そう)麺(めん) (ikasōmen)
* 烏賊(いか)釣(つ)り (ikatsuri)
* 烏賊(いか)徳(どっく)利(り) (ikadokkuri)
* 烏賊(いか)の甲(こう) (ika no kō)
* 烏賊(いか)の墨(すみ) (ika no sumi)
* 凧(いかのぼり) (ikanobori), 紙鳶(いかのぼり) (ikanobori, “kite”)
* 卯(う)の花(はな)烏賊(いか) (unohanaika)
* 雷(かみなり)烏賊(いか) (kaminariika)
* 剣(けん)先(さき)烏賊(いか) (kensakiika)
* 甲(こう)烏賊(いか) (kōika)
* 桜(さくら)烏賊(いか) (sakuraika)
* 尻(しり)焼(やけ)烏賊(いか) (shiriyakeika)
* 陣(じん)胴(どう)烏賊(いか) (jindōika)
* 墨(すみ)烏賊(いか) (sumiika)
* 鯣(するめ)烏賊(いか) (surumeika)
* 大(だい)王(おう)烏賊(いか) (daiōika, “giant squid”)
* 蛸(たこ)烏賊(いか) (takoika)
* 団(だん)子(ご)烏賊(いか) (dangoika)
* 鳶(とび)烏賊(いか) (tobiika)
* 伸(の)し烏賊(いか) (noshiika), 熨斗(のし)烏賊(いか) (noshiika)
* 花(はな)烏賊(いか) (hanaika)
* 針(はり)烏賊(いか) (hariika)
* 蛍(ほたる)烏賊(いか) (hotaruika)
* 真(ま)烏賊(いか) (maika)
* 松(まつ)烏賊(いか) (matsuika)
* 松(まつ)笠(かさ)烏賊(いか) (matsukasaika)
* 水(みず)烏賊(いか) (mizuika)
* 耳(みみ)烏賊(いか) (mimiika)
* 紋(もん)甲(ごう)烏賊(いか) (mongōika)
* 槍(やり)烏賊(いか) (yariika)
* 幽(ゆう)霊(れい)烏賊(いか) (yūreiika)

### References

* 1 2 “烏賊”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN