# ros
## Catalan
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Catalan ros, from Latin russus. Compare Occitan ros, French roux, Spanish rojo.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈros]

#### Adjective

ros (feminine rossa, masculine plural rossos, feminine plural rosses)
* blond

##### Derived terms

* enrossir

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Latin rōs, used as a neuter. Compare the form rou.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈrɔs]

#### Noun

ros m (plural rosos)
* (dialectal, Valencia, archaic) dew
    Synonyms: rosada, rou

##### Related terms

* rosar

### Etymology 3

Named after general Ros Olano.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈros]

#### Noun

ros m (plural rossos)
* a particular type of military cap, introduced by General Ros de Olano in the Spanish Army in the XIX century.

### Etymology 4
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈros]

#### Noun

ros
* plural of ro (“rho (Greek letter)”)

### References

* “ros” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “ros”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025
* “ros” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
* “ros” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

## Cornish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɹoːz/

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Brythonic *rrod, from Proto-Celtic *rotos, from Proto-Indo-European *Hróth₂os.

#### Noun

ros f (plural rosow)
* wheel

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Brythonic *rros, from Proto-Celtic *ɸrostos.

#### Noun

ros f (plural rosyow)
* heathland

### Etymology 3

From Latin rosa

#### Noun

ros f (singulative rosen)
* roses

## Dalmatian
### Etymology

From Latin russus. Compare Occitan ros, French roux, Friulian ros.

### Adjective

ros
* red

## Danish
### Verb

ros
* imperative of rose

## Dutch
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /rɔs/
* Hyphenation: ros
* Rhymes: -ɔs

### Etymology 1

From Middle Dutch ros, from Old Dutch ros, hors, from Proto-West Germanic *hross, from Proto-Germanic *hrussą (“horse”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱers- (“to run”). Doublet of kar.

#### Alternative forms

* hors (dialectal)

#### Noun

ros n (plural rossen, diminutive rosje n)
* horse
    Synonym: paard
* steed

##### Derived terms

* roskam
* stalen ros
* strijdros

##### Descendants

* Afrikaans: ros
* ⇒ Dutch: rossen (“to groom (a horse)”, verb)
** → West Frisian: rosse (verb)

### Etymology 2
#### Adjective

ros (comparative rosser, superlative meest ros or rost)
* of an impure red color; reddish
    de rosse buurtthe red-light district
* ginger, red-haired

##### Derived terms

* rosse (noun)
* rosse buurt
* rosse franjepoot
* rosse grutto
* rosse kolibrie
* rosse stekelstaart
* rossig

## Franco-Provençal
### Etymology

From Latin russus.

### Adjective

ros (feminine rossa, masculine plural ros, feminine plural rosses) (ORB, broad)
* red
    Synonym: rojo

#### Derived terms

* rosseyér

### References

* ros in Lo trèsor Arpitan – on arpitan.eu

## Friulian
### Etymology

From Latin russus.

### Adjective

ros
* red

#### Derived terms

* inrossâ
* rossit

## Irish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɾˠɔsˠ/

### Etymology 1

From Old Irish ros (“linseed”).

#### Noun

ros m (genitive singular rois)
* linseed, flaxseed
    Synonym: ros lín

##### Declension

bare forms
singular
nominative
ros
vocative
a rois
genitive
rois
dative
ros
forms with the definite article
singular
nominative
an ros
genitive
an rois
dative
leis an ros don ros :

##### Derived terms

* ros cnáibe
* ros copóige
* ros gafainne
* ros lachan
* ros moinge mire
* ros neanta
* ros uisce

### Etymology 2

From Old Irish ros (“wood, promontory”), from Proto-Celtic *ɸrostos, from Proto-Indo-European *pro- (“before”) + *steh₂- (“to stand”).

#### Noun

ros m (genitive singular rosa, nominative plural rosa)
* wood, wooded headland
    Synonym: coill
* (geography) headland, promontory
    Synonyms: rinn, scoth, léim

##### Declension

bare forms
singular
plural
nominative
ros
rosa
vocative
a ros
a rosa
genitive
rosa
ros
dative
ros
rosa
forms with the definite article
singular
plural
nominative
an ros
na rosa
genitive
an rosa
na ros
dative
leis an ros don ros
leis na rosa :

##### Derived terms

* Ros Comáin
* na Rosa
* rosach
* rosán

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* ↑ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “2 ros (‘linseed, flaxseed’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* ↑ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 ros (‘wood, headland’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “ros”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “ros”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
* “ros”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2025

## Javanese
### Romanization

ros
* Romanization of ꦫꦺꦴꦱ꧀

## Latin
### Etymology

From Proto-Italic *rōs, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁róseh₂ (“dew”), itself possibly a derivative of *h₁ers- (“to flow”). Cognate with Sanskrit रसा (rásā, “moisture, humidity”), Ancient Greek ἐξεράω (exeráō, “pour out”), Lithuanian rasà (“dew”), Serbo-Croatian rosa / роса (“dew”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈroːs/, [ˈroːs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈros/, [ˈrɔs]

### Noun

rōs m (genitive rōris); third declension
* dew
* moisture
* rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus, syn. Rosmarinus officinalis)
** 690–750, Excerpta ex libro glossarum published in the Corpus glossariorum latinorum V page 179, 6
    Citisum genus arboris quasi catanum erba odoribera uergilius et uix humiles apibus casias rorem queCytisus is a kind of tree like juniper a sweet-smelling herb, greener and hardly serving the bees in comparison to furzes and rosemary.

#### Declension

Third-declension noun.

#### Derived terms

* rōrātiō
* rōrifer
* rōrō
* rōrulentus
* rōscidus

#### Descendants

* Balkan Romance:
** Aromanian: aroauã
** Romanian: rouă
* Gallo-Romance:
** Catalan: ros
*** → Sardinian: arròsu
** Occitan: ròs, arròs
* Vulgar Latin:
** ⇒ *rōsāta (see there for further descendants)
* Borrowings:
** → English: rore ⇒ rory
** → Middle French: rore
*** ⇒ French: rorique
** Esperanto: roso

### References

* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “rōs, rōris”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 526-7

### Further reading

* “ros”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “ros”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "ros", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “rōs”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume 10: R, page 473

## Lower Sorbian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /rɔs/

### Verb

ros
* second-person singular imperative of rosć

## Mauritian Creole
### Etymology

From French roche.

### Noun

ros
* rock, stone

### References

* Baker, Philip & Hookoomsing, Vinesh Y. 1987. Dictionnaire de créole mauricien. Morisyen – English – Français

## Middle English
### Etymology 1
#### Noun

ros
* plural of ro (“roe deer”)

### Etymology 2
#### Verb

ros
* Alternative form of rosen (“to boast”)

## Mokilese
### Etymology

From Proto-Oceanic *rodrom (“dark, cloudy”), from Proto-Austronesian *demdem (“gloom, darkness”)

### Noun

ros
* darkness

#### Derived terms

* karosi

#### References

* Harrison, Sheldon P., Mokilese-English Dictionary, University of Hawaii Press 1977

### External links

* Blust's Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – *demdem

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Verb

ros
* passive form of ro

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology 1

From the verb rosa (“to praise”), from Old Norse hrósa. Prior to the spelling reform of 1959, this noun was considered grammatically feminine or neuter. The revision made non-standard the definite singular forms rosa, rosi, and roset.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ruːs/

#### Noun

ros m (definite singular rosen, uncountable)
* praise
** 1875, Elias Blix, “Med Jesus”, in Nokre Salmar [Some hymns], 3rd edition, page 25:Det er mi høgste Æra, // det er mi største Ros // hans Fylgjesvein at vera // og vandra i hans Ljos.It is my highest honour, // it is my highest praise: // to be a His disciple // and wander in His light.
** 1992, Arne Ruset, Den svarte kista, pages 85–86:Sophies Minde vart flau av all rosen, og gav noko nebbete uttrykk for at no heldt det lenge.Sophies Minde got embarrassed by all the praise, and expressed somewhat snarkily that this would be enough for a good while.

#### Verb

ros
* imperative of rosa

### Etymology 2

From Old Norse rǫs, plural of ras n, whence also the more common doublet of ras.

#### Alternative forms

* ròs (alternative spelling)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /roːs/

#### Noun

ros f (definite singular rosa, indefinite plural roser, definite plural rosene)
* an avalanche, a landslide, a slip
    Synonym: skred
* cavity left in place of the masses displaced by such an avalanche, landslide or other
* a scratch in the skin

### Etymology 3

After German Rose, from Old High German rōsa, from Latin rosa. Doublet of rose.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ruːs/

#### Noun

ros f (definite singular rosa, uncountable)
* (pathology) erysipelas
    Synonym: (more common) rosen

### References

* “ros” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Occitan
### Etymology

From Old Occitan ros, from Latin russus.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Adjective

ros m (feminine singular rossa, masculine plural rosses, feminine plural rossas)
* russet

### References

* Diccionari General de la Lenga Occitana, L’Academia occitana – Consistòri del Gai Saber, 2008-2024, page 584.

## Old Irish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /r͈os/

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Celtic *ɸrostos, from Proto-Indo-European *pro- (“before”) + *steh₂- (“to stand”). The same construction as Sanskrit प्रस्थ (prastha, “plateau”), but probably coined separately in the two languages.

#### Noun

ros m (genitive ruis, nominative plural ruis)
* A promontory.
* A wood.
** c. 900, Sanas Cormaic, from the Yellow Book of Lecan, Corm. Y 1079
    ross .i. trēde fordingair .i. ros fidbuide, […]
       wood, that is, a triad of meanings, that is, a wood of yellow trees, […]

##### Inflection

* $^H$ = triggers aspiration
* $^L$ = triggers lenition
* $^N$ = triggers nasalization

##### Descendants

* Irish: ros (“wood”)
* Scottish Gaelic: ros (“promontory”)

### Etymology 2

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥so-, which is most likely a borrowing from a non-Indo-European language. See also Latin porrum (“leek”), English furze, and possibly Ancient Greek πράσον (práson, “leek”).

#### Noun

ros m (genitive ruis, nominative plural ruis)
* A linseed.
** c. 900, Sanas Cormaic, from the Yellow Book of Lecan, Corm. Y 1079
    ros līn
       linseed
* A flax - or other small seed.

##### Inflection

* $^H$ = triggers aspiration
* $^L$ = triggers lenition
* $^N$ = triggers nasalization

##### Descendants

* Irish: ros (“linseed”)
* Scottish Gaelic: ros (“linseed”)

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “2 ros (‘linseed, flaxseed’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 ros (‘wood, headland’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

### References

* ↑ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 142
* ↑ MacBain, Alexander, Mackay, Eneas (1911) “ros”, in An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language‎, Stirling, →ISBN, page ros

## Old Javanese
### Etymology

Unknown, probably inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *lawas (“internode of bamboo; section of something”).

### Noun

ros
* internode
* waist
* thigh
* slenderness

#### Derived terms

* aros
* paros
* rosan

#### Descendants

* > Javanese: ꦫꦺꦴꦱ꧀ (ros) (inherited)
* >? Malay: ruas
** > Indonesian: ruas (inherited)

### Further reading

* "ros" in P.J. Zoetmulder with the collaboration of S.O. Robson, Old Javanese-English Dictionary. 's-Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff, 1982.

## Romanian
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin rōsus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ros/
* Rhymes: -os

### Verb

ros (past participle of roade)
* past participle of roade

### Adjective

ros m or n (feminine singular roasă, masculine plural roși, feminine and neuter plural roase)
* gnawed, eaten away at
* eroded, consumed
* (of clothes) careworn, threadbare, shabby, seedy, frayed

#### Related terms

* rosătură
* rosură

## Scottish Gaelic
### Etymology 1

From Old Irish ros (“linseed”).

#### Noun

ros m (genitive singular rois, plural rosan)
* linseed, flax seed

### Etymology 2

From Old Irish ros (“wood, promontory”), from Proto-Celtic *ɸrostos, from Proto-Indo-European *pro- (“before”) + *steh₂- (“to stand”).

#### Noun

ros m (genitive singular rois, plural rosan)
* promontory, peninsula, isthmus

### References

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “2 ros (‘linseed, flaxseed’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 ros (‘wood, headland’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* MacBain, Alexander, Mackay, Eneas (1911) “ros”, in An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language‎, Stirling, →ISBN, page 295
* Edward Dwelly (1911) “ros”, in Faclair Gàidhlig gu Beurla le Dealbhan [The Illustrated Gaelic–English Dictionary]‎, 10th edition, Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited, →ISBN

## Seychellois Creole
### Etymology

From French roche.

### Noun

ros
* rock, stone

### References

* Danielle D’Offay et Guy Lionnet, Diksyonner Kreol - Franse / Dictionnaire Créole Seychellois - Français

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈros/ [ˈros]
* Rhymes: -os
* Syllabification: ros

### Etymology 1

Named after Antonio Ros de Olano (1808–1886), a Spanish general who introduced the hat into the Spanish army

#### Noun

ros m (plural roses)
* a type of military hat, similar to a shako

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

ros m pl
* plural of ro

### Further reading

* “ros”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

## Sranan Tongo
### Etymology

Borrowed from Dutch rossen.

### Verb

ros
* to beat up, to give a beating

## Swedish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ruːs/
* Audio (Gotland); “en ros”:(file)
* Rhymes: -uːs

### Etymology 1

From Old Swedish ros‚ from Middle Low German rose, from Latin rosa.

#### Noun

ros c
* a rose; a flower, a shrub, also as heraldic charge
** 1963, Arne Qvick (lyrics and music), “Rosen [The rose]”‎:Ty just nu idag, så köpte jag, en liten ros i en blomsteraffär. En ros röd som blod, så att du förstod, att det är dig som jag håller kär.For just now today, I bought, a small rose in a flower shop. A rose red as blood, so that you understood, that it is you that I hold dear.
* praise, acclaim
    Antonym: ris
    Spelet har fått mycket ros av kritikernaThe game has received much critical acclaim
    ris och rospraise and criticism (idiomatic – also the name of a readers' section in some newspapers (for commending or criticizing))

##### Derived terms

* alpros
* buskros
* dans på rosor
* nyponros
* rosarium
* rosbukett
* rosbuske
* rosdoft
* rosenbegonia
* rosenblad
* rosenbröd
* rosenbukett
* rosenbuske
* rosenböna
* rosende
* rosendoft
* rosenfingrad
* rosenfink
* rosenfärgad
* rosengång
* rosengård
* rosenhy
* rosenhäck
* rosenhäger
* rosenkind
* rosenknopp
* rosenkrans
* rosenkvitten
* rosenkål
* rosenmandel
* rosenmoln
* rosenmun
* rosenmönster
* rosenmönstrad
* rosenodling
* rosenolja
* rosenplantering
* rosenpotatis
* rosenrabatt
* rosenrasande
* rosenröd
* rosenrött
* rosenskimmer
* rosenskära
* rosenspaljen
* rosensten
* rosenstock
* rosentry
* rosenträ
* rosenträd
* rosenträdgård
* rosenvatten
* rosett
* rosling
* rosmarin
* rosrabatt
* rosväxt

##### Related terms

* rosa
* rosig

##### Descendants

* → Estonian: roos
* → Finnish: ruusu

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

ros
* indefinite genitive singular of ro

### Etymology 3
#### Verb

ros
* passive infinitive of ro
* present passive of ro

### References

* ros in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* ros in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* ros in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)
* Häkkinen, Kaisa (2004) Nykysuomen etymologinen sanakirja [Modern Finnish Etymological Dictionary] (in Finnish), Juva: WSOY, →ISBN

### Anagrams

* ors, sor

## Tok Pisin
### Etymology

From German Rost.

### Noun

ros
* rust

## Zoogocho Zapotec
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Spanish arroz, from Andalusian Arabic الرَّوْز (ar-rawz), from Arabic أَرُزّ (ʔaruzz, “rice”), from Ancient Greek ὄρυζᾰ (óruză).

#### Noun

ros
* rice

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Spanish rosa, from Latin rosa.

#### Noun

ros
* rose

##### Derived terms

* color de ros
* yej ros

### References

* Long C., Rebecca, Cruz M., Sofronio (2000) Diccionario zapoteco de San Bartolomé Zoogocho, Oaxaca (Serie de vocabularios y diccionarios indígenas “Mariano Silva y Aceves”; 38)‎ (in Spanish), second electronic edition, Coyoacán, D.F.: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, A.C., page 270