# نفس
## Arabic
### Etymology 1.1
#### Verb

نَفُسَ • (nafusa) I (non-past يَنْفُسُ (yanfusu), verbal noun نَفَس (nafas) or نِفَاس (nifās) or نَفَاسَة (nafāsa))
* to be priceless, to be precious, to be valuable

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 1.2
#### Verb

نَفِسَ • (nafisa) I (non-past يَنْفَسُ (yanfasu), verbal noun نَفَس (nafas))
* to be stingy, to be sparing

##### Conjugation
#### Verb

نَفِسَ • (nafisa) I (non-past يَنْفَسُ (yanfasu), verbal noun نَفَاسَة (nafāsa))
* to envy, to begrudge

##### Conjugation
#### Verb

نَفِسَ • (nafisa) I (non-past يَنْفَسُ (yanfasu), verbal noun نِفَاس (nifās)) نُفِسَ • (nufisa) I (passive-only, non-past يُنْفَسُ (yunfasu), verbal noun نِفَاس (nifās))
* to be in childbed

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 1.3
#### Verb

نَفَّسَ • (naffasa) II (non-past يُنَفِّسُ (yunaffisu), verbal noun تَنْفِيس (tanfīs))
* to comfort, to cheer up, to reassure, to appease
* to relieve, to dispel, to banish
* to air, to vent
* to uncover, to reveal, to voice
* to cease, to desist
* to let out air
* to be in childbed
* (regional, Saudi Arabia) to get frustrated

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2.1

From Proto-Semitic *napš-.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /nafs/

#### Noun

نَفْس • (nafs) f (plural نُفُوس (nufūs) or أَنْفُس (ʔanfus))
* self
** (plural أَنْفُس (ʔanfus)) in idafa with an enclitic pronoun attached to it
    نَفْسُهُ ― nafsuhu ― himself
*** (plural أَنْفُس (ʔanfus)) as reflexive
    قَتَلَ نَفْسَهُ ― qatala nafsahu ― He killed himself. [reflexive]
    رَأَيْتُ نَفْسِي فِي ٱلْمِرْآةِ ― raʔaytu nafsī fī l-mirʔāti ― I saw myself in the mirror.
*** (plural أَنْفُس (ʔanfus)) as emphatic
    جَاءَنِي هُوَ نَفْسُهُ.jāʔanī huwa nafsuhu.He came to me himself or in person.
**** a. 1360, Ibn Hishām Al-Ansāriyy, Sharh Qatr Al-Nadā Wa-Ball Al-Sadā:وَأَمَّا قَوْلُ ٱلْعَرَبِ: «اِتَّقَى ٱللَّهَ ٱمْرُؤٌ فَعَلَ خَيْرًا يُثَبْ عَلَيْهِ» بِٱلْجَزْمِ، فَوَجْهُهُ أَنَّ «ٱتَّقَى ٱللَّهَ» وَ«فَعَلَ خَيْرًا» وَإِنْ كَانَا فِعْلَيْنِ مَاضِيَيْنِ ظَاهِرُهُمَا ٱلْخَبَرُ، إِلَّا أَنَّ ٱلْمُرَادَ بِهِمَا ٱلطَّلَبُ، وَٱلْمَعْنَى: لِيَتَّقِ ٱللَّهَ ٱمْرُؤٌ وَلْيَفْعَلْ خَيْرًا، وَكَذَٰلِكَ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿یَـٰۤأَیُّهَا ٱلَّذِینَ ءَامَنُوا۟ هَلۡ أَدُلُّكُمۡ عَلَىٰ تِجَـٰرَةࣲ تُنجِیكُم مِّنۡ عَذَابٍ أَلِیمࣲ ۝١٠ تُؤۡمِنُونَ بِٱللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِۦ وَتُجَـٰهِدُونَ فِی سَبِیلِ ٱللَّهِ بِأَمۡوَ ٰ⁠لِكُمۡ وَأَنفُسِكُمۡۚ ذَ ٰ⁠لِكُمۡ خَیۡرࣱ لَّكُمۡ إِن كُنتُمۡ تَعۡلَمُونَ ۝١١ یَغۡفِرۡ لَكُمۡ﴾ فَجَزْمُ يَغْفِرْ لِأَنَّهُ جَوَابٌ لِقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: ﴿تُؤۡمِنُونَ بِٱللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِۦ وَتُجَـٰهِدُونَ﴾ لِكَوْنِهِ فِي مَعْنَى «آمِنُوا وَجَاهِدُوا»، وَلَيْسَ جَوَابًا لِلِٱسْتِفْهَامِ، لِأَنَّ غُفْرَانَ ٱلذُّنُوبِ لَا يَتَسَبَّبُ عَنْ نَفْسِ ٱلدَّلَالَةِ، بَلْ عَنِ ٱلْإِيمَانِ وَٱلْجِهَادِ.waʔammā qawlu l-ʕarabi: “ittaqā l-laha mruʔun faʕala ḵayran yuṯab ʕalayhi” bi-l-jazmi, fawajhuhu ʔanna “ttaqā l-laha” wa“faʕala ḵayran” waʔin kānā fiʕlayni māḍiyayni ẓāhiruhumā l-ḵabaru, ʔillā ʔanna l-murāda bihimā ṭ-ṭalabu, wal-maʕnā: liyattaqi l-laha mruʔun walyafʕal ḵayran, wakaḏālika qawluhu taʕālā: “yā ʔayyuhā llaḏīna ʔāmanū hal ʔadullukum ʕalā tijāratin tunjīkum min ʕaḏābin ʔalīmin? tuʔminūna bi-l-lāhi warasūlihī watujāhidūna fī sabīli l-lahi biʔamwālikum waʔanfusikum; ḏālikum ḵayrun lakum ʔin kuntum taʕlamūna, yaḡfir lakum” fajazmu yaḡfir liʔannahu jawābun liqawlihi taʕālā: “tuʔminūna bi-l-lahi warasūlihī watujāhidūna” likawnihi fī maʕnā “ʔāminū wajāhidū”, walaysa jawāban lilistifhāmi, liʔanna ḡufrāna ḏ-ḏunūbi lā yatasabbabu ʕan nafsi d-dalālati, bal ʕani l-ʔīmāni wal-jihādi.(please add an English translation of this quotation)
* same used in the construct state, with a modifying noun in the genitive, or after the noun with an enclitic pronoun attached to it
    نَفْسُ ٱلشَّيْءِ ― nafsu š-šayʔi ― the same thing
    فِي نَفْسِ ٱلْيَوْمِ، فِي ٱلْيَوْمِ نَفْسِهِfī nafsi l-yawmi, fī l-yawmi nafsihion the same day
* consciousness
* psyche, mind
* spirit, soul
* life, breath
* essence, nature
* inclination, appetite, proclivity
* personal identity

##### Synonyms

* (emphatic): عَيْن (ʕayn)

##### Derived terms

* بِنَفْسِهِ (binafsihi, “himself, in person, personally”)
* مِنْ نَفْسِهِ (min nafsihi, “of his own accord”)
* نَفْسِيّ (nafsiyy)
** نَفْسِيَّة (nafsiyya)
* عِلْمُ ٱلنَّفْسِ (ʕilmu n-nafsi, “psychology”)
* صَغِيرُ ٱلنَّفْسِ (ṣaḡīru n-nafsi, “base-minded, low-minded”, literally “small of mind”)
* كَبِيرُ ٱلنَّفْسِ (kabīru n-nafsi, “high-minded, proud”, literally “big of mind”)

### Etymology 2.2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /nafs/

#### Noun

نَفْس • (nafs) m (plural نُفُوس (nufūs) or أَنْفُس (ʔanfus))
* living creature, living being, human being, person

##### Declension
### Etymology 2.3
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /na.fas/
* Audio:(file)

#### Noun

نَفَس • (nafas) m (plural أَنْفَاس (ʔanfās))
* verbal noun of نَفِسَ (nafisa) (form I)
* verbal noun of نَفُسَ (nafusa) (form I)
* breath
* puff, draw (of smoke)
* gulp, draught
* freedom, liberty, convenience, discretion

##### Descendants

* Maltese: nifs
* → Azerbaijani: nəfəs
* → Armenian: նաֆաս (nafas), նաֆս (nafs)
* → Baluchi: نپس (napas)
* → Khalaj: nəfəs
* → Malay: nafas
** Indonesian: napas
*** → Amahai: napas
** → Tausug: napas
* → Persian: نفس (nafas)
* → Swahili: nafasi
* → Ottoman Turkish: نفس (nefes)
    > Turkish: nefes (inherited)
* → Uyghur: نەپەس (nepes)
* → Uzbek: nafas

### Etymology 3
#### Verb

نفس (form I)
* نَفْسُ (nafsu) /naf.su/: first-person plural non-past active jussive of فَسَا (fasā)
* نُفْسَ (nufsa) /nuf.sa/: first-person plural non-past passive jussive of فَسَا (fasā)

### References

* Dozy, Reinhart Pieter Anne (1881) “نفس”, in Supplément aux dictionnaires arabes‎ (in French), volume 2, Leiden: E. J. Brill, pages 700–701
* Freytag, Georg (1837) “نفس”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎ (in Latin), volume 4, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 313
* Wehr, Hans (1979) “نفس”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN, pages 1155–1556

## Khalaj
### Noun

نَفَس (nəfəs) (definite accusative نَفَسی, plural نَفَسلَر)
* Arabic spelling of nəfəs (“breath”)

#### Declension
## Malay
### Noun

نفس (plural نفس-نفس or نفس٢, informal 1st possessive نفسکو, 2nd possessive نفسمو, 3rd possessive نفسڽ)
* Jawi spelling of nafas‎

## Moroccan Arabic
### Etymology 1

From Arabic نَفَّسَ (naffasa).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /naf.fas/

#### Verb

نفس • (naffas) II (non-past ينفس (ynaffas))
* to vent, to air
* to let out air
* to fart on (someone)
    نفستينا يا صاحبي! ― naffastīna ya sāḥbi ― You farted on us, dude!

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2

From Arabic نَفْس (nafs).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /nafs/
* Audio:(file)

#### Noun

نفس • (nafs) m
* same used in the construct state, with a modifying noun, or after the noun with an enclitic pronoun attached to it
    نفس الشي ― nafs eš-ši ― the same thing
    فنفس اليوم، فاليوم نفسه ― f-nafs el-yūm, f-el-yūm nafsu ― on the same day
* life, breath
* inclination, appetite, proclivity

## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic نَفَس (nafas, “breath; soul”).

### Noun

نفس • (nefes) (plural انفاس)
* breath, the act or process of breathing
    Synonyms: باد (bâd), دم (dam), صولوق (soluk)
* the time of one breath, a brief moment of time
* soul, the spirit of a person that lives on after one's death
    Synonyms: اوز (öz), تن (tin), جان (can), روح (ruh), زات (zat)
* self, one's individual personality, character or disposition
* essence of anything, its very substance or reality

#### Derived terms

* بالق نفسی (balık nefesi, “spermaceti”)
* تك نفس (tek nefes, “asthma”)
* صوڭ نفس (son nefes, “the moment just before death”)
* ضیق النفس (dıyku'n-nefes, “asthma”)
* ضیق نفس (dıyk-ı nefes, “asthma”)
* نفس آلمق (nefes almak, “to breathe”)
* نفس طارلغی (nefes darlığı, “asthma”)
* نفس ویرمك (nefes vermek, “to exhale”)

#### Descendants

* Turkish: nefes

### Further reading

* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “nefes”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 3512
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “نفس”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 1282
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Halitus”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎, Vienna, column 685
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “نفس”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, column 5223
* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “nefes”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “نفس”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 2095
* Hindoglu, Artin (1838) “نفس”, in Hazine-i lûgat ou dictionnaire abrégé turc-français‎, Vienna: F. Beck, page 481

## Persian
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Arabic نَفَس (nafas).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [næˈfæs]

#### Noun

نفس • (nafas) (plural نفس‌ها (nafas-hâ) or انفاس (anfâs))
* breath

##### Derived terms

* نفس کشیدن (nafas kešidan)

##### Related terms

* تنفس (tanaffos)

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Arabic نَفْس (nafs).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [næfs], [næːfs]

#### Noun

نفس • (nafs) (plural نفس‌ها (nafs-hâ) or نفوس (nofus))
* soul, self
* psyche
* spirit, mind
* personal identity

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology 1

From Arabic نَفْس (nafs).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /nafs/, [nafs]
* Audio (Ramallah):(file)

#### Noun

نفس • (nafs) m (plural أنفس (ʔanfos) or نفوس (nufūs))
* soul, spirit, psyche, mind
* desire, appetite
    Synonym: شهيّة (šahiyye)

#### Pronoun

نفس • (nafs-)
* (with personal suffix) -self, -selves (reflexive pronoun)
    Synonym: حال (ḥāl-)
    أقنعت نفسي. ― ʔaqnaʕt nafsi ― I convinced myself.
    المشية ممكن تسمعوها بأكتر من اسم، بس إحنا تركيزنا عالحركة نفسها.il-mašye mumken tismaʕūha bi-ʔaktar min ism, bas ʔeḥna tarkīzna ʕal-ḥarake nafshaYou can hear "il-Mashye" go by more than one name, but our focus is on the move itself.

##### Inflection
#### Preposition

نفس • (nafs)
* same
    هادا نفس الشي. ― hāda nafs iš-šī ― That's the same thing.

### Etymology 2

From Arabic نَفَّسَ (naffasa).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /naf.fas/, [ˈnaf.fas]
* Audio (al-Lidd):(file)

#### Verb

نفّس • (naffas) I (present بنفّس (binaffes))
* to breathe out, to exhale
    Antonym: تنفّس (tnaffas)
* (intransitive) to deflate

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 3

From Arabic نَفَس (nafas).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /na.fas/, [ˈna.fas]
* Audio (Ramallah):(file)

#### Noun

نفس • (nafas) m
* breathing, breath
* nargileh, hookah, water pipe
    Synonym: أرجيلة (ʔargīle)