# caterva
## Catalan
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin caterva.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central) [kəˈtɛr.bə]
* IPA: (Balearic) [kəˈtɛr.və]
* IPA: (Valencia) [kaˈtɛɾ.va]

### Noun

caterva f (plural caterves)
* multitude

#### Derived terms

* catèrvola

### Further reading

* “caterva” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.

## Italian
### Etymology

From Latin caterva.

### Noun

caterva f (plural caterve)
* multitude

#### Usage notes

* Used in the phrase una caterva di to means loads of, heaps of

### Anagrams

* varcate

## Latin
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Italic *katerwā, of uncertain origin, though Clayton (2024) suggests Proto-Indo-European *ḱátwr̥ (“hostility”). Perhaps related to cassis (“net”) and catēna (“chain”), from Proto-Indo-European *kat- (“to link or weave together; chain, net”). Also compare Albanian thes (“sack, bag”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /kaˈter.u̯a/, [käˈt̪ɛru̯ä]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /kaˈter.va/, [käˈt̪ɛrvä]

### Noun

caterva f (genitive catervae); first declension
* a crowd, a band, a troop, a retinue
    Synonyms: turba, manus, agmen
** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.496–497:rēgīna ad templum fōrmā pulcherrima Dīdō incessit magnā iuvenum stīpante catervāThe queen [arrives] at the temple – the exceedingly beautiful Dido – striding [in all her majesty] with a large retinue of youths escorting [her].
* a group, flock, pack (of animals)
** c. 125 CE – 180 CE, Apuleius, Metamorphoses 4.20:Miserum funestumque spectāmen aspexī: Thrasyleōnem nostrum catervīs canum saevientium cīnctum atque obsessum multīsque numerō morsibus laniātum.I witnessed a pitiable and dismal spectacle: our Thrasyleon was surrounded and besieged by packs of fierce dogs and wounded by a great number of bites.

#### Declension

First-declension noun.

#### Descendants

* → Catalan: caterva
* → Italian: caterva
* → Sicilian: caterba
* → Spanish: caterva

### References

* “caterva”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “caterva”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "caterva", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* caterva in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. a theatrical company: familia, grex, caterva histrionum the Chorus in Tragedy: caterva, chorus
* De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “caterva”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 98

## Spanish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin caterva.

### Noun

caterva f (plural catervas)
* crowd, multitude
** 1877, Benito Pérez Galdós, Gloria:-Antes se había entibiado la religiosidad; pero ahora se ha perdido por completo en la mayor parte de las personas, y las que aún saben dirigir sus almas al cielo, se ven perseguidas, amenazadas por la caterva brutal de filósofos y revolucionarios.(please add an English translation of this quotation)

### Further reading

* “caterva”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10