# malum
## English
### Etymology 1

From Latin malum.

#### Pronunciation

* enPR: mälʹəm, IPA: /ˈmæ.ləm/

#### Noun

malum (plural malums)
* (formal) An evil or wrongdoing.

##### Related terms

* mal
* malus
* malum in se
* malum prohibitum

#### References

* “malum”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
* William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “malum”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.

### Etymology 2

Related to Arabic مُعَلِّم (muʕallim, “teacher”).

#### Noun

malum (plural malums)
* (India, nautical, historical) The mate serving on a ship with English officers and native crew.

##### Alternative forms

* malumi

#### References

* Henry Yule, A[rthur] C[oke] Burnell (1903) “malum”, in William Crooke, editor, Hobson-Jobson […] , London: John Murray, […].

### Anagrams

* Mulam

## Latin
### Etymology 1

From malus (“evil, wicked”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈma.lum/, [ˈmäɫ̪ʊ̃ˑ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈma.lum/, [ˈmäːlum]

#### Adjective

malum
* inflection of malus:
** nominative/accusative/vocative neuter singular
** accusative masculine singular

#### Noun

malum n (genitive malī); second declension
* evil, adversity, hardship, misfortune, calamity, disaster, mischief
    Synonyms: plāga, īnfortūnium, calamitās, cāsus, cruciātus, miseria, vulnus, nūbēs, pestis
* punishment, harm, injury, torment, misery
    Synonyms: cruciātus, pūnītiō, mercēs, poena, supplicium, vindicātiō, vindicta, animadversus, exemplum, sānctiō, pretium, noxa
** 8 CE – 12 CE, Ovid, Sorrows 1.40:nūbila sunt subitīs tempora nostra malīsmy days are clouded by sudden miseries
* disease, illness, infirmity
    Synonyms: aegritūdō, morbus, pestis, valētūdō, labor, infirmitas, incommodum
    Antonyms: salūs, valētūdō
* wrong-doing
    Synonyms: culpa, dēlictum, peccātum, scelus, vitium, noxa, crīmen, facinus, iniūria, error, dēlinquentia, maleficium
    Antonyms: bonum, rēctum, virtūs
* (in the plural) bad words

##### Declension

Second-declension noun (neuter).

##### Descendants

* French: mal
* Italian: malo
* Spanish: malo
* → English: malum

#### Interjection

malum
* damn!, fuck!, alas!, misery!
** c. 200 BCE, Plautus, Menaechmi 2.3.389.390:Erotium: Certo, tibi et parasito tuo. Sosicles: Quoi, malum, parasito? Certo haec mulier non sana est satis.Certainly you did, for yourself and your parasite." "For whom? Fuck, parasite? Surely this woman isn't quite right in her senses.

#### Related terms

* malē
* malus

### Etymology 2

Perhaps borrowed from Doric Greek μᾶλον (mâlon, “apple”). Alternatively but less likely from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂lom. The Proto-Indo-European form regularly gives both mālum in Latin and μῆλον in Ancient Greek, but such reconstruction is dubious due to the fact that it is only found in some Indo-European languages. It is more likely that the Greek word was borrowed from a pre-Indo-European substratum and later borrowed into Latin. See μῆλον for more details.

#### Alternative forms

* mēlum (Late Latin)

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈmaː.lum/, [ˈmäːɫ̪ʊ̃ˑ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈma.lum/, [ˈmäːlum]

#### Noun

mālum n (genitive mālī); second declension
* apple (fruit)
* any tree fruit with a fleshy exterior, e.g. quinces, pears, peaches, etc.
* the plant Aristolochia

##### Declension

Second-declension noun (neuter).

##### Derived terms

* mālum discordiae
* mālum pūnicum

##### Related terms

* mālus
* mēlum
* mēlō
* mēlopepō

##### Descendants

* Aromanian: mer, meru
* Friulian: mêl, miluç
* Italian: mela, ⇒ maliforme
* Neapolitan: mìlo, méla
* Romanian: măr
* Romansch: mail
* Spanish: mela

### References

* “malum”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “malum”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* malum in Dizionario Latino, Olivetti
* "malum", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* malum in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. (ambiguous) to be broken down by misfortune: in malis iacere (ambiguous) to be hard pressed by misfortune: malis urgeri (ambiguous) to deserve ill of a person; to treat badly: male mereri de aliquo (ambiguous) to have a good or bad reputation, be spoken well, ill of: bene, male audire (ab aliquo) (ambiguous) to have a good or bad reputation, be spoken well, ill of: bona, mala existimatio est de aliquo (ambiguous) to inculcate good (bad) principles: bene (male) praecipere alicui (ambiguous) moral science; ethics: philosophia, in qua de bonis rebus et malis, deque hominum vita et moribus disputatur (ambiguous) my mind forebodes misfortune: animus praesāgit malum (ambiguous) my mind forebodes misfortune: animo praesagio malum (ambiguous) a guilty conscience: conscientia mala or peccatorum, culpae, sceleris, delicti (ambiguous) a guilty conscience: animus male sibi conscius (ambiguous) to be tormented by remorse: conscientia mala angi, excruciari (ambiguous) a moral (immoral) man: homo bene (male) moratus (ambiguous) to bless (curse) a person: precari alicui bene (male) or omnia bona (mala), salutem (ambiguous) to manage one's affairs, household, property well or ill: rem bene (male) gerere (vid. sect. XVI. 10a) (ambiguous) from beginning to end: ab ovo usque ad mala (proverb.) (ambiguous) to buy dearly: magno or male emere (ambiguous) to win, lose a fight (of the commander): rem (bene, male) gerere (vid. sect. XII. 2, note rem gerere...) (ambiguous) I am sorry to hear..: male (opp. bene) narras (de)

## Turkish
### Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish معلوم (ma'lum), from Arabic مَعْلُوم (maʕlūm).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /maː.ˈlum/
* Hyphenation: ma‧lum
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### Adjective

malum
* known, certain
* (algebra, obsolete) known

#### Related terms

* malumat

### Adverb

malum
* as you know

### Noun

malum (definite accusative malumu, plural malumlar)
* (grammar, obsolete) active voice

#### Antonyms

* meçhul

### References

* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “malum”, in Nişanyan Sözlük