# ܩܕܡ
## Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
### Etymology 1

From Aramaic קְדַם (qəḏam); related to Arabic قَدَمَ (qadama) and Hebrew קָדַם (kadám).

#### Pronunciation

* (Standard) IPA: [qɑːðeːm]
* (Nineveh Plains) IPA: [qɑːðɪmː]
* (Urmia) IPA: [qɑːdɪmː]

#### Verb

ܩܵܕ݂ܹܡ • (qāḏēm)
* to precede, to come before

##### Conjugation

Generated by {{Template:aii-conj/G-strong|ܩ|ܕ݂|ܡ}}

##### Derived terms

* ܡܩܲܕܸܡ (mqaddim)

### Etymology 2

Picture dictionary :
ܩܕܡ
ܠܥܸܠ ܡܸܢ
ܠܬܸܚܬ ܡܸܢ
ܓܲܘ
ܩܵܕ݇ܡ
ܒܵܬ݂ܲܪ
ܥܲܠ
ܓܹܢ݇ܒ/
ܟܸܣ
ܬ݇ܚܘܿܬ݂
ܒܹܝܢ :
From Aramaic קֳדָם (qŏḏām); related to Hebrew קֹדֶם (kódem), Akkadian 𒁾𒊕 (qudmu [DUB.SAG]) and Arabic قُدَّامَ (quddāma).

#### Pronunciation

* (Standard) IPA: [qɑːm], [qəðɑːm]
* (Urmia) IPA: [qam.]

#### Preposition

ܩܵܕ݇ܡ or ܩܕ݂ܵܡ • (qām or qḏām)
* (spatially) before, in front of, facing
    ܨܠܝܼ ܩܵܕ݇ܡ ܝܵܡܵܐ ― ṣlī qām yāmā ― Go down in front of the sea
    ܟܹܐ ܡܲܘܕܹܝܢ ܩܵܕ݇ܡܘܼܟ݂ ― kē mawdēn qāmūḵ ― I give thanks before you
* (temporally) before, in advance of, prior to [with ܡܸܢ (min) ‘from’] (see usage notes)
    ܥܪܘܿܩ ܩܵܕ݇ܡ ܡܸܢ ܕܡܵܛܹܐ ― ˁrōq qām min d-māṭē ― Flee before he arrives
    ܕܲܩܝܼܩܵܐ ܡܸܢ ܩܵܕ݇ܡ ܫܘܼܠܵܡܵܐ ― daqīqā min qām šullāmā ― A minute before the end
    ܐܵܢܵܐ ܐܵܙܹܠ݇ܢ ܩܲܕ݇ܡܵܝܵܐ ܩܵܕ݇ܡ ܡܸܢܵܗ̇ānā āzēn qammāyā qām minnāhI go first before her
* in (adversity)
    ܩܵܕ݇ܡ ܡܸܛܪܵܐ ܘܩܵܕ݇ܡ ܕܵܠܘܿܦܹ̈ܐqām miṭrā w-qām dālōpēin rain and in drizzle.
* from (adversity)
    ܥܪܝܼܩ ܠܝܼ ܩܵܕ݇ܡ ܒܵܒܝܼ ― ˁrīq lī qām bābī ― I fled from my father.
* ago
    ܩܵܕ݇ܡ ܬܪܹܝܢ ܝܲܘܡܹ̈ܐ ― qām trēn yawmē ― Two days ago
    ܐ݇ܙܝܼܠ ܠܹܗ ܩܵܕ݇ܡ ܚܲܡܸܫ ܫܵܥܹ̈ܐ ― zīl lēh qām ḥammiš šāˁē ― He left 5 hours ago

##### Usage notes

* When taking pronouns, the temporal sense uses the form ܩܵܕ݇ܡ ܡܸܢ- ― qām min-, for example ܩܵܕ݇ܡ ܡܸܢܹܗ ― qām minnēh ― Before him (temporally). However, the spatial sense attaches pronouns to ܩܵܕ݇ܡ itself, for example, ܩܵܕ݇ܡܹܗ ― qāmēh ― In front of him, before him (spatially).
* The English adverb and preposition before is translated as ܩܵܕ݇ܡ ܗܵܕܲܟ݂ (qām hādaḵ) or a phrase like ܩܵܕ݇ܡ ܥܸܕܵܢܵܐ (qām ˁiddānā, literally “before (this) time”) or ܩܵܕ݇ܡ ܐܵܕܝܼܵܐ (qām ādīyā, literally “before now”) used as an adverb.
    ܗܸܟ̃ ܠܵܐ ܝܘܸܢ ܥܒ݂ܝܼܕ݂ܵܐ ܗܵܢܵܐ ܩܵܕ݇ܡ ܥܸܕܵܢܵܐhič lā ìwen ˁḇīḏā hānā qām ˁiddānāI have never done this before

##### Antonyms

* ܒܵܬ݂ܲܪ (bāṯar)

##### Derived terms

* ܩܵܕ݇ܡܲܬ݂ (qāmaṯ)
* ܩܵܕ݇ܡ ܦܲܐܲܬ݂ (qām paˀaṯ)
* ܩܵܕ݇ܡ ܡܫܝܼܚܵܐ (qām mšīḥā, “BC, BCE”, literally “before Christ”)

## Classical Syriac
### Etymology 1

From the root ܩ ܕ ܡ related to preceding. Compare Arabic قَدَمَ (qadama) and Hebrew קָדַם (qāḏam).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [q(ə)ðam]

#### Verb

ܩܕܡ • (transliteration needed)
* to precede, to come before

### Etymology 2

From the root ܩ ܕ ܡ related to preceding. Compare Akkadian 𒁾𒊕 (qudmu [DUB.SAG]) and Hebrew קֹדֶם (qṓḏem).

#### Alternative forms

* ܩܕܝܡ

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [q(ə)ðɑm]

#### Conjunction

ܩܕܡ • (transliteration needed)
* before

#### Preposition

ܩܕܡ • (transliteration needed)
* before, in front of
* among, in the presence of
* against

##### Inflection

Takes type-II suffixes.

##### Antonyms

* ܒܬܪ

### References

* “qdm”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* Costaz, Louis (2002) Dictionnaire syriaque-français ∙ Syriac–English Dictionary ∙ قاموس سرياني-عربي, 3rd edition, Beirut: Dar El-Machreq, page 310a
* Payne Smith, Jessie (1903) A Compendious Syriac Dictionary Founded Upon the Thesaurus Syriacus of R. Payne Smith, D.D., Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 490b
* Sokoloff, Michael (2009) A Syriac Lexicon: A Translation from the Latin, Correction, Expansion, and Update of C. Brockelmann's Lexicon Syriacum, Winona Lake, Indiana, Piscataway, New Jersey: Eisenbrauns; Gorgias Press, →ISBN, pages 1318a–b