# loch
## English
### Pronunciation

* (Scotland) IPA: /lɔx/
* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /lɒk/, /lɒx/
* (General American) IPA: /lɑk/
* Audio (General Australian):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɒk, -ɒx
* Homophones: lock, lough

### Etymology 1

From Middle English lough, borrowed from Scottish Gaelic loch. Doublet of lay, Looe, and lough.

#### Noun

loch (plural lochs)
* (Ireland, Scotland) A lake.
** 1802 November 1, “Account of the Drainage of the Lochs at Leuchars and Cotts, in the County of Moray”, in The Farmer’s Magazine: A Periodical Work, Exclusively Devoted to Agriculture, and Rural Affairs, volume III, number XII, Edinburgh: Printed by D. Willison, for Archibald Constable, [...], →OCLC, pages 453–454:The greater part of Leuchars Loch belonged to the Inneses of Leuchars, Cotts to the Inneses of Innes; and while thus poſſeſſed, many unſucceſsful attempts to drain both, by canals, to the river Loſſie, ſeem to have been made. […] [A] very ordinary fall of rain raiſes it [the river] far beyond its natural bounds; and the immediate conſequence of ſuch floods, was, the ſpeat-water flowing into thoſe lochs, by the canal, and covering the adjacent meadows.
** 1840, John Colquhoun, “Loch-fishing”, in The Moor and the Loch: […], Edinburgh: William Blackwood & Sons; London: T[homas] Cadell, →OCLC, page 56:But, enchanting as are the woodland banks of the quiet stream, there is to me a higher and yet more powerful charm in the solitary wildness or savage grandeur of the Highland loch.
** 1855, Philip Gilbert Hamerton, “Notes [on the poem The Isles of Loch Awe]”, in The Isles of Loch Awe and Other Poems of My Youth, London: W. E. Painter, […], →OCLC, page 91:This book may possibly fall into the hands of tourists in the Highlands; and if it should induce any one to visit the Isles of Loch Awe, a few words on my part may save him a good deal of trouble. The inns are so badly situated that no visitors but sportsmen and painters ever think of staying long at Loch Awe. The hotel at Dalmally is an old inconvenient house, three miles from the loch, and wants rebuilding. The inn at Cladich is a mile from the loch, and the footpath in wet weather is almost impassable.
** 1903 September 11, “The Late Mr. James M. Gale”, in W[illiam] H[enry] Maw, J[ames] Dredge [Jr.], editors, Engineering: An Illustrated Weekly Journal, volume LXXVI, London: Offices for advertisements and publication—35 & 36, Bedford Street, Strand, W.C., →ISSN, →OCLC, page 351, column 2:Mr. [James M.] Gale's scheme for doubling the [water] supply was carried through both Houses of Parliament, and was at once put into construction. It especially included the raising of the boundaries of the loch, and it brought into assistance and use other lochs in the Loch Katrine area; and Glasgow and its suburbs are now supplied with water as no other community in the kingdom is supplied.
** 2010 January, Rick Emmer, “Into the Limelight”, in Loch Ness Monster: Fact or Fiction? (Creature Science Investigation), New York, N.Y.: Chelsea House Publishers, Infobase Publishing, →ISBN, page 28:[…] Marmaduke Wetherell was hired by the Daily Mail newspaper to lead a search for the lair of the Loch Ness Monster. […] To everyone's surprise, within a few days of the start of his search, Wetherell came across a huge, four-toed footprint along the shoreline of the loch. This was just the sort of sensational story the newspaper was hoping for.
* (Ireland, Scotland) A bay or arm of the sea.
** 1865, James G[lass] Bertram, “Fish Life and Growth”, in The Harvest of the Sea: A Contribution to the Natural and Economic History of the British Food Fishes, London: John Murray, […], →OCLC, page 28:It is well known, for instance, that the superiority of the herrings caught in the inland sea-lochs of Scotland is owing to the fish finding there a better feeding-ground than in the large and exposed open bays. Look, for instance, at Lochfyne: the land runs down to the water's edge, and the surface water or drainage carries with it rich food to fatten the loch, and put flesh on the herring; and what fish is finer, I would ask, than a Lochfyne herring?
** 2010, Martyn S. Stoker, Charles R. Wilson, John A. Howe, Tom Bradwell, David Long, “Paraglacial Slope Instability in Scottish Fjords: Examples from Little Loch Broom, NW Scotland”, in J[ohn] A. Howe, W. E. N. Austin, M. Forwick, M. Paetzel, editors, Fjord Systems and Archives (Geological Society Special Publication; no. 344), London: Published by The Geological Society, →ISBN, page 227, column 1:Little Loch Broom is a NW trending sea loch situated approximately 10 km west of Ullapool […]. The flanks of the loch are characterized by rugged headlands backed by mountains such as An Teallach to the south and Beinn Ghobhlach to the north.

##### Synonyms

* (both senses): lough (Britain, Ireland)
* (lake): lake
* (bay or arm of the sea): bay, firth, sea loch

##### Hyponyms

* estuary
* fjord
* strait

##### Derived terms

* Gare Loch
* Holy Loch
* Loch Achray
* Loch Ailort
* Loch Alsh
* Loch Assynt
* Loch Awe, Lochawe
* Loch Carron
* Lochcarron
* Loch Creran
* Loch Earn
* Loch Eil
* Loch Etive
* Loch Fleet
* Loch Fyne
* Loch Hourn
* Loch Indaal
* Loch Inver
* Loch Katrine
* Loch Leven
* Loch Linnhe
* Loch Lomond
* Loch Long
* Loch Ness
* Loch Ness monster
* Loch Ossian
* Loch Ryan
* Loch Shiel
* lochside
* Loch Tay
* Loch Torridon
* Loch Treig
* sea loch

##### Related terms

* lochan (diminutive)
* lough (Britain, Ireland)

##### Translations
### Etymology 2

See lohoch.

#### Noun

loch (plural lochs)
* Alternative form of lohoch (“medicine taken by licking”)
** 1859, Al[fred François] Donné, “Of Professional Nurses”, in Mothers and Infants, Nurses and Nursing. […], Boston, Mass.: Phillips, Sampson and Company, →OCLC, page 67:We may obtain, then, a just idea of the constitution of this liquid [milk], if we look upon it as a soft, liquid substance, a kind of loch,$^*$ in which caseine, sugar, &c., are dissolved, and in which the fatty or oily substance is distributed in small, rounded atoms. [Footnote *: Loch, or lohoch, is an Arabian name for a medicine of a consistence between an electuary and a sirup, and usually taken by licking. […]]
** 1897, George du Maurier, “Part Seventh”, in The Martian: […] (Bell’s Indian and Colonial Library), London, Bombay: George Bell and Sons, →OCLC, page 324:Uncle James had caught a cold too, so I went with Grissel; and found a chemist who'd been in France, and knew what a loch was and made one for me; […]
** 2011, Graeme Tobyn, Alison Denham, Margaret Whitelegge, “Hyssopus officinalis, Hyssop”, in The Western Herbal Tradition: 2000 Years of Medicinal Plant Knowledge, Edinburgh, London: Churchill Livingstone, →ISBN, page 195, column 2:[Rembert] Dodoens specifically recommends the preparation of a lohoch or loch – a 'licking medicine', of middle consistency, between a soft electuary and a syrup – for relief of obstruction, shortness of breath and an old, hard cough.

### References

* ↑ “loch”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.

### Further reading

* loch on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

### Anagrams

* HOCl, HOLC, OLHC, chol, ochl-

## Cimbrian
### Alternative forms

* lòch (Sette Comuni)

### Etymology

From Middle High German loch, from Old High German loh, from Proto-Germanic *luką (“lock”). Cognate with German Loch, Dutch lok, English lock, Icelandic lok.

### Noun

loch n
* (Luserna) hole

### References

* Patuzzi, Umberto, ed., (2013) Luserna / Lusérn: Le nostre parole / Ünsarne börtar / Unsere Wörter [Our Words], Luserna, Italy: Comitato unitario delle isole linguistiche storiche germaniche in Italia / Einheitskomitee der historischen deutschen Sprachinseln in Italien

## Czech
### Etymology

Borrowed from German Loch (“hole”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈlox]
* Rhymes: -ox

### Noun

loch m inan
* (colloquial) nick, slammer (prison)
    Synonyms: kriminál, vězení

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “loch”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “loch”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989

## French
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /lɔk/

### Etymology 1

Since late 17th century. Along with the obsolete lok, borrowed from English log directly and through Dutch log, from Middle English logge, logg, of uncertain but perhaps North Germanic/Scandinavian origin.

#### Noun

loch m (plural lochs)
* (nautical) chip log, log
** 1698, Jean Bouguer, Traité complet de la navigation‎, page 136:L’on marque encore les toises que fait un Vaisseau par le loch qui est un morceau de bois d’environ un anpan de long, taillé comme le fond d’une barque, garni de plomb sous son fond pour luy servir de leste, auquel attache un ligne de menuë & fine marquée par toises, & pour s’en servir on jette le loch à la mer par la Poupe ou arriere du Vaisseau, & l’on file de la ligne jusqu’à ce que le loch soit hors du remore du Vaisseau, aprés l’on commence à compter les toises de la ligne que l’on file pendant une demy minute, & si l’on en file six toises le Navire fait un quart de lieuë par heure, si l’on en file 24 toises on fait une lieuë par heure, & si 48 toises on fait deux lieuës par heure, &c.We still mark the fathoms made by a Vessel by the log which is a piece of wood about an anpan in length, shaped like the bottom of a boat, lined with lead under its bottom to serve as ballast, to which is attached a slim and fine line marked in fathoms, and which is used by throwing the log in the sea from the Poop deck or stern of the Vessel, and the line is let slip up until the log is out of the delay of the Vessel, after which one starts to count the leagues on the line which is being let slip for a half a minute, and if six fathoms slip the Vessel is doing a quarter of a league per hour, if 24 fathoms slip it's doing one league per hour, and if 48 fathoms it's doing two leagues per hour, &c.

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from English loch, from Scottish Gaelic loch.

#### Noun

loch m (plural lochs)
* loch

### Further reading

* “loch”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Irish
### Etymology

From Old Irish loch, from Proto-Celtic *loku, from Proto-Indo-European *lókus (compare Latin lacus, Old English lagu).

### Pronunciation

* (Munster) IPA: /l̪ˠɔx/, /l̪ˠɞx/
* (Connacht) IPA: /l̪ˠɔx/
* loch (GA):(file)
* Homophone: luch (Connacht)

### Noun

loch m (genitive singular locha, nominative plural lochanna)
* lake

#### Declension

bare forms
singular
plural
nominative
loch
lochanna
vocative
a loch
a lochanna
genitive
locha
lochanna
dative
loch
lochanna
forms with the definite article
singular
plural
nominative
an loch
na lochanna
genitive
an locha
na lochanna
dative
leis an loch don loch
leis na lochanna :

#### Derived terms

* lochán
* Loch nEathach
* Loch Garman

#### Descendants

* → English: lough
* → Yola: Lough

### References

* ↑ Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931) Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry [Phonetics of an Irish Dialect of Kerry] (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, § 122, page 65
* ↑ Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931) Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry [Phonetics of an Irish Dialect of Kerry] (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, § 180, page 91

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “loch”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN

## Old Irish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /l͈ox/

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Celtic *loku, from Proto-Indo-European *lókus. Welsh llwch, Breton loc'h, and Cornish logh might be borrowed from Old Irish.

#### Noun

loch n or m (genitive locho)
* lake
* inlet of the sea

##### Inflection

* $^H$ = triggers aspiration
* $^L$ = triggers lenition
* $^N$ = triggers nasalization

##### Descendants

* Irish: loch
** → English: lough
** → Yola: Lough
* Manx: logh
* Scottish Gaelic: loch
** → Middle English: lough, loch, louche, luh
*** English: lough, loch
*** Scots: loch

### Etymology 2
#### Adjective

loch
* black, dark

##### Inflection

*modifying a noun whose vocative is different from its nominative **modifying a noun whose vocative is identical to its nominative † not when substantivized

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* ↑ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “Loku-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈlɔx/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔx
* Syllabification: loch

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from German Loch (“hole”).

#### Noun

loch m inan (diminutive loszek)
* dungeon (an underground prison or vault)
* (colloquial, regional) cellar (esp. a pantry in the cellar)

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Noun

loch f pl
* genitive plural of locha

### Further reading

* loch in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* loch in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from French loch.

### Noun

loch n (plural lochuri)
* loch

#### Declension
## Scots
### Etymology

Borrowed from Scottish Gaelic loch.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /lɔx/

### Noun

loch (plural lochs)
* lake, loch, firth

## Scottish Gaelic
### Etymology

From Old Irish loch, from Proto-Celtic *loku, from Proto-Indo-European *lókus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɫ̪ɔx], /ɫ̪ɔx/

### Noun

loch f (genitive singular locha, plural lochan)
* lake, loch
* arm of the sea
* fjord

#### Derived terms

* lochan (diminutive)
* muc-locha

#### Descendants

* → Middle English: lough, loch, louche, luh
** English: lough, loch
** Scots: loch