# 永久
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yǒngjiǔ
    (Zhuyin): ㄩㄥˇ ㄐㄧㄡˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): wing$^5$ gau$^2$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yún-kiú
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): éng-kiú / éng-kú
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yǒngjiǔ [Phonetic: yóngjiǔ]
*** Zhuyin: ㄩㄥˇ ㄐㄧㄡˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yǒngjiǒu
*** Wade–Giles: yung$^3$-chiu$^3$
*** Yale: yǔng-jyǒu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yeongjeou
*** Palladius: юнцзю (junczju)
*** Sinological IPA : /jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: wing$^5$ gau$^2$
*** Yale: wíhng gáu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: wing$^5$ gau$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: wing$^5$ geo$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /wɪŋ¹³ kɐu̯³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yún-kiú
*** Hakka Romanization System: iun$^ˋ$ giu$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yun$^3$ giu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /i̯un³¹ ki̯u³¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yún-kiú
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)iun$^ˋ$ giu$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yun$^3$ giu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯un³¹ ki̯u³¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: éng-kiú
*** Tâi-lô: íng-kiú
*** Phofsit Daibuun: efngkiuo
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kiu⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiu⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kiu⁵⁵⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: éng-kú
*** Tâi-lô: íng-kú
*** Phofsit Daibuun: efngkuo
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ku⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ku⁵³/
* Middle Chinese: hjwaengX kjuwX
Rime :
| Character | 永 | 久 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 云 (35) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 庚 (112) | 尤 (136) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 于憬切 | 舉有切 |
| Baxter | hjwaengX | kjuwX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦˠwiæŋ$^X$/ | /kɨu$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦʷᵚiaŋ$^X$/ | /kiu$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣiuaŋ$^X$/ | /kiəu$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦwiajŋ$^X$/ | /kuw$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣiuɐŋ$^X$/ | /kiu$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣĭwɐŋ$^X$/ | /kĭəu$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /i̯wɐŋ$^X$/ | /ki̯ə̯u$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yǒng | jiǔ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | wing$^5$ | gau$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ʷraŋʔ [k]ʷəʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɢʷraŋʔ kʷlɯʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 永 | 久 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yǒng | jiǔ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hjwæng$^X$ › | ‹ kjuw$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɢ]ʷraŋʔ/ | /*[k]ʷəʔ/ |
| English | long (time) | a long time |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 永 | 久 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 15423 | 6969 |
| Phonetic component | 永 | 久 |
| Rime group | 陽 | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 永 | 久 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɢʷraŋʔ/ | /*kʷlɯʔ/ |

### Adjective

永久
* permanent; long-lasting; eternal

#### Synonyms

* 久遠 / 久远 (jiǔyuǎn)
* 久長 / 久长 (jiǔcháng) (literary or Hakka, Min)
* 延延 (yányán) (literary)
* 延長 / 延长 (yáncháng) (literary)
* 彌遠 / 弥远 (míyuǎn) (literary)
* 恆久 / 恒久 (héngjiǔ)
* 悠久 (yōujiǔ)
* 悠長 / 悠长 (yōucháng)
* 曠世 / 旷世 (kuàngshì) (literary)
* 永恆 / 永恒 (yǒnghéng)
* 漫長 / 漫长 (màncháng)
* 終古 / 终古 (zhōnggǔ) (literary)
* 迢迢 (tiáotiáo) (literary)
* 長久 / 长久 (chángjiǔ)
* 長遠 / 长远 (chángyuǎn)

#### Antonyms

* 短暫／短暂 (duǎnzàn)
* 臨時／临时 (línshí)
* 暫時／暂时 (zànshí)

#### Derived terms

* 永久凍土 / 永久冻土 (yǒngjiǔ dòngtǔ)
* 永久居民 (yǒngjiǔ jūmín)
* 永久居留權 / 永久居留权 (yǒngjiǔ jūliúquán)
* 永久性 (yǒngjiǔxìng)
* 永久產權 / 永久产权 (yǒngjiǔ chǎnquán)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 永 | 久 |
| えい Grade: 5 | きゅう Grade: 5 |
| on'yomi ||

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) えーきゅう [èékyúú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [e̞ːkʲɨː]

#### Adjective

永(えい)久(きゅう) • (eikyū) -na (adnominal 永(えい)久(きゅう)な (eikyū na), adverbial 永(えい)久(きゅう)に (eikyū ni))
* eternal

##### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Imperfective (未然形) | 永久だろ | えいきゅうだろ | eikyū daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 永久で | えいきゅうで | eikyū de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 永久だ | えいきゅうだ | eikyū da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 永久な | えいきゅうな | eikyū na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 永久なら | えいきゅうなら | eikyū nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 永久であれ | えいきゅうであれ | eikyū de are |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 永久ではない 永久じゃない | えいきゅうではない えいきゅうじゃない | eikyū de wa nai eikyū ja nai |
| Informal past | 永久だった | えいきゅうだった | eikyū datta |
| Informal negative past | 永久ではなかった 永久じゃなかった | えいきゅうではなかった えいきゅうじゃなかった | eikyū de wa nakatta eikyū ja nakatta |
| Formal | 永久です | えいきゅうです | eikyū desu |
| Formal negative | 永久ではありません 永久じゃありません | えいきゅうではありません えいきゅうじゃありません | eikyū de wa arimasen eikyū ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 永久でした | えいきゅうでした | eikyū deshita |
| Formal negative past | 永久ではありませんでした 永久じゃありませんでした | えいきゅうではありませんでした えいきゅうじゃありませんでした | eikyū de wa arimasen deshita eikyū ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 永久で | えいきゅうで | eikyū de |
| Conditional | 永久なら（ば） | えいきゅうなら（ば） | eikyū nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 永久だったら | えいきゅうだったら | eikyū dattara |
| Volitional | 永久だろう | えいきゅうだろう | eikyū darō |
| Adverbial | 永久に | えいきゅうに | eikyū ni |
| Degree | 永久さ | えいきゅうさ | eikyūsa |

#### Noun

永(えい)久(きゅう) • (eikyū)
* permanence; continuing forever; being timeless; being eternally unchanging; eternity

##### Synonyms

* 永遠(えいえん) (eien)

#### Proper noun

永(えい)久(きゅう) • (Eikyū)
* the Eikyū era, 1113–1118

##### See also

* 天永(てんえい) (Ten'ei) (era preceding Eikyū)
* 元永(げんえい) (Gen'ei) (era following Eikyū)

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 永 | 久 |
| とわ ||
| Grade: 5 | Grade: 5 |
| jukujikun ||
For pronunciation and definitions of 永久 – see the following entry. :
| 【とわ】 | [adjective] constant, permanent, everlasting [noun] eternity [noun] constancy, permanence, everlastingness Alternative spellings 永遠, 常 |
(This term, 永久, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### Etymology 3

Kanji in this term :
| 永 | 久 |
| とこしえ ||
| Grade: 5 | Grade: 5 |
| jukujikun ||
For pronunciation and definitions of 永久 – see the following entry. :
| 【とこしえ】 | [adjective] eternal, permanent [noun] eternity, permanence Alternative spellings 常しえ, 長しえ, 永久しえ |
(This term, 永久, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### Etymology 4

Kanji in this term :
| 永 | 久 |
| とこしなえ ||
| Grade: 5 | Grade: 5 |
| jukujikun ||
For pronunciation and definitions of 永久 – see the following entry. :
| 【とこしなえ】 | [adjective] the way in which something continues unchanged for a long period of time; eternal, everlasting [noun] This term needs a translation to English. Alternative spellings 常しなえ, 長しなえ |
(This term, 永久, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 永 | 久 |

### Noun

永久 • (yeonggu) (hangeul 영구)
* hanja form of 영구

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 永 | 久 |

### Adjective

永久
* chữ Hán form of vĩnh cửu (“everlasting”).