# 革命
## Chinese

* 革命 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 革命 (Cantonese)
* 革命 (Classical)
* kek-bēng (Southern Min)
* 革命 (Wu)

### Etymology
#### to have a dynasty change

    Attested earliest in the Classic of Changes, Book of Documents, and the Lost Book of Zhou.

#### "to revolt" → "to revolutionize", "revolution", "revolutionary (adj.)"

The modern sense was re-adapted by Japanese intellectuals to translate political literature from the West in the pre-Meiji period, notably Nakae Chōmin's 1887 translation of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's "The Social Contract," titled 民約訳解(みんやくやくかい) (min'yakuyakukai).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): gémìng
       (Zhuyin): ㄍㄜˊ ㄇㄧㄥˋ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): гәмин (gəmin, I-I)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gaak$^3$ ming$^6$ / gaap$^3$ ming$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kiet-min
* Eastern Min (BUC): gáik-mêng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): geh$^6$ ming$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kek-bēng / kiak-bēng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gêg$^4$ mêng$^6$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^7$keq-min$_6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gémìng
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄜˊ ㄇㄧㄥˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gémìng
*** Wade–Giles: ko$^2$-ming$^4$
*** Yale: gé-mìng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: germinq
*** Palladius: гэмин (gɛmin)
*** Sinological IPA : /kɤ³⁵ miŋ⁵¹/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: гәмин (gəmin, I-I)
*** Sinological IPA : /kə²⁴ miŋ²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gaak$^3$ ming$^6$ / gaap$^3$ ming$^6$
*** Yale: gaak mihng / gaap mihng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gaak$^8$ ming$^6$ / gaap$^8$ ming$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gag$^3$ ming$^6$ / gab$^3$ ming$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /kaːk̚³ mɪŋ²²/, /kaːp̚³ mɪŋ²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiet-min
*** Hakka Romanization System: gied$^ˋ$ min
*** Hagfa Pinyim: giad$^5$ min$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki̯et̚² min⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gáik-mêng
*** Sinological IPA : /kɛiʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ mɛiŋ²⁴²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: geh$^6$ ming$^5$ [Phonetic: geh$^4$ ming$^5$]
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: geh-mīng
*** Sinological IPA : /kɛʔ¹⁻⁴² miŋ²¹/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: geh$^6$ ming$^5$ [Phonetic: geh$^7$ ming$^5$]
*** Sinological IPA : /kɛʔ²⁻²⁴ miŋ²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kek-bēng
*** Tâi-lô: kik-bīng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kekbeng
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ biɪŋ²²/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ biɪŋ³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ biɪŋ²²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiak-bēng
*** Tâi-lô: kiak-bīng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kiakbeng
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ biɪŋ⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gêg$^4$ mêng$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kek mĕng
*** Sinological IPA : /kek̚²⁻⁴ meŋ³⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai, Suzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^7$keq-min$_6$
*** MiniDict: keh$^入$ min$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^4$keq-min$_3$
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kəʔ³³ min⁴⁴/
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /kəʔ⁵⁵ min⁵²³/
* Middle Chinese: keak mjaengH
Rime :
| Character | 革 | 命 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 麥 (119) | 庚 (111) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | II | III |
| Fanqie | 古核切 | 眉病切 |
| Baxter | keak | mjaengH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠɛk̚/ | /mˠiæŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kᵚæk̚/ | /mᵚiaŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kɐk̚/ | /miaŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kəɨjk̚/ | /miajŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kɛk̚/ | /miɐŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kæk̚/ | /mĭɐŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kæk̚/ | /mi̯ɐŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | ge | mìng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gak$^1$ | ming$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤrək m-riŋ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*krɯːɡ mreŋs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 革 | 革 | 命 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gé | gé | mìng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kɛk › | ‹ kɛk › | ‹ mjæng$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*kˁrək/ | /*kˁrək/ | /*m-riŋ-s/ (dialect: *m-r- > *mr-, *-iŋ> *-eŋ) |
| English | hide, skin | change (v.) | command (n.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 革 | 命 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 3835 | 8275 |
| Phonetic component | 革 | 令 |
| Rime group | 職 | 耕 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 隔 | 命 |
| Old Chinese | /*krɯːɡ/ | /*mreŋs/ |
| Notes | | 令轉註字 |

### Verb

革命
* to revolt; to start a revolution
* (figurative) to revolutionize; to transform completely
* (literary) to have a dynastic change, (i.e. to change/remove the Mandate of Heaven in accordance with the latter's will)
    From: I Ching [11th - 8th century BCE]; translated by Adler (2020)
    Tāng Wǔ gémìng, shùn hū tiān ér yìng hū rén, gé zhī shí dà yǐ zāi! [Pinyin]
    [Kings] Tang and Wu changed the Mandate, complying with Heaven and responding to their people. The time of change is great indeed!

### Noun

革命
* revolution (political upheaval or sudden change in a situation or discipline)
    以革命的名義／以革命的名义 ― yǐ gémìng de míngyì ― in the name of revolution
    From: 1923, 孫中山 (Sun Yat-sen)
    Gémìng shàngwèi chénggōng, tóngzhì réng xū nǔlì. [Pinyin]
    The revolution is not over yet. Comrades still have to work hard.
    From: 1927, 毛澤東 (Mao Zedong), 《湖南農民運動考察報告》 (Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan), 《毛澤東選集》. English translation based on the Foreign Languages Press edition
    Gémìng shì bàodòng, shì yīge jiējí tuīfān yīge jiējí de bàoliè de xíngdòng. [Pinyin]
    A revolution is an insurrection, an act of violence by which one class overthrows another.

### Adjective

革命
* (attributive) revolutionary
    革命軍／革命军 ― gémìng jūn ― revolutionary army
    昂揚的革命精神／昂扬的革命精神 ― ángyáng de gémìng jīngshén ― elated revolutionary spirit

### Derived terms

* 七月革命
* 二月革命 (Èryuè Gémìng)
* 二次革命 (Èrcì Gémìng)
* 十月革命 (Shíyuè Gémìng)
* 反革命 (fǎngémìng)
* 國民革命 / 国民革命
* 工業革命 / 工业革命 (Gōngyè Gémìng)
* 技術革命 / 技术革命 (jìshù gémìng)
* 文化大革命 (Wénhuà Dà Gémìng)
* 文化革命 (Wénhuà Gémìng)
* 文學革命 / 文学革命 (wénxué gémìng)
* 新石器革命 (Xīnshíqì Gémìng)
* 暴力革命
* 民主革命 (mínzhǔ gémìng)
* 法國大革命 / 法国大革命 (Fǎguó Dàgémìng)
* 湯武革命 / 汤武革命
* 產業革命 / 产业革命 (Chǎnyè Gémìng)
* 社會革命 / 社会革命
* 綠色革命 / 绿色革命
* 資訊革命 / 资讯革命
* 辛亥革命 (Xīnhài Gémìng)
* 革命之母
* 革命先烈
* 革命委員會 / 革命委员会 (gémìng wěiyuánhuì)
* 革命家 (gémìngjiā)
* 革命性 (gémìngxìng)
* 革命戰爭 / 革命战争
* 革命民權 / 革命民权
* 革命法庭
* 革命者 (gémìngzhě)
* 革命軍 / 革命军 (gémìngjūn)
* 革命黨 / 革命党 (gémìngdǎng)
* 顏色革命 / 颜色革命 (yánsè gémìng)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 革命(かくめい) (kakumei)
* → Korean: 혁명(革命) (hyeongmyeong)
* → Vietnamese: cách mệnh (革命)

### References

* ↑ Legge, James, transl. (1882) [c. 11th - 8th century BCE], The Yî king (The Sacred Books of the East; XVI), Oxford: Clarendon Press, translation of 易經, page 254
* 1 2 Adler, Joseph A., transl. (2020) [12th century CE], The Original Meaning of the Yijing: Commentary on the Scripture of Change, New York: Columbia University Press, translation of 周易本義 by 朱熹 [Zhu Xi], page 214
* ↑ Willman, Marshall D. (2010) “Logical Analysis and Later Mohist Logic: Some Comparative Reflections”, in Comparative Philosophy, volume 1, number 1, page 74 of 53-77
* ↑ Dutton, George (2015) “革命, Cách Mạng, Révolution: The early history of “revolution” in Việt Nam”, in Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, volume 46, number 1, page 12-13 of 4–31

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 革 | 命 |
| かく Grade: 6 | めい Grade: 3 |
| kan'on ||

### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 革命 (MC keak mjaengH, “to switch to a new dynasty/regime”). This word has been used for a long time in Japan, starting from the introduction of I Ching (易經). Fukuzawa Yukichi (福󠄁澤 諭󠄀吉), in Western Affairs (『西洋事情』, 1866-70), used this word as a translation of the English word "revolution", and it was later popularised by Nakae Chōmin (中江 兆民) and others.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かくめー [kàkúméé] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ka̠kɯ̟me̞ː]

### Noun

革(かく)命(めい) • (kakumei)
* a revolution; a coup d'état
    Synonym: レボリューション (reboryūshon)
** 2002 July 18, “逃(に)げまどう民(たみ) [People Running About]”, in ユニオンの降臨 [Advent of the Union], Konami:
    いつも苦(くる)しみに耐(た)えているが、いつか必(かなら)ず革(かく)命(めい)を起(お)こすと心(こころ)に誓(ちか)っている。
       Itsumo kurushimi ni taeteiru ga, itsuka kanarazu kakumei o okosu to kokoro ni chikatteiru.
       Although they always suffer in silence, they swear an oath to inevitably revolt.
** 2002 July 18, “団(だん)結(けつ)するレジスタンス [United Resistance]”, in ユニオンの降臨 [Advent of the Union], Konami:
    強(きょう)大(だい)な力(ちから)に立(た)ち向(む)かう誓(ちか)いを交(か)わすために集(しゅう)結(けつ)した人(ひと)々(びと)。革(かく)命(めい)の日(ひ)は近(ちか)い。
       Kyōdai na chikara ni tachimukau chikai o kawasu tame ni shūketsu shita hitobito. Kakumei no hi wa chikai.
       People are gathering to swear an oath to revolt against their oppressors. The revolution is drawing nigh.
* one of the sankaku in traditional cosmology; a year often accompanied by change

#### Derived terms

* 革(かく)命(めい)的(てき) (kakumeiteki)
* 革(かく)命(めい)家(か) (kakumeika)
* 革(かく)命(めい)歌(か) (kakumeika)
* 文(ぶん)化(か)大(だい)革(かく)命(めい) (bunkadaikakumei)
* 辛(しん)亥(がい)革(かく)命(めい) (shingaikakumei)

#### See also

* 三(さん)革(かく) (sankaku)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 革 | 命 |

### Noun

革命 • (hyeongmyeong) (hangeul 혁명)
* hanja form of 혁명 (“revolution”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 革 | 命 |

### Noun

革命
* chữ Hán form of cách mệnh (“revolution”).