# 惡

| 惡 | U+60E1, &#24801; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-60E1 |
| ← 惠 [U+60E0] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 惢 → [U+60E2] |
| 惡 | U+F9B9, &#63929; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9B9 |
| ← 隸 [U+F9B8] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 了 → [U+F9BA] |

## Translingual

| Traditional | 惡 |
| Shinjitai | 悪 |
| Simplified | 恶 |

### Han character

惡 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+8, 12 strokes, cangjie input 一一心 (MMP), four-corner 1033$_1$, composition ⿱亞心)

#### Derived characters

* 僫, 噁, 䜑, 鐚, 癋, 𡢇, 𢵣, 𣩤, 𣽏, 𪹪, 𥼳, 𦠲, 𧑕, 𤡾, 𪅴, 𦼇, 𭞪, 𬄚, 𭃁

#### Descendants

* 𛀃 (Hentaigana character derived from Man'yōgana)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 391, character 25
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10824
* Dae Jaweon: page 724, character 7
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2307, character 12
* Unihan data for U+60E1
* Unihan data for U+F9B9

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 惡 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 椏 | *qaːʔ, *qraː |
| 錏 | *qraː |
| 鵶 | *qraː |
| 啞 | *qraːʔ, *qraːɡs, *qraːɡ, *qraːɡ |
| 瘂 | *qraːʔ |
| 亞 | *qraːɡs |
| 婭 | *qraːɡs |
| 俹 | *qraːɡs |
| 稏 | *qraːɡs |
| 惡 | *qaː, *qaːɡs, *qaːɡ |
| 噁 | *qaːɡs |
| 堊 | *qaːɡ |
| 蝁 | *qaːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *qaː, *qaːɡs, *qaːɡ): phonetic 亞 (OC *qraːɡs) + semantic 心 (“heart”).

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔak (“bad”); cognate with Tibetan ཨག་པོ (ag po, “bad”) (Coblin, 1986; Schuessler, 2007). Also related to Thai ยาก (yâak, “difficult”) (Schuessler, 2007).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): è (e$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄜˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ngo$^2$
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): ngě
    (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): o̊q
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ok$^3$
    (Dongguan, Jyutping++): o$^3$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ok$^2$ / ok$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): ngoh$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ok
    (Meixian, Guangdong): og$^5$
* Jin (Wiktionary): ghah$^4$
* Northern Min (KCR): ŏ̤
* Eastern Min (BUC): áuk
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): orh$^6$ / o$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): ok / oh
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ag$^4$ / oh$^4$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): og$^4$ / o$^7$
* Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): aak$^2$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^7$oq
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): o$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: è
*** Zhuyin: ㄜˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: è
*** Wade–Giles: o$^4$
*** Yale: è
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: eh
*** Palladius: э (e)
*** Sinological IPA : /ˀɤ⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: ngo$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ngo
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋo²¹/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: ngě
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋɤ²¹/
** (Nanjing)
*** Nanjing Pinyin: o̊q
*** Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): oq$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /oʔ⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ok$^3$
*** Yale: ok
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ok$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: og$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɔːk̚³/
** (Dongguan, Guancheng)
*** Jyutping++: o$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɔ³²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ok$^2$ / ok$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɔk̚⁵⁵/, /ɔk̚³³/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: ngoh$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋɔʔ⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ok
*** Hakka Romanization System: og$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: og$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /ok̚²/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: og$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /ɔk̚¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: ghah$^4$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɣaʔ²/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ŏ̤
*** Sinological IPA : /ɔ²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: áuk
*** Sinological IPA : /ɑuʔ²⁴/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: orh$^6$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: o̤h
*** Sinological IPA : /ɒʔ¹/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: orh$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɒʔ²/
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: o$^4$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: eo̍
*** Sinological IPA : /o⁴²/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: o$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɵ⁴²/
* orh6 - literary;
* o4 - vernacular (“difficult”).
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit惡 (善惡) |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ɤ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ɤ⁴⁴/ /nɤ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /nɤ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /ŋə²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /və⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ɤ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /ŋɤ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /nu⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ə¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ə¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ŋɤ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /uo²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /ŋo³¹/ /o³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /ŋo²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /o³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /oʔ⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /ʐɐʔ⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /ɣaʔ²/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /ŋʌʔ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /ŋaʔ⁴³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /oʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /oʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ʔoʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /o²¹³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /ŋɔʔ²¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /ŋo⁵/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /o²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /o²⁴/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /ŋɔʔ⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /ok̚¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /ok̚²²/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /ɔk̚³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /ɔk̚³³/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /ɔk̚³/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /ok̚³²/ /oʔ³²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /ɔuʔ²³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /ɔ²⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /ak̚²/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /ɔk̚⁵/ |
* Middle Chinese: 'ak
Rime :
| Character | 惡 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 鐸 (103) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 烏各切 |
| Baxter | 'ak |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʔɑk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʔɑk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʔɑk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʔak̚/ |
| Li Rong | /ʔɑk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /ɑk̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʔɑk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | e |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ok$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ʔˤak/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qaːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 惡 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | è |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ʔak › |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔˁak/ |
| English | bad, ugly |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 惡 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| No. | 14220 |
| Phonetic component | 亞 |
| Rime group | 鐸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 惡 |
| Old Chinese | /*qaːɡ/ |

#### Definitions

惡
* evil; wicked; foul
    惡毒／恶毒 ― èdú ― malicious
       Tā jīngcháng zuò'è, zhè huí zhōngyú fànshì le. [Pinyin]
       He often does bad things and has finally been caught.
    Antonym: 善 (shàn)
* fierce; hostile; ferocious
    惡戰／恶战 ― èzhàn ― to fight fiercely
    內有惡犬／内有恶犬 ― nèi yǒu è quǎn ― there is a fierce dog inside
       keoi$^5$ sam$^1$ cing$^4$ m$^4$ hou$^2$ zau$^6$ hou$^2$ ok$^3$ gaa$^3$ laa$^3$. [Jyutping]
       When he's upset, he gets really hostile.
* (Cantonese, transitive) to be hostile against (someone)
* bad; poor
    惡習／恶习 ― èxí ― bad habits
    惡化／恶化 ― èhuà ― to deteriorate
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Shì zhì yú dào, ér chǐ è yī è shí zhě, wèi zú yǔ yì yě. [Pinyin]
    A scholar, whose mind is set on truth, and who is ashamed of bad clothes and bad food, is not fit to be discoursed with.
* (Cantonese, Southern and Puxian Min) difficult
       ni$^1$ daan$^1$ je$^5$ hou$^2$ ok$^3$ gaau$^2$. [Jyutping]
       This is really hard to deal with.
** 1975, “十四座 [14 Seats]”, performed by Wan Kwong:
       gei$^2$ cin$^1$ paai$^4$ fai$^3$ zung$^6$ gang$^3$ gaa$^1$ ok$^3$ ngaai$^4$ [Jyutping]
       several thousand dollars worth of license fees is even more unbearable
* (Quanzhou, Xiamen and Philippine Hokkien) to verbally abuse; to reprimand; to curse; to rebuke
* (Taiwanese Hokkien) slow

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 難, 困難, 艱難 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 難, 困難, 艱難 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 難 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 難 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 難 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 難 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 難 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 難 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 難 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 難 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 難 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 難 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 難, 惡 † |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 難, 惡 † |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 難 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 難, 惡 † |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 難, 惡 † |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 難 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 難 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 難 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 難 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 難 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 難 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 難 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 難 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 難 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 難 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 難 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 艱難, 難 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 惡, 艱苦, 歹 † |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 難 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 惡, 䆀 † |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 惡 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 惡, 歹 † |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 艱苦, 歹 † |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 惡, 艱苦, 歹 † |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 艱苦, 惡, 歹 † |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 難, 惡 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 惡, 艱苦 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 惡, 歹 † |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 惡 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 惡 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 惡 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 難 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 難 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 難 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 難 |
| Note | † - only used with a verbal complement | † - only used with a verbal complement |
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 慢, 緩慢 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 慢 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 慢 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 慢 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 慢 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 慢 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 慢 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 慢 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 慢 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 慢 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 慢 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 慢, 嚤 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 慢, 嚤 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 慢 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 慢 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 慢 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 慢 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 慢 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 慢 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 慢 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 慢 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 慢 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 慢 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 慢 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 慢 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 慢 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 慢 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 慢 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 慢 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 慢 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 慢 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 慢, 惡 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 慢, 惡 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 慢, 惡 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 慢, 惡 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 慢, 惡 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 慢, 惡 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 慢, 惡 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 慢, 惡 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 慢, 惡 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 慢, 惡 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 慢, 惡 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 慢 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 慢 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 慢 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 慢 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 慢 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 慢 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 慢 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 慢 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 慢 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 慢 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 慢, 緩 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 慢 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 慢 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 慢 |

#### Compounds

* 三惡道 / 三恶道
* 不念舊惡 / 不念旧恶 (bùniànjiù'è)
* 不惡而嚴 / 不恶而严
* 中惡 / 中恶 (zhòng'è)
* 乞留惡濫 / 乞留恶滥
* 五濁惡世 / 五浊恶世
* 作惡 / 作恶 (zuò'è)
* 作惡多端 / 作恶多端 (zuò'èduōduān)
* 做好做惡 / 做好做恶
* 元惡 / 元恶 (yuán'è)
* 元惡大奸
* 元惡大憝 / 元恶大憝
* 凶惡 (xiōng'è)
* 凶神惡煞 (xiōngshénèshà)
* 刁惡 / 刁恶
* 剗惡除奸 / 刬恶除奸
* 剪惡除奸
* 助惡 / 助恶 (zhù'è)
* 勸善懲惡 / 劝善惩恶 (quànshànchéng'è)
* 勸善戒惡 / 劝善戒恶
* 勸善黜惡 / 劝善黜恶
* 十惡 / 十恶 (shí'è)
* 十惡不赦 / 十恶不赦 (shí'èbùshè)
* 千刁萬惡 / 千刁万恶
* 同惡相助 / 同恶相助
* 同惡相救 / 同恶相救
* 同惡相求 / 同恶相求
* 同惡相濟 / 同恶相济
* 善惡 / 善恶 (shàn'è)
* 嚴惡 / 严恶
* 大惡 / 大恶 (dà'è)
* 好善嫉惡 / 好善嫉恶
* 姑惡 / 姑恶
* 嫉惡 / 嫉恶
* 嫉惡如仇 / 嫉恶如仇
* 嫉惡好善 / 嫉恶好善
* 嫉惡若仇 / 嫉恶若仇
* 差惡 / 差恶
* 彰善癉惡 / 彰善瘅恶
* 忒惡 / 忒恶
* 怒惡 / 怒恶
* 怙惡不悛 / 怙恶不悛 (hù'èbùquān)
* 怙惡不改 / 怙恶不改
* 性惡說 / 性恶说
* 惡人 / 恶人 (èrén)
* 惡仗 / 恶仗
* 惡作劇 / 恶作剧 (èzuòjù)
* 惡例 / 恶例
* 惡俗 / 恶俗 (èsú)
* 惡兆 / 恶兆 (èzhào)
* 惡兇兇 / 恶凶凶
* 惡劣 / 恶劣 (èliè)
* 惡勢力 / 恶势力
* 惡化 / 恶化 (èhuà)
* 惡叉白賴 / 恶叉白赖
* 惡口 / 恶口 (èkǒu)
* 惡名 / 恶名 (èmíng)
* 惡名昭彰 / 恶名昭彰 (èmíngzhāozhāng)
* 惡哏哏 / 恶哏哏
* 惡唸 / 恶念
* 惡因 / 恶因
* 惡地 / 恶地
* 惡報 / 恶报 (èbào)
* 惡夢 / 恶梦 (èmèng)
* 惡婦 / 恶妇
* 惡子 / 恶子
* 惡孽 / 恶孽
* 惡客 / 恶客 (èkè)
* 惡寒 / 恶寒
* 惡少 / 恶少 (èshào)
* 惡徒 / 恶徒 (ètú)
* 惡德 / 恶德 (èdé)
* 惡心 / 恶心 (èxīn)
* 惡性 / 恶性 (èxìng)
* 惡性倒閉 / 恶性倒闭
* 惡性循環 / 恶性循环 (èxìng xúnhuán)
* 惡性競爭 / 恶性竞争
* 惡性腫瘤 / 恶性肿瘤 (èxìng zhǒngliú)
* 惡性貧血 / 恶性贫血 (èxìng pínxuè)
* 惡惡實實 / 恶恶实实
* 惡意 / 恶意 (èyì)
* 惡感 / 恶感 (ègǎn)
* 惡憐 / 恶怜
* 惡戰 / 恶战 (èzhàn)
* 惡支殺 / 恶支杀
* 惡曜 / 恶曜
* 惡月 / 恶月
* 惡有惡報 / 恶有恶报 (èyǒu'èbào)
* 惡果 / 恶果 (èguǒ)
* 惡棍 / 恶棍 (ègùn)
* 惡業 / 恶业
* 惡模惡樣 / 恶模恶样
* 惡歲 / 恶岁
* 惡毒 / 恶毒 (èdú)
* 惡氣 / 恶气 (èqì)
* 惡水 / 恶水 (èshuǐ)
* 惡法 / 恶法 (èfǎ)
* 惡浪 / 恶浪
* 惡漢 / 恶汉 (èhàn)
* 惡濁 / 恶浊 (èzhuó)
* 惡煞 / 恶煞 (èshà)
* 惡犬 / 恶犬 (èquǎn)
* 惡狗 / 恶狗 (ègǒu)
* 惡狠狠 / 恶狠狠 (èhěnhěn)
* 惡疾 / 恶疾 (èjí)
* 惡病質 / 恶病质 (èbìngzhì)
* 惡瘡 / 恶疮
* 惡癖 / 恶癖 (èpǐ)
* 惡發 / 恶发
* 惡相 / 恶相
* 惡眉惡眼 / 恶眉恶眼
* 惡稔禍盈 / 恶稔祸盈
* 惡稔罪盈 / 恶稔罪盈
* 惡稔貫盈 / 恶稔贯盈
* 惡積禍盈 / 恶积祸盈
* 惡緣惡業 / 恶缘恶业
* 惡罵 / 恶骂 (èmà)
* 惡習 / 恶习 (èxí)
* 惡耗 / 恶耗 (èhào)
* 惡聲 / 恶声
* 惡聲惡氣 / 恶声恶气
* 惡臭 / 恶臭 (èchòu)
* 惡行 / 恶行
* 惡衣惡食 / 恶衣恶食
* 惡衣糲食 / 恶衣粝食
* 惡衣菲食 / 恶衣菲食
* 惡衣蔬食 / 恶衣蔬食
* 惡補 / 恶补 (èbǔ)
* 惡言 / 恶言 (èyán)
* 惡言惡語 / 恶言恶语
* 惡言潑語 / 恶言泼语
* 惡言詈辭 / 恶言詈辞
* 惡訊 / 恶讯
* 惡評 / 恶评 (èpíng)
* 惡詫 / 恶诧
* 惡語 / 恶语 (èyǔ)
* 惡語中傷 / 恶语中伤
* 惡識 / 恶识
* 惡變 / 恶变 (èbiàn)
* 惡貫滿盈 / 恶贯满盈 (èguànmǎnyíng)
* 惡貫禍盈 / 恶贯祸盈
* 惡賴 / 恶赖
* 惡趣 / 恶趣
* 惡蹟 / 恶迹
* 惡躁 / 恶躁
* 惡辣 / 恶辣
* 惡逆 / 恶逆
* 惡道 / 恶道 (èdào)
* 惡運 / 恶运 (èyùn)
* 惡運當頭 / 恶运当头
* 惡阻 / 恶阻
* 惡限 / 恶限
* 惡障 / 恶障
* 惡露 / 恶露 (èlù)
* 惡霸 / 恶霸 (èbà)
* 惡風 / 恶风
* 惡食 / 恶食
* 惡鬥 / 恶斗 (èdòu)
* 惡鬼 / 恶鬼 (èguǐ)
* 惡魔 / 恶魔 (èmó)
* 惡黨 / 恶党 (èdǎng)
* 懲惡勸善 / 惩恶劝善 (chéng'èquànshàn)
* 懲惡獎善 / 惩恶奖善
* 懷惡不悛 / 怀恶不悛
* 扶善懲惡 / 扶善惩恶
* 抑惡揚善 / 抑恶扬善
* 掩惡揚善 / 掩恶扬善
* 掩惡溢美 / 掩恶溢美
* 掩罪藏惡 / 掩罪藏恶
* 播惡遺臭 / 播恶遗臭
* 改惡向善 / 改恶向善
* 改惡從善 / 改恶从善 (gǎi'ècóngshàn)
* 改惡行善 / 改恶行善
* 旌善懲惡 / 旌善惩恶
* 是非善惡 / 是非善恶
* 欺善怕惡 / 欺善怕恶 (qīshànpà'è)
* 止惡揚善 / 止恶扬善 (zhǐ'èyángshàn)
* 溢惡 / 溢恶
* 濟惡 / 济恶
* 為惡不悛 / 为恶不悛
* 無惡不作 / 无恶不作 (wú'èbùzuò)
* 犯惡 / 犯恶
* 狠惡 / 狠恶
* 獰惡 / 狞恶 (níng'è)
* 疾惡 / 疾恶
* 疾惡如仇 / 疾恶如仇
* 疾惡好善 / 疾恶好善
* 疾惡若仇 / 疾恶若仇
* 癉惡彰善 / 瘅恶彰善
* 禍因惡積 / 祸因恶积
* 禍盈惡稔 / 祸盈恶稔
* 禍稔惡盈 / 祸稔恶盈
* 萬惡 / 万恶 (wàn'è)
* 積惡 / 积恶 (jī'è)
* 積惡餘殃 / 积恶余殃
* 窮凶惡極 / 穷凶恶极
* 窮凶極惡 / 穷凶极恶 (qióngxiōngjí'è)
* 窮山惡水 / 穷山恶水 (qióngshān'èshuǐ)
* 粗惡 / 粗恶
* 粗衣惡食 / 粗衣恶食
* 罪大惡極 / 罪大恶极 (zuìdà'èjí)
* 罪惡 / 罪恶 (zuì'è)
* 罪惡如山 / 罪恶如山
* 罪惡感 / 罪恶感 (zuì'ègǎn)
* 罪惡昭著 / 罪恶昭著 (zuì'èzhāozhù)
* 罪惡深重 / 罪恶深重
* 罪惡滔天 / 罪恶滔天
* 罪惡貫盈 / 罪恶贯盈 (zuì'è guànyíng)
* 美惡 / 美恶
* 腐惡 / 腐恶
* 自食惡果 / 自食恶果
* 舊惡 / 旧恶 (jiù'è)
* 苦思惡想 / 苦思恶想
* 菲衣惡食 / 菲衣恶食
* 薄惡 / 薄恶
* 褒善貶惡 / 褒善贬恶
* 褒賢遏惡 / 褒贤遏恶
* 討惡剪暴 / 讨恶剪暴
* 諱惡不悛 / 讳恶不悛
* 貧嘴惡舌 / 贫嘴恶舌
* 賞善罰惡 / 赏善罚恶
* 賣惡 / 卖恶
* 辟惡
* 辟惡除患
* 逢君之惡 / 逢君之恶
* 遏惡揚善 / 遏恶扬善
* 遠惡 / 远恶
* 邪惡 / 邪恶 (xié'è)
* 醜惡 / 丑恶 (chǒu'è)
* 醜類惡物 / 丑类恶物
* 釁惡 / 衅恶
* 長君之惡 / 长君之恶
* 長惡不悛 / 长恶不悛
* 除惡務本 / 除恶务本
* 除惡務盡 / 除恶务尽 (chú'èwùjìn)
* 除惡扶善 / 除恶扶善
* 陰惡 / 阴恶
* 險惡 / 险恶 (xiǎn'è)
* 隱惡揚善 / 隐恶扬善 (yǐn'èyángshàn)
* 面善心惡 / 面善心恶
* 面惡心善 / 面恶心善 (miàn è xīn shàn)
* 風塵惡俗 / 风尘恶俗
* 首惡 / 首恶 (shǒu'è)
* 鬼怕惡人 / 鬼怕恶人

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 悪(あく) (aku)
* → Korean: 악(惡) (ak)
* → Vietnamese: ác (惡)
* → Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐽲 (ʾʾq /⁠aḳ⁠/, “hateful, despicable”)

### Etymology 2

Exoactive of etymology 1 (Schuessler, 2007).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): wù (wu$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄨˋ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): wu$^3$
    (Dongguan, Jyutping++): wu$^3$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): vu$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): vu
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ou$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): òⁿ / ò͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): u$^3$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): u$^3$
* Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): wu$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$u
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wù
*** Zhuyin: ㄨˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wù
*** Wade–Giles: wu$^4$
*** Yale: wù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wuh
*** Palladius: у (u)
*** Sinological IPA : /u⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: wu$^3$
*** Yale: wu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: wu$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: wu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /wuː³³/
** (Dongguan, Guancheng)
*** Jyutping++: wu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /vu³²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: vu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /vu³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: vu
*** Hakka Romanization System: vu
*** Hagfa Pinyim: vu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /vu⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ou$^4$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: o̍
*** Sinological IPA : /ɔu⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: òⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: ònn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: vox
*** IPA (Xiamen, Kaohsiung): /ɔ̃²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /ɔ̃⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ɔ̃¹¹/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ò͘
*** Tâi-lô: òo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ox
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɔ²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: u$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ù
*** Sinological IPA : /u²¹³/
** (Leizhou)
*** Leizhou Pinyin: u$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /u²¹/
* Southern Pinghua
** (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
*** Jyutping++: wu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /βu⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$u
*** MiniDict: u$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$u
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /u³⁴/
* Middle Chinese: 'uH
Rime :
| Character | 惡 |
| Reading # | 2/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 烏路切 |
| Baxter | 'uH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʔuo$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʔuo$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʔo$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʔɔ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ʔo$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /u$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʔuo$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | wù |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | wu$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ʔˤak-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qaːɡs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 惡 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | wù |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ʔu$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔˁak-s/ |
| English | hate (v.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 惡 |
| Reading # | 2/3 |
| No. | 14219 |
| Phonetic component | 亞 |
| Rime group | 暮 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 汙 |
| Old Chinese | /*qaːɡs/ |

#### Definitions

惡
* to hate; to loathe; to dislike
    厭惡／厌恶 ― yànwù ― to loathe
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Sǐ yì wǒ suǒ wù, suǒ wù yǒu shèn yú sǐ zhě, gù huàn yǒu suǒ bù bì yě. [Pinyin]
    I dislike death indeed, but there is that which I dislike more than death, and therefore there are occasions when I will not avoid danger.
    From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
    Hào xián rú “Zī Yī”, wù è rú “Xiàng Bó”. [Pinyin]
    Love the good (persons) like how the poet of Black Robes loves her lover, and loathe the wicked like the poet who wrote Xiang Bo.
    From: 1961, ​Kim Yeong'ik (金永益), 《西敎辨》
    U yu ga goe ja. Sangje o sein joeak, pa cheon yeon ji su, i jin myeol ji, u bunyeom Isaengnyeol jin ryuk Aegup jangja. Chasi gi "burin inae ji seong" miji hacheo geo. [Sino-Korean]
    There is another strange thing. God hating the sins of the people of the world, he broke open the waters of the heavenly vaults and annihilated them all thereby; and looking down upon Israel, he massacred all of Egypt's eldest sons. I do not know where this "kindhearted nature which cannot bear [to punish]" was to be found at those times.

#### Compounds

* 交惡 / 交恶 (jiāowù)
* 厭惡 / 厌恶 (yànwù)
* 可惡 / 可恶 (kěwù)
* 善善惡惡 / 善善恶恶
* 好善惡惡 / 好善恶恶
* 好惡 / 好恶 (hàowù)
* 好生惡殺 / 好生恶杀
* 好諛惡直 / 好谀恶直
* 好逸惡勞 / 好逸恶劳 (hàoyìwùláo)
* 嫌好道惡 / 嫌好道恶
* 惡嫌 / 恶嫌 (wùxián)
* 惡惡 / 恶恶
* 惡惡從短 / 恶恶从短
* 惡濕居下 / 恶湿居下
* 惡直醜正 / 恶直丑正
* 惡紫奪朱 / 恶紫夺朱
* 惡醉強酒 / 恶醉强酒
* 愛遠惡近 / 爱远恶近
* 憎惡 / 憎恶
* 戀生惡死 / 恋生恶死
* 欣生惡死 / 欣生恶死
* 深惡痛嫉 / 深恶痛嫉
* 深惡痛絕 / 深恶痛绝 (shēnwùtòngjué)
* 畏影惡跡 / 畏影恶迹
* 痛惡 / 痛恶 (tòngwù)
* 羞惡 / 羞恶
* 貪生惡死 / 贪生恶死

### Etymology 3

Cognate with 安 (OC *qaːn, “where; how”), 焉 (OC *qan, “where; how”).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): wū (wu$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄨ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): wu$^1$
* Southern Min (Teochew, Peng'im): u$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wū
*** Zhuyin: ㄨ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wu
*** Wade–Giles: wu$^1$
*** Yale: wū
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: u
*** Palladius: у (u)
*** Sinological IPA : /u⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: wu$^1$
*** Yale: wū
*** Cantonese Pinyin: wu$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: wu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /wuː⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: u$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: u
*** Sinological IPA : /u³³/
* Middle Chinese: 'u
Rime :
| Character | 惡 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 哀都切 |
| Baxter | 'u |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʔuo/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʔuo/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʔo/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʔɔ/ |
| Li Rong | /ʔo/ |
| Wang Li | /u/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʔuo/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | wū |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | wu$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*qaː/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 惡 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| No. | 14217 |
| Phonetic component | 亞 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 烏 |
| Old Chinese | /*qaː/ |

#### Definitions

惡
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) An interrogative pronoun: how
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Jūnzǐ qù rén, wū hū chéngmíng? [Pinyin]
    If a superior man abandon virtue, how can he fulfil the requirements of that name?
    From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
    Zì wǒ guān zhī, rényì zhī duān, shìfēi zhī tú, fánrán yáoluàn, wú wū néng zhī qí biàn? [Pinyin]
    As I look at the matter, the first principles of benevolence and righteousness and the paths of approval and disapproval are inextricably mixed and confused together - how is it possible that I should know how to discriminate among them?
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Xiānshēng yǐn yī dǒu ér zuì, wū néng yǐn yī dàn zāi? [Pinyin]
    You, sir, become drunk after drinking just one dou; how can you drink one dan?
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Interjection used to express surprise: oh; ah

#### Compounds

* 喑惡叱吒 / 喑恶叱吒
* 惡乎 / 恶乎 (wūhū)
* 惡有 / 恶有

#### See also

* 烏／乌 (wū)

### Etymology 4

* For pronunciation and definitions of 惡 – see 噁. (This character is a variant traditional form of 噁).

### Etymology 5

Probably related to etymologies 1 and 2 (Zhengzhang, 2011b; Xiang, 2019). Alternatively, 涴 (MC 'waH, “to soil; to stain”) has been proposed to be the etymon (Cao, 2008).

#### Pronunciation

* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^5$u / $^5$ou
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai, Chongming)
*** Wugniu: $^5$u
*** MiniDict: u$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$u
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /u³⁴/
*** Sinological IPA (Chongming): /ʔu³³/
** (Northern: Suzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^5$ou
*** MiniDict: ou$^去$
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /əu⁵²³/

#### Definitions

惡
* (Wu) excrement

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 糞, 屎, 糞便, 大便, 大恭 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 屎, 大外, 㞎㞎 childish |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 大便, 屎 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 屎, 㞎㞎 childish |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 屎, 大便 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 屎, 大便 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 屎, 大糞, 㞎㞎 childish |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 屎 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 屎, 屎㞎㞎 childish |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 屎 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 屎 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 大便 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 屎, 㞎㞎 childish |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 屎 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 屎 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 屎, 泡克 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 屎, 屎㞎衣兒, 㞎㞎 childish, 屎㞎㞎 childish |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 㞎㞎, 屎, 大糞, 糞, 糟兒 slang, 米田共 argot |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 屎, 㞎㞎 childish, 屎㞎兒 childish |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 屎, 癟, 大便 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 屎 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 屎, 㞎㞎 childish |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 屎, 茄 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 屎, 茄, 大便, 米田共 slang, 便便 childish, 唔唔 childish, 臭臭 childish, 坺坺 childish |
| Cantonese | Macau | 屎 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 屎, 茄 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 屎 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 屎 |
| Cantonese | Penang (Guangfu) | 屎 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 屎 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 屎 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 屎 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 屎 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 屎, 大糞 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 屎 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 屎 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 屎, 練 childish |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 屎, 㞎㞎 childish |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 屎 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 屎 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 屎 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 屎 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 屎 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 屎, 大便 GT |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 屎 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 屎 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 屎 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 屎 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 屎 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 屎 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 屎 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 屎 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 屎 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 惡, 大解 dated |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 惡 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 惡 |
| Wu | Danyang | 屎 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 惡 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 惡 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 惡 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 惡 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 屎, 㞎㞎 childish |
| Xiang | Loudi | 屎, 㞎㞎 childish |
| Xiang | Hengyang | 㞎㞎 childish |
| Note | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) |

### References

* “惡”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A01382

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 悪 |
| Kyūjitai | 惡 |

### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 悪)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: あく (aku)、う (u)
* Kan-on: あく (aku)、お (o)
* Kun: わるい (warui, 惡い)

## Korean
### Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 惡 (MC 'ak).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᅙᅡᆨ〮 (Yale: qák) | ᅙᅡᆨ〮 (Yale: qák) |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | 모〯딜 (Yale: mwǒtìl) | 악〮 (Yale: ák) |

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [a̠k̚]
* Phonetic hangul: [악]

#### Hanja

Wikisource 惡 (eumhun 악할 악 (akhal ak))
* hanja form of 악 (“evil; wickedness”) [noun]

##### Compounds

* 간악 (奸惡, ganak)
* 강악 (強惡, gang'ak)
* 괴악 (怪惡, goeak)
* 극악 (極惡, geugak)
* 대악 (大惡, daeak)
* 선악 (善惡, seonak)
* 악감 (惡感, akgam)
* 악과 (惡果, akgwa)
* 악귀 (惡鬼, akgwi)
* 악기 (惡氣, akgi)
* 악녀 (惡女, angnyeo)
* 악담 (惡談, akdam)
* 악당 (惡黨, akdang)
* 악덕 (惡德, akdeok)
* 악령 (惡靈, angnyeong)
* 악마 (惡魔, angma)
* 악몽 (惡夢, angmong)
* 악법 (惡法, akbeop)
* 악설 (惡舌/惡說, akseol)
* 악성 (惡性, akseong)
* 악성 (惡聲, akseong)
* 악습 (惡習, akseup)
* 악역 (惡役, agyeok)
* 악용 (惡用, agyong)
* 악의 (惡意, agui)
* 악인 (惡人, agin)
* 악질 (惡疾, akjil)
* 악질 (惡質, akjil)
* 악취 (惡臭, akchwi)
* 악투 (惡投, aktu)
* 악폐 (惡弊, akpye)
* 악풍 (惡風, akpung)
* 악화 (惡化, akhwa)
* 열악 (劣惡, yeorak)
* 잔악 (殘惡, janak)
* 조악 (粗惡, joak)
* 죄악 (罪惡, joeak)
* 참악 (慘惡, chamak)
* 최악 (最惡, choeak)
* 추악 (醜惡, chuak)
* 포악 (暴惡, poak)
* 해악 (害惡, haeak)
* 행악 (行惡, haeng'ak)
* 험악 (險惡, heomak)
* 흉악 (凶惡, hyung'ak)

### Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 惡 (MC 'uH).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᅙᅩᆼ〮 (Yale: qwó) | ᅙᅩᆼ〮 (Yale: qwó) |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 | 아쳐 (Yale: achye) | 오 (Yale: wo) |

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [o̞]
* Phonetic hangul: [오]

#### Hanja

惡 (eumhun 미워할 오 (miwohal o))
* hanja form of 오 (“to hate”) [affix]

##### Compounds

* 오한 (惡寒, ohan)
* 증오 (憎惡, jeung'o)
* 혐오 (嫌惡, hyeomo)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Tày
### Adjective

惡 (ác)
* Nôm form of ác (“much”).
    坚惡平賊平獅Kin ác bặng slấc bặng slữaEat a lot like invaders, like tigers
* Nôm form of ác (“cruel, evil”).
    老吱𫢱惡正𱺵父師Lạo chê là ác chính là po̱ slayThose who call us bad are our teachers

### References

* Lục Văn Pảo, Hoàng Tuấn Nam (2003) Hoàng Triều Ân, editor, Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày [A Dictionary of (chữ) Nôm Tày]‎ (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội

## Vietnamese
### Han character

惡: Hán Nôm readings: ác, ố
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.