# 弘

| 弘 | U+5F18, &#24344; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5F18 |
| ← 弗 [U+5F17] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 弙 → [U+5F19] |

## Translingual
### Han character

弘 (Kangxi radical 57, 弓+2, 5 strokes, cangjie input 弓戈 (NI) or 難弓戈 (XNI), four-corner 1223$_0$, composition ⿰弓厶)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 356, character 17
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9709
* Dae Jaweon: page 673, character 2
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 990, character 15
* Unihan data for U+5F18

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 弘
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 弘 | *ɡʷɯːŋ |
| 鞃 | *ɡʷɯːŋ |
| 苰 | *ɡʷɯːŋ |
| 泓 | *qʷrɯːŋ |
| 宖 | *qʷrɯːŋ, *ɡʷrɯːŋ |
| 紭 | *ɡʷrɯːŋ |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡʷɯːŋ): phonetic 弓 (OC *kʷɯŋ, “bow”) + semantic 口 (“mouth”) – the sound of a bow > a loud sound.
The 口 later corrupts into 厶 (the ancient form of 肱 (OC *kʷɯːŋ)), which Shuowen interprets to be the phonetic component of the character.

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): hóng (hong$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄥˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): wang$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): fèn
    (Hailu, HRS): fen
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): horng$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hông / hêng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hong$^5$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^6$ghon / $^2$ghon
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hóng
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hóng
*** Wade–Giles: hung$^2$
*** Yale: húng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: horng
*** Palladius: хун (xun)
*** Sinological IPA : /xʊŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: wang$^4$
*** Yale: wàhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: wang$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: weng$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /wɐŋ²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fèn
*** Hakka Romanization System: fen$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fen$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /fen¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: fen
*** Sinological IPA: /fen⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: horng$^2$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: hó̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /hɒŋ¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hông
*** Tâi-lô: hông
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoong
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔŋ²³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɔŋ¹³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /hɔŋ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: dated in Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hêng
*** Tâi-lô: hîng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: heeng
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hiɪŋ²⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: hong$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hông
*** Sinological IPA : /hoŋ⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$ghon
*** MiniDict: ghon$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$hhon
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦoŋ²³/
** (Northern: Suzhou, Hangzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^2$ghon
*** MiniDict: ghon$^平$
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /ɦoŋ²²³/
*** Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /ɦoŋ²³/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit弘 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /xuŋ³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /xuŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /xuŋ⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /xuŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /xəŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /xuŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /xuŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /xuə̃²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /xuŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /xũn⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /xuŋ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /xoŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /xoŋ³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /xoŋ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /xoŋ¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /xoŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /xəŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /xuəŋ¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /xuŋ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /xũŋ³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ɦoŋ²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ɦoŋ¹³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ɦoŋ²¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ɦoŋ³¹/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /xuʌ̃⁴⁴/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /xan⁴⁴/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /xoŋ¹³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ɦən¹²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | |
| Hakka | Meixian | /fen¹¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /fen¹¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /wɐŋ²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /huŋ²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /wɐŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /hɔŋ³⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /huŋ⁵³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /ɔŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /hoŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /hɔŋ³¹/ |
* Middle Chinese: hwong
Rime :
| Character | 弘 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 登 (130) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 胡肱切 |
| Baxter | hwong |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦwəŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦʷəŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣuəŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦwəŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣuəŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣuəŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣwəŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | hóng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | wang$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ʷˤəŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡʷɯːŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 弘 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | hóng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hwong › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɢ]ʷˁəŋ/ |
| English | vast |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 弘 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 5130 |
| Phonetic component | 弘 |
| Rime group | 蒸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 弘 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡʷɯːŋ/ |

### Definitions

弘
* to spread; to enlarge; to expand
* great; grand; magnificent; broad
    See also: 宏
* a surname

### Compounds

* 函弘
* 取精用弘
* 含弘
* 四弘誓願 / 四弘誓愿 (sìhóngshìyuàn)
* 寬弘 / 宽弘
* 廣弘明集 / 广弘明集
* 弘一
* 弘化
* 弘大 (hóngdà)
* 弘奧 / 弘奥
* 弘宥
* 弘宣
* 弘忍
* 弘揚 / 弘扬 (hóngyáng)
* 弘教
* 弘文館 / 弘文馆
* 弘明
* 弘景
* 弘正文學 / 弘正文学
* 弘毅
* 弘決 / 弘决
* 弘法 (hóngfǎ)
* 弘深
* 弘烈
* 弘獎 / 弘奖
* 弘範 / 弘范
* 弘經 / 弘经
* 弘誓
* 弘農 / 弘农 (Hóngnóng)
* 弘通
* 弘道 (hóngdào)
* 弘遠 / 弘远
* 弘量
* 弘願 / 弘愿 (hóngyuàn)
* 恢弘 (huīhóng)
* 萇弘化碧 / 苌弘化碧
* 識量弘恢 / 识量弘恢
* 高談弘論 / 高谈弘论

### References

* “弘”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* to spread
* wide

#### Readings

* Go-on: ぐ (gu)
* Kan-on: こう (kō)
* Kun: ひろい (hiroi, 弘い)、ひろまる (hiromaru, 弘まる)、ひろめる (hiromeru, 弘める)

#### Compounds

* 弘誓(ぐぜい) (guzei)
* 弘法(ぐほう) (guhō, “mission”)
* 弘遠(こうえん) (kōen)
* 弘済会(こうさいかい) (kōsaikai, “an association of wide relief”)
* 弘大(こうだい) (kōdai, “wide”)
* 弘道(こうどう) (kōdō, “mission”)
* 弘布(こうふ) (kōfu, “ぐぶ”), 弘布(ぐぶ) (gubu, “spread”)
* 弘報(こうほう) (kōhō, “publicity”)

### Proper noun

弘(ひろし) • (Hiroshi)
* a male given name

### Proper noun

弘(ひろむ) • (Hiromu)
* a male given name

## Korean
### Hanja

弘 (eumhun 클 홍 (keul hong))
* hanja form of 홍 (“big”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

弘: Hán Nôm readings: hoằng, ngoằng
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.