# γιγνώσκω
## Ancient Greek
### Alternative forms

* γινώσκω (ginṓskō) — Epic, Ionic, Koine

### Etymology

From Proto-Hellenic *gignṓskō, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵiǵneh₃-, the reduplicated present stem of *ǵneh₃-, with -σκω (-skō).
Cognates include English know, Latin gnōscō, Albanian njoh, Old Armenian ճան- (čan-, “to know”), Sanskrit जानाति (jānāti, “to know”), and Old Persian 𐎧𐏁𐎴𐎿𐏃𐎡𐎹 (x-š-n-s-h-i-y /⁠xšnāsāhiy⁠/, “you shall know”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡi.ɡnɔ̌ːs.kɔː/ → /ʝiˈɣnos.ko/ → /ʝiˈɣnos.ko/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /ɡi.ɡnɔ̌ːs.kɔː/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /ɡiˈɡnos.ko/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /ʝiˈɣnos.ko/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /ʝiˈɣnos.ko/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /ʝiˈɣnos.ko/

### Verb

γιγνώσκω • (gignṓskō)
* to be aware of; to perceive, observe, know, learn
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.270
** 300 BCE – 200 BCE, Theocritus, Collected Works 3.15
** to know, understand
** to distinguish, discern
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.128
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.185
** (with genitive) to be aware of
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 21.36
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Oeconomicus 16.3
** (followed by relative clauses) to perceive
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 21.209
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 22.10
*** 423 BCE, Aristophanes, The Clouds 1095
*** 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 104
*** 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 379
*** 361 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Midias 143
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 21.266
*** 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Philebus 60D
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 15.532
*** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.25
*** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 807
*** 424 BCE, Aristophanes, The Knights 658
*** 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, Collected Works 133.20
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 7.2.17
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 1.7.4
* (in prose) to observe, form a judgment, judge, determine, think
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 9.2
** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 2.3.38
** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 5.9.19
** 445 BCE – 380 BCE, Lysias, Against the Corn Dealers 2
** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, First Philippic 1
** 349 BCE, Demosthenes, First Olynthiac 19
** 342 BCE – 290 BCE, Menander 572
** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 2.3.15
** 380 BCE, Plato, Gorgias 505C
** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 36
** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 1221
** 425 BCE, Euripides, Andromache 883
** (passive voice, of persons) to be judged guilty
*** 470 BCE, Aeschylus, The Suppliants 7
*** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Rhetoric to Alexander 16.2
** (perfect passive with active sense)
*** 330 BCE, Demosthenes, On the Crown 228
* to know carnally, have sex with
** 342 BCE – 290 BCE, Menander, 558 5
** Heraclides, On Politics 64
** 300 BCE – 200 BCE, Septuagint, Genesis 4.1
** 70 CE – 110 CE, The Gospel of Matthew 1:25
** 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Galba 9

#### Derived terms

* ἀγνοέω (agnoéō)
* ἀγνώμων (agnṓmōn)
* ἀγνώς (agnṓs)
* ἄγνωτος (ágnōtos)
* ἀλλογνοέω (allognoéō)
* ἀλλογνώμων (allognṓmōn)
* ἀλλογνώς (allognṓs)
* ἀλλόγνωτος (allógnōtos)
* ἀμφιγνοέω (amphignoéō)
* ἀμφοτερογνώμων (amphoterognṓmōn)
* ᾰ̓νᾰγιγνώσκω (ănăgignṓskō)
* ᾰ̓πογιγνώσκω (ăpogignṓskō)
* ἀργῠρογνώμων (argŭrognṓmōn)
* ᾰ̓ριγνώς (ărignṓs)
* ᾰ̓ρίγνωτος (ărígnōtos)
* ἀρτίγνωστος (artígnōstos)
* αὐτογνώμων (autognṓmōn)
* αὐτόγνωτος (autógnōtos)
* βᾰθῠγνώμων (băthŭgnṓmōn)
* βρᾰχῠγνώμων (brăkhŭgnṓmōn)
* γνῶθι σεαυτόν (gnôthi seautón)
* γνωμοδοτέω (gnōmodotéō)
* γνωμολογέω (gnōmologéō)
* γνωμοτῠ́πος (gnōmotŭ́pos)
* γνωμοφλῠᾱκέω (gnōmophlŭākéō)
* δῐᾰγιγνώσκω (dĭăgignṓskō)
* διγνώμων (dignṓmōn)
* δῐχογνώμων (dĭkhognṓmōn)
* δουλογνώμων (doulognṓmōn)
* δυσγνώμων (dusgnṓmōn)
* δύσγνωστος (dúsgnōstos)
* ἐγγιγνώσκω (engignṓskō)
* ἐναντῐογνώμων (enantĭognṓmōn)
* ἐπῐγιγνώσκω (epĭgignṓskō)
* ἑτερογνώμων (heterognṓmōn)
* εὐγνώμων (eugnṓmōn)
* εὔγνωστος (eúgnōstos)
* εὐθῠ́γνωμος (euthŭ́gnōmos)
* ἑχετογνώμονες (hekhetognṓmones)
* ἡδυγνώμων (hēdugnṓmōn)
* θεόγνωστος (theógnōstos)
* ῐ̓δῐογνώμων (ĭdĭognṓmōn)
* ἱππογνώμων (hippognṓmōn)
* ἰσχῡρογνώμων (iskhūrognṓmōn)
* κᾰκογνώμων (kăkognṓmōn)
* κᾰλογνώμων (kălognṓmōn)
* καρδῐογνώστης (kardĭognṓstēs)
* κᾰτᾰγιγνώσκω (kătăgignṓskō)
* καταγνοέω (katagnoéō)
* λειπογνώμων (leipognṓmōn)
* λεπτογνώμων (leptognṓmōn)
* λῐθογνώμων (lĭthognṓmōn)
* μᾰλᾰκογνώμων (mălăkognṓmōn)
* μεγᾰλογνώμων (megălognṓmōn)
* μετᾰγιγνώσκω (metăgignṓskō)
* μικρογνωμοσῠ́νη (mikrognōmosŭ́nē)
* μοιρογνωμόνῐον (moirognōmónĭon)
* μονογνώμων (monognṓmōn)
* νοσογνωμονῐκός (nosognōmonĭkós)
* ὀλῐγογνώμων (olĭgognṓmōn)
* ὀλισθογνωμονέω (olisthognōmonéō)
* ὁμογνώμων (homognṓmōn)
* ὀρθογνώμων (orthognṓmōn)
* ὀρνῑθογνώμων (ornīthognṓmōn)
* οὐρᾰνογνώμων (ourănognṓmōn)
* πᾰθογνωμονῐκός (păthognōmonĭkós)
* πᾰρᾰγιγνώσκω (părăgignṓskō)
* πᾱσιγνωστος (pāsignōstos)
* πολυγνώμων (polugnṓmōn)
* πολύγνωτος (polúgnōtos)
* προβᾰτογνώμων (probătognṓmōn)
* προγιγνώσκω (progignṓskō)
* προσγιγνώσκω (prosgignṓskō)
* Σεβαστόγνωστος (Sebastógnōstos)
* σκληρογνώμων (sklērognṓmōn)
* συγγιγνώσκω (sungignṓskō)
* τοιουτογνώμων (toioutognṓmōn)
* ὑδρογνώμων (hudrognṓmōn)
* ὑψηλογνώμων (hupsēlognṓmōn)
* φῠσιογνώμων (phŭsiognṓmōn)
* ὡρογνωμονέω (hōrognōmonéō)

#### Related terms

* γνῶμᾰ (gnômă)
* γνώμη (gnṓmē)
* γνωμηδόν (gnōmēdón)
* γνωμηστός (gnōmēstós)
* γνωμῐ́δῐον (gnōmĭ́dĭon)
* γνωμῐκός (gnōmĭkós)
* γνωμοσῠ́νη (gnōmosŭ́nē)
* γνώμων (gnṓmōn)
* γνωρίζω (gnōrízō)
* γνώρῐμος (gnṓrĭmos)
* γνῶσῐς (gnôsĭs)
* γνωστός (gnōstós)
* γνωτέρα (gnōtéra)
* γνωτός (gnōtós)

#### See also

* εἴδω (eídō)

### References

* ↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “γιγνώσκω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 273

### Further reading

* “γιγνώσκω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “γιγνώσκω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “γιγνώσκω”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
* γιγνώσκω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* γιγνώσκω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
* γιγνώσκω in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2025)
* γιγνώσκω, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011