# ψύχω
## Ancient Greek
### Alternative forms

* ψύγω (psúgō)

### Etymology

Uncertain. Could be from a Proto-Indo-European *bʰes- (“to blow”), with cognates including Sanskrit भस्त्रा (bhástrā, “bellows”), अप्सु (á-psu, “without breath”), and Albanian badër. Beekes is skeptical of an Indo-European derivation and argues for a Pre-Greek origin.
Compare also Proto-Circassian *psa, Proto-Northwest Caucasian *pǝsA (literally “soul”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /psy̌ː.kʰɔː/ → /ˈpsy.xo/ → /ˈpsi.xo/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /psy̌ː.kʰɔː/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /ˈpsy.kʰo/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /ˈpsy.xo/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /ˈpsy.xo/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /ˈpsi.xo/

### Verb

ψῡ́χω • (psū́khō)
* to breathe, blow
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 20.440:καὶ τό γ’ Ἀθήνη πνοιῇ Ἀχιλλῆος πάλιν ἔτραπε κυδαλίμοιο ἦκα μάλα ψύξασαkaì tó g’ Athḗnē pnoiêi Akhillêos pálin étrape kudalímoio êka mála psúxasabut Athene with a breath turned it back from glorious Achilles, breathing full lightly
* to chill, make cold
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.104.3:καὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τούτου ἀπιὼν ἐπὶ μᾶλλον ψύχειkaì tò apò toútou apiṑn epì mâllon psúkheias day declines [the sun] makes it ever cooler
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.181.4:παρέρχονται τε μέσαι νύκτες καὶ ψύχεται μέχρι ἐς ἠῶparérkhontai te mésai núktes kaì psúkhetai mékhri es ēôafter midnight it becomes cooler until dawn
** to cool, refresh
*** Tragica Adespota 7.2
*** 200 BCE – 100 BCE, Nicander, Theriaca 473
*** 300 BCE – 200 BCE, Septuagint, 2 Kings 19.24
** (passive voice, figuratively) to be frigid
*** 213 CE – 273 CE, Cassius Longinus, Collected Works 27.1
* (transitive) to dry
** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cynegeticus 5.3:ποιοῦσι δύσοσμον, ἕως ἂν ψυχθῇpoioûsi dúsosmon, héōs àn psukhthêi[storms] make the earth bad for scent until it dries

#### Synonyms

* (breathe, blow): πνέω (pnéō)

#### Derived terms

* ᾰ̓νᾰψῡ́χω (ănăpsū́khō)
* ἀντῐψῡ́χω (antĭpsū́khō)
* ᾰ̓ποψῡ́χω (ăpopsū́khō)
* ᾰ̓́ψυκτος (ắpsuktos)
* δῐᾰψῡ́χω (dĭăpsū́khō)
* δῠ́σψυκτος (dŭ́spsuktos)
* ἐκψῡ́χω (ekpsū́khō)
* ἐμψῡ́χω (empsū́khō)
* ἐπῐψῡ́χω (epĭpsū́khō)
* εὔψυκτος (eúpsuktos)
* εὐψῡχής (eupsūkhḗs)
* ἡμῐ́ψυκτος (hēmĭ́psuktos)
* κᾰτᾰψῡ́χω (kătăpsū́khō)
* οἰνοψυκτήρ (oinopsuktḗr)
* πᾰρᾰψῡ́χω (părăpsū́khō)
* περιψῡ́χω (peripsū́khō)
* προσψῡ́χω (prospsū́khō)
* προψῡ́χω (propsū́khō)
* σκῐόψυκτος (skĭópsuktos)
* σῠμψῡ́χομαι (sŭmpsū́khomai)
* ὑδροψῠγεῖον (hudropsŭgeîon)
* ὑδροψύκτῐον (hudropsúktĭon)
* ῠ̔περψῡ́χω (hŭperpsū́khō)
* ῠ̔ποψῡ́χω (hŭpopsū́khō)
* χλιᾰροψῡ́χῐον (khliăropsū́khĭon)
* ψῡχοποιός (psūkhopoiós)
* ψῡχορροφέω (psūkhorrhophéō)

#### Related terms

* ψῠγεῖον (psŭgeîon)
* ψῠγεύς (psŭgeús)
* ψῠ́γμᾰ (psŭ́gmă)
* ψυγμός (psugmós)
* ψυκτέον (psuktéon)
* ψῠκτήρ (psŭktḗr)
* ψυκτηρῐ́δῐον (psuktērĭ́dĭon)
* ψυκτήρῐον (psuktḗrĭon)
* ψυκτήρῐος (psuktḗrĭos)
* ψυκτηρίσκος (psuktērískos)
* ψυκτῐκός (psuktĭkós)
* ψύκτρα (psúktra)
* ψῦξῐς (psûxĭs)
* ψῡχάζω (psūkházō)
* ψῡχεινός (psūkheinós)
* ψῡχεῖον (psūkheîon)
* ψῡχή (psūkhḗ)
* ψῡχίζομαι (psūkhízomai)
* ψῦχος (psûkhos)
* ψῡχόω (psūkhóō)
* ψῡ́χρᾱ (psū́khrā)
* ψῡχρός (psūkhrós)

### References

* ↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ψῡχή (> DER > ψύχω)”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1671-2

### Further reading

* “ψύχω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “ψύχω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “ψύχω”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
* ψύχω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
* ψύχω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
* G5594 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
* “ψύχω”, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011

## Greek
### Etymology

Inherited from Ancient Greek ψύχω (psúkhō).

### Verb

ψύχω • (psýcho) (past έψυξα, passive ψύχομαι, ppp ψύχθηκα)
* (transitive) to chill, freeze

#### Related terms

* αποψύχω (apopsýcho, “to defrost”)
* ψυχρός (psychrós, “cold, cool”, adjective)
* ψυχρότητα f (psychrótita, “coolness”)
* ψυχρούλα f (psychroúla, “cool”)

#### Further reading

* ψύχω, in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998 at the Centre for the Greek language