# infra
## English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɪn.fɹə/

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Latin infra (“below”).

#### Adverb

infra (not comparable)
* (law) Discussed later.

##### Antonyms

* supra

##### Derived terms

* infra dig

##### Related terms

* vide infra

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

infra (countable and uncountable, plural infras)
* (civil engineering, computing, informal) Clipping of infrastructure.
** 2005, Kyung-Bae Chang et al., “Meteorological Phenomena Measurement System Using the Wireless Network”, in Rajiv Khosla, Robert J. Howlett, Lakhmi C. Jain, editors, Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, →DOI, page 861:However, as the nations 70% is covered with mountains, gathering of the meteorological information of particular regions (mountains, canyons, islands etc) by wired transmission system is difficult and it costs a lot of money. This is one of the obstacles of the construction of an infra for the prevention of disasters caused by meteorological changes.
** 2012, T. Mäkeläinen, J. Hyvärinen, J. Peura, “BIM practices and challenges framed – an approach to systemic change management”, in Gudni Gudnason, Raimar Scherer, editors, eWork and eBusiness in Architecture, Engineering and Construction, CRC Press, →ISBN, page 498:In this paper we focus on the context of infra construction and development – the problem being: lack of relevant tools for management of BIM [building information modelling] implementation actions.
** 2014, Yoojin Lim, Eunmi Choi, “Mobile Cloud Computing Architectural Design Taxonomy toward the ‘Cloud Computing in Hand’ Era”, in Young-Sik Jeong et al., editors, Ubiquitous Information Technologies and Applications, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, →DOI, page 519:Technologies in cloud computing have become mature in the infra systems and cloud server-level service providers, which have kept the infra system technologies as the data centers, server clusters, virtualization, service providers by extending services of Private Cloud.
** 2015 April 2, James Somers, quoting Mark Zuckerberg, “Toolkits for the Mind”, in MIT Technology Review‎:(Last year Zuckerberg announced a new engineering slogan: “Move fast with stable infra,” using the hacker shorthand for the infrastructure that keeps the site running.)

### Anagrams

* Irfan, frain, FINRA, Frain

## Finnish
### Etymology

Clipping of infrastruktuuri

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈinfrɑ/, [ˈiɱ.frɑ̝]
* Rhymes: -infrɑ
* Hyphenation: inf‧ra

### Noun

infra (informal)
* infra (infrastructure)

#### Declension

Possessive forms of infra (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
infrani
infrani
accusative
nom.
infrani
infrani
gen.
infrani
genitive
infrani
infrojeni infraini $^{rare}$
partitive
infraani
infrojani
inessive
infrassani
infroissani
elative
infrastani
infroistani
illative
infraani
infroihini
adessive
infrallani
infroillani
ablative
infraltani
infroiltani
allative
infralleni
infroilleni
essive
infranani
infroinani
translative
infrakseni
infroikseni
abessive
infrattani
infroittani
instructive
comitative
—infroineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
infrasi
infrasi
accusative
nom.
infrasi
infrasi
gen.
infrasi
genitive
infrasi
infrojesi infraisi $^{rare}$
partitive
infraasi
infrojasi
inessive
infrassasi
infroissasi
elative
infrastasi
infroistasi
illative
infraasi
infroihisi
adessive
infrallasi
infroillasi
ablative
infraltasi
infroiltasi
allative
infrallesi
infroillesi
essive
infranasi
infroinasi
translative
infraksesi
infroiksesi
abessive
infrattasi
infroittasi
instructive
comitative
—infroinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
inframme
inframme
accusative
nom.
inframme
inframme
gen.
inframme
genitive
inframme
infrojemme infraimme $^{rare}$
partitive
infraamme
infrojamme
inessive
infrassamme
infroissamme
elative
infrastamme
infroistamme
illative
infraamme
infroihimme
adessive
infrallamme
infroillamme
ablative
infraltamme
infroiltamme
allative
infrallemme
infroillemme
essive
infranamme
infroinamme
translative
infraksemme
infroiksemme
abessive
infrattamme
infroittamme
instructive
comitative
—infroinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
infranne
infranne
accusative
nom.
infranne
infranne
gen.
infranne
genitive
infranne
infrojenne infrainne $^{rare}$
partitive
infraanne
infrojanne
inessive
infrassanne
infroissanne
elative
infrastanne
infroistanne
illative
infraanne
infroihinne
adessive
infrallanne
infroillanne
ablative
infraltanne
infroiltanne
allative
infrallenne
infroillenne
essive
infrananne
infroinanne
translative
infraksenne
infroiksenne
abessive
infrattanne
infroittanne
instructive
comitative
—infroinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
infransa
infransa
accusative
nom.
infransa
infransa
gen.
infransa
genitive
infransa
infrojensa infrainsa $^{rare}$
partitive
infraansa
infrojaan infrojansa
inessive
infrassaan infrassansa
infroissaan infroissansa
elative
infrastaan infrastansa
infroistaan infroistansa
illative
infraansa
infroihinsa
adessive
infrallaan infrallansa
infroillaan infroillansa
ablative
infraltaan infraltansa
infroiltaan infroiltansa
allative
infralleen infrallensa
infroilleen infroillensa
essive
infranaan infranansa
infroinaan infroinansa
translative
infrakseen infraksensa
infroikseen infroiksensa
abessive
infrattaan infrattansa
infroittaan infroittansa
instructive
comitative
—infroineen infroinensa :

#### Derived terms

* infrasauna
* infraääni

### Further reading

* “infra”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-02

## French
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Adverb

infra
* infra

### Noun

infra m (plural infras)
* infra (infrastructure)

### Further reading

* “infra”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Istriot
### Preposition

infra
* among
** 1877, Antonio Ive, Canti popolari istriani: raccolti a Rovigno, volume 5, Ermanno Loescher, page 40:Ti me pari oûna dea infra li dai,You seem to me a goddess among the gods,

## Italian
### Adverb

infra
* Only used in vedi infra

### Anagrams

* frani

## Latin
### Etymology

Adverb contracted from the ablative īnferā (parte), of īnferus. Compare Faliscan 𐌉𐌅𐌓𐌀 (ifra), Oscan 𐌇𐌖𐌍𐌕𐌓𐌖𐌔 (huntrus), Umbrian 𐌇𐌏𐌍𐌃𐌓𐌀 (hondra).
The accusative is from the adverbial derivation.

### Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈin.fraː/, [ˈĩːfräː]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈin.fra/, [ˈiɱfrä]

### Adverb

īnfrā (comparative īnferius, no superlative)
* below

#### Antonyms

* suprā

#### Descendants

* → English: infra (learned)
* → French: infra (learned)
* → French: infra (learned)

### Preposition

īnfrā (+ accusative)
* below

#### Antonyms

* suprā

#### Descendants

* > Friulian: fra (inherited)
* Istriot: infra
* > Italian: fra (inherited)
* Judeo-Italian: אֵינְפֵֿירַה (enfera)
* Venetan: infrà
* → English: infra- (learned)
* → French: infra- (learned)
* → Indonesian: infra- (learned)
* → Italian: infra- (learned)
* → Dutch: infra- (learned)
* → Portuguese: infra- (learned)
* → Spanish: infra- (learned)
* ⇒ Finnish: infra- (internationalism)

### References

* “infra”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “infra”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "infra", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* infra in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. to feel superior to the affairs of life: res humanas infra se positas arbitrari to consider a thing beneath one's dignity: aliquid infra se ducere or infra se positum arbitrari as I said above: ut supra (opp. infra) diximus, dictum est