# ch
## Translingual
### Letter

ch (mixed case Ch, upper case CH)
* A digraph from c and h, considered an individual letter in some languages.

### Symbol

ch
* Alternative form of cosh (“hyperbolic cosine”)
* (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Chamorro.

## English
### Etymology 1
#### Noun

ch (countable and uncountable, plural chs)
* Abbreviation of chain, a unit of measurement equal to 22 yards
* (crochet) Abbreviation of chain (stitch)
* Abbreviation of channel, in reference to telephones, audio, radio, and television
    5.1 ch surround sound
* Abbreviation of chapter, main section of a book
** 2007, The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books, page 143:Ch 2 secondarily interrupts the flow between chs 1 and 3 (see 2.1–16n.).
* Abbreviation of chestnut, a dark reddish-brown colored horse
** 2014, Kenneth Hinchcliff, Andris Kaneps, Raymond Geor, Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery, page 675:NAME OF HORSE (COLOR, SEX, YEAR BORN) Secretariat (ch.s. 1970)

#### Verb

ch
* (crochet) Abbreviation of chain.
** 2011 August 23, Carmen Heffernan, “How to make colourful crocheted flowers”, in The Guardian‎:Ch 4, sl st to 1st sl st to close.

### Etymology 2

Aphetic form of ich, utch, ultimately from Old English iċ (“I”). Compare Dutch 'k, an aphetic variant of ik (“I”). More at ich, I.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /t͡ʃ/

#### Pronoun

ch
* (obsolete, dialectal) Alternative form of I

### Anagrams

* h/c, hc, H/C, H.C., HC, H&C

## Blin
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tʃʼ/

### Letter

ch (uppercase Ch)
* A letter of the Bilen Latin alphabet.

## Central Mazahua
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tʃ/

### Letter

ch (upper case Ch)
* A letter of the Mazahua alphabet.

#### See also

* (Latin-script letters) A a, Ⱥ ⱥ, A̱ a̱, B b, C c, Cꞌ cꞌ, Cj cj, Cu cu, Cꞌu cꞌu, Cju cju, Ch ch, Chꞌ chꞌ, Chj chj, D d, Dy dy, E e, Ɇ ɇ, E̱ e̱, G g, Gu gu, Hu hu, ꞌHu ꞌhu, I i, I̱ i̱, J j, Jꞌ jꞌ, Jm jm, Jn jn, Jñ jñ, Ju ju, Jy jy, L l, M m, Mꞌ mꞌ, N n, Nꞌ nꞌ, Ñ ñ, Ñꞌ ñꞌ, O o, Ø ø, O̱ o̱, P p, Pj pj, R r, S s, T t, Tꞌ tꞌ, Tj tj, Ts ts, Tsꞌ tsꞌ, Tsj tsj, U u, Ꞹ ꞹ, U̱ u̱, X x, Z z, Zh zh, ꞌ

## Chipewyan
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /t͜ʃʰ/

### Letter

ch (upper case Ch)
* A letter of the Chipewyan alphabet, written in the Latin script.

## Czech
### Letter

ch (lower case, upper case CH, mixed case Ch)
* a digraph, the fourteenth letter of the Czech alphabet, after h and before i

#### Usage notes

In names or at the beginning of a sentence the mixed case Ch is used (e. g. Chrudim).

## Esperanto
### Letter

ch
* A digraph used in the h-sistemo to represent ĉ.

#### See also

* gh, hh, jh, sh
* cx, gx, hx, jx, sx, ux

## French
### Alternative forms

* ch.

### Etymology 1

Abbreviation of chaque (“each”).

#### Adjective

ch (invariable)
* ea (each)

### Etymology 2

Abbreviation of cheval-vapeur (“horsepower”).

#### Noun

Added
ch m (plural ch)
* hp (horsepower)

##### Usage notes

The abbreviation ch is used for all types of (metric) horsepower except tax horsepower, which uses the initialisms cv or CV.

## Hadza
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ᵏǀʰ/

### Letter

ch (upper case Ch)
* A letter of the practical Hadza alphabet.

## Hungarian
### Pronunciation

* (on its own) IPA: [ˈt͡seːɦaː]
* (within words) IPA: /xː/, /t͡ʃ/, /ç/, /çː/, /h/, /k/, /ʃ/ (depending on the word)

### Letter

ch (lower case, upper case Ch)
* A digraph used in several Hungarian words, as well as in some surnames, given names, and geographical names.

#### Usage notes

It is used (among others) in the following words, along with their derivations and compounds: Achilles-ín, allochton, acháj, achát, akrosztichon, almanach, anarchia/​​anarchikus/​anarchista/​anarchizmus, archaikus/​archaizál/​archaizmus, archeológia/​archeológus, archimandrita, architektúra, archivál/​archivális/​archívum, autochton, bacchanália, bacchánsnő, baldachin, barchesz, barkochba/​barkochbázik, bronchitisz, cech, chanti, charleston, charta, charter, chartizmus, chata, chianti, chorijambus, chripka, couchette, disztichon, durchmars, echó, echt, eucharisztia/​eucharisztikus, eunuch, exarcha, fach, franchise, gaucho, gouache, guttapercha, hierarchia/​​hierarchikus, hipochonder/​hipochondria, ichtioszaurusz, jacht, kapitälchen, krach, lichthóf, macher, machiavellizmus, machináció/machinál, malachit, mannlicher, matriarchátus, mazochista/​mazochizmus, mechanika/​​mechanikus/​​mechanisztikus/​mechanizál/​mechanizmus, mettlachi, moloch, monarchia/​monarchikus/​monarchista, oligarcha/​oligarchia/​oligarchikus, orchidea, patriarcha/​patriarchális/​patriarchátus, pech/​peches, poncho, poncichter, psziché/​pszichiáter/​pszichiátria/​pszichikai/​pszichikum/​pszicho-/​​pszichózis, richtig, rizskoch, sarlach, stich, strichel, szacharin, szinekdoché, sztrichnin, technika/​technikum/​technikus/​technokrácia/​technokrata/​​technológia/​technológus, trachoma, trocheus, vlach, winchester.
Officially recognized given names: Achilles, Achillesz, Áchim, Archibald, Joachim, Melchior, Orchidea, Psziché, Ráchel, Richárd.
Surnames (a selection from notable people): Aulich, Damjanich, Forgách, Keglevich, Knézich, Kovách, Laczkovich, Madách, Maderspach, Orlay Petrich, Széchenyi, Széchényi, Zách, Zichy.
Geographical names (along with their derivations, e.g. chilei): Charlestown, Chatham-szigetek, Chile, Chișinău, Déli-Georgia és Déli-Sandwich-szigetek, Liechtenstein, Nouakchott, Seychelle-szigetek as well as two settlements in Hungary, Chernelházadamonya and Zichyújfalu, a hill in Budapest, Széchenyi-hegy (named after István Széchenyi) and a neighborhood in Budapest, Széchenyihegy (named after the hill).

#### Declension
### See also

* (Latin-script letters) betű; A a, Á á, B b, C c, Cs cs, D d, Dz dz, Dzs dzs, E e, É é, F f, G g, Gy gy, H h, I i, Í í, J j, K k, L l, Ly ly, M m, N n, Ny ny, O o, Ó ó, Ö ö, Ő ő, P p, R r, S s, Sz sz, T t, Ty ty, U u, Ú ú, Ü ü, Ű ű, V v, Z z, Zs zs. Only in the extended alphabet: Q q W w X x Y y. Commonly used: ch. Also defined: à ë. In surnames (selection): ä aa cz ds eé eö ew oe oó th ts ÿ.

### References

* ↑ A Nyelvtudományi Intézet által anyakönyvi bejegyzésre alkalmasnak minősített utónevek jegyzéke (’List of first names qualified by the Research Institute for Linguistics as appropriate for registration on a birth certificate’). Regularly updated. For searchable unformatted lists, see férfinevek for masculine names and női nevek for feminine names.
* ↑ Személyekről elnevezett budapesti utcanevek évfordulók tükrében (’Street names in Budapest named after persons, as reflected in anniversaries’) by György Mészáros

## Irish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /x/, /ç/

### Letter

ch (upper case Ch)
* A digraph in Irish orthography

## Khoekhoe
### Letter

ch (upper case Ch)
* (obsolete, Tindall orthography) A letter of the Khoekhoe alphabet; modern ǀh.

## Latvian
### Letter

ch (lower case, upper case CH, mixed case Ch)
* (obsolete) a letter used in older, pre-World-War-II Latvian spelling, but now replaced everywhere by h (upper case H)

#### Usage notes

This letter can still be found in older books, or in books written by the Latvian diaspora prior to the fall of the Soviet Union. It used to represent the sound of IPA symbol /x/, as distinct from /h/; but since these sounds have merged as /x/ in current Latvian pronunciation, <h> (= /x/) is now used in all cases.

## Lower Sorbian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /x/

### Letter

ch (upper case CH, mixed case Ch)
* The twelfth letter of the Lower Sorbian alphabet, called cha and written in the Latin script.

#### Usage notes

Alphabetized between H and I.

### See also

* (Latin-script letters) pismik; A a, B b, C c, Č č, Ć ć, D d, E e, Ě ě, F f, G g, H h, Ch ch, I i, J j, K k, Ł ł, L l, M m, N n, Ń ń, O o (Ó ó), P p, R r, Ŕ ŕ, S s, Š š, Ś ś, T t, U u, W w, Y y, Z z, Ž ž, Ź ź
* (obsolete letters) B́ b́, Ė ė, Ḿ ḿ, Ṅ ṅ, Ṕ ṕ, Ṙ ṙ, ſ, ß, Ꞩ ẜ, Ẃ ẃ, Ẇ ẇ, Ż ż

## Mam
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tʃʰ/

### Letter

ch (uppercase Ch)
* A letter of the Mam alphabet.

## Navajo
### Letter

ch (upper case Ch)
* A letter of the Navajo alphabet, written in the Latin script.

#### See also

* (Latin-script letters) A a (Á á, Ą ą, Ą́ ą́), B b, Ch ch, Chʼ chʼ, D d, Dl dl, Dz dz, E e (É é, Ę ę, Ę́ ę́), G g, Gh gh, H h, Hw hw, X x, I i (Í í, Į į, Į́ į́), J j, K k, Kʼ kʼ, Kw kw, ʼ, L l, Ł ł, M m, N n (Ń ń), O o (Ó ó, Ǫ ǫ, Ǫ́ ǫ́), S s, Sh sh, T t, Tʼ tʼ, Tł tł, Tłʼ tłʼ, Ts ts, Tsʼ tsʼ, W w, Y y, Z z, Zh zh

## Osage
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [t͜sʰ]

### Letter

ch
* A letter of the Osage Latin alphabet. Osage script 𐓴.

## Slovak
### Pronunciation

* (phoneme) IPA: /x/

### Letter

ch (upper case Ch)
* The sixteenth letter of the Slovak alphabet, written in the Latin script.

### See also

* (Latin-script letters) písmeno; A a, Á á, Ä ä, B b, C c, Č č, D d, Ď ď, Dz dz, Dž dž, E e, É é, F f, G g, H h, Ch ch, I i, Í í, J j, K k, L l, Ĺ ĺ, Ľ ľ, M m, N n, Ň ň, O o, Ó ó, Ô ô, P p, Q q, R r, Ŕ ŕ, S s, Š š, T t, Ť ť, U u, Ú ú, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Ý ý, Z z, Ž ž

### Further reading

* “ch”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2025

## Spanish
### Letter

ch (lower case, upper case CH, mixed case Ch)
* che, the former fourth letter of the Spanish alphabet, after c and before d

#### Usage notes

* Since 1994, this letter has been treated as c followed by h for collation (sorting) purposes only. In 2010, this letter was officially removed by the RAE from the Spanish alphabet.

### Further reading

* “ch”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

## Tagalog
### Etymology

Borrowed from Spanish ch.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog)
** IPA: /ˈt͡ʃe/ [ˈt͡ʃɛ] (letter name, chiefly upper class)
*** Rhymes: -e
** IPA: /ˈt͡se/ [ˈt͡sɛ] (letter name)
*** Rhymes: -e
** IPA: /ˈse/ [ˈsɛ] (letter name)
*** Rhymes: -e
** IPA: /t͡ʃ/ [t͡ʃ] (phoneme, chiefly upper class)
** IPA: /ts/ [t̪s] (phoneme)
** IPA: /s/ [s] (phoneme)

### Letter

ch (lower case, upper case CH, Baybayin spelling ᜆ᜔ᜐᜒ) (historical)
* The fourth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abecedario), called che and written in the Latin script.

## Tlingit
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tʃʰ/

### Letter

ch (upper case Ch)
* A letter of the Tlingit alphabet, written in the Latin script.

#### See also

* Canada:
* (Latin-script letters) A a, Á á, À à, Â â, Ch ch, Chʼ chʼ, D d, Dł dł, Dz dz, E e, É é, È è, Ê ê, G g, Gw gw, Gh gh, Ghw ghw, H h, I i, Í í, Ì ì, Î î, J j, K k, Kw kw, Kʼ kʼ, Kʼw kʼw, Kh kh, Khw khw, Khʼ khʼ, Khʼw khʼw (L l), Ł ł, Łʼ łʼ (M m), N n (O o), S s, Sʼ sʼ, Sh sh, T t, Tʼ tʼ, Tl tl, Tlʼ tlʼ, Ts ts, Tsʼ tsʼ, U u, Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, W w, X x, Xw xw, Xʼ xʼ, Xʼw xʼw, Xh xh, Xhw xhw, Xhʼ xhʼ, Xhʼw xhʼw, Y y (Ÿ ÿ), ․
* US:
* (Latin-script letters) A a, Á á, Aa aa, Áa áa, Ch ch, Chʼ chʼ, D d, Dl dl, Dz dz, E e, É é, Ee ee, Ée ée, Ei ei, Éi éi, G g, Gw gw, G̱ g̱, G̱w g̱w, H h, I i, Í í, J j, K k, Kw kw, Kʼ kʼ, Kʼw kʼw, Ḵ ḵ, Ḵw ḵw, Ḵʼ ḵʼ, Ḵʼw ḵʼw, L l, Lʼ lʼ (Ḻ ḻ, M m), N n (O o), Oo oo, Óo óo, S s, Sʼ sʼ, Sh sh, T t, Tʼ tʼ, Tl tl, Tlʼ tlʼ, Ts ts, Tsʼ tsʼ, U u, Ú ú, W w, X x, Xw xw, Xʼ xʼ, Xʼw xʼw, X̱ x̱, X̱w x̱w, X̱ʼ x̱ʼ, X̱ʼw x̱ʼw, Y y (Ÿ ÿ, Y̱ y̱), ․

## Uzbek
### Pronunciation

* (phoneme) IPA: /tʃ/

### Letter

ch (upper case Ch)
* The twenty-eighth letter of the Uzbek alphabet, written in the Latin script.

### See also

* (Latin-script letters) harf; A a, B b, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, X x, Y y, Z z, Oʻ oʻ, Gʻ gʻ, Sh sh, Ch ch, Ng ng

## Vietnamese
### Pronunciation

* (Hà Nội) IPA: [se˧˧ haːt̚˧˦], [t͡ɕəː˨˩], [t͡ɕəː˨˩ ɲɛ˧˨ʔ]
* (Huế) IPA: [sej˧˧ haːk̚˦˧˥], [t͡ɕəː˦˩], [t͡ɕəː˦˩ ɲɛ˨˩ʔ]
* (Saigon) IPA: [sej˧˧ haːk̚˦˥], [cəː˨˩], [cəː˨˩ ɲɛ˨˩˨]
* Phonetic spelling: xê hát, chờ, chờ nhẹ

### Letter

ch (lower case, upper case CH, mixed case Ch)
* (dated) Traditionally the sixth letter of the Vietnamese alphabet, called xê hát, chờ or chờ nhẹ and written in the Latin script.

#### See also

* (Quốc ngữ letters) chữ cái; A a (À à, Ả ả, Ã ã, Á á, Ạ ạ), Ă ă (Ằ ằ, Ẳ ẳ, Ẵ ẵ, Ắ ắ, Ặ ặ), Â â (Ầ ầ, Ẩ ẩ, Ẫ ẫ, Ấ ấ, Ậ ậ), B b, C c (Ch ch), D d, Đ đ, E e (È è, Ẻ ẻ, Ẽ ẽ, É é, Ẹ ẹ), Ê ê (Ề ề, Ể ể, Ễ ễ, Ế ế, Ệ ệ), G g (Gh gh, Gi gi), H h, I i (Ì ì, Ỉ ỉ, Ĩ ĩ, Í í, Ị ị), K k (Kh kh), L l, M m, N n (Ng ng, Ngh ngh, Nh nh), O o (Ò ò, Ỏ ỏ, Õ õ, Ó ó, Ọ ọ), Ô ô (Ồ ồ, Ổ ổ, Ỗ ỗ, Ố ố, Ộ ộ), Ơ ơ (Ờ ờ, Ở ở, Ỡ ỡ, Ớ ớ, Ợ ợ), P p (Ph ph), Q q (Qu qu), R r, S s, T t (Th th, Tr tr), U u (Ù ù, Ủ ủ, Ũ ũ, Ú ú, Ụ ụ), Ư ư (Ừ ừ, Ử ử, Ữ ữ, Ứ ứ, Ự ự), V v, X x, Y y (Ỳ ỳ, Ỷ ỷ, Ỹ ỹ, Ý ý, Ỵ ỵ)

## Welsh
### Pronunciation

* (standard) IPA: /ɛχ/
** (informal) IPA: /χ(ː)/

### Letter

ch (lower case, upper case Ch)
* The fourth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èch and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by C and followed by D.

#### Usage notes

Like the other Welsh digraphs, ch is considered a distinct letter of the Welsh alphabet for all purposes, including collation. Thus, chwech is alphabetically sorted after cyllell.

### Mutation

* ch cannot be mutated in Welsh.

### See also

* (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)

### Further reading

* R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “ch”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

## Xhosa
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ᵏǀʰ/

### Letter

ch (upper case Ch)
* A digraph in Xhosa orthography.

## Yele
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /t̪ʲ/ (pronounced [t͡ɕ])

### Letter

ch (upper case Ch)
* A letter of the Yele alphabet.

#### See also

* (Latin-script letters) A a, â, b, Ch ch, D d, e, é, ê, Gh gh, i, î, j, K k, L l, M m, N n, Ń ń, o, ó, P p, T t, U u, V v, W w, Y y, ꞉