# -j
## Albanian
### Alternative forms

* -nj — Tosk

### Etymology

Related to reflexive pronoun u (“I”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /j/

### Suffix

-j
* Attached to o-stem verbs (in active voice). Indicating 1st person singular; indicative, present.
    Examples of o-stem verbs:
    • afro (“bring closer!”) + -j → afroj (“I bring closer”)
    • barazo (“equalize!”) + -j → barazoj (“I equalize”)
    • krahaso (“compare!”) + -j → krahasoj (“I compare”)
    • shko (“go!”) (2nd pers. singular verb form) + -j (“I”) → shkoj (“I go”)

## Egyptian
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* (reconstructed Old Egyptian) /Vj/, where V represents an unknown short vowel.
* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /i/
** Conventional anglicization: -i

#### Suffix

* Marks the dual form of nouns and adjectives. Attaches to the singular form if feminine or the plural form if masculine.
* Sometimes added to suffix pronouns attached to dual nouns.

##### Derived terms

* -wj
* -tj

### Etymology 2

Hypothesized to be from Proto-Afroasiatic *-i (genitive-possessive case ending).

#### Pronunciation

* (reconstructed) IPA: /ij/ → /ij/ → /(ej)/
* (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA: /ij/
* (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA: /ij/
* (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) (stressed) IPA: /ej/ or IPA: /eʔ/; (unstressed) silent, but preserves root-final IPA: /t/ or IPA: /ɾ/ that would otherwise be lost
* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /i/
** Conventional anglicization: -i

#### Suffix

* Converts nouns (including proper nouns and nisbas used nominally), prepositions, independent pronouns, and numerals into masculine adjectives: the masculine nisba adjective ending.

##### Usage notes

In Old Egyptian this suffix was still productive. By Late Egyptian this was no longer the case, and adjectives with the suffix were lexicalized.

##### Alternative forms

This suffix is sometimes not written; in Old Egyptian, such omission is the usual practice.
| -j | -y |
| [Old Egyptian] | [Old Egyptian] |

### Etymology 3

Hypothesized to be from earlier *-iu or *-iju, from Proto-Afroasiatic *-u (nominative case ending) attached to a root ending in *-i or *-ij.

#### Pronunciation

* (reconstructed) IPA: /ij/ → /ij/ → /(ej)/
* (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA: /ij/
* (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA: /ij/
* (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) (stressed) IPA: /ej/ or IPA: /eʔ/; (unstressed) silent, but preserves root-final IPA: /t/ or IPA: /ɾ/ that would otherwise be lost
* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /i/
** Conventional anglicization: -i

#### Suffix

* Forms i-stem masculine nouns from roots.

### Etymology 4
#### Suffix

* Forms prepositional adverbs from certain prepositions.

### Etymology 5

From the earlier infinitival ending -t; the consonant of this suffix became silent over time, leaving its remaining vowel to be represented by -j.

#### Suffix

* Forms the infinitive of anomalous verbs, weak verbs (except for fourth weak verbs with a geminated stem), and causative biliteral verbs.

### Etymology 6
#### Suffix

* Optionally marks the masculine imperfective active participle, intervening between the stem and the gender/number endings.

##### Alternative forms

-y :

### Etymology 7
#### Suffix

* Optionally marks the masculine geminated perfective passive participle of strong biliteral verbs, intervening between the stem and the gender/number endings.

### See also

* .j (first-person singular suffix pronoun)

### References

* James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 39–40, 51, 61, 91, 95, 165, 328–329.
* Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN
* Allen, James P. (2017) A Grammar of the Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, Volume 1: Unis, page 55
* Junge, Friedrich (2005) Late Egyptian Grammar: An Introduction, second English edition, Oxford: Griffith Institute, page 65

## Esperanto
### Etymology

From the nominative plural in /i/ or /j/ found in many European languages, particularly the original diphthongs Ancient Greek -οι (-oi), -αι (-ai), and Latin -ae.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /j/, [i̯]

### Suffix

-j
* -s, -es (marks the plural form of nouns, adjectives, and some pronouns)
    juna patro (young father) → junaj patroj (young fathers)
    mia vundita mano (my injured hand) → miaj vunditaj manoj (my injured hands)

## Hungarian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [j]

### Suffix

-j
* (personal suffix) Forms the second-person singular subjunctive/imperative of verbs (indefinite conjugation). It is also part of all subjunctive/imperative suffixes in both indefinite and definite conjugations.
    vár (“to wait”) → Várj! ― Wait!
    Várjak? ― Should I wait?

#### Usage notes

* (subjunctive/imperative suffix) Allomorphs are listed below. For verbs ending in -ik, remove the -ik to determine the correct case.
    -j used in all subjunctive forms not mentioned below
       ír (“to write”) → írj! (“write!”)
    -gy used in the verbs eszik, iszik, lesz, tesz, vesz, visz
       eszik (“to eat”) → egyél! (“eat!”)
    -ggy used only in the verb hisz
       hisz (“to believe”) → higgyél! (“believe!”)
    -jj used only in the verb jön
       jön (“to come”) → jöjj! (“come!”), an archaic/literary variant of the irregular (suppletive) form gyere (“come!”)
    -s used in verbs ending in -t and -s, compare yod coalescence
       tanít (“to teach”) → taníts! (“teach!”)
       újjászületik (“to be born again”) → szüless újjá! (“be born again!”)
       keres (“to seek”) → keress! (“seek!”)
       késik (“to be late”) → ne késs! (“don't be late!”)
    -z used in verbs ending in -z
       hoz (“to bring”) → hozz valamit! (“bring something!”)
       dohányzik (“to smoke”) → ne dohányozz! (“don't smoke!”)
    -∅ denotes the covert subjunctive suffix -j in the short form of second-person singular definite forms
       vár (“to wait”) → várd (vár-∅-d)! (“wait for him/her/it!”)
| Person | Person | Back vowel | Front vowel | Front vowel |
| Person | Person | Back vowel | unrounded | rounded |
| én | 1st person singular | -jak | -jek | -jek |
| te | 2nd person singular | -j | -j | -j |
| te | long form | -jál | -jél | -jél |
| ő maga / ön | 3rd person singular | -jon | -jen | -jön |
| ő maga / ön | -ik verbs (optional) | -jék | -jék | -jék |
| mi | 1st person plural | -junk | -jünk | -jünk |
| ti | 2nd person plural | -jatok | -jetek | -jetek |
| ők maguk / önök | 3rd person plural | -janak | -jenek | -jenek |
| See also: present-tense definite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing. |||||
| Verb ending | Assimilation rules of -j | Assimilation rules of -j | Assimilation rules of -j | Assimilation rules of -j |
| -s -sz -z -dz | The -j assimilates to the verb ending:   keres →‎ keress   metsz →‎ metssz   hoz →‎ hozz   edz →‎ eddz | The -j assimilates to the verb ending:   keres →‎ keress   metsz →‎ metssz   hoz →‎ hozz   edz →‎ eddz | The -j assimilates to the verb ending:   keres →‎ keress   metsz →‎ metssz   hoz →‎ hozz   edz →‎ eddz | The -j assimilates to the verb ending:   keres →‎ keress   metsz →‎ metssz   hoz →‎ hozz   edz →‎ eddz |
| -st -szt | The -t is removed; the -j assimilates to the -s, -sz:   fest →‎ fess   fáraszt →‎ fárassz | The -t is removed; the -j assimilates to the -s, -sz:   fest →‎ fess   fáraszt →‎ fárassz | The -t is removed; the -j assimilates to the -s, -sz:   fest →‎ fess   fáraszt →‎ fárassz | The -t is removed; the -j assimilates to the -s, -sz:   fest →‎ fess   fáraszt →‎ fárassz |
| long vowel + t or consonant + t | The -j becomes -s:   segít →‎ segíts   bont →‎ bonts Exceptions: bocsát → bocsáss, lát → láss | The -j becomes -s:   segít →‎ segíts   bont →‎ bonts Exceptions: bocsát → bocsáss, lát → láss | The -j becomes -s:   segít →‎ segíts   bont →‎ bonts Exceptions: bocsát → bocsáss, lát → láss | The -j becomes -s:   segít →‎ segíts   bont →‎ bonts Exceptions: bocsát → bocsáss, lát → láss |
| short vowel + t | Both the stem-final -t and the -j become -s:   mutat → mutass, szeret → szeress | Both the stem-final -t and the -j become -s:   mutat → mutass, szeret → szeress | Both the stem-final -t and the -j become -s:   mutat → mutass, szeret → szeress | Both the stem-final -t and the -j become -s:   mutat → mutass, szeret → szeress |
| Person | Person | Back vowel | Front vowel |
| én | 1st person singular | -jam | -jem |
| te | 2nd person singular | -d | -d |
| te | long form | -jad | -jed |
| ő maga / ön | 3rd person singular | -ja | -je |
| mi | 1st person plural | -juk | -jük |
| ti | 2nd person plural | -játok | -jétek |
| ők maguk / önök | 3rd person plural | -ják | -jék |
| See also: present-tense indefinite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing. ||||
| Verb ending | Assimilation rules of -j | Assimilation rules of -j | Assimilation rules of -j |
| s sz z dz | The -j assimilates to the verb ending:   keres →‎ keress   metsz →‎ metssz   hoz →‎ hozz   edz →‎ eddz (No change in the short -d form of 2nd-person singular definite: keresd, metszd, hozd, edzd.) | The -j assimilates to the verb ending:   keres →‎ keress   metsz →‎ metssz   hoz →‎ hozz   edz →‎ eddz (No change in the short -d form of 2nd-person singular definite: keresd, metszd, hozd, edzd.) | The -j assimilates to the verb ending:   keres →‎ keress   metsz →‎ metssz   hoz →‎ hozz   edz →‎ eddz (No change in the short -d form of 2nd-person singular definite: keresd, metszd, hozd, edzd.) |
| st szt | The -t is removed, the -j assimilates to the -s, -sz:   fest →‎ fess   fáraszt →‎ fárassz Short -d forms: fesd, fáraszd. | The -t is removed, the -j assimilates to the -s, -sz:   fest →‎ fess   fáraszt →‎ fárassz Short -d forms: fesd, fáraszd. | The -t is removed, the -j assimilates to the -s, -sz:   fest →‎ fess   fáraszt →‎ fárassz Short -d forms: fesd, fáraszd. |
| long vowel + t or consonant + t | The -j becomes -s:   segít →‎ segíts   bont →‎ bonts Exceptions: bocsát → bocsáss, lát → láss Short -d forms: segítsd, bontsd; lásd, bocsásd. | The -j becomes -s:   segít →‎ segíts   bont →‎ bonts Exceptions: bocsát → bocsáss, lát → láss Short -d forms: segítsd, bontsd; lásd, bocsásd. | The -j becomes -s:   segít →‎ segíts   bont →‎ bonts Exceptions: bocsát → bocsáss, lát → láss Short -d forms: segítsd, bontsd; lásd, bocsásd. |
| short vowel + t | Both the stem-final -t and the -j become -s:   mutat → mutass, szeret → szeress Short -d forms: mutasd, szeresd. | Both the stem-final -t and the -j become -s:   mutat → mutass, szeret → szeress Short -d forms: mutasd, szeresd. | Both the stem-final -t and the -j become -s:   mutat → mutass, szeret → szeress Short -d forms: mutasd, szeresd. |

### See also

* Category:Hungarian verb forms
* Appendix:Hungarian suffixes