# 咳

| 咳 | U+54B3, &#21683; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-54B3 |
| ← 咲 [U+54B2] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 咴 → [U+54B4] |

## Translingual
### Han character

咳 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 口卜女人 (RYVO), four-corner 6008$_2$, composition ⿰口亥)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 187, character 10
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3555
* Dae Jaweon: page 406, character 12
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 622, character 4
* Unihan data for U+54B3

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 該 | *kɯː |
| 垓 | *kɯː |
| 賅 | *kɯː |
| 陔 | *kɯː |
| 豥 | *kɯː, *ɡɯː |
| 荄 | *kɯː, *krɯː |
| 郂 | *kɯː |
| 姟 | *kɯː |
| 絯 | *kɯː, *ɡrɯːʔ |
| 晐 | *kɯː |
| 峐 | *kɯː |
| 侅 | *kɯː, *kʰɯː, *ɡɯːʔ, *ɡrɯːʔ |
| 胲 | *kɯː |
| 頦 | *kɯːʔ, *ɡɯː |
| 奒 | *kʰɯː |
| 輆 | *kʰɯːʔ |
| 欬 | *kʰɯːɡs, *qraːds |
| 硋 | *ŋɡɯːɡs |
| 閡 | *ŋɡɯːɡs |
| 咳 | *qʰɯː, *ɡɯː |
| 孩 | *ɡɯː |
| 亥 | *ɡɯːʔ |
| 劾 | *ɡɯːɡs, *kʰrɯːɡs, *ɡɯːɡ |
| 痎 | *krɯː |
| 烗 | *kʰrɯːɡs |
| 骸 | *ɡrɯː |
| 駭 | *ɡrɯːʔ |
| 刻 | *kʰɯːɡ |
| 餩 | *qɯːɡ |
| 核 | *ɡuːd, *ɡrɯːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *qʰɯː, *ɡɯː): semantic 口 + phonetic 亥 (OC *ɡɯːʔ).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): ké, kài (ke$^2$, kai$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄜˊ, ㄎㄞˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): kat$^1$ / koi$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khiet / khiat
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kai / ka / kha
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hai$^6$ / ga$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: ké
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄜˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ké
*** Wade–Giles: kʻo$^2$
*** Yale: ké
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ker
*** Palladius: кэ (kɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɤ³⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, obsolete)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kài
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄞˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kài
*** Wade–Giles: kʻai$^4$
*** Yale: kài
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kay
*** Palladius: кай (kaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰaɪ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: kat$^1$ / koi$^3$
*** Yale: kāt / koi
*** Cantonese Pinyin: kat$^7$ / koi$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ked$^1$ / koi$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɐt̚⁵/, /kʰɔːi̯³³/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiet
*** Hakka Romanization System: kied$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kiad$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯et̚²/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiat
*** Hakka Romanization System: kiad$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kiad$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯at̚²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kai
*** Tâi-lô: kai
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kay
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kai⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kai³³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ka
*** Tâi-lô: ka
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kaf
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ka⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ka³³/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kha
*** Tâi-lô: kha
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qaf
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kʰa⁴⁴/
* kai - literary;
* ka - vernacular.
* Middle Chinese: hoj
Rime :
| Character | 咳 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 咍 (41) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 戸來切 |
| Baxter | hoj |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦʌi/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦəi/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣɒi/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦəj/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣᴀi/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣɒi/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣɑ̆i/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | hái |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hoi$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kʰˤək-s/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 咳 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | kài |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ khoj$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰˁək-s/ |
| English | cough |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||

#### Definitions

咳
* to cough
    咳到好辛苦 [Cantonese] ― kat$^1$ dou$^3$ hou$^2$ san$^1$ fu$^2$ [Jyutping] ― painfully cough
    咳出一口血來／咳出一口血来 ― ké chū yī kǒu xiě lái ― to cough up a mouthful of blood
* cough

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 嗽, 欬 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 咳嗽 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 咳嗽 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 咳嗽 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Ulanhot | 咳嗽 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tongliao | 咳嗽 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 咳嗽 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 咳嗽 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 咳嗽 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 咳嗽 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 咳嗽 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 咳嗽 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 咳嗽 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 咳嗽 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 咳嗽 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 咳嗽 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 咳嗽 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 咳嗽 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 咳嗽 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 咳嗽 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Bayanhot | 咳嗽 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 咳嗽, 咳 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 咳嗽 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 咳嗽 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 咳, 咯 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 咳嗽 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 咳嗽 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 咳嗽 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 咳嗽 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 咳, 咳嗽 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 咳嗽 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Huanggang | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 咳嗽 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 咳嗽 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 瘕 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 嗽 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 嗽 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 咳, 嗽 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan | 咳, 咳嗽 |
| Cantonese | Yunfu | 咳瘕 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 嗽, 咳嗽 |
| Cantonese | Xinyi | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Lianjiang | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 咳嗽 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 咳, 咳嗽 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 咳嗽 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 咳嗽 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 咳 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 咳 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 嗽, 咳嗽 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 嗽, 咳嗽 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 嗽, 咳嗽 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 嗽, 咳嗽 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 咳, 咳嗽 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 嗽, 咳嗽 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 咳 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 咳 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 咳嗽, 咳, 嗽 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 咳嗽 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 咳嗽 |
| Jin | Taibus (Baochang) | 咳嗽 |
| Jin | Linhe | 咳嗽 |
| Jin | Jining | 咳嗽 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 咳嗽 |
| Jin | Baotou | 咳嗽 |
| Jin | Dongsheng | 咳嗽 |
| Jin | Haibowan | 咳嗽 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 咳嗽 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 嗽, 空嗽 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou (Changle) | 空嗽 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 嗽 |
| Eastern Min | Yongtai | 空嗽 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 嗽 |
| Eastern Min | Fu'an | 嗽 |
| Eastern Min | Ningde | 嗽 |
| Eastern Min | Shouning | 嗽 |
| Eastern Min | Zhouning | 嗽 |
| Eastern Min | Fuding | 嗽 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 咁嗽, 咳嗽, 嗽 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 咁嗽 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 咁嗽, 咳嗽 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 嗽, 咳嗽 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 嗽, 咳嗽, 峇啅 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 咳嗽, 嗽 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 嗽 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 咳嗽 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 咳嗽 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 咳嗽 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 咳嗽 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 咳嗽 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 咳嗽 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 瘕咆 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 瘕咆 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 咳 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 咳 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 咳嗽 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 咳嗽 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 咳嗽, 咳 |
| Wu | Wuxi | 咳嗽 |
| Wu | Danyang | 咳嗽 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 嗆, 咳嗽 |
| Wu | Hangzhou (Yuhang) | 嗆, 咳嗽 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 嗆, 嗽, 咳嗽 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 嗽, 咳嗽 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 咳嗽, 咳 |
| Wu | Jinhua (Tangxi) | 嗽 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 咳嗽, 咳 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 𠻞 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 𠻞 |

#### Compounds

* 乾咳 / 干咳 (gānké)
* 北京咳
* 咳唾
* 咳唾成珠
* 咳嗆 / 咳呛
* 咳嗽
* 咳嗽糖漿 / 咳嗽糖浆 (késòu tángjiāng)
* 咳水
* 咳痰 (kétán)
* 咳藥水 / 咳药水
* 喘咳
* 嗆咳 / 呛咳 (qiàngké)
* 止咳 (zhǐké)
* 止咳水
* 止咳糖漿 / 止咳糖浆 (zhǐké tángjiāng)
* 氣咳 / 气咳
* 珠璣咳唾 / 珠玑咳唾 (zhūjīkétuò)
* 百日咳 (bǎirìké)
* 鎮咳 / 镇咳

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): hāi (hai$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄞ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): haai$^1$ / hei$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hai
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hai$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hāi
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄞ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hai
*** Wade–Giles: hai$^1$
*** Yale: hāi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hai
*** Palladius: хай (xaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /xaɪ̯⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: haai$^1$ / hei$^1$
*** Yale: hāai / hēi
*** Cantonese Pinyin: haai$^1$ / hei$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hai$^1$ / héi$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /haːi̯⁵⁵/, /hei̯⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hai
*** Tâi-lô: hai
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hay
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hai³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hai⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: hai$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hai
*** Sinological IPA : /hai³³/

#### Definitions

咳
* Used to express sorrow, remorse, or surprise.

#### Compounds

* 咳歌打戰 / 咳歌打战
* 咳聲嘆息 / 咳声叹息
* 咳聲嘆氣 / 咳声叹气
* 咳聲打氣 / 咳声打气

### Pronunciation 3

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): hái (hai$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄞˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hoi$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hái
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄞˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hái
*** Wade–Giles: hai$^2$
*** Yale: hái
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hair
*** Palladius: хай (xaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /xaɪ̯³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hoi$^4$
*** Yale: hòih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hoi$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hoi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɔːi̯²¹/
* Middle Chinese: hoj
Rime :
| Character | 咳 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 咍 (41) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 戸來切 |
| Baxter | hoj |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦʌi/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦəi/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣɒi/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦəj/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣᴀi/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣɒi/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣɑ̆i/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | hái |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hoi$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡɯː/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 咳 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 4825 |
| Phonetic component | 亥 |
| Rime group | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 孩 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡɯː/ |

#### Definitions

咳
* (of infant) to laugh; to cackle
* Alternative form of 孩 (hái, “child; infant”)
* interjection for sighing or order
* Alternative form of 閡 / 阂 (“to be cut off from”)

### Pronunciation 4

* Cantonese (Jyutping): kak$^1$
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: kak$^1$
*** Yale: kāk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: kak$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: keg$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɐk̚⁵/

#### Definitions

咳
* (Cantonese) Alternative form of 㩿 (kak$^1$) (Used in 甩咳.)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: がい (gai)、け (ke)、げ (ge)
* Kan-on: かい (kai)
* Kan’yō-on: がい (gai)
* Kun: せく (seku, 咳く)、せき (seki, 咳)、しわぶく (shiwabuku, 咳く)、しわぶき (shiwabuki, 咳)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 咳
* せき Hyōgai
* kun'yomi
From the 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb せく (“to cough”). Cognate with 堰 (seki, “dam”).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) せき [sèkíꜜ] (Odaka –)
* IPA: [se̞kʲi]

### Noun

咳(せき) • (seki)
* a cough
    咳(せき)が出(で)る ― seki ga deru ― I have a cough.

### References

* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

咳 • (hae) (hangeul 해)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Tày
### Particle

咳 (hợi, ới)
* Nôm form of hợi.
    勸𪫆对珠斋咳𱻰Khuyên mừa đuổi chua tai hợi nhỉ(please add an English translation of this usage example)
* Nôm form of ới.
    各𫰇咳各娘Các noọng ới các nàng(please add an English translation of this usage example)

### Verb

咳 (cài)
* Nôm form of cài (“to spit out”).
    𥃸欣𮓳𱐍槣𢫕芭 𲄝烺咟咳䋡删㹰Tha hăn mọn giú ký vẻng bâư Đang lương pác gài giầư san quéngThe silkworm was seen done with [eating] leaves on the shelves, Its body yellow and its mouth spitting out silk to build a cocoon

### References

* Lục Văn Pảo, Hoàng Tuấn Nam (2003) Hoàng Triều Ân, editor, Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày [A Dictionary of (chữ) Nôm Tày]‎ (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội

## Vietnamese
### Han character

咳: Hán Nôm readings: cay, hãy, hỡi, khái, gay, gây
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation