# 卻

| 卻 | U+537B, &#21371; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-537B |
| ← 卺 [U+537A] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 卼 → [U+537C] |

## Translingual

| Japanese | 却 |
| Simplified | 却 |
| Traditional | 卻 |

### Han character

卻 (Kangxi radical 26, 卩+7, 9 strokes, cangjie input 金口尸中 (CRSL), four-corner 8762$_0$, composition ⿰谷卩(GHTKV) or ⿰𧮫卩(J))

#### Derived characters

* 𠊬, 𠶸, 𢔱, 𢜭, 腳, 𦃁, 𧍕, 𨍖, 𤷽
* 㮝 (Exception: Only for mainland China. Taiwan character form contains 郤 instead)

#### Related characters

* 却 (Preferred form used in mainland China and Japan)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 159, character 28
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2867
* Dae Jaweon: page 365, character 11
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 317, character 2
* Unihan data for U+537B

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 卻 :
| Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 腳 | *kaɡ |
| 脚 | *kaɡ |
| 卻 | *kaɡ, *kʰaɡ |
| 却 | *kʰaɡ |
| 谻 | *kraɡ, *kraɡ |
| 郤 | *kʰraɡ |
| 綌 | *kʰraɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kaɡ, *kʰaɡ): phonetic 𧮫 (jué) + semantic 卩.

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): què (que$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄑㄩㄝˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): quo$^2$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): koek$^3$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): kiak$^2$
* Gan (Wiktionary): qioh$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): khiok
    (Hailu, HRS): kiog
    (Meixian, Guangdong): kiog$^5$
* Jin (Wiktionary): qieh$^4$ / qyeh$^4$
* Northern Min (KCR): kiŏ̤
* Eastern Min (BUC): kiók
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): kyoh$^6$ / kyeh$^6$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): khiok / khiak / khioh
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kiag$^4$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^7$chiaq
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): qio$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: què
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄩㄝˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cyuè
*** Wade–Giles: chʻüeh$^4$
*** Yale: chywè
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiueh
*** Palladius: цюэ (cjue)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰy̯ɛ⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: quo$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: kiuo
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰyo²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: koek$^3$
*** Yale: keuk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: koek$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: kêg$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰœːk̚³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: kiak$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰiak̚⁵⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: qioh$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰiɔʔ⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiok
*** Hakka Romanization System: kiog$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kiog$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯ok̚²/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: kiog
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰiok⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: kiog$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰiɔk̚¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: qieh$^4$ / qyeh$^4$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕʰiəʔ²/, /t͡ɕʰyəʔ²/
* qieh4 - vernacular;
* qyeh4 - literary.
* Middle Chinese: kjak, khjak
Rime :
| Character | 卻 | 卻 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 藥 (107) | 藥 (107) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 居勺切 | 去約切 |
| Baxter | kjak | khjak |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɨɐk̚/ | /kʰɨɐk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kiɐk̚/ | /kʰiɐk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kiɑk̚/ | /kʰiɑk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kɨak̚/ | /kʰɨak̚/ |
| Li Rong | /kiak̚/ | /kʰiak̚/ |
| Wang Li | /kĭak̚/ | /kʰĭak̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ki̯ak̚/ | /kʰi̯ak̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jue | que |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | goek$^3$ | hoek$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ʰak/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kaɡ/, /*kʰaɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 卻 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | què |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ khjak › |
| Old Chinese | /*[k]ʰak/ |
| English | decline, refuse |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 卻 | 卻 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 10739 | 10740 |
| Phonetic component | 郤 | 郤 |
| Rime group | 鐸 | 鐸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 腳 | |
| Old Chinese | /*kaɡ/ | /*kʰaɡ/ |

### Definitions

卻
* to withdraw; to retreat
    退卻／退却 ― tuìquè ― to retreat
* (literary) to drive back (enemy)
    卻敵／却敌 ― quèdí ― to drive back an enemy
* to decline; to refuse
    推卻／推却 ― tuīquè ― to decline
* (particle placed after monosyllabic verbs) to do away with
    忘卻／忘却 ― wàngquè ― to forget
    了卻／了却 ― lequè ― to end
    From: Romance of the Three Kingdoms (translation by Yu Sumei)
    Yú hàirán yuē: “Cǐ rén yǒu duó tiāndì zàohuà zhī fǎ, guǐshén bùcè zhī shù! Ruò liú cǐ rén, nǎi Dōngwú huògēn yě. Jí zǎo shāquè, miǎn shēng tārì zhī yōu.” [Pinyin]
    In consternation Zhou Yu said, "This man has snatched some method from the creative force of Heaven and earth, some unfathomable technic from the world of departed spirits. Why allow him to remain among us and cause trouble, when his elimination would save such great grief?"
* (only sentence-medially) but; yet; however
       jiǎndān què yǒuxiào de fāngfǎ [Pinyin]
       simple yet effective way
       Wǒ xǐhuān nǐ, què bùgǎn biǎodá. [Pinyin]
       I love you, but I do not have the courage to express it.
    From: 程煥 (2021 August 13) ““排雷英战士”杜富国——永不停下奋斗的脚步事”, in People's Daily (in Chinese), page 4
    Jīngguò sān tiān sān yè 5 cì dà shǒushù, Dù Fùguó cóng sǐwángxiàn shàng bèi jiù le huílái, dàn què yǒngyuǎn de shīqù le shuāngshǒu hé shuāngyǎn. [Pinyin]
    After 5 major surgeries in three days, Du Fuguo was saved from the verge of death, but yet had permanently lost his arms and eyes.

#### Compounds

* 了卻 / 了却 (liǎoquè)
* 免卻 / 免却
* 冷卻 / 冷却 (lěngquè)
* 冷卻器 / 冷却器
* 前卻 / 前却
* 剗卻 / 刬却
* 卻不 / 却不
* 卻不道 / 却不道
* 卻之不恭 / 却之不恭
* 卻又 / 却又
* 卻少 / 却少 (quèshào)
* 卻待 / 却待 (quèdài)
* 卻後 / 却后
* 卻扇 / 却扇
* 卻是 / 却是 (quèshì)
* 卻月 / 却月
* 卻步 / 却步 (quèbù)
* 卻略 / 却略
* 卻病 / 却病
* 卻病延年 / 却病延年
* 卻立 / 却立
* 卻纔 / 却才
* 卻老 / 却老
* 卻行 / 却行
* 卻說 / 却说 (quèshuō)
* 失卻 / 失却 (shīquè)
* 忘卻 / 忘却 (wàngquè)
* 拒卻 / 拒却
* 拚卻 / 拚却
* 拋卻 / 抛却
* 拼卻 / 拼却
* 推卻 / 推却 (tuīquè)
* 擺袖卻金 / 摆袖却金
* 望而卻步 / 望而却步 (wàng'érquèbù)
* 杜門卻掃 / 杜门却扫
* 烏魯卻勒 / 乌鲁却勒 (Wūlǔquèlè)
* 盛情難卻 / 盛情难却
* 省卻 / 省却 (shěngquè)
* 瞞卻 / 瞒却
* 謝卻 / 谢却
* 趑趄卻顧 / 趑趄却顾
* 輕水冷卻 / 轻水冷却
* 辭卻 / 辞却
* 退卻 / 退却 (tuìquè)
* 閉門卻掃 / 闭门却扫
* 閉關卻掃 / 闭关却扫
* 闔門卻掃 / 阖门却扫
* 除卻 / 除却 (chúquè)

### References

* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00457
* “卻”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* (Min Nan) “卻”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* Alternative form of 却 (“instead; on the contrary”)

#### Readings

* Kan-on: きゃく (kyaku)
* Kun: しりぞく (shirizoku, 卻く)、しりぞける (shirizokeru, 卻ける)、かえって (kaette, 卻って)

## Korean
### Hanja

卻 (eum 각 (gak))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

卻: Hán Nôm readings: khước
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation