# مال
## Arabic
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /maː.li/

#### Adverb

مَالِ • (māli)
* Obsolete spelling of مَا لِ (mā li).
** 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 61:2-3:فَمَالِ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا۟...famāli llaḏīna kafarū...So what is with those who disbelieve...

### Etymology 2

Probably a univerbation of مَا (mā, “what”) + ل (l-, “to; belonging to”), as in مَا لِي (mā lī, “what belongs to me”). The root م و ل (m w l) then developed denominally. While this may seem like popular etymology, similar univerbations do exist in Arabic; compare particularly the dialectal verb جَاب (jāb). Compare also Classical Syriac ܡܵܠܵܐ (mālā, “property, wealth”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /maːl/
* Audio:(file)

#### Noun

مَال • (māl) m (plural أَمْوَال (ʔamwāl))
* property, possessions, chattels, goods
* wealth, affluence
* fortune, estate
* money
* income, revenue
* assets, capital, stock, fund
* (Islam, law) marketable title
* (Egypt) tax, land tax

##### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: mal
* → Bashkir: мал (mal)
* → Bengali: মাল (mal)
* → Crimean Tatar: mal
* → French: mala
* → Kazakh: мал (mal)
* → Kyrgyz: мал (mal)
* → Northern Kurdish: mal
* → Maltese: miel
* → Mongolian: мал (mal)
* → Old Armenian: մալ (mal)
** Middle Armenian: մալ (mal)
*** Armenian: մալ (mal)
* → Nogai: мал (mal)
* → Persian: مال (mâl)
** → Assamese: মাল (mal)
** → Hindustani:
    Hindi: माल (māl)
    Urdu: مال (māl)
** → Sindhi: 𑋗𑋠𑋚𑋣 (mālu)
* → Swahili: mali
** → Ila: madi
** → Northern Ndebele: imali
** → Rwanda-Rundi: imari
** → Shona: mari
** → Tswana: madi
** → Xhosa: imali
** → Zulu: imali
*** → English: mali
* → Tatar: мал (mal)
** → Georgian: მალი (mali)
** → Middle Armenian: մալ (mal)
* → Tofa: мал
* → Turkish: mal
** → Albanian: mall
* → Tuvan: мал (mal)
* → Uzbek: mol
* → Yakut: мал (mal)

#### References

* Bauer, Hans (1935) “Etymologica I”, in Zeitschrift für Semitistik und verwandte Gebiete (in German), volume 10, page 1
* Freytag, Georg (1837) “مال”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎ (in Latin), volume 4, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 221
* Kazimirski, Albin de Biberstein (1860) “مال”, in Dictionnaire arabe-français contenant toutes les racines de la langue arabe, leurs dérivés, tant dans l’idiome vulgaire que dans l’idiome littéral, ainsi que les dialectes d’Alger et de Maroc‎ (in French), volume 2, Paris: Maisonneuve et C$^{ie}$, page 1168
* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “مال”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen, page 983
* Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “مال”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart‎ (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, page 1233

### Etymology 3
#### Verb

مَالَ • (māla) I (non-past يَمِيلُ (yamīlu), verbal noun مَيْل (mayl) or مَيَلَان (mayalān) or مَيْلُولَة (maylūla) or تَمْيَال (tamyāl) or مَمَال (mamāl) or مَمِيل (mamīl))
* to bend, bend down [with إِلَى (ʔilā) ‘to someone/something’ or عَلَى (ʕalā) ‘over someone/something’]
* to bow down, to turn [with إِلَى (ʔilā) ‘to someone’]
* to bend, to incline, to slope
* to incline, to be favorably disposed [with إِلَى (ʔilā) ‘towards someone/something’]
* to sympathize [with إِلَى (ʔilā) ‘with someone/something’]
* to side [with مَعَ (maʕa) ‘with someone/something’]
* to lean, to be inclined [with عَلَى (ʕalā) ‘against someone/something’]
* to have an antipathy [with عَلَى (ʕalā) ‘against someone/something’]
* to revolt, to rebel [with عَلَى (ʕalā) ‘against someone/something’]
* to take or drag along [with بِ (bi) ‘someone/something’ and إِلَى (ʔilā) ‘somewhere’]

##### Conjugation
#### Verb

مَالَ • (māla) I (non-past يَمِيلُ (yamīlu), verbal noun مُيُول (muyūl))
* to prepare to set (of the sun)
* to come to an end (of the day or night)

##### Conjugation
#### References

* Freytag, Georg (1837) “مال”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎ (in Latin), volume 4, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 225
* Kazimirski, Albin de Biberstein (1860) “مال”, in Dictionnaire arabe-français contenant toutes les racines de la langue arabe, leurs dérivés, tant dans l’idiome vulgaire que dans l’idiome littéral, ainsi que les dialectes d’Alger et de Maroc‎ (in French), volume 2, Paris: Maisonneuve et C$^{ie}$, page 1174
* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “مال”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen, page 1089
* Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “مال”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart‎ (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, page 1239

## Gulf Arabic
### Adverb

مال • (māl)
* Followed by a noun or a pronominal suffix to indicate possession
    الكتاب كان مالها. ― l-kitāb kān mālha. ― The book belonged to her.

## Laki
### Etymology

Related to Persian ماندن (mândan, “to stay, remain”).

### Noun

مال (mal)
* house

## Persian
### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [mɑːl]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [mɑːl]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [mɑːl]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [mɑːl]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [mɔːl̥]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [mɒːl̥]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [mɔl]
* Audio (Iran):(file)

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Arabic مَال (māl). The pronominal use is also found in Iraqi Arabic, hence it may have entered Persian through dialectical Arabic.

#### Noun

مال • (mâl) (plural اموال (amvâl) or مال‌ها (mâl-hâ))
* Used in the singular with a subsequent ezâfe to form constructions equivalent to English possessive pronouns and constructions.
    Synonym: از آن (az ân-e)
    آن سگ بزرگ مال توست؟ ― ân sag-e bozorg mâl-e to-st? ― Is that big dog yours?
    این کتاب مال من نیست. ― in ketâb mâl-e man nist. ― This book isn't mine.
    این مال ایران است؟ ― in mâl-e irân ast? ― Is this from Iran?
    این داستان مال ۱۵ سال پیشه.in dâstân mâl-e 15 sâl-e piš-e.This story is from fifteen years ago.
    بیشتر کلاسام مال صبحه.bištar kelâsâm mâl-e sobh-e.Most of my classes are in the morning.
* (as an independent noun) property, wealth, money, assets

##### Usage notes

* This noun forms the Persian equivalent to English possessive pronouns and constructions. For example, "mine" is مال من (mâl-e man) and "yours" is مال تو (mâl-e to). However, the sense is broader than the English equivalents: مال ایران (mâl-e irân) means not only "something belonging to Iran" but also "something from Iran" or even "something pertaining to Iran".
* In the literary language, از آن (az ân-e, “that”) can be used for similar purposes: این پول از آن کیست؟ از آن ماست (in pul az ân-e ki-st? az ân-e mâ-st, “Whose money is this? It's ours”). While it is not commonly used in the modern speech of Iran, it is more prevalent than مال (mâl-e) in the eastern dialects of Persian.

##### Derived terms

* مالی (mâli)

##### Descendants

* → Assamese: মাল (mal)
* → Hindustani:
    Hindi: माल (māl)
    Urdu: مال (māl)
* → Sindhi: 𑋗𑋠𑋚𑋣 (mālu)

### Etymology 2
#### Verb

مال • (mâl)
* present stem form of مالیدن (mâlidan, “to rub”)

##### Derived terms

* دستمال (dastmâl)
* رومال (rumâl)
* درزمال (darzmâl)

### References

* ↑ Gernot Windfuhr, John R. Perry (2009) “Persian and Tajik” (chapter 8), in The Iranian Languages‎ (in English), page 435: “Possession 'mine, yours, his', etc., is expressed by EZ constructions: Persian māl-e, lit. 'possession of', Tajik az on-i 'from that of' followed by an independent pronoun. Az ān-i and similar constructions are also found in local Persian dialects and earlier stages of Persian.”

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From ما (mā, “what”) +‎ لـ (la-, “to”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /maː.lo/, [ˈmæː.lo]
* Audio (Ramallah):(file)

### Phrase

مال • (māl)
* what's up with, what's wrong with
    (شو) مالك؟ ― (šū) mālak? ― What's wrong with you?
    (شو) مال أحمد؟ ― (šū) māl ʔaḥmad? ― What's up with Ahmad?
    ماله الحمار؟ ― mālo l-ḥmār ― What's up with the donkey?

#### Inflection
## Urdu
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Classical Persian مال (māl), from Arabic مَال (māl).

#### Noun

مال • (māl) m (Hindi spelling माल)
* property, possessions, goods
* wealth
* fortune, estate
* merchandise, stock
* money
* income, revenue
* finance
* prize
* assets, capital, fund

##### Derived terms

* مال گاڑی (māl gāṛī)

##### Related terms

* مالی (mālī)

### Etymology 2

From Sanskrit मल्ल (malla).

#### Noun

مال • (māl) m (Hindi spelling माल)
* wrestler
* boxer
* prizefighter
* athlete
* champion
* hero

### Etymology 3

From Sanskrit माल्य (mālya) or माला (mālā).

#### Noun

مال • (māl) f (Hindi spelling माल)
* wreath
* garland