# क्षमा
## Hindi
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit क्षमा (kṣamā). Doublet of छमा (chamā).

### Pronunciation

* (Delhi) IPA: /kʂə.mɑː/, [kʃɐ.mäː]

### Noun

क्षमा • (kṣamā) f (Urdu spelling کشما)
* (formal) a pardon, forgiveness
    Synonym: माफ़ी (māfī)
    मैं आपसे क्षमा माँगता हूँ।ma͠i āpse kṣamā māṅgtā hū̃.I request forgiveness from you.

#### Declension
### Proper noun

क्षमा • (kṣamā) f (Urdu spelling کشما)
* a female given name, Kshama, from Sanskrit

#### Declension
### Further reading

* McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “क्षमा”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press
* Platts, John T. (1884) “क्षमा”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.

## Marathi
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Marathi 𑘎𑘿𑘬𑘦𑘰 (kṣamā), from Sanskrit क्षमा (kṣamā).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kʂə.ma/

### Noun

क्षमा • (kṣamā) f
* forgiveness, pardon
    Synonym: माफी (māphī)
    मी तुमची क्षमा मागतो ― mī tumcī kṣamā māgto ― I beg your pardon
* (rare) patience
    Synonyms: संयम (saiyam), धीर (dhīr)
* (rare) endurance
    Synonyms: सहनशक्ती (sahanśaktī), सहनशीलता (sahnaśīltā)
* (archaic, literary) the Earth
    Synonyms: धरती (dhartī), पृथ्वी (pruthvī)

#### Declension
### Proper noun

क्षमा • (kṣamā) f
* a female given name, Kshama, from Sanskrit

### References

* Molesworth, James Thomas (1857) “क्षमा”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press
* Shankar Gopal Tulpule, Anne Feldhaus (1999) “क्षमा”, in A Dictionary of Old Marathi, Mumbai: Popular Prakashan

## Sanskrit
### Alternative scripts

* ক্ষমা (Assamese script)
* ᬓ᭄ᬱᬫᬵ (Balinese script)
* ক্ষমা (Bengali script)
* 𑰎𑰿𑰬𑰦𑰯 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀫𑀸 (Brahmi script)
* က္ၑမာ (Burmese script)
* ક્ષમા (Gujarati script)
* ਕ੍ਸ਼ਮਾ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌕𑍍𑌷𑌮𑌾 (Grantha script)
* ꦏ꧀ꦰꦩꦴ (Javanese script)
* 𑂍𑂹𑂭𑂧𑂰 (Kaithi script)
* ಕ್ಷಮಾ (Kannada script)
* ក្ឞមា (Khmer script)
* ກ຺ຩມາ (Lao script)
* ക്ഷമാ (Malayalam script)
* ᡬᢢᠠᠮᠠᢇ (Manchu script)
* 𑘎𑘿𑘬𑘦𑘰 (Modi script)
* ᢉᢔᠠᠮᠠ᠋᠎ᠠ (Mongolian script)
* 𑦮𑧠𑧌𑧆𑧑 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐩𑐵 (Newa script)
* କ୍ଷମା (Odia script)
* ꢒ꣄ꢰꢪꢵ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆑𑇀𑆰𑆩𑆳 (Sharada script)
* 𑖎𑖿𑖬𑖦𑖯 (Siddham script)
* ක්‍ෂමා (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩜 𑪙𑪀𑩴𑩛 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚊𑚶𑚢𑚭 (Takri script)
* க்ஷமா (Tamil script)
* క్షమా (Telugu script)
* กฺษมา (Thai script)
* ཀྵ་མཱ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒏𑓂𑒭𑒧𑒰 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨋𑩇𑨯𑨢𑨊 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /kʂɐ.mɑː/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /kʂɐ.mɑː/

### Etymology 1

From the root क्षम् (kṣam, “to be patient”) +‎ -आ (-ā).

#### Noun

क्षमा • (kṣamā) stem, f
* patience, forbearance, indulgence
** c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata
* patience (personified as a daughter of Dakṣa and wife of Pulaha)
* tameness (as of an antelope)
* resistance
* name of Durga
* the khadira tree (Acacia catechu)
* name of a female shepherd
* name of a species of the atijagatī- metre
* of a śākta authoress of mantras
* of a river (equals vetravatī-)

##### Declension

* ¹Vedic
* ²Brāhmaṇas

##### Descendants

* Assamese: ক্ষমা (khoma)
* Bengali: ক্ষমা (khoma)
* Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀔𑀫𑀸 (khamā)
* → Old Marathi: 𑘎𑘿𑘬𑘦𑘰 (kṣamā)
** Marathi: क्षमा (kṣamā)
* → Nepali: क्षमा (kṣamā)
* Pali: khamā
* Punjabi: ਖਿਮਾ (khimā)
* Sindhi: کِما
* Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀙𑀫𑀸 (chamā)
** Hindustani:
*** Hindi: छमा (chamā)
*** Urdu: چهما (chamā)
* Awadhi: छमा (chamā)
* Marwari: छमा (chamā)
* → Gujarati: ક્ષમા (kṣamā) (learned)
* → Hindustani: (learned)
    Hindi: क्षमा (kṣamā)
    Urdu: کشما (kṣamā)
* Kannada: ಕ್ಷಮೆ (kṣame)
* → Tamil: க்ஷமை (kṣamai) / சமை (camai)
* → Telugu: క్షమ (kṣama)
* → Chinese: 懺摩 / 忏摩 (chànmó)

### Etymology 2

From क्षम् (kṣám, “earth, ground”), but the suffix is unclear, possibly instrumental singular.

#### Adverb

क्षमा • (kṣamā́)
* on the earth, on the floor

### Etymology 3

From क्षम् (kṣám, “earth, ground”) +‎ -आ (-ā).

#### Noun

क्षमा • (kṣamā) stem, f
* earth

##### Declension

* ¹Vedic
* ²Brāhmaṇas

##### Descendants

* Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀔𑀫𑀸 (khamā)
* Old Marathi: 𑘎𑘿𑘬𑘦𑘰 (kṣamā) / 𑘎𑘿𑘬𑘹𑘦𑘰 (kṣemā)
** → Marathi: क्षमा (kṣamā)
* Pali: khamā
* → Telugu: క్షమ (kṣama)

### References

* Monier Williams (1899) “क्षमा”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 326.
* ↑ Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 97: “kṣamā́ 'auf der Erde, zu Boden' ...”