# 永

| 永 | U+6C38, &#27704; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6C38 |
| ← 氷 [U+6C37] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 氹 → [U+6C39] |

## Translingual
### Han character

永 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+1, 5 strokes, cangjie input 戈弓水 (INE), four-corner 3023$_2$, composition ⿱丶⿲㇇𠃌⿺㇏丿)

#### Derived characters

* 𠇟, 𫥆, 咏, 𪣉, 𡛻, 怺, 𢫕, 泳, 昹, 栐, 𪸠, 𤤯, 脉, 𬨣, 眿, 𣴏, 𬗊, 𦕟, 𦨬, 䘑, 𠶇, 詠, 𮛕, 𮝊, 𨠕, 𨥭, 𩊍, 𩖻, 𩈗, 𦘢, 𩶙, 𫴇
* 𰀺, 𣲈, 𠰦, 𢒋, 昶, 𪵵, 𬐔, 𦨤, 𧠧, 𬇾, 𬱁, 𭯼, 𧵕, 𰁯, 𦭔, 㫤, 羕, 𣼁

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 603, character 4
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17088
* Dae Jaweon: page 996, character 4
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1546, character 3
* Unihan data for U+6C38

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 永 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 永 | *ɢʷraŋʔ |
| 栐 | *ɢʷraŋʔ |
| 泳 | *ɢʷraŋs |
| 詠 | *ɢʷraŋs |
| 咏 | *ɢʷraŋs |
Pictogram (象形) of a long river with tributaries. Cognate with 𠂢, 派.
Alternatively, pictogram (象形) of a person swimming in the water. Original form of 泳 (OC *ɢʷraŋs).

### Etymology

Uncertain.
* STEDT compares 永 (OC *ɢʷraŋʔ) to provisional Proto-Lolo-Burmese meso-root *ʔ-m(y)aŋ¹/³;
* Bodman (1980) derived 永 (OC *ɢʷraŋʔ) from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *wrjaŋ & considered it cognate with Lepcha ᰝᰥᰤᰰ (hryăn) as well as Tibetan རྒྱོང་བ (rgyong ba, “to extend; to stretch”) and རྒྱང་མ (rgyang ma, “distance”);
* Schuessler (2007) considered to be unclear any connection with 泂 (OC *ɡʷeːŋʔ) and Tibetan རིང (ring, “to be tall, long”), Western Tamang rehng pā (“to be long”), Burmese ရှည် (hrany, “to be long”), (all from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-r(i/u)ŋ (“to be long, to elongate”)) & Proto-Loloish *s/m-riŋ (“long (adv.)”); so Schuessler compared 永 (OC *ɢʷraŋʔ) to Khmer វែង (vɛɛng, “long”) and Khmer បង្វែង (bɑngvaeng, “to prolong, divert, mislead, deceive”) (both from Proto-Mon-Khmer *waiŋ (“long”)).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): yǒng (yong$^3$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄩㄥˇ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): yun$^3$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): wing$^5$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ven$^4$
* Gan (Wiktionary): yn$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): yún
    (Hailu, HRS): rhun$^ˊ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): yun$^3$
* Jin (Wiktionary): yng$^2$
* Northern Min (KCR): ě̤ng
* Eastern Min (BUC): īng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): yng$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): éng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): iong$^2$ / uêng$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$ion
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): yn$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yǒng
*** Zhuyin: ㄩㄥˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yǒng
*** Wade–Giles: yung$^3$
*** Yale: yǔng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yeong
*** Palladius: юн (jun)
*** Sinological IPA : /jʊŋ²¹⁴/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: yun$^3$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: wen
*** Sinological IPA : /yn⁵³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: wing$^5$
*** Yale: wíhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: wing$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: wing$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /wɪŋ¹³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ven$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ven²¹/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: yn$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /yn²¹³/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yún
*** Hakka Romanization System: iun$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yun$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /i̯un³¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yún
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)iun$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yun$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯un³¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: yun$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /iun³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: rhun$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /ʒun²⁴/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: yng$^2$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /yŋ⁵³/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ě̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /œyŋ²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: īng
*** Sinological IPA : /iŋ³³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: yng$^3$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ṳ̂ng
*** Sinological IPA : /yŋ⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: yng$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /yŋ³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: éng
*** Tâi-lô: íng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: eang
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /iɪŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /iɪŋ⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: iong$^2$ / uêng$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ióng / uéng
*** Sinological IPA : /ioŋ⁵²/, /ueŋ⁵²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$ion
*** MiniDict: ion$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$ion
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ioŋ³⁴/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: yn$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /yn⁴¹/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit永 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /yŋ²¹⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /yŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /ʐuŋ¹³/ /yŋ¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /yŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /iŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /yuŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /yŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /yə̃⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /yŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ỹn⁴⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /yŋ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /yn⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /yn⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /in⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ioŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /ioŋ²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /yn²⁴/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /yəŋ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /yŋ⁵³/ /y⁵³/ ～城村 |
| Jin | Hohhot | /ỹŋ⁵³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ioŋ³⁵/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ioŋ⁵¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ʔioŋ⁵³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /j̠oŋ³⁵/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /yʌ̃³⁵/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /yan²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /yn⁴¹/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /yn⁴²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /yn²¹³/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /iun³¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /ʒuŋ³¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /weŋ²³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /weŋ²⁴/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /wiŋ¹³/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /iŋ⁵³/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /iŋ³²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /œyŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /ioŋ⁵³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /zoŋ²¹³/ |
* Middle Chinese: hjwaengX
Rime :
| Character | 永 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 云 (35) |
| Final (韻) | 庚 (112) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 于憬切 |
| Baxter | hjwaengX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦˠwiæŋ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦʷᵚiaŋ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣiuaŋ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦwiajŋ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣiuɐŋ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣĭwɐŋ$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /i̯wɐŋ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yǒng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | wing$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ʷraŋʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɢʷraŋʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 永 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yǒng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hjwæng$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɢ]ʷraŋʔ/ |
| English | long (time) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 永 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 15423 |
| Phonetic component | 永 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 永 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɢʷraŋʔ/ |

### Definitions

永
* perpetual; eternal; permanent; forever
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Tóu wǒ yǐ mùlǐ, bào zhī yǐ qióngjiǔ. Fěi bào yě, yǒng yǐ wèi hǎo yě. [Pinyin]
    There was presented to me a plum, and I returned for it a beautiful jiu gem; not as a return for it, but that our friendship might be lasting.
* long (space or time)
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Hàn zhī guǎng yǐ, bùkě yǒng sī. Jiāng zhī yǒng yǐ, bùkě fāng sī. [Pinyin]
    The breath of the Han [river] cannot be dived across; the length of the Jiang [river] cannot be navigated with a raft.
* to prolong; to lengthen
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Jiǎojiǎo báijū, shí wǒ chǎng miáo. Zhí zhī wéi zhī, yǐ yǒng jīncháo. [Pinyin]
    Let the brilliant white colt feed on the young growth of my vegetable garden. Tether it by the foot, tie it by the collar, to prolong this morning.
* 53rd tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "eternity" (𝌺)
* a surname

### Compounds

* 一勞永逸 / 一劳永逸 (yīláoyǒngyì)
* 天人永隔
* 教澤永懷 / 教泽永怀
* 智永
* 暫勞永逸 / 暂劳永逸
* 更長漏永 / 更长漏永
* 永不磨滅 / 永不磨灭 (yǒngbùmómiè)
* 永不錄用 / 永不录用
* 永世 (yǒngshì)
* 永世無窮 / 永世无穷
* 永久 (yǒngjiǔ)
* 永久磁鐵 / 永久磁铁
* 永久齒 / 永久齿
* 永佃權 / 永佃权
* 永保無虞 / 永保无虞
* 永傳不朽 / 永传不朽
* 永別 / 永别 (yǒngbié)
* 永別酒 / 永别酒
* 永劫 (yǒngjié)
* 永吉 (Yǒngjí)
* 永和 (Yǒnghé)
* 永命
* 永嘉 (Yǒngjiā)
* 永嘉之亂 / 永嘉之乱 (Yǒngjiā Zhī Luàn)
* 永垂不朽 (yǒngchuíbùxiǔ)
* 永夕
* 永夜
* 永存 (yǒngcún)
* 永存不朽
* 永字八法 (yǒng zì bā fǎ)
* 永安 (Yǒng'ān)
* 永安宮 / 永安宫 (Yǒng'āngōng)
* 永定河 (Yǒngdìng Hé)
* 永州八記 / 永州八记
* 永巷
* 永年 (yǒngnián)
* 永康 (Yǒngkāng)
* 永恆 / 永恒 (yǒnghéng)
* 永慕
* 永日
* 永昌 (yǒngchāng)
* 永明體 / 永明体
* 永春 (Yǒngchūn)
* 永晝 / 永昼
* 永暑礁 (Yǒngshǔjiāo)
* 永業田 / 永业田
* 永樂 / 永乐 (Yǒnglè)
* 永樂大典 / 永乐大典 (Yǒnglè Dàdiǎn)
* 永樂宮 / 永乐宫
* 永樂窯 / 永乐窑
* 永樂錢 / 永乐钱
* 永永無窮 / 永永无穷
* 永活 (yǒnghuó)
* 永浴愛河 / 永浴爱河
* 永漋 (Yǒnglóng)
* 永濟渠 / 永济渠
* 永無寧日 / 永无宁日 (yǒngwúníngrì)
* 永無止境 / 永无止境 (yǒngwúzhǐjìng)
* 永珍 (Yǒngzhēn)
* 永生 (yǒngshēng)
* 永生永世
* 永生花
* 永生難忘 / 永生难忘
* 永眠 (yǒngmián)
* 永矢弗諼 / 永矢弗谖
* 永立 (Yǒnglì)
* 永結同心 / 永结同心
* 永續 / 永续 (yǒngxù)
* 永續林 / 永续林
* 永續經營 / 永续经营
* 永興莊 / 永兴庄 (Yǒngxīngzhuāng)
* 永訣 / 永诀 (yǒngjué)
* 永誌不忘 / 永志不忘 (yǒngzhìbùwàng)
* 永豐 / 永丰 (Yǒngfēng)
* 永逝 (yǒngshì)
* 永逸
* 永遠 / 永远 (yǒngyuǎn)
* 永錫不匱 / 永锡不匮
* 永隆 (Yǒnglóng)
* 永靖 (Yǒngjìng)
* 清新雋永 / 清新隽永
* 繞梁韻永 / 绕梁韵永
* 萱堂日永
* 雋永 / 隽永 (juànyǒng)
* 霽範永存 / 霁范永存
* 青春永駐 / 青春永驻

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)
* eternity
* long
* lengthy

#### Readings

* Go-on: よう (yō)
* Kan-on: えい (ei, Jōyō)
* Kun: ながい (nagai, 永い, Jōyō)、とこしえ (tokoshie, 永)
* Nanori: え (e)、と (to)、のり (nori)、ひさ (hisa)、ひさし (hisashi)、のえ (noe)

#### Compounds

* 永字(えいじ) (eiji, “the character 永 (ei, “eternity”)”)

#### Synonyms

* 久

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 永
* えい Grade: 5
* kan'on
From Middle Chinese 永 (MC hjwaengX).
The kan'on pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) えー [éꜜè] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [e̞ː]

#### Affix

永(えい) • (ei)
* long (time)
* perpetual; eternal

#### Noun

永(えい) • (ei)
* (historical) Abbreviation of 永楽銭 (eirakusen).
* (historical) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 永
* よう Grade: 5
* goon
From Middle Chinese 永 (MC hjwaengX).
The goon pronunciation, so likely the initial borrowing.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [jo̞ː]

#### Affix

永(よう) • (yō)
* (rare) Synonym of 永 (ei, “long (time), eternal”)

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 永
* なが Grade: 5
* kun'yomi
* For pronunciation and definitions of 永 – see the following entry: 長
(The following entry does not have a page created for it yet: 長.)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

永 (eumhun 길 영 (gil yeong))
* hanja form of 영 (“long, deep, forever”)

#### References

* Naver Hanja Dictionary: 永

## Vietnamese
### Han character

永: Hán Việt readings: vĩnh
永: Nôm readings: vắng, vẳng, vánh, vảnh, vênh, vểnh, viếng, vĩnh
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.