# 矢

| 矢 | U+77E2, &#30690; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-77E2 |
| ← 矡 [U+77E1] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 矣 → [U+77E3] |
| ⽮ | U+2F6E, &#12142; KANGXI RADICAL ARROW |
| ← ⽭ [U+2F6D] | Kangxi Radicals | ⽯ → [U+2F6F] |

## Translingual
### Han character

矢 (Kangxi radical 111, 矢+0, 5 strokes, cangjie input 人大 (OK), four-corner 8043$_0$, composition ⿱𠂉大 or ⿰㇒天)
* Kangxi radical #111, ⽮.

#### Derived characters

* Appendix:Chinese radical/矢
* 𠤑, 𠱈, 垁, 𭜟, 𪭨, 𪵳, 𨒔, 𪰕, 䀢, 䂠, 䛈, 聅, 䠶, 鉃, 𩶇, 𫨸, 𦘗, 雉, 𩲶, 鴙
* 𭰋, 𥿅, 𠤕, 𡧦, 㞺, 𫶬, 䒨, 𪰖, 𤼩, 𬐇, 𬙜, 笶, 医, 𡱁, 𢨻, 𢇻, 疾, 𤕺, 𪊢, 𨴊
* 侯, 候, 㑨, 族, 𨕀, 彘

#### See also

* 弓, 疑
* 至, which in early writing resembles 矢 pointing downward to the ground.

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 823, character 34
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 23929
* Dae Jaweon: page 1235, character 22
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2580, character 1
* Unihan data for U+77E2

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 矢 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 彘 | *l'eds |
| 璏 | *l'eds, *ɢʷleds, *ɢʷled |
| 薙 | *l̥ʰiːs, *ljiʔ, *l'iʔ |
| 知 | *ʔl'e |
| 蜘 | *te |
| 智 | *ʔl'es |
| 鼅 | *te |
| 潪 | *teɡs, *deɡ |
| 踟 | *de |
| 雉 | *l'iʔ |
| 矢 | *hliʔ |
| 痴 | *l̥ʰɯ |
Pictogram (象形) – an arrow. More recognizable in older forms. Compare 畀 and 至. See also the bottom component of 睪 and the original versions of 弗 and 𢦏.

### Etymology 1
#### arrow

    From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d/s-ləj (“bow (weapon); slingshot”), with metonymic semantic shift from "bow" to "arrow"; cognate with Burmese လေး (le:, “bow; crossbow”), Mizo li (“spring (as of gun, watch, etc.)”), Japhug tɯdi (“bow”), zdi (“arrow”), Tangut 𘎗 (*lhjɨ̣¹, “bow”), 𗮆 (*ljị¹, “arrow”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007; Hill, 2013; Jacques, 2014; Zhang, Jacques and Lai, 2019).

#### to swear, to vow

    (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “From sense "arrow"?”)

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shǐ (shi$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄕˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ci$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): sṳ́
    (Meixian, Guangdong): si$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): sǐ
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): si$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): sí / sír
    (Teochew, Peng'im): si$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$sy
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): shr$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shǐ
*** Zhuyin: ㄕˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shǐh
*** Wade–Giles: shih$^3$
*** Yale: shř
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyy
*** Palladius: ши (ši)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂʐ̩²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ci$^2$
*** Yale: chí
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsi$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: qi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰiː³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sṳ́
*** Hakka Romanization System: sii$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: si$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /sɨ³¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: si$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /sz̩⁴⁴/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: sǐ
*** Sinological IPA : /si²¹/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: si$^3$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: sî
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬi⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: si$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬi³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sí
*** Tâi-lô: sí
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sie
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /si⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /si⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sír
*** Tâi-lô: sír
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /sɯ⁵⁵⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: si$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sí
*** Sinological IPA : /si⁵²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$sy
*** MiniDict: sy$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$sr
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /sz̩³⁴/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: shr$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ʂʐ̩⁴¹/
*** Sinological IPA (new-style): /sz̩⁴¹/
* Middle Chinese: syijX
Rime :
| Character | 矢 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 書 (26) |
| Final (韻) | 脂 (17) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 式視切 |
| Baxter | syijX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɕˠiɪ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɕᵚi$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɕiɪ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɕji$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɕji$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɕi$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɕi$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shǐ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | si$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*l̥i[j]ʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*hliʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 矢 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | shǐ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ syij$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*l̥i[j]ʔ/ |
| English | arrow |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 矢 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 11504 |
| Phonetic component | 矢 |
| Rime group | 脂 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 矢 |
| Old Chinese | /*hliʔ/ |

#### Definitions

矢
* (Classical, archery, weaponry) arrow
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Zhōu dào rú dǐ, qí zhí rú shǐ. [Pinyin]
    The way to Zhou was like a whetstone, And straight as an arrow.
* to vow; to swear
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE
    Fūzǐ shǐ zhī yuē: “Yú suǒ pǐ zhě, tiān yǎn zhī, tiān yǎn zhī!” [Pinyin]
    [T]he Master swore, saying, "Wherein I have done improperly, may Heaven reject me! may Heaven reject me!"

##### Synonyms

* (arrow):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 箭, 矢 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 箭 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 箭 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 箭 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 箭 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 箭 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 箭 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 箭 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 箭 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 箭 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 箭 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 箭 |

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shǐ (shi$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄕˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): si$^2$
* Southern Min (Teochew, Peng'im): si$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shǐ
*** Zhuyin: ㄕˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shǐh
*** Wade–Giles: shih$^3$
*** Yale: shř
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyy
*** Palladius: ши (ši)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂʐ̩²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: si$^2$
*** Yale: sí
*** Cantonese Pinyin: si$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: xi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /siː³⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: si$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sí
*** Sinological IPA : /si⁵²/
* Middle Chinese: syijX
Rime :
| Character | 矢 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 書 (26) |
| Final (韻) | 脂 (17) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 式視切 |
| Baxter | syijX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɕˠiɪ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɕᵚi$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɕiɪ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɕji$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɕji$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɕi$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɕi$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shǐ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | si$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*hliʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 矢 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 11504 |
| Phonetic component | 矢 |
| Rime group | 脂 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 矢 |
| Old Chinese | /*hliʔ/ |

#### Definitions

矢
* Alternative form of 屎 (“excrement; poop”)
    石矢 [Cantonese] ― sek$^6$ si$^2$ [Jyutping] ― concrete (alternative form of 石屎 (sek$^6$ si$^2$))
    From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Fú ài mǎ zhě, yǐ kuāng chéng shǐ, yǐ shèn chéng nì. [Pinyin]
    Those again who are fond of horses preserve their dung in baskets, and their urine in jars (made from large clamshell).
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Lián jiāngjūn suī lǎo, shàng shàn fàn; rán yǔ chén zuò, qǐngzhī sān yíshǐ yǐ. [Pinyin]
    General Lian, despite advanced age, has very good appetite. However, when conferring with me he had to excuse himself for toilet three times in a short while.

### Compounds

* 一矢之地
* 兵盡矢窮 / 兵尽矢穷
* 嚆矢 (hāoshǐ)
* 弓折矢盡 / 弓折矢尽
* 弓矢 (gōngshǐ)
* 張弓挾矢 / 张弓挟矢
* 拉矢
* 攢矢 / 攒矢
* 有的放矢 (yǒudìfàngshǐ)
* 桃弧棘矢
* 桑弧蓬矢
* 栝矢亞 / 栝矢亚
* 楛矢
* 永矢弗諼 / 永矢弗谖
* 流矢
* 無的放矢 / 无的放矢 (wúdìfàngshǐ)
* 狗矢
* 發矢 / 发矢
* 眾矢之的 / 众矢之的 (zhòngshǐzhīdì)
* 矢下如雨
* 矢不虛發 / 矢不虚发
* 矢人 (shǐrén)
* 矢勤矢勇
* 矢口 (shǐkǒu)
* 矢口否認 / 矢口否认 (shǐkǒufǒurèn)
* 矢在弦上
* 矢志 (shǐzhì)
* 矢棋
* 矢無虛發 / 矢无虚发
* 矢盡兵窮 / 矢尽兵穷
* 矢石 (shǐshí)
* 矢石之間 / 矢石之间
* 矢石之難 / 矢石之难
* 矢石如雨 (shǐshí rúyǔ)
* 矢言 (shǐyán)
* 矢車菊 / 矢车菊 (shǐchējú)
* 矢量 (shǐliàng)
* 身當矢石 / 身当矢石
* 躬蹈矢石
* 鍛矢 / 锻矢
* 集矢
* 飛矢 / 飞矢

### References

* “矢”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “矢”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 211.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)
* arrow

#### Readings

* Go-on: し (shi, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: し (shi, Jōyō)
* Kun: や (ya, 矢, Jōyō)、さ (sa, 矢)
* Nanori: ただ (tada)、ただし (tadashi)、ちこう (chikō)、なお (nao)

#### Compounds

* 矢刃(しじん) (shijin)
* 矢(し)石(せき) (shiseki)
* 一矢(いっし) (isshi)
* 嚆矢(こうし) (kōshi)
* 矢張(やは)り (yahari), 矢(や)っ張(ぱ)り (yappari)

#### Usage notes

Used in the Nihon Shoki (720 CE) as 借音 (shakuon) kana for ⟨si⟩.

### Alternative forms

* Kanji in this term
* 矢
* や Grade: 2
* kun'yomi
* 箭

### Etymology 1

From Old Japanese. Found in the Kojiki of 712 CE, and in the Man'yōshū completed some time after 759 CE.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) や [yáꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ja̠]

#### Noun

矢(や) • (ya)
* (archery, weaponry) an arrow
    光(こう)陰(いん)矢(や)の如(ごと)し。
       Kōin ya no gotoshi.
       Shine and shadow, just like an arrow. → Time flies like an arrow.
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 3, poem 364:, text here
    大夫(ますらを)之(の)弓(ゆ)上(ずゑ)振(ふり)起(おこし)射都流(いつる)矢(や)乎(を)後(のち)将見(みむ)人(ひと)者(は)語(かたり)継(つぐ)金(がね) [Man'yōgana]
    ますらをの弓(ゆ)末(ずゑ)振(ふ)り起(おこ)し射(い)つる矢(や)を後(のち)見(み)む人(ひと)は語(かた)り継(つ)ぐがね [Modern spelling]
* a wedge used to break hard objects such as wood or stone
* a 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”) with various designs of arrows

##### Coordinate terms

* 弓(ゆみ) (yumi, “bow”)

##### Derived terms

* 矢(や)面(おもて), 矢(や)表(おもて) (yaomote)
* 矢(や)傷(きず), 矢(や)疵(きず) (yakizu)
* 矢(や)倉(ぐら) (yagura)
* 矢(や)印(じるし) (yajirushi)
* 矢(や)継(つぎ), 矢継(やつ)ぎ (yatsugi)
* 矢(や)壺(つぼ), 矢(や)坪(つぼ) (yatsubo)
* 矢(や)所(どころ) (yadokoro)
* 流鏑馬(やぶさめ) (yabusame)
* 乙(おと)矢(や) (otoya)
* 落(お)とし矢(や), 落(おと)し矢(や) (otoshiya)
* 差(さし)矢(や), 差(さ)し矢(や) (sashiya)
* 猟(さつ)矢(や), 幸(さつ)矢(や) (satsuya)
* 猟(しし)矢(や), 鹿(しし)矢(や) (shishiya)
* 素矢(すや), 徒矢(すや) (suya)
* 征矢(そや) (soya)
* 止(とめ)矢(や), 止(と)め矢(や) (tomeya)
* 甲矢(はや), 兄矢(はや), 早矢(はや) (haya)
* 弓(ゆみ)矢(や) (yumiya, “bow and arrow”)

#### Proper noun

矢(や) • (Ya)
* a place name

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 矢
* さ Grade: 2
* kun'yomi
From Old Japanese. Found in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.
Possibly cognate with Old Japanese-derived 幸 (sachi, “a hunting implement”) and Korean 살 (sal, “arrow”).
This reading does not appear to be used in modern Japanese.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sa̠]

#### Noun

矢(さ) • (sa)
* (obsolete) an arrow
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 20, poem 4430:, text here
    阿良之乎乃(あらしをの)伊乎(いを)佐(さ)太波佐美(たはさみ)牟可比多知(むかひたち)可奈流麻之都美(かなるましづみ)伊埿弖登阿我久流(いでてとあがくる) [Man'yōgana]
    荒(あら)し男(を)のいをさ手(た)挟(はさ)み向(むか)ひ立(た)ちかなるましづみ出(い)でてと我(あ)が来(く)る [Modern spelling]

##### Derived terms

* 戦(いくさ), 軍(いくさ) (ikusa)
* 投(な)ぐる矢(さ)の (naguru sa no, pillow word)

### References

* ↑ c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 3, poem 262:, text here
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 20, poem 4430:, text here: the 佐 (sa) in man'yōgana in the original is interpreted by Daijisen as this 矢 (sa).

## Khitan
### Noun

矢 (transliteration needed) (khi)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Related terms

* 矢关 (“khitai”)

## Korean
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ɕʰi]
* Phonetic hangul: [시]

### Hanja

Wikisource 矢 (eumhun 화살 시 (hwasal si))
* hanja form of 시 (“arrow”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

矢: Hán Nôm readings: thỉ, tẻ, thẻ, yêu, tử, tủ, tú, siệu
* chữ Hán Nôm in this term
* 矢

### Noun

矢
* chữ Hán form of thỉ (“arrow”).
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation
* Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
* Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
* Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999