# 侍

| 侍 | U+4F8D, &#20365; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4F8D |
| ← 侌 [U+4F8C] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 侎 → [U+4F8E] |

## Translingual
### Han character

侍 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+6, 8 strokes, cangjie input 人土木戈 (OGDI), four-corner 2424$_1$, composition ⿰亻寺)

#### Derived characters

* 㣥, 𤲔, 𨂄, 𦱎

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 101, character 26
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 589
* Dae Jaweon: page 215, character 7
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 143, character 17
* Unihan data for U+4F8D

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 侍
* Small seal scripts05766Transcribed ancient scriptsL19117L19118L19119L19120
* References:
* Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:
* Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
* Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
* Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
* Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
| | Old Chinese |
| 等 | *tɯːʔ, *tɯːŋʔ |
| 待 | *dɯːʔ |
| 寺 | *ljɯs |
| 持 | *l'ɯ |
| 峙 | *dɯʔ |
| 痔 | *dɯʔ |
| 跱 | *dɯʔ |
| 歭 | *dɯʔ |
| 洔 | *dɯʔ, *tjɯʔ |
| 畤 | *dɯʔ, *tjɯʔ, *djɯʔ |
| 秲 | *dɯʔ, *djɯs |
| 庤 | *dɯʔ |
| 時 | *djɯ |
| 鰣 | *djɯ |
| 塒 | *djɯ |
| 蒔 | *djɯ, *djɯs |
| 榯 | *djɯ |
| 恃 | *djɯʔ |
| 侍 | *djɯs |
| 詩 | *hljɯ |
| 邿 | *hljɯ |
| 特 | *dɯːɡ |

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shì (shi$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄕˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): si$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): sṳ
* Eastern Min (BUC): sê
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): sī / sīr / sāi / sū
    (Teochew, Peng'im): se$^6$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$zy
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shì
*** Zhuyin: ㄕˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shìh
*** Wade–Giles: shih$^4$
*** Yale: shr̀
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyh
*** Palladius: ши (ši)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: si$^6$
*** Yale: sih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: si$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: xi$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /siː²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sṳ
*** Hakka Romanization System: sii
*** Hagfa Pinyim: si$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /sɨ⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: sê
*** Sinological IPA : /sɛi²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sī
*** Tâi-lô: sī
*** Phofsit Daibuun: si
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /si⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /si²²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sīr
*** Tâi-lô: sīr
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /sɯ⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sāi
*** Tâi-lô: sāi
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sai
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /sai⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /sai²²/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /sai³³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sū
*** Tâi-lô: sū
*** Phofsit Daibuun: su
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /su²²/
* sī/sīr - literary;
* sāi - vernacular;
* sū - vernacular (俗).
* Middle Chinese: dzyiH
Rime :
| Character | 侍 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 常 (25) |
| Final (韻) | 之 (19) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 時吏切 |
| Baxter | dzyiH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡ʑɨ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡ʑɨ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡ʑie$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡ʑɨ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ʑiə$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ʑĭə$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʑi$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | si$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[d]əʔ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*djɯs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 侍 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | shì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dzyi$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[d]əʔ-s/ |
| English | accompany, wait upon |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 侍 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 12049 |
| Phonetic component | 寺 |
| Rime group | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 侍 |
| Old Chinese | /*djɯs/ |

### Definitions

侍
* to wait upon; to serve
* attendant; servant
* a surname, Shi

### Compounds

* 中常侍 (zhōngchángshì)
* 伏侍
* 侍中 (shìzhōng)
* 侍人
* 侍候 (shìhòu)
* 侍兒 / 侍儿 (shì'ér)
* 侍奉 (shìfèng)
* 侍女 (shìnǚ)
* 侍妾 (shìqiè)
* 侍子
* 侍巾櫛 / 侍巾栉
* 侍弄 (shìnòng)
* 侍役
* 侍從 / 侍从 (shìcóng)
* 侍御
* 侍應生 / 侍应生 (shìyìngshēng)
* 侍生
* 侍立 (shìlì)
* 侍者 (shìzhě)
* 侍衛 / 侍卫 (shìwèi)
* 侍講 / 侍讲
* 侍讀 / 侍读 (shìdú)
* 侍郎 (shìláng)
* 侍醫 / 侍医
* 俠侍 / 侠侍
* 內侍 / 内侍 (nèishì)
* 奉侍
* 女侍 (nǚshì)
* 姬侍
* 媵侍 (yìngshì)
* 常侍 (chángshì)
* 接侍
* 散騎常侍 / 散骑常侍
* 服侍
* 近侍 (jìnshì)
* 選侍 / 选侍
* 重侍下
* 閽侍 / 阍侍
* 陪侍 (péishì)
* 隨侍 / 随侍
* 鵠侍 / 鹄侍

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* samurai
* wait upon, serve

#### Readings

* Go-on: じ (ji, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: し (shi)
* Kun: さぶらい (saburai, 侍)、さぶらう (saburau, 侍う)、さむらい (samurai, 侍, Jōyō)、さむらう (samurau, 侍う)、はべる (haberu, 侍る)
* Nanori: つこ (tsuko)、ひと (hito)

#### Compounds

* 侍(じ)医(い) (jī)
* 侍(じ)衛(えい) (jiei)
* 侍(じ)御(ぎょ) (jigyo)
* 侍(じ)講(こう) (jikō)
* 侍(じ)祭(さい) (jisai)
* 侍(じ)史(し) (jishi)
* 侍(じ)者(しゃ) (jisha)
* 侍(じ)臣(しん) (jishin)
* 侍(じ)従(じゅう) (jijū)
* 侍(じ)女(じょ) (jijo)
* 侍(じ)僧(そう) (jisō)
* 侍(じ)読(どく) (jidoku)
* 侍(じ)婢(ひ) (jihi)
* 侍(じ)立(りつ) (jiritsu)
* 近(きん)侍(じ) (kinji)
* 典(てん)侍(じ) (tenji)
* 内(ない)侍(じ) (naiji)
* 陪(ばい)侍(じ) (baiji)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 侍
* さむらい Grade: S
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 士
⟨sa morapi$_1$⟩ → /saburapi/ → /saburafi/ → /samurawi/ → /samurai/
Sound shift from saburai (see below), itself the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, stem or continuative form) of classical verb 侍ふ (saburafu, “to serve”, modern saburau), ultimately derived from さ (sa-, prefix of uncertain meaning) + 守らふ (morafu, “to keep watch”, modern morau).
The shift from saburaf- → samuraf- is due to the development of the 女性語 (josei-go, “women's language”) in Middle Japanese. A different development of this b is seen in 候 (sōrō, “service”, classical saurafu).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) さむらい [sàmúráí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [sa̠mɯ̟ɾa̠i]
* Audio:(file)

#### Noun

侍(さむらい) • (samurai)
* (historical) a warrior class in medieval and pre-modern Japan; samurai
    Synonym: (partial synonym; see "Usage notes") 武士 (bushi)
* one who serves nearby:
** a servant
** a retainer
* Short for 侍所 (samurai-dokoro): the Board of Retainers in the Kamakura and Muromachi periods.
* an above-average person

##### Derived terms

* 侍(さむらい)気質(かたぎ) (samurai katagi)
* 田舎(いなか)侍(ざむらい) (inaka-zamurai)
* 犬(いぬ)侍(ざむらい) (inuzamurai)
* 忰(かせ)侍(ざむらい) (kase-zamurai)
* 国(くに)侍(ざむらい) (kuni-zamurai)
* 若(わか)侍(ざむらい) (waka-zamurai)

##### Usage notes

In modern popular usage, the terms bushi and samurai are often used in both English and Japanese somewhat loosely to refer to any soldier or warrior during Japan's feudal age (prior to the Meiji period). In historical contexts, these terms may be used with more specific senses, wherein bushi refers to any professional warrior, and samurai refers more strictly to a hereditary social class. See also Samurai on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

##### Idioms

* 黄(こ)金(がね)と侍(さむらい)は朽(く)ちても朽(く)ちぬ (kogane to samurai wa kuchite mo kuchinu)

##### See also

* 武士(ぶし)道(どう) (bushidō, “samurai code of conduct”)
* 浪人(ろうにん) (rōnin, “masterless samurai”)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 侍
* さぶらい Grade: S
* kun'yomi
⟨sa morapi$_1$⟩ → /saburapi/ → /saburafi/ → /saburawi/ → /saburai/
The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, stem or continuative form) of classical verb 侍ふ (saburafu, “to serve”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sa̠bɯ̟ɾa̠i]
* This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.

#### Noun

侍(さぶらい) • (saburai)
* (archaic) one who serves nearby:
** a servant
** a retainer
** a warrior; particularly, a samurai
*** 1603, Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam (Nippo Jisho) [Vocabulary of the Language of Japan] (in Portuguese), Nagasaki, page 545:
    Saburai. サブライ(侍) 貴族, または,尊敬すべき人〔武士〕.
* Synonym of 下侍 (shimosaburai, “office attendants to the emperor gathered in, on the south side of the 清涼殿 (Seiryōden, “Emperor's dwelling”)”)
* Short for 侍所 (saburai-dokoro): a samurai guardhouse in the Heian period

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Doi, Tadao (1603–1604) Hōyaku Nippo Jisho (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 1980, →ISBN.

## Korean
### Hanja

侍 (eum 시 (si))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

侍: Hán Nôm readings: thị
* to be close, near
* to serve, to take care of, to look after
* attendant; servant
* short of 侍生, humble pronoun when speaking to a superior
* a surname, Shi

#### References

* Nom Foundation
* Từ điển Hán Nôm