# 貧窮
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): pínqióng
    (Zhuyin): ㄆㄧㄣˊ ㄑㄩㄥˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): pan$^4$ kung$^4$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): pîn-kiông / pîn-kêng
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: pínqióng
*** Zhuyin: ㄆㄧㄣˊ ㄑㄩㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: píncyóng
*** Wade–Giles: pʻin$^2$-chʻiung$^2$
*** Yale: pín-chyúng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: pynchyong
*** Palladius: пиньцюн (pinʹcjun)
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰin³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ʊŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: pan$^4$ kung$^4$
*** Yale: pàhn kùhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: pan$^4$ kung$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: pen$^4$ kung$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰɐn²¹ kʰʊŋ²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pîn-kiông
*** Tâi-lô: pîn-kiông
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pinkioong
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /pin²⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /pin¹³⁻²² kiɔŋ¹³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pîn-kêng
*** Tâi-lô: pîn-kîng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pinkeeng
*** IPA (Taipei): /pin²⁴⁻¹¹ kiɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /pin²⁴⁻²² kiɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /pin²³⁻³³ kiɪŋ²³/
* Middle Chinese: bin gjuwng
Rime :
| Character | 貧 | 窮 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 並 (3) | 群 (30) |
| Final (韻) | 眞 (44) | 東 (2) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 符巾切 | 渠弓切 |
| Baxter | bin | gjuwng |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /bˠiɪn/ | /ɡɨuŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /bᵚin/ | /ɡiuŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /bien/ | /ɡiuŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /bjin/ | /guwŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /bjĕn/ | /ɡiuŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /bǐĕn/ | /ɡĭuŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /bʱi̯ĕn/ | /gi̯uŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | pín | qióng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | pan$^4$ | kung$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[b]rə[n] [ɡ](r)uŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*brɯn ɡuŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 貧 | 窮 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | pín | qióng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ bin › | ‹ gjuwng › |
| Old Chinese | /*[b]rə[n]/ | /*[ɡ](r)uŋ/ |
| English | poor | poor |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 貧 | 窮 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 3140 | 4145 |
| Phonetic component | 分 | 躬 |
| Rime group | 文 | 終 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 貧 | 窮 |
| Old Chinese | /*brɯn/ | /*ɡuŋ/ |

### Adjective

貧窮
* poor; impoverished
       Shàngnián wǒ tànwàng guò yīxiē Fēizhōu de pínqióng jiātíng. [Pinyin]
       I visited some impoverished families in Africa last year.

#### Synonyms

* 厄 (literary, or in compounds)
* 困乏 (kùnfá) (formal)
* 困窘 (kùnjiǒng)
* 困窮 / 困穷 (kùnqióng)
* 困苦 (kùnkǔ)
* 困難 / 困难
* 困頓 / 困顿 (kùndùn)
* 宋凶 (Hokkien)
* 散 (Hokkien)
* 散凶 (Hokkien)
* 散赤 (Hokkien)
* 清苦 (qīngkǔ) (especially of scholars and intellectuals)
* 淡薄 (dànbó) (literary)
* 清貧 / 清贫 (qīngpín) (especially of scholars and intellectuals)
* 㾪赤 (Hokkien)
* 磽 / 硗 (Teochew)
* 䆀康 (Hokkien)
* 空乏 (kòngfá) (literary)
* 窄
* 窘促 (jiǒngcù) (literary)
* 窘困 (jiǒngkùn)
* 窘迫 (jiǒngpò)
* 窮 / 穷 (qióng)
* 窮乏 / 穷乏 (qióngfá) (literary)
* 窮困 / 穷困 (qióngkùn)
* 窮㾪 / 穷㾪 (Hokkien)
* 窮苦 / 穷苦 (qióngkǔ)
* 窮赤 / 穷赤 (Hokkien)
* 艱苦 / 艰苦 (Hokkien)
* 苦寒 (kǔhán)
* 貧乏 / 贫乏 (pínfá)
* 貧困 / 贫困 (pínkùn)
* 貧寒 / 贫寒 (pínhán)
* 貧瘠 / 贫瘠 (pínjí) (literary)
* 貧苦 / 贫苦 (pínkǔ)
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 貧, 窮 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 窮, 貧窮, 窮困, 貧困, 赤貧, 貧乏, 貧苦, 貧寒, 苦寒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 窮, 貧窮 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 窮, 貧窮, 窮苦 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 窮 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 窮 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 窮 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 窮 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 窮 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 苦寒 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 窮 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 窮 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 窮 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 窮 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 窮 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 窮 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 窮 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 窮 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 窮無 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 窮 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 宋凶, 㾪赤, 窮㾪, 窮赤, 赤窮, 赤 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 宋凶, 窮赤, 赤窮, 赤 |
| Southern Min | Hui'an | 窮赤 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 宋凶, 散, 散赤, 赤, 䆀空, 無空 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 散, 散赤, 散食, 散凶, 窮赤, 窮散, 窮苦 |
| Southern Min | Raoping | 磽 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 窮, 磽 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 窮, 磽 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 窮, 蒯 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 窮 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 窮 |
| Wu | Danyang | 窮 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 窮 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 倒灶 |

#### Antonyms

* 富裕 (fùyù)

#### Derived terms

* 在職貧窮 / 在职贫穷 (zàizhí pínqióng)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 貧窮(ひんきゅう) (hinkyū)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 貧 | 窮 |
| ひん Grade: 5 | きゅう Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ひんきゅう [hìńkyúú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [çĩŋʲkʲɨː]

### Noun

貧(ひん)窮(きゅう) • (hinkyū)
* extreme poverty

### Verb

貧(ひん)窮(きゅう)する • (hinkyū suru) suru (stem 貧(ひん)窮(きゅう)し (hinkyū shi), past 貧(ひん)窮(きゅう)した (hinkyū shita))
* to suffer extreme poverty

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 貧窮し | ひんきゅうし | hinkyū shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 貧窮し | ひんきゅうし | hinkyū shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 貧窮する | ひんきゅうする | hinkyū suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 貧窮する | ひんきゅうする | hinkyū suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 貧窮すれ | ひんきゅうすれ | hinkyū sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 貧窮せよ¹ 貧窮しろ² | ひんきゅうせよ¹ ひんきゅうしろ² | hinkyū seyo¹ hinkyū shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 貧窮される | ひんきゅうされる | hinkyū sareru |
| Causative | 貧窮させる 貧窮さす | ひんきゅうさせる ひんきゅうさす | hinkyū saseru hinkyū sasu |
| Potential | 貧窮できる | ひんきゅうできる | hinkyū dekiru |
| Volitional | 貧窮しよう | ひんきゅうしよう | hinkyū shiyō |
| Negative | 貧窮しない | ひんきゅうしない | hinkyū shinai |
| Negative continuative | 貧窮せず | ひんきゅうせず | hinkyū sezu |
| Formal | 貧窮します | ひんきゅうします | hinkyū shimasu |
| Perfective | 貧窮した | ひんきゅうした | hinkyū shita |
| Conjunctive | 貧窮して | ひんきゅうして | hinkyū shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 貧窮すれば | ひんきゅうすれば | hinkyū sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||