# mura
## English
### Etymology

From Japanese 斑 (mura, literally “blemish, fluctuation”).

### Pronunciation

* (Can we verify this pronunciation?) (particularly: /u/ seems unlikely) IPA: /ˈmu.ɹə/
* Rhymes: -ʊəɹə

### Noun

mura (uncountable)
* Nonuniformity in the luminance of a display device.
    US Patent 5,917,935, Mura detection apparatus and method, 1996 :
       Major classes of LCFPD defects encountered at the final inspection are often pixel defects or wide-area pixel defects (also known as Mura defects).
    NASA Scientific and Technical Information, 2008 :
       Software Simulates Sight: Flat Panel Mura Detection
* (business) A form of waste, or deviation from optimal allocation of resources, that occurs when inventory is required but not immediately available.
    Coordinate terms: muda, muri

#### Translations
### Anagrams

* 'umra, Amur, Maru, Umar, amur, arum, maru

## Catalan
### Verb

mura
* inflection of murar:
** third-person singular present indicative
** second-person singular imperative

## Cebuano
### Alternative forms

* murag, mura'g — with og, combining form

### Etymology

Univerbation of mao ra (“just the same”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /muˈɾa/ [mʊˈɾ̪a]
* IPA: /ˈmuɾa/ [ˈmu.ɾ̪ɐ]
* Hyphenation: mu‧ra

### Preposition

murá or mura (Badlit spelling ᜋᜓᜇ)
* (colloquial) seem, like, looks like
    Synonyms: daw, sama, ingon, sahi, nawong
    Mura siya'g gikapoy. ― S/he seemed tired.
    Ang kinabuhi murag bulak ― Life is like a flower.
    Moadto ka? – Mura.Will you go? – It looks like I will.
* (colloquial) as if, as though
    Synonyms: mura ba, sahi
    Nagbuotbuot siya murag kinsa. ― He took it upon himself as though he were someone.
* (uncommon) Short for mao ra (“that's all; the same”).

## Finnish
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *mura, probably from the same Proto-Uralic *mura- (“to break”) as murtaa, or alternatively from Proto-Germanic [Term?] (compare Icelandic mor).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈmurɑ/, [ˈmurɑ̝]
* Rhymes: -urɑ
* Hyphenation: mu‧ra

### Noun

mura
* gravel, sediment, crushed rock
* dry, coarse mud; dirt

#### Declension

Possessive forms of mura (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
murani
murani
accusative
nom.
murani
murani
gen.
murani
genitive
murani
murieni muraini $^{rare}$
partitive
muraani
muriani
inessive
murassani
murissani
elative
murastani
muristani
illative
muraani
muriini
adessive
murallani
murillani
ablative
muraltani
muriltani
allative
muralleni
murilleni
essive
muranani
murinani
translative
murakseni
murikseni
abessive
murattani
murittani
instructive
comitative
—murineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
murasi
murasi
accusative
nom.
murasi
murasi
gen.
murasi
genitive
murasi
muriesi muraisi $^{rare}$
partitive
muraasi
muriasi
inessive
murassasi
murissasi
elative
murastasi
muristasi
illative
muraasi
muriisi
adessive
murallasi
murillasi
ablative
muraltasi
muriltasi
allative
murallesi
murillesi
essive
muranasi
murinasi
translative
muraksesi
muriksesi
abessive
murattasi
murittasi
instructive
comitative
—murinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
muramme
muramme
accusative
nom.
muramme
muramme
gen.
muramme
genitive
muramme
muriemme muraimme $^{rare}$
partitive
muraamme
muriamme
inessive
murassamme
murissamme
elative
murastamme
muristamme
illative
muraamme
muriimme
adessive
murallamme
murillamme
ablative
muraltamme
muriltamme
allative
murallemme
murillemme
essive
muranamme
murinamme
translative
muraksemme
muriksemme
abessive
murattamme
murittamme
instructive
comitative
—murinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
muranne
muranne
accusative
nom.
muranne
muranne
gen.
muranne
genitive
muranne
murienne murainne $^{rare}$
partitive
muraanne
murianne
inessive
murassanne
murissanne
elative
murastanne
muristanne
illative
muraanne
muriinne
adessive
murallanne
murillanne
ablative
muraltanne
muriltanne
allative
murallenne
murillenne
essive
murananne
murinanne
translative
muraksenne
muriksenne
abessive
murattanne
murittanne
instructive
comitative
—murinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
muransa
muransa
accusative
nom.
muransa
muransa
gen.
muransa
genitive
muransa
muriensa murainsa $^{rare}$
partitive
muraansa
muriaan muriansa
inessive
murassaan murassansa
murissaan murissansa
elative
murastaan murastansa
muristaan muristansa
illative
muraansa
muriinsa
adessive
murallaan murallansa
murillaan murillansa
ablative
muraltaan muraltansa
muriltaan muriltansa
allative
muralleen murallensa
murilleen murillensa
essive
muranaan muranansa
murinaan murinansa
translative
murakseen muraksensa
murikseen muriksensa
abessive
murattaan murattansa
murittaan murittansa
instructive
comitative
—murineen murinensa :

#### Derived terms

* Muranen

### Further reading

* “mura”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

### Anagrams

* Amur, ruma

## French
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /my.ʁa/
* Audio:(file)

### Verb

mura
* third-person singular past historic of murer

## Galician
### Verb

mura
* inflection of murar:
** third-person singular present indicative
** second-person singular imperative

## Hadza
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /muɺa/

### Verb

mura
* to be burned
    Synonym: tlhoshô

## Icelandic
### Etymology

Cognate with Faroese mura, Norwegian Nynorsk mure, Norwegian Bokmål mure.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈmʏːra/
* Rhymes: -ʏːra

### Noun

mura f (genitive singular muru, nominative plural murur)
* cinquefoil, potentilla (plant of the genus Potentilla)

#### Derived terms

* blóðmura (“tormentil (Potentilla erecta)”)
* gullmura (“alpine cinquefoil (Potentilla crantzii)”)
* runnamura (“shrubby cinquefoil (Dasiphora fruticosa)”)
* skeljamura (“Eged's silverweed (Argentina egedii)”)
* tágamura (“silverweed Argentina anserina (syn. Potentilla anserina)”)

## Irish
### Alternative forms

* mara (Cois Fharraige)
* muna

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈmˠʊɾˠə/
* (Ulster, unstressed) IPA: /ˈmˠəɾˠ/

### Conjunction

mura (triggers eclipsis; takes the dependent form of irregular verbs)
* if... not, unless
    mura mbainfidh taisme dó ― unless he meets with an accident
    Mura gceannaíonn siad anseo é, faigheann siad sa bhaile é.If they don’t buy it here, they get it in town.
    Mura raibh tú sásta leis, cad chuige ar ghlac tú é?If you weren’t satisfied with it, why did you accept it?
    Mura dtéinn leis, maraítí éIf I hadn’t gone with him, he would have been killed

#### Usage notes

* Not used before the past tense except with some irregular verbs.

#### Derived terms

* murar (used before the past tense of regular and some irregular verbs)

### Particle

mura (copular form used before consonants, form used before vowels murab)
* if... is not, unless... is (present copular form before a consonant)
    mura bréag é ― if it is not a lie

#### Related terms

Present/future :
| | Affirmative | Negative | Interrogative | Neg. inter. |
| Main clauses | is | ní | an | nach |
| Direct relative clauses | is | nach | | |
| Indirect relative clauses | ar, arb$^v$ | nach | | |
| Other subordinate clauses | gur, gurb$^v$ | nach | an | nach |
| Past/conditional |||||
| | Affirmative | Negative | Interrogative | Neg. inter. |
| Main clauses | ba, b’$^v$ | níor, níorbh$^v$ | ar, arbh$^v$ | nár, nárbh$^v$ |
| Direct relative clauses | ba, ab$^v$ | nár, nárbh$^v$ | | |
| Indirect relative clauses | ar, arbh$^v$ | nár, nárbh$^v$ | | |
| Other subordinate clauses | gur, gurbh$^v$ | nár, nárbh$^v$ | ar, arbh$^v$ | nár, nárbh$^v$ |
| Present subjunctive | Present subjunctive | Present subjunctive | | |
| | Affirmative | Negative | | |
| | gura, gurab$^v$ | nára, nárab$^v$ | | |
| Base word | Present/future | Past/conditional |
| cá | cár, cárb$^v$ | cár, cárbh$^v$ |
| cé | cér, cérb$^v$ | cér, cérbh$^v$ |
| dá | | dá mba, dá mb’$^v$ |
| de/do | dar, darb$^v$ | dar, darbh$^v$ |
| faoi | faoinar, faoinarb$^v$ | faoinar, faoinarbh$^v$ |
| i | inar, inarb$^v$ | inar, inarbh$^v$ |
| le | lenar, lenarb$^v$ | lenar, lenarbh$^v$ |
| má | más | má ba, má b’$^v$ |
| mura | mura, murab$^v$ | murar, murarbh$^v$ |
| ó (prep.) | ónar, ónarb$^v$ | ónar, ónarbh$^v$ |
| ó (conj.) | ós | ó ba, ó b’$^v$ |
| trí | trínar, trínarb$^v$ | trínar, trínarbh$^v$ |
$^v$ Used before vowel sounds :

### References

* ↑ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, page 97

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “mura”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “mura”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
* “mura”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2025

## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈmu.ra/
* Rhymes: -ura
* Hyphenation: mù‧ra

### Noun

mura f pl
* plural of muro (“wall”)
* (plural only) city walls, battlements

### Verb

mura
* inflection of murare:
** third-person singular present indicative
** second-person singular imperative

## Japanese
### Romanization

mura
* Rōmaji transcription of むら

## Machame
### Noun

mura
* water

### References

* Philippson, Gérard, Gens des bananeraies. Contribution linguistique à l'histoire culturelle des Chaga du Kilimandjaro (1984, 'cahier' 16, Paris, Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations)

## Maori
### Etymology

Sense of colour from backformation of muramura “colourful”

### Verb

mura
* to burn (of firewood), to blaze
    Synonym: kā
* to glow
    Synonyms: hana, ura, ramarama
* to blush, to redden
    Synonyms: whero, ura, whakaura

### Adjective

mura
* brilliant or bright in colour

### Noun

mura
* glow
    Synonyms: hana, ura, uranga
* colour
    Synonyms: tae, kano

### Derived terms

* mumura
* muramura

### Further reading

* Williams, Herbert William (1917) “mura, mumura, muramura”, in A Dictionary of the Maori Language, page 249
* “mura” in John C. Moorfield, Te Aka: Maori–English, English–Maori Dictionary and Index, 3rd edition, Longman/Pearson Education New Zealand, 2011, →ISBN.

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Noun

mura f
* definite singular of mure

### Verb

mura
* past tense of mure
* supine of mure

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology 1

From Old Norse múra.

#### Verb

mura (present tense murar, past tense mura, past participle mura, passive infinitive murast, present participle murande, imperative mura/mur)
* alternative form of mure

### Etymology 2

From Old Norse mura.

#### Noun

mura f (definite singular mura, indefinite plural murer or muror, definite plural murene or murone)
* definite singular of mure
* (pre-2012) alternative form of mure

### References

* “mura” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Occitan
### Alternative forms

* mur

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈmuro]

### Noun

mura f (plural muras)
* (Guardiol) wall

## Old Dutch
### Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *mūrā. Which is a borrowing from Latin mūrus.

### Noun

*mūra f
* wall

#### Descendants

* Middle Dutch: muur
** Dutch: muur
*** Afrikaans: muur
*** Negerhollands: muur
** Limburgish: moer
** West Flemish: meur

#### References

* “mūra”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012

## Old High German
### Alternative forms

* mūri

### Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *mūrā, borrowed from Latin mūrus, from Proto-Italic *moiros, from Proto-Indo-European *mey- + *-rós.

### Noun

mūra f
* wall

#### Derived terms

* mūrāri

#### Descendants

* Middle High German: mūre, miure, mūr, miur
** Alemannic German: Muur
** Central Franconian: Mouer (Moselle)
*** Hunsrik: Mauer
*** Luxembourgish: Mauer
** German: Mauer
** Rhine Franconian: Mauer, Muur
*** Frankfurterisch: [mauæ̆]
** Yiddish: מויער (moyer)
** → Polish: mur (see there for further descendants)

### References

* "mūra" in Köbler, Gerhard, Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch (6th edition 2014)

## Old Norse
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Noun

mura f (genitive muru)
* silvergrass, goosegrass

#### Descendants

* Icelandic: mura
* Faroese: mura
* Norwegian Nynorsk: mure
* Norwegian Bokmål: mure

### Further reading

* Zoëga, Geir T. (1910) “mura”, in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press; also available at the Internet Archive

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* Hyphenation: mu‧ra

### Verb

mura
* inflection of murar:
** third-person singular present indicative
** second-person singular imperative

## Romanian
### Etymology

From moare (“sauerkraut brine”), probably from Latin muries, muria.

### Verb

a mura (third-person singular present mură, past participle murat) 1st conjugation
* to pickle

#### Derived terms

* murat
* murătură

## Rwa
### Noun

mura
* water

### References

* Philippson, Gérard, Gens des bananeraies. Contribution linguistique à l'histoire culturelle des Chaga du Kilimandjaro (1984, 'cahier' 16, Paris, Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations)

## Scottish Gaelic
### Alternative forms

* mur

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /muɾə/

### Conjunction

mura
* not, unless

#### Usage notes

* This is the negative form of the conjunctions ma (“if”).
* Also used as the negative form of conjunctions nan/nam ("if" in conditional clauses).

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈmuɾa/ [ˈmu.ɾa]
* Rhymes: -uɾa
* Syllabification: mu‧ra

### Verb

mura
* inflection of murar:
** third-person singular present indicative
** second-person singular imperative

## Swedish
### Etymology

mur (“(free-standing) wall, brick”) +‎ -a

### Verb

mura (present murar, preterite murade, supine murat, imperative mura)
* (usually with a particle) to brick, to wall (build with bricks)
    mura igen/förbrick up
    mura inimmure
    mura fastfix in position with bricks and/or mortar
    en murad skorstena brick chimney

#### Conjugation

$^1$ Archaic. $^2$ Dated. See the appendix on Swedish verbs.

#### Related terms

* mura för
* mura igen
* mura in

#### See also

* tegelsten (“brick”)
* murbruk (“mortar”)

### References

* mura in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* mura in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* mura in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

## Tagalog
### Alternative forms

* mora — obsolete, Spanish-based spelling

### Etymology 1

Uncertain. Dempwolff 1934-1938 posited this (along with the Malay etymon and cognates in Javanese, Malagasy, Ngaju Dayak and Toba Dayak) to be inherited from Proto-Austronesian *mudaq (“cheap; easy”), but this would result in the Tagalog being *murà (/ˈmuɾaʔ/). Blust 2010- posits this (and cognates) are a possibly a borrowing from Malay murah.

#### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ˈmuɾa/ [ˈmuː.ɾɐ]
* Rhymes: -uɾa
* Syllabification: mu‧ra

#### Adjective

mura (Baybayin spelling ᜋᜓᜇ)
* cheap
    Synonym: barato
    Antonym: mahal

##### Derived terms

* ipagmura
* kamurahan
* magmura
* makamura
* mamura
* mumurahin
* pagkamura
* pagmura

### Etymology 2

Clipping of alimura or possibly similar to etymology 1, with the sense of degrading someone's worth. Compare mahal (“precious; high value; love”), Bikol Central muda (“swear word”), Hiligaynon mulay (“to criticize maliciously; to disparage”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ˈmuɾa/ [ˈmuː.ɾɐ], /muˈɾa/ [mʊˈɾa]
* Rhymes: -uɾa, -a
* Syllabification: mu‧ra

#### Noun

mura or murá (Baybayin spelling ᜋᜓᜇ)
* swear word; slander; vulgarity
* (Batangas) scolding; reprimand
    Synonyms: sigaw, sabon, sermon

##### Derived terms

* magmura
* magmurahan
* mamura
* mapagmura
* murahan
* murahin
* pagmumura
* pakamura-murahin
* palamura

### Etymology 3

Cognate of Malay muda. Either from:
* From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *muda (“young (of fruits); immature; light (of colors)”)
* From Pali muddha (“foolish, bewildered”), from Sanskrit मुग्ध (mugdha, “foolish, bewildered, young”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ˈmuɾaʔ/ [ˈmuː.ɾɐʔ]
* Rhymes: -uɾaʔ
* Syllabification: mu‧ra

#### Noun

murà (Baybayin spelling ᜋᜓᜇ)
* (dialectal, Southern Tagalog) (young fruit of) coconut
    Synonym: buko
* young (particularly of fruit, or human age)
    Synonym: bata

#### Adjective

murà (Baybayin spelling ᜋᜓᜇ)
* young
    Synonym: bata
* unripe (of fruits)
    Synonyms: hilaw, bubot
* light (of colors)
    Synonym: mapusyaw
    Antonym: magulang

##### Derived terms

* berdeng-mura
* kamuraan
* magmurang-kamatis
* murang bait
* murang edad
* murang katawan
* pagkamura

### Further reading

* “mura”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018

## Wiradjuri
### Alternative forms

* marra, murra

### Etymology

From Proto-Central New South Wales *mara, from Proto-Pama-Nyungan *mara (compare Gamilaraay mara).

### Noun

mura
* hand