# 欠

| 欠 | U+6B20, &#27424; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6B20 |
| ← 欟 [U+6B1F] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 次 → [U+6B21] |
| ⽋ | U+2F4B, &#12107; KANGXI RADICAL LACK |
| ← ⽊ [U+2F4A] | Kangxi Radicals | ⽌ → [U+2F4C] |

## Translingual
### Han character

欠 (Kangxi radical 76, 欠+0, 4 strokes, cangjie input 弓人 (NO), four-corner 2780$_2$, composition ⿱⺈人)
* Kangxi radical #76, ⽋.

#### Derived characters

* Appendix:Chinese radical/欠
* 赼, 芡, 䇜, 燞, 䪠
* 㐸, 吹, 坎, 弞, 忺, 扻, 㳄, 杴, 炊, 㸝, 㺵, 肷, 砍, 䊻, 缼, 㰷, 䚿, 赥, 軟(软), 欽(钦), 飲(飮,饮), 䯉, 龡
* 𫰑, 𢁧, 𢓑, 𤝆, 𬮼, 𣧋, 𤘯, 𤜹, 𥎯, 𮂸, 𪉁, 𥸷, 𫆁, 𦥞, 𢆘, 𮗦, 𧿞, 𨠅, 𨱟, 𣶙, 𩉢, 𩎗, 𮩹, 𣿁, 𩵢, 𫜌, 𪌒, 𨼤, 𠏩, 𠿖, 𪕆, 𡁍, 𪖗, 𢸈, 𮯀, 𦆃
* 𣬴, 𮮅, 𩲟, 𨖯, 𬩠, 𭤠, 𣪄, 𤝀, 𢇣, 𤴼, 𮤉, 𣪳, 𭒖, 𤡻, 𭹒, 𤪵, 𬫘, 𭗊, 𮐁, 𬞢, 𥴋, 𭆇, 𠩼, 𭆣, 𭞗, 𣆾, 𤩤, 𨍁, 𩐆, 𩞺, 𣣬

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 565, character 1
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 15991
* Dae Jaweon: page 953, character 35
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2133, character 1
* Unihan data for U+6B20

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 欠 :
| Shang | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 坎 | *kʰoːmʔ, *kʰoːms |
| 扻 | *kʰoːmʔ |
| 砍 | *kʰoːmʔ |
| 芡 | *ɡromʔ |
| 欠 | *kʰoms |
| 杴 | *qʰom |
| 鍁 | *qʰam |
Pictogram (象形) – a kneeling person with mouth open for various reasons (e.g., begging 欠, speaking and/or spitting while speaking 次, blowing 吹, singing 歌, desiring 欲, being tired 軟, vomiting 歐...).
The reversed version of this character is 㒫 > 旡 (e.g. 既), which must not be confused with 无.
Similar but unrelated to 卩, in which the person kneeling has the mouth shut.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): qiàn (qian$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄢˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): qian$^4$
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): qiān
    (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): qiēn
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): чян (či͡an, III)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): him$^3$
    (Dongguan, Jyutping++): hin$^3$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): him$^1$
    (Yangjiang, Jyutping++): him$^3$
* Gan (Wiktionary): qien$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): khiam
    (Hailu, HRS): kiam$^ˇ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): kiam$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): qie$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): ki̿ng
* Eastern Min (BUC): kiéng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): kieng$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): khiàm
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kiam$^3$ / kiêm$^3$ / kiang$^3$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): kiam$^3$
* Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): him$^3$
* Wu (Wugniu)
** (Northern): $^5$chi / $^5$chie / $^5$chien
** (Jinhua): $^5$chie
* Xiang
    (Changsha, Wiktionary): qienn$^4$
    (Loudi, Wiktionary): qinn$^4$
    (Hengyang, Wiktionary): qien$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qiàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ciàn
*** Wade–Giles: chʻien$^4$
*** Yale: chyàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiann
*** Palladius: цянь (cjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: qian$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: kian
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰiɛn²¹³/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: qiān
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰiã⁵⁵/
** (Nanjing)
*** Nanjing Pinyin: qiēn
*** Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): qien$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰiẽ⁴⁴/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: чян (či͡an, III)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰiæ̃⁴⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: him$^3$
*** Yale: him
*** Cantonese Pinyin: him$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: him$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /hiːm³³/
** (Dongguan, Guancheng)
*** Jyutping++: hin$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /hin³²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: him$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /him³³/
** (Yangjiang Yue, Jiangcheng)
*** Jyutping++: him$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /him²⁴/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: qien$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰiɛn²¹³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiam
*** Hakka Romanization System: kiam
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kiam$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯am⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: kiam$^ˇ$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰiam¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: kiam$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰiam⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: qie$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕʰie⁴⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ki̿ng
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰiŋ³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: kiéng
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰiɛŋ²¹³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: kieng$^4$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: kia̍ng
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰiɛŋ⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiàm
*** Tâi-lô: khiàm
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qiaxm
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /kʰiam⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /kʰiam²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰiam¹¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: kiam$^3$ / kiêm$^3$ / kiang$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khiàm / khièm / khiàng
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰiam²¹³/, /kʰiem²¹³/, /kʰiaŋ²¹³/
* kiam3 - Shantou, Chaoyang, Jieyang, Raoping;
* kiêm3 - Chaozhou;
* kiang3 - Chenghai.
* Middle Chinese: khjaemH
Rime :
| Character | 欠 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 嚴 (145) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 去劔切 |
| Baxter | khjaemH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰɨɐm$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰiɐm$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰiɐm$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰɨam$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰiɐm$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰĭɐm$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kʰi̯ɐm$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qiàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | him$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ʰ(r)om-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰoms/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 欠 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | qiàn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ khjom$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[k]ʰ(r)om-s/ |
| English | yawn |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 欠 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 10274 |
| Phonetic component | 欠 |
| Rime group | 談 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰoms/ |
| Notes | 原列梵韻依王韻改釅 |

### Definitions

欠
* to lack; to be deficient
* to owe
* to ask for; to beg for
    欠揍 ― qiànzòu ― asking for a beating
* (Mandarin) to yawn
* (Mandarin) to raise slightly (a part of the body)
* (Mandarin, dialectal) to be fidgety and bungling
* (Wuhan Mandarin) to miss somebody

#### Synonyms

* (to lack):
* 不夠 / 不够 (bùgòu)
* 不敷 (bùfū) (literary)
* 不滿 / 不满 (bùmǎn)
* 不足 (bùzú)
* 乏達 / 乏达 (Quanzhou Hokkien)
* 匱乏 / 匮乏 (kuìfá)
* 欠缺 (qiànquē)
* 短少 (duǎnshǎo)
* 短缺 (duǎnquē)
* 絕乏 / 绝乏 (juéfá) (literary)
* 缺乏 (quēfá)
* 缺如 (quērú) (literary)
* 缺少 (quēshǎo)
* 缺欠 (quēqiàn)
* 缺缺 (Xiamen Hokkien)
* 虧 / 亏 (kuī)
* 貧 / 贫 (pín) (literary, or in compounds)
* 闕乏 / 阙乏 (quēfá) (literary)
* 闕如 / 阙如 (quērú) (literary)
* (to owe):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 欠 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 該, 欠 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 欠 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 欠, 該 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 欠 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 欠 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 該, 欠, 短 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 欠, 該 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 欠, 該, 爭 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 爭, 該 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 欠, 該 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 少, 該 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 欠, 該 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 欠, 該, 短 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 爭, 該, 欠 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 該, 差 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 爭, 該, 欠 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 欠 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 空, 該, 欠 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 差, 該, 空 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 該, 差 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 爭, 欠 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 爭, 欠 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 爭 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 爭 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 爭 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 爭 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 爭 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 爭 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 爭 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 爭 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 爭 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 爭 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 欠 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 爭 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 爭 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 欠 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 爭 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 爭 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 爭 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 爭 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 爭 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 爭 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 爭 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 爭 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 爭 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 欠, 爭 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 爭 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 爭 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 爭 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 該 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 欠, 該 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 差, 少 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 欠, 爭 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 少 |
| Hakka | Huiyang | 少, 爭 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 爭 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 爭 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 差 |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 欠 |
| Hakka | Liannan | 欠 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 欠, 爭 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 欠 |
| Hakka | Changting | 欠 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 少 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 欠 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 欠 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 欠 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 欠 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 欠 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 欠 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 欠 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 欠 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 爭 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 欠 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 該, 短 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 該, 短 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 欠 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 欠 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 欠 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 欠 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 欠 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 欠 GT |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 欠 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 欠 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 欠 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 欠 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 欠 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 欠, 該 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 欠 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 欠 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 欠, 該 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 欠 |
| Wu | Danyang | 欠 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 欠 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 欠, 爭 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 欠 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 該, 欠 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 欠 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 欠, 該 |
| Note | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) |

### Compounds

* 七拖八欠
* 下欠
* 兩不相欠 / 两不相欠 (liǎngbùxiāngqiàn)
* 只欠東風 / 只欠东风
* 呵欠 (hēqiàn)
* 呵欠連天 / 呵欠连天
* 哈欠 (hāqiàn)
* 嘴欠 (zuǐqiàn)
* 外欠
* 官欠
* 尾欠
* 懸欠 / 悬欠
* 手欠 (shǒuqiàn)
* 打呵欠 (dǎ hēqiàn)
* 打哈欠 (dǎ hāqian)
* 拖欠 (tuōqiàn)
* 掛欠 / 挂欠
* 撇欠
* 欠事
* 欠伸 (qiànshēn)
* 欠佳 (qiànjiā)
* 欠債 / 欠债 (qiànzhài)
* 欠債還錢 / 欠债还钱
* 欠奉
* 欠契
* 欠好
* 欠妥 (qiàntuǒ)
* 欠安 (qiàn'ān)
* 欠少
* 欠情
* 欠打 (qiàndǎ)
* 欠揍 (qiànzòu)
* 欠據 / 欠据 (qiànjù)
* 欠收
* 欠格 (qiàngé, “abessive case”)
* 欠條 / 欠条 (qiàntiáo)
* 欠款 (qiànkuǎn)
* 欠火
* 欠當 / 欠当
* 欠租
* 欠稅 / 欠税
* 欠繳 / 欠缴
* 欠缺 (qiànquē)
* 欠薪 (qiànxīn)
* 欠資 / 欠资 (qiànzī)
* 欠資郵票 / 欠资邮票
* 欠身 (qiànshēn)
* 短欠
* 積欠 / 积欠
* 索欠
* 缺欠 (quēqiàn)
* 落虧欠 / 落亏欠
* 虧欠 / 亏欠 (kuīqiàn)
* 賒欠 / 赊欠 (shēqiàn)
* 風欠 / 风欠

### References

* “欠”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)
* yawn
* lack

#### Readings

* Go-on: こん (kon)
* Kan-on: けん (ken)
* Kun: あくび (akubi, 欠)

#### Compounds

* 欠伸(あくび) (akubi, “yawn”)

### Kanji

| Shinjitai | 欠 |
| Kyūjitai | 缺 |
(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 缺)
* lack, shortage
* to be absent
* vacancy

#### Readings

* Kan’yō-on: けち (kechi)、けつ (ketsu, Jōyō)
* Kun: かく (kaku, 欠く, Jōyō)、かける (kakeru, 欠ける, Jōyō)

#### Usage notes

* In modern Japanese, 欠(けつ) (ketsu) is used to spell words that etymologically feature 缺(けつ) (ketsu), for example 欠(けっ)席(せき) (kesseki) < 缺(けっ)席(せき) (kesseki). The above mentioned kanji 欠(けん) (ken) is uncommon and its most notable usage is in the word 欠(けん)缺(けつ) (kenketsu), which features both kanji.

#### Compounds

* 欠(けつ)員(いん) (ketsuin)
* 欠(けっ)格(かく) (kekkaku)
* 欠(けっ)陥(かん) (kekkan)
* 欠(けっ)勤(きん) (kekkin)
* 欠(けつ)如(じょ) (ketsujo)
* 欠(けっ)席(せき) (kesseki)
* 欠(けっ)席(せき)裁(さい)判(ばん) (kesseki saiban)
* 欠(けっ)損(そん) (kesson)
* 欠(けつ)番(ばん) (ketsuban)
* 欠(けつ)乏(ぼう) (ketsubō), 欠(けつ)乏(ぼく) (ketsuboku)
* 欠(けん)缺(けつ) (kenketsu, “lack”)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 欠
* あくび Grade: 4
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 欠 – see the following entry. :
| 【あくび】 | [noun] 欠, 欠伸: [from 901] a yawn, yawning [noun] 欠: the 欠 element in kanji characters [verb] to yawn Alternative spelling 欠伸 |
(This term, 欠, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

## Korean
### Hanja

欠 (eumhun 하품 흠 (hapum heum))
* hanja form of 흠 (“yawn”)

#### Compounds

* 흠결 (欠缺, heumgyeol, “deficiency, lack”)
* 흠신 (欠伸, heumsin, “yawn and stretch”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

欠: Hán Nôm readings: khiếm
* chữ Hán form of khiếm (“lacking”).

#### Compounds

* 欠缺 (khiếm khuyết)
* 欠聽 (khiếm thính)
* 欠視 (khiếm thị)
* 欠雅 (khiếm nhã)