# 罰

| 罰 | U+7F70, &#32624; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7F70 |
| ← 罯 [U+7F6F] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 罱 → [U+7F71] |

## Translingual
### Han character

罰 (Kangxi radical 122, 网+9, 14 strokes, cangjie input 田中卜口弓 (WLYRN), four-corner 6062$_0$, composition ⿱罒䚯)

#### Derived characters

* 藅

#### Related characters

* 罚 (Simplified Chinese)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 948, character 33
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 28315
* Dae Jaweon: page 1390, character 13
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2923, character 3
* Unihan data for U+7F70

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 罰 :
| Western Zhou | Warring States | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 罰 | *bad |
| 藅 | *bad |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): semantic 詈 (“abuse verbally”) + semantic 刀 (“knife”). To abuse verbally and to use a knife improperly represent a crime. The original version is 𠟑, in which the left component is 𧧧.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): fá (fa$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄈㄚˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): fat$^6$
* Gan (Wiktionary): fat$^7$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): fa̍t
    (Meixian, Guangdong): fad$^6$
* Northern Min (KCR): huāi
* Eastern Min (BUC): huăk
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): huah$^7$ / huoh$^7$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hoa̍t
    (Teochew, Peng'im): huêg$^8$ / huag$^8$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^8$vaq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: fá
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄚˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: fá
*** Wade–Giles: fa$^2$
*** Yale: fá
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: far
*** Palladius: фа (fa)
*** Sinological IPA : /fä³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fat$^6$
*** Yale: faht
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fat$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fed$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /fɐt̚²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: fat$^7$
*** Sinological IPA : /fat̚²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fa̍t
*** Hakka Romanization System: fad
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fad$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /fat̚⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: fad$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /fat̚⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: huāi
*** Sinological IPA : /xuai⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: huăk
*** Sinological IPA : /huaʔ⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: huah$^7$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: hua̍h
*** Sinological IPA : /huaʔ⁴/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: huoh$^7$
*** Sinological IPA : /huoʔ²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoa̍t
*** Tâi-lô: hua̍t
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoat
*** IPA (Xiamen): /huat̚⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /huat̚²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /huat̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /huat̚⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /huat̚⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: huêg$^8$ / huag$^8$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hue̍k / hua̍k
*** Sinological IPA : /huek̚⁴/, /huak̚⁴/
* huêg8 - Chaozhou;
* huag8 - Shantou.
* Middle Chinese: bjot
Rime :
| Character | 罰 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 並 (3) |
| Final (韻) | 月 (68) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 房越切 |
| Baxter | bjot |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /bʉɐt̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /bʷiɐt̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /biuɐt̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /buat̚/ |
| Li Rong | /biuɐt̚/ |
| Wang Li | /bĭwɐt̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /bʱi̯wɐt̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | fá |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | faat$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[b][a]t/
    (Zhengzhang): /*bad/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 罰 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | fá |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ bjot › |
| Old Chinese | /*[b][a]t/ |
| English | punish |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 罰 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 2865 |
| Phonetic component | 罰 |
| Rime group | 月 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 伐 |
| Old Chinese | /*bad/ |

### Definitions

罰
* to punish; to fine; to sentence
* punishment; penalty

### Compounds

* 不罰 / 不罚
* 主罰 / 主罚
* 佛罰 / 佛罚 (fófá)
* 信賞必罰 / 信赏必罚
* 刑罰 / 刑罚 (xíngfá)
* 受罰 / 受罚 (shòufá)
* 可罰 / 可罚 (kěfá)
* 天罰 / 天罚 (tiānfá)
* 干罰
* 徇罰 / 徇罚
* 從罰 / 从罚
* 恭行天罰 / 恭行天罚
* 憲罰 / 宪罚
* 懲罰 / 惩罚 (chéngfá)
* 扎罰子
* 折罰 / 折罚
* 撻罰 / 挞罚
* 數罪併罰 / 数罪并罚 (shùzuì bìngfá)
* 明德慎罰 / 明德慎罚
* 易科罰金 / 易科罚金
* 明賞慎罰 / 明赏慎罚
* 神罰 / 神罚 (shénfá)
* 科罰 / 科罚 (kēfá)
* 罪與罰 / 罪与罚
* 罰一勸百 / 罚一劝百
* 罰不當罪 / 罚不当罪 (fábùdāngzuì)
* 罰企 / 罚企
* 罰作 / 罚作
* 罰例 / 罚例
* 罰俸 / 罚俸
* 罰則 / 罚则 (fázé)
* 罰單 / 罚单 (fádān)
* 罰寫 / 罚写
* 罰役 / 罚役
* 罰東道 / 罚东道
* 罰款 / 罚款 (fákuǎn)
* 罰爵 / 罚爵
* 罰球 / 罚球 (fáqiú)
* 罰球區域 / 罚球区域
* 罰科 / 罚科
* 罰站 / 罚站 (fázhàn)
* 罰約 / 罚约
* 罰誓 / 罚誓
* 罰贖 / 罚赎
* 罰跪 / 罚跪
* 罰酒 / 罚酒 (fájiǔ)
* 罰金 / 罚金 (fájīn)
* 罰錢 / 罚钱 (fáqián)
* 罰鍰 / 罚锾 (fáhuán)
* 處罰 / 处罚 (chǔfá)
* 責罰 / 责罚 (zéfá)
* 貨罰 / 货罚
* 貶罰 / 贬罚
* 賞功罰罪 / 赏功罚罪 (shǎng gōng fá zuì)
* 賞同罰異 / 赏同罚异
* 賞善罰惡 / 赏善罚恶
* 賞罰 / 赏罚 (shǎngfá)
* 賞罰不信 / 赏罚不信
* 賞罰不明 / 赏罚不明
* 賞罰不當 / 赏罚不当
* 賞罰分明 / 赏罚分明 (shǎngfá fēnmíng)
* 賞罰嚴明 / 赏罚严明
* 賞罰無章 / 赏罚无章
* 違警罰法 / 违警罚法
* 重罰 / 重罚 (zhòngfá)
* 鐫罰 / 镌罚
* 陟罰 / 陟罚 (zhìfá)
* 陟罰臧否 / 陟罚臧否 (zhìfázāngpǐ)
* 領罰 / 领罚
* 體罰 / 体罚 (tǐfá)
* 龔行天罰 / 龚行天罚

### References

* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “罚”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 61.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* punishment
* punish

#### Readings

* Go-on: ぼち (bochi)
* Kan-on: はつ (hatsu)
* Kan’yō-on: ばつ (batsu, Jōyō)、ばち (bachi, Jōyō)

#### Alternative forms

* 罸 (archaic character)

#### Compounds

* 罰(ばっ)金(きん) (bakkin)
* 罰(ばっ)則(そく) (bassoku)
* 罰(ばっ)俸(ぽう) (bappō)
* 神(しん)罰(ばつ) (shinbatsu): divine punishment
* 天(てん)罰(ばつ) (tenbatsu): divine punishment
* 仏(ぶつ)罰(ばつ) (butsubatsu): punishment of the Buddha
* 罰(ばつ)ゲーム (batsu gēmu): "punishment game", as when one loses a bet and has to do something embarrassing

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 罰
* ばち Grade: S
* kan'yōon

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ばち [bàchíꜜ] (Odaka – [2])
* IPA: [ba̠t͡ɕi]

#### Noun

罰(ばち) • (bachi)
* (divine) punishment; a curse
* (Hawaii, slang): loosely "what goes around comes around"; a mysterious force of divine retribution

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 罰
* ばつ Grade: S
* kan'yōon

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ばつ [báꜜtsù] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ba̠t͡sɨ]

#### Noun

罰(ばつ) • (batsu)
* a punishment; a penalty

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 罰 (MC bjot).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 뻐ᇙ〮 (Yale: ppélq) | 뻐ᇙ〮 (Yale: ppélq) |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | 죄〯줄 (Yale: cwǒy cwùl) | 벌〮 (Yale: pél) |

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [pʌ̹ɭ]
* Phonetic hangul: [벌]

### Hanja

Wikisource 罰 (eumhun 벌할 벌 (beolhal beol))
* hanja form of 벌 (“punishment; penalty”) [noun]

#### Compounds

* 면벌 (免罰, myeonbeol)
* 벌금 (罰金, beolgeum)
* 벌방 (罰房, beolbang)
* 벌점 (罰點, beoljeom)
* 벌책 (罰責, beolchaek)
* 벌칙 (罰則, beolchik)
* 상벌 (賞罰, sangbeol)
* 엄벌 (嚴罰, eombeol)
* 중벌 (重罰, jungbeol)
* 징벌 (懲罰, jingbeol)
* 책벌 (責罰, chaekbeol)
* 처벌 (處罰, cheobeol)
* 천벌 (天罰, cheonbeol)
* 체벌 (體罰, chebeol)
* 형벌 (刑罰, hyeongbeol)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

罰: Hán Nôm readings: phạt, ảng, ang, ương
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.