# sbꜣ
## Egyptian
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* (reconstructed) IPA: /ˈsiːbaʀ/ → /ˈsiːbaʀ/ → /ˈsiːbə/ → /ˈsiːβ/
* (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA: /ˈsiːbaʀ/
* (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA: /ˈsiːbaʀ/
* (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA: /ˈsiːbə/
* (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA: /ˈsiːβ/
* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /sɛbɑ/
** Conventional anglicization: seba

#### Noun

m
* star
** c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) line 13: wrrt.f dm.n.s ḥrt snsn.n.s sbꜣwHis White Crown, it has pierced the sky, it has fraternized with the stars.
* meteor, falling star
** c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 129–130: ꜥḥꜥ.n sbꜣ hꜣ.w pr.n nꜣ m ḫt m-ꜥ.fThen a star fell. They went up in flames because of it.

##### Derived terms

* pꜣ-sbꜣ-ḫꜥ-n-nwt

##### Descendants

* Demotic: sw
** Akhmimic Coptic: ⲥⲓⲟⲩ (siou)
** Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲓⲟⲩ (siou), ⲥⲟⲩ- (sou-)
** Fayyumic Coptic: ⲥⲓⲟⲩ (siou), ⲥⲉⲩ (seu), ⲥⲓⲩ (siu)
** Old Coptic: ⲥⲟⲩ- (sou-)
** Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲓⲟⲩ (siou), ⲥⲓⲟⲟⲩ (sioou), ⲥⲟⲩ- (sou-)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* (reconstructed) IPA: /saˈbiʀ/ → /saˈbiʀ/ → /səˈbeʔ/ → /səˈβeʔ/
* (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA: /saˈbiʀ/
* (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA: /saˈbiʀ/
* (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA: /səˈbeʔ/; compare the Akkadian transcription in Middle Babylonian 𒁍𒊻𒁉𒌋 (pu-us-bi-u$_2$ /⁠pusbiu⁠/), with definite article pꜣ attached.
* (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA: /səˈβeʔ/
* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /sɛbɑ/
** Conventional anglicization: seba

#### Noun

m
* gate, doorway
** c. 1401 BCE, Amduat of Amenhotep II (tomb of Amenhotep II, KV35) First Hour, closing text, line 1: wn n.j sbꜣw.ṯn snš n.j ꜥrrwyt.ṯnOpen your doors to me! Unstop your gates for me!

##### Alternative forms

| sbꜣ | sbꜣ | sbꜣ |

##### Descendants

* Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲃⲉ (sbe)
* Fayyumic Coptic: ⲥⲃⲏ (sbē)
* Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲥⲃⲉ (sbe)
* Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲃⲉ (sbe)

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* (reconstructed) IPA: /saˈbaʀ/ → /saˈbaʀ/ → /səˈbaʔ/ → /səˈβaʔ/
* (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA: /saˈbaʀ/
* (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA: /saˈbaʀ/
* (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA: /səˈbaʔ/
* (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA: /səˈβaʔ/
* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /sɛbɑ/
** Conventional anglicization: seba

#### Verb

3-lit.
* (transitive) to teach

##### Usage notes

This verb can take two direct objects, the person taught and the thing the person is taught.

##### Inflection

infinitival forms
imperative
infinitive
negatival complement
complementary infinitive$^1$
singular
plural
sbꜣ
sbꜣw, sbꜣ
sbꜣt
sbꜣ
sbꜣ
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem
periphrastic imperfective$^2$
periphrastic prospective$^2$
sbꜣ
ḥr sbꜣ
m sbꜣ
r sbꜣ
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood
active
passive
contingent
aspect / mood
active
passive
perfect
sbꜣ.n
sbꜣw, sbꜣ
consecutive
sbꜣ.jn
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
terminative
sbꜣt
perfective$^3$
sbꜣ
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
obligative$^1$
sbꜣ.ḫr
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
imperfective
sbꜣ
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
prospective$^3$
sbꜣ
sbꜣꜣ
potentialis$^1$
sbꜣ.kꜣ
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
subjunctive
sbꜣ
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
participles
active
passive
active
passive
perfect
sbꜣ.n
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
perfective
sbꜣ
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
sbꜣ
sbꜣ, sbꜣw$^5$, sbꜣy$^5$
imperfective
sbꜣ, sbꜣy, sbꜣw$^5$
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
sbꜣ, sbꜣj$^6$, sbꜣy$^6$
sbꜣ, sbꜣw$^5$
prospective
sbꜣ, sbꜣtj$^7$
sbꜣtj$^4$, sbꜣt$^4$
$^1$ Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
$^2$ Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
$^3$ Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
$^4$ Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
$^5$ Only in the masculine singular.
$^6$ Only in the masculine.
$^7$ Only in the feminine. :

##### Alternative forms

| sbꜣ | sbꜣ |

##### Derived terms

* sbꜣw

##### Descendants

* Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲁⲃⲟ (sabo)
* Fayyumic Coptic: ⲥⲉⲃ- (seb-)
* Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲃⲟ (sbo), ⲥⲁⲃⲟ (sabo), ⲥⲃⲱ (sbō)

### References

* James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 169–170, 254, 357.
* Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, pages 84, 123, 147
* Crum, Walter E. (1939) A Coptic Dictionary‎, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, page 368
* ↑ Vycichl, Werner (1983) Dictionnaire Étymologique de la Langue Copte, Leuven: Peeters, →ISBN, page 184
* ↑ “EA 368”, in Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative: CDLI‎, 2021