# ard
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Norwegian ard (“plough”), from Old Norse arðr, from Proto-Germanic *arþrą (“plough”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂érh₃trom (“plough”), whence also Latin aratrum.

### Pronunciation

* (General American) IPA: /ɑɹd/
* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ɑːd/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɑː(ɹ)d

### Noun

ard (plural ards)
* A simple plough consisting of a spike dragged through the soil. [20th c.]

#### Synonyms

* ard plough
* scratch plough

#### Translations
### Anagrams

* -dar, ADR, DAR, DRA, Dar, Dra, RAD, RDA, dar, rad, rad.

## Azerbaijani
### Etymology

From Proto-Common Turkic *ārt.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɑrd]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

ard (definite accusative ardı, plural ardlar)
* back, rear
    Synonyms: arxa, dal
    Antonyms: qabaq, ön
* sequel, continuation; something which is continued
    Synonyms: davam, dal

#### Derived terms

* ardınca
* ardıcıl

## Danish
### Etymology

From Old Norse arðr (“plough, ard”), from Proto-Germanic *arþrą, cognate with Swedish årder and Norwegian Bokmål ard (whence (English ard). The Germanic word is related to Latin arātrum (“plough”) and Ancient Greek ἄροτρον (árotron, “plough”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈɑˀd̥]

### Noun

ard c (singular definite arden, plural indefinite arder)
* (historical) plough, ard

#### Declension
## Irish
### Alternative forms

* arad (nonstandard)
* árd (obsolete)

### Etymology

From Old Irish ard, from Proto-Celtic *ardwos (compare Welsh ardd) from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erdʰ- (compare Latin arduus).

### Pronunciation

* (Munster, Connacht) IPA: /ɑːɾˠd̪ˠ/
* (Ulster) IPA: /aːɾˠd̪ˠ/

### Adjective

ard (genitive singular masculine aird, genitive singular feminine airde, plural arda, comparative airde)
* high, tall
* loud
* ambitious

#### Derived terms

* airde f (“height; elevation; altitude; level; volume, pitch”)
* ard- (“high; arch-, chief; excellent, noble; advanced”)

### Noun

ard m (genitive singular aird, nominative plural arda)
* height, hillock
* top, high part
* elevation (of land)
* head (of sand, clay)
* rise
* ascent

#### Declension

bare forms
case
singular
plural
nominative
ard
arda
vocative
a aird
a arda
genitive
aird
ard
dative
ard
arda
forms with the definite article
case
singular
plural
nominative
an t-ard
na harda
genitive
an aird
na n-ard
dative
leis an ard don ard
leis na harda :

#### Derived terms

* os ard

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* ↑ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 ard”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* ↑ Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931) Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry [Phonetics of an Irish Dialect of Kerry] (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, § 256, page 130
* ↑ Finck, F. N. (1899) Die araner mundart [The Aran Dialect] (in German), volume II, Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 16
* ↑ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 275, page 97

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “ard”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* Dinneen, Patrick S. (1904) “árd”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 1st edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 38

## Manx
### Etymology

From Old Irish ard, from Proto-Celtic *ardwos (compare Welsh ardd) from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erdʰwós, from *h₃erdʰ- (compare Latin arduus).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /aːrd/, (also) /əːrd/

### Adjective

ard (plural ardey, comparative syrjey)
* high
* tall

### Noun

ard m (genitive singular ard, plural ardjyn)
* height, high place

### Noun

ard m (genitive singular ard, plural ardjyn)
* compass point
* pole

#### Derived terms

* ard-ard
* Ard y Jiass
* Ard y Twoaie
* bun-ard

### References

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 ard”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## Megleno-Romanian
### Verb

ard
* Alternative form of ardu

## Northern Kurdish
### Alternative forms

* ar

### Etymology

Compare Persian آرد (ârd, “flour”), Avestan 𐬀𐬴𐬀 (aṣ̌a, “ground”) and Old Armenian աղամ (ałam).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɑːɾd/

### Noun

ard m (Arabic spelling ئارد)
* flour
    Synonym: arvan

#### Declension
### References

* Chyet, Michael L. (2020) “ard”, in Ferhenga Birûskî: Kurmanji–English Dictionary (Language Series; 1), volume 1, London: Transnational Press, page 11

## Old Irish
### Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *ardwos (compare Welsh ardd) from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erdʰwós, from *h₃erdʰ- (compare Latin arduus).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ar͈d]

### Adjective

ard (equative ardithir, comparative ardu, superlative ardam)
* high
** c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 23$^d$23
    Cía thés hí loc bes ardu, ní ardu de; ní samlid són dúnni, air ⟨im⟩mi ardu-ni de tri dul isna lucu arda.Though he may go into a higher place, he is not the higher; this is not the case for us, for we are the higher through going into the high places.

#### Inflection

*modifying a noun whose vocative is different from its nominative **modifying a noun whose vocative is identical to its nominative † not when substantivized

### Noun

ard n (genitive aird, nominative plural arda)
* height

#### Inflection

* $^H$ = triggers aspiration
* $^L$ = triggers lenition
* $^N$ = triggers nasalization

#### Descendants

* Irish: ard
* Manx: ard
* Scottish Gaelic: àrd

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 ard”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## Romanian
### Verb

ard
* inflection of arde:
** first-person singular present indicative/subjunctive
** third-person plural present indicative

## Tat
### Etymology

Cognate with Persian آرد (ârd).

### Noun

ard
* flour