# 葚

| 葚 | U+845A, &#33882; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-845A |
| ← 葙 [U+8459] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 葛 → [U+845B] |

## Translingual
### Han character

葚 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+9, 13 strokes in traditional Chinese and Korean, 12 strokes in mainland China and Japanese, cangjie input 廿廿一女 (TTMV), four-corner 4471$_1$, composition ⿰艹甚)

#### Derived characters

* 𫃒

#### Related characters

* 椹 (Variant form)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1045, character 6
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 31416
* Dae Jaweon: page 1506, character 4
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3243, character 13
* Unihan data for U+845A

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 葚 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 湛 | *ʔl'uːm, *r'uːmʔ, *l'um |
| 媅 | *ʔl'uːm |
| 黮 | *l̥ʰuːmʔ, *l'uːmʔ |
| 糂 | *sluːmʔ |
| 堪 | *kʰluːm |
| 戡 | *kʰluːm, *ʔl'umʔ |
| 嵁 | *kʰluːm, *ŋɡluːm, *ŋɡluːmʔ, *sɡruːmʔ, *kʰruːm |
| 歁 | *kʰluːmʔ, *kʰluːb |
| 勘 | *kʰluːms |
| 磡 | *kʰuːms |
| 墈 | *kʰuːms |
| 偡 | *r'uːmʔ |
| 碪 | *ʔl'um |
| 椹 | *ʔl'um |
| 揕 | *ʔl'ums |
| 踸 | *l̥ʰumʔ |
| 鍖 | *l̥ʰumʔ |
| 斟 | *kljum |
| 諶 | *ɡljum |
| 愖 | *ɡljum |
| 瘎 | *ɡljum |
| 煁 | *ɡljum |
| 甚 | *ɡljumʔ, *ɡljums |
| 葚 | *ɦljumʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɦljumʔ): semantic 艸 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 甚 (OC *ɡljumʔ, *ɡljums).

### Etymology

Area word; compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *ɗum ~ *ɗuum (“ripe; ripe-coloured”) (> Khmer ទុំ (tum, “to be ripe”)), Proto-Kuki-Chin *ɗum (“black; blue”), *thim (“dark”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). Also compare 黮 (OC *l̥ʰuːmʔ, *l'uːmʔ, “dark (as a mulberry)”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shèn, rèn (shen$^4$, ren$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄕㄣˋ, ㄖㄣˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): sam$^6$ / sam$^4$ / zam$^1$
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): sing$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): sīm / sǐm
    (Teochew, Peng'im): sim$^6$ / sim$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, literary, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shèn
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄣˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shèn
*** Wade–Giles: shên$^4$
*** Yale: shèn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shenn
*** Palladius: шэнь (šɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂən⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese, colloquial, standard in Mainland, variant in Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: rèn
*** Zhuyin: ㄖㄣˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: rèn
*** Wade–Giles: jên$^4$
*** Yale: rèn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: renn
*** Palladius: жэнь (žɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʐən⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: sam$^6$ / sam$^4$ / zam$^1$
*** Yale: sahm / sàhm / jām
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sam$^6$ / sam$^4$ / dzam$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sem$^6$ / sem$^4$ / zem$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɐm²²/, /sɐm²¹/, /t͡sɐm⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: sing$^5$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: sīng
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬiŋ²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sīm
*** Tâi-lô: sīm
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sim
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /sim²²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sǐm
*** Tâi-lô: sǐm
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /sim²²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: sim$^6$ / sim$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sĭm / sîm
*** Sinological IPA : /sim³⁵/, /sim⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: zyimX
Rime :
| Character | 葚 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 船 (27) |
| Final (韻) | 侵 (139) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 食荏切 |
| Baxter | zyimX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʑiɪm$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʑim$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʑjem$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʑim$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /d͡ʑiəm$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /d͡ʑĭĕm$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /d͡ʑʰi̯əm$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shèn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | sam$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*sə-d[ə]mʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɦljumʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 葚 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | shèn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ zyim$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*sə-d[ə]mʔ/ |
| English | mulberry fruit |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 葚 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 11298 |
| Phonetic component | 甚 |
| Rime group | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 葚 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɦljumʔ/ |

### Definitions

葚
* mulberry fruit

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 葚, 桑葚 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 桑葚, 桑葚子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 桑葚兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 桑葚 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Langfang | 桑葚兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chengde | 桑葚兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 桑葚 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Heihe | 桑葚兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Qiqihar | 桑葚兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 桑葚兒, 桑粒兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jiamusi | 桑葚兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Baicheng | 桑葚 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Changchun | 桑葚兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tonghua | 桑葚兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 桑葚兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jinzhou | 桑粒兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 桑葚兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 桑葚兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 桑葚, 葚子 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 桑葚兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 桑葚兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Lijin | 桑子兒, 葚子 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 桑葚, 桑葚子, 葚子 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dalian | 桑葚兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dandong | 桑棗兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai | 桑葚兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 桑棗兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 桑葚兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Zhucheng | 桑葚兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 桑葚兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Lingbao | 桑葚兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Jining | 葚子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Daming | 葚子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 桑葚子, 桑葚 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Linfen | 桑葚兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Shangqiu | 桑葚兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yuanyang | 桑葚兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 桑葚兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xinyang | 桑葚兒, 桑棗兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baihe | 桑米兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 桑葚兒, 桑杏兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baoji | 桑子兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Tianshui | 桑葚 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 桑葚兒, 桑子顆顆 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 桑葚子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Fuyang | 桑葚子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 桑子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan) | 桑杏 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 桑葚兒, 桑杏子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Bayanhot | 桑棗 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 桑葚, 桑葚兒, 桑果子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Dunhuang | 桑子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Hami | 桑子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 桑子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 桑果兒, 桑果, 桑泡兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanchong | 桑葚, 桑泡兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dazhou | 桑泡兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanyuan | 桑泡兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xichang | 桑泡兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zigong | 桑泡兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 桑泡兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 桑棗 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yichang | 桑泡兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangyang | 桑葚, 桑樹果兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianmen | 桑棗子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 桑檬, 桑葚 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zunyi | 桑泡 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Bijie | 蠶葉果, 蠶葉可 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liping | 桑樹泡 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zhaotong | 桑葚, 馬桑, 蠶泡兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dali | 馬桑果 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 馬桑, 馬桑子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mengzi | 馬桑 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 桑葉果 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 桑果, 桑葚 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jishou | 桑樹泡兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Changde | 桑棗兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanzhong | 桑果, 桑盆 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kokang | 桑果 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 桑葉果, 桑樹果, 桑樹果兒 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 桑樹果子, 桑樹棗子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianyungang | 桑棗子, 小桑棗子, 桑果子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianshui | 桑樹棗子, 桑棗子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 桑樹果兒, 桑棗兒 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Anqing | 桑棗兒 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Wuhu | 桑樹果子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 桑果子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Huanggang | 桑棗兒 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hong'an | 桑子 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 桑棗, 桑葚 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 桑子, 桑葚, 桑棗 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 桑仔 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 桑棗 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 桑仔 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 桑仔 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 桑葚 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 桑棗 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 桑棗 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 桑棗 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 桑棗 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 桑棗 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 桑棗 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 桑棗 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 蠶蟲子 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 桑果 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 桑果 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 桑仔 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 桑仔 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 桑仔 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 桑仔 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 桑仔 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 桑棗 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 桑棗 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 桑仔 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 桑子, 桑果 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 桑子 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 蠶子 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 蠶子 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 桑棗子 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 桑子 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 桑子 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 桑仔子 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 桑葚 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 桑仔 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 桑仔 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 桑子 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 蠶樹子 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 桑仔子 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 桑仔子, 鹽酸仔 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 桑仔子 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 桑垂 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 桑仔子, 桑子, 蠶樹子 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 桑子 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 桑仔 |
| Hakka | Luchuan (Daqiao) | 桑子 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 桑樹悶, 桑悶 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 桑莓莓 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 桑葚 |
| Jin | Yangyuan | 桑葚兒 |
| Jin | Datong | 桑葚兒 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 桑錢 |
| Jin | Lüliang (Lishi) | 桑葚 |
| Jin | Changzhi | 桑葚兒 |
| Jin | Linhe | 桑棗 |
| Jin | Jining | 桑棗 |
| Jin | Pingshan | 葚子 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 桑葚兒 |
| Jin | Handan | 桑葚兒, 桑葚子 |
| Jin | Linzhou | 葚哦 |
| Jin | Suide | 桑葚 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 桑桑仔 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 桑頭子, 桑蘿子 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 桑材, 桑莓, 桑子 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 桑材 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 桑材 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 蠶垂子, 蠶箬子 |
| Southern Min | Pinghe | 蠶仔子 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 桑垂 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 桑材仔 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Tamsui) | 鹽桑仔, 桑材仔, 桑材 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 桑材仔 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Pingxi) | 桑垂仔 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 鹽桑仔 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Cijin) | 桑材, 鹽桑仔 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang) | 桑材, 桑垂 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang) | 桑材, 桑垂 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Tianliao) | 鹽桑仔, 桑材, 桑垂 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 娘仔樹子, 鹽桑仔 |
| Southern Min | Yilan (Luodong) | 娘仔樹子 |
| Southern Min | Yilan (Toucheng) | 娘仔樹子 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 桑材 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 桑垂 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 桑材, 桑垂, 鹽桑仔 |
| Southern Min | Tainan (Anping) | 鹽桑仔 |
| Southern Min | Taitung (Green Island) | 桑垂 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 桑材 |
| Southern Min | Pingtung (Liuqiu) | 桑材 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 桑材 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 桑垂 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Pengnan) | 桑垂 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Xiyu) | 桑垂 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Huxi) | 桑垂 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Wangan) | 桑垂 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Cimei) | 桑垂 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Zhongtun) | 桑垂 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Houliao) | 桑垂 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Tongliang) | 桑垂 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Jibei) | 桑垂 |
| Southern Min | Pingnan (Shangdu) | 桑果 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 桑垂 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 桑垂 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 桑子 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Sanxiang) | 桑子 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 桑果 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 桑子 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 桑顛 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 桑果, 桑子 |
| Wu | Wuxi | 桑子 |
| Wu | Danyang | 桑果, 桑果果 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 桑連果兒, 桑子, 桑子兒 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 桑果, 桑果果 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 桑樹棗兒, 桑棗 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 桑烏嘟, 桑葚, 桑葚烏珠 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 桑葉它它 |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | 桑棗子 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 桑葉藨 |
| Xiang | Quanzhou | 桑果 |
| Xiangnan Tuhua | Jiangyong | 桑樹崽 |
| Xiangnan Tuhua | Dong'an | 桑葉崽唧 |

### Compounds

* 桑葚
* 桑葚兒 / 桑葚儿 (sāngrènr)
* 桑葚子 (sāngshènzi)
* 葚子

### References

* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), B03944
* “葚”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “葚”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 209.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): ちん (chin)、じん (jin)
* Kun: さわら (sawara, 葚)、あてぎ (ategi, 葚)

## Korean
### Hanja

葚 (eumhun 오디 심 (odi sim))
* (오디): mulberry fruit (桑實)

#### Synonyms

* 椹 (심, sim)

#### Compounds

* 地葚 (지심, jisim) berry

#### See also

* 莓 (매, mae) berry, strawberry; moss

### References

* ↑ 南廣祐 (1997). 敎學古語辭典. 敎學社. p. 968.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

葚: Hán Nôm readings: rậm, rườm, rặm, thậm
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation