# 寒

| 寒 | U+5BD2, &#23506; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5BD2 |
| ← 寑 [U+5BD1] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 寓 → [U+5BD3] |

## Translingual
### Han character

寒 (Kangxi radical 40, 宀+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 十廿金卜 (JTCY), four-corner 3030$_3$, composition ⿱𡨄⺀(GTJV) or ⿱𡨄冫(K))

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 289, character 9
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7239
* Dae Jaweon: page 572, character 10
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 941, character 6
* Unihan data for U+5BD2

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 寒 :
| Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 寒 | *ɡaːn |
| 蹇 | *kranʔ, *kanʔ |
| 謇 | *kranʔ |
| 搴 | *kranʔ, *kʰran |
| 藆 | *kranʔ |
| 騫 | *kʰran |
| 褰 | *kʰran |
| 攐 | *kʰran |
| 鑳 | *ɡranʔ |
| 寋 | *ɡanʔ |
| 鶱 | *qʰan |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 宀 (“house”) + 人 (“person”) + 茻 (“grass”) – a person in a house, sleeping in the grass to protect from the cold. In some bronze inscriptions, 二 is added at the bottom of the character; this may simply be decorative or may represent a mat. In the seal script, 二 is changed to 仌 (“ice”) to emphasize its meaning of coldness.
Contrast 宿.

### Etymology

Unknown (Schuessler, 2007).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): hán (han$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄏㄢˊ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): хан (han, I)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hon$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): hòn
    (Hailu, HRS): hon
* Jin (Wiktionary): han$^1$
* Eastern Min (BUC): hàng / gàng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hang$^2$ / gua$^2$ / guaⁿ$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hân / kôaⁿ / gân
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hang$^5$ / guan$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$ghoe
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): han$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hán
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hán
*** Wade–Giles: han$^2$
*** Yale: hán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: harn
*** Palladius: хань (xanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /xän³⁵/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: хан (han, I)
*** Sinological IPA : /xæ̃²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hon$^4$
*** Yale: hòhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hon$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hon$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɔːn²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hòn
*** Hakka Romanization System: hon$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: hon$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /hon¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: hon
*** Sinological IPA: /hon⁵⁵/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: han$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /xæ̃¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: hàng / gàng
*** Sinological IPA : /haŋ⁵³/, /kaŋ⁵³/
* hàng - “cold; poor; to fear”;
* gàng - “affected by the cold; chilled”.
* Middle Chinese: han
Rime :
| Character | 寒 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 寒 (61) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 胡安切 |
| Baxter | han |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦɑn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦɑn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣɑn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦan/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣɑn/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣɑn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣɑn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | hán |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hon$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*Cə.[ɡ]ˤa[n]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡaːn/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 寒 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | hán |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ han › |
| Old Chinese | /*Cə.[ɡ]ˁa[n]/ |
| English | cold |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 寒 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 4870 |
| Phonetic component | 寒 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 寒 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡaːn/ |

### Definitions

寒
* cold; wintry; chilly
* poor; poverty-stricken
* humble; petty and low
* desolate; deserted
* dreary; miserable
* withered; limp
* (humble) my
    寒舍 ― hánshè ― (one's own) humble home
* to feel cold
* to fear; to dread
* winter
* cold weather; cold day or night
* (traditional Chinese medicine) cold; chill
* (～日) (telegraphy) the fourteenth day of a month

#### Synonyms

* (cold): 冷 (lěng)
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 冷, 寒冷 weather |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 冷 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 冷 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 冷 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 冷 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 冷 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 冷 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 冷 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 冷 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 冷 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 冷, 凊 very cold |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 冷, 冷凊 weather |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 冷 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 冷, 凊 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 冷 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 冷 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 凍, 冷 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 凍, 冷 weather |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 冷 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 凍, 冷 weather |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 凍 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 凍 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 凍 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 冷 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 冷 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 冷 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 冷, 寒 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 冷, 寒人 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 冷 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 冷, 寒 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 冷, 寒 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 冷, 寒 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 冷, 凍 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 冷 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 凊, 鎮 very cold |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 凊, 凍 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 冷, 凊, 寒 weather |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 冷, 凊, 寒 |
| Southern Min | Shishi | 寒 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 冷, 凊, 寒 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 寒 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 寒 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 冷, 凊, 寒 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 冷, 寒 weather, 凊 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 冷, 寒 weather |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 冷, 寒, 凊 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 凝, 寒 weather, 凊 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 凝, 寒, 凊, 冷 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 凝, 凊 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 凝 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 凝, 凊 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 凝 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 寒 |
| Southern Min | Qionghai | 寒 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 凊, 寒 weather |
| Wu | Shanghai | 冷 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 冷 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 冷, 凍 weather |
| Wu | Danyang | 冷 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 冷 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 冷 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 冷, 凍 |
| Wu | Lishui | 冷 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 冷 |
| Wu | Yushan | 凊 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 冷, 凊 very cold |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 冷, 凊 very cold |

### Compounds

* 一寒如此
* 一暴十寒 (yīpùshíhán)
* 一曝十寒 (yīpù-shíhán)
* 不寒而慄 / 不寒而栗 (bùhán'érlì)
* 不寒而栗 (bùhán'érlì)
* 中寒
* 乍寒乍熱 / 乍寒乍热
* 乍暖還寒 / 乍暖还寒 (zhànuǎnhuánhán)
* 令人心寒
* 偷寒送暖
* 傷寒 / 伤寒 (shānghán)
* 傷寒論 / 伤寒论
* 內寒 / 内寒
* 再寒暑
* 冱寒
* 凍寒 / 冻寒
* 凝寒
* 別後寒溫 / 别后寒温
* 北寒帶 / 北寒带 (Běihándài)
* 十年寒窗
* 十載寒窗 / 十载寒窗
* 受寒 (shòuhán)
* 問寒問暖 / 问寒问暖 (wènhánwènnuǎn)
* 單寒 / 单寒
* 啼飢號寒 / 啼饥号寒 (tíjīháohán)
* 噓寒問暖 / 嘘寒问暖 (xūhánwènnuǎn)
* 噤若寒蟬 / 噤若寒蝉 (jìnruòhánchán)
* 嚴寒 / 严寒 (yánhán)
* 大寒 (Dàhán)
* 天寒
* 天寒地凍 / 天寒地冻 (tiānhándìdòng)
* 嫩寒
* 嬌寒 / 娇寒
* 孤寒 (gūhán)
* 家寒
* 家道貧寒 / 家道贫寒
* 寒不擇衣 / 寒不择衣
* 寒乞
* 寒事
* 寒人
* 寒來暑往 / 寒来暑往
* 寒俊
* 寒假 (hánjià)
* 寒傖 / 寒伧 (hánchen)
* 寒傖相 / 寒伧相
* 寒光
* 寒具
* 寒冬 (hándōng)
* 寒冬臘月 / 寒冬腊月 (hándōnglàyuè)
* 寒冷 (hánlěng)
* 寒厥
* 寒噤 (hánjìn)
* 寒地訓練 / 寒地训练
* 寒垣
* 寒塵 / 寒尘
* 寒士 (hánshì)
* 寒天 (hántiān)
* 寒女
* 寒官
* 寒害
* 寒家
* 寒山 (hánshān)
* 寒山子
* 寒山寺
* 寒峭
* 寒帶 / 寒带 (hándài)
* 寒帶氣候 / 寒带气候
* 寒微 (hánwēi)
* 寒微簡陋 / 寒微简陋
* 寒心 (hánxīn)
* 寒心酸鼻
* 寒怯
* 寒意 (hányì)
* 寒慄 / 寒栗
* 寒慘慘 / 寒惨惨
* 寒戰 / 寒战 (hánzhàn)
* 寒抖抖
* 寒星
* 寒暑 (hánshǔ)
* 寒暑推移
* 寒暑表 (hánshǔbiǎo)
* 寒暄 (hánxuān)
* 寒暄書 / 寒暄书
* 寒暖色
* 寒木春華 / 寒木春华
* 寒林 (hánlín)
* 寒梅 (hánméi)
* 寒森森
* 寒武系
* 寒武紀 / 寒武纪 (Hánwǔ Jì)
* 寒毛 (hánmáo)
* 寒毛直豎 / 寒毛直竖
* 寒氈一席 / 寒毡一席
* 寒氣 / 寒气 (hánqì)
* 寒氣襲人 / 寒气袭人
* 寒氣逼人 / 寒气逼人
* 寒沍
* 寒泉之思
* 寒流 (hánliú)
* 寒浞
* 寒涼 / 寒凉 (hánliáng)
* 寒溫 / 寒温
* 寒溫序 / 寒温序
* 寒潮 (háncháo)
* 寒灰
* 寒熱 / 寒热 (hánrè)
* 寒燠
* 寒玉
* 寒璧
* 寒瓜
* 寒畯
* 寒症
* 寒痹
* 寒瘧 / 寒疟
* 寒盟
* 寒相
* 寒砧
* 寒磣 / 寒碜 (hánchen)
* 寒禁
* 寒秋
* 寒窗 (hánchuāng)
* 寒第
* 寒粟子
* 寒素
* 寒羞
* 寒翼龍 / 寒翼龙 (hányìlóng)
* 寒耕暑耘
* 寒耕熱耘 / 寒耕热耘
* 寒肅 / 寒肃
* 寒腿 (hántuǐ)
* 寒舍 (hánshè)
* 寒色 (hánsè)
* 寒花晚節 / 寒花晚节
* 寒苦
* 寒荊 / 寒荆
* 寒著 (hòn-tó)
* 寒薄
* 寒號蟲 / 寒号虫 (hánháochóng)
* 寒蛩
* 寒蜩
* 寒螿 / 寒螀
* 寒蟬 / 寒蝉 (hánchán)
* 寒蟬仗馬 / 寒蝉仗马
* 寒蠢
* 寒衣
* 寒衣節 / 寒衣节
* 寒訓 / 寒训
* 寒證 / 寒证
* 寒賤 / 寒贱
* 寒酸 (hánsuān)
* 寒酸措大
* 寒門 / 寒门 (hánmén)
* 寒門飲恨 / 寒门饮恨
* 寒霜
* 寒露 (Hánlù)
* 寒顫 / 寒颤 (hánzhàn)
* 寒風 / 寒风 (hánfēng)
* 寒風刺骨 / 寒风刺骨
* 寒風砭骨 / 寒风砭骨
* 寒飆 / 寒飙
* 寒食 (hánshí)
* 寒食節 / 寒食节 (Hánshíjié)
* 寒鴉 / 寒鸦 (hányā)
* 小寒 (Xiǎohán)
* 小寒食
* 屍骨早寒 / 尸骨早寒
* 屍骨未寒 / 尸骨未寒 (shīgǔwèihán)
* 島瘦郊寒 / 岛瘦郊寒
* 廣寒 / 广寒 (guǎnghán)
* 廣寒仙子 / 广寒仙子
* 廣寒宮 / 广寒宫 (Guǎnghángōng)
* 心如寒灰
* 心寒 (xīnhán)
* 心寒膽戰 / 心寒胆战
* 心寒膽碎 / 心寒胆碎
* 心寒膽落 / 心寒胆落
* 心膽俱寒 / 心胆俱寒
* 心驚膽寒 / 心惊胆寒
* 惡寒 / 恶寒
* 打寒
* 打寒噤
* 打寒戰 / 打寒战 (dǎhánzhàn)
* 斑疹傷寒 / 斑疹伤寒 (bānzhěn shānghán)
* 易水寒
* 春寒料峭
* 暑來寒往 / 暑来寒往
* 暑往寒來 / 暑往寒来
* 暖寒會 / 暖寒会
* 枕冷衾寒
* 歇寒 (hioh-kôaⁿ) (Min Nan)
* 歲寒 / 岁寒 (suìhán)
* 歲寒三友 / 岁寒三友 (suìhánsānyǒu)
* 歲寒不凋 / 岁寒不凋
* 歲寒松柏 / 岁寒松柏
* 沁寒
* 消寒圖 / 消寒图
* 消寒會 / 消寒会
* 清寒 (qīnghán)
* 清寒子弟
* 漠漠寒
* 濟寒賑貧 / 济寒赈贫
* 燠寒
* 發脾寒 / 发脾寒
* 白屋寒門 / 白屋寒门
* 盛暑祁寒
* 盪寒 / 荡寒
* 破膽寒心 / 破胆寒心
* 祁寒
* 祁寒暑雨
* 祁寒溽暑
* 祛寒
* 禦寒 / 御寒 (yùhán)
* 秋月寒江
* 耐寒 (nàihán)
* 脣亡齒寒 / 唇亡齿寒 (chúnwángchǐhán)
* 脾寒
* 腸傷寒 / 肠伤寒
* 膽寒 / 胆寒 (dǎnhán)
* 膽戰心寒 / 胆战心寒
* 膽破心寒 / 胆破心寒
* 膽顫心寒 / 胆颤心寒
* 自同寒蟬 / 自同寒蝉
* 芒寒色正
* 苦寒 (kǔhán)
* 苦寒行
* 薄祚寒門 / 薄祚寒门
* 號寒啼飢 / 号寒啼饥 (háohántíjī)
* 衾寒枕冷
* 貧寒 / 贫寒 (pínhán)
* 貧寒出身 / 贫寒出身
* 輕寒 / 轻寒
* 送暖偷寒
* 避寒 (bìhán)
* 郊寒島瘦 / 郊寒岛瘦
* 酸寒
* 酷寒
* 陰勝則寒 / 阴胜则寒
* 陰寒 / 阴寒
* 隆寒
* 顛寒作熱 / 颠寒作热
* 風寒 / 风寒 (fēnghán)
* 風寒紗縵 / 风寒纱缦
* 飢寒 / 饥寒 (jīhán)
* 飢寒交切 / 饥寒交切
* 飢寒交迫 / 饥寒交迫 (jīhánjiāopò)
* 骨肉未寒
* 高寒

### Further reading

* “寒”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.
* “寒”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 寒 |
| Kyūjitai | 寒󠄁 寒+&#xE0101; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 寒󠄃 寒+&#xE0103; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)
* cold

#### Readings

* Go-on: がん (gan)
* Kan-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)
* Kun: さむい (samui, 寒い, Jōyō)、いやしい (iyashii, 寒しい)、さびしい (sabishii, 寒しい)、まずしい (mazushii, 寒しい)
* Nanori: さ (sa)、さん (san)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 寒
* かん Grade: 3
* kan'on
From Middle Chinese 寒 (MC han).
The basic cold sense as an affix is attested from some of the earliest texts in the 700s CE. Use as an independent noun is first attested in a text from roughly 900 CE.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かん [káꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])
* (Tokyo) かん [kàń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [kã̠ɴ]

### Affix

寒(かん) • (kan)
* [from 700s] cold, chilly
* [from early 1800s] (by extension) poor, poverty-stricken
* [from 900s] midwinter, cold season

#### Derived terms

* 寒鴉(かんあ) (kan'a)
* 寒葵(カンアオイ) (kan'aoi)
* 寒気(かんき) (kanki)
* 寒菊(カンギク) (kangiku)
* 寒暑(かんしょ) (kansho)
* 寒心(かんしん) (kanshin)
* 寒村(かんそん) (kanson)
* 寒中(かんちゅう) (kanchū)
* 寒風(かんぷう) (kanpū)
* 寒冷(かんれい) (kanrei)
* 悪寒(おかん) (okan)
* 厳寒(げんかん) (genkan)
* 向寒(こうかん) (kōkan)
* 春寒(しゅんかん) (shunkan)
* 小寒(しょうかん) (shōkan)
* 大寒(だいかん) (daikan)
* 避寒(ひかん) (hikan)
* 貧寒(ひんかん) (hinkan)
* 防寒(ぼうかん) (bōkan)

### Noun

寒(かん) • (kan)
* [from circa 900] cold, coldness
* [from 1275] midwinter, cold season
** a haiku by Matsuo Bashō:
    干(かん)鮭(ざけ)も　空(くう)也(や)の痩(やせ)も　寒(かん)の内(うち)
       kanzake mo Kūya no yase mo kan no uchi
       Salted salmon too, also Kūya's thinning too, in the cold season

### References

* ↑ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 685 (paper), page 392 (digital)
* 1 2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 寒 (MC han). Recorded as Middle Korean 한 (han) (Yale: han) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

Wikisource 寒 (eumhun 찰 한 (chal han))
* hanja form of 한 (“cold; chilly”)

#### Compounds

* 오한 (惡寒, ohan)
* 한랭 (寒冷, hallaeng)
* 한심 (寒心, hansim, “miserableness”)
* 혹한 (酷寒, hokhan)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

寒: Hán Việt readings: hàn (河(hà)干(can)切(thiết))
寒: Nôm readings: hàn
* chữ Hán form of hàn (“coldness”).

### References

* 1 2 Nguyễn (2014).
* 1 2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* ↑ Trần (2004).
* 1 2 Bonet (1899).
* ↑ Génibrel (1898).
* ↑ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).