# Hokkien
## English
### Alternative forms

* Hokkian, Hok Kian, Hok-kian
* Hokien, Hukkien, Hokyen (proscribed)
* Hok-kien, Hok-Kien (archaic)
* Hokkeen, Hok-keen, Hokkeën, Hokkëèn (obsolete)

### Etymology

Borrowed from Hokkien 福建 (Hok-kiàn, “Fujian / Fukien”). Doublet of Fukien and Fujian.

### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation, Singapore) IPA: /ˈhɒkiɛn/
* (Philippines) IPA: /ˈhok.kjɛn/
* (General American) IPA: /ˈhɑkiˌɛn/, /ˈhoʊkiˌɛn/

### Proper noun

Hokkien
* (chiefly Southeast Asia) A linguistic subgroup of the Southern Min (Min Nan) branch, of the Min branch, of the Sinitic (Chinese) branch, of the Sino-Tibetan language family which is mainly spoken in the south-eastern part of mainland China (Fujian province), Taiwan, and by overseas Chinese of Hoklo descent, such as in Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Indonesia, Southern Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, Southern Vietnam, etc.
** 2011, Shelley Rigger, Why Taiwan Matters: Small Island, Global Powerhouse, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, →ISBN, page 28:Almost 90 percent of Taiwan's 6 million occupants at the end of World War II spoke Hokkien.
** 2020, Tsung-lun Alan Wan, “Language Revitalization and Perceived Language Shift: A Case of Kinmenese Hokkien”, in Jens Damm, Hauke Neddermann, editors, Intercultural Dialogue across Borders: China between Tradition and Modernity‎, Zürich: LIT Verlag, →ISBN, page 106:Because Hokkien is the most widely spoken local language (after Mandarin) in both Taiwan and Kinmen, this national language policy – when implemented in Kinmen – resulted in a different perceived language policy.
** 2022 June 22, Zoe Yu, “Endangered Languages Are Worth Saving”, in The New York Times‎, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-06-22, Student Editorial Contest Winner‎:Under colonial rule, learning or speaking my grandma’s native Hokkien, along with dozens of indigenous languages, was illegal by law.
** 2023 July 2, Ben Blanchard, “Taiwan celebrates linguistic diversity at annual music awards”, in William Mallard, editor, Reuters‎, archived from the original on 3 July 2023, Asia Pacific‎:The awards celebrate not only Mandopop but also artists singing in Taiwanese - also known as Hokkien - Hakka and indigenous languages, a visible sign of the government's efforts to promote tongues other than Mandarin.
** For quotations using this term, see Citations:Hokkien.
* (chiefly Southeast Asia) A group of Han Chinese people whose traditional ancestral homes are in southern Fujian, South China, especially those that ancestrally spoke the Hokkien language.
* (dated) Any person from Fujian.

#### Synonyms

* Hoklo, Fukien, Fukienese, Fujianese

#### Hypernyms

* Southern Min, Min Nan, Minnan, Minnanese
* Quanzhou–Zhangzhou, Chinchew–Changchew

#### Hyponyms

* Quanzhou dialect, Chinchew
* Taiwanese
* Xiamen dialect, Amoy, Xiamenese
* Zhangzhou dialect, Changchew

#### Related terms

* Fujian

#### See also

* Other branches of Southern Min (limited mutual intelligibility): Teochew (Chaoshan Division); Zhenan Min Division; Zhongshan Min Division; Qiongwen Division; Leizhou Min Division; Longyan Min Division

### Adjective

Hokkien (not comparable)
* Of or relating to the Fujianese people.
* (chiefly Southeast Asia) Of or relating to the Hokkien language and its dialects or variants.
* (dated) Of or relating to the province of Fujian in China.

### References

* 1 2 “Hokkien, adj. & n.”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, July 2023.
* ↑ Jack Tsen-Ta Lee (2015 April 28) “Hokkien”, in A Dictionary of Singlish and Singapore English

### Further reading

* Ethnologue entry for Hokkien, nan ⁠

## Tagalog
### Etymology

Borrowed from Hokkien 福建 (Hok-kiàn, “Fujian / Fukien”). Doublet of Fukien.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ˈhokjen/ [ˈhok.jɛn̪]
* Rhymes: -okjen
* Syllabification: Hokk‧ien

### Proper noun

Hokkien (Baybayin spelling ᜑᜓᜃ᜔ᜌᜒᜈ᜔)
* the Hokkien language (linguistic variety under Southern Min of the Min languages of the Sinitic (Chinese) languages of the Sino-Tibetan family)
    wikang HokkienLanguage of Hokkien
    salitang HokkienHokkien language word; Hokkien Language
** 1996, Alfredo E. Litiatco, Isagani R. Cruz, The Alfredo E. Litiatco lectures of Isagani R. Cruz‎, De La Salle University Press, →ISBN, page 237: […] Iyan ang historikal na dahilan kung bakit hindi pinapansin ng halos lahat ng mga kritiko ang literaturang Tsino natin. Kahit na humigit kumulang sa dalawang daang Filipino ang nagsusulat sa wikang Mandarin o Hokkien sa kasalukuyan ay hindi inaakala ng mga bobong iskolar na dugong Malay na malaking bahagi ng literatura […] […] That is the historical reason why almost all critics ignore our Chinese literature. Even though there are about two hundred Filipinos writing in Mandarin or Hokkien today, stupid scholars of Malay blood do not think that a large part of the literature […]
** 1997, Joaquin Sy, Tsapsuy: mga sanaysay, tula, salin at iba pa 雜碎‎, Kaisa Para sa Kaunlaran, →ISBN, page 260,265: […] at lalim ng impluwensiyang Tsino sa wikang Tagalog. Dito'y dapat linawin na ang mga bokabularyong Tsinong tinukoy sa pag-aaral ay mula sa wikang Hokkien. Mangilan-ngilan lamang ang mula sa Cantones at Mandarin. Hindi naman ito kataka-taka dahil mahigit nobenta porsiyento ng mga Tsinong lumikas sa Pilipinas ay galing sa Fujian (o Hokkian) […] At ang salitang "paslang," ayon sa pag-aaral ni Manuel, ay mula sa pariralang Hokkien na "phah si lang" na ang kahuluga'y... ano pa nga ba kundi "pumatay ng tao!" […] […] and depth of Chinese influence on the Tagalog language. Here it should be clarified that the Chinese vocabulary referred to in the study is from the Hokkien language. Only a few come from Cantonese and Mandarin. This is not surprising because more than ninety percent of the Chinese who emigrated to the Philippines are from Fujian (or Hokkian) […] And the word "paslang," according to Manuel's study, is from the Hokkien phrase "phah si lang" which means... what else but "to kill a person!" […]
** 2003, Ching Tam Cua, translated by Joaquin Sy, 五月花節：柯清淡小說精選 (Flores de Mayo: Tatlong Piling Kwento) [Flowers of May: Three Selected Stories]‎, Kaisa Para sa Kaunlaran, →ISBN, page 48,50: […] lumabas mula sa kuwarto ang anak kong lalaking nakabihis militar at may hawak na riple. Pinisil niya ako sa balikat saka sinabi sa wikang Hokkien, "Magsasanay kaming magpaputok ng rifle ngayong araw. Pa! Corporal na ako, hindi na flag bearer […] Hokkien ang dalawang salitang iyon. Pagkatapos ng anak kong lalaki sa paaralang Tsino, nagkolehiyo na siya sa paaralang Pilipino. Nag-aalala akong makakalimutan niya ang wikang Tsino, pati na ang sulat Tsino. Nang maglaho sa labas […] usap-usapan ng mga tao sa Chinatown, ang pangongolekta ng donasyon ng class president naming binansagan naming Kuya Macao na bagama't Cantones ay nakapagsasalita ng matatas na Hokkien, ang limang linggong wala akong perang manood ng […] […] my son came out of the room in military uniform and holding a rifle. He squeezed my shoulder and said in Hokkien, "We're going to practice firing a rifle today. Pa! I'm a corporal, no longer a flag bearer […] Those two words are Hokkien. After my son went to Chinese school, he went to college in the Filipino school. I was worried that he would forget the Chinese language, including the Chinese script. When he disappeared outside […] the people in Chinatown talked about the donation collection of our class president nicknamed Brother Macau that although Cantonese can speak fluent Hokkien, the five weeks I didn't have money to watch […]
** 2004, Mayo Uno Martin, Babél: Mga Tula ni Mayo Uno Martin [Babél: Poems of Mayo Uno Martin]‎, High Chair, →ISBN, page 41: […] Napanaginipan ng historyador ang emperador. Nagpakilala itong si Shih Huang Ti. (Nakakapag-Hokkien sa panaginip.) Matapos libutin ang maharlikang hardin, […] […] The historian dreamed of the emperor. He introduced himself as Shih Huang Ti. (Able to use Hokkien in a dream.) After touring the royal garden, […]
** 2005, “Ugat ng Huweteng”, in Sawikaan 2005: Mga Salita ng Taon‎, UP Press, →ISBN, page 4: […]Hango umano ang "huweteng" ["hue"+"eng" o "teng"] sa Tsino, at iniuugnay sa wikang Amoy-Hokkien. Ayon sa PCIJ, ang "hue" daw ay may literal na katumbas na "bulaklak" [flower], samantalang ang "eng" o "teng" ay katumbas daw ng "pusta" o "taya" [bet]. […] Ayon kay Joaquin Sy, isang eksperto sa Hokkien at tagasalin ng mga akdang Tsino, ang "huweteng" ay maaaring mula sa "hua" [bulaklak] at "tang" [salansan ng papeles]. Wala namang makapagsasabi kung sa paglipas ng panahon ay nagbago ang bigkas sa "hua tang" at naging "hue teng." Kung babalikan naman ang Tsapsuy: Mga sanaysay, tula, salin, at iba pa (1997) ni Sy, binanggit ang "jue xin" na mulang Hokkien. Tumutukoy ang "jue xin" sa tao na buo […] […]It is indeed similar as said that "huweteng" ["hue"+"eng" or "teng"] is derived from Chinese, and is associated with the Amoy-Hokkien language. According to the PCIJ, "hue" is said to have a literal equivalent to "bulaklak" [flower], while "eng" or "teng" is said to be equivalent to "pusta" or "taya" [bet]. […] According to Joaquin Sy, a Hokkien expert and translator of Chinese works, "hueteng" may be from "hua" [flower] and "tang" [stack of papers]. No one can say if over time the pronunciation changed from "hua tang" to "hue teng." Going back to Sy's Tsapsuy: Essays, poems, translations, and others (1997), "jue xin" from Hokkien is mentioned. "jue xin" refers to the person as a whole
** 2007, Bai Ren 白刃, translated by Joaquin Sy 施華謹, Lagalag sa Nanyang: (Nanyang Piaoliuji) 南洋漂流記 [Wandering the South Seas (Southeast Asia)]‎, UP Press, →ISBN, page 334: […] Beinte-singko anyos lang si Kho Bunthong. Siya ang pinakabata sa editorial department. Nakapag-aral siya ng journalism sa isang unibersidad sa Tsina, at mahusay pang mag-Ingles, kaya siya ang inatasang maging reporter ni Mr. Le. Makuwento siya at prangka magsalita, maliksi kumilos at mabilis magtrabaho, at tapat sa pakikiharap sa tao, kaya't natutuwa sa kanya ang mga taga-editorial department. Galing siya sa Chaozhou sa Guangdong. Maliban sa pagkakaiba sa punto ay hindi gaanong nagkakalayo ang salitang Chaozhou sa Hokkien. Siguro'y dahil hindi masyadong malayo ang aming edad, gayundin ang pag-uugali, kaya naman madali kaming […] […] Kho Bunthong is only twenty-five years old. He is the youngest in the editorial department. He studied journalism at a university in China, and speaks English well, so he was assigned to be a reporter for Mr. Le. He is talkative and straightforward, agile and quick to work, and honest in dealing with people, which is why the editorial department likes him. He is from Chaozhou in Guangdong. Except to a certain point, the Chaozhou language is not that far from Hokkien. Maybe it's because our age is not too far apart, as well as our behavior, that's why we easily […]
** 2012, Philippine Social Sciences Review‎, volume 64, number 2, College of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of the Philippines, page 25: […] nakapagsasalita ng Hokkien o Cantonese. Sa struktura ng pamilya, mas sumusunod din ang mga mestiso sa kagawiang Pilipino na nagbibigay-halaga sa kamag-anak ng babaeng asawa. Kapansin-pansin naman sa kanila ang ilang katangian tulad ng pagkahilig sa karangyaan, debosyon sa Katolisismo at sa kulturang Espanyol, at kakayahang magnegosyo […] […] able to speak Hokkien or Cantonese. In the family structure, the mestizos also follow the Filipino practice that gives importance to the wife's relatives. They are notable for some characteristics such as a penchant for luxury, devotion to Catholicism and Spanish culture, and the ability to do business […]

### Adjective

Hokkien (Baybayin spelling ᜑᜓᜃ᜔ᜌᜒᜈ᜔)
* Of or relating to the Hokkien language
    Synonyms: Fukien, Amoy