# 鬱

| 鬱 | U+9B31, &#39729; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9B31 |
| ← 鬰 [U+9B30] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 鬲 → [U+9B32] |

## Translingual
### Han character

鬱 (Kangxi radical 192, 鬯+19, 29 strokes, cangjie input 木木月山竹 (DDBUH), four-corner 4472$_2$, composition ⿳⿲木缶木冖⿰鬯彡)

#### Derived characters

* 灪, 爩, 䖇, 𡯀, 𡿥, 𢺴, 𥘄, 𤓮, 𪓊

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1458, character 18
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 45671
* Dae Jaweon: page 1990, character 22
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 858, character 12
* Unihan data for U+9B31

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 鬱 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Qin slip script | Small seal script |
| | Old Chinese |
| 鬱 | *qud |
| 欝 | *qud |
| 灪 | *qud |
| 爩 | *qud |
Originally ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): A person 大 (now 缶) stepping on another 勹 (now 冖) in a forest 林 – melancholy; depression. The later inclusion of 鬯 (“aromatic wine”) is because 鬱 was borrowed to represent fragrant herbs or wine flavored with vanilla (“tulip”). 彡 are simply decorative strokes.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yù (yu$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄩˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): wat$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): vut
* Eastern Min (BUC): ók
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): oh$^6$ / uoh$^6$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): ut
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ug$^4$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^7$iuq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yù
*** Zhuyin: ㄩˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yù
*** Wade–Giles: yü$^4$
*** Yale: yù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yuh
*** Palladius: юй (juj)
*** Sinological IPA : /y⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: wat$^1$
*** Yale: wāt
*** Cantonese Pinyin: wat$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: wed$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /wɐt̚⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: vut
*** Hakka Romanization System: vud$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: vud$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /vut̚²/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ók
*** Sinological IPA : /ouʔ²⁴/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: oh$^6$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: eoh
*** Sinological IPA : /ɔʔ¹/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: uoh$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /uoʔ²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ut
*** Tâi-lô: ut
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ud
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ut̚³²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ut̚⁵/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ut̚³²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ut̚³²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ut̚³²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ug$^4$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: uk
*** Sinological IPA : /uk̚²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^7$iuq
*** MiniDict: iuih$^入$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^4$yq
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /yɪʔ⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: 'jut
Rime :
| Character | 鬱 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 物 (60) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 紆物切 |
| Baxter | 'jut |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʔɨut̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʔiut̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʔiuət̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʔut̚/ |
| Li Rong | /ʔiuət̚/ |
| Wang Li | /ĭuət̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʔi̯uət̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | wat$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*qut/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qud/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 鬱 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yù |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ʔjut › |
| Old Chinese | /*qut/ |
| English | blocked; anxious |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 鬱 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 16057 |
| Phonetic component | 鬱 |
| Rime group | 物 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 鬱 |
| Old Chinese | /*qud/ |

### Definitions

鬱
* lush; luxuriant; exuberant; dense; thick
    蔥鬱／葱郁 ― cōngyù ― verdant
* depressed; gloomy; moody
    憂鬱／忧郁 ― yōuyù ― depressed
* to gather; to build up; to stagnate; to become stagnant
    鬱結／郁结 ― yùjié ― to be pent up
    鬱熱／郁热 ― yùrè ― hot and suffocating
* to begrudge; to resent; to feel aggrieved
* various; abundant; profuse
* deep; obscure; profound
* melancholy; depression
* hot air (rising); steam
* a kind of plum
* name of a god
* tall and big
* putrid; putrefied
* tulip; fragrant grass
    alt. forms: 𩰪 (yù), 䖇 (yù)
* (～水) name for a branch of the Pearl River, including the You River, Yu River and the Xun River in Guangxi, as well as the Xi River downstream in Guangdong
* (～郡) name of an ancient Chinese prefecture
* (Hokkien) to suppress one's feelings; to hold back one's emotions (of worry, anger, etc.)
       Sim-sū bô lâng chai, góa ut kah chin kan-khó͘ ê. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       No one know's the stuff that's weighing on my mind, and I've been suppressing to the point of having a difficult time.
* (Hokkien) to bend; to coil; to twist
       Thih-pán hō͘ i ut oan. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       Bend the iron plate.
       Tek-á ut hō͘ i khiau. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       Coil the bamboo to make it bent.
* (Hokkien) to curl up; to roll up
       I kui-li̍t ut tī chhù-lāi. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       He's curled up at home all day.
* (Mainland China Hokkien) to cause someone to feel wronged
       I hō͘ lâng áu-ut khì. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       He has been wronged by someone.
       I tī lín hiâ ut kah chin kan-lân. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       He was wronged by your side and is having a really hard time.
* (Mainland China Hokkien) to constrain oneself to work
       Chi̍t-li̍t ut leh siá, nā bô ūn-tōng ūn-tōng, lâng ē kek pīⁿ. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       If someone doesn't exercise and just works on writing all day, they'll get sick.
* (Taiwanese Hokkien) to restrain; to hold back; to constrain
       ut sí lâng ê châi-tiāu [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       to restrain someone's ability
* a surname

### Compounds

* 伊鬱 / 伊郁
* 勃鬱 / 勃郁
* 坱鬱 / 坱郁
* 壹鬱 / 壹郁
* 怏鬱 / 怏郁
* 怫鬱 / 怫郁
* 悒鬱 / 悒郁 (yìyù)
* 悒鬱不忿 / 悒郁不忿
* 悒鬱寡歡 / 悒郁寡欢 (yìyùguǎhuān)
* 憂鬱 / 忧郁 (yōuyù)
* 憂鬱症 / 忧郁症 (yōuyùzhèng)
* 抗憂鬱藥 / 抗忧郁药
* 抑鬱 / 抑郁 (yìyù)
* 抑鬱寡歡 / 抑郁寡欢
* 氣鬱 / 气郁
* 氤鬱 / 氤郁
* 沉鬱 / 沉郁 (chényù)
* 沉鬱頓挫 / 沉郁顿挫
* 泱鬱 / 泱郁
* 湮鬱 / 湮郁
* 滃鬱 / 滃郁
* 漚鬱 / 沤郁
* 神荼鬱壘 / 神荼郁垒
* 積鬱 / 积郁 (jīyù)
* 紆鬱 / 纡郁
* 肝鬱 / 肝郁
* 芬鬱 / 芬郁 (fēnyù)
* 茀鬱 / 茀郁
* 蒼鬱 / 苍郁 (cāngyù)
* 蓊鬱 / 蓊郁 (wěngyù)
* 蔥鬱 / 葱郁 (cōngyù)
* 躁鬱症 / 躁郁症 (zàoyùzhèng)
* 陰鬱 / 阴郁 (yīnyù)
* 鞅鬱 / 鞅郁
* 馥鬱 / 馥郁 (fùyù)
* 鬱伊 / 郁伊
* 鬱勃 / 郁勃 (yùbó)
* 鬱卒 / 郁卒 (yùzú)
* 鬱堙不偶 / 郁堙不偶
* 鬱塞 / 郁塞
* 鬱壘 / 郁垒 (Yùlǜ)
* 鬱律 / 郁律
* 鬱悒 / 郁悒
* 鬱悶 / 郁闷 (yùmèn)
* 鬱憤 / 郁愤 (yùfèn)
* 鬱抑 / 郁抑 (yùyì)
* 鬱江 / 郁江 (Yùjiāng)
* 鬱沉沉 / 郁沉沉
* 鬱泱 / 郁泱
* 鬱湮 / 郁湮
* 鬱火 / 郁火
* 鬱然 / 郁然 (yùrán)
* 鬱蒸 / 郁蒸
* 鬱熱 / 郁热 (yùrè)
* 鬱燠 / 郁燠
* 鬱症 / 郁症 (yùzhèng)
* 鬱積 / 郁积 (yùjī)
* 鬱紆 / 郁纡
* 鬱結 / 郁结 (yùjié)
* 鬱蒼 / 郁苍 (yùcāng)
* 鬱蓊 / 郁蓊
* 鬱蔥 / 郁葱
* 鬱血 / 郁血 (yùxuè)
* 鬱邑 / 郁邑
* 鬱郁 (yùyù)
* 鬱金 / 郁金 (yùjīn)
* 鬱金香 / 郁金香 (yùjīnxiāng)
* 鬱閉 / 郁闭 (yùbì)
* 鬱陵 / 郁陵 (Yùlíng)
* 鬱陶 / 郁陶 (yùtáo)
* 鬱馥 / 郁馥
* 鬱鬱 / 郁郁 (yùyù)
* 鬱鬱不平 / 郁郁不平
* 鬱鬱不樂 / 郁郁不乐 (yùyùbùlè)
* 鬱鬱寡歡 / 郁郁寡欢 (yùyùguǎhuān)
* 鬱鬱蒼蒼 / 郁郁苍苍 (yùyùcāngcāng)
* 鬱鬱蔥蔥 / 郁郁葱葱 (yùyùcōngcōng)

## Japanese

| Shinjitai (extended) | 欝 |
| Kyūjitai | 鬱 |

### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 欝)
* dense vegetation (しげる)
* depression, gloom, melancholy (ふさぐ)
* abundant, flourish (さかん)
* fragrant herbs

#### Readings

* Go-on: うち (uchi)
* Kan-on: うつ (utsu, Jōyō)
* Kun: こもる (komoru, 鬱る)、しげる (shigeru, 鬱る)、ふさがる (fusagaru, 鬱がる)、ふさぐ (fusagu, 鬱ぐ)、さかん (sakan, 鬱ん)
* Nanori: しげる (shigeru)

#### Compounds

* 鬱(う)金(こん) (ukon)
* 鬱(う)金(こん)色(いろ) (ukon'iro)
* 鬱(う)金(こん)香(こう) (ukonkō)
* 鬱(うっ)気(き) (ukki)
* 鬱(うっ)屈(くつ) (ukkutsu)
* 鬱(うっ)血(けつ) (ukketsu)
* 鬱(うっ)積(せき) (usseki)
* 鬱(うっ)蒼(そう) (ussō)
* 鬱(うっ)滞(たい) (uttai)
* 鬱(うっ)陶(とう)しい (uttōshii)
* 鬱(うっ)憤(ぷん) (uppun)
* 鬱(うつ)々(うつ) (utsūtsu)
* 鬱(うつ)然(ぜん) (utsuzen)
* 鬱(うつ)病(びょう) (utsubyō)
* 鬱(うつ)勃(ぼつ) (utsubotsu)
* 気(き)鬱(うつ) (kiutsu)
* 暗(あん)鬱(うつ) (an'utsu)
* 陰(いん)鬱(うつ) (in'utsu)
* 気(き)鬱(うつ)症(しょう) (kiutsushō)
* 躁(そう)鬱(うつ) (sōutsu)
* 躁(そう)鬱(うつ)質(しつ) (sōutsushitsu)
* 躁(そう)鬱(うつ)病(びょう) (sōutsubyō)
* 沈(ちん)鬱(うつ) (chin'utsu)
* 幽(ゆう)鬱(うつ) (yūutsu)
* 憂(ゆう)鬱(うつ) (yūutsu)
* 憂(ゆう)鬱(うつ)質(しつ) (yūutsushitsu)
* 憂(ゆう)鬱(うつ)症(しょう) (yūutsushō)
* 抑(よく)鬱(うつ) (yokūtsu)

#### Usage notes

鬱 has, at 29 strokes, the most strokes of any kanji in the jōyō kanji list or kanji kentei level 2. The next highest kanji in the jōyō list is 鑑, at 23 strokes.
Prior to the Japanese script reform, this character was handwritten as 欝 using 25 strokes, similar to how "令" is often written differently in handwriting. However, after the reform, the character became proscribed by being excluded from the official lists. In 2010, the character was reintroduced to the jōyō list, but only the print form was included and it is today taught to be written like the print form instead of like 欝.
Despite being reintroduced, the character is often written in hiragana, such as うつ病(びょう) (utsubyō). The NHK have officially outlined to use these hiragana spellings.

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 鬱
* うつ Grade: S
* on'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 欝
From Middle Chinese 鬱 (MC 'jut).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) うつ [úꜜtsù] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ɯ̟t͡sɨ]

### Adjective

鬱(うつ) • (utsu) -na (adnominal 鬱(うつ)な (utsu na), adverbial 鬱(うつ)に (utsu ni))
* depressing
    鬱(うつ)な曲(きょく)
       utsu na kyoku
       depressing song
* depressed
    鬱(うつ)な気(き)分(ぶん)
       utsu na kibun
       gloomy mood
    鬱(うつ)になりそう
       utsu ni narisō
       to be almost depressed about something

### Noun

鬱(うつ) • (utsu)
* (psychiatry) depression
    鬱(うつ)を克(こく)服(ふく)する
       utsu o kokufuku suru
       overcome depression

#### Synonyms

* 鬱(うつ)病(びょう) (utsubyō)

### Affix

鬱(うつ) • (utsu)
* dense (growth); lush; luxuriant
* accumulate; stagnate
* depression; gloom; melancholy

### References

* ↑ “鬱”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎ (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2025
* ↑ Crazy kanji: what’s the highest stroke count?, Nihonshock, 2009 Oct 22
* ↑ 用語の決定, NHK, 2010 December
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Alternative forms

* 㭗

### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 鬱 (MC 'jut).
* Recorded as Middle Korean ᅙᅮᇙ〮 (Yale: qwúlq) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 울 (wul) (Yale: wul) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [uɭ]
* Phonetic hangul: [울]

### Hanja

Wikisource 鬱 (eumhun 답답할 울 (dapdaphal ul))
* hanja form of 울 (“stuffy; stifling; suffocating”)

#### Compounds

* 구울 (漚鬱, guul)
* 불울 (岪鬱, burul)
* 불울 (弗鬱, burul)
* 아울 (訝鬱, aul)
* 앙울 (怏鬱, ang'ul)
* 앙울 (泱鬱, ang'ul)
* 애울 (藹鬱, ae'ul)
* 억울 (抑鬱, eogul)
* 옹울 (蓊鬱, ong'ul)
* 우울 (憂鬱, uul)
* 우울증 (憂鬱症, uuljeung)
* 울결 (鬱結, ulgyeol)
* 울금 (鬱金, ulgeum)
* 울기 (鬱氣, ulgi)
* 울념 (鬱念, ullyeom)
* 울노 (鬱怒, ullo)
* 울담 (鬱痰, uldam)
* 울도 (鬱陶, uldo)
* 울림 (鬱林, ullim)
* 울민 (鬱悶, ulmin)
* 울밀 (鬱密, ulmil)
* 울분 (鬱憤, ulbun)
* 울산 (鬱散, ulsan)
* 울울 (鬱鬱, urul)
* 울적 (鬱寂, uljeok)
* 울적 (鬱積, uljeok)
* 울화 (鬱火, ulhwa)
* 음울 (陰鬱, eumul)
* 읍울 (悒鬱, eubul)
* 인울 (湮鬱, inul)
* 재울 (齎鬱, jae'ul)
* 창울 (蒼鬱, chang'ul)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

鬱: Hán Nôm readings: uất
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.