# luctor
## Latin
### Etymology

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *lewg- (“bend, twist”) (whence also lū̆xus, -a, -um (“dislocated”) and lū̆xus, -ūs (“dislocation; splendor”)).
Cognate with Ancient Greek λύγος (lúgos), Lithuanian lugnas, and Old Norse lykna. Compare with English louk; lock.
Per De Vaan, formed as a frequentative from Proto-Italic *luktos, the perfect passive participle form of an unattested non-frequentative verb. De Vaan assumes the stem had a short vowel here and in lū̆xus, despite noting that this is difficult to explain as the word meets the conditions for Lachmann's law to apply; he speculates that a hypothetical nasal present stem (which would regularly have had a short vowel), as found in Celtic, could have exerted analogical influence on the vowel length.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈluːk.tor/, [ˈɫ̪uːkt̪ɔr] or IPA: /ˈluk.tor/, [ˈɫ̪ʊkt̪ɔr]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈluk.tor/, [ˈlukt̪or]
* The u in the first syllable is short per De Vaan (2008) and Wartburg (1928–2002), long per Bennett (1907). Bennett appeals to Romance for ū, but Wartburg says there actually seem to be outcomes of both ŭ and ū in Romance. Buchi and Schweickard say that outside of Sardinian, Vegliote and Ladin, all Romance forms are consistent with descent from Proto-Romance *lʊkt‑; they explain the development of *ʊ to /u/ in Gaulish and Iberian varieties as an effect of the following palatal glide that developed in the cluster /kt/.

### Verb

lū̆ctor (present infinitive lū̆ctārī or lū̆ctārier, perfect active lū̆ctātus sum); first conjugation, deponent
* to struggle, strive, contend
    Synonyms: certō, contendō, ēnītor, cōnītor, nītor, adnītor, ēlabōrō, labōrō, īnsequor, tendō, appetō, mōlior
* to wrestle, fight
    Synonyms: repugnō, pugnō, contendō, certō, dēcernō, concurrō, bellō, dīmicō, cōnflīgō

#### Conjugation

$^1$The present passive infinitive in -ier is a rare poetic form which is attested.

#### Derived terms

* ēlū̆ctor
* lū̆cta (post-Classical and Vulgar Latin)
* lū̆ctātiō
* lū̆ctātor
* oblū̆ctor
* relū̆ctor

#### Descendants

* Balkan Romance:
** Aromanian: luptu, alumtu
** Romanian: lupta
** → Albanian: luftoj
* Italo-Romance:
** Italian: lottare
*** →? Lombard: lotà, lottà
*** →? Piedmontese: loté
** Neapolitan: luttà
** Sicilian: luttari; alluttari, adduttari
* Insular Romance:
** Sardinian:
*** Campidanese: lottai, luttai
*** Logudorese: lottare, luttare
*** Nuorese: lottare
* North Italian:
** Gallo-Italic:
*** Lombard: /lyˈt͡ʃa/
*** Piedmontese: /loˈt͡ʃe/
** Friulian: lotâ
** Istriot: lutà
** Romansch: luchiar, lutter, luottar
** Venetan: lotar
* Gallo-Romance:
** Old Catalan: luytar
*** Catalan: lluitar
** Franco-Provençal: lutar
** Old French: loiter, luitier, liter
*** Middle French: luiter, liter, lucter
**** French: lutter
*** Norman: litter
** Old Occitan: luchar, lochar, loitar
*** Occitan: luchar, lutar
* Ibero-Romance:
** Aragonese: luitar, llutiar (Ribagorçan)
** Asturian: lluchar
** Old Galician-Portuguese: luitar
*** Galician: loitar
*** Portuguese: lutar, luitar (obsolete, dialectal), luctar (pre-standardization spelling)
** Spanish: luchar

### References

* Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “lŭctāri”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume 5: J L, page 439
* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “luctor, -ārī”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 350
* ↑ Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “lŭctāri”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume 5: J L, page 438
* ↑ Bennett, Charles E. (1907) The Latin Language: a historical outline of its sounds, inflections, and syntax, Boston: Allyn and Bacon, page 60
* ↑ Buchi, Éva, Schweickard, Wolfgang (2008–) “*/ˈlʊkt-a-/ v.”, in Dictionnaire Étymologique Roman, Nancy: Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française, retrieved 21 April 2023.

### Further reading

* “luctor”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “luctor”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* luctor in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.