# مقدس
## Arabic
### Etymology 1

ِApparently an irregular noun of place from قَدُسَ (qadusa, “to be holy”), occurring chiefly in an Arabic name for the Temple in Jerusalem, بَيْت المَقْدِس (bayt al-maqdis, “The House of the Holy Place”), with the regular form being مَقْدَس (maqdas). Compare مَطْلَع (maṭlaʕ, “rising place”) and its irregular variant, مَطْلِع (maṭliʕ). Compare also the irregular مَنْكِب (mankib, “shoulder-joint”), a derivation that Sībawayh, however, suspected to be a name for this body part rather than a noun of place.
Compare with Aramaic מַקְדְּשָׁא (maqdəšā), Hebrew מִקְדָּשׁ (miqdāsh), Punic 𐤌𐤉𐤒𐤃𐤔 (myqdš).

#### Noun

مَقْدِس • (maqdis) m
* a holy place; a sanctuary

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

Derived from the passive participle of قَدَّسَ (qaddasa, “to sanctify, to make holy, to consecrate”).

#### Adjective

مُقَدَّس • (muqaddas) (feminine مُقَدَّسَة (muqaddasa), masculine plural مُقَدَّسُونَ (muqaddasūna), feminine plural مُقَدَّسَات (muqaddasāt))
* sacred, holy
* sanctified
* consecrated

##### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: müqəddəs
* → Bashkir: мөҡәддәс (möqəddəs)
* → Chagatai: مقدس
** Uyghur: مۇقەددەس (muqeddes)
** Uzbek: muqaddas
* → Classical Persian: مُقَدَّس (muqaddas)
** → Bengali: মুকদ্দস (mukoddoś)
** → Hindustani:
*** Hindi: मुक़द्दस (muqaddas)
*** Urdu: مُقَدَّس (muqaddas)
** → Punjabi:
*** Gurmukhi script: ਮੁਕ਼ੱਦਸ (muqaddas)
*** Shahmukhi script: مُقَدَّس (muqaddas)
** → Sindhi:
*** Devanagari script: मुक़दस
*** Arabic script: مُقَدَّسُ
* → Ottoman Turkish: مقدس (mukaddes)
** Turkish: mukaddes
* → Tatar: мөкаддәс (mökaddäs)
* → Turkmen: mukaddes

##### References

* Wehr, Hans (1979) “قدس”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN

## Azerbaijani
### Adjective

مقدس
* Arabic spelling of müqəddəs

## Chagatai
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic مُقَدَّس (muqaddas).

### Adjective

مقدس (transliteration needed)
* holy

#### Descendants

* Uyghur: مۇقەددەس (muqeddes)
* Uzbek: muqaddas

## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic مُقَدَّس (muqaddas, “holy, sacred”).

### Adjective

مقدس • (mukaddes)
* holy, sacred, godly, characterized by solemn religious ceremony or dedicated to a religious purpose
    Synonyms: شریف (şerif), عزیز (ʼazîz), مبارك (mübârek)
* sanctified, hallowed, consecrated, made holy by some procedure, set aside for sacred or ceremonial use

#### Derived terms

* آرض مقدسه (arz-ı mukaddes, “the Holy Land”)
* اتفاق مقدس (ittifâk-ı mukaddes, “the Holy Alliance”)
* بیت مقدس (beyt-i mukaddes, “the Temple of Jerusalem”)

#### Descendants

* Turkish: mukaddes

### Further reading

* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “mukaddes”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 3295
* Devellioğlu, Ferit (1962) “mukaddes”, in Osmanlıca-Türkçe Ansiklopedik Lûgat‎‎ (in Turkish), Istanbul: Türk Dil Kurumu, page 809
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “مقدس”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 1208
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Sanctus”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎, Vienna, column 1507
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “مقدس”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, column 4833
* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “mukaddes”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “مقدس”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1941

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic مُقَدَّس (muqaddas).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [mu.qað.das]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [mʊ.qäd̪.d̪äs]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [mʊ.qäd̪.d̪äs]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [mʊ.qäd̪.d̪äs]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [mu.qäd̪.d̪äs]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [mo.ʁæd̪.d̪æs]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [mu.qäd̪.d̪äs]

### Adjective

مقدس • (moqaddas)
* holy, sacred
** c. 1390, Hafez, “Ghazal 452”, in دیوان حافظ [The Divan of Hafez]‎:هزار جان مقدس بسوخت زین غیرت که هر صباح و مسا شمع مجلس دگریhazār jān-i muqaddas bisōxt z-īn ğayrat ki har sabāh u masā šam'-i majlis-i digar-īA thousand holy souls have burned from jealousy, Since you are the candle of a different crowd every morning and evening.(Classical Persian romanization)

#### Descendants

* → Bengali: মুকদ্দস (mukoddoś)
* → Hindustani:
** Hindi: मुक़द्दस (muqaddas)
** Urdu: مُقَدَّس (muqaddas)
* → Punjabi:
** Gurmukhi script: ਮੁਕ਼ੱਦਸ (muqaddas)
** Shahmukhi script: مُقَدَّس (muqaddas)
* → Sindhi:
** Devanagari script: मुक़दस
** Arabic script: مُقَدَّسُ

### Further reading

* Hayyim, Sulayman (1934) “مقدس”, in New Persian–English dictionary, Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Béroukhim
* Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar (1931–) “مقدس”, in Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute, editors, Dehkhoda Dictionary (in Persian), Tehran: University of Tehran Press

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic مُقَدَّس (muqaddas).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Urban) /mʔad.das/, [ˈmʔad.das]
* IPA: (Bedouin) /mɡad.das/, [ˈmɡad.das]
* Audio (Ramallah):(file)

### Adjective

مقدّس • (mʔaddas) (feminine مقدّسة (mʔaddse))
* sacred, holy
    Synonym: حرام (ḥarām)

## Urdu
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic مُقَدَّس (muqaddas).

### Etymology 1
#### Adjective

مقدس • (muqaddas) (Hindi spelling मुक़द्दस)
* holy, sacred

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

مقدس • (muqaddas) m (formal plural مقدسین, Hindi spelling मुक़द्दस)
* (Christianity) saint (chiefly used by Urdu & Punjabi speaking Christians for their saints)
    مقدس یوحنا رسول۔ ― muqaddas yuhanna rasul. ― Saint John the Apostle.

#### See also

* مقدسہ (muqaddasā)