# 's
## English

    For the possessive ’s, see -'s.

### Alternative forms

* ’s

### Etymology

Contractions of various words ending in s.

### Pronunciation

* (after voiceless consonants except /s/, /ʃ/, /t͡ʃ/) enPR: s, IPA: /s/
** Audio (US):(file)
* (after a sibilant or affricate)
** (UK) enPR: ĭz, IPA: /ɪz/
** (US) enPR: ĭz, əz, IPA: /ɪz/, /əz/
** (General Australian) enPR: əz, IPA: /əz/
* (elsewhere) enPR: z, IPA: /z/
* Homophone: -s
* This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.

### Verb

’s (clitic)
* Contraction of is.
    The dog’s running after me!
* Contraction of has.
    The dog’s been chasing the mail carrier again.
* (proscribed, dialectal, Southern US) Contraction of was.
    It’s a beautiful day yesterday so I’s at the park.
* (informal) Contraction of does (used only with the auxiliary meaning of does and only after interrogative words).
    What’s he do for a living?
    What’s it say?
    How’s it work?
    Where’s the n in Javanese come from?

#### Usage notes

* Like 've, in many dialects, -'s is only used to mark the perfect aspect ("He's finished his work" = "He has finished his work"), not to signify possession ("She has something"), necessity ("It has to end"), etc. In others, 's is used more broadly; this is sometimes proscribed.

#### See also

* apostrophe
* contraction
* 'd, ’d
* 'll, ’ll
* 'm, ’m
* 're, ’re
* -'s, -’s
* 've, ’ve

### Pronoun

’s (clitic)
* Contraction of us (found in the formula let’s which is used to form first-person plural imperatives).
    What are you guys waiting for? Let’s go!
** c. 1610–1611 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Winters Tale”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii], page 277, column 2:Wee'le part the time betweene's then: and in that Ile no gaine-ſaying.

### Determiner

’s
* (poetic) Contraction of his.
    Duncan’s in ’s grave

### Conjunction

’s
* (UK, dialect) Contraction of as (when it is (nonstandardly) used as a relative conjunction, or like a relative pronoun, meaning "that").
    All’s he wanted was to go home.

### Adverb

’s (not comparable)
* (UK, dialect) Contraction of as.
** 1922, E. F. Benson, Negotium Perambulans:He takes his bottle of whisky a day and gets drunk’s a lord in the evening.

### Derived terms

* Grimsby
* Grimshaw

## Bavarian
### Etymology 1

Unstressed form of des.

#### Pronoun

's
* it (nominative and accusative)
* this, that

##### See also
#### Article

's n
* the

##### See also

$^1$ higher, formal register

### Etymology 2

Unstressed form of se.

#### Pronoun

's
* she
* they, them

##### See also
## Catalan
### Pronoun

's
* Contraction of se.

#### Usage notes

* 's is the reduced (reduïda) form of the pronoun. It is used after verbs ending with a vowel.
    Si us plau, calmi's. ― Please calm down.

#### Declension

$^1$ Behaves grammatically as plural.   $^2$ Behaves grammatically as third person. $^3$ Only as object of a preposition.   $^4$ Not before unstressed (h)i-, (h)u-.

## Cimbrian
### Etymology 1
#### Article

's
* (Sette Comuni) the; definite article for two declensions:
** nominative singular neuter
** accusative singular neuter

##### Alternative forms

* z (Luserna)

##### See also
### Etymology 2
#### Pronoun

's
* (Sette Comuni) Alternative form of es (“it”)

### References

* “'s” in Martalar, Umberto Martello, Bellotto, Alfonso (1974) Dizionario della lingua Cimbra dei Sette Communi vicentini, 1st edition, Roana, Italy: Instituto di Cultura Cimbra A. Dal Pozzo

## Dutch
### Etymology 1

A clitic form of des, the genitive of the masculine and neuter singular articles de and het.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /s/
* Audio:(file)

#### Article

’s
* Contraction of des.
    ’s Konings baard ruikt naar uiensoep. ― The king's beard smells like onion soup.
    ’s morgens ― in the morning
    ’s werelds beste reisbestemming ― the world’s best travel destination
    ’s werelds mooiste zeereis ― the world’s most beautiful sea voyage

##### Usage notes

* As ’s is still conceptualized as a contraction of des, it is never capitalised, even before a proper noun or at the start of sentences. Instead, the following word is capitalised, as in 's Morgens regent het ("It rains in the morning").
* Now hardly used, except in certain cases:
    In genitive absolute phrases: ’s ochtends, ’s morgens, ’s middags, ’s avonds, ’s nachts, ’s zomers, and ’s winters.
    In other set phrases, such as placenames: ’s Hertogenbosch, ’s Gravenhage, and ’s-Heerenberg.
    With locations or entities when forming superlative phrases: ’s werelds beste kok ("the world's finest cook"), ’s lands mooiste dorp ("the country's most beautiful village").

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /əs/, /ɪs/, /s/

#### Adverb

's
* Clipping of eens.

## German
### Article

’s
* (chiefly colloquial or poetic) Contraction of das.

### Pronoun

’s
* (chiefly colloquial or poetic) Contraction of es.
* (chiefly colloquial or poetic) Contraction of das.

### Verb

’s
* (colloquial) Contraction of ist.
    Synonym: is'

### See also

* -'s

## Irish
### Conjunction

’s
* Contraction of is (“and”).

### Particle

’s
* Contraction of is (“is”).

### Noun

’s
* Contraction of a fhios (“knowledge of it”): only used in tá’s ag and similar constructions

## North Frisian
### Pronoun

's
* reduced third-person plural personal pronoun
** (Föhr-Amrum) Reduced form of of jo (“they, them”)
** (Mooring, Sylt) Reduced form of of ja (“they”, in Mooring also “them”)
** (Mooring, Sylt) Reduced form of of jam (“them”)
* reduced third-person singular feminine pronoun
** (Mooring, Sylt) Reduced form of of jü (“she”)
** (Mooring) Reduced form of of har (“her”)
** (Sylt) Reduced form of of höör (“her”)

#### Alternative forms

* (she, her): 't (Föhr-Amrum)

### See also

* The reduced forms with an apostrophe are enclitic; they immediately follow verbs or conjunctions. Dü is deleted altogether in such contexts.
* At is not enclitic; it can stand in any unstressed position and refers mostly to things. In reflexive use, only full object forms occur.
* Dual forms wat / onk and jat / jonk are obsolete, as is feminine jü / hör.
* Independent possessives are distinguished from attributive ones only with plural referents.
* The forms üsens, jamens, hörens are used optionally (and decreasingly) when the possessor is a larger community, such as a village, city or nation.
The reduced forms with an apostrophe are enclitic; they immediately follow verbs or conjunctions. Dü is deleted altogether in such contexts. Et is not enclitic and can stand in any unstressed position; the full subject form hat is now rarely used. In reflexive use, only full object forms occur. Dual forms wat / unk and jat / junk are obsolete. Attributive and independent possessives are not distinguished in Mooring.
* The reduced forms with an apostrophe are enclitic; they immediately follow verbs or conjunctions. Dü is deleted altogether in such contexts.
* Et is not enclitic and can stand in any unstressed position; the full subject form hat is now rarely used. In reflexive use, only full object forms occur.
* The dual forms are dated, but not obsolete as in other dialects.
* Independent possessives are distinguished from attributive ones only with plural referents.

## Scottish Gaelic
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /s̪/ (after a back vowel sound)
* IPA: /ʃ/ (after a front vowel sound)

#### Verb

's
* Contraction of is (“is”).

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /s̪/

#### Conjunction

's
* Contraction of is (“and”).

### References

* “'s” in R. A. Armstrong, A Gaelic Dictionary, in Two Parts, London, 1825, →OCLC, page 478.