# tredecim
## Latin
### Alternative forms

* Symbol: XIII

### Etymology

From trēs (“three”) +‎ decem (“ten”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈtreː.de.kim/, [ˈt̪reːd̪ɛkɪ̃ˑ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈtre.de.t͡ʃim/, [ˈt̪rɛːd̪et͡ʃim]
* (Alternatively, if tredecim: (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈtre.de.kim/, [ˈt̪rɛd̪ɛkɪ̃ˑ])
* The vowel in the first syllable is marked long by a number of modern references (trēdecim): this is not directly attested in Classical Latin, but it is the expected phonetic outcome of trēsdecim and is consistent with the form of the word’s descendants in Romance languages (such as Spanish trece, rather than *triece). Others say its length is unknown or mark it as short (perhaps by comparison to trecentī, where short tre- is established by scansion).

### Numeral

trēdecim (indeclinable)
* thirteen; 13
** 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita 9:Miremur si, cum ex hac parte saecula plura numerentur quam ex illa anni, plus in tam longo spatio quam in aetate tredecim annorum fortuna uariauerit?Where more generations are reckoned on one side than years on the other, can we be surprised that in such a long space of time there have been more changes of fortune than in a period of thirteen years?
** c. 100 CE – 110 CE, Tacitus, Histories 2.83:sed legio sexta et tredecim vexillariorum milia ingenti agmine sequebanturBehind him, however, came in a vast body the 6th legion and 13,000 veterans.
** 405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate Genesis.17.25:et Ismahel filius eius tredecim annos impleverat tempore circumcisionis suaeAnd Ishmael his son was thirteen years old, when he was circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin.

#### Derived terms

* trēdecennium (New Latin)
* trēdennis (Mediaeval Latin)

#### Descendants

* Insular Romance:
** Sardinian:
    Campidanese: treixi, trexi
    Logudorese: treighi
    Nuorese: treichi, trechi
* Italo-Dalmatian:
** Corsican: tredeci, tredici
** Dalmatian: tretco
** Istriot: tridase
** Italian: tredici
** Neapolitan: trìdece, trìrece
** Sicilian: trìdici, trìrici
** Venetan: trédexe, tredese
* Rhaeto-Romance:
** Friulian: tredis
** Ladin: tredesc
** Romansch: tredesch, tredisch, traidesch
* Northern Gallo-Romance:
** Franco-Provençal: trèze
** Old French: treze, treize
*** Middle French: treze, treize
**** French: treize
*** Walloon: traze
* Southern Gallo-Romance:
** Catalan: tretze
** Occitan: tretze
* Ibero-Romance:
** Aragonese: treze
** Asturian: trece, trelce
** Old Galician-Portuguese: treze
*** Galician: trece
*** Portuguese: treze
** Spanish: trece
* Borrowings:
** ⇒ English: tredecillion

#### See also

* Appendix:Latin cardinal numbers

### References

* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “decem”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 163
* ↑ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 417
* ↑ Leumann, Manu, Hofmann, Johann Baptist, Szantyr, Anton (1977) Lateinische Grammatik: Lateinische Laut- und Formenlehre, CH Beck, § 205.B., page 205
* ↑ Lindsay, W. M. (1894) The Latin Language, page 416
* ↑ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1911) “tredecim”, in Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), page 674
* ↑ Penny, Ralph (2002) A History of the Spanish Language, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, page 149
* ↑ Vine, Brent (2017) “The morphology of Italic”, in Jared Klein, Brian Joseph and Matthias Fritz, editors, Volume 2 Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook, De Gruyter Mouton, page 775
* ↑ “tredecim”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* ↑ tredecim in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* ↑ Charles E. Bennett (1907) The Latin Language – a historical outline of its sounds, inflections, and syntax, Boston: Allyn and Bacon, page 141

### Further reading

* “tredecim”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. I am thirteen years old: tredecim annos natus sum