# 乘

| 乘 | U+4E58, &#20056; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E58 |
| ← 乗 [U+4E57] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 乙 → [U+4E59] |

## Translingual

| Japanese | 乗 |
| Simplified | 乘 |
| Traditional | 乘 |

### Han character

乘 (Kangxi radical 4, 丿+9, 10 strokes, cangjie input 竹木中心 (HDLP), four-corner 2090$_1$, composition ⿻禾北 or ⿻乖人)

#### Derived characters

* 塖 嵊 溗 騬 (𱅢) 剩 𰀭
* 𢟊 𭡽 𪳕 𤳁 𦟇 𧪝 𨍱 𬨾 𢾽 𨝄 𬼒 𬟯 𦶝

#### Descendants

* (chiefly Japanese): 乗

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 83, character 9
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 154
* Dae Jaweon: page 166, character 40
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 40, character 1
* Unihan data for U+4E58

## Chinese
### Etymology 1
#### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 乘 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| Oracle bone scriptj14101j14102j14103j14104j14105j14106j14107j14108j14109j14110j14111j14112j14113j14114j14115j14116j14117j14118j14119j14120j14121j14122j14123j14124j14125j14126j14127j14128j14129j14130j14131j14132j14133j14134j14135j14136j14137Bronze inscriptionsb08546b08547b08548b08549b08550b08551b08552b08553b08554b08555b08556b08557b08558b08559b08560Small seal scripts03944s03945Transcribed ancient scriptsL33335L33336L33337L33338L33339L33340L33341L33342L33343L33344L11109L11110L11111L11112L11113L11114L11115L11116L11117L11118L11119L11120L11121L11122L11123 ||||
| References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script). ||||
| | Old Chinese |
| 乘 | *ɦljɯŋ, *ɦljɯŋs |
| 溗 | *ɦljɯŋ |
| 塖 | *ɦljɯŋ |
| 騬 | *ɦljɯŋ |
| 椉 | *ɦljɯŋ |
| 剩 | *ɦljɯŋs |
| 嵊 | *ɦljɯŋs |
Pictogram (象形) – a person 大 climbing a tree 木, with the feet visible. Etymology clearer in alternative form 椉. In this form, simplified to 禾 (“tree and top”) + 北 (“feet”).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chéng (cheng$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄥˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): sing$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): sṳ̀n
    (Hailu, HRS): shin
* Eastern Min (BUC): sìng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): sing$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): sêng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): sêng$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$tshen; $^6$zen
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chéng
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chéng
*** Wade–Giles: chʻêng$^2$
*** Yale: chéng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: cherng
*** Palladius: чэн (čɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: sing$^4$
*** Yale: sìhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sing$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: xing$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɪŋ²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sṳ̀n
*** Hakka Romanization System: siin$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: sin$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /sɨn¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: shin
*** Sinological IPA: /ʃin⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: sìng
*** Sinological IPA : /siŋ⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: sing$^2$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: síng
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬiŋ¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sêng
*** Tâi-lô: sîng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: seeng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /siɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /siɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /siɪŋ¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /siɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /siɪŋ²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: sêng$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sêng
*** Sinological IPA : /seŋ⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$tshen; $^6$zen
*** MiniDict: tshen$^去$; zen$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$tshen; $^3$zen
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡sʰən³⁴/, /zən²³/
* 2tshen - vernacular;
* 3zen - literary.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit乘 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ʈ͡ʂʰəŋ³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ʈ͡ʂʰəŋ²⁴/ ～法 /ʈ͡ʂʰəŋ⁵³/ ～車 |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /ʈ͡ʂʰəŋ⁴⁵/ /t͡sʰəŋ⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /ʈ͡ʂʰəŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /tʃʰəŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ʈ͡ʂʰəŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /ʈ͡ʂʰəŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /ʈ͡ʂʰə̃²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ʈ͡ʂʰəŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ʈ͡ʂʰə̃n⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /t͡sʰən²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /sən³¹/ /t͡sʰən³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /t͡sʰen²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ʈ͡ʂʰə̃³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /ʈ͡ʂʰən²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /ʈ͡ʂʰən⁵⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡sʰəŋ¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /ʈ͡ʂʰəŋ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /t͡sʰə̃ŋ³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /zəŋ²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /zən¹³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /d͡zen²¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /zeŋ³¹/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /t͡ɕʰiʌ̃⁴⁴/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /t͡ɕʰiɛ⁴⁴/ /t͡ɕʰian⁴⁴/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /ʂən¹³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ʂən¹²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /sɨn⁴⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /sən¹¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /ʃen⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /seŋ²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /seŋ²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /siŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /siŋ³⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /siŋ⁵³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /t͡sʰeiŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /seŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /seŋ³¹/ |
* Middle Chinese: zying
Rime :
| Character | 乘 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 船 (27) |
| Final (韻) | 蒸 (133) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 食陵切 |
| Baxter | zying |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʑɨŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʑɨŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʑieŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʑiŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /d͡ʑiəŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /d͡ʑĭəŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /d͡ʑʰi̯əŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shéng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | sing$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*Cə.ləŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɦljɯŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 乘 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | chéng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ zying › |
| Old Chinese | /*Cə.ləŋ/ |
| English | ride (v.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 乘 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 1452 |
| Phonetic component | 乘 |
| Rime group | 蒸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 繩 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɦljɯŋ/ |

#### Definitions

乘
* (literary) to ascend; to go up
* (literary) to drive (a horse, cart, etc.)
* to take (a form of transport)
    乘船 ― chéngchuán ― to ride a boat
    乘火車去上海／乘火车去上海 ― chéng huǒchē qù shànghǎi ― to ride a train to Shanghai
* to make use of; to take advantage of
    乘機／乘机 ― chéngjī ― to seize the opportunity
    乘敵不備／乘敌不备 ― chéng dí bùbèi ― to take the enemy unawares
* (literary) to pursue; to attack
* (arithmetic) to multiply
    加減乘除／加减乘除 ― jiā jiǎn chéng chú ― addition, subtraction, multiplication, division
       Èr chéng bā děngyú shíliù. [Pinyin]
       Two times eight equals sixteen.
* a surname

##### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “to multiply”): 除 (chú)

#### Compounds

* 三乘比
* 乘亂 / 乘乱
* 乘亂坐大 / 乘乱坐大
* 乘人不備 / 乘人不备
* 乘人之危 (chéngrénzhīwēi)
* 乘人之厄
* 乘便 (chéngbiàn)
* 乘偽行詐 / 乘伪行诈
* 乘傳 / 乘传
* 乘其不備 / 乘其不备
* 乘其不意
* 乘冪 / 乘幂 (chéngmì)
* 乘凶完配
* 乘務員 / 乘务员 (chéngwùyuán)
* 乘勝追擊 / 乘胜追击 (chéngshèngzhuījī)
* 乘勝逐北 / 乘胜逐北
* 乘勢 / 乘势 (chéngshì)
* 乘化
* 乘危
* 乘員 / 乘员 (chéngyuán)
* 乘坐 (chéngzuò)
* 乘堅策肥 / 乘坚策肥
* 乘堅驅良 / 乘坚驱良
* 乘夜 (chéngyè)
* 乘奔御風 / 乘奔御风
* 乘客 (chéngkè)
* 乘搭 (chéngdā)
* 乘數 / 乘数 (chéngshù)
* 乘方 (chéngfāng)
* 乘時 / 乘时 (chéngshí)
* 乘月 (chéngyuè)
* 乘桴
* 乘槎
* 乘機 / 乘机 (chéngjī)
* 乘機坐大 / 乘机坐大
* 乘機應變 / 乘机应变
* 乘法 (chéngfǎ)
* 乘流
* 乘涼 / 乘凉 (chéngliáng)
* 乘火打劫 (chénghuǒdǎjié)
* 乘田
* 乘積 / 乘积 (chéngjī)
* 乘空
* 乘肩
* 乘肥衣輕 / 乘肥衣轻
* 乘興 / 乘兴 (chéngxìng)
* 乘興而來 / 乘兴而来
* 乘船 (chéngchuán)
* 乘虛 / 乘虚 (chéngxū)
* 乘虛而入 / 乘虚而入 (chéngxū'érrù)
* 乘號 / 乘号 (chénghào)
* 乘車 / 乘车 (chéngchē)
* 乘車戴笠 / 乘车戴笠
* 乘軒 / 乘轩
* 乘軒鶴 / 乘轩鹤
* 乘輕驅肥 / 乘轻驱肥
* 乘輿 / 乘舆
* 乘輿播越 / 乘舆播越
* 乘輿播遷 / 乘舆播迁
* 乘酒
* 乘間 / 乘间 (chéngjiàn)
* 乘間投隙 / 乘间投隙
* 乘除 (chéngchú)
* 乘隙 (chéngxì)
* 乘隙而入 (chéngxì'érrù)
* 乘雲 / 乘云 (chéngyún)
* 乘風破浪 / 乘风破浪 (chéngfēngpòlàng)
* 乘鶴 / 乘鹤
* 乘鶴駕雲 / 乘鹤驾云
* 乘鸞跨鳳 / 乘鸾跨凤
* 乘黃 / 乘黄
* 乘龍 / 乘龙 (chénglóng)
* 乘龍佳婿 / 乘龙佳婿 (chénglóngjiāxù)
* 乘龍快婿 / 乘龙快婿 (chénglóng kuàixù)
* 伍員乘潮 / 伍员乘潮
* 共乘 (gòngchéng)
* 出乘
* 加減乘除 / 加减乘除 (jiājiǎn chéngchú)
* 可乘之機 / 可乘之机 (kěchéngzhījī)
* 可乘之隙
* 因利乘便 (yīnlìchéngbiàn)
* 搭乘 (dāchéng)
* 摶柱乘梁
* 有機可乘 / 有机可乘 (yǒujīkěchéng)
* 有隙可乘 (yǒuxìkěchéng)
* 服冕乘軒 / 服冕乘轩
* 無勢可乘 / 无势可乘
* 無機可乘 / 无机可乘
* 無隙可乘 / 无隙可乘 (wúxìkěchéng)
* 琴高乘鯉 / 琴高乘鲤
* 盛衰相乘
* 竊幸乘寵 / 窃幸乘宠
* 老鶴乘軒 / 老鹤乘轩
* 自乘 (zìchéng)
* 被乘數 / 被乘数 (bèichéngshù)
* 變亂紛乘 / 变乱纷乘
* 貨幣乘數 / 货币乘数
* 超乘
* 跨鳳乘鸞 / 跨凤乘鸾
* 跨鳳乘龍 / 跨凤乘龙
* 迭乘
* 陪乘
* 階乘 / 阶乘 (jiēchéng)
* 飛蓬乘風 / 飞蓬乘风
* 飛龍乘雲 / 飞龙乘云
* 騎乘 / 骑乘 (qíchéng)
* 鶴乘軒 / 鹤乘轩
* 黃帝乘龍 / 黄帝乘龙

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Tocharian B klenke (“vehicle”) or Tocharian B klānk, Tocharian A klānk (“to ride, travel (by vehicle)”).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shèng, chéng (sheng$^4$, cheng$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄕㄥˋ, ㄔㄥˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): sing$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): sṳn
    (Hailu, HRS): shin$^ˇ$
* Eastern Min (BUC): sêng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): sing$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): sēng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): sêng$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shèng
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄥˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shèng
*** Wade–Giles: shêng$^4$
*** Yale: shèng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shenq
*** Palladius: шэн (šɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂɤŋ⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chéng
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chéng
*** Wade–Giles: chʻêng$^2$
*** Yale: chéng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: cherng
*** Palladius: чэн (čɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: sing$^6$
*** Yale: sihng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sing$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: xing$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɪŋ²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sṳn
*** Hakka Romanization System: siin
*** Hagfa Pinyim: sin$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /sɨn⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: shin$^ˇ$
*** Sinological IPA: /ʃin¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: sêng
*** Sinological IPA : /sɛiŋ²⁴²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: sing$^5$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: sīng
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬiŋ²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sēng
*** Tâi-lô: sīng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: seng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /siɪŋ²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /siɪŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /siɪŋ²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /siɪŋ³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /siɪŋ³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: sêng$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sĕng
*** Sinological IPA : /seŋ³⁵/
* Middle Chinese: zyingH
Rime :
| Character | 乘 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 船 (27) |
| Final (韻) | 蒸 (133) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 實證切 |
| Baxter | zyingH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʑɨŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʑɨŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʑieŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʑiŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /d͡ʑiəŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /d͡ʑĭəŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /d͡ʑʰi̯əŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shèng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | sing$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*Cə.ləŋ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɦljɯŋs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 乘 |
| Reading # | 2/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | shèng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ zying$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*Cə.ləŋ-s/ |
| English | vehicle |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 乘 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 1458 |
| Phonetic component | 乘 |
| Rime group | 蒸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 乗 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɦljɯŋs/ |

#### Definitions

乘
* (literary) war chariot drawn by four horses; (imperial) carriage
* (literary) Classifier for carriages drawn by four horses.
* (literary) history book
    史乘 ― shǐshèng ― historical records
* (Buddhism) vehicle; creed; yana
    大乘 ― dàshèng ― Mahayana (literally, “Great Vehicle”)

#### Compounds

* 三乘
* 下乘 (xiàchéng)
* 上乘 (shàngchéng)
* 乘輿 / 乘舆 (shèngyú)
* 乘馬 / 乘马 (shèngmǎ)
* 二乘
* 傳乘 / 传乘
* 千乘 (qiānshèng)
* 千乘萬騎 / 千乘万骑 (qiānshèngwànqí)
* 卒乘
* 史乘
* 大乘 (Dàchéng)
* 大乘佛教 (Dàchéng Fójiào)
* 大乘經典 / 大乘经典
* 家乘
* 小乘 (xiǎochéng)
* 小乘戒
* 攝大乘論 / 摄大乘论
* 晉乘楚杌 / 晋乘楚杌
* 照乘珠
* 百乘之家 (bǎishèng zhī jiā)
* 萬乘 / 万乘 (wànshèng)
* 萬乘之國 / 万乘之国
* 萬乘之尊 / 万乘之尊
* 負乘致寇 / 负乘致寇
* 野乘
* 驂乘 / 骖乘

### References

* “乘”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “乘”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 30.
* ↑ Alexander Lubotsky (1998) “Tocharian Loan Words in Old Chinese: Chariots, Chariot Gear, and Town Building”, in The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age peoples of Eastern Central Asia, pages 379-390

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 乗 |
| Kyūjitai | 乘 |

### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 乗)

#### Readings

* Go-on: じょう (jō)
* Kan-on: しょう (shō)
* Kun: のる (noru, 乘る)、のり (nori, 乘り)、のせる (noseru, 乘せる)

## Korean
### Hanja

乘 (eumhun 탈 승 (tal seung))
* to mount, to ride
* to take (a form of transport)
* (arithmetic) exponent

#### References

* Naver Hanja Dictionary: 乘

## Vietnamese
### Han character

乘: Hán Nôm readings: thừa, thặng, thắng

#### Verb

乘
* chữ Hán form of thừa (“(only in fixed expressions) to take advantage of (an opportunity)”).
* 乘世 (thừa thế) (“to take advantage of the current situation”)
* 乘勝 (thừa thắng) (“to seize the opportunities that result from a recent victory”)
* 乘機 (thừa cơ) (“to seize an opportunity”)

#### References

* Nom Foundation