# turma
## Catalan
### Etymology

Probably from a pre-Roman root.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [ˈtur.mə]
* IPA: (Valencia) [ˈtuɾ.ma]

### Noun

turma f (plural turmes)
* animal testicle

#### Hypernyms

* testicle

### Further reading

* “turma” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.

## Finnish
### Etymology

Possibly borrowed from Proto-Norse [Term?] (compare Icelandic tyrma (“to overwhelm”)), although disputed by LÄGLOS on the grounds that the Germanic word only has a narrow distribution and thus may not be that old. Related to Livvi turmu.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈturmɑ/, [ˈt̪urmɑ̝]
* Rhymes: -urmɑ
* Hyphenation: tur‧ma

### Noun

turma
* accident, especially one with casualties

#### Declension

Possessive forms of turma (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
turmani
turmani
accusative
nom.
turmani
turmani
gen.
turmani
genitive
turmani
turmieni turmaini $^{rare}$
partitive
turmaani
turmiani
inessive
turmassani
turmissani
elative
turmastani
turmistani
illative
turmaani
turmiini
adessive
turmallani
turmillani
ablative
turmaltani
turmiltani
allative
turmalleni
turmilleni
essive
turmanani
turminani
translative
turmakseni
turmikseni
abessive
turmattani
turmittani
instructive
comitative
—turmineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
turmasi
turmasi
accusative
nom.
turmasi
turmasi
gen.
turmasi
genitive
turmasi
turmiesi turmaisi $^{rare}$
partitive
turmaasi
turmiasi
inessive
turmassasi
turmissasi
elative
turmastasi
turmistasi
illative
turmaasi
turmiisi
adessive
turmallasi
turmillasi
ablative
turmaltasi
turmiltasi
allative
turmallesi
turmillesi
essive
turmanasi
turminasi
translative
turmaksesi
turmiksesi
abessive
turmattasi
turmittasi
instructive
comitative
—turminesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
turmamme
turmamme
accusative
nom.
turmamme
turmamme
gen.
turmamme
genitive
turmamme
turmiemme turmaimme $^{rare}$
partitive
turmaamme
turmiamme
inessive
turmassamme
turmissamme
elative
turmastamme
turmistamme
illative
turmaamme
turmiimme
adessive
turmallamme
turmillamme
ablative
turmaltamme
turmiltamme
allative
turmallemme
turmillemme
essive
turmanamme
turminamme
translative
turmaksemme
turmiksemme
abessive
turmattamme
turmittamme
instructive
comitative
—turminemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
turmanne
turmanne
accusative
nom.
turmanne
turmanne
gen.
turmanne
genitive
turmanne
turmienne turmainne $^{rare}$
partitive
turmaanne
turmianne
inessive
turmassanne
turmissanne
elative
turmastanne
turmistanne
illative
turmaanne
turmiinne
adessive
turmallanne
turmillanne
ablative
turmaltanne
turmiltanne
allative
turmallenne
turmillenne
essive
turmananne
turminanne
translative
turmaksenne
turmiksenne
abessive
turmattanne
turmittanne
instructive
comitative
—turminenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
turmansa
turmansa
accusative
nom.
turmansa
turmansa
gen.
turmansa
genitive
turmansa
turmiensa turmainsa $^{rare}$
partitive
turmaansa
turmiaan turmiansa
inessive
turmassaan turmassansa
turmissaan turmissansa
elative
turmastaan turmastansa
turmistaan turmistansa
illative
turmaansa
turmiinsa
adessive
turmallaan turmallansa
turmillaan turmillansa
ablative
turmaltaan turmaltansa
turmiltaan turmiltansa
allative
turmalleen turmallensa
turmilleen turmillensa
essive
turmanaan turmanansa
turminaan turminansa
translative
turmakseen turmaksensa
turmikseen turmiksensa
abessive
turmattaan turmattansa
turmittaan turmittansa
instructive
comitative
—turmineen turminensa :

#### Derived terms

* turmella
* turmio (“ruin, something which leads to serious troubles”)
* autoturma
* bussiturma
* junaturma
* laivaturma
* lentoturma
* liikenneturma
* meriturma
* tapaturma
* turma-auto
* turmabussi
* turmahetki
* turmakone
* turmapaikka
* työturma
* öljyturma

### References

* ↑ Kylstra, A.D.; Hahmo, Sirkka-Liisa; Hofstra, Tette; Nikkilä, Otto. 1991–2012. Lexikon der älteren germanischen Lehnwörter in den ostseefinnischen Sprachen. Amsterdam: Rodopi.

### Further reading

* “turma”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

### Anagrams

* murat, rumat

## Latin
### Etymology

Probably related to turba.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈtur.ma/, [ˈt̪ʊrmä]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈtur.ma/, [ˈt̪urmä]

### Noun

turma f (genitive turmae); first declension
* a troop, squadron of cavalry, team
* (in general) a troop, crowd, company, throng, band, body

#### Declension

First-declension noun.

#### Derived terms

* turmālis
* turmāriī
* turmātim

#### Descendants

* → Albanian: turmë
* → Ancient Greek: τύρμα (túrma), τούρμα (toúrma)
** Byzantine Greek: τούρμα (toúrma)
* Aromanian: turmã
* Friulian: torme
* Italian: torma
* → Portuguese: turma
* Romanian: turmă
* → Spanish: turma (semi-learned)

### References

* “turma”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “turma”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "turma", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* turma in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* “turma”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “turma”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin
* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “turba”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 634

## Polish
### Etymology

Borrowed from German Turm, from Middle High German turn, turm, from Old High German torn, from Old French, from Latin turris. Doublet of turnia.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈtur.ma/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -urma
* Syllabification: tur‧ma

### Noun

turma f
* (archaic) prison
    Synonyms: więzienie, ciupa

#### Declension
### Further reading

* turma in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Portuguese
### Etymology

From Latin turma (“crowd, company”), perhaps a borrowing. Compare Italian torma.

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈtuʁ.mɐ/ [ˈtuɦ.mɐ]
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈtuʁ.mɐ/ [ˈtuɦ.mɐ]
** (São Paulo) IPA: /ˈtuɾ.mɐ/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /ˈtuʁ.mɐ/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˈtuɻ.ma/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈtuɾ.mɐ/

### Noun

turma f (plural turmas)
* a group of people
* gang (number of friends)
* class (group of students who commenced or completed their education during a particular year)

#### Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:turma.

## Romanian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈtur.ma/
* Rhymes: -urma
* Hyphenation: tur‧ma

### Noun

turma
* definite nominative/accusative singular of turmă (“herd”)

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈtuɾma/ [ˈt̪uɾ.ma]
* Rhymes: -uɾma
* Syllabification: tur‧ma

### Noun

turma f (plural turmas)
* testicle
* a kind of potato

#### Derived terms

* turma de tierra

### Further reading

* “turma”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10