# 須

| 須 | U+9808, &#38920; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9808 |
| ← 頇 [U+9807] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 頉 → [U+9809] |

## Translingual
### Han character

須 (Kangxi radical 181, 頁+3, 12 strokes, cangjie input 竹竹一月金 (HHMBC), four-corner 2128$_6$, composition ⿰彡頁)

#### Derived characters

* 𠾫, 𣛪, 𦄼(𬘳), 𨅑, 𨬗, 𣌌, 𢊼, 蕦, 𥳗, 𩅺, 鬚, 嬃(媭), 𢄼(𫷈), 澃, 𩒹, 盨(𪾔), 䇓, 𩓾, 𦅓, 𮖶, 頾, 𢒷, 𩔾, 𪆦, 𡡓, 䫇, 𩓣, 頿, 䫠

#### Related characters

* 须 (Simplified form of 須 and 鬚 in mainland China)

#### Descendants

* ス (Katakana character derived from Man'yōgana)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1399, character 23
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 43352
* Dae Jaweon: page 1916, character 4
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4358, character 1
* Unihan data for U+9808

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 須 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 盨 | *sraʔ |
| 須 | *so |
| 鬚 | *so |
| 嬃 | *so |
| 蕦 | *so |
Pictogram (象形): 彡 (“hair”) + 頁 (“head”) – a head with hair on its side – beard; whiskers — original character of 鬚 (OC *so). Originally a single picture, but abstracted in the seal script into a compound.

### Etymology 1
#### “to wait”

    Schuessler (2007), reconstructing the Old Chinese as *sno, suggests that it is probably a causative derivation from 懦 (OC *njo, “weak; soft”), literally “to make (time) pliant”.

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xū (xu$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄩ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): seoi$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): sî
    (Hailu, HRS): si$^ˋ$
* Northern Min (KCR): sṳ́
* Eastern Min (BUC): sṳ̆
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): sy$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): su / si
    (Teochew, Peng'im): su$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xū
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄩ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: syu
*** Wade–Giles: hsü$^1$
*** Yale: syū
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiu
*** Palladius: сюй (sjuj)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕy⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: seoi$^1$
*** Yale: sēui
*** Cantonese Pinyin: soey$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sêu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɵy̯⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sî
*** Hakka Romanization System: xi$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: xi$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /si²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: si$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /si⁵³/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: sṳ́
*** Sinological IPA : /sy⁵⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: sṳ̆
*** Sinological IPA : /sy⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: sy$^1$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: sṳ
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬy⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: su
*** Tâi-lô: su
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sw
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /su⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /su³³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: si
*** Tâi-lô: si
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sy
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /si⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: su$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: su
*** Sinological IPA : /su³³/
* Middle Chinese: sju
Rime :
| Character | 須 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 心 (16) |
| Final (韻) | 虞 (24) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 相俞切 |
| Baxter | sju |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /sɨo/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /sio/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /sio/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /suə̆/ |
| Li Rong | /sio/ |
| Wang Li | /sĭu/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /si̯u/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xū |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | seoi$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[s]o/
    (Zhengzhang): /*so/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 須 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xū |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ sju › |
| Old Chinese | /*[s]o/ |
| English | 斯須 a short time |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 須 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 13955 |
| Phonetic component | 須 |
| Rime group | 侯 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 須 |
| Old Chinese | /*so/ |

#### Definitions

須
* must; have to; should
* (alt. form 䇓／𰩧, 𩓣) (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to wait
* (alt. form 需) (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to need
* (literary) to halt; to bring to an end
* (literary) to use
* (literary, or in compounds) short moment
    須臾／须臾 ― xūyú ― in an instant
* a surname, Xu

##### Synonyms

* (must): 須要／须要 (xūyào)
* (to use):
* 使出 (shǐchū)
* 使用 (shǐyòng)
* 利用 (lìyòng)
* 動用 / 动用 (dòngyòng)
* 取用 (qǔyòng)
* 吸納 / 吸纳 (xīnà)
* 善用 (shànyòng) (to put to good use)
* 套用 (tàoyòng) (to apply mechanically)
* 實用 / 实用 (shíyòng)
* 應用 / 应用 (yìngyòng)
* 採用 / 采用 (cǎiyòng)
* 採納 / 采纳 (cǎinà)
* 搬 (bān) (to apply mechanically)
* 搬動 / 搬动 (bāndòng)
* 施用 (shīyòng)
* 沿用 (yányòng) (to continue to use)
* 用 (yòng)
* 硬套 (yìngtào) (to apply mechanically)
* 起動 / 起动 (Quanzhou Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien)
* 運用 / 运用 (yùnyòng)
* 錄用 / 录用 (lùyòng)
* (to halt):
* 中斷 / 中断 (zhōngduàn)
* 中止 (zhōngzhǐ)
* 休止 (xiūzhǐ)
* 停 (tíng)
* 停歇 (tíngxiē)
* 停止 (tíngzhǐ)
* 夭閼 / 夭阏 (yǎo'è)
* 干休 (gānxiū) (literary)
* 放煞 (Min Nan)
* 斷站 / 断站 (Xiamen Hokkien)
* 斷節 / 断节 (Xiamen Hokkien)
* 暫停 / 暂停 (zàntíng) (temporarily)
* 歇 (xiē)
* 止 (zhǐ) (literary, or in compounds)
* 止息 (zhǐxī)
* 止煞 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 瀦 / 潴 (Quanzhou Hokkien)
* 煞 (Hokkien)
* 煞手 (Hokkien)
* 甘休 (gānxiū) (to be willing to give up)
* 終止 / 终止 (zhōngzhǐ)
* 絕 / 绝 (jué) (literary, or in compounds)
* 罷 / 罢
* 罷休 / 罢休 (bàxiū) (chiefly in the negative)
* 罷手 / 罢手 (bàshǒu)
* 間斷 / 间断
* 頓 / 顿
* (short moment):
* 一剎 / 一刹 (yīchà)
* 一剎那 / 一刹那 (yīchànà)
* 一會兒 / 一会儿
* 一目𥍉仔 / 一目𱳅仔 (chi̍t-ba̍k-nih-á) (Hokkien)
* 一瞬間 / 一瞬间 (yīshùnjiān)
* 剎那 / 刹那
* 少刻 (shǎokè)
* 少時 / 少时
* 少頃 / 少顷 (shǎoqǐng)
* 時刻 / 时刻 (shíkè)
* 有頃 / 有顷 (yǒuqǐng) (literary)
* 漏 (lòu) (literary, or in compounds)
* 片刻 (piànkè)
* 瞬息 (shùnxī)
* 瞬間 / 瞬间 (shùnjiān)
* 霎時 / 霎时 (shàshí)
* 頃刻 / 顷刻 (qǐngkè)

#### Usage notes

For the sense of "must" or "need to", this word is frequently mistaken with 需 (xū). 須／须 is usually followed by a verb or an adverb while 需 is usually followed by a noun.

#### Compounds

* 不時之須 / 不时之须
* 不須 / 不须 (bùxū)
* 也須 / 也须
* 些須 / 些须 (xiēxū)
* 何須 / 何须 (héxū)
* 但須 / 但须
* 便須 / 便须
* 務須 / 务须 (wùxū)
* 只須 / 只须
* 女大須嫁 / 女大须嫁
* 女長須嫁 / 女长须嫁
* 必須 / 必须 (bìxū)
* 急須 / 急须 (jíxū)
* 應須 / 应须
* 摩厲以須 / 摩厉以须
* 斯須 / 斯须 (sīxū)
* 是須 / 是须
* 會須 / 会须 (huìxū)
* 毋須 / 毋须 (wúxū)
* 無須 / 无须 (wúxū)
* 直須 / 直须 (zhíxū)
* 相須為命 / 相须为命
* 相須而行 / 相须而行
* 磨厲以須 / 磨厉以须
* 磨礪以須 / 磨砺以须
* 終須 / 终须 (zhōngxū)
* 肩須拍 / 肩须拍
* 莫須有 / 莫须有 (mòxūyǒu)
* 須不是 / 须不是
* 須彌 / 须弥 (Xūmí)
* 須彌山 / 须弥山 (Xūmíshān)
* 須彌座 / 须弥座 (Xūmí zuò)
* 須待 / 须待
* 須慮 / 须虑 (xūlǜ)
* 須捷 / 须捷
* 須是 / 须是
* 須然 / 须然
* 須用 / 须用
* 須留 / 须留 (xūliú)
* 須眉 / 须眉 (xūméi)
* 須知 / 须知 (xūzhī)
* 須索 / 须索
* 須至 / 须至
* 須臾 / 须臾 (xūyú)
* 須要 / 须要 (xūyào)
* 須陀洹 / 须陀洹

### Etymology 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 須 – see 鬚 (“beard; whisker; antenna; feeler; etc.”). (This character is the simplified form of 鬚).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

### References

* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A04541
* “須”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “须”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 267.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* mandatory, necessary
* moment, short while
* kanji used to transliterate Buddhist terms borrowed from Sanskrit

#### Readings

* Go-on: す (su, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: しゅ (shu)
* Kun: すべからく (subekaraku, 須く)、もちいる (mochiiru, 須いる)、もとめる (motomeru, 須める)
* Nanori: まつ (matsu)、もち (mochi)、もとむ (motomu)

#### Compounds

* 須弥(しゅみ)座(ざ) (Shumi-za)
* 須達(しゅだつ) (Shudatsu)
* 須弥(しゅみ)壇(だん) (shumidan)
* 須(しゅ)菩提(ぼだい) (Shubodai), 須(す)菩提(ぼだい) (Subodai)
* 須弥(しゅみ) (Shumi)
* 須弥山(しゅみせん) (Shumi-sen), 須弥山(すみせん) (Sumi-sen)
* 須臾(しゅゆ) (shuyu)
* 須要(しゅよう) (shuyō)
* 須佐之(すさの)男(おの)命(みこと) (Susanō no Mikoto)
* 須要(すよう) (suyō)
* 必須(ひっす) (hissu), 必須(ひっしゅ) (hisshu)

#### Usage notes

Used in Old Japanese as 借音 (shakuon) kana for ⟨su⟩ and ⟨zu⟩.

## Korean
### Hanja

須 • (su) (hangeul 수, revised su, McCune–Reischauer su, Yale swu)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Tày
### Noun

須 (transliteration needed)
* Nôm form of tu (“door”).

## Vietnamese
### Han character

須: Hán Nôm readings: tua, tu
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation