# 援

| 援 | U+63F4, &#25588; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-63F4 |
| ← 揳 [U+63F3] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 揵 → [U+63F5] |

## Translingual
### Han character

援 (Kangxi radical 64, 手+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 手月一水 (QBME), four-corner 5204$_7$, composition ⿰扌爰)
* aid, assist
* lead
* cite

#### Derived characters

* 𬕯

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 445, character 2
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 12407
* Dae Jaweon: page 795, character 18
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1921, character 5
* Unihan data for U+63F4

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 暖 | *noːnʔ |
| 煖 | *noːnʔ, *qʰʷan |
| 喛 | *qʰʷaːns, *qʰʷan |
| 緩 | *ɢʷaːnʔ |
| 鰀 | *ɢʷaːnʔ |
| 嵈 | *ɢʷaːnʔ |
| 鍰 | *ɢʷraːn |
| 湲 | *ɢʷan |
| 媛 | *ɢʷans, *ɢʷan |
| 瑗 | *ɢʷans |
| 援 | *ɢʷans, *ɢʷan |
| 褑 | *ɢʷans |
| 諼 | *qʰʷan, *qʰʷanʔ |
| 愋 | *qʰʷan |
| 楥 | *qʰʷans |
| 爰 | *ɢʷan |
| 鶢 | *ɢʷan |
| 蝯 | *ɢʷan |
| 猨 | *ɢʷan |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɢʷans, *ɢʷan): semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 爰 (OC *ɢʷan).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yuán (yuan$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄩㄢˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): wun$^4$ / jyun$^4$ / jyun$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): yèn / yên / yàn / yân
    (Hailu, HRS): rhan / rhan$^ˋ$
* Eastern Min (BUC): uòng / uông
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): oeng$^2$ / yeng$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): oân / oān / hoān / oan / hōaⁿ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): iêng$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yuán
*** Zhuyin: ㄩㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yuán
*** Wade–Giles: yüan$^2$
*** Yale: ywán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yuan
*** Palladius: юань (juanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɥɛn³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: wun$^4$ / jyun$^4$ / jyun$^6$
*** Yale: wùhn / yùhn / yuhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: wun$^4$ / jyn$^4$ / jyn$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: wun$^4$ / yun$^4$ / yun$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /wuːn²¹/, /jyːn²¹/, /jyːn²²/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yèn / yên
*** Hakka Romanization System: ien$^ˇ$ / ien$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yan$^2$ / yan$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /i̯en¹¹/, /i̯en²⁴/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yàn / yân
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)ian$^ˇ$ / (r)ian$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yan$^2$ / yan$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯an¹¹/, /(j)i̯an²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: rhan / rhan$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /ʒan⁵⁵/, /ʒan⁵³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: uòng / uông
*** Sinological IPA : /uoŋ⁵³/, /uɔŋ²⁴²/
* uòng - “to pull”;
* uông - “to aid”.
* Middle Chinese: hjwon, hjwenH
Rime :
| Character | 援 | 援 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 云 (35) | 云 (35) |
| Final (韻) | 元 (66) | 仙 (80) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 雨元切 | 王眷切 |
| Baxter | hjwon | hjwenH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦʉɐn/ | /ɦˠiuᴇn$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦʷiɐn/ | /ɦʷᵚiɛn$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣiuɐn/ | /ɣiuæn$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦuan/ | /ɦwian$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣiuɐn/ | /ɣjuɛn$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣĭwɐn/ | /ɣĭwɛn$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /i̯wɐn/ | /i̯wɛn$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yuán | yuàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jyun$^4$ | jyun$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ʷa[n]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɢʷans/, /*ɢʷan/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 援 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yuán |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hjwon › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɢ]ʷa[n]/ |
| English | pull up |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 援 | 援 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 16167 | 16175 |
| Phonetic component | 爰 | 爰 |
| Rime group | 元 | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 瑗 | 袁 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɢʷans/ | /*ɢʷan/ |

### Definitions

援
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to pull; to tow; to haul
    攀援 ― pānyuán ― to climb; to clamber; to scale
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Tóng ěr xiōngdì, yǐ ěr gōuyuán, yǔ ěr línchōng, yǐ fá chóngyōng. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
    Yòu fǔ jiàn, zuǒ yuán dài, mìng qū zhī chū. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to hold; to grasp
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
    Zuǒ bìngpèi, yòu yuán bāo ér gǔ. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    From: The Verses of Chu, 4th century BCE – 2nd century CE
    Mái liǎng lún xī zhí sì mǎ, yuán yù bāo xī jī mínggǔ. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to aid; to assist; to help
    救援 ― jiùyuán ― to rescue
    援助 ― yuánzhù ― to aid
    援軍／援军 ― yuánjūn ― relief troops
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
    Shī yuán bì bì. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Tiānxià nì, yuán zhī yǐ dào; sǎo nì, yuán zhī yǐ shǒu. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to quote; to cite
    援引 ― yuányǐn ― to cite
    援例 ― yuánlì ― to cite a convention or precedent
    From: The Book of the Later Han, circa 5th century CE
    Yuán qián shèng yǐ zhì zhōng xī, jiǎo èr zhǔ zhī jiāoshē. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to recommend (a person)
    From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
    Gǒu lì guójiā bù qiú fùguì, qí jǔ xián yuán néng yǒu rúcǐ zhě. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    From: Xunzi, c. 3rd century BCE
    Yuán xián bó shī, chú yuàn ér wú fánghài rén. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

### Compounds

* 乞援
* 人道救援
* 伸出援手
* 備援 / 备援
* 回援 (huíyuán)
* 圍城打援 / 围城打援
* 增援 (zēngyuán)
* 外援 (wàiyuán)
* 多歧援喻
* 奧援 / 奥援 (àoyuán)
* 婦援會 / 妇援会
* 孤立無援 / 孤立无援 (gūlìwúyuán)
* 彈盡援絕 / 弹尽援绝 (dànjìnyuánjué)
* 後援 / 后援 (hòuyuán)
* 後援會 / 后援会 (hòuyuánhuì)
* 應援 / 应援 (yìngyuán)
* 手援天下
* 技術援助 / 技术援助
* 投袂援戈
* 授手援溺
* 接援
* 援交 (yuánjiāo)
* 援交妹
* 援交小姐
* 援例 (yuánlì)
* 援兵 (yuánbīng)
* 援助 (yuánzhù)
* 援助之手
* 援助交際 / 援助交际 (yuánzhù jiāojì)
* 援助機構 / 援助机构
* 援古證今 / 援古证今
* 援外 (yuánwài)
* 援引 (yuányǐn)
* 援手 (yuánshǒu)
* 援據 / 援据
* 援救 (yuánjiù)
* 援溺振渴
* 援照
* 援用 (yuányòng)
* 援筆 / 援笔 (yuánbǐ)
* 援筆成章 / 援笔成章
* 援筆立就 / 援笔立就
* 援筆立成 / 援笔立成
* 援筆而就 / 援笔而就
* 援藏
* 援軍 / 援军 (yuánjūn)
* 援鄂 (yuán'è)
* 援鱉失龜 / 援鳖失龟
* 撣援 / 掸援
* 攀援 (pānyuán)
* 支援 (zhīyuán)
* 救援 (jiùyuán)
* 救援隊 / 救援队 (jiùyuánduì)
* 有例可援
* 求援 (qiúyuán)
* 無援 / 无援 (wúyuán)
* 畔援
* 糧盡援絕 / 粮尽援绝
* 結援 / 结援
* 經援 / 经援 (jīngyuán)
* 網路援交 / 网路援交
* 聲援 / 声援 (shēngyuán)
* 請援 / 请援
* 軍事援助 / 军事援助
* 鉤援 / 钩援
* 阻援
* 首尾相援
* 馳援 / 驰援 (chíyuán)

### References

* “援”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A01630

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 援 |
| Kyūjitai | 援󠄁 援+&#xE0101; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 援󠄃 援+&#xE0103; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)

#### Readings

From Middle Chinese 援 (MC hjwon); compare Mandarin 援 (yuán):
* Go-on: おん (on)
* Kan-on: えん (en, Jōyō)
From Middle Chinese 援 (MC hjwenH); compare Mandarin 援 (yuàn):
* Go-on: えん (en, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: えん (en, Jōyō)
From native Japanese roots:
* Kun: すくい (sukui, 援い)、すくう (sukuu, 援う)、たすけ (tasuke, 援)、たすける (tasukeru, 援ける)、ひく (hiku, 援く)
* Nanori: すけ (suke)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 援
* えん Grade: S
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 援 (MC hjwon|hjwenH).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ẽ̞ɴ]

### Affix

援(えん) • (en)
* pull; draw
* aid; assist; help

### References

* ↑ “援”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎ (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2025
* ↑ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 971 (paper), page 535 (digital)
* ↑ Shōundō Henshūjo, editor (1927), 新漢和辞典 [The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Ōsaka: Shōundō, →DOI, page 595 (paper), page 310 (digital)

## Korean
### Hanja

援 • (won) (hangeul 원, revised won, McCune–Reischauer wŏn, Yale wen)
* aid, assist
* lead
* cite

## Vietnamese
### Han character

援: Hán Nôm readings: viện, vén, vẹn, vẻn, vịn, vin, vờn
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.