# possum
## English
### Etymology

Derived from opossum by apheresis.

### Pronunciation

* enPR: pŏs'əm, IPA: /ˈpɒsəm/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɒsəm

### Noun

possum (plural possums)
* (US) An opossum, a marsupial of the family Didelphidae of the Americas.
* Any of the marsupials in several families of the order Diprotodontia of Australia and neighboring islands.

#### Derived terms

* act possum
* brush-tailed possum
* brushtail possum
* common possum
* common ringtail possum
* fairy possum
* feather-tailed possum
* Fergusson Island striped possum
* happy as a possum up a gum tree
* honey possum
* Leadbeater's possum
* northern brushtail possum
* play possum
* possum belly
* possum pie
* pygmy possum
* ringtailed possum
* ringtail possum
* shrew possum
* Virginia possum

#### Related terms

* opossum

#### See also

* possum on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* Diprotodontia on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* Didelphidae on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

### Verb

possum (third-person singular simple present possums, present participle possuming, simple past and past participle possumed)
* (intransitive) To play possum; to feign sleep, illness, or death.

### References

* ↑ “possum”, in Dictionary.com Unabridged, Dictionary.com, LLC, 1995–present.
* ↑ “possum”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.

## Latin
### Alternative forms

* potissum (Old Latin)

### Etymology

From Proto-Italic *possom, from *potis (“master in control of”) + *som (“I am”). By surface analysis, potis + sum. Cognates include Oscan púttiad (“they can”) and South Picene puti (“I could”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈpos.sum/, [ˈpɔs̠ːʊ̃ˑ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈpos.sum/, [ˈpɔsːum]

### Verb

possum (present infinitive posse or potesse, perfect active potuī); irregular conjugation, suppletive, impersonal in the passive in Old Latin, no gerund
* be able to, can, may
    Synonyms: polleō, queō, valeō, praevaleō, vigeō
    Antonym: nequeō
    Tunc, modo edere non potuit ― At that time, he just wasn't able to eat
    Possum Latine loqui ― I am able to speak in Latin
    Potesne mihi succurrere, quaeso? ― Can you help me please?
** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.39–41:“[...] Pallāsne exūrere classem Argīvum atque ipsōs potuit submergere pontō, ūnīus ob noxam et furiās Aiācis Oīlēī?”“Was not Pallas able to burn the Argive fleet and to drown [the men] themselves in the sea – [all] because of the crime and fury of [just] one man, Ajax, [son] of Oileus?” (Pallas or Athena meted divine retribution after the fall of Troy; there the Argive/Greek invaders had desecrated Athena’s temple, in which Ajax the Lesser assaulted Cassandra.)
** 8 CE – 12 CE, Ovid, Sorrows 1.57–58:tū tamen ī prō mē, tū, cui licet, aspice Rōmam, dī facerent, possem nunc meus esse līber!Nevertheless, you go instead of me – you, to whom it is allowed, behold [the city of] Rome – Gods! [If only you] would grant [it], [that] now I would be able to be my book! (The exiled poet addresses his book as if it were a living emissary that he will send to Rome in his place. The optative subjunctive “facerent” expresses a wish, followed by the jussive subjunctive “possem” stating what the writer believes should be done.)

#### Conjugation

This verb is irregular, but synchronously resembles sum prefixed with pot-. Several contractions and simplifications occur, however, namely: -ts- → -ss-, -tf- → -t-, -tess- → -ss- (note that potēns does not originate from non-existent *fēns).
However, while this analysis works synchronically, diachronically, this relationship does not reflect a cognate historical relationship in all cases. For example, Osco-Umbrian forms confirm that a Proto-Italic verb Proto-Italic *poteō (“to be master”) (stem *pot-ē-) must also be reconstructed that, although lost in Latin otherwise, appears to have been the ultimate historical source of potuī and potēns.
In Vulgar Latin, the first person singular is changed to possō (causing the verb to be treated like a third conjugation verb (stem poss-) in the present subjunctive (*possam, *possās)), while the third person plural (eī / eae / ea) possunt was preserved as such, though the rest of the verb became the second conjugation verb potēre ((tu) *potēs, (is / ea / id) *potet, (nōs) *potēmus and (vōs) *potētis), based on forms like potuī and potēns, just like velle (infinitive of volō) was reformed to *volēre after forms like voluī and volēns.
$^1$Old Latin. The passive forms are only used to govern a passive infinitive; e.g. nec retrahi potestur imperiis ― "nor can it be withdrawn by commands".

#### Quotations

* This entry needs quotations to illustrate usage. If you come across any interesting, durably archived quotes then please add them!

#### Derived terms

* multum posse
* posse
* possibilis
* potēns
* potentia

#### Related terms

* absum
* adsum
* dēsum
* īnsum
* intersum
* obsum
* potentiālis
* potis
* praesum
* prōsum
* subsum
* sum
* supersum

#### Descendants

* Vulgar Latin: possō (see there for further descendants)

### References

* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “potis, pote”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 484f.
* “possum”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “possum”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* possum in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. to give a man the opportunity of doing a thing: facultatem alicui dare alicuius rei or ut possit... I cannot make myself believe that..: non possum adduci, ut (credam) I cannot bring myself to..: a me impetrare non possum, ut he is a young man of great promise: adulescens alios bene de se sperare iubet, bonam spem ostendit or alii de adulescente bene sperare possunt I have exhausted all my material: copiam quam potui persecutus sum movable, personal property: res, quae moveri possunt; res moventes (Liv. 5. 25. 6) to isolate a witness: aliquem a ceteris separare et in arcam conicere ne quis cum eo colloqui possit (Mil. 22. 60) men of military age: qui arma ferre possunt or iuventus men exempt from service owing to age: qui per aetatem arma ferre non possunt or aetate ad bellum inutiles by the longest possible forced marches: quam maximis itineribus (potest) this can be said of..., applies to..: hoc dici potest de aliqua re this can be said of..., applies to..: hoc transferri potest in aliquid I cannot find words for..: dici vix (non) potest or vix potest dici (vix like non always before potest) without wishing to boast, yet..: quod vere praedicare possum that is self-evident, goes without saying: hoc facile intellegi potest from this it appears, is apparent: ex quo intellegitur or intellegi potest, debet (ambiguous) to be scarcely able to restrain one's laughter: risum tenere vix posse (ambiguous) to be scarcely able to restrain one's laughter: risum aegre continere posse (ambiguous) to be hardly able to restrain one's tears: lacrimas tenere non posse (ambiguous) to be hardly able to restrain one's tears: fletum cohibere non posse (ambiguous) to be unable to speak for emotion: prae lacrimis loqui non posse (ambiguous) to be unable to sleep: somnum capere non posse (ambiguous) to have great influence with a person; to have considerable weight: multum auctoritate valere, posse apud aliquem (ambiguous) to have great weight as a speaker: multum dicendo valere, posse (ambiguous) to be unable to say all one wants: verbis non omnia exsequi posse (ambiguous) to have a powerful navy: navibus plurimum posse
* possum in Ramminger, Johann (2016 July 16 (last accessed)) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎, pre-publication website, 2005-2016