# 鍛冶
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): duànyě
    (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄢˋ ㄧㄝˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): dyun$^3$ je$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: duànyě
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄢˋ ㄧㄝˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: duànyě
*** Wade–Giles: tuan$^4$-yeh$^3$
*** Yale: dwàn-yě
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duannyee
*** Palladius: дуанье (duanʹje)
*** Sinological IPA : /tu̯än⁵¹ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: dyun$^3$ je$^5$
*** Yale: dyun yéh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dyn$^3$ je$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: dün$^3$ yé$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /tyːn³³ jɛː¹³/

### Verb

鍛冶
* to forge and smelt (metal)
* (figurative) to steel oneself or to measure one's words

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 鍛(たん)冶(や) (tan'ya)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 鍛 | 冶 |
| かじ ||
| Grade: S | Grade: S |
| jukujikun ||
⟨kana uti⟩ → ⟨kanuti⟩ → */kaᶮdi/ → /kad͡ʑi/ → /kaʑi/
Shift from Old Japanese 鍛 (kanuti, modern pronunciation kanuchi, literally “forging, smithing”), equivalent to a compound of 金 (kana, ancient combining form of kane, “metal”) +‎ 打ち (uchi, “striking”).
The kanji spelling is an orthographic borrowing from Chinese 鍛冶 / 锻冶 (duànyě).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かじ [káꜜjì] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ka̠ʑi]

#### Noun

鍛冶(かじ) • (kaji)
* forging, smithing
    鍛冶(かじ)の神(かみ)、パーフォロス ― Kaji no Kami, Pāforosu ― Purphoros, God of the Forge
* a metalsmith, smith
    Synonym: 鍛冶屋 (kajiya)
* (historical) Short for 鍛冶司 (kaji no tsukasa): the official imperial court metalsmith or overseer of metalsmiths in the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system of ancient Japan

##### Derived terms

* 鍛冶(かじ)神(しん) (Kajishin)
* 鍛冶(かじの)司(つかさ) (kaji no tsukasa)
* 鍛冶(かじ)屋(や) (kajiya)
* 鍛冶(かじ)橋(ばし)狩野(かのう) (Kajibashi Kanō, one of the four Kanō schools in the Edo Period, founded by Kanō Tan'yū)
* 鍛冶(かじ)橋(ばし)門(もん) (Kajibashi Mon, one of the gates in the Edo city walls)
* 鍛冶(かじ)始(はじ)め (kajihajime, “first smithing work of the year”)
* 鍛冶(かじ)匠(たくみ) (kajitakumi, “professional smith, master smith”)
* 鍛冶(かじ)場(ば) (kajiba, “smithy, a forge”)
* 鍛冶(かじ)炭(ずみ) (kajizumi, “soft charcoal used for smithing”)
* 鍛冶(かじ)町(ちょう) (Kajichō, placename in Chiyoda Ward, Tokyo; from land gifted to noted smiths in the Edo period)
* 鍛冶(かじ)被(かぶり) (kajikaburi, “cleaning cloth folded in half twice and worn on the head by a smith while working”)
* 鍛冶(かじ)者(しゃ) (kajisha, “smith”, rare)
* 鍛冶(かじ)師(し) (kajishi, “smith”)
* 大(おお)鍛冶(かじ) (ōkaji)
* 釘(くぎ)鍛冶(かじ) (kugikaji)
* 鍬(くわ)鍛冶(かじ) (kuwakaji)
* 小(こ)鍛冶(かじ) (Kokaji)
* 五(ご)鍛冶(かじ) (Go Kaji)
* 御(ご)番(ばん)鍛冶(かじ) (goban kaji), 番(ばん)鍛冶(かじ) (ban kaji)
* 鉄(てっ)砲(ぽう)鍛冶(かじ) (teppō kaji)
* 野(の)鍛冶(かじ) (nokaji)
* 大和(やまと)鍛冶(かじ) (Yamato kaji)

##### Idioms

* 鍛冶(かじ)の明日(あした)に紺屋(こんや)の明後日(あさって) (kaji no ashita ni kon'ya no asatte, “a smith's tomorrow, but a dyer's day after tomorrow”, metaphor for someone who makes promises easily but always breaks them)

#### Proper noun

鍛冶(かじ) • (Kaji)
* a surname

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 鍛 | 冶 |
| たん Grade: S | や Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||
From Middle Chinese 鍛冶 (MC twanH yaeX, literally “forge + smelt”).
Compare modern Mandarin 鍛冶 / 锻冶 (duànyě).

#### Noun

鍛(たん)冶(や) • (tan'ya)
* forging, smithing
* a metalsmith, a smith

#### Verb

鍛(たん)冶(や)する • (tan'ya suru) suru (stem 鍛(たん)冶(や)し (tan'ya shi), past 鍛(たん)冶(や)した (tan'ya shita))
* to forge, smith

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 鍛冶し | たんやし | tan'ya shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 鍛冶し | たんやし | tan'ya shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 鍛冶する | たんやする | tan'ya suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 鍛冶する | たんやする | tan'ya suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 鍛冶すれ | たんやすれ | tan'ya sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 鍛冶せよ¹ 鍛冶しろ² | たんやせよ¹ たんやしろ² | tan'ya seyo¹ tan'ya shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 鍛冶される | たんやされる | tan'ya sareru |
| Causative | 鍛冶させる 鍛冶さす | たんやさせる たんやさす | tan'ya saseru tan'ya sasu |
| Potential | 鍛冶できる | たんやできる | tan'ya dekiru |
| Volitional | 鍛冶しよう | たんやしよう | tan'ya shiyō |
| Negative | 鍛冶しない | たんやしない | tan'ya shinai |
| Negative continuative | 鍛冶せず | たんやせず | tan'ya sezu |
| Formal | 鍛冶します | たんやします | tan'ya shimasu |
| Perfective | 鍛冶した | たんやした | tan'ya shita |
| Conjunctive | 鍛冶して | たんやして | tan'ya shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 鍛冶すれば | たんやすれば | tan'ya sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN