# μάρναμαι
## Ancient Greek
### Alternative forms

* βᾰ́ρνᾰμαι (bắrnămai)

### Etymology

Of uncertain origin.
Beekes derives the verb from a zero-grade nasal present of a Proto-Indo-European *merh₂- (“to seize, grip”), and compares Sanskrit मृणीहि (mṛṇīhi) and मृणति (mṛṇati) (from the root मृण् (mṛṇ, “to crush, smash”)) as potential exact matches. The original meaning of the Greek would have been something like "to crush or grab one another". However, the Sanskrit is traditionally derived from a nasal extension of Proto-Indo-European *melh₂- (“to grind, crush”), which cannot produce the Greek form.
Other potential cognates adduced by Rix (which, as Beekes notes, have not been ascertained by other linguists) include Albanian marr (“to take”), Old Norse merja (“to beat, crush”), and Hittite [script needed] (marritta, “is crushed”). The Albanian and Germanic terms have alternative plausible derivations, which along with the Sanskrit place the existence of the Indo-European root in doubt.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /már.na.mai̯/ → /ˈmar.na.mɛ/ → /ˈmar.na.me/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /már.na.mai̯/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /ˈmar.na.mɛ/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /ˈmar.na.mɛ/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /ˈmar.na.me/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /ˈmar.na.me/

### Verb

μᾰ́ρνᾰμαι • (mắrnămai)
* to fight, battle
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 15.475:μάρναό τε Τρώεσσι καὶ ἄλλους ὄρνυθι λαούς.márnaó te Trṓessi kaì állous órnuthi laoús.And do battle with the Trojans, and urge on the rest of the folk.
* to contend, strive
** 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 2.65:ὅθεν φαμὶ καὶ σὲ τὰν ἀπείρονα δόξαν εὑρεῖν, τὰ μὲν ἐν ἱπποσόαισιν ἄνδρεσσι μαρνάμενον, τὰ δ’ ἐν πεζομάχαισι:hóthen phamì kaì sè tàn apeírona dóxan heureîn, tà mèn en hipposóaisin ándressi marnámenon, tà d’ en pezomákhaisi:And so I say that you too have found boundless fame by fighting among both horsemen and foot soldiers.

#### Derived terms

* ἐπῐμάρνᾰμαι (epĭmárnămai)
* περῐμάρνᾰμαι (perĭmárnămai)

### References

* ↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “μάρναμαι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 907
* ↑ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “MARᴵ¹ (> mṛṇīhí)”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 319-20
* ↑ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*merh₂-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 440

### Further reading

* “μάρναμαι”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “μάρναμαι”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “μάρναμαι”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
* μάρναμαι in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* μάρναμαι in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
* “μάρναμαι”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
* μάρναμαι, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011