# ἄρτος
## Ancient Greek
### Etymology

Of unknown origin, though likely borrowed from a substrate. Compare Basque arto (“id”), Old Spanish artal (“a type of empanada”). Pisani's derivation as a borrowing from Proto-Iranian *arta- (“flour”), and thus connection to Persian آرد (ârd, “id”), is less likely, as the Greek word was already attested in Mycenean and is unable to be formally derived from the same Indo-European root that the Iranian stems from.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ár.tos/ → /ˈar.tos/ → /ˈar.tos/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /ár.tos/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /ˈar.tos/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /ˈar.tos/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /ˈar.tos/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /ˈar.tos/

### Noun

ᾰ̓́ρτος • (ắrtos) m (genitive ᾰ̓́ρτου); second declension
* a cake or loaf of wheat bread
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 17.343–344:ἄρτον τ᾽ οὖλον ἑλὼν περικαλλέος ἐκ κανέοιο καὶ κρέας, ὥς οἱ χεῖρες ἐχάνδανον ἀμφιβαλόντι·árton t’ oûlon helṑn perikalléos ek kanéoio kaì kréas, hṓs hoi kheîres ekhándanon amphibalónti;having taken a whole loaf of bread out of a very beautiful basket, and meat, as much as his hands could hold in their grasp:
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 18.119–120:Ἀμφίνομος δὲ ἄρτους ἐκ κανέοιο δύω παρέθηκεν ἀείραςAmphínomos dè ártous ek kanéoio dúō paréthēken aeírasAnd Amphinomus placed two loaves of bread before [him], having taken [them] out of a basket.
* (collectively) bread

#### Antonyms

* μᾶζα (mâza, “barley bread”)

#### Derived terms

* ἀρτοδότης (artodótēs, “giver of bread”)
* ἀρτοζήτης (artozḗtēs, “one who begs for bread”)
* ἀρτοθήκη (artothḗkē, “pantry, bread-basket”)
* ἀρτοκάπηλος (artokápēlos, “bread-seller”)
* ἀρτόκλασμα (artóklasma, “morsel of bread”)
* ἀρτοκοπεῖον (artokopeîon, “bakery, boulangerie”)
* ἀρτοκοπία (artokopía, “baking”)
* ἀρτοκοπικός (artokopikós, “belonging to a baker”)
* ἀρτοκόπισσα (artokópissa, “female baker”)
* ἀρτοκόπος (artokópos, “baker”)
* ἀρτόκρεας (artókreas, “bread and meat”)
* ἀρτολάγανον (artoláganon, “a type of savoury cake”)
* ἀρτολάγυνος (artolágunos, “with bread and wine”)
* ἀρτόμελι (artómeli, “poultice of bread and honey”)
* ἀρτοπίναξ (artopínax, “bread platter”)
* ἀρτοποιέω (artopoiéō, “to bake, make into bread”)
* ἀρτοποιΐα (artopoiḯa, “a baking”)
* ἀρτοποιϊκός (artopoiïkós, “of or for baking”)
* ἀρτοποιός (artopoiós, “bread-maker”)
* ἀρτόπονος (artóponos, “one who bakes loaves”) (epithet)
* ἀρτοποπέω (artopopéō, “to be a baker”)
* ἀρτοπόπος (artopópos, “baker”)
* ἀρτοπράτης (artoprátēs, “dealer in bread”)
* ἀρτοπτεῖον (artopteîon, “place or vessel for baking”)
* ἀρτόπτης (artóptēs, “pan for baking bread”)
* ἀρτοπτίκιος (artoptíkios, “baked in a pan”)
* ἀρτοπωλέω (artopōléō, “to deal in bread”)
* ἀρτοπώλης (artopṓlēs, “baker, bread-seller”)
* ἀρτοπωλία (artopōlía, “dealing in bread”)
* ἀρτοπωλικόν (artopōlikón, “a tax on bakeries”)
* ἀρτοπώλιον (artopṓlion, “baker's shop, bakery”)
* ἀρτόπωλις (artópōlis, “bread-woman, female baker”)
* ἀρτοσιτέω (artositéō, “to eat wheaten bread”)
* ἀρτοσιτία (artositía, “feeding on bread”)
* ἀρτοστάσιον (artostásion, “fee for weighing bread”)
* ἀρτοστροφέω (artostrophéō, “to turn bread (as in baking)”)
* ἀρτότυρος (artóturos, “bread and cheese”)
* ἀρτουργός (artourgós, “baker”)
* ἀρτοφαγέω (artophagéō, “to eat bread”)
* ἀρτοφάγος (artophágos, “bread-eater; a rodent”)
* ἀρτοφοῖνιξ (artophoînix, “cake of bread and dates”)
* ἀρτοφόριον (artophórion, “bread-basket; festival”)
* ἀρτοφόρος (artophóros, “holding bread”)
* ἀρτόχαρις (artókharis, “a type of cake”)

#### Descendants

* Greek: άρτος (ártos)
* ⇒ Translingual: Encephalartos

#### See also

* ψωμίον (psōmíon)

### References

* ↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἄρτος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 143

### Further reading

* “ἄρτος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “ἄρτος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “ἄρτος”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
* ἄρτος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* ἄρτος in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
* ἄρτος in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2025)
* G740 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
* Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited. bread idem, page 94.loaf idem, page 496.