# jam
## English
### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation, US) IPA: /ˈd͡ʒæm/
* Audio (UK):(file)
* (æ-tensing) IPA: [ˈd͡ʒeəm]
* Audio (US):(file)
* (Southern England, General Australian) IPA: /ˈdʒæːm/
* Audio (Received Pronunciation):(file)
* Audio (Received Pronunciation); “jam” (verb):(file)
* Homophone: jamb
* Rhymes: -æm

### Etymology 1

First attested in the early 18th c. as a verb meaning “to press, be pressed, be wedged in”. Compare dialectal jammock (“to press, squeeze, crush into a soft mass, chew food"; also "a soft, pulpy substance”). Perhaps from Middle English chammen, champen ("to bite upon something, gnash the teeth"; whence modern champ, chomp), of uncertain origin; probably originally onomatopoeic.
The "performance" sense is first attested with regards to jazz in 1929, and its origin, though uncertain, is likely metaphorical, "something sweet made by the combination of many things", with influence from jamboree.

#### Noun

jam (countable and uncountable, plural jams)
* (less common in the US and Canada) A sweet mixture of fruit boiled with sugar and allowed to congeal. Often spread on bread or toast or used in jam tarts.
    Synonyms: (US) conserve, jelly, preserve
* (countable) A difficult situation.
    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:difficult situation
** 1928, Upton Sinclair, Boston:It's a blackmail ring, and the district attorneys get a share of the loot. […] Well, they got him in the same kind of jam, and soaked him to the tune of three hundred and eighty-six thousand.
** 1975, Bob Dylan (lyrics and music), “Tangled Up in Blue”:She was married when we first met / Soon to be divorced / I helped her out of a jam, I guess / But I used a little too much force
** 1977, David Byrne (lyrics and music), “Uh-Oh, Love Comes to Town”, in Talking Heads: 77, performed by Talking Heads:Where, where is my common sense? / How did I get in a jam like this?
** (countable, baseball) A difficult situation for a pitcher or defending team.
    The pitcher's in a jam now, having walked the bases loaded with the cleanup hitter coming to bat.
* (countable) A blockage, congestion, or immobilization.
    Synonym: jam-up
    Hyponyms: paper jam, traffic jam
    a jam on the 101 South, blocking the two right lanes [radio report]
    a jam of logs in a river
** 2019 February 14, National Transportation Safety Board, “1.3.2.3 Elevator Design Standard for Ground Gust Loads”, in Aircraft Accident Report: Runway Overrun During Rejected Takeoff, Ameristar Air Cargo, Inc., dba Ameristar Charters, flight 9363, Boeing MD-83, N786TW, Ypsilanti, Michigan, March 8, 2017‎, archived from the original on 2 July 2022, page 12:According to Boeing, in the history of this elevator design (which exists on all Boeing DC-9/MD-80 series and 717 model airplanes), this accident was the first notification that Boeing had received of an elevator jam occurring on an airplane exposed to ground gusts lower than 65 kts. Boeing noted that the elevator design first entered service in 1965 on the then-Douglas DC-9 airplane.
* (countable, popular music) An informal, impromptu performance or rehearsal.
* (countable, by extension, informal) A song; a track.
** 2001, Jet, volume 100, number 22, page 25:The result is an outstanding assortment of sophisticated, sexy and hip-hop-tinged R&B grooves, ballads and party jams.
* (countable, by extension) An informal event where people brainstorm and collaborate on projects.
    We came up with some new ideas at the game jam.
** 2017, Fred Patten, Furry Fandom Conventions, 1989-2015, page 92:[…] a day at new Farm Park with an art jam, fursuit games, and a nerf war, ending in the evening at the strike Wintergarden bowling center.
* (countable, slang) That which one particularly prefers, desires, enjoys, or cares about.
    Teaching is my jam.
* (countable, basketball) A forceful dunk.
* (countable, roller derby) A play during which points can be scored.
    Toughie scored four points in that jam.
* (countable, climbing) Any of several manoeuvres requiring wedging of an extremity into a tight space.
    I used a whole series of fist and foot jams in that crack.
* (Australia) The tree Acacia acuminata, with fruity-smelling hard timber.
    Synonyms: raspberry jam tree, stinking acacia
* (UK, slang) Luck.
    He's got more jam than Waitrose.
* (Canada, slang) balls, bollocks, courage, machismo
    I don't think he has the jam.
* (slang) Sexual relations or the contemplation of them.
* (slang) Something enjoyable; a delightful situation or outcome.
** 1939 July 19, The Bulletin, Sydney, page 14, column 1:’Tis fine to be a pretty girl, or just a gay and witty girl, And obviously to be both is rightly counted jam, But even more desirable, and clearly less acquirable, Is that mysterious quality denominated glam.

##### Derived terms

* game jam
* in a jam
* jam auction
* jam band
* jam doughnut
* jam drop
* jamjar
* jam jar
* jam joint
* jam melon
* jammy
* jam-packed
* jam penny
* jam pitch
* jam rag
* jam rammed
* jam roll
* jam roly poly
* jam sandwich
* jam session
* jam tart
* jam today
* jam tomorrow
* jam-up
* lob jam
* log jam
* money for jam
* Murrumbidgee jam
* paper jam
* pearl jam
* phantom jam
* pole jam
* power jam
* ram-jam
* real jam
* slow jam
* toe jam
* traffic jam
* want jam on it
* finger jam
* fist jam
* foot jam
* hand jam
* ice jam
* pinkie jam
* ring jam
* thumb-down jam
* toe jam

##### Descendants

* → Armenian: ջեմ (ǰem)
* → Azerbaijani: cem
* → Belarusian: джэм (džem)
* → Bengali: জ্যাম (jêm)
* → Bulgarian: джем (džem)
* → Cantonese: 占 (zim1, zem1)
* → Czech: džem
* → Dutch: jam
* → Estonian: džemm
* → Finnish: jamit
* → French: jam
* → Georgian: ჯემი (ǯemi)
* → Hindi: जाम (jām)
* → Japanese: ジャム (jamu)
* → Kazakh: джем (djem)
* → Korean: 잼 (jaem)
* → Kyrgyz: джем (djem)
* → Macedonian: џем (džem)
* → Malay: jem
* → Polish: dżem
* → Romanian: gem
* → Russian: джем (džem)
* → Saanich: ĆÁM
* → Serbo-Croatian:
** Latin script: džȅm
** Cyrillic script: џе̏м
* → Sinhalese: ජෑම් (jǣm)
* → Slovak: džem
* → Swahili: jemu
* → Swedish: jam
* → Tajik: джем (džem)
* → Thai: แยม (yɛɛm)
* → Ukrainian: джем (džem)
* → Urdu: جام (jām)
* → Welsh: jam

##### See also

* jelly
* marmalade

#### Verb

jam (third-person singular simple present jams, present participle jamming, simple past and past participle jammed)
* To get something stuck, often (though not necessarily) in a confined space.
    My foot got jammed in a gap between the rocks.
    Her poor little baby toe got jammed in the door.
    I jammed the top knuckle of my ring finger.
** 1719 May 6 (Gregorian calendar), [Daniel Defoe], The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, […], 3rd edition, London: […] W[illiam] Taylor […], published 1719, →OCLC, page 226:The Ship, which by its Building was Spanish, stuck fast, jaum’d in between two Rocks; all the Stern and Quarter of her was beaten to Pieces with the Sea […]
* To brusquely force something into a space; to cram, to squeeze.
    They temporarily stopped the gas tank leak by jamming a piece of taffy into the hole.
    The rush-hour train was jammed with commuters.
** 1779, George Colman, Farewell Epilogue, spoken at Wynnstay after the representation of Cymbeline and The Spanish Barber, 22 January, 1779, in Prose on Several Occasions: Accompanied with Some Pieces in Verse, London: T. Cadel, 1787, Volume 3, p. 283,
    Since the new post-horse tax, I dare engage
    That some folks here have travell’d in the Stage:
    Jamm’d in at midnight, in cold winter weather,
    The crouded passengers are glew’d together.
* To render something unable to move.
** 2019 February 14, National Transportation Safety Board, “2.3.3 Elevator Load Testing”, in Aircraft Accident Report: Runway Overrun During Rejected Takeoff, Ameristar Air Cargo, Inc., dba Ameristar Charters, flight 9363, Boeing MD-83, N786TW, Ypsilanti, Michigan, March 8, 2017‎, archived from the original on 2 July 2022, page 56:Considering the results of the CFD wind simulation, the NTSB designed several series of static and dynamic elevator load tests to determine what conditions, consistent with the known circumstances of the accident, could enable the inboard actuating crank and links of the right elevator's geared tab to move beyond their normal range of travel and become locked in an overcenter position (and, as a result, jam the right elevator).
* To cause congestion or blockage. Often used with "up".
    A single accident can jam the roads for hours.
* To block or confuse a radio or radar signal by transmitting a more-powerful signal on the same frequency.
    The government jams foreign propaganda broadcasts.
    The airstrike suffered minimal casualties because electronic-warfare aircraft were jamming the enemy air-defense radars.
* (baseball) To throw a pitch at or near the batter's hands.
    Jones was jammed by the pitch.
* (basketball) To dunk.
* (music) To play music (especially improvisation as a group, or an informal unrehearsed session).
* To injure a finger or toe by sudden compression of the digit's tip.
    When he tripped on the step he jammed his toe.
* (roller derby) To attempt to score points.
    Toughie jammed four times in the second period.
* (nautical, transitive) To bring (a vessel) so close to the wind that half her upper sails are laid aback.
** (Can we date this quote?), William Clark Russell, The Golden Hope:It won't do to jam her,” answered Stone ;" but it might be worth findin' out if th' Hope won't lie closer than t' other can." Half a point ----"
* (Canada, informal) To give up on a date or some other joint endeavour; to stand up, chicken out, jam out.
* (colloquial) To be of high quality.
    I love this song! This song jams!

##### Synonyms

* ram

##### Derived terms

* jam band
* jammer
* jam one's hype
* jam on the brakes
* jam up
* (to squeeze into a small space): jam-pack

##### Translations
### Etymology 2

From Persian or Hindi, meaning "garment, robe;" see جامه (“garment”). Related to pajamas.

#### Noun

jam (plural jams)
* (dated) A kind of frock for children.

### Etymology 3
#### Noun

jam (plural jams)
* (mining) Alternative form of jamb

### References

* jam on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* “jam”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
* William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “jam”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.

### See also

* Ram-jam

### Anagrams

* JMA, Maj, Maj., maj, maj.

## Albanian
### Alternative forms

* jom — Kosovo

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésmi (“to be, exist”). The forms in qe- may derive from Proto-Indo-European *kʷel- (“to turn, revolve”), whence also Ancient Greek πέλω (pélō, “to be”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈjam/
* Rhymes: -am

### Verb

jam (aorist qeshë, participle qenë)
* to be
** Indicates a quality or identity.
    Është e bukur. ― She is beautiful.
    Si je? ― How are you?
    S'është për ty. ― It is not for you.
** Indicates location.
    Synonym: gjendem
    Jam në shtëpi. ― I am at home.
    Janë jeshta. ― They are out.
    Ku je? ― Where are you?
** (intransitive) to live, stay alive
    Synonyms: rroj, jetoj, gjëllij
** to be from, come from [with nga]
    Synonyms: vij, rrjedh
    Jemi nga Shqipëria. ― We are from Albania.
    Nga je? ― Where are you from?
** to support, agree with [with me]
    Synonyms: pajtohem, përkrah
    Jam me ty. ― I agree with you.
** (third person) to happen, take place, occur
    Synonyms: ndodh, ngjan, bëhet
** (third person) there be
    Synonym: ka
    Janë mjaft. ― There are enough.
** Followed by gerunds, forms the present continuous.
    Isha duke lexuar. ― I was reading.

#### Conjugation

* Show compound tenses:

### References

* ↑ Meyer, G. (1891) “jam”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch der albanesischen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the Albanian Language] (in German), Strasbourg: Karl J. Trübner, →DOI, pages 160–161
* ↑ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “es-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 340
* ↑ Demiraj, B. (1997) Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎ (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, pages 207–208
* 1 2 Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “jam”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 156
* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “sum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 599

### Further reading

* FGJSSH: Fjalor i gjuhës së sotme shqipe [Dictionary of the modern Albanian language]‎, 1980, pages 734–735

## Baba Malay
### Etymology

From Malay jam, from Sanskrit याम (yāma).

### Noun

jam
* hour
* time

### Further reading

* Baba Malay Dictionary

## Chinese
### Etymology 1

From English jam.

#### Pronunciation

* Cantonese (Jyutping): zem$^1$
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zem$^1$
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzem$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zém$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɛːm⁵⁵/

#### Verb

jam
* (Hong Kong Cantonese) to jam (to play music)

##### Derived terms

* jam歌

#### References

* English Loanwords in Hong Kong Cantonese

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* Cantonese (Jyutping): zem$^1$
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zem$^1$
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzem$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zém$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɛːm⁵⁵/

#### Verb

jam
* (Hong Kong Cantonese, university slang) to nab; to take without asking

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 偷, 盜, 竊 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 偷, 偷竊, 偷盜, 盜竊, 竊取 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 偷 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 偷 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 偷 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 偷, 鼠 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 偷, 撻, M, jam |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 偷 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 偷 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 撻 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 偷 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 偷 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 偷 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 偷 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 偷提 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 偷提 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 偷提 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 偷提 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 偷提 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 偷, 偷提 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 偷 |

### Related terms

* 占 (zim1, zem1, “jam”)

## Czech
### Etymology

Borrowed from Portuguese inhame or Spanish iñame, both likely of West African origin.

### Noun

jam m inan
* yam (any Dioscorea vine)

#### Declension

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

## Dutch
### Etymology

Borrowed from English jam.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʒɛm/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: jam
* Rhymes: -ɛm

### Noun

jam m (plural jams, diminutive jammetje n)
* (chiefly Netherlands) jam (congealed sweet mixture of conserved fruits)

#### Synonyms

* confituur
* marmelade

#### Derived terms

* aardbeienjam
* jampot
* kersenjam

#### Descendants

* → Caribbean Javanese: sèm

## Esperanto
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin iam.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [jam]
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: jam

### Adverb

jam
* already, prior to some time
    Ŝi jam nutris la bestojn. ― She already fed the animals.

## Fula
### Noun

jam o
* (Pulaar, Maasina) peace

### References

* M. Niang, Pulaar-English English-Pulaar Standard Dictionary, New York: Hippocrene Books, 1997.
* Richard Smith, Urs Niggli, Dictionnaire fulfulde - anglais - français, Webonary.org, SIL International, 2016.

## Garo
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Noun

jam
* granary, storehouse

## Highland Popoluca
### Noun

jam
* lime

### References

* Elson, Benjamin F., Gutiérrez G., Donaciano (1999) Diccionario popoluca de la Sierra, Veracruz (Serie de vocabularios y diccionarios indígenas “Mariano Silva y Aceves”; 41)‎ (in Spanish), Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, A.C., →ISBN, page 74

## Iban
### Etymology

From Sanskrit याम (yāma, “time”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [d͡ʒam]
* Hyphenation: jam

### Noun

jam
* hour (Time period of sixty minutes)
* clock (instrument to measure or keep track of time)
* time

## Indonesian
### Alternative forms

* djam (1901–1947, 1947–1972)

### Etymology

From Malay jam, from Sanskrit याम (yāma, “time”).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Indonesian) IPA: /ˈd͡ʒam/ [ˈd͡ʒam]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -am
* Syllabification: jam

### Noun

jam (plural jam-jam)
* hour (time period of sixty minutes)
* clock (instrument to measure or keep track of time)
* (colloquial) time (particular moment or hour; the appropriate moment or hour for something)
    Synonyms: pukul, saat, waktu

#### Derived terms

* berjam-jam (“for hours”)

#### Compounds

* jam bencet (“bencet clock”)
* jam biologis (“biological clock”)
* jam digital (“digital clock”)
* jam dinding (“wall clock”)
* jam gembira (“happy hour”)
* jam kerja (“working time; working hours”)
* jam malam (“curfew”)
* jam matahari (“sundial”)
* jam nol (“zero hour”)
* jam pasir (“hourglass”)
* jam saku (“pocket watch”)
* jam sibuk (“rush hour”)
* jam tangan (“wristwatch”)
* jam tangan pintar (“smartwatch”)
* jam tembok (“wall clock”)
* jam terbang (“flight hours; practice hours”)

### Further reading

* “jam” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Interlingua
### Adverb

jam (not comparable)
* already

## Javanese
### Romanization

jam
* Romanization of ꦗꦩ꧀

## Latgalian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈjam/
* Hyphenation: jam

### Pronoun

jam
* dative singular of jis
    Es jam atsaceju par reizi. ― I replied to him right away.
    Jam daguoja laistīs paceli nu sātys. ― He had to leave his home.
    Vys jam nazkas natai. ― He's never satisfied. (literally, “It's never good enough for him.”)

### References

* Nicole Nau (2011) A short grammar of Latgalian, München: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 37

## Latin
### Adverb

jam (not comparable)
* Alternative form of iam

### References

* “jam”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press

## Lindu
### Noun

jam
* time
* hour
* clock

## Lithuanian
### Pronoun

jam m
* third-person singular dative of jis
** 2007, Jurga (Jurga Šeduikytė), Angelai
    Jo balti sparnai man tinka Jam savo šarvus dovanojuHis white wings suit me I present to him my armor

## Malay
### Etymology

From Sanskrit याम (yāma, “time”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [d͡ʒam]
* Rhymes: -d͡ʒam, -am
* Audio (Malaysia):(file)

### Noun

jam (Jawi spelling جم, plural jam-jam, informal 1st possessive jamku, 2nd possessive jammu, 3rd possessive jamnya)
* hour (Time period of sixty minutes)
* clock (instrument to measure or keep track of time)

#### Derived terms

Regular affixed derivations:
* berjam-jam [reduplication + stative / habitual] (redup + beR-)

#### Descendants

* > Indonesian: jam (inherited)
* Baba Malay: jam
* → Iban: jam
* → Javanese: ꦗꦩ꧀ (jam)
* → Pattani Malay: جٍي / แยฺ (jɛ)
* → Tausug: jām

### Further reading

* “jam” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.

## North Frisian
### Etymology

Compare West Frisian jimme.

### Pronoun

jam
* (Föhr-Amrum, Mooring) second-person plural personal pronoun
** you, you all (subject case)
** you, yourselves (object case)
* (Sylt, optionally also in Mooring) Object case of ja: them, themselves

#### Alternative forms

* (you [subject]): 'm (reduced form), i (Sylt)
* (you [object]): juu (Sylt)
* (them): 's (reduced form), jo (Föhr-Amrum)

### See also

* The reduced forms with an apostrophe are enclitic; they immediately follow verbs or conjunctions. Dü is deleted altogether in such contexts.
* At is not enclitic; it can stand in any unstressed position and refers mostly to things. In reflexive use, only full object forms occur.
* Dual forms wat / onk and jat / jonk are obsolete, as is feminine jü / hör.
* Independent possessives are distinguished from attributive ones only with plural referents.
* The forms üsens, jamens, hörens are used optionally (and decreasingly) when the possessor is a larger community, such as a village, city or nation.
The reduced forms with an apostrophe are enclitic; they immediately follow verbs or conjunctions. Dü is deleted altogether in such contexts. Et is not enclitic and can stand in any unstressed position; the full subject form hat is now rarely used. In reflexive use, only full object forms occur. Dual forms wat / unk and jat / junk are obsolete. Attributive and independent possessives are not distinguished in Mooring.
* The reduced forms with an apostrophe are enclitic; they immediately follow verbs or conjunctions. Dü is deleted altogether in such contexts.
* Et is not enclitic and can stand in any unstressed position; the full subject form hat is now rarely used. In reflexive use, only full object forms occur.
* The dual forms are dated, but not obsolete as in other dialects.
* Independent possessives are distinguished from attributive ones only with plural referents.

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈjam/
* Rhymes: -am
* Syllabification: jam

### Noun

jam f
* genitive plural of jama

### Pronoun

jam
* (informal, sometimes proscribed) Combined form of ja + -m

### Further reading

* jam in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Slovene
### Noun

jam
* genitive dual/plural of jama

## Spanish
### Noun

jam m (plural jams or jam)
* jam (music session)

## Swedish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /jɑːm/

### Noun

jam n
* meow (sound of a cat)
    Synonym: (more common) mjau

#### Related terms

* jama

### Anagrams

* Maj, maj

## Uzbek
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic جَمْع (jamʕ). Compare Turkish cem.

### Adjective

jam (comparative jamroq, superlative eng jam)
* addition, plus, total

#### Derived terms

* jamlamoq

## Welsh
### Etymology

Borrowed from English jam.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /d͡ʒam/

### Noun

jam m (plural jamiau, not mutable)
* jam
    Synonym: cyffaith

#### Derived terms

* pot jam (“jam jar”)

### Further reading

* D. G. Lewis, N. Lewis, editors (2005–present), “jam”, in Gweiadur: the Welsh-English Dictionary, Gwerin
* R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “jam”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

## West Frisian
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Noun

jam c (plural jams)
* jam, fruit preserves

#### Alternative forms

* sjem

#### Further reading

* “jam (I)”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011