# 自殺
## Chinese
### Etymology

The sense of "cutting a fruit" is influenced by Hokkien 刣 (thâi, “to cut open or to kill”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): zìshā
       (Zhuyin): ㄗˋ ㄕㄚ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): zi$^4$ sa$^2$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zi$^6$ saat$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chhṳ-sat
    (Hailu, HRS): cii$^˖$ sad
* Jin (Wiktionary): zi$^3$ sah$^4$
* Eastern Min (BUC): cê̤ṳ-sák
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): zo$^5$ sah$^6$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chū-sat / chīr-sat / chī-sat
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ze$^6$ suah$^4$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^6$zy-saq$_7$ / $^2$zy$_6$-saeq$_7$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zìshā
*** Zhuyin: ㄗˋ ㄕㄚ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: zìhsha
*** Wade–Giles: tzŭ$^4$-sha$^1$
*** Yale: dz̀-shā
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzyhsha
*** Palladius: цзыша (czyša)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sz̩⁵¹ ʂä⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: zi$^4$ sa$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: zsa
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sz̩²¹³ sa²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zi$^6$ saat$^3$
*** Yale: jih saat
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzi$^6$ saat$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ji$^6$ sad$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siː²² saːt̚³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhṳ-sat
*** Hakka Romanization System: cii sad$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ci$^4$ sad$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵ sat̚²/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: cii$^˖$ sad
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰɨ³³ sat⁵/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: zi$^3$ sah$^4$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡sz̩⁴⁵ saʔ²/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: cê̤ṳ-sák
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sy²⁴²⁻⁵³ $^{(s-)}$lɑʔ²⁴/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: zo$^5$ sah$^6$ [Phonetic: zo$^4$ sah$^6$]
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ceō-sah
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡so²¹⁻⁴² ɬaʔ¹/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: zo$^5$ sah$^6$ [Phonetic: zo$^4$ sah$^6$]
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɵ²¹⁻⁴² ɬaʔ²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Penang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chū-sat
*** Tâi-lô: tsū-sat
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zuxsad
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡su²²⁻²¹ sat̚³²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡su³³⁻²¹ sat̚³²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡su³³⁻¹¹ sat̚³²/
*** IPA (Penang): /t͡su²¹ sat̚³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chīr-sat
*** Tâi-lô: tsīr-sat
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sɯ⁴¹⁻²² sat̚⁵/
** (Hokkien: Jinjiang, Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chī-sat
*** Tâi-lô: tsī-sat
*** Phofsit Daibuun: cixsad
*** IPA (Jinjiang, Philippines): /t͡si⁴¹⁻²² sat̚⁵/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ze$^6$ suah$^4$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsṳ̆ suah
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɯ³⁵⁻¹¹ suaʔ²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$zy-saq$_7$
*** MiniDict: zy$^去$ sah$^入$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$zr-saq$_4$
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zz̩²² saʔ⁴⁴/
** (Northern: Suzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^2$zy$_6$-saeq$_7$
*** MiniDict: zy$^去$ saeh$^入$
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /zz̩²² saʔ³³/
* Middle Chinese: dzijH sreat
Rime :
| Character | 自 | 殺 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 從 (15) | 生 (21) |
| Final (韻) | 脂 (15) | 鎋 (75) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | II |
| Fanqie | 疾二切 | 所八切 |
| Baxter | dzijH | sreat |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡ziɪ$^H$/ | /ʃˠɛt̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡zi$^H$/ | /ʃᵚæt̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡zjɪ$^H$/ | /ʃæt̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡zi$^H$/ | /ʂəɨt̚/ |
| Li Rong | /d͡zi$^H$/ | /ʃɛt̚/ |
| Wang Li | /d͡zi$^H$/ | /ʃæt̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /d͡zʱi$^H$/ | /ʂat̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zì | sha |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zi$^6$ | saat$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*s.[b]i[t]-s s<r>at/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɦljids sreːd/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 自 | 自 | 殺 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zì | zì | shā |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dzij$^H$ › | ‹ dzij$^H$ › | ‹ srɛt › |
| Old Chinese | /*s.[b]i[t]-s/ | /*s.[b]i[t]-s/ | /*s<r>at/ |
| English | self (adv.) | to follow; from | kill |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 自 | 殺 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/2 |
| No. | 17879 | 11010 |
| Phonetic component | 自 | 杀 |
| Rime group | 至 | 月 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 自 | 殺 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɦljids/ | /*sreːd/ |

### Verb

自殺
* (intransitive) to commit suicide; to kill oneself; to take one's own life
    Coordinate term: 他殺 / 他杀 (tāshā)
    服毒自殺／服毒自杀 ― fúdú zìshā ― to commit suicide by taking poison
    自殺行為／自杀行为 ― zìshā xíngwéi ― suicidal behavior
    自殺危機／自杀危机 ― zìshā wēijī ― suicidal crisis
    自殺傾向／自杀倾向 ― zìshā qīngxiàng ― suicidality
    自殺經歷／自杀经历 ― zìshā jīnglì ― lived experience of suicide
    割腕自殺／割腕自杀 ― gēwàn zìshā ― to commit suicide by cutting one's wrists
    他去年自殺了。／他去年自杀了。 ― Tā qùnián zìshā le. ― He took his own life last year.
       Yīnggāi zài méitǐ zhōng bàodǎo guānyú zìshā de xīnwén ma? [Pinyin]
       Should suicides be reported in news media?
* (Taiwan, slang) (of the buyer) to cut a fruit, etc., especially a pineapple oneself (instead of asking the vendor to do it)
    Coordinate term: 他殺 / 他杀 (tāshā)

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 自殺, 自盡, 自裁, 自戕, 自決, 自引 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 自殺, 自盡, 自裁, 自戕, 尋短, 尋短見, 自尋短見, 輕生 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 自殺, 尋短兒, 尋拙志 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 自殺 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 自殺 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 自殺 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 自殺 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 自殺 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 自殺 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 自殺 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 自殺 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 自殺 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 自殺 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 自殺, 尋死, 尋短見, 自尋短見 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 自殺 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 自殺 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 尋死 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 尋短見, 尋死 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 自殺, 自盡 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 自殺, 自盡 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 自殺, 尋短見 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 自殺, 自盡, 尋無常, 尋短, 尋死 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 自殺 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 自殺, 自盡 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 自殺 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 自殺 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 自殺 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 自殺, 尋死 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 自殺, 尋死 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 自殺 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 自殺, 尋短見 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 自殺, 自盡, 尋死 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 自殺, 自盡, 尋死 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 尋死 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 自殺 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 自殺 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 自殺 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 自殺, 自盡 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 自殺 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 自殺, 自盡 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 自殺, 自盡 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 自盡 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 尋死 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 尋短見 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 自盡 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 自縊 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 自殺 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 自殺 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 自殺, 自盡 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 自殺, 自盡 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 自殺, 尋死 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 自殺, 尋死 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 自殺 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 自殺, 尋死 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 尋死 |
| Jin | Linhe | 自殺 |
| Jin | Jining | 自殺 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 自殺 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 自殺 |
| Jin | Handan | 自殺 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 討死 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 行短路, 揣短路 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 行短路, 揣短路 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 行短路, 揣短路 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 行短路, 自殺, 自盡 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 行短路 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 自殺 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 自殺 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 自盡 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 自盡 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 自殺, 自盡 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Dahe) | 尋短見 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 自殺, 尋死路, 尋死, 尋短見 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 自家尋死 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 尋死路, 自殺 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 自盡, 尋死 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 尋死 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 自殺 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 自殺自, 自殺, 尋死, 尋死短見, 尋頭路 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 尋短路 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 尋路, 尋短 |
| Xiang | Quanzhou | 自殺 |

#### Derived terms

* 切腹自殺 / 切腹自杀
* 剖腹自殺 / 剖腹自杀
* 協助自殺 / 协助自杀 (xiézhù zìshā)
* 慢性自殺 / 慢性自杀
* 畏罪自殺 / 畏罪自杀
* 自殺式 / 自杀式
* 自殺意念 / 自杀意念 (zìshā yìniàn)
* 被自殺 / 被自杀 (bèi zìshā)
* 輔助自殺 / 辅助自杀 (fǔzhù zìshā)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 自(じ)殺(さつ) (jisatsu)
* → Korean: 자살(自殺) (jasal)
* → Vietnamese: tự sát (自殺)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 自 | 殺 |
| じ Grade: 2 | さつ Grade: 5 |
| on'yomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 自殺 (kyūjitai)

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) じさつ [jìsátsú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [d͡ʑisa̠t͡sɨ]

### Noun

自(じ)殺(さつ) • (jisatsu)
* suicide
** 1988 July 30 [1983 December 25], Fujiko F. Fujio, “四畳半ＳＬ旅行 [Yojōhan SL Travel]”, in ひとりぼっちの宇宙戦争 [The One-Man Cosmic War] (藤子不二雄少年SF短編集; 1), 16th edition, volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 127:
    パパがあまいからですよ。だがな、きびしくして家(いえ)出(で)や自(じ)殺(さつ)でもされてはな。そうね。あんな変(か)わった子(こ)ですからね………。
       Papa ga amai kara desu yo.
       You’re too easy on him, honey.
       Daga na, kibishiku shite iede ya jisatsu demo sarete wa na.
       If I were to be tough on him, he would run away and kill himself.
       Sō ne. Anna kawatta ko desu kara ne……….
       You’re right. He’s such a peculiar child....

#### Coordinate terms

* 他(た)殺(さつ) (tasatsu)

#### Derived terms

* 自(じ)殺(さつ)関(かん)与(よ)罪(ざい) (jisatsukan'yozai)
* 自(じ)殺(さつ)行(こう)為(い) (jisatsukōi)
* 自(じ)殺(さつ)的(てき) (jisatsuteki)
* 自(じ)殺(さつ)点(てん) (jisatsuten, “own goal”)
* 自(じ)殺(さつ)幇(ほう)助(じょ)罪(ざい) (jisatsuhōjozai)
* 飛(と)び降(お)り自(じ)殺(さつ) (tobiorijisatsu)
* 飛(と)び込(こ)み自(じ)殺(さつ) (tobikomijisatsu)

### Verb

自(じ)殺(さつ)する • (jisatsu suru) suru (stem 自(じ)殺(さつ)し (jisatsu shi), past 自(じ)殺(さつ)した (jisatsu shita))
* to commit suicide

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 自殺し | じさつし | jisatsu shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 自殺し | じさつし | jisatsu shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 自殺する | じさつする | jisatsu suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 自殺する | じさつする | jisatsu suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 自殺すれ | じさつすれ | jisatsu sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 自殺せよ¹ 自殺しろ² | じさつせよ¹ じさつしろ² | jisatsu seyo¹ jisatsu shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 自殺される | じさつされる | jisatsu sareru |
| Causative | 自殺させる 自殺さす | じさつさせる じさつさす | jisatsu saseru jisatsu sasu |
| Potential | 自殺できる | じさつできる | jisatsu dekiru |
| Volitional | 自殺しよう | じさつしよう | jisatsu shiyō |
| Negative | 自殺しない | じさつしない | jisatsu shinai |
| Negative continuative | 自殺せず | じさつせず | jisatsu sezu |
| Formal | 自殺します | じさつします | jisatsu shimasu |
| Perfective | 自殺した | じさつした | jisatsu shita |
| Conjunctive | 自殺して | じさつして | jisatsu shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 自殺すれば | じさつすれば | jisatsu sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
   * 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 自 | 殺 |

### Noun

自殺 • (jasal) (hangeul 자살)
* hanja form of 자살 (“suicide”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 自 | 殺 |

### Verb

自殺
* chữ Hán form of tự sát (“suicide”).