# ass
## Translingual
### Symbol

ass
* (international standards) ISO 639-3 language code for Ipulo.

### See also

* Wiktionary’s coverage of Ipulo terms

## English
### Pronunciation

* enPR: ăs, IPA: /æs/
* (trap–bath split) IPA: /ɑːs/
* Audio (UK):(file)
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -æs, -ɑːs

### Etymology 1

From Middle English asse, from Old English assa, back-formed from assen (“she-ass”), from Celtic (compare Old Irish asan, Old Cornish asen), from Latin asinus. Displaced Old English esol, from Proto-West Germanic *asil, also a loanword from the same Latin word. Sense “stupid person” from the animal's reputation for stubbornness, going back to antiquity (compare Latin asinus (“slow-witted person”)).

#### Noun

ass (plural asses)
* Any of several species of horse-like animals, especially Equus asinus, the domesticated of which are used as beasts of burden.
    Synonym: donkey
** 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 1 Samuel 16:20:And Iesse tooke an asse laden with bread, and a bottle of wine, and a kid, and sent them by Dauid his sonne vnto Saul.
** 1650, Thomas Browne, “Of the Same [i.e., the Blacknesse of Negroes]”, in Pseudodoxia Epidemica: […], 2nd edition, London: […] A[braham] Miller, for Edw[ard] Dod and Nath[aniel] Ekins, […], →OCLC, 6th book, page 282:Thus the Aſſe having a peculiar mark of a croſſe made by a black liſt down his back, and another athwart, or at right angles down his ſhoulders; common opinion aſcribes this figure unto a peculiar ſignation; ſince that beaſt had the honour to bear our Saviour on his back.
** 1843 December 19, Charles Dickens, “Stave Two. The First of the Three Spirits.”, in A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, London: Chapman & Hall, […], →OCLC, page 51:[…] suddenly a man, in foreign garments: wonderfully real and distinct to look at: stood outside the window, with an axe stuck in his belt, and leading an ass laden with wood by the bridle.
** 1972, Parliament of the United Kingdom, “Part I, section 20(3)”, in Road Traffic Act 1972‎, page 14:In this section "animal" means any horse, cattle, ass, mule, sheep, pig, goat or dog.
* (often vulgar through confusion with other word) A stupid person.
    Synonyms: fool, idiot
    That new kid left the cap off the syrup bottle again! What an ass.
** c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ii], page 264:Oh Vengeance! / Who? What an Aſſe am I?
** 1912, Arthur Conan Doyle, The Lost World […], London; New York, N.Y.: Hodder and Stoughton, →OCLC:I had sprung to my feet. I was speaking, and yet I had prepared no words. Tarp Henry, my companion, was plucking at my skirts and I heard him whispering, "Sit down, Malone! Don't make a public ass of yourself."
* (printing, slang, obsolete) A compositor.
** [1841, William Savage, Dictionary of the Art of Printing‎, page 24:Sometimes by way of joke, and sometimes by way of irritation, compositors are called Asses by the pressmen.]

##### Hyponyms

* (beast of burden): donkey, onager, wild ass

##### Derived terms

* ass cart
* Buridan's ass
* make an ass of
* the law is an ass
* wild ass
* zebrass

##### Related terms

* asinine

##### Translations

Afar: danán m
Albanian: please add this translation if you can
Arabic: حِمَار (ar) (ḥimār)
Hijazi Arabic: حُمار m (ḥumār)
Aramaic:
Classical Syriac: ܚܡܪܐ c (ḥəmārā), ܚܡܪܬܐ f (ḥəmārtā), ܐܬܢܐ f (ʾăṯānā)
Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: חֲמָרָא m (ḥămārā)
Armenian: էշ (hy) (ēš), ավանակ (hy) (avanak)
Asturian: xumentu (ast), pollín (ast), burru (ast)
Azerbaijani: eşşək (az)
Baluchi: ہر (har)
Basque: asto (eu)
Catalan: ase (ca) m, burro (ca) m, ruc (ca) m
Chinese:
Mandarin: 驢 / 驴 (zh) (lǘ), 驢子 / 驴子 (zh) (lǘzi)
Chuvash: ашак (aš̬ak)
Czech: osel (cs) m
Danish: æsel (da) n
Dutch: ezel (nl) m
Egyptian: (ꜥꜣ m)
Esperanto: azeno (eo)
Estonian: eesel (et)
Faroese: asni m
Finnish: aasi (fi)
French: âne (fr) m
German: Esel (de) m, Eselin f
Greek: όνος (el) m (ónos), γάϊδαρος m (gáïdaros)
Ancient: ὄνος m or f (ónos)
Hungarian: szamár (hu)
Icelandic: asni (is) m
Ido: asno (io)
Indonesian: keledai (id)
Interlingua: asino
Irish: asal (ga) m
Italian: asino (it) m, ciuco (it) m, somaro (it) m, buricco m
Karachay-Balkar: эшек (eşek)
Kashmiri: خَر m (khar)
Kazakh: есек (esek)
Korean: 나귀 (ko) (nagwi), 당나귀 (ko) (dangnagwi)
Kyrgyz: эшек (ky) (eşek)
Latin: asinus m, asellus m, asella f
Latvian: ēzelis m
Laz: ეშეღი (eşeği)
Limburgish: aezel (li)
Macedonian: ма́гаре (mk) n (mágare)
Malay: keldai (ms)
Manx: assyl m
Norwegian: esel (no) n, asen (no) n
Occitan: ase (oc) m, asne (oc) m
Old French: asne m
Ottoman Turkish: اشك (eşek), مركب (merkeb)
Persian: خر (fa) (xar)
Plautdietsch: Äsel m
Polabian: asål m
Polish: osioł (pl) m anim
Portuguese: asno (pt) m, burro (pt) m, jumento (pt) m, besta (pt) f, jerico (pt) m, jegue (pt) m
Romanian: măgar (ro) m, asin (ro) m
Russian: осёл (ru) m (osjól), иша́к (ru) m (išák)
Samoan: asini
Sanskrit: गर्दभ (sa) m (gardabha)
Scottish Gaelic: asal m, aiseal m
Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic: ма̀гарац m
Roman: màgarac (sh) m
Sicilian: sceccu (scn) m
Slovak: somár m, osol (sk) m
Slovene: osel (sl) m
Spanish: asno (es) m, pollino (es) (esp. a young ass), burro (es) m, jumento (es) m
Sudovian: asilas m
Swedish: åsna (sv) c
Tagalog: asno (tl)
Tarifit: aɣyur m
Tocharian B: kercapo
Turkish: eşek (tr)
Vietnamese: lừa (vi)
Volapük: cuk (vo)
Welsh: asyn m
Zazaki: her (diq) c :

##### See also

* Appendix:Animals
* Appendix:English collective nouns

### Etymology 2

Variant of arse; used chiefly in North America. Ultimately from Middle English ars, ers, from Old English ærs, ears, from Proto-West Germanic *ars, from Proto-Germanic *arsaz (compare Old High German ars (German Arsch), Old Norse ars, Old Frisian ers), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁órsos (compare Ancient Greek ὄρρος (órrhos)).
Contrary to the widespread belief of this being a euphemism, it arose as a pronunciation spelling (of the older form arse still used in the UK, Australia, New Zealand, etc.) that shows the assimilation of /ɹ/ before coronal consonants (especially /s/), a phenomenon that has been present in nonstandard speech from the Middle English period onwards; this is distinct from the later phenomenon of non-rhoticity as /ɹ/ was lost before it could modify the preceding vowel. Other instances of this phenomenon (some of which retained both spellings with different meanings) include cuss from curse, gash from garsh, bass (“fish”) from barse, bust from burst, passel from parcel; see Category:English terms with assimilation of historic /ɹ/ for a more extensive list.

#### Noun

ass (countable and uncountable, plural asses) (vulgar, slang, US)
* (countable and uncountable) The buttocks.
    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:buttocks
* (countable and uncountable) The anus.
** 1962 [1959], William S. Burroughs, Naked Lunch, New York: Grove Press, page 81:Train compartment: two sick young junkies on their way to Lexington tear their pants down in convulsions of lust. One of them soaps his cock and works it up the other's ass with a corkscrew motion.
** 1997 Matt Stone & Trey Parker, "Cartman Gets an Anal Probe," South Park, Season 1, Episode 1 (aired August 13, 1997), Spoken by Eric Cartman (Trey Parker)
    That does it! Now listen! Why is it that everything today has involved things either going in or coming out of my ass? I’m sick of it! It’s completely immature!
* (synecdochically, uncountable) Sex; a person to have sex with; with vulgar emphasis on their corporeality (their body) over their personhood.
    Synonyms: poontang, poon, punani, pussy, tail, tang; see also Thesaurus:copulation
    I'm going to go down to the bar and try to get me some ass.
    piece of ass
** 1971, Joni Mitchell (lyrics and music), “Blue”, in Blue:Acid, booze, and ass / Needles, guns, and grass
* (uncountable) Used in similes to express something bad or unpleasant.
    I feel like ass today. ― I am feeling very bad today.
    This room smells like ass. ― This room smells very bad.
    What a bunch of ass. ― What a bunch of lies/nonsense/disappointment.
* (synecdochically, countable) A person; the self; (reflexively) oneself or one's person, chiefly their body. By extension, one's personal safety, or figuratively one's job, prospects, etc.
    Coordinate terms: face; hide
    Get your lazy ass out of bed!
    We risk our asses out there every day.
    I'ma get medieval on your ass! (idiomatic sense "on you" (compare go crazy on you), not literally and specifically "on your buttocks")
    Mess up one more time and it's your ass (i.e. you're fired)

##### Usage notes

* When used synecdochically to refer to a (whole) person, it adds a tone of anger or disapproval to the whole sentence:
** "he has trouble getting his ass up in the morning" is much stronger and more negative than "he has trouble getting up in the morning".
* The disapproval may not be of the person so referred to:
** "And who do you think has to clean this mess up? My ass does!" (Does not indicate disapproval of the speaker themselves, but rather of the people who made the mess.)
*** (A hint of jaded self-perception may be perceived: "I realize how they see me!")
* Such usage is usually considered vulgar and is thus usually confined to casual/informal registers; its use in formal contexts is mildly offensive.
Its semantic essence is impersonalization (even of oneself), whereby a chief body part synecdochically represents the whole self, with a connotation emphasizing the person's corporeality over their personhood (from that viewpoint, compare also watch his hide, show his face, what's-his-face, meatbag, or crackhead).
* Its declined forms function pronominally in syntax, which is to say (regarding part of speech), they are pronouns:
** my ass = I, me, myself
** your ass = you, you, yourself
** his ass = he, him, himself
** her ass = she, her, herself
** your asses = y'all, y'all, yourselves
** their asses = they, them, themselves

##### Alternative forms

* @$$ (censored spelling)

##### Derived terms

* a-double-s
* assage
* assback
* ass backward, ass-backward
* ass backwards
* ass backwards, ass-backwards
* assbag
* ass bandit
* ass beating
* ass blast, ass-blast
* assbrain
* ass-brained
* ass-breath
* assbreath, ass breath
* assbucket
* Assburgers
* assbutt
* ass call
* ass catch
* asscheek
* ass cheeks
* ass clown, assclown
* assclownery
* ass crack
* ass crack of dawn
* asscunt
* ass eating
* assed
* assery
* assface
* assfag
* assfaggot
* assfish
* ass floss
* assfuck
* assfucker
* assgasm
* assgrab
* ass guard
* asshair
* asshat
* asshattery
* asshatty
* asshead
* asshole, ass hole
* assholedom
* assholehood
* assholeness
* assholery
* assholey
* assholic
* assholio
* assholism
* asshood
* assicon
* ass in a sling
* assish
* ass juice
* ass-kicker
* ass kicking, ass-kicking
* asskisser, ass kisser, ass-kisser
* ass-kissery
* ass kissing, ass-kissing
* assle
* assless
* ass licker, ass-licker
* ass-licking
* ass lift
* asslifter
* asslike
* ass like a Japanese flag
* assling
* assload
* ass load
* assmonkey
* assmosis
* assmouth
* assmunch
* assmuncher
* assnose
* ass out
* ass over teacups
* ass over teakettle
* ass over tin cups
* asspat
* assplant
* ass-pounding
* ass pounding
* assprint
* ass pull, ass-pull
* asspussy
* ass-rape
* assrun
* ass sucker
* asstastic
* ass to mouth
* asston
* asstunnel
* asswad
* assward
* asswards
* assweed
* asswhore
* asswipe
* assy
* bad-ass
* bad ass
* badass
* bareass
* bare-assed
* beat one's ass
* beat someone's ass
* bee up one's ass
* bet one's ass
* bigass
* big ass, big-ass
* bitchass, bitch-ass
* bite in the ass
* bite my ass
* bite my shiny metal ass
* blanket ass
* blow ass
* blow it out one's ass
* blow smoke up someone's ass
* blow sunshine up someone's ass
* bomb-ass
* break ass
* break one's ass
* bubble ass
* bug up one's ass
* burn someone's ass
* bust a cap in someone's ass
* bust ass
* bust ass cold
* bust one's ass
* bust someone's ass
* buttass
* candy-ass
* cat's ass
* coonass
* cottage cheese ass
* cover someone's ass
* cracker-ass
* crawl up someone's ass
* crazy-ass
* creepy-ass
* cuntass
* deass
* dickass
* die in the ass
* drag-ass
* drag ass
* duck's ass
* dumbass, dumb ass, dumb-ass
* eat ass
* eating ass
* face like a slapped ass
* face like a smacked ass
* fake-ass
* fatass, fat-ass
* find one's ass with both hands and a flashlight
* fly-ass
* gay-ass
* get off one's ass
* get one's ass handed to one
* get one's ass in gear
* get one's ass into gear
* get one's head out of one's ass
* get one's head out one's ass
* get up someone's ass
* give a rat's ass
* give someone ass cancer
* gnat's ass
* good-ass
* grabass
* grab ass, grab-ass
* grassy ass
* grown-ass
* half-assed
* half ass, half-ass
* hard-assed
* hardass, hard-ass
* haul ass
* have one's ass handed to one
* have one's head up one's ass
* he-ass
* horse's ass
* horseshoe up one's ass
* in two shakes of a rabbit's ass
* jack-ass
* jackass
* jenny-ass
* jerkass
* jerk ass, jerk-ass
* jive-ass
* kick ass and take names
* kickass, kick ass, kick-ass
* kick someone's ass
* kick up the ass
* kissass
* kiss ass, kiss-ass
* kiss my ass
* kiss one's ass goodbye
* kiss someone's ass
* know one's ass from a hole in the ground
* know one's ass from one's elbow
* know one's head from one's ass
* know the difference between one's ass and a hole in the ground
* know the difference between one's ass and one's elbow
* lameass
* lard-ass
* lardass
* laugh one's ass off
* lazy ass, lazy-ass
* lick someone's ass
* light someone's ass up
* like ass
* monkey-ass
* muscle ass
* my ass
* no-good ass
* one's ass is grass
* one's ass off
* on someone's ass
* open a can of whoop ass
* open up a can of whoop ass
* out the ass
* pain in one's ass
* pain in the ass
* peddle one's ass
* pickle up one's ass
* piece of ass
* pigass
* pissass
* piss out of one's ass
* piss out one's ass
* pole up one's ass
* pop a cap in someone's ass
* pull out of one's ass
* punk-ass
* put foot to ass
* put one's ass on the line
* put one's foot in someone's ass
* put one's foot up someone's ass
* quarter-ass
* quarter-assed
* raggedy-ass
* ride someone's ass
* rip ass
* sad ass
* scary-ass
* sell one's ass
* shake one's ass
* she-ass
* shit ass
* shitty-ass
* short-ass
* shove it up your ass
* show one's ass
* sick ass, sick-ass
* sit one's ass down
* sit on one's ass
* sketch-ass
* slap my ass and call me Judy
* slap my ass and call me Sally
* smart ass, smart-ass
* someone's ass off
* sorry-ass
* spooky-ass
* stank-ass
* stick in one’s ass
* stick up one's ass
* strange-ass
* suck ass, suck-ass
* swamp ass
* take it up the ass
* take one's tongue out of someone's ass
* talk out of one's ass
* talk out one's ass
* talk through one's ass
* tap that ass
* tear ass, tear-ass
* Teck's ass
* Texass, Tex-ass
* the law is a ass
* think the sun shines out of someone's ass
* tight as a duck's ass
* tightass, tight-ass
* tits and ass
* unass
* up one's own ass
* up the ass
* up to one's ass in alligators
* watch one's ass
* weird-ass
* whiny-ass titty baby
* whole-ass
* whoop ass, whoop-ass
* wiseass, wise-ass
* with one's thumbs up one's ass
* work one's ass off
* work someone's ass off
* your ass

##### Translations

Albanian: bythë (sq) f
Arabic: عَجِيزَة f (ʕajīza), مُؤَخَّرَة f (muʔaḵḵara), طِيز m (ṭīz)
Baharna Arabic: عِزْقَة f (ʕuzga, ʕezga)
Egyptian Arabic: طيز m (ṭīz)
Hijazi Arabic: قَعَر m (gaʕar), طيز m (ṭīz)
Najdi Arabic: مكوة f (makwa)
North Levantine Arabic: طِيز m (ṭīz), قفا m (ʔafa)
Aramaic:
Classical Syriac: ܐܫܬܐ f (ʾeštā), ܛܝܙܐ m (ṭīzā)
Armenian: հետույք (hy) (hetuykʻ), քամակ (hy) (kʻamak), տուտուզ (hy) (tutuz), ոռ (hy) (oṙ)
Aromanian: cur
Azerbaijani: göt
Banjarese: burit
Belarusian: ду́па f (dúpa), за́дніца f (zádnica), жо́па f (žópa)
Bulgarian: гъз (bg) m (gǎz), ду́пе (bg) n (dúpe), за́дник (bg) m (zádnik)
Burmese: ဖင် (my) (hpang)
Catalan: cul (ca) m, paner m
Cebuano: sampot, dapi-dapi'
Chinese:
Cantonese: 屎窟 (si$^2$ fat$^1$), 囉柚 / 啰柚 (lo$^1$ jau$^{6-2}$)
Hokkien: 尻川 (zh-min-nan) (kha-chhng)
Mandarin: 屁股 (zh) (pìgu)
Coptic: ⲫⲁϩⲟⲩ m (phahou), ϫⲫⲱⲧ m (čphōt), ϫⲫⲱϯ m (čphōti), ⲗⲱⲓⲗⲓ m (lōili)
Czech: prdel (cs) f
Dalmatian: čol m
Danish: røv (da) c
Dutch: kont (nl) m or f, reet (nl) m or f
Egyptian: (pḥwj m du), (ḫpdwj m du)
Esperanto: pugo (eo)
Estonian: perse (et)
Faroese: reyv f
Finnish: perse (fi)
French: cul (fr) m
Friulian: cûl m
Georgian: ტრაკი (ṭraḳi), დუნდულა (dundula), უკანალი (uḳanali)
German: Arsch (de) m, Po (de) m, Popo (de) m
Greek: οπίσθια (el) n pl (opísthia), κώλος (el) m (kólos), πισινός (el) m (pisinós)
Ancient: ὄρρος m (órrhos)
Greenlandic: iteq
Guaraní: evi
Hebrew: יַשְׁבָן (he) (yashván), תַּחַת (he) (tákhat) (vulgar)
Hindi: चूतर (hi) m (cūtar), नितंब (hi) m (nitamb)
Hungarian: segg (hu), valag (hu)
Icelandic: rass (is)
Ido: kulo (io)
Ilocano: ubet
Indonesian: pantat (id), bokong (id)
Ingrian: perä, peppo, pers (vulgar)
Interlingua: culo
Irish: tóin (ga) f
Italian: culo (it) m
Japanese: 尻 (ja) (しり, shiri), お尻 (ja) (おしり, o-shiri), 穴 (ja) (けつ, ketsu), けつ (ja) (ketsu)
Kashmiri: ژۆتھ (ċoth), ژۆتہٕ خٲنٛٹؠ (ċothụ khạ̄nṭ'), روخ (rōkh)
Kazakh: көт (köt)
Khmer: ថ្ពាល់គូថ (thpŏəl kuut), គូត (kuut)
Korean: 궁둥이 (ko) (gungdung'i)
Kurdish:
Northern Kurdish: qûn (ku)
Lao: ຕູດ (tūt)
Latin: cūlus (la) m, natis (la), clūnis, pōdex, puga
Latvian: dirsa f
Lithuanian: šikna (lt) f
Lombard: cul (lmo) m
Macedonian: газ (mk) m (gaz), за́дник m (zádnik)
Malay: buntut (ms)
Manx: toyn f
Marathi: गांड f (gāṇḍa)
Northern Sami: bahta
Norwegian: ræv (no) f, rumpe (no) m
Old English: ears m
Pashto: کونه (ps) f (kwëna)
Persian: کون (fa) (kun)
Polish: dupa (pl) f, tyłek (pl) m inan, dupsko (pl) n, cztery litery (pl) f pl, kuper (pl) m inan, zad (pl) m inan
Portuguese: cu (pt) m, (Brazilian) bunda (pt) f, bumbum (pt) m, nádegas (pt) f pl, popô (pt) m
Romanian: fund (ro) n, popou (ro) n, cur (ro) n
Romansch: tgil m, tgigl m, chül m
Russian: жо́па (ru) f (žópa), по́па (ru) f (pópa), за́дница (ru) f (zádnica), зад (ru) m (zad), сра́ка (ru) f (sráka), по́пка (ru) f (pópka), пука́н (ru) m (pukán)
Sardinian: colum, cu m, culu m
Scots: ers, doup, airse
Scottish Gaelic: màs m, tòin f
Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic: ду̏пе n
Roman: dȕpe (sh) n
Sicilian: culu (scn) m
Slovak: riť (sk) f, prdel f
Slovene: rit (sl) m, zadnjica f
Spanish: culo (es) m
Sundanese: bujur (su), birit, imbit (su)
Surigaonon: kalibangan, labut
Swedish: arsle (sv) n, röv (sv) c, prutt (sv) c
Tagalog: puwit
Tajik: кун (kun)
Tausug: buli'
Thai: ตูด (th) (dtùut)
Turkish: göt (tr), kıç (tr), makat (tr), popo (tr)
Udmurt: сӥтян (siťan)
Ukrainian: сра́ка f (sráka), ду́па f (dúpa), жо́па (uk) f (žópa), за́дниця f (zádnycja)
Urdu: چوتر m (cūtar)
Uyghur: كۆت (köt)
Uzbek: koʻt
Venetan: cuło m, cul m
Vietnamese: đít (vi), mông đít (vi)
Waray-Waray: lubot
Welsh: tin (cy) f
Yiddish: תחת m (tokhes)
Zazaki: qen f :
    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

#### Adjective

ass (not comparable)
* (vulgar, slang) Of low quality; bad.
** 2019 February 5, Alex Miller, “Former Texas A&M QB Nick Starkel breaks down old Twitter beef with Tate Martell”, in Dallas Morning News‎:On a recent episode of "The Justin Dunning Podcast," Starkel shared his thoughts on Martell, a former Ohio State quarterback, saying "he's ass my dude" in reference to Starkel.
** 2021 February 21, Thomas Carannante, “Patriots: Cam Newton getting disrespected by a teenager is everything that’s wrong with society”, in Fansided‎:For some reason, the teenager thought it’d be a good idea to criticize Newton and say he's "ass" and that he’s "about to be poor" because he's a free agent.
** 2021 October 28, Josh Weinfuss, “What we learned about Arizona Cardinals quarterback Kyler Murray by watching him on Twitch”, in ESPN‎:"You're so ass," Murray says to another player.

#### Particle

ass
* Synonym of -ass (used to intensify an adjective)
    That was one big ass fish!
    That's an expensive ass car!

### Further reading

* Archibald A. Hill (1940) “Early Loss of [r] before Dentals”, in PMLA, volume 55, number 2, →DOI, pages 308-359
* L. Sprague de Camp (1971) “Arse and ass”, in Journal of the International Phonetic Association, volume 1, number 2, →DOI, pages 79–80
* L. A. Hill and S. S. Eustac (1972) “On Arse and Ass”, in Journal of the International Phonetic Association, volume 2, number 2, pages 79–80

### Anagrams

* SAS, SSA, SAs, Sas

## German
### Verb

ass
* Switzerland and Liechtenstein standard spelling of aß.

## Latgalian
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *aśís. Cognates include Latvian ass and Lithuanian ašis.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈasʲsʲ]
* Hyphenation: ass

#### Noun

ass f (diminutive aseite)
* axle

##### Declension

$^{1)}$ dialectal

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈass]
* Hyphenation: ass

#### Participle

ass (feminine asūte, masculine plural asūts, feminine plural asūts)
* present oblique participle of byut

### References

* M. Bukšs, J. Placinskis (1973) Latgaļu volūdas gramatika un pareizraksteibas vōrdneica, Latgaļu izdevnīceiba, page 131

## Latvian
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *aśís, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱs-. Originally an i/n-stem, it became an i-stem in Baltic.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [as]
* Audio:(file)

#### Noun

ass f (6th declension)
* axle (pin or spindle around which something, e.g. a wheel, rotates)
    ratu ass ― axletree
    vagona ass ― wagon axle
    motocikla pakaļējā riteņa ass ― motorcycle rear wheel axle
* (mathematics) axis (a line with certain important properties)
    simetrijas, rotācijas ass ― axis of symmetry, of rotation
    zemes griešanās ass ― the Earth's rotation axis
    koordinātu asis ― coordinate axes
    abscisu, ordinātu ass ― x-, y-axis

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

From the same source as ass (“axle”), originally a unit of measurement corresponding to the length of a person's outstretched arms (compare Russian са́жень (sáženʹ, “old unit of measurement; length of outstretched arms”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [as]
* Audio:(file)

#### Noun

ass f (6th declension)
* old unit of length in the Russian system, equivalent to approximately 2.13 meters
    jūras ass ― fathom (unit of length in the English system, approximately 1.83 meters)
* old unit of volume for measuring wood, equivalent to approximately 2-4 cubic meters
    divas asis malkas ― two axes (=4-8m$^3$) of wood

##### Declension
### Etymology 3

From earlier *asus, from Proto-Baltic *ašus, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp, pointed, edgy”). With an extra suffix *-ro, the same stem also yielded Proto-Balto-Slavic *aśras (“sharp”), whence Latvian dialectal asrs, as well as the Lithuanian cognate aštrùs, dialectal ašrùs. From this stem, there are also Latvian reflexes with ak rather than as (e.g., akmens (“stone”), akots (“awn”)), possibly a result of Proto-Indo-European dialectal variation. In Latvian, former u-stem adjectives like *asus were assimilated into other classes; *asus gave rise to both an o-stem and a yo-stem variant which later on became independent words, ass and ašs, with different semantic nuances (compare also, e.g., plats and plašs, or dobs and dobjš). Other cognates include Old Church Slavonic остръ (ostrŭ), Russian о́стрый (óstryj), Belarusian во́стры (vóstry), Ukrainian о́стрий (óstryj), го́стрий (hóstryj), Bulgarian о́стър (óstǎr), Czech ostrý, Polish ostry, Proto-Germanic *agjō (Old High German ecka, egga (“corner, edge, point, peak, blade”), German Ecke, Sanskrit अश्रिः (áśriḥ, “corner, edge, blade”), Ancient Greek ἀκή (akḗ, “point, tip”), ἄκρος (ákros, “sharp, pointed”), Latin ācer (“sharp”), aciēs (“sharpness, blade”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [as]
* Audio:(file)

#### Adjective

ass (definite asais, comparative asāks, superlative visasākais, adverb asi)
* sharp (such that it (blade, tool) can easily cut or pierce)
    ass nazis, zāģis, cirvis ― sharp knife, saw, ax
    ass īlens, ilknis ― sharp awl, fang
    asa adata ― sharp needle
    asi ragi, ilkņi ― sharp horns, fangs
* pointed (having a narrow tip)
    asas kalnu galotnes ― sharp mountain tops
    ass zīmulis ― sharp pencil
* angular, not rounded (of body parts; also of writing, drawing)
    asi elkoņi ― sharp elbows
    asi vaigu kauli ― sharp cheekbones
    asas burtu formas rokrakstā ― sharp letter forms in handwriting
* (of plants) sharp (having little thorns or thorn-like growths, or having a sharp edge, capable of stinging)
    ass dadzis, paeglis, grīslis ― sharp thistle, juniper, sedge
    asa zāle, nātre ― sharp leaf, nettle
* (of fabric, skin, etc.) coarse, rough
    asa sejas āda ― coarse, rough facial skin
    ass linu dvielis ― towel (made) of coarse linen
* sharp, pungent, hot (which irritates the senses, creating a strong feeling or reaction)
    asa mērce ― spicy, hot (lit. sharp) sauce
    asa dūmu smaka ― pungent smell of smoke
    ass ož pēc hlora ― sharp smell of chlorine
    ass vējš ― sharp wind
    asas sāpes ― sharp pain
    ass klepus ― sharp (painful) cough
* harsh (voice, sound); sharp, biting, unsparing, fierce
    asā balss ― harsh voice
    runāt asā tonī ― to speak in a harsh tone (of voice)
    ass sarkasms ― sharp, biting sarcasm
    ass pārmetumi ― sharp, harsh criticism
    asa ķilda ― fierce quarrel
    asa mēle ― sharp tongue (= caustic, sarcastic)
* sharp, well-defined, clearly marked
    asas kontūras ― sharp contour, profile
    asi sejas vaibsti ― sharp facial features
    zīmēt asām līnijām ― to draw with sharp, well-defined lines
* (about problems, questions) clear, acute, of immediate importance
    asa problēma ― a clear, acute problem
* sharp (very well developed, very accurate)
    asa redze ― sharp vision
    ass prāts ― sharp mind
    asa uztvere ― sharp perception, acumen

##### Synonyms

* (of "sharp"): skaudrs
* (of "coarse", "harsh"): raupjš, rupjš, negluds, skarbs

##### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “of "sharp"”): truls, neass
* (antonym(s) of “of "coarse", "harsh"”): gluds, maigs, mīksts

##### Derived terms

* asums

### References

* 1 2 3 Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) “ass”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca‎ (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN.

## Luxembourgish
### Verb

ass
* is (third-person singular present of sinn)

## Manx
### Etymology

From Old Irish ass, masculine and neuter singular form of a (“out of, from”), from Proto-Celtic *exs, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs (“from”). Compare Irish as.

### Adverb

ass
* out

### Preposition

ass
* out of

#### Derived terms

* ass y cheer
* ass y hene

### Pronoun

ass
* first-person plural of ec
    out of him/it

#### Derived terms

* assyn (emphatic)

## Middle English
### Noun

ass
* Alternative form of asshe (“burnt matter”)

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Alternative forms

* Ass (alternative capitalization)

### Noun

ass m (definite singular assen, indefinite plural asser, definite plural assene)
* (informal, greater Oslo area) A sound that marks the end of a sentence, and which otherwise doesn't mean anything.
** 2016 November 23, Urd Vindenes, “«Språk er rart, ass»”, in Språknerderiet‎ (overall work in Norwegian Bokmål), retrieved 16 October 2023:Språk er rart, assLinguistics are weird, yo
* (music) A-flat

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Alternative forms

* Ass (alternative capitalization)

### Noun

ass m (definite singular assen, indefinite plural assar, definite plural assane)
* (music) A-flat

## Old Irish
### Alternative forms

* as
* es

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /as/

### Pronoun

ass
* third-person singular masculine of a

## Swedish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /asː/
* Rhymes: -asː

### Etymology 1
#### Noun

ass n
* (music) A-flat; the note A♭

##### Related terms

* aiss

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

ass n
* an insured letter; abbreviation of assurerad (försändelse).
    Coordinate term: rek (“registered”)

##### Declension
### Anagrams

* s.a.s., sas

## Tarifit
### Alternative forms

* as

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Noun

ass m (Tifinagh spelling ⴰⵙⵙ, plural ussan)
* day
    Synonym: nnhar
* daytime
    Synonym: aziř

#### Derived terms

* assa (“today”)

## Tashelhit
### Etymology

From Proto-Berber.

### Noun

ass m (plural ussan)
* day

#### Derived terms

* ɣaṣṣad (“today”)