# сестра
## Bulgarian
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *sestra, from Proto-Indo-European *swésōr.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sɛˈstra]
* Audio:(file)
* Syllabification: се‧стра
* Hyphenation: сес‧тра

### Noun

сестра́ • (sestrá) f (relational adjective се́стрин, diminutive сестри́ца or сестри́чка)
* sister (a female sibling)
* sister, nun (a female member of a religious community)
    Synonym: калу̀герка (kalùgerka)
* (with медици́нска (medicínska)) a nurse

#### Related terms

* медици́нска сестра́ (medicínska sestrá)
* ста́рша сестра́ (stárša sestrá)
* хирурги́ческа сестра́ (hirurgíčeska sestrá)

### References

* “сестра”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
* “сестра”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Chitanka, 2010

## Carpathian Rusyn
### Etymology

From Old East Slavic сестра (sestra), from Proto-Slavic *sestra, from Proto-Indo-European *swésōr.

### Noun

сестра́ • (sestrá) f
* sister

#### Declension
## Macedonian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *sestra, from Proto-Indo-European *swésōr.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈsɛstra]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

сестра • (sestra) f (masculine брат, relational adjective сестрин or сестрински, diminutive сестричка or сестриче or сестрица, augmentative сестриште)
* sister
* (colloquial) Used to designate someone resembling the person in question, especially in character (hyperbolically suggesting that she could therefore be that person's sister).
* Ellipsis of медицинска сестра (medicinska sestra, “nurse”).
* (Christianity) nun
    Synonyms: калуѓерка (kaluǵerka), монахиња (monahinja)

#### Derived terms

* полусестра f (polusestra)
* посестри (posestri)
* посестрима f (posestrima)
* посестримица f (posestrimica)
* посестримство n (posestrimstvo)
* присестра f (prisestra)
* сестринство n (sestrinstvo)
* сестрична f (sestrična)
* сестричница f (sestričnica)

## Old Church Slavonic
### Alternative forms

* Glagolitic: ⱄⰵⱄⱅⱃⰰ (sestra)

### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *sestra, from Proto-Indo-European *swésōr.

### Noun

сестра • (sestra) f
* sister

#### See also

| отьчьство (otĭčĭstvo, “family”) | Male | Female |
| parent родител҄ь (roditelʹĭ) | отьць (otĭcĭ), авва (avva, “father”) | мати (mati, “mother”) |
| sibling | братръ (bratrŭ, “brother”) | сестра (sestra, “sister”) |
| child | сꙑнъ (synŭ, “son”) | дъщи (dŭšti, “daughter”) |
| grandparent | дѣдъ (dědŭ, “grandfather”) | баба (baba, “grandmother”) |
| grandchild | въноукъ (vŭnukŭ, “grandson”) | – (“granddaughter”) |
| great-grandparent | прѣдѣдъ (prědědŭ, “great-grandfather”) | – (“great-grandmother”) |
| mother's sibling | оуи (ui, “maternal uncle”) | – (“maternal aunt”) |
| father's sibling | стрꙑи (stryi, “paternal uncle”) | – (“paternal aunt”) |
| sibling's child | братанъ (bratanŭ), сꙑновь (synovĭ), сꙑновьць (synovĭcĭ, “nephew”) | братана (bratana, “niece”) |
| cousin | братоучѧдъ (bratučędŭ, “male cousin”) | братоучѧда (bratučęda, “female cousin”) |
| spouse | мѫжь (mǫžĭ), чрьтожьникъ (črĭtožĭnikŭ), малъженъ (malŭženŭ, “husband”) | жена (žena), чрьтожьница (črĭtožĭnica), съложь (sŭložĭ, “wife”) |
| parent of wife | тьсть (tĭstĭ, “father-in-law (wife's father)”) | тьща (tĭšta, “mother-in-law (wife's mother)”) |
| parent of husband | свекръ (svekrŭ, “father-in-law (husband's father)”) | свекрꙑ (svekry, “mother-in-law (husband's father)”) |
| sibling of husband | дєвєръ (deverŭ, “brother-in-law (husband's brother)”) | зълꙑ (zŭly, “sister-in-law (husband's sister)”) |
| spouse of child | зѧть (zętĭ, “son-in-law (daughter's husband)”) | снъха (snŭxa, “daughter-in-law (son's wife)”) |
| spouse of husband's brother | – | етрꙑ (etry), кѫпетра (kǫpetra, “sister-in-law (husband's brother's wife)”) |
| stepchild | пасторъкъ (pastorŭkŭ, “stepson”) | – (“stepdaughter”) |
| step-parent | отьчимъ (otĭčimŭ, “stepfather”) | мащеха (maštexa, “stepmother”) |

## Old East Slavic
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *sestra, from Proto-Indo-European *swésōr.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sɛˈstrɑ/→/sʲɛˈstra/→/sʲɛˈstra/
* (ca. 9th CE) IPA: /sɛˈstrɑ/
* (ca. 11th CE) IPA: /sʲɛˈstra/
* (ca. 13th CE) IPA: /sʲɛˈstra/
* Hyphenation: се‧стра

### Noun

сестра (sestra) f
* sister

#### Descendants

* Belarusian: сястра́ (sjastrá)
* Russian: сестра́ (sestrá)
* Carpathian Rusyn: сестра́ (sestrá)
* Ukrainian: сестра́ (sestrá)

### References

* Sreznevsky, Izmail I. (1912) “сестра”, in Матеріалы для Словаря древне-русскаго языка по письменнымъ памятникамъ [Materials for the Dictionary of the Old East Slavic Language Based on Written Monuments]‎ (in Russian), volume 3 (Р – Ꙗ и дополненія), Saint Petersburg: Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, column 340

## Russian
### Etymology

* PIE word
* *swé
Inherited from Old East Slavic сестра (sestra), from Proto-Slavic *sestra, from Proto-Indo-European *swésōr.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sʲɪˈstra]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

сестра́ • (sestrá) f anim (genitive сестры́, nominative plural сёстры, genitive plural сестёр, diminutive сестрёнка or сестри́ца or сестри́чка)
* sister
    родна́я сестра́ ― rodnája sestrá ― sister (sibling)
    двою́родная сестра́ ― dvojúrodnaja sestrá ― cousin, first cousin
    трою́родная сестра́ ― trojúrodnaja sestrá ― second cousin
    единокро́вная сестра́ ― jedinokróvnaja sestrá ― paternal half sister
    единоутро́бная сестра́ ― jedinoutróbnaja sestrá ― maternal half sister
    сво́дная сестра́ ― svódnaja sestrá ― stepsister
* (medicine) nurse
    медици́нская сестра́ ― medicínskaja sestrá ― nurse
    (dated) сестра́ милосе́рдия ― sestrá milosérdija ― nurse
** 1855, Николай Пирогов [Nikolay Pirogov], chapter II, in Из отчётов о действиях сестёр; English translation from (Please provide a date or year):Бо́мбы и раке́ты ча́сто попада́ли вблизи́ э́того зда́ния, ра́вно как и в жили́ща враче́й и сестё́р; несмотря́ на то, все гото́вы, без стра́ха и боя́зни, так же хладнокро́вно и рассуди́тельно, как досе́ле, подава́ть по́мощь стра́ждущим.Bómby i rakéty částo popadáli vblizí étovo zdánija, rávno kak i v žilíšča vračéj i sestjór; nesmotrjá na to, vse gotóvy, bez stráxa i bojázni, tak že xladnokróvno i rassudítelʹno, kak doséle, podavátʹ pómoščʹ strážduščim.(please add an English translation of this quotation)
** 1993, Агата Кристи [Agatha Christie] (lyrics and music), “Новый год [Novyj god]”, in Позорная звезда:По леса́м бро́дят санита́ры, они́ нас бу́дут подбира́ть. Эй, сестра́, лезь ко мне на на́ры, и бу́дем воева́ть.Po lesám bródjat sanitáry, oní nas búdut podbirátʹ. Ej, sestrá, lezʹ ko mne na náry, i búdem vojevátʹ.(please add an English translation of this quotation)

#### Declension

$^△$Irregular.
$^△$Irregular.

#### Derived terms

* медсестра́ f anim (medsestrá)
* се́стрин (séstrin)
* се́стринский (séstrinskij)
* се́стринство n (séstrinstvo)

#### Related terms

* посети́ть pf (posetítʹ)
* сват m anim (svat)
* свой (svoj), себя́ (sebjá)

#### Descendants

* → Armenian: սեստրա (sestra)
* → Yakut: сиэстэрэ (siestere)

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *sestra, from Proto-Indo-European *swésōr.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sěstra/
* Hyphenation: сес‧тра

### Noun

сѐстра f (Latin spelling sèstra)
* sister
* nun, short for часна сестра
* nurse, short for медицинска сестра

#### Derived terms

* сѐстрӣн
* сѐстрӣнскӣ
* сѐстрӣнство
* се̏стрић
* сѐстрица
* се̏стрична

### Further reading

* “сестра”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025

## Ukrainian
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *sestra, from Proto-Indo-European *swésōr.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)
* IPA: [seˈstra]

### Noun

сестра́ • (sestrá) f pers (genitive сестри́, nominative plural се́стри, genitive plural се́стер or сесте́р)
* sister
* (colloquial) nurse

#### Related terms

* медична сестра (medyčna sestra)
* двоюрідна сестра (dvojuridna sestra)

### References

* Bilodid, I. K., editor (1970–1980), “сестра”, in Словник української мови: в 11 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 11 vols] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka