# passer
## English
### Etymology

From pass +‎ -er.

### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈpɑːsə(ɹ)/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* (US) IPA: /ˈpæsəɹ/
* Rhymes: -æsə(ɹ)

### Noun

passer (plural passers)
* One who succeeds in passing a test, etc.
** 2008, David L. Streiner, Geoffrey R. Norman, Health Measurement Scales:The distributions of scores on the exam for passers and failers are plotted […]
* One who passes something along; a distributor.
    a passer of counterfeit banknotes
* (sports) Someone who passes, someone who makes a pass.
** 1991, Rex Mossop, The Moose That Roared, Sydney: Ironbark Press, page 157:A superb passer of the ball, we expected him to wipe the floor with the opposition.
** (American football) A football player who makes a forward pass, who may be (but not limited to) the quarterback.
* (chess, informal) A passed pawn.
* (archaic) One who passes; a passer-by.
** 1878, Henry James, The Europeans:There was a promise of it in the gorgeous purity of the western sky; there was an intimation in the mild, unimpertinent gaze of the passers of a certain natural facility in things.
** 1904, National Magazine, volume 20, page 147:Passers stopped and began to stare. A policeman was approaching up the street. Dave dodged back into the cab and banged the door.
* (sociology) One who is able to "pass", or be accepted as a member of a race, sex or other group to which society would not otherwise regard them as belonging.
** 2003, Brooke Kroeger, Passing: When People Can't Be Who They Are:Explores the history, literature, and sociology of passing, and provides case studies of six individuals who are "passers," including a black man who passed as a white Jew and a lesbian naval officer who passed as straight.
** 2014, Risa Bear, Homecomings, page 69:Passers and would-be passers make every effort to be convincing in their chosen gender role […]

#### See also

* buck-passer
* flat passer
* gas passer
* laissez-passer
* passer-by
* passer-through

### Anagrams

* parses, sarpes, repass, Speras, spaers, Aspers, Serpas, spaser, Spares, prases, Spears, aspers, Arpses, Presas, presas, spears, sparse, spares

## Danish
### Etymology 1

From German Passer.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pasər/, [ˈpʰasɐ]

#### Noun

passer c (singular definite passeren, plural indefinite passere)
* compass, pair of compasses (tool for drawing circles and arcs)

##### Inflection
#### See also

* passer on the Danish Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{da}$

### Etymology 2

See passere (“to pass”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /paseːr/, [pʰaˈseɐ̯ˀ]

#### Verb

passer or passér
* imperative of passere

## Dutch
### Etymology

From passen (“to measure a size”) +‎ -er.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɑsər

### Noun

passer m (plural passers, diminutive passertje n)
* compass (device used with a pencil to draw an arc or circle on paper)

#### Descendants

* Negerhollands: passer
* → Papiamentu: paser
* → Saramaccan: pása

## French
### Etymology

Inherited from Middle French passer, from Old French passer, from Vulgar Latin *passāre, derived from Latin passus (“step”, noun).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pa.se/ ~ /pɑ.se/
* Audio:(file)

### Verb

passer
* to go past
* to cross (a border)
* (law) to pass
    passer une loi ― to pass a law
* to spend (time)
    J’ai passé les vacances en Espagne. ― I spent the holidays in Spain.
    J’ai passé une splendide soirée chez toi. ― I had a great evening at your place.
* to publish (a newspaper)
* (transitive) to take, to sit (an exam or test)
    J’ai réussi l’examen que j’avais passé en avril. ― I passed the exam that I took in April.
* (intransitive) to pass (an exam or test)
    Il est passé à l’examen. ― He passed the exam.
* (dated) (transitive) to pass (an exam or test)
    Il a passé l’examen. ― He passed the exam.
* (public transportation) to run
    Le train passe toutes les vingt minutes. ― The train runs every 20 minutes.
* to exceed (a limit)
* to percolate
* to hand down, to pass on
* to be allowed
* (intransitive) to pass, to go (between two entities)
** 1908, Gaston Leroux, chapter 1, in Le Mystère de la chambre jaune [The Mystery of the Yellow Room]‎, published 2009:L’assassin n’avait donc pas passé par là et ne pouvait se sauver par là […]The murderer, therefore, could not have entered that way and could not possibly escape that way.
* (transitive) to show (a movie)
* to go up (a grade)
* to shift (change gear)
** to go down
** to go up
* to stop by, to pop in
    Il est passé nous voir. ― He stopped by to see us.
    Je vais y passer demain pour mes affaires.I'm going to stop by there tomorrow for my things.
* to pass away, to die
* (music) to spin (e.g. a disk)
* (television) to show (be on television)
* (sports) to pass (kick, throw, hit etc. the ball to another player)
* (athletics) to pass (the relay baton)
* to pass on (infect someone else with a disease)
* (transitive) to put, to place, to slip (move a part of one's body somewhere else)
** 1908, Gaston Leroux, Le Mystère de la chambre jaune, 2009 ed., Wikisource, chap. 1; translated 1908 by anonymous, Margaret Jull Costa (ed.), as The Mystery of the Yellow Room, 2003 ed., Dedalus, →ISBN:
    [...] et, par-dessus les volets, les barreaux intacts, des barreaux à travers lesquels vous n’auriez pas passé le bras…[...] and, as well as those shutters, there were iron bars so close together that you could not even have got your arm through them.
* to wipe, rub
    Elle passe de la crème sur son ventre.She's rubbing cream on her belly.
* to skip a go
* to put (make something undergo something)
* (card games) to pass (not play upon one's turn)
* (reflexive) to take place, to happen, to come to pass
    Qu’est-ce qui s’est passé ici ? ― What happened here?
* (reflexive, for time) to go by
* (reflexive) to do without [with de ‘something’]
    Je ne peux pas me passer de café le matin.I can't do without a cup of coffee in the morning.
* to don
    Il passa son pantalon. ― He put on his pants.
* (intransitive) to be thought to be, to be said to be, to be taken for [with pour ‘someone/something’]
    faire passer quelqu’un pour quelque chose ― to make someone out to be something
    se faire passer pour ― to pass oneself off as, to pose as, to impersonate

#### Usage notes

* This verb uses the auxiliary verb avoir when used transitively (or with a transitive sense, even when the complement is omitted); otherwise (when it is intransitive), it uses être.

#### Synonyms

* (reflexive, to happen): se produire, arriver

#### Derived terms

* ça passe ou ça casse
* dépasser
* en passant
* et j’en passe
* il faut que jeunesse se passe
* j’en passe et des meilleures
* j’en passe et des meilleurs
* les chiens aboient, la caravane passe
* passage
* passation
* passe encore
* passement
* passer à autre chose
* passer à la casserole
* passer à la moulinette
* passer à la trappe
* passer à la vitesse supérieure
* passer à l’acte
* passer à tabac
* passer à travers les mailles du filet
* passer au crible
* passer au fil de l’épée
* passer au peigne fin
* passer aux aveux
* passer aux choses sérieuses
* passer commande
* passer comme une lettre à la poste
* passer crème
* passer de la pommade
* passer de vie à trépas
* passer du coq à l’âne
* passer en force
* passer en revue
* passer entre les mailles du filet
* passer fleur
* passer inaperçu
* passer la main
* passer la parole
* passer la rampe
* passer le flambeau
* passer le mot
* passer le poteau
* passer le relais
* passer le Rubicon
* passer le temps
* passer les bornes
* passer l’arme à gauche
* passer l’aspirateur
* passer l’éponge
* passer l’hiver
* passer maître
* passer outre
* passer par la tête
* passer par les armes
* passer par les mains
* passer pour
* passer ses nerfs
* passer son chemin
* passer son tour
* passer sous la table
* passer sous le bureau
* passer sous le nez
* passer sous les fourches caudines
* passer sous silence
* passer sur le billard
* passer un savon
* passez-moi l’expression
* repasser
* se passer de
* tour de passe-passe
* un ange passe
* y passer

#### Descendants

* → Alemannic German: passiere
* → German: passieren
* Romanian: → pasa, → trece (semantic loan)

### Further reading

* “passer”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

### Anagrams

* pressa

## Ladin
### Etymology

From Vulgar Latin *passāre, derived from Latin passus (“step”, noun).

### Verb

passer
* to proceed

#### Conjugation

* Ladin conjugation varies from one region to another. Hence, the following conjugation should be considered as typical, not as exhaustive.

## Latin
### Etymology

From Proto-Italic *passros with a declension change from second to third, from Proto-Indo-European *p(e)t-tro-s (“who flies, bird”), from *peth₂- (“to fly”). Related to penna.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈpas.ser/, [ˈpäs̠ːɛr]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈpas.ser/, [ˈpäsːer]

### Noun

passer m (genitive passeris); third declension
* sparrow
** c. 84 BCE – 54 BCE, Catullus, Carmina 3.3–4:Passer mortuus est meae puellae. Passer, deliciae meae puellae […] My girl's sparrow is dead. The sparrow, my girl's pet […]
* turbot
** 43 BCE – c. 17 CE, Ovid, Halieutica 118–126:At contrā herbōsā piscēs luxantur harēnā ut scarus, ēpastās sōlus quī rūminat ēscās, fēcundumque genus mēnae lamyrusque smarisque atque immunda chromis, meritō vīlissima salpa atque avium phȳcis nīdōs imitāta sub undīs et squāmās tenuī suffūsus sanguine mullus, fulgentēs soleae candōre et concolor illīs passer et Hadriacō mīrandus lītore rhombus, tum leporēs lātī, tum mollēs tergore rānae […] On the other hand, fish that revel in the grassy sand such as the scar, the only one that chews over eaten up food, the prolific kind of the maena, lamyrus and smaris and the unclean chronic, the deservedly worthless salpa and the phycis that imitates the nests of birds under the waves and the mullet whose scales are suffused with tenous blood, and the sole flashing with whiteness and the turbot of the same colour, and the amazing flatfish on the Adriatic Shore, then the broad sea-hares, then the soft-bodied sea-frog […]

#### Declension

Third-declension noun.

#### Related terms

* passercula, passerculus
* passerīnus

#### Descendants

* Catalan: passerell, pàssera
* Corsican: passula
* Dalmatian: paserain
* Esperanto: pasero
* Franco-Provençal: pâsserâ
* French: passereau
* Friulian: passare, passarat
* Ido: pasero
* Interlingua: passere
* Istro-Romanian: pǫsăre
* Italian: passero, passera
* Occitan: passerat
* Romanian: pasăre
* Romansch: pasler
* Vulgar Latin:
** *passarum (see there for further descendants)
* Translingual: → Passer, ⇒ Paludipasser

### References

* “passer”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “passer”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* passer in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 449

## Middle French
### Etymology

From Old French passer.

### Verb

passer
* to pass; to go by
** 15th century, Rustichello da Pisa (original author), Mazarine Master (scribe), The Travels of Marco Polo, page 3, line 2:Cy aprés parle comment les deux freres passerent le desert(please add an English translation of this quotation)

#### Conjugation

* Middle French conjugation varies from one text to another. Hence, the following conjugation should be considered as typical, not as exhaustive.

#### Descendants

* French: passer
** → Alemannic German: passiere
** → German: passieren
** Romanian: → pasa, → trece (semantic loan)

### References

* passer on Dictionnaire du Moyen Français (1330–1500) (in French)

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Verb

passer
* imperative of passere
* present of passe

## Old French
### Etymology

From Vulgar Latin *passāre, derived from Latin passus (“step”, noun).

### Verb

passer
* to pass; to pass by

#### Conjugation

This verb conjugates as a first-group verb ending in -er. The forms that would normally end in *-ss, *-sss, *-sst are modified to s, s, st. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.

#### Descendants

* Middle French: passer
** French: passer
*** → Alemannic German: passiere
*** → German: passieren
*** Romanian: → pasa, → trece (semantic loan)
* Norman: pâsser, pâssaïr
* → Middle Dutch: passen
** Dutch: passen
* → Middle English: passen, pasen, pacen
** English: pass, pace
** Scots: pass
** Yola: paaced (preterite)
* → Middle High German: passen
** German: passen

### Further reading

* William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “pass”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.