# 汗

| 汗 | U+6C57, &#27735; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6C57 |
| ← 汖 [U+6C56] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 汘 → [U+6C58] |

## Translingual
### Han character

汗 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+3, 6 strokes, cangjie input 水一十 (EMJ), four-corner 3114$_0$, composition ⿰氵干)

#### Derived characters

* 𠱢, 𭎚, 𣆙, 𡊺

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 605, character 11
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17130
* Dae Jaweon: page 999, character 4
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1550, character 6
* Unihan data for U+6C57

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 訐 | *krads, *krads, *ked, *kad |
| 肝 | *kaːn |
| 竿 | *kaːn |
| 干 | *kaːn |
| 奸 | *kaːn |
| 玕 | *kaːn |
| 汗 | *kaːn, *ɡaːn, *ɡaːns |
| 迀 | *kaːn |
| 忓 | *kaːn, *ɡaːns |
| 鳱 | *kaːn |
| 邗 | *kaːn, *ɡaːn |
| 秆 | *kaːnʔ |
| 矸 | *kaːnʔ, *kaːns, *ɡaːns |
| 仠 | *kaːnʔ |
| 皯 | *kaːnʔ |
| 衦 | *kaːnʔ |
| 簳 | *kaːnʔ |
| 擀 | *kaːnʔ |
| 旰 | *kaːns |
| 盰 | *kaːns |
| 幹 | *kaːns |
| 杆 | *kaːns |
| 骭 | *kaːns, *ɡraːns |
| 桿 | *kaːnʔ |
| 趕 | *kaːnʔ |
| 稈 | *kaːnʔ |
| 刊 | *kʰaːn |
| 靬 | *kʰaːn, *kʰaːns, *kreːn, *kan |
| 衎 | *kʰaːnʔ, *kʰaːns |
| 犴 | *ŋaːn, *ŋaːns |
| 豻 | *ŋaːn, *ŋaːns, *ɦŋaːns, *ŋ̊ʰraːn |
| 頇 | *ŋaːns, *hŋaːn, *ŋaːd |
| 岸 | *ŋɡaːns |
| 鼾 | *qʰaːn, *ɢaːns |
| 罕 | *qʰaːnʔ, *qʰaːns |
| 焊 | *qʰaːnʔ, *ɡaːns |
| 蔊 | *qʰaːnʔ |
| 虷 | *ɡaːn |
| 旱 | *ɡaːnʔ |
| 皔 | *ɡaːnʔ |
| 釬 | *ɡaːns |
| 扞 | *ɡaːns |
| 閈 | *ɡaːns |
| 馯 | *ɡaːns, *kʰraːn |
| 捍 | *ɡaːns, *ɡraːnʔ |
| 悍 | *ɡaːns |
| 銲 | *ɡaːns |
| 垾 | *ɡaːns |
| 駻 | *ɡaːns |
| 睅 | *ɡʷranʔ |
| 娨 | *ɡraːns |
| 飦 | *kan |
| 赶 | *ɡan, *ɡʷad |
| 軒 | *qʰan |
| 蓒 | *qʰan |
| 酐 | *qʰaːŋʔ |
| 澣 | *ɡʷaːnʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kaːn, *ɡaːn, *ɡaːns): semantic 水 + phonetic 干 (OC *kaːn).

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-(k/ŋ)rul (“sweat”). Compare Tibetan རྔུལ (rngul, “sweat”).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): hàn (han$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄏㄢˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): han$^4$
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): хан (han, III)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): hon$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): hon$^5$
* Gan (Wiktionary): hon$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): hon
    (Hailu, HRS): hon$^˖$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): hon$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): han$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): gūing
* Eastern Min (BUC): gâng / hâng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kōaⁿ / hān
    (Teochew, Peng'im): guan$^7$ / hang$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$ghoe
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): han$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hàn
*** Wade–Giles: han$^4$
*** Yale: hàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hann
*** Palladius: хань (xanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /xän⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: han$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xan
*** Sinological IPA : /xan²¹³/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: хан (han, III)
*** Sinological IPA : /xæ̃⁴⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hon$^6$
*** Yale: hohn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hon$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hon$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɔːn²²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: hon$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /hᵘɔn³²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: hon$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɵn¹¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hon
*** Hakka Romanization System: hon
*** Hagfa Pinyim: hon$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /hon⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: hon$^˖$
*** Sinological IPA: /hon³³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: hon$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /hɔn⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: han$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /xæ̃⁴⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gūing
*** Sinological IPA : /kuiŋ⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gâng / hâng
*** Sinological IPA : /kɑŋ²⁴²/, /hɑŋ²⁴²/
* gâng - vernacular;
* hâng - literary.
* Middle Chinese: hanH
Rime :
| Character | 汗 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 寒 (61) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 侯旰切 |
| Baxter | hanH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦɑn$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦɑn$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣɑn$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦan$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣɑn$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣɑn$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣɑn$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | hàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hon$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*Cə.[ɡ]ˤa[r]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡaːns/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 汗 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | hàn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ han$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*Cə.[ɡ]ˁa[r]-s/ |
| English | sweat (n.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 汗 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| No. | 3616 |
| Phonetic component | 干 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 翰 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡaːns/ |

#### Definitions

汗
* sweat; perspiration (Classifier: 滴 m c)
    我正流著汗。／我正流着汗。 ― Wǒ zhèng liú zhe hàn. ― I'm dripping with sweat.
    出了一頭大汗／出了一头大汗 ― chū le yī tóu dà hàn ― to sweat so much that the head is drenched
       Tā qù pǎobù liú le yī shēn hàn. [Pinyin]
       He is drenched in sweat after running.
* (literary, or in compounds) to sweat; to perspire
* (literary) condensation on bamboo when put over fire
* Used in 汗漫.
* (Internet slang) Word used to express embarrassment, speechlessness or helplessness.
* a surname, Han

##### Synonyms

* (perspiration): 汗水 (hànshuǐ)
* (to sweat):
* 冒汗 (màohàn)
* 出汗 (chūhàn)
* 排汗 (páihàn)
* 標汗 / 标汗 (biu$^1$ hon$^6$) (Cantonese)
* 流汗 (liúhàn)
* 發汗 / 发汗 (fāhàn)

#### Compounds

* 充棟汗牛 / 充栋汗牛
* 冒冷汗
* 冒汗 (màohàn)
* 冷汗 (lěnghàn)
* 出汗 (chūhàn)
* 反汗
* 大汗
* 大汗涔涔
* 心汗
* 悶汗 / 闷汗
* 惶汗
* 愧汗 (kuìhàn)
* 愧汗怍人
* 手汗 (shǒuhàn)
* 捏把汗
* 提劍汗馬 / 提剑汗马
* 揩汗
* 揮汗 / 挥汗
* 揮汗如雨 / 挥汗如雨 (huīhànrúyǔ)
* 揮汗成雨 / 挥汗成雨
* 枕戈汗馬 / 枕戈汗马
* 步大汗
* 汗下
* 汗下如雨
* 汗充棟豪 / 汗充栋豪
* 汗出如漿 / 汗出如浆
* 汗出如雨
* 汗如雨下 (hànrúyǔxià)
* 汗巾
* 汗巾兒 / 汗巾儿
* 汗帕
* 汗手
* 汗斑 (hànbān)
* 汗毛 (hànmáo)
* 汗水 (hànshuǐ)
* 汗汗
* 汗流如雨
* 汗津津 (hànjīnjīn)
* 汗流洽背
* 汗流浹背 / 汗流浃背 (hànliújiābèi)
* 汗洽股慄 / 汗洽股栗
* 汗涔涔
* 汗液
* 汗溶溶
* 汗漬 / 汗渍 (hànzì)
* 汗漫
* 汗火
* 汗蒸 (hànzhēng)
* 汗牛充棟 / 汗牛充栋 (hànniúchōngdòng)
* 汗珠 (hànzhū)
* 汗珠子
* 汗疹 (hànzhěn)
* 汗簡 / 汗简
* 汗絡兒 / 汗络儿
* 汗腺 (hànxiàn)
* 汗腥氣 / 汗腥气
* 汗血馬 / 汗血马 (hànxuèmǎ)
* 汗衣
* 汗衫 (hànshān)
* 汗褂兒 / 汗褂儿
* 汗褟兒 / 汗褟儿 (hàntār)
* 汗跡 / 汗迹
* 汗青 (hànqīng)
* 汗顏 / 汗颜 (hànyán)
* 汗馬 / 汗马
* 汗馬之功 / 汗马之功
* 汗馬之勞 / 汗马之劳
* 汗馬之績 / 汗马之绩
* 汗馬功勞 / 汗马功劳 (hànmǎgōngláo)
* 汗馬功績 / 汗马功绩
* 汗馬勛勞 / 汗马勋劳
* 汗鹼 / 汗碱
* 泮汗
* 流汗 (liúhàn)
* 流汗浹背 / 流汗浃背
* 流血流汗
* 浩汗 (hàohàn)
* 渙汗 / 涣汗
* 渥汗
* 滈汗
* 漫汗
* 滿頭大汗 / 满头大汗 (mǎntóudàhàn)
* 澔汗
* 瀾汗 / 澜汗
* 發汗 / 发汗 (fāhàn)
* 發汗劑 / 发汗剂
* 白汗
* 盜汗 / 盗汗 (dàohàn)
* 脫汗 / 脱汗
* 蒙汗藥 / 蒙汗药
* 虛汗 / 虚汗 (xūhàn)
* 血汗 (xuèhàn)
* 血汗錢 / 血汗钱 (xuèhànqián)
* 赧顏汗下 / 赧颜汗下
* 趕汗 / 赶汗
* 輕汗 / 轻汗
* 阿富汗 (Āfùhàn)
* 阿富汗尼 (āfùhànní)
* 香汗
* 駭汗 / 骇汗
* 驚汗 / 惊汗
* 黑汗白流

#### Descendants

* → Zhuang: hanh

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): hán (han$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄢˊ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): hon$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): hon$^3$
* Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): hon$^2$
* Eastern Min (BUC): háng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hân
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hang$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hán
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hán
*** Wade–Giles: han$^2$
*** Yale: hán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: harn
*** Palladius: хань (xanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /xän³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hon$^4$
*** Yale: hòhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hon$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hon$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɔːn²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: hon$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /hᵘɔn²²/
* Hakka
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: hon$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /hɔn¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: háng
*** Sinological IPA : /hɑŋ²¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hân
*** Tâi-lô: hân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: haan
*** IPA (Xiamen): /han²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /han²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /han¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /han²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /han²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: hang$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hâng
*** Sinological IPA : /haŋ⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: han
Rime :
| Character | 汗 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 寒 (61) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 胡安切 |
| Baxter | han |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦɑn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦɑn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣɑn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦan/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣɑn/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣɑn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣɑn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | hán |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hon$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡaːn/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 汗 |
| Reading # | 2/3 |
| No. | 3612 |
| Phonetic component | 干 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 寒 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡaːn/ |

#### Definitions

汗
* Short for 可汗 (kèhán).
    蒙古大汗 ― Ménggǔ dàhàn ― Mongol Khagan
* a surname, Han

#### Compounds

* 伊兒汗國 / 伊儿汗国 (Yī'ér Hánguó)
* 克汗
* 可汗 (kèhán)
* 天可汗 (Tiān Kèhán)
* 成吉思汗 (Chéngjísīhán)
* 欽察汗國 / 钦察汗国 (Qīnchá Hánguó)
* 汗國 / 汗国 (hánguó)
* 阿拉木汗

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gān (gan$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄢ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gān
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gan
*** Wade–Giles: kan$^1$
*** Yale: gān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gan
*** Palladius: гань (ganʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /kän⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: kan
Rime :
| Character | 汗 |
| Reading # | 2/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 寒 (61) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 古寒切 |
| Baxter | kan |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɑn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kɑn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kɑn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kan/ |
| Li Rong | /kɑn/ |
| Wang Li | /kɑn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kɑn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gān |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gon$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*kaːn/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 汗 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| No. | 3573 |
| Phonetic component | 干 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 干 |
| Old Chinese | /*kaːn/ |

#### Definitions

汗
* Only used in 餘汗／馀汗.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* sweat

#### Readings

* Go-on: がん (gan)
* Kan-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)
* Kun: あせ (ase, 汗, Jōyō)

### Etymology 1

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *asya.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) あせ [áꜜsè] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [a̠se̞]
* (Kyoto) あせ​ぇ [àsê] (Teiki)

#### Noun

汗(あせ) • (ase)
* sweat

##### Derived terms

* 汗(あせ)をかく (ase o kaku)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 汗
* かん Grade: S
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 汗 (MC han|kan|hanH).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かん [káꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [kã̠ɴ]

#### Affix

汗(かん) • (kan)
* sweat

#### Noun

汗(かん) • (kan)
* Synonym of ハン (han): khan

### References

* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō
* 1 2 “あせ 【汗】”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
* ↑ Nakai, Yukihiko, editor (2002), 京阪系アクセント辞典 [A Dictionary of Tone on Words of the Keihan-type Dialects] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Bensei, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ “かん 【汗】”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here

## Korean
### Hanja

汗 (eum 한 (han))
* (땀 한, ttam-): sweat
* (물 질펀할 한, mul-jilpeonhal-): flood
* (되 임금 한, doe-imgeum-): khan

#### Synonyms

* 單 (선, seon) Xiongnu king
* 單于 (선우, seon-u) Xiongnu king

#### Compounds

* 可汗 (가한, gahan) khagan, khan of khans

#### See also

* 干 (간, gan) (translingual) dry

## Okinawan
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Kun: あし (ashi, 汗)

### Noun

汗(あし) (ashi)
* sweat

## Vietnamese
### Han character

汗: Hán Nôm readings: cạn, hãn, khan
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.