# 讀書
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): dúshū
       (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨˊ ㄕㄨ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): du$^2$ su$^1$
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): дўфу (dwfu, III-I)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): duk$^6$ syu$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): uuk$^5$ si$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): tuh$^7$ xy$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): thu̍k-sû
    (Hailu, HRS): tug$^ˋ$ shu$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): tug$^6$ su$^1$
* Eastern Min (BUC): tĕ̤k-cṳ̆
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): tah$^7$ zy$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tha̍k-chu / tha̍k-chir / tho̍k-su / tho̍k-sir / tho̍k-si
    (Teochew, Peng'im): tag$^8$ ze$^1$ / tag$^8$ zu$^1$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^8$doq-sy; $^8$doq $^1$sy / $^8$doq syu$_1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dúshū
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄨˊ ㄕㄨ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: dúshu
*** Wade–Giles: tu$^2$-shu$^1$
*** Yale: dú-shū
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: dwushu
*** Palladius: душу (dušu)
*** Sinological IPA : /tu³⁵ ʂu⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: du$^2$ su$^1$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: dusu
*** Sinological IPA : /tu²¹ su⁵⁵/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: дўфу (dwfu, III-I)
*** Sinological IPA : /tu⁴⁴ fou²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: duk$^6$ syu$^1$
*** Yale: duhk syū
*** Cantonese Pinyin: duk$^9$ sy$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: dug$^6$ xu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʊk̚² syː⁵⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: uuk$^5$ si$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɵk̚³² si³³/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: tuh$^7$ xy$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰuʔ² ɕy⁴²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thu̍k-sû
*** Hakka Romanization System: tug su$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: tug$^6$ su$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰuk̚⁵ su²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: tug$^ˋ$ shu$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰuk² ʃu⁵³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: tug$^6$ su$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰʊk̚⁵ su⁴⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: tĕ̤k-cṳ̆
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰøyʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ t͡sy⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: tah$^7$ zy$^1$ [Phonetic: tah$^6$ zy$^1$]
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ta̍h-cṳ
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰaʔ⁴⁻¹ t͡sy⁵³³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: tah$^7$ zy$^1$ [Phonetic: tah$^6$ zy$^1$]
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰaʔ²⁴⁻² t͡sy⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Taipei, Magong, Hsinchu)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tha̍k-chu
*** Tâi-lô: tha̍k-tsu
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tagzw
*** IPA (Taipei): /tʰak̚⁴⁻³² t͡su⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Lukang, Sanxia, Kinmen, Hsinchu)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tha̍k-chir
*** Tâi-lô: tha̍k-tsir
*** IPA (Lukang): /tʰak̚³⁵⁻² t͡sɨ³³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰak̚²⁴⁻² t͡sɯ³³/
*** IPA (Kinmen): /tʰak̚⁵⁴⁻³² t͡sɯ⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tho̍k-su
*** Tâi-lô: tho̍k-su
*** Phofsit Daibuun: togsw
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tʰɔk̚⁴⁻³² su⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tho̍k-sir
*** Tâi-lô: tho̍k-sir
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰɔk̚²⁴⁻² sɯ³³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tho̍k-si
*** Tâi-lô: tho̍k-si
*** Phofsit Daibuun: togsy
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ si⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: tag$^8$ ze$^1$ / tag$^8$ zu$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tha̍k tsṳ / tha̍k tsu
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰak̚⁴⁻² t͡sɯ³³/, /tʰak̚⁴⁻² t͡su³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^8$doq-sy; $^8$doq $^1$sy
*** MiniDict: doh$^入$ sy; doh$^入$ sy$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^5$doq-sr; $^5$doq $^1$sr
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /doʔ¹¹ sz̩²³/, /doʔ²² sz̩⁵³/
** (Northern: Suzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^8$doq syu$_1$
*** MiniDict: doh$^入$ syu$^平$
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /doʔ²³ sz̩ʷ⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: duwk syo
Rime :
| Character | 讀 | 書 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 定 (7) | 書 (26) |
| Final (韻) | 屋 (3) | 魚 (22) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 徒谷切 | 傷魚切 |
| Baxter | duwk | syo |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /duk̚/ | /ɕɨʌ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /duk̚/ | /ɕiɔ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /duk̚/ | /ɕiɔ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /dəwk̚/ | /ɕɨə̆/ |
| Li Rong | /duk̚/ | /ɕiɔ/ |
| Wang Li | /duk̚/ | /ɕĭo/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /dʱuk̚/ | /ɕi̯wo/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | dú | shū |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | duk$^6$ | syu$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.lˤok s-ta/
    (Zhengzhang): /*l'oːɡ hlja/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 讀 | 書 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | dú | shū |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ duwk › | ‹ syo › |
| Old Chinese | /*C.lˁok/ | /*s-ta/ |
| English | read (v.) | write |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 讀 | 書 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 16039 | 17013 |
| Phonetic component | 𧶠 | 者 |
| Rime group | 屋 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 獨 | 書 |
| Old Chinese | /*l'oːɡ/ | /*hlja/ |

### Verb

讀⫽書 (verb-object) (intransitive)
* to read books
       Dúshū pò wàn juàn, xiàbǐ rú yǒu shén. [Pinyin]
       Great writers read widely.
       Yǒurén rènwéi dúshū wúyòng. [Pinyin]
       Some believe reading is a waste of time.
       Rén chǒu jiù gāi duō dúshū. [Pinyin]
       Ugly people should read more books.
       Tā shì zánmen cūn lǐ dúshū zuì duō de rén. [Pinyin]
       He has read the most books out of anyone in our village.
* to study
    她來中國讀書。／她来中国读书。 ― Tā lái zhōngguó dúshū. ― She came to China to study.
* to be in school; to attend school
       Wǒ de háizi zhèngzài xiǎoxué dúshū. [Pinyin]
       My child is currently in primary school.
** 1972, Lo Wei, Fist of Fury, spoken by Chen Zhen (Bruce Lee):
       ngo$^5$ siu$^2$ duk$^6$ syu$^1$, nei$^5$ m$^4$ hou$^2$ aak$^1$ ngo$^5$. [Jyutping]
       I don't have much education; please don't fool me.

#### Synonyms

* (to read): 看書／看书 (kànshū), 閱讀／阅读 (yuèdú), (Hokkien, Teochew) 讀冊／读册 (tha̍k-chheh)
* (to study):
   * 學／学 (xué), 學習／学习 (xuéxí)
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 念書, 讀書 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 讀書, 念書 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 念書 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 讀書 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 讀書 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 讀書, 念書 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 念書 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 讀書, 念書 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 念書 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 念書 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 讀書, 念書 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 讀書 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 念書 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 念書 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 讀書, 念書 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 讀書 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 讀書 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 讀書 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 讀書 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 念書, 讀書 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 念書 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 讀書 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 讀書 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 讀書 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 讀書 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 讀書 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 讀書 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 讀書 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 讀書 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 讀書 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 讀書 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 讀書 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 讀書 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 念書 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 讀書 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 讀書 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 讀書 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 讀書 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 讀書 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 讀書 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 讀書 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 讀書 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 讀書 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 讀書 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 讀書 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 讀書 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 讀書 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 讀書 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 念書, 讀書 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 念書 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 讀書 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 讀書 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 讀書 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 讀書 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 讀書 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 讀書 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 讀書 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 讀書 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 讀書 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 讀書 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 讀書 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 讀書 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 讀書 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 讀書 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 念書 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 念書 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 念書 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 念書 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 讀書 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 讀冊 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 讀書 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 讀冊, 讀書 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 讀冊 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 讀冊 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou (Changtai) | 讀冊 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 讀冊 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 讀冊 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 讀書 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 讀書 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 讀冊 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 讀冊 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 讀書 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 讀冊 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 讀冊 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 讀書 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 讀書 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 讀書 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 讀冊 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 讀冊 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 讀冊 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 讀書 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 讀書 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 讀書 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 讀書 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 讀冊 |
| Southern Min | Ho Chi Minh City (Teochew) | 讀書 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 讀書 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 讀書 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 讀書 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 念書 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 讀書 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 讀書 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 念書 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 讀書 |
| Wu | Danyang | 念書 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 讀書 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 讀書 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 讀書 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 讀書 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 讀書 |
* (to attend school): 上學／上学 (shàngxué), 求學／求学 (qiúxué), 念書／念书 (niànshū)

#### Derived terms

* 讀書人 / 读书人 (dúshūrén)
* 讀書會 / 读书会 (dúshūhuì)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 読書(どくしょ) (dokusho)
* → Korean: 독서(讀書) (dokseo)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 讀 | 書 |
| どく Hyōgai | しょ Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||

### Noun

讀(どく)書(しょ) • (dokusho)
* Kyūjitai form of 読書 (“the act of reading”)

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 讀 | 書 |

### Noun

讀書 • (dokseo) (hangeul 독서)
* hanja form of 독서 (“reading”)