# liver
## English
### Etymology 1

From Middle English lyvere, lyver, from Old English lifer (“liver”), from Proto-West Germanic *libru, from Proto-Germanic *librō, from Proto-Indo-European *leyp- (“to smear, smudge, stick”), from Proto-Indo-European *ley- (“to be slimy, be sticky, glide”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian Líeuwer, Lieuwer (“liver”), West Frisian lever (“liver”), Dutch lever (“liver”), German Leber (“liver”), Danish, Norwegian and Swedish lever (“liver”) (the last three from Old Norse lifr (“liver”)). Related to live.

#### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈlɪvə/
* (General American) IPA: /ˈlɪvɚ/
* Audio (General American):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɪvə(ɹ)
* Hyphenation: liv‧er

#### Noun

liver (countable and uncountable, plural livers)
* (anatomy) A large organ in the body that stores and metabolizes nutrients, destroys toxins and produces bile. It is responsible for thousands of biochemical reactions.
    Steve Jobs is a famous liver transplant recipient.
* (countable, uncountable) This organ, as taken from animals used as food.
    I'd like some goose liver pate.
    You could fry up some chicken livers for a tasty treat. — Nah, I don't like chicken liver.
** 1993, Philippa Gregory, Fallen Skies, →ISBN, page 222:"I should think you've rocked the boat enough already by refusing to eat liver."
* A dark brown colour, tinted with red and gray, like the colour of liver.
    liver:
* (obsolete chemistry) Any of various chemical compounds—particularly sulfides—thought to resemble livers in color.
    He gave his horse some liver of antimony.

##### Usage notes

* The noun is often used attributively to modify other words. Used in this way, it frequently means "concerning the liver", "intended for the liver" or "made of liver" .

##### Derived terms

* cat liver fluke
* chicken liver
* chopped liver
* cod liver oil
* fatty liver
* Fried Liver Attack
* frosted liver
* hemiliver
* hobnail liver
* lily-livered
* liver and onions
* liver cancer
* liver-faced
* liver fluke
* liver function test
* liver-grown
* liver-hearted
* liverish
* liverleaf
* liverless
* liverlike
* liverloaf
* livermush
* liver of antimony
* liver rot
* liver salts
* liver sausage
* liver spot
* liver wing
* liverwort
* liverwurst
* livery
* nonliver
* nutmeg liver
* sea liver
* sheep liver fluke
* sugar-coated liver
* yellow liver

##### Translations

Aari: tirá
Abaza: чӏва (ćʷʼa)
Abkhaz: агәаҵәа (agʷacʷʼa), агәыҵәы (agʷəcʷʼə)
Acehnese: até
Adyghe: шӏу (šʷʼu), тхьэмщӏыгъу (tḥɛmśʼəğʷu)
Afar: tiro
Afrikaans: lewer (af)
Aiton: တပ် (tap)
Akkadian: kabattu, kabtatu
Aklanon: atay
Alabama: illopi
Albanian: mëlçi (sq) f
Alemannic German: Lawra f
American Sign Language: BentB@Abdomen Contact Contact Contact
Amharic: ጉበት (gubbät)
Amis: 'atay
Apache:
Western Apache: bizig
Apinayé: ma
Arabic: كَبِد m (kabid), كِبْد m (kibd)
Chadian Arabic: كبدة (kibde)
Egyptian Arabic: كبدة f (kibda)
Juba Arabic: kibda
Moroccan Arabic: كُبِدَة (kubida)
Aragonese: figado
Aramaic:
Hebrew: כבדא f (kabdā, kabdo)
Syriac: ܟܒܕܐ f (kabdā, kabdo)
Archi: диликӏ (dilikʼ)
Armenian: լյարդ (hy) (lyard), լերդ (hy) (lerd) (dialectal)
Aromanian: hicat m
Ashkun: ion
Asi: atay
Assamese: যকৃৎ (zokrit)
Asturian: fégadu (ast) m
Avar: тӏул (tʼul)
Aymara: kʼiwcha
Azerbaijani: qaraciyər (az), bağır
South Azerbaijani: باغیر (bağır)
Baluchi: جگر (jagar, jigar)
Bashkir: бауыр (bawır)
Basque: gibel (eu)
Bau Bidayuh: otin
Baure: eperon
Bavarian: Lewa f
Belarusian: пе́чань f (pjéčanʹ), вантро́ба f (vantróba)
Bengali: যকৃৎ (bn) (jokrit)
Bhojpuri: कलेजा (kalējā)
Bikol Central: katoy (bcl)
Breton: avu (br) m
Brunei Malay: ati
Buginese: ate
Buhi'non Bikol: atay
Bulgarian: че́рен дроб m (čéren drob)
Burmese: အသည်း (my) (a.sany:)
Buryat: эльгэн (elʹgen)
Canela: impa
Carpathian Rusyn: печу́нка f (pečúnka)
Catalan: fetge (ca) m
Cebuano: atay
Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵙⴰ f (tasa)
Central Melanau: atai
Chakma: please add this translation if you can
Cham:
Eastern Cham: please add this translation if you can
Western Cham: please add this translation if you can
Chamicuro: ojpana
Chamorro: higadu
Chechen: доӏахк (doˀaxk)
Chepang: सीन्‍ह्
Cherokee: ᎤᏪᎳ (uwela)
Chichewa: chiwindi class 7
Chinese:
Cantonese: 肝 (gon$^1$)
Eastern Min: 肝臟 / 肝脏 (găng-câung)
Hakka: kôn-chhóng
Hokkien: 肝 (zh-min-nan) (koaⁿ), 肝臟 / 肝脏 (koaⁿ-chōng)
Mandarin: 肝臟 / 肝脏 (zh) (gānzàng), 肝 (zh) (gān)
Wu: 肝臟 / 肝脏 ($^1$koe-zaon)
Chukchi: pontə
Chuvash: пӗвер (pĕver)
Cimbrian: lebar f
Classical Nahuatl: ēlli
Cornish: avi m
Corsican: fecatu (co) m
Cree: ᒥᐢᑯᐣ (miskon)
Crimean Tatar: bağır
Czech: játra (cs) n pl
Dalmatian: fecuat m, fakuat m
Danish: lever (da) c
Dargwa: дулекӏ (duleḳ)
Dhivehi: ފުރަމޭ (furamē)
Dolgan: быар
Dutch: lever (nl) f
Dzongkha: མཆིན་པ (mchin pa)
Eastern Arrernte: aleme
Edo: udu n’ ẹko
Egyptian: (mjzt)
Elfdalian: lyr f
Emilian: féddegh m, fégghet m, fégat m
Erzya: максо (makso)
Esperanto: hepato
Estonian: maks (et)
Evenki: хакин (hakin)
Extremaduran: hígau m
Faroese: livur (fo) f
Fijian: yate
Finnish: maksa (fi)
Forest Enets: муз
French: foie (fr) m
Frisian:
North Frisian: liwer, leewent
Saterland Frisian: Líeuwer f
West Frisian: lever (fy) c
Friulian: fiât m
Fula: keenye
Gagauz: ceer
Galician: fígado (gl) m
Gallo: fâ, faie
Ge'ez: ከብድ (käbd)
Georgian: ღვიძლი (ka) (ɣviʒli)
German: Leber (de) f
Gilbertese: ato
Greek: ήπαρ (el) n (ípar), συκώτι (el) n (sykóti)
Ancient: ἧπαρ n (hêpar)
Greenlandic: tinguk
Gujarati: યકૃત (gu) (yakŕt)
Haitian Creole: fwa
Hausa: hantā̀ (ha), antā̀
Hawaiian: ake
Hebrew: כָּבֵד (he) m (kavéd)
Higaonon: atay
Hiligaynon: atay
Hindi: कलेजा (hi) m (kalejā), जिगर (hi) m (jigar), कलेजी (hi) (kalejī), यकृत (yakŕt)
Hungarian: máj (hu)
Hunsrik: Lewer f
Iban: atau
Ibatan: atay
Icelandic: lifur (is) f
Ido: hepato (io)
Igbo: imeju (ig)
Ilocano: dalem
Indonesian: hati (id), hepar (id), lever (id)
Ingrian: leipäliha
Ingush: дихк (dixk)
Interlingua: ficato, hepate
Inuktitut: ᑎᖑᒃ (tinguk)
Iranun: atai
Iriga Bicolano: atay
Irish: ae (ga) m
Istro-Romanian: ficåţ m, ficåt
Italian: fegato (it) m
Japanese: 肝臓 (ja) (かんぞう, kanzō), 肝 (ja) (きも, kimo)
Javanese: ati (jv)
K'iche': seseb’
Kabiye: hɔyɛ
Kaingang: tỹmẽ
Kalmyk: элкн (elkn)
Kamassian: mit
Kamkata-viri: iāňi
Kannada: ಯಕೃತ್ತು (kn) (yakṛttu)
Kapampangan: ate
Karachay-Balkar: бауур (bauur)
Karakalpak: bawır
Karata: рекьӏайлӏ
Karelian: maksa
Kashubian: wątroba f
Kayapó: ma
Kazakh: бауыр (kk) (bauyr)
Ket: сеӈ (sʼeŋ)
Khakas: паар (paar)
Khamti: please add this translation if you can
Khmer: ថ្លើម (km) (thlaəm)
Kikai: 肝 (きむ, kimu, ちむ, chimu)
Kimaragang: tongkoviyau
Komi: мус (mus)
Korean: 간장(肝臓) (ko) (ganjang), 간(肝) (ko) (gan)
Kumyk: бавур (bawur)
Kunigami: 肝 (ちむー, chimū)
Kurdish:
Central Kurdish: جەرگ (ckb) (cerg)
Northern Kurdish: kezeb (ku)
Zazaki: kezebe
Kyrgyz: боор (ky) (boor)
Laboya: ate
Ladin: fuià fosch
Lak: ттиликӏ (t:ilikʼ)
Lala (South Africa): sibindzi
Lao: ຕັບ (lo) (tap)
Latgalian: oknys f pl
Latin: iecur (la) n, hēpar n
Latvian: aknas (lv) f pl
Laz: ჯიგერი (cigeri)
Lezgi: лекь (leq̇)
Libon Bikol: atay
Ligurian: figaéttu m, figaretu
Limburgish: lever (li) f, laever (li) f
Lingala: libale
Linngithigh: thandragh
Lithuanian: kepenys pl
Livonian: maksā
Lombard: fidegh (lmo) m, fídeg m, figad m (dialectal)
Lotud: ongkowiau, tangkayau
Low German: Lever f
Lü: ᦶᦎᧇ (ṫaeb), ᦎᧇ (ṫab)
Luxembourgish: Liewer (lb) f
Macedonian: џигер m (džiger), црн дроб m (crn drob)
Maguindanao: hatay
Makasar: ate
Malagasy: aty (mg)
Malay: hati (ms), hepar
Malayalam: കരൾ (ml) (karaḷ)
Maltese: fwied m
Manchu: ᡶᠠᡥᡡᠨ (fahūn)
Manipuri: ꯂꯤꯚꯔ (leebhara)
Mansaka: atay
Manx: aane f
Maori: ate (mi)
Maranao: atay
Marathi: यकृत (mr) (yakrut)
Mari: мокш (mokš)
Masbate Sorsogon: atay
Masbatenyo: atay
Maxakalí: xupkũnãy
Megleno-Romanian: drob
Middle English: lyvere
Mingrelian: ჩხონჩხი (čxončxi)
Mirandese: fígado m
Miraya Bikol: atay
Miyako: 肝 (きぃむ, ksïmu)
Mòcheno: leber f
Moksha: макса (maksa)
Mon: ဖျုန်ဂြိုဟ်
Mongolian:
Cyrillic: элэг (mn) (eleg)
Mongolian: ᠡᠯᠢᠭᠡ (elige)
Moore: sãoore
Mori Bawah: ate
Nahuatl: elli (nah), ēltapachtli
Nanai: па (pa)
Navajo: bizid, azid
Neapolitan: fècato m
Nepali: कलेजो (ne) (kalejo)
Newari: सें (seṃ)
Nganasan: mitə
Nogai: бавыр (bavır)
Norman: faie f
Northern Amami Ōshima: 肝 (きも, kimo)
Northern Catanduanes Bicolano: atay
Northern Mansi: ма̄йт (mājt)
Northern Ndebele: isibindi class 7
Northern Sotho: sebete
Northern Thai: ᨲᩢ᩠ᨷ
Norwegian:
Bokmål: lever (no) m or f
Nynorsk: lever f
Nuosu: please add this translation if you can
Occitan: fetge (oc) m
Odia: ଯକୃତ (or) (jakruta)
Ojibwe: (my liver) nikon
Okinawan: 肝 (ちむ, chimu)
Okinoerabu: 肝 (ちむ, chimu)
Old Armenian: լեարդ (leard)
Old Church Slavonic:
Cyrillic: печень f (pečenĭ)
Old Danish: liuær
Old East Slavic: печень f (pečenĭ)
Old English: lifer f
Old French: foie m, feie m
Old Norse: lifr f
Old Prussian: jaknā f
Old Spanish: fígado m
Oromo: tiruu
Ossetian: игӕр (igær)
Ottoman Turkish: قره جگر (kara ciğer), كبد (kebid)
Pali: yakana n
Panará: inpa
Pannonian Rusyn: печинка f (pečinka)
Papiamentu: higra
Pará Gavião: mpa
Pashto: اينه (ps) f (yᶕna), جګر m (jegár), ځيګر f (jigár), ځګر m (źǝgár)
Pela: saŋ³⁵
Persian:
Dari: جِگَر (jigar)
Iranian Persian: جِگَر (jegar)
Phake: please add this translation if you can
Piedmontese: fidich m
Pite Sami: ribbre
Pitjantjatjara: alu
Plautdietsch: Läwa f
Polish: wątroba (pl) f
Portuguese: fígado (pt) m
Punjabi: ਕਾਲਜਾ (kāljā)
Pykobjê: ẽhmpa
Quechua: kipcan, ñatin
Rakhine: please add this translation if you can
Ratagnon: atay
Rohingya: hoilla
Romagnol: fegat m
Romanian: ficat (ro) n, mai (ro) n (regional)
Romansch: fio m, gnirom m, dir m
Rungus: tongkovizau
Russian: пе́чень (ru) f (péčenʹ), печёнка (ru) f (pečónka) (colloquial)
Rwanda-Rundi:
Rundi: igitigú class 7
Rwanda: umwîjimá class 3
Saaroa: 'aci'i
Sabah Bisaya: angkayau
Saho: tiraw
Sakizaya: atay
Salar: baqe
Sami:
Inari Sami: vuoivâs
Kildin Sami: вӯйвас (vūjvas)
Northern Sami: vuoivvas
Skolt Sami: vuõivâs
Samoan: ate (sm)
Samogitian: jaknas f pl
Sanskrit: यकृत् (sa) n (yákṛt)
Santali: ᱤᱱ (in)
Sardinian:
Campidanese: figàu m
Logudorese: fìgadu m, fidigu m
Nuorese: fícadu m, fícatu m
Scottish Gaelic: grùthan m, adha m
Sebop: atai
Seediq: rumun
Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic: је̏тра f
Roman: jȅtra (sh) f
Shan: တပ်း (shn) (táp)
Shona: chitaka
Shor: паар
Sicilian: ficatu (scn) m
Sikkimese: please add this translation if you can
Silesian: wōntroba
Sinhalese: අක්මාව (akmāwa)
Slovak: pečeň (sk) f
Slovene: jetra (sl) n pl
Somali: beer (so)
Sorbian:
Lower Sorbian: jětša pl
Upper Sorbian: jatra pl
Sotho: sebete class 7/8
Southern Altai: буур (buur)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 肝 (きも, kimo)
Southern Kam: dabl
Spanish: hígado (es) m
Sranan Tongo: lefre
Sundanese: ati (su)
Suyá: mba
Svan: ყუ̂იჟე (q̇ûiže)
Swabian: Läbr f
Swahili: ini (sw)
Swazi: sibindzi class 7
Swedish: lever (sv) c, lever (sv)- (in compounds)
Sylheti: please add this translation if you can
Tabasaran: кӏару ликӏ (ḳaru liḳ)
Tagakaulu Kalagan: atay
Tagalog: atay (tl)
Tajik: ҷигар (tg) (jigar)
Tambunan Dusun: tangkayau
Tamil: கல்லீரல் (ta) (kallīral), கல்லீரல் (ta) (kallīral), நகராமுசி (ta) (nakarāmuci)
Taos: cʼóne
Tapayuna: wa
Tashelhit: ⵜⴰⵙⴰ f (tasa)
Tatar: бавыр (tt) (bawır)
Tausug: atay
Telugu: కాలేయం (te) (kālēyaṁ)
Ternate: please add this translation if you can
Tetum: aten
Thai: ตับ (th) (dtàp)
Tibetan: མཆིན (mchin), མཆིན་པ (mchin pa)
Tidore: please add this translation if you can
Tigrinya: ጸላም ከብዲ (ṣälam käbdi), ከብዲ (käbdi)
Timugon Murut: angkayau, angkayau
Tocharian B: wästarye
Tofa: баар
Tok Pisin: lewa, liva
Tokunoshima: 肝 (きむ, kimu)
Tongan: 'ate
Tsonga: xivindzi class 7
Tswana: sebete class 7
Tumbuka: chiwindi
Tundra Nenets: мыд (mid°)
Turkish: karaciğer (tr)
Turkmen: bagyr (tk)
Tuvan: баар (baar)
Udmurt: мус (mus)
Ugaritic: 𐎋𐎁𐎄 (kbd)
Ukrainian: печі́нка f (pečínka)
Urdu: کَلیجا m (kalejā), جِگَر m (jigar)
Uyghur: جىگەر (jiger), بېغىر (bëghir)
Uzbek: bagʻir (uz), jigar (uz)
Venda: tshivhindi
Venetan: figà (vec) m
Veps: maks
Vietnamese: gan (vi) (肝)
Vilamovian: łaower f
Volapük: foad (vo)
Võro: mass
Votic: mahsö
Waigali: iok
Walloon: foete (wa)
Waray Sorsogon: atay
Waray-Waray: atay
Welsh: afu (cy) m, iau m
West Albay Bikol: atay
West Coast Bajau: atei
White Hmong: siab
Wolof: res
Xavante: pa
Xerénte: pa
Xhosa: isibindi class 7
Xokleng: tõmã
Yaeyama: 肝 (きぃむ, ksïmu)
Yakan: please add this translation if you can
Yakut: быар (bıar)
Yámana: weya, xipa
Yami: atay
Yiddish: לעבער f (leber)
Yonaguni: 肝 (ちむ, chimu)
Yoron: 肝 (きむ, kimu)
Yoruba: ẹ̀dọ̀ki
Yucatec Maya: táaman
Yurok: 'werhlkuen
Záparo: káwaha
Zealandic: lever m
Zhuang: daep
Zulu: isibindi (zu) class 7/8
ǃKung: čiŋ :
    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

#### Adjective

liver (not comparable)
* Of the colour of liver (dark brown, tinted with red and gray).
** 2006, Rawdon Briggs Lee, A History and Description of the Modern Dogs of Great Britain & Ireland, →ISBN, page 298:His friend Rothwell, who had the use of the best Laveracks for breeding purposes, wrote him that one of his puppies was liver and white.

##### Translations
#### See also

* detoxification
* fascioliasis
* gout
* jaundice
* Appendix:Colors
* foie gras
* heparin
* hepatic

### Etymology 2

From Middle English lyvere, livere, equivalent to live +‎ -er.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈlɪvə(ɹ)/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɪvə(ɹ)

#### Noun

liver (plural livers)
* (uncommon) Someone who lives (usually in a specified way).
** 1603, Michel de Montaigne, chapter 31, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes […], book II, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC:Ephori of Sparta, hearing a dissolute liver propose a very beneficial advise unto the people, commaunded him to hold his peace, and desired an honest man to assume the invention of it unto himselfe and to propound it.
** 1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition II, section 3, member 7:a wicked liver may be reclaimed, and prove an honest man […].
** 1718, Mat[thew] Prior, “Solomon on the Vanity of the World. A Poem in Three Books.”, in Poems on Several Occasions, London: […] Jacob Tonson […], and John Barber […], →OCLC, (please specify the page):Try if life be worth the liver's care.
** 1815 [1802], William Wordsworth, Resolution and Independence:[…] a stately speech; / Such as grave Livers do in Scotland use, / Religious men, who give to God and Man their dues.
** 2014, Walter Raubicheck, Anya Morlan, Christianity and the Detective Story, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, →ISBN:A great lover of the faith, a great defender of the faith, a great lover of life, great liver of life, great defender of life. And yet he plotted and planned over fifty murders, and carried each of one them out—if only on paper, and if only for our pleasure.
** Someone who is alive: one of the living.
*** 1592, Alb. Eng., Warner, VIII, xliii (1612), 206:When as the wandring Scots and Picthts King Marius had subdude, He gave the Liuers dwellings.
*** 1599, Greene, Alphonsus, Wks. (Rtldg.), page 234:
    Thou king of heaven, which […] Dost see the secret of each livers heart.
** Someone who lives in a particular place; an inhabitant, a dweller.
*** 1677, Cary, Chronol., II, ii, III, xiv, 252:
    They must instantly have been detected by the present Livers that were upon the place.
*** 1747, Col. Rec. Pennsylv., V, 87:One, John Powle, a Liver on Sasquehanna River.
*** 1863, D. G. Mitchell, Sev. Stor., My Farm of Edgewood, section 289:There is no liver in the country so practical.

##### Derived terms

* cross-liver
* free liver

##### Translations
### Etymology 3

From live (adjective) +‎ -(e)r.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈlaɪvə(ɹ)/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Rhymes: -aɪvə(ɹ)

#### Adjective

liver
* comparative form of live: more live
    Seeing things on a big screen somehow makes them seem liver.
** 2001, Adam F featuring MOP (lyrics and music), “Stand Clear”:[…] manslaughter, liver than camcorder

#### See also

* liver bird (etymologically unrelated)

### Further reading

* liver on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

### Anagrams

* Elvir, ervil, levir, livre, rivel, viler

## Breton
### Noun

liver m
* painter

## Middle English
### Etymology 1
#### Noun

liver
* Alternative form of lyvere (“liver”)

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

liver
* Alternative form of lyvere (“living being”)

### Etymology 3
#### Verb

liver
* Alternative form of lyveren

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Verb

liver
* (non-standard since 1917) present of liva