# 侯

| 侯 | U+4FAF, &#20399; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4FAF |
| ← 侮 [U+4FAE] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 侰 → [U+4FB0] |

## Translingual
### Han character

侯 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+7, 9 strokes, cangjie input 人弓一大 (ONMK), four-corner 2723$_4$, composition ⿰亻⿱⿱𠃍一矢 or ⿰亻⿱⿱乛一矢)

#### Derived characters

* 喉, 猴, 堠, 帿, 瘊, 睺, 篌, 糇, 緱/缑, 葔, 鍭/𬭤, 餱/𫗯, 鄇, 㢿, 㬋, 㮢, 䂉, 䗔, 䙈, 䞀/𬥽, 䫛, 翭, 鯸, 䳧/𪃶/𫛺, 𠋫, 𡗁, 𡟑, 𡹵, 𪹍, 𢜵, 𢰡, 𣣠, 𤧝, 𤬈, 𥀃, 𦑤, 𦞈, 𧇹, 𧩨, 𧯁, 𨂸, 𩃺, 𩋴, 𩘋, 𩩵, 𪈱, 𪑻

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 103, character 7
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 633
* Dae Jaweon: page 218, character 20
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 167, character 1
* Unihan data for U+4FAF

## Chinese

* 侯姓 (Written Standard Chinese)
* Hou (surname) (English)

### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 侯 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| Oracle bone scriptj13283j13284j13285j13286j13287j13288j13289j13290j13291j13292j13293j13294j13295j13296j13297j13298j13299j13300j13301j13302j13303j13304j13305j13306j13307j13308j13309j13310j13311j13312j13313j13314j13315j13316j13317j13318j13319j13320j13321j13322j13323j13324j13325j13326j13327j13328j13329j13330j13331j13332j13333j13334j13335j13336j13337j13338j13339j13340j13341j13342j13343j13344j13345j13346j13347j13348j13349j13350j13351j13352j13353j13354j13355j13356j13357j13358j13359j13360j13361j13362j13363j13364Bronze inscriptionsb08167b08168b08169b08170b08171b08172b08173b08174b08175b08176b08177b08178b08179b08180b08181b08182b08183b08184b08185b08186b08187b08188b08189b08190b08191b08192b08193b08194b08195b08196b08197b08198b08199b08200b08201b08202b08203b08204b08205b08206b08207b08208b08209b08210b08211b08213b08214b08215b08216b08217b08218b08219b08220b08221b08222b08223b08224b08225b08226b08227b08228b08229b08230b08231b08232b08233b08234b08235b08236b08237b08238b08239b08240b08241b08242b08243b08244b08245b08246b08247b08248Transcribed ancient scriptsL33678L33679L33680L33681L33682L33683L33684L33685L33686L33687L33688L12079L12080L12081L12082L12083L12084L12085L12086L12087L12088L12089L12090L12091L12092L12093L12094L12095L12096L12097L12098L12099L12100L12101L12102 ||||
| References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script). ||||
| | Old Chinese |
| 緱 | *koː, *koː |
| 侯 | *ɡoː |
| 喉 | *ɡoː |
| 猴 | *ɡoː |
| 瘊 | *ɡoː |
| 篌 | *ɡoː |
| 糇 | *ɡoː |
| 帿 | *ɡoː |
| 睺 | *ɡoː, *ɡoːs |
| 矦 | *ɡoː |
| 餱 | *ɡoː |
| 翭 | *ɡoː |
| 葔 | *ɡoː |
| 鄇 | *ɡoː, *ɡoːs |
| 鍭 | *ɡoː, *ɡoːs |
| 鯸 | *ɡoː |
| 候 | *ɡoːs |
| 堠 | *ɡoːs |
Pictogram (象形) – a target for arrows.

### Etymology
#### "target" > "prince, marquis"

    侯 (OC *ɡoː)'s connection to archery is noted by Schuessler (2007), Theobald (2017), Goldin (2021), etc. Goldin further relates it to 鍭 (OC *ɡoː, *ɡoːs, “arrow with metal tip”), which Schuessler instead relates to 后 (OC *ɡoːʔ, *ɡoːs).
    Schuessler (2007) proposes an Austroasiatic etymology, comparing 侯 (OC *ɡoː) to Khmer គាស់ (kŏəh, “to raise (a crossbow) with a view to aiming”), Khmer [script needed] (kpoḥ, “to be raised up, clearly visible”), & Khmer [script needed] (goḥ, “to hit (squarely)”).
    When meaning "target > prince, marquis", possibly distinct from 后 (OC *ɡoːʔ, *ɡoːs, “(head >) ruler > queen”) (Schuessler, 2007; Goldin, 2021).
    Its derivatives, from sense "target (n.) > to target (v.)", are 候 (OC *ɡoːs) & 觀 (OC *koːn, *koːns), both meaning "to watch" (Schuessler, 2007); contra Lau (1999), who thinks sense "to watch" to be fundamental and "target; lord, marquis" to be derivatives..

#### "to be; to have"

    Austroasiatic (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Proto-Vietic *kɔːʔ (“to have, to be”) and Proto-Monic *gooʔ (“to get, to possess”); compare also Jingpho gu³¹ (“to have”).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): hóu (hou$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄏㄡˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): hou$^2$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): hau$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): heu$^3$
* Gan (Wiktionary): heu$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): hèu
    (Hailu, HRS): heu
    (Meixian, Guangdong): hêu$^2$
* Jin (Wiktionary): hou$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): ě
* Eastern Min (BUC): hèu
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hieo$^2$ / ao$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hô͘ / hiô / kâu / hâu
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hou$^5$ / gao$^5$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^6$gheu / $^2$gheu
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): hou$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hóu
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄡˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hóu
*** Wade–Giles: hou$^2$
*** Yale: hóu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hour
*** Palladius: хоу (xou)
*** Sinological IPA : /xoʊ̯³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: hou$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xou
*** Sinological IPA : /xəu²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hau$^4$
*** Yale: hàuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hau$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: heo$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɐu̯²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: heu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /heu²²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: heu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɛu²⁴/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hèu
*** Hakka Romanization System: heu$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: heu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /heu̯¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: heu
*** Sinological IPA: /heu⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: hêu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /heu¹¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: hou$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /xəu¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ě
*** Sinological IPA : /e²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: hèu
*** Sinological IPA : /hɛu⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hieo$^2$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: há̤u
*** Sinological IPA : /hieu¹³/
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ao$^2$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: áu
*** Sinological IPA : /au¹³/
* hieo2 - literary, all senses (incl. surname);
* ao2 - ancient vernacular.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit侯 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /xou³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /xou²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /xou⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /xou⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /xou⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /xou⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /xou²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /xɯ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /xəu⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /xou⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /xɤu⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /xəu²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /xəu³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /xəu²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /xəu³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /xəɯ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /xɯ⁵⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /xəu¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /xəu¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /xəu³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ɦɤ²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ɦɤ¹³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ɦei²¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ɦau³¹/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /xiu⁴⁴/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | |
| Xiang | Changsha | /xəu¹³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ɦəɯ¹²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /hɛu²⁴/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /heu¹¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /heu¹¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /hɐu²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /hɐu²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /hɐu²¹/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /hɔ³⁵/ /kau³⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /hɛu⁵³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /e²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /hou⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /hɔu³¹/ |
* Middle Chinese: huw
Rime :
| Character | 侯 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 侯 (137) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 戸鉤切 |
| Baxter | huw |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦəu/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦəu/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣəu/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦəw/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣu/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣəu/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣə̯u/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | hóu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hau$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤ(r)o/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡoː/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 侯 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | hóu |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ huw › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɡ]ˁ(r)o/ |
| English | feudal lord |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 侯 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 5139 |
| Phonetic component | 侯 |
| Rime group | 侯 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡoː/ |
| Notes | 矦隸變 |

#### Definitions

侯
* marquis; lord
    From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
    Wángzhě zhī zhì: lùjué, gōng, hóu, bó, zǐ, nán, fán wǔděng. [Pinyin]
    According to the regulations of emolument and rank framed by the kings, there were the duke; the marquis; the earl; the count; and the baron - in all, five gradations (of rank).
* (obsolete) target
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Zhōngrì shè hóu [Pinyin]
    Shooting all day at the target
* (obsolete) to be, to have
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Shān yǒu jiāhuì, hóu lì hóu méi. [Pinyin]
    On the mountains are fine trees, - there are chestnut trees and there are plum trees.
* a surname
    侯孝賢／侯孝贤 ― Hóu Xiàoxián ― Hou Hsiao-hsien (Taiwanese film director)

#### Compounds

* 三侯之章
* 五侯鯖 / 五侯鲭
* 侯伯
* 侯景之亂 / 侯景之乱
* 侯服
* 侯服玉食
* 侯栗
* 侯營 / 侯营 (Hóuyíng)
* 侯爵 (hóujué)
* 侯王 (Hóuwáng)
* 侯生
* 侯甸
* 侯白
* 侯萬戶 / 侯万户
* 侯門 / 侯门
* 侯門如海 / 侯门如海
* 侯馬盟書 / 侯马盟书
* 列侯 (lièhóu)
* 博望侯
* 即墨侯
* 名號侯 / 名号侯
* 君侯 (jūnhóu)
* 夏侯 (Xiàhóu)
* 宜侯夨簋
* 富比王侯
* 封侯
* 封侯拜相
* 封侯萬里
* 封侯賜爵 / 封侯赐爵
* 射侯 (shèhóu)
* 彭侯
* 徹侯 / 彻侯
* 拜將封侯 / 拜将封侯
* 拜相封侯
* 摩侯羅 / 摩侯罗 (móhóuluó)
* 故侯
* 故侯瓜
* 敝屣王侯
* 淮陰侯 / 淮阴侯
* 漢壽亭侯 / 汉寿亭侯
* 王侯 (wánghóu)
* 王侯將相 / 王侯将相 (wánghóujiàngxiàng)
* 留侯
* 留侯論 / 留侯论
* 百里侯
* 萬戶侯 / 万户侯 (wànhùhóu)
* 萬里侯
* 萬里封侯
* 粉侯
* 縣侯 / 县侯
* 蔡侯紙 / 蔡侯纸
* 蕃侯
* 褒成侯
* 覓封侯 / 觅封侯
* 談笑封侯 / 谈笑封侯
* 諸侯 / 诸侯 (zhūhóu)
* 邑侯
* 郡侯
* 鄉侯 / 乡侯
* 關內侯 / 关内侯
* 陽侯 / 阳侯
* 陽侯之患 / 阳侯之患
* 隋侯之珠
* 隋侯明月
* 隨侯之珠 / 随侯之珠
* 雍齒封侯
* 魏文侯

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 侯(こう) (kō, “marquess”)
* → Korean: 후(侯) (hu, “marquess”)
* → Vietnamese: hầu (侯, “marquess”)
Others:
* → Manchu: ᡥᡝᠣ (heo)

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): hòu (hou$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄡˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hau$^6$
* Eastern Min (BUC): âu
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hô͘ / hō͘ / hāu
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hao$^7$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hòu
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄡˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hòu
*** Wade–Giles: hou$^4$
*** Yale: hòu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: how
*** Palladius: хоу (xou)
*** Sinological IPA : /xoʊ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hau$^6$
*** Yale: hauh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hau$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: heo$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɐu̯²²/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: âu
*** Sinological IPA : /ɑu²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hô͘
*** Tâi-lô: hôo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoo
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hɔ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hō͘
*** Tâi-lô: hōo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ho
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hɔ²²/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hāu
*** Tâi-lô: hāu
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hau
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hau²²/
* hô͘ - literary (common);
* hō͘ - literary (rare);
* hāu - vernacular (rare).

#### Definitions

侯
* Only used in 閩侯／闽侯 (Mǐnhòu).

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* marquis
* lord
* daimyo

#### Readings

* Go-on: ぐ (gu)
* Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
* Kun: まと (mato, 侯)、きみ (kimi, 侯)

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 侯 (MC huw).
* Recorded as Middle Korean ᅘᅮᇢ (Yale: hhwuw) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
* Recorded as Middle Korean ⿰亻𫶬/후 (hwu) (Yale: hwu) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ɸʷu]
* Phonetic hangul: [후]

### Hanja

Wikisource 侯 (eumhun 제후 후 (jehu hu))
* hanja form of 후 (“marquis; lord”)
* hanja form of 후 (“target in archery”)

#### Compounds

* 공후 (公侯, gonghu)
* 봉후 (封侯, bonghu)
* 왕후 (王侯, wanghu)
* 제후 (諸侯, jehu)
* 제후국 (諸侯國, jehuguk)
* 후작 (侯爵, hujak)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

侯: Hán Nôm readings: hậu, hầu
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation