# athair
## Irish
### Pronunciation

* (Munster) IPA: /ˈɑhəɾʲ/, /ˈahəɾʲ/
* (Aran) IPA: /ˈæhəɾʲ/
* (Cois Fharraige) IPA: /æɾʲ/, [æːɾʲ]
* (Mayo) IPA: /ˈahəɾʲ/
* (South Donegal) IPA: /ˈahæɾʲ/, /ˈæhæɾʲ/ (as if spelled atháir)
* (North Donegal) IPA: /ˈahəɾˠ/, /ˈɛhəɾˠ/ (as if spelled aithear)

### Etymology 1

From Old Irish athair, from Proto-Celtic *ɸatīr, from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr.

#### Noun

athair m (genitive singular athar, nominative plural aithreacha)
* father (male parent; term of address for a priest; male ancestor more remote than a parent, a progenitor)
    Fuair m’athair bás.My father died.
* ancestor
* sire

##### Declension

bare forms
case
singular
plural
nominative
athair
aithreacha
vocative
a athair
a aithreacha
genitive
athar
aithreacha
dative
athair
aithreacha
forms with the definite article
case
singular
plural
nominative
an t-athair
na haithreacha
genitive
an athar
na n-aithreacha
dative
leis an athair don athair
leis na haithreacha :
* Archaic nominative/vocative plural: aithre
* Archaic genitive plural: aithreach
* Archaic dative plural: aithribh, aithreachaibh

##### Quotations

* 1899, Franz Nikolaus Finck, Die araner mundart [The Aran Dialect], volume II (overall work in German), Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 21:ḱē n xȳ ə wil tū, ə æhŕ̥?[Cén chaoi a bhfuil tú, a athair?]How are you, father? [could be addressed to one’s own father or to a priest, as in English]
* 1899, Franz Nikolaus Finck, Die araner mundart [The Aran Dialect], volume II (overall work in German), Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 22: “mə æhŕəxə [m’aithreacha] ― my fathers, my ancestors”
* 1899, Franz Nikolaus Finck, Die araner mundart [The Aran Dialect], volume II (overall work in German), Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 22: “nə h-æhŕəxə nȳfə [na haithreacha naofa] ― the Church Fathers”

##### Coordinate terms

* iníon (“daughter”)
* máthair (“mother”)
* mac (“son”)

##### Derived terms

* Aithreacha na Cathrach
* aithriúil
* Ár nAthair
* ardathair
* athair altrama
* athair céile
* athair críonna
* athair faoistine
* athair mór
* athair muintire
* athair naofa
* Athair Naofa
* Athair Síoraí
* Athair-Mhac
* Dia an tAthair
* leasathair
* seanathair
* sin-seanathair
* uasalathair

##### Related terms

* aithriúil (“fatherly”, adjective)

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Noun

athair f (genitive singular athrach)
* creeper (plant that grows by creeping)

##### Declension

bare forms
case
singular
nominative
athair
vocative
a athair
genitive
athrach
dative
athair
forms with the definite article
case
singular
nominative
an athair
genitive
na hathrach
dative
leis an athair don athair :

##### Derived terms

* athair thalún (“milfoil, yarrow”)

### Etymology 3

Rebracketing of nathair. Compare similar rebracketings in the cognates English adder and German Otter.

#### Noun

athair f (genitive singular athrach)
* Alternative form of nathair (“snake”)
    athair nimhe ― venomous snake

##### Declension

bare forms
case
singular
nominative
athair
vocative
a athair
genitive
athrach
dative
athair
forms with the definite article
case
singular
nominative
an athair
genitive
na hathrach
dative
leis an athair don athair :

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* ↑ Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931) Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry [Phonetics of an Irish Dialect of Kerry] (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, § 187, page 93
* ↑ Finck, F. N. (1899) Die araner mundart [The Aran Dialect] (in German), volume II, Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 21
* ↑ de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1977) Gaeilge Chois Fhairrge: An Deilbhíocht [The Irish of Cois Fharraige: Accidence] (in Irish), 2nd edition, Institiúid Ard-Léinn Bhaile Átha Cliath [Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies], page 302
* ↑ Mhac an Fhailigh, Éamonn (1968) The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo: A Phonemic Study, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, section 192, page 44
* ↑ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 80, page 33
* ↑ Wagner, Heinrich (1959) Gaeilge Theilinn: Foghraidheacht, Gramadach, Téacsanna [The Irish of Teelin: Phonetics, Grammar, Texts] (in Irish), Institiúid Ard-Léinn Bhaile Átha Cliath [Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies], § 163 note, page 60; reprinted 1979
* ↑ Lucas, Leslie W. (1979) Grammar of Ros Goill Irish Co. Donegal (Studies in Irish Language and Literature, Department of Celtic, Q.U.B.; vol. 5), Institute of Irish Studies, The Queen’s University of Belfast, page 233
* ↑ Hamilton, John Noel (1974) A Phonetic Study of the Irish of Tory Island, Co. Donegal (Studies in Irish Language and Literature, Department of Celtic, Q.U.B.; vol. 3), Institute of Irish Studies, The Queen’s University Belfast, page 237
* ↑ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 athair”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “athair”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* Dinneen, Patrick S. (1904) “athair”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 1st edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page aṫair

## Old Irish
### Alternative forms

* athir

### Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *ɸatīr, from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈaθɨrʲ]

### Noun

athair m (genitive athar, nominative plural aithir)
* father
** c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 124$^b$3
    Ní du ṡémigud pectha at·ber-som inso .i. combad dó fa·cherred: “ní sní cetid·deirgni ⁊ ní sní dud·rigni nammá”; acht is do chuingid dílguda dosom, amal du·rolged dïa aithrib íar n-immarmus.It is not to palliate sin that he says this, i.e. so that he might put it for this: “we have not done it first and we have not done it only”; but it is to seek forgiveness for himself, as his fathers had been forgiven after sinning.(literally, “…as had been forgiven to his fathers”)

#### Inflection

* $^H$ = triggers aspiration
* $^L$ = triggers lenition
* $^N$ = triggers nasalization

#### Derived terms

* athramail

#### Descendants

* Irish: athair
* Manx: ayr
** → English: ayr
* Scottish Gaelic: athair

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 athair”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## Scottish Gaelic
### Etymology

From Old Irish athair, from Proto-Celtic *ɸatīr, from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr.

### Pronunciation

* (Lewis, Harris) IPA: /ˈahəð/, /ˈahað/
* (Uist, Barra) IPA: /ˈahɪɾʲ/, (careful pronunciation) /ˈahæɾʲ/

### Noun

athair m (genitive singular athar, plural athraichean)
* father

#### Antonyms

* màthair

#### Derived terms

* athair-baistidh (“godfather”)
* athair-cèile (“father-in-law”)
* bràthair-athar (“paternal uncle”)
* Là nan Athraichean (“Father's Day”)
* piuthar-athar (“paternal aunt”)
* taobh athar (“paternal”)

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Scottish Gaelic. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* ↑ Oftedal, M. (1956) A linguistic survey of the Gaelic dialects of Scotland, Vol. III: The Gaelic of Leurbost, Isle of Lewis, Oslo: Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap
* ↑ Mac Gill-Fhinnein, Gordon (1966) Gàidhlig Uidhist a Deas, Dublin: Institiúid Ard-Léinn Bhaile Átha Cliath, page 112
* ↑ Borgstrøm, Carl Hj. (1937) The dialect of Barra in the Outer Hebrides, Oslo: Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 athair”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language