# -ка
## Belarusian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka. Compare Polish -ka, Russian -ка (-ka) and Ukrainian -ка (-ka).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ka]

### Suffix

-ка • (-ka) f
* Suffix appended to words to create a feminine noun.
* Appended to feminine nouns creates diminutive forms.

#### Derived terms
## Bulgarian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka and Proto-Slavic *-ьka (the latter causes palatalization of preceding velars).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ka]
* Audio:(file)
* This suffix is never stressed.

### Suffix

-ка • (-ka) (diminutive -чица)
* Forms diminutives of feminine nouns, including personal names:
    ‎брой (broj) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎бро́йка (brójka)
    ‎жи́ца (žíca) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎жи́чка (žíčka)
    ‎кни́га (kníga) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎кни́жка (knížka)
    ‎пи́та (píta) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎пи́тка (pítka)
    ‎Снежа́на (Snežána) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎Снежа́нка (Snežánka)
    ‎Мари́я (Maríja) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎Мари́йка (Maríjka)
* Forms feminine nouns (including personal names) from adjectives:
    ‎бял (bjal) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎бе́лка (bélka)
    ‎горчи́в (gorčív) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎горчи́вка (gorčívka)
    ‎лис (lis) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎ли́ска (líska)
    ‎ме́ден (méden) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎ме́денка (médenka)
    ‎здрав (zdrav) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎Здра́вка (Zdrávka)
    ‎рад (rad) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎Ра́дка (Rádka)
* Forms resultant or abstract nouns from verbs:
    ‎гле́дам (glédam) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎гле́дка (glédka)
    ‎ме́ря (mérja) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎мя́рка (mjárka)
    ‎плета́ (pletá) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎пле́тка (plétka)
    ‎стъ́пя (stǎ́pja) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎стъ́пка (stǎ́pka)
* Forms instrumental nouns from verbs:
    ‎гре́я (gréja) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎гре́йка (gréjka)
    ‎държа́ (dǎržá) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎дръ́жка (drǎ́žka)
    ‎люле́я (ljuléja) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎лю́лка (ljúlka)
    ‎цедя́ (cedjá) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎це́дка (cédka)
* Forms agent nouns from verbs or participles:
    ‎доя́ (dojá) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎до́йка (dójka)
    ‎ква́кам (kvákam) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎ква́чка (kváčka)
    ‎роди́ла (rodíla) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎роди́лка (rodílka)
    ‎хубаве́ла (hubavéla) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎хубаве́лка (hubavélka)
* Forms feminine counter-parts to masculine agent nouns:
    ‎друг (drug) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎дру́жка (drúžka)
    ‎глупа́к (glupák) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎глупа́чка (glupáčka)
    ‎жетва́р (žetvár) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎жетва́рка (žetvárka)
    ‎селя́нин (seljánin) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎селя́нка (seljánka) (nouns in -анин/-янин lose the ending -ин)
    ‎съсе́д (sǎséd) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎съсе́дка (sǎsédka)
    ‎учи́тел (učítel) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎учи́телка (učítelka)
* Forms secondary animal names from earlier root-athematic forms (which often have become obsolete):
    ‎въш (vǎš) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎въ́шка (vǎ́ška)
    ‎гъс (gǎs) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎гъска (gǎska)
    ‎кот (kot) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎ко́тка (kótka)
    ‎миш (miš) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎ми́шка (míška)
* Creates emphatic forms of certain temporal adverbs.
    ‎днес (dnes) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎дне́ска (dnéska)
    ‎ноще́с (noštés) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎ноще́ска (noštéska)
    ‎зимъ́с (zimǎ́s) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎зимъ́ска (zimǎ́ska)
    ‎завча́с (zavčás) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎завча́ска (zavčáska)

#### Descendants

* → Gagauz: -ka

## Komi-Zyrian
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Permic *-ka, from Proto-Uralic *-kka. Cognates include Finnish -kka and Hungarian -ka.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-ka/, [-kä]

#### Suffix

-ка • (-ka)
* (unproductive) Forms nouns denoting in-law family members;
    ай (aj, “father”) → айка (ajka, “father-in-law”)
    энь (eń, “mother”) → энька (eńka, “mother-in-law”)
* (unproductive) Forms nouns with a broader meaning from kinship terms;
    зон (zon, “son”) → зонка (zonka, “boy”)
    ныв (nyv, “daughter”) → нывка (nyvka, “girl”)
* (archaic) Forms diminutives.

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

From Proto-Permic *kwo-.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-ka/, [-kä]

#### Noun

-ка • (-ka)
* (in compounds) dwelling

##### Derived terms

* керка (kerka)

### References

* Bubrikh, Dmitry V. (1949) Грамматика литературного коми языка [Grammar of the literary Komi language] (in Russian), Leningrad: Zhdanov Leningrad State University, page 61

## Macedonian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ka]

### Suffix

-ка • (-ka) f
* Suffix appended to words to create a feminine noun, denoting a part, profession, feature, membership, origin, social status, complexion, proper name, abstract noun or animal's name.
* Appended to feminine nouns creates diminutive forms.

#### Derived terms
## Russian
### Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Particle

-ка • (-ka)
* now, just (usually appended to an imperative verb to express a pressing request)
    Иди́те-ка сюда́ ― Idíte-ka sjudá ― Just come here!
    Послу́шай-ка, па́рень ― Poslúšaj-ka, párenʹ ― Now listen, lad!

##### Descendants

* Solombala English: -ка (-ka)
* → Ingrian: -k

### Etymology 2

From a conflation of two suffixes Proto-Slavic *-ьka and Proto-Slavic *-ъka. The former always came to be used after velars (hence the occurrence of the Slavic first palatalization), while the latter always came to be used after -л- (hence the lack of palatalization of -л- before -ка).

#### Suffix

-ка • (-ka)
* (added to (normally feminine) nouns, forms diminutives, sometimes with a further change in meaning)
    ‎жи́ла (žíla, “vein”) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎жи́лка (žílka, “veinlet, small vein”)
    ‎моги́ла (mogíla, “grave”) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎моги́лка (mogílka, “small grave”)
    ‎бума́га (bumága, “paper, document”) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎бума́жка (bumážka, “small document”)
    ‎ку́кла (kúkla, “doll, puppet”) (genitive plural ку́кол (kúkol)) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎ку́колка (kúkolka, “small doll, pupa”)
    ‎пчела́ (pčelá, “bee”) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎пчёлка (pčólka, “small bee”)
    ‎вода́ (vodá, “water”) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎во́дка (vódka, “vodka”) (originally, "something diluted with water")
* (added to nouns denoting classes of people, forms the feminine equivalent; replaces the suffix -ец (-ec) if present)
    ‎ленингра́дец (leningrádec, “resident of Leningrad”) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎ленингра́дка (leningrádka, “female resident of Leningrad”)
* (added to verbs, forms abstract nouns or nouns indicating the result of the action)
    ‎закали́ть (zakalítʹ, “to temper, to harden”) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎зака́лка (zakálka, “tempering, hardening; training (for endurance)”)
    ‎мочи́ть (močítʹ, “to soak, to wet”) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎мо́чка (móčka, “soaking, wetting”)
    ‎отде́лать (otdélatʹ, “to finish, to trim”) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎отде́лка (otdélka, “finishing, trimming; finish, trim”)
    ‎подде́лать (poddélatʹ, “to counterfeit, to fake”) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎подде́лка (poddélka, “counterfeit, imitation, fake, forgery”)
    ‎блоки́ровать (blokírovatʹ, “to block”) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎блокиро́вка (blokiróvka, “blocking, blockage”)
* (added to verbs, forms instruments or tools)
    ‎заколо́ть (zakolótʹ, “to attach with a pin”) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎зако́лка (zakólka, “barrette”)
    ‎пили́ть (pilítʹ, “to saw”) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎пи́лка (pílka, “fretsaw; fingernail file”)
* (added to adjectives or numerals, forms colloquial nouns with the meaning of a carrier of the adjective's or numeral's properties)
    ‎минера́льный (minerálʹnyj, “mineral (relational)”) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎минера́лка (minerálka, “mineral water (colloquial); mineral fertilizer (colloquial)”)
    ‎зени́тный (zenítnyj, “zenith (relational); anti-aircraft (relational)”) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎зени́тка (zenítka, “anti-aircraft gun (colloquial)”)
    ‎полтора́ (poltorá, “one and a half”) (oblique cases полу́тора (polútora)) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎полу́торка (polútorka, “small apartment consisting of a medium-sized room and a small room (colloquial); GAZ-AA-brand truck with a 1.5-ton payload (colloquial)”)
    ‎запрещённый (zapreščónnyj, “forbidden”) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎запрещёнка (zapreščónka, “something forbidden (colloquial)”)

##### Usage notes

* When -ка (-ka) is appended to someone's name (e.g. "Ava-shka"), it acts as a diminuitive, and shows endearment.
Note the following properties:
* If the stress is on the ending, it is drawn onto the preceding syllable. Unstressed е may turn into ё when stressed.
    ‎вода́ (vodá, “water”) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎во́дка (vódka, “vodka”)
    ‎бечева́ (bečevá, “twine”) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎бечёвка (bečóvka, “twine”) (originally, "small twine")
* If the stress is not on the ending, it generally remains in the same place, but when added onto verbs ending in -и́ровать (-írovatʹ), the stress moves onto -ов-.
    ‎блоки́ровать (blokírovatʹ, “to block”) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎блокиро́вка (blokiróvka, “blocking, blockage”)
* A velar may turn into a palatal as a result of the Slavic first palatalization. This is due to the *ь that was formerly present at the beginning of one variant of the suffix.
    ‎апте́ка (aptéka, “pharmacy”) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎апте́чка (aptéčka, “medicine box”)
    ‎бума́га (bumága, “paper”) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎бума́жка (bumážka, “small document”)
* If the noun is feminine or neuter and reducible, the unreduced stem (as found in the genitive plural) is used. This happens frequently when the suffix is added onto a noun already in diminutive form.
    ‎ку́кла (kúkla, “doll, puppet”) (genitive plural ку́кол (kúkol)) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎ку́колка (kúkolka, “small doll, pupa”)
    ‎бу́дка (búdka, “booth”) (genitive plural бу́док (búdok)) + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎бу́дочка (búdočka, “small booth”)

##### Declension

$^△$Irregular.

##### Related terms

* -о́к (-ók)
* -очка (-očka), -ечка (-ečka)
* -ишка (-iška)

##### See also

* -то (-to)

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

### Suffix

-ка (Latin spelling -ka)
* Suffix appended to words to create a feminine noun, denoting a part, profession, feature, membership, origin, social status, complexion, proper name, abstract noun or animal's name.

### See also

* -инка
* -енка
* -овка

## Solombala English
### Etymology

Inherited from Russian -ка (-ka).

### Suffix

-ка (-ka)
* Forms colloquial adverbs.
    ‎English much + ‎-ка (-ka) → ‎мачка (mačka, “much”)

#### Derived terms
### References

* Broch, Ingvild (1996) “Solombala-English in Archangel”, in Jahr, Ernst Håkon, Broch, Ingvild, editors, Language Contact in the Arctic: Northern Pidgins and Contact Languages (Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs (TiLSM); 88)‎, reprint edition, Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, published 2011, →DOI, →ISBN, page 95 of 93–98

## Ukrainian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ ka]

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

#### Suffix

-ка • (-ka) f (masculine equivalents -ок or -ій or -ець)
* Suffix appended to words to create a feminine noun, denoting a part, profession, feature, membership, origin, social status, complexion, proper name, abstract noun or animal's name.
* Appended to feminine nouns creates diminutive forms.

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

From -кий (-kyj).

#### Suffix

-ка • (-ka) f
* female equivalent of -кий (-kyj)

##### Declension
### Etymology 3

From -ко (-ko)

#### Suffix

-ка́ • (-ká) m or n
* inflection of -ко (-ko):
** genitive singular
** nominative/accusative/vocative plural