# 禹

| 禹 | U+79B9, &#31161; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-79B9 |
| ← 禸 [U+79B8] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 禺 → [U+79BA] |

## Translingual
### Han character

禹 (Kangxi radical 114, 禸+4, 9 strokes, cangjie input 竹中月戈 (HLBI), four-corner 2042$_7$, composition ⿻⿱丿口禸)
* Yu the Great, legendary founder of the Xia Dynasty

#### Derived characters

* 偊, 㙖, 𡟥, 𡥶, 𢯺, 渪, 𨺲, 𨕘, 𣈭, 楀, 𪹋, 𤘐, 瑀, 䄔, 𦞇, 𥈋, 𰨰, 竬, 𦔊, 聥, 蝺, 踽, 𫒳, 𩘉, 𪑴, 齲(𮯌/龋)
* 𥝀, 鄅, 𬆪, 𩀌, 𩔔, 㙑, 㝢, 萭, 𰨚, 𥯔, 䨞, 𥝊, 属, 𢉠, 𫭎, 𰍞, 𬍿

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 848, character 2
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24885
* Dae Jaweon: page 1269, character 23
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 39, character 11
* Unihan data for U+79B9

## Chinese

* 禹 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 禹 (Cantonese)
* 禹 (Classical)
* Ú-ông (Southern Min)
* 禹 (Wu)
* Yu the Great (English)

### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 禹 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 踽 | *kʷaʔ, *kʰʷaʔ |
| 萭 | *kʷaʔ, *ɢʷaʔ |
| 聥 | *kʷaʔ, *ɢʷaʔ |
| 楀 | *kʷaʔ, *ɢʷaʔ |
| 齲 | *kʰʷaʔ |
| 禹 | *ɢʷaʔ |
| 瑀 | *ɢʷaʔ |
| 鄅 | *ɢʷaʔ |
The Shuowen interprets the character as pictographic (象形) of an animal. The bronze-script character clearly shows the 虫 component.

### Etymology
#### insect

    Compare Proto-Tibeto-Burman *was (“honey, bee”) (Benedict, 1972) or semantically closer Proto-Waic *wak "insect" (Schuessler, 2007), the latter from Proto-Palaungic *ʋaːk (“insect, worm”) (Sidwell, 2015).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yǔ (yu$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄩˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jyu$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): yí / yì
    (Hailu, HRS): rhi$^ˊ$
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): y$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): ú
    (Teochew, Peng'im): u$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yǔ
*** Zhuyin: ㄩˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yǔ
*** Wade–Giles: yü$^3$
*** Yale: yǔ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yeu
*** Palladius: юй (juj)
*** Sinological IPA : /y²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jyu$^5$
*** Yale: yúh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jy$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yu$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /jyː¹³/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yí / yì
*** Hakka Romanization System: i$^ˋ$ / i$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yi$^3$ / yi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /i³¹/, /i¹¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yí / yì
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)i$^ˋ$ / (r)i$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yi$^3$ / yi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i³¹/, /(j)i¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: rhi$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /ʒi²⁴/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: y$^3$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ṳ̂
*** Sinological IPA : /y⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: y$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /y³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ú
*** Tâi-lô: ú
*** Phofsit Daibuun: uo
*** IPA (Xiamen): /u⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /u⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /u⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /u⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /u⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: u$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ú
*** Sinological IPA : /u⁵²/
* Middle Chinese: hjuX
Rime :
| Character | 禹 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 云 (35) |
| Final (韻) | 虞 (24) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 王矩切 |
| Baxter | hjuX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦɨo$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦio$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣio$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦuə̆$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣio$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣĭu$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /i̯u$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yǔ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jyu$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ʷ(r)aʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɢʷaʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 禹 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yǔ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hju$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɢ]ʷ(r)aʔ/ |
| English | insect; proper name |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 禹 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 15960 |
| Phonetic component | 禹 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 羽 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɢʷaʔ/ |

### Definitions

禹
* (Chinese mythology) Yu the Great (the legendary king associated with a flood myth and the foundation of the Xia dynasty)
* (historical dictionaries only) insect

### Compounds

* 伯禹
* 夏禹
* 大禹 (Dà Yǔ)
* 大禹嶺 / 大禹岭
* 大禹治水 (Dàyǔ zhìshuǐ)
* 王禹偁
* 禹州 (Yǔzhōu, “Yuzhou”)
* 禹步
* 禹王 (Yǔwáng)
* 禹王臺 / 禹王台
* 禹甸
* 禹穴
* 禹行舜趨 / 禹行舜趋
* 禹貢 / 禹贡 (Yǔ Gòng)
* 禹跡 / 禹迹
* 禹餘糧 / 禹余粮
* 貢禹 / 贡禹
* 貢禹彈冠 / 贡禹弹冠

### References

* “禹”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

#### Southern Min

* “Query for 禹”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Hokkien and Mandarin), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* Name of a Xia Dynasty emperor in ancient China: Emperor Yŭ, Yŭ the Great, or Dà Yŭ.

#### Readings

* Go-on: う (u)
* Kan-on: う (u)
* Nanori: のぶ (nobu)

#### Compounds

* 禹域(ういき) (uiki)
* 禹穴(うけつ) (uketsu)
* 禹行舜趨(うこうしゅんすう) (ukōshunsū)
* 禹貢(うこう) (ukō)
* 禹歩(うほ) (uho)
* 禹余糧(うよりょう) (uyoryō)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 禹
* う Hyōgai
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 禹 (MC hjuX).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɯ̟]

### Proper noun

禹(う) • (U)
* Yu the Great, legendary founder of the Xia Dynasty in ancient China

#### Further reading

* 禹 on the Japanese Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{ja}$
* Yu the Great on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* Xia Dynasty on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

## Korean
### Hanja

禹 • (u) (hangeul 우, revised u, McCune–Reischauer u, Yale wu)
* (성씨) a surname
* (大禹) Yu the Great
* (임금) king
* (벌레) worm
* (곡척) steel square

#### Usage notes
##### ko:w: 우 (하나라) #우의 치수사업

* 禹라는 문자는 본래 도마뱀이나 악어, 용의 모습을 그린 상형문자로, 우의 기원은 황하에 살던 물의 신이라고 보기도 한다.$^{[출처필요]}$

##### 우 임금 禹(우)

    김경일, 한자교실, 바다출판사, 1999.
* 더듬이와 꼬리가 긴 곤충 종류의 상형문. 아마도 토템 대상인 듯하다. 역사가 긴 부족.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

禹: Hán Nôm readings: vũ
* 夏禹 Hạ Vũ
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
* Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999