OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# low-down
## English
### Alternative forms

* lowdown

### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈləʊ.daʊn/
* (US) IPA: /ˈloʊ.daʊn/
* Audio (General Australian):(file)
* Rhymes: -aʊn

### Adjective

low-down (comparative more low-down, superlative most low-down)
* (slang) Of a person, worthless, contemptibly of no value; despicable.
** 1922, A. M. Chisholm, A Thousand a Plate:Seemingly here was an intruder who was violating custom. Moreover, the partners had come to look upon this exceedingly rich district as their exclusive property. And so their indignation was extreme. "The low-down, ornery cuss!" said Dobbs. "The nerve of him, crowdin' in on us, just as if there wasn't lots of other places for him to go!"
** 1950, Norman Lindsay, Dust or Polish?, Sydney: Angus and Robertson, page 151:You get out of me kitchen, you low-down scrounger! I ain't going to have you in here, giving me cheek to me face and drinkin' beer I got to pay for.
** 2007, Olive Ann Burns, Cold Sassy Tree, page 16:No-count. Even low-down. I still don't see how Loma could of married into that sharecropper white trash.
* Down, depressed.
** 2003, Weird Al Yankovic (lyrics and music), “Hardware Store”, in Poodle Hat:Nothing ever happens in this town, feeling low-down, not a lot to do around here. I thought that I would go right out of my mind until my friend told me the news.

### Noun

low-down (plural low-downs)
* An abject or despicable person.
** 2014 September 2, William W. Johnstone, A Dangerous Man, Pinnacle Books, →ISBN, page 94:He was a lowdown because white men made him that way. Don't you agree?

### Anagrams

* down low, down-low, downlow
# linkámos
## Portuguese
### Verb

linkámos
* (European Portuguese spelling) first-person plural preterite indicative of linkar
# glauberite
## English
### Etymology

Named after Johann Rudolf Glauber (1604-68), +‎ -ite.

### Noun

glauberite (uncountable)
* (mineralogy) An evaporite, consisting of a mixed sodium and calcium sulphate, with the chemical formula Na$_2$Ca(SO$_4$)$_2$.

#### Derived terms

* hydroglauberite

#### Translations
### Further reading

* David Barthelmy (1997–2025) “Glauberite”, in Webmineral Mineralogy Database.
* “glauberite”, in Mindat.org‎, Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, 2000–2025.
# おしゃかさま
## Japanese

For pronunciation and definitions of おしゃかさま – see the following entry. :
| 【お釈迦さま】 | [proper noun] (Buddhism, honorific) Shakyamuni Alternative spellings 御釈迦様, お釈迦様 |
(This term, おしゃかさま (oshakasama), is the hiragana spelling of the above term.) :
# にっぽんいち
## Japanese

For pronunciation and definitions of にっぽんいち – see the following entry. :
| 【日本一】 | [noun] the best, reigning superior over all others in Japan |
(This term, にっぽんいち (nippon'ichi), is the hiragana spelling of the above term.) :
# بزرگمهر
## Persian
### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [bu.zuɾɡ.ˈmihɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [bʊ.zʊɾɡ.mɪ́ɦɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [bʊ.zʊɾɡ.mɪ́ɦɾ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [bʊ.zʊɾɡ.mɪ́ɾ]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [bu.zuɾɡ.míɾ]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [bo.zoɹɡʲ.méɦɹ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [bu.zuɾɡ.méɦɾ]

### Proper noun

بزرگمهر • (bozorgmehr)
* Bozorgmehr
* a male given name, Bozorgmehr

### See also

* بزرگ (bozorg)
* مهر (mehr)
# insulin shock therapy
## English
### Noun

insulin shock therapy (usually uncountable, plural insulin shock therapies)
* (medicine, psychiatry, dated) An outdated type of shock therapy effected by means of injecting an overdose of insulin.

#### Coordinate terms

* electroconvulsive therapy
* electroshock therapy

#### Further reading

* insulin shock therapy on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
# tłʼohchin
## Navajo
### Etymology

tłʼoh (“grass”) +‎ -chin (“smell, scent”)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /t͡ɬʼòht͡ʃʰɪ̀n/

### Noun

tłʼohchin
* onion

#### Derived terms

* tłʼohchin díchʼííʼí (“garlic”)
# 銷量
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xiāoliàng
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄠ ㄌㄧㄤˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): siu$^1$ loeng$^6$
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): sieo$^1$ lyong$^2$ / sieo$^1$ lyeng$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): siau-liāng / siau-liōng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): siao$^1$ liang$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiāoliàng
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄠ ㄌㄧㄤˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: siaoliàng
*** Wade–Giles: hsiao$^1$-liang$^4$
*** Yale: syāu-lyàng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiaulianq
*** Palladius: сяолян (sjaoljan)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ li̯ɑŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: siu$^1$ loeng$^6$
*** Yale: sīu leuhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: siu$^1$ loeng$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: xiu$^1$ lêng$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /siːu̯⁵⁵ lœːŋ²²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: sieo$^1$ lyong$^2$ [Phonetic: sieo$^5$ lyong$^2$]
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: sa̤u-lió̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬieu⁵³³⁻²¹ lyɒŋ¹³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: sieo$^1$ lyeng$^2$ [Phonetic: sieo$^5$ lyeng$^2$]
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬieu⁵³³⁻²¹ lyøŋ¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siau-liāng / siau-liōng
*** Tâi-lô: siau-liāng / siau-liōng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: siauliang, siauliong
*** IPA (Xiamen): /siau⁴⁴⁻²² liaŋ²²/, /siau⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /siau³³ liaŋ⁴¹/, /siau³³ liɔŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /siau⁴⁴⁻²² liaŋ²²/, /siau⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /siau⁴⁴⁻³³ liaŋ³³/, /siau⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /siau⁴⁴⁻³³ liaŋ³³/, /siau⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: siao$^1$ liang$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: siau liăng
*** Sinological IPA : /siau³³⁻²³ liaŋ³⁵/

### Noun

銷量
* amount sold; sales volume
# pohroužit
## Czech
### Alternative forms

* pohřížit, pohrouzit, pohřízit

### Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech pohrúziti, pohřúziti. By surface analysis, po- +‎ hroužit.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈpoɦrou̯ʒɪt]

### Verb

pohroužit pf (imperfective pohružovat or pohroužet)
* to plunge, immerse, dip
    Synonyms: potopit, ponořit
    Pohroužil vesla do vln.(please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (reflexive with se) to immerse, be engrossed
    Pohroužila se do svých myšlenek.(please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Usage notes

* Notice that the present forms of the verbs pohroužit and pohroužet are the same (e.g. pohroužím).

#### Conjugation

infinitive
pohroužit, pohroužiti
active adjective
pohrouživší
verbal noun
pohroužení
passive adjective
pohroužený
present formsindicativeimperative
singularpluralsingularplural
1st person
pohroužímpohroužíme—pohružme
2nd person
pohroužíšpohroužítepohružpohružte
3rd person
pohroužípohrouží——
The verb pohroužit does not have present tense and the present forms are used to express future only.
participlespast participlespassive participles
singularpluralsingularplural
masculine animate
pohroužilpohroužilipohrouženpohrouženi
masculine inanimate
pohroužilypohrouženy
feminine
pohroužilapohroužena
neuter
pohroužilopohroužilapohrouženopohroužena
transgressives
present
past
masculine singular
—pohrouživ
feminine + neuter singular
—pohrouživši
plural
—pohrouživše :

### Further reading

* “pohroužiti”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “pohroužiti”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* “pohroužit”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech), 2008–2025
# Offa
## Latin
### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈof.fa/, [ˈɔfːä]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈof.fa/, [ˈɔfːä]

### Proper noun

Offa m sg (genitive Offae); first declension
* (Medieval Latin) a male given name, equivalent to Old English Offa
** (Can we date this quote?), Annales Cambriae B‎:Uastacio Britonum cum Offa in estateRavaging of the Britons by Offa in summer

#### Declension

First-declension noun, singular only.

## Old English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈof.fɑ/

### Proper noun

Offa m
* a male given name
** The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
    An. DCCLXXVII Hēr Cynewulf ⁊ Offa ġefuhton ymb Benesingtūn ⁊ Offa ġenam þone tūn.Year 777 In this year Cynewulf and Offa fought near Benson and Offa seized the town.
* Offa of Mercia
** Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
    Penda wæs Pybbing, Pybba Creoding, Creoda Cynewalding, Cynewald Cnebbing, Cnebba Iceling, Icel Eomæring, Eomær Angelþēowing, Angelþēow Offing, Offa Wærmunding, Wærmund Wihtlæging, Wihtlæg Wōdening.Penda was son of Pybba, Pybba son of Creoda, Creoda son of Cynewald, Cynewald son of Cnebba, Cnebba son of Icel, Icel son of Eomer, Eomer son of Angeltheow, Angeltheow son of Offa, Offa son of Wermund, Wermund son of Wihtlæg, and Wihtlæg son of Woden.

#### Declension

Weak:

#### Derived terms

* Offing
# feather boa kelp
## English
### Noun

feather boa kelp (plural feather boa kelps)
* Synonym of feather boa
# nagwas
## Tagalog
### Alternative forms

* enagwas
* lagwas

### Etymology

Borrowed from Spanish naguas, plural of nagua (“petticoat; underskirt; skirt”), from Taíno *nawa (“woman's loincloth”).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ˈnaɡwas/ [ˈn̪aɡ.wɐs]
* Rhymes: -aɡwas
* Syllabification: nag‧was

### Noun

nagwas (Baybayin spelling ᜈᜄ᜔ᜏᜐ᜔)
* petticoat; underskirt; half slip
** 1800s, “Paruparong bukid”:May payneta pa siya, (uy!)/may suklay pa mandin, (uy!)/nagwas de ohetes ang palalabasinHer hair held with a pin (oh!)/her hand twirling a comb (oh!)/decorated half-slip drawing others to peep

#### Related terms

* enagwilyas

#### See also

* hap islip
* kamison
* petikot

### Further reading

* “nagwas”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018

### Anagrams

* sagwan, aswang
# hroužit
## Czech
### Alternative forms

* hřížit, hrouzit, hřízit

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *grǫziti, *gręziti. Compare Old Czech pohrúziti, pohřúziti and Old Czech hrúžěti, hřúžěti. By a causative suffix, related to hřeznout.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈɦrou̯ʒɪt]

### Verb

hroužit impf
* to plunge, immerse, dip
    Synonyms: potopit, pohroužit
    Hroužil se do vody.(please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (reflexive with se) to immerse, be engrossed
    Hrouží se sám do sebe.(please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Conjugation

infinitive
hroužit, hroužiti
active adjective
hroužící
verbal noun
hroužení
passive adjective
hroužený
present formsindicativeimperative
singularpluralsingularplural
1st person
hroužímhroužíme—hružme
2nd person
hroužíšhroužítehružhružte
3rd person
hroužíhrouží——
The future tense: a combination of a future form of být + infinitive hroužit.
participlespast participlespassive participles
singularpluralsingularplural
masculine animate
hroužilhroužilihrouženhrouženi
masculine inanimate
hroužilyhrouženy
feminine
hroužilahroužena
neuter
hroužilohroužilahrouženohroužena
transgressives
present
past
masculine singular
hrouže—
feminine + neuter singular
hroužíc—
plural
hroužíce— :

#### Derived terms

* pohroužit

#### Related terms

* vyhřeznout

### Further reading

* “hroužiti”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “hroužiti”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* “hroužit”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech), 2008–2025
# adókulcs
## Hungarian
### Etymology

adó (“tax”) +‎ kulcs (“key”)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈɒdoːkult͡ʃ]
* Hyphenation: adó‧kulcs
* Rhymes: -ult͡ʃ

### Noun

adókulcs (plural adókulcsok)
* tax rate

#### Declension
### Further reading

* adókulcs in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
* adókulcs in Nóra Ittzés, editor, A magyar nyelv nagyszótára [A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (Nszt.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031 (work in progress; published a–ez as of 2024).
# gabion
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Italian gabbione, augmentative of gabbia (“cage”), itself from Latin cavea (whence also English jail, English cajole), from Latin cavus (whence also English cage, English cave).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɡeɪ.bi.ən/
* Rhymes: -eɪbiən

### Noun

gabion (plural gabions)
* (historical, military) A cylindrical basket or cage of wicker which was filled with earth or stones and used in fortifications and other engineering work (a precursor to the sandbag).
** 1563, Ambroise Paré, The Journey to Havre de Grace.:When our artillery came before the walls of the town, the English within the walls killed some of our men, and several pioneers who were making gabions. And seeing they were so wounded that there was no hope of curing them, their comrades stripped them, and put them still living inside the gabions, which served to fill them up.
* A woven wire mesh unit, sometimes rectangular, made from a continuous mesh panel and filled with stones sometimes coated with polyvinyl chloride.
* (civil engineering) A porous metal cylinder filled with stones and used in a variety of civil engineering contexts, especially in the construction of retaining walls, the reinforcing of steep slopes, or in the prevention of erosion in river banks.
* A knickknack, objet d'art, curiosity, collectable.
    Reliquiae Trotcosienses: Or, the Gabions of the Late Jonathan Oldbuck Esq. of Monkbarns — title of unfinished novel by Walter Scott.
** 1774, James Cant, introduction, The Muses Threnodie p. vi, quoted in 2004, Walter Scott Reliquiae Trotcosiensis, Edinburgh University Press, p.6,
    The meaning of the word Gabion, as it is used in the poem, is not to be sought for in any dictionary. It was of the venerable old gentleman Mr Ruthven′s own coining, and it was well enough understood among his select friends, to mean nothing else but the miscellaneous curiosities in his closet humorously described in the poem.

#### Derived terms

* gabionage
* gabioned
* gabion wall

#### Related terms

* cage
* cajole
* cave
* cavitate
* cavity
* concave
* excavate
* jail

#### Translations
### See also

* sap — several mentions of gabions in the context of fortifications

### Further reading

* gabion on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

### Anagrams

* Gabino, bagnio

## French
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Noun

gabion m (plural gabions)
* gabion

### Further reading

* “gabion”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from French gabion.

### Noun

gabion n (plural gabioane)
* gabion
# արտագաղթել
## Armenian
### Etymology

արտա- (arta-) +‎ գաղթել (gaġtʻel)

### Pronunciation

* (Eastern Armenian) IPA: /ɑɾtɑɡɑχˈtʰel/, [ɑɾtɑɡɑχtʰél]
* (Western Armenian) IPA: /ɑɾdɑkɑχˈtel/, [ɑɾdɑkʰɑχtʰél]

### Verb

արտագաղթել • (artagaġtʻel)
* to emigrate
    Coordinate term: ներգաղթել (nergaġtʻel)

#### Inflection

*colloquial **dated
*colloquial **dated

#### Derived terms

* արտագաղթ (artagaġtʻ)
# gaff rig
## English
### Noun

gaff rig (plural gaff rigs)
* (nautical) A sailing rig that has a fore-and-aft sail supported by a spar called a gaff.

#### Derived terms

* gaffrigger

#### Translations
### Further reading

* gaff rig on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
# valetudinarius
## Latin
### Etymology

From valētūdō (“state of health, health, ill health”) +‎ -ārius, from valeō (“I am strong or well”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /u̯a.leː.tuː.diˈnaː.ri.us/, [u̯äɫ̪eːt̪uːd̪ɪˈnäːriʊs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /va.le.tu.diˈna.ri.us/, [välet̪ud̪iˈnäːrius]

### Adjective

valētūdinārius (feminine valētūdināria, neuter valētūdinārium); first/second-declension adjective
* sickly, weak, infirm

#### Declension

First/second-declension adjective.

#### Descendants

* Catalan: valetudinari
* English: valetudinarian
* French: valétudinaire
* Galician: valetudinario
* Italian: valetudinario
* Portuguese: valetudinário
* Spanish: valetudinario

### References

* “valetudinarius”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* valetudinarius in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
# urubutinga
## Old Tupi
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *uruβutiŋ. By surface analysis, urubu (“vulture”) +‎ ting (“white”) +‎ -a.
Cognate with Paraguayan Guaraní yryvu tĩ.

### Noun

urubutinga (unpossessable)
* king vulture (Sarcoramphus papa)
** 1614, Claude d'Abbeville, chapter XXXIII, in Hiſtoire de la Miſsion des Peres Capucins en L’Iſle de Maragnan et terres circonuoiſines [History of the Mission of the Capuchin Fathers in the Island of Maranhão and surrounding lands] (overall work in French), Paris: Imprimerie de François Huby, page 187:Oroboutin-eugouäue[Urubutingygûaba](literally, “king vulture’s drinking place”)name of a village

#### Derived terms

* Urubutingygûaba

#### Descendants

* Nheengatu: urubú-tinga, ⇒ urubú-murutinga
* → Brazilian Portuguese: urubutinga

### References

* Gabriel Soares de Sousa (1587) chapter LXXXV, in Noticia do Brasil (overall work in Portuguese), Salvador; republished as Francisco Adolpho de Varnhagen, editor, Tratado descriptivo do Brazil em 1587, Rio de Janeiro: Laemmert, 1851, page 232: “urubutinga”
* Eduardo de Almeida Navarro (2013) “urubutinga”, in Dicionário de tupi antigo: a língua indígena clássica do Brasil [Dictionary of Old Tupi: The Classical Indigenous Language of Brazil] (overall work in Portuguese), São Paulo: Global, →ISBN, page 501, column 2

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /u.ɾu.buˈt͡ʃĩ.ɡɐ/, /uˌɾu.buˈt͡ʃĩ.ɡɐ/
* (Brazil) IPA: /u.ɾu.buˈt͡ʃĩ.ɡɐ/, /uˌɾu.buˈt͡ʃĩ.ɡɐ/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /u.ɾu.buˈt͡ʃĩ.ɡa/, /uˌɾu.buˈt͡ʃĩ.ɡa/
* (Portugal) IPA: /u.ɾu.buˈtĩ.ɡɐ/ [u.ɾu.βuˈtĩ.ɡɐ]
* Rhymes: -ĩɡɐ
* Hyphenation: u‧ru‧bu‧tin‧ga

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Old Tupi urubutinga.

#### Noun

urubutinga m (plural urubutingas)
* (Brazil) king vulture (Sarcoramphus papa)
    Synonym: urubu-rei

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Old Tupi urubitinga.

#### Noun

urubutinga m (plural urubutingas)
* great black hawk (Buteogallus urubitinga)
    Synonym: gavião-preto

### Further reading

* “urubutinga”, in iDicionário Aulete (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon Editora Digital, 2008–2025
* “urubutinga”, in Dicionário inFormal (in Portuguese), 2006–2025
* “urubutinga” in Dicionário Aberto based on Novo Diccionário da Língua Portuguesa de Cândido de Figueiredo, 1913
* “urubutinga”, in Dicionário infopédia da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Porto: Porto Editora, 2003–2025
* “urubutinga”, in Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), São Paulo: Editora Melhoramentos, 2015–2025
* “urubutinga”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2025
# papel sotsowa
## Tagalog
### Alternative forms

* papel sotsoa, papel sotsuwa
* papel sotswa — superseded, pre-2007

### Etymology

From papel +‎ sotsowa.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /paˌpel ˈsot͡ʃoa/ [pɐˌpɛl ˌsoː.t͡ʃoˈa]
** IPA: (no yod coalescence) /paˌpel ˈsotsoa/ [pɐˌpɛl ˌsot̪.soˈa]
* Rhymes: -ot͡ʃoa, (no yod coalescence) -otsoa
* Syllabification: pa‧pel sot‧so‧wa

### Noun

papél sótsowá (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜉᜒᜎ᜔ ᜐᜓᜆ᜔ᜐᜓᜏ)
* kraft paper
    Synonyms: sotsowa, papel de estrasa
# 𐌀𐌕𐌓𐌖
## Umbrian
### Etymology

Possibly from Proto-Italic *ad/tros, itself from Proto-Italic *ātros, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₁ter-. Cognate with Latin āter.

### Adjective

𐌀𐌕𐌓𐌖 • (atru) n (accusative plural) (early Iguvine)
* black

#### Usage notes

The linguist Augusto Ancillotti considers 𐌀𐌕𐌓𐌖 (atru) to be ablative neuter plural and adro to be accusative neuter plural. Other scholars record both forms as accusative neuter plural.

#### Declension

* (ablative plural neuter) l.Ig. adrir

#### Alternative forms

* adro

### References

* Ancillotti, Augusto, Cerri, Romolo (2015) “atru”, in Vocabolario dell'umbro delle tavole di Gubbio [Vocabulary of Umbrian and of the Iguvine Tables] (in Italian), page 2
* Buck, Carl Darling (1904) A Grammar of Oscan and Umbrian: With a Collection of Inscriptions and a Glossary
* De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
* Poultney, James Wilson (1959) The Bronze Tables of Iguvium‎, Baltimore: American Philological Association
# tashti
## Albanian
### Alternative forms

* tani

### Etymology

Compound of tash (moment (now)) +‎ ti (-arily), cognate to Albanian tash (“now”), tashi (“id”), tesh (“id”) and ndashti (“at/in this moment”). From Proto-Albanian *to-su, locative form of pronominal stem Proto-Albanian *to- (resp. Proto-Albanian *ta ̊). From Proto-Indo-European *to- (“it”). Cognate to Lithuanian tadà (“then, thereupon”) and Sanskrit तदा (ta-dā́, “then”).
See Albanian tash for more.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [taˈʃti]

### Adverb

tashti
* now, currently, at present, presently, just now, this moment, from now on; momentarily
    Synonyms: tash, tashi, tesh, tani; menjëherë
* nowadays, today
    Synonym: sot
* (as a particle, interjection) so, well (to attract the attention of others); so, then, hence, thus (conclusion sense)
    Synonyms: atëherë, kështu, pra, prandaj, pas

#### Related terms

* qëtash (“right now, immediately, right/straight away”)
* ndashti (“at/in this moment”)
* ashtu (“so; as it were”), kështu (“so, thus”)

#### See also

* ni (“now”)
* nani (“now”)
* nu (“when”)
* nime (“real(ly)”), përnime (“for real, really”)

#### References

* ↑ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “tashti”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 449 ("tash")

### Further reading

* “tashti”, in FGJSH: Fjalor i gjuhës shqipe [Dictionary of the Albanian language] (in Albanian), 2006
* FGJSSH: Fjalor i gjuhës së sotme shqipe [Dictionary of the modern Albanian language]‎, 1980
* Newmark, L. (1999) “tashti”, in Oxford Albanian-English Dictionary‎