# 腎

| 腎 | U+814E, &#33102; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-814E |
| ← 腍 [U+814D] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 腏 → [U+814F] |

## Translingual
### Han character

腎 (Kangxi radical 130, 肉+8 in Chinese, 肉+9 in Japanese, 12 strokes in Chinese, 13 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 尸水月 (SEB), four-corner 7722$_7$, composition ⿱臤肉)

#### Descendants

* 肾

### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 987, character 2
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29621
* Dae Jaweon: page 1439, character 13
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2086, character 4
* Unihan data for U+814E

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 臤 | *kʰaːn, *kʰriːn, *ɡiːn, *kʰins |
| 掔 | *kʰriːn, *kʰiːn |
| 慳 | *kʰriːn |
| 藖 | *ɡriːn, *ɡriːns |
| 堅 | *kiːn |
| 鋻 | *kiːn, *kiːns |
| 鰹 | *kiːn |
| 蜸 | *kʰiːnʔ |
| 菣 | *kʰiːns, *kʰins |
| 賢 | *ɡiːn |
| 礥 | *ɡiːn, *ɢrin |
| 臔 | *ɡiːnʔ |
| 挋 | *kiŋs |
| 臣 | *ɡiŋ |
| 茞 | *ɡiŋ |
| 腎 | *ɡjinʔ |
| 頣 | *hŋiŋʔ |
| 緊 | *kinʔ |
| 嚚 | *ŋɡriŋ |
| 鏗 | *kʰreːŋ |
| 摼 | *kʰreːŋ |
| 硻 | *kʰreːŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡjinʔ): phonetic 臤 (OC *kʰaːn, *kʰriːn, *ɡiːn, *kʰins) + semantic ⺼ (“meat; flesh”) – a body part, the kidneys.

### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-k(j)un (“kidney”). Cognate with Burmese ကုန်း (kun:, “back”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): shèn (shen$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄕㄣˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): sen$^4$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): san$^6$ / san$^5$ / san$^{5-2}$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): sin$^5$
* Gan (Wiktionary): siin$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): sṳn
    (Hailu, HRS): shin$^ˇ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): sen$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): seng$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): sēng
* Eastern Min (BUC): sêng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): sing$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): sīn / siān / siǎn
    (Teochew, Peng'im): siang$^6$ / siêng$^6$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$zen
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): shen$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shèn
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄣˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shèn
*** Wade–Giles: shên$^4$
*** Yale: shèn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shenn
*** Palladius: шэнь (šɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂən⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: sen$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: sen
*** Sinological IPA : /sən²¹³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: san$^6$ / san$^5$ / san$^{5-2}$
*** Yale: sahn / sáhn / sán
*** Cantonese Pinyin: san$^6$ / san$^5$ / san$^{5-2}$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sen$^6$ / sen$^5$ / sen$^{5-2}$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɐn²²/, /sɐn¹³/, /sɐn¹³⁻³⁵/
* san6 - literary (“kidney; testicle”);
* san5, san5-2 - vernacular (“gizzard”).
* Middle Chinese: dzyinX
Rime :
| Character | 腎 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 常 (25) |
| Final (韻) | 眞 (43) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 時忍切 |
| Baxter | dzyinX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡ʑiɪn$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡ʑin$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡ʑjen$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡ʑin$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ʑiĕn$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ʑĭĕn$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʑi̯ĕn$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shèn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | san$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*Cə.[ɡ]i[n]ʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡjinʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 腎 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | shèn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dzyin$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*Cə.[ɡ]i[n]ʔ/ |
| English | kidney |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 腎 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 1344 |
| Phonetic component | 臣 |
| Rime group | 眞 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 腎 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡjinʔ/ |

### Definitions

腎
* (anatomy) kidney
* (traditional Chinese medicine) testicle
* (Cantonese) gizzard
    雞腎／鸡肾 [Cantonese] ― gai$^1$ san$^5$ [Jyutping] ― chicken gizzard
* (Hong Kong Cantonese, Internet slang, humorous) Deliberate misspelling of 賢 / 贤 (xián).
    腎者之石／肾者之石 [Cantonese] ― san$^5$ ze$^2$ zi$^1$ sek$^6$ [Jyutping] ― kidney stone

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 腎, 腎水, 水藏 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 腎, 腎臟 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 腰子, 腎 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 腎, 腰子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 腎 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 腎 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 腰子, 腎 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 腰子, 腎 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 腎 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 腎 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 腎 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 腰子, 腎 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 腰子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 腰子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 腰子, 腎 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 腎臟, 腎 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 腰子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 腰子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 腰子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 腰子 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 腎 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 腎 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 腎 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 腰子 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 腰子 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 腎 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 腰子 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 腰仔, 腎家 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 腰仔, 腎家 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 腰仔, 腎家 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 腰, 腎家 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 腰仔, 腎家 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 腰子 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 腰子 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 腰子, 腎 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 腰子 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 腰仔 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 腰子, 腰心子, 腎 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 腰子 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 腰子 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 腰子 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 腰子 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 腰子 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 腰子 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 腰子 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 腰子 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 腰子 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 腰子 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 腰子 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 腰子 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 腰子 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 腰子 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 腰子 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 腰子 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 腎 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 腎 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 腎 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 腎 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 腰子, 腎臟 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 腰子 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 腰子 |
| Wu | Danyang | 腰子 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 腰子 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 腎, 腰子 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 腰子 |
| Wu | Jinhua (Tangxi) | 腰 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 腰子 |
| Xiang | Hengyang | 腰子 |
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 外腎, 腎 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 睪丸, 精巢 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 卵子兒, 卵包子, 小蛋兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 蛋蛋 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 卵子兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 球 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 球蛋 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 蛋子兒, 蛋 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 蛋子兒 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 卵子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 脬子兒, 腎 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 脬卵子, 卵子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 卵, 卵蛋, 蛋蛋, 卵子, 敲敲兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 卵子, 卵蛋, 卵坨 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 卵蛋 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 卵考子, 考子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 卵子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 卵蛋, 卵子子 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 春子 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 春, 春子, 春核, 波子, 蛋蛋, 睪丸 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 核 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 核春 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 核仁 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 春牯 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 春核 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 卵子 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Shatian) | 卵脬仁 |
| Cantonese | Guiping | 核子 |
| Cantonese | Guiping (Mule) | 𨳍卵 |
| Cantonese | Pingnan | 核卵 |
| Cantonese | Guigang (Gangcheng) | 核仔 |
| Cantonese | Guigang (Pingdong) | 核仁 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 卵仁 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Nankang) | 卵仁 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Yingpan) | 卵仁 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 卵仁 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 卵核 |
| Cantonese | Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 卵核 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 春仔 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 卵 |
| Cantonese | Móng Cái | 卵核 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 順子 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 卵坨子 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 核卵 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 核卵 |
| Hakka | Dabu (Xihe) | 核卵仁 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Zhengguo, Zengcheng) | 核卵 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Wuguishan) | 核卵 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Shuizhai) | 核卵 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 核卵 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Changbu) | 核卵 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Mianyang) | 核卵 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 核卵 |
| Hakka | Changting | 卵子 |
| Hakka | Longyan (Yongding) | 核卵 |
| Hakka | Longyan (Xiayang, Yongding) | 核卵仁 |
| Hakka | Longyan (Gaobei, Yongding) | 核卵 |
| Hakka | Longyan (Hukeng, Yongding) | 核卵 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Zhongshan) | 核卵 |
| Hakka | Liancheng (Peitian) | 卵子 |
| Hakka | Liancheng (Juxi) | 核卵 |
| Hakka | Liancheng (Zhongbao) | 核卵 |
| Hakka | Liancheng (Laiyuan) | 核卵 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 卵子 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 核卵 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 核卵 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian) | 核卵 |
| Hakka | Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian) | 核卵仁 |
| Hakka | Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian) | 核卵仔 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 核卵 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 核卵 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 核卵 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 核卵 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 核卵 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Longchuan) | 核卵 |
| Hakka | Kuala Lumpur (Dabu) | 核卵仁 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 核 |
| Hakka | Singkawang | 核卵 |
| Hakka | Bangkok (Meixian) | 核卵 |
| Hakka | Bangkok (Fengshun) | 核卵 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 卵子 |
| Jin | Pingyao | 堆兒, 蛋 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 蛋籽子 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 𡳞核子, 𡳞核 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou (Changle) | 𡳞核子 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 𡳞核子 |
| Eastern Min | Yongtai | 𡳞脬子 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 𡳞核子 |
| Eastern Min | Fu'an | 𡳞脬子 |
| Eastern Min | Ningde | 𡳞脬子 |
| Eastern Min | Shouning | 𡳞脬子 |
| Eastern Min | Zhouning | 尿脬子 |
| Eastern Min | Fuding | 卵脬子 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 𡳞核, 腎子 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 𡳞核, 腎子 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 𡳞核 |
| Southern Min | Yongchun | 𡳞核, 𡳞核子 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 𡳞核, 腎子 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 𡳞核 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 𡳞核 |
| Southern Min | Taipei (Wanhua) | 𡳞脬核仔 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Tamsui) | 𡳞核 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 𡳞核 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Pingxi) | 𡳞核 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 𡳞核, 𡳞核仔 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Cijin) | 𡳞核仔, 𡳞核 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang) | 𡳞核 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang) | 𡳞核 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Tianliao) | 𡳞核 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 𡳞核 |
| Southern Min | Yilan (Toucheng) | 𡳞核仔 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 𡳞核, 𡳞核仔 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 𡳞核仔 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 𡳞核 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 𡳞核, 𡳞核仔, 腎子 |
| Southern Min | Tainan (Anping) | 𡳞核 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 𡳞核仔 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 𡳞核, 𡳞核仔 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 𡳞核 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 𡳞核 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Xiyu) | 𡳞核 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 𡳞核, 核, 𡳞脬子 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 𡳞核, 腎子, 𡳞脬子 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 𡳞核 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 核 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 𡳞核 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 𡳞核 |
| Southern Min | Nan'ao (Houzhai) | 𡳞核 |
| Southern Min | Nan'ao (Yun'ao) | 𡳞核 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 𡳞核, 𡳞仁 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 𡳞脬核 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 𡳞核 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 𡳞脬子, 𡳞脬核, 核子 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 𡳞仁 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 𡳞脬仁 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 𡳞核 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang) | 𡳞核 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 𡳞核 |
| Central Min | Sanming (Sanyuan) | 石核 |
| Central Min | Sanming (Shaxian) | 尿脬核 |
| Shaojiang Min | Mingxi | 腎肚子 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 卵子 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 卵子 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 卵子 |
| Wu | Danyang | 卵脬黃, 卵子黃 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 卵子 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 卵黃, 卵袋黃 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 卵子, 卵袋子, 陰袋子 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 老核子 |
| Wu | Jinhua (Tangxi) | 卵核 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 考子, 卵子 |
| Xiang | Hengyang | 睪子 |

### Compounds

* 敗腎 / 败肾
* 洗腎 / 洗肾 (xǐshèn)
* 腎上腺 / 肾上腺 (shènshàngxiàn)
* 腎上腺素 / 肾上腺素 (shènshàngxiànsù)
* 腎元 / 肾元 (shènyuán)
* 腎動脈 / 肾动脉 (shèndòngmài)
* 腎囊 / 肾囊 (shènnáng)
* 腎子 / 肾子 (shènzi)
* 腎炎 / 肾炎 (shènyán)
* 腎病症候群 / 肾病症候群 (shènbìngzhènghòuqún)
* 腎病綜合症 / 肾病综合症 (shènbìngzōnghézhèng)
* 腎癌 / 肾癌 (shèn'ái)
* 腎盂 / 肾盂 (shènyú)
* 腎盂炎 / 肾盂炎
* 腎素 / 肾素 (shènsù)
* 腎結核 / 肾结核
* 腎結石 / 肾结石 (shènjiéshí)
* 腎臟 / 肾脏 (shènzàng)
* 腎臟癌 / 肾脏癌 (shènzàng'ái)
* 腎虧 / 肾亏 (shènkuī)
* 腎錐體 / 肾锥体 (shènzhuītǐ)
* 腎靜脈 / 肾静脉 (shènjìngmài)
* 補腎 / 补肾 (bǔshèn)
* 賣腎 / 卖肾
* 雕肝琢腎 / 雕肝琢肾
* 雕肝鏤腎 / 雕肝镂肾
* 雞腎 / 鸡肾 (jīshèn)
* 鴨腎 / 鸭肾

### References

* “腎”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “肾”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 209.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: じん (jin, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: しん (shin)
* Kun: かなめ (kaname)

#### Compounds

* 腎臓(じんぞう) (jinzō)

### Etymology 1

/murato$_1$/ → /murato/.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [mɯ̟ɾa̠to̞]

#### Noun

腎(むらと) • (murato)
* (obsolete) kidney
** 794, Shin'yaku Kegonkyō Ongi Shiki:心腎肝脯 心人情也 腎音神 訓牟良斗 肝音干 訓岐毛(please add an English translation of this quotation)

### Etymology 2

From earlier /murato/. Voicing suggests that it was originally a compound of mura and to.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [mɯ̟ɾa̠do̞]

#### Noun

腎(むらど) • (murado)
* (obsolete) kidney
** 938, Minamoto no Shitagō, Wamyō Ruijushō, volume 2, pages 35-36:腎 白虎通云 時忍反 上聲之重 无良度 [...] 水之精也 色黑 [...] 水藏也 [...](please add an English translation of this quotation)

### References

* Takeuchi, Rizō (1962) Nara Ibun: Volume 3 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō Shuppan, →ISBN.
* Minamoto, Shitagō with Kyōto Daigaku Bungakubu Kokugogaku Kokubungaku Kenkyūshitu (931–938) Shohon Shūsei Wamyō Ruijushō: Honbunhen (in Japanese), Kyōto: Rinsen, published 1968, →ISBN.

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 腎 (MC dzyinX). Recorded as Middle Korean 신〮 (sín) (Yale: sin) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

Wikisource 腎 (eumhun 콩팥 신 (kongpat sin))
* hanja form of 신 (“kidney”)

#### Compounds

* 부신 (副腎, busin)
* 신장 (腎臟, sinjang)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

腎: Hán Nôm readings: thận
* chữ Hán form of thận (“kidney”).