# imperium
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin imperium (“power, command”), from imperō (“command, order”), from im- (form of in) + parō (“prepare, arrange; intend”). Doublet of empery and empire.

### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ɪmˈpɪəɹi.əm/
* (US) IPA: /ɪmˈpɪɹi.əm/
* Rhymes: -ɪəɹiəm

### Noun

imperium (countable and uncountable, plural imperia or imperiums)
* Supreme power; dominion.
* The right to command the force of the state; sovereignty.

#### Related terms

* imperium in imperio

#### Translations
## Danish
### Alternative forms

* imperie

### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin imperium.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /emˈpeˀɐ̯iɔm/

### Noun

imperium n (singular definite imperiet, plural indefinite imperier)
* empire

### References

* “imperium” in Den Danske Ordbog

## Dutch
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin imperium.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˌɪmˈpeː.ri.ʏm/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: im‧pe‧ri‧um

### Noun

imperium n (plural imperia, diminutive imperiumpje n)
* empire
    Synonyms: keizerrijk, rijk
* business empire

#### Related terms

* imperiaal

## Indonesian
### Etymology

From Dutch imperium, from Latin imperium.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɪmpeˈriʊm/
* Rhymes: -ʊm, -m
* Hyphenation: im‧pé‧ri‧um

### Noun

impérium (plural imperium-imperium)
* empire.
    Synonyms: kekaisaran, kemaharajaan

#### Alternative forms

* émpayar (Standard Malay)

#### Related terms

* imperial
* imperialis
* imperialisme
* imperialistik

### Further reading

* “imperium” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Latin
### Alternative forms

* inperium

### Etymology

From imperō (“command, order”) +‎ -ium, from im- (form of in) + parō (“prepare, arrange; intend”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /imˈpe.ri.um/, [ɪmˈpɛriʊ̃ˑ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /imˈpe.ri.um/, [imˈpɛːrium]

### Noun

imperium n (genitive imperiī or imperī); second declension
* The empire, state, imperial government, realm, dominion.
** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.279:“imperium sine fīne dedī”“I have granted them empire without end.” (The poetic voice is that of Jupiter speaking about the Romans.)
** 8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 5.95–96:“quō postquam ventum est, ‘cōnsistitē!’ praescia māter ‘nam locus imperiī rūs erit istud’ ait.”“After he had arrived there, his prophetic mother said, ‘Halt!, for that countryside will be the place of empire.’” (The muse Calliope tells what the prophetess Carmenta said to Carmenta’s son, Evander of Pallantium, after his arrival in Italy.)
* The right or power to command or be in control; dominion.
    Synonyms: ductus, potestas, arbitrium, auctōritās
* Absolute command or authority over the empire (or other polity); sovereignty; sway.
    Synonym: diciō
** 8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 1.532:hanc fās imperiī frēna tenēre domumIt is divine will that this house should hold the reins of empire.
* (military) Military authority, the command (of an army).
** 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita 26.1:Q. Fuluio Ap. Claudio, prioris anni consulibus, prorogatum imperium est atque exercitus quos habebant decreti, adiectumque ne a Capua quam obsidebant abscederent priusquam expugnassent.The military authority of Quintus Fulvius and Appius Claudius, consuls of the previous year, was extended and the armies which they had were decided upon, and it was added as a proviso that they should not withdraw from Capua, which they were besieging, until they conquered it.
* The exercise of authority, rule, law, control, sovereignty.
    Synonyms: diciō, praescrīptum, rēgula
** c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico VII.20:Imperium se ab Caesare per proditionem nullum desiderareHe desired no sovereignty from Caesar by treachery
* A command, order, direction, bidding.
    Synonyms: dēcrētum, praeceptum, iussus, ēdictum, ēdictiō, nūntius, scītum, dēcrētiō, mandātum
    Ūnō imperiō ōstiātim tōtum oppidum compīlāvit.He plundered the whole city, house by house, by one command.

#### Declension

Second-declension noun (neuter).
$^1$Found in older Latin (until the Augustan Age).

#### Derived terms

* imperiābiliter
* imperiālis
* imperiōsus
* merum imperium
* mixtum imperium

#### Related terms

* imperābiliter
* imperāns
* imperātīvē
* imperātīvus
* imperātōr
* imperātōriē
* imperātōrius
* imperātrīx
* imperātum
* imperātus
* imperiōsē
* imperitō
* imperō

#### Descendants

Inherited:
* Old Catalan: emperi
** Catalan: imperi
* Old French: empire
** → English: empire, empery
** French: empire
* Friulian: imperi
* Italian: impero
* Occitan: empèri
* Piedmontese: imperi
* Sicilian: mpiru
* Venetan: inpero
Borrowed:
* → Asturian: imperiu
* → English: imperium
* → Old Galician-Portuguese: emperio
** Portuguese: império
* → German: Imperium
* → Old Irish: impere, impire
** Irish: impire
** Scottish Gaelic: ìmpire
* → Italian: imperio (semi-learned)
* → Romanian: imperiu
* → Russian: импе́рия (impérija), импе́рія (impérija) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
** → Bashkir: империя (imperiya)
** → Kazakh: империя (imperiä)
** → Hebrew: אימפריה
** → Turkmen: imperiýa
** → Uzbek: imperiya
** → Yiddish: אימפּעריע (imperye)
* → Spanish: imperio
** → Tagalog: imperyo

### References

* “imperium”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “imperium”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "imperium", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* imperium in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. to enlarge the boundaries of a kingdom: fines (imperii) propagare, extendere, (longius) proferre the empire reaches to the ends of the world: imperium orbis terrarum terminis definitur to be a strict disciplinarian in one's household: severum imperium in suis exercere, tenere (De Sen. 11. 37) monarchy: imperium singulare, unius dominatus, regium imperium government by the mob: multitudinis dominatus or imperium democracy: imperium populi or populare, civitas or res publica popularis to confer supreme power on a person: imperium, rerum summam deferre alicui to have power over some one: imperium tenere (in aliquem) to maintain power, authority: imperium obtinere to have unlimited power; to be invested with imperium: cum imperio esse (cf. XVI. 3) to hold a high office (such as conferred imperium, i.e. consulatus, dictatura, praetura): in imperio esse to prolong the command for a year: imperium in annum prorogare to lay down one's power: imperium deponere (Rep. 2. 12. 23) absolute power; autocracy: imperium singulare to take upon oneself absolute power: imperium, regnum, tyrannidem occupare to attack, overthrow a tyranny: imperium oppugnare, percellere to prolong a person's command: prorogare alicui imperium (in annum) civil and military offices: magistratus et imperia (Sall. Iug. 3. 1) to deprive a person of his position as commandant: abrogare alicui imperium the command-in-chief: summa belli, imperii (B. G. 2. 4. 7) to hold a high command: cum imperio esse to be commander-in-chief: imperii summam tenere (Rep. 2. 28) to be commander-in-chief: imperii summae praeesse to appoint some one commander-in-chief: imperii summam deferre alicui or ad aliquem, tradere alicui the command is transferred, passes to some one: imperium transfertur ad aliquem (not transit) to depose a person from his command: imperium alicui abrogare (Off.3. 10) to make oneself master of a people, country: populum, terram suo imperio, suae potestati subicere (not sibi by itself) to make one's submission to some one: se imperio alicuius subicere (not alicui) to be subject to some one, under some one's dominion: sub imperio et dicione alicuius esse to be subject to some one, under some one's dominion: subiectum esse, obnoxium esse imperio or dicioni alicuius (not simply alicui) subjects: qui imperio subiecti sunt
* “imperium”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “imperium”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin imperium.

### Noun

imperium n (definite singular imperiet, indefinite plural imperier, definite plural imperia or imperiene)
* an empire

### References

* “imperium” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin imperium.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /imˈpeːriʉm/

### Noun

imperium n (definite singular imperiet, indefinite plural imperium, definite plural imperia)
* empire

### References

* “imperium” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Polish
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin imperium.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /imˈpɛ.rjum/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛrjum
* Syllabification: im‧pe‧rium

### Noun

imperium n
* (monarchy) empire (political unit, having numerous or extensive territories)

#### Related terms

* antyimperialistyczny
* antyimperialny
* imperialistyczny
* imperialny
* antyimperializm
* imperialista
* imperializm

### Further reading

* imperium in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* imperium in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Swedish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin imperium, used in Swedish since 1845.

### Noun

imperium n
* an empire (state ruled by an emperor or czar)
    Synonyms: kejsardöme, kejsarrike, rike, stormaktsvälde
    Den 6 juni började Italien minera sitt imperiums kuster.On June 6 [1940], Italy started to place mines along the coasts of its empire. [including at the time Italy and Libya]
* an empire (huge state or similar sphere of power)
* an empire (business empire or the like)

#### Related terms

* handelsimperium
* imperialism
* imperialist
* imperialistisk
* imperialstil
* imperialsäng
* imperiebyggare
* industriimperium
* rymdimperium

#### See also

* rike

### References

* imperium in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* imperium in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* imperium in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)