# dis-
## English
### Alternative forms

* di-, dif-

### Etymology

From Middle English dis-, borrowed from Latin dis-, from Proto-Indo-European *dwís.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dɪs/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɪs
* Homophones: dis, diss

### Prefix

dis-
* Not, the reverse of. (Especially forming words with a negative connotation)
    Synonyms: un-, non-, de-, in-, an-, a-
    ‎dis- + ‎agree → ‎disagree
    ‎dis- + ‎connect → ‎disconnect
    ‎dis- + ‎satisfied → ‎dissatisfied
    ‎dis- + ‎interested → ‎disinterested
    ‎dis- + ‎honour → ‎dishonour
* Expressing separation or removal.
    ‎dis- + ‎card → ‎discard (“to throw out a card”)
    ‎dis- + ‎bar → ‎disbar (“to expel from the bar”)
    ‎dis- + ‎franchise → ‎disfranchise (“to remove one's franchise, to prevent from voting”)
* Used as an intensifier.
    ‎dis- + ‎embowel → ‎disembowel
    ‎dis- + ‎annul → ‎disannul (“to annul”)
* Alternative form of dys- (“incorrect”)
    ‎dis- + ‎function → ‎disfunction

#### Usage notes

* When attached to a verbal root, prefixes often change the first vowel (whether initial or preceded by a consonant/consonant cluster) of that verb. These phonological changes took place in Latin and usually do not apply to words created (as in New Latin) from Latin components since Latin became a 'dead' language. Note: the combination of prefix and following vowel did not always yield the same change. Also, these changes in vowels are not necessarily particular to being prefixed with dis- (i.e. other prefixes sometimes cause the same vowel change- see con-, ex-).

#### Translations

NOTE: Words using the prefix dis- do not necessarily use the prefixes given here when translated. See individual words for more accurate translations.

#### See also

* anti-
* contra-
* counter-
* mal-
* mis-
* ob-
* para-

### See also

* dys-

### References

* “dis-”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
* William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “dis-”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.

### Anagrams

* IDs, SDI, sid, I-Ds, ISD, DSI, IDS, ids, sid', Sid, SID, I.D.s

## Catalan
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Ancient Greek δυσ- (dus-).

#### Prefix

dis-
* dys- (bad)
    disfàsia ― dysphasia

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Latin dis-. Compare the inherited des-.

#### Prefix

dis-
* indicates negation
    ‎dis- + ‎sort (“luck”) → ‎dissort (“misfortune”)

##### Derived terms
### Further reading

* “dis-” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “dis-”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025
* “dis-” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.

## Dutch
### Etymology

Ultimately from Latin dis-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dɪs/
* Audio:(file)

### Prefix

dis-
* dis-

## Esperanto
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin dis-, from Proto-Indo-European *dwís.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)
* IPA: /dis/

### Prefix

dis-
* shows separation, dissemination, e.g. semi (“sow”) > dissemi (“disseminate”) ; ŝiri (“tear”) > disŝiri (“tear to pieces”).

#### Derived terms
## French
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin dis-. Compare the inherited dé-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dis/

### Prefix

dis-
* dis-

#### Derived terms
## Friulian
### Etymology

From Latin dis-, from Proto-Indo-European *dwís. See also s-.

### Prefix

dis-
* dis-
    ‎dis- + ‎sglonfâ (“to inflate”) → ‎disglonfâ (“to deflate”)
    ‎dis- + ‎florî (“to bloom”) → ‎disflorî (“to wither”)
* as intensifier
    ‎dis- + ‎sfidâ (“to challenge”) → ‎disfidâ (“to compete”)
    ‎dis- + ‎scuvierzi (“to discover, to uncover”) → ‎discuvierzi (“to find out, to unveil”)

#### Derived terms
## Gothic
### Romanization

dis-
* Romanization of 𐌳𐌹𐍃-

## Ido
### Etymology

Borrowed from Esperanto dis-, from Latin dis-, from Proto-Indo-European *dwís.

### Prefix

dis-
* shows separation or dissemination

#### Derived terms
## Indonesian
### Etymology

From Dutch dis-, from Latin dis-, from Proto-Indo-European *dwís.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [dɪs]
* Hyphenation: dis

### Prefix

dis-
* dis- (“reversal, removal; apart”)

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* “dis-” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Irish
### Prefix

dis-
* Alternative form of dios-

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

## Italian
### Etymology

From Latin dis-, from Proto-Indo-European *dwís. See also s-.

### Prefix

dis-
* dis-
    ‎dis- + ‎fare (“do”) → ‎disfare (“undo”)
    ‎dis- + ‎organizzare (“organize”) → ‎disorganizzare (“disorganize”)

#### See also

* s-
* in-

## Latin
### Alternative forms

* dī-
* dif-

### Etymology

Seemingly a mix of Proto-Indo-European *dus- (“bad”), Proto-Indo-European *dwi- (“two”) (doublet of bi-) and Proto-Indo-European *dwís (“twice, in two”) (doublet of bis), from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁ (“two”). De Vaan proposes that either Proto-Indo-European *dus- (“bad”) was reformed to Proto-Italic *dis- by analogy with Proto-Indo-European *dwi- (“two”), or that *dwis- was changed to *dis- by dissimilation before roots starting with *w. Cognate with Ancient Greek δυσ- (dus-), Ancient Greek διά (diá), Ancient Greek δίς (dís), Sanskrit द्विस् (dvis).

### Prefix

dis-
* asunder, apart, in two
    dīmittō ― dismiss, disband
    discēdō ― part, separate
* reversal, removal
    dissimulō ― disguise, conceal
* utterly, exceedingly
    differtus ― stuffed full

#### Usage notes

* Before b, d, g, l, m, n, r, sc, sp, st and v, the prefix becomes dī-.
* Before f, the prefix becomes dif-.
* Before a consonantal i, the prefix may become dī- or remain as dis-.
* Before a vowel or h, the prefix becomes dir- in the two verbs diribeō and dirimō, which arose early enough to be subject to rhotacism, but from Classical Latin onwards, dis- is used (see, for example, dishiascō in Cato).

#### Related terms

* bis
* duo

#### Descendants

* Catalan: des-; → dis-
* → English: dis-
** ⇒ English: disrespect, disparage
*** ⇒ English: diss
**** → Chinese: diss
**** → Dutch: diss, dissen
**** → German: dissen
**** → Polish: diss
**** → Swedish: diss
* → Esperanto: dis-
* Franco-Provençal: dè-
* French: dé-, dés-; → dis-
* Friulian: dis-
* → Gothic: 𐌳𐌹𐍃- (dis-)
* Italian: dis-, s-
* Norman: des-
* Occitan: des-
* Portuguese: des-; → dis-
* Romanian: des-, dez-
* Sicilian: sdi-, s-
* Spanish: des-; → dis-

### References

* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “dis-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 171-172

### Further reading

* “dis-”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press

## Middle English
### Alternative forms

* des-, dys-

### Etymology

Borrowed from Old French des- and its source Latin dis-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dis-/, /dɛs-/

### Prefix

dis-
* Forms words denoting reversal or removal; dis-, de-.
    Synonym: de-
* Intensifies words with a negative connotation; dis-, de-.
    Synonym: de-

#### Usage notes

* Sometimes used interchangeably with de-; see that entry for more.

#### Descendants

* English: dis- (obsolete des-)

### References

* “des-, pref.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
* “dis-, pref.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈd͡ʒis/
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈd͡ʒis/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /ˈd͡ʒiʃ/

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Latin dis-. Compare the inherited des-.

#### Prefix

dis-
* dis- (indicates separation)

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

Borrowed from New Latin dys-, from Ancient Greek δυσ- (dus-, “bad, hard”).

#### Alternative forms

* dys- (obsolete)

#### Prefix

dis-
* (medicine) dys- (forms the names of conditions characterised by difficult or inadequate function)
* dys- (bad or wrong)

## Spanish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin dis-. Compare the inherited des-.

### Prefix

dis-
* dis-

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* “dis-”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

## Welsh
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dɪs/

### Prefix

dis-
* intensifying prefix
    ‎dis- + ‎taw (“quiet, silent”) → ‎distaw (“silent, noiseless”)
    ‎dis- + ‎pwyll (“consideration”) → ‎disbwyll (“discretion, prudence”)
* negative prefix
    Synonyms: af-, an-, di-
    ‎dis- + ‎cloff (“lame”) → ‎disgloff (“sure footed, agile”)

#### Derived terms
### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.