# 冬

| 冬 | U+51AC, &#20908; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51AC |
| ← 冫 [U+51AB] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 冭 → [U+51AD] |
| 冬 | U+2F81A, &#194586; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F81A |
| ← 仌 [U+2F819] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement | 况 → [U+2F81B] |

## Translingual
### Han character

冬 (Kangxi radical 15, 冫+3, 5 strokes, cangjie input 竹水卜 (HEY), four-corner 2730$_3$, composition ⿱夂⺀ (GTJV) or ⿱夂冫 (K))

#### Derived characters

* 佟 咚 㚵 峂 㠽 㤏 𢫝 泈 㹣 㣠 𨒟 𣁲 昸 柊 炵 䂢 終(终) 𨀐 鉖 𩢦 鮗 鴤 鼨
* 䧷 䳉 䶱 㐑 螽 苳 㫡 笗 𩂓 㲇 鼕 氡 庝 疼 图 𥮴

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 131, character 17
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1610
* Dae Jaweon: page 294, character 13
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 867, character 19
* Unihan data for U+51AC
* Unihan data for U+2F81A

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 冬 :
| Shang | Warring States | Warring States | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Ancient script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 疼 | *dɯːŋ, *duːŋ |
| 冬 | *tuːŋ |
| 苳 | *tuːŋ |
| 笗 | *tuːŋ |
| 炵 | *tʰuːŋ, *duːŋ |
| 佟 | *duːŋ |
| 鼕 | *duːŋ |
| 鉖 | *duːŋ |
| 終 | *tjuŋ |
| 螽 | *tjuŋ |
| 鼨 | *tjuŋ |
| 柊 | *tjuŋ |
| 鴤 | *tjuŋ |
| 泈 | *tjuŋ |
| 蔠 | *tjuŋ |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *tuːŋ): phonetic 夂 (zhǐ, “end”) + semantic 日 (“day”) or 仌 (“ice”).

#### Bronze script and Chu slip script

    Composed of the early form of 終 (“end”, as well phonetic), here represented by Shuowen ancient script , + 日 (“day”). In bronze script, 日 was inside . In Chu slip script, 日 was below.

#### Seal script, Qin clerical script and after

    Composed of (“end”, as well phonetic) + 仌 (“ice”).

### Etymology 1

Possibly related to 終 (OC *tjuŋ, “to end”) (Wang, 1982, Sagart, 2023b). Sagart (ibid.) also proposes cognacy to Chepang त्‍युङ्‌हसा (tyuŋh, “at end, be weak, exhausted”), द्युमःसा (dyumʔ, “at ease after completing work”), द्युम्‌सा (dyum, “terminate, reach end; to be at end”), Jingpho chatum (“end, finish”), Limbu [script needed] (tum-ma, “ripe, mature”), Proto-Ao *a-thəm (“end, finish”).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): dōng (dong$^1$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄥ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): dong$^1$
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): дун (dun, I)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): dung$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): uung$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): dung$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): tûng
    (Hailu, HRS): dung$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): dung$^1$
* Jin (Wiktionary): dung$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): dóng
* Eastern Min (BUC): dĕ̤ng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): dang$^1$ / dorng$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tang / tong
    (Teochew, Peng'im): dang$^1$ / dong$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$ton
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): dong$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dōng
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: dong
*** Wade–Giles: tung$^1$
*** Yale: dūng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: dong
*** Palladius: дун (dun)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʊŋ⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: dong$^1$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: dung
*** Sinological IPA : /toŋ⁵⁵/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: дун (dun, I)
*** Sinological IPA : /tuŋ²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: dung$^1$
*** Yale: dūng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dung$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: dung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʊŋ⁵⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: uung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɵŋ³³/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: dung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /tuŋ⁴²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tûng
*** Hakka Romanization System: dung$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: dung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /tuŋ²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: dung$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /tuŋ⁵³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: dung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʊŋ⁴⁴/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: dung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /tuŋ¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: dóng
*** Sinological IPA : /tɔŋ⁵⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: dĕ̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /tøyŋ⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: dang$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /taŋ⁵³³/
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: dorng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /tɒŋ⁵³³/
* dang1 - vernacular;
* dorng1 - literary.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit冬 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /tuŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /tuŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /tuŋ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /tuŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /təŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /tuŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /tuŋ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /tuə̃⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /tuŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /tũn³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /tuŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /toŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /toŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /toŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /toŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /toŋ³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /təŋ²¹/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /tuəŋ¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /tuŋ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /tũŋ³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /toŋ⁵³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /toŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /toŋ³³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /toŋ³³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /tʌ̃³¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /tan¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /toŋ³³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /tən³³/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /tuŋ⁴²/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /tuŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /tuŋ²⁴/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /toŋ⁵³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /tuŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /tuŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /tɔŋ⁵⁵/ /taŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /tøyŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /tɔŋ⁵⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /toŋ³³/ /taŋ³³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /ʔdoŋ²³/ /ʔdaŋ²³/ |
* Middle Chinese: towng
Rime :
| Character | 冬 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 端 (5) |
| Final (韻) | 冬 (5) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 都宗切 |
| Baxter | towng |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tuoŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /tuoŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /toŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /tawŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /toŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /tuoŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /tuoŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | dōng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | dung$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*tˤuŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*tuːŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 冬 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | dōng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ towng › |
| Old Chinese | /*tˁuŋ/ |
| English | winter |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 冬 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 2419 |
| Phonetic component | 冬 |
| Rime group | 終 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 冬 |
| Old Chinese | /*tuːŋ/ |

#### Definitions

冬
* winter
* (Cantonese) winter solstice
    做冬 [Cantonese] ― zou$^6$ dung$^1$ [Jyutping] ― to celebrate the winter solstice with a dinner
    冬大過年／冬大过年 [Cantonese] ― dung$^1$ daai$^6$ gwo$^3$ nin$^4$ [Jyutping] ― the winter solstice is more important than Chinese New Year
* (Southern Min) year
* (～日) (telegraphy) the second day of a month
* Alternative form of 咚 (dōng, “bang; thud”)
* a surname

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 冬, 冬日 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 冬天, 冬季, 冬日 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 冬天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 冬天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chengde | 冬天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 冬天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 冬天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Heihe | 冬天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Qiqihar | 冬天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 冬天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Wuchang (Yingchengzi) | 冬天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jiamusi | 冬天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Baicheng | 冬天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Changchun | 冬天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tonghua | 冬天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 冬天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jinzhou | 冬天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 冬天 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 冬天, 冬底下 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 冬天 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 冬天 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Xianxian (Xiaoying) | 冬天 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 冬天 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 冬天 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Lijin | 冬天 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 冬天 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dalian | 冬天, 冬季天兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dandong | 冬天 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai | 冬天 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 冬天, 冬季天兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 冬天, 臘月天兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 冬天 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Lingbao | 冬天 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Jining | 冬天 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Daming | 冬天 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 冬間 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Linfen | 冬天 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Shangqiu | 冬天 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yuanyang | 冬天 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 冬天 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xinyang | 冬天 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baihe | 冬天, 九天, 九裡頭 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 冬天, 冬裡 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Dingbian | 冬天, 冬裡 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baoji | 冬天, 寒天, 冬上 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Tianshui | 冬天 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 冬天 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 冷天, 冬天, 寒裡 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Fuyang | 冬天 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 冬天 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan) | 冬天 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 冬天 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yongning (Najiahu) | 冬天, 冷天 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 冬天, 冬月天, 冷月天 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Dunhuang | 冬天, 冬裡 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Hami | 冬天 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 冬天 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi (Xigou) | 冬天 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi (Changshanzi) | 冬天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 冬天, 冬天家 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanchong | 冬天, 寒天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dazhou | 冷天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanyuan | 冬天, 冷天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xichang | 冬天, 寒天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zigong | 冬天, 冷天, 冬辰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 冬天, 冷天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 冬季, 冬天, 冷天, 冷季 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yichang | 冷天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangyang | 冬天, 冷天裡 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianmen | 冬天, 寒天, 冷天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 冬天, 冬天家, 寒天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zunyi | 冬天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Bijie | 冷天家 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liping | 冬天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zhaotong | 冬天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dali | 冬天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 冬天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mengzi | 冬天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 冬天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Pingle | 寒天, 寒冷天, 冬月天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 冬天, 冷天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanning (Wuming) | 冬天, 冷天, 北風天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hechi (Yizhou) | 冬天, 冷天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Luocheng (Dongmen) | 冬天, 冷天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianlin (Langping) | 冬天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jishou | 冬天, 冷天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Changde | 冬天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanzhong | 冬天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Salong (Lancang) | 冷天 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 冷天, 冬天 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 冷天, 冬寒天, 冬天, 寒裡 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianyungang | 冬天, 寒天, 寒裡 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianshui | 冬天, 寒裡頭 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 寒天 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Anqing | 冬天, 冷天 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Wuhu | 冬天 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 冬天 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hong'an | 冬天道, 冷天道 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 冬天, 冷天 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 冬天, 凍天 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 冷天 |
| Cantonese | Taishan (Guanghai) | 冬天 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 冷天 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 冬天 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 冷天 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 冷天 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 天冷天 |
| Cantonese | Guiping (Jiangkou) | 冷天, 冬天 |
| Cantonese | Guiping (Madong) | 冬天, 北風天 |
| Cantonese | Baise | 冷天 |
| Cantonese | Mandalay (Taishan) | 冬天 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 冬天 |
| Gan | Pengze | 冬下天 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 冷天 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 冷天, 冬下裡 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 冬天, 冬下, 冬下頭, 寒天, 冷天 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Shuizhai) | 冷天 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 冷天 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Changbu) | 冬下晨 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Mianyang) | 冷天 |
| Hakka | Liancheng (Peitian) | 冬下 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 冬下 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 寒天, 冷天, 冬下頭 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 寒天, 冷天, 冬下頭 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 寒天, 冷天, 冬下頭, 冬下時 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 寒天, 冬下頭 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 寒天, 冬下頭, 冬下時 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 寒天, 冬天 |
| Hakka | Bobai (Shahe) | 冬天 |
| Hakka | Bobai (Longtan) | 冬天 |
| Hakka | Bobai (Lingping) | 冷天 |
| Hakka | Beiliu (Gonghe, Xilang) | 冬天 |
| Hakka | Xingye (Gaofeng) | 冬下天 |
| Hakka | Guilin (Xiaojiang, Lingui) | 冬天 |
| Hakka | Pingle (Tong'an) | 冬天 |
| Hakka | Yangshuo (Jinbao) | 冬天, 冬下 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Longchuan) | 冬天, 冬季 |
| Hakka | Pontianak (Meixian) | 冷天 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 下冬, 冬場子, 冬場下 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 冬天 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 冬天 |
| Jin | Yangyuan | 冬天, 冬末寒天 |
| Jin | Datong (Xicetian, Yunzhou) | 冬天, 冬哩 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 冬天, 冬金天, 冬兒, 冬景天 |
| Jin | Lüliang (Lishi) | 冬天 |
| Jin | Changzhi | 冬天 |
| Jin | Linhe | 冬天, 冬天裡 |
| Jin | Jining | 冬天 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 冬天 |
| Jin | Erenhot | 冬天 |
| Jin | Pingshan | 冬天 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 冬天 |
| Jin | Handan | 冬天 |
| Jin | Linzhou | 冬天 |
| Jin | Suide | 冬裡 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 冬天 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 凊天, 冬天 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou (Changle) | 凊天 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 凊天, 冬天 |
| Eastern Min | Yongtai | 凊天 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 寒天 |
| Eastern Min | Fu'an | 寒天 |
| Eastern Min | Ningde | 寒天 |
| Eastern Min | Shouning | 寒天 |
| Eastern Min | Zhouning | 寒天 |
| Eastern Min | Fuding | 寒天 |
| Eastern Min | Matsu | 冬天 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 冬天, 寒天, 寒冬, 寒儂 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 冬天, 寒天, 寒儂 |
| Southern Min | Yongchun | 寒天, 冬天 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 冬天, 寒天, 寒冬 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 寒天, 冬天 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 寒天, 冬天 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 冬天, 寒儂, 寒天 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 冬仔, 寒天 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 冬天, 寒儂, 寒天 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 冬天, 寒儂, 寒天 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 冬天, 寒儂, 寒天 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 冬天, 寒天 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 冬天, 寒儂, 寒天 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 冬天, 寒天儂 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 冬天, 寒天 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 冬天, 寒天 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 冬天 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 寒天 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 寒儂 |
| Southern Min | Zhangping (Yongfu) | 寒天, 在冬 |
| Southern Min | Guilin (Biyange) | 冬天 |
| Southern Min | Pingle (Zhoutang) | 寒天, 冷天, 冬月天 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 冬天時, 凝天時 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 凝天時, 凊天時, 凊天 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 冬天時, 凝天時, 寒天時 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 凝天時, 凊天時, 冬天時 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 冬天 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 冬季 |
| Southern Min | Qionghai | 寒天 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 寒天, 冬天 |
| Central Min | Yong'an | 冬天 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 冬季 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Wutong, Lingui) | 冬天, 冷天 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Liutang, Lingui) | 冬天 |
| Northern Pinghua | Lingchuan (Sanjie) | 冷天, 冬天 |
| Northern Pinghua | Lingchuan (Shuangzhou) | 冬天 |
| Waxiang | Guzhang (Gaofeng) | 冬天 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 冬天, 冷天, 冬場裡, 寒場裡 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 寒天, 寒場裡, 寒裡 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 冬天, 冷天, 寒天 |
| Wu | Danyang | 冬天, 冬天頭, 冬季 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 冬天 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 冬天價, 冬天 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 天色冷, 十二月 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 冬天 |
| Wu | Jinhua (Tangxi) | 冬裡 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 冬天, 冷天 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 冬天 |
| Xiang | Quanzhou | 冬天 |
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 冬至, 南至 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 冬至 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 冬至 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 冬至 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 冬至 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 冬至 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 冬至 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 冬至 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 冬至 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 冬至 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 冬至 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 冬至 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 冬至 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 冬至 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 冬至 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 冬, 過冬 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 冬至, 過冬 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 冬至 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 冬至 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 冬至 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 冬至 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 冬至 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 冬至, 長至 dated |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 冬至 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 冬至 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 冬至 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 冬至 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 冬至 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 冬至 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 冬至 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 冬至 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 冬至 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 冬至 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 冬至 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 冬至 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 冬至, 大冬 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 冬至 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 冬至, 冬節, 冬 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 冬至, 冬, 冬節 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 冬至 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 冬至 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 冬至 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 冬至 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 冬至 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 冬至 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 冬節, 冬至 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 冬節, 冬至 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 冬節 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 冬節, 冬至 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 冬節 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 冬節 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 冬至 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 冬至 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 冬至, 過冬 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 冬至 |
| Jin | Linhe | 冬至 |
| Jin | Jining | 冬至 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 冬至 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 冬至 |
| Jin | Handan | 冬至 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 冬節 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 冬至, 冬節 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 冬至 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 冬節 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 冬節 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 冬節, 小年兜 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 冬節 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 冬節 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou (Longhai) | 冬節 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 冬節 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 冬節 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 冬節 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 冬節 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 冬節 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 冬節 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 冬節 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 冬節 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 冬節 |
| Southern Min | Ho Chi Minh City (Teochew) | 冬節 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 冬至, 冬節 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 冬至 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 冬至 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 冬至 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 冬至 |
| Wu | Danyang | 冬至 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 冬至 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 冬至 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 冬節 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 冬至 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 冬至 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 冬至 |

##### See also

Seasons in Mandarin · 四季 (sìjì, “four seasons”) (layout · text) · category :
| 春 (chūn, “spring”) | 夏 (xià, “summer”) | 秋 (qiū, “fall; autumn”) | 冬 (dōng, “winter”) |

#### Compounds

* 丁冬 (dīngdōng)
* 三冬 (sāndōng)
* 三冬兩夏 / 三冬两夏
* 九冬
* 人工冬眠
* 仲冬
* 佳冬 (Jiādōng)
* 做冬
* 入冬 (rùdōng)
* 冒兒咕冬 / 冒儿咕冬
* 冬事
* 冬令 (dōnglìng)
* 冬令進補 / 冬令进补
* 冬候鳥 / 冬候鸟
* 冬儲 / 冬储
* 冬凌
* 冬初
* 冬夏 (dōngxià)
* 冬大過年 / 冬大过年
* 冬天 (dōngtiān)
* 冬季 (dōngjì)
* 冬季作物
* 冬季運動 / 冬季运动 (dōngjì yùndòng)
* 冬寒
* 冬寒菜
* 冬小麥 / 冬小麦 (dōngxiǎomài)
* 冬心
* 冬扇夏爐 / 冬扇夏炉
* 冬日 (dōngrì)
* 冬日可愛 / 冬日可爱
* 冬暖夏涼 / 冬暖夏凉 (dōngnuǎnxiàliáng)
* 冬月 (Dōngyuè)
* 冬水 (dōngshuǐ)
* 冬溫夏凊 / 冬温夏凊
* 冬灌
* 冬烘 (dōnghōng)
* 冬烘先生
* 冬狩
* 冬瓜 (dōngguā)
* 冬眠 (dōngmián)
* 冬筍 / 冬笋 (dōngsǔn)
* 冬節 / 冬节 (dōngjié)
* 冬粉 (dōngfěn)
* 冬至 (dōngzhì)
* 冬花 (dōnghuā)
* 冬菜 (dōngcài)
* 冬菇 (dōnggū)
* 冬藏
* 冬蟄 / 冬蛰
* 冬蟲夏草 / 冬虫夏草 (dōngchóngxiàcǎo)
* 冬衣 (dōngyī)
* 冬裝 / 冬装 (dōngzhuāng)
* 冬賑 / 冬赈
* 冬防
* 冬風 / 冬风
* 冬麥 / 冬麦 (dōngmài)
* 初冬 (chūdōng)
* 嚴冬 / 严冬 (yándōng)
* 夏鑪冬扇 / 夏𬬻冬扇
* 天門冬 / 天门冬 (tiānméndōng)
* 孟冬
* 季冬 (Jìdōng)
* 寒冬 (hándōng)
* 寒冬臘月 / 寒冬腊月 (hándōnglàyuè)
* 幫冬 / 帮冬
* 忍冬 (rěndōng)
* 拜冬
* 撲冬冬 / 扑冬冬
* 撲通通冬 / 扑通通冬
* 暖冬 (nuǎndōng)
* 款冬
* 殘冬 / 残冬 (cándōng)
* 殘冬臘月 / 残冬腊月
* 無冬無夏 / 无冬无夏
* 玄冬
* 盛冬
* 矮冬瓜 (ǎidōngguā)
* 秋收冬藏
* 窮冬 / 穷冬
* 立冬 (Lìdōng)
* 紅冬冬 / 红冬冬
* 肥冬瘦年
* 臘盡冬殘 / 腊尽冬残
* 茄冬
* 越冬作物 (yuèdōng zuòwù)
* 過冬 / 过冬 (guòdōng)
* 開冬 / 开冬
* 隆冬 (lóngdōng)
* 麥冬 / 麦冬 (màidōng)
* 麥門冬 / 麦门冬 (màiméndōng)

### Etymology 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 冬 – see 鼕. (This character is the simplified form of 鼕).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

### References

* “冬”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 冬 |
| Kyūjitai | 冬 &#x2F81A; or 冬+&#xFE00; |
| Kyūjitai | 冬󠄀 冬+&#xE0100; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 冬󠄃 冬+&#xE0103; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Second grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 冬)

#### Readings

* Go-on: とう (tō, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: とう (tō, Jōyō)
* Kun: ふゆ (fuyu, 冬, Jōyō)
* Nanori: かず (kazu)、とし (toshi)、ふゆ (fuyu)

#### Compounds

* 冬瓜(かもうり) (kamouri)
* 忍冬(すいかずら) (suikazura)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 冬
* ふゆ Grade: 2
* kun'yomi
⟨puyu⟩ → /ɸuju/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *puyu.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ふゆ [fùyúꜜ] (Odaka –)
* IPA: [ɸɯ̟jɯ̟]
* Audio:(file)

#### Noun

冬(ふゆ) • (fuyu)
* winter (season)
    Synonyms: 冬季 (tōki), 冬期 (tōki)
    冬(ふゆ)の狂(きょう)風(ふう)
       Fuyu no Kyōfū
       The Winds of Winter

##### Derived terms

* 冬(ふゆ)将(しょう)軍(ぐん) (fuyushōgun)
* 冬(ふゆ)休(やす)み (fuyuyasumi)
* 冬(ふゆ)山(やま) (fuyuyama)
* 冬(ふゆ)空(ぞら) (fuyuzora)
* 初(はつ)冬(ふゆ) (hatsufuyu)
* 真(ま)冬(ふゆ) (mafuyu)

#### Coordinate terms

Seasons in Japanese · 四(し)季(き) (shiki, “four seasons”) (layout · text) · category :
| 春(はる) (haru, “spring”) 春(しゅん)季(き) (shunki, “spring”) 春(しゅん)期(き) (shunki, “spring period”) | 夏(なつ) (natsu, “summer”) 夏(か)季(き) (kaki, “summer”) 夏(か)期(き) (kaki, “summer period”) | 秋(あき) (aki, “fall; autumn”) 秋(しゅう)季(き) (shūki, “fall; autumn”) 秋(しゅう)期(き) (shūki, “fall period”) | 冬(ふゆ) (fuyu, “winter”) 冬(とう)季(き) (tōki, “winter”) 冬(とう)期(き) (tōki, “winter period”) |

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 冬
* とう Grade: 2
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 冬 (MC towng).

#### Affix

冬(とう) • (tō)
* winter

##### Derived terms

* 冬(トウ)瓜(ガン) (tōgan)
* 冬(とう)季(き) (tōki)
* 冬(とう)期(き) (tōki)
* 冬(とう)月(げつ) (tōgetsu)
* 冬(とう)至(じ) (tōji)
* 冬(とう)眠(みん) (tōmin)
* 越(えっ)冬(とう) (ettō)
* 季(き)冬(とう) (kitō)
* 旧(きゅう)冬(とう) (kyūtō)
* 厳(げん)冬(とう) (gentō)
* 初(しょ)冬(とう) (shotō)
* 晩(ばん)冬(とう) (bantō)
* 立(りっ)冬(とう) (rittō)
* 忍(にん)冬(どう) (nindō)

### See also

* ウィンター (wintā)

### References

* ↑ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 264 (paper), page 182 (digital)
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 冬 (MC towng). Recorded as Middle Korean 도ᇰ (twong) (Yale: twong) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

Wikisource 冬 (eumhun 겨울 동 (gyeoul dong))
* hanja form of 동 (“winter”)

#### Compounds

* 동면 (冬眠, dongmyeon)
* 동지 (冬至, dongji)
* 입동 (立冬, ipdong)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Okinawan
### Kanji

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): とぅん (tun)
* Kun: ふゆ (fuyu, 冬, Jōyō)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 冬
* ふゆ Grade: 2
* kun'yomi
Compare Japanese 冬 (fuyu, “winter”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɸuju]

### Noun

冬(ふゆ) (fuyu)
* winter

### References

* “ふゆ【冬】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

冬: Hán Nôm readings: đông
* chữ Hán form of đông (“winter”).

#### Derived terms

* 冬至 (đông chí)
* 春夏秋冬 (xuân hạ thu đông)
* 立冬 (lập đông)

### References

* ↑ Trần (1999).