# fraus
## English
### Noun

fraus
* plural of frau

### Anagrams

* Raufs, fuars

## Catalan
### Noun

fraus
* plural of frau

## Latin
### Etymology

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to deceive, mislead”), with an uncertain phonetic development. However see also Sanskrit ध्रुति (dhruti, “deception”), द्रुह्यति (druhyati, “to deceive”) and Younger Avestan 𐬛𐬭𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬝 (drāuuaiiāt̰, “will deceive”), which (along with perhaps Proto-Germanic *draumaz (“dream”)) point to Proto-Indo-European *dʰrew-, which would have been extended as *dʰrew-d⁽ʰ⁾- at some point before Latin and also as *dʰrew-gʰ- in PIE times.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /frau̯s/, [fräu̯s̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /frau̯s/, [fräu̯s]

### Noun

fraus f (genitive fraudis); third declension
* cheating, deceit, deception, fraud, guile, stratagem, trick, treachery, wiles
    Synonyms: dēceptiō, maleficium, perfidia, dolus, stratēgēma, ars
** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.675:“Mē fraude petēbās?”(Literally) “[So, it’s] me [who] you are aiming at with [your] deceit?” (The emphatic position of “me” conveys Anna’s emotional response to Dido’s impending death. Translations – Mackail, 1885: “Was my summons a snare?”; Knight, 1956: “You planned to deceive me!”; Mandelbaum, 1971: “Did you plan this fraud for me?”; West, 1990: “It was all to deceive your sister!”; Ahl, 2007: “Your fraud had me as its target?”; Bartsch, 2020: “You wanted to trick me?”)
* delusion, error
* injury, hurt, harm
    Synonyms: damnum, dētrīmentum, incommoditās, calamitās, pauperiēs, maleficium, iniūria, noxa, vulnus
* bad or ill intent

#### Declension

Third-declension noun.

#### Derived terms

* fraudātiō
* fraudātor
* fraudātōrius
* fraudō
* fraudulenter
* fraudulentia
* fraudulentus
* fraudulōsus
* frūstrā

#### Descendants

* Italian: frode
* → Catalan: frau
* → Old French: fraude
** Middle French: fraude
*** French: fraude
** Norman: fraude
** → Middle Dutch: fraude
*** Dutch: fraude
**** → Indonesian: fraude
** → Middle English: fraude
*** English: fraud
* → Portuguese: fraude
* → Romanian: fraudă
* → Spanish: fraude
* → Esperanto: fraŭdo
** Ido: fraudo

### References

* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “fraus, -dis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 240

### Further reading

* “fraus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “fraus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "fraus", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “fraud”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.
* Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 277

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Verb

fraus
* (non-standard since 2005) past tense of fryse

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Verb

fraus
* past tense of frysa