# 左右
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): zuǒyòu
       (Zhuyin): ㄗㄨㄛˇ ㄧㄡˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): zo$^3$ you$^4$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zo$^2$ jau$^6$ / zo$^2$ jau$^{6-2}$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chó-yu
* Jin (Wiktionary): ze$^2$ iou$^3$
* Eastern Min (BUC): cō̤-iêu
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chó͘-iū / chó-iū
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zo$^2$ iu$^6$
* Xiang (Hengyang, Wiktionary): zo$^3$ iu
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zuǒyòu → zuǒyou (toneless final syllable variant)
*** Zhuyin: ㄗㄨㄛˇ ㄧㄡˋ → ㄗㄨㄛˇ ˙ㄧㄡ (toneless final syllable variant)
*** Tongyong Pinyin: zuǒyo̊u
*** Wade–Giles: tso$^3$-yu$^5$
*** Yale: dzwǒ-you
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzuoo.yow
*** Palladius: цзою (czoju)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ joʊ̯⁵¹/ → /t͡su̯ɔ²¹⁴ joʊ̯⁴/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: zo$^3$ you$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: zoju
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡so⁵³ iəu²¹³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zo$^2$ jau$^6$ / zo$^2$ jau$^{6-2}$
*** Yale: jó yauh / jó yáu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzo$^2$ jau$^6$ / dzo$^2$ jau$^{6-2}$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zo$^2$ yeo$^6$ / zo$^2$ yeo$^{6-2}$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɔː³⁵ jɐu̯²²/, /t͡sɔː³⁵ jɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chó-yu
*** Hakka Romanization System: zo$^ˋ$ iu
*** Hagfa Pinyim: zo$^3$ yiu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡so³¹ i̯u⁵⁵/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chó-yu
*** Hakka Romanization System: zo$^ˋ$ (r)iu
*** Hagfa Pinyim: zo$^3$ yiu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡so³¹ (j)i̯u⁵⁵/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: ze$^2$ iou$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡sɤ⁵³ iəu⁴⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: cō̤-iêu
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡so³³⁻⁵⁵ iɛu²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chó͘-iū
*** Tâi-lô: tsóo-iū
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zofiu
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ iu⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chó-iū
*** Tâi-lô: tsó-iū
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zoyiu
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡so⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iu³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ iu³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡so⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iu²²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: zo$^2$ iu$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsó iŭ
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡so⁵²⁻³⁵ iu³⁵/
* Xiang
** (Hengyang)
*** Wiktionary: zo$^3$ iu
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡so³³ i̯u³/
* Middle Chinese: tsaX|tsaH hjuwX|hjuwH
Rime :
| Character | 左 | 左 | 右 | 右 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 精 (13) | 精 (13) | 云 (35) | 云 (35) |
| Final (韻) | 歌 (94) | 歌 (94) | 尤 (136) | 尤 (136) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Departing (H) | Rising (X) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I | III | III |
| Fanqie | 臧可切 | 則箇切 | 云久切 | 于救切 |
| Baxter | tsaX | tsaH | hjuwX | hjuwH |
| Reconstructions |||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡sɑ$^X$/ | /t͡sɑ$^H$/ | /ɦɨu$^X$/ | /ɦɨu$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡sɑ$^X$/ | /t͡sɑ$^H$/ | /ɦiu$^X$/ | /ɦiu$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡sɑ$^X$/ | /t͡sɑ$^H$/ | /ɣiəu$^X$/ | /ɣiəu$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡sa$^X$/ | /t͡sa$^H$/ | /ɦuw$^X$/ | /ɦuw$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡sɑ$^X$/ | /t͡sɑ$^H$/ | /ɣiu$^X$/ | /ɣiu$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡sɑ$^X$/ | /t͡sɑ$^H$/ | /ɣĭəu$^X$/ | /ɣĭəu$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡sɑ$^X$/ | /t͡sɑ$^H$/ | /i̯ə̯u$^X$/ | /i̯ə̯u$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zuǒ | zuò | yǒu | yòu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zo$^2$ | zo$^3$ | jau$^5$ | jau$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*tsˤa[j]ʔ|tsˤarʔ-s [ɢ]ʷəʔ|[ɢ]ʷəʔ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ʔsaːlʔ|ʔsaːls ɢʷɯʔ|ɢʷɯs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 左 | 左 | 左 | 右 | 右 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zuǒ | zuǒ | zuǒ | yòu | yòu |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsa$^X$ › | ‹ tsa$^X$ › | ‹ tsa$^H$ › | ‹ hjuw$^X$ › | ‹ hjuw$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*tsˁa[j]ʔ/ | /*tsˁa[j]ʔ/ | /*tsˁarʔ-s/ | /*[ɢ]ʷəʔ/ | /*[ɢ]ʷəʔ-s/ (~ *m-qʷəʔ) |
| English | left (side) | assist | assist | right hand | right hand |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 左 | 左 | 右 | 右 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 18004 | 18006 | 15597 | 15604 |
| Phonetic component | 左 | 左 | 又 | 又 |
| Rime group | 歌 | 歌 | 之 | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 左 | 佐 | 有 | 宥 |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔsaːlʔ/ | /*ʔsaːls/ | /*ɢʷɯʔ/ | /*ɢʷɯs/ |

### Noun

左右
* left and right
* left and right sides; both sides
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Cēncī xìngcài, zuǒyòu liú zhī.... Yǎotiǎoshūnǚ, qínsè yǒu zhī. Cēncī xìngcài, zuǒ yòu mào zhī. [Pinyin]
    Here long, there short, is the duckweed, To the left, to the right, borne about by the current. […] The modest, retiring, virtuous, young lady: With lutes, small and large, let us give her friendly welcome. Here long, there short, is the duckweed; On the left, on the right, we cook and present it.
* entourage; retinue; attendants

### Postposition

左右
* about; or so; or thereabouts; around; approximately
       Tā shēngāo kěnéng zài sān mǐ zuǒyòu. [Pinyin]
       He was about three meters tall.
       saam$^1$ sap$^6$ fan$^1$ zung$^1$ zo$^2$ jau$^{6-2}$ [Jyutping]
       about 30 minutes
       Wǒ gūjì wēndù dōu zài shí dù zuǒyòu ba. [Pinyin]
       I guess the temperature is around ten degrees now.

#### Synonyms

* 上下 (shàngxià)
* 光景 (guāngjǐng)
* 前後 / 前后 (qiánhòu) (of a point in or period of time)
* 參差 / 参差 (cēncī) (literary)
* 大抵 (dàdǐ)
* 大概 (dàgài)
* 大率 (dàshuài) (literary)
* 大約 / 大约 (dàyuē)
* 大約摸 / 大约摸 (dàyuēmō) (colloquial)
* 大約摸捉 / 大约摸捉 (Shanghainese)
* 大致 (dàzhì)
* 模樣 / 模样
* 無慮 / 无虑 (wúlǜ) (literary)
* 約摸 / 约摸 (yuēmo)
* 約略 / 约略 (yuēlüè)

### Verb

左右
* (Classical) to control; to manipulate; to influence; to dominate

#### Synonyms

* 主宰 (zhǔzǎi)
* 主張 / 主张 (zhǔzhāng) (archaic)
* 克制 (kèzhì)
* 克治 (kèzhì) (literary)
* 制禦 / 制御 (zhìyù) (literary)
* 制約 / 制约 (zhìyuē)
* 君 (jūn) (literary)
* 執掌 / 执掌 (zhízhǎng)
* 壓制 / 压制 (yāzhì)
* 壓抑 / 压抑 (yāyì)
* 局 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 局限 (júxiàn)
* 把
* 抑制 (yìzhì)
* 把持 (bǎchí)
* 把控 (bǎkòng)
* 把攬 / 把揽 (bǎlǎn)
* 抵制 (dǐzhì)
* 拘束 (jūshù)
* 按 (àn)
* 按捺 (ànnà) (usually in the negative)
* 控 (literary, or in compounds)
* 控制 (kòngzhì)
* 掌控 (zhǎngkòng)
* 掌握 (zhǎngwò)
* 提控 (tíkòng) (literary)
* 撥弄 / 拨弄 (bōnòng)
* 撙節 / 撙节 (zǔnjié)
* 操控 (cāokòng)
* 操縱 / 操纵 (cāozòng)
* 擺佈 / 摆布 (bǎibù)
* 擺治 / 摆治 (bǎizhì) (regional)
* 支配 (zhīpèi)
* 收斂 / 收敛 (shōuliǎn)
* 束 (literary, or in compounds)
* 束縛 / 束缚 (shùfù)
* 柄 (literary, or in compounds)
* 框 (kuàng)
* 禁錮 / 禁锢 (jìngù) (figurative)
* 積壓 / 积压 (jīyā) (figurative)
* 節制 / 节制 (jiézhì)
* 節撙 / 节撙 (Quanzhou Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien)
* 管制 (guǎnzhì)
* 管束 (guǎnshù)
* 約束 / 约束 (yuēshù)
* 統御 / 统御 (tǒngyù) (literary)
* 統治 / 统治 (tǒngzhì)
* 羈束 / 羁束 (jīshù) (literary)
* 裁 (cái) (literary, or in compounds)
* 遏抑 (èyì) (literary)
* 鎮 / 镇 (zhèn)
* 限 (xiàn)
* 限乏 (Xiamen Hokkien)
* 限制 (xiànzhì)
* 駕 / 驾 (jià)
* 駕馭 / 驾驭 (jiàyù) (figurative)

### Derived terms

* 左右手 (zuǒyòushǒu)
* 左右為難 / 左右为难 (zuǒyòuwéinán)
* 左右逢源 (zuǒyòuféngyuán)
* 左右開弓 / 左右开弓

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 左(さ)右(ゆう) (sayū)
* → Korean: 좌우(左右) (jwau)
* → Vietnamese: tả hữu (左右)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 左 | 右 |
| さ Grade: 1 | ゆう Grade: 1 |
| on'yomi ||
From 左(さ) (sa, “left”) + 右(ゆう) (yū, “right”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) さゆう [sáꜜyùù] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [sa̠jɯ̟ː]

#### Noun

左(さ)右(ゆう) • (sayū)
* left and right
    横(おう)断(だん)歩(ほ)道(どう)を渡(わた)る前(まえ)には、左(さ)右(ゆう)を確(かく)認(にん)する。
       Ōdanhodō o wataru mae ni wa, sayū o kakunin suru.
       Check left and right before you cross the road.
* both sides
* control
* influence

##### Synonyms

* (right and left): 右(みぎ)左(ひだり) (migihidari)
* (control): 支(し)配(はい) (shihai)
* (influence): 影(えい)響(きょう) (eikyō)

##### Derived terms

* 上下左右
* 前後左右
* 左右一対
* 左右軸
* 左右相称
* 左右対称

#### Verb

左(さ)右(ゆう)する • (sayū suru) suru (stem 左(さ)右(ゆう)し (sayū shi), past 左(さ)右(ゆう)した (sayū shita))
* to sway, to influence
* to have under one's control

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 左右し | さゆうし | sayū shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 左右し | さゆうし | sayū shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 左右する | さゆうする | sayū suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 左右する | さゆうする | sayū suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 左右すれ | さゆうすれ | sayū sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 左右せよ¹ 左右しろ² | さゆうせよ¹ さゆうしろ² | sayū seyo¹ sayū shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 左右される | さゆうされる | sayū sareru |
| Causative | 左右させる 左右さす | さゆうさせる さゆうさす | sayū saseru sayū sasu |
| Potential | 左右できる | さゆうできる | sayū dekiru |
| Volitional | 左右しよう | さゆうしよう | sayū shiyō |
| Negative | 左右しない | さゆうしない | sayū shinai |
| Negative continuative | 左右せず | さゆうせず | sayū sezu |
| Formal | 左右します | さゆうします | sayū shimasu |
| Perfective | 左右した | さゆうした | sayū shita |
| Conjunctive | 左右して | さゆうして | sayū shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 左右すれば | さゆうすれば | sayū sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 左 | 右 |
| さ Grade: 1 | う Grade: 1 |
| goon ||

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) そー [sóꜜò] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [so̞ː]

#### Noun

左右(そう) • (sō)
* (obsolete) left and right
* letter; tidings
    Synonym: 便り (tayori)
** 1883, 아메노모리 호슈(雨森芳洲) [Amenomori Hōshū], “晝夜”, in 浦瀬裕, editor, 재간교린수지(再刊交隣須知) (Jaegan'gyorinsuji)‎, 外務省 edition, volume 1:
    初七日 七日コロハサウガアリマセウshonanoka nanoka koro wa sō ga arimashō7th: There will probably be tidings on the 7th.
       初七日 초(初)일엣날ᄶᅳᆷ 긔별(寄別)이 잇ᄉᆞ오리 (original Korean)
** 1883, 아메노모리 호슈(雨森芳洲) [Amenomori Hōshū], “語辭”, in 浦瀬裕, editor, 재간교린수지(再刊交隣須知) (Jaegan'gyorinsuji)‎, 外務省 edition, volume 3:
    又 マタヨイ左右ガキソウニゴザルmata mata yoi sō ga kisō ni gozaruAgain: It seems like good tidings may come again.
       又 ᄯᅩ 됴흔 긔별(寄別)이 올 듯허오 (original Korean)

### Etymology 3

Kanji in this term :
| 左 | 右 |
| と Grade: 1 | かく Grade: 1 |
| kun'yomi ||
For pronunciation and definitions of 左右 – see the following entry. :
| 【とかく】 | [adverb] being apt to; being prone to; tending to [adverb] (in the form of とかくの (tokaku no)) all sorts of (negative things); various [adverb] this and that [adverb] anyway, anyhow [noun] (idiomatic, Buddhism) things that do not exist; rabbit horns Alternative spelling 兎角 |
(This term, 左右, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 左 | 右 |

### Noun

左右 • (jwau) (hangeul 좌우)
* hanja form of 좌우 (“left and right”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 左 | 右 |

### Noun

左右
* chữ Hán form of tả hữu (“left and right”).