# قلعة
## Arabic
### Etymology 1

Unknown. Possibilities include:
* From the Arabic root ق ل ع (q l ʕ).
* From Persian کلات (kalât, “fortress”), since a borrowing of this word regularly yields the shape قَلْعَة (qalʕa). Akin to Mazanderani کلا (kalâ, “borough”) and probably Old Armenian քաղաք (kʻałakʻ, “town”) (under ancient circumstances “fortress, castle” and “town” isn’t necessarily a meaning difference).
* From the name of the Malay town below, after its high walls, perhaps supported by how the vocalization varies between قَلْعَة (qalʕa), قِلْعَة (qilʕa) and قَلَعَة (qalaʕa).
* From Proto-Turkic *kiāl-mak (“to remain”). Compare the early Turkic borrowing for a fortification خَازُوق (ḵāzūq, “pale, stake”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /qal.ʕa/, (less common) IPA: /qil.ʕa/
** (Hijazi) IPA: [ɡal.ʕa], [qal.ʕa]

#### Noun

قَلْعَة or قِلْعَة • (qalʕa or qilʕa) f (plural قِلَاع (qilāʕ) or قُلُوع (qulūʕ) or قَلَعَات (qalaʕāt))
* fortress, fort, castle

##### Derived terms

* قُلَيْعَة (qulayʕa, diminutive)

##### Descendants

* → Middle Armenian: կլայ (klay)
* → Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܩܲܠܥܵܐ (qalˁā)
* → Persian: قلعه (qal'e)
** → Azerbaijani: qala
** → Bashkir: ҡала (qala)
** → Bengali: কেল্লা (kella)
** → Hindustani:
    Hindi: क़िला (qilā)
    Urdu: قِلْعَہ (qil'a)
**   * → English: qila
**   * → Shina: قلعہ (qilla)
** → Kazakh: қала (qala)
** → Kyrgyz: калаa (kalaa)
** → Marathi: किल्ला (killā)
** → Tajik: қалъа (qalʾa)
** → Tatar: кала (qala)
** → Turkmen: gala
** → Uzbek: qalʼa
** → Ottoman Turkish: قلعه (kalʼa, kalʼe)
*** Turkish: kale
*** → Albanian: kala
*** → Armenian: խալէ (xalē), ղալա (ġala), կալա (kala)
*** → Bulgarian: кале́ (kalé)
*** → Macedonian: кале (kale)
*** → Ubykh: ӄ'ала (q̣ala)
** → Punjabi:
    Gurmukhi script: ਕਿਲ੍ਹਾ (kilhā)
    Shahmukhi script: قلعہ (qila)
** → Uyghur: قەلئە (qel'e)
* → Tabasaran: гъала (ġala)

###### Toponyms

* → Spanish: Alcalá
* → Sicilian: Cala-, Calata-, Carta-
* ⇒ Arabic: قَلْعَةْ النِسَاء (qalʕat an-nisāʔ, “Fort of the Women”)
** → Sicilian: Nissa
** → Italian: Caltanissetta

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

قُلْعَة • (qulʕa) f
* (obsolete) distancing oneself, remotion, depart, not resting
    Synonym: رِحْلَة (riḥla)

##### Declension
### Etymology 3
#### Proper noun

قَلْعَة or قِلْعَة • (qalʕa or qilʕa) f
* alternative form of كَلَة (kala, “the tin-exporting port town”)

##### Derived terms

* قَلْعِيّ (qalʕiyy)

### References

* Dozy, Reinhart Pieter Anne (1881) “قلعة”, in Supplément aux dictionnaires arabes‎ (in French), volume 2, Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 396
* Fraenkel, Siegmund (1886) Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen (in German), Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 237
* Freytag, Georg (1835) “قلعة”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎ (in Latin), volume 3, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 490
* Mirzoyan, Knarik, Charchyan, Tadevos (2016) “Some Persian Loanwords in Tatar Language”, in Problems of Oriental Studies‎, volume 12, Yerevan: University Press, page 256
* Siddiqi, Abdussattar (1919) Studien über die Persischen Fremdwörter im klassischen Arabisch (in German), Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, pages 70–71
* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “قلعة”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen, page 853
* Wehr, Hans (1979) “قلعة”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN, page 920

## Hijazi Arabic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡal.ʕa/ (used for the sense of "expulsion")
** IPA: /ɡal.ʕa/, [qal.ʕa] ([q] pronunciation used for the sense of "fort, fortress, castle")

### Etymology 1

Probably from Arabic قُلْعَة (qulʕa).

#### Noun

قلعة • (galʕa) f (plural قلعات (ɡalʕāt))
* usually used in the (idiomatic) phrase; go to hell, out the window
    قلعة تقلعك ― galʕa tiglaʕak ― get out of here
* explosion
    Synonym: طردة (ṭarda)

### Etymology 2

Learned borrowing from Arabic قَلْعَة (qalʕa).

#### Noun

قلعة • (galʕa) f (plural قلعات (galʕāt) or قلاع (gilāʕ))
* fort, fortress, castle
* (chess) rook

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Arabic قَلْعَة (qalʕa).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /qal.ʕe/, [ˈqɑl.ʕa]
* IPA: /qal.ʕa/, [ˈqɑl.ʕa]
* Audio (Ramallah):(file)

### Noun

قلعة • (qalʕa) f (plural قلاع (qilāʕ))
* fort, fortress, castle
* (chess) rook

#### See also

Chess pieces in South Levantine Arabic · قطع الشطرنج (ʔuṭaʕ iš-šaṭranj) (layout · text) :
| ملك (malik) | ملكة (malike) | قلعة (ʔalʕa) | وزير (wazīr) | حصان (ḥsān) | جندي (jundi) |