# تخم
## Arabic
### Etymology 1

From a corruption of the verb اِتَّخَمَ (ittaḵama) or from a resegmentation of تُخْمَة (tuḵma, “indigestion”).

#### Verb

تَخِمَ • (taḵima) I (non-past يَتْخَمُ (yatḵamu), verbal noun تَخَم (taḵam))
* to suffer indigestion, to be troubled with glut

##### Conjugation
#### Noun

تَخَم • (taḵam) m
* verbal noun of تَخِمَ (taḵima) (form I)

##### Declension
### Etymology 2
#### Noun

تُخَم • (tuḵam) pl
* plural of تُخْمَة (tuḵma)

### Etymology 3

From Aramaic תְּחוּמָא (təḥūmā, “border, limit”).

#### Alternative forms

* تَخُوم (taḵūm), تَخُومَة (taḵūma)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tuxm/, IPA: /taxm/

#### Noun

تُخْم or تَخْم • (tuḵm or taḵm) m (plural تُخُوم (tuḵūm) or تُخُم (tuḵum))
* frontier, border, limit, boundary
** 7th century CE, Sunan Abī Dāwud, 20:106:جَزِيرَةُ الْعَرَبِ مَا بَيْنَ الْوَادِي إِلَى أَقْصَى الْيَمَنِ إِلَى تُخُومِ الْعِرَاقِ إِلَى الْبَحْرِ.jazīratu l-ʕarabi mā bayna l-wādī ʔilā ʔaqṣā l-yamani ʔilā tuḵūmi l-ʕirāqi ʔilā l-baḥri.The island of Arabia lies between Al-Wadi to the extremes of the Yemen extending to the frontiers of Al Iraq and the sea.

##### Declension
### Etymology 4

Denominal verb of تُخْم (tuḵm) or from Aramaic תָּחַם (tāḥam), תְּחַם (təḥam, “to delimit”), which is denominal from תְּחוּם (təḥūm, “border, limit”).

#### Verb

تَخَمَ • (taḵama) I (non-past يَتْخِمُ (yatḵimu))
* to delimit

##### Conjugation
### References

* “tḥwm”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* “tḥm”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* Fraenkel, Siegmund (1886) Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen (in German), Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 282
* Freytag, Georg (1830) “تخم”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎ (in Latin), volume 1, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 187
* Lane, Edward William (1863) “تخم”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate, page 299
* Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “تخم”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart‎ (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, page 137

## Persian
### Etymology

From Parthian [Manichaean needed] (twxm /⁠tōxm⁠/, “seed, line, race”), from Proto-Iranian *táwxma (compare Avestan 𐬙𐬀𐬊𐬑𐬨𐬀𐬥- (taoxman-, “seed”), from Proto-Indo-European *tewk- (“germ, seed, sprout, offspring”). Compare Old Armenian տոհմ (tohm), an Iranian borrowing.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [tuxm]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [t̪ʰʊxm]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [t̪ʰʊxm]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [t̪ʰʊxm]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [t̪ʰuxm]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [t̪ʰoxm]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [t̪ʰuχm]

### Noun

تخم • (toxm)
* seed, grain
** c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume II, verse 1818:که چه مقصود است نقشی ساختن و اندر او تخم فساد انداختنki či maqsūd ast naqš-ē sāxtan u andar ō tuxm-i fasād andāxtanAs to what is the purpose of making an image and casting therein the seed of corruption.
* sperm, semen
* ovum, egg
* (informal) testicle, ball
* (figurative) origin

#### Derived terms

* تخم و ترکه (toxm-o-tarake)
* تخمه (toxme)
* تخمِ جن (toxm-e jen)
* تخمِ حروم (toxm-e harum)
* تخمِ سگ (toxm-e sag)
* تخمِ شربتی (toxm-e šarbati)
* تخمِ لق (toxm-e laq)
* تخمِ مرغ (toxm-e morğ)
* تخمِ چشم (toxm-e čašm)
* تخمک (toxmak)
* تخمی (toxmi)
* تخم‌ریزی (toxm-rizi)
* تخم‌گذار (toxm-gozâr)

#### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: toxum
* → Ottoman Turkish: تخم (tohum), توخوم (tohum)
** Turkish: tohum
** → Armenian: թոխում (tʻoxum)
* → Bashkir: тоҡом (toqom)
* → Kazakh: тұқым (tūqym)
* → Urdu: تخم (tuxm)
* → Uyghur: تۇخۇم (tuxum, “egg”)
* → Uzbek: tuxum (“egg”)

## Urdu
### Etymology

From Classical Persian تخم (tuxm, “seed; semen; origin”).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /t̪ʊxm/
* Rhymes: -ʊxm

### Noun

تُخْم • (tuxm) m (Hindi spelling तुख़्म)
* seed
* sperm, semen
* egg
* progeny; lineage, descent
* (figurative) origin

#### Derived terms

* تخم ریحاں (tuxm-e-rehā̃, “sweet basil seed”)
* تُخْم بازی (tuxm-bāzī)
* تُخْم ریز (tuxm-rez, “sower”)
* تُخْم ریزی (tuxm-rezī, “sowing”)
* تُخْم پاشی (tuxm-pāśī, “sowing”)
* تُخْمَہ (tuxma, “offspring”)
* تُخْمِ حَرام (tuxm-e-harām, “ill-willed”)
* تُخْمِ عِشْق (tuxm-e-'iśq, “seed of love”)
* تُخْمِ مُرْغ (tuxm-e-murġ, “chicken egg”)
* تُخْمِ کَتاں (tuxm-e-katā̃, “linseed”)
* تُخْمی (tuxmī, “seedling”)

### References

* “تخم”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
* Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971) “تخم”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary‎, Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co.
* Platts, John T. (1884) “تخم”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.
* “تخم”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.