# ظل
## Arabic
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Semitic *ṯ̣ill- (“shadow”). Cognate with Akkadian 𒄑𒈪 (ṣillum), Ugaritic 𐎑𐎍 (ẓl) and Biblical Hebrew צל (ṣel).

#### Noun

ظِلّ • (ẓill) m (plural ظِلَال (ẓilāl) or ظُلُول (ẓulūl) or أَظْلَال (ʔaẓlāl))
* shadow, shade
* reflection
* shady garden
* paradise
* protection, help, assistance
* dark cloud
* darkness
* night
* phantom, specter
* cover, lid, scabbard
* shape, figure, person
* the Sultan (as shadow of God on Earth)
* greatness, sublimity, distinction, eminence, rareness
* power, night
* colors of the day, shades of color, bloom of youth
* heat of summer
* fringe, hairy side of a cloth
* hue
* trace
* (mathematics, trigonometry) tangent (symbol: ظا, ظل)

##### See also

* جَيْب تَمَام (jayb tamām, “cosine”)
* جَيْب (jayb, “sine”)
* ظِلّ تَمَام (ẓill tamām, “cotangent”)
* قَاطِع (qāṭiʕ, “secant”)
* قَاطِع تَمَام (qāṭiʕ tamām, “cosecant”)

#### References

* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “ظل”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen
* Wehr, Hans (1979) “ظل”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN

### Etymology 2
#### Verb

ظَلَّ • (ẓalla) I (first-person singular past ظَلِلْتُ (ẓaliltu), non-past يَظَلُّ (yaẓallu), verbal noun ظَلّ (ẓall) or ظُلُول (ẓulūl))
* (copulative) to remain, to persist, to maintain
    ظَلَّ صَامِتًا ― ẓalla ṣāmitan ― He remained silent.
    ظَلَّ عَلَى مَوْقِفِهِẓalla ʕalā mawqifihiHe maintained his point of view. [= stayed in the place he was standing]
* to keep doing, to do constantly, to persist in, to remain [with participle or imperfect ‘doing’]
    يَظَلُّ يَتْبَعُهَا ― yaẓallu yatbaʕuhā ― He keeps following her.
    ظَلُّوا جَالِسِينَ ― ẓallū jālisīna ― They remained sitting.

##### Synonyms

* مَا زَالَ (mā zāla, “to not stop (doing)”)

### Etymology 3
#### Noun

ظَلّ • (ẓall) m
* verbal noun of ظَلَّ (ẓalla) (form I)

##### Declension
## Gulf Arabic
### Etymology 1

From Arabic ظِلّ (ẓill).

#### Pronunciation

* (Kuwait) IPA: /ðˤɪlˤ/

#### Noun

ظل • (ḏ̣iḷḷ) m (plural ظلال (ḏ̣ḷāḷ))
* shadow
* shade

### Etymology 2

From Arabic ظَلَّ (ẓalla).

#### Pronunciation

* (Kuwait) IPA: /ðˤəlˤ/
* Homophone: ضل (ḏ̣aḷ)

#### Verb

ظل • (ḏ̣aḷḷ) (non-past يظل (yḏ̣iḷḷ))
* to stay, to remain
    Synonym: بقى (buga)
    Antonym: راح (rāḥ)

## Hijazi Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic ظِلّ (ẓill).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dˤill/, [dˤɪl]

### Noun

ظِلّ • (ḍill) m (plural ظلال (ḍilāl))
* shadow
* shade

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic ظِلّ (ẓill)

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [zill]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [zɪl(ː)]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [zɪl(ː)]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [zɪl(ː)]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [zil(ː)]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [zel̥(ː)]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [zil(ː)]

### Noun

ظل • (zell) (plural ظلال (zelāl))
* shadow, shade
** c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume II, verse 621:زین چنین قحط سه ساله داد داد ظل مولانا ابد پاینده بادz-īn čunīn qaht-i sih sāla dād dād zill-i mawlānā abad pāyanda bādJustice, justice against such a three years' famine! May the shadow of our lord endure for ever!
* shelter, protection, aegis

### References

* Hayyim, Sulayman (1934) “ظل”, in New Persian–English dictionary, Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Béroukhim