# 信

| 信 | U+4FE1, &#20449; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4FE1 |
| ← 俠 [U+4FE0] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 俢 → [U+4FE2] |

## Translingual
### Han character

信 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+7, 9 strokes, cangjie input 人卜一口 (OYMR), four-corner 2026$_1$, composition ⿰亻言)

#### Derived characters

* 㜃, 𭡩, 𪲼, 𰟁, 𬒘, 𠒷, 𧪄, 𬦿, 𣣢, 𪝮, 𦴩, 𫠻

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 105, character 25
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 707
* Dae Jaweon: page 224, character 2
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 165, character 1
* Unihan data for U+4FE1

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 信
* Small seal scripts01702s01703Transcribed ancient scriptsL36438L36439L36440L36441L36442L21999L22000L22001L22002L22003L22004L22005L22006L22007L22008L22009L22010L22011L22012L22013L22014L22015L22016L22017L22018L22019L22020L22021L22022L22023L22024
* References:
* Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:
* Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
* Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
* Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
* Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *hljins): phonetic 人 (OC *njin, “person”) + semantic 言 (“word”).

### Etymology 1

Schuessler (2007) reconstructs the Old Chinese minimally as *sin and suggests possible derivation from 允 (OC *winʔ, “to trust; to be true”).
Alternatively, Sagart and Baxter (2012) reconstruct *s-niŋ-s (*s-ni[ŋ]-s in Baxter and Sagart, 2014) and suggest a derivation from 仁 (OC *niŋ, “kind”) with the prefix *s-, probably used to increase its valency.

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): xìn (xin$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄣˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): xin$^4$
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): щин (xin, III)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): seon$^3$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): lhin$^1$ / lhin$^{1*}$
* Gan (Wiktionary): xin$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): sin
    (Hailu, HRS): sin$^ˇ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): xin$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): xing$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): se̿ng
* Eastern Min (BUC): séng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): sing$^4$ / seng$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): sìn / siàn
    (Teochew, Peng'im): sing$^3$ / sêng$^3$ / siang$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$shin
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): sin$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xìn
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄣˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sìn
*** Wade–Giles: hsin$^4$
*** Yale: syìn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shinn
*** Palladius: синь (sinʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕin⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed) (信兒 / 信儿)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xìnr
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄣˋㄦ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sìnr
*** Wade–Giles: hsin$^4$-ʼrh
*** Yale: syìnr
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiell
*** Palladius: синьр (sinʹr)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕiə̯ɻ⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: xin$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xin
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕin²¹³/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: щин (xin, III)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: seon$^3$
*** Yale: seun
*** Cantonese Pinyin: soen$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sên$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɵn³³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: lhin$^1$ / lhin$^{1*}$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬin³³/, /ɬin³³⁻³³⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: xin$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕin³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sin
*** Hakka Romanization System: xin
*** Hagfa Pinyim: xin$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /sin⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: sin$^ˇ$
*** Sinological IPA: /sin¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: xin$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /sin⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: xing$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕiŋ⁴⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: se̿ng
*** Sinological IPA : /seiŋ³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: séng
*** Sinological IPA : /sɛiŋ²¹³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: sing$^4$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: si̍ng
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬiŋ⁴²/
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: seng$^4$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: se̍ng
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬɛŋ⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sìn
*** Tâi-lô: sìn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sixn
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /sin²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /sin⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /sin¹¹/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siàn
*** Tâi-lô: siàn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: siexn
*** IPA (Taipei): /siɛn¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /siɛn²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: sing$^3$ / sêng$^3$ / siang$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sìng / sèng / siàng
*** Sinological IPA : /siŋ²¹³/, /seŋ²¹³/, /siaŋ²¹³/
* sing3/sêng3 - literary (sêng3 - Jieyang);
* siang3 - vernacular.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit信 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ɕin⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ɕin⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /ɕin⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /ɕiẽ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /siə̃⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /sin³¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /ɕiẽ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /ɕiə̃²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ɕiŋ¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ɕĩn¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ɕiŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /ɕin³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /ɕin¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /ɕin²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ɕĩ²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /sin⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /ɕin⁵³/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /ɕiəŋ⁴⁵/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /ɕiŋ³⁵/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /ɕĩŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ɕiŋ³⁵/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /sin⁵¹³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ɕin⁴⁴⁵/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /saŋ⁴²/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /siʌ̃³²⁴/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /sin⁴²/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /sin⁵⁵/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /sin⁵⁵/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /ɕin⁴⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /sin⁵³/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /sin⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /søn³³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /ɬɐn³³/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /søn³³/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /sin²¹/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /sɛiŋ²¹²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /seiŋ³³/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /siŋ²¹³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /tin³⁵/ |
* Middle Chinese: sinH
Rime :
| Character | 信 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 心 (16) |
| Final (韻) | 眞 (43) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 息晉切 |
| Baxter | sinH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /siɪn$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /sin$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /sjen$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /sin$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /siĕn$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /sĭĕn$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /si̯ĕn$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xìn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | san$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-ni[ŋ]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*hljins/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 信 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xìn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ sin$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*s-ni[ŋ]-s/ |
| English | truthful |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 信 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 13849 |
| Phonetic component | 信 |
| Rime group | 眞 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 信 |
| Old Chinese | /*hljins/ |
| Notes | 金文或從人從口， 本指操信符傳言之信使， 故表可信，或從言身聲 |

#### Definitions

信
* true; accurate; verifiable
* truly; indeed
    From: 353 CE, Wang Xizhi, Preface to the Poems Composed at the Orchid Pavilion
    Xìn kě lè yě. [Pinyin]
    Truly, what an enjoyable occasion it was!
* trustworthy
* to believe; to trust in something
    我才不信呢。 ― Wǒ cái bù xìn ne. ― I don't believe it/you.
    信任 ― xìnrèn ― to trust
* to believe in (a faith); to be religious in
    我父親信佛教。／我父亲信佛教。 ― Wǒ fùqīn xìn fójiào. ― My father is a Buddhist. (lit. My father believes in Buddhism.)
    From: 新標點和合本 (Chinese Union Version with New Punctuation), 約翰福音 (John) 1:7
    Zhè rén lái, wèi yào zuò jiànzhèng, jiù shì wèi guāng zuò jiànzhèng, jiào zhòngrén yīn tā kěyǐ xìn. [Pinyin]
    The same came for a witness, to bear witness of the Light, that all men through him might believe.
* trust; confidence; faith
    因信稱義／因信称义 ― yīn xìn chēngyì ― to be justified by faith
    From: 2009, 磐石現代樂團 [Music Stone], lyrics by 謝鴻文 [Steve Hsieh], 讓我 [Let Me]
    Mí yòng zhòngjià jiùshú wǒ, shǐ wǒ tuōlí zuì'è hé, jiào wǒ zhè bùpèi de rén píng xìn déjiù. [Pinyin]
    Allowing me, this unworthy person, to be saved by faith.
* at will
    信口雌黃／信口雌黄 ― xìnkǒu cíhuáng ― to make irresponsible remarks (lit. to correct someone with at will)
* letter (written communication) (Classifier: 封 m c mn)
* message; information; news
    信息 ― xìnxī ― message
* evidence
    信物 ― xìnwù ― token, keepsake
* courier; messenger
* Short for 信州 (Xìnzhōu).
* (mineralogy) Short for 信石 (xìnshí, “arsenolite”).
* a surname, Xin

#### Synonyms

* (true):
* 實際 / 实际 (shíjì)
* 忠實 / 忠实 (zhōngshí)
* 正正 (Hokkien)
* 正聲 / 正声 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 真實 / 真实 (zhēnshí)
* 真正 (zhēnzhèng) (attributive)
* 確切 / 确切 (quèqiè)
* 確實 / 确实 (quèshí)
* 確鑿 / 确凿 (quèzáo)
* (to believe):
* 信任 (xìnrèn)
* 信實 / 信实 (xìnshí)
* 信據 / 信据 (xìnjù) (literary, believe and accept as evidence)
* 憑信 / 凭信 (píngxìn)
* 深信 (shēnxìn) (to firmly believe)
* 相信 (xiāngxìn)
* 置信 (zhìxìn) (chiefly used in the negative)
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 相信 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 信 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 相信 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 相信 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 相信 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 相信, 信 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 相信 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 相信 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 信 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 信 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 信 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 信 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 信 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 信 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 信 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 信 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 信 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 信 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 信 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 相信, 信 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 相信, 信服, 信 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 相信, 信 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 相信, 信 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 相信 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 信, 相信 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 相信, 信, 信實 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 信 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 相信, 信 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 相信, 信 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 相信, 信 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 相信 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 相信, 信 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 相信 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 相信, 信 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 相信, 信 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 相信, 信 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 相信, 信 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 相信, 信 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 相信, 信 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 信 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 信 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 相信, 信 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 信 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 相信 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 相信 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 相信 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 相信 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 相信 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 相信 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 相信 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 相信 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 相信 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 相信, 信 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 相信, 信 |
| Jin | Linhe | 相信, 信 |
| Jin | Jining | 相信 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 相信, 信 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 相信 |
| Jin | Handan | 相信, 信 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 相信 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 相信, 信用, 信 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 相信 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 相信 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 相信 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 相信 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 相信 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 相信 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 相信 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 相信 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 相信, 相 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 相信 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 信 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 相信 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 相信 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 相信 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 相信 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 相信 |
| Wu | Danyang | 相信 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 相信 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 相信 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 相信, 信 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 相信 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 信 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 信 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 相信, 信 |
* (to believe in a faith): 信仰 (xìnyǎng)
* (letter):
* 信件 (xìnjiàn)
* 信函 (xìnhán)
* 信札 (xìnzhá)
* 八行 (bāháng) (literary)
* 八行書 / 八行书 (bāhángshū) (literary)
* 函件 (hánjiàn)
* 尺牘 / 尺牍 (chǐdú) (literary)
* 尺素 (chǐsù) (literary, figurative)
* 手書 / 手书 (shǒushū) (literary)
* 手簡 / 手简 (shǒujiǎn) (literary)
* 書 / 书 (shū) (literary, or in compounds)
* 書信 / 书信 (shūxìn) (formal)
* 書函 / 书函 (shūhán)
* 書札 / 书札 (shūzhá) (literary)
* 書牘 / 书牍 (shūdú) (literary)
* 書簡 / 书简 (shūjiǎn) (literary)
* 筆札 / 笔札 (bǐzhá) (literary, figurative)
* 簡 / 简 (jiǎn) (literary, or in compounds)
* 鴻 / 鸿 (hóng) (literary, figurative)
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 書, 函, 書札, 書函, 便紙 Korea |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 信, 函, 書信, 信件, 信函, 信札, 函件, 書函, 書簡, 書牘, 書札 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 信 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 信 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 信 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 信 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 信 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 信 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 信 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 信 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 信 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 信 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 信 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 信 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 信 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 信 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 信 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 信 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 信 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 信 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 信 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dagudi (Maliba) | 信 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Reshuitang (Longling) | 信 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Salong (Lancang) | 信 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Sai (Tengchong) | 信 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 信 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 信 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 信 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 信 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 信 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 信 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 信 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 信 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 信 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 信 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 信 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 信 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 信 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 信 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 信 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 信 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 信 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 信 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 信 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 信 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 信 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 信 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 信 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 信 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 信 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 信 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 信 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 信 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan | 信 |
| Cantonese | Yunfu | 信 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 信 |
| Cantonese | Xinyi | 信 |
| Cantonese | Lianjiang | 信 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 信 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 信 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 信 |
| Cantonese | Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 信 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 信 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 信 |
| Cantonese | Móng Cái | 信 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 信 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 信 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 信 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 信 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 信 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 信 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 信 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 信 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Shuizhai) | 信 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 信 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Changbu) | 信 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Mianyang) | 信 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 信 |
| Hakka | Luhe | 信仔 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 信 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 信仔 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 信仔 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 信仔 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 信 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 信仔, 信 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 批, 信 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 信 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 信 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 信 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 信 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 信 |
| Northern Min | Songxi | 信 |
| Northern Min | Jianyang | 信 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 批 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 批 |
| Eastern Min | Pingnan | 批, 信 |
| Eastern Min | Ningde | 批 |
| Eastern Min | Zhouning | 批 |
| Eastern Min | Fuding | 信 |
| Eastern Min | Matsu | 批 |
| Eastern Min | Singapore (Fuqing) | 批 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 批, 批信 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 批, 批信 |
| Southern Min | Yongchun | 批 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 批, 批信 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 批 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 批 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 批 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 批 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 批 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 批 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 批 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 批 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 批, 批信 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 批 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 批 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 批 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 批 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 批 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 批, 批信 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 批 |
| Southern Min | Longyan | 信 |
| Southern Min | Datian | 信 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 信, 批 international incoming letters |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 信, 家批 dated |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 信, 批 |
| Southern Min | Batam (Teochew) | 信 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 信 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 信 domestic, 批 international |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 信 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 信, 批 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 批 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 批 |
| Puxian Min | Fuding (Aoyao) | 批 |
| Central Min | Yong'an | 信 |
| Central Min | Sanming (Shaxian) | 信 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 信 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 信 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 信 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 信 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 信 |
| Wu | Danyang | 信 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 信 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 信 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 信 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 信 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 信 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 信 |
* (message):
* 信兒 / 信儿 (xìnr) (colloquial)
* 信息 (xìnxī) (chiefly Mainland China)
* 口信 (kǒuxìn) (oral message)
* 消耗 (xiāohào) (archaic)
* 訊息 / 讯息 (xùnxī) (chiefly Taiwan and Hong Kong)
* 音信 (yīnxìn)
* 音訊 / 音讯 (yīnxùn)
* (information):
* 信息 (xìnxī) (chiefly Mainland China)
* 情報 / 情报 (qíngbào) (especially in the military or espionage)
* 消息
* 線索 / 线索 (xiànsuǒ)
* 耗 (literary, or in compounds, chiefly bad news)
* 資訊 / 资讯 (zīxùn) (chiefly Taiwan and Hong Kong)
* (evidence):
* 佐證 / 佐证 (zuǒzhèng)
* 例證 / 例证 (lìzhèng)
* 信據 / 信据 (xìnjù) (literary, reliable evidence)
* 力證 / 力证 (lìzhèng) (strong evidence)
* 印證 / 印证 (yìnzhèng)
* 實證 / 实证 (shízhèng) (concrete evidence)
* 干證 (Hokkien)
* 憑 / 凭 (píng) (literary, or in compounds)
* 憑信 / 凭信 (píngxìn)
* 憑據 / 凭据 (píngjù)
* 憑條 / 凭条 (Min Nan)
* 憑證 / 凭证 (píngzhèng)
* 據 / 据 (literary, or in compounds)
* 論證 / 论证 (lùnzhèng)
* 證 / 证 (zhèng)
* 證供 / 证供 (zhènggōng) (Hong Kong)
* 證據 / 证据 (zhèngjù)
* 證明 / 证明 (zhèngmíng)
* 證見 / 证见 (Hokkien, literary)
* 鐵證 / 铁证 (tiězhèng) (very strong evidence)
* (courier): 信使 (xìnshǐ)
* (arsenolite): 砒霜 (pīshuāng), 信石 (xìnshí)

#### Compounds

* 不信 (bùxìn)
* 不信任案
* 不信道
* 中信局
* 互信 (hùxìn)
* 來信 / 来信 (láixìn)
* 信人 (xìnrén)
* 信以為真 / 信以为真 (xìnyǐwéizhēn)
* 信仰 (xìnyǎng)
* 信件 (xìnjiàn)
* 信任 (xìnrèn)
* 信任投票 (xìnrèn tóupiào)
* 信任狀 / 信任状
* 信使 (xìnshǐ)
* 信兒 / 信儿 (xìnr)
* 信函 (xìnhán)
* 信匯 / 信汇 (xìnhuì)
* 信南山
* 信及豚魚 / 信及豚鱼
* 信口 (xìnkǒu)
* 信口捏膿 / 信口捏脓
* 信口胡說 / 信口胡说
* 信口開合 / 信口开合 (xìnkǒukāihé)
* 信口開喝 / 信口开喝
* 信口開河 / 信口开河 (xìnkǒukāihé)
* 信口雌黃 / 信口雌黄 (xìnkǒucíhuáng)
* 信史 (xìnshǐ)
* 信嘴胡說 / 信嘴胡说
* 信士 (xìnshì)
* 信天游 (xìntiānyóu)
* 信天翁 (xìntiānwēng)
* 信奉 (xìnfèng)
* 信女 (xìnnǚ)
* 信子 (xìnzi)
* 信守 (xìnshǒu)
* 信守不渝
* 信宿
* 信實 / 信实 (xìnshí)
* 信封 (xìnfēng)
* 信差 (xìnchāi)
* 信底
* 信徒 (xìntú)
* 信從 / 信从 (xìncóng)
* 信得過 / 信得过 (xìndéguò)
* 信心 (xìnxīn)
* 信心十足
* 信念 (xìnniàn)
* 信息 (xìnxī)
* 信愛 / 信爱
* 信意
* 信手 (xìnshǒu)
* 信手兒 / 信手儿
* 信手拈來 / 信手拈来
* 信據 / 信据 (xìnjù)
* 信教 (xìnjiào)
* 信是
* 信服 (xìnfú)
* 信札 (xìnzhá)
* 信條 / 信条 (xìntiáo)
* 信標燈 / 信标灯
* 信步 (xìnbù)
* 信步而行
* 信水
* 信江
* 信濃川 / 信浓川
* 信炮
* 信然
* 信牒
* 信物 (xìnwù)
* 信用 (xìnyòng)
* 信用交易
* 信用卡 (xìnyòngkǎ)
* 信用狀 / 信用状 (xìnyòngzhuàng)
* 信用額度 / 信用额度 (xìnyòng édù)
* 信石 (xìnshí)
* 信票
* 信禽
* 信筆 / 信笔
* 信筒 (xìntǒng)
* 信筆塗鴉 / 信笔涂鸦
* 信箋 / 信笺 (xìnjiān)
* 信管
* 信箱 (xìnxiāng)
* 信篤 / 信笃 (sìn-táu) (Min Nan)
* 信籠 / 信笼
* 信紙 / 信纸 (xìnzhǐ)
* 信繩 / 信绳
* 保羅書信 / 保罗书信
* 信義 / 信义 (xìnyì)
* 信義宗 / 信义宗 (xìnyìzōng)
* 信義會 / 信义会 (xìnyìhuì)
* 信而有徵 / 信而有征 (xìn'éryǒuzhēng)
* 信腳 / 信脚
* 信臣
* 信號 / 信号 (xìnhào)
* 信號彈 / 信号弹 (xìnhàodàn)
* 信號槍 / 信号枪 (xìnhàoqiāng)
* 信號機 / 信号机 (xìnhàojī)
* 信號燈 / 信号灯 (xìnhàodēng)
* 信行 (xìnxíng)
* 信行兒 / 信行儿
* 信衣
* 信託 / 信托 (xìntuō)
* 信託基金 / 信托基金
* 信託資金 / 信托资金
* 信誓 (xìnshì)
* 信誓旦旦 (xìnshìdàndàn)
* 信譽 / 信誉 (xìnyù)
* 信貸 / 信贷 (xìndài)
* 信賞必罰 / 信赏必罚
* 信賴 / 信赖 (xìnlài)
* 信道 (xìndào)
* 信陵 (Xìnlíng)
* 信陵君
* 信陽 / 信阳 (Xìnyáng)
* 信風 / 信风 (xìnfēng)
* 信香
* 信馬游韁 / 信马游缰
* 信馬由韁 / 信马由缰 (xìnmǎyóujiāng)
* 信鳥 / 信鸟
* 信鴿 / 信鸽 (xìngē)
* 信鼓
* 偏聽偏信 / 偏听偏信
* 傳信 / 传信 (chuánxìn)
* 傳信牌 / 传信牌
* 光學通信 / 光学通信
* 入信
* 公信力 (gōngxìnlì)
* 公開信 / 公开信 (gōngkāixìn)
* 准信 (zhǔnxìn)
* 凶信
* 匯信 / 汇信
* 匿名信 (nìmíngxìn)
* 半信不信
* 半信半疑 (bànxìn-bànyí)
* 卬首信眉
* 印信 (yìnxìn)
* 取信 (qǔxìn)
* 取信於人 / 取信于人
* 口信 (kǒuxìn)
* 口頭信 / 口头信
* 可信 (kěxìn)
* 叵信
* 善信 (shànxìn)
* 喜信 (xǐxìn)
* 善男信女 (shànnán xìnnǚ)
* 回信 (huíxìn)
* 國信 / 国信
* 土地信託 / 土地信托
* 堅信 / 坚信 (jiānxìn)
* 報信 / 报信 (bàoxìn)
* 大信不約 / 大信不约
* 大信封
* 失信 (shīxìn)
* 威信 (wēixìn)
* 威信掃地 / 威信扫地
* 存證信函 / 存证信函
* 守信 (shǒuxìn)
* 家信 (jiāxìn)
* 寄信 (jìxìn)
* 寫信 / 写信 (xiěxìn)
* 寵信 / 宠信 (chǒngxìn)
* 將信將疑 / 将信将疑 (jiāngxìn-jiāngyí)
* 小忠小信
* 尼斯信條 / 尼斯信条
* 尾生之信
* 崇信 (chóngxìn)
* 帶信 / 带信
* 幡信
* 平信 (píngxìn)
* 庚信
* 引信 (yǐnxìn)
* 徙木之信
* 徙木立信
* 復信 / 复信 (fùxìn)
* 微信 (Wēixìn)
* 徵信 / 征信 (zhēngxìn)
* 徵信社 / 征信社
* 徵信錄 / 征信录
* 忠信 (zhōngxìn)
* 快信 (kuàixìn)
* 急腳信 / 急脚信
* 悶信 / 闷信
* 憑信 / 凭信 (píngxìn)
* 應徵信 / 应征信
* 打信號 / 打信号
* 抱柱信
* 捎信 (shāoxìn)
* 探信
* 採信 / 采信 (cǎixìn)
* 掛號信 / 挂号信 (guàhàoxìn)
* 推誠布信 / 推诚布信
* 敬信 (Jìngxìn, “Jingxin”)
* 數位通信 / 数位通信
* 方信道
* 旦旦信誓 (dàndànxìnshì)
* 明信片 (míngxìnpiàn)
* 昧信
* 春信
* 書信 / 书信 (shūxìn)
* 月信 (yuèxìn)
* 有信兒 / 有信儿
* 杖莫如信
* 杳無信息 / 杳无信息
* 杳無音信 / 杳无音信 (yǎowúyīnxìn)
* 棨信
* 檀信 (tánxìn)
* 正信 (zhèngxìn)
* 死信 (sǐxìn)
* 民信局
* 民間信仰 / 民间信仰 (mínjiān xìnyǎng)
* 沒信心 / 没信心
* 泛靈信仰 / 泛灵信仰
* 活信
* 浸信會 / 浸信会 (Jìnxìnhuì)
* 深信 (shēnxìn)
* 深信不疑 (shēnxìnbùyí)
* 溺信
* 滿懷信心 / 满怀信心
* 潮信 (cháoxìn)
* 無信不立 / 无信不立 (wúxìnbùlì)
* 無徵不信 / 无征不信
* 燭信 / 烛信
* 狎信
* 疑信參半 / 疑信参半
* 發信 / 发信 (fāxìn)
* 的信
* 盲信 (mángxìn)
* 直躬之信
* 相信 (xiāngxìn)
* 瞎信 (xiāxìn)
* 破迷信財 / 破迷信财
* 確信 / 确信 (quèxìn)
* 移木之信
* 答信
* 篤信 / 笃信 (dǔxìn)
* 篤信好古 / 笃信好古 (dǔxìnhàogǔ)
* 紀念信封 / 纪念信封
* 網路信 / 网路信
* 網路信件 / 网路信件 (wǎnglù xìnjiàn)
* 置信 (zhìxìn)
* 美言不信
* 考信錄 / 考信录
* 聽信 / 听信 (tīngxìn)
* 背信 (bèixìn)
* 背信忘義 / 背信忘义
* 背信棄義 / 背信弃义 (bèixìnqìyì)
* 背信罪
* 自信 (zìxìn)
* 自信心 (zìxìnxīn)
* 自信滿滿 / 自信满满
* 至信
* 航空信 (hángkōngxìn)
* 芳信
* 花信
* 花信風 / 花信风
* 苗信
* 荒信
* 蛇信
* 衛星通信 / 卫星通信 (wèixīng tōngxìn)
* 覆信 (fùxìn)
* 見信 / 见信
* 親信 / 亲信 (qīnxìn)
* 言而不信 (yán'érbùxìn)
* 言而有信
* 言而無信 / 言而无信 (yán'érwúxìn)
* 討信 / 讨信
* 詘寸信尺 / 诎寸信尺
* 誠信 / 诚信 (chéngxìn)
* 誠信原則 / 诚信原则
* 誤信 / 误信 (wùxìn)
* 語音信箱 / 语音信箱 (yǔyīn xìnxiāng)
* 講信修睦 / 讲信修睦
* 證信 / 证信
* 識別信號 / 识别信号
* 貪而無信 / 贪而无信
* 賞罰不信 / 赏罚不信
* 賭不信 / 赌不信
* 輕信 / 轻信 (qīngxìn)
* 輕言寡信 / 轻言寡信
* 輕諾寡信 / 轻诺寡信
* 送信 (sòngxìn)
* 迷信 (míxìn)
* 通信 (tōngxìn)
* 通信兵 (tōngxìnbīng)
* 通信員 / 通信员 (tōngxìnyuán)
* 通信社 (tōngxìnshè)
* 通信系統 / 通信系统
* 通信網 / 通信网
* 通信處 / 通信处
* 通信衛星 / 通信卫星
* 通風報信 / 通风报信 (tōngfēngbàoxìn)
* 違信背約 / 违信背约
* 郵政信箱 / 邮政信箱 (yóuzhèng xìnxiāng)
* 鄉信 / 乡信
* 長信宮 / 长信宫
* 限時信 / 限时信 (xiànshíxìn)
* 隴頭音信 / 陇头音信
* 難以置信 / 难以置信 (nányǐzhìxìn)
* 電信 / 电信 (diànxìn)
* 電子信件 / 电子信件
* 電子信箱 / 电子信箱 (diànzǐ xìnxiāng)
* 靈信 / 灵信
* 韓信囊沙 / 韩信囊沙
* 韓信將兵 / 韩信将兵
* 韓信用兵 / 韩信用兵
* 韓信登壇 / 韩信登坛
* 韓信點兵 / 韩信点兵
* 音信 (yīnxìn)
* 音信杳然 (yīnxìnyǎorán)
* 音信杳無 / 音信杳无
* 音稀信杳
* 頭信 / 头信
* 類比信號 / 类比信号
* 風信 / 风信
* 風信器 / 风信器
* 風信子 / 风信子 (fēngxìnzǐ)
* 飆信 / 飙信
* 體信 / 体信
* 體己信兒 / 体己信儿
* 鬼靈信仰 / 鬼灵信仰
* 魚信 / 鱼信
* 鳥信 / 鸟信
* 鴨信 / 鸭信
* 麥信風 / 麦信风
* 黑信 (hēixìn)

#### Descendants

* → Vietnamese: tín (信)
Others:
* → Vietnamese: tin

### Etymology 2

Via 假借 (jiǎjiè, “borrowing”).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shēn (shen$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄕㄣ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): san$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shēn
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄣ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shen
*** Wade–Giles: shên$^1$
*** Yale: shēn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shen
*** Palladius: шэнь (šɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂən⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: san$^1$
*** Yale: sān
*** Cantonese Pinyin: san$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sen$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɐn⁵⁵/

#### Definitions

信
* (literary) Obsolete form of 申 (shēn): to express; to state
    From: Commentary of Guliang, circa 206 BCE– 9 CE
    “Chūnqiū” guì yì ér bù guì huì, shēn dào ér bù shēn xié. [Pinyin]
    The Spring and Autumn Annals treasure deeds of righteousness rather than the dispensation of favour, and advocate the just principles instead of corrupt ways.
* (literary) Obsolete form of 伸 (shēn): to extend
    From: I Ching, 11th – 8th century BCE
    Chǐhuò zhī qū, yǐ qiú shēn yě. [Pinyin]
    An inchworm contracts, so that it may extend.
* Alternative form of 身, used in 信圭 (shēnguī).

### References

* “信”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 羅竹風 [Luo, Zhufeng], editor (1986–1994), “信”, in 漢語大詞典 [Hanyu Da Cidian] (in Chinese), 1st edition, Shanghai: Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House, →ISBN
* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00148

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: しん (shin, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: しん (shin, Jōyō)
* Nanori: し (shi)、しが (shiga)、しな (shina)、しの (shino)、しぶ (shibu)、とき (toki)、のび (nobi)、のぶ (nobu)、まこと (makoto)

#### Compounds

* 信愛
* 信越
* 信管
* 信疑
* 信(しん)義(ぎ) (shingi): faith
* 信教
* 信(しん)仰(こう) (shinkō): belief, faith; to have faith in a religion, profess faith in
* 信金
* 信経
* 信玄袋
* 信(しん)号(ごう) (shingō): a signal; traffic lights
* 信士
* 信(しん)実(じつ) (shinjitsu): sincerity, honesty, truth, faithfulness
* 信(しん)者(じゃ) (shinja): a believer
* 信受
* 信書
* 信女
* 信証
* 信賞必罰
* 信条
* 信(しん)心(じん) (shinjin)
* 信(しん)託(たく) (shintaku): a trust, an entrustment; leaving things up to a trusted party; to set up a financial trust; to leave in trust
* 信(しん)天(てん)翁(おう) (shinten'ō)
* 信(しん)徒(と) (shinto): one who believes in a religion; a believer
* 信(しん)任(にん) (shinnin): trust, confidence, credence; to trust, confide
* 信認
* 信念
* 信販
* 信伏, 信服, 信腹
* 信(しん)奉(ぽう) (shinpō): belief, faith
* 信望
* 信約
* 信(しん)用(よう) (shin'yō): confidence, trust
* 信(しん)頼(らい) (shinrai): reliance, trust, confidence
* 信(しん)憑(ぴょう) (shinpyō)
* 入(にゅう)信(しん) (nyūshin)

### Noun

信(しん) • (shin)
* trust, faith
    信(しん)を置(お)く、信(しん)を得(え)る
       shin o oku, shin o eru
       to put one's trust (in something), to gain someone's trust

#### Related terms

* 信(しん)じる (shinjiru), 信(しん)ずる (shinzuru): to believe; to trust; to believe in

## Korean
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ɕʰi(ː)n]
* Phonetic hangul: [신(ː)]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Hanja

Wikisource 信 (eumhun 믿을 신 (mideul sin))
* hanja form of 신 (“believe; trust”)

### Compounds

* 신용 (信用, sinyong)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

信: Hán Nôm readings: tín, tin
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation