# 夭

| 夭 | U+592D, &#22829; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-592D |
| ← 夬 [U+592C] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 央 → [U+592E] |

## Translingual
### Han character

夭 (Kangxi radical 37, 大+1, 4 strokes, cangjie input 竹大 (HK), four-corner 2043$_0$, composition ⿱丿大)

#### Derived characters

* 仸, 㓇, 㕭, 妖, 岆, 㤇, 扷, 沃, 枖, 殀, 祅, 矨, 秗, 袄, 訞(𫍚), 跃, 镺, 𨥜(𬬴), 飫(饫), 鴁
* 呑, 岙, 忝, 喬(乔), 鴌, 宎, 芺, 穾, 笑, 𮐔, 䴠
* 忝 (Exception: Only for Japanese character. Other regions contain 天 instead.)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 249, character 3
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5838
* Dae Jaweon: page 507, character 4
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 523, character 2
* Unihan data for U+592D

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 夭 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 笑 | *sqʰows |
| 夭 | *qoːwʔ, *qrow, *qrowʔ |
| 镺 | *qoːwʔ, *qoːws |
| 芺 | *qoːwʔ, *qrowʔ |
| 妖 | *qrow |
| 祅 | *qrow |
| 枖 | *qrow |
| 訞 | *qrow |
| 殀 | *qrowʔ |
| 仸 | *qrowʔ |
| 妋 | *pa, *qu |
| 飫 | *qos |
| 沃 | *qoːwɢ |
| 鋈 | *qoːwɢ |
Ideogram (指事) – a figure leaning forward, presumably running, hence energetic, young. See also the top component of the Kangxi radical 走.

### Etymology

Coblin (1986) (apud Schuessler, 2007) considers it cognate to Tibetan ཡོ་བ (yo ba, “oblique, aslant”), གཡོ་བ (g.yo ba, “tilt”), གཡོས (g.yos); if so, probably of Sino-Tibetan origin. However, the medials do not agree, as the expected Middle Chinese reflex should be in division IV, not III-B (Schuessler, 2007). Compare also Mizo eu (“to bend backwards”) (ibid.).
Possibly related to 委 (OC *qrolʔ, “to bend”) (e.g. in Chuci ) (ibid.).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yāo (yao$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄠ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jiu$^1$ / jiu$^2$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yêu
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): iau / iáu
    (Teochew, Peng'im): iao$^1$ / iou$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yāo
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄠ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yao
*** Wade–Giles: yao$^1$
*** Yale: yāu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: iau
*** Palladius: яо (jao)
*** Sinological IPA : /jɑʊ̯⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jiu$^1$ / jiu$^2$
*** Yale: yīu / yíu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jiu$^1$ / jiu$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yiu$^1$ / yiu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /jiːu̯⁵⁵/, /jiːu̯³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yêu
*** Hakka Romanization System: ieu$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yeu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /i̯eu̯²⁴/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yêu
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)ieu$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yeu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯eu̯²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iau
*** Tâi-lô: iau
*** Phofsit Daibuun: iaw
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /iau³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /iau⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iáu
*** Tâi-lô: iáu
*** Phofsit Daibuun: iao
*** IPA (Taipei, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /iau⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /iau⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /iau⁴¹/
* iau - literary;
* iáu - vernacular (俗).
* Middle Chinese: 'jewX
Rime :
| Character | 夭 |
| Reading # | 2/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 宵 (92) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 於兆切 |
| Baxter | 'jewX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʔˠiᴇu$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʔᵚiɛu$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʔiæu$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʔiaw$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ʔjɛu$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ĭɛu$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʔi̯ɛu$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yǎo |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jiu$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*qrowʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 夭 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| No. | 14631 |
| Phonetic component | 夭 |
| Rime group | 宵 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 夭 |
| Old Chinese | /*qrowʔ/ |

#### Definitions

夭
* to die young, to die prematurely
* to be aggrieved
* to devastate
* disaster

#### References

* (Min Nan) Taiwan Min Nan Common Words Dictionary (臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典)

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yāo (yao$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄠ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jiu$^1$ / jiu$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): iau / iáu
    (Teochew, Peng'im): iou$^1$ / iao$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yāo
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄠ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yao
*** Wade–Giles: yao$^1$
*** Yale: yāu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: iau
*** Palladius: яо (jao)
*** Sinological IPA : /jɑʊ̯⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jiu$^1$ / jiu$^2$
*** Yale: yīu / yíu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jiu$^1$ / jiu$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yiu$^1$ / yiu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /jiːu̯⁵⁵/, /jiːu̯³⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iau
*** Tâi-lô: iau
*** Phofsit Daibuun: iaw
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /iau³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /iau⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iáu
*** Tâi-lô: iáu
*** Phofsit Daibuun: iao
*** IPA (Taipei, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /iau⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /iau⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /iau⁴¹/
* iau - literary;
* iáu - vernacular (俗).
* Middle Chinese: 'jew
Rime :
| Character | 夭 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 宵 (92) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 於喬切 |
| Baxter | 'jew |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʔˠiᴇu/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʔᵚiɛu/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʔiæu/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʔiaw/ |
| Li Rong | /ʔjɛu/ |
| Wang Li | /ĭɛu/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʔi̯ɛu/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yāo |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jiu$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ʔ](r)aw/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qrow/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 夭 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yāo |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ʔjew › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ʔ](r)aw/ |
| English | delicate, slender |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 夭 |
| Reading # | 2/3 |
| No. | 14626 |
| Phonetic component | 夭 |
| Rime group | 宵 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 妖 |
| Old Chinese | /*qrow/ |

#### Definitions

夭
* young, fresh-looking
* tender, gentle
* lush
* Alternative form of 妖 (yāo)

### Pronunciation 3

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): ǎo (ao$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄠˇ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: ǎo
*** Zhuyin: ㄠˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ǎo
*** Wade–Giles: ao$^3$
*** Yale: ǎu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ao
*** Palladius: ао (ao)
*** Sinological IPA : /ˀɑʊ̯²¹⁴/
* Middle Chinese: 'awX
Rime :
| Character | 夭 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 豪 (89) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 烏晧切 |
| Baxter | 'awX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʔɑu$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʔɑu$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʔɑu$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʔaw$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ʔɑu$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɑu$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʔɑu$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | ǎo |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ou$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*qoːwʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 夭 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| No. | 14622 |
| Phonetic component | 夭 |
| Rime group | 宵 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 襖 |
| Old Chinese | /*qoːwʔ/ |

#### Definitions

夭
* young animal or plant

### Pronunciation 4

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): wò (wo$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄨㄛˋ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wò
*** Zhuyin: ㄨㄛˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wò
*** Wade–Giles: wo$^4$
*** Yale: wò
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: woh
*** Palladius: во (vo)
*** Sinological IPA : /wɔ⁵¹/

#### Definitions

夭
* name of an ancient place

### Pronunciation 5

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): wāi (wai$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄨㄞ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wāi
*** Zhuyin: ㄨㄞ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wai
*** Wade–Giles: wai$^1$
*** Yale: wāi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: uai
*** Palladius: вай (vaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /waɪ̯⁵⁵/

#### Definitions

夭
* Only used in 夭斜.

### Compounds

* 分外夭夭
* 壽夭 / 寿夭
* 夭亡
* 夭厲 / 夭厉 (yāolì)
* 夭壽 / 夭寿 (yāoshòu)
* 夭夭 (yāoyāo)
* 夭娜
* 夭折
* 夭昏
* 夭札
* 夭枉
* 夭桃穠李 / 夭桃秾李
* 夭桃襛李 / 夭桃𰳺李
* 夭殂
* 夭殞 / 夭殒
* 夭殤 / 夭殇 (yāoshāng)
* 夭疽
* 夭矯 / 夭矫
* 夭矯離奇 / 夭矫离奇
* 夭紅 / 夭红
* 夭逝
* 夭遏
* 夭邪
* 夭閼 / 夭阏 (yǎo'è)
* 早夭
* 桃之夭夭
* 桃夭 (táoyāo)
* 橫夭 / 横夭
* 逃之夭夭 (táozhīyāoyāo)
* 麛夭

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* young
* disaster

#### Readings

* Go-on: よう (yō)
* Kan-on: よう (yō)
* Kun: わかい (wakai, 夭い)、わざわい (wazawai)、わかじに (wakajini)

## Korean
### Hanja

夭 • (yo, o) (hangeul 요, 오, revised yo, o, McCune–Reischauer yo, o, Yale yo, o)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

夭: Hán Nôm readings: yểu, eo, ỉu, yếu, èo, yêu

### Adjective

夭
* chữ Hán form of yểu (“premature”).
* chữ Nôm form of yếu (“weak, feeble”).