# Svalbard
## English

Wikivoyage

### Etymology

Borrowed from Old Norse Svalbarð n probably through Norwegian. From svalr (“cool”) +‎ barð (“edge, brim”), thus roughly meaning “cold shore”, probably alluding to the treeless landscape mostly covered with grass.
The name was first attested in annales referring to year 1194, but it’s uncertain whether it referred to the modern archipelago.
Cognate with Faroese Svalbarð, Icelandic Svalbarði and Norwegian Svalbard.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsvɑːlbɑː(ɹ)/, (anglicized) /ˈsvɑːlbɑː(ɹ)d/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)

### Proper noun

Svalbard
* A group of islands northeast of Greenland; a territory of Norway.

#### Synonyms

* Spitsbergen, Spitzbergen (both dated)
* Greenland (obsolete)
* Grumant (dated)

#### Derived terms

* Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands
* Svalbard reindeer
* Svalbardian

#### Translations
### References

* “Svalbard”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
* ↑ L. Chekin (2020) Svalbarðs fundr : The Place Name Svalbard and Its Connotations in Medieval and Modern Literature and Cartography, →DOI
* ↑ R. Hennig (1925) Von rätselhaften Ländern : Versunkene Stätten der Geschichte

### Further reading

* Svalbard, CIA World Fact Book 2004 on Wikisource.Wikisource
* Spitsbergen in the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edition, 1911)
* Spitzbergen in the 1905 edition of the New International Encyclopedia.

## German
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsvaːlˌbart/, [ˈsʋaːlˌbaʁt], [-ˌbaɐ̯t], [-ˌbaːt]

### Proper noun

Svalbard n (proper noun, genitive Svalbards or (optionally with an article) Svalbard)
* (especially official use) Svalbard (an archipelago in the far north of Norway)
    Synonym: (remains predominant) Spitzbergen

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

Borrowed from Old Norse Svalbarð n or Svalbarðr m. See the English entry for more information.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsvɑ̂ːɫbɑr/

### Proper noun

Svalbard
* Svalbard (a Norwegian archipelago in the Arctic Ocean, to the north of Norway)

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

Borrowed from Old Norse Svalbarð n or Svalbarðr m, from svalr (“cool”) +‎ barð (“edge, brim”), thus roughly meaning “cold shore”. See the English entry for more information.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /²svaːlbaːr/, /²svaːɽbaːɽ/

### Proper noun

Svalbard n
* Svalbard (an archipelago in the far north of Norway)

#### Derived terms

* svalbardgås (“pink-footed goose”)
* svalbarding (“someone from Svalbard”)
* svalbardkol
* svalbardlaks (“arctic char”, literally “Svalbard salmon”)
* svalbardlomvi (“thick-billed murre”)
* Svalbardlova (“the Svalbard Act”)
* svalbardløn
* svalbardrein (“Svalbard reindeer”)
* Svalbardrådet
* svalbardteiste, svalbardteist (“Cepphus grylle mandtii”)
* Svalbardtraktaten (“the Svalbard Treaty”)
* svalbardull, svalbardmyrull (“Eriophorum sorensenii”)
* svalbardvalmue (“Papaver dahlianum”)

#### Related terms

* bard (“edge”)
* Grumant (dated)
* Spitsbergen
* sval (“cool”)
* Vestspitsbergen

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsfal.bart/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -albart
* Syllabification: Sval‧bard

### Proper noun

Svalbard m
* Svalbard (group of islands in the Arctic)

#### Declension
### Further reading

* Svalbard in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Portuguese
### Proper noun

Svalbard f
* Svalbard (an archipelago and territory of Norway in the Arctic Ocean)