# 混沌
## Chinese

* 混沌 (神話生物) (Written Standard Chinese)
* 混沌 (Written Standard Chinese)

### Etymology

Old Chinese *guːnʔ duːnʔ. The variant 渾淪／浑沦 (húnlún) suggests that this perhaps came from *guːnʔ l̥uːnʔ ~ guːnʔ ruːnʔ, from **gruːnʔ, from the root *k(V)r- ("to flow > to mix > to be turbid, chaotic").
Related to 餛飩／馄饨 (húntun, “wonton”) and 雲吞／云吞 (yúntūn, “wonton”).
Compare 渾 (OC *ɡuːn, *ɡuːnʔ), 混 (OC *ɡuːnʔ, “rapidly flowing water; turbidity; confusedness; unclearness; big; whole”), Korean 흐르— (heureu-, “to flow; to float; to fill”), 흐리— (heuri-, “to be turbid, unclear, indistinct”), 흐릿하— (heuritha-, “to be vague, indistinct”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): hùndùn
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄣˋ ㄉㄨㄣˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): wan$^6$ deon$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): fun-tun
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hūn-tūn
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hùndùn
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄣˋ ㄉㄨㄣˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hùndùn
*** Wade–Giles: hun$^4$-tun$^4$
*** Yale: hwùn-dwùn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: huennduenn
*** Palladius: хуньдунь (xunʹdunʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /xu̯ən⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu̯ən⁵¹/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$混沌 混淪 / 混沦
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: wan$^6$ deon$^6$
*** Yale: wahn deuhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: wan$^6$ doen$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: wen$^6$ dên$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /wɐn²² tɵn²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fun-tun
*** Hakka Romanization System: fun dun
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fun$^4$ dun$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /fun⁵⁵ tun⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hūn-tūn
*** Tâi-lô: hūn-tūn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: huxndun
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hun²²⁻²¹ tun²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hun⁴¹⁻²² tun⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hun²²⁻²¹ tun²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /hun³³⁻¹¹ tun³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hun³³⁻²¹ tun³³/
* Middle Chinese: hwonX dwonX
Rime :
| Character | 混 | 沌 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) | 定 (7) |
| Final (韻) | 魂 (55) | 魂 (55) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Closed |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 胡本切 | 徒損切 |
| Baxter | hwonX | dwonX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦuən$^X$/ | /duən$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦuon$^X$/ | /duon$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣuən$^X$/ | /duən$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦwən$^X$/ | /dwən$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣuən$^X$/ | /duən$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣuən$^X$/ | /duən$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣuən$^X$/ | /dʱuən$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | hùn | dùn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | wan$^6$ | deon$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡuːnʔ duːnʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 混 | 沌 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 3/3 |
| No. | 7536 | 12558 |
| Phonetic component | 昆 | 屯 |
| Rime group | 文 | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 混 | 囤 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡuːnʔ/ | /*duːnʔ/ |

### Noun

混沌
* (Chinese mythology) Hundun (the unclear, confused and nebulous state of the primordial world)
* wholeness; inseparability
* unclearness; indistinctness; obscurity; vagueness; obfuscation
* silliness; stupidity
* (Chinese mythology) hundun (legendary faceless creature)
* (mathematics) chaos

#### Synonyms

* (Hundun): (literary, figurative) 䒌靘 (mìngqìng)

#### Derived terms

* 混沌理論 / 混沌理论 (hùndùn lǐlùn)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 混沌(こんとん) (konton)
* → Korean: 혼돈(混沌) (hondon)
* → Vietnamese: hỗn độn (混沌)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 混 | 沌 |
| こん Grade: 5 | とん Jinmeiyō |
| on'yomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 渾沌

### Etymology

From Chinese 混沌 (hùndùn).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こんとん [kòńtóń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [kõ̞ntõ̞ɴ]

### Adjective

混(こん)沌(とん) • (konton) $^†$-tari (adnominal 混(こん)沌(とん)とした (konton to shita) or 混(こん)沌(とん)たる (konton taru), adverbial 混(こん)沌(とん)と (konton to) or 混(こん)沌(とん)として (konton to shite))
* chaotic

### Adverb

混(こん)沌(とん) • (konton)
* chaotically

### Noun

混(こん)沌(とん) • (konton)
* chaos
** 2014 March 8, “オシリスの天(てん)空(くう)竜(りゅう) [Osiris the Sky Dragon]”, in 決闘王の記憶 －決闘者の王国編－ [Memories of the Duel King: Duelist Kingdom Arc], Konami:
    天(てん)空(くう)に雷(らい)鳴(めい)轟(とどろ)く混(こん)沌(とん)の時(とき)、連(つら)なる鎖(くさり)の中(なか)に古(いにしえ)の魔(ま)導(どう)書(しょ)を束(たば)ね、その力(ちから)無(む)限(げん)の限(かぎ)りを誇(ほこ)らん。
       Tenkū ni raimei todoroku konton no toki, tsuranaru kusari no naka ni inishie no Madōsho o tabane, sono chikara mugen no kagiri o hokoran.
       Such power knows no bounds, it puts the ancient Sorcery Grimoires in tangling chains when chaos roars with thunder in the sky.

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 混 | 沌 |

### Noun

混沌 • (hondon) (hangeul 혼돈)
* hanja form of 혼돈 (“chaos”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 混 | 沌 |

### Adjective

混沌
* chữ Hán form of hỗn độn (“chaotic; disorderly”).