# sigma
## English
### Etymology

From Ancient Greek σῖγμα (sîgma), σίγμα (sígma), probably from the root sig- as seen in σίζω (sízō) (< sig-yo "to hiss") + -μα (-ma).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsɪɡmə/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɪɡmə

### Noun

sigma (plural sigmas or sigmata)
* The eighteenth letter of the Classical and Modern Greek alphabets (Σ, σ), the twentieth letter of Old and Ancient.
** "Herodotus: On The Customs of the Persians", I.139:
    Their names, which are expressive of some bodily or mental excellence, all end with the same letter---the letter which is called San by the Dorians, and Sigma by the Ionians.
* (mathematics) The symbol Σ, used to indicate summation of a set or series.
* (statistics) The symbol σ, used to indicate one standard deviation from the mean, particularly in a normal distribution.
** 2011, Paul Rincon, (bbc.co.uk) LHC: Higgs boson 'may have been glimpsed'
    None of the spikes seen by the experiments is at much more than the "two sigma" level of certainty. A level of "five sigma" is required to claim a discovery, meaning there is less than a one in a million chance the data spike is down to a statistical fluke.
* (Internet slang) A sigma male (a self-reliant and assertive male).

#### Derived terms

* delta-sigma converter
* final sigma
* lunate sigma
* sigma additivity
* sigma bond
* sigma darner (Austroaeschna sigma)
* sigma-delta converter
* sigmalike
* sigma male
* sigmatic
* sigmatism
* Six Sigma
* the sigma
* within one sigma

#### See also

* (Greek-script letter names) alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, eta, theta, iota, kappa, lambda, mu, nu, xi, omicron, pi, rho, sigma, tau, upsilon, phi, chi, psi, omega

### References

* ↑ Woodard, Roger D. (2006). "Alphabet". In Wilson, Nigel Guy. Encyclopedia of ancient Greece. London: Routldedge. p. 38.
* ↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1328

### Anagrams

* Magis., agism, migas

## Catalan
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin sigma.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [ˈsiɡ.mə]
* IPA: (Valencia) [ˈsiɡ.ma]

### Noun

sigma f (plural sigmes)
* Sigma; the Greek letter Σ (lowercase σ or ς)
* (anatomy) sigmoid colon

#### Derived terms

* sigmàtic
* sigmatisme

#### Related terms

* sigmoide

#### Further reading

* “sigma” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.

## Czech
### Noun

sigma n or f
* sigma

#### Declension

when feminine:
Indeclinable when neuter.

## Dutch
### Etymology

From Ancient Greek σῖγμα (sîgma).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsɪx.maː/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: sig‧ma

### Noun

sigma f (plural sigma's, diminutive sigmaatje n)
* sigma (letter of the Greek alphabet)

#### Derived terms

* sigmatisch

### Further reading

* sigma on the Dutch Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{nl}$

## Finnish
### Etymology

< Ancient Greek σίγμα (sígma)
Greek letter :
| Σσ | Previous: | rhoo |
| Σσ | Next: | tau |

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsiɡmɑ/, [ˈs̠iɡmɑ̝]
* Rhymes: -iɡmɑ
* Hyphenation: sig‧ma

### Noun

sigma
* sigma (Greek letter)
* (Internet slang, neologism, often humorous) Short for sigma-uros.

#### Declension

Possessive forms of sigma (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
sigmani
sigmani
accusative
nom.
sigmani
sigmani
gen.
sigmani
genitive
sigmani
sigmojeni sigmaini $^{rare}$
partitive
sigmaani
sigmojani
inessive
sigmassani
sigmoissani
elative
sigmastani
sigmoistani
illative
sigmaani
sigmoihini
adessive
sigmallani
sigmoillani
ablative
sigmaltani
sigmoiltani
allative
sigmalleni
sigmoilleni
essive
sigmanani
sigmoinani
translative
sigmakseni
sigmoikseni
abessive
sigmattani
sigmoittani
instructive
comitative
—sigmoineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
sigmasi
sigmasi
accusative
nom.
sigmasi
sigmasi
gen.
sigmasi
genitive
sigmasi
sigmojesi sigmaisi $^{rare}$
partitive
sigmaasi
sigmojasi
inessive
sigmassasi
sigmoissasi
elative
sigmastasi
sigmoistasi
illative
sigmaasi
sigmoihisi
adessive
sigmallasi
sigmoillasi
ablative
sigmaltasi
sigmoiltasi
allative
sigmallesi
sigmoillesi
essive
sigmanasi
sigmoinasi
translative
sigmaksesi
sigmoiksesi
abessive
sigmattasi
sigmoittasi
instructive
comitative
—sigmoinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
sigmamme
sigmamme
accusative
nom.
sigmamme
sigmamme
gen.
sigmamme
genitive
sigmamme
sigmojemme sigmaimme $^{rare}$
partitive
sigmaamme
sigmojamme
inessive
sigmassamme
sigmoissamme
elative
sigmastamme
sigmoistamme
illative
sigmaamme
sigmoihimme
adessive
sigmallamme
sigmoillamme
ablative
sigmaltamme
sigmoiltamme
allative
sigmallemme
sigmoillemme
essive
sigmanamme
sigmoinamme
translative
sigmaksemme
sigmoiksemme
abessive
sigmattamme
sigmoittamme
instructive
comitative
—sigmoinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
sigmanne
sigmanne
accusative
nom.
sigmanne
sigmanne
gen.
sigmanne
genitive
sigmanne
sigmojenne sigmainne $^{rare}$
partitive
sigmaanne
sigmojanne
inessive
sigmassanne
sigmoissanne
elative
sigmastanne
sigmoistanne
illative
sigmaanne
sigmoihinne
adessive
sigmallanne
sigmoillanne
ablative
sigmaltanne
sigmoiltanne
allative
sigmallenne
sigmoillenne
essive
sigmananne
sigmoinanne
translative
sigmaksenne
sigmoiksenne
abessive
sigmattanne
sigmoittanne
instructive
comitative
—sigmoinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
sigmansa
sigmansa
accusative
nom.
sigmansa
sigmansa
gen.
sigmansa
genitive
sigmansa
sigmojensa sigmainsa $^{rare}$
partitive
sigmaansa
sigmojaan sigmojansa
inessive
sigmassaan sigmassansa
sigmoissaan sigmoissansa
elative
sigmastaan sigmastansa
sigmoistaan sigmoistansa
illative
sigmaansa
sigmoihinsa
adessive
sigmallaan sigmallansa
sigmoillaan sigmoillansa
ablative
sigmaltaan sigmaltansa
sigmoiltaan sigmoiltansa
allative
sigmalleen sigmallensa
sigmoilleen sigmoillensa
essive
sigmanaan sigmanansa
sigmoinaan sigmoinansa
translative
sigmakseen sigmaksensa
sigmoikseen sigmoiksensa
abessive
sigmattaan sigmattansa
sigmoittaan sigmoittansa
instructive
comitative
—sigmoineen sigmoinensa :

#### Derived terms

* sigmasidos
* sigmasuoli
* sigma-uros

### Further reading

* “sigma”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

## French
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /siɡ.ma/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

sigma m (plural sigma)
* sigma (Greek letter)

### Further reading

* “sigma”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Icelandic
### Noun

sigma n (genitive singular sigma, nominative plural sigmu) or rarely sigma f (genitive singular sigmu, nominative plural sigmur)
* sigma (Greek letter)

#### Declension

or rarely

## Italian
### Etymology

From Ancient Greek σῖγμα (sîgma), σίγμα (sígma).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsiɡ.ma/
* Rhymes: -iɡma
* Hyphenation: sìg‧ma

### Noun

sigma m or f (invariable)
* sigma, specifically:
** the name of the Greek-script letter Σ/σ, ς
** (mathematics) the symbol Σ, used to indicate summation of a set or series
** (statistics) the symbol σ, used to indicate one standard deviation from the mean, specifically in a normal distribution

#### Derived terms

* sigmatismo/sigmacismo

### Noun

sigma m (invariable)
* (anatomy) sigmoid colon

### Anagrams

* sgami

## Polish
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek σῖγμα (sîgma), from Phoenician 𐤔 (š‬ /⁠šīn⁠/).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsiɡ.ma/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -iɡma
* Syllabification: sig‧ma

### Noun

sigma f
* sigma (Greek letter Σ, σ/ς)
* (mathematics) sigma (symbol Σ, used to indicate summation of a set or series)

#### Declension
### Further reading

* sigma in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈsi.ɡi.mɐ/, /ˈsiɡ.mɐ/
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈsi.ɡi.mɐ/, /ˈsiɡ.mɐ/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˈsiɡ.ma/, /ˈsi.ɡi.ma/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈsi.ɡmɐ/ [ˈsi.ɣmɐ]

### Noun

sigma m (plural sigmas)
* sigma (name of the Greek letter Σ, σ)

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Ancient Greek σῖγμα (sîgma) or French sigma.

### Noun

sigma m (plural sigma)
* sigma (Greek letter)

#### Declension
## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsiɡma/ [ˈsiɣ̞.ma]
* Audio (Costa Rica):(file)
* Rhymes: -iɡma
* Syllabification: sig‧ma

### Noun

sigma f (plural sigmas)
* sigma; the Greek letter Σ, σ

### Further reading

* “sigma”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10