# tumma
## Finnish
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *tumma. Cognates include Estonian tõmmu, Estonian tume, Ingrian tumma, Karelian tumma, Võro tummõ and Votic tummõ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈtumːɑ/, [ˈt̪umːɑ̝]
* Rhymes: -umːɑ
* Hyphenation: tum‧ma

### Adjective

tumma (comparative tummempi, superlative tummin)
* dark (of colour)
    Antonyms: vaalea, valjakka, kirkas
    Hänellä on tumma tukka.She has dark hair.
    Minä käytän vain tummia vaatteita.I only wear dark clothes.
* dark-haired
    Synonyms: tummatukkainen, tummahiuksinen, brunette, brune
    Antonyms: vaalea, blondi
    Naapurin jätkä seurustelee taas sen tumman tytön kanssa.The guy next door is dating the dark-haired girl again.

#### Usage notes

* The compound names of dark variants of a color are formed with genitive of tumma, other adjectives often with nominative, depending on the head word, e.g.:
       tummankeltainen (“dark yellow”)
       tummaihoinen (“dark-skinned”)

#### Declension

Possessive forms of tumma (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation) :
Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives. :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
tummani
tummani
accusative
nom.
tummani
tummani
gen.
tummani
genitive
tummani
tummieni tummaini $^{rare}$
partitive
tummaani
tummiani
inessive
tummassani
tummissani
elative
tummastani
tummistani
illative
tummaani
tummiini
adessive
tummallani
tummillani
ablative
tummaltani
tummiltani
allative
tummalleni
tummilleni
essive
tummanani
tumminani
translative
tummakseni
tummikseni
abessive
tummattani
tummittani
instructive
comitative
—tummineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
tummasi
tummasi
accusative
nom.
tummasi
tummasi
gen.
tummasi
genitive
tummasi
tummiesi tummaisi $^{rare}$
partitive
tummaasi
tummiasi
inessive
tummassasi
tummissasi
elative
tummastasi
tummistasi
illative
tummaasi
tummiisi
adessive
tummallasi
tummillasi
ablative
tummaltasi
tummiltasi
allative
tummallesi
tummillesi
essive
tummanasi
tumminasi
translative
tummaksesi
tummiksesi
abessive
tummattasi
tummittasi
instructive
comitative
—tumminesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
tummamme
tummamme
accusative
nom.
tummamme
tummamme
gen.
tummamme
genitive
tummamme
tummiemme tummaimme $^{rare}$
partitive
tummaamme
tummiamme
inessive
tummassamme
tummissamme
elative
tummastamme
tummistamme
illative
tummaamme
tummiimme
adessive
tummallamme
tummillamme
ablative
tummaltamme
tummiltamme
allative
tummallemme
tummillemme
essive
tummanamme
tumminamme
translative
tummaksemme
tummiksemme
abessive
tummattamme
tummittamme
instructive
comitative
—tumminemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
tummanne
tummanne
accusative
nom.
tummanne
tummanne
gen.
tummanne
genitive
tummanne
tummienne tummainne $^{rare}$
partitive
tummaanne
tummianne
inessive
tummassanne
tummissanne
elative
tummastanne
tummistanne
illative
tummaanne
tummiinne
adessive
tummallanne
tummillanne
ablative
tummaltanne
tummiltanne
allative
tummallenne
tummillenne
essive
tummananne
tumminanne
translative
tummaksenne
tummiksenne
abessive
tummattanne
tummittanne
instructive
comitative
—tumminenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
tummansa
tummansa
accusative
nom.
tummansa
tummansa
gen.
tummansa
genitive
tummansa
tummiensa tummainsa $^{rare}$
partitive
tummaansa
tummiaan tummiansa
inessive
tummassaan tummassansa
tummissaan tummissansa
elative
tummastaan tummastansa
tummistaan tummistansa
illative
tummaansa
tummiinsa
adessive
tummallaan tummallansa
tummillaan tummillansa
ablative
tummaltaan tummaltansa
tummiltaan tummiltansa
allative
tummalleen tummallensa
tummilleen tummillensa
essive
tummanaan tummanansa
tumminaan tumminansa
translative
tummakseen tummaksensa
tummikseen tummiksensa
abessive
tummattaan tummattansa
tummittaan tummittansa
instructive
comitative
—tummineen tumminensa :

### Noun

tumma (informal, chiefly endonymic)
* Rom, Romani person
    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:mustalainen
** (Can we date this quote?), “Ei kenenkään lähimmäinen”, in Hai Hortto kaalot, performed by Hortto Kaalo:Kun lähimmäistään muut rakastaa, / niin kylmän katseen vain tumma saa.When the others love their neighbour, / the Rom only gets a cold look.

#### Usage notes

* The international term romani is preferred in standard Finnish.
* The endonymic Finnish Kalo terms are kaalo (literally “black man”) and kaali (literally “black woman”). The calque tumma (literally “dark one”) is chiefly used by the Roma themselves.
* In Finnish, the Roma generally use mustalainen (literally “black person”), contrasting it with valkolainen (“Finn”, literally “white person”). However, these terms may be considered offensive by younger non-Romani Finns.

#### Declension

Possessive forms of tumma (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
tummani
tummani
accusative
nom.
tummani
tummani
gen.
tummani
genitive
tummani
tummieni tummaini $^{rare}$
partitive
tummaani
tummiani
inessive
tummassani
tummissani
elative
tummastani
tummistani
illative
tummaani
tummiini
adessive
tummallani
tummillani
ablative
tummaltani
tummiltani
allative
tummalleni
tummilleni
essive
tummanani
tumminani
translative
tummakseni
tummikseni
abessive
tummattani
tummittani
instructive
comitative
—tummineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
tummasi
tummasi
accusative
nom.
tummasi
tummasi
gen.
tummasi
genitive
tummasi
tummiesi tummaisi $^{rare}$
partitive
tummaasi
tummiasi
inessive
tummassasi
tummissasi
elative
tummastasi
tummistasi
illative
tummaasi
tummiisi
adessive
tummallasi
tummillasi
ablative
tummaltasi
tummiltasi
allative
tummallesi
tummillesi
essive
tummanasi
tumminasi
translative
tummaksesi
tummiksesi
abessive
tummattasi
tummittasi
instructive
comitative
—tumminesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
tummamme
tummamme
accusative
nom.
tummamme
tummamme
gen.
tummamme
genitive
tummamme
tummiemme tummaimme $^{rare}$
partitive
tummaamme
tummiamme
inessive
tummassamme
tummissamme
elative
tummastamme
tummistamme
illative
tummaamme
tummiimme
adessive
tummallamme
tummillamme
ablative
tummaltamme
tummiltamme
allative
tummallemme
tummillemme
essive
tummanamme
tumminamme
translative
tummaksemme
tummiksemme
abessive
tummattamme
tummittamme
instructive
comitative
—tumminemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
tummanne
tummanne
accusative
nom.
tummanne
tummanne
gen.
tummanne
genitive
tummanne
tummienne tummainne $^{rare}$
partitive
tummaanne
tummianne
inessive
tummassanne
tummissanne
elative
tummastanne
tummistanne
illative
tummaanne
tummiinne
adessive
tummallanne
tummillanne
ablative
tummaltanne
tummiltanne
allative
tummallenne
tummillenne
essive
tummananne
tumminanne
translative
tummaksenne
tummiksenne
abessive
tummattanne
tummittanne
instructive
comitative
—tumminenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
tummansa
tummansa
accusative
nom.
tummansa
tummansa
gen.
tummansa
genitive
tummansa
tummiensa tummainsa $^{rare}$
partitive
tummaansa
tummiaan tummiansa
inessive
tummassaan tummassansa
tummissaan tummissansa
elative
tummastaan tummastansa
tummistaan tummistansa
illative
tummaansa
tummiinsa
adessive
tummallaan tummallansa
tummillaan tummillansa
ablative
tummaltaan tummaltansa
tummiltaan tummiltansa
allative
tummalleen tummallensa
tummilleen tummillensa
essive
tummanaan tummanansa
tumminaan tumminansa
translative
tummakseen tummaksensa
tummikseen tummiksensa
abessive
tummattaan tummattansa
tummittaan tummittansa
instructive
comitative
—tummineen tumminensa :

#### Derived terms

* tumma puku
* tummahko
* tummasti
* tummentaa
* tummento
* tummeta
* tummua
* tummuus
* tummahiuksinen
* tummahäränsilmä
* tummaihoinen
* tummajättiläishyppypäästäinen
* tummakasvoinen
* tummakulmainen
* tummalahnanruoho
* tummalakihapero
* tummalakiseitikki
* tummamuntjakki
* tummanharmaa
* tummankarvainen
* tummanokkahiiri
* tummanpuhuva
* tummanpunainen
* tummanruskea
* tummansininen
* tummanvihreä
* tummapaahtoinen
* tummapintainen
* tummapukuinen
* tummapussipeto
* tummapuumuura
* tummasilmä
* tummasilmäinen
* tummasointinen
* tummasolu
* tummasävyinen
* tummatarhakotilo
* tummatukka
* tummatukkainen
* tummatäpläseitikki
* tummaverikkö
* tummaverinen
* tummavetinen

### Further reading

* “tumma”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

### Anagrams

* ammut, mamut

## Ingrian
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *tumma. Cognates include Finnish tumma and Estonian tõmmu.

### Pronunciation

* (Ala-Laukaa) IPA: /ˈtumːɑ/, [ˈtumː]
* (Soikkola) IPA: /ˈtumːɑ/, [ˈtumːɑ]
* Rhymes: -umː, -umːɑ
* Hyphenation: tum‧ma

### Adjective

tumma (comparative tummemp)
* dim, dark

#### Derived terms

* tummaveriin

### References

* Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 608

## Sidamo
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈtumːa/
* Hyphenation: tum‧ma

### Noun

tumma f
* plural of tuma

#### Declension
### References

* Kazuhiro Kawachi (2007) A grammar of Sidaama (Sidamo), a Cushitic language of Ethiopia, page 38

## Swedish
### Etymology

tumme (“thumb”) +‎ -a

### Verb

tumma (present tummar, preterite tummade, supine tummat, imperative tumma)
* to thumb (touch or manipulate with one's thumb)
* to confirm mutual agreement (sometimes by parties pressing their right thumbs against each other), to shake on it, to pinky swear
    Vi tummade på detWe shook on it
* to slightly compromise on, to skimp on (something)
    De tummade på säkerhetenThey compromised / skimped on security
* (chiefly historical) to measure (lumber) in inches (tum)

#### Usage notes

Close to synonymous with göra avkall på in (sense 3). Often of being willing to compromise on or play a bit fast and loose with something considered important, in a critical sense.

#### Conjugation

$^1$ Archaic. $^2$ Dated. See the appendix on Swedish verbs.

### References

* tumma in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* tumma in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* tumma in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)