# 昨

| 昨 | U+6628, &#26152; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6628 |
| ← 昧 [U+6627] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 昩 → [U+6629] |

## Translingual
### Han character

昨 (Kangxi radical 72, 日+5, 9 strokes, cangjie input 日人尸 (AOS) or 日人十 (AOJ), four-corner 6801$_1$, composition ⿰日乍)

#### Derived characters

* 葃 𥯭

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 493, character 14
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13847
* Dae Jaweon: page 857, character 2
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1502, character 2
* Unihan data for U+6628

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 昨
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 作 | *ʔsaːɡs, *ʔsaːɡs, *ʔsaːɡ |
| 鲊 | *ʔsraːʔ |
| 痄 | *ʔsraːʔ |
| 厏 | *ʔsraːʔ, *zraːʔ |
| 詐 | *ʔsraːɡs |
| 咋 | *ʔsraːɡs, *zraːɡ, *ʔsreːɡ |
| 笮 | *ʔsraːɡs, *zaːɡ, *ʔsraːɡ |
| 榨 | *ʔsraːɡs |
| 炸 | *ʔr'aːɡs, *zreːb |
| 乍 | *zraːɡs |
| 拃 | *ʔsraːnʔ |
| 酢 | *sʰaːɡs, *zaːɡ |
| 祚 | *zaːɡs |
| 胙 | *zaːɡs |
| 阼 | *zaːɡs |
| 飵 | *zaːɡs, *zaːɡ |
| 秨 | *zaːɡs, *zaːɡ |
| 迮 | *ʔsaːɡ, *ʔsraːɡ |
| 柞 | *ʔsaːɡ, *zaːɡ |
| 昨 | *zaːɡ |
| 怍 | *zaːɡ |
| 砟 | *zaːɡ |
| 莋 | *zaːɡ |
| 岝 | *zaːɡ, *zraːɡ |
| 鈼 | *zaːɡ |
| 筰 | *zaːɡ |
| 葃 | *zaːɡ, *zreːɡ, *zaɡ |
| 舴 | *ʔr'aːɡ, *ʔsraːɡ |
| 窄 | *ʔsraːɡ |
| 蚱 | *ʔsraːɡ |
| 齚 | *zraːɡ |
| 泎 | *zraːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *zaːɡ): semantic 日 (“sun”) + phonetic 乍 (OC *zraːɡs). However, the phonetic component could add part of the meaning since it was borrowed phonetically to mean "at first".

### Etymology 1

Related to 昔 (OC *sjaːɡ, “the past”) (Sagart, 1999).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zuó (zuo$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄗㄨㄛˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zok$^3$ / zok$^6$
* Eastern Min (BUC): sŏ̤h
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): cho̍k / cho̍h / chǎ / chā
    (Teochew, Peng'im): za$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^8$zoq; $^6$zo
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zuó
*** Zhuyin: ㄗㄨㄛˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: zuó
*** Wade–Giles: tso$^2$
*** Yale: dzwó
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzwo
*** Palladius: цзо (czo)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡su̯ɔ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zok$^3$ / zok$^6$
*** Yale: jok / johk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzok$^8$ / dzok$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zog$^3$ / zog$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɔːk̚³/, /t͡sɔːk̚²/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: sŏ̤h
*** Sinological IPA : /soʔ⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: cho̍k
*** Tâi-lô: tso̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zok
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sɔk̚²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sɔk̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sɔk̚⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: cho̍h
*** Tâi-lô: tso̍h
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zoih
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡soʔ²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sɤʔ⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡soʔ¹²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei, Xiamen): /t͡soʔ⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chǎ
*** Tâi-lô: tsǎ
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sa²²/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chā
*** Tâi-lô: tsā
*** Phofsit Daibuun: za
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡sa²²/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡sa³³/
* cho̍k - literary;
* cho̍h/chǎ/chā - vernacular.
* Middle Chinese: dzak
Rime :
| Character | 昨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 從 (15) |
| Final (韻) | 鐸 (103) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 在各切 |
| Baxter | dzak |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡zɑk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡zɑk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡zɑk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡zak̚/ |
| Li Rong | /d͡zɑk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /d͡zɑk̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /d͡zʱɑk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zuó |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zok$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[dz]ˤak/
    (Zhengzhang): /*zaːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 昨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zuó |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dzak › |
| Old Chinese | /*[dz]ˁak/ |
| English | yesterday |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 昨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 16664 |
| Phonetic component | 乍 |
| Rime group | 鐸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 昨 |
| Old Chinese | /*zaːɡ/ |

#### Definitions

昨
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) yesterday
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) in former times; past

#### Compounds

* 一昨 (yīzuó)
* 今是昨非
* 昨來 / 昨来
* 昨兒 / 昨儿 (zuór)
* 昨前
* 昨夜 (zuóyè)
* 昨天 (zuótiān)
* 昨日 (zuórì)
* 昨昏 (cha-hng) (Hokkien)
* 昨晚 (zuówǎn)
* 昨暝
* 昨非今是 (zuófēijīnshì)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chăng
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chăng
*** Tâi-lô: tsa̋ng
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡saŋ³⁵/

#### Definitions

昨
* (Taiwanese Hokkien) Contraction of 昨昏 (cha-hng, “yesterday”).
** 2009, 詹雅雯 [Chan Ya-wen] (lyrics and music), “姨仔”, in 底片, performed by 詹雅雯 [Chan Ya-wen]:
       bí-lē chheng-chhun chhin-chhiūⁿ chăng [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       Beauty and youthfulness are just like yesterday
** 2020, “送你到這”, in 比佛利 (lyrics), 楊彩藝 (music), 送你到這, performed by 潘佩莉 [Pan Pei-li]:
       chăng ê ǹg-bāng piàn choa̍t-bāng [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       Yesterday’s hope becomes despair

### References

* “昨”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)
* yesterday; last, past (day, week, month, year, etc.)

#### Readings

* Go-on: ざく (zaku)
* Kan-on: さく (saku, Jōyō)
* Kun: きのう (kinō, 昨)

#### Compounds

* 昨日(きのう) (kinō): yesterday
* 昨(さく)週(しゅう) (sakushū): last week
* 昨(さく)月(げつ) (sakugetsu): last month
* 昨(さく)年(ねん) (sakunen): last year
* 昨(さく)春(しゅん) (sakushun): last spring
* 昨(さく)夏(なつ) (sakunatsu): last summer
* 昨(さく)秋(しゅう) (sakushū): last autumn
* 昨(さく)冬(とう) (sakutō): last winter

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 昨 (MC dzak).
Recorded as Middle Korean 짝〮 (Yale: ccak) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Recorded as Middle Korean 작〮 (cák) (Yale: cak) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

Wikisource 昨 (eumhun 어제 작 (eoje jak))
* hanja form of 작 (“yesterday; last”)

#### Compounds

* 작금 (昨今, jakgeum)
* 작년 (昨年, jangnyeon)
* 작일 (昨日, jagil)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

昨: Hán Nôm readings: tạc
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.