# 剩

| 剩 | U+5269, &#21097; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5269 |
| ← 剨 [U+5268] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 剪 → [U+526A] |

## Translingual

| Japanese | 剰 |
| Simplified | 剩 |
| Traditional | 剩 |

### Han character

剩 (Kangxi radical 18, 刀+10, 12 strokes, cangjie input 竹心中弓 (HPLN), four-corner 2290$_0$, composition ⿰乘刂)

#### Descendants

* 剰

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 142, character 4
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2109
* Dae Jaweon: page 323, character 2
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 350, character 10
* Unihan data for U+5269

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 乘 | *ɦljɯŋ, *ɦljɯŋs |
| 溗 | *ɦljɯŋ |
| 塖 | *ɦljɯŋ |
| 騬 | *ɦljɯŋ |
| 椉 | *ɦljɯŋ |
| 剩 | *ɦljɯŋs |
| 嵊 | *ɦljɯŋs |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɦljɯŋs): phonetic 乘 (OC *ɦljɯŋ, *ɦljɯŋs) + semantic 刀.

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shèng (sheng$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄕㄥˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): sing$^6$ / zing$^6$
* Eastern Min (BUC): sêng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): sing$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): sīn / sēng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): sing$^7$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$zan; $^6$zen
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shèng
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄥˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shèng
*** Wade–Giles: shêng$^4$
*** Yale: shèng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shenq
*** Palladius: шэн (šɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂɤŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: sing$^6$ / zing$^6$
*** Yale: sihng / jihng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sing$^6$ / dzing$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: xing$^6$ / jing$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɪŋ²²/, /t͡sɪŋ²²/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: sêng
*** Sinological IPA : /sɛiŋ²⁴²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: sing$^5$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: sīng
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬiŋ²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sīn / sēng
*** Tâi-lô: sīn / sīng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sin, seng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /sin²²/, /siɪŋ²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /sin⁴¹/, /siɪŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /sin²²/, /siɪŋ²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /sin³³/, /siɪŋ³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /sin³³/, /siɪŋ³³/
* sīn - vernacular;
* sēng - literary.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit剩 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ʂəŋ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ʂəŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /ʂəŋ⁵³/ /səŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /ʂəŋ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /ʃəŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ʂəŋ³¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /ʂəŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /ʂə̃²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ʂəŋ¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ʂə̃n¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ʂɤŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /sən³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /sən¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /sen²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ʂə̃²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /ʈ͡ʂʰən⁴⁴/ /ʂən⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /ʂən⁵³/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /səŋ⁴⁵/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /ʂʐ̩³⁵/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /sə̃ŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /zəŋ²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /zã³¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /d͡zen¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /d͡zeŋ²²/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /t͡ɕʰiʌ̃²²/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /ɕiɛ¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /ʂən⁵⁵/ /ʂən¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ʂən²¹/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /sɨn²¹/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /sən⁵³/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /ʃen⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /seŋ²²/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /t͡seŋ²²/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /siŋ²²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /siŋ²²/ /sin²²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /sɛiŋ²⁴²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /seiŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /siŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /teŋ³³/ |
* Middle Chinese: zyingH
Rime :
| Character | 剩 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 船 (27) |
| Final (韻) | 蒸 (133) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 實證切 |
| Baxter | zyingH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʑɨŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʑɨŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʑieŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʑiŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /d͡ʑiəŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /d͡ʑĭəŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /d͡ʑʰi̯əŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shèng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | sing$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*Cə.ləŋ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɦljɯŋs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 剩 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | shèng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ zying$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*Cə.ləŋ-s/ |
| English | left over |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 剩 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 1457 |
| Phonetic component | 乘 |
| Rime group | 蒸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 乗 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɦljɯŋs/ |
| Notes | 集韻賸注俗字 |

#### Definitions

剩
* to be left; to remain
* (literary, or in compounds) extra; leftover
* a surname, Sheng

##### Synonyms

* (to be left):
* 伸下 (chhûn-hâ) (Hakka)
* 剩下 (shèngxià)
* 剩低 (zing$^6$ dai$^1$) (Cantonese)
* 殘留 / 残留 (cánliú)
* 餘 / 余
* 餘下 / 余下 (yúxià)
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 剩, 剩餘 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 剩 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 剩 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 剩 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 剩 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 剩 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 剩 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 剩 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 伸 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 伸 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 伸 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 伸 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 伸 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 伸 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 伸 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 偆 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 伸, 偆 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 伸 |
| Southern Min | Puning | 存 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 剩, 挺, 挺剩 |
| Wu | Danyang | 剩 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 剩 |
* (extra):
* 冗 (rǒng) (literary, or in compounds)
* 冗長 / 冗长 (rǒngzhàng) (archaic)
* 冗餘 / 冗余 (rǒngyú)
* 噠浪 / 哒浪 (dag$^4$ nng$^7$) (Teochew)
* 多餘 / 多余 (duōyú)

#### Compounds

* 下剩
* 人口過剩 / 人口过剩 (rénkǒu guòshèng)
* 剩下 (shèngxià)
* 剩女 (shèngnǚ)
* 剩水殘山 / 剩水残山 (shèng shuǐ cán shān)
* 剩磁 (shèngcí)
* 剩菜 (shèngcài)
* 剩頭兒 / 剩头儿
* 剩飯 / 剩饭 (shèngfàn)
* 剩餘 / 剩余 (shèngyú)
* 剩餘價值 / 剩余价值 (shèngyújiàzhí)
* 剩魄殘魂 / 剩魄残魂
* 所剩無幾 / 所剩无几 (suǒshèngwújǐ)
* 武昌剩竹
* 殘山剩水 / 残山剩水
* 殘湯剩飯 / 残汤剩饭
* 殘羹剩飯 / 残羹剩饭 (cángēngshèngfàn)
* 殘茶剩飯 / 残茶剩饭 (cáncháshèngfàn)
* 過剩 / 过剩 (guòshèng)
* 餘膏剩馥 / 余膏剩馥

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chhûn
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chhun
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhûn
*** Hakka Romanization System: cun$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: cun$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰun²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhun
*** Tâi-lô: tshun
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhwn
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

#### Definitions

剩
* (Hakka, Hokkien) Alternative form of 伸 (“to be left; to remain”)

### References

* “剩”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “剩”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 209.

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 剰 |
| Kyūjitai | 剩 |

### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 剰)
* leftover, remainder, residue

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): じょう (jō)
* Kun: あまる (amaru, 剩る)、あまり (amari, 剩り)、あまつさえ (amatsusae, 剩え)

## Korean
### Hanja

剩 • (ing) (hangeul 잉, revised ing, McCune–Reischauer ing)
* leftover
* remainder
* residue

## Vietnamese
### Alternative forms

* 賸 (thặng)

### Han character

剩: Hán Việt readings: thặng
* chữ Hán form of thặng (“surplus; remainder”).

#### Compounds

* 剩餘 (thặng dư)

### References

* 1 2 Trần (2004).
* ↑ Bonet (1899).
* ↑ Génibrel (1898).