# 候

| 候 | U+5019, &#20505; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5019 |
| ← 倘 [U+5018] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 倚 → [U+501A] |

## Translingual
### Han character

候 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+8, 10 strokes, cangjie input 人中弓大 (OLNK), four-corner 2723$_4$, composition ⿰⿰亻丨⿱⿱𠃍一矢 or ⿰⿰亻丨⿱⿱乛一矢)

#### Derived characters

* 𭏒, 𢰡, 𤠣, 𮌧, 𬑟, 𦃺, 𬫺, 𩌖, 𩺟, 𥱌, 𭏑

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 108, character 4
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 775
* Dae Jaweon: page 229, character 15
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 178, character 5
* Unihan data for U+5019

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 緱 | *koː, *koː |
| 侯 | *ɡoː |
| 喉 | *ɡoː |
| 猴 | *ɡoː |
| 瘊 | *ɡoː |
| 篌 | *ɡoː |
| 糇 | *ɡoː |
| 帿 | *ɡoː |
| 睺 | *ɡoː, *ɡoːs |
| 矦 | *ɡoː |
| 餱 | *ɡoː |
| 翭 | *ɡoː |
| 葔 | *ɡoː |
| 鄇 | *ɡoː, *ɡoːs |
| 鍭 | *ɡoː, *ɡoːs |
| 鯸 | *ɡoː |
| 候 | *ɡoːs |
| 堠 | *ɡoːs |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡoːs): semantic 亻 + phonetic 矦 (OC *ɡoː), as 𠊱. The 矦 component (here in modified form where the first 丿 stroke is omitted and the second 丿 stroke is written as a 丨 stroke) is an ancient form of 侯 (hóu).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): hòu (hou$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄏㄡˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): hou$^4$
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): ху (hu, II)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): hau$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): heu$^5$
    (Yangjiang, Jyutping++): hau$^6$
* Gan (Wiktionary): heu$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): heu
    (Hailu, HRS): heu$^˖$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): hêu$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): hou$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): hē
* Eastern Min (BUC): hâiu
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hieo$^5$ / hao$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hiō / hō͘ / hāu
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hao$^7$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$gheu
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hòu
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄡˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hòu
*** Wade–Giles: hou$^4$
*** Yale: hòu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: how
*** Palladius: хоу (xou)
*** Sinological IPA : /xoʊ̯⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: hou$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xou
*** Sinological IPA : /xəu²¹³/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: ху (hu, II)
*** Sinological IPA : /xou⁵¹/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hau$^6$
*** Yale: hauh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hau$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: heo$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɐu̯²²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: heu$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /heu³²/
** (Yangjiang Yue, Jiangcheng)
*** Jyutping++: hau$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɐu⁵⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: heu$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɛu¹¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: heu
*** Hakka Romanization System: heu
*** Hagfa Pinyim: heu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /heu̯⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: heu$^˖$
*** Sinological IPA: /heu³³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: hêu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /heu⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: hou$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /xəu⁴⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hē
*** Sinological IPA : /xe⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: hâiu
*** Sinological IPA : /hɑu²⁴²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hieo$^5$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: hā̤u
*** Sinological IPA : /hieu²¹/
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hao$^2$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: háu
*** Sinological IPA : /hau¹³/
* hieo5 - literary;
* hao2 - vernacular.
* Middle Chinese: huwH
Rime :
| Character | 候 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 侯 (137) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 胡遘切 |
| Baxter | huwH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦəu$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦəu$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣəu$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦəw$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣu$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣəu$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣə̯u$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | hòu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hau$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤ(r)o-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡoːs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 候 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | hòu |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ huw$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɡ]ˁ(r)o-s/ |
| English | wait upon |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 候 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 5154 |
| Phonetic component | 侯 |
| Rime group | 侯 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 𠋫 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡoːs/ |

### Definitions

候
* to reconnoitre; to scout
* to observe; to survey
* to wait for; to await
* to respectfully await
* to visit; to send one's respects to
* to wait on; to attend to; to take care of
* to forecast; to predict (by divination)
* (historical) scout; lookout; vanguard
* (historical) Alternative form of 堠 (hòu, “fortress”)
* (historical) official
* (historical) posthouse; station
* (historical) pentad (ancient time unit composed of five days)
* climate; season
* omen; sign; portent
* (traditional Chinese medicine) to examine (pulse)
* (traditional Chinese medicine) medical sign and symptom
* (dialectal) to pay for (a bill)

### Compounds

* 三部九候
* 不候
* 久候
* 乾燥氣候 / 干燥气候
* 佇候 (zhùhòu)
* 伺候
* 侍候 (shìhòu)
* 俟候
* 候人
* 候光
* 候問 / 候问
* 候場 / 候场
* 候審 / 候审 (hòushěn)
* 候教
* 候旨
* 候機室 / 候机室 (hòujīshì)
* 候溫 / 候温
* 候用
* 候缺
* 候脈 / 候脉 (hòumài)
* 候蟲 / 候虫
* 候補 / 候补 (hòubǔ)
* 候診 / 候诊 (hòuzhěn)
* 候診室 / 候诊室 (hòuzhěnshì)
* 候賬 / 候账
* 候車 / 候车 (hòuchē)
* 候車室 / 候车室 (hòuchēshì)
* 候選 / 候选 (hòuxuǎn)
* 候選人 / 候选人 (hòuxuǎnrén)
* 候館 / 候馆
* 候鳥 / 候鸟 (hòuniǎo)
* 候鴈
* 兆候 (zhàohòu)
* 全天候 (quántiānhòu)
* 占候
* 問候 / 问候 (wènhòu)
* 回候
* 堂候官
* 夏候鳥 / 夏候鸟
* 大氣候 / 大气候 (dàqìhòu)
* 天候 (tiānhòu)
* 失候
* 存候
* 季候 (jìhòu)
* 季風氣候 / 季风气候
* 守候 (shǒuhòu)
* 官員祇候 / 官员祇候
* 寒帶氣候 / 寒带气候
* 小時候 / 小时候
* 少候
* 徵候 / 征候 (zhēnghòu)
* 恭候 (gōnghòu)
* 成氣候 / 成气候 (chéngqìhou)
* 承顏候色 / 承颜候色
* 拜候
* 拱候
* 探候
* 摸氣候 / 摸气候
* 斥候 (chìhòu)
* 斬監候 / 斩监候
* 時候 / 时候
* 有時候 / 有时候
* 望候
* 極地氣候 / 极地气候
* 氣候 / 气候 (qìhòu)
* 氣候學 / 气候学 (qìhòuxué)
* 氣候順化 / 气候顺化
* 沙漠氣候 / 沙漠气候
* 海洋氣候 / 海洋气候
* 測候 / 测候 (cèhòu)
* 火候 (huǒhòu)
* 烽候
* 物候
* 症候 (zhènghòu)
* 病候 (bìnghòu)
* 症候群 (zhènghòuqún)
* 癥候 / 症候
* 祗候
* 祗候人
* 稍候 (shāohòu)
* 立候
* 等候 (děnghòu)
* 節候 / 节候
* 聽候 / 听候 (tīnghòu)
* 聽候官身 / 听候官身
* 聽候發落 / 听候发落
* 臺候 / 台候
* 苔原氣候 / 苔原气候
* 草原氣候 / 草原气候
* 虞候
* 覘候 / 觇候
* 診候 / 诊候
* 證候 / 证候 (zhènghòu)
* 警候
* 迎候 (yínghòu)
* 這時候 / 这时候
* 過時不候 / 过时不候
* 靜候 / 静候 (jìnghòu)
* 順候 / 顺候
* 風候 / 风候
* 風雲氣候 / 风云气候
* 高地氣候 / 高地气候
* 鵠候 / 鹄候
* 麥候 / 麦候
* 黃梅時候 / 黄梅时候

### References

* “候”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)
* climate
* season
* weather

#### Readings

* Go-on: ぐ (gu)
* Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
* Kun: そうろう (sōrou, 候, Jōyō)、うかがう (ukagau, 候う)、さぶらう (saburau, 候う)、まつ (matsu, 候つ)
* Nanori: きざす (kizasu)

#### See also

* 候(そ)い (soi)
* 候(そ)う (sou)
* 候(そ)え (soe)

#### Compounds

* 候(こう)補(ほ) (kōho, “candidate, candidacy”)
* 症(しょう)候(こう) (shōkō, “symptoms”)
* 斥(せっ)候(こう) (sekkō, “scout, spy”)
* 兆(ちょう)候(こう), 徴(ちょう)候(こう) (chōkō, “sign, omen”)
* 微(び)候(こう) (bikō, “sign or symptom; augury”)
* 候(こう)ず (kōzu, “attend, wait upon (archaic)”)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 候
* こう Grade: 4
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 候 (MC huwH). The kan'on pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こー [kóꜜò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ko̞ː]

#### Noun

候(こう) • (kō)
* (literary) the season, the weather of the current season

##### Derived terms

* 厳(げん)寒(かん)の候(こう) (genkan no kō, “the coldest season or weather”)
* 伺(し)候(こう) (shikō, “waiting upon (someone)”)

##### Compounds

* 季(き)候(こう) (kikō, “weather”)
* 気(き)候(こう) (kikō, “season, climate”)
* 時(じ)候(こう) (jikō, “season, time of the year”)
* 七(しち)十(じゅう)二(に)候(こう) (shichijūni-kō)
* 測(そっ)候(こう) (sokkō, “meteorological observation”)
* 天(てん)候(こう) (tenkō, “climate”)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 候
* うかみ Grade: 4
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 候 – see the following entry. :
| 【窺見うかみ】 | [noun] lookout, scout, patrol |
(This term, 候, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 候
* そうろう Grade: 4
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 候ふ (archaic)
/saburaɸu/ → /sauraɸu/ → /soːroː/
A sound shift from 侍(さぶら)う (saburau, “to serve by one's side”), historical さぶらふ. (Can this etymology be sourced?)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [so̞ːɾo̞ː]

#### Verb

候(そうろう) • (sōrou) godan (stem 候(そうろい) (sōroi), past 候(そうろっ)た (sōrotta))
* (archaic) Alternative form of 候う (“to serve; to be”)

##### Derived terms

* 御(おん)入(い)り候(そうろう) (on'iri sōrou, “go, come”)
* 書(か)き候(そうろう) (kakisōrou, “have the honour to write”)
* 候(そうろう)間(あいだ) (sōrouaida, “as...”)
* 候(そうろう)所(ところ) (sōroutokoro, “but...”)
* 候(そうろう)哉(や) (sōrouya, “I wonder if...”)
* 候(そうろう)由(よし) (sōrouyoshi, “I hear that...”)
* 宜(よう)候(そろ) (yōsoro, “Keep her steady”)

##### Compounds

* 居(い)候(そうろう) (isōrō, “freeloader, sponger”)
* 候(そうろう)文(ぶん) (sōrōbun, “epistolary style”)

### Etymology 4

* Kanji in this term
* 候
* そろ Grade: 4
* kun'yomi
Late-medieval transition from sōrō above.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [so̞ɾo̞]
* IPA: [sɨ]
* IPA: [so̞ː]

#### Verb

候(そろ) or 候(す) or 候(そう) • (soro or su or sou)
* (archaic) to be; auxiliary used in place of -ある after で or に when forming a copula
** 1863 August 11, Nakaoka Shintarō, 中岡慎太郎全集‎, 日付望月清平、小畑孫二郎、河野万寿弥宛:
    止(と)め候(そろ)は如何(いかん)、実(じつ)に可慨(なげくべき)之(の)至(いたり)に候(そろ)事(こと)。
       Tome soro wa ikan, jitsu ni nagekubeki no itari ni soro koto.
       How can he be stopped? It is a truly lamentable result.
* (archaic) to do; auxiliary used in place of -ます after the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of a verb
** 1939, Takamori Saigō, 遺牘‎:
    誠(まこと)に可笑(わらうべき)事(こと)に御座(ござい)候(そろ)。
       Makoto ni waraubeki koto ni gozaisoro.
       It is verily a laughable thing.

##### Derived terms

* 又(また)候(ぞろ) (matazoro, “(yet) again”)

### Etymology 5

* Kanji in this term
* 候
* ぞうろ Grade: 4
* kun'yomi
/zauro/ → /zoːro/
Stem of rendaku form 候う (zōrou), used in compounds. (Can this etymology be sourced?)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [d͡zo̞ːɾo̞]

#### Noun

候(ぞうろ) • (zōro)
* service
* doing

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 候 (MC huwH).
* Recorded as Middle Korean ᅘᅮᇢ〮 (Yale: hhwúw) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
* Recorded as Middle Korean ⿲亻亻𫶬/후〯 (hwǔ) (Yale: hwǔ) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ɸʷu]
* Phonetic hangul: [후]

### Hanja

Wikisource 候 (eumhun 기후 후 (gihu hu))
* hanja form of 후 (“climate; season”)
* hanja form of 후 (“to forecast; to wait”)

#### Compounds

* 기후 (氣候, gihu)
* 절후 (節候, jeolhu)
* 증후 (症候, jeunghu)
* 징후 (徵候, jinghu)
* 천후 (天候, cheonhu)
* 후보 (候補, hubo)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

候: Hán Nôm readings: hầu, hậu, thoắng
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.