# stad
## English
### Etymology

From Afrikaans and Dutch stad (“city, town”), from Middle Dutch stat, from Old Dutch stad, from Proto-Germanic *stadiz (“place”), from Proto-Indo-European *stéh₂tis (“standing, position”). Doublet of stead.

### Noun

stad (plural stads)
* (South Africa) town, village

#### Related terms
### Further reading

* “stad”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, launched 2000.
* “stad”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.

### Anagrams

* DATs, dat's, dast, ADTs, ATDs, tads, DTAs, SADT

## Afrikaans
### Etymology

From Dutch stad, from Middle Dutch stat, from Old Dutch stad, from Proto-Germanic *stadiz, from Proto-Indo-European *stéh₂tis.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /stat/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

stad (plural stede)
* city
    Ons gaan nou stad toe.We are going to town now.

## Bavarian
### Etymology

From Middle High German stat, a variant of stæt, whence German stet. Cognate with East Central German staad.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃd̥ɑˑd̥/

### Adjective

stad (non comparable)
* quiet, silent
    Sei stad! ― Be quiet!

#### Derived terms

* håcknstad
* schmähstad

#### Descendants

* → German: stad

## Breton
### Etymology

Borrowed from Old French estat.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /stad/

### Noun

stad f (plural stadoù)
* state

## Danish
### Etymology

From Old Danish stath, from Old Norse staðr (“place, city”), from Proto-Germanic *stadiz. Originally the same word as sted (“place”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈsd̥að]

### Noun

stad c (singular definite staden, plural indefinite stæder)
* (dated) town, city

#### Further reading

* stad on the Danish Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{da}$ (redirects to "by")
* “stad” in Den Danske Ordbog

## Dutch
### Etymology

From Middle Dutch stat, from Old Dutch stat, stedi (whence stede, stee), from Proto-West Germanic *stadi, from Proto-Germanic *stadiz, from Proto-Indo-European *stéh₂tis.
The plural has preserved the old Germanic umlaut in a morphological function, a rarity in Dutch. Several derived terms have umlaut as well.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /stɑt/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: stad
* Rhymes: -ɑt

### Noun

stad f (plural steden, diminutive stadje n)
* city, town
    Amsterdam is een bruisende stad vol cultuur. ― Amsterdam is a bustling city full of culture.
    Ze verhuisde van een klein dorp naar een grote stad. ― She moved from a small village to a big city.
    Het stadje had een rijke geschiedenis. ― The small town had a rich history.
* the town/city centre
    Ik ben nu in de stad.I am now in town. I am now in the centre (of town).
    Ik ga de stad in.I am going into town.

#### Derived terms

* benedenstad
* binnenstad
* bovenstad
* centrumstad
* Domstad
* handelsstad
* havenstad
* Hofstad
* hoofdstad
* Keizerstad
* koopstad
* Mexico-Stad
* miljoenenstad
* provinciestad
* rijksstad
* slaapstad
* stad achter de duinen
* stadhuis
* stadsbeiaardier
* stadsbestuur
* stadsboer
* stadscentrum
* stadsdeel
* stadshart
* stadsjongen
* stadskasteel
* stadskern
* stadsleven
* stadslucht
* stadsmens
* stadsmuur
* stadsomroeper
* stadspoort
* stadsuitbreiding
* stadsuitleg
* stadsuitlegging
* stadsverwarming
* stedelijk
* stedeling
* stedenbouw
* stedendwinger
* studentenstad
* tuinstad
* universiteitsstad
* voorstad
* vrijstad

#### Related terms

* stads
* stadten

#### Descendants

* Afrikaans: stad
* Berbice Creole Dutch: stati
* Jersey Dutch: stād
* Negerhollands: stadt, stad
* Skepi Creole Dutch: stat
* → Caribbean Javanese: setat
* → Papiamentu: stat, stad
* → Peranakan Indonesian: stad

## German
### Etymology

Borrowed from Bavarian stad.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃd̥aˑd̥/
* Audio (Austria):(file)

### Adjective

stad (strong nominative masculine singular stader, not comparable)
* (Austria, Bavaria, Southern Germany, colloquial) quiet, silent

#### Related terms

* stet
* stets

### Further reading

* “stad” in Duden online
* “stad” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

## Gothic
### Romanization

stad
* Romanization of 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌳

## Irish
### Etymology

From Old Irish stad, from Latin status, perfect passive participle of stō (“stand, remain”). Doublet of stádas.

### Pronunciation

* (Munster, Aran) IPA: /sˠt̪ˠɑd̪ˠ/
* (Connemara, Mayo, Ulster) IPA: /sˠt̪ˠad̪ˠ/

### Verb

stad (present analytic stadann, future analytic stadfaidh, verbal noun stad, past participle stadta)
* stop, halt, cease, stay

#### Conjugation

| verbal noun | stad | stad | stad | stad | stad | stad | stad | stad |
| past participle | stadta | stadta | stadta | stadta | stadta | stadta | stadta | stadta |
| tense | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural | relative | autonomous |
| tense | first | second | third | first | second | third | relative | autonomous |
| indicative |||||||||
| present | stadaim | stadann tú; stadair$^†$ | stadann sé, sí | stadaimid | stadann sibh | stadann siad; stadaid$^†$ | a stadann; a stadas | stadtar |
| past | stad mé; stadas | stad tú; stadais | stad sé, sí | stadamar; stad muid | stad sibh; stadabhair | stad siad; stadadar | a stad / ar stad* | stadadh |
| past habitual | stadainn | stadtá | stadadh sé, sí | stadaimis; stadadh muid | stadadh sibh | stadaidís; stadadh siad | a stadadh / a stadadh* | stadtaí |
| future | stadfaidh mé; stadfad | stadfaidh tú; stadfair$^†$ | stadfaidh sé, sí | stadfaimid; stadfaidh muid | stadfaidh sibh | stadfaidh siad; stadfaid$^†$ | a stadfaidh; a stadfas | stadfar |
| conditional | stadfainn | stadfá | stadfadh sé, sí | stadfaimis; stadfadh muid | stadfadh sibh | stadfaidís; stadfadh siad | a stadfadh / a stadfadh* | stadfaí |
| subjunctive |||||||||
| present | go stada mé; go stadad$^†$ | go stada tú; go stadair$^†$ | go stada sé, sí | go stadaimid; go stada muid | go stada sibh | go stada siad; go stadaid$^†$ | — | go stadtar |
| past | dá stadainn | dá stadtá | dá stadadh sé, sí | dá stadaimis; dá stadadh muid | dá stadadh sibh | dá stadaidís; dá stadadh siad | — | dá stadtaí |
| imperative |||||||||
| – | stadaim | stad | stadadh sé, sí | stadaimis | stadaigí; stadaidh$^†$ | stadaidís | — | stadtar |
* indirect relative † archaic or dialect form

### Noun

stad m (genitive singular stad, nominative plural stadanna)
* verbal noun of stad
* stop, halt
* pause, cessation
* hindrance, impediment
* stop (stopping-place, e.g. bus or tram stop)

#### Declension

bare forms
singular
plural
nominative
stad
stadanna
vocative
a stad
a stadanna
genitive
stad
stadanna
dative
stad
stadanna
forms with the definite article
singular
plural
nominative
an stad
na stadanna
genitive
an stad
na stadanna
dative
leis an stad don stad
leis na stadanna :

#### Derived terms

* grianstad (“solstice”)
* stad bus (“bus stop”)
* imeallstad (“marginal stop”)

### References

* ↑ Mhac an Fhailigh, Éamonn (1968) The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo: A Phonemic Study, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, page 98, line 503
* ↑ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 348, page 120

## Maltese
### Etymology

From Arabic اِصْطادَ (iṣṭāda).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /staːt/
* Homophone: stat

### Verb

stad (imperfect jistad, past participle mistad)
* to fish (catch fish)
* to hunt

#### Conjugation

* Colloquially, the first and second persons of the perfect may be formed irregularly as stadejt, stadejna, stadejtu.

## Middle English
### Noun

stad
* Alternative form of stede (“place”)

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

From Danish stad, from Old Danish stath, from Old Norse staðr (“place, spot, city, town”), from Proto-Germanic *stadiz (“place, location”), from Proto-Indo-European *stéh₂tis (“standing, position”), from *steh₂- (“to stand (up)”) + *-tis (“derives abstract/action nouns from verb roots”).

### Noun

stad m (definite singular staden, indefinite plural steder, definite plural stedene)
* (literary) a (large) city, (also in compounds) town

#### Synonyms

* by

#### Derived terms

* bergstad
* hovedstad
* kjøpstad
* stadfeste

#### Related terms

* sted

### References

* “stad” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
* “stad” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /stɑː/

### Etymology 1

From Old Norse staðr, from Proto-Germanic *stadiz, from Proto-Indo-European *stéh₂tis.

#### Noun

stad m (definite singular staden, indefinite plural stader or stadar, definite plural stadene or stadane)
* place
* city, town
* situation

##### Derived terms

* bergstad
* bustad
* gøymestad
* hovudstad
* nettstad
* stadfeste
* stadnamn
* stoppestad
* tettstad

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

stad n (definite singular stadet, indefinite plural stad, definite plural stada)
* river bank

##### Synonyms

* elvebard

### Etymology 3

Short form of av stad.

#### Adverb

stad
* away; off
    Han fór stad om morgonen.He went off in the morning.

##### Synonyms

* av stad
* av garde

##### Derived terms

* i stad
* i staden for

### References

* “stad” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Peranakan Indonesian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Dutch stad.

### Noun

stad
* city
    Synonym: kota

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈstat/
* Rhymes: -at
* Syllabification: stad

### Noun

stad n
* genitive plural of stado

## Romansch
### Alternative forms

* sted (Puter)
* stà (Vallader)

### Etymology

From Latin aestās, aestātem.

### Noun

stad m (plural stads)
* (Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan, Sutsilvan, Surmiran) summer

## Scottish Gaelic
### Etymology

From Old Irish stad, from Latin status, perfect passive participle of stō (“stand, remain”).

### Verb

stad (past stad, future stadaidh, verbal noun stadadh, past participle stadte)
* stop, halt, pause, desist (of movement)

#### Conjugation

$^1$ Lewis dialect form

#### Related terms

* sguir (of actions other than movement)

### Noun

stad m (genitive singular stada, plural stadan)
* stop
* pause

#### Derived terms

* grian-stad
* stad-phuing

### References

* ↑ Bauer, Mìchael. stad in "Am Faclair Beag"

## Swedish
### Alternative forms

* stadh, stedt (both obsolete)

### Etymology

From Old Swedish staþer, from Old Norse staðr, from Proto-Germanic *stadiz, from Proto-Indo-European *stéh₂tis.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)
* IPA: /stɑːd/
* Rhymes: -ɑːd
Note that when used in compound words (e.g. stadsdel), stads- is pronounced IPA: /stats/.

### Noun

stad c
* a town, a city
    Coordinate terms: by (“village”), samhälle (“community”), storstad (“large city”)
* (obsolete, still in some compounds) stead, place
* (weaving) a selvage

#### Usage notes

Today Sweden has no legal definition of stad, settlements are instead defined via the terms centralort (“central locality”) and tätort (“dense(-ly populated) locality”). However; in 1995 Statistics Sweden defined stad as a built-up area with more than ten thousand inhabitants.

#### Derived terms

* annorstädes (“elsewhere”)
* eldstad
* hamnstad
* huvudstad (“capital city”)
* industristad
* kuststad
* köpstad
* residensstad
* ruinstad
* sjöstad
* stadd
* stadsaktig
* stadsantikvarie
* stadsarkitekt
* stadsarkiv
* stadsarkivarie
* stadsauktion
* stadsbarn
* stadsbebyggelse
* stadsbefolkning
* stadsbibliotek (“city library”)
* stadsbibliotekarie
* stadsbild
* stadsbo
* stadsbud
* stadsbuss
* stadsbygd
* stadsbyggnadskonst
* stadsbyggnadskontor
* stadsbyggnadsnämnd
* stadsdel (“neighborhood; district, part of a city; suburb”)
* stadsdirektör
* stadserad
* stadserare
* stadsfullmäktig
* stadsförnyelse
* stadsgas
* stadsgata
* stadsgräns
* stadshotell
* stadshus
* stadsingenjör
* stadsjeep
* stadsjurist
* stadskamrer
* stadskansli
* stadskarta
* stadskontor
* stadskultur
* stadskärna (“city centre”)
* stadskörning
* stadslag
* stadslandskap
* stadsliknande
* stadsliv
* stadsläkare
* stadsmiljö
* stadsmission
* stadsmur
* stadsmuseum
* stadsmänniska
* stadsmässig
* stadsnotarie
* stadsombudsman
* stadspark
* stadsplan
* stadsplanering (“town planning”)
* stadsport
* stadsprivilegier
* stadsregister
* stadsresa
* stadsrevisor
* stadsrum
* stadsrättigheter
* stadssekreterare
* stadsstyrelse
* stadsteater
* stadstrafik
* stadsträdgårdsmästare
* stadstull
* stadsvandring
* stadsvapen
* stadsveterinär
* stadsvimmel
* stadsvy
* stadsäga
* stiftstad
* storstad (“metropolis”)
* uppstad
* världsstad

#### Descendants

* → Finnish: Stadi

### References

* stad in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)

## Turkish
### Noun

stad (definite accusative stadı, plural stadlar)
* Nonstandard spelling of stat.