# ren
## English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɹɛn/
* Rhymes: -ɛn

### Etymology 1

Learned borrowing from Latin rēn. Doublet of rein (“kidney”).

#### Noun

ren (plural renes)
* (anatomy) A kidney.
** 1759, Malcolm Flemyng, “Lecture XIX. On the kidneys and urinary bladder. Gravel; calculus.”, in An Introduction to Physiology, Being a Courſe of Lectures Upon the moſt important Parts of the Animal Œconomy: […], London: J. Nourse, →OCLC, page 259:Having treated laſt of the expulſion of the inteſtinal fæces, we come next to conſider thoſe organs, which ſeparate and throw off another principal excrementitious matter, to wit, urine. The firſt of which is the renes or kidneys.
** 1810, William Tully, “On Aliment”, in Proceedings of the Presidents and Fellows of the Connecticut Medical Society, published 1884, page 326:We find, however, that the detrita, consisting principally of effete hydrogen and carbon, brought into the circulation by the absorbents, are constantly making their escape from the system by way of the renes, skin, and lungs, in the forms of water, and carbonic-acid.
** 1858, William Tully, Materia Medica; Or, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, page 1195:It would probably have been considered an important omission if I had not mentioned Water as a substance excreted freely by the renes or kidneys.
** 1893, Henry Power, Leonard William Sedgwick, The New Sydenham Society's Lexicon of Medicine and the Allied Sciences:Renal. Belonging to the ren or kidney.

##### Related terms

* renal

##### Translations
### Etymology 2

Learned borrowing from Egyptian rn,

#### Noun

ren (plural rens)
* (Egyptian mythology) One’s name, as part of the soul in ancient Egyptian mythology.
** 1983, Norman Mailer, Ancient Evenings:For the Ren did not belong to the man, but came out of the Celestial Waters to enter an infant in the hour of his birth and might not stir again until it was time to go back.

### Anagrams

* ner, NER, NRE, ern, -ern, RNE, ENR, -ner-, Ern

## Albanian
### Alternative forms

* rên, rêu, rêj, rê (Gheg)
* re (Standard Albanian)

### Etymology

The Tosk (Çamërisht, Arbëreshë/Arvanite) and also Old Albanian form of Standard Albanian re (“cloud, clouds”).

### Noun

ren f
* cloud(s)
* haze, mist
* overcast

#### Related terms

* re f
* rij, ritë
* vrenjt
* vrenjtur
* vrëndë f
* vranësi f
* rend
* përrua m, përrue m
* përrenj m, përronj m

#### References
## Catalan
### Etymology

Borrowed from French renne.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central) [ˈrɛn]
* IPA: (Balearic) [ˈrən]
* IPA: (Valencia) [ˈren]

### Noun

ren m (plural rens)
* reindeer

## Chinese
### Etymology

Clipping of English render.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɹɛːn⁵⁵/

### Verb

ren
* (Hong Kong Cantonese, computer graphics) to render
    ren片 [Hong Kong Cantonese] ― ren pin$^{3-2}$ [Jyutping] ― to render a video
** 2023, 新聞女王 [The Queen of News], episode 1, spoken by 徐曉薇 (何依婷 [Regina Ho]):
       Nelson, bun$^3$ go$^3$ zung$^1$ tau$^4$ noi$^6$ ren hou$^2$ go$^3$ dung$^6$ waa$^{6-2}$. [Jyutping]
       Nelson, finish rendering the animation in half an hour.

## Chuukese
### Preposition

ren
* with (third person singular)

## Cimbrian
### Verb

ren
* to speak
* to talk

### References

* Umberto Patuzzi, ed., (2013) Ünsarne Börtar, Luserna: Comitato unitario delle linguistiche storiche germaniche in Italia / Einheitskomitee der historischen deutschen Sprachinseln in Italien

## Danish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /reːˀn/, [ˈʁæˀn]

### Etymology 1

From Old Norse hreinn m, from Proto-Germanic *hrainaz, cognate with Norwegian rein, Swedish ren, Old English hrān.

#### Noun

ren c (singular definite renen, plural indefinite rener)
* reindeer
    Synonym: rensdyr

##### Derived terms

* rensdyr

#### References

* “ren,1” in Den Danske Ordbog

### Etymology 2

From Old Norse rein f, from Proto-Germanic *rainō, cognate with Norwegian rein, Swedish ren, German Rain (English rean is from Old Norse).

#### Noun

ren c (singular definite renen, plural indefinite rene or rener)
* (rare, real estate, agriculture) a strip of unplowed land serving as a boundary between estates
    Synonym: agerren

##### Derived terms

* agerren

#### References

* “ren,2” in Den Danske Ordbog

### Etymology 3

From Old Norse hreinn (“clean”), from Proto-Germanic *hrainiz, cognate with Norwegian rein, Swedish ren, German rein, Gothic 𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (hrains).

#### Adjective

ren (neuter rent, plural and definite singular attributive rene)
* clean (without dirt)
* pure, mere, sheer(without any added elements)
* pure (morally)

##### Inflection

$^1$ When an adjective is applied predicatively to something definite, the corresponding "indefinite" form is used. $^2$ The "indefinite" superlatives may not be used attributively.

##### Derived terms

* renavl
* rendyrke
* renfærdig
* rengøre
* renhed
* renhjertet
* renholde
* renlig
* renlivet
* rense
* renskrive
* renskuret
* renskære
* renvaske

#### References

* “ren,3” in Den Danske Ordbog

## Dutch
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /rɛn/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: ren
* Rhymes: -ɛn
* Homophone: Ren

### Etymology 1

From Middle Dutch rinne, renne.

#### Noun

ren f (plural rennen, diminutive rennetje n)
* a run; an enclosed area where small or mid-sized livestock such as poultry are kept

##### Derived terms

* hoenderren
* kippenren
* konijnenren
* varkensren

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

ren
* inflection of rennen:
** first-person singular present indicative
** (in case of inversion) second-person singular present indicative
** imperative

## Galician
### Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese ren, from Latin rēs nāta, neutral plural of rēs nātum, Latin no things.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈreŋ/ [ˈreŋ]
* Rhymes: -eŋ
* Hyphenation: ren

### Pronoun

ren
* (now literary) nothing
    Synonym: nada
    Antonym: todo

### References

* Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “ren”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “ren”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “ren”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “ren”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega

## Haitian Creole
### Etymology

From French rein (“kidney”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɣɛ̃/

### Noun

ren
* kidney

## Interlingua
### Noun

ren (plural renes)
* kidney

## Japanese
### Romanization

ren
* Rōmaji transcription of れん

## Latin
### Alternative forms

* rien

### Etymology

Uncertain. Several etymologies proposed:
* From Proto-Italic *hrēn, cognate with Ancient Greek φρήν (phrḗn, “heart, midriff, mind”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰrḗn (“an internal part of the body”).
* Earlier *srēn, cognate with Old Prussian straunay, Lithuanian strė́nos, srė́nos f pl (“loins”), Latvian striena (“loins”) and Avestan 𐬭𐬁𐬥𐬀- (rāna-, “thigh”), from Proto-Indo-European *srḗn (“hip, loins”). Further disputed connection with Ancient Greek ῥάχις (rhákhis, “spine, chine”).
* Cognate with Tocharian A āriñc, Tocharian B arañce (“heart”) and Hittite 𒄩𒄩𒊑 (ḫa-ḫa-ri- /⁠ḫaḫri-⁠/, “lungs ~ midriff ?”) (exact meaning uncertain), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₂-ri-, *h₂eh₂-r-en- (“an internal organ”). Compare also Old Irish áru and Welsh aren (“kidney”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /reːn/, [reːn]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ren/, [rɛn]

### Noun

rēn m (genitive rēnis); third declension
* (chiefly in the plural) kidney

#### Declension

Third-declension noun.

#### Derived terms

* rēnālis
* rēniculus
* rēnunculus

#### Descendants

* Balkan Romance:
** Romanian: rână
* Italo-Romance:
** Italian: rene
** Sicilian: rini
* North-Italian:
** Gallo-Italic:
*** Piedmontese: ren
** Venetan: reno
* Gallo-Romance:
** Franco-Provençal: ren
** Old French: rein, rain
*** Middle French: rein
**** French: rein
*** Norman: rein
*** Walloon: rino, rno, rin
*** → English: rein
* Occitano-Romance:
** Occitan: ren
* Ibero-Romance:
** ⇒ Aragonese: renera
** Old Galician-Portuguese: rẽes f pl (“hips”) (from the plural)
*** Galician: rens, res
** Old Galician-Portuguese:
*** Galician: rin
*** Portuguese: rim
** Spanish: rene (dated)
* Sardinian:
** rene
* ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *rēna
** Gascon: rea, arrea, arreia, arria, arriá, arrenha
* ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *rēnile
** Old Galician-Portuguese: *rẽil
*** Galician: ril, rinle
* ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *rēniō (see there for further descendants)
* Borrowings:
** → Gheg Albanian: rrâni
** → English: ren (learned)
** → Interlingua: ren

### References

* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “rēnēs, -ium”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 519: “PIt. *rēn-.; PIE *h₂r-ēn, -en- ‘kidney’? *srēn- ‘loins’?”
* ↑ Mastrelli, Carlo Alberto (1979) “Una nota su lat. rēnēs e gr. ῥάχις”, in Incontri Linguistici, volume 5, pages 37–42
* ↑ Tocharian and Indo-European Studies, volumes 4-6, (Can we date this quote?)
* ↑ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “arañce”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 23
* ↑ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*āron-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 42

### Further reading

* “ren”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “ren”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "ren", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* ren in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.

## Mandarin
### Romanization

ren
* Nonstandard spelling of rén.
* Nonstandard spelling of rěn.
* Nonstandard spelling of rèn.

#### Usage notes

* Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

## Manx
### Verb

ren
* past of jean

## Middle English
### Noun

ren
* Alternative form of reyn (“rain”)

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Alternative forms

* rein (Nynorsk also)

### Etymology

From Old Norse hreinn.

### Pronunciation

IPA: /reːn/, [ɾeːn]

### Adjective

ren (neuter singular rent, definite singular and plural rene, comparative renere, indefinite superlative renest, definite superlative reneste)
* clean
* pure

#### Antonyms

* uren

#### Derived terms

* gullende ren
* rengjøre
* renhet
* renhold
* renholder

### References

* “ren” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

## Occitan
### Etymology 1

from Latin rēnes < rēn, from Proto-Italic *hrēn, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰren- (“an internal part of the body”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ren/
* Audio:(file)

#### Noun

ren m (plural rens)
* (anatomy) kidney

##### Synonyms

* lomb
* ronhon

#### Dialectal variants

* arnelh (Gascon)

### Etymology 2

From Latin rem, accusative of rēs (“thing”). Compare Catalan res (“nothing”), French rien (“nothing”).

#### Pronoun

ren
* (Provençal, Limousin) nothing

#### Dialectal variants

* res
* arren

## Old English
### Noun

rēn m
* Alternative form of reġn

## Piedmontese
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /rɛŋ/

### Noun

ren m
* kidney

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈrɛn/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛn
* Syllabification: ren
* Homophone: Ren

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from North Germanic. Compare Norwegian Bokmål rein, Swedish ren.

#### Noun

ren m animal (female equivalent reniferzyca)
* caribou, reindeer (Arctic and Subarctic-dwelling deer)
    Synonyms: karibu, renifer, renifer tundrowy

##### Related terms

* reniferowy
* renifer

### Etymology 2

Learned borrowing from Latin rhenium.

#### Noun

ren m inan
* rhenium

##### Declension
### Further reading

* ren in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* ren in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from French renne, from Swedish ren, from Old Norse hreinn.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ren/

### Noun

ren m (plural reni)
* reindeer

#### Declension
## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *xrěnъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /rên/

### Noun

rȅn m (Cyrillic spelling ре̏н)
* horseradish

#### Declension
## Swedish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /reːn/
* Audio:(file)

### Etymology 1

From Old Norse hreinn (noun).

#### Noun

ren c
* reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)
** 1949, “Rudolf med röda mulen [Rudolf with the red nose]”, Eric Sandström (lyrics), Johnny Marks (music)‎:Rudolf med röda mulen, hette en helt vanlig ren, som blivit kall om mulen, därav kom dess röda sken. Rudolf fick alltid höra: "Se, han har sitt dimljus på!" Att han blev led åt detta, är en sak man kan förstå. Men en mörk julaftonskväll, tomtefar han sa: "Vill du inte Rudolf, säg, med din mule lysa mig?" Allt sen den dagen renen, tomtens egen släde drar. Rudolf med röda mulen, lyser väg åt tomtefar.Rudolf with the red nose, was the name of a [completely] ordinary reindeer, who had gotten a cold nose [had become cold about/around the nose], thence [thereof] came its red glow. Rudolf always got to hear: "Look, he has his fog light on!" That he got tired of this, is something one can understand. But one dark Christmas Eve night, Santa Claus, he said: "Don't you want to, Rudolf, say, with your nose, light my way [light me]?" Ever since that day the reindeer, Santa's own sleigh pulls. Rudolf with the red nose, lights Santa Claus's way [lights way for Santa Claus].
* (chiefly in compounds) a strip of land around an edge (of a road or field or the like)

##### Hyponyms

* härk c
* renko c
* rentjur c
* sarv c
* vaja c

##### Derived terms

* dikesren
* vägren
* åkerren

### Etymology 2

From Old Norse hreinn (“clean”), from Proto-Germanic *hrainiz.

#### Adjective

ren (comparative renare, superlative renast)
* clean (not dirty)
    En tvättmaskin gör kläder renaA washing machine makes clothes clean
    Jag har städat stugan, så nu är det rent och fint där inneI've cleaned the cabin, so now it's nice and clean in there
* pure
    rent guldpure gold
    en ren lögna pure lie
    ren idiotipure idiocy
** straight (without anything added)
    dricka vodka rentdrink vodka straight

##### Declension

$^1$ The indefinite superlative forms are only used in the predicative. $^2$ Dated or archaic. $^3$ Only used, optionally, to refer to things whose natural gender is masculine.

##### Antonyms

* oren
* smutsig

##### Derived terms

* ha rent mjöl i påsen
* ren och skär
* rena rama

### References

* ren in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* ren in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* ren in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

### Anagrams

* ner

## Tok Pisin
### Etymology

From English rain.

### Noun

ren
* rain
** 1989, Buk Baibel long Tok Pisin, Port Moresby: Bible Society of Papua New Guinea, Jenesis 2:5:...i no gat diwai na gras samting i kamap long graun yet, long wanem, em i no salim ren i kam daun yet. Na i no gat man bilong wokim gaden.→New International Version translation

## Vietnamese
### Pronunciation

* (Hà Nội) IPA: [zɛn˧˧]
* (Huế) IPA: [ʐɛŋ˧˧]
* (Saigon) IPA: [ɹɛŋ˧˧]

### Noun

ren • (蓮, 𨕡)
* threading

### Verb

ren • (蓮, 𨕡)
* to thread; lace; weave

## Wolof
### Noun

ren
* last year

### References

Omar Ka (2018) Nanu Dégg Wolof, National African Language Resource Center, →ISBN, page 155

## Wutunhua
### Etymology

From Mandarin 人 (rén).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɻə̃]

### Noun

ren
* person

### References

* Erika Sandman (2016) A Grammar of Wutun‎, University of Helsinki (PhD), →ISBN