# cen
## Albanian
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.

### Noun

cen m
* physical defect, blemish
* flaw, vice, bad habit

#### Related terms

* cenoj
* cenim
* cenos

### Further reading

* FGJSSH: Fjalor i gjuhës së sotme shqipe [Dictionary of the modern Albanian language]‎, 1980
* “cen”, in FGJSH: Fjalor i gjuhës shqipe [Dictionary of the Albanian language] (in Albanian), 2006
* Newmark, L. (1999) “cen”, in Oxford Albanian-English Dictionary‎

## Galician
### Alternative forms

* cento (combining form only)

### Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese cen, from cento, from Latin centum, from Proto-Italic *kentom, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱm̥tóm.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈθɛŋ/ [ˈθɛŋ]
* IPA: (standard) /ˈθɛŋ/ [ˈθɛŋ]
* IPA: (seseo) /ˈsɛŋ/ [ˈsɛŋ]
* Rhymes: -ɛŋ
* Hyphenation: cen

### Numeral

cen (indeclinable)
* one hundred; 100

#### Usage notes

The indeclinable form cen means "one hundred" only. To say "one hundred one", the combining form cento is used, as cento un or cento unha. Likewise, "one hundred thirty" is cento trinta, and "one hundred fifty-four" is cento cincuenta e catro.

#### See also

* douscentos (“two hundred”)
* trescentos (“three hundred”)
* quiñentos (“five hundred”)
* setecentos (“seven hundred”)

### Further reading

* “cen”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2025
* "cen", in Dicionario de pronuncia da lingua galega.

## Mandarin
### Romanization

cen
* Nonstandard spelling of cēn.
* Nonstandard spelling of cén.

#### Usage notes

* Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

## Old English
### Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *kiʀn.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /t͡ʃeːn/

### Noun

ċēn m
* (poetic) torch
* (Runic alphabet) name of the rune ᚳ (k or tʃ)
** The Old English rune poem
    ᚳ byþ cwicera ġehwām, cūþ on fȳre...Torch is by the living seen ablaze...

#### Declension

Strong a-stem:

#### Synonyms

* (torch): þæċele
* fæcele

## Old Irish
### Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *kina (“on this side of”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱe (“this, here”); compare Breton ken (“otherwise”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kʲen/

### Preposition

cen (governs the accusative; triggers lenition)
* except
* without
** c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 20$^d$4
    Cía ru·bé cen ní diib, ní·rubai cenaib huli.Though he might be without some of them, he could not be without all of them.
* not to (followed by a verbal noun)
** c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 9$^c$20
    cid atob·aich cen dílgud cech ancridi do·gnethe frib, et ní bethe fria acrewhat impels you pl not to forgive every injury that may have been done to you, and that you should not be about to sue [because of] it?

#### Derived terms

* cen ḟis do
* cene

#### Descendants

* Irish: gan
* Manx: gyn
* Scottish Gaelic: gun

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “cen”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940) D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, §§ 434, 827, pages 273, 501; reprinted 2017

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈt͡sɛn/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛn
* Syllabification: cen

### Noun

cen f
* genitive plural of cena

## Volapük
### Etymology

Borrowed from English change.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /t͡ʃen/

### Noun

cen (nominative plural cens)
* change, transition, turn

#### Declension

$^1$ status as a case is disputed $^2$ in later, non-classical Volapük only

#### Derived terms

* yelacen (“turn of the year”)

## Welsh
### Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *kennos (“skin”) (compare Cornish kenn (“film, skin (on liquid); peel”), Breton kenn (“scurf, dandruff”), Old Irish cenn (“covering”)), from Proto-Indo-European *sken- (“to split off”) (compare German schinden (“to strip, peel; skin”)); further to Cornish skans (“fish scales”), Breton skant (“fish scales”), Irish scain (“to tear, burst”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kɛn/

### Noun

cen m (plural cennau)
* (dermatology) scurf, dandruff
    Synonyms: marwdon, sgrwff
* (biology) scale (on fish, bud)
    Synonym: cennyn
* (chemistry) scale, scurf, fur (in pipe, boiler, furnace, kettle)
    Synonym: calch
* (mycology) lichen
    Synonym: cramen y cerrig

#### Derived terms

* cen blaguro (“bud scale”)
* cen bract (“bract scales”)
* cen pen (“dandruff”)
* cen y cerrig (“(rock) lichen”)
* cen y coed (“(tree) lichen”)
* cenfesureg (“lichenometry”)
* cenfetreg (“lichenometry”)
* dyddio cen (“lichenometry”)
* gweinwyfyn cen (“case bearer”)
* gweinwyfyn cen bach (“lesser case bearer”)
* gweinwyfyn cen cul (“narrow case bearer”)
* rhisglyn y cen (“Brussels lace”)

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.