# بر
## Alviri-Vidari
### Noun

بر (bar)
* door

## Arabic
### Etymology 1

From the root ب ر ر (b r r). Inherited from Proto-Semitic *barr-.

#### Noun

بَرّ • (barr) m
* land, dry land (as opposed to sea)
    Coordinate terms: بَحْر (baḥr), جَوّ (jaww)
* outside, field
    Antonym: جَوّ (jaww)

##### Derived terms

* بَرِّيّ (barriyy, “of the dry land”)
* بَرَّانِيّ (barrāniyy, “exterior”)

#### Verb

بَرَّ • (barra) I (first-person singular past بَرِرْتُ (barirtu), non-past يَبَرُّ (yabarru), verbal noun بِرّ (birr))
* (intransitive) to be righteous, to be pious, to be godly, to be reverent, to be religious
** (intransitive) to straighten up, to reform
    Synonyms: صَلَحَ (ṣalaḥa, “to reform”), اِسْتَقَام (istaqām, “to straighten up”)
    Antonym: فَجَرَ (fajara, “to be sinful”)
* (intransitive) to be kind or generous to [with بِ (bi)]
    Synonym: أَحْسَنَ (ʔaḥsana)
* (intransitive, transitive) to respect or to be respectful [with بِ (bi) ‘to elders, one's parents or grandparents, old kinsmen, a deity, and so on’], to honor, to revere; to obey
    Synonym: وَقَّرَ (waqqara, “to revere, to venerate”)
    بَرَّ الصَّبِيُّ وَالِدَيْهِ وَرَبَّهُbarra ṣ-ṣabiyyu wālidayhi warabbahuThe boy obeyed his parents and his Lord.
* (transitive) to deem (an act) true, sincere, or pious; to accept or bless (a religious ritual)
    Synonyms: قَبِلَ (qabila), بَارَك (bārak)
    بَرَّ اللهُ حَجَّهُ وَصَلَاتَهُbarra llāhu ḥajjahu waṣalātahuAllah accepted his pilgrimage and his prayer.
** (intransitive, of an act, especially religious rituals, such as pilgrimages) to be true, sincere, or pious
    بَرَّ حَجُّهُ وَصَلَاتُهُ ― barra ḥajjuhu waṣalātuhu ― His pilgrimage and prayer were pious.

##### Conjugation
#### Noun

بِرّ • (birr) m
* verbal noun of بَرَّ (barra) (form I)
* faith, godliness, piety
* respectfulness
* kindness

##### Declension
#### Adjective

بَرّ • (barr) (masculine plural أَبْرَار (ʔabrār))
* pious
    Synonym: صَالِح (ṣāliḥ, “righteous; godly”)
    Antonym: فَاجِر (fājir, “wicked; sinful, ungodly”)
** 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 82:13-14:إِنَّ الْأَبْرَارَ لَفِي نَعِيمٍ / وَإِنَّ الْفُجَّارَ لَفِي جَحِيمٍʔinna al-ʔabrāra lafī naʕīmin / waʔinna l-fujjāra lafī jaḥīminIndeed the pious will be in bliss, and lo, the wicked will be in the fire of hell.
** reverent, religious
    Synonyms: تَقِيّ (taqiyy), مُتَّقٍ (muttaqin)
* kind, benevolent
    Synonym: مُحْسِن (muḥsin)
* respectful
* true, sincere
    Synonym: مُخْلِص (muḵliṣ)

##### Declension
### Etymology 2
#### Verb

بُرْ • (bur) (form I) /bur/
* second-person masculine singular imperative of بَارَ (bāra)

### Etymology 3

Probably one of the words Yemenite expatriates picked up in the Byzantine Empire, from Ancient Greek πυρός (purós), similar to فِرْسِك (firsik, “peach”), if it is correct that one has to posit for Proto-Indo-European *péh₂wr̥ a meaning “spelt”. Another word for spelt or dinkel wheat is borrowed from Ancient Greek: خَنْدَرُوس (ḵandarūs).
The similar Hebrew בָּר (bār, “grain, corn”) may be instead from the same derivation as the etymon of بَزْر (bazr, “seed”). The similarity to Proto-Slavic *bъrъ (“foxtail millet”) is also likely a coincidence.

#### Noun

بُرّ • (burr) m (collective, singulative بُرَّة f (burra), plural أَبْرَار (ʔabrār))
* (now South Ḥijāz, Yemen, Ẓufār) wheat
    Synonyms: حِنْطَة (ḥinṭa), قَمْح (qamḥ), طَعَام (ṭaʕām), غَلَّة (ḡalla)
** c. 950, أبو دلف مسعر بن مهلهل [ʔAbū Dulaf Misʕar Ibn Muhalhal], edited by Kurd von Schlözer, De itinere Asiatico commentarium‎, published 1845 $^{WC}$ $^{GB}$, pages 18–19:فخرجت إلى الساحل أربد بكلة وهذا أول الهند ومنتهى مسير المراكب لا يتهيّأ لها أن يتجاوزها وألا غرقت قال فلما وصلت إلى كلة رأيته وهي عظيمة عالية السور كثيرة البساتين غزيرة الماء ووجدت بها معدن الرصاص القلعي لا يكون إلا في قلعتها في سائر الدنيا، وفي هذه القلعة تضرب السيوف القلعية، وهي الهندية العتيقة … وأهل هذه القلعة يمتنعون على ملكها إذا أرادوا يطيعونه إن أحبوا ورسمهم رسم الصين في ترك الذبائح وليس في جميع الدنيا معدن الرصاص القلعي إلا في هذه القلعة وبينهما وبين الصين ثلثمائة فرسخ وحولها مدن ورساتيق وقرى ولهم أحكام وحبوس وخبايات وأكلهم البر والتمور وبقولهم كلها تباع وزنا وأرغفة خبزهم تباع عددا ولا حمامات لهم بل عندهم عين جارية يغتسلون فيها ودرهمهم يزن ثلثي درهم ويعرف بالفهري ولهم فلوس يتعاملون بها ويلبسون كأهل الصين الإفرند الصيني المثمن وملكها دون ملك الصين ويخطب لملك الصين وقبلته إليه وبيت عبادته له.And I went off to the dusty shore of Kala, which is the first and ultimate end of India for vessels, as nobody even dares to imagine to pass by it since he would drown. When I arrived at Kala, I conned it and it is large and has high walls, many gardens and plenty of water, and I found mines of tin not found in the rest of the world but in Qalʕa, and in this Qalʕa one forges the Qalʕaite swords, the excellent Indian ones, and the populace of this Qalʕa withstands its king when it wants and abides by him when it lists, and their tradition is like the tradition of China, refraining from slaughtering beasts, and there aren’t in all the world tin mines but in this Qalʕa, and between them two and China are three-hundred parasang, and there are towns, rural districts and villages, and they have jurisdiction, jails, and corbans, and their food is wheat and dates and all their vegetables they buy by scales, and their bread is bread-rolls they buy by count. They have no baths but a running spring in which they wash, and their dirham weighs as a third-dirham and is known as Fahrī, and they have fulūs with which they commerce, and they dress like the people of China in dear Chinese silks, and their king is subordinate to the King of China, reports to the King of China, his praying direction is to him, his place of sacrifice is towards him.
** a. 1635, علي بن برهان الدين الحلبي, “باب شهوده حلف الفضول”, in Sīra Ḥalabiyya:فاتفق أن أمية بن أبي الصلت مر على بني عبد المدان، فرأى طعامهم لباب البر والشهد.There has been agreement that Umayya ibn Abī s-Salt passed by the Banū ʕabd al-Madān and he saw that they ate pulp of wheat and honey.

##### Declension
## Bulgar
### Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *bar-.

### Verb

بَر (bar)
* (Volga Bulgar) to go
    جرمسَن شِونَ بَرسَ وَلتِ ― Çerimsen şıwne barse welti. ― He died when he get to the Çerimsen river.
    فانى دنيارا[ن] باقى اخِرَت بطوى ― Fâni dönyaran bâki axirete ba(r)tuwi. ― He went to eternal afterlife from finite world.
    فانى دنياران كوالجصن باقى اخرة بطوى ― Fânî dönyârân köwelçsan bâkî axirete ba(r)tuwi. ― He went to eternal afterlife while migrating from finite world.

#### Descendants

* Chuvash: пыр (pyr)

### References

* Erdal, Marcel (1993) Die Sprache der wolgabolgarischen Inschriften (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 163
* Róna-Tas, András (1976) “A Volga Bulgarıan Inscription from 1307”, in Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae‎ (in Bulgar), volume 30, number 2, page 155
* Tekin, Talât (1988) Volga Bulgar kitabeleri ve Volga Bulgarcası [Volga Bulgarian Ephitaphs and Volga Bulgarian Language]‎ (in Turkish), Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, →ISBN

## Old Anatolian Turkish
### Alternative forms

* بیر (bir)

### Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *bīr (“one”).

### Adverb

بر (bir)
* once

### Article

بر (bir)
* a, an
** 14th Century, anonymous author, Dresden Manuscript: Kitāb-ı Dedem Ḳorḳud Alā Lisān-ı Tāife-i Oġuzān:رسول عليه اليلام زماننه ياقين بيات بوتندن قورقود اتا ديرلر بر ار قوپديräsūl 'äläyhis-sälām zämānına yaqın bayat boyından qorqut ata derlär bir är qopdınear the time of Prophet (peace be upon him), from the Bayat tribe, they call him Qorqut Ata, a' man appeared

### Numeral

بر (bir)
* one (1)

#### Descendants

* Azerbaijani: bir
* Gagauz: bir
* Ottoman Turkish: بر (bir), պիր (bir) — Armeno-Turkish
** Turkish: bir

### Further reading

* “bir”, in XIII. Yüzyılından Beri Türkiye Türkçesiyle Yazılmış Kitaplarından Toplanan Tanıklarıyle Tarama Sözlüğü (Türk Dil Kurumu yayınları; 212)‎ (in Turkish), Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu, 1963–1977
* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “bir”, in Nişanyan Sözlük

## Ottoman Turkish
### Alternative forms

* պիր (bir) — Armeno-Turkish

### Etymology

From Old Anatolian Turkish بر (bir, “one”), from Proto-Turkic *bīr (“one”).

### Adverb

بر • (bir)
* once

### Article

بر • (bir)
* a, an

### Numeral

بر • (bir)
* one (1)

### Descendants

* Turkish: bir

### Further reading

* XIII. Yüzyılından Beri Türkiye Türkçesiyle Yazılmış Kitaplarından Toplanan Tanıklarıyle Tarama Sözlüğü (Türk Dil Kurumu yayınları; 212)‎ (in Turkish), Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu, 1963–1977

## Persian
### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [baɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [bäɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [bäɾ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [bäɾ]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [bäɾ]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [bæɹ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [bäɾ]

### Etymology 1

From Middle Persian 𐭬𐭣𐭬 (mdm /⁠abar⁠/, “up; on, over”).

#### Alternative forms

* ابر (abar)

#### Preposition

بر • (bar)
* on
* upon
* onto

### Etymology 2

From Middle Persian [script needed] (wl /⁠war⁠/, “breast”).

#### Noun

بر • (bar)
* chest
* side

### Etymology 3

From Middle Persian [script needed] (bl /⁠bar⁠/, “fruit, produce, profit”).
* This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “From Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”).”

#### Noun

بر • (bar)
* (archaic) fruit

##### Derived terms

* برخوردار (barxordâr)
* نوبر (nowbar)

### Etymology 4
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bæɾ/
* Rhymes: -ar

#### Verb

بر • (bar)
* present stem form of بردن (bordan)

##### Derived terms

* دلبر (delbar, “beloved”)
* سفربر (safarbar, “who undertakes a journey, ready to travel”)

### References

* ↑ Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2003) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume 2, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 99
* ↑ MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) “bar”, in A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, page 17

### Further reading

* Vullers, Johann August (1855) “بر”, in Lexicon Persico-Latinum etymologicum cum linguis maxime cognatis Sanscrita et Zendica et Pehlevica comparatum, e lexicis persice scriptis Borhâni Qâtiu, Haft Qulzum et Bahâri agam et persico-turcico Farhangi-Shuûrî confectum, adhibitis etiam Castelli, Meninski, Richardson et aliorum operibus et auctoritate scriptorum Persicorum adauctum‎ (in Latin), volume I, Gießen: J. Ricker, pages 207–208