# 久

| 久 | U+4E45, &#20037; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E45 |
| ← 乄 [U+4E44] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 乆 → [U+4E46] |

## Translingual
### Han character

久 (Kangxi radical 4, 丿+2, 3 strokes, cangjie input 弓人 (NO) or 難弓人 (XNO), four-corner 2780$_0$, composition ⿸𠂊㇏)

#### Derived characters

* 𠮻, 𡉌, 𠖮, 奺, 汣, 杦, 玖, 畂, 镹, 畝, 㝌, 㡱, 疚, 羑, 灸, 粂, 匛

#### Descendants

* く (Hiragana character derived from man'yōgana)
* ク (Katakana character derived from man'yōgana)
* 𛀫 (Hentaigana)
* 𛀬 (Hentaigana)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 81, character 19
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 118
* Dae Jaweon: page 165, character 6
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 33, character 3
* Unihan data for U+4E45

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 久
* Small seal scripts03941Transcribed ancient scriptsL35395L35396L35397L35398L35399L18239L18240L18241L18242L18243L18244L18245L18246L18247L18248L18249
* References:
* Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:
* Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
* Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
* Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
* Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
| | Old Chinese |
| 畂 | *ɡʷ·rɯs |
| 久 | *kʷlɯʔ |
| 灸 | *kʷlɯʔ, *kʷlɯs |
| 玖 | *kʷlɯʔ |
| 疚 | *kʷlɯs |
| 柩 | *ɡʷlɯs |
| 羑 | *ɡʷ·lɯʔ |
Used interchangeably with 氒 in oracle bone script. Likely a pictogram (象形) of an arrow tip.

### Etymology

Possibly Sino-Tibetan. Compare Bantawa [script needed] (kʰokpa, “old man”) (Sagart, 2017d), which STEDT derives from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kwak (“old”).
舊 (OC *N-kʷəʔ-s) may be a derivative (Baxter and Sagart, 2014). See there for more.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): jiǔ (jiu$^3$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄡˇ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): jiu$^3$
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): jiù
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gau$^2$
    (Dongguan, Jyutping++): gaau$^2$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): giu$^2$
* Gan (Wiktionary): jiu$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kiú
    (Hailu, HRS): giu$^ˊ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): giu$^3$
* Jin (Wiktionary): jiou$^2$
* Northern Min (KCR): giǔ
* Eastern Min (BUC): gū / giēu
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gu$^3$ / giu$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kú / kiú
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gu$^2$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): gu$^2$ / giu$^2$
* Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): gau$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$cieu
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): jiou$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiǔ
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄡˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jiǒu
*** Wade–Giles: chiu$^3$
*** Yale: jyǒu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jeou
*** Palladius: цзю (czju)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: jiu$^3$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: giu
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiəu⁵³/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: jiù
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiɤu⁵³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gau$^2$
*** Yale: gáu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gau$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: geo$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɐu̯³⁵/
** (Dongguan, Guancheng)
*** Jyutping++: gaau$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kau³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: giu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kiu⁵⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: jiu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiu²¹³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiú
*** Hakka Romanization System: giu$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: giu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki̯u³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: giu$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /kiu²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: giu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /kiu³¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: jiou$^2$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕiəu⁵³/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: giǔ
*** Sinological IPA : /kiu²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gū / giēu
*** Sinological IPA : /ku³³/, /kieu³³/
* gū - vernacular;
* giēu - literary.
* Middle Chinese: kjuwX
Rime :
| Character | 久 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 尤 (136) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 舉有切 |
| Baxter | kjuwX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɨu$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kiu$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kiəu$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kuw$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /kiu$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /kĭəu$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ki̯ə̯u$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiǔ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gau$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ʷəʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʷlɯʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 久 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jiǔ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kjuw$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[k]ʷəʔ/ |
| English | a long time |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 久 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 6969 |
| Phonetic component | 久 |
| Rime group | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 久 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʷlɯʔ/ |

### Definitions

久
* (of time) long
    你待了多久？ ― Nǐ dāi le duōjiǔ? ― How long did you stay?
       Wǒmen zǒulù zǒu le hěn jiǔ. [Pinyin]
       We walked for a long time.
* a surname

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 久 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 久 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 久 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 久 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 久 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 耐 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 耐 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 耐 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 久 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 久 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 耐 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 久 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 耐 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 耐 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 久 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 久 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 久 |
| Hakka | Boluo (Bendihua) | 久 |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 久 |
| Hakka | Longchuan (Tuocheng; Bendihua) | 久 |
| Hakka | Heping (Linzhai; Bendihua) | 久 |
| Hakka | Lianping (Longjie; Bendihua) | 久 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 久 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 久 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 久 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 久 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 久 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 久 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 久 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 久 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 久 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 𣆯 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou (Changle) | 𣆯 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 𣆯 |
| Eastern Min | Yongtai | 𣆯 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 長久 |
| Eastern Min | Fu'an | 𣆯 |
| Eastern Min | Ningde | 𣆯 |
| Eastern Min | Shouning | 長遠 |
| Eastern Min | Zhouning | 長遠 |
| Eastern Min | Fuding | 久 |
| Eastern Min | Singapore (Fuqing) | 𣆯 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 久 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 久 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 久 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 久 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 久 GT |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 久 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 久 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 久 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 久 |
| Southern Min | Raoping | 久 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 久 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 久 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 久 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 久 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 久 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 久 |
| Southern Min | Qionghai | 久 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 久 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 久長 |
| Note | GT - General Taiwanese (no particular region identified) | GT - General Taiwanese (no particular region identified) |

### Compounds

* 一勞久逸 / 一劳久逸
* 不久 (bùjiǔ)
* 不多久
* 久久 (jiǔjiǔ)
* 久之 (jiǔzhī)
* 久仰 (jiǔyǎng)
* 久仰大名 (jiǔyǎngdàmíng)
* 久仰山斗
* 久候
* 久假不歸 / 久假不归 (jiǔjiǎbùguī)
* 久停久住
* 久別 / 久别 (jiǔbié)
* 久別相逢 / 久别相逢
* 久別重逢 / 久别重逢
* 久合垸 (Jiǔhéyuàn)
* 久坐 (jiǔzuò)
* 久夢初醒 / 久梦初醒
* 久安長治 / 久安长治 (jiǔ'ānchángzhì)
* 久客
* 久居 (jiǔjū)
* 久待 (jiǔdài)
* 久慣牢成 / 久惯牢成
* 久慣老成 / 久惯老成
* 久戀 / 久恋 (jiǔliàn)
* 久旱不雨 (jiǔhànbùyǔ)
* 久有存心
* 久留 (jiǔliú)
* 久病成醫 / 久病成医 (jiǔbìngchéngyī)
* 久矣
* 久視 / 久视
* 久立 (jiǔlì)
* 久等 (jiǔděng)
* 久而久之 (jiǔ'érjiǔzhī)
* 久聞大名 / 久闻大名 (jiǔwéndàmíng)
* 久要 (jiǔyāo)
* 久見 / 久见 (kiú-kian)
* 久違 / 久违 (jiǔwéi)
* 久違顏範 / 久违颜范
* 久遠 / 久远 (jiǔyuǎn)
* 久錮 / 久锢
* 久長 / 久长 (jiǔcháng)
* 久闊 / 久阔 (jiǔkuò)
* 久音
* 保久乳
* 偌久 (gōa-kú)
* 地久天長 / 地久天长 (dìjiǔtiāncháng)
* 壙久 / 圹久
* 多久 (duōjiǔ)
* 天長地久 / 天长地久 (tiānchángdìjiǔ)
* 天長日久 / 天长日久 (tiānchángrìjiǔ)
* 好久 (hǎojiǔ)
* 常久 (chángjiǔ)
* 年久失修 (niánjiǔshīxiū)
* 年深日久
* 年深月久
* 恆久 / 恒久 (héngjiǔ)
* 恆久不渝 / 恒久不渝
* 悠久 (yōujiǔ)
* 持久 (chíjiǔ)
* 持久之計 / 持久之计
* 持久戰 / 持久战 (chíjiǔzhàn)
* 日久天長 / 日久天长
* 日久年深
* 日久彌新 / 日久弥新
* 日久月深
* 日久歲深 / 日久岁深
* 日久玩生
* 日久生情 (rìjiǔshēngqíng)
* 日長歲久 / 日长岁久
* 曠久 / 旷久
* 曠日引久 / 旷日引久
* 曠日彌久 / 旷日弥久
* 曠日持久 / 旷日持久 (kuàngrìchíjiǔ)
* 曠日經久 / 旷日经久
* 曠日長久 / 旷日长久
* 歷久 / 历久 (lìjiǔ)
* 歷久不衰 / 历久不衰 (lìjiǔbùshuāi)
* 歷久彌新 / 历久弥新 (lìjiǔmíxīn)
* 歷日曠久 / 历日旷久
* 永久 (yǒngjiǔ)
* 永久磁鐵 / 永久磁铁
* 永久齒 / 永久齿
* 牢成久慣 / 牢成久惯
* 積久 / 积久
* 積久弊生 / 积久弊生
* 終久 / 终久 (zhōngjiǔ)
* 經久 / 经久 (jīngjiǔ)
* 經久不息 / 经久不息 (jīngjiǔbùxī)
* 耐久 (nàijiǔ)
* 耐久品
* 耐久朋
* 耐久財 / 耐久财
* 良久 (liángjiǔ)
* 訂久要 / 订久要 (dìngjiǔyāo)
* 許久 / 许久 (xǔjiǔ)
* 迂久
* 長久 / 长久 (chángjiǔ)
* 長久之計 / 长久之计
* 長治久安 / 长治久安 (chángzhìjiǔ'ān)
* 長生久視 / 长生久视
* 雨久花
* 頃久 / 顷久

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)
* long time

#### Readings

* Go-on: く (ku, Jōyō $^†$)
* Kan-on: きゅう (kyū, Jōyō)
* Kun: ひさしい (hisashii, 久しい, Jōyō)
* Nanori: きゅ (kyu)、わ (wa)、なが (naga)、ひさ (hisa)、ひさし (hisashi)

#### Compounds

* 久(く)遠(おん) (kuon)
* 久(く)慈(じ)目(め) (kujime)
* 久(きゅう)遠(えん) (kyūen)
* 久(きゅう)懐(かい) (kyūkai)
* 久(きゅう)闊(かつ) (kyūkatsu), 久(きゅう)濶(かつ) (kyūkatsu)
* 久(ひさ)方(かた) (hisakata)

### Pronunciation

* Kanji in this term
* 久
* ひさし Grade: 5
* nanori
* (Tokyo) ひさし [hìsáshí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [çisa̠ɕi]

### Proper noun

久(ひさし) • (Hisashi)
* a male given name

## Korean
### Hanja

久 (eumhun 오랠 구 (orael gu))
* hanja form of 구 (“to be long”)

## Vietnamese
### Alternative forms

* 乆 (cửu)

### Han character

久: Hán Việt readings: cửu (舉(cử)有(hữu)切(thiết))
久: Nôm readings: cửu
* chữ Hán form of cửu (“for a long time”).

### References

* ↑ Bonet (1899).
* ↑ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
* ↑ Trần (2004).
* ↑ Génibrel (1898).

## Zhuang
### Noun

久
* Sawndip form of gyaeuj (“head; headhair”)