# 增

| 增 | U+589E, &#22686; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-589E |
| ← 墝 [U+589D] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 墟 → [U+589F] |

## Translingual

| Japanese | 増 |
| Simplified | 增 |
| Traditional | 增 |

### Han character

增 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+12, 15 strokes, cangjie input 土金田日 (GCWA), four-corner 4816$_6$, composition ⿰土曾)

#### Related characters

* 憎

#### Descendants

* 増

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 238, character 25
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5454
* Dae Jaweon: page 477, character 10
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 489, character 6
* Unihan data for U+589E

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 增 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 潧 | *ʔsrɯn |
| 繒 | *ʔsɯːŋ, *zɯŋ |
| 增 | *ʔsɯːŋ, *ʔsɯːŋs |
| 憎 | *ʔsɯːŋ |
| 磳 | *ʔsɯːŋ, *zɯŋ |
| 曾 | *ʔsɯːŋ, *zɯːŋ |
| 矰 | *ʔsɯːŋ |
| 罾 | *ʔsɯːŋ |
| 熷 | *ʔsɯːŋ |
| 竲 | *ʔsɯːŋ, *zɯŋ |
| 橧 | *ʔsɯːŋ, *zɯŋ |
| 譄 | *ʔsɯːŋ |
| 蹭 | *sʰɯːŋs |
| 層 | *zɯːŋ |
| 贈 | *zɯːŋs |
| 僧 | *sɯːŋ |
| 鬙 | *sɯːŋ |
| 甑 | *ʔsɯŋs |
| 鄫 | *zɯŋ |
| 驓 | *zɯŋ |
| 嶒 | *zɯŋ |
| 噌 | *sʰɯːŋ |
| 鏳 | *zrɯːŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ʔsɯːŋ, *ʔsɯːŋs): semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 曾 (OC *ʔsɯːŋ, *zɯːŋ) – things grow in the earth, to build from earth.

### Etymology

The Baxter and Sagart (2014) reconstruction of this word is *s-tˤəŋ, suggesting the word is derived from 登 (OC *tˤəŋ, “to go up”) by *s- prefixing.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): zēng (zeng$^1$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄗㄥ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): zen$^1$
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): zěng
    (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): zèn
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): zang$^1$
    (Dongguan, Jyutping++): zan$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): dang$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): zen$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chen
    (Meixian, Guangdong): zên$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): zeng$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): cāing
* Eastern Min (BUC): cĕng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): zeng$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chng / cheng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zêng$^1$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): zeng$^1$
* Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): zang$^1$
* Wu (Wugniu)
** (Northern): $^1$tsen
** (Jinhua): $^1$tsen
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): zen$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zēng
*** Zhuyin: ㄗㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: zeng
*** Wade–Giles: tsêng$^1$
*** Yale: dzēng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzeng
*** Palladius: цзэн (czɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɤŋ⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: zen$^1$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: zen
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sən⁵⁵/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: zěng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡səŋ²¹/
** (Nanjing)
*** Nanjing Pinyin: zèn
*** Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): zen$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sə̃³¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zang$^1$
*** Yale: jāng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzang$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zeng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɐŋ⁵⁵/
** (Dongguan, Guancheng)
*** Jyutping++: zan$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɐn²¹³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: dang$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /taŋ³³/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: zen$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɛn⁴²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chen
*** Hakka Romanization System: zen
*** Hagfa Pinyim: zen$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sen⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: zên$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sɛn⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: zeng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡səŋ¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cāing
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡saiŋ⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: cĕng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɛiŋ⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: zeng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɛŋ⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chng
*** Tâi-lô: tsng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zngf
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /t͡sŋ̍³³/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: cheng
*** Tâi-lô: tsing
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zefng
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: zêng$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tseng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡seŋ³³/
** (Leizhou)
*** Leizhou Pinyin: zeng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡seŋ³⁵/
* Southern Pinghua
** (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
*** Jyutping++: zang$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡səŋ⁵³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Ningbo, Zhoushan)
*** Wugniu: $^1$tsen
*** MiniDict: tsen$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$tsen
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡sən⁵³/
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /t͡sən⁴⁴/
*** Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /t͡sen³³⁴/
*** Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /t͡səŋ⁵²/
*** Sinological IPA (Zhoushan): /t͡sɐŋ⁵³/
** (Jinhua)
*** Wugniu: $^1$tsen
*** Sinological IPA (Jinhua): /t͡səŋ³³⁴/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: zen$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sən³³/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit增 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /t͡səŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /t͡səŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /t͡səŋ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /t͡səŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /t͡səŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /t͡səŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /t͡səŋ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /t͡sə̃⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /t͡səŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /t͡sə̃n³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /t͡sɤŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /t͡sən⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /t͡sən⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /t͡sen⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /t͡sə⁴⁴̃/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /t͡sən³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /t͡sən²¹/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡səŋ¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /t͡səŋ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /t͡sə̃ŋ³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ʈ͡ʂəŋ⁵³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /t͡sən⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /t͡sen³³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /t͡saŋ³³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /t͡sʌ̃³¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /t͡sɛ¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /t͡sən³³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /t͡sən³³/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /t͡sɛn⁴²/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /t͡sen⁴⁴/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /t͡sen²⁴/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /t͡sɐŋ⁵³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /t͡sɐŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /t͡sɐŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /t͡siŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /t͡sɛiŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /t͡saiŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /t͡seŋ³³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /t͡seŋ³³/ /t͡sɔŋ³⁵/ |
* Middle Chinese: tsong, tsongH
Rime :
| Character | 增 | 增 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 精 (13) | 精 (13) |
| Final (韻) | 登 (129) | 登 (129) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 作滕切 | 子鄧切 |
| Baxter | tsong | tsongH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡səŋ/ | /t͡səŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡səŋ/ | /t͡səŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡səŋ/ | /t͡səŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡səŋ/ | /t͡səŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡səŋ/ | /t͡səŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡səŋ/ | /t͡səŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡səŋ/ | /t͡səŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zēng | zèng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zang$^1$ | zang$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-tˤəŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ʔsɯːŋ/, /*ʔsɯːŋs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 增 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zēng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsong › |
| Old Chinese | /*s-tˁəŋ/ |
| English | increase |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 增 | 增 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 16613 | 16623 |
| Phonetic component | 曾 | 曾 |
| Rime group | 蒸 | 蒸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | | 增 |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔsɯːŋ/ | /*ʔsɯːŋs/ |

### Definitions

增
* to increase; to expand; to gain; to add
* a surname, Zeng
* 13th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "expansion; growth" (𝌒)

#### Synonyms

* (to increase):
* 加 (jiā)
* 加上 (jiāshàng)
* 加多 (jiāduō)
* 加大 (jiādà)
* 加添 (jiātiān)
* 增加 (zēngjiā)
* 增多 (zēngduō)
* 增添 (zēngtiān)
* 增益 (zēngyì)
* 增長 / 增长 (zēngzhǎng)
* 廣益 / 广益 (guǎngyì) (literary)
* 施
* 添加 (tiānjiā)
* 補 / 补 (bǔ)
* 附益 (fùyì) (literary)

### Compounds

* 丹增 (Dānzēng)
* 倍增 (bèizēng)
* 增值 (zēngzhí)
* 增修 (zēngxiū)
* 增光 (zēngguāng)
* 增刊
* 增列
* 增刪 / 增删 (zēngshān)
* 增劇 / 增剧
* 增加 (zēngjiā)
* 增印
* 增增減減 / 增增减减
* 增多 (zēngduō)
* 增大 (zēngdà)
* 增幅 (zēngfú)
* 增廣 / 增广 (zēngguǎng)
* 增廣生員 / 增广生员
* 增廣見聞 / 增广见闻
* 增建
* 增強 / 增强 (zēngqiáng)
* 增援 (zēngyuán)
* 增損 / 增损
* 增收
* 增殖 (zēngzhí)
* 增添 (zēngtiān)
* 增減 / 增减 (zēngjiǎn)
* 增生 (zēngshēng)
* 增產 / 增产 (zēngchǎn)
* 增益 (zēngyì)
* 增福財神 / 增福财神
* 增聘
* 增色
* 增補 / 增补 (zēngbǔ)
* 增訂 / 增订 (zēngdìng)
* 增訂版 / 增订版 (zēngdìngbǎn)
* 增設 / 增设 (zēngshè)
* 增資 / 增资 (zēngzī)
* 增輝 / 增辉
* 增辟
* 增進 / 增进 (zēngjìn)
* 增量 (zēngliàng)
* 增長 / 增长 (zēngzhǎng)
* 增長見識 / 增长见识
* 增闢 / 增辟
* 增防
* 增韻 / 增韵
* 增額國代 / 增额国代
* 增高 (zēnggāo)
* 年增率
* 擴增 / 扩增 (kuòzēng)
* 日增月益
* 暴增 (bàozēng)
* 有增無損 / 有增无损
* 有增無減 / 有增无减
* 添增 (tiānzēng)
* 激增 (jīzēng)
* 福履增綏 / 福履增绥
* 累增字
* 與日俱增 / 与日俱增 (yǔrìjùzēng)
* 蒲扇價增 / 蒲扇价增
* 蓬蓽增輝 / 蓬荜增辉
* 踵事增華 / 踵事增华
* 逆增
* 遞增 / 递增 (dìzēng)
* 陡增 (dǒuzēng)
* 馬齒徒增 / 马齿徒增
* 齒德俱增 / 齿德俱增

### References

* “增”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 増 |
| Kyūjitai | 增 |

### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 増)
* increase
* add to
* augment

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): ぞう (zō)、そう (sō)
* Kun: ます (masu, 增す)、ふえる (fueru, 增える)、ふやす (fuyasu, 增やす)

## Korean
### Hanja

增 (eumhun 더할 증 (deohal jeung))
* hanja form of 증 (“increase”)
* hanja form of 증 (“add to”)
* hanja form of 증 (“augment”)

#### Compounds

* 증가 (增加, jeungga, “increasing (increased amount)”)
* 증감 (增減, jeunggam, “increasing and decreasing”)
* 증량 (增量, jeungnyang, “increasing in quantity”)
* 증설 (增設, jeungseol, “adding installations”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

增: Hán Nôm readings: tăng, tâng
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.