OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# чорт
## Belarusian
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *čьrtъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [t͡ʂort]

### Noun

чорт • (čort) m pers (genitive чо́рта, nominative plural чэ́рці, genitive plural чарце́й)
* devil, demon
    Synonyms: бес (bjes), д'я́бал (dʺjábal), сатана́ (sataná), дэ́ман (déman)

#### Inflection

$^1$Used with the numbers 2, 3, 4 and higher numbers after 20 ending in 2, 3, and 4.

#### Related terms

* чарто́ўскі (čartóŭski)
* чарцяня́ (čarcjanjá), чарцянё (čarcjanjó)

#### Collocations

* чорт пабяры (čort pabjary)
* чорт яго ведае (čort jahó vjedaje)

### Interjection

чорт • (čort)
* damn! hell!

### References

* “чорт” in Belarusian–Russian dictionaries and Belarusian dictionaries at slounik.org

## Pannonian Rusyn
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Slovak črt, čert, from Proto-Slavic *čьrtъ. Vowel influenced by Old East Slavic чортъ (čortŭ) or later Carpathian Rusyn чорт (čort).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈt͡ʃɔrt]
* Rhymes: -ɔrt
* Hyphenation: чорт

### Noun

чорт (čort) m pers (diminutive чорцик, related adjective чортов or чортовски)
* devil
    Synonyms: дябол (djabol), диявол (dijavol)
* (intensifier) hell
    Synonyms: дябол (djabol), пшамац (pšamac)
    ки то чорт? ― ki to čort? ― what the hell is that?
    кого чорта? ― koho čorta? ― what the hell?

#### Derived terms

* до чорта (do čorta)
* идз до чорта (idz do čorta)

### References

* Medʹeši, H., Fejsa, M., Timko-Djitko, O. (2010) “чорт”, in Ramač, Ju., editor, Руско-сербски словнїк [Rusyn-Serbian Dictionary] (in Pannonian Rusyn), Novi Sad: Faculty of Philosophy
* Fejsa, M., Šlemender, M., Čelʹovski, S. (2022) “Satan”, in Анґлийско-руски словнїк [English-Rusyn Dictionary] (in Pannonian Rusyn), Novi Sad: Faculty of Philosophy; Ruska matka, →ISBN, page 263

## Russian
### Alternative forms

* чортъ (čort) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [t͡ɕɵrt]

### Noun

чорт • (čort) m anim (genitive чо́рта, nominative plural че́рти, genitive plural черте́й)
* Obsolete form of чёрт (čort).

#### Usage notes

This spelling of the word was officially abolished in 1956 in favor of чёрт and is no longer in use. Both variants are pronounced identically.

#### Declension

$^△$Irregular. $^*$In the expression ни черта́ (ni čertá).

## Ukrainian
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *čьrtъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [t͡ʃɔrt]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

чорт • (čort) m pers (genitive чо́рта, nominative plural чорти́, genitive plural чорті́в, relational adjective чо́ртів)
* devil, demon, Satan, evil spirit or force
    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:чорт

#### Related terms

* чортя́чий (čortjáčyj)
* чортеня́ (čortenjá), чортя́ (čortjá)

### Interjection

чорт • (čort)
* damn! hell!

### Further reading

* Bilodid, I. K., editor (1970–1980), “чорт”, in Словник української мови: в 11 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 11 vols] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka
* “чорт”, in Горох – Словозміна [Horokh – Inflection] (in Ukrainian)
# maskirovka
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Russian маскиро́вка (maskiróvka, “camouflage”).

### Noun

maskirovka (uncountable)
* (military, especially regarding Soviet or Russian warfare) A set of procedures designed to confuse, mislead, and camouflage oneself from the enemy.
** 2015 January 29, Lucy Ash, “How Russia outfoxes its enemies”, in BBC‎:Surprise is a key ingredient in maskirovka and the clandestine forces which occupied Crimea last February certainly delivered that.
** 2018, Carl Miller, chapter 6, in The Death of the Gods […] , William Heinemann, →ISBN:And the key to informational struggle was maskirovka—subterfuge—the manipulation of the enemy's picture of reality.
** 2023 March 25, Dan Sabbagh, “Ukrainian top brass stirs the pot with talk of Bakhmut counterattack”, in The Guardian‎, →ISSN:As for Syrski’s remarks, a more likely interpretation is that the general is engaged in some simple misdirection – a version of maskirovka – a Russian military concept that encompasses western notions of operational secrecy with simple deception.
# abstraksi
## Indonesian
### Etymology

Internationalism, affixed abstrak +‎ -si, from Dutch abstractie, from Middle French abstraction, from Latin abstractiō.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [apˈstraksi]
* Rhymes: -si, -i
* Hyphenation: ab‧strak‧si

### Noun

abstraksi (uncountable)
* abstraction:
** the act of abstracting, separating, withdrawing, or taking away; withdrawal; the state of being taken away.
    Synonym: pengabstrakan
** The act of focusing on one characteristic of an object rather than the object as a whole group of characteristics; the act of separating said qualities from the object or ideas.
** (psychology) preoccupation: absence or absorption of mind; inattention to present objects.
    Synonym: linglung
** (computing) any generalization technique that ignores or hides details to capture some kind of commonality between different instances for the purpose of controlling the intellectual complexity of engineered systems, particularly software systems.

#### Synonyms

* peniskalaan (Standard Malay)

#### Derived terms

* berabstraksi
* diabstraksikan
* mengabstraksikan
* abstraksi dana bank
* abstraksi data

#### Related terms

* abstrak

### Further reading

* “abstraksi” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.
# abasiofilia
## Indonesian
### Etymology

Internationalism

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Indonesian) IPA: /abasiofiˈlia/ [a.ba.si.o.fiˈli.a]
* Rhymes: -a
* Syllabification: a‧ba‧si‧o‧fi‧li‧a

### Noun

abasiofilia (plural abasiofilia-abasiofilia)
* (clinical psychology) abasiophilia

#### Related terms

* abasia

### Further reading

* “abasiofilia” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.
# biogeography
## English
### Etymology

From bio- +‎ geography.

### Pronunciation

* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɒɡɹəfi

### Noun

biogeography (countable and uncountable, plural biogeographies)
* (biology, geography, uncountable) The study of the geographical distribution of living things.
* (biology, geography, countable) The geographical distribution of a particular living thing.
** 2004, Brian P. Hedlund, James T. Staley, “Microbial Endemism and Biogeography”, in Alan T. Bull, editor, Microbial Diversity and Bioprospecting‎, →ISBN, page 225:First, any international traveler knows that many pathogenic microbes, both viral and bacterial, have distinct biogeographies.

#### Derived terms

* biogeographical
* paleobiogeography
* panbiogeography
* phylobiogeography

#### Related terms

* biogeographic
* cytogeography
# chronobiogeographic
## English
### Etymology

From chrono- +‎ biogeographic.

### Adjective

chronobiogeographic (not comparable)
* (biology) Describing biogeographic characteristics that change over time.
# polytope
## English
### Etymology

From German Polytop, equivalent to poly- (“many”) + -tope (“surface”). Coined by Hoppe in 1882 and introduced to English by Alicia Boole Stott.

### Pronunciation

* Audio (US):(file)

### Noun

polytope (plural polytopes)
* (geometry) A finite region of n-dimensional space bounded by hyperplanes (a geometric shape with flat sides, existing in any number of dimensions); the geometrical entity represented by the general term of the infinite sequence "point, line segment, polygon, polyhedron, ...".
** 1964, Victor Klee, On the Number of Vertices of a Convex Polytope: Canadian Journal of Mathematics, volume XVI, number 4, page 701:As is well known, the theory of linear inequalities is closely related to the study of convex polytopes.
** 1998, F. Pierrot, M. Benoit, P. Dauchez, “SamoS: A Pythagorean Solution for Omnidirectional Underwater Vehicles”, in Jadran Lenar I, Manfred L. Husty, editors, Advances in Robot Kinematics: Analysis and Control, page 220:This polytope is mapped into a Cartesian force polytope (resp. torque polytope) in the Cartesian space. Such a polytope represents the exact force (resp. torque) that can be produced on the vehicle main body.
** 2006, Rekha R. Thomas, Lectures in Geometric Combinatorics, page 27:Verify the Hirsch conjecture for the 3-cube, 4-cube and any other polytope that takes your fancy. The Steinitz theorem is a very satisfactory understanding of the graphs of three-dimensional polytopes.

#### Hyponyms

* (geometrical figure): polygon (2D figure), polyhedron (3D figure), polychoron (4D figure), hypercube (generalised cube), simplex (generalised tetrahedron), tesseract (4D cube)

#### Derived terms

* 4-polytope
* cross-polytope

#### Related terms

* polytopic

#### Translations
### References

* ↑ 1910, A. Boole Stott, Geometrical deduction of semiregular from regular polytopes and space fillings, Verhandelingen of the Koninklijke academy van Wetenschappen width unit Amsterdam, Eerste Sectie 11,1, Amsterdam.

## French
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Noun

polytope m (plural polytopes)
* polytope
# предупредить
## Russian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [prʲɪdʊprʲɪˈdʲitʲ]
* Audio:(file)

### Verb

предупреди́ть • (predupredítʹ) pf (imperfective предупрежда́ть)
* to warn, to let know beforehand
* to forestall, to anticipate
* to avert, to prevent

#### Related terms

* предупреди́тельный (predupredítelʹnyj)
* предупрежде́ние (predupreždénije)

### Further reading

* Dal, Vladimir (1880–1882) “предупреждать”, in Толковый Словарь живаго великорускаго языка [Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language] (in Russian), 2nd edition, Publication of the bookseller-typographer Wolf, M. O.
# necklace
## English
### Etymology

From neck +‎ lace.

### Pronunciation

* (US) IPA: /ˈnɛkləs/
* (UK) IPA: /ˈnɛklɪs/, /ˈnɛkləs/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* (General Australian) IPA: /ˈnɛkləs/, /ˈnɛklæɪs/
* (South Asia) IPA: /ˈneklas/, /ˈnekleːs/
* Rhymes: -ɛkləs, (UK) -ɛklɪs, (General Australian, South Asia) -ɛkleɪs

### Noun

necklace (plural necklaces)
* (jewelry) An article of jewelry that is worn around the neck, most often made of a string of precious metal, pearls, gems, beads or shells, and sometimes having a pendant attached.
* (figuratively) Anything resembling a necklace in shape.
    a necklace of coral islands
* (South Africa) A device used in necklacing (an informal execution); a rubber tyre that is filled with petrol. It is placed around the victim's chest and arms, and set on fire.
** Necklacing on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
** 4 August, 2004, “Necklacing: 7 held”, in Headline Pretoria News:Seven people have been arrested in connection with Saturday's "necklace" murder of three men in the Tjokville informal settlement at Jeffrey's Bay.
** 2000 Beyond Our Wildest Dreams: The United Democratic Front and the Transformation of South Africa by Ineke Van Kessel
    Several of the alledged witches in Apel and GaNkaone were also subjected to a necklace execution
** 2004 A Human Being Died That Night: A South African Woman Confronts the Legacy of Apartheid by Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela
    In the fluidly unfolding events of a necklace murder, was there time and space to stop the killing?

#### Derived terms

* anodyne necklace
* Casal's necklace
* Colombian necklace
* necklace poplar
* pearl necklace

#### Translations
### Verb

necklace (third-person singular simple present necklaces, present participle necklacing, simple past and past participle necklaced)
* (South Africa) To informally execute by necklacing; by setting on fire a petrol-filled rubber tyre which has been put around the bound victim's neck.
** May 29 2003, The Star:Frustrated residents tied the hands of two suspected criminals, put tyres around their necks and then set them alight. In a manifestation of growing disillusionment with the criminal justice system, residents of Bramfischerville, west of Johannesburg, on Tuesday abducted and necklaced two suspected burglars.
** 2002 Buthelezi: A Biography by Ben Temkin
    Inkatha members have been hacked to death and necklaced, and their houses have been destroyed
** 2000 Beyond Our Wildest Dreams: The United Democratic Front and the Transformation of South Africa by Ineke Van Kessel
    The first instance of necklacing occurred in March 1985 in the Eastern Cape township of KwaNobuhle.

#### Derived terms

* necklacing

### See also

* necklace on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* collar (necklace for animals)
# chuligaństwa
## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /xu.liˈɡaɲ.stfa/
* Rhymes: -aɲstfa
* Syllabification: chu‧li‧gań‧stwa

### Noun

chuligaństwa
* genitive singular of chuligaństwo
# bifariam
## Latin
### Etymology

Classically derived from fārī, as is nefārius. A feminine adverbial accusative from a lost adjective, *bifārius. According to Michael Weiss, from Proto-Italic *dwiðāsios, from Proto-Indo-European *dwi-dʰh₁o- (“rendered in two, bipartite”) (see tribus and Sanskrit multiplicatives in -धा (-dhā) such as Sanskrit द्विधा (dvidhā, “twofold”)) + Proto-Italic *-āsios (Latin -ārius). To account for the word-internal [f] which would not arise from Proto Italic *[ð] after [a] and before [i], as in īnferus with *en, the word is assumed by metanalysis as a compound with *dwi-. The adjective bifārius is later attested in Ammianus Marcellinus (330-391/400 AD) as a back-formation. See also plūrifāriam, multifāriam and other derivatives. Compare also Ancient Greek διφάσιος (diphásios, “two-fold, of two kind, double”), assumed as the etymon of the word by some.

### Adverb

bifāriam (not comparable)
* on two sides, in two parts or places
* double, twofold
* (rare) in both ways, senses

#### Derived terms

* -fāriam
* -fārius

#### Related terms

* bifãrius

### References

* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “-fāriam”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 202

### Further reading

* “bifariam”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “bifariam”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* bifariam in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, 1st edition. (Oxford University Press)
# kapelana
## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ka.pɛˈla.na/
* Rhymes: -ana
* Syllabification: ka‧pe‧la‧na

### Noun

kapelana
* genitive/accusative singular of kapelan
# buwangwa
## Luganda
### Noun

buwangwa
* culture
# Kernow
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Cornish Kernow (“Cornwall”).

### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈkɜːnəʊ/
* Rhymes: -ɜː(ɹ)nəʊ

### Proper noun

Kernow
* Cornwall

### Anagrams

* knower, wroken

## Cornish
### Etymology

From Middle Cornish Kernow, from Proto-Brythonic *Körnɨw. Cognate with Breton Kernev, Welsh Cernyw.

### Pronunciation

* (Revived Middle Cornish) IPA: [ˈkɛrnɔʊ]
* (Revived Late Cornish) IPA: [ˈkɛrnɔ]
* Audio (Revived Middle Cornish):(file)

### Proper noun

Kernow f
* Cornwall

#### Derived terms

* Kernowek, Kernewek (“the Cornish language”)

### Proper noun

Kernow m (plural Kernowyon)
* Cornishman

### See also

* Cornish: Kernowyon
* Breton: Kernev
* English: Cornwall
* French: Cornouaille
# ᄇᆞᄅᆞ다
## Middle Korean
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* (Morphophonemic) IPA: ⫽pʌ̀lʌ̀tá⫽

### Verb

ᄇᆞᄅᆞ다〮 (pòlòtá) (infinitive ᄇᆞᆯ라〮, sequential ᄇᆞᄅᆞ니〮)
* to stick, plaster, apply
** 1447, 석보상절 [seokbosangjeol], volume 24, page 20a:ᄒᆞᆫ 각시〮 아ᄎᆞ〮ᄆᆡ〮 紛(분〯) ᄇᆞᄅᆞ노〮라〮 ᄒᆞ〮야〮 거우〮룰 보〮거늘〮hòn kàksí àchóm-óy PWǓN polo-nwólá hó-yá kèwúlwùl pwó-kènúlOne woman says she applies powder in the morning and looks at the mirror
** 1459, 월인석보 [worinseokbo], volume 18, page 29b:香(햐ᇰ)기르〮ᄆᆞ로〮 모매〮 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ고〮HYÀNGkìlúm-òlwó mwòm-áy polokwóTaking scented oil and plastering it onto the body

#### Descendants

* Korean: 바르다 (bareuda)
# цяжэйшы
## Belarusian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [t͡sʲaˈʐɛjʂɨ]

### Adjective

цяжэ́йшы • (cjažéjšy)
* comparative degree of цяжкі (cjažki)
# alleguerten
## Luxembourgish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɑləɡˈuːɐ̯tən]

### Pronoun

alleguerten
* Alternative form of alleguer
# ciborą
## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /t͡ɕiˈbɔ.rɔw̃/
* Rhymes: -ɔrɔw̃
* Syllabification: ci‧bo‧rą

### Noun

ciborą
* instrumental singular of cibora
# allgeblatt
## Luxembourgish
### Adverb

allgeblatt
* (obsolete, slang) at all times
# Alfraesummer
## Luxembourgish
### Etymology

From al Fraen (“old women”) +‎ Summer (“summer”)

### Noun

Alfraesummer m (plural Alfraesummeren)
* Indian summer
# 肥塗
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): pûi-thô͘
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pûi-thô͘
*** Tâi-lô: puî-thôo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pui'too
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /pui²³⁻³³ tʰɔ²³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /pui²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰɔ²⁴/

### Noun

肥塗
* (Taiwanese Hokkien) fertile soil; fertile land

#### Synonyms

* 沃土 (wòtǔ)
* 沃壤 (wòrǎng)
* 肥地 (féidì)
* 肥田 (féitián)

#### Antonyms

* 㾪田 (Hokkien)
* 瘠田 (jítián)
* 竭地 (Hokkien)
* 薄地 (bódì)
* 薄田 (bótián)
# 肥田
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): féitián
    (Zhuyin): ㄈㄟˊ ㄊㄧㄢˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): fei$^4$ tin$^4$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): pûi-chhân
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: féitián
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄟˊ ㄊㄧㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: féitián
*** Wade–Giles: fei$^2$-tʻien$^2$
*** Yale: féi-tyán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: feirtyan
*** Palladius: фэйтянь (fɛjtjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /feɪ̯³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fei$^4$ tin$^4$
*** Yale: fèih tìhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fei$^4$ tin$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: féi$^4$ tin$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /fei̯²¹ tʰiːn²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pûi-chhân
*** Tâi-lô: puî-tshân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: puizhaan
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /pui²³⁻³³ t͡sʰan²³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /pui²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰan²⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /pui²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰan²⁴/

### Noun

肥田
* (agriculture) fertile land; rich soil

#### Synonyms

* 沃土 (wòtǔ)
* 沃壤 (wòrǎng)
* 肥地 (féidì)
* 肥塗 / 肥涂 (Taiwanese Hokkien)

#### Antonyms

* 㾪田 (Hokkien)
* 瘠田 (jítián)
* 竭地 (Hokkien)
* 薄地 (bódì)
* 薄田 (bótián)

### Verb

肥田
* to fertilize the soil; to enrich the soil

#### Synonyms

* (Hokkien) 壅田
# слух
## Bulgarian
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *sluxъ.

### Noun

слух • (sluh) m (relational adjective слу́хов)
* hearing
* rumor

#### Declension
## Macedonian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *sluxъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sɫux]
* Hyphenation: слух

### Noun

слух • (sluh) m (plural слухови, relational adjective слухов)
* hearing
* (often in the plural) rumor, hearsay

#### Declension
### References

* “слух” in Дигитален речник на македонскиот јазик (Digitalen rečnik na makedonskiot jazik) [Digital dictionary of the Macedonian language] − drmj.eu

## Russian
### Alternative forms

* слухъ (slux) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)

### Etymology

Inherited from Old East Slavic слухъ (sluxŭ), Proto-Slavic *sluxъ, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlew-, whence Sanskrit श्रुति (śruti), English listen, and loud.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sɫux]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

слух • (slux) m inan (genitive слу́ха, nominative plural слу́хи, genitive plural слу́хов, relational adjective слухово́й)
* hearing, ear
    музыка́льный слух ― muzykálʹnyj slux ― ear for music
* (often in the plural) rumor, hearsay, diminutive: слушо́к (slušók)
    Synonyms: (gossip) спле́тня (splétnja), молва́ (molvá)
* news, sign

#### Related terms

* слушо́к (slušók)
* слуха́ч (sluxáč), слу́шание (slúšanije)
* слы́шный (slýšnyj)
* слу́шать (slúšatʹ), слы́шать (slýšatʹ)
* слы́шно (slýšno)

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *sluxъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /slûːx/

### Noun

слу̑х m (Latin spelling slȗh)
* (uncountable) hearing (ability to hear)

#### Declension
## Ukrainian
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *sluxъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sɫux]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

слух • (slux) m inan (genitive слу́ху, nominative plural слу́хи, genitive plural слу́хів, relational adjective слухови́й)
* hearing

#### Related terms

* слу́хати (slúxaty, “to hear”)

### References

* Bilodid, I. K., editor (1970–1980), “слух”, in Словник української мови: в 11 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 11 vols] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka
# 軟骨頭
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): ruǎngǔtou, ruǎngútou
    (Zhuyin): ㄖㄨㄢˇ ㄍㄨˇ ˙ㄊㄡ, ㄖㄨㄢˇ ㄍㄨˊ ˙ㄊㄡ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: ruǎngǔtou [Phonetic: ruángǔtou]
*** Zhuyin: ㄖㄨㄢˇ ㄍㄨˇ ˙ㄊㄡ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ruǎngǔto̊u
*** Wade–Giles: juan$^3$-ku$^3$-tʻou$^5$
*** Yale: rwǎn-gǔ-tou
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: roanguu.tou
*** Palladius: жуаньгутоу (žuanʹgutou)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʐu̯än²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku²¹⁴ tʰoʊ̯⁴/
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan, colloquial variant in Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: ruǎngútou
*** Zhuyin: ㄖㄨㄢˇ ㄍㄨˊ ˙ㄊㄡ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ruǎngúto̊u
*** Wade–Giles: juan$^3$-ku$^2$-tʻou$^5$
*** Yale: rwǎn-gú-tou
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: roangwu.tou
*** Palladius: жуаньгутоу (žuanʹgutou)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʐu̯än²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku³⁵ tʰoʊ̯³/

### Noun

軟骨頭
* coward; spineless person
       Qízhōng yīge ruǎngǔtóu jīngshòu bùliǎo dírén de yánxíngkǎodǎ, biànjié chūmài le tóngzhì. [Pinyin]
       One of them was a weakling who could not stand the torture and betrayed his comrade.

#### Antonyms

* 硬骨頭／硬骨头 (yìnggǔtou)
# -лий
## Ukrainian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-lъ. Reanalyze as -л (-l) +‎ -ий (-yj)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ ɫɪi̯]

### Suffix

-лий • (-lyj) m (feminine -ла)
* used to form participle-like adjectives from intransitive verbs, usually the ones that describe state of being or change of state
    ‎гни́ти (hnýty, “to rot”) + ‎-лий (-lyj) → ‎гнили́й (hnylýj, “rotted, rotten”)
    ‎трива́ти (tryváty, “to last”) + ‎-лий (-lyj) → ‎трива́лий (tryvályj, “lasting, extended, prolonged”)
    ‎ки́снути (kýsnuty, “to turn sour”) + ‎-лий (-lyj) → ‎ки́слий (kýslyj, “sour”)
    ‎засма́гнути (zasmáhnuty, “to tan”) + ‎-лий (-lyj) → ‎засма́глий (zasmáhlyj, “tan, tanned”)
    ‎поме́рти (pomérty, “to die”) + ‎-лий (-lyj) → ‎поме́рлий (pomérlyj, “dead, deceased”)

#### Usage notes

* This suffix is no longer productive and cannot be used to form adjectives from verbs.
* Since this suffix was originally used to form past active participles, most words formed from perfective verbs using this suffix can also be used as participles: заги́блий (zahýblyj), запрі́лий (zaprílyj), прогни́лий (prohnýlyj). Words formed from imperfective verbs, however, can only be used as adjectives: ги́блий (hýblyj), прі́лий (prílyj), гнили́й (hnylýj).
* Some adjectives featuring this suffix are loanwords from Polish: зрозумі́лий (zrozumílyj), трива́лий (tryvályj), недба́лий (nedbályj), сти́слий (stýslyj).

### Suffix

-лий • (-lyj) m (feminine -ла)
* used to form past active perfective participles from intransitive perfective verbs, usually the ones that describe change of state
    ‎ви́бути (výbuty, “to quit, to drop out”) + ‎-лий (-lyj) → ‎ви́булий (výbulyj)
    ‎поме́рти (pomérty, “to die”) + ‎-лий (-lyj) → ‎поме́рлий (pomérlyj)
    ‎заги́нути (zahýnuty, “to perish”) + ‎-лий (-lyj) → ‎заги́блий (zahýblyj)
    ‎мину́ти (mynúty, “to pass”) + ‎-лий (-lyj) → ‎мину́лий (mynúlyj)
    ‎зрости́ (zrostý, “to grow”) + ‎-лий (-lyj) → ‎зро́слий (zróslyj)
    ‎впа́сти (vpásty, “to fall down”) + ‎-лий (-lyj) → ‎впа́лий (vpályj)
    ‎відпочи́ти (vidpočýty, “to rest”) + ‎-лий (-lyj) → ‎відпочи́лий (vidpočýlyj)

#### Usage notes

* This suffix is no longer productive and cannot be used to form participles from verbs.
* This suffix was originally used to form past active participles from all verbs, whence Ukrainian past tense verb suffix -л (-l). However, today it is limited to most verbs that describe change of state and some verbs of motion such as упа́сти (upásty), запа́сти (zapásty), пори́нути (porýnuty). Past active participles from other kinds of verbs and imperfectives are perceived as adjectives: запе́клий (zapéklyj), прибу́лий (prybúlyj), витрива́лий (vytryvályj), бі́глий (bíhlyj), смі́лий (smílyj).