# ws
## English
### Noun

ws
* plural of w

#### Usage notes

* Opinions vary regarding the use of apostrophes when forming the plurals of letters of the alphabet. New Fowler's Modern English Usage, after noting that the usage has changed, states on page 602 that "after letters an apostrophe is obligatory." The 15th edition of The Chicago Manual of Style states in paragraph 7.16, "To avoid confusion, lowercase letters ... form the plural with an apostrophe and an s". The Oxford Style Manual on page 116 advocates the use of common sense.

### Anagrams

* S&W, SW, Sw., sw.

## Dutch
### Alternative forms

* wrs, wss, wrsch, wrslk

### Adverb

ws
* (Internet slang, text messaging) Abbreviation of waarschijnlijk (“probably”).

## Egyptian
### Pronunciation

* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /wɛs/
** Conventional anglicization: wes

### Verb

2-lit.
* (intransitive) to lack [since the 22nd Dynasty]
** (with m) to lack (something)
* to withhold, to leave without [Greco-Roman Period]

#### Inflection

infinitival forms
imperative
infinitive
negatival complement
complementary infinitive$^1$
singular
plural
ws
wsw, ws
wst
ws, j.ws
ws, j.ws
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem
periphrastic imperfective$^2$
periphrastic prospective$^2$
ws
ḥr ws
m ws
r ws
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood
active
passive
contingent
aspect / mood
active
passive
perfect
ws.n
wsw, ws
consecutive
ws.jn
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
terminative
wst
perfective$^3$
ws
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
obligative$^1$
ws.ḫr
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
imperfective
ws, j.ws$^1$
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
prospective$^3$
ws
wss
potentialis$^1$
ws.kꜣ
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
subjunctive
ws, j.ws$^1$
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
participles
active
passive
active
passive
perfect
ws.n
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
perfective
ws
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
ws
wss, wssj$^6$, ws$^2$, wsw$^{25}$, wsy$^{25}$
imperfective
j.ws$^1$, ws, wsy, wsw$^5$
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
j.ws$^1$, j.wsw$^{15}$, ws, wsj$^6$, wsy$^6$
ws, wsw$^5$
prospective
ws, wstj$^7$
wstj$^4$, wst$^4$
$^1$ Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
$^2$ Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
$^3$ Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
$^4$ Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
$^5$ Only in the masculine singular.
$^6$ Only in the masculine.
$^7$ Only in the feminine. :

#### Alternative forms

| ws | ws | ws |
| | | [Late Period] |

#### Derived terms

* jrj ws m
* n ws

### Noun

m
* (only used in the phrase pr-m-ws) The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:
** height (of a pyramid)
** crack or some other reference point from which the height of a pyramid is measured

#### Inflection
### References

* Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926–1961) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN
* Vafea, Flora (2002) The Mathematics of Pyramid Construction in Ancient Egypt.