# 歷史
## Chinese

* 歷史

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): lìshǐ
       (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧˋ ㄕˇ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ni$^2$ si$^3$
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): лисы (lisɨ, II-III)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): lik$^6$ si$^2$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): let$^5$ lhu$^2$
* Gan (Wiktionary): lit$^6$ 'si$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): li̍t-sṳ́
    (Hailu, HRS): lid$^ˋ$ sii$^ˊ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): lid$^6$ si$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): lĭ-sǔ
* Eastern Min (BUC): lĭk-sṳ̄
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): leh$^7$ so$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): le̍k-sú / lia̍k-sír / lia̍k-sí
    (Teochew, Peng'im): lêh$^8$ se$^2$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^8$liq-sy$_5$ / $^8$liq-sy$_3$ / $^7$liq$_8$-sy$_3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lìshǐ
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧˋ ㄕˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lìshǐh
*** Wade–Giles: li$^4$-shih$^3$
*** Yale: lì-shř
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lihshyy
*** Palladius: лиши (liši)
*** Sinological IPA : /li⁵¹ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: ni$^2$ si$^3$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: lis
*** Sinological IPA : /ni²¹ sz̩⁵³/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: лисы (lisɨ, II-III)
*** Sinological IPA : /li⁵¹ sz̩⁴⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lik$^6$ si$^2$
*** Yale: lihk sí
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lik$^9$ si$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lig$^6$ xi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɪk̚² siː³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: let$^5$ lhu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /let̚³² ɬu⁵⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: lit$^6$ 'si$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /lit̚⁵ ˈsz̩²¹³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: li̍t-sṳ́
*** Hakka Romanization System: lid sii$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: lid$^6$ si$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /lit̚⁵ sɨ³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: lid$^ˋ$ sii$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /lit² sɨ²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: lid$^6$ si$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /lit̚⁵ sz̩³¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lĭ-sǔ
*** Sinological IPA : /li²⁴ su²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: lĭk-sṳ̄
*** Sinological IPA : /l̃iʔ⁵⁻³³ sy³³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: leh$^7$ so$^3$ [Phonetic: leh$^6$ so$^3$]
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: le̍h-seô
*** Sinological IPA : /lɛʔ⁴⁻¹ ɬo⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: leh$^7$ so$^3$ [Phonetic: leh$^6$ so$^3$]
*** Sinological IPA : /lɛʔ²⁴⁻² ɬɵ³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Changtai, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: le̍k-sú
*** Tâi-lô: li̍k-sú
*** Phofsit Daibuun: legsuo
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /liɪk̚⁴⁻³² su⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /liɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ su⁵³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /liɪk̚⁴⁻³² su⁵³/
*** IPA (Changtai): /lek̚³⁻³² su⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lia̍k-sír
*** Tâi-lô: lia̍k-sír
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /liak̚²⁴⁻² sɯ⁵⁵⁴/
** (Hokkien: Jinjiang, Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lia̍k-sí
*** Tâi-lô: lia̍k-sí
*** Phofsit Daibuun: liagsie
*** IPA (Jinjiang, Philippines): /liak̚²⁴⁻² si⁵⁵⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: lêh$^8$ se$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: le̍h sṳ́
*** Sinological IPA : /leʔ⁴⁻² sɯ⁵²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^8$liq-sy$_5$
*** MiniDict: lih$^入$ sy$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^5$liq-sr$_2$
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /liɪʔ¹¹ sz̩²³/
** (Northern: Suzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^8$liq-sy$_3$
*** MiniDict: lih$^入$ sy$^上$
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /liɪʔ²² sz̩⁵¹/
** (Northern: Jiaxing)
*** Wugniu: $^7$liq$_8$-sy$_3$
*** MiniDict: lih$^入$ sy$^上$
*** Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /liɪʔ⁵⁵ sz̩²¹/
* Middle Chinese: lek sriX
Rime :
| Character | 歷 | 史 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) | 生 (21) |
| Final (韻) | 錫 (127) | 之 (19) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | IV | III |
| Fanqie | 郎擊切 | 踈士切 |
| Baxter | lek | sriX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /lek̚/ | /ʃɨ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /lek̚/ | /ʃɨ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /lɛk̚/ | /ʃie$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /lɛjk̚/ | /ʂɨ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /lek̚/ | /ʃiə$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /liek̚/ | /ʃĭə$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /liek̚/ | /ʂi$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | lì | shǐ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | lik$^6$ | si$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]ˤek s-rəʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*reːɡ srɯʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 歷 | 史 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | lì | shǐ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ lek › | ‹ sri$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[r]ˁek/ | /*s-rəʔ/ |
| English | pass by; in turn | scribe |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 歷 | 史 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 7980 | 11487 |
| Phonetic component | 秝 | 史 |
| Rime group | 錫 | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 靂 | 史 |
| Old Chinese | /*reːɡ/ | /*srɯʔ/ |

### Noun

歷史
* (uncountable) history (the study of past events)
    歷史感／历史感 ― lìshǐ gǎn ― sense of history
    歷史觀點／历史观点 ― lìshǐ guāndiǎn ― view of history
    縱觀歷史／纵观历史 ― zòngguān lìshǐ ― throughout history
    古代歷史／古代历史 ― gǔdài lìshǐ ― ancient history
    歷史故事／历史故事 ― lìshǐ gùshi ― stories from history
    歷史文獻／历史文献 ― lìshǐ wénxiàn ― historical document
    歷史事件／历史事件 ― lìshǐ shìjiàn ― historical event
    歷史人物／历史人物 ― lìshǐ rénwù ― historical figure
    歷史古跡／历史古迹 ― lìshǐ gǔjì ― historical site
       Lìshǐ shì yóu shènglìzhě shūxiě de. [Pinyin]
       History is written by the victors.
       Cǐ shuō shìfǒu wéi lìshǐ shìshí, jìndài pōyǒu zhēngyì. [Pinyin]
       Whether this theory is historical fact has been a source of considerable contention in recent times.
* (countable) past events; historical happenings; history (Classifier: 段)
* (uncountable) Short for 歷史學／历史学 (lìshǐxué, “the study of history; historiography”).
* (countable, computing) history (record of previous user events) (Classifier: 條／条 m)
    瀏覽歷史／浏览历史 ― liúlǎn lìshǐ ― browsing history
    搜索歷史／搜索历史 ― sōusuǒ lìshǐ ― search history

#### Usage notes

Just like in English, this Chinese term can refer to history as in the study of past events, as well as the past considered as a whole, or connected with a particular person or thing.

#### Derived terms

* 創造歷史 / 创造历史 (chuàngzào lìshǐ)
* 口述歷史 / 口述历史 (kǒushù lìshǐ)
* 歷史主義 / 历史主义 (lìshǐ zhǔyì)
* 歷史劇 / 历史剧
* 歷史化 / 历史化 (lìshǐhuà)
* 歷史名詞 / 历史名词
* 歷史唯心主義 / 历史唯心主义
* 歷史唯物主義 / 历史唯物主义 (lìshǐ wéiwù zhǔyì)
* 歷史學 / 历史学 (lìshǐxué)
* 歷史學家 / 历史学家 (lìshǐxuéjiā)
* 歷史家 / 历史家 (lìshǐjiā)
* 歷史小說 / 历史小说 (lìshǐ xiǎoshuō)
* 歷史年表 / 历史年表
* 歷史性 / 历史性 (lìshǐxìng)
* 歷史文學 / 历史文学
* 歷史文物 / 历史文物 (lìshǐ wénwù)
* 歷史時代 / 历史时代
* 歷史比較語言學 / 历史比较语言学
* 歷史社會學 / 历史社会学 (lìshǐ shèhuìxué)
* 歷史線圖 / 历史线图 (lìshǐ xiàn tú)
* 歷史虛無主義 / 历史虚无主义 (lìshǐ xūwú zhǔyì)
* 歷史觀 / 历史观 (lìshǐguān)
* 歷史語言學 / 历史语言学 (lìshǐ yǔyánxué)
* 歷史語詞 / 历史语词
* 歷史遺產 / 历史遗产 (lìshǐ yíchǎn)
* 歷史重演 / 历史重演
* 近現代史 / 近现代史 (jìnxiàndàishǐ)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 歷 | 史 |
| れき Jinmeiyō | し Grade: 5 |
| on'yomi ||
For pronunciation and definitions of 歷史 – see the following entry. :
| 【歴史れきし】 | [noun] history [noun] the study of history |
(This term, 歷史, is the kyūjitai of the above term.) :

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 歷 | 史 |

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [jʌ̹ks͈a̠]
* Phonetic hangul: [역싸]

### Noun

歷史 • (yeoksa) (hangeul 역사)
* hanja form of 역사 (“history”) (South Korea)
    人類 歷史는 數많은 文明의 興亡盛衰를 보여준다.Illyu yeoksaneun sumaneun munmyeong'uni heungmangseongsoereul boyeojunda.Human history reveals the rise and fall of countless civilisation.
    이 遺物은 오랜 歷史를 지니고 있다.I yumureun oraen yeoksareul jinigo itda.This artefact has a long history.
    山의 巖石은 數百萬 年에 걸친 自然 歷史를 담고 있다.Sanui amseogeun subaengman nyeone geolchin jayeon yeoksareul damgo itda.The mountain rocks contain the history of natural changes spanning millions of years.
    헤로도토스의 歷史는 페르시아 戰爭의 이야기를 흥미롭게 敍述한다.Herodotoseuui yeoksaneun pereusia jeonjaeng'ui iyagireul heungmiropge seosulhanda.Herodotus’ Histories vividly recount the narrative of the Persian Wars.
    투키디데스의 歷史는 필로폰네소스 戰爭의 政治와 軍士에 焦點을 맞춘다.Tukidideseuui yeoksaneun pilloponnesoseu jeonjaeng'ui jeongchiwa gunsa'e chojeomeul matchunda.Thucydides’ History focuses on the political and military aspecets of the Peloponnesian War.

### Noun

歷史 • (ryeoksa) (hangeul 력사)
* hanja form of 력사 (“history”) (North Korea)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 歷 | 史 |

### Noun

歷史
* chữ Hán form of lịch sử (“history”).