# 操

| 操 | U+64CD, &#25805; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-64CD |
| ← 擌 [U+64CC] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 擎 → [U+64CE] |

## Translingual
### Han character

操 (Kangxi radical 64, 手+13, 16 strokes, cangjie input 手口口木 (QRRD), four-corner 5609$_4$, composition ⿰扌喿)

#### Derived characters

* 𥩃 𧂈

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 458, character 15
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 12806
* Dae Jaweon: page 807, character 4
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1969, character 3
* Unihan data for U+64CD

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 操 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 藻 | *ʔsaːwʔ |
| 澡 | *ʔslaːwʔ |
| 璪 | *ʔsaːwʔ |
| 繰 | *ʔsaːwʔ, *saːw, *sʰaw |
| 躁 | *ʔsaːws |
| 趮 | *ʔsaːws |
| 操 | *sʰaːw, *sʰaːws |
| 幧 | *sʰaːw, *sʰaw |
| 懆 | *sʰaːwʔ |
| 鄵 | *sʰaːws |
| 鐰 | *zaːw, *sʰaw |
| 臊 | *saːw, *saːws |
| 鱢 | *saːw |
| 燥 | *saːwʔ, *saːws |
| 噪 | *saːws |
| 髞 | *saːws |
| 喿 | *saːws |
| 譟 | *saːws |
| 劋 | *ʔsawʔ, *ʔseːwʔ |
| 橾 | *soːwʔ, *srow |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *sʰaːw, *sʰaːws): semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 喿 (OC *saːws).

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): cāo (cao$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄘㄠ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): cou$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chhâu
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chhau / chho / chho͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): cao$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: cāo
*** Zhuyin: ㄘㄠ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cao
*** Wade–Giles: tsʻao$^1$
*** Yale: tsāu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tsau
*** Palladius: цао (cao)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɑʊ̯⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: cou$^1$
*** Yale: chōu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsou$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cou$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰou̯⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhâu
*** Hakka Romanization System: cau$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: cau$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰau̯²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhau
*** Tâi-lô: tshau
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhaw
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰau³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰau⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chho
*** Tâi-lô: tsho
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhoy
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /t͡sʰo⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰɤ⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chho͘
*** Tâi-lô: tshoo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhof
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰɔ³³/
* chhau - vernacular;
* chho/chho͘ - literary.
* Middle Chinese: tshaw
Rime :
| Character | 操 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 清 (14) |
| Final (韻) | 豪 (89) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 七刀切 |
| Baxter | tshaw |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡sʰɑu/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡sʰɑu/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡sʰɑu/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡sʰaw/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡sʰɑu/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡sʰɑu/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡sʰɑu/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | cāo |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | cou$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[tsʰ]ˤawʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*sʰaːw/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 操 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | cāo |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tshaw$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[tsʰ]ˁawʔ/ |
| English | grasp (v.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 操 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 16571 |
| Phonetic component | 喿 |
| Rime group | 宵 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 操 |
| Old Chinese | /*sʰaːw/ |

##### Definitions

操
* to conduct
* to run
* to control
* to manage
* (literary, or in compounds) to play a musical instrument; to perform music; to give an instrumental performance
* (military) to drill
* to have somebody overwork
* to speak (a language or with an accent)
       yī míng cāo nèidì kǒuyīn de nǚzǐ [Pinyin]
       a female with Mainland accent
* calisthenics
* exercise
* (Cantonese) to train; to practice
    操肌 [Cantonese] ― cou$^1$ gei$^1$ [Jyutping] ― to train muscles
* a surname, Cao

###### Synonyms

* (to play a musical instrument):
* 上演 (shàngyǎn)
* 上臺 / 上台 (shàngtái)
* 串 (literary, or in compounds)
* 做戲 / 做戏 (zuòxì)
* 出演 (chūyǎn)
* 奏 (zòu) (literary, or in compounds)
* 扮戲 / 扮戏 (bànxì)
* 搬戲 / 搬戏 (Hokkien)
* 演 (yǎn)
* 演出 (yǎnchū)
* 演唱 (yǎnchàng) (to perform a song)
* 演奏 (yǎnzòu)
* 演戲 / 演戏 (yǎnxì)
* 登臺 / 登台 (dēngtái)
* 耍 (shuǎ)
* 表演 (biǎoyǎn)

##### Compounds

* 一操
* 下操
* 上操 (shàngcāo)
* 保健操 (bǎojiàncāo)
* 出操
* 別鶴操 / 别鹤操
* 可操左券
* 同室操戈 (tóngshìcāogē)
* 器械體操 / 器械体操
* 團體操 / 团体操 (tuántǐcāo)
* 地板操
* 大會操 / 大会操
* 工間操 / 工间操
* 帶俸差操 / 带俸差操
* 徒手操
* 搦管操觚
* 操之在我
* 操之過急 / 操之过急 (cāozhīguòjí)
* 操井臼
* 操作 (cāozuò)
* 操作員 / 操作员 (cāozuòyuán)
* 操作定義 / 操作定义
* 操兵
* 操典 (cāodiǎn)
* 操刀 (cāodāo)
* 操刀傷錦 / 操刀伤锦
* 操刀必割
* 操切 (cāoqiè)
* 操券
* 操勞 / 操劳 (cāoláo)
* 操場 / 操场 (cāochǎng)
* 操奇計贏 / 操奇计赢
* 操履
* 操左券
* 操心 (cāoxīn)
* 操戈
* 操戈入室
* 操持 (cāochí)
* 操控 (cāokòng)
* 操斧伐柯
* 操暴
* 操槍 / 操枪
* 操法
* 操演 (cāoyǎn)
* 操琴 (cāoqín)
* 操瓶湧泉 / 操瓶涌泉
* 擐甲操戈
* 操盤 / 操盘 (cāopán)
* 操神 (cāoshén)
* 操筆 / 操笔
* 操練 / 操练 (cāoliàn)
* 操縵 / 操缦
* 操縱 / 操纵 (cāozòng)
* 操縱自如 / 操纵自如
* 操縱臺 / 操纵台
* 操翰成章
* 操舟
* 操觚 (cāogū)
* 操觚染翰
* 操防
* 收心操
* 改操
* 早操 (zǎocāo)
* 晨操
* 會操 / 会操 (huìcāo)
* 松柏節操 / 松柏节操
* 松筠之操
* 柏舟操
* 清操
* 潔操履 / 洁操履
* 炮操
* 率爾操觚 / 率尔操觚
* 穩操勝券 / 稳操胜券 (wěncāoshèngquàn)
* 穩操勝算 / 稳操胜算
* 穩操左券 / 稳操左券
* 美容體操 / 美容体操 (měiróng tǐcāo)
* 自操井臼
* 自由體操 / 自由体操 (zìyóu tǐcāo)
* 蛙人操
* 血管操
* 親操井臼 / 亲操井臼
* 軍操 / 军操
* 重操舊業 / 重操旧业 (chóngcāojiùyè)
* 韻律操 / 韵律操
* 韻律體操 / 韵律体操
* 頭腦體操 / 头脑体操
* 風操 / 风操
* 體操 / 体操 (tǐcāo)

#### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): cāo, cào (cao$^1$, cao$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄘㄠ, ㄘㄠˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): cou$^3$ / cou$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chhâu
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chhau / chhó / chho / chho͘ / chhò / chhò͘
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: cāo
*** Zhuyin: ㄘㄠ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cao
*** Wade–Giles: tsʻao$^1$
*** Yale: tsāu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tsau
*** Palladius: цао (cao)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɑʊ̯⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, literary)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: cào
*** Zhuyin: ㄘㄠˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cào
*** Wade–Giles: tsʻao$^4$
*** Yale: tsàu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tsaw
*** Palladius: цао (cao)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɑʊ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: cou$^3$ / cou$^1$
*** Yale: chou / chōu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsou$^3$ / tsou$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cou$^3$ / cou$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰou̯³³/, /t͡sʰou̯⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhâu
*** Hakka Romanization System: cau$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: cau$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰau̯²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhau
*** Tâi-lô: tshau
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhaw
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰau³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰau⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhó
*** Tâi-lô: tshó
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhoir
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰo⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰɤ⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chho
*** Tâi-lô: tsho
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhoy
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /t͡sʰo⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰɤ⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chho͘
*** Tâi-lô: tshoo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhof
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰɔ³³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhò
*** Tâi-lô: tshò
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhoix
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰo²¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰɤ²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰo¹¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhò͘
*** Tâi-lô: tshòo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhox
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰɔ⁴¹/
* chhau/chhó - vernacular;
* chho/chho͘ - literary;
* chhò/chhò͘ - literary (limited, e.g. 曹操).
* Middle Chinese: tshawH
Rime :
| Character | 操 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 清 (14) |
| Final (韻) | 豪 (89) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 七到切 |
| Baxter | tshawH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡sʰɑu$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡sʰɑu$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡sʰɑu$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡sʰaw$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡sʰɑu$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡sʰɑu$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡sʰɑu$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | cào |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | cou$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[tsʰ]ˤawʔ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*sʰaːws/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 操 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | cāo |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tshaw$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[tsʰ]ˁawʔ-s/ |
| English | (what is grasped:) principles |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 操 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 16575 |
| Phonetic component | 喿 |
| Rime group | 宵 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 操 |
| Old Chinese | /*sʰaːws/ |

##### Definitions

操
* conduct; behaviour

##### Compounds

* 匪躬之操
* 德操
* 情操 (qíngcāo)
* 操守 (cāoshǒu)
* 操持 (cāochí)
* 操行 (cāoxíng)
* 節操 / 节操 (jiécāo)
* 貞操 / 贞操 (zhēncāo)

### Etymology 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 操 – see 肏 (“to fuck; to have sex with someone; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 肏).

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)
* chastity
* fidelity
* honor
* faith

#### Readings

* Go-on: そう (sō, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: そう (sō, Jōyō)
* Kun: あやつる (ayatsuru, 操る, Jōyō)、みさお (misao, 操, Jōyō)、とる (toru, 操る)

### Etymology 1

Compound of 御 (mi, “honorific prefix emphasizing beauty”) +‎ 青 (ao, “green/blue”), in the sense of the quality of an unchanging beautiful green in the face of anything, similar to an evergreen tree. The medial -s- may represent epenthesis between two vowels, or it may be cognate with Korean interfix ㅅ (-s-) used to mark possession, much like German -s-. See also 小雨 (kosame, “drizzle”), 霧雨 (kirisame, “drizzle”), 春雨 (harusame, “spring rain”), and 稲 (shine, “rice”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) みさお [mìsáó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [mʲisa̠o̞]

#### Noun

操(みさお) • (misao)
* fidelity, honor, constancy
* chastity (of a woman); faithfulness (e.g. to one's spouse)

##### Derived terms

* 操(みさお)を守(まも)る (misao o mamoru)
* 操(みさお)を立(た)てる (misao o tateru)
* 操(みさお)を捧(ささ)げる (misao o sasageru)
* 操(みさお)を破(やぶ)る (misao o yaburu)

#### Proper noun

操(みさお) • (Misao)
* a male given name

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology
#### “to control; etc.”

From Middle Chinese 操 (MC tshaw, “to grasp”).
* Recorded as Middle Korean 초ᇢ (Yale: chwow) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 조 (cwo)$^訓$ (Yale: cwo) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

#### “conduct; behaviour”

From Middle Chinese 操 (MC tshawH, “principles”).
* Recorded as Middle Korean 초ᇢ〮 (Yale: chwów) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.

### Pronunciation

* (conduct; to control; to drill; to operate; etc.):
** (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [t͡ɕo̞]
** Phonetic hangul: [조]
* (in 操鍊, 操船, 操心, 操業, 操典, 操車, and 操舵):
** (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [t͡ɕo̞(ː)]
** Phonetic hangul: [조(ː)]
*** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Hanja

Wikisource 操 (eumhun 잡을 조 (jabeul jo))
* hanja form of 조 (“conduct; behaviour”)
* hanja form of 조 (“to control; to manage”)
* hanja form of 조 (“to drill; to train”)
* hanja form of 조 (“to operate; to manipulate”)

#### Compounds

* 덕조 (德操, deokjo)
* 절조 (節操, jeoljo)
* 정조 (情操, jeongjo)
* 정조 (貞操, jeongjo)
* 조고 (操觚, jogo)
* 조련 (操鍊, joryeon)
* 조선 (操船, joseon)
* 조수 (操守, josu)
* 조신 (操身, josin)
* 조심 (操心, josim)
* 조업 (操業, jo'eop)
* 조작 (操作, jojak)
* 조전 (操典, jojeon)
* 조종 (操縱, jojong)
* 조차 (操車, jocha)
* 조타 (操舵, jota)
* 지조 (志操, jijo)
* 체조 (體操, chejo)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

操: Hán Nôm readings: thao, tháo, thạo, xáo, thảo
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.