# tsar
## English
### Alternative forms

* czar, tzar, csar

### Etymology

Borrowed from Russian царь (carʹ), from Old East Slavic цьсарь (cĭsarĭ), from Proto-Slavic *cěsařь, from a Germanic language, from Proto-Germanic *kaisaraz, from Latin Caesar. Doublet of Caesar and Kaiser. The spelling tsar began to replace the older czar in the nineteenth century. Compare Byzantine Greek Τζαῖσαρ (Tzaîsar).

### Pronunciation

* (UK) IPA: /(t)sɑː/, /zɑː/
* (US) IPA: /(t)sɑɹ/, /zɑɹ/
* (General Australian) IPA: /zɐː/, /tsɐː/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɑː(ɹ)
* Homophone: Saar

### Noun

tsar (plural tsars)
* (historical) An emperor of Russia (1547 to 1917) and of some South Slavic states.
** 1832 August 1, W. Barnes, “On the Origin of Language”, in Gentleman's Magazine‎, London, page 129:and why, in the name of common sense, should the English call the Czar (tsar) of Russia raze?
* (figuratively) A person with great power; an autocrat.
** 1969 March 14 [1969 March 13], “Report from Border Areas”, in Daily Report: Foreign Radio Broadcasts‎, number 50, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, sourced from Peking NCNA International Service, →OCLC, page A 6‎:Chin Chien-shih, an old poor peasant of Korean nationality, said: "The wolfish ambition of the new tsars is exactly the same as that of the old tsars. The Soviet revisionist renegade clique is struggling desperately in the hope of saving itself from doom, but this will only bring on its destruction more quickly."

#### Usage notes

* (emperor of Russia): Officially, emperors after 1721 were styled imperator (импера́тор (imperátor)) rather than tsar (царь (carʹ)), but the latter term is still commonly applied to them.
* The term sometimes refers to other rulers, besides those of Russia, e.g. the monarch of Bulgaria (1908-1946).
* The spelling czar is predominant in figurative and informal senses. Scholarly literature prefers tsar.

#### Derived terms

* czarocracy
* czarocrat
* czarocratic
* if only the tsar knew
* Tsar Bomba
* tsardom, czardom
* tsarian
* tsarina, czarina
* tsarism, czarism
* tsarist, czarist

#### Related terms

* csar
* czar
* tsarevich
* tsarevna
* tsarina
* tsaritsa
* tzar

#### Descendants

* → Hindustani:
** Hindi: ज़ार (zār), त्सार (tsār)
** Urdu: زار (zār), تسار (tsār)
* → Irish: sár
* → Japanese: ツァー (tsā)

#### Translations
### References

* ↑ Funk, W. J., Word origins and their romantic stories, New York, Wilfred Funk, Inc.

### Anagrams

* tars, sart, ARTS, arts., 'rats, tars-, ARTs, rats, Sart, srat, Srta., star, RATs, RAST, Arts, stra., Srta, arts, astr-, TSRA, RTAs, Star, TRAs

## Catalan
### Etymology

Borrowed from Russian царь (carʹ), from Old East Slavic цьсарь (cĭsarĭ), from Proto-Slavic *cěsařь, from a Germanic language, from Proto-Germanic *kaisaraz, from Latin Caesar. Doublet of Cèsar.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈtsar]

### Noun

tsar m (plural tsars, feminine tsarina)
* tsar

#### Derived terms

* tsarisme
* tsarista

#### Related terms

* tsarévitx
* tsarevna
* tsarina

### Further reading

* “tsar” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.

## French
### Alternative forms

* czar, tzar

### Etymology

From Russian царь (carʹ), from Old East Slavic цьсарь (cĭsarĭ), from Proto-Slavic *cěsařь, from a Germanic language, from Proto-Germanic *kaisaraz, from Latin Caesar. Doublet of César.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tsaʁ/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

tsar m (plural tsars)
* czar (Russian nobility)

#### Related terms

* tsariste
* tsarisme
* tsarine

#### Descendants

* → Persian: تزار (tezâr), تسار (tesâr) (rare)

### Further reading

* “tsar”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

### Anagrams

* arts, rats, star

## Galician
### Noun

tsar m (plural tsares)
* tsar

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

From Russian царь (carʹ), from Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂 (kaisar), from Latin Caesar.

### Noun

tsar m (definite singular tsaren, indefinite plural tsarer, definite plural tsarene)
* a tsar or czar

### References

* “tsar” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
* “tsar” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

From Russian царь (carʹ), from Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂 (kaisar), from Latin Caesar.

### Noun

tsar m (definite singular tsaren, indefinite plural tsarar, definite plural tsarane)
* a tsar or czar

### References

* “tsar” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈtsa(ʁ)/ [ˈtsa(h)]
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈtsa(ʁ)/ [ˈtsa(h)]
** (São Paulo) IPA: /ˈtsa(ɾ)/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /ˈtsa(ʁ)/ [ˈtsa(χ)]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˈtsa(ɻ)/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈtsaɾ/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈtsaɾ/
** (Southern Portugal) IPA: /ˈtsa.ɾi/

### Noun

tsar m (plural tsares, feminine tsarina, feminine plural tsarinas)
* Alternative form of czar

## Swedish
### Etymology

From Russian царь (carʹ), from Old East Slavic цьсарь (cĭsarĭ), from Proto-Slavic *cěsařь, from a Germanic language, from Proto-Germanic *kaisaraz, from Latin Caesar.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tsɑːr/, /sɑːr/

### Noun

tsar c
* tsar

#### Related terms

* tsardöme
* tsarinna

### Further reading

* tsar in Svenska Akademiens ordböcker

### Anagrams

* arts, astr., rast, tars

## Tocharian A
### Etymology

From Proto-Tocharian *ṣar, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰésōr, from *ǵʰes-. Cognate with Albanian dorë, Ancient Greek χείρ (kheír), Old Armenian ձեռն (jeṙn), Hittite [script needed] (kessar). Compare Tocharian B ṣar.

### Noun

tsar m
* hand