# 陸

| 陸 | U+9678, &#38520; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9678 |
| ← 陷 [U+9677] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 陹 → [U+9679] |
| 陸 | U+F9D3, &#63955; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9D3 |
| ← 戮 [U+F9D2] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 倫 → [U+F9D4] |

## Translingual
### Han character

陸 (Kangxi radical 170, 阜+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 弓中土金土 (NLGCG), four-corner 7421$_4$, composition ⿰阝坴)

#### Derived characters

* 𦸐, 𥨁, 𥲎

#### Related characters

* 陆 (Simplified Chinese)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1355, character 1
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41708
* Dae Jaweon: page 1858, character 4
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4134, character 5
* Unihan data for U+9678
* Unihan data for U+F9D3

## Chinese

* 陸

### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 陸 :
| Shang | Shang | Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Shizhoupian script | Small seal script |
| | Old Chinese |
| 睦 | *mluɡ |
| 坴 | *m·ruɡ |
| 陸 | *m·ruɡ |
| 稑 | *ruɡ |
| 鵱 | *ruɡ |
| 鯥 | *ruɡ |
| 淕 | *ruɡ |
| 踛 | *ruɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *m·ruɡ): semantic 阝 + phonetic 坴 (OC *m·ruɡ).

### Etymology 1

Perhaps related to Proto-Wa (*[ʔ]rok, "dry land") (Schuessler, 2007).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): lù (lu$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄨˋ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): luk$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): luuk$^5$
* Gan (Wiktionary): luh$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): liu̍k
    (Hailu, HRS): liug$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): liug$^6$
* Jin (Wiktionary): lueh$^4$
* Northern Min (KCR): lṳ̀
* Eastern Min (BUC): lṳ̆k
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): lah$^7$ / loeh$^7$ / lyeh$^7$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): lio̍k
    (Teochew, Peng'im): lêg$^8$ / log$^8$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^8$loq
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): lou$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lù
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄨˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lù
*** Wade–Giles: lu$^4$
*** Yale: lù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: luh
*** Palladius: лу (lu)
*** Sinological IPA : /lu⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: luk$^6$
*** Yale: luhk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: luk$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lug$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /lʊk̚²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: luuk$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɵk̚³²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: luh$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /luʔ⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: liu̍k
*** Hakka Romanization System: liug
*** Hagfa Pinyim: liug$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /li̯uk̚⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: liug$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /liuk²/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: liug$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /liʊk̚⁵/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: lueh$^4$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /luəʔ²/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lṳ̀
*** Sinological IPA : /ly⁴²/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: lṳ̆k
*** Sinological IPA : /l̃yʔ⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: lah$^7$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: la̍h
*** Sinological IPA : /laʔ⁴/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: lah$^7$
*** Sinological IPA : /laʔ²⁴/
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: loeh$^7$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: le̤̍h
*** Sinological IPA : /lœʔ⁴/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: lyeh$^7$
*** Sinological IPA : /lyøʔ²⁴/
* lah7 - vernacular;
* loeh7/lyeh7 - literary.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit陸 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /lu⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /lu⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /lu⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /lu²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /lu⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /lu²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /lu²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /lv̩⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /lu¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /lu¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /lu²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /nəu²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /nu³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /nu²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /lu³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /luʔ⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /luəʔ⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /luəʔ²/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /luʌʔ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /luəʔ⁴³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /loʔ¹/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /loʔ³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /loʔ²/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /lɤu²¹³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /lo²²/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /ləu¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /ləu²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /nəɯ²⁴/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /luʔ⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /liuk̚⁵/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /liuk̚⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /lok̚²/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /luk̚²²/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /luk̚²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /liɔk̚⁵/ /lak̚⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /løyʔ⁵/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /ly⁴²/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /lek̚⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /lok̚⁵/ ～地 /lok̚³/ ～續 |
* Middle Chinese: ljuwk
Rime :
| Character | 陸 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 屋 (4) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 力竹切 |
| Baxter | ljuwk |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /lɨuk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /liuk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /liuk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /luwk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /liuk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /lĭuk̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /li̯uk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | lù |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | luk$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]uk/
    (Zhengzhang): /*m·ruɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 陸 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | lù |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ljuwk › |
| Old Chinese | /*[r]uk/ |
| English | land (as opposed to water) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 陸 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 8533 |
| Phonetic component | 坴 |
| Rime group | 覺 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 六 |
| Old Chinese | /*m·ruɡ/ |

#### Definitions

陸
* land; continent; mainland
    登陸／登陆 ― dēnglù ― to land; to go ashore
    陸路／陆路 ― lùlù ― land route
* land route; surface transport
* Short for 中國大陸／中国大陆 (Zhōngguó dàlù, “mainland China”).
    陸本／陆本 ― lùběn ― Mainland China undergraduate degree
    陸生／陆生 ― lùshēng ― student from mainland China studying in Taiwan
* Short for 陸軍／陆军 (lùjūn, “army”).
* a surname, Lu
    陸游／陆游 ― Lù Yóu ― Lu You (Southern Song dynasty poet)

##### Synonyms

* (land route):
* 旱路 (hànlù)
* 旱道 (hàndào)
* 陸路 / 陆路 (lùlù)

##### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “land”): 陸地／陆地 (lùdì)

#### Compounds

* 下陸 / 下陆 (Xiàlù)
* 中國大陸 / 中国大陆 (Zhōngguó dàlù)
* 二陸 / 二陆
* 光怪陸離 / 光怪陆离 (guāngguàilùlí)
* 光陸離 / 光陆离
* 內陸 / 内陆 (nèilù)
* 內陸國 / 内陆国 (nèilùguó)
* 內陸海 / 内陆海
* 內陸湖 / 内陆湖
* 南極大陸 / 南极大陆 (Nánjí Dàlù)
* 古陸 / 古陆
* 大陸 / 大陆 (dàlù)
* 大陸冰川 / 大陆冰川
* 大陸冰河 / 大陆冰河
* 大陸勞工 / 大陆劳工
* 大陸同胞 / 大陆同胞
* 大陸國 / 大陆国
* 大陸地區 / 大陆地区
* 大陸坡 / 大陆坡
* 大陸妹 / 大陆妹 (dàlùmèi)
* 大陸客 / 大陆客
* 大陸市場 / 大陆市场
* 大陸政策 / 大陆政策 (Dàlù Zhèngcè)
* 大陸斜坡 / 大陆斜坡
* 大陸會議 / 大陆会议
* 大陸板塊 / 大陆板块
* 大陸架 / 大陆架 (dàlùjià)
* 大陸棚 / 大陆棚 (dàlùpéng)
* 大陸棉 / 大陆棉
* 大陸氣團 / 大陆气团
* 大陸法系 / 大陆法系 (dàlùfǎxì)
* 大陸海 / 大陆海
* 大陸熱 / 大陆热
* 大陸片 / 大陆片
* 大陸礁層 / 大陆礁层
* 大陸貨 / 大陆货
* 大陸邊緣 / 大陆边缘
* 大陸隆堆 / 大陆隆堆
* 大陸隆起 / 大陆隆起
* 奧斯陸 / 奥斯陆 (Àosīlù)
* 安陸 / 安陆 (Ānlù)
* 川陸 / 川陆
* 平陸 / 平陆 (Pínglù)
* 廣陸 / 广陆
* 推舟於陸 / 推舟于陆
* 斑駁陸離 / 斑驳陆离 (bānbólùlí)
* 新大陸 / 新大陆 (Xīndàlù)
* 朱陸異同 / 朱陆异同
* 次大陸 / 次大陆 (cìdàlù)
* 歐亞大陸 / 欧亚大陆
* 水斷陸絕 / 水断陆绝
* 水陸 / 水陆 (shuǐlù)
* 水陸並進 / 水陆并进
* 水陸之饌 / 水陆之馔
* 水陸畢陳 / 水陆毕陈 (shuǐlù bì chén)
* 水陸畫 / 水陆画
* 水陸道場 / 水陆道场 (shuǐlù dàochǎng)
* 水陸雜陳 / 水陆杂陈
* 洋商陸 / 洋商陆
* 海軍陸戰隊 / 海军陆战队 (hǎijūn lùzhànduì)
* 海陸 / 海陆 (hǎilù)
* 潘江陸海 / 潘江陆海
* 潘陸江海 / 潘陆江海
* 登陸 / 登陆 (dēnglù)
* 登陸作戰 / 登陆作战
* 登陸場 / 登陆场
* 登陸月球 / 登陆月球
* 登陸熱 / 登陆热
* 登陸艇 / 登陆艇 (dēnglùtǐng)
* 盤古大陸 / 盘古大陆 (Pángǔ Dàlù)
* 破陸續 / 破陆续
* 神州陸沉 / 神州陆沉 (shénzhōulùchén)
* 羊陸之交 / 羊陆之交
* 舊大陸 / 旧大陆 (Jiùdàlù)
* 著陸 / 着陆 (zhuólù)
* 西陸 / 西陆
* 造陸 / 造陆 (zàolù)
* 造陸運動 / 造陆运动
* 陸凱 / 陆凯
* 陸半球 / 陆半球
* 陸地 / 陆地 (lùdì)
* 陸地神仙 / 陆地神仙
* 陸城 / 陆城 (Lùchéng)
* 陸川 / 陆川 (Lùchuān)
* 陸德明 / 陆德明
* 陸戰 / 陆战 (lùzhàn)
* 陸戰隊 / 陆战队
* 陸抗 / 陆抗
* 陸架 / 陆架
* 陸梁 (lùliáng)
* 陸棚 / 陆棚
* 陸機 / 陆机
* 陸橋 / 陆桥 (lùqiáo)
* 陸水湖 / 陆水湖 (Lùshuǐhú)
* 陸沉 / 陆沉 (lùchén)
* 陸海 / 陆海
* 陸海潘江 / 陆海潘江
* 陸王之學 / 陆王之学
* 陸田 / 陆田
* 陸相沉積 / 陆相沉积
* 陸稻 / 陆稻 (lùdào)
* 陸緣海 / 陆缘海 (lùyuánhǎi)
* 陸績 / 陆绩
* 陸續 / 陆续 (lùxù)
* 陸續有來 / 陆续有来 (lùxùyǒulái)
* 陸行 / 陆行
* 陸讋水慄 / 陆詟水栗
* 陸豐 / 陆丰 (Lùfēng)
* 陸賈分金 / 陆贾分金
* 陸贄 / 陆贽
* 陸路 / 陆路 (lùlù)
* 陸軍 / 陆军 (lùjūn)
* 陸軍節 / 陆军节
* 陸運 / 陆运
* 陸鈔 / 陆钞
* 陸陸續續 / 陆陆续续 (lùlùxùxù)
* 陸離 / 陆离 (lùlí)
* 陸離光怪 / 陆离光怪
* 陸離斑駁 / 陆离斑驳
* 陸風 / 陆风 (lùfēng)
* 雙陸 / 双陆 (shuānglù)
* 馬陸 / 马陆 (mǎlù)
* 黑暗大陸 / 黑暗大陆

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): liù (liu$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄡˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): luk$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): liuk
    (Hailu, HRS): liug
    (Meixian, Guangdong): liug$^5$
* Eastern Min (BUC): lĕ̤k
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): la̍k / lio̍k
    (Teochew, Peng'im): lag$^8$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^8$loq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: liù
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄡˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: liòu
*** Wade–Giles: liu$^4$
*** Yale: lyòu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: liow
*** Palladius: лю (lju)
*** Sinological IPA : /li̯oʊ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: luk$^6$
*** Yale: luhk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: luk$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lug$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /lʊk̚²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: liuk
*** Hakka Romanization System: liug$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: liug$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /li̯uk̚²/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: liug
*** Sinological IPA: /liuk⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: liug$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /liʊk̚¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: lĕ̤k
*** Sinological IPA : /l̃øyʔ⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: la̍k / lio̍k
*** Tâi-lô: la̍k / lio̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: lak, liok
*** IPA (Xiamen): /lak̚⁴/, /liɔk̚⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /lak̚²⁴/, /liɔk̚²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /lak̚¹²¹/, /liɔk̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /lak̚⁴/, /liɔk̚⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /lak̚⁴/, /liɔk̚⁴/
* la̍k - vernacular;
* lio̍k - literary.

#### Definitions

陸
* (financial) Alternative form of 六 (“six”)

#### See also

Chinese numbers :
| | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 10$^2$ | 10$^3$ | 10$^4$ | 10$^6$ | 10$^8$ | 10$^{12}$ |
| Normal (小寫 / 小写) | 〇, 零, 空 | 一, 蜀 | 二, 兩 / 两 | 三 | 四 | 五 | 六 | 七 | 八 | 九 | 十 | 百 | 千 | 萬 / 万, 十千 (Malaysia, Singapore) | 百萬 / 百万, 桶(Philippines), 面桶 (Philippines) | 億 / 亿 | 兆 (Taiwan) 萬億 / 万亿 (Mainland China) |
| Financial (大寫 / 大写) | 零 | 壹 | 貳 / 贰 | 參 / 叁 | 肆 | 伍 | 陸 / 陆 | 柒 | 捌 | 玖 | 拾 | 佰 | 仟 | 萬 / 万, 十千 (Malaysia, Singapore) | 百萬 / 百万, 桶(Philippines), 面桶 (Philippines) | 億 / 亿 | 兆 (Taiwan) 萬億 / 万亿 (Mainland China) |

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): le̍k / lia̍k
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: le̍k
*** Tâi-lô: li̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: lek
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /liɪk̚⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /liɪk̚¹²¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lia̍k
*** Tâi-lô: lia̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: liak
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /liak̚²⁴/

#### Definitions

陸
* (Hokkien) Alternative form of 碌 (le̍k, “tired; to become tired (from something)”)
    陸路／陆路 ― le̍k-lō͘ ― to become tired after travelling
    陸腸陸肚／陆肠陆肚 ― le̍k-tn̂g-le̍k-tō͘ ― to work very hard
    無陸水錢／无陆水钱 ― bô-le̍k-súi-chîⁿ ― quick money; money earned without effort

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)
* land
* (financial, archaic) six

#### Readings

* Go-on: ろく (roku)
* Kan-on: りく (riku, Jōyō)
* Kun: おか (oka, 陸)、くが (kuga, 陸)
* Nanori: たち (tachi)、みち (michi)、む (mu)、むつ (mutsu)

#### Synonyms

* (six): 六

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 陸
* ろく Grade: 4
* goon
* Alternative spelling
* 碌
Originally referred to "flat" in reference to flat land, in turn the core meaning of the kanji character.
The alternative 碌 spelling is an example of ateji.
First attested in the 羅葡日辞書 (Ra-Ho-Nichi Jisho, “Latin-Portuguese-Japanese Dictionary”) of 1595.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ろく [ròkú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɾo̞kɯ̟]

#### Adjective

陸(ろく) • (roku) -na (adnominal 陸(ろく)な (roku na), adverbial 陸(ろく)に (roku ni))
* [from 1595] flat, not steep
** 1603, 日葡辞書 [Nippo Jisho, Japanese-Portuguese Dictionary]‎, page 212:Rocuna michi.Rocuna michi.Flat road.
* [from roughly 1600] straightforward, uncomplicated, straight, correct
* [from roughly 1600] (chiefly in the negative) correct, right, complete, sufficient, satisfactory, proper
    ろくでもない人(じん)物(ぶつ)、ろくに休(やす)みも取(と)れない
       roku de mo nai jinbutsu, roku ni yasumi mo torenai
       a person who isn't right, a good-for-nothing / can't even fully take a break
* [from late 1600s] peaceful, tranquil, serene (said of one's surroundings)
* [from 1700] even-tempered, easygoing, relaxed

##### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Imperfective (未然形) | 陸だろ | ろくだろ | roku daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 陸で | ろくで | roku de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 陸だ | ろくだ | roku da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 陸な | ろくな | roku na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 陸なら | ろくなら | roku nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 陸であれ | ろくであれ | roku de are |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 陸ではない 陸じゃない | ろくではない ろくじゃない | roku de wa nai roku ja nai |
| Informal past | 陸だった | ろくだった | roku datta |
| Informal negative past | 陸ではなかった 陸じゃなかった | ろくではなかった ろくじゃなかった | roku de wa nakatta roku ja nakatta |
| Formal | 陸です | ろくです | roku desu |
| Formal negative | 陸ではありません 陸じゃありません | ろくではありません ろくじゃありません | roku de wa arimasen roku ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 陸でした | ろくでした | roku deshita |
| Formal negative past | 陸ではありませんでした 陸じゃありませんでした | ろくではありませんでした ろくじゃありませんでした | roku de wa arimasen deshita roku ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 陸で | ろくで | roku de |
| Conditional | 陸なら（ば） | ろくなら（ば） | roku nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 陸だったら | ろくだったら | roku dattara |
| Volitional | 陸だろう | ろくだろう | roku darō |
| Adverbial | 陸に | ろくに | roku ni |
| Degree | 陸さ | ろくさ | rokusa |

#### Noun

陸(ろく) • (roku)
* [from 1595] flatness
* [from roughly 1600] straightforwardness, uncomplicatedness, straightness, correctness
* [from roughly 1600] (mostly used in negative expressions) correctness, rightness, completeness, sufficientness, satisfactoriness, properness
* [from late 1600s] peacefulness, tranquility, serenity (said of one's surroundings)
* [from 1700] an even temper, easygoingness, relaxedness

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 陸
* ろく Grade: 4
* goon
* Alternative spelling
* 六 (non-legal)
Substitute spelling for 六 (roku, “six”), likely borrowed from similar usage of written Chinese 陸 / 陆 (“six”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ろく [ròkúꜜ] (Odaka –)
* IPA: [ɾo̞kɯ̟]

#### Noun

陸(ろく) • (roku)
* (financial, archaic) the number six, 6 (used only in legal documents, otherwise 六)

##### Usage notes

Legal uses arose due to the relative ease with which certain number kanji can be fraudulently altered to look like other number kanji. For instance, 一 (ichi, “one”) could be modified to look like 六 (roku, “six”), but it cannot be modified to look like 陸 (roku, “six”, in legal contexts).

##### See also

* 大字 (daiji, “big character”, more-complicated kanji used as phonetic replacements for simpler numeric kanji, in order to prevent fraudulent modification)
v • d • eJapanese numbers :
| Number | Kanji | Kana | Romaji |
| 0 | 零 | れい、ゼロ | rei, zero |
| 1 | 一、壱、弌、壹 | いち | ichi |
| 2 | 二、弐、貳、貮 | に | ni |
| 3 | 三、参 | さん | san |
| 4 | 四、肆 | よん、し | yon, shi |
| 5 | 五、伍 | ご | go |
| 6 | 六、陸 | ろく | roku |
| 7 | 七、漆 | なな、しち | nana, shichi |
| 8 | 八、捌 | はち | hachi |
| 9 | 九、玖 | きゅう、く | kyū, ku |
| 10 | 十、拾 | じゅう | jū |
| 100 | 百、陌、佰 | ひゃく | hyaku |
| 1,000 | 千、阡、仟 | せん | sen |
| 10,000 | 一万、一萬 | いちまん | ichiman |
| 100,000,000 | 一億 | いちおく | ichioku |

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 陸
* りく Grade: 4
* kan'on
Ultimately from Middle Chinese 陸 (MC ljuwk). First attested in Japanese as a standalone noun in a text from the mid-1400s.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) りく [rìkú] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) りく [rìkúꜜ] (Odaka –)
* IPA: [ɾʲikɯ̟]

#### Noun

陸(りく) • (riku)
* [from mid-1400s] land (as opposed to sea or other bodies of water)
    Synonyms: 陸地 (rikuchi), おか (oka), くにが (kuniga), くぬが (kunuga), くが (kuga)

### Etymology 4

* Kanji in this term
* 陸
* おか Grade: 4
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 陸 – see the following entry. :
| 【おか】 | [noun] [from 1310] land, ground (as opposed to the sea or other bodies of water) [noun] [from 1708] the bathing area next to an お風呂 (ofuro, “traditional Japanese soaking tub”), often raised relative to the tub basin [noun] [from 1873] the raised portion of a 硯 (suzuri, “inkstone”) where one grinds the stick of India ink (as opposed to the 池 (ike, literally “pond”) or 海 (umi, literally “sea”), the small depressed basin area where one pours in the water) Alternative spelling 岡 |
(This term, 陸, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### Etymology 5

* Kanji in this term
* 陸
* くが Grade: 4
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 陸 – see the following entry. :
| 【くが】 | [noun] 陸: [from 720] the land, the land portion of an area, as opposed to seas, rivers, lakes, swamps, etc. [noun] 陸: [mid-1700s–???] (archaic, possibly obsolete) an overland route, as opposed to an oversea route [proper noun] 陸: a surname |
(This term, 陸, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### Etymology 6

* Kanji in this term
* 陸
* くぬが Grade: 4
* kun'yomi
* For pronunciation and definitions of 陸 – see the following entry: くぬが
(The following entry does not have a page created for it yet: くぬが.)

### References

* 1 2 3 “陸・碌”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ “陸”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen]‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
* 1 2 3 4 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ “六・陸”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* ↑ “陸”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

## Korean
### Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 陸 (MC ljuwk).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 륙〮 (Yale: lyúk) | 륙〮 (Yale: lyúk) |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | 두듥〮 (Yale: twùtúlk) | 륙〮 (Yale: lyúk) |

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ɾjuk̚] ~ [juk̚]
* Phonetic hangul: [륙/육]

#### Hanja

Wikisource 陸 (eumhun 뭍 륙 (mut ryuk), word-initial (South Korea) 뭍 육 (mut yuk))
* hanja form of 륙/육 (“(dry) land”) [affix]

#### Compounds

* 내륙 (內陸, naeryuk)
* 대륙 (大陸, daeryuk)
* 상륙 (上陸, sangnyuk)
* 육교 (陸橋, yukgyo)
* 육군 (陸軍, yukgun)
* 육로 (陸路, yungno)
* 육상 (陸上, yuksang)
* 육지 (陸地, yukji)
* 이륙 (離陸, iryuk)
* 착륙 (着陸, changnyuk)

### Etymology 2
#### Hanja

陸 (eumhun 여섯 륙 (yeoseot ryuk), word-initial (South Korea) 여섯 육 (yeoseot yuk))
* (financial) Alternative form of 六 (“hanja form of 륙/육 (“six”)”)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

陸: Hán Nôm readings: lục
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.