# hull
## English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /hʌl/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Rhymes: -ʌl

### Etymology 1

From Middle English hul, hulle, holle (“seed covering, hull of a ship”), from Old English hulu (“seed covering”), from Proto-Germanic *hul-, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover, hide”); or possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kal- (“hard”).
Compare Dutch hul (“hood”), German Hülle (“cover, wrap”), Hülse (“hull”); also Old Irish calad, calath (“hard”), Latin callus, callum (“rough skin”), Old Church Slavonic калити (kaliti, “to cool, harden”). For the sense development, compare French coque (“nutshell; ship's hull”), Ancient Greek φάσηλος (phásēlos, “bean pod; yacht”).

#### Noun

hull (plural hulls)
* The outer covering of a fruit or seed.
    Synonyms: peel, husk, shell
* Any covering.

##### Derived terms

* hully
* rice hull

##### Translations
#### Verb

hull (third-person singular simple present hulls, present participle hulling, simple past and past participle hulled)
* To remove the outer covering of a fruit or seed.
    Synonyms: peel, husk, shell, shuck
    She sat on the back porch hulling peanuts.

##### Translations
### Etymology 2

From Middle English holle, hoole (“hull, hold of a ship, ship”), of uncertain origin. Possibly a variant and special use of Etymology 1 above, conformed to hull. Alternatively, a variant of Middle English hole, hoole, holle (“hiding place, lair, den, shelter, compartment”, literally “hole, hollow”), related to Middle Dutch and Dutch hol (“hole, ship's cargo hold”). More at hole.

#### Noun

hull (plural hulls)
* The body or frame of a vessel, such as a ship or plane.
    Synonym: (of a winged aircraft) fuselage
** 1627, Iohn Smith [i.e., John Smith], “How to Build a Ship with the Definitions of All the Principall Names of Euery Part of her Principall Timbers, also How They are Fixed One to Another, and the Reasons of Their Vse”, in A Sea Grammar, with the Plaine Exposition of Smiths Accidence for Young Sea-men, Enlarged. […], London: […] Iohn Haviland, →OCLC, page 5:VVhen you haue berthed or brought her [the ship] vp to the planks, vvhich are thoſe thicke timbers vvhich goeth fore and aft on each ſide, vvhereon doth lie the beames of the firſt Orlop, vvhich is the firſt floore to ſupport the plankes doth couer the Hovvle, thoſe are great croſſe timbers, that keepes the ſhip ſides aſunder, the maine beame is euer next the maine maſt, […]
** 1667, John Dryden, Annus Mirabilis: The Year of Wonders, 1666. […], London: […] Henry Herringman, […], →OCLC, stanza 60:Deep in their hulls our deadly bullets light, / And through the yielding planks a passage find.
* (mathematics, geometry, of a set A) The smallest set that possesses a particular property (such as convexity) and contains every point of A; slightly more formally, the intersection of all sets which possess the specified property and of which A is a subset.
    Synonym: span
    The orthogonal convex hull of an orthogonal polygon is the smallest orthogonally convex polygon that encloses the original polygon.
    holomorphically convex hull; affine hull; injective hull

##### Derived terms

* affine hull
* ahull
* convex hull
* hull breach
* hull-down
* hulled
* hulless
* hull-loss accident
* hull speed
* hull splash
* hull-up
* invective hull
* monohull
* multihull
* pressure hull
* rice hull
* tank hull
* turtle hull
* twinhull

##### Translations
#### Verb

hull (third-person singular simple present hulls, present participle hulling, simple past and past participle hulled)
* (obsolete, intransitive, nautical) To drift; to be carried by the impetus of wind or water on the ship's hull alone, with sails furled.
** 1603, Michel de Montaigne, chapter 1, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes […], book II, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC:We goe not, but we are carried: as things that flote, now gliding gently, now hulling violently, according as the water is, either stormy or calme.
** 1613 (date written), William Shakespeare, [John Fletcher], “The Famous History of the Life of King Henry the Eight”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene iv]:[…] Thus hulling in The wild sea of my conscience, I did steer Toward this remedy, whereupon we are Now present here together:
** 1716, Thomas Browne, edited by Samuel Johnson, Christian Morals‎, 2nd edition, London: J. Payne, published 1756, Part I, p. 8:In this virtuous voyage of life hull not about like the ark, without the use of rudder, mast, or sail, and bound for no port.
* (transitive) To hit (a ship) in the hull with cannon fire etc.
** 1774, George Shelvocke, “The Voyage of Captain Shelvock Round the World”, in David Henry, editor, An Historical Account of All the Voyages Round the World, Performed by English Navigators‎, volume 2, London: F. Newbery, page 163:During this action, we had not a man killed or wounded, although the enemy often hulled us, and once, in particular, a shot coming into one of our ports, dismounted one of our guns between decks […]

## Estonian
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *hullu. Cognate to Finnish hullu and Livonian ull.

### Adjective

hull (genitive hullu, partitive hullu, comparative hullem, superlative kõige hullem)
* crazy, mad

#### Declension
## Hungarian
### Alternative forms

* hullik

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈhulː]
* Rhymes: -ulː

### Verb

hull
* (intransitive) to fall
    Hull a hó. ― It's snowing. (literally, “The snow is falling.”)
    térdre hull ― to fall on one's knees
* (intransitive, of tears) to flow
* (intransitive, of hair) to fall out
* (intransitive) to die (in large quantities)
    Hullanak, mint a legyek. ― They are dying off like flies.

#### Usage notes

* The traditional form is without -ik, but the variant with -ik is spreading, especially in reference to hair.
* This verb is called a pseudo-ik verb, as its -ik ending presents itself only in the 3rd-person singular (indicative present) form, but it is not an -ik verb in any other aspect. As a result, it cannot take the -om/-em/-öm ending in the 1st-person singular (indicative present) form, even in the most erudite style, only -ok/-ek/-ök. Naturally, the optional -m ending cannot appear, either, in their subjunctive or conditional 1st-person singular forms, so only -jak/-jek and -nék is possible in these respective forms. These verbs include the following: bomlik, (el)bújik, (meg)érik, (le)folyik, (össze)gyűlik, hazudik, (le)hull(ik), (bele)/(oda)illik, (meg)jelenik, (el)kopik, (el)múlik, ömlik, (meg)születik, (meg)szűnik, (meg)telik, tojik, (el)törik, (el)/(fel)tűnik, (el)válik, and (el)züllik. (Ki)nyílik partially belongs here, as it cannot take the first-person -om ending but it can take the third-person -jék.

#### Conjugation

In archaic or literary style, the short forms (with no linking vowel) are (were) common in the past tense, as well as in the present-tense conditional (even if it is long otherwise):

#### Derived terms

* hulla
* hulladék
* hullat
* hullám
* hulldogál
* hulló
(With verbal prefixes):
* aláhull
* áthull
* behull
* belehull
* elhull
* kihull
* lehull
* ráhull
* széthull
* visszahull
* darabokra hull
* ölébe hull
* porba hull
* térdre hull

### Further reading

* hull in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Norse hól, probably through Danish hul. Compare to English hole

#### Alternative forms

* hol

#### Noun

hull n (definite singular hullet, indefinite plural hull or huller, definite plural hulla or hullene)
* a hole

##### Derived terms

* hullemaskin
* knapphull
* kulehull
* mannhull
* nøkkelhull
* tittehull

### Etymology 2
#### Verb

hull
* imperative of hulle

### See also

* hòl (Nynorsk)

### References

* “hull” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

## Swedish
### Etymology

From Old Swedish huld, from Proto-Norse *ᚺᛟᛚᛞᚨ (*holda), from Proto-Germanic *huldą.

### Noun

hull n
* soft, superficial flesh (fat and muscle)
    nypa någon i hulletpinch someone's belly (for example)
    lägga på hulletget fatter ("lay on the flesh")
    fast/lös i hulletfirm/loose in the flesh

#### Derived terms

* med hull och hår

### References

* hull in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* hull in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* hull in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)