# iuxta
## Latin
### Alternative forms

* iū̆xstā, iū̆sta
* jū̆xtā, jū̆xstā, jū̆stā

### Etymology

Unclear, but reflects an earlier ablative form. Proposals include:
* from Proto-Italic *jougestos (“yoked”), from *jougos (“team of yoke animals”) (whence Latin iūgera pl), from Proto-Indo-European *(H)yewg-es-, from *(H)yewg- (“join together”);
* from Proto-Italic *jugistos (“closest”), equivalent to *(H)yug- +‎ *-istHos (“superlative suffix”); however, this suffix is otherwise not found in Latin.
The accusative is from the suffix used adverbially.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈi̯uːk.staː/, [ˈi̯uːks̠t̪äː] or IPA: /ˈi̯uk.staː/, [ˈi̯ʊks̠t̪äː]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈjuk.sta/, [ˈjukst̪ä]
* Note: the length of the /u/ is uncertain due to lack of graphic attestations, unclear etymology and common conflation with iūstus (“just; exact”) already in Latin as well as its Romance descendants. Most other dictionaries list it as short.

### Adverb

iū̆xtā (not comparable)
* nearly, nigh
    Synonyms: paene, fermē, ferē, prope
* near, close to
* just as

### Preposition

iū̆xtā (+ accusative)
* near, close to, next to
* adjoining
* like
* (Late Latin, Medieval Latin) according to

### Descendants

* Insular Romance:
** Sardinian:
    Campidanese: giusta
    Logudorese: justa
    Nuorese: justa
* Italo-Romance:
** Italian: giusta
* Gallo-Romance:
** Old French: joste (“close to, along”)
*** French: jouxte (“close”) (semi-latinized, archaic)
** Old Occitan: josta
* Derivates:
** ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *iuxtāre (see there for further descendants)
** ⇒ Medieval Latin: iūxtāpōnō (see there for further descendants)

### References

* Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “jŭxta”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume 5: J L, page 96
* Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “jŭxtare”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume 5: J L, page 97
* Rubattu, Antoninu (2006) “secondo”, in Dizionario universale della lingua di Sardegna, 2nd edition, Sassari: Edes
* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
* ↑ Weiss, Michael L. (2009) Outline of the Historical and Comparative Grammar of Latin‎, Ann Arbor: Beech Stave Press, →ISBN, § B 1 b, page 357

### Further reading

* “juxtā”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “iuxta”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "iuxta", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* juxtā in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* iuxta in Ramminger, Johann (2016 July 16 (last accessed)) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎, pre-publication website, 2005-2016
* "iūxtā" in Karl Ernst Georges, Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch
* Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges Founded on Comparative Grammar, Ginn & Company, 1903, page 130.
* Dirk Panhuis, Roland Hoffmann (translator), Lateinische Grammatik, Walter de Gruyter, 2015, pages 84 and 86.
* "iūxtā" in PONS, Deutsch-Latein-Wörterbuch (German-Latin dictionary)