# ach
## Translingual
### Symbol

ach
* (international standards) ISO 639-2 & ISO 639-3 language code for Acholi.

### See also

* Wiktionary's coverage of Acholi terms

## English
### Etymology 1

From Middle English ache, from Old French ache, from Latin apium (“parsley”).

#### Alternative forms

* ache

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /æt͡ʃ/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)

#### Noun

ach (plural aches)
* (obsolete) Any of several species of plants, such as smallage, wild celery, parsley.

##### Derived terms

* lovage
* smallage

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /æx/, /ɑx/, /əx/

#### Interjection

ach
* An expression of annoyance.
** 1958, Anthony Burgess, The Enemy in the Blanket (The Malayan Trilogy), published 1972:"Ach." Auntie frowned hugely. "That is all nonsense."
* An expression of woe or regret.
* Alternative form of och

##### Usage notes

Used in Scottish English.

### Anagrams

* -cha, CAH, CHA, Cha, HAC, HCA, cah, cha

## Central Franconian
### Alternative forms

* aacht (Moselle Franconian)
* aach (Ripuarian)

### Etymology

From Middle High German ahte, from Old High German ahto, from Proto-West Germanic *ahtō, from Proto-Germanic *ahtōu, from Proto-Indo-European *oḱtṓw.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɑx/

### Numeral

ach
* (Limburgan Ripuarian) eight (numerical value represented by the Arabic numeral 8; or describing a set with eight elements)

#### Derived terms

* Ach
* achmoal

#### Related terms

* achtsieg
* achtsing

### Further reading

* “ach” in d'r nuie Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer 2nd ed., 2017.

## Chuukese
### Determiner

ach
* First-person plural inclusive general possessive; our (inclusive)

#### Related terms
## Cimbrian
### Alternative forms

* òich (plural you only)

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronoun

ach
* (Sette Comuni) accusative of iart: you (plural; polite singular)

### References

* “ach” in Martalar, Umberto Martello, Bellotto, Alfonso (1974) Dizionario della lingua Cimbra dei Sette Communi vicentini, 1st edition, Roana, Italy: Instituto di Cultura Cimbra A. Dal Pozzo

## Dutch
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɑx/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: ach
* Rhymes: -ɑx

### Interjection

ach
* oh, expresses compassion, surprise and dismay

#### Descendants

* Afrikaans: ag
* → Papiamentu: ag
* → Peranakan Indonesian: ach
** >? Indonesian: ah

## Esperanto
### Interjection

ach
* H-system spelling of aĉ

## German
### Etymology

From Middle High German ach, from Old High German ah.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ax/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ax

### Interjection

ach
* oh, alas (expressing surprise, sorrow, or understanding)
** 1808, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, “Vor dem Thor”, in Faust: Der Tragödie erster Teil [Faust, Part One]‎; republished as Bayard Taylor, transl., 1870:Zwey Seelen wohnen, ach! in meiner Brust, / Die eine will sich von der andern trennen;Two souls, alas! reside within my breast, / And each withdraws from, and repels, its brother.
* oh (preceding an offhand or annoyed remark)
* oh (preceding an invocation or address, but rarely a solemn one)

#### Derived terms

* ach du liebe Güte
* ach du lieber Gott
* ach je
* ächzen

#### Descendants

* Danish: ah
** Norwegian Bokmål: ah, a
* Yiddish: אַך (akh)

### Further reading

* “ach” in Duden online
* Friedrich Kluge (1883) “ach”, in John Francis Davis, transl., Etymological Dictionary of the German Language, published 1891
* “ach” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

## Irish
### Pronunciation

* (Munster, Aran) IPA: /ɑx/
* (Cois Fharraige) IPA: /ax/, [aːx]
* (Mayo) IPA: /ax/
* (Ulster) IPA: /ax/, /ah/
* Homophone: each

### Etymology 1

From Old Irish acht (“but, except”), from Proto-Celtic *extos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs.

#### Alternative forms

* acht (obsolete)

#### Conjunction

ach
* but

#### Preposition

ach (plus nominative, triggers no mutation)
* except, but

##### Derived terms

* ach oiread (“as well”) (after a negative)

#### Adverb

ach
* but, only, merely

### Etymology 2

Onomatopoeic.

#### Alternative forms

* ách

#### Interjection

ach!
* ah! och! ugh!

### References

* ↑ Ó Cuív, Brian (1968) The Irish of West Muskerry, Co. Cork: A Phonetic Study, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, section 69, page 18; reprinted 1988
* ↑ Finck, F. N. (1899) Die araner mundart [The Aran Dialect] (in German), volume II, Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 6
* ↑ de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1977) Gaeilge Chois Fhairrge: An Deilbhíocht [The Irish of Cois Fharraige: Accidence] (in Irish), 2nd edition, Institiúid Ard-Léinn Bhaile Átha Cliath [Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies], page 296
* ↑ Mhac an Fhailigh, Éamonn (1968) The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo: A Phonemic Study, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, page 68, line 41
* ↑ Wagner, Heinrich (1959) Gaeilge Theilinn: Foghraidheacht, Gramadach, Téacsanna [The Irish of Teelin: Phonetics, Grammar, Texts] (in Irish), Institiúid Ard-Léinn Bhaile Átha Cliath [Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies], section 538.11, page 206; reprinted 1979
* ↑ Lucas, Leslie W. (1979) Grammar of Ros Goill Irish Co. Donegal (Studies in Irish Language and Literature, Department of Celtic, Q.U.B.; vol. 5), Institute of Irish Studies, The Queen’s University of Belfast, page 225
* ↑ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “acht”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “ach”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “ach”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
* “ach”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2025

## Kashubian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *axъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈax/
* Rhymes: -ax
* Syllabification: ach

### Interjection

ach
* ah! expresses surprise, fear, pleasure, sadness, sudden understanding

### Further reading

* Stefan Ramułt (1893) “aχ!”, in Słownik języka pomorskiego czyli kaszubskiego (in Kashubian), page 2
* Sychta, Bernard (1967) “aχ!”, in Słownik gwar kaszubskich [Dictionary of Kashubian dialects] (in Polish), volumes 1 (A – Ǵ), Wrocław: Ossolineum, page 3
* Jan Trepczyk (1994) “ach!”, in Słownik polsko-kaszubski (in Kashubian), volumes 1–2
* Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011) “ach!”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi‎
* “ach!”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022

## Lithuanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Old Polish ach.

### Interjection

ach (archaic)
* o (used to address someone or a group)

### Further reading

* Wojciech Smoczyński (2018) “ach”, in Lithuanian Etymological Dictionary, Berlin, Germany: Peter Lang, →DOI, →ISBN, page 4

## Middle Low German
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɑx/, [ax], [ɑχ]

### Interjection

ach
* oh (an expression of grievance or displeasure)

## North Frisian
### Etymology

From Old Frisian achta. Compare West Frisian acht.

### Numeral

ach
* (Heligoland) eight

## Old Polish
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *axъ. First attested in the 14th century.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (10th–15th CE) /ax/
* IPA: (15th CE) /ax/

### Interjection

ach
* (attested in Silesia) ah! expresses surprise
** 1915 [End of the 15th century], Jan Łoś, editor, Przegląd językowych zabytków staropolskich do r. 1543‎, page 315:Ach boze moy, pomozy my[Ach Boże moj, pomoży mi]
** 1915 [Middle of the 15th century], Jan Łoś, editor, Przegląd językowych zabytków staropolskich do r. 1543‎, page 514:Ach nyestocze proch dolor[Ach niestocie proch dolor]
** 1885-2024 [End of the 15th century], Jan Baudouina de Courtenay, Jan Karłowicz, Antoni Adam Kryńskiego, Malinowski Lucjan, editors, Prace Filologiczne‎, volume III, Wrocław, page 289:Ach gelacze heu[Ach jełacie heu]
** Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa‎, page 56:Takoż płakał rzekąc: Ach mnie nędznemu[Takoż płakał rzekąc: Ach mnie nędznemu]

#### Descendants

* Polish: ach
* Silesian: ach
* → Lithuanian: ach

### References

* Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “ach”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
* Sławski, Franciszek (1958-1965) “ach”, in Jan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego
* B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “ach”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN

## Peranakan Indonesian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Dutch ach (“oh”).

### Interjection

ach
* oh, expresses compassion, surprise and dismay
    Ach, ia laen tida minta doeit. ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Descendants

* >? Indonesian: ah

### References

* ↑ Kwee Hing Tjiat (1921) Doea Kapala Batoe [Two Hardheaded (Persons)] (in Peranakan Indonesian), Nauer & Dimmick, page 10

## Polish
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish ach.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈax/
* (Middle Polish) IPA: /ax/, /ɒx/
* (Masovia):
** (Ostróda) IPA: /ˈax/
** (Warmia) IPA: /ˈax/
** (Masurian) IPA: /ˈax/
* Audio 1:(file)
* Audio 2:(file)
* Rhymes: -ax
* Syllabification: ach

### Interjection

ach
* ah! expresses surprise, fear, pleasure, sadness, sudden understanding
    Synonyms: och, ojej, ależ

#### Derived terms

* ach i och
* (Middle Polish) achcie
* (Middle Polish) achcież
* achy i ochy
* achać impf, achnąć pf

### Further reading

* ach in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* ach in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “ach, ah”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
* Krystyna Siekierska (08.06.2022) “ACH”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]
* Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “ach”, in Słownik języka polskiego, volume 1, pages 3-4
* Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “ach”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
* J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1900), “ach”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 1, Warsaw, page 6
* Zofia Stamirowska (1987-2024) “ach”, in Anna Basara, editor, Słownik gwar Ostródzkiego, Warmii i Mazur, volume 1, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk, →ISBN, pages 112-113

## Scots
### Etymology

In imitation of a cry.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɑx/

### Interjection

ach
* An exclamation of impatience, disappointment, contempt, remonstrance.
* expression of satisfaction or pleasure.

### References

* “ach, int.”, in The Dictionary of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Scottish Language Dictionaries, 2004–present, →OCLC.

## Scottish Gaelic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ax/
* (Skye) IPA: /ɔx/

### Etymology 1

From Old Irish acht (“but, except”), from Proto-Celtic *extos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs-tos.

#### Conjunction

ach
* but
    Thèid mise ach cha tèid thusa. ― I'll go but you won't [go].
* except, only
    Cha robh ann ach trì daoine. ― There were only three people (literally "there was not there but/except for three people").

### Etymology 2

Shortened form of feuch.

#### Conjunction

ach
* so that
    Dh'aontaich e ach am biodh adhartas air choireigin ann. ― He agreed so that there would be some progress.

### References

* ↑ Borgstrøm, Carl Hj. (1941) A linguistic survey of the Gaelic dialects of Scotland, Vol. II: The dialects of Skye and Ross-shire, Oslo: Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap
* ↑ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “acht”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## Silesian
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish ach.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈax/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ax
* Syllabification: ach

### Interjection

ach
* ah! expresses surprise, fear, pleasure, sadness, sudden understanding

### Further reading

* ach in silling.org
* Henryk Jaroszewicz (2022) “ach”, in Zasady pisowni języka śląskiego (in Polish), Siedlce: Wydawnictwo Naukowe IKR[i]BL, page 61
* Aleksandra Wencel (2023) “ach!”, in Dykcjůnôrz ślų̊sko-polski, page 7

## Slovincian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *axъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈax/
* Rhymes: -ax
* Syllabification: ach

### Interjection

ach
* ah! expresses surprise, fear, pleasure, sadness, sudden understanding

### Further reading

* Lorentz, Friedrich (1908) “ãχ!”, in Slovinzisches Wörterbuch‎ (in German), volume 1, Saint Petersburg: ОРЯС ИАН, page 2

## Temascaltepec Nahuatl
### Adverb

ach
* maybe

## Welsh
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Celtic *akkā, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ekkeh₂ (compare Latin Acca (Larentia), a Roman goddess, Ancient Greek Ἀκκώ (Akkṓ, “nurse of Demeter”), Sanskrit अक्का (akkā, “mother”)).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /aːχ/
* Rhymes: -aːχ

#### Noun

ach f (plural achau or achoedd)
* kinship
* pedigree, ancestry
* (in the plural) lineage
* (in the plural) genealogy, family roots

##### Derived terms

* achres (“genealogical table”)
* achydd (“genealogist”)
* achyddiaeth (“genealogy”)
* achyddol (“genealogical”)
* ers achau (“for ages”)

### Etymology 2
#### Alternative forms

och, ych

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /aχ/

#### Interjection

ach
* yuck

##### Derived terms

ach-y-fi

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “ach”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies