# ik
## Translingual
### Symbol

ik
* (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Inupiaq.

## English
### Phrase

ik
* (Internet slang, text messaging) Alternative letter-case form of IK.

### Anagrams

* Ki., kI, ki, -ki-, Ki, KI

## Afrikaans
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ək/

### Pronoun

ik
* (Cape Afrikaans or archaic) Alternative form of ek

## Albanian
### Verb

ik
* second-person singular imperative of iki

## Angguruk Yali
### Noun

ik
* water

### References

* Christiaan Fahner, The morphology of Yali and Dani (1979), page 157

## Bergish
### Alternative forms

* ek (Barmen (Wuppertal))

### Pronoun

ik
* (Mölmsch) I (first person pronoun)

### Further reading

* H. K. vam Hingberg (that's H. Kühne), Ut auler un neier Tied. Erzählungen in niederdeutscher Mundart [From old and new times (in Low Franconian, more specifically Mölmsch). Stories in Low German dialect (in Standard High German)], 1872 (vol. I)

## Danish
### Adverb

ik
* Alternative form of ik'

## Dutch
### Alternative forms

* ick
* ikke

### Etymology

From Middle Dutch ic, from Old Dutch ik, from Proto-West Germanic *ik, from Proto-Germanic *ek, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂. Compare Low German ik, West Frisian ik, German ich, English I, Danish jeg. See I (English, etymology 3).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (stressed) /ɪk/, (unstressed) /ək/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: ik
* Rhymes: -ɪk

### Pronoun

ik
* I (first-person singular personal pronoun)

#### Declension

| | subject | subject | object | object | possessive | possessive | possessive | reflexive | genitive$^5$ |
| singular | full | unstr. | full | unstr. | full | unstr. | pred. | | |
| 1st person | ik | 'k$^1$ | mij | me | mijn | m'n$^1$ | mijne | me | mijner, mijns |
| 2nd person | jij | je | jou | je | jouw | je | jouwe | je | jouwer, jouws |
| 2nd person archaic or regiolectal | gij | ge | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u | uwer, uws |
| 2nd person formal | u | – | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u, zich$^7$ | uwer, uws |
| 3rd person masculine | hij | ie$^1$ | hem | 'm$^1$ | zijn | z'n$^1$ | zijne | zich | zijner, zijns |
| 3rd person feminine | zij | ze | haar | h'r$^1$, 'r$^1$, d'r$^1$ | haar | h'r$^1$, 'r$^1$, d'r$^1$ | hare | zich | harer, haars |
| 3rd person neuter | het | 't$^1$ | het | 't$^1$ | zijn | z'n$^1$ | zijne | zich | zijner, zijns |
| plural | | | | | | | | | |
| 1st person | wij | we | ons | – | ons, onze$^2$ | – | onze | ons | onzer, onzes |
| 2nd person | jullie | je | jullie | je | jullie | je | – | je | – |
| 2nd person archaic or regiolectal$^6$ | gij | ge | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u | uwer, uws |
| 2nd person formal | u | – | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u, zich$^7$ | uwer, uws |
| 3rd person | zij | ze | hen$^3$, hun$^4$ | ze | hun | – | hunne | zich | hunner, huns |
| $^{1)}$ Not as common in written language. $^{2)}$ Inflected as an adjective. $^{3)}$ In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). $^{4)}$ In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative). $^{5)}$ Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. $^{6)}$ To differentiate from the singular gij, gelle (object form elle) and variants are commonly used colloquially in Belgium. Archaic forms are gijlieden and gijlui ("you people"). | $^{1)}$ Not as common in written language. $^{2)}$ Inflected as an adjective. $^{3)}$ In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). $^{4)}$ In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative). $^{5)}$ Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. $^{6)}$ To differentiate from the singular gij, gelle (object form elle) and variants are commonly used colloquially in Belgium. Archaic forms are gijlieden and gijlui ("you people"). | $^{1)}$ Not as common in written language. $^{2)}$ Inflected as an adjective. $^{3)}$ In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). $^{4)}$ In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative). $^{5)}$ Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. $^{6)}$ To differentiate from the singular gij, gelle (object form elle) and variants are commonly used colloquially in Belgium. Archaic forms are gijlieden and gijlui ("you people"). | $^{1)}$ Not as common in written language. $^{2)}$ Inflected as an adjective. $^{3)}$ In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). $^{4)}$ In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative). $^{5)}$ Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. $^{6)}$ To differentiate from the singular gij, gelle (object form elle) and variants are commonly used colloquially in Belgium. Archaic forms are gijlieden and gijlui ("you people"). | $^{7)}$ Zich is preferred if the reflexive pronoun immediately follows the subject pronoun u, e.g. Meldt u zich aan! 'Log in!', and if the subject pronoun u is used with a verb form that is identical with the third person singular but different from the informal second person singular, e.g. U heeft zich aangemeld. 'You have logged in.' Only u can be used in an imperative if the subject pronoun is not overt, e.g. Meld u aan! 'Log in!', where u is the reflexive pronoun. Otherwise, both u and zich are equally possible, e.g. U meldt u/zich aan. 'You log in.' | $^{7)}$ Zich is preferred if the reflexive pronoun immediately follows the subject pronoun u, e.g. Meldt u zich aan! 'Log in!', and if the subject pronoun u is used with a verb form that is identical with the third person singular but different from the informal second person singular, e.g. U heeft zich aangemeld. 'You have logged in.' Only u can be used in an imperative if the subject pronoun is not overt, e.g. Meld u aan! 'Log in!', where u is the reflexive pronoun. Otherwise, both u and zich are equally possible, e.g. U meldt u/zich aan. 'You log in.' | $^{7)}$ Zich is preferred if the reflexive pronoun immediately follows the subject pronoun u, e.g. Meldt u zich aan! 'Log in!', and if the subject pronoun u is used with a verb form that is identical with the third person singular but different from the informal second person singular, e.g. U heeft zich aangemeld. 'You have logged in.' Only u can be used in an imperative if the subject pronoun is not overt, e.g. Meld u aan! 'Log in!', where u is the reflexive pronoun. Otherwise, both u and zich are equally possible, e.g. U meldt u/zich aan. 'You log in.' | $^{7)}$ Zich is preferred if the reflexive pronoun immediately follows the subject pronoun u, e.g. Meldt u zich aan! 'Log in!', and if the subject pronoun u is used with a verb form that is identical with the third person singular but different from the informal second person singular, e.g. U heeft zich aangemeld. 'You have logged in.' Only u can be used in an imperative if the subject pronoun is not overt, e.g. Meld u aan! 'Log in!', where u is the reflexive pronoun. Otherwise, both u and zich are equally possible, e.g. U meldt u/zich aan. 'You log in.' | $^{7)}$ Zich is preferred if the reflexive pronoun immediately follows the subject pronoun u, e.g. Meldt u zich aan! 'Log in!', and if the subject pronoun u is used with a verb form that is identical with the third person singular but different from the informal second person singular, e.g. U heeft zich aangemeld. 'You have logged in.' Only u can be used in an imperative if the subject pronoun is not overt, e.g. Meld u aan! 'Log in!', where u is the reflexive pronoun. Otherwise, both u and zich are equally possible, e.g. U meldt u/zich aan. 'You log in.' | $^{7)}$ Zich is preferred if the reflexive pronoun immediately follows the subject pronoun u, e.g. Meldt u zich aan! 'Log in!', and if the subject pronoun u is used with a verb form that is identical with the third person singular but different from the informal second person singular, e.g. U heeft zich aangemeld. 'You have logged in.' Only u can be used in an imperative if the subject pronoun is not overt, e.g. Meld u aan! 'Log in!', where u is the reflexive pronoun. Otherwise, both u and zich are equally possible, e.g. U meldt u/zich aan. 'You log in.' |

#### Derived terms

* ikvorm
* ikzelf

#### Descendants

* Afrikaans: ek
* Berbice Creole Dutch: eke
* Jersey Dutch: äk
* Petjo: ik
* Skepi Creole Dutch: ek

### References

* ↑ Friedrich Kluge (1989) “ik”, in Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 22nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN

## German Low German
### Alternative forms

* (enclitic) -'k, 'k
* (Waldeckisch, when strongly emphasised; scientific spelling) ikə
* ick
* (as alternative form of ick, enclitic) 'ck
* (as alternative form of ick, when strongly emphasised, rare) icke
* iek
* (Eastphalia, Lippe, County of Mark, Ruhr area) ek, eck
* (Low Prussian) öck, eck

### Etymology

From Middle Low German ik, from Old Saxon ik, from Proto-Germanic *ek, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɪk/

### Pronoun

ik
* (most northern and western dialects) I (first person singular pronoun)
    Ik kem, ik sach, ik wünd.I came, I saw, I conquered. (Veni, vidi, vici. Attributed to Julius Caesar.)

#### Declension

In Störmede:
| | | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 3rd person | 3rd person |
| | | 1st person | 2nd person | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Singular | Nominative | ik | diu | hoi | soi | iät |
| Singular | (Genitive) | (van meune) | (van deune) | (van seune) | (van iähre) | (van seune) |
| Singular | Dative | meu | deu | iähne | iähr | iähne |
| Singular | Accusative | meu | deu | iähne | soi | iät |
| Plural | Nominative | weu | jeu | soi | soi | soi |
| Plural | (Genitive) | (van use) | (van jiue) | (van iähre) | (van iähre) | (van iähre) |
| Plural | Dative | us | jiu | iähnen | iähnen | iähnen |
| Plural | Accusative | us | jiu | soi | soi | soi |

#### Related terms

* mien (“my, mine”, possessive); mi (“me”, dative (also generally used in place of the accusative)); mik; wi pl (“we”)
* Sauerländisch: mey, mik
* Paderbornisch: mey/my, mik; plural: wey/wy

### See also

* (Plautdietsch) ekj, etj

### References

* ↑ Franz Kemper: Stürmeder Platt: Wi et lutt düt un dat. 1998, p. 18

## Gothic
### Romanization

ik
* Romanization of 𐌹𐌺

## Iberian

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* If it cannot be verified that this term meets our attestation criteria, it will be deleted. Feel free to edit this entry as normal, but do not remove {{rfv}} until the request has been resolved.

### Alternative forms

* ki

### Etymology

Unknown. Potentially can be related to Basque hi (“you”)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɪk/

### Pronoun

ik
* my (firt person singular possesive)
    teŕ ke kin eŕ tin ik uA powerful achievement to complete my aspirations
* self
    baŕ kar baŕ ka ik eOutstanding authority, the result of outstanding self-control
* own
    lokaŕ ik ge etanwithin reach through (her) own effort

### References

* Villamor, Fernando (2020) A basic dictionary and grammar of the Iberian language

## Kaqchikel
### Noun

ik
* sun
* chili

## Kiautschou German Pidgin
### Pronoun

ik
* I (first person singular pronoun)

## Latvian
### Adverb

ik
* every

## Marshallese
### Noun

ik
* Alternative spelling of ek

## Middle English
### Etymology

From Old English ic, perhaps with influence from Old Norse ek; both from Proto-Germanic *ik, *ek, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂ (“I”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ik/

### Pronoun

ik
* (chiefly Northern dialectal) Alternative form of I
** circa 1300, Homilies:
    Forthi wil I of my pouert, Schau sum thing that ik haf in hert, [...](please add an English translation of this quotation)
** circa 1300, Cursor Mundi:
    Her ik haf a litil spend, In word eftir þat ik entend, [...](please add an English translation of this quotation)
** circa 1390, Chaucer:
    But ik am oold me list not pleye for age.(please add an English translation of this quotation)

#### Descendants

* Scots: ik

## Middle Low German
### Alternative forms

* ek

### Etymology

From Old Saxon ik

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɪk/

### Pronoun

ik
* I (first person singular nominative)

#### Declension

For an explanation of the forms in brackets see here.

#### Descendants

* Low German: ik
** German Low German: ik, ek
    Low Prussian: eck, öck

## Mokilese
### Pronunciation

IPA: /ˈik/

### Noun

ik
* tail

#### Inflection
## North Frisian
### Etymology

From Old Frisian ik, from Proto-West Germanic *ik, from Proto-Germanic *ek, *ik, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.
Compare Dutch ik, German Low German ik, German ich, English I, Danish jeg.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɪk/

### Pronoun

ik (Föhr-Amrum, Mooring, Sylt)
* I (first-person singular personal pronoun)

#### Alternative forms

* 'k (reduced form)

### See also

* The reduced forms with an apostrophe are enclitic; they immediately follow verbs or conjunctions. Dü is deleted altogether in such contexts.
* At is not enclitic; it can stand in any unstressed position and refers mostly to things. In reflexive use, only full object forms occur.
* Dual forms wat / onk and jat / jonk are obsolete, as is feminine jü / hör.
* Independent possessives are distinguished from attributive ones only with plural referents.
* The forms üsens, jamens, hörens are used optionally (and decreasingly) when the possessor is a larger community, such as a village, city or nation.
The reduced forms with an apostrophe are enclitic; they immediately follow verbs or conjunctions. Dü is deleted altogether in such contexts. Et is not enclitic and can stand in any unstressed position; the full subject form hat is now rarely used. In reflexive use, only full object forms occur. Dual forms wat / unk and jat / junk are obsolete. Attributive and independent possessives are not distinguished in Mooring.
* The reduced forms with an apostrophe are enclitic; they immediately follow verbs or conjunctions. Dü is deleted altogether in such contexts.
* Et is not enclitic and can stand in any unstressed position; the full subject form hat is now rarely used. In reflexive use, only full object forms occur.
* The dual forms are dated, but not obsolete as in other dialects.
* Independent possessives are distinguished from attributive ones only with plural referents.

## Old Dutch
### Alternative forms

* ic

### Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *ik.

### Pronoun

ik
* I
** c. 900 CE, Die altmittel- und altniederfränkischen Psalmen und Glossen [The Old Middle and Old Low Franconian psalms and glosses]:
    In ne kēre antsceine thīn fan cnapin thīnin wanda ic gewītenot wirthon sniumo gihōri mīAnd hide not thy face from thy servant; for I am in trouble: hear me speedily. (Psalms 69:17; KJV)

#### Descendants

* Middle Dutch: ic, icke
** Dutch: ik, ick, ikke
*** Afrikaans: ek
*** Berbice Creole Dutch: eke
*** Jersey Dutch: äk
*** Petjo: ik
*** Skepi Creole Dutch: ek

#### Further reading

* “ik”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012

## Old Frisian
### Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *ik, from Proto-Germanic *ek, *ik, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.
Compare Old Saxon ik, Old English iċ, Old Dutch ik, Old High German ih, Old Norse ek, Gothic 𐌹𐌺 (ik).

### Pronoun

ik (accusative mī, genitive mīn, dative mī)
* I

#### Descendants

* North Frisian: ick, ik
* Saterland Frisian: iek
* West Frisian: ik

## Old Saxon
### Alternative forms

* ek
* ic

### Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *ik, from Proto-Germanic *ek, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.
Compare Old Frisian ik, Old English iċ, Old Dutch ik, Old High German ih, Old Norse ek, Gothic 𐌹𐌺 (ik).

### Pronoun

ik
* I
** 9th c. Heliand, verse 1977
    ...thene williu ek eft ōgean far [ōgun godes],......I want to show him again in front of God's eyes...

#### Descendants

* Middle Low German: ik, ek
** Low German: ik, ick
*** German Low German: ik, ick

## Pass Valley Yali
### Noun

ik
* water

### References

* Christiaan Fahner, The morphology of Yali and Dani (1979), page 157

## Pwaamèi
### Etymology

From Proto-Oceanic *kutu, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kutu, from Proto-Austronesian *kuCu.

### Noun

ik
* louse

### References

* Jim Hollyman, K. J. Hollyman, Études sur les langues du Nord de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (1999), page 52

## Salar
### Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *īk. Cognate with Azerbaijani iy, Turkish iğ, Turkmen īk.

### Pronunciation

* (Shixiang, Xunhua, Qinghai) IPA: [ix]

### Noun

ik
* spindle

### References

* Potanin, G.N. (1893) “их”, in Тангутско-Тибетская окраина Китая и Центральная Монголия (in Russian), page 427

## Tobian
### Etymology

From Proto-Austronesian *Sikan.

### Noun

ik
* Fish

#### Alternative forms

* ih

## Vandalic

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### Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *ek

### Pronoun

ik
* I

### References

* https://glosbe.com/en/xvn/I

## Wastek
### Noun

ik
* wind

### References

* wordlist

## West Frisian
### Etymology

From Old Frisian ik, from Proto-West Germanic *ik, from Proto-Germanic *ek, *ik, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɪk/
* (unstressed) IPA: /k/

### Pronoun

ik
* I (first person singular nominative pronoun)

#### Inflection

$^1$ Now mostly archaic and unused.

#### Further reading

* “ik (I)”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011

## Woiwurrung
### Determiner

ik
* First-person singular possessive determiner. See Appendix:Possessive#English.
** liwikik.
** wurrungik.

### References

* 1 2 https://culturalcommons.edu.au/wurrungik-dhumbunjan-i-speak-my-language/

## Zealandic
### Pronoun

ik
* I