# 長城
## Chinese

* 長城 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 長城 (Cantonese)
* 長城 (Classical)
* 長城 (Gan)
* Tshòng-sàng (Hakka)
* Diòng-siàng (Eastern Min)
* Tn̂g-siâⁿ (Southern Min)
* 长城 (Wu)

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): Chángchéng
       (Zhuyin): ㄔㄤˊ ㄔㄥˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): cang$^2$ cen$^2$
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): чончын (čončɨn, I-I)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): coeng$^4$ sing$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): Chhòng-sàng
* Eastern Min (BUC): Diòng-siàng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): dyong$^2$ sia$^2$ / dyeng$^2$ siaⁿ$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): Tn̂g-siâⁿ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ciang$^5$ sian$^5$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^6$zan-zen$_6$ / $^2$zan-zen$_2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Chángchéng
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄤˊ ㄔㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Chángchéng
*** Wade–Giles: Chʻang$^2$-chʻêng$^2$
*** Yale: Cháng-chéng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Charngcherng
*** Palladius: Чанчэн (Čančɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: cang$^2$ cen$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: cangcen
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰaŋ²¹ t͡sʰən²¹/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: чончын (čončɨn, I-I)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ²⁴ ʈ͡ʂʰəŋ²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: coeng$^4$ sing$^4$
*** Yale: chèuhng sìhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsoeng$^4$ sing$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cêng$^4$ xing$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ sɪŋ²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Chhòng-sàng
*** Hakka Romanization System: cong$^ˇ$ sang$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: cong$^2$ sang$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ saŋ¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: Diòng-siàng
*** Sinological IPA : /tuoŋ⁵³⁻³³ $^{(s-)}$niaŋ⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: dyong$^2$ sia$^2$ [Phonetic: dyong$^5$ sia$^2$]
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: Dió̤ng-siáⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /tyɒŋ¹³⁻²¹ ɬia¹³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: dyeng$^2$ siaⁿ$^2$ [Phonetic: dyeng$^5$ siaⁿ$^2$]
*** Sinological IPA : /tyøŋ¹³⁻²¹ ɬĩã¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tn̂g-siâⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: Tn̂g-siânn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dngsviaa
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tŋ̍²³⁻³³ siã²³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tŋ̍¹³⁻²² siã¹³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² siã²⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ siã²⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ciang$^5$ sian$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshiâng siâⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sĩã⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$zan-zen$_6$
*** MiniDict: zan$^去$ zen$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$zan-zen$_3$
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zã²² zən⁴⁴/
** (Northern: Jiaxing)
*** Wugniu: $^2$zan-zen$_2$
*** MiniDict: zan$^平$ zen$^平$
*** Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /zã²² zən²²/
* Middle Chinese: drjang|trjangX|drjangH dzyeng
Rime :
| Character | 長 | 長 | 長 | 城 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 澄 (11) | 知 (9) | 澄 (11) | 常 (25) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (105) | 陽 (105) | 陽 (105) | 清 (121) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) | Departing (H) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III | III | III |
| Fanqie | 直良切 | 知丈切 | 直亮切 | 是征切 |
| Baxter | drjang | trjangX | drjangH | dzyeng |
| Reconstructions |||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɖɨɐŋ/ | /ʈɨɐŋ$^X$/ | /ɖɨɐŋ$^H$/ | /d͡ʑiᴇŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɖiɐŋ/ | /ʈiɐŋ$^X$/ | /ɖiɐŋ$^H$/ | /d͡ʑiɛŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȡiɑŋ/ | /ȶiɑŋ$^X$/ | /ȡiɑŋ$^H$/ | /d͡ʑiæŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɖɨaŋ/ | /ʈɨaŋ$^X$/ | /ɖɨaŋ$^H$/ | /d͡ʑiajŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /ȡiaŋ/ | /ȶiaŋ$^X$/ | /ȡiaŋ$^H$/ | /ʑiɛŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /ȡĭaŋ/ | /ȶĭaŋ$^X$/ | /ȡĭaŋ$^H$/ | /ʑĭɛŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȡʱi̯aŋ/ | /ȶi̯aŋ$^X$/ | /ȡʱi̯aŋ$^H$/ | /ʑi̯ɛŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | cháng | zhǎng | zhàng | chéng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | coeng$^4$ | zoeng$^2$ | zoeng$^6$ | sing$^4$ |

### Proper noun

長城
* Great Wall of China
    Synonym: 萬里長城 / 万里长城 (Wànlǐ Chángchéng)
* (～區) (historical) Changcheng (a former district of Jiayuguan, Gansu, China)

#### Derived terms

* 不到長城非好漢 / 不到长城非好汉 (bùdào Chángchéng fēi hǎohàn)
* 內長城 / 内长城
* 外長城 / 外长城
* 明長城 / 明长城 (Míng Chángchéng)
* 自毀長城 / 自毁长城 (zìhuǐchángchéng)
* 防火長城 / 防火长城 (Fánghuǒ Chángchéng)

### Noun

長城
* (figurative) insurmountable barrier or invincible power; wall of steel
    From: 1 July 2021, Xi Jinping (习近平)
    Tóngshí, Zhōngguó rénmín yě juébù yǔnxǔ rènhé wàilái shìlì qīfù, yāpò, núyì wǒmen, shéi wàngxiǎng zhèyàng gàn, bìjiāng zài 14 yì duō Zhōngguó rénmín yòng xuèròu zhù chéng de gāngtiě Chángchéng miànqián pèng de tóu pò xuèliú! [Pinyin]
    At the same time, the Chinese people will absolutely not allow any foreign power to bully, oppress, or enslave us. Whomever vainly thinks to do these things, will find their heads bashed bloody against a Great Wall of steel forged by the flesh and blood of over 1.4 billion Chinese people!

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 長 | 城 |
| ちょう Grade: 2 | じょう Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||

### Noun

長(ちょう)城(じょう) • (chōjō)
* long castle or wall
* long line of castles
* (figurative) a person who is to become the head of state.

### Proper noun

長(ちょう)城(じょう) • (Chōjō)
* Great Wall of China

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 長 | 城 |

### Noun

長城 • (jangseong) (hangeul 장성)
* hanja form of 장성

## Vietnamese
### Han character

長城: Hán Việt readings: trường thành, Trường Thành

### Noun

長城 • (trường thành)
* a long, sturdy wall

### Proper noun

長城 • (Trường Thành)
* Great Wall of China