OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Балба
## Mongolian

| Mongolian | Cyrillic |
| ᠪᠠᠯᠪᠤ (balbu) | Балба (Balba) |

### Etymology

Compare Tibetan བལ་ཡུལ (bal yul).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pa.ɮap/, [pä.ɮə̠p]

### Proper noun

Балба • (Balba)
* Nepal (a country in South Asia, located between China and India)
    Synonym: Непал (Nepal)
# غایب
## Persian
### Alternative forms

* غائب (ğâ'eb)

### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic غَائِب (ḡāʔib).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ɣɑː.jiβ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ɣɑː.jɪb]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ɣɑː.jɪb]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [ɣɑː.jɪb]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [ɣɔː.jib̥]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [qɒː.jeb̥]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [ʁɔ.jib]

### Adjective

غایب • (ğâyeb)
* absent

#### Derived terms

* غایبانه (ğâyebâne)
* غایبباز (ğâyeb-bâz)
* غایب‌موشک (ğâyeb-mušak)

#### Descendants

Descendants of Classical Persian غائب:
* → Gujarati: ગાયબ (gāyab)
* → Kazakh: қайып (qaiyp)
# өкмөт
## Kyrgyz
### Etymology

From Classical Persian حکومت (hukūmat, “government”), from Arabic حُكُومَة f (ḥukūma, “government”).
Compare also Kazakh үкімет (ükımet, “government”), Turkish hükûmet (“government”), etc.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /øk.møt/
* Hyphenation: өк‧мөт

### Noun

өкмөт • (ökmöt) (Arabic spelling ۅكمۅت)
* government

#### Declension
### See also

* министрлер кабинети (ministrler kabineti, “a cabinet of ministers”)
# Calmuck
## English
### Etymology

From Middle Polish Kałmuk m sg (noun), from Kipchak [Term?] (/⁠qalmaq⁠/), whence Kazakh қалмақ (qalmaq), Siberian Tatar ҡалмаҡ (qalmaq), etc.

### Adjective

Calmuck (not comparable)
* Obsolete spelling of Kalmyk.

### Noun

Calmuck (plural Calmucks)
* Obsolete spelling of Kalmyk.

#### Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:Calmuck.

### Proper noun

Calmuck
* Obsolete spelling of Kalmyk.
# Саха
## Russian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Yakut Саха (Saqa).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sɐˈxa]
* Homophones: саха́ (saxá), соха́ (soxá)

### Proper noun

Саха́ • (Saxá) f inan (indeclinable)
* Sakha
    Synonym: Яку́тия (Jakútija, “Yakutia”)

#### Derived terms

* Респу́блика Саха́ (Яку́тия) (Respúblika Saxá [Jakútija]), РС(Я) (RS[Ja])
* Яку́тская-Саха́ Сове́тская Федерати́вная Социалисти́ческая Респу́блика (Jakútskaja-Saxá Sovétskaja Federatívnaja Socialistíčeskaja Respúblika), Яку́тская-Саха́ ССР (Jakútskaja-Saxá SSR)

#### Related terms

* саха́ (saxá, “Sakha”)

## Yakut
### Etymology

See саха (saqa). Compare Dolgan Һака (Haka).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sa.qa/, [sä.χä], [sä.qä]

### Proper noun

Саха • (Saqa)
* (attributive only) Sakha, Yakutia

#### Derived terms

* Саха Өрөспүүбүлүкэтэ (Saqa Öröspüübülükete, “the Republic of Sakha [Yakutia]”)
* Саха Республиката (Saqa Respublikata, “the Republic of Sakha [Yakutia]”)
* Саха сирэ (Saqa sire, “Sakha, Yakutia”)

#### Descendants

* → Russian: Саха́ (Saxá)
# いらっしゃいませ
## Japanese

* This entry is part of the phrasebook project, which presents criteria for inclusion based on utility, simplicity and commonness.

### Etymology

いらっしゃい (irasshai, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative”) of the honorific verb いらっしゃる　irassharu) +‎ ませ (mase, the 命令形 (meireikei, “imperative”) of formal suffix masu).
Compare Korean 어서 오세요 (eoseo oseyo, literally “quickly come (honorific)”).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) いらっしゃいませ [ìrássháímáꜜsè] (Nakadaka – [6])
* IPA: [iɾa̠ɕːa̠ima̠se̞]

### Interjection

いらっしゃいませ • (irasshaimase)
* welcome
* please come on in

#### Usage notes

* Used by a store person to greet a customer, similarly to "hello, may I help you?"

#### Related terms

* いらっしゃる (irassharu)

#### See also

* ようこそ (yōkoso)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
# Ород
## Buryat
### Etymology

Compare Mongolian Орос (Oros), Kalmyk Орс (Ors), etc.

### Proper noun

Ород • (Orod)
* Russia

#### Alternative forms

* Орос (Oros)

#### Synonyms

* Росси (Rossi)
# -ч
## Mongolian
### Etymology 1

| Mongolian | Cyrillic |
| ᠊ᠴᠢ (-či) | -ч (-č) |
Inherited from Classical Mongolian ᠊ᠴᠢ (-či, denominal agent suffix), from Middle Mongol ᠊ᠴᠢ (-ṣy /⁠-či⁠/, indefinite denominal agent suffix). Compare Proto-Turkic *-či. (Can this etymology be sourced?)

#### Pronunciation

* (Ulaanbaatar) IPA: /t͡ɕʰ/, [ʰt͡ɕ]
* Hyphenation: -ч

#### Suffix

-ч • (-č)
* Forms agent adjectives from nouns
* Forms agent nouns from nouns and verbal nouns in -г (-g)
    Synonym: -чин (-čin)

##### Derived terms

* -члах (-člax)
* -члох (-člox)
* -члэх (-člex)
* -члөх (-člöx)

### Etymology 2

| Mongolian | Cyrillic |
| ᠊ᠴᠤ (-ču) | -ч (-č) |
| Mongolian | Cyrillic |
| ᠊ᠴᠦ (-čü) | -ч (-č) |
Inherited from Classical Mongolian ᠊ᠴᠤ (-ču) and ᠊ᠴᠦ (-čü), variants of ᠊ᠵᠤ (-ǰu) and ᠊ᠵᠦ (-ǰü) used after consonant stems in ᠊ᠪ (-b), ᠊ᠭ (-ɣ), ᠊ᠭ᠌ (-g), ᠊ᠷ (-r) ᠊ᠰ᠋ (-s) and ᠊ᠳ (-d).

#### Pronunciation

* (Ulaanbaatar) IPA: /t͡ɕʰ/, [ʰt͡ɕ]
* Hyphenation: -ч

#### Suffix

-ч • (-č)
* variant form of -ж (-ž, imperfective converb suffix)

##### Usage notes

* This form is used with most verbs in -р (-r) (all but several monosyllabic original vowel stems) and after a few verbs in -в (-v) and -г (-g).
# цагаан архи
## Mongolian
### Etymology

Compare with Yakut үрүҥ арыгы (ürüñ arıgı), Chinese 白酒 (báijiǔ), etc.

### Noun

цагаан архи • (cagaan arxi) (Mongolian spelling ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠠᠷᠢᠬᠢ (čaɣan ariki))
* vodka
# ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ
## Mongolian
### Etymology

From Classical Mongolian ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ (mongɣol), from Middle Mongol ᠮᠣᠩᠬᠣᠯ (mongqol).
Compare also Buryat монгол (mongol), Written Oirat ᡏᡆᡊᡎᡆᠯ (mongɣol), Kalmyk моңһл (moñğl); Tuvan моол (mool), Khakas моол (mool), Southern Altai моҥол (moŋol); Jurchen [script needed] (*moŋgu), Manchu ᠮᠣᠩᡤᠣ (monggo); etc.
Sükhbataar (1992) and de la Vaissière (2021) derive this ethnonym from the Rouran Khaganate's progenitor's personal Tuoba name, which is transliterated as 木骨閭 (MC muwk kwot ljo) and glossed as 首禿 "bald-headed" in Chinese-language sources. The original Tuoba word has been proposed to be cognate with Middle Mongol [script needed] (muqular, “bald, hornless”) (> Mongolian мухар (muxar, “bald, hornless, tailless; blunt, dull”)) and reconstructed as muqo-lo ~ moqo-lo by Vovin (2007: 200-202) and mʊqʊlɪ by Shimunek (2017: 147-148).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈmɔŋkɔɮ/
* Syllabification: мон‧гол (2 syllables)

### Noun

ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ • (mongɣol) (Cyrillic spelling монгол (mongol), definite plural ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ)
* Mongol, Mongolian (person, people)

#### Declension
### Adjective

ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ • (mongɣol) (Cyrillic spelling монгол (mongol))
* Mongol, Mongolian
    ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡmongɣol keleMongolian language

### References

* ↑ Г. Сүхбаатар (1992) “Монгол Нирун улс [Mongol Nirun (Rouran) state]”, in Монголын эртний түүх судлал, III боть [Historiography of Ancient Mongolia, Volume III] (in Mongolian), volume 3, pages 330–550
* ↑ de la Vaissière, É. (2021). “The Origin of the Name ‘Mongol’”. International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics, 3(2), 266-271. tentative draft
* ↑ Vovin, A. (2007). “Once Again on the Tabgač Language”. Mongolian Studies, 29, 191–206. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43193441
* ↑ Shimunek, Andrew E (2017) Languages of Ancient Southern Mongolia and North China: A Historical-Comparative Study of the Serbi or Xianbei Branch of the Serbi-Mongolic Language Family, with an Analysis of Northeastern Frontier Chinese and Old Tibetan Phonology
# keluarga
## Indonesian
### Etymology

From Malay keluarga (“family”). Compare to Javanese ꦏꦸꦭꦮꦂꦒ (kulawarga) and ꦏꦮꦸꦭꦮꦂꦒ (kawulawarga).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Indonesian) IPA: /kəluˈarɡa/ [kə.luˈar.ɡa]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -arɡa
* Syllabification: ke‧lu‧ar‧ga

### Noun

kêluarga (plural keluarga-keluarga)
* family (immediate family as a group, or group of people related by blood, marriage, law, or custom)
* family (any group or aggregation of things classed together with common characteristics)
* (set theory) class (a collection of sets definable by a shared property)
    Synonym: kelas

#### Affixed terms

* berkeluarga
* kekeluargaan
* perkeluargaan

#### Compounds

* keluarga batih
* keluarga berantakan
* keluarga berencana
* keluarga besar
* keluarga bilateral
* keluarga elementer
* keluarga inti
* keluarga kecil
* keluarga kerajaan
* keluarga lingkaran
* keluarga luas
* keluarga miskin
* keluarga parsial
* keluarga paternal
* keluarga retak
* keluarga sedarah
* keluarga semenda
* keluarga si putih
* keluarga tradisional

#### Related terms

* kawula

### Further reading

* “keluarga” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Malay
### Etymology

Compound of Sanskrit कुल (kula, “family; clan; lineage”) + वर्ग (varga, “class; clan; family”), probably via Javanese ꦏꦸꦭꦮꦂꦒ (kulawarga). Compare to ꦏꦮꦸꦭꦮꦂꦒ (kawulawarga).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kəluarɡa/
* Rhymes: -arɡa
* (Johor-Riau) IPA: [kə.lʷä(r).ɡə]
* Rhymes: -a

### Noun

keluarga (Jawi spelling کلوارݢ, plural keluarga-keluarga, informal 1st possessive keluargaku, 2nd possessive keluargamu, 3rd possessive keluarganya)
* family (father, mother and their sons and daughters)
* family (group of people related by blood, marriage, law, or custom)
* (biology, taxonomy) family, organism class category ranking below order and above genus
    Keluarga saya bercuti ke Jepun.My family went to Japan for a holiday.

#### Synonyms

* famili

#### Derived terms

* keluarga asas
* keluarga diraja

#### Descendants

* > Indonesian: keluarga (inherited)

### Further reading

* “keluarga” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.
# pärdik
## Estonian
### Etymology

Probably derived from Pärtel or Pärt, the Estonian name variants of Bartholomew the Apostle. In Estonian folk religion, he was thought to be either an amulet of good luck, or a stupid and dumb prankster and a hooligan. Latvian pērtiķis (“monkey”) is probably borrowed from Estonian. Another theory suggests a borrowing from a Germanic language, whence the Latvian term would also be borrowed.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpærd̥ik/, [ˈpærd̥ʲikˑ]
* Rhymes: -ærdik
* Hyphenation: pär‧dik

### Noun

pärdik (genitive pärdiku, partitive pärdikut)
* monkey (Cercopithecus)
** A small slender African ape with a round head and a short snout.
*** (by extension) Any other ape.
** (figuratively, sometimes derogatory) An ugly or unpleasant person; a mischievous child.
    See karvane pärdik oli mu sõbranna mees.This hairy monkey was my friend's husband.

#### Compounds

* ahvipärdik
* rohepärdik
* pärdiklill
* pärdikutemp

#### Descendants

* →? Latvian: pērtiķis

### References

* ↑ “pärdik”, in [ETY] Eesti etümoloogiasõnaraamat [Estonian Etymological Dictionary] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2012

### Further reading

* pärdik in Sõnaveeb (Eesti Keele Instituut)
# ие
## Erzya
### Etymology

From Proto-Mordvinic *ijə, inherited from Proto-Uralic *ikä (“age; year”). Cognates include Finnish ikä, Livonian igā, Inari Sami ihe, Eastern Mari ий (ij), Hungarian év.

### Pronunciation

* This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

### Noun

ие • (ije)
* year
    Зяро (тонь) иеть?Źaro (toń) ijeť ?How old are you?

#### Declension
### Adverb

ие • (ije)
* (for) a long time
    Мон ие учинь эйсэть.Mon ije učiń ejsëť.I've been waiting for you for a long time.

### References

* B. A. Serebrennikov, R. N. Buzakova, M. V. Mosin (1993) “ие”, in Эрзянь-рузонь валкс [Erzya-Russian dictionary], Moscow: Русский язык, →ISBN
* Keresztes, László (1986) Geschichte der mordwinischen Konsonantismus II. Etymologisches Belegmaterial‎, Szeged: Studia Uralo-Altaica 26.
* Entry #183 in Uralonet, online Uralic etymological database of the Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics.

## Evenki
### Etymology

From Nanai *xüj(k)e, compare Nanai хуе (huje).

### Noun

ие • (ije)
* horn

## Kazakh
### Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *idi. Cognate with Kyrgyz ээ (ee), Turkish iye, etc. Compare also Mongolian эзэн (ezen), Dongxiang ezhen; Evenki эды̄ (ədī); etc.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /i.je/

### Noun

ие • (ie)
* master, lord
* owner

#### Declension
## Nogai
### Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *Ēdi.

### Noun

ие • (iye)
* owner

### References

* N. A. Baskakov, S.A Kalmykov, editor (1963), “ие”, in Nogajsko-Russkij Slovarʹ [Nogai-Russian Dictionary], Moscow: karačajevo-čerkesskij naučno- issledovatelʹskij institut jazyka, literatury i istorii, →ISBN
# халық
## Kazakh
### Etymology

From Classical Persian خَلْق (xalq), from Arabic خَلْق (ḵalq). Compare also Bashkir халыҡ (xalıq), Kyrgyz калк (kalk), Southern Altai калык (kalïk), Shor қалық, Khakas халых (xalıx), etc.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /χɑ.ləq/, [χɑ.ɫəq], nativized [qɑ.ɫəq]

### Noun

халық • (xalyq)
* nation
* people
* population

#### Derived terms

* халықтық (xalyqtyq)
* халықнама (xalyqnama)
* халықтану (xalyqtanu)
* халықшыл (xalyqşyl), халықшылдық (xalyqşyldyq)
# телег
## Russian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [tʲɪˈlʲek]

### Noun

теле́г • (telég) f inan pl
* genitive plural of теле́га (teléga)

## Tuvan
### Etymology

Compare Written Oirat ᡐᡄᠯᡄᡊᡎᡉᡉᡑ (telenggüüd, plural with -güüd) and Southern Altai телеҥит (teleŋit).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /te.leɡ/, [tʰe̞.le̞ɣ]

### Noun

телег • (teleg) (definite accusative телегни, plural телеглер)
* a Telengit, an Altaian, or a Teleut (person)
# વચ્ચે આવવું
## Gujarati
### Etymology

Compare Hindustani بِیچ میں آنا / बीच में आना (bīc mẽ ānā), Marathi मध्ये येणे (madhye yeṇe).

### Verb

વચ્ચે આવવું • (vaccě āvvũ)
* Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see વચ્ચે (vacce),‎ આવવું (āvavũ).; to get in the way, hinder, obstruct
* to be nosy, inquisitive
* to butt in, especially where not wanted
# хазах
## Khakas
### Etymology

Borrowed from Russian кaза́къ (kazák, “Cossack”, in post-reform orthography каза́к) or коза́къ (kozák, in post-reform orthography коза́к). Compare also Shor қазақ (k̂azak̂, “Russian”).

### Noun

хазах • (xazax)
* Russian (person)
    Synonym: орыс (orıs)

#### Declension
## Mongolian
### Etymology

Proto-Mongolic *kaja-, compare Dongxiang ghazha (“to gnaw”).

### Pronunciation

* (Ulaanbaatar) IPA: /xat͡səx/, [ˈχat͡sɐχ]

### Verb

хазах • (xazax) (Mongolian spelling ᠬᠠᠵᠠᠬᠤ (qaǰaqu))
* to bite
* to grip, to clamp (with pliers or a similar tool)

#### Synonyms

* (to bite off a piece): үмхэх (ümxex), амтлах (amtlax)
* (to hold in teeth): зуух (zuux), үмхэх (ümxex)
* (to attack with teeth): зуух (zuux)
* (to sting): хатгах (xatgax)
* (to grip): хавчих (xavčix), зуух (zuux), чимхэх (čimxex), үмхэх (ümxex)

#### See also

* хэмлэх (xemlex), мэрэх (merex, “to gnaw, to nibble”)

## Russian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈxazəx]

### Noun

ха́зах • (xázax) f inan pl
* prepositional plural of ха́за (xáza)
# 尼布楚
## Chinese

* 尼布楚

### Etymology

Transliteration of Manchu ᠨᡳᠪᠴᡠ (nibcu), variant of ᠨᡳᠪᠴᠣᠣ (nibcoo). From a local Mongolic or Tungusic language. Compare also Khamnigan Mongol [Term?], Buryat Нэршүү (Neršüü), Mongolian Нэрчүү (Nerčüü); Russian Не́рча f inan (Nérča).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Níbùchǔ
    (Zhuyin): ㄋㄧˊ ㄅㄨˋ ㄔㄨˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): nei$^4$ bou$^3$ co$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Níbùchǔ
*** Zhuyin: ㄋㄧˊ ㄅㄨˋ ㄔㄨˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Níbùchǔ
*** Wade–Giles: Ni$^2$-pu$^4$-chʻu$^3$
*** Yale: Ní-bù-chǔ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Nibuhchuu
*** Palladius: Нибучу (Nibuču)
*** Sinological IPA : /ni³⁵ pu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: nei$^4$ bou$^3$ co$^2$
*** Yale: nèih bou chó
*** Cantonese Pinyin: nei$^4$ bou$^3$ tso$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: néi$^4$ bou$^3$ co$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /nei̯²¹ pou̯³³ t͡sʰɔː³⁵/

### Proper noun

尼布楚
* Nerchinsk (a town, the administrative center of the Nerchinsky District, Zabaykalsky Krai, Russia)
* (～河) Nercha River (a river in Zabaykalsky Krai, Russia)

#### Synonyms

* (city): 涅爾琴斯克／涅尔琴斯克 (Niè'ěrqínsīkè)
* (river): 涅爾恰河／涅尔恰河 (Niè’ěrqià Hé)

#### Derived terms

* 尼布楚條約 / 尼布楚条约 (Níbùchǔ Tiáoyuē)
# 喀什噶爾
## Chinese

| | | phonetic | phonetic | phonetic | phonetic |
| trad. (喀什噶爾) | trad. (喀什噶爾) | 喀 | 什 | 噶 | 爾 |
| simp. (喀什噶尔) | simp. (喀什噶尔) | 喀 | 什 | 噶 | 尔 |
| alternative forms | alternative forms | 哈什哈爾／哈什哈尔 | 哈什哈爾／哈什哈尔 | 哈什哈爾／哈什哈尔 | 哈什哈爾／哈什哈尔 |
* 喀什噶爾

### Etymology

Borrowed from Manchu ᡴᠠᠰᡳᡤᠠᡵ (kasigar), from Written Oirat ᡍᠠᠱᡅᡎᠠᠷ (xašiɣar), from Classical Persian کاشغر (Kāšğar).
Compare also Uyghur قەشقەر (qeshqer), Chagatai قاشقار (Qāšqār /⁠Qäšqär⁠/); Classical Tibetan ཁ་ཤི་ཀར (kha shi kar); etc.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Kāshígá'ěr, Kàshígé'ěr
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄚ ㄕˊ ㄍㄚˊ ㄦˇ, ㄎㄚˋ ㄕˊ ㄍㄜˊ ㄦˇ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Kāshígá'ěr
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄚ ㄕˊ ㄍㄚˊ ㄦˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Kashíhgá-ěr
*** Wade–Giles: Kʻa$^1$-shih$^2$-ka$^2$-êrh$^3$
*** Yale: Kā-shŕ-gá-ěr
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Kashyrgareel
*** Palladius: Кашигаэр (Kašigaer)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰä⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵ kä³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Kàshígé'ěr
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄚˋ ㄕˊ ㄍㄜˊ ㄦˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Kàshíhgé-ěr
*** Wade–Giles: Kʻa$^4$-shih$^2$-ko$^2$-êrh$^3$
*** Yale: Kà-shŕ-gé-ěr
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Kahshyrgereel
*** Palladius: Кашигээр (Kašigɛer)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰä⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵ kɤ³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

### Proper noun

喀什噶爾
* (historical or poetic) Kashgar (a city in Xinjiang, China)
    From: 2018/08/02, 尼克・霍史達克（Nick Holdstock）, 文革對維吾爾的迫害，讓新疆自治區永遠無法「自治」, The News Lens
    Dāng wǒ cānguān Tūhūlǔ Tièmù'ér Hàn — zuìhòu yī wèi Cháhétái Ménggǔ kěhàn, dàlì gǔwǔ Yīsīlánjiào zài gāi dìqū de chuánbò — de shènglíng shí, guǎnlǐ rén gàosù wǒ hóngwèibīng qiángpò cūnmín bǎ zhū zhī yǎng zài shènglíng lǐmiàn, Xīnjiāng dàbùfēn dìqū dōu chūxiàn zhèyàng de xiūrǔ xíngwéi, Kàshígé''ěr yǒu ge nánrén zài yī wèi péngyǒu de háizi chūshì shí lǎngsòng Gǔlánjīng, tā bèipò tú hēiliǎn, qí zài lǘzi shàng yóujiē shìzhòng, bìng názhùzhe yīge shàngmiàn xiězhe “wǒ bùgāi xìn jiù guī” de páizǐ. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Synonyms

* 喀什 (Kāshí)
# ไม่เห็นโลงศพไม่หลั่งน้ำตา
## Thai
### Etymology

ไม่ (mâi, “no; not”) +‎ เห็น (hěn, “to see”) +‎ โลงศพ (loong-sòp, “coffin”) +‎ ไม่ (mâi, “no; not”) +‎ หลั่ง (làng, “to shed”) +‎ น้ำตา (nám-dtaa, “tear”); literally "[in so far as you] do not see a coffin, [you] shed no tear". Compare Cantonese 唔見棺材唔流眼淚 / 唔见棺材唔流眼泪 (m$^4$ gin$^3$ gun$^1$ coi$^4$ m$^4$ lau$^4$ ngaan$^5$ leoi$^6$) and Mandarin 不見棺材不掉淚 / 不见棺材不掉泪 (bùjiàn guāncai bù diàolèi).

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | ไม่เห็นโลงศพไม่หลั่งน้ำตา ai m ˋ e h ˘ n o l ŋ ɕ b ai m ˋ h l ạ ˋ ŋ n ˆ å t ā |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | ไม่-เห็น-โลง-สบ-ไม่-หฺลั่ง-น้ำ-ตา ai m ˋ – e h ˘ n – o l ŋ – s ɓ – ai m ˋ – h ̥ l ạ ˋ ŋ – n ˆ å – t ā |
| Romanization | Paiboon | mâi-hěn-loong-sòp-mâi-làng-nám-dtaa |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | mai-hen-long-sop-mai-lang-nam-ta |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /maj˥˩.hen˩˩˦.loːŋ˧.sop̚˨˩.maj˥˩.laŋ˨˩.nam˦˥.taː˧/ |

### Verb

ไม่เห็นโลงศพไม่หลั่งน้ำตา • (mâi-hěn-loong-sòp-mâi-làng-nám-dtaa)
* (idiomatic) to refuse to accept one's defeat or refuse to give up or yield until one is faced with the grim reality, signifying stubbornness.
# અહીં
## Gujarati
### Etymology

Inherited from Middle Gujarati अहीअं (c. 1471), from Prakrit 𑀇𑀥 (idha), 𑀇𑀳 (iha), from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀇𑀥 (idha) (compare Sanskrit ઇહ (ihá)).
Cognate with Hindi यहाँ (yahā̃), Old Awadhi इहाँ (ihām̐).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Gujarati) IPA: /ˈə.ɦĩ/, [ˈə̤ĩ]
* Hyphenation: અ‧હીં
* Rhymes: -ĩ

### Adverb

અહીં • (ahī̃)
* here
    Synonyms: અત્રે (atre), અહીંયા (ahī̃yā)
    હું અહીં રહું છું. ― hũ ahī̃ rahũ chũ. ― I live here.

#### Derived terms

* અહીંતહીં (ahī̃tahī̃)

### References

* ↑ जयंत कोठारी [Jayant Kothari] (1995) “અહીં”, in मध्यकालीन गुजराती शब्दकोश [Mediaeval Gujarati Dictionary], लालभाई दलपतभाईनो वंडो, पानकोरनाका, अहमदावाद ३८० ००१ [Lalbhai Dalpatbhai Road, Pankornaka, Ahmedabad 380 001]: कलिकालसर्वज्ञ श्री हेमचन्द्राचार्य नवम जन्मशताब्दी स्मृति संस्कार शिक्षण निधि [Kalikāla-Sarvajña Śrī Hemacandrācārya Navama Janma-Śatābdī Smṛti Saṃskāra Śikṣaṇa Nidhi], page 32, column 1.
* ↑ “અહીં”, in Gujaratilexicon.com [Gujarati-English dictionary], Arnion Technologies, 2009.
* ↑ “અહીં”, in Gujaratilexicon.com [Gujarati-Gujarati dictionary], Arnion Technologies, 2009.
* ↑ “અહીં”, in રેખ્તા ગુજરાતી શબ્દકોશ (rekhtā gujrātī śabdakoś) (in Gujarati), Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.

### Further reading

* Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “ihá”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 72
# Эркү
## Kalmyk
### Etymology

Compare Buryat Эрхүү (Erxüü) and Mongolian Эрхүү (Erxüü).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /er.ky/
* Hyphenation: Ер‧кү

### Proper noun

Эркү • (Erkü)
* alternative form of Иркут (Irkut, “Irkut [river]”)
* alternative form of Иркутск (Irkutsk, “Irkutsk [city]”)

#### Declension

This proper noun needs an inflection-table template.
# ᡥᠠᠰᡳᡥᠠᡵ
## Manchu
### Etymology

Borrowed from Written Oirat ᡍᠠᠱᡍᠠᠷ (xašxar). Compare Classical Mongolian ᠬᠠᠱᠢᠬᠠᠷ (qašiqar).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /χa.si.χar/, [χa.ɕi.χar]

### Proper noun

ᡥᠠᠰᡳᡥᠠᡵ • (hasihar)
* Obsolete form of ᡴᠠᠰᡳᡤᠠᡵ (kasigar).
# үкімет
## Kazakh
### Etymology

From Classical Persian حُکومَت (hukūmat, “government”), from Arabic حُكُومَة (ḥukūma, “government”).
Compare also Kyrgyz өкмөт (ökmöt), Bashkir хөкүмәт (xökümət), Tatar хөкүмәт (xökümät), Uzbek hukumat, Turkish hükûmet, Uyghur ھۆكۈمەت (hökümet), etc.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʉ̞.kʉ̞.met/, [ʉ̞k.met]

### Noun

үкімет • (ükımet)
* government, administration; the authorities
    Қазақстан Республикасының Үкіметі ― Qazaqstan Respublikasynyñ Ükımetı ― the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan

#### Derived terms

* үкіметтік (ükımettık)
# Европ
## Mongolian

| Mongolian | Cyrillic |
| ᠧᠦ᠋ᠷᠣᠫᠠ (ēüropa) | Европ (Jevrop) |

### Etymology

Borrowed from Russian Евро́п- (Jevróp-, stem), from Latin Eurōpa, from Ancient Greek Εὐρώπᾱ (Eurṓpā).
Compare also Buryat Европо (Jevropo).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /jɵw.rɔˑpʰ/, [jɵβ.rɔˑpʰ]

### Proper noun

Европ • (Jevrop)
* Europe

#### Declension

This proper noun needs an inflection-table template.

#### Derived terms

* европжих (jevropžix)
* европжуу (jevropžuu)
* европорхог (jevroporxog)
* европорхох (jevroporxox)
* европорхуу (jevroporxuu)
* европсог (jevropsog)
* европчилох (jevropčilox)
* еврпчилогдох (jevrpčilogdox)

### See also

* евро (jevro, “euro”)
# Говь
## Mongolian

| Mongolian | Cyrillic |
| ᠭᠣᠪᠢ (ɣobi) | Говь (Govʹ) |

### Etymology

From Classical Mongolian ᠭᠣᠪᠢ (ɣobi). Compare Manchu ᡤᠣᠪᡳ (gobi), Chinese 戈壁 (Gēbì); Tuvan хову (xovu); etc.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɢœw̜]
* Hyphenation: Говь

### Proper noun

Говь • (Govʹ)
* Gobi Desert (a desert in northern China and southern Mongolia)
# Кара-оол
## Tuvan
### Etymology

Compare Khakas Хароол (Xarool); Mongolian Хархүү (Xarxüü); etc.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /k̠ɐ.ɾɐ oːl/, [k̠ɐ.ɾɐ o̞ːɫ]

### Proper noun

Кара-оол • (Kara-ool)
* a male given name meaning “black boy”
* a surname originating as a patronymic

### See also

* Ак-оол (Ak-ool, literally “white boy”)
* Көк-оол (Kök-ool, literally “blue boy”)
* Кызыл-оол (Kızıl-ool, literally “red boy”)
* Сарыг-оол (Sarıg-ool, literally “yellow boy”)
# rough-footed mud turtles
## English
### Noun

rough-footed mud turtles
* plural of rough-footed mud turtle