# جل
## Arabic
### Etymology 1

Compare Hebrew גַּל (gall).

#### Adjective

جَلّ • (jall)
* great
* bulky
* outstanding

##### Declension
#### Noun

جُلّ • (jull) m
* (construct) the bulk (of), the majority (of); the lion's share
    Synonym: أَكْثَر (ʔakṯar)
    مَا لَا يُدْرَكُ كُلُّهُ، لَا يُتْرَكُ جُلُّهُ.mā lā yudraku kulluhu, lā yutraku julluhu.What is not wholly achieved is not to be largely abandoned.
** 20th century, مُصْطَفَى صادِق الرافِعي, جل الناسِ أعداءُ :جل الناسِ أعداءُ على السرَّاءِ والضَّرَّا فلا يغرُرْكَ مبتسمٌ وإن أبدى لكَ البشرا ففي الصدر حزازاتٌ تكادُ تمزقُ الصدرا ولو كادوا النجومَ هوتْ من الخضراءِ للغبرا وما الدنيا إذا فكر تَ غير جهنمَ الصُّغرى ألستَ ترى بها أمماً وكلٌّ تلعنُ الأخرى لقد جرَّبْتُ جُلَّهُمُ فلمْ أر فيهمُ خيرا Most men are rabid foes, / Be they in joy or woe! Do not be fooled by smiles, / Even if seeming kind: In their breasts is hateful fury, / almost tearing their hearts apart! If men could plot against the stars, / The stars would fall into the mire. Life, if you reflect, / Is but a "lesser Hell": Do you not see in it many nations? / And each of them execrates the other! I have appraised most sorts and kinds, / And in all, I saw no goodness!

##### Declension
#### Verb

جَلَّ • (jalla) I (non-past يَجِلُّ (yajillu), verbal noun جَلَال (jalāl) or جَلَالَة (jalāla))
* to be illustrious
* to be beyond or above
* to be exalted or dignified
* to grow old

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2

From Classical Persian گل (gul).

#### Noun

جُلّ • (jull) m
* (uncommon) jasmine, rose

##### Declension
### Etymology 3

Borrowed from Iranian. Compare Central Kurdish جِل (cil, “beggar’s clothes”), Persian جل (joll, “horse-covering, saddle-cloth”), Balti [script needed] (jol, “horse cover”), Yagnobi [script needed] (jul, “horse-cloth”), Gurani [script needed] (jal, jul, “cover, cloth”). Doublet of شَلَّاق (šallāq), جُوَالَق (juwālaq), and جُوَال (juwāl).

#### Noun

جُلّ • (jull) m (plural أَجْلَال (ʔajlāl) or جِلَال (jilāl)) (regional)
* horse-covering, saddlecloth
** a. 869, الْجَاحِظ [al-jāḥiẓ], “باب ما يُجلب من البلدان من طرائف السلع والأمتعة والجواري والأحجار وغير ذلك [What one imports from strange countries in items, commodities, she-slaves, stones and else.]”, in التَبَصُّر بِٱلتِّجَارَة [at-tabaṣṣur bi-t-tijāra]‎:ومن السوس: الأُتْرُجُّ ودُهن البنفسج والشاه سبرم والجِلال والبراذع.From Sūs one gets citrons, violet-oil, basil, and horse-covers and pack-saddles.
** 1355, اِبْن بَطُّوطَة [ibn baṭṭūṭa, Ibn Baṭṭūṭa], edited by Charles Defrémery & Beniamino Sanguinetti, تُحْفَةُ ٱلنُّظَّارِ فِي غَرَائِبِ ٱلْأَمْصَارِ وَعَجَائِبِ ٱلْأَسْفَارِ [tuḥfatu n-nuẓẓāri fī ḡarāʔibi l-ʔamṣāri waʕajāʔibi l-ʔasfāri]‎, volume II, Paris: L'imprimerie impériale/nationale, published 1854, page 35, line 2 a fine:وقد لبسوا التلاليس وجِلال الدوابّ وجعلوا فوق رءوسهم التراب والتبن.They were clothed in sacks and pelts of domestic beasts and had their heads covered with earth and straw.

##### Declension
#### References

* Fraenkel, Siegmund (1886) Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen (in German), Leiden: E. J. Brill, pages 103–104
* Rossi, Adriano Valerio (2011) “Ossetic and Balochi in V.I. Abaev’s SLOVAR'”, in Nartamongæ. The Journal of Alano-Ossetic Studies‎, volume 8, pages 251–255 (from 236)

## Persian
### Etymology

Perhaps cognate to Sanskrit चोल (cola). Borrowed as Arabic جُلّ (jull)

### Noun

جل • (joll)
* horse-covering, saddlecloth
* veil (hung before a sanctuary)

#### Derived terms

* جُلبَک (jolbak)
* آسمان‌جُل (âsemân-jol)

#### Descendants

* → Ottoman Turkish: چول (çul) (see there for further descendants)

### References

* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1892) “جل”, in A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary, London: Routledge & K. Paul, page 367

## Urdu
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit जल (jala).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /d͡ʒəl/

### Noun

جَل • (jal) m (Hindi spelling जल)
* water
    Synonym: پانی (pānī)
** ناصر شہزاد (Nāsir Śahzād) :جل میں ٹھہرا ترا مرا چہرا کیسا دریا تھا وہ سبھا کیسیjal mẽ ṭhahrā tirā mirā cehrā kaisā dariyā thā voh sabhā kaisī

### References

* “جل”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
* “جل”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.