# lupus
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin lupus (“wolf”). Doublet of lobo and wolf.

### Pronunciation

* enPR: lo͝o'pəs, IPA: /ˈluːpəs/
** Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -uːpəs

### Noun

lupus (uncountable)
* (pathology) Any of a number of autoimmune diseases, the most common of which is systemic lupus erythematosus.
** 2015 January 21, 00:05:15 from the start, in Conan Visits Taco Bell (Conan)‎, Conan O'Brien (actor), Team Coco:You like the name quesalupa? That is a little like "case of lupus". I just keep thinking about that.
** 2022 March 17, Joan T. Merrill, Victoria P. Werth, Richard Furie et al., “Phase 2 Trial of Iberdomide in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus”, in The New England Journal of Medicine, volume 386, number 11, →DOI, page 1034:Iberdomide, a cereblon modulator promoting degradation of the transcription factors Ikaros and Aiolos, which affect leukocyte development and autoimmunity, is being evaluated for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

#### Synonyms

* wolf (obsolete)

#### Derived terms

* neurolupus
* rhupus

#### Translations
### Further reading

* Lupus on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

## Catalan
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin lupus. Doublet of the inherited llop.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈlu.pus]

### Noun

lupus m (uncountable)
* lupus

## Italian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin lupus. Doublet of lovo and the inherited lupo.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈlu.pus/
* Rhymes: -upus
* Hyphenation: lù‧pus

### Noun

lupus m (invariable)
* (pathology) lupus

#### Derived terms

* lupico
* lupoma

## Latin
### Etymology

From Proto-Italic *lukʷos, from Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos (“wolf”), with a metathesis of *wĺ̥- to *lú-. The shift of *kʷ to /p/ can be explained as a borrowing from an Osco-Umbrian language, where the change is regular. Another example of a borrowing with that shift is popīna.
Cognates include Ancient Greek λύκος (lúkos), Sanskrit वृक (vṛka), Old English wulf, and Old Church Slavonic влькъ (vlĭkŭ). Doublet of lycos and Lycus; not cognate to Latin vulpēs (“fox”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈlu.pus/, [ˈɫ̪ʊpʊs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈlu.pus/, [ˈluːpus]

### Noun

lupus m (genitive lupī, feminine lupa); second declension
* (zoology) wolf (C. lupus)
    Homō hominī lupus.A man is a wolf to another man.
* (zoology) an animal which acts in the savage manner of a wolf, particularly:
** pike (Esocidae)
** wolffish (Anarhichadidae)
** an uncertain kind of spider
* (carpentry) a tool which is shaped like a wolf's tooth, particularly:
** a kind of bit
** a kind of handsaw
** a kind of hook used for hoisting objects
* (botany) hops (H. lupulus)

#### Declension

Second-declension noun.

#### Synonyms

* hirpus

#### Derived terms

* agnum lupō ēripere velle (“to wish the impossible, literally: to wish to rescue a lamb from a wolf”)
* homō hominī lupus
* lupa
* lupārius
* lupātus
* lupellus (Medieval Latin)
* Lupercus
* lupīnus
* lupulus
* Lupus
* lupus in fābulā
* lupus in sermōne

#### Descendants

Note that some descendants reflect Vulgar Latin /ū/, which is perhaps imitative of the wolf's howling.
* Aragonese: lupo
* Aromanian: lup, lupu
* Catalan: llop
* Corsican: lupu
* Emilian: låuv
* Franco-Provençal: lop
* Friulian: lôf
* Istro-Romanian: lup
* Italian: lupo
* Ligurian: lô
* Megleno-Romanian: lup
* Mirandese: lhobo
* Neapolitan: lupo
* Occitan: lop
* Old French: leu, lou, lu
** Middle French: leu
*** ⇒ French: à la queue leu leu
** ⇒ Middle French: loup
*** French: loup
**** Haitian Creole: lou
**** ⇒ Mauritian Creole: lulu
**** ⇒ Seychellois Creole: loulou
**** → English: loo; Loup
* Old Galician-Portuguese: lobo
** Galician: lobo
** Portuguese: lobo
* Old Leonese:
** Asturian: llobu
** Leonese: llobu
** Mirandese: lhobo
* Old Lombard:
** Lombard: lov, loff, lóff
** Gallo-Italic of Sicily: lupö, lup’, lupu
* Old Spanish: lobo
** Ladino: lovo
** Spanish: lobo
*** → English: loafer, lobo, lofer, loper, lover
*** → Tagalog: lobo
*** → Estado de México Otomi: lobo
* Piedmontese: luv
* Romanian: lup
* Romansch: luf
* Sardinian: lupu
* Sicilian: lupu
** → Maltese: lupu
* Venetan: lovo, lóvo, łovo, łóvo
** → Italian: lovo
* Walloon: leu
* → Esperanto: lupo
* → Interlingua: lupo
* → Volapük: lup
(Borrowings from Scientific Latin)
* → Catalan: lupus
* → English: Lupus, lupus
* → Finnish: lupus
* → French: lupus
* → Galician: lupus
* → Italian: lupus
* → Portuguese: lúpus, lupo
* → Romanian: lupus
* → Spanish: Lupus, lupus
* → Translingual: Lupus; ⇒ Anarhichas lupus, Canis lupus

### References

* “lupus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “lupus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "lupus", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* lupus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* “lupus”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “lupus”, in William Smith, editor (1848), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London: John Murray
* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “lupus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 353
* ↑ 2003, Indo-European Linguistics, Michael Meier-Brügger, Matthias Fritz, and Manfred Mayrhofe (p. 99).

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from French lupus.

### Noun

lupus n (uncountable)
* lupus

#### Declension
## Spanish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin lupus. Doublet of lobo.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈlupus/ [ˈlu.pus]
* Rhymes: -upus
* Syllabification: lu‧pus

### Noun

lupus m (uncountable)
* lupus

#### Derived terms

* lúpico

#### Further reading

* “lupus”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10