# 孝

| 孝 | U+5B5D, &#23389; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5B5D |
| ← 孜 [U+5B5C] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 孞 → [U+5B5E] |

## Translingual
### Han character

孝 (Kangxi radical 39, 子+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 十大弓木 (JKND), four-corner 4440$_7$, composition ⿱耂子)

#### Derived characters

* 侾, 哮, 涍, 㹲, 㫴, 㭳, 硣, 誟, 踍, 酵, 教, 宯, 䓔, 窙, 庨, 痚
* 𡌉, 𫰪, 𡷸, 𭜸, 𢭦, 𤉗, 𤥝, 𤽴, 𥆔, 𰳽, 𥺄, 𮶾, 𧱐, 﨧, 𡦝, 𰍝, 𱳈, 𩩉, 𩷨, 𪊷, 𡦱, 𡦵
* 𨛨, 𪵋, 𱙾, 𡦊, 𩳔, 𱈩, 𰌲, 𡦳, 𡦲, 𠭂, 𨴹(𫔲), 𩱞

#### Related characters

* 老

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 278, character 11
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 6952
* Dae Jaweon: page 546, character 4
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1011, character 4
* Unihan data for U+5B5D

## Chinese

* 孝 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 孝 (Cantonese)
* hàu (Southern Min)

### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 孝
* Western Zhou
* Bronze inscriptions
| | Old Chinese |
| 酵 | *kruːs |
| 窙 | *qʰruː |
| 哮 | *qʰruː, *qʰruːs |
| 庨 | *qʰruː |
| 涍 | *qʰruː, *qʰruːs |
| 孝 | *qʰruːs |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 耂 (“an old man with long hair, bent over”) + 子 (“a child”) – an old man and a child, filial piety between generations. Compare top component to 老 (OC *ruːʔ, “old”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xiào (xiao$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄠˋ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): haau$^3$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): hau$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): hau
    (Hailu, HRS): hau$^ˇ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): hau$^4$
* Eastern Min (BUC): háu / há
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hao$^4$ / hor$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hàu / hà
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hao$^3$ / ha$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$hau; $^5$shiau
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiào
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄠˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: siào
*** Wade–Giles: hsiao$^4$
*** Yale: syàu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiaw
*** Palladius: сяо (sjao)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: haau$^3$
*** Yale: haau
*** Cantonese Pinyin: haau$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hao$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /haːu̯³³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: hau$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /hau³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hau
*** Hakka Romanization System: hau
*** Hagfa Pinyim: hau$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /hau̯⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: hau$^ˇ$
*** Sinological IPA: /hau¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: hau$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /hau⁵³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: háu / há
*** Sinological IPA : /hɑu²¹³/, /hɑ²¹³/
* háu - literary;
* há - vernacular.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit孝 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ɕiɑu⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ɕiau⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /ɕiɑu⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /ɕiɔ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /ɕiɔ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ɕiau³¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /ɕiau⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /ɕiɔ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ɕiɔ¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ɕiɔ¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ɕiɔ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /ɕiau³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /ɕiau¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /ɕiao²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ɕiɔ²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /ɕiɔo⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /ɕiɔ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /ɕiau⁴⁵/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /ɕiɔ³⁵/ /xɔ³⁵/ ～帽子 |
| Jin | Hohhot | /ɕiɔ⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /hɔ³⁵/ /ɕiɔ³⁵/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ɕiæ⁵¹³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ɕiɔ⁴⁴⁵/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /huɔ⁴²/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /ɕiɔ³²⁴/ /xɔ³²⁴/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /xo¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /ɕiau⁵⁵/ /xau⁵⁵/ ～帽子 |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ɕiaɯ⁵⁵/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /hɑu²¹³/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /hau⁵³/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /hɑu⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /hau³³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /hau³³/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /hau³³/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /hau²¹/ /ha²¹/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /hɑu²¹²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /xau³³/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /hau²¹³/ /ha²¹³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /hiau³⁵/ /ha³⁵/ |
* Middle Chinese: xaewH
Rime :
| Character | 孝 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 曉 (32) |
| Final (韻) | 肴 (90) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 呼敎切 |
| Baxter | xaewH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /hˠau$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /hᵚau$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /xau$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /haɨw$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /xau$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /xau$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /xau$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xiào |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | haau$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*qʰˤ<r>uʔ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qʰruːs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 孝 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xiào |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ xæw$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*qʰˁ<r>uʔ-s/ |
| English | filial |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 孝 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 13771 |
| Phonetic component | 孝 |
| Rime group | 幽 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 孝 |
| Old Chinese | /*qʰruːs/ |

### Definitions

孝
* to do one's filial duty; to show filial piety
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Zōngzú chēng xiào yān, xiāngdǎng chēng tì yān. [Pinyin]
    He whom the circle of his relatives pronounce to be filial, whom his fellow villagers and neighbors pronounce to be fraternal.
* filial piety; filial duty
* mourning
* mourning dress
* (Southern Min) to offer up sacrifices (to gods or ancestors)
* (Mainland China Hokkien) custom and etiquette to be observed after the death of one's seniors
* (Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien, vulgar, derogatory) to eat
* a surname
* (Internet slang, derogatory) to exhibit excessive or blind support for a person or thing

#### Synonyms

* (to do one's filial duty):
* 孝敬 (xiàojìng) (to show filial respect)
* 孝順 / 孝顺 (xiàoshùn)
* 有孝 (Hokkien)
* 盡孝 / 尽孝 (jìnxiào)
* 行孝 (Hakka)
* (filial piety):
* 孝心 (xiàoxīn)
* 孝悌 (xiàotì) (filial piety and fraternal duty)
* 孝情 (xiàoqíng) (literary)
* 孝義 / 孝义 (xiàoyì) (devotion to one's parents and loyalty to one's friends)
* 孝行 (acts of filial piety)
* 孝道 (xiàodào)
* 孝順 / 孝顺 (xiàoshùn)

### Compounds

* 不孝 (bùxiào)
* 不孝子
* 事親至孝 / 事亲至孝
* 二十四孝 (Èrshísì Xiào)
* 仁孝
* 做孝
* 克敦孝行
* 大逆不孝
* 子孝孫賢 / 子孝孙贤
* 孝事
* 孝先便腹
* 孝南 (Xiàonán)
* 孝友
* 孝呆 (hàu-tai) (Min Nan)
* 孝堂
* 孝女 (xiàonǚ)
* 孝子 (xiàozǐ)
* 孝子慈孫 / 孝子慈孙
* 孝子賢孫 / 孝子贤孙 (xiàozǐxiánsūn)
* 孝家
* 孝布
* 孝幔
* 孝廉 (xiàolián)
* 孝廉方正
* 孝弟 (xiàotì)
* 孝弟力田
* 孝心 (xiàoxīn)
* 孝思
* 孝悌 (xiàotì)
* 孝感 (xiàogǎn)
* 孝慈
* 孝敬 (xiàojìng)
* 孝昌 (Xiàochāng)
* 孝服 (xiàofú)
* 孝滿 / 孝满
* 孝男 (xiàonán)
* 孝白
* 孝經 / 孝经 (Xiàojīng)
* 孝經序 / 孝经序
* 孝行
* 孝行可嘉
* 孝衣
* 孝袍
* 孝親 / 孝亲
* 孝道 (xiàodào)
* 孝陵
* 孝順 / 孝顺 (xiàoshùn)
* 孝養 / 孝养 (xiàoyàng)
* 孝鳥 / 孝鸟
* 守孝 (shǒuxiào)
* 帶孝 / 带孝 (dàixiào)
* 弔孝 / 吊孝 (diàoxiào)
* 忠孝 (zhōngxiào)
* 忠孝兩全 / 忠孝两全 (zhōngxiàoliǎngquán)
* 忠孝節烈 / 忠孝节烈
* 忠孝節義 / 忠孝节义
* 忠孝賢良 / 忠孝贤良
* 忠孝雙全 / 忠孝双全
* 忠臣孝子
* 忤逆不孝 (wǔnì bùxiào)
* 愚孝 (yúxiào)
* 慈孫孝子 / 慈孙孝子
* 戴孝 (dàixiào)
* 披麻帶孝 / 披麻带孝 (pīmádàixiào)
* 挂孝 (guàxiào)
* 掛孝 / 挂孝 (guàxiào)
* 教孝月
* 暖孝
* 有孝 (yǒuxiào)
* 服孝
* 母慈子孝
* 滿孝 / 满孝
* 火山孝子 (huǒshān xiàozǐ)
* 熱孝 / 热孝
* 父嚴子孝 / 父严子孝
* 父慈子孝 (fùcízǐxiào)
* 盡孝 / 尽孝 (jìnxiào)
* 秦孝公
* 移孝作忠
* 移孝為忠 / 移孝为忠
* 穿孝 (chuānxiào)
* 穿麻掛孝 / 穿麻挂孝
* 節孝 / 节孝 (jiéxiào)
* 純孝 / 纯孝
* 脫孝 / 脱孝
* 至孝 (zhìxiào)
* 舉孝廉 / 举孝廉 (jǔ xiàolián)
* 行孝
* 謝孝 / 谢孝
* 賢孝 / 贤孝 (xiánxiào)
* 達孝 / 达孝
* 重孝
* 除孝
* 魏孝文帝

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: きょう (kyō)
* Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
* Nanori: たか (taka)、たかし (takashi)、のり (nori)、よし (yoshi)

#### Compounds

* 孝(こう)敬(けい) (kōkei, “filial piety”)
* 孝(こう)行(こう) (kōkō, “filial piety”)
* 孝(こう)心(しん) (kōshin, “filial devotion”)
* 不(ふ)孝(こう) (fukō, “unfilial”)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 孝
* こう Grade: 6
* kan'on
From Middle Chinese 孝 (MC xaewH).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こー [kóꜜò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ko̞ː]

#### Noun

孝(こう) • (kō)
* filial piety

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 孝
* たかし Grade: 6
* nanori

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ta̠ka̠ɕi]

#### Proper noun

孝(たかし) • (Takashi)
* a male given name

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

孝 (eumhun 효도 효 (hyodo hyo))
* hanja form of 효 (“filial piety”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

孝: Hán Việt readings: hiếu
孝: Nôm readings: hiếu, héo, hếu
* chữ Hán form of hiếu (“filial piety”).

### References

* 1 2 3 Nguyễn (2014).
* 1 2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* 1 2 Trần (2004).