# is
## Translingual
### Symbol

is
* (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Icelandic.

## English
### Etymology 1

From Middle English is, from Old English is, from Proto-West Germanic *ist, from Proto-Germanic *isti (a form of Proto-Germanic *wesaną (“to be”)), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti (“is”).
Cognate with West Frisian is (“is”), Dutch is (“is”), German ist (“is”), Yiddish איז (iz, “is”), Afrikaans is (“am, are, is”) Old Swedish är, er, Old Norse er, es.
Further cognates include, among others, Latin est, Ancient Greek ἐστί (estí), Sanskrit अस्ति (asti), Persian است (ast), Russian есть (jestʹ), all with the same meaning.

#### Pronunciation

* (UK, US, Canada, General Australian) IPA: /ɪz/
* (New Zealand) IPA: /ɘz/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɪz

#### Verb

is
* third-person singular simple present indicative of be
    He is a doctor.
** 1999 January 8, Ken Starr, quoting Bill Clinton, Referral from Independent Counsel Kenneth W. Starr in Conformity with the Requirements of Title 28, United States Code, Section 595(c) (Starr Report)‎, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, retrieved 14 February 2020, page 176:"It depends on what the meaning of the word 'is' is."
** 2012, Robert Moore, Where the Gold is Buried, a legend of Old Fort Niagara, →ISBN, page 137:"It's not two weeks yet," I reminded her, hoping that might somehow cheer her. […] "Tomorrow is two weeks," Ruth said in a distant voice, staring into the flames.
* (now colloquial) Used in phrases with existential there (also here and where) when the semantic subject is plural.
    There is three of them there.
** c. 1595–1596 (date written), William Shakespeare, “Loues Labour’s Lost”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene ii], page 141, column 2:Ber. There is five in the firſt ſhew, / Ken. You are deceiued, tis not so.
* (dialectal) present indicative of be; am, are, is.
** 2001, “Witness (1 Hope)”, in Run Come save me, performed by Roots Manuva:Let the whole world know we's on some off-key tip
** 2012, Trae Macklin, Flippin' The Hustle:"Them niggas shot my girl, yo! And I ain't gonna sleep until all of them niggas is dead!" RJ hissed.
** 2013, Tu-Shonda Whitaker, The Ex Factor, page 270:"Y'all is some disorganized niggahs," Mama Byrd said.
** 2016, “Don't Hurt Yourself”, in Lemonade, performed by Beyoncé:Who the fuck do you think I is? / You ain't married to no average bitch, boy
** 2022, “Plan B”, performed by Megan Thee Stallion:Nigga, yeah, you's a bitch
** 2023, “Barbie World”, in Barbie: The Album, performed by Nicki Minaj and Ice Spice:Like Jazzie, Stacie, Nicki / All of the Barbies is pretty / All of the Barbies is bad

##### Quotations

* For quotations using this term, see Citations:is.

##### Alternative forms

* ees
* 's
* iz

##### Synonyms

* beeth (archaic)
* bes (now AAVE)

##### Derived terms

* as-is
    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

#### See also

* am
* are
* art
* be
* been
* beest
* being
* was
* wast
* were
* wert

### Etymology 2

Alternative pronunciation of us.

#### Pronoun

is
* (Geordie) Alternative spelling of us (“me”).

### Etymology 3

From i +‎ -s.

#### Noun

is
* (rare) Alternative form of i's.

### Anagrams

* s͞i, Si., S. I., SI, S.I., si, Si

## Afar
### Etymology 1

Related to Sidamo ise.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈis/ [ˈʔɪs]

#### Pronoun

ís
* she

##### See also
### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈis/ [ˈʔɪs]

#### Pronoun

ís
* thyself, yourself
* himself, herself
* (Awash) myself

##### See also
### References

* E. M. Parker, R. J. Hayward (1985) “is”, in An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN
* Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎, Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)

## Afrikaans
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /əs/
* Audio:(file)

### Verb

is
* am, are, is (present tense, all persons, plural and singular of wees, to be)
* Forms the perfect passive voice when followed by a past participle

## Bagusa
### Noun

is
* woman

### References

* Mark Donohue, Syntactic and Lexical Factors Conditioning the Diffusion of Sound Change, Oceanic Linguistics 44 (2005), page 428

## Bavarian
### Alternative forms

* isch (South Bavarian, Tyrolean, South Tyrolean)

### Etymology

From Middle High German ist, from Old High German ist, from Proto-West Germanic *ist, from Proto-Germanic *isti.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /is/, /iːs/

### Verb

is
* third-person singular present indicative of sei

## Catalan
### Noun

is
* plural of i

## Cimbrian
### Pronoun

is
* (Sette Comuni) Alternative form of es (“it”)

### References

* “is” in Martalar, Umberto Martello, Bellotto, Alfonso (1974) Dizionario della lingua Cimbra dei Sette Communi vicentini, 1st edition, Roana, Italy: Instituto di Cultura Cimbra A. Dal Pozzo

## Danish
### Etymology

From Old Norse íss, from Proto-Germanic *īsą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyH-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈiːˀs/, [ˈiˀs]
* Rhymes: -iːs
* Rhymes: -iːˀs

### Noun

is c (singular definite isen, plural indefinite is)
* (uncountable) ice (water in frozen form)
* (uncountable) ice, ice cream (dessert, not necessarily containing cream)
* (countable) ice, ice cream (ice dessert on a stick or in a wafer cone)

#### Inflection
## Dutch
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɪs/
* Audio:(file)

### Verb

is
* third-person singular present indicative of zijn; is, equals
    Twaalf min drie is negen — twelve minus three equals nine

### Adverb

is
* (informal, dialect) Clipping of eens.

### Anagrams

* si

## German
### Verb

is
* Alternative form of is'

## Gothic
### Romanization

is
* Romanization of 𐌹𐍃

## Hungarian
### Etymology

Doublet of és (“and”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈiʃ]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -iʃ

### Adverb

is (not comparable) (clitic)
* also, too, as well
    Synonyms: szintén, ugyancsak, úgyszintén, éppúgy, (formal; the others are relatively literary in style) szintúgy
    Én is szeretem a csokit. ― I, too, like chocolate (aside from other people).
    (Én) a csokit is szeretem. ― I also like chocolate (aside from other things).
* even, up to, as much as, as long as
    Három óráig is tarthat a műtét ― The operation may even take three hours.
* (after an interrogative word) again (used in a question to ask something one has forgotten)
    Hogy is hívják? ― What's that called, again?
* sure enough, indeed
    Synonyms: tényleg, valóban, csakugyan
    Aznapra esőt mondtak, és el is kezdett esni. ― Rain had been predicted for that day and, sure enough, it was beginning to rain. (literally, “They had said rain for…”)

#### Usage notes

When it is used with a concessive adverb (“no matter what/​who​/​when/how”, “however [good, bad]”, “long as it was”, “even if…” etc.), it is traditionally placed after the verb, though it is common in colloquial style to use it after the adverb instead:
    (traditionally, chiefly in literary style) Bármilyen hosszúra nyúlt is az előadás,… (more recently) Bármilyen hosszúra is nyúlt az előadás,…No matter how long the lecture​/​performance stretched,…
It applies to verb-final set phrases as well, similarly to érzi magát in this clause: még ha ettől rosszul érezzük is magunkat / …rosszul is érezzük magunkat (“even if it makes us feel bad”).

#### Derived terms

* csakis
* igenis
* legalábbis
* máris
* mégis
* ugyanis
* úgyis
* a falnak is füle van
* a jég hátán is megél
* a kákán is csomót keres
* akit a kígyó megmart, a gyíktól is fél
* bármi történjék is
* ha nincs ló, jó a szamár is
* jóból is megárt a sok
* segíts magadon, s az Isten is megsegít
* sok jó ember kis helyen is elfér
* száz szónak is egy a vége
* vak tyúk is talál szemet

### See also

* egyaránt (“equally, alike”)

### Further reading

* is in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN

## Iberian

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### Etymology

Comapre Basque ez, possibly connected to Proto-Basque *eze.

### Adverb

is
* not
    bekoŕ to is abel iŕIt will not be a modest advance for a generation

### References

* Villamor, Fernando (2020) A basic dictionary and grammar of the Iberian language

## Irish
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Irish os.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɪsˠ/, /sˠ/

#### Conjunction

is
* reduced form of agus (“and; as”)
    Dia is Muire duit.Hello to you, too. (lit. God and Mary to you.)
** 1899, Franz Nikolaus Finck, Die araner mundart [The Aran Dialect], volume II (overall work in German), Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 1:wil nə fatī xō mŭȧ, s dūŕc šē?[An bhfuil na fataí chomh maith is dúirt sé?]Are the potatoes as good as he said?
** 1899, Franz Nikolaus Finck, Die araner mundart [The Aran Dialect], volume II (overall work in German), Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 1:ə ʒēĺǵə, l̄aurīr ə gūǵə mūn, ńī h-ønn̥̄ ī s ə ʒēlgə š agń̥ə[An Ghaeilge a labhraíthear i gCúige Mumhan, ní hionann í is an Ghaeilge seo againne.]The Irish used in Munster isn’t the same as our Irish.

### Etymology 2

From Old Irish is (“is”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- (“to be”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɪsˠ/, /sˠ/ (before nouns and adjectives)
* IPA: /ʃ/ (before the pronouns é, í, ea, iad)

#### Particle

is
* Present/future realis copula form
    Is múinteoir é Dónall. ― Dónall is a teacher. (definition: predicate is indefinite)
    Is é Dónall an múinteoir. ― Dónall is the teacher. (identification: predicate is definite)
    Is féidir liom snámh. ― I can swim. (idiomatic noun predicate)
    Is maith liom tae. ― I like tea. (idiomatic adjective predicate)
    Is mise a chonaic é. ― I'm the one who saw him. (compare Hiberno-English "'Tis I who saw him"; cleft sentence)
    Is é Dónall atá ina mhúinteoir. ― It's Dónall who is a teacher. (cleft sentence)
* Used to introduce the comparative/superlative form of adjectives
    an buachaill is mó ― the bigger boy; the biggest boy
    Is mó an buachaill ná Séamas.The boy is bigger than James.
    Is é Séamas an buachaill is mó in Éirinn!James is the biggest boy in Ireland! (lit. "It is James (who is) the boy (who) is biggest in Ireland")

##### Usage notes

* Used in the present and future for identification or definition of a subject as the person/object identified in the predicate of the sentence. Sometimes used with noun or adjective predicates, especially in certain fixed idiomatic phrases. Used to introduce cleft sentences, which are extremely common in Irish. It is not a verb.
* The copula does not exist in the imperative and does not have a nominal form analogous to the verbal noun. The phrase bí i do (literally “be in your”) is used as the imperative instead (e.g. Bí i d’fhear! – “Be a man!” (lit. “Be in your man!”)), and equivalent non-copular nominal constructions must be used in place of their hypothetical copular equivalents: bheith ábalta (“to be able”, in place of the non-existent nominal form of is féidir), bheith ag iarraidh (“to want”, in place of the non-existent nominal form of is mian), bheith ina (“to be”, as with the imperative), etc.
* In comparative/superlative formations, is is strictly speaking the relative of the copula, hence an buachaill is mó literally means "the boy who is biggest", i.e. "the biggest boy". The thing compared is introduced by ná (“than”).

##### Related terms

Present/future :
| | Affirmative | Negative | Interrogative | Neg. inter. |
| Main clauses | is | ní | an | nach |
| Direct relative clauses | is | nach | | |
| Indirect relative clauses | ar, arb$^v$ | nach | | |
| Other subordinate clauses | gur, gurb$^v$ | nach | an | nach |
| Past/conditional |||||
| | Affirmative | Negative | Interrogative | Neg. inter. |
| Main clauses | ba, b’$^v$ | níor, níorbh$^v$ | ar, arbh$^v$ | nár, nárbh$^v$ |
| Direct relative clauses | ba, ab$^v$ | nár, nárbh$^v$ | | |
| Indirect relative clauses | ar, arbh$^v$ | nár, nárbh$^v$ | | |
| Other subordinate clauses | gur, gurbh$^v$ | nár, nárbh$^v$ | ar, arbh$^v$ | nár, nárbh$^v$ |
| Present subjunctive | Present subjunctive | Present subjunctive | | |
| | Affirmative | Negative | | |
| | gura, gurab$^v$ | nára, nárab$^v$ | | |
| Base word | Present/future | Past/conditional |
| cá | cár, cárb$^v$ | cár, cárbh$^v$ |
| cé | cér, cérb$^v$ | cér, cérbh$^v$ |
| dá | | dá mba, dá mb’$^v$ |
| de/do | dar, darb$^v$ | dar, darbh$^v$ |
| faoi | faoinar, faoinarb$^v$ | faoinar, faoinarbh$^v$ |
| i | inar, inarb$^v$ | inar, inarbh$^v$ |
| le | lenar, lenarb$^v$ | lenar, lenarbh$^v$ |
| má | más | má ba, má b’$^v$ |
| mura | mura, murab$^v$ | murar, murarbh$^v$ |
| ó (prep.) | ónar, ónarb$^v$ | ónar, ónarbh$^v$ |
| ó (conj.) | ós | ó ba, ó b’$^v$ |
| trí | trínar, trínarb$^v$ | trínar, trínarbh$^v$ |
$^v$ Used before vowel sounds :

## Karakalpak
### Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *īĺč.

### Noun

is
* work

### See also

* jumıs

### References

* N. A. Baskakov, editor (1958), “ис”, in Karakalpaksko-Russkij Slovarʹ [Karakalpak-Russian Dictionary], Moscow: Akademija Nauk Uzbekskoj SSR, →ISBN

## Kwerba
### Noun

is
* woman

### References

* Mark Donohue, Syntactic and Lexical Factors Conditioning the Diffusion of Sound Change, Oceanic Linguistics 44 (2005), page 428 (used in both Kwerba proper and Anggreso Kwerba)

## Lacandon
### Etymology

From Proto-Mayan *iihs.

### Noun

is
* sweet potato

#### Derived terms

* chʌk taꞌan is
* kꞌʌn tsꞌuꞌ is
* sʌk is

### References

* Baer, Phillip, Baer, Mary, Chan Kꞌin, Manuel, Chan Kꞌin, Antonio (2018) Diccionaro maya lacandón (Serie de vocabularios y diccionarios indígenas “Mariano Silva y Aceves”; 51)‎ (in Spanish), Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, A.C., pages 65–66

## Latin
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Italic *is, from Proto-Indo-European *éy. Cognate with Oscan 𐌉𐌆𐌉𐌊 (izik), Umbrian 𐌄𐌓𐌄 (ere), and further with Lithuanian jis, Proto-Slavic *jь.

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /is/, [ɪs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /is/, [is]

#### Pronoun

is (feminine ea, neuter id); demonstrative pronoun
* (pronoun) this or that man, woman or thing; he, she, it, they (previously introduced)
** Picks up the subject or object after an intervening clause, to avoid repeating the relative pronoun quī, or substitutes syntactically fronted expressions
* (correlative) that...which; he, she...who, it...that
** (anaphoric) of such a nature, degree, kind (previously mentioned or implied)
** (cataphoric) the following; of the following nature, degree, kind
* (determiner) this or that [man, woman or thing] (as a noun phrase modifier)
* (with genus with nominative or modī with genitive) such a, that sort of
    eiusmodī sermōnēs ― talk of that kind
** Marcus Valerius Probus, Fragmenta 66.29: […] 'urbīs' an 'urbēs'. Nam cum id genus sīs, quod videō, ut sine iactūrā tuā peccēs, nihil perdēs utrum dīxeris. […] 'urbīs' or 'urbēs'. For as far as I can see, you're the kind of man who doesn't lose sleep over his mistakes; as such you'll lose nothing whichever one you use.
* Substituting a clause.
    quod eius fierī possit ― as far as [any of that is] possible
** As an internal accusative: for that reason, on that account
    idque gaudeō ― and I'm glad about that
** Used in various prepositional phrases.

##### Usage notes

Latin is is an endophoric pronoun and determiner, which may be employed either as an anaphora or as a cataphora, meaning it serves as a reference to something preceding or following, respectively, in the text. Unlike a demonstrative such as ille or English this, is does not have a deictic function, meaning it cannot point to a referent in the world, but only one named in the text; nor can it be used exophorically as a third-person pronoun such as English (s)he that refers to something not already defined in the context but presumed to be known or deduceable by the addressee. Thus we see it used with first, second and third person.
The exophoric demonstratives/determiners in Latin are hic (proximal, near the speaker), iste (medial, near the listener), and ille (distal, far from both). Note that Latin doesn't have any 3rd-person pronouns, using the aforementioned demonstratives in their place.
Oblique cases are rare in elevated poetry.

##### Declension

Demonstrative pronoun.
$^1$The nom./dat./abl. plural forms regularly developed into a monosyllable /iː(s)/, with later remodelling - compare the etymology of deus. This /iː/ was normally spelled as EI during and as II after the Republic; a disyllabic iī, spelled II, Iꟾ, appears in Silver Age poetry, while disyllabic eīs is only post-Classical. Other spellings include EEI(S), EIEI(S), IEI(S). $^2$The dat. singular is found spelled EIEI (here represented as ēī) and scanned as two longs in Plautus, but also as a monosyllable. The latter is its normal scansion in Classical. Other spellings include EEI, IEI.

##### Derived terms

* idcircō
* īdem
* ideō

##### See also

| type | demonstrative | demonstrative | demonstrative | anaphoric | identity | interrogative/ relative | indefinite | indefinite | indefinite | indefinite | indefinite | negative | other |
| type | proximal | medial | distal | anaphoric | identity | interrogative/ relative | relative | indefinite | free choice | universal | negative polarity | negative | other |
| basic | hic | iste, istic | ille, illic | is | ipse, īdem | quis/quī | quisquis, quīcumque | quis, quī, quīdam, aliquis, aliquī, quispiam | quīvis, quīlibet | quisque | quisquam, ūllus, °aliquisquam | nēmō, nihil, nūllus | alius |
| dual | | | | | | uter | utercumque | alteruter | utervīs, uterlibet | uterque | | neuter | alter |
| place | hīc | istīc | illīc | ibī̆ | ibī̆dem | ubī̆ | ubiubi, ubī̆cumque | alicubī, uspiam | ubivīs, ubilibet | ubīque | usquam | nusquam, nūllibī | alibī, aliās |
| source | hinc | istinc | illinc | inde | indidem | unde | undecumque, undeunde | alicunde | °undelibet | undique | | | aliunde |
| destination | hūc, °hōrsum | istūc, °istōrsum | illūc, °illōrsum | eō | eōdem | quō, quōrsum | quōquō, quōcumque | aliquō, quōpiam, °aliquōvorsum | quōvīs, quōlibet | | quōquam | nusquam, nūllōrsum | aliō, aliōrsum |
| method, means, path, place | hāc | istāc | illāc | eā | eādem | quā | quāquā, quācumque | aliquā | quāvīs, quālibet | quāque | | nēquāquam, haudquāquam | aliā |
| manner | hōc modō | istō modō | illō modō | ita, sīc, eō modō | item, itidem | ut, quī, quō modō, quōmodo, quemadmodum | utut, utcumque, quōmodocumque | quī, quōdam modō, aliquō modō | quōmodolibet | utīque | ūllō modō | nūllō modō | aliter, aliōquī, alterō/aliō modō |
| time | num, nunc | | ōlim | tum, tunc | simul | quandō, ‡cum | cumque, quandōcumque, quandōque | quondam, aliquandō | quandōlibet | quandōque | umquam | numquam | aliās |
| quantity | | | | tam | †tamen, †tandem | quam | †quamquam | aliquam | quamvīs, quamlibet | | | | |
| size | | | | tantus | tantusdem | quantus | quantuscumque | aliquantus | quantusvīs, quantuslibet | | | | |
| quality | | | | tālis | | quālis | quālis, quāliscumque | aliquālis | quālislibet | | | | |
| number | | | | tot | totidem | quot | quotquot, quotcumque | aliquot | quotlibet | | | | |
| order | | | | totus | | quotus | quotuscumque | aliquotus | quotuslibet | | | | |
| repetition | | | | totiēns | | quotiēns | quotiēnscumque | aliquotiēns | quotiēnslibet | | | | |
| multiplication | | | | totuplex | | quotuplex | | | | | | | |
| † Turned conjunction with original meaning somewhat dissimulated ° Rare ‡only used as a conjunction, not as an interrogative ||||||||||||||

### Etymology 2

Inflected form of eō (“go”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /iːs/, [iːs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /is/, [is]

#### Verb

īs
* second-person singular present active indicative of eō

### References

* is in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press

## Middle Dutch
### Verb

is
* third-person singular present indicative of wēsen

## Middle English
### Etymology 1

From Old English īs, from Proto-West Germanic *īs.

#### Alternative forms

* ise, yes, yce, yys, ys, ijs, yse, ysz, hyse, hyys, ice, isse, ysse, yis

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /iːs/

#### Noun

is (uncountable)
* ice (frozen water):
** A layer of frozen water as a surface.
** (rare) An individual portion of ice.
* (rare, figurative) That which is short-lived like ice.
* (rare) icy conditions

##### Derived terms

* isykle
* Iseland

##### Descendants

* English: ice (see there for further descendants)
* Scots: ice

##### References

* “īs, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-06-15.

### Etymology 2

From Old English is, third-person present singular of wesan (“to be”), from Proto-Germanic *isti, third-person present singular of *wesaną (“to be, become”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti.

#### Alternative forms

* es, ys, us

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /is/, /iz/

#### Verb

is
* third-person singular present indicative of been
    Synonym: bith

##### Usage notes

This form is more common than bith for the third-person singular.

##### Descendants

* English: is
* Scots: is
* Yola: is, ez

### Etymology 3
#### Determiner

is
* Alternative form of his (“his”)

#### Pronoun

is
* Alternative form of his (“his”)

### Etymology 4
#### Pronoun

is
* Alternative form of his (“her”)

### Etymology 5
#### Pronoun

is
* Alternative form of his (“them”)

### Etymology 6
#### Noun

is (plural isnes)
* Alternative form of iren (“iron”)

## Navajo
### Interjection

is
* as if, as if it were true, it could be, is it really?, what do you mean by that?, so you say expressing surprise

#### Usage notes

Usually spelled with the final letter repeated: iss, isss, issss.

#### Alternative forms

* as
* isdaʼ

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

From Old Norse íss (“ice”), from Proto-Germanic *īsaz, a variant of *īsą (“ice”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyH- (“ice, frost”).

### Noun

is m (definite singular isen, indefinite plural is or iser, definite plural isene)
* (uncountable) ice, ice cream
* (countable) ice cream on a stick or cone.

#### Synonyms

* iskrem (ice cream)

#### Derived terms

* isbit
* isbjørn
* isbre
* isbryter
* isfjell
* isflak
* isfri
* ishall
* ishockey
* iskaffe
* iskald
* iskappe
* islagt
* istapp
* iste
* isterning
* istid
* Nordishavet
* pakkis
* sjøis
* Sørishavet
* vaniljeis

### References

* “is” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

### Anagrams

* -is, si

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

From Old Norse íss, from Proto-Germanic *īsą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyH-. Akin to English ice.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /iːs/

### Noun

is m (definite singular isen, indefinite plural isar, definite plural isane)
* ice
* ice cream

#### Synonyms

* iskrem (ice cream)

#### Derived terms

* drivis
* isbit
* isbjørn
* isbre
* isfjell
* isflak
* isfri
* ishall
* ishockey
* iskald
* iskappe
* istapp
* iste
* isterning
* istid
* Nordishavet
* sjøis
* Sørishavet
* vaniljeis

### References

* “is” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Nyishi
### Alternative forms

* isi, esi

### Etymology

From Proto-Tani *si, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *si.

### Noun

is
* water

#### References

* P. T. Abraham (2005) A Grammar of Nyishi Language‎, Delhi: Farsight Publishers and Distributors

## Old English
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Germanic *īsą. See there for more.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /iːs/

#### Noun

īs n
* ice
** the Legend of St Andrew
    Ofer ēastrēamas īs bryċġode.The ice formed a bridge over the streams.
* the runic character ᛁ (/i/ or /i:/)
** The Old English rune poem
    ᛁ byþ oferċeald, unġemeted slidor...Ice is very cold and immeasurably slippery...

##### Declension

Strong a-stem:

##### Derived terms

* īsċeald
* īsiġ
* īsearn

##### Descendants

* Middle English: is, ise, yes, yce, yys, ys, ijs, yse, ysz, hyse, hyys, ice, isse, ysse, yis
** English: ice (see there for further descendants)
** Scots: ice

### Etymology 2

From Proto-West Germanic *ist, from Proto-Germanic *isti (a form of Proto-Germanic *wesaną (“to be”)), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti (“is”).

#### Alternative forms

* ys
* ᛁᛋ (is) — Near Fakenham plaque

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /is/

#### Verb

is
* third-person singular present indicative of wesan

##### Descendants

* Middle English: is
** English: is
** Scots: is
** Yola: is, ez

## Old High German
### Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *īs. Compare Old Saxon īs, Old English īs, Old Norse íss.

### Noun

īs
* ice

#### Descendants

* Middle High German: īs
** Alemannic German: Iis, Is, Isch
    Alsatian: Iis; Eis (northern)
    Italian Walser: isch, éisch
** Bavarian: ais
    Cimbrian: ais
    Mòcheno: ais
** Central Franconian: Eis, Ies
    Hunsrik: Eis
    Luxembourgish: Äis
    Transylvanian Saxon: Ais
** German: Eis
** Rhine Franconian:
    Frankfurt: [ais]
    Pennsylvania German: Eis
** Vilamovian: ajs
** Yiddish: אײַז (ayz)

## Old Irish
### Alternative forms

* iss

### Etymology

The lemma is itself is from Proto-Celtic *esti, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti; other forms are from either *h₁es- or *bʰuH-.

### Verb

is
* to be
For quotations using this term, see Citations:is.

#### Usage notes

This is the so-called "copula", which is distinct from the "substantive verb" at·tá. The copula is used with noun predicates and to introduce a cleft sentence.

#### Conjugation

See Appendix:Old Irish conjugation of is for the complete conjugation.

#### Derived terms

* cesu (“although... is”)
* condid (“so that... is”)
* in (“is... ?”)
* masu (“if... is”)
* ní (“is not”)

#### Descendants

* Irish: is
* Manx: s’
* Scottish Gaelic: is

#### See also

* at·tá (substantive verb)

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 is”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940) D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, §§ 791–818, pages 483–94; reprinted 2017
* Pedersen, Holger (1913) Vergleichende Grammatik der keltischen Sprachen [Comparative Grammar of the Celtic Languages] (in German), volume II, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, →ISBN, pages 419–431

## Old Saxon
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Germanic *it.

#### Pronoun

is (is)
* his, its

##### Declension
### Etymology 2
#### Verb

is
* third-person singular present indicative of wesan

### Etymology 3

From Proto-Germanic *īsą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyH- (“ice, frost”). Cognate with Old Frisian īs (West Frisian iis), Old English īs (English ice), Dutch ijs, Old High German īs (German Eis), Old Norse íss (Danish and Swedish is).

#### Noun

īs n
* ice
* The runic character ᛁ (/i/ or /i:/)

##### Descendants

* Middle Low German: îs
** Low German: Ies
*** German Low German: Ies
**** Plautdietsch: Iess

## Old Welsh
### Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *esti. Cognate to Old Irish is.

### Verb

is (third person singular present)
* to be

#### Inflection

Listed exhaustively in the Etymological Glossary of Old Welsh are the following conjugated forms:
* 3rd person singular present: is, iu, oi, hois, hoys
* 3rd person singular present relative: issi, issid
* 3rd person singular present negative: nit
* 3rd person plural present: hint, int
* 3rd person singular imperfect: hoid, oid
* 3rd person singular imperfect subjunctive: be
* 3rd person plural imperfect subjunctive: beinn
* 3rd person singular present habitual: bi, bid bit
* 3rd person singular present subjunctive: boi, boit
* 3rd person singular preterite: bu

#### Descendants

* Welsh: bod (finite forms)

### References

* ↑ Falileyev, Alexander (2000) Etymological Glossary of Old Welsh (Buchreihe der Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie; 18), Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, pages 158-159

## Onondaga
### Etymology

From Proto-North Iroquoian *iːts.

### Pronoun

is
* you

### References

* Hanni Woodbury (2018) A Reference Grammar of the Onondaga Language, University of Toronto, page 309

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈis/
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈis/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /ˈiʃ/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈiʃ/
* Rhymes: (Brazil) -is, (Portugal, Rio de Janeiro) -iʃ
* Hyphenation: is

### Noun

is
* plural of i
** 2003, J. K. Rowling, Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e a Ordem da Fênix, Rocco, page 411:
    Se você pôs os pingos nos is e cortou os tês então pode fazer o que quiser!
       If you've dotted your I's and crossed your T's, then you can do whatever you want!

## Sardinian
### Etymology

From syllabic apocope of issos, issas, from Latin ipsōs, ipsās, masculine and feminine accusative plural forms of ipse (“himself”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /is/

### Article

is m pl or f pl (Campidanese)
* plural of su: the (masculine plural definite article)
* plural of sa: the (feminine plural definite article)
** 1212, anonymous author, untitled document; collected in “Carta sarda del 1212 [1212 Sardinian document]”, in Ernesto Monaci, editor, Crestomazia italiana dei primi secoli, con prospetto delle inflessioni grammaticali e glossario, volume 1, Città di Castello: S. Lapi, 1889, page 28, lines 9–10:[…] assolbu sus serbus et is ankillas de cussa domu […] I absolve the servants and the maids of this house

### See also

* sas
* sos

### References

* Rubattu, Antoninu (2006) Dizionario universale della lingua di Sardegna, 2nd edition, Sassari: Edes
* Wagner, Max Leopold (1960–1964) “ísse”, in Dizionario etimologico sardo, Heidelberg

## Scots
### Adverb

is (not comparable)
* (Southern Scots) as

#### Synonyms

* es

### Conjunction

is
* (Southern Scots) as

#### Synonyms

* es

### Pronoun

is (personal, non-emphatic)
* (Southern Scots) me

#### See also

* A
* mei (emphatic variant)

### Verb

is
* third-person singular simple present indicative form of be

### See also

* ir

## Scottish Gaelic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /əs̪/
* IPA: /əʃ/ (before a front vowel sound)
* Hyphenation: is

### Etymology 1

Clipping of agus (“as well as”). Cognate with Irish is.

#### Conjunction

is
* and

##### Usage notes

* Is is often shortened further to 's.

### Etymology 2

From Old Irish is. Cognate with Irish is and Manx s'.

#### Verb

is
* (copulative) am, is, are

##### Usage notes

* Is is often shortened to 's.
* Is is used when linking the subject of a sentence with an object ("somebody is somebody", "somebody is something", "something is something"), otherwise forms of the verb bi are used:
    Is mise Dòmhnall. ― I am Donald.
    Tha mise anns an t-seòmar. ― I am in the room.

##### Inflection

Impersonal forms can be found at thathar.
$^1$ Lewis dialect form

### References

* Colin Mark (2003) “is”, in The Gaelic-English dictionary, London: Routledge, →ISBN, page 368

## Swedish
### Etymology

From Old Swedish is, from Old Norse íss, from Proto-Germanic *īsą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyH-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /iːs/, [iːs̪]
* Audio (Gotland):(file)
* Rhymes: -iːs

### Noun

is c
* (uncountable) ice (frozen water)
** 1982, Ratata (lyrics and music), “Ögon av is [Eyes of ice]”, in Ratata‎:Ja, hennes ögon är av is. Dom säger allt och ingenting. Ja, hon har ögon av is.Yes, her eyes are made of ice. They say everything and nothing. Yes, she has eyes of ice.
* (countable) ice (mass of ice, for example a sheet)

#### Related terms

* isa
* isas
* isbacke
* isbalett
* isbana
* isbark
* isbelagd
* isbeläggning
* isberg
* isbildning
* isbill
* isbit
* isbjörn
* isblock
* isblomma
* isblå
* isblåsa
* isborr
* isbrytande
* isbrytare
* isbrytning
* isbränna
* isbunden
* isbälte
* ischoklad
* isdans
* isdubb
* isdygn
* isdämd
* isdös
* isfiske
* isflak
* isfläck
* isfri
* isfågel
* isfält
* isförhållanden
* isgata
* isglass
* isgrå
* ishalka
* ishall
* ishav
* ishinder
* ishink
* ishinna
* ishockey
* isig
* isigt
* isjakt
* iskaffe
* iskall
* iskana
* iskant
* iskarl
* iskarvning
* isklump
* iskonvalj
* iskorn
* iskravning
* iskristall
* iskub
* iskyla
* iskyld
* Island
* islom
* islossning
* islår
* isläge
* islägga
* ismaskin
* ismassa
* isning
* isnot
* ispansar
* ispik
* isprinsessa
* ispropp
* isracing
* isrand
* isranunkel
* israpport
* isränna
* issituation
* issjö
* isskorpa
* isskrapa
* isskruvning
* isskulptur
* isskåp
* issmältning
* isstack
* isstadion
* isstycke
* issvårigheter
* issyra
* issåg
* issågning
* issörja
* istapp
* iste
* istid
* isträning
* istäcke
* istäckt
* istärning
* isvak
* isvatten
* isvinter
* isvit
* isvägg
* isyxa
* isälv
* isöken
* nyis
* packis
* på hal is
* tunn is

### References

* is in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* is in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* is in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)
* is in Elof Hellquist, Svensk etymologisk ordbok (1st ed., 1922)

## Tok Pisin
### Etymology

From English East.

### Noun

is
* East

## Turkish
### Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *ï̄ĺ(č) (“soot, dirty smoke”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈis/

### Noun

is (definite accusative isi, plural isler)
* soot
* fume (solid deposit)
* kohl

#### Declension

singular
plural
nominative
is
isler
definite accusative
isi
isleri
dative
ise
islere
locative
iste
islerde
ablative
isten
islerden
genitive
isin
islerin
Possessive forms
nominative
singular
plural
1st singular
isim
islerim
2nd singular
isin
islerin
3rd singular
isi
isleri
1st plural
isimiz
islerimiz
2nd plural
isiniz
isleriniz
3rd plural
isleri
isleri
definite accusative
singular
plural
1st singular
isimi
islerimi
2nd singular
isini
islerini
3rd singular
isini
islerini
1st plural
isimizi
islerimizi
2nd plural
isinizi
islerinizi
3rd plural
islerini
islerini
dative
singular
plural
1st singular
isime
islerime
2nd singular
isine
islerine
3rd singular
isine
islerine
1st plural
isimize
islerimize
2nd plural
isinize
islerinize
3rd plural
islerine
islerine
locative
singular
plural
1st singular
isimde
islerimde
2nd singular
isinde
islerinde
3rd singular
isinde
islerinde
1st plural
isimizde
islerimizde
2nd plural
isinizde
islerinizde
3rd plural
islerinde
islerinde
ablative
singular
plural
1st singular
isimden
islerimden
2nd singular
isinden
islerinden
3rd singular
isinden
islerinden
1st plural
isimizden
islerimizden
2nd plural
isinizden
islerinizden
3rd plural
islerinden
islerinden
genitive
singular
plural
1st singular
isimin
islerimin
2nd singular
isinin
islerinin
3rd singular
isinin
islerinin
1st plural
isimizin
islerimizin
2nd plural
isinizin
islerinizin
3rd plural
islerinin
islerinin :

#### Derived terms

* islemek

## Volapük
### Adverb

is
* here
** 1931, Arie de Jong, Gramat Volapüka, § 256:Ünü tim kinik janedoy-li is?At what time does one have breakfast here?

## Welsh
### Alternative forms

* îs (obsolete)

### Etymology

From Middle Welsh is, from Proto-Celtic *ɸīssu (“under”), from Proto-Indo-European *pedsú, locative plural of *pṓds (“foot”). Cognate with Old Irish ís.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /iːs/
** (South Wales, colloquial also) IPA: /iːʃ/

### Adjective

is
* comparative degree of isel: lower
    Antonym: uwch

### Preposition

is
* lower than, under

#### Related terms

* is- (“sub-”)
* (literary): islaw (“beneath”)

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

## West Frisian
### Etymology

From Old Frisian is, from Proto-Germanic *isti (form of *wesaną (“to be”)). Cognate with English is, Dutch is.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɪs/

### Verb

is
* third person singular indicative of wêze
** 1997, Sjoerd Bottema, "Dwersreed", Trotwaer, vol. 29, no. 5, page 204.
    Ik soe net witte wat myn ‘favorite plakje’ is om te fantasearjen, sa'n plak ha ik net, no ja soms al, mar dat is in plak dêr't ik yn it iepenbier leaver net oer praat, net mei myn learlingen alteast, en al hielendal net oer hoe't ik my dêr hâld en draach en wat myn lichemshâlding is.(please add an English translation of this quotation)

## Yola
### Alternative forms

* ez

### Etymology

From Middle English is, es, from Old English is.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɪz/, /ɛz/

### Verb

is
* is
    Synonym: beeth
** 1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 44:Doost thou know fidi is a hamaron?Do you know where is the horse-collar?
** 1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 65:Mee coat is ee-runt.My coat is torn.
** 1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 71:A truckle is ee-teap'd.The car is overturned.
** 1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 78:A wuf is pa varreen.The gad is on the headland.
* are
    Synonym: yarth
** 1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 49:Banès is ee-kearnt.Beans are beginning to ripen in the pod.
** 1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 50:Mee hoanès is ee-kimmelt.My hands are benumbed with cold.

### References

* Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828) William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published 1867, page 44