OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# bullet hell
## English
### Alternative forms

* bullet-hell

### Pronunciation

* Audio (US):(file)

### Noun

bullet hell (countable and uncountable, plural bullet hells)
* (video games, chiefly attributive) A genre of two-dimensional shoot 'em up in which the playfield is almost filled with a barrage of enemy bullets.
** 2003, Billy Bissette, “SAY IT AIN'T SO!!!”, in rec.games.video.sega (Usenet):Mars Matrix is a bullet hell game that is pretty well designed.
** 2008, Brian Ashcraft, Jean Snow, Arcade Mania: The Turbo-charged World of Japan's Game Centers:A few of the game cabinets are connected to flat-screen TVs so bystanders can stop and ogle. Grimy VCRs are hooked up to bullet-hell shooting games...
** 2019 February 25, Jordan Erica Webber, “Point and shoot: what's next for photography in video games?”, in The Guardian‎:The camera is a convenient nonviolent replacement for a gun, a principle perhaps taken most literally by Shoot the Bullet (2005), a bullet hell game in which you clear bullets by photographing them.
# вічко
## Ukrainian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈʋʲit͡ʃkɔ]
* Audio:(file)

### Etymology 1

Variant of о́чко (óčko); compare вісь (visʹ) vs. Russian ось (osʹ).

#### Noun

ві́чко • (víčko) n inan (genitive ві́чка, nominative plural ві́чка, genitive plural ві́чок)
* endearing diminutive of о́ко (óko, “eye”)
    Synonym: о́чко (óčko)
* small window, peephole (in a door or similar)
* knitting ring
* small hole (especially for bees in hive)
* (card games) spot, pip
* (botany) eye

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

ві́ко (víko) +‎ -ко (-ko)

#### Noun

ві́чко • (víčko) n inan (genitive ві́чка, nominative plural ві́чка, genitive plural ві́чок)
* diminutive of ві́ко (víko, “lid, cover”)
# kierkegaardiano
## Italian
### Alternative forms

* (rare) chirchegardiano

### Etymology

From Kierkegaard +‎ -iano (“-ian”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kir.ke.ɡarˈdja.no/
* Rhymes: -ano
* Hyphenation: kier‧ke‧gaar‧dià‧no

### Adjective

kierkegaardiano (feminine kierkegaardiana, masculine plural kierkegaardiani, feminine plural kierkegaardiane)
* (philosophy) Kierkegaardian (of or pertaining to Søren Kierkegaard or his philosophy)

## Portuguese
### Etymology

From Kierkegaard +‎ -iano (“-ian”).

### Pronunciation

* Rhymes: -ɐ̃nu
* Hyphenation: kier‧ke‧gaar‧di‧a‧no

### Adjective

kierkegaardiano (feminine kierkegaardiana, masculine plural kierkegaardianos, feminine plural kierkegaardianas)
* (philosophy) Kierkegaardian (of or relating to Søren Kierkegaard or his philosophy)
# nietzschiano
## Italian
### Alternative forms

* nicciano, nietzscheano

### Etymology

From Nietzsche +‎ -iano (“-ian”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /nitˈt͡ʃa.no/, /niˈt͡ʃa.no/
* Rhymes: -ano
* Hyphenation: nietz‧schià‧no

### Adjective

nietzschiano (feminine nietzschiana, masculine plural nietzschiani, feminine plural nietzschiane)
* (philosophy) Nietzschean (all senses)

#### Derived terms

* nietzschianesimo

### References

* ↑ nietzschiano in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)

## Portuguese
### Etymology

Nietzsche +‎ -iano

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ni.t͡ʃiˈɐ̃.nu/ [ni.t͡ʃɪˈɐ̃.nu], (faster pronunciation) /niˈt͡ʃjɐ̃.nu/
* (Brazil) IPA: /ni.t͡ʃiˈɐ̃.nu/ [ni.t͡ʃɪˈɐ̃.nu], (faster pronunciation) /niˈt͡ʃjɐ̃.nu/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ni.t͡ʃiˈɐ.no/ [ni.t͡ʃɪˈɐ.no], (faster pronunciation) /niˈt͡ʃjɐ.no/
* (Portugal) IPA: /niˈt͡ʃjɐ.nu/
* (Portugal) IPA: /niˈt͡ʃjɐ.nu/
** (Northern Portugal) IPA: /niˈt͡ʃja.nu/

### Adjective

nietzschiano (feminine nietzschiana, masculine plural nietzschianos, feminine plural nietzschianas)
* Nietzschean
# schopenhaueriano
## Italian
### Alternative forms

* (rare) sciopenaueriano

### Etymology

From Schopenhauer +‎ -iano (“-ian”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: $^*$/ʃo.pe.na.weˈrja.no/
* Rhymes: -ano
* Hyphenation: scho‧pe‧nha‧ue‧rià‧no

### Adjective

schopenhaueriano (feminine schopenhaueriana, masculine plural schopenhaueriani, feminine plural schopenhaueriane)
* (relational) of Arthur Schopenhauer; Schopenhauerian
# makizushi
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Japanese makizushi (makizushi), from まきずし, from 巻き寿司.

### Noun

makizushi (uncountable)
* Rolled sushi.

#### Synonyms

* maki

#### Translations
## French
### Etymology

Borrowed from Japanese makizushi (makizushi), from まきずし, from 巻き寿司.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ma.ki.zu.ʃi/

### Noun

makizushi m (plural makizushis)
* makizushi: rolled sushi

#### Synonyms

* maki

## Japanese
### Romanization

makizushi
* Rōmaji transcription of まきずし
# ضايق
## Arabic
### Etymology

Compare ضَاقَ (ḍāqa, “to be or become narrow, to be or become tired”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dˤaː.ja.qa/

### Verb

ضَايَقَ • (ḍāyaqa) III (non-past يُضَايِقُ (yuḍāyiqu), verbal noun مُضَايَقَة (muḍāyaqa))
* to annoy
* to harass
* to bother, to disturb
    لَا تُحَاوِلْ أَنْ تَضِيقَهُ بِأَفْعَالِكَ.lā tuḥāwil ʔan taḍīqahu biʔafʕālika.Don't try to bother him with your actions.
* (transitive) to cause trouble to

#### References

* Wehr, Hans (1979) “ضيق”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN

## Hijazi Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic ضَايَقَ (ḍāyaqa).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dˤaː.jaɡ/

### Verb

ضايق • (ḍāyag) III (non-past يِضَايِق (yiḍāyig))
* to annoy
    Synonym: نَرْفَز (narfaz)
* to harass
* to bother, to disturb
    Synonym: أزعج (ʔazʕaj)

#### Conjugation
## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic ضَايَقَ (ḍāyaqa).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dˤaː.jaʔ/, [ˈdæː.jaʔ]
* Audio (al-Lidd):(file)

### Verb

ضايق • (ḍāyaʔ) III (present بضايق (biḍāyeʔ))
* (transitive) to annoy
    Synonym: زعج (zaʕaj)
# اقتضاء
## Arabic
### Etymology

Verbal noun of اِقْتَضَى (iqtaḍā).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /iq.ti.dˤaːʔ/
* Rhymes: -aːʔ

### Noun

اِقْتِضَاء • (iqtiḍāʔ) m
* verbal noun of اِقْتَضَى (iqtaḍā) (form VIII)
* requiring, demanding
* being or becoming necessary
* requirement, necessity

#### Descendants

* → Persian: اقتضاء (eqtezâ)
* → Ottoman Turkish: اقتضاء (iktizâ)
** → Turkish: iktiza

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic اِقْتِضَاء (iqtiḍāʔ)

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ʔiq.ti.zɑːʔ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʔɪq.t̪ʰɪ.zɑːʔ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʔɪq.t̪ʰɪ.zɑːʔ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [ʔɪq.t̪ʰɪ.zɑː]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [ʔiq.t̪ʰi.zɔː]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [ʔex.t̪ʰe.zɒːʔ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [ʔiq.t̪ʰi.zɔʔ]

### Noun

اقتضاء • (eqtezâ)
* exigency, demand
    .اقتضای طبیعتش این استiqtizā-yi tabī'ataš īn ast, eğtezâ-ye tabi'ataš in astThat is only his nature/it is what his nature requires or dictates.
# جرة
## Arabic
### Etymology 1
#### Noun

جَرَّة • (jarra) f (plural جِرَار (jirār) or جَرَّات (jarrāt))
* jar, amphora, olla
    عَثَرْتُ عَلَى جَرَّةٍ ذَهَبًا.ʕaṯartu ʕalā jarratin ḏahaban.I stumbled upon a jar of gold.
* instance noun of جَرَّ (jarra)

##### Declension
#### Noun

جُرَّة • (jurra) f
* track, furrow, trail, what is there after one draws (جَرَّ (jarra))

##### Declension
#### Noun

جِرَّة • (jirra) f
* cud, what a ruminant (مُجْتَرّ (mujtarr)) chews

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Noun

جُرَة • (jura) f
* verbal noun of جَرُؤَ (jaruʔa) (form I)

##### Declension
## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic جَرَّة (jarra).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʒar.re/, [ˈʒɑrˤ.rˤɑ]
* IPA: /ʒar.ra/, [ˈʒɑrˤ.rˤɑ]
* Audio (Ramallah):(file)

### Noun

جرّة • (jarra) f (plural جرار (jrār) or جرّات (jarrāt))
* jug, pitcher
    Synonym: إبريق (ʔibrīʔ)

#### See also

* كوز (kūz, “small jug, small pitcher”)
# قانونية
## Arabic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /qaː.nuː.nij.ja/

### Etymology 1

Relative noun (nisba) composed of قَانُون (qānūn) +‎ ـِيَّة (-iyya).

#### Noun

قَانُونِيَّة • (qānūniyya) f
* (law) legality
* (religion) canonicity
    قَانُونِيَّةُ أَسْفَارِ ٱلْعَهْدِ ٱلْجَدِيدِqānūniyyatu ʔasfāri l-ʕahdi l-jadīdiThe canonicity of the books of the New Testament

##### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: qanuniyyət
* → Ottoman Turkish: قانونیت (kanuniyet)
** → Turkish: kanuniyet
* → Uyghur: قانۇنىيەت (qanuniyet)
* → Uzbek: qonuniyat

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Adjective

قَانُونِيَّة • (qānūniyya) f
* feminine singular of قَانُونِيّ (qānūniyy)
# رن
## Arabic
### Etymology 1
#### Verb

رَنَّ • (ranna) I (non-past يَرِنُّ (yarinnu), verbal noun رَنِين (ranīn) or رَنَّة (ranna))
* to sound, to resound
* to ring
    رَنَّ الْهَاتِفُ. ― ranna l-hātifu. ― The phone rang.

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2
#### Verb

رن (form I)
* رِنَّ (rinna) /rin.na/: inflection of رَانَ (rāna):
** third-person feminine plural past active/passive
** second-person feminine plural imperative
* رِنْ (rin) /rin/: second-person masculine singular imperative of رَانَ (rāna)

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic رَنَّ (ranna).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ran/, [ran]
* Audio (al-Lidd):(file)

### Verb

رنّ • (rann) I (present برنّ (birinn))
* to ring
* to call (someone)
# أعدم
## Arabic
### Etymology 1.1
#### Verb

أَعْدَمَ • (ʔaʕdama) IV (non-past يُعْدِمُ (yuʕdimu), verbal noun إِعْدَام (ʔiʕdām))
* (transitive) to annihilate, to destroy, to cause to come to an end
    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:أفنى
* (transitive) to execute (to kill)
    أَعْدَمَ جُنْدِيًّا رَمْيًا بِٱلرَّصَاصِ لِهُرُوبِهِ مِنَ ٱلْخِدْمةِ‫‫ʔaʕdama jundiyyan ramyan bi-r-raṣāṣi lihurūbihi mina l-ḵidmati‬‬(please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (intransitive) to be or become poor
* (ditransitive) to deprive, dispossess of
    Synonym: أَفْقَدَ (ʔafqada)

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 1.2
#### Verb

أعدم (form I)
* أَعْدَمُ (ʔaʕdamu) /ʔaʕ.da.mu/: first-person singular non-past active indicative of عَدِمَ (ʕadima)
* أُعْدَمُ (ʔuʕdamu) /ʔuʕ.da.mu/: first-person singular non-past passive indicative of عَدِمَ (ʕadima) and عُدِمَ (ʕudima)
* أَعْدَمَ (ʔaʕdama) /ʔaʕ.da.ma/: first-person singular non-past active subjunctive of عَدِمَ (ʕadima)
* أُعْدَمَ (ʔuʕdama) /ʔuʕ.da.ma/: first-person singular non-past passive subjunctive of عَدِمَ (ʕadima) and عُدِمَ (ʕudima)
* أَعْدَمْ (ʔaʕdam) /ʔaʕ.dam/: first-person singular non-past active jussive of عَدِمَ (ʕadima)
* أُعْدَمْ (ʔuʕdam) /ʔuʕ.dam/: first-person singular non-past passive jussive of عَدِمَ (ʕadima) and عُدِمَ (ʕudima)
# عبيط
## Arabic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʕa.biːtˤ/
* Rhymes: -iːtˤ

### Noun

عَبِيط • (ʕabīṭ) (feminine عَبِيطَة (ʕabīṭa), masculine plural عُبَطَاء (ʕubaṭāʔ), feminine plural عَبِيطَات (ʕabīṭāt))
* idiot, moron, fool

### Adjective

عَبِيط • (ʕabīṭ) (feminine عَبِيطَة (ʕabīṭa), masculine plural عُبَطَاء (ʕubaṭāʔ) or عُبُط (ʕubuṭ) or عِبَاط (ʕibāṭ), feminine plural عَبِيطَات (ʕabīṭāt))
* stupid, idiotic, moronic
* pure, raw, fresh, premature, unripe
    دَمٌ عَبِيطٌ ― damun ʕabīṭun ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Declension
## Gulf Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic عَبِيط (ʕabīṭ).

### Pronunciation

* (Kuwait) IPA: /ʕəˈbiːtˤ/

### Adjective

عَبيط • (ʿabīṭ) m (feminine عَبيطة (ʿabīṭ), plural عَبيطين (ʿabīṭīn))
* silly

### Noun

عَبيط • (ʿabīṭ) m (feminine عَبيطة (ʿabīṭ), plural عَبيطين (ʿabīṭīn))
* silly
# خطيئة
## Arabic
### Etymology

Belongs to the root خ ط ء (ḵ ṭ ʔ), from which the verb form I خَطِئَ (ḵaṭiʔa, “to err”). Schwally proposed that this concrete noun – and Ge'ez ኀጢአት (ḫäṭiʾät, “sin”) – is borrowed from Classical Syriac ܚܛܝܬܐ (ḥəṭīṯɑ, ḥəṭʾīṯɑ, “sin”). This seems likely as there must be in Geʿez a borrowing because the root there means “to lack, to be in want”.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /xa.tˤiː.ʔa/

### Noun

خَطِيئَة • (ḵaṭīʔa) f (plural خَطِيئَات (ḵaṭīʔāt) or خَطَايَا (ḵaṭāyā))
* (countable) sin, offense, fault, act of disobedience for which one deserves punishment
* (uncountable, especially Christianity) sin as a continuing state
    يَعِيشُ فِي الخَطِيئة. ― yaʕīšu fī l-ḵaṭīʔa. ― He’s living in sin.

#### Alternative forms

* خَطِيَّة (ḵaṭiyya)

#### Related terms

* خَطِيئَة أَصْلِيَّة (ḵaṭīʔa ʔaṣliyya, “original sin”)

### References

* Leslau, Wolf (1991) Comparative Dictionary of Geʿez (Classical Ethiopic), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN, page 268
* Nöldeke, Theodor (1910) Neue Beiträge zur semitischen Sprachwissenschaft‎ (in German), Straßburg: Karl J. Trübner, page 36
* Schwally, Friedrich (1898) “Lexikalische Studien”, in Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft‎ (in German), volume 52, page 132
# الإسكندر
## Arabic
### Etymology

From Ancient Greek Ἀλέξανδρος (Aléxandros).

### Proper noun

الْإِسْكَنْدَر • (al-ʔiskandar) m
* Alexander
    الْإِسْكَنْدَر الْأَكْبَر ― al-ʔiskandar al-ʔakbar ― Alexander the Great

#### Related terms

* الْإِسْكَنْدَرِيَّة (al-ʔiskandariyya, “Alexandria”)
# صدم
## Arabic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sˤa.da.ma/
* Audio:(file)

### Verb

صَدَمَ • (ṣadama) I (non-past يَصْدِمُ (yaṣdimu), verbal noun صَدْم (ṣadm))
* to strike, to bump, to knock, to hit, to shock
    كَادَتِ ٱلسَّيَّارَةُ تَصْدِمُنِيkādati s-sayyāratu taṣdimunīThe car was about to hit me.

#### Conjugation
## Persian
### Etymology

From صد (sad, “hundred, one hundred”) + ـم (-om, “-th (ordinal number suffix))”).

### Adjective

صدم • (sadom)
* hundredth

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic صَدَمَ (ṣadama).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sˤa.dam/, [ˈsˤɑ.dˤɑm]
* Audio (Ramallah):(file)

### Verb

صدم • (ṣadam) I (present بصدم (boṣdom))
* to hit, to strike, to bump, to shock
    Synonyms: ضرب (ḍarab), خبط (ḵabaṭ)
# بيج
## Hijazi Arabic
### Etymology

From French beige.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /beːd͡ʒ/, [be̞ːd͡ʒ], [be̞ːʒ]

### Noun

بيج • (bēj) m
* beige

### Adjective

بيج • (bēj)
* beige
    قصدك السيارة الزرقا ولا البيج؟gaṣdak as-sayyāra az-zarga walla al-bēj?do you mean the blue or the beige car?

#### Usage notes

The word بيج (bēj) has only one form and it is used as a neutral adjective with plural and singular feminine nouns as well.

### See also

Colors in Hijazi Arabic · ألوان (ʔalwān) (layout · text) :
| أبيض (ʔabyaḍ) | رمادي (ramādi) | أسود (ʔaswad) |
| أحمر (ʔaḥmar); قرمزي (gurmuzi) | برتقالي (burtugāli); بُنّي (bunni) | أصفر (ʔaṣfar) |
| فُسْتُقي (fustugi) | أخضر (ʔaḵḍar) | |
| سماوي (samāwi) | | أزرق (ʔazrag) |
| بنفسجي (banafsaji); نيلي (nīli) | فوشي (fūši); موف (mōf)/موفي (mōfi) | بمبه (bamba), زهري‎ (zahri) |
# جوة
## Hijazi Arabic
### Etymology

Cognate with South Levantine Arabic جوة (juwwa) and Iraqi Arabic جَوَّة (jawwa).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /d͡ʒuwwa/.

### Adverb

جُوَّة • (juwwa)
* inside
    Antonym: بَرَّة (barra, “outside”)
    قاعدين جُوَّة ولَّا بَرَّة؟gāʕdīn juwwa walla barra?Are you sitting inside or outside?

#### Inflection
## Iraqi Arabic
### Etymology

Cognate with South Levantine Arabic جوة (juwwa) and Hijazi Arabic جوة (juwwa).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /d͡ʒaw.wa/.

### Adverb

جَوَّة (jawwa)
* inside.
    Antonym: بَرَّة (barra, “outside”)
* down, under.
    Antonym: فوق (fōg, “up”)

## South Levantine Arabic
### Adverb

جوّة • (juwwa)
* Alternative spelling of جوا (“inside”)
# السلام عليك
## Arabic
### Interjection

اَلسَّلَامُ عَلَيْك • (as-salāmu ʕalayk)
* (may) peace (be) upon you (singular); good day; hello; hail
    اَلسَّلَامُ عَلَيْكِ يَا مَرْيَمُ يَا مُمْتَلِئَةً نِعْمَةًas-salāmu ʕalayki yā maryamu yā mumtaliʔatan niʕmatanHail Mary, full of grace (first line of the Hail Mary)

### See also

* اَلسَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ (as-salāmu ʕalaykum) (used toward a group of persons)
# قنفة
## Gulf Arabic
### Etymology

From French canapé.

### Pronunciation

* (Kuwait) IPA: /qə.nə.fə/
* (Kuwait) IPA: /ʁə.nə.fə/ (q-ʁ merger)

### Noun

قنفة • (qənəfə) f (plural قنفات (qənəfat))
* sofa, couch
    منو حاط القنفة بنص الصالة؟ ― who put the couch in the middle of the living room?
# يواش يواش
## Gulf Arabic
### Etymology

From Persian یواش یواش (yawāš yawāš) or Ottoman Turkish یواش یواش (yavaş yavaş)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /jəwaːʃ jəwaːʃ/

### Phrase

يَواش يَواش • (yawāš yawāš)
* (Kuwait) slowly!, slow down!
    Synonym: شوي شوي (šway šway)
    يواش يواش لا تطيح من القاري! ― Slow down lest you fall from the bicycle!
# مافي
## Hijazi Arabic
### Etymology

ما (mā, “not”) + فيه (fī, “there”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /maːfi/

### Phrase

مافي • (māfi)
* there is no
    مافي أحد في الغرفة ― māfi ʼaḥad fi alḡurfa ― there is no one in the room

#### Antonyms

* فيه (fī, “there is”)

#### See also

* ما فيه (mā fī, “there isn't in him/it”)
* ما فِيَّ (mā fiyya, “there isn't in me / I can't”)

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

ما (mā, “not”) + فيه (fī, “there is/are”).

### Phrase

مافي • (mā-fi)
* there is no/not, there are no/not
    Synonyms: ما فيش (ma fīš), ما فش (ma fišš), فش (fišš)
    Antonym: فيه (fī)
# عيانا
## Arabic
### Etymology

Adverbial accusative of عِيَان (ʕiyān).

### Adverb

عِيَانًا • (ʕiyānan)
* publicly, in broad daylight
    يَأْكُلُونَ عِيَانًا فِي شَهْرِ ٱلصِّيَامِyaʔkulūna ʕiyānan fī šahri ṣ-ṣiyāmi(please add an English translation of this usage example)
* visibly
# عراء
## Arabic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʕa.raːʔ/

### Noun

عَرَاء • (ʕarāʔ) m
* bareness, nakedness
* the open, the wilderness
    فِي ٱلْعَرَاءِ ― fi l-ʕarāʔi ― in the open or in the wilderness
# غصن
## Arabic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɣusˤn/

### Noun

غُصْن • (ḡuṣn) m (plural أَغْصَان (ʔaḡṣān) or غُصُون (ḡuṣūn))
* branch (of a tree), twig
    غُصْنُ زَيْتُونٍ ― ḡuṣnu zaytūnin ― an olive branch

#### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: qüsn
* → Ottoman Turkish: غصن (gusn)
* → Persian: غصن (ğosn)

### Proper noun

غُصْن • (ḡuṣn) ?
* a surname

## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology

From Arabic غُصْن (ḡuṣn).

### Noun

غصن • (gusn)
* branch
    Synonyms: دال (dal), بوداق (budak)

### References
## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic غُصْن (ḡuṣn).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ɣusn]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ɣʊsn]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ɣʊsn]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [ɣʊsn]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [ɣusn]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [qosn]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [ʁusn]

### Noun

غصن • (ğosn)
* branch
# جذريا
## Arabic
### Etymology

From جَذْر (jaḏr, “root, stem, base”). See there for more.

### Adverb

جَذْرِيًّا • (jaḏriyyan)
* from or belonging to the root
* essentially, elementarily, radically
    الْأُكْلَتَانِ تَخْتَلِفَانِ جِذْرِيَّا عْنْ بَعْضِهِمَا ٱلْبَعِضِal-ʔuklatāni taḵtalifāni jiḏriyyā ʕn baʕḍihimā l-baʕiḍi(please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### References

* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “جذريا”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen
# جدال
## Arabic
### Etymology

Derived from the verbal noun of جَادَلَ (jādala, “to argue, to dispute”), from the root ج د ل (j d l).

### Noun

جِدَال • (jidāl) m
* verbal noun of جَادَلَ (jādala) (form III)
* argument
    وَقَعَ جِدَالٌ بَيْنَهُمَاwaqaʕa jidālun baynahumā(please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Descendants

* Ottoman Turkish: جدال (cidal)
** Turkish: cidal
# فوري
## Arabic
### Etymology

Relative adjective (nisba) composed of فَوْر (fawr, “boiling”) +‎ ـِيّ (-iyy).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /faw.rijj/

### Adjective

فَوْرِيّ • (fawriyy) (feminine فَوْرِيَّة (fawriyya), masculine plural فَوْرِيُّونَ (fawriyyūna), feminine plural فَوْرِيَّات (fawriyyāt))
* instantaneous, prompt, immediate
    فَصْل فَوْرِيّ ― faṣl fawriyy ― immediate dismissal (of an employee)

#### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: fövri
* → Persian: فوری (fori)
** → Punjabi:
    Gurmukhi script: ਫੌਰੀ (phaurī)
    Shahmukhi script: فوری (faurī)
** → Urdu: فوری (fauri)
* → Ottoman Turkish: فوری (fevrî)
* → Turkish: fevri, fevrî
# فحم
## Arabic
### Etymology

From the root ف ح م (f ḥ m). Cognate with Hebrew פֶּחָם (peḥām, “coal”), Aramaic ܦܲܚܡܵܐ (paḥmā, “coal”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /faħm/
* Audio:(file)
** (Gulf) IPA: /ˈfɐħəm/

### Noun

فَحْم • (faḥm) m (collective, singulative فَحْمَة f (faḥma), plural فُحُوم (fuḥūm))
* cinder
    Coordinate term: جَمْر (jamr, “embers, hot coals”)
* coal; charcoal
    فَحْم حَجَرِيّ ― faḥm ḥajariyy ― coal (carbon rock)
    فَحْم الْخَشَب ― faḥm al-ḵašab ― charcoal

#### Derived terms

* فَحْمَة (faḥma, “coal (singulative)”)

### References

* Wehr, Hans (1979) “فحم”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic فَحْم (faḥm).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /faħm/, [ˈfa.ħ(ɪ)m]
* Audio (Ramallah):(file)

### Noun

فحم • (faḥm) m
* (uncountable) coal
# محفل
## Arabic
### Etymology

Noun of place from the root ح ف ل (ḥ f l). Compare Arabic حَفَلَ (ḥafala, “to gather, assemble”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /maħ.fil/

### Noun

مَحْفِل • (maḥfil) m (plural مَحَافِل (maḥāfil))
* place or time of assembly, assembly, council, circle, quarter
    مَحْفِل صُوفِيّ ― maḥfil ṣūfiyy ― Sufi lodge
    مَحْفِل مَاسُونِيّ ― maḥfil māsūniyy ― Masonic lodge
* meeting, gathering, congregation

#### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: məhfil, məhfəl
* → Bengali: মাহফিল (mahophil)
* → Classical Persian: مَحْفِل (mahfil)
** Iranian Persian: مَحْفِل (mahfel)
** Tajik: маҳфил (mahfil)
* → Hindustani:
** Hindi: महफ़िल (mahfil)
** Urdu: مَحْفِل (mahfil)
** → English: mehfil
* → Ottoman Turkish: محفل
** Turkish: mahfil, mahfel
* → Punjabi:
** Gurmukhi script: ਮਹਿਫ਼ਲ (mahifal)
** Shahmukhi script: مَحْفِل (maḥfil)
* → Swahili: mahafali (“graduation”)

### Further reading

* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “محفل”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen
* Wehr, Hans (1979) “محفل”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic مَحْفِل (maḥfil, “assembly, congregation”), from the root ح ف ل (ḥ f l).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [mah.ˈfil]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [mäɦ.fɪ́l]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [mäɦ.fɪ́l]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [mɑː.fɪ́l]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [mɔː.fíl̥]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [mæɦ.fél̥]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [mäɦ.fíl]

### Noun

محفل • (mahfel)
* (Iran) circle (of associates, e.g. in politics)
* (Dari) party, social gathering
* coterie, assembly

#### References

* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1892) “محفل”, in A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary, London: Routledge & K. Paul
* Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar (1931–) “محفل”, in Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute, editors, Dehkhoda Dictionary (in Persian), Tehran: University of Tehran Press

## Urdu
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic مَحْفِل (maḥfil, “assembly, congregation”), from the root ح ف ل (ḥ f l).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /məɦ.fɪl/

### Noun

محفل • (mahfil) m (Hindi spelling महफ़िल)
* assembly
* congregation
* gathering

#### References

* John T. Platts (2012 November 9 (last accessed)) “A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi, and English”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name)‎