# December
## English
### Alternative forms

* Decembre (obsolete)
* Dec., Dec, Dc (abbreviations)

### Etymology

From Middle English December, Decembre, from Old French decembre, from Latin december (“tenth month”), from Latin decem (“ten”); + Latin -ber, from -bris, an adjectival suffix; December was the tenth month in the Roman calendar.

### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /dɪˈsɛmbə/
* (US) enPR: dĭ-sĕmʹbər, IPA: /dɪˈsɛm.bɚ/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛmbə(ɹ)

### Proper noun

December (plural Decembers)
* The twelfth and last month of the Gregorian calendar, following November and preceding the January of the following year, containing the southern solstice.
    Synonym: (rare) Yulemonth
** a. 1633 (date written), Thomas Dekker, The Wonder of a Kingdome, London: […] Robert Raworth for Nicholas Vavasour, […], published 1636, →OCLC, Act I, signature [A3], recto:Old Oakes doe not eaſily fall: / Decembers cold hand combes my head and beard, / But May ſvvimmes in my blood; and he that vvalkes / VVithout his vvooden third legge, is never old.
* (rare) A female given name transferred from the month name [in turn from English].
** 2017, Rebecca Tuhus-Dubrow, Personal Stereo, →ISBN, page 45:But others were less than thrilled with this new gizmo, particularly its addictive qualities. There were reports of breakups threatened and consummated over it. “Our marriage or your Sony,” one woman told her husband, who duly sold the Walkman to a bachelor friend. A young woman named December Cole, a sales executive at a beauty magazine, recalled a trip to Atlantic City with "a basically rude" man who wouldn't stop "bopping around to his own music."
* A surname.

#### Hyponyms

* mid-December

#### Derived terms

* December bride
* Decemberish
* Decemberly
* Decembrist
* Destroy Dick December
* May-December

#### Related terms

* December effect
* December Murders
* December Revolution
* December solstice
* December Uprising
* May and December

#### Descendants

* Bislama: desemba
* Pitcairn-Norfolk: Disemba
* Tok Pisin: Desemba
* → Bengali: ডিসেম্বর (ḍiśembor)
* → Burmese: ဒီဇင်ဘာ (dijangbha)
* → Chichewa: Disembala
* → Dari: دسمبر (desembar)
* → Dhivehi: ޑިސެމްބަރު (ḍisem̊baru)
* → Hausa: Disamba
* → Hawaiian: Kēkēmapa
* → Hindi: दिसंबर (disambar)
* → Malay: Disember
* → Maori: Tīhema
* → Marathi: डिसेंबर (ḍisembar)
* → Swahili: Desemba, Disemba
* → Tokelauan: Tēhema

#### Statistics

* According to the 2010 United States Census, December is the 97210th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 187 individuals. December is most common among White (57.22%) and Black/African American (32.09%) individuals.

### See also

* Undecimber
* January
* February
* March
* April
* May
* June
* July
* August
* September
* October
* November
* December

### Further reading

* Hanks, Patrick, editor (2003), “December”, in Dictionary of American Family Names, volume 1, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 422.
* Forebears

### Anagrams

* Decembre

## Latin
### Alternative forms

* december (alternative case form)
* Decembrius (Medieval Latin)

### Etymology

By haplology from earlier *decumo-mēmbris, analogically to septem : September, from earlier *decumo-mēnsris "of the tenth month", from the ordinal stem decem (“ten”) + *mēnsris, from mens- (“month”) + -ris. In the Roman calendar, the year began with Mārtius (“March”), and December was the tenth month of the year.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /deˈkem.ber/, [d̪ɛˈkɛmbɛr]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /deˈt͡ʃem.ber/, [d̪eˈt͡ʃɛmber]

### Adjective

December (feminine Decembris, neuter Decembre); third-declension three-termination adjective
* of December
** 59 B.C.E. - 17 C.E. — Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, Book XXII
    postremo Decembri iam mense ad aedem Saturni Romae immolatum est.
       finally in the middle of the month of December there was a sacrifice at the Temple of Saturn.

#### Usage notes

In Classical Latin, month names were regularly used as adjectives, generally modifying a case-form of mēnsis m sg (“month”) or of one of the nouns used in the Roman calendar to refer to specific days of the month from which other days were counted: Calendae f pl (“calends”), Nōnae f pl (“nones”), Īdūs f pl (“ides”). However, the masculine noun mēnsis could be omitted by ellipsis, so the masculine singular forms of month names eventually came to be used as proper nouns.
The accusative plural adjective forms Aprīlīs, Septembrīs, Octōbrīs, Novembrīs, Decembrīs are ambiguous in writing, being spelled identically to the genitive singular forms of the nouns; nevertheless, the use of ablative singular forms in -ī and comparison with the usage of other month names as adjectives supports the interpretation of -is as an accusative plural adjective ending in Classical Latin phrases such as "kalendas Septembris".

#### Declension

Third-declension three-termination adjective.
* In New Latin, the ablative singular can also be found as Decembre.

### Proper noun

December m sg (genitive Decembris); third declension
* December
    Synonym: December mensis
** 1283 — Tomazina de Savere, published in Josip Lučić (1984) Spisi Dubrovačke Kancelarije, Knjiga II, page 310.
    Die tercio decembris — On the third day of December(please add an English translation of this quotation)

#### Declension

Third-declension noun (i-stem, ablative singular in -ī), singular only.

#### Descendants

* Italo-Dalmatian
** Corsican: dicembre, decembre, dicembri
** Italian: dicembre
*** → Emilian: dicèmber
*** → Ligurian: dixénbre
*** → Lombard: dicember
** Neapolitan: deciémbro, dicèmbre
    Tarantino: decèmmre
** Sicilian: dicèmmiru, dicembri, dicembru
** → Maltese: Diċembru
* Padanian:
** Emilian: dzèmbar, gèmbar, giämbar
** Friulian: dicembar
** Ladin: dezember
** Ligurian: dexénbre
** Lombard: dezèmber, dezèmbre
** Piedmontese: dzèmber, dzèmbri, zèmbr, gèmbr
** Emilian: dissèmbre, dissèmbar
** Romansch: dezember, december (Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan, Surmiran, Puter, Vallader), schember, schiember (Sursilvan), dschember (Puter, Vallader)
** Venetan: disenbre
*** → Cimbrian: ditzembre
* Southern Gallo-Romance:
** Aragonese: diciembre
** Occitan: decembre
    Gascon: deceme
** Old Catalan: decembre, dehembre, deembre
*** Catalan: desembre (Influenced by desè)
* Ibero-Romance:
** Old Leonese:
*** Asturian: diciembre
*** Extremaduran: diziembri
*** Mirandese: dezembre
** Old Spanish: deziembre, diziembre
*** Ladino: disiembre, dizyembre
*** Spanish: diciembre (see there for further descendants)
* ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *decembriu
** Northern Gallo-Romance:
*** Franco-Provençal: dècembro
** Ibero-Romance:
*** Old Galician-Portuguese: dezembro, dezenbro
**** Galician: decembro
**** Portuguese: dezembro (see there for further descendants)

##### Borrowings

* → Koine Greek: Δεκέμβριος (Dekémbrios)
* → Middle High German: december
** Alemannic German: Dezämber
** Bavarian: Dezemba
** Cimbrian: disèmber
** German: Dezember
*** → Estonian: detsember
*** → Hunsrik: Dezember
*** → Kashubian: december
*** → Hebrew: דצמבר (detsémber)
*** → Luxembourgish: Dezember
** Pennsylvania German: Dezember, Disember
** Yiddish: דעצעמבער (detsember)
* → Old Armenian: դեկտեմբեր (dektember)
** Armenian: դեկտեմբեր (dektember)
* → Old French: decembre
** Franc-Comtois: décembre
** French: décembre
*** Guianese Creole: désanm
*** Haitian Creole: desanm
*** → Iranian Persian: دسامبر (desâmbr)
*** → South Azerbaijani: دئسامبر (desambr)
*** → Tunisian Arabic: ديسمبر (desōmbr)
** Norman:
    Cotentin: décembe
    Guernsey: décembre
    Jersey: Dézembre
    Sark: dezãb
** Walloon: decimbe
** → Middle English: Decembre
*** English: December, Decembre (obsolete), Dec., Dec, Dc (abbreviations)
**** Bislama: desemba
**** Pitcairn-Norfolk: Disemba
**** Tok Pisin: Desemba
**** → Bengali: ডিসেম্বর (ḍiśembor)
**** → Burmese: ဒီဇင်ဘာ (dijangbha)
**** → Chichewa: Disembala
**** → Dari: دسمبر (desembar)
**** → Dhivehi: ޑިސެމްބަރު (ḍisem̊baru)
**** → Hausa: Disamba
**** → Hawaiian: Kēkēmapa
**** → Hindi: दिसंबर (disambar)
**** → Malay: Disember
**** → Maori: Tīhema
**** → Marathi: डिसेंबर (ḍisembar)
**** → Swahili: Desemba, Disemba
**** → Tokelauan: Tēhema
*** Scots: December
* → Romanian: decembrie
* → Albanian: dhjetor (calque)
* → Cimbrian: sègante maanont (calque)

##### Unsorted borrowings

These borrowings are ultimately but perhaps not directly from Latin. They are organized into geographical and language family groups, not by etymology.
* Africa
** Northern and Horn
*** Amharic: ዲሴምበር (disembär)
*** Kabyle: dujember
*** Somali: Diseembar
** Subsaharan
*** Ewe: Dezember
*** Igbo: Disemba
*** Kongo: desembele
*** Lingala: dɛsɛ́mbɛ
*** Malagasy: Desambra
*** Tumbuka: disembala
*** Wolof: Disembar
* Americas
** Greenlandic: decembari
** Inuktitut: ᑎᓯᒻᐳᕆ (tisimpori)
* Asia and Oceania
** Central and Western Asia
*** Arabic: دِيسَمْبَر (dīsambar)
*** Georgian: დეკემბერი (deḳemberi)
*** Hebrew: דצמבר (detzémber)
** South Asia
*** Gujarati: ડિસેમ્બર (ḍisembar)
*** Kannada: ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ (ḍisembar)
*** Odia: ଡିସେମ୍ବର (ḍisembara)
*** Pashto: سامبر (disãmbar), دسمبر (desambar)
*** Sinhalese: දෙසැම්බර් (desæmbar)
*** Tamil: டிசம்பர் (ṭicampar)
*** Telugu: డిసెంబరు (ḍisembaru)
** Southeast Asia and Oceania
*** Balinese: Désémber
*** Banjarese: Disimbir
*** Fijian: Tiseba
*** Gilbertese: Ritembwa
*** Gorontalo: Desember
*** Javanese: Dhésèmber
*** Minangkabau: Desember
*** Samoan: tesema
*** Sundanese: Désémber
*** Tahitian: tītema
* Europe
** Hungarian: december
** Baltic
*** Latvian: decembris
*** Livonian: detsembõr
** Germanic
*** Danish: december
*** Dutch: december
**** Afrikaans: Desember
**** Negerhollands: december
**** → Caribbean Hindustani: desambar
**** → Caribbean Javanese: désèmber
**** → Indonesian: Desember
**** → Papiamentu: desèmber
**** → Trió: risenpë
*** Dutch Low Saxon: december
*** Faroese: desember
*** German Low German: Dezember
*** Icelandic: desember
*** Kölsch: Dezemmber, Dezämber, Dezämmbo
*** Limburgish: dieëtsember, desember
*** North Frisian: deetsember, detsämber
*** Norwegian: desember
*** Saterland Frisian: Dezember
*** Swedish: december
*** West Flemish: december
*** West Frisian: desimber
** Slavic
*** Bulgarian: декември (dekemvri)
*** Lower Sorbian: december
*** Macedonian: декември (dekemvri)
*** Carpathian Rusyn: децембер (december)
*** Serbo-Croatian: decembar / децембар
*** Slovak: december
*** Slovene: december
*** Upper Sorbian: december

### See also

* Roman calendar on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

### References

* ↑ Karl Gottlob Zumpt (1853) Leonhard Schmitz, Charles Anthon, transl., A Grammar of the Latin Language, 3rd edition, pages 31, 85
* ↑ Gaeng, Paul A. (1968) An Inquiry into Local Variations in Vulgar Latin: As Reflected in the Vocalism of Christian Inscriptions, page 183
* ↑ Frost, P. (1861) The Germania and Agricola of Tacitus, page 161

## Old English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈde.kem.ber/

### Proper noun

December m
* December

#### Synonyms

* ǣrra ġēola

#### See also

* Gregorian calendar months: mōnaþeditIanuariusFebruariusMartiusAprēlisMaiusIuniusgiululingAugustus, AgustusSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecember

### References

* Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller (1898) “December”, in An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary‎, 2nd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

## Scots
### Etymology

From Latin december (“of the tenth month”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈdɪzɛmˈbər], [ˈdɛzɛmˈbər]

### Proper noun

December
* December

### See also

* (month): Previous: November. Next: Januar