# 監督
## Chinese
### Etymology
#### “(ACG) director”

    Wasei kango (和製漢語), orthographically borrowed from Japanese 監督(かんとく) (kantoku, “director”), which was in turn a semantic readaptation of Chinese 監督／监督 (jiāndū, “to supervise”).

#### “(WMF) to oversight”

    Semantic loan from English oversight.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): jiāndū
       (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢ ㄉㄨ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): jian$^1$ du$^1$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gaam$^1$ duk$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kam-tuk
    (Hailu, HRS): gam$^ˇ$ dug
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kàm-tok / kam-tok
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gam$^3$ dog$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiāndū
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢ ㄉㄨ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jiandu
*** Wade–Giles: chien$^1$-tu$^1$
*** Yale: jyān-dū
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiandu
*** Palladius: цзяньду (czjanʹdu)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: jian$^1$ du$^1$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: giandu
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiɛn⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gaam$^1$ duk$^1$
*** Yale: gāam dūk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gaam$^1$ duk$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gam$^1$ dug$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kaːm⁵⁵ tʊk̚⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kam-tuk
*** Hakka Romanization System: gam dug$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gam$^4$ dug$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /kam⁵⁵ tuk̚²/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: gam$^ˇ$ dug
*** Sinological IPA: /kam¹¹ tuk⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kàm-tok
*** Tâi-lô: kàm-tok
*** Phofsit Daibuun: karmdog
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kam²¹⁻⁴¹ tɔk̚³²/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kam²¹⁻⁵³ tɔk̚³²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kam¹¹⁻⁵³ tɔk̚³²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kam⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tɔk̚⁵/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kam-tok
*** Tâi-lô: kam-tok
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kamdog
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kam⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚³²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gam$^3$ dog$^4$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kàm tok
*** Sinological IPA : /kam²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tok̚²/
* Middle Chinese: kaem towk
Rime :
| Character | 監 | 督 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 端 (5) |
| Final (韻) | 銜 (149) | 沃 (6) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | II | I |
| Fanqie | 谷銜切 | 冬毒切 |
| Baxter | kaem | towk |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠam/ | /tuok̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kᵚam/ | /tuok̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kam/ | /tok̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kaɨm/ | /tawk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /kam/ | /tok̚/ |
| Wang Li | /kam/ | /tuok̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kam/ | /tuok̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiān | du |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gaam$^1$ | duk$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*kraːm ʔl'uːwɢ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 監 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jiān |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kæm › |
| Old Chinese | /*[k]ˁram/ |
| English | inspect |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 監 | 督 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 6103 | 11738 |
| Phonetic component | 監 | 尗 |
| Rime group | 談 | 覺 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | | 篤 |
| Old Chinese | /*kraːm/ | /*ʔl'uːwɢ/ |
| Notes | 鑑初文，象人俯視皿水察容（林義光陳獨秀說），非形聲字 | |

### Verb

監督
* to supervise; to superintend; to oversee; to regulate
       zhèngquàn jiāndū guǎnlǐ jīgòu [Pinyin]
       securities regulatory agency
    自覺接受監督／自觉接受监督 ― zìjué jiēshòu jiāndū ― to consciously accept supervision
* (Wikimedia jargon) to oversight (to suppress content in a way that removes or minimizes its visibility or viewability)

#### Synonyms

* (to supervise):
* 監察 / 监察 (jiānchá)
* 監控 / 监控 (jiānkòng)
* 監測 / 监测 (jiāncè)
* 監視 / 监视 (jiānshì)
* 監管 / 监管 (jiānguǎn)
* 看守 (kānshǒu)
* 看管 (kānguǎn)
* 管制 (guǎnzhì)
* 董督 (dǒngdū) (literary)
* 觀顧 / 观顾 (Hokkien)
* 警察 (jǐngchá) (literary)

### Noun

監督
* supervisor; overseer
* (ACG) film director

### Derived terms

* 互相監督 / 互相监督 (hùxiāng jiāndū)
* 監督權 / 监督权 (jiāndūquán)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 監督(かんとく) (kantoku)
* → Korean: 감독(監督) (gamdok)
* → Vietnamese: giám đốc (監督)

### Further reading

* 監督 / 监督 on the Chinese Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{zh}$
* 維基百科:監督 / 维基百科:监督 on the Chinese Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{zh}$

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 監 | 督 |
| かん Grade: S | とく Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かんとく [kàńtókú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [kã̠nto̞kɯ̟]

### Noun

監(かん)督(とく) • (kantoku)
* director, supervisor, manager, superintendent
    キューブリック監(かん)督(とく)の映(えい)画(が)
       Kyūburikku-kantoku no eiga
       film directed by Mr. Kubrick
    野(や)球(きゅう)チームの監(かん)督(とく)
       yakyū chīmu no kantoku
       manager of a baseball team
* direction, supervision, control
    〜の監(かん)督(とく)の下(もと)に
       ~ no kantoku no moto ni
       under the direction/supervision of...
    試(し)験(けん)の監(かん)督(とく)をする
       shiken no kantoku o suru
       to supervise an exam

#### Synonyms

* ディレクター (direkutā, “director”)

#### Derived terms

* 映(えい)画(が)監(かん)督(とく) (eiga kantoku): movie director
* 監(かん)督(とく)官(かん) (kantokukan): director
* 監(かん)督(とく)教(きょう)会(かい) (kantoku kyōkai): director association
* 監(かん)督(とく)者(しゃ) (kantokusha): manager
* 現(げん)場(ば)監(かん)督(とく) (genba kantoku): field foreman
* 奴(ど)隷(れい)監(かん)督(とく) (dorei kantoku): slave driver

#### Related terms

* 事(じ)務(む)総(そう)長(ちょう) (jimu sōchō): head of a department; secretary general

### Verb

監(かん)督(とく)する • (kantoku suru) transitive suru (stem 監(かん)督(とく)し (kantoku shi), past 監(かん)督(とく)した (kantoku shita))
* to direct; to supervise; to manage
    子(こ)供(ども)を監(かん)督(とく)する
       kodomo o kantoku suru
       to supervise children

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 監督し | かんとくし | kantoku shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 監督し | かんとくし | kantoku shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 監督する | かんとくする | kantoku suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 監督する | かんとくする | kantoku suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 監督すれ | かんとくすれ | kantoku sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 監督せよ¹ 監督しろ² | かんとくせよ¹ かんとくしろ² | kantoku seyo¹ kantoku shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 監督される | かんとくされる | kantoku sareru |
| Causative | 監督させる 監督さす | かんとくさせる かんとくさす | kantoku saseru kantoku sasu |
| Potential | 監督できる | かんとくできる | kantoku dekiru |
| Volitional | 監督しよう | かんとくしよう | kantoku shiyō |
| Negative | 監督しない | かんとくしない | kantoku shinai |
| Negative continuative | 監督せず | かんとくせず | kantoku sezu |
| Formal | 監督します | かんとくします | kantoku shimasu |
| Perfective | 監督した | かんとくした | kantoku shita |
| Conjunctive | 監督して | かんとくして | kantoku shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 監督すれば | かんとくすれば | kantoku sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.
* Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
* Kitahara, Yasuo, editor (2002), 明鏡国語辞典 [Meikyō Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Taishūkan Shoten, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 監 | 督 |

### Noun

監督 • (gamdok) (hangeul 감독)
* hanja form of 감독 (“direction, supervision”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 監 | 督 |

### Noun

監督
* chữ Hán form of giám đốc (“director”).