OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# clabber
## English
### Alternative forms

* clauber

### Etymology

Shortening of bonny clabber, from Irish bainne clábar (“mud, thick milk for churning”) or a Scots Gaelic cognate thereof; the latter is probably related to láib (“dirt, mud, filth”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈklæb.ə(ɹ)/
    Rhymes: -æbə(ɹ)

### Noun

clabber (uncountable)
* Sour or curdled milk.
** 1997, Charles Frazier, chapter 2, in Cold Mountain, London: Hodder and Stoughton, page 25:Even butter had proved beyond her means, for the milk she had tried to churn had never firmed up beyond the consistency of runny clabber.
* Wet clay or mud.

#### Related terms

* bonnyclabber

#### Translations
### Verb

clabber (third-person singular simple present clabbers, present participle clabbering, simple past and past participle clabbered)
* To sour or curdle.
** 2013, Philipp Meyer, The Son, Simon & Schuster, published 2014, page 148:They always had more milk than they needed and often entire buckets would clabber and one of her brothers would carry it out to the bunkhouse for the vaqueros.

### Anagrams

* cabbler, crabble
# datolyaszilva
## Hungarian
### Etymology

datolya (“date”) +‎ szilva (“plum”)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈdɒtojɒsilvɒ]
* Hyphenation: da‧to‧lya‧szil‧va
* Rhymes: -vɒ
* This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.

### Noun

datolyaszilva (plural datolyaszilvák)
* Japanese persimmon, kaki, persimmon (Diospyros kaki)

#### Declension
### See also

* Appendix:Hungarian words with ly
# csillaggyümölcs
## Hungarian
### Etymology

csillag (“star”) +‎ gyümölcs (“fruit”)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈt͡ʃilːɒɡɟymølt͡ʃ]
* Hyphenation: csil‧lag‧gyü‧mölcs
* Rhymes: -ølt͡ʃ

### Noun

csillaggyümölcs (plural csillaggyümölcsök)
* carambola, star fruit
# coding
## English
### Etymology

From code +‎ -ing.

### Noun

coding (countable and uncountable, plural codings)
* The process of encoding or decoding.
* An encoding.
* The process of writing computer software code.
    Synonym: computer programming
    I spent all night on the coding, but the program was ready by morning.
** 2024 November 29, Joshua Stylman, How Engineered Dependency Erases Our Autonomy‎:I spent decades as a knowledge worker in technology, precisely where society wanted me—in front of screens, building digital products, becoming the very kind of specialist I’m now critiquing. Like many of my generation, I learned some simple coding before I learned to fix a leaky faucet or [to] grow my own food. I still love technology and believe in its potential to automate mundane tasks, freeing us to pursue higher forms of creativity and connection—but this promise rings hollow if we sacrifice our fundamental capabilities in the process.
* (emergency medicine) A method of communicating important medical information discreetly and quickly between medical professionals and responders.
* An alternative therapy used to treat addictions by convincing the patient (through hypnosis, placebos, etc.) that the substance will harm or kill them if they use it again.
* (mathematics) A 1-uniform morphism; an injective morphism; a morphism that maps letter to letter
* (Philippines) Ellipsis of number coding.

#### Translations
### Verb

coding
* present participle and gerund of code

### Adjective

coding (not comparable)
* (Philippines) Applied to vehicles when they are under number coding.
    My car is coding today, so I cannot drive.

#### Derived terms

* anticoding
* autocoding
* coding theory
* coding time
* double coding
* dual-coding theory
* hard-coding
* Huffman coding
* live coding
* Manchester coding
* noncoding
* non-coding DNA
* non-coding RNA
* number coding
* precoding
* predictive coding
* prefix coding
* pseudocoding
* V-coding
# eskalye
## Haitian Creole
### Etymology

From French escalier.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /eskalje/

### Noun

eskalye
* stairs, staircase
# bishtajash
## Albanian
### Noun

bishtajash
* indefinite ablative plural of bishtajë
# తెల్లబట్ట
## Telugu
### Etymology

From తెల్ల (tella) +‎ బట్ట (baṭṭa).

### Noun

తెల్లబట్ట • (tellabaṭṭa) ? (plural తెల్లబట్టలు)
* (pathology) whitish discharge or leucorrhea
# ฮูแต
## Pattani Malay
### Noun

ฮูแต (hutɛ)
* Alternative form of هوتٍي
# Falschparkers
## German
### Noun

Falschparkers
* genitive singular of Falschparker
# every which way
## English
### Pronunciation

* Audio (General Australian):(file)

### Adverb

every which way (not comparable)
* All over; in every direction.
    The kids got to the park and ran every which way.
** 1900 May 17, L[yman] Frank Baum, “The Dainty China Country”, in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Chicago, Ill.; New York, N.Y.: Geo[rge] M[elvin] Hill Co., →OCLC, page 232:Indeed, a jolly little Clown now came walking toward them, and Dorothy could see that in spite of his pretty clothes of red and yellow and green he was completely covered with cracks, running every which way and showing plainly that he had been mended in many places.
** 1968 October 12, Paul Zindel, chapter 14, in The Pigman:I looked at John crumpled and twisted in the corner, the roller skates pointing every which way.
* In all sorts of ways or manners.
    Synonym: any old how
    You can't keep doing it every which way if you want a consistent result.

#### Related terms

* any which way
* every which where
# ґаздов
## Pannonian Rusyn
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Slovak gazdov. By surface analysis, ґазда (gazda) +‎ -ов (-ov).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈɡazdɔf]
* Rhymes: -azdɔf
* Hyphenation: ґаз‧дов

### Adjective

ґаздов (gazdov) (not comparable)
* (relational) master, master's
* (relational) owner, owner's
* (relational) landlord, landlord's
* (relational) lord, lord's

#### Related terms

* ґаздовски (gazdovski)
* ґаздовство n (gazdovstvo)

### References

* Medʹeši, H., Fejsa, M., Timko-Djitko, O. (2010) “ґаздов”, in Ramač, Ju., editor, Руско-сербски словнїк [Rusyn-Serbian Dictionary] (in Pannonian Rusyn), Novi Sad: Faculty of Philosophy
# hexacontagon
## English
### Etymology

From Ancient Greek ἑξήκοντα (hexḗkonta, “60”) + -gon, from Ancient Greek γωνία (gōnía, “corner”).

### Pronunciation

* Audio (US):(file)

### Noun

hexacontagon (plural hexacontagons)
* (geometry) A 60-sided polygon.

#### Synonyms

* 60-gon
# Stirner
## English
### Proper noun

Stirner
* A surname.
# հակասեմական
## Armenian
### Etymology

հակա- (haka-) +‎ սեմական (semakan)

### Pronunciation

* (Eastern Armenian) IPA: /hɑkɑsemɑˈkɑn/, [hɑkɑsemɑkɑ́n]
* (Western Armenian) IPA: /hɑɡɑsemɑˈɡɑn/, [hɑɡɑsemɑɡɑ́n]
* Audio (Eastern Armenian):(file)

### Adjective

հակասեմական • (hakasemakan) (superlative ամենահակասեմական)
* anti-Semitic
    Synonym: հրեատյաց (hreatyacʻ)

#### Declension
### Noun

հակասեմական • (hakasemakan)
* antisemite

#### Declension
### Derived terms

* հակասեմականություն (hakasemakanutʻyun)
# パーキング・エリア
## Japanese
### Alternative forms

* パーキングエリア

### Etymology

From English parking area.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [pa̠ːkʲĩŋɡɯ̟ e̞ɾʲia̠]

### Noun

パーキング・エリア • (pākingu eria)
* parking lot, parking area
# labërkoj
## Albanian
### Etymology

Variant of labërgoj, but has taken a different meaning.

### Verb

labërkoj (aorist labërkova, participle labërkuar)
* to reduce, to diminish, to wear out

#### Conjugation

* Show compound tenses:

#### Related terms

* lapë

### References

* ↑ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “labërkoj”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 209
# Satrapa
## Translingual

Wikispecies

### Etymology

Latin satrapa (“Persian provincial governor”)

### Proper noun

Satrapa m
* A taxonomic genus within the family Tyrannidae – the yellow-browed tyrant.

#### Hypernyms

* (genus): Eukaryota – superkingdom; Animalia – kingdom; Bilateria – subkingdom; Deuterostomia – infrakingdom; Chordata – phylum; Vertebrata – subphylum; Gnathostomata – infraphylum; Reptilia – class; Aves – subclass; Neognathae – infraclass; Neoaves – superorder; Passeriformes – order; Tyranni – suborder; Tyrannides – infraorder; Tyrannida – parvorder; Tyrannidae – family

### References

* Gill, F. and Wright, M. (2006) Birds of the World: Recommended English Names, Princeton University Press, →ISBN
# Muscisaxicola
## Translingual

Wikispecies

### Proper noun

Muscisaxicola m
* A taxonomic genus within the family Tyrannidae – ground tyrants.

#### Hypernyms

* (genus): Eukaryota – superkingdom; Animalia – kingdom; Bilateria – subkingdom; Deuterostomia – infrakingdom; Chordata – phylum; Vertebrata – subphylum; Gnathostomata – infraphylum; Reptilia – class; Aves – subclass; Neognathae – infraclass; Neoaves – superorder; Passeriformes – order; Tyranni – suborder; Tyrannides – infraorder; Tyrannida – parvorder; Tyrannidae – family

### References

* Gill, F. and Wright, M. (2006) Birds of the World: Recommended English Names, Princeton University Press, →ISBN
# Leleux
## English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ləˈluː/

### Proper noun

Leleux
* A surname from French.
* An unincorporated community in Iberia Parish, or Vermilion Parish, Louisiana, United States.

### References

* Adolphe Pierre Leleux on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* François Leleux on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* Jean-Pierre Leleux on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* Louisiana HomeTownLocator
# þeostre
## Middle English
### Adjective

þeostre
* Alternative form of þester

### Noun

þeostre
* Alternative form of þester

## Old English
### Adjective

þēostre
* Alternative form of þīestre
# forscyldigian
## Old English
### Alternative forms

* forsċyldegian, forsċyldgian

### Etymology

From for- +‎ sċyldigian (“to sin”). Related to sċyldiġ (whence Middle English shildy). Compare also German verschulden.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /forˈʃyl.di.ɡi.ɑn/, [forˈʃyɫ.di.ɣi.ɑn]

### Verb

forsċyldigian
* to make guilty; beguilt, criminate, condemn
# Arundinicola
## Translingual

Wikispecies

### Etymology

New Latin, from Latin arundo, harundo (“reed, cane”) + cola (“inhabitant”)

### Proper noun

Arundinicola f
* A taxonomic genus within the family Tyrannidae – the white-headed marsh tyrant.

#### Hypernyms

* (genus): Eukaryota – superkingdom; Animalia – kingdom; Bilateria – subkingdom; Deuterostomia – infrakingdom; Chordata – phylum; Vertebrata – subphylum; Gnathostomata – infraphylum; Reptilia – class; Aves – subclass; Neognathae – infraclass; Neoaves – superorder; Passeriformes – order; Tyranni – suborder; Tyrannides – infraorder; Tyrannida – parvorder; Tyrannidae – family

### References

* Gill, F. and Wright, M. (2006) Birds of the World: Recommended English Names, Princeton University Press, →ISBN
# naswar
## English
### Noun

naswar (uncountable)
* A form of moist, powdered tobacco snuff.

#### Translations
### Anagrams

* Nawars, awarns, sarwan
# vështroj
## Albanian
### Etymology

From vë- +‎ shtroj, used in contexts with a similar meaning.

### Verb

vështroj (aorist vështrova, participle vështruar)
* to observe, watch, analyze

#### Conjugation

* Show compound tenses:

#### Synonyms

* vëzhgoj

#### Related terms

* shtroj
# ructas
## Latin
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈruːk.taːs/, [ˈruːkt̪äːs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈruk.tas/, [ˈrukt̪äs]

#### Verb

rūctās
* second-person singular present active indicative of rūctō

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈruk.taːs/, [ˈrʊkt̪äːs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈruk.tas/, [ˈrukt̪äs]

#### Noun

ructās
* accusative plural of ructa
# like kicking dead whales down the beach
## English
### Alternative forms

* like kicking a dead whale down the beach

### Etymology

Originating in computer programming jargon.

### Prepositional phrase

like kicking dead whales down the beach
* (simile, slang, of a task, process, etc.) Very slow and difficult.
** 1993 September 16, Joshua W. Burton, “OD has no more alternates for remap -- should I worry?”, in comp.sys.next.hardware‎ (Usenet):I have a full backup, but restoring 213 MB of data from one oppy to another with a single drive, even using dd and big packets, is going to be like kicking dead whales down the beach. Is there an easier way?
** 1998 April, Mark Fabi, “Wall Street Walpurgisnacht” (chapter 3), in Wyrm, New York, N.Y.: Bantam Books, →ISBN, page 65:“How’s it going?” I asked. ¶ “Swimmingly, man. Like kicking dead whales down the beach.”

### Further reading

* Eric S[teven] Raymond, editor (2003 December 29), “like kicking dead whales down the beach”, in The Jargon File, version 4.4.7.
# Capsiempis
## Translingual

Wikispecies

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Proper noun

Capsiempis f
* A taxonomic genus within the family Tyrannidae – yellow tyrannulet.

#### Hypernyms

* (genus): Eukaryota – superkingdom; Animalia – kingdom; Bilateria – subkingdom; Deuterostomia – infrakingdom; Chordata – phylum; Vertebrata – subphylum; Gnathostomata – infraphylum; Reptilia – class; Aves – subclass; Neognathae – infraclass; Neoaves – superorder; Passeriformes – order; Tyranni – suborder; Tyrannides – infraorder; Tyrannida – parvorder; Tyrannidae – family

### References

* Gill, F. and Wright, M. (2006) Birds of the World: Recommended English Names, Princeton University Press, →ISBN
# 百足之蟲
## Chinese

| | | hundred | foot; to be sufficient | 's; him/her/it; this | animal; insect |
| trad. (百足之蟲) | trad. (百足之蟲) | 百 | 足 | 之 | 蟲 |
| simp. (百足之虫) | simp. (百足之虫) | 百 | 足 | 之 | 虫 |

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): bǎizúzhīchóng
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄞˇ ㄗㄨˊ ㄓ ㄔㄨㄥˊ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bǎizúzhīchóng
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄞˇ ㄗㄨˊ ㄓ ㄔㄨㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bǎizújhihchóng
*** Wade–Giles: pai$^3$-tsu$^2$-chih$^1$-chʻung$^2$
*** Yale: bǎi-dzú-jr̄-chúng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: baetzwujychorng
*** Palladius: байцзучжичун (bajczučžičun)
*** Sinological IPA : /paɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡su³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵/

### Noun

百足之蟲
* Alternative name for 馬陸／马陆 (mǎlù, “millipede”).
* (figuratively) the rich and powerful
* Alternative name for 蜈蚣 (wúgōng, “centipede”).

#### Derived terms

* 百足之蟲，斷而不蹶 / 百足之虫，断而不蹶 (bǎizúzhīchóng, duàn'érbùjué)
* 百足之蟲，死而不僵 / 百足之虫，死而不僵 (bǎizúzhīchóng, sǐ'érbùjiāng)
* 百足之蟲，至斷不蹶 / 百足之虫，至断不蹶 (bǎizúzhīchóng, zhìduànbùjué)
* 百足之蟲，至死不僵 / 百足之虫，至死不僵 (bǎizúzhīchóng, zhìsǐbùjiāng)
# δώρῳ
## Ancient Greek
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dɔ̌ː.rɔːi̯/ → /ˈðo.ro/ → /ˈðo.ro/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /dɔ̌ː.rɔːi̯/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /ˈdo.ro/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /ˈðo.ro/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /ˈðo.ro/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /ˈðo.ro/

### Noun

δώρῳ • (dṓrōi)
* dative singular of δῶρον (dôron)
# Kataasan
## English
### Proper noun

Kataasan
* A barangay of Dinalupihan, Bataan, Philippines.
# pleura
## English
### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈplʊə.ɹə/
* (General American) IPA: /ˈplʊɹ.ə/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -ʊəɹə

### Etymology 1

From Middle English, borrowed from Medieval Latin pleura.

#### Noun

pleura (plural pleuras or pleurae)
* (anatomy) Each of a pair of smooth serous membranes which line the thorax and envelop the lungs in humans and other mammals.
    Meronyms: cervical pleura, costal pleura, diaphragmatic pleura, mediastinal pleura, parietal pleura, visceral pleura
** 1856, William Youatt, William Charles Linnaeus Martin, A. Stevens, The Hog (page 120)
    The lungs […] may be said to be inclosed in separate bags, or to have distinct pleuras.
* (zootomy) A lateral part in an animal body or structure.

##### Derived terms

* pleural
* pleuretic
* pulmonary pleura

##### Related terms

* pleurisy

##### Translations
### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Noun

pleura
* plural of pleuron

### References

* “pleura”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
* “pleura”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.

### Anagrams

* epural, perula

## French
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Verb

pleura
* third-person singular past historic of pleurer

### Anagrams

* pâleur

## Italian
### Etymology

From Ancient Greek πλευρά (pleurá, “a rib, a side of something”).

### Noun

pleura f (plural pleure)
* (anatomy) pleura

#### Related terms

* pleura costale
* pleura diaframmatica
* pleura mediastinica
* pleura parietale
* pleura viscerale
* pleurale
* pleurico
* pleurite

### Anagrams

* lupare

## Latin
### Etymology

From Ancient Greek πλευρᾱ́ (pleurā́, “a rib, a side of something”).

### Pronunciation

* pleura: (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈpleu̯.ra/, [ˈplɛːu̯rä]
* pleurā: (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈpleu̯.ra/, [ˈplɛːu̯rä]

### Noun

pleura f (genitive pleurae); first declension (Medieval Latin)
* (anatomy) The pleura.

#### Inflection

First-declension noun.

#### Descendants

* → English: pleura
* → French: pleura
* → Italian: pleura
* → Portuguese: pleura
* → Spanish: pleura

### Noun

pleurā f
* ablative singular of pleura

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈplew.ɾɐ/ [ˈpleʊ̯.ɾɐ]
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈplew.ɾɐ/ [ˈpleʊ̯.ɾɐ]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˈplew.ɾa/ [ˈpleʊ̯.ɾa]
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈplew.ɾɐ/
* Hyphenation: pleu‧ra

### Noun

pleura f (plural pleuras)
* (anatomy) pleura (serous membrane that covers the lungs and thorax)

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpleuɾa/ [ˈpleu̯.ɾa]
* Rhymes: -euɾa
* Syllabification: pleu‧ra

### Noun

pleura f (plural pleuras)
* (anatomy) pleura

### Further reading

* “pleura”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# defended
## English
### Etymology

From defend +‎ -ed.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dɪˈfɛndɪd/
* Hyphenation: de‧fend‧ed
* Rhymes: -ɛndɪd

### Adjective

defended (comparative more defended, superlative most defended)
* Having defenses.
** 1991, R. Thomas Palo, Charles T. Robbins, Plant Defenses Against Mammalian Herbivory, page 89:For example, in the boreal forest where browsing by hares in winter is an important source of mortality, the juvenile-phase is more defended chemically against browsing by hares in winter than is the conspecific mature-phase (Table 2).
** 2018, Zhilan Feng, Donald DeAngelis, Mathematical Models of Plant-Herbivore Interactions, page 68:This result corroborates the Hypothesis 2 that the less defended fast-growing species can be replaced over time by more defended slower-growing species.
** 2018, Dorothy Judd, Give Sorrow Words: Working with a Dying Child, page 1976:Understandably, the more extreme the condition, the more defended the family and professionals can be.
* (law, not comparable) In which the defendant responds to the allegations made against them, typically by filing a defense or counterclaim in court.
** 1910 March 29, “Royal Commission on Divorce and Matrimonial Causes”, in Reports from Commissioners, Inspectors, and Others, volume 18, page 476:If this simpler procedure were adopted in a defended case the cost would be about 29l. if counsel were employed, and about 27l. if no counsel or solicitor were employed.
** 1993, Jeremy McBride, Claude Samson, Alternative dispute resolution, page 554:But only in less than 5% there was a court order in a defended case (Müller-Alten, 1984).
** 2018, Ruth Lamont, Family Law, page 113:The Court of Appeal used the case to make a strong call for the removal of fault-based grounds, arguably at the expense of deciding in Mrs Owens' favour, and openly acknowledged that a lower threshold for behaviour is used in undefended cases scrutinised by a legal adviser at a divorce centre rather than a judge in a court in a defended case.

#### Derived terms

* overdefended
* undefended

### Verb

defended
* simple past and past participle of defend

## Spanish
### Verb

defended
* second-person plural imperative of defender
# dispersed
## English
### Pronunciation

* (General American) IPA: /dɪˈspɝst/
* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /dɪˈspɜːst/
* Rhymes: -ɜː(ɹ)st
* Audio (US):(file)
* Hyphenation: dis‧persed

### Adjective

dispersed (comparative more dispersed, superlative most dispersed)
* Spread out in space and/or time; not concentrated.
** 1976, John C. Hendee, Mack L. Hogans, Russell W. Koch, Dispersed Recreation on Three Forest Road Systems in Washington and Oregon, page 19:One other problem studied relates to the potential impact of human waste disposal from dispersed road recreation -- a matter of concern to many managers we've talked to .
** 2009, John Kane, Haig Patapan, Paul 't Hart, Dispersed Democratic Leadership, page 56:Practised in the context of a social movement, dispersed leadership has opened opportunities for women to adopt feminalist styles of leadership that invite and increase the participation of women as a group, while it has also provided the means to advance feminist agendas.
** 2014, Antonio Valero Capilla, Alicia Valero Capilla, Thanatia: The Destiny Of The Earth's Mineral Resources, page 281:On the contrary, a very dispersed and scarce one such as gold, will have a low exergy value but a very high extraction cost.

#### Derived terms

* bidispersed
* dispersedly
* dispersedness
* equidispersed
* geodispersed
* heterodispersed
* hyperdispersed
* indispersed
* interdispersed
* nanodispersed
* nondispersed
* polydispersed
* ultradispersed
* underdispersed
* undispersed

### Verb

dispersed
* simple past and past participle of disperse
# microbial
## English
### Etymology

From microbe +‎ -ial.

### Pronunciation

* (UK) IPA: /maɪˈkɹəʊ.bi.əl/
** Audio (Southern England):(file)
* (US) IPA: /maɪˈkɹoʊ.bi.əl/
* (Canada) IPA: /maɪˈkɹoʊ.bi.əl/, [mʌɪˈkɹoʊ.bi.əl]
* (General Australian) IPA: /mɑɪˈkɹəʉ.bi.əl/, /mɑɪˈkɹɐʉ.bi.əl/
* (New Zealand) IPA: /maɪˈkɹɐʉ.bi.əl/

### Adjective

microbial (not comparable)
* Of, relating to, or caused by microbes or microorganisms.
** 1991, Lynn Margulis, René Fester, Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation:The close analogies between DNA-containing eukaryotic cell organelles and microbial symbionts require revision of classic cell theory, wrote Scwemmler and Schenk (1980) on introducing the field of endocytobiology.
** 2013 May-June, Katrina G. Claw, “Rapid Evolution in Eggs and Sperm”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3:Many genes with reproductive roles also have antibacterial and immune functions, which indicate that the threat of microbial attack on the sperm or egg may be a major influence on rapid evolution during reproduction.
* Small; tiny; minuscule.
** 1920, Edward Carpenter, Pagan and Christian Creeds, New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., published 1921, page 191:As I say, one must not blame the Christians too much for all this - partly because, after the communal periods which I have just mentioned, Christianity was evidently deeply influenced by the rise of Commercialism to which during the last two centuries it has so carefully and piously adapted itself; and partly because - if our view is anywhere near right - this microbial injection of self-consciousness was just the necessary work which (in conjunction with commercialism) it had to perform.

#### Derived terms

* amicrobial
* antimicrobial
* electromicrobial
* endomicrobial
* geomicrobial
* immunomicrobial
* intermicrobial
* microbial clock
* microbial fuel cell
* microbialite
* microbially
* monomicrobial
* multimicrobial
* nonmicrobial
* paucimicrobial
* perimicrobial
* polymicrobial
* promicrobial
* pseudomicrobial
* rhizomicrobial
* sociomicrobial

#### Translations
### Noun

microbial (plural microbials)
* A microbe or bacterium.

### Anagrams

* mirabolic

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˌmi.kɾo.biˈaw/ [ˌmi.kɾo.bɪˈaʊ̯], (faster pronunciation) /ˌmi.kɾoˈbjaw/ [ˌmi.kɾoˈbjaʊ̯]
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˌmi.kɾɔˈbjal/ [ˌmi.kɾɔˈβjaɫ]
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˌmi.kɾɔˈbjal/ [ˌmi.kɾɔˈβjaɫ]
** (Southern Portugal) IPA: /ˌmi.kɾɔˈbja.li/ [ˌmi.kɾɔˈβja.li]
* Hyphenation: mi‧cro‧bi‧al

### Adjective

microbial m or f (plural microbiais)
* microbial (relating to microbes)
    Synonyms: micróbico, microbiano

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /mikɾoˈbjal/ [mi.kɾoˈβ̞jal]
* Rhymes: -al
* Syllabification: mi‧cro‧bial

### Adjective

microbial m or f (masculine and feminine plural microbiales)
* microbial