# liman
## English
### Etymology

From Russian лима́н (limán) or Ukrainian лима́н (lymán), from Turkic, compare Turkish liman (“port, harbor”). Ultimately from Ancient Greek λιμήν (limḗn, “harbor”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /lɪˈmɑn/

### Noun

liman (plural limans)
* A wide estuary formed as a lagoon at the mouth of one or more rivers, where flow is constrained by a bar of sediments (created by either the current of a sea or a sediment-saturated river), especially in the Black Sea region.
** 1918, Stephen Rudnicki, Ukraine, the Land and Its People: An Introduction to Its Geography, page 19:Only at a point where a river, a streamlet, even a balka (step-glen, ravine) opens into the sea, is the steep incline of the steppe-plateau broken. […] This sea-water lake is called liman in Ukrainian. Wherever a stream of great volume empties into a liman, the bar is severed at one or more places.
** 1993 December 15, Danylo Husar Struk, Encyclopedia of Ukraine: Volume V: St-Z, University of Toronto Press, →ISBN:Its rising provided conditions for the formation of liman valleys along the coast. As well, meltwaters from the ice cap produced ponding, with excess water that either spilled over the low points of divides or flowed along the ice […]
** 2016 September 28, Ruben Kosyan, The Diversity of Russian Estuaries and Lagoons Exposed to Human Influence, Springer, →ISBN, page 123:Fig.5.12 The Akhtanizovsky liman delta arm […] certain limans, particularly those fed by river water, continued to decline naturally, whereas the square area of swamps, contrastingly, continued to increase. The first significant anthropogenic changes in the size and natural regime of the limans and flooded areas were initially connected with artificial changes in flow direction […]

#### Usage notes

* Because liman mud was sometimes used therapeutically, some English dictionaries beginning in the 1870s have incorrectly defined liman as alluvial (estuarine/deltal) slime rather than the estuary itself that deposits the slime, sometimes deriving the word from French limon (“silt”) rather than from Russian/Ukrainian; this is a ghost sense.

#### Translations
### Further reading

* “liman”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.

### Anagrams

* Linam, Malin, Milan, lamin

## Azerbaijani
### Etymology

Ultimately from Byzantine Greek λιμένιον (liménion), from Ancient Greek λιμήν (limḗn).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [liˈmɑn]
* Hyphenation: li‧man
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

liman (definite accusative limanı, plural limanlar)
* port, haven, harbor

#### Derived terms

* hava limanı (“airport”)

## Crimean Tatar
### Etymology

From Byzantine Greek λιμένιον (liménion), from Ancient Greek λιμήν (limḗn).

### Noun

liman
* estuary
* port, harbour, haven.

#### Declension
### References

* Mirjejev, V. A., Usejinov, S. M. (2002) Ukrajinsʹko-krymsʹkotatarsʹkyj slovnyk [Ukrainian – Crimean Tatar Dictionary]‎, Simferopol: Dolya, →ISBN
* “liman”, in Luğatçıq (in Russian)

## Esperanto
### Adjective

liman
* accusative singular of lima

## Finnish
### Noun

liman
* genitive singular of lima

### Anagrams

* Malin, ilman, malin

## Galician
### Verb

liman
* third-person plural present indicative of limar

## Hausa
### Alternative forms

* limam

### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic إِمَام (ʔimām).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /lìː.mân/
** (Standard Kano Hausa) IPA: [lìː.mâŋ]

### Noun

lī̀mân m (plural lī̀mā̀mai, possessed form lī̀māmìn)
* (Islam) imam
* The equivalent of an imam in other religions; in Christianity, a pastor or priest.

## Ida'an
### Noun

liman
* elephant

## Indonesian
### Etymology

Affixed lima (“five”) +‎ -an, inherited from Malay liman (“elephant”), from Javanese ꦭꦶꦩꦤ꧀ (liman), from Old Javanese liman.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈli.man/
* Rhymes: -man
* Hyphenation: li‧man

### Noun

liman (plural liman-liman)
* (archaic) elephant
    Synonym: gajah

### Further reading

* “liman” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Javanese
### Romanization

liman
* Romanization of ꦭꦶꦩꦤ꧀

## Malay
### Etymology

Borrowed from Javanese ꦭꦶꦩꦤ꧀ (liman), possibly from lima +‎ -an; related to Proto-Chamic *lamaːn (compare Jarai rơman, Western Cham limân, Rade êman). Doublet of leman.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /liman/
* Rhymes: -iman, -man, -an

### Noun

liman (Jawi spelling ليمن, plural liman-liman, informal 1st possessive limanku, 2nd possessive limanmu, 3rd possessive limannya)
* (archaic) elephant.
    Synonyms: leman, gajah, biram

#### Descendants

* Indonesian: liman

### References

* ↑ Turgood, Graham (1999) Ancient Cham to Modern Dialects: Two Thousand Years of Language Contact and Change, Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press, →ISBN, pages 156, 340
* Wilkinson, Richard James. An Abridged Malay-English Dictionary. Macmillan. 1965.
* Wilkinson, Richard James (1901) “ليمن leman”, in A Malay-English dictionary, Hong Kong: Kelly & Walsh limited, page 629
* Wilkinson, Richard James (1932) “liman”, in A Malay-English dictionary (romanised), volume II, Mytilene, Greece: Salavopoulos & Kinderlis, page 58

### Further reading

* “liman” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.

## Old English
### Verb

līman
* Alternative form of līeman

## Old Javanese
### Etymology

Unknown, probably lima +‎ -an.

### Noun

liman
* elephant
    Synonyms: aliman, asti, dipak, dwipa, dwipak, dwipāṅga, dwipendra, dwirada, dwiradarāja, dwirĕge, gaja, gajah, haliman, hasti, ibha, kuñjara, liman, mantĕṅga, mātaṅga, matĕṅga, nāga, pataṅgi, sāmaja, tuṅgaṅan, wāhana, wāraṇa

#### Derived terms

* alilimanan
* aliman
* palimanan
* aśoka liman
* iwak liman
* karaṅ liman
* tapak liman

#### Descendants

* > Javanese: ꦭꦶꦩꦤ꧀ (liman) (inherited)
** → Malay: liman
*** Indonesian: liman
* → Balinese: ᬮᬶᬫᬦ᭄ (liman)

### Further reading

* "liman" in P.J. Zoetmulder with the collaboration of S.O. Robson, Old Javanese-English Dictionary. 's-Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff, 1982.

## Old Sundanese
### Etymology

From Old Javanese liman. Probably lima + -an.

### Noun

liman
* elephant
    liman putih
       white elephant

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish لیمان (liman), from Byzantine Greek λιμένιον (liménion), from Ancient Greek λιμήν (limḗn).

### Noun

liman n (plural limanuri)
* haven
* port, harbor
    Synonym: port
* bank
    Synonym: țărm
* lagoon
    Synonym: lagună
* estuary
    Synonym: estuar
* coast
    Synonym: coastă

#### Declension
## Spanish
### Verb

liman
* third-person plural present indicative of limar

## Tetum
### Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *lima, from Proto-Austronesian *lima.

### Noun

liman
* (anatomy) hand, arm

## Turkish
### Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish لیمان (liman), from Byzantine Greek λιμένιον (liménion), from Ancient Greek λιμήν (limḗn).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /liˈmɑn/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -mɑn

### Noun

liman (definite accusative limanı, plural limanlar)
* port, haven, harbor

#### Declension

singular
plural
nominative
liman
limanlar
definite accusative
limanı
limanları
dative
limana
limanlara
locative
limanda
limanlarda
ablative
limandan
limanlardan
genitive
limanın
limanların
Possessive forms
nominative
singular
plural
1st singular
limanım
limanlarım
2nd singular
limanın
limanların
3rd singular
limanı
limanları
1st plural
limanımız
limanlarımız
2nd plural
limanınız
limanlarınız
3rd plural
limanları
limanları
definite accusative
singular
plural
1st singular
limanımı
limanlarımı
2nd singular
limanını
limanlarını
3rd singular
limanını
limanlarını
1st plural
limanımızı
limanlarımızı
2nd plural
limanınızı
limanlarınızı
3rd plural
limanlarını
limanlarını
dative
singular
plural
1st singular
limanıma
limanlarıma
2nd singular
limanına
limanlarına
3rd singular
limanına
limanlarına
1st plural
limanımıza
limanlarımıza
2nd plural
limanınıza
limanlarınıza
3rd plural
limanlarına
limanlarına
locative
singular
plural
1st singular
limanımda
limanlarımda
2nd singular
limanında
limanlarında
3rd singular
limanında
limanlarında
1st plural
limanımızda
limanlarımızda
2nd plural
limanınızda
limanlarınızda
3rd plural
limanlarında
limanlarında
ablative
singular
plural
1st singular
limanımdan
limanlarımdan
2nd singular
limanından
limanlarından
3rd singular
limanından
limanlarından
1st plural
limanımızdan
limanlarımızdan
2nd plural
limanınızdan
limanlarınızdan
3rd plural
limanlarından
limanlarından
genitive
singular
plural
1st singular
limanımın
limanlarımın
2nd singular
limanının
limanlarının
3rd singular
limanının
limanlarının
1st plural
limanımızın
limanlarımızın
2nd plural
limanınızın
limanlarınızın
3rd plural
limanlarının
limanlarının :

### References

* “liman”, in Turkish dictionaries, Türk Dil Kurumu