# tos
## Aragonese
### Etymology

Pluralization of the second-person singular object pronoun te.

### Pronoun

tos (Belsetán, Benasquese, Chistabín, Low Ribagorçan, Somontano, Tensino)
* Second-person plural dative and accusative pronoun; you

#### Usage notes

* In Ribagorçan it takes the form to' before third-person pronouns and the adverbial pronoun en.

#### See also

| | | | | nominative | disjunctive | dative | accusative |
| first person | singular | singular | singular | yo | me, m'$^2$ | me, m'$^2$ | me, m'$^2$ |
| first person | plural | masculine | masculine | nusatros$^{1.1}$ | nusatros$^{1.1}$ | nos$^{1.6}$ | nos$^{1.6}$ |
| first person | plural | feminine | feminine | nusatras$^{1.1}$ | nusatras$^{1.1}$ | | nos$^{1.6}$ | nos$^{1.6}$ |
| second person | singular | familiar | familiar | tú | te, t'$^2$ | te, t'$^2$ | te, t'$^2$ |
| second person | singular | formal | formal | vusté,$^{1.2}$ vos | | | |
| second person | plural | familiar | masculine | vusatros$^{1.3}$ | vusatros$^{1.3}$ | vos, tos$^3$ | vos, tos$^3$ |
| second person | plural | familiar | feminine | vusatras$^{1.3}$ | vusatras$^{1.3}$ | | vos, tos$^3$ | vos, tos$^3$ |
| second person | plural | formal | formal | vustés,$^{1.2}$ vos | | |
| third person | singular | masculine | masculine | él$^{1.4}$ | él$^{1.4}$ | le$^{1.7}$ | lo,$^{1.8}$ l'$^2$ |
| third person | singular | feminine | feminine | ella$^{1.5}$ | ella$^{1.5}$ | le$^{1.7}$ | la |
| third person | plural | masculine | masculine | els, ellos$^{1.4}$ | els, ellos$^{1.4}$ | les$^{1.7}$ | los$^{1.9}$ |
| third person | plural | feminine | feminine | ellas$^{1.5}$ | ellas$^{1.5}$ | les$^{1.7}$ | las |
| third person | reflexive | reflexive | reflexive | — | — | se, s'$^2$ | se, s'$^2$ |
* The forms shown in the table are the most widespread ones. Some varieties use different forms:
** nusotros/as (Ansotano, Cheso, Somontanos) and nusaltros/as (Benasquese and Belsetán).
** usté(s) (Benasquese), ustet(z) (Ansotano), vustet(z) (Tensino, Somontanos)
** vusotros/as (Ansotano, Cheso, Somontanos) and vusaltros/as (Benasquese and Belsetán).
** ell(s) (Benasquese) and er(s) (Belsetán).
** era(s) (Belsetán).
** mos (Ribagorçan). Before third-person pronouns and the adverbial pronoun en the contracted form mo' is used.
** li(s) (Cheso, Tensino).
** el (Ribagorçan). The contracted form l' is used before verbs beginning with vowel sounds and 'l after pronouns ending in vowels and no (“no, not”).
** es, els (Ribagorçan). These forms are contracted to 's and 'ls after pronouns ending in vowels and no (“no, not”).
* The contracted forms are used before verbs beginning with vowel sounds.
* In Ribagorçan the contracted form to' is used before third-person pronouns and the adverbial pronoun en.

### References

* “os”, in Aragonario, diccionario castellano–aragonés (in Spanish)

## Asturian
### Etymology 1

From Latin tussis, tussem, from Proto-Italic *tussis, from Proto-Indo-European *tud-ti-s (“cough”), from *(s)tewd-, from *(s)tew- (“to push, hit”).

#### Alternative forms

* tus

#### Noun

tos f (plural tos)
* cough (expulsion of air from the lungs)

### Etymology 2

See to

#### Adjective

tos
* plural of to

## Catalan
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Catalan tos, from Latin tussis, from Proto-Italic *tussis.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈtos]

#### Noun

tos f (invariable)
* cough

##### Derived terms

* estossegar
* tossera

##### Related terms

* tossir

### Etymology 2

From tossa.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈtɔs]

#### Noun

tos m (plural tossos)
* (anatomy) occiput
    Synonym: tossa
* poll (top of the head of a horned animal)
    Synonym: cimera
* (heraldry) caboshed head of an animal charge
    un tos de cérvol ― a stag's head caboshed

##### Alternative forms

* tòs (traditional Valencian spelling)

##### Derived terms

* tossut

### Etymology 3

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *tōs, reduced form of Latin tuōs.

#### Pronunciation

* (Balearic, Central) IPA: /tus/ (always unstressed)
* (Valencia) IPA: /tos/ (always unstressed)

#### Determiner

tos
* masculine plural of ton

##### Alternative forms

* tons (dialectal)

### Etymology 4
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈtos]

#### Participle

tos (feminine tosa, masculine plural tosos, feminine plural toses)
* past participle of tondre

### Etymology 5
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈtɔs]

#### Verb

tos
* (Balearic) first-person singular present indicative of tossar

### Further reading

* “tos” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
* “tos”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025
* “tos” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.

## Chavacano
### Etymology

Inherited from Spanish tos.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈtos/, [ˈt̪os]

### Noun

tos
* cough

## Franco-Provençal
### Determiner

tos
* masculine plural of ton

## French
### Etymology 1

Acronym Très Obligé Successeur.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tos/

#### Noun

tos m (plural tos, feminine tossette)
* (slang) a first-year student at the École polytechnique

### Etymology 2

Apheresis of portos, an apocope of Portugais.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tos/

#### Noun

tos m or f by sense (plural tos)
* (derogatory, slang) a Portugese

### Etymology 3

Either from Bambara to or Dyula too.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /to/

#### Noun

tos m
* (cooking) variant plural of tô

## Friulian
### Etymology

From Latin tussis, tussem, from Proto-Italic *tussis, from Proto-Indo-European *tud-ti-s (“cough”), from *(s)tewd-, from *(s)tew- (“to push, hit”).

### Noun

tos m (plural tos)
* cough

#### Related terms

* tossi
* tossude

## German
### Verb

tos
* singular imperative of tosen
* (colloquial) first-person singular present of tosen

## Javanese
### Romanization

tos
* Romanization of ꦠꦺꦴꦱ꧀

## Latvian
### Pronoun

tos
* those; accusative plural masculine of tas

## Lombard
### Etymology

Akin to Venetan tóxo.

### Noun

tos
* boy

## Old Javanese
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *teRas (“heartwood of a tree, hard, durable core of wood; ironwood tree”). Doublet of twas (“hardness; core, heart”).

### Noun

tos
* descendant, offspring
* product

#### Descendants

* Javanese: ꦠꦺꦴꦱ꧀ (tos)

### Further reading

* "tos" in P.J. Zoetmulder with the collaboration of S.O. Robson, Old Javanese-English Dictionary. 's-Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff, 1982.

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish توز (toz, “dust”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈtos/
* Rhymes: -os

### Adjective

tos m or f or n (indeclinable)
* Only used in zahăr tos (“castor sugar”).

### References

* tos in DEX online—Dicționare ale limbii române (Dictionaries of the Romanian language)

## Spanish
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Spanish tos, from Latin tussem, tussis (“a cough”), from Proto-Italic *tussis, from Proto-Indo-European *tud-ti-s (“cough”), from *(s)tewd-, from *(s)tew- (“to push, hit”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈtos/ [ˈt̪os]
* Rhymes: -os
* Syllabification: tos

### Noun

tos f (plural toses)
* cough
    tengo tos ― I have a cough

#### Derived terms

* golpe de tos
* más viejo que la tos
* pastilla para la tos
* tos convulsiva
* tos ferina
* tos perruna
* tosferina

#### Related terms

* toser
* tosferina

### Further reading

* “tos”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

## Tok Pisin
### Etymology 1

From English toast.

#### Noun

tos
* toast

### Etymology 2

From English torch.

#### Noun

tos
* torch