# arbor
## English
### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈɑːbə/
* (General American) IPA: /ˈɑɹbɚ/
* (General Australian) IPA: /ˈaːbə/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɑː(ɹ)bə(ɹ)

### Etymology 1

From Middle English arbour, erbour, from Old French erbier (“field, meadow, kitchen garden”), from erbe (“grass, herb”), from Latin herba (“grass, herb”) (English herb). (Compare Late Latin herbārium, although erbier is possibly an independent formation.) The spelling was influenced by Latin arbor (“tree”).

#### Alternative forms

* arbour (chiefly British)

#### Noun

arbor (plural arbors or arbores)
* A shady sitting place or pergola usually in a park or garden, surrounded by climbing shrubs, vines or other vegetation.
** 1979, J.G. Ballard, The Unlimited Dream Company, chapter 24:Children swung from the branches of the banyan tree, teenagers climbed into the arbours of orchids and gourds into which the abandoned cars had been transformed.
* A grove of trees.

##### Derived terms

* Ann Arbor
* arborcide
* arbor Dianae
* arbored
* arborist
* arbor vine
* arborway

##### Related terms

* arboreal
* arboreous
* arborescent
* arboretum
* arbor vitae
* herb

##### Translations
### Etymology 2

Borrowed from French arbre (“tree, axis”), spelling influenced by Latin arbor (“tree”).

#### Noun

arbor (plural arbors or arbores)
* An axis or shaft supporting a rotating part on a lathe.
* A bar for supporting cutting tools.
* A spindle of a wheel.

##### Derived terms

* arbor knot

##### Translations
### Anagrams

* Barro, Brora, borra

## Indonesian
### Etymology

From English arbor, from Middle English arbour, erbour, from Old French erbier (“field, meadow, kitchen garden”), from erbe (“grass, herb”), from Latin herba (“grass, herb”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈarbɔr/
* Hyphenation: ar‧bor

### Noun

arbor (uncountable)
* arbor: a shady sitting place or pergola usually in a park or garden, surrounded by climbing shrubs, vines or other vegetation.

### Further reading

* “arbor” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Latin
### Alternative forms

* arbōs

### Etymology

By rhotacism from Old Latin arbōs, from Proto-Italic *arðōs, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erdʰ- (“high; to grow”), meaning "high upright plant". Cognate with arduus (“high”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈar.bor/, [ˈärbɔr]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈar.bor/, [ˈärbor]

### Noun

arbor f (genitive arboris); third declension
* a tree
** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 10:Interea genitor Tiberini ad fluminis undam / uulnera siccabat lymphis corpusque leuabat / arboris acclinis truncoMeantime, his father at Tiber's flowing stream bathed his wounds in the clear water and his body leant against the trunk of a tree.
    felix arbor ― a fruit-bearing tree
    arbores serere ― to plant trees
    (specifically with the genitive of the species) arbor alni ― an alder tree
    arbores ficorum ― fig trees
* (metonymically) something made from a tree, of wood
    arbore mali ― the mast (of a ship)
    Synonym: mālus
    centenaque arbore fluctum verberat adsurgens ― an oar
    Pelias arbor ― Pelias's ship, the ship Argo
    Synonyms: iaculum, pīlum
    (euphemistic) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    arbor infelix ― a gallows, gibbet
* (metonymically) the polypus (imagined to have arms like the branches of a tree)

#### Declension

* A poetic nominative arbōs is often found. Sextus Pompeius Festus documents archaic (Old Latin) variants arbosem, arboses.
* A rare locative singular arborī is attested.
Third-declension noun.

#### Derived terms

* arborārius
* arborātor
* arborēscō
* arborētum
* arboreus
* arbuscula
* arbutus
* sacerarbōs

#### Related terms

* arbustīvus
* arbustō
* arbustum
* arbustus

#### Descendants

* Balkan Romance:
** Aromanian: arburi, arbure, arbur, oarbãri
** Istro-Romanian: årbure
** Megleno-Romanian: arbur
** Romanian: arbure (older), arbore (newer, Latinized)
* Dalmatian:
** juarbol, yuarbul, yuarbol, jarbul, yarbul, jarbur, garbr, arbl, iuarbol, iuarbul, iarbul, iarbur
* Italo-Romance:
** Italian: albero
** Italian: arbore, àrbore (archaic)
** Corsican: alberu
    Gallurese: alburi
    Sassarese: àiburu
** Neapolitan: arbero, àrbero (Napoli)
** Tarantino: arvule, àrvule
** Romanesco: arbero (àrbero) (Rome)
** Sicilian: àrbiru, àrburu, àrvuru
* Insular Romance:
** Sardinian: arbore, arbure, albore, albure
* North Italian:
** Gallo-Italic:
*** Emilian: àrbul, âlber (Bologna), élber (Modena), àlbar (Mirandola)
*** Ligurian: erboro, èrbo
*** Lombard: erbor, àlbor
*** Piedmontese: erbo
** Friulian: arbul
** Ladin: alber
** Istriot: arbaro, arbo
** Romansch: arver, alber
** Venetan: àlbaro, albaro, àlber
*** → Cimbrian: albar
* Gallo-Romance:
** Franco-Provençal: ârbro
** Old French: arbre (see there for further descendants)
* Occitano-Romance:
** Catalan: arbre
** Gascon: arbe
** Old Occitan: arbre (see there for further descendants)
* Ibero-Romance:
** Aragonese: arbol, (Ribagorça) abre
** Old Leonese: arbol, arbor (see there for further descendants)
** Old Galician-Portuguese: arvor, arvol, arvore (see there for further descendants)
** Old Spanish: arbor, arbol (see there for further descendants)
* Borrowings:
** → Balkan Slavic:
*** Macedonian: јарбол (jarbol)
*** Serbo-Croatian: ја̑рбол, jȃrbol
*** Slovene: jambor
*** → Hungarian: árbóc (or via North Italian)
*** Esperanto: arbo

### References

* AIS: Sprach- und Sachatlas Italiens und der Südschweiz [Linguistic and Ethnographic Atlas of Italy and Southern Switzerland] – map 533: “un albero” – on navigais-web.pd.istc.cnr.it
* Buchi, Éva, Schweickard, Wolfgang (2008–) “*/ˈarbor-e/”, in Dictionnaire Étymologique Roman, Nancy: Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française.
* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 50

### Further reading

* “arbor”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “arbor”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "arbor", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* arbor in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. the vegetable kingdom: arbores stirpesque, herbae stirpesque (De Fin. 5. 11. 33) the trees are coming into leaf: arbores frondescunt to plant trees: arbores serere (De Sen. 7. 24) to fell trees: arbores caedere

## Old Irish
### Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *arwar, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erh₃-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈar.βər/, [ˈarβor]

### Noun

arbor n (genitive arbae, nominative plural arbann)
* grain
* (in the plural) crops

#### Inflection

* $^H$ = triggers aspiration
* $^L$ = triggers lenition
* $^N$ = triggers nasalization

#### Descendants

* Irish: arbhar
* Manx: arroo
* Scottish Gaelic: arbhar

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “arbar”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* ↑ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*arawar / *arawen-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 40

## Old Spanish
### Alternative forms

* arbol

### Etymology

Inherited from Latin arborem.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈaɾboɾ/, /ˈaɾbol/

### Noun

arbor m (plural arbores)
* tree
** c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1v. b.
    ally delãt ebrõ. es mõt mãbre. e ouo y grãt arbor. e fue enzina. ala rayz daq̃l arbor estaua abraã.There, past Hebron, is the hill Mamre, where there was a great oak tree. Abraham was [sitting] on the root of that tree.
** Idem, f. 42v. b.
    e crebantaredes todas cibdades en caſtelladas entodos los arbores fermoſos todas las fontanas del agua cerraredes. entodas las buenas señas abatredes […]And you shall defeat all cities and fortified towns, and fell all the good trees, and seal all the springs of water and ruin all the good pieces of land.

#### Descendants

* Ladino: arvolé, arvol, árvol, arvole, árvole
* Spanish: árbol, árbor (obsolete)
** → Basque: arbola
** → Cebuano: arbol
** → Sicilian: àrbulu, àrvulu (possibly)

## Romanian
### Noun

arbor m (plural arbori)
* Alternative form of arbore

## Tagalog
### Alternative forms

* albor

### Etymology

Backslang of Spanish robar (“to rob; to steal”).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ˈʔaɾboɾ/ [ˈʔaɾ.boɾ]
* Rhymes: -aɾboɾ
* Syllabification: ar‧bor

### Noun

arbor (Baybayin spelling ᜀᜇ᜔ᜊᜓᜇ᜔) (slang, back slang)
* act of claiming something to be of one's possesion; dibs
    Synonyms: angkin, kuha, kikil
    May mga inumin sa mesa. Arbor ko na yung tsokolate.There are food on the table. I call dibs on the chocolate.
    Gusto ko ang pantalon mo ah! Pa-arbor naman niyan!I like your pants! Let me own that!
* (by extension) act of borrowing
    Synonym: hiram

#### Derived terms

* arburin
* mag-arbor
* magpaarbor
* paarbor

#### See also

* harbat

### Further reading

* Zorc, R. David, San Miguel, Rachel (1993) Tagalog Slang Dictionary‎, Manila: De La Salle University Press, →ISBN