# 齦

| 齦 | U+9F66, &#40806; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F66 |
| ← 齥 [U+9F65] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 齧 → [U+9F67] |

## Translingual

| Traditional | 齦 |
| Shinjitai (extended) | 𮯅 |
| Simplified | 龈 |

### Han character

齦 (Kangxi radical 211, 齒+6, 21 strokes, cangjie input 卜山日女 (YUAV), four-corner 2773$_2$, composition ⿰齒艮)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1534, character 2
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 48649
* Dae Jaweon: page 2072, character 12
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4794, character 5
* Unihan data for U+9F66

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 艱 | *krɯːn |
| 齦 | *kʰrɯːnʔ, *kʰɯːnʔ, *ŋɯn |
| 眼 | *ŋrɯːnʔ |
| 蛝 | *ɡrɯːn |
| 限 | *ɡrɯːnʔ |
| 硍 | *ɡrɯːnʔ |
| 豤 | *kʰɯːnʔ, *kʰɯːnʔ, *kʰuːn |
| 詪 | *ɡlɯːnʔ, *kɯːnʔ, *kɯːns |
| 根 | *kɯːn |
| 跟 | *kɯːn |
| 珢 | *kɯːn, *kɯːns, *ŋrɯn |
| 艮 | *kɯːns |
| 茛 | *kɯːns |
| 墾 | *kʰɯːnʔ |
| 懇 | *kʰɯːnʔ |
| 垠 | *ŋɯːn, *ŋrɯn, *ŋɯn |
| 泿 | *ŋɯːn, *ŋrɯn |
| 痕 | *ɡɯːn |
| 拫 | *ɡɯːn |
| 鞎 | *ɡɯːn |
| 很 | *ɡɯːnʔ |
| 恨 | *ɡɯːns |
| 銀 | *ŋrɯn |
| 檭 | *ŋrɯn |

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yín (yin$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄣˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ngan$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yín
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yín
*** Wade–Giles: yin$^2$
*** Yale: yín
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yn
*** Palladius: инь (inʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /in³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ngan$^4$
*** Yale: ngàhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ngan$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ngen$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋɐn²¹/
* Middle Chinese: ngj+n
Rime :
| Character | 齦 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 欣 (57) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 語斤切 |
| Baxter | ngj+n |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ŋɨn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ŋɨn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ŋiən/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ŋɨn/ |
| Li Rong | /ŋiən/ |
| Wang Li | /ŋĭən/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ŋi̯ən/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yín |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ngan$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋɯn/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 齦 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| No. | 3945 |
| Phonetic component | 艮 |
| Rime group | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 䖐 |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋɯn/ |

#### Definitions

齦
* gum (flesh around teeth)

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 齦 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 牙齦, 齒齦 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 牙床兒, 牙床子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 牙床, 牙齦 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 牙花子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 牙齦, 牙肉 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 牙花子, 牙床子 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 牙花子 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 牙花子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 牙床, 牙圪陵兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 牙山 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong (Ronghe) | 牙花子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 牙床子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 牙花子, 牙關子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 牙根子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 牙床子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 牙花子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 牙床子, 牙花子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Jimsar | 牙床子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 牙床 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 牙包 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 牙根 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 牙根 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 牙肉, 牙床 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 牙花 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 牙花子, 牙板子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 牙齦子 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 牙肉 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 牙肉, 牙床 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 牙肉 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 牙肉 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 牙床, 牙齦 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 牙肉 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 牙肉 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 牙肉, 牙根 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 牙肉 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 牙肉 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 牙疆 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 牙腮肉, 牙腮, 牙床肉, 牙床, 牙較 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 牙筋肉, 牙腮肉 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 牙床肉 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 牙床肉 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 牙床肉 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 牙脣肉 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 牙藤 |
| Hakka | Changting | 牙舷肉 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 牙騎肉 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 牙琴肉 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 牙門肉, 牙齦肉 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 牙查肉, 牙床肉 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 牙齒肉 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 牙㿸肉, 牙䫧 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 牙撬肉, 牙䫧 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 牙床, 牙倉肉, 牙齦肉 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Gongguan; N. Sixian) | 牙齦肉 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Zhuolan; N. Sixian) | 牙肉 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 牙床, 牙倉肉, 牙齦肉 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian) | 牙床 |
| Hakka | Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian) | 牙腔 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 牙倉肉 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 牙齦肉, 牙槽肉, 牙槽 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 牙倉肉 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Zhuolan; Raoping) | 牙槽肉 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 牙槽肉, 牙槽 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 牙倉肉 |
| Hakka | Luchuan (Daqiao) | 牙根, 牙肉 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Longchuan) | 牙框肉 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 牙倉肉 |
| Hakka | Singkawang | 牙倉肉 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 牙叉肉 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 牙床子 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 牙花子, 牙床 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 牙槽, 牙齦 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 齒座, 牙座, 牙齦 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou (Changle) | 牙齦 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 齒座 |
| Eastern Min | Yongtai | 牙齦 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 喙齒齦 |
| Eastern Min | Fu'an | 齒座 |
| Eastern Min | Ningde | 喙齒齦 |
| Eastern Min | Shouning | 喙齒齦 |
| Eastern Min | Zhouning | 喙齒齦 |
| Eastern Min | Fuding | 牙齒齦 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 齒仁, 齒岸 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 齒岸 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 齒仁, 齒岸 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 齒卵仁 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 齒岸 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Tamsui) | 牙槽 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Pingxi) | 牙槽 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 牙槽 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Cijin) | 牙槽 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang) | 牙槽, 齒岸 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 牙槽 |
| Southern Min | Yilan (Luodong) | 牙槽, 齒岸 |
| Southern Min | Yilan (Toucheng) | 喙齒茸 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 齒岸 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Yongjing) | 牙岸, 齒岸 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 齒岸 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 齒岸 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 齒岸 |
| Southern Min | Tainan (Anping) | 牙槽 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 齒岸 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 齒岸 |
| Southern Min | Pingtung (Baoli, Checheng) | 牙槽 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 齒岸 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Xiyu) | 牙槽 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 齒仁, 齒瓤, 齒岸 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 齒齦 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 齒齦 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 齒牙齦 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 齒囤 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 齒囤 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 牙床, 牙肉 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 牙床, 牙床骨, 牙肉 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 牙齦 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 牙肉 |
| Wu | Danyang | 牙連肉 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 牙床肉兒 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 牙肉 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 牙床肉 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 牙床肉 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 牙齦子 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 牙群肉 |
| Xiang | Quanzhou | 牙床 |

##### Compounds

* 牙齦 / 牙龈 (yáyín)
* 齒齦 / 齿龈 (chǐyín)
* 齦溝 / 龈沟
* 齦炎 / 龈炎 (yínyán)
* 齦齶 / 龈腭

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kěn (ken$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄣˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): han$^2$ / hang$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kěn
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄣˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kěn
*** Wade–Giles: kʻên$^3$
*** Yale: kěn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: keen
*** Palladius: кэнь (kɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰən²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: han$^2$ / hang$^2$
*** Yale: hán / háng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: han$^2$ / hang$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hen$^2$ / heng$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɐn³⁵/, /hɐŋ³⁵/
* Middle Chinese: khonX
Rime :
| Character | 齦 |
| Reading # | 2/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 痕 (53) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 康很切 |
| Baxter | khonX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰən$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰən$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰən$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰən$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰən$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰən$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kʰən$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | kěn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | han$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰɯːnʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 齦 |
| Reading # | 2/3 |
| No. | 3928 |
| Phonetic component | 艮 |
| Rime group | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 墾 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰɯːnʔ/ |

#### Definitions

齦
* (literary) Alternative form of 啃 (“to gnaw; to nibble”)

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qiǎn (qian$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄢˇ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qiǎn
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄢˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ciǎn
*** Wade–Giles: chʻien$^3$
*** Yale: chyǎn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chean
*** Palladius: цянь (cjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn²¹⁴/
* Middle Chinese: kheanX
Rime :
| Character | 齦 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 山 (73) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 起限切 |
| Baxter | kheanX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰˠɛn$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰᵚæn$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰæn$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰəɨn$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰɛn$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰæn$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kʰăn$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qiǎn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | haan$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰrɯːnʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 齦 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| No. | 3913 |
| Phonetic component | 艮 |
| Rime group | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 齦 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰrɯːnʔ/ |
| Notes | 齧 |

#### Definitions

齦
* (historical dictionaries only) sound of teeth

### References

* “齦”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese

| Shinjitai (extended) | 𮯅 |
| Kyūjitai | 齦 |

### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 𮯅)
* gum (flesh around teeth)

#### Readings

* Go-on: こん (kon)
* Kan-on: ぎん (gin)
* Kun: はぐき (haguki, 齦)

### Definitions

* Kanji in this term
* 齦
* はぐき Hyōgai
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 齦 – see the following entry. :
| 【歯茎はぐき】 | [noun] (anatomy) gingiva; gums (flesh round the teeth) Alternative spelling 歯グキ |
(This term, 齦, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

## Korean
### Etymology 1
#### Hanja

齦 (eumhun 잇몸 은 (inmom eun))
* hanja form of 은 (“gum”)

### Etymology 2
#### Hanja

齦 (eumhun 물 간 (mul gan))
* hanja form of 간 (“to bite”)