# 叱

| 叱 | U+53F1, &#21489; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-53F1 |
| ← 台 [U+53F0] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 史 → [U+53F2] |
| 叱 | U+2F83A, &#194618; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F83A |
| ← 叫 [U+2F839] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement | 吆 → [U+2F83B] |

## Translingual
### Alternative forms

Note that the right side component of this character (U+53F1) is written 𠤎 and not 匕. In Japan, as of the latest 2010 reform the correct form of the character is 𠮟 (U+20B9F) with 七 as the right side component.

### Han character

叱 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+2, 5 strokes, cangjie input 口心 (RP), four-corner 6401$_0$, composition ⿰口𠤎)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 173, character 2
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3248
* Dae Jaweon: page 384, character 2
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 572, character 6
* Unihan data for U+53F1
* Unihan data for U+2F83A

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 叱
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 切 | *sn̥ʰiːds, *sn̥ʰiːd |
| 砌 | *sʰiːds |
| 沏 | *sʰiːd |
| 七 | *sn̥ʰid |
| 柒 | *sn̥ʰid |
| 叱 | *n̥ʰjid |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *n̥ʰjid): semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 七 (OC *sn̥ʰid).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chì (chi$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄔˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): cik$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chhṳt
    (Hailu, HRS): chid
* Eastern Min (BUC): chék
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): cih$^6$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): thek
    (Teochew, Peng'im): cêg$^4$ / duah$^4$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^7$tsheq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chì
*** Zhuyin: ㄔˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chìh
*** Wade–Giles: chʻih$^4$
*** Yale: chr̀
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyh
*** Palladius: чи (či)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: cik$^1$
*** Yale: chīk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsik$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: qig$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɪk̚⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhṳt
*** Hakka Romanization System: ciid$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: cid$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰɨt̚²/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: chid
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡ʃʰit⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: chék
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɛiʔ²⁴/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: cih$^6$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: chih
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰiʔ¹/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: cih$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰiʔ²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thek
*** Tâi-lô: thik
*** Phofsit Daibuun: teg
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tʰiɪk̚³²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰiɪk̚⁵/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰiɪk̚³²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tʰiɪk̚³²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰiɪk̚³²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: cêg$^4$ / duah$^4$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshek / tuah
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰek̚²/, /tuaʔ²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^7$tsheq
*** MiniDict: tsheh$^入$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^4$tsheq
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡sʰəʔ⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: tsyhit
Rime :
| Character | 叱 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 昌 (24) |
| Final (韻) | 質 (48) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 昌栗切 |
| Baxter | tsyhit |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ɕʰiɪt̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡ɕʰit̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ɕʰjet̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /cʰit̚/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ɕʰiĕt̚/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ɕʰĭĕt̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡ɕʰi̯ĕt̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | chi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | cat$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*n̥ʰjid/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 叱 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 9912 |
| Phonetic component | 七 |
| Rime group | 質 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 叱 |
| Old Chinese | /*n̥ʰjid/ |

### Definitions

叱
* to scold; to shout at; to bawl out

### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 喊 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 喊, 嚷 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 喊 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 喊, 喊呼 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 喊 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 喊 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 喊, 喊叫 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 喊 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 喊 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 喊 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 喊 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 喊, 𠵫 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 喊 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 喊 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 喊 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 喊 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 叫 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 叫, 嗌 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 嗌, 叫 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 喊 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 喊 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 喊 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 喊 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 喊 |
| Cantonese | Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 喊 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 嗌 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 叫 |
| Cantonese | Móng Cái | 喊 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 喊 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 喊 |
| Hakka | Zijin | 喊 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 喊 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 喊 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 喊 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 喊 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 喊 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 喊 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 喊, 叫喊 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 喊 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 吿 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 喝 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 喝 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 喝 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 喝 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 咻, 喝 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 喝 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 咻, 喝 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 喝 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 喝 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 喝 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 咻, 喝 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 喝 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 喝 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 喝 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 嚷 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 喝 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 喝 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 喊 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 喊, 叱 |
| Southern Min | Puning | 嚷, 呵, 叱 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 喝 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 喊, 叫 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 喊 |
| Wu | Danyang | 喊 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 嘶, 叫 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 叫 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 喊 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 喊 |

### Compounds

* 叱叱
* 叱吒
* 叱名
* 叱吒風雲 / 叱吒风云
* 叱呵 (chìhē)
* 叱喝 (chìhè)
* 叱嗟
* 叱嗟風雲 / 叱嗟风云
* 叱石成羊
* 叱罵 / 叱骂 (chìmà)
* 叱責 / 叱责 (chìzé)
* 叱退 (chìtuì)
* 叱馭 / 叱驭
* 呵叱 (hēchì)
* 呼叱
* 喑嗚叱吒 / 喑呜叱吒
* 喑惡叱吒 / 喑恶叱吒
* 大叱
* 怒叱 (nùchì)
* 風雲叱吒 / 风云叱吒

### References

* “叱”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “叱”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 32.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* to open the mouth

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): か (ka)

### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* scold
* shout
* reprove

#### Alternative forms

* (prescriptively correct) 𠮟
** This usage of 叱 was officially replaced in the 2010 jōyō reform in favor of the etymologically faithful 𠮟 (U+20B9F, restoring 七 as the phonetic component). 叱 remains in common usage.

#### Readings

* Go-on: しち (shichi)
* Kan-on: しつ (shitsu, Jōyō)
* Kun: しかる (shikaru, 叱る, Jōyō)、しっ (shi', 叱)

#### Compounds

* 叱(しか)る (shikaru): to scold
* 叱(しか)り飛(と)ばす (shikaritobasu): to scold away

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 叱
* しっ Hyōgai (ateji)
* kun'yomi
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɕiʔ]

### Interjection

叱(しっ) • (shi')
* shh
* shoo

## Korean
### Hanja

叱 (eumhun 꾸짖을 질 (kkujijeul jil))
* hanja form of 질 (“scold”)

#### Compounds

* 질타 (叱咤, jilta, “rebuke”)

## Old Korean
### Pronunciation

Conventionally reconstructed as *-s, after the Middle Korean reflexes.

### Etymology 1

Generally thought to be from an otherwise unattested Old Chinese dialectal pronunciation of the character that began with *s-.
Minority views include that it is a graphic simplification of a different Chinese character, or that it is a gukja invented in Korea with 𠤎 representing the shape of the tongue while pronouncing /s/ and 口 being a radical that denotes a non-standard character.

#### Phonogram

叱 (*-s)
* A consonantal phonogram denoting coda consonant *-s

### Etymology 2
#### Alternative forms

* 之 (logographic form, in Idu texts)

#### Particle

叱 (*-s)
* Genitive case marker, chiefly for inanimate nouns.

##### Usage notes

In Middle Korean, the genitive case marker ㅅ (Yale: -s) was used for both inanimate nouns and honored animate nouns, while the other genitive marker 의〮 (Yale: -úy) was reserved for non-honored animate nouns.
In the limited Old Korean corpus, 叱 (*-s) appears to be used chiefly for inanimate nouns. Meanwhile, many texts use the genitive 尸 (*-lq), with no evident Middle Korean reflex, for honored nouns such as the Buddha. There is a strong argument that 尸 (*-lq) is an allomorphic variant of 叱 (*-s), representing a phenomenon ancestral to the tensing of the subsequent obstruent that occurred in Middle Korean when ㅅ (-s) occurred between a sonorant and an obstruent. If true, there was no distinction between Old and Middle Korean in the use of the genitive -s.
Unlike the other Old Korean genitive marker 衣 (*-uy), 叱 (*-s) could follow other case markers.

##### Descendants

* Middle Korean: ㅅ (-s, genitive case marker for inanimate or honored animate nouns)
** Korean: ㅅ (-s-, interfix)

#### See also

* 衣 (*-uy) (genitive case marker, often for animate nouns)
* 尸 (*-lq) (genitive case marker, chiefly for honored animate nouns; possibly an allomorph of 叱)

#### References

* 조은주 (Jo Eun-ju) (2002) “석독구결 자료에 나타난 속격조사에 대하여 [Seokdok gugyeol jaryo-e natanan sokgyeok josa-e daehayeo, On the genitive case markers in interpretive gugyeol texts]”, in Gungmunhak Nonjip, volume 18, pages 61–90
* 장윤희 (Jang Yun-hui) (2011) “석독구결의 속격 "시(尸)"의 문제 해결을 위하여 [Seokdok gugyeol 'si'-ui munje haegyeor-eul wihayeo, For a solution to the problem of genitive 尸 in interpretive gugyeol]”, in Gugyeol Yeon'gu, volume 27, pages 117–144
* Nam Pung-hyun (2012) “Old Korean”, in Tranter, Nicolas, editor, The Languages of Japan and Korea, Routledge, →ISBN, pages 41–72

## Vietnamese
### Han character

叱: Hán Nôm readings: sất, sứt, sớt
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.