# 有無
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yǒuwú
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄡˇ ㄨˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jau$^5$ mou$^4$
* Eastern Min (BUC): ô mò̤
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): ū-bô / ǔ-bô
    (Teochew, Peng'im): u$^7$ bho$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yǒuwú
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄡˇ ㄨˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yǒuwú
*** Wade–Giles: yu$^3$-wu$^2$
*** Yale: yǒu-wú
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yeouwu
*** Palladius: юу (juu)
*** Sinological IPA : /joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ u³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jau$^5$ mou$^4$
*** Yale: yáuh mòuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jau$^5$ mou$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yeo$^5$ mou$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɐu̯¹³ mou̯²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ô mò̤
*** Sinological IPA : /ou²⁴² mo⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ū-bô
*** Tâi-lô: ū-bô
*** Phofsit Daibuun: uxbooi
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /u³³⁻²¹ bɤ²³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /u²²⁻²¹ bo²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /u²²⁻²¹ bo¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /u³³⁻¹¹ bo²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ǔ-bô
*** Tâi-lô: ǔ-bô
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /u²² bo²⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: u$^7$ bho$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ū bô
*** Sinological IPA : /u¹¹ bo⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: hjuwX mju
Rime :
| Character | 有 | 無 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 云 (35) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 尤 (136) | 虞 (24) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 云久切 | 武夫切 |
| Baxter | hjuwX | mju |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦɨu$^X$/ | /mɨo/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦiu$^X$/ | /mio/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣiəu$^X$/ | /mio/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦuw$^X$/ | /muə̆/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣiu$^X$/ | /mio/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣĭəu$^X$/ | /mĭu/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /i̯ə̯u$^X$/ | /mi̯u/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yǒu | wú |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jau$^5$ | mou$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ʷəʔ ma/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɢʷɯʔ ma/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 有 | 無 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yǒu | wú |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hjuw$^X$ › | ‹ mju › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɢ]ʷəʔ/ | /*ma/ |
| English | have, exist | not have |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 有 | 無 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 15595 | 13117 |
| Phonetic component | 又 | 無 |
| Rime group | 之 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 有 | 無 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɢʷɯʔ/ | /*ma/ |

### Noun

有無
* existence; presence or absence

### Verb

有無
* (literary or Min, interrogative) to have or not have; is there?
       Ū-lâng lâi--lo͘? Ū-bô? [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       "Someone has come already? Is (someone/something) there?"
       Lí khah ū la̍t, ū-bô? [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       "You have more strength, don't (you)?"
       Lí pat khì tio̍h--lo͘, ū-bô? [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       "You've went previously already, haven't (you)?"

#### Usage notes

* For Hokkien at least, the verb is only used at the end of an utterance or on its own, due to Hokkien 無 / 无 (bô) being used as final interrogative particle.

#### Synonyms

* (Hokkien) 有抑無／有抑无 (ū a̍h bô / ū á bô / ǔ á bô)
* (Mandarin) 有沒有/有没有
* (Cantonese) 有冇

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 有無(うむ) (umu)
* → Korean: 유무(有無) (yumu)

#### See also

* (Hokkien) 有……無／有……无
* (Hokkien) 有……無……／有……无……

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 有 | 無 |
| う Grade: 3 | む Grade: 4 |
| goon ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) うむ [úꜜmù] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɯ̟mɯ̟]

### Noun

有(う)無(む) • (umu)
* existence, presence or absence
    怖(こわ)いのはアルコールより肝炎(かんえん)の有無(うむ)を知(し)らないことだ。
       Kowai no wa arukōru yori kan'en no umu o shiranai koto da.
       What’s scarier is not alcohol but not knowing whether you have hepatitis.

#### Synonyms

* あるなし (aru-nashi), ありなし (ari-nashi)

#### Derived terms

* 有無(うむ)を言(い)わさず (umu o iwasazu)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN