# غم
## Arabic
### Etymology 1.1
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɣam.ma/

#### Verb

غَمَّ • (ḡamma) I (non-past يَغُمُّ (yaḡummu), verbal noun غَمّ (ḡamm))
* to cover, to veil, to shroud
* (passive voice) to be obscure, to be unapparent
** 7th century CE, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, 13:6:فَإِنْ غُمَّ عَلَيْكُمْ فَاقْدِرُوا ثَلَاثِينَfaʔin ḡumma ʕalaykum fāqdirū ṯalāṯīnaIf [the sky] is masked for you [by clouds], then calculate thirty days [for the month of Ramaḍān.
* to fill with grief, to grief, to chagrin

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 1.2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɣamm/

#### Noun

غَمّ • (ḡamm) m (plural غُمُوم (ḡumūm))
* grief, sorrow, chagrin
** 7th century CE, Jamīʿ at-Tirmiḏiyy, section 37:وَتَدْنُو الشَّمْسُ، فَيَبْلُغُ النَّاسَ مِنَ الْغَمِّ وَالْكَرْبِ مَا لَا يُطِيقُونَ وَلَا يَحْتَمِلُونَwa-tadnū š-šamsu, fa-yabluḡu n-nāsa mina al-ḡammi wa-l-karbi mā lā yuṭīqūna wa-lā yaḥtamilūnaThe sun will come so close to the people that they will suffer such distress and trouble as they will not be able to bear or stand.

##### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: qəm
* → Catalan: gamar-se
* → Pashto: غَم (ǧam)
* → Classical Persian: غَم (ğam)
** → Ottoman Turkish: گَام (gam)
*** Turkish: gam
*** Crimean Tatar: ğam
** → Urdu: غَم (ġam)
** → Hindi: ग़म (ġam), गम (gam)
* → Northern Kurdish: xem
* → Swahili: ghamu
* → Tatar: гамь (ğam’), ğäm
* → Turkmen: gam
* → Uyghur: غەم (ghem)
* → Uzbek: gʻam

### References

* Freytag, Georg (1835) “غم”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎ (in Latin), volume 3, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, pages 292–293
* Lane, Edward William (1863) “غم”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate, page 2289
* Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “غم”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart‎ (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, page 926

## Pashto
### Etymology

From Arabic غَمّ (ḡamm).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɣam/

### Noun

غم • (ǧam) m
* grief, sorrow

#### Derived terms

* غمجن (ǧamjan)

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic غَمّ (ḡamm), from غ م م (ḡ m m).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ɣam]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ɣäm]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ɣäm]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [ɣäm]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [ɣäm]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [qæm]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [ʁäm]

### Noun

غم • (ğam)
* grief, sorrow
    Synonym: گرم (gorm)

#### Derived terms

* غمگین (ğamgin)
* غمناک (ğamnâk)

## Punjabi
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian غَم (ğam), borrowed from Arabic غَمّ (ḡamm), from غ م م (ḡ m m).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Punjabi) IPA: /ɣəm/, [ɣɐ̃mᵊ]
* (rustic) IPA: [ɡɐ̃mᵊ]

### Noun

غَم • (ġam) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਗ਼ਮ)
* sorrow; sadness; grief
* mourning
* worry (ie. distress)
* depression
* melancholy

#### Declension
### Further reading

* Iqbal, Salah ud-Din (2002) “غم”, in vaḍḍī panjābī lughat‎ (in Punjabi), Lahore: ʻAzīz Pablisharz
* Bashir, Kanwal (2012) “غم”, in Punjabi-English Dictionary, Hyattsville, MD: Dunwoody Press
* “ਗ਼ਮ”, in Punjabi-English Dictionary, Patiala: Punjabi University, 2025

## Urdu
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian غَم (ğam), borrowed from Arabic غَمّ (ḡamm), from غ م م (ḡ m m). First attested in c. 1503 as Middle Hindi غم (ġm /⁠ġam⁠/).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /ɣəm/
* Audio (Pakistan):(file)
* Rhymes: -əm

### Noun

غَم • (ġam) m (formal plural غُمُوم (ġumūm), Hindi spelling ग़म)
* sorrow; sadness
    Synonym: دُکھ (dukh)
* mourning
    اُس کی موت پر گہرا غم منایا گیا۔uskī maut par gahrā ġam manāyā gayā.His death was deeply mourned.
* worry; distress
* depression
* (obsolete) concern

#### Derived terms

* غمگین (ġamgīn)

### References

* ↑ Platts, John T. (1884) “غم”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.
* ↑ “غم”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.

### Further reading

* “غم”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.
* Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971) “غم”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary‎, Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co.
* S. W. Fallon (1879) “غم”, in A New Hindustani-English Dictionary, Banaras, London: Trubner and Co.
* John Shakespear (1834) “غم”, in A dictionary, Hindustani and English: with a copious index, fitting the work to serve, also, as a dictionary of English and Hindustani, 3rd edition, London: J.L. Cox and Son, →OCLC