OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# أصر
## Arabic
### Etymology 1
#### Verb

أَصَرَّ • (ʔaṣarra) IV (non-past يُصِرُّ (yuṣirru), verbal noun إِصْرَار (ʔiṣrār))
* to persist [with عَلَى (ʕalā) ‘in something’]
* to insist [with عَلَى (ʕalā) ‘on something’]
    لقد كان لديه حقيبة جميلة وأصَرّ أنْ يُقدِّمَهُ لي كَهدية.He had a beautiful bag and insisted on giving it to me as a gift.
    ويُصِرُّ العَالِم أيضًا أن الإسلام يدعو المؤمنين إلى الرحمة بالآخرين.The scholar also insists that Islam calls on believers to be merciful to others.
* to resolve [with عَلَى (ʕalā) ‘to do something’]

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2
#### Verb

أصر (form I)
* أَصِرْ (ʔaṣir) /ʔa.sˤir/: first-person singular non-past active jussive of صَارَ (ṣāra)
* أَصُرْ (ʔaṣur) /ʔa.sˤur/: first-person singular non-past active jussive of صَارَ (ṣāra)
* أُصَرْ (ʔuṣar) /ʔu.sˤar/: first-person singular non-past passive jussive of صَارَ (ṣāra)

## Egyptian Arabic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ʔɑsˤɑɾɾ]
* This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.

### Verb

أصر • (ʾaṣarr) (verb form iv, imperfect يصرّ, yiṣirr)
* (intransitive) to insist, to persist

### References

* Hinds, Martin, Badawi, El-Said (1986) “ص ر ر”, in A Dictionary of Egyptian Arabic‎, Beirut: Librairie du Liban, page 501

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Arabic أَصَرَّ (ʔaṣarra).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʔa.sˤarr/, [ʔɑˈsˤɑr]
* Audio (Ramallah):(file)

### Verb

أصرّ • (ʔaṣarr) IV (present بصرّ (biṣirr))
* to insist
    Synonyms: لحّ (laḥḥ), نقّ (naʔʔ)
# سلطة
## Arabic
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sul.tˤa/

#### Noun

سُلْطَة • (sulṭa) f (plural سُلُطَات (suluṭāt) or سُلْطَات (sulṭāt) or سُلَط (sulaṭ))
* power, strength
* authority
* influence, jurisdiction
* (in the plural) the authorities

##### References

* Haywood, J.A., Nahmad, H.M. (1965) “سلطة”, in A new Arabic grammar, 2nd edition, London: Lund Humphries, →ISBN

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sa.la.tˤa/

#### Noun

سَلَطَة • (salaṭa) f (plural سَلَطَات (salaṭāt))
* salad
    سَلَطَة شِيرَازِيَّة ― salaṭa šīrāziyya ― Shirazi Salad
# أعلى
## Arabic
### Etymology 1.1

Morphologically from the root ع ل ي (ʕ l y).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʔaʕ.laː/

#### Adjective

أَعْلَى • (ʔaʕlā) (feminine عُلْيَا (ʕulyā), masculine plural أَعْلَوْنَ (ʔaʕlawna) or أَعَالٍ (ʔaʕālin), feminine plural عُلْيَيَات (ʕulyayāt) or عُلًا (ʕulan) or عُلًى (ʕulan))
* elative degree of عَالٍ (ʕālin) and عَلِيّ (ʕaliyy):
** higher; highest
** upper; uppermost
* advanced, superior

##### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: əla
* → Chagatai: اعلی
** Uyghur: ئەلا (ela)
** Uzbek: a’lo
* → Indonesian: ala
* → Ottoman Turkish: اعلی
** Turkish: âlâ
* → Persian: اعلی (a'lâ)
** → Hindustani:
    Hindi: आला (ālā)
    Urdu: اعلیٰ (a’lá)
** Tajik: аъло (aʾlo)

#### Noun

أَعْلَى • (ʔaʕlā) m (plural أَعَالٍ (ʔaʕālin))
* highest part, top
    سَقَطَ مِنْ أَعْلَى الْمَبْنَى ― saqaṭa min ʔaʕlā l-mabnā ― He fell from the top of the building.

##### Declension
### Etymology 1.2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʔaʕ.laː/

#### Verb

أَعْلَى • (ʔaʕlā) IV (non-past يُعْلِي (yuʕlī), verbal noun إِعْلَاء (ʔiʕlāʔ))
* (transitive) to raise, make higher
* (transitive) to lift up, hoist, elevate, uplift, exalt

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 1.3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

أعلى (form I)
* أُعْلَى (ʔuʕlā) /ʔuʕ.laː/: first-person singular non-past passive indicative/subjunctive of عَلَا (ʕalā) and عَلَى (ʕalā, “to climb”)
* أَعْلَى (ʔaʕlā) /ʔaʕ.laː/: first-person singular non-past active indicative/subjunctive of عَلِيَ (ʕaliya, “to be exalted, to be high; to excel”)

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic أَعْلَى (ʔaʕlā).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʔaʕ.la/, [ˈʔaʕ.la]
* Audio (Ramallah):(file)

### Adjective

أعلى • (ʔaʕla) (feminine عليا (ʕulya))
* elative degree of عالي (ʕāli): higher, highest, maximum
    Synonym: أقصى (ʔaqṣa)
    Antonym: أدنى (ʔadna)
    الحدّ الأعلى للسرعة ستّين كيلومتر بالساعة.il-ḥadd il-ʔaʕla las-surʕa sittīn kīlomitr bis-sāʕaThe maximum speed limit is sixty kilometers per hour.
* (in places names) upper
    Antonym: أسفل (ʔasfal)
    الجليل الأعلى ― il-jalīl il-ʔaʕla ― Upper Galilee
    الناصرة العليا ― in-nāṣre l-ʕulya ― Upper Nazareth
# سمكة
## Arabic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sa.ma.ka/

### Noun

سَمَكَة • (samaka) f (singulative, plural أَسْمَاك (ʔasmāk) or سِمَاك (simāk) or سُمُوك (sumūk))
* singulative of سَمَك (samak): a fish
    بِالْمَتْنَزِهِ، رَأَيْتُ سَمَكَةً جَمِيلَةً تَسْبَحُ فِي الْبُرْكَةِ.bi-l-matnazihi, raʔaytu samakatan jamīlatan tasbaḥu fī l-burkati.In the park, I saw a beautiful fish swimming in the pond.

#### Declension
## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic سَمَكَة (samaka).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sa.ma.ke/, [ˈsa.ma.ke]
* IPA: /sa.ma.ka/, [ˈsa.ma.ka]
* Audio (Ramallah):(file)

### Noun

سمكة • (samake) f (singulative, paucal سمكات (samakāt))
* singulative of سمك (samak): a fish
# سرق
## Arabic
### Etymology

From the root س ر ق (s r q). Compare Akkadian 𒊭𒊏𒄣 (šarāqum, “to steal”).

### Verb

سَرَقَ • (saraqa) I (non-past يَسْرِقُ (yasriqu), verbal noun سَرْق (sarq) or سَرَق (saraq) or سَرِق (sariq) or سَرَقَة (saraqa) or سَرِقَة (sariqa))
* to steal, take away clandestinely
    قام اللص بسرقة سيارة أحد الزبائن من أمام المطعم.Qām al-luṣ bi-saraqat sayyārat ʾaḥad az-zubāʾin min ʾamām al-maṭʿam.The thief stole a customer's car from in front of the restaurant.

#### Derived terms

* سُرِقَ ٱلسَّارِقُ فَٱنْتَحَرَ (suriqa s-sāriqu fantaḥara)

### Noun

سَرْق or سَرَق or سَرِق • (sarq or saraq or sariq) m
* verbal noun of سَرَقَ (saraqa) (form I)

#### Declension
## Hijazi Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic سَرَقَ (saraqa).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sa.raɡ/, [sˤa.raɡ]

### Verb

سرق • (sarag) I (non-past يِسْرُق (yisrug))
* to steal
    Synonym: (rare) نَهَب (nahab)

#### Conjugation
## Moroccan Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic سَرَقَ (saraqa).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sraq/
* Audio:(file)

### Verb

سرق • (sraq) I (non-past يسرق (yisraq))
* to steal
    Synonym: شفر (šfar)

#### Conjugation

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic سَرَقَ (saraqa).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Urban) /sa.raʔ/, [ˈsa.raʔ]
* IPA: (Bedouin) /sa.raɡ/, [ˈsa.raɡ]
* Audio (al-Lidd):(file)

### Verb

سرق • (saraʔ) I (present بسرق (bosroʔ))
* to steal
# أكرم
## Arabic
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʔak.ra.ma/

#### Verb

أَكْرَمَ • (ʔakrama) IV (non-past يُكْرِمُ (yukrimu), verbal noun إِكْرَام (ʔikrām))
* to dignify, to honor, to ennoble
** 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 89:15:فَأَمَّا الْإِنْسَانُ إِذَا مَا ابْتَلَاهُ رَبُّهُ فَأَكْرَمَهُ وَنَعَّمَهُ فَيَقُولُ رَبِّي أَكْرَمَنِNow, whenever a human being is tested by their Lord through ˹His˺ generosity and blessings, they boast, “My Lord has ˹deservedly˺ honoured me!.
** 10th century, Al-Mutanabbi
    إِذَا أَنْتَ أَكْرَمْتَ الْكَرِيمَ مَلَكْتَهُ / وَإِنْ أَنْتَ أَكْرَمْتَ اللَّئِيمَ تَمَرَّدَاʔiḏā ʔanta ʔakramta al-karīma malaktahu / waʔin ʔanta ʔakramta al-laʔīma tamarradāEnnoble the noble: you will own him. / Ennoble the mean, and he will rebel.
    أَكْرَمَ وَالِدَيْهِ / ضَيْفَهُ ― ʔakrama wālidayhi / ḍayfahu ― He honored his parents/guest

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2

Elative of كَرِيم (karīm, “generous; noble”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʔak.ram/

#### Adjective

أَكْرَمُ • (ʔakramu) (feminine كُرْمَى (kurmā), masculine plural أَكْرَمُونَ (ʔakramūna) or أَكَارِمُ (ʔakārimu), feminine plural كُرْمَيَاتٌ (kurmayātun))
* elative degree of كَرِيم (karīm):
** more generous, more liberal; most generous, most liberal
*** 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 96:3:اقْرَأْ وَرَبُّكَ الْأَكْرَمُRead! And your Lord is the Most Generous.
** more honorable; most honorable
** nobler; noblest
** more high-born; most high-born
** more excellent; most excellent
** more valuable, more precious; most valuable, most precious

##### Declension
#### Proper noun

أَكْرَم • (ʔakram) m
* a male given name
* a surname

##### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: Əkrəm
* → Bashkir: Әкрәм (Əkrəm)
* → French: Akram, Akrem
* → Norwegian: Akram
* → Ottoman Turkish: اكرم (Ekrem)
** > Turkish: Ekrem (inherited)
** → Albanian: Eqrem

### Etymology 3
#### Verb

أكرم (form I)
* أَكْرُمُ (ʔakrumu) /ʔak.ru.mu/: first-person singular non-past active indicative of كَرُمَ (karuma)
* أَكْرُمَ (ʔakruma) /ʔak.ru.ma/: first-person singular non-past active subjunctive of كَرُمَ (karuma)
* أَكْرُمْ (ʔakrum) /ʔak.rum/: first-person singular non-past active jussive of كَرُمَ (karuma)

### Etymology 4
#### Verb

أكرم (form II)
* أُكَرِّمُ (ʔukarrimu) /ʔu.kar.ri.mu/: first-person singular non-past active indicative of كَرَّمَ (karrama)
* أُكَرَّمُ (ʔukarramu) /ʔu.kar.ra.mu/: first-person singular non-past passive indicative of كَرَّمَ (karrama)
* أُكَرِّمَ (ʔukarrima) /ʔu.kar.ri.ma/: first-person singular non-past active subjunctive of كَرَّمَ (karrama)
* أُكَرَّمَ (ʔukarrama) /ʔu.kar.ra.ma/: first-person singular non-past passive subjunctive of كَرَّمَ (karrama)
* أُكَرِّمْ (ʔukarrim) /ʔu.kar.rim/: first-person singular non-past active jussive of كَرَّمَ (karrama)
* أُكَرَّمْ (ʔukarram) /ʔu.kar.ram/: first-person singular non-past passive jussive of كَرَّمَ (karrama)

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Arabic أَكْرَمَ (ʔakrama).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʔak.ram/, [ˈʔak.ram]
* Audio (al-Lidd):(file)

### Verb

أكرم • (ʔakram) IV (present بكرم (bikrem))
* to dignify, to honor
    Synonym: كرّم (karram)
* (by extension) to be hospitable (to guests)
# فاتح
## Arabic
### Etymology

Derived from the active participle of فَتَحَ (fataḥa, “to open, to conquer”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /faː.tiħ/

### Noun

فَاتِح • (fātiḥ) m
* opener (one who opens)
* victor, conqueror

#### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: fateh
* → Persian: فاتح
* → Ottoman Turkish: فاتح (fâtih)
** → Turkish: fatih
* → Uzbek: fotih

### Adjective

فَاتِح • (fātiḥ) (feminine فَاتِحَة (fātiḥa), elative أَفْتَح (ʔaftaḥ))
* light (in color)
* semidark (in color)

#### Declension
### Verb

فَاتَحَ • (fātaḥa) III (non-past يُفَاتِحُ (yufātiḥu), verbal noun مُفَاتَحَة (mufātaḥa)) (transitive)
* to start to talk to
* to open a negotiation with

#### Conjugation
### References

* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “فاتح”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic فَاتِح (fātiḥ).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [fɑː.ˈtih]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [fɑː.t̪ʰɪ́ʱ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [fɑː.t̪ʰɪ́ʱ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [fɑː.t̪ʰɪ́]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [fɔː.t̪ʰí]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [fɒː.t̪ʰéʱ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [fɔ.t̪ʰéʱ]

### Adjective

فاتح • (fâteh)
* victorious, triumphant
    Synonym: پیروز (piruz)

### Noun

فاتح • (fâteh)
* conqueror
    محمد فاتح ― mohammad-e fâteh ― Mehmed the Conqueror

### Proper noun

فاتح • (fâteh)
* Fatih (a district of Istanbul, Turkey)

### Further reading

* Hayyim, Sulayman (1934) “فاتح”, in New Persian–English dictionary, Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Béroukhim

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic فَاتِح (fātiḥ). Equivalent to the active participle of فتح (fataḥ, “to open”) .

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /faː.tiħ/, [ˈfæː.tɪħ]
* Audio (Ramallah):(file)

### Adjective

فاتح • (fāteḥ) (feminine فاتحة (fātḥe), masculine plural فاتحين (fātḥīn), elative أفتح (ʔaftaḥ))
* open (of an establishment)
    Antonym: مسكّر (msakker)
* pale, light (colour)
    Antonym: غامق (ḡāmeʔ)
    أزرق فاتح ― ʔazraʔ fāteḥ ― light blue

#### See also

* مفتوح (maftūḥ, “open”)
# قاس
## Arabic
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

#### Verb

قَاسَ • (qāsa) I (non-past يَقِيسُ (yaqīsu), verbal noun قَيْس (qays) or قِيَاس (qiyās))
* to measure
* to compare
* to infer from analogy, to analogize
    وقِسْ عَلَى ذَلِك ― Take this as a reference!
* to draw a conclusion

##### Descendants

* → Swahili: -kisi

#### References

* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “قاس”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen

### Etymology 2

Derived from the active participle of قَسَا (qasā).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /qaː.sin/
* Audio:(file)

#### Adjective

قَاسٍ • (qāsin) (construct state قَاسِي (qāsī), feminine قَاسِية (qāsiya), masculine plural قَاسُون (qāsūn) or قُسَاة (qusāh), feminine plural قاسِيات (qāsiyāt) or قَواسٍ (qawāsin), elative أَقْسَى (ʔaqsā))
* hard, tough

##### Declension
## Hijazi Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic قَاسَ (qāsa).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡaːs/

### Verb

قاس • (gās) I (non-past يِقيس (yigīs))
* to measure
* (figurative) to judge
    أنا أقيس على الأخلاق مو على المكانةʔana agīs ʕala ʔaḵlāg mū ʕala l-makānaI judge based on morals not on status.
* to try on (clothes, shoes, etc)

#### Conjugation
## Libyan Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic قَاسَ (qāsa).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡaːs/

### Verb

قاس (gās) I (non-past يقيس (ygīs))
* to measure
* to try on (clothes, shoes, etc)

#### Conjugation

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

## Moroccan Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic قَاسَ (qāsa).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /qaːs/

### Verb

قاس • (qās) I (non-past يقيس (yqīs) or يقوس (yqūs))
* to touch, to feel
    Synonym: مس (mass)
    ما تقيسنيش! ― ma tqīsnīši! ― Don't touch me!

#### Conjugation
## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic قَاسَ (qāsa).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʔaːs/, [ʔæːs]
* Audio (Ramallah):(file)

### Verb

قاس • (ʔās) I (present بقيس (biʔīs))
* to measure
# فاسد
## Arabic
### Etymology

Derived from the active participle of فَسَدَ (fasada, “to be or become spoiled, to be or become wicked, to be empty”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /faː.sid/

### Adjective

فَاسِد • (fāsid) (feminine فَاسِدَة (fāsida), masculine plural فَاسِدُون (fāsidūn) or فَسْدَى (fasdā), elative أَفْسَد (ʔafsad))
* spoiled, rotten
* corrupt
* (The addition of quotations indicative of this usage is being sought:) destructive

#### References

* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “فاسد”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic فَاسِد (fāsid).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [fɑː.ˈsið]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [fɑː.sɪ́d̪]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [fɑː.sɪ́d̪]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [fɑː.sɪ́d̪]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [fɔː.síd̪̥]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [fɒː.séd̪̥]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [fɔ.síd̪]

### Adjective

فاسد • (fâsed)
* spoiled; rotten
    Synonyms: خراب (xarâb), پوسیده (puside)
    سبزیجات فاسد ― sabzijât-e fâsed ― spoiled vegetables
    دندان فاسد ― dandân-e fâsed ― rotten teeth
* corrupt; morally bankrupt
    Synonyms: شریر (šarir), بداخلاق (bad-axlâq)
    پسر فاسد ― pesar-e fâsed ― delinquent boy
    این دولت فاسد است. ― in dowlat fâsed ast. ― This government is rotten.

#### Derived terms

* فاسد شدن (fâsed šodan)
* فاسد کردن (fâsed kardan)

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic فَاسِد (fāsid).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /faː.sed/, [ˈfæː.sɪd]
* Audio (Bethlehem):(file)

### Adjective

فاسد • (fāsed) (feminine فاسدة (fāsde), common plural فسدى (fasda), elative أفسد (ʔafsad))
* spoiled, rotten

## Urdu
### Etymology

From Arabic فَاسِد (fāsid).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /fɑː.sɪd̪/
* Rhymes: -ɪd̪

### Adjective

فاسِد • (fāsid) (Hindi spelling फ़ासिद)
* corrupt
# سيرة
## Arabic
### Noun

سِيرَة • (sīra) f (plural سِيَر (siyar))
* biography, chronicle, romance
    وتشمل هذه المصادر المهمة السِيَرَ الذاتية الإسلامية التقليدية لمحمد، والتي توفر معلومات إضافية عن حياته.These important sources include the traditional Islamic biographies of Muhammad, which provide additional information about his life.
* profile (summary of information about a person)
* conduct, way of living
* walk, pleasure walk
* conversation
* traveling provisions
* ways and means
* measures

#### References

* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “سيرة”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic سِيرَة (sīra).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /siː.re/, [ˈsiː.re]
* IPA: /siː.ra/, [ˈsiː.ra]
* Audio (Ramallah):(file)

### Noun

سيرة • (sīre) f
* story, tale
    Synonyms: قصة (ʔuṣṣa), حكاية (ḥikāye)
* matter, topic, subject
    شو السيرة؟ ― šū s-sīre ― What's the matter?
    على سيرة المطاعم، شو أحسن وأطيب مطعم؟ʕala sīret il-maṭāʕem, šu ʔaḥsan w-ʔaṭyab maṭʕam?Speaking of restaurants, which is the best and most delicious restaurant?(literally, “On the topic of restaurants, which is the best and most delicious restaurant?”)

#### Derived terms

* بلا طول سيرة (bala ṭūl sīre, “long story short”)
# غفير
## Arabic
### Adjective

غَفِير • (ḡafīr)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    جَمْعٌ غَفِيرٌ ― jamʕun ḡafīrun ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

### Noun

غَفِير • (ḡafīr) m (plural غُفَرَاء (ḡufarāʔ) or غِفْرَان (ḡifrān))
* watchman, caretaker

#### References

* Haywood, J.A., Nahmad, H.M. (1965) “غفير”, in A new Arabic grammar, 2nd edition, London: Lund Humphries, →ISBN
* Wehr, Hans (1979) “غفير”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN
# غلب
## Arabic
### Etymology 1.1

Morphologically from the root غ ل ب (ḡ l b).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɣa.la.ba/

#### Verb

غَلَبَ • (ḡalaba) I (non-past يَغْلِبُ (yaḡlibu), verbal noun غَلَب (ḡalab) or غَلْب (ḡalb) or غَلَبَة (ḡalaba) or مَغْلَب (maḡlab) or مَغْلَبَة (maḡlaba) or غَلَابِيَة (ḡalābiya) or غُلُبَّى (ḡulubbā) or غِلِبَّى (ḡilibbā) or غُلُبَّة (ḡulubba) or غَلُبَّة (ḡalubba))
* to conquer, to defeat, to overcome, to surpass, to vanquish [with accusative or عَلَى (ʕalā) ‘someone/something’]
** The Quran, 30:2-3 :غُلِبَتِ الرُّومُ فِي أَدْنَى الْأَرْضِ وَهُمْ مِنْ بَعْدِ غَلَبِهِم سَيَغْلِبُونَḡulibati ar-rūmu fī ʔadnā l-ʔarḍi wahum min baʕdi ḡalabihim sayaḡlibūnathe Byzantines have been defeated in the land closest [to us], but after their defeat they will conquer
* to seize [with accusative or عَلَى (ʕalā) ‘someone/something’]
* to snatch, to steal [with accusative ‘something’ and عَلَى (ʕalā) ‘from someone’]
* (intransitive) to prevail [with عَلَى (ʕalā) ‘in something’]
* (intransitive) to be likely
* (transitive) to use every effort to persuade

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 1.2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɣal.la.ba/

#### Verb

غَلَّبَ • (ḡallaba) II (non-past يُغَلِّبُ (yuḡallibu), verbal noun تَغْلِيب (taḡlīb))
* (transitive) to render victorious, to let get the upper hand, to cause to triumph [with accusative ‘someone’ and عَلَى (ʕalā) ‘over someone/something’]

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 1.3
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɣalb/

#### Noun

غَلْب • (ḡalb) m
* verbal noun of غَلَبَ (ḡalaba)

##### Declension
### Etymology 1.4
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɣa.lab/

#### Noun

غَلَب • (ḡalab) m
* verbal noun of غَلَبَ (ḡalaba)

##### Declension
### Etymology 2.1

Compare أغْلَب (“thick-necked”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɣa.li.ba/

#### Verb

غَلِبَ • (ḡaliba) I (non-past يَغْلَبُ (yaḡlabu), verbal noun غَلَب (ḡalab))
* (intransitive) to be or become thick-necked

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2.2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɣa.lab/

#### Noun

غَلَب • (ḡalab) m
* verbal noun of غَلِبَ (ḡaliba)

##### Declension
### References

* Lane, Edward William (1863) “غلب”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate
* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “غلب”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology 1

From Arabic غَلَبَ (ḡalaba).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɣa.lab/, [ˈɣa.lab]
* Audio (al-Lidd):(file)

#### Verb

غلب • (ḡalab) I (present بغلب (biḡlib))
* to defeat

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2

From Arabic غَلَّبَ (ḡallaba).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɣal.lab/, [ˈɣal.lab]
* Audio (al-Lidd):(file)

#### Verb

غلّب • (ḡallab) II (present بغلّب (biḡalleb))
* (transitive) to bother, to be a nuisance
    Synonym: زعج (zaʕaj)
* (reflexive, by extension) to take the trouble
    Synonym: تغلّب (tḡallab)
    شكرًا ماما، غلّبتي حالك.šukran māmā, ḡallabti ḥālekThanks mom, you didn't have to.(literally, “Thanks mom, you took the trouble [to do it].”)
# باطل
## Arabic
### Etymology

Derived from the active participle of the verb بَطَلَ (baṭala, “to be vain, to be false”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /baː.tˤil/
* Rhymes: -il

### Adjective

بَاطِل • (bāṭil) (feminine بَاطِلَة (bāṭila))
* false
    Antonyms: حَقّ (ḥaqq), صَحِيح (ṣaḥīḥ)
    اِتِّهَامٌ بَاطِلٌ ― ittihāmun bāṭilun ― false accusation
* vain
* useless
* invalid, null and void
* (islamic jurisprudence, Islam) invalid

#### Declension
### Noun

بَاطِل • (bāṭil) m (plural أَبَاطِيل (ʔabāṭīl) or بَوَاطِل (bawāṭil) or بُطُل (buṭul))
* falsehood
    Antonym: حَقّ (ḥaqq)
    مَا أُسِّسَ عَلَى بَاطِلٍ فَهُوَ بَاطِلٌ.mā ʔussisa ʕalā bāṭilin fahuwa bāṭilun.(please add an English translation of this usage example)
** 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 17:81:جَاءَ الْحَقُّ وَزَهَقَ الْبَاطِلُ إِنَّ الْبَاطِلَ كَانَ زَهُوقًاjāʾa l-ḥaqqu wazahaqa l-bāṭilu ʾinna l-bāṭila kāna zahūqan(please add an English translation of this quotation)
* wrong, injustice
    Antonym: حَقّ (ḥaqq)
** 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 2:188:وَلَا تَأْكُلُوا أَمْوَالَكُمْ بَيْنَكُمْ بِالْبَاطِلِ وَتُدْلُوا بِهَا إِلَى الْحُكَّامِ لِتَأْكُلُوا فَرِيقًا مِنْ أَمْوَالِ النَّاسِ بِالْإِثْمِ وَأَنْتُمْ تَعْلَمُونَwalā taʔkulū ʔamwālakum baynakum bi-l-bāṭili watudlū bihā ʔilā l-ḥukkāmi litaʔkulū farīqan min ʔamwāli n-nāsi bi-l-ʔiṯmi waʔantum taʕlamūna(please add an English translation of this quotation)

#### Derived terms

* لِلْبَاطِلِ جَوْلَةٌ ثُمَّ يَضْمَحِلُّ (lilbāṭili jawlatun ṯumma yaḍmaḥillu, proverb)
* كَلِمَةُ حَقٍّ يُرَادُ بِهَا بَاطِلٌ (kalimatu ḥaqqin yurādu bihā bāṭilun)

#### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: batil
* → Indonesian: batil
* → Persian: باطل (bâtil)
* → Ottoman Turkish: باطل (batıl)
** Turkish: batıl
** Crimean Tatar: batıl
* → Uyghur: باتىل (batil)
* → Uzbek: botil

#### References

* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “باطل”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic بَاطِل (bāṭil)

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [bɑː.til]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [bɑː.t̪ʰɪl]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [bɑː.t̪ʰɪl]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [bɑː.t̪ʰɪl]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [bɔː.t̪ʰil̥]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [bɒː.t̪ʰel̥]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [bɔ.t̪ʰil]

### Adjective

باطل • (bâtil)
* null, void, cancelled
* vain, false, untrue, illusive
    Synonym: عاطل ('âtil)
** c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume I, verse 2624:گر بیان معنوی کافی شدی خلق عالم عاطل و باطل بدیgar bayân-i-ma'nawi kâfî šudî xalq-i-'alâm 'âtil u bâtil budîIf the spiritual explanation were sufficient, the creation of the world would have been idle and vain.

### References

* Hayyim, Sulayman (1934) “باطل”, in New Persian–English dictionary, Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Béroukhim