# 馮

| 馮 | U+99AE, &#39342; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-99AE |
| ← 馭 [U+99AD] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 馯 → [U+99AF] |

## Translingual
### Han character

馮 (Kangxi radical 187, 馬+2, 12 strokes, cangjie input 戈一尸手火 (IMSQF), four-corner 3112$_7$, composition ⿰冫馬)

#### Derived characters

* 𪅯, 凴, 憑, 㵗, 𠘔, 𥂳, 𨝭

#### Related characters

* 冯 (Simplified Chinese)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1433, character 11
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 44579
* Dae Jaweon: page 1958, character 5
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4540, character 3
* Unihan data for U+99AE

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 馮 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 冫 | *prɯŋ |
| 冰 | *pŋrɯŋ, *ŋrɯŋ |
| 砅 | *pʰrɯŋ, *rads |
| 馮 | *brɯŋ, *bɯŋ |
| 憑 | *bɯŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *brɯŋ, *bɯŋ): phonetic 冫 (OC *pŋrɯŋ, *ŋrɯŋ) + semantic 馬 (“horse”).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Féng (Feng$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄈㄥˊ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): fung$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): fuung$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): phùng
    (Hailu, HRS): pung
    (Meixian, Guangdong): pung$^2$
* Northern Min (KCR): bǒ̤ng
* Eastern Min (BUC): hùng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): horng$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): pâng / hông
    (Teochew, Peng'im): bang$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$von
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Féng
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Fóng
*** Wade–Giles: Fêng$^2$
*** Yale: Féng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Ferng
*** Palladius: Фэн (Fɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /fɤŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fung$^4$
*** Yale: fùhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fung$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fung$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /fʊŋ²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: fuung$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /fɵŋ²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: phùng
*** Hakka Romanization System: pung$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: pung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /pʰuŋ¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: pung
*** Sinological IPA: /pʰuŋ⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: pung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /pʰʊŋ¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: bǒ̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /pɔŋ²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: hùng
*** Sinological IPA : /huŋ⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: horng$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɒŋ¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pâng
*** Tâi-lô: pâng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: paang
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /paŋ¹³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /paŋ²³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /paŋ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hông
*** Tâi-lô: hông
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoong
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /hɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɔŋ¹³/
* pâng - vernacular (incl. surname);
* hông - literary.
* Middle Chinese: bjuwng
Rime :
| Character | 馮 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 並 (3) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (2) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 房戎切 |
| Baxter | bjuwng |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /bɨuŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /biuŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /biuŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /buwŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /biuŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /bĭuŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /bʱi̯uŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | féng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | fung$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[Cə.b]əŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*bɯŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 馮 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | píng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ bjuwng › |
| Old Chinese | /*[Cə.b]əŋ/ |
| English | Féng (surname) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 馮 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 861 |
| Phonetic component | 仌 |
| Rime group | 蒸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 馮 |
| Old Chinese | /*bɯŋ/ |

#### Definitions

馮
* a place near modern Luoyang
* a surnameWikipedia has an article on:馮姓
    馮國璋／冯国璋 ― Féng Guózhāng ― Feng Guozhang (Chinese general and politician in early republican China)
* A respelling of the German patronymic von Wikipedia has an article on:冯 (德语)
    馮德萊恩／冯德莱恩 ― Féng Délái'ēn ― von der Leyen (German politician)
    馮布劳恩／冯布劳恩 ― Féng Bùláo'ēn ― von Braun (German-American aerospace engineer)

#### Descendants

* → English: Feng, Fung, Fong, Foong, Pang
** → Tagalog: Fung
* → Vietnamese: Phùng, 馮
** → English: Phung
** → French: Phung
** → Indonesian: Phung
* → Indonesian: Fung, Phung

#### Compounds

* 再作馮婦 / 再作冯妇 (zàizuòféngfù)
* 又作馮婦 / 又作冯妇
* 重作馮婦 / 重作冯妇
* 馮·卡門 / 冯·卡门 (Féng Kǎmén)
* 馮唐易老 / 冯唐易老
* 馮坪 / 冯坪 (Féngpíng)
* 馮婦 / 冯妇

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): píng (ping$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄆㄧㄥˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): pang$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: píng
*** Zhuyin: ㄆㄧㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: píng
*** Wade–Giles: pʻing$^2$
*** Yale: píng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: pyng
*** Palladius: пин (pin)
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰiŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: pang$^4$
*** Yale: pàhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: pang$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: peng$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰɐŋ²¹/
* Middle Chinese: bing
Rime :
| Character | 馮 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 並 (3) |
| Final (韻) | 蒸 (133) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 扶冰切 |
| Baxter | bing |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /bɨŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /bɨŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /bieŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /biŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /biəŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /bĭəŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /bʱi̯əŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | píng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ping$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[b]rəŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*brɯŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 馮 | 馮 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | píng | píng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ bing › | ‹ bing › |
| Old Chinese | /*[b]rəŋ/ | /*[b]rəŋ/ |
| English | full, solid | lean on |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 馮 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 858 |
| Phonetic component | 仌 |
| Rime group | 蒸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 凭 |
| Old Chinese | /*brɯŋ/ |

#### Definitions

馮
* (literary) to gallop
* (literary) (alt. form 淜, 憑／凭) to wade; to cross a river on foot
    暴虎馮河／暴虎冯河 ― bàohǔfénghé ― recklessly courageous
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Bùgǎn bàohǔ, bùgǎn pínghé. [Pinyin]
    They dare not without weapons attack a tiger; They dare not without a boat cross the He.
* (literary) full; great
* (literary) to bully; to humiliate
    From: Rites of Zhou, circa 3rd century BCE
    Pínɡ ruò fàn guǎ zé shěng zhī, zéi xián hài mín zé fá zhī. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
* (literary) to climb; to ascend
    From: The Verses of Chu, 4th century BCE – 2nd century CE
    Pínɡ Kūnlún yǐ kàn wù xī, yǐn Mínshān yǐ qīng jiāng. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
* (literary) Alternative form of 憑 / 凭 (píng, “to lean on”)
* Used in 馮生／冯生.

#### Compounds

* 暴虎馮河 / 暴虎冯河 (bàohǔ-pínghé)
* 馮心 / 冯心
* 馮河 / 冯河
* 馮虛 / 冯虚
* 馮虛御風 / 冯虚御风
* 馮軾 / 冯轼

### References

* “馮”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* (proper name character)

#### Readings

* Go-on: びょう (byō)、ぶ (bu)、ぶう (bū)
* Kan-on: ひょう (hyō)、ほう (hō)
* Kan’yō-on: ふう (fū)
* Kun: たのむ (tanomu, 馮む)、よる (yoru, 馮る)

## Korean
### Hanja

馮 • (pung) (hangeul 풍, revised pung, McCune–Reischauer p'ung, Yale phung)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

馮: Hán Nôm readings: Phùng
* a Vietnamese surname