OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# تعاون
## Arabic
### Etymology 1
#### Verb

تَعَاوَنَ • (taʕāwana) VI (non-past يَتَعَاوَنُ (yataʕāwanu), verbal noun تَعَاوُن (taʕāwun))
* (intransitive, reciprocal) to cooperate, to work together, to help each other
** 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 5:2:وَتَعَاوَنُوا عَلَى ٱلْبِرِّ وَٱلتَّقْوَىٰ ۖ وَلَا تَعَاوَنُوا عَلَى ٱلْإِثْمِ وَٱلْعُدْوَانِwa-taʕāwanū ʕalā l-birri wa-t-taqwā, wa-lā taʕāwanū ʕalā l-ʔiṯmi wa-l-ʕudwāni(please add an English translation of this quotation)

##### Conjugation
#### Noun

تَعَاوُن • (taʕāwun) m
* verbal noun of تَعَاوَنَ (taʕāwana) (form VI)
* cooperation
    يُسَاعِدُ ٱلتَّعَاوُنُ ٱلْاِقْتِصَادِيُّ فِي تَنْمِيَةِ ٱلْبِلَادِ.yusāʕidu t-taʕāwunu l-iqtiṣādiyyu fī tanmiyati l-bilādi.Economic cooperation aids in the development of the country.

##### Declension
### Etymology 2
#### Verb

تعاون (form III)
* تُعَاوِنُ (tuʕāwinu) /tu.ʕaː.wi.nu/: inflection of عَاوَنَ (ʕāwana):
** second-person masculine singular non-past active indicative
** third-person feminine singular non-past active indicative
* تُعَاوِنَّ (tuʕāwinna) /tu.ʕaː.win.na/: second-person feminine plural non-past active indicative/subjunctive/jussive of عَاوَنَ (ʕāwana)
* تُعَاوَنُ (tuʕāwanu) /tu.ʕaː.wa.nu/: inflection of عَاوَنَ (ʕāwana):
** second-person masculine singular non-past passive indicative
** third-person feminine singular non-past passive indicative
* تُعَاوَنَّ (tuʕāwanna) /tu.ʕaː.wan.na/: second-person feminine plural non-past passive indicative/subjunctive/jussive of عَاوَنَ (ʕāwana)
* تُعَاوِنَ (tuʕāwina) /tu.ʕaː.wi.na/: inflection of عَاوَنَ (ʕāwana):
** second-person masculine singular non-past active subjunctive
** third-person feminine singular non-past active subjunctive
* تُعَاوَنَ (tuʕāwana) /tu.ʕaː.wa.na/: inflection of عَاوَنَ (ʕāwana):
** second-person masculine singular non-past passive subjunctive
** third-person feminine singular non-past passive subjunctive
* تُعَاوِنْ (tuʕāwin) /tu.ʕaː.win/: inflection of عَاوَنَ (ʕāwana):
** second-person masculine singular non-past active jussive
** third-person feminine singular non-past active jussive
* تُعَاوَنْ (tuʕāwan) /tu.ʕaː.wan/: inflection of عَاوَنَ (ʕāwana):
** second-person masculine singular non-past passive jussive
** third-person feminine singular non-past passive jussive

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic تَعَاوَنَ (taʕāwana).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tʕaː.wan/, [ɪtˈʕæː.wan]
* Audio (al-Lidd):(file)

### Verb

تعاون • (tʕāwan) VI (present بتعاون (bitʕāwan))
* to cooperate
# تلوث
## Arabic
### Etymology 1.1
#### Verb

تَلَوَّثَ • (talawwaṯa) V (non-past يَتَلَوَّثُ (yatalawwaṯu), verbal noun تَلَوُّث (talawwuṯ))
* to be contaminated or polluted, to be dirtied

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 1.2
#### Noun

تَلَوُّث • (talawwuṯ) m
* verbal noun of تَلَوَّثَ (talawwaṯa) (form V)
    تَلَوُّث بِيئِي ― talawwuṯ bīʔī ― environmental pollution

##### Declension
### Etymology 1.3
#### Verb

تلوث (form II)
* تُلَوِّثُ (tulawwiṯu) /tu.law.wi.θu/: inflection of لَوَّثَ (lawwaṯa):
** second-person masculine singular non-past active indicative
** third-person feminine singular non-past active indicative
* تُلَوَّثُ (tulawwaṯu) /tu.law.wa.θu/: inflection of لَوَّثَ (lawwaṯa):
** second-person masculine singular non-past passive indicative
** third-person feminine singular non-past passive indicative
* تُلَوِّثَ (tulawwiṯa) /tu.law.wi.θa/: inflection of لَوَّثَ (lawwaṯa):
** second-person masculine singular non-past active subjunctive
** third-person feminine singular non-past active subjunctive
* تُلَوَّثَ (tulawwaṯa) /tu.law.wa.θa/: inflection of لَوَّثَ (lawwaṯa):
** second-person masculine singular non-past passive subjunctive
** third-person feminine singular non-past passive subjunctive
* تُلَوِّثْ (tulawwiṯ) /tu.law.wiθ/: inflection of لَوَّثَ (lawwaṯa):
** second-person masculine singular non-past active jussive
** third-person feminine singular non-past active jussive
* تُلَوَّثْ (tulawwaṯ) /tu.law.waθ/: inflection of لَوَّثَ (lawwaṯa):
** second-person masculine singular non-past passive jussive
** third-person feminine singular non-past passive jussive
# غاب
## Arabic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɣaː.ba/

### Verb

غَابَ • (ḡāba) I (non-past يَغِيبُ (yaḡību), verbal noun غَيْب (ḡayb) or غَيْبَة (ḡayba) or غِيَاب (ḡiyāb) or غَيْبُوبَة (ḡaybūba) or مَغِيب (maḡīb))
* to be absent
    Antonym: حَضَرَ (ḥaḍara)
* to become absent; to vanish, to disappear
* to set; to go down (of the sun, the moon, etc.)
    الإِمْبْرَاطُورِيَّة اَلَّتِي لَا تَغِيبُ عَنْهَا الشَمْسal-ʔimbrāṭūriyya(t) allatī lā taḡību ʕanhā š-šamsthe empire on which the sun never sets

#### Descendants

* Maltese: għeb

### Verb

غَابَ • (ḡāba) I (non-past يَغِيبُ (yaḡību), verbal noun غِيبَة (ḡība))
* to backbite, to speak badly of an absent person.

#### Conjugation
### References

* Dozy, Reinhart Pieter Anne (1881) “غاب”, in Supplément aux dictionnaires arabes‎ (in French), volume 2, Leiden: E. J. Brill, pages 232–233
* Freytag, Georg (1835) “غاب”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎ (in Latin), volume 3, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 304
* Lane, Edward William (1863) “غاب”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate, page 2312
* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “غاب”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen, page 767
* Wehr, Hans (1979) “غاب”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN, page 806

## Hijazi Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic غَابَ (ḡāba).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɣaː.b/

### Verb

غاب • (ḡāb) I (non-past يِغِيب (yiḡīb))
* to be absent

#### Conjugation
## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic غَابَ (ḡāba).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɣaːb/, [ɣæːb]
* Audio (al-Lidd):(file)

### Verb

غاب • (ḡāb) I (present بغيب (biḡīb))
* to be absent
    Antonym: حضر (ḥiḍir)
# مشهور
## Arabic
### Etymology

Derived from the passive participle of شَهَرَ (šahara).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /maʃ.huːr/
* Rhymes: -uːr

### Adjective

مَشْهُور • (mašhūr) (feminine مَشْهُورَة (mašhūra), masculine plural مَشْهُورُونَ (mašhūrūna), feminine plural مَشْهُورَات (mašhūrāt), elative أَشْهَر (ʔašhar))
* famous
    Antonym: مَغْمُور (maḡmūr)
    الْأَكَادِيمِيَّةُ مَشْهُورَةٌ بِأَبْحَاثِهَا فِي مَجَالِ ٱلْعُلُومِ ٱلْاِجْتِمَاعِيَّةِ.al-ʔakādīmiyyatu mašhūratun biʔabḥāṯihā fī majāli l-ʕulūmi l-ijtimāʕiyyati.The academic is famous for her research in the field of social sciences.

#### Descendants

* Maltese: mixhur
* → Azerbaijani: məşhur
* → Malay: masyhur
* → Ottoman Turkish: مشهور (meşhur)
** Turkish: meşhur
** → Albanian: meshhur
* → Classical Persian: مَشْهُور (mašhūr)
** → Hindustani:
    Hindi: मशहूर (maśhūr)
    Urdu: مَشْہُور (maśhūr)
** → Kazakh: мәшһүр (mäşhür)
** → Punjabi:
*** Gurmukhi script: ਮਸ਼ਹੂਰ (maśhūr)
*** Shahmukhi script: مَشْہُور (maśhūr)
** → Uyghur: مەشھۇر (meshhur)
** → Uzbek: mashhur
* → Swahili: mashuhuri
* → Turkmen: meşhur

### Noun

مَشْهُور • (mašhūr) m (plural مَشَاهِير (mašāhīr) or مَشْهُورُونَ (mašhūrūna), feminine مَشْهُورَة (mašhūra))
* famous (person)
    يَعِيشُ بَعْضُ ٱلْمَشَاهِيرِ مُنْقَطِعِينَ عَنْ وَاقِعِ ٱلْعَامَّةِ.yaʕīšu baʕḍu l-mašāhīri munqaṭiʕīna ʕan wāqiʕi l-ʕāmmati.(please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Declension
## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic مَشْهُور (mašhūr, “famous, notorious”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [maʃ.ˈhuːɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [mäʃ.húːɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [mäʃ.húːɾ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [mä.ʃúːɾ]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [mä.ʃúɾ]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [mæʃ.húːɹ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [mäʃ.húɾ]

### Adjective

مشهور • (mašhur) (comparative مشهورتَر (mašhur-tar), superlative مشهورتَرین (mašhur-tarin))
* famous
    این رستوران به خاطر غذاهای لذیذش مشهور است.in restorân be khâter-e ğazâ-hâ-ye lazizeš mašhur ast.This restaurant is famous for its delicious food.

#### Descendants

* → Hindustani:
    Hindi: मशहूर (maśhūr)
    Urdu: مَشْہُور (maśhūr)
* → Kazakh: мәшһүр (mäşhür)
* → Punjabi:
** Gurmukhi script: ਮਸ਼ਹੂਰ (maśhūr)
** Shahmukhi script: مَشْہُور (maśhūr)
* → Uyghur: مەشھۇر (meshhur)
* → Uzbek: mashhur
# منو
## Gulf Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic مَنْ هُوَ (man huwa)

### Pronunciation

* (Kuwait) IPA: /mɪ.nu/

### Pronoun

منو • (minu)
* (interrogative) who?
    منو هذا؟ ― Who’s this?

## Iraqi Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic مَنْ هُوَ (man huwa)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /mi.nu/

### Pronoun

منو (minu)
* (interrogative) who?
    منو هذا؟ ― Who’s this?

## Pashto
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ma.noˈ/

### Noun

منو • (mano) f
* shark

#### References

* Pashto-English Dictionary

## Persian
### Etymology 1
#### Alternative forms

* مرا (marâ) (literary)

#### Pronunciation

* (Tehrani) IPA: [mæno]

#### Pronoun

منو • (mano)
* (chiefly Iran) spoken form of من (man) with the direct-object particle را (râ)
    می‌تونی منو ببینی؟ ― mi-tuni mano bebini? ― Can you see me?

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from French menu.

#### Noun

منو • (menu)
* (Iran) menu
    Synonyms: صورت‌غذا (surat-e-ğazâ), (Tajik) طعامنامه (ta'âm-nâme)

### Etymology 3
#### Noun

منو • (menu)
* Alternative form of مینو (minu)

## Punjabi
### Verb

مَنّو • (manno)
* inflection of مَنّݨا (mannṇā):
** second-person singular polite future subjunctive
** second-person masculine plural future subjunctive
** second-person singular polite imperative
** second/third-person plural familiar imperative
# سبق
## Arabic
### Verb

سَبَقَ • (sabaqa) I (non-past يَسْبِقُ (yasbiqu) or يَسْبُقُ (yasbuqu), verbal noun سَبْق (sabq))
* to precede, to come before (something or someone)
    Synonym: سَلَفَ (salafa)
    Antonyms: وَلِيَ (waliya), تَبِعَ (tabiʕa), تَلَا (talā)
    يَلِي ٱلْعَدَدَ ٢ ٱلْعَدَدُ ٣ وَيَسْبِقُهُ ٱلْعَدَدُ ١.yalī l-ʕadada 2 l-ʕadadu 3 wayasbiquhu l-ʕadadu 1.The number 2 is followed by the number 3 and preceded by the number 1.

#### Conjugation
### Noun

سَبْق • (sabq) m
* verbal noun of سَبَقَ (sabaqa) (form I), anticipation
    سَبْق الإصْرَار ― sabq al-ʔiṣrār ― premeditation
    سَبْق صِحَافِيّ ― sabq ṣiḥāfiyy ― breaking news, sensational news

#### Declension
### Adjective

سُبَّق • (subbaq) m pl
* plural of سَابِق (sābiq)

## Baluchi
### Noun

سبق • (sabaq)
* Alternative form of سبک (sabak, “lesson”)

## Hijazi Arabic
### Etymology 1

From Arabic سَبَقَ (sabaqa).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sa.baɡ/

#### Verb

سبق • (sabag) I (non-past يِسْبُق (yisbug))
* to overtake, to leave behind
* to precede, to come before (something or someone)

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2

From Arabic سَبَّقَ (sabbaqa).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sab.baɡ/

#### Verb

سبق • (sabbag) II (non-past يِسَبِّق (yisabbig))
* to let an overtake
* to let precede

##### Conjugation
## South Levantine Arabic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Urban) /sa.baʔ/, [ˈsa.baʔ]
* IPA: (Bedouin) /sa.baɡ/, [ˈsa.baɡ]
* Audio (al-Lidd):(file)

### Verb

سبق • (sabaʔ) I (present بسبق (bosboʔ))
* to overtake, to leave behind

#### Conjugation
## Urdu
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian سبق (sabaq), from Arabic سَبَق (sabaq).

### Pronunciation

(Standard Urdu) IPA: /sə.bəq/

### Noun

سَبَق • (sabaq) m (Hindi spelling सबक़)
* lesson
    زِندَگی کا سَبَق ― zindagī kā sabaq ― life lesson
* lecture

#### Related terms

* سابِق (sābiq)

### References

* Platts, John T. (1884) “سبق”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.
# أكره
## Arabic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʔak.ra.ha/

### Etymology 1
#### Verb

أَكْرَهَ • (ʔakraha) IV (non-past يُكْرِهُ (yukrihu), verbal noun إِكْرَاه (ʔikrāh))
* to force, to compel, to coerce [with accusative ‘someone’, along with عَلَى (ʕalā) or أَن (ʔan, + subjunctive clause) ‘to do something’]
    لَا أُكْرِهُ أَحَدًا أَنْ يَذْهَبَ مَعِيlā ʔukrihu ʔaḥadan ʔan yaḏhaba maʕīI don't force anyone to go with me.

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2
#### Verb

أكره (form I)
* أَكْرَهُ (ʔakrahu) /ʔak.ra.hu/: first-person singular non-past active indicative of كَرِهَ (kariha)
* أُكْرَهُ (ʔukrahu) /ʔuk.ra.hu/: first-person singular non-past passive indicative of كَرِهَ (kariha)
* أَكْرَهَ (ʔakraha) /ʔak.ra.ha/: first-person singular non-past active subjunctive of كَرِهَ (kariha)
* أُكْرَهَ (ʔukraha) /ʔuk.ra.ha/: first-person singular non-past passive subjunctive of كَرِهَ (kariha)
* أَكْرَهْ (ʔakrah) /ʔak.rah/: first-person singular non-past active jussive of كَرِهَ (kariha)
* أُكْرَهْ (ʔukrah) /ʔuk.rah/: first-person singular non-past passive jussive of كَرِهَ (kariha)
* أَكْرُهُ (ʔakruhu) /ʔak.ru.hu/: first-person singular non-past active indicative of كَرُهَ (karuha)
* أَكْرُهَ (ʔakruha) /ʔak.ru.ha/: first-person singular non-past active subjunctive of كَرُهَ (karuha)
* أَكْرُهْ (ʔakruh) /ʔak.ruh/: first-person singular non-past active jussive of كَرُهَ (karuha)

### Etymology 3
#### Verb

أكره (form II)
* أُكَرِّهُ (ʔukarrihu) /ʔu.kar.ri.hu/: first-person singular non-past active indicative of كَرَّهَ (karraha)
* أُكَرَّهُ (ʔukarrahu) /ʔu.kar.ra.hu/: first-person singular non-past passive indicative of كَرَّهَ (karraha)
* أُكَرِّهَ (ʔukarriha) /ʔu.kar.ri.ha/: first-person singular non-past active subjunctive of كَرَّهَ (karraha)
* أُكَرَّهَ (ʔukarraha) /ʔu.kar.ra.ha/: first-person singular non-past passive subjunctive of كَرَّهَ (karraha)
* أُكَرِّهْ (ʔukarrih) /ʔu.kar.rih/: first-person singular non-past active jussive of كَرَّهَ (karraha)
* أُكَرَّهْ (ʔukarrah) /ʔu.kar.rah/: first-person singular non-past passive jussive of كَرَّهَ (karraha)
# تكون
## Arabic
### Etymology 1
#### Verb

تَكَوَّنَ • (takawwana) V (non-past يَتَكَوَّنُ (yatakawwanu), verbal noun تَكَوُّن (takawwun))
* to be established, to be created, to be formed, come into existence, be constituted
* to arise, to develop, to come into being, to come into existence
    يَتَكَوَّنُ ٱلْجَنِينُ فِي رَحِمِ ٱلْأُمِّyatakawwanu l-janīnu fī raḥimi l-ʔummiThe foetus develops in the mother's womb.
* to consist, to be composed [with مِنْ (min)]
    Synonym: تَأَلَّفَ (taʔallafa)
* to brew

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2
#### Noun

تَكَوُّن • (takawwun) m
* verbal noun of تَكَوَّنَ (takawwana) (form V)

##### Declension
### Etymology 3
#### Verb

تكون (form I)
* تَكُونُ (takūnu) /ta.kuː.nu/: inflection of كَانَ (kāna):
** second-person masculine singular non-past active indicative
** third-person feminine singular non-past active indicative
* تَكُونَ (takūna) /ta.kuː.na/: inflection of كَانَ (kāna):
** second-person masculine singular non-past active subjunctive
** third-person feminine singular non-past active subjunctive

### Etymology 4
#### Verb

تكون (form II)
* تُكَوِّنُ (tukawwinu) /tu.kaw.wi.nu/: inflection of كَوَّنَ (kawwana):
** second-person masculine singular non-past active indicative
** third-person feminine singular non-past active indicative
* تُكَوِّنَّ (tukawwinna) /tu.kaw.win.na/: second-person feminine plural non-past active indicative/subjunctive/jussive of كَوَّنَ (kawwana)
* تُكَوَّنُ (tukawwanu) /tu.kaw.wa.nu/: inflection of كَوَّنَ (kawwana):
** second-person masculine singular non-past passive indicative
** third-person feminine singular non-past passive indicative
* تُكَوَّنَّ (tukawwanna) /tu.kaw.wan.na/: second-person feminine plural non-past passive indicative/subjunctive/jussive of كَوَّنَ (kawwana)
* تُكَوِّنَ (tukawwina) /tu.kaw.wi.na/: inflection of كَوَّنَ (kawwana):
** second-person masculine singular non-past active subjunctive
** third-person feminine singular non-past active subjunctive
* تُكَوَّنَ (tukawwana) /tu.kaw.wa.na/: inflection of كَوَّنَ (kawwana):
** second-person masculine singular non-past passive subjunctive
** third-person feminine singular non-past passive subjunctive
* تُكَوِّنْ (tukawwin) /tu.kaw.win/: inflection of كَوَّنَ (kawwana):
** second-person masculine singular non-past active jussive
** third-person feminine singular non-past active jussive
* تُكَوَّنْ (tukawwan) /tu.kaw.wan/: inflection of كَوَّنَ (kawwana):
** second-person masculine singular non-past passive jussive
** third-person feminine singular non-past passive jussive
# مساعد
## Arabic
### Etymology

Derived from the active participle of سَاعَدَ (sāʕada, “to assist”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /mu.saː.ʕid/

### Noun

مُسَاعِد • (musāʕid) m (plural مُسَاعِدُون (musāʕidūn), feminine مُسَاعِدَة (musāʕida))
* assistant
    مُسَاعِدٌ ذَكِيٌّ ― musāʕidun ḏakiyyun ― a smart assistant

#### Declension
### Adjective

مُسَاعِد • (musāʕid) (feminine مُسَاعِدَة (musāʕida), masculine plural مُسَاعِدُونَ (musāʕidūna), feminine plural مُسَاعِدَات (musāʕidāt))
* assistant, auxiliary, helper

#### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: müsaid
* → Ottoman Turkish: مساعد (müsaid)
** Turkish: müsait
* → Persian: مساعد
** → Urdu: مُساعِد (musā'id)
* → Uzbek: musoid

### Proper noun

مُسَاعِد • (musāʕid) m
* a male given name

#### Descendants

* Gulf Arabic: مساعد (msāʕid)
# تعداد
## Arabic
### Etymology

Verbal noun of عَدَّ (ʕadda, “to count”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /taʕ.daːd/

### Noun

تَعْدَاد • (taʕdād) m
* quantity, amount, number
* (statistics) census

#### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: tədad
* → Ottoman Turkish: تعداد
** Turkish: tadat
* → Persian: تعداد
** → Urdu: تعداد

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic تَعْدَاد (taʕdād).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [taʔ.dɑːð]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [t̪ʰäʔ.d̪ɑːd̪]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [t̪ʰäʔ.d̪ɑːd̪]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [t̪ʰɑː.d̪ɑ́ːd̪]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [t̪ʰɔː.d̪ɔːd̪̥]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [t̪eʔd̪ɒːd̪̥]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [t̪eʔd̪ɔd̪]

### Noun

تعداد • (te'dâd)
* number, quantity
    تعداد مسلمانان دنیا تا سال ۲۰۵۰ تقریباً برابر با تعداد مسیحیان برابر یا از آن‌ها بیشتر خواهد شد.te'dâd-e mosalmânân-e donyâ tâ sâl 2050 taqriban barâbar bâ te'dâd-e masihiyân barâbar yâ az ân-hâ bištar xâhad šod.The number of Muslims in the world by the year 2050 will become almost equal, equal, or larger than the number of Christians.(from the Persian Wikipedia)
* calculation, numbering

#### Derived terms

* تعداد کردن (te'dâd kardan, “to number, to count”)

#### Descendants

* → Hindustani:
    Hindi: तादाद (tādād)
    Urdu: تعداد

### See also

* شماره (šomâre, “number, numeral”)

## Urdu
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian تعداد (ta'dād), from Arabic تَعْدَاد (taʕdād).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /t̪ɑː.d̪ɑːd̪/, /t̪ə.(ʔ)d̪ɑːd̪/
* Rhymes: -ɑːd̪
* Hyphenation: تَعْ‧داد

### Noun

تَعْداد • (ta'dād) f (Hindi spelling तादाद)
* quantity, amount, number

#### Declension
### References

* “تعداد”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
* “تعداد”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.
# تهتلر
## Arabic
### Etymology 1

Denominal verb of هِتْلَر (hitlar), from German Hitler.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ta.hat.la.ra/

#### Verb

تَهَتْلَرَ • (tahatlara) IIq (non-past يَتَهَتْلَرُ (yatahatlaru), verbal noun تَهَتْلُر (tahatlur))
* (informal) to behave or become like Hitler, to be made to act like Hitler
    الرَّئِيسُ التَّعِيسُ يَتَفَرْعَنُ وَيَتَهَتْلَرُ.ar-raʔīsu t-taʕīsu yatafarʕanu wayatahatlaru.The miserable president behaves like Pharaoh and Hitler.
    لَا تَتَهَتْلَرْ فِيهَا وَتُقَتِّلْ خَلْقَ اللّٰهِ.lā tatahatlar fīhā watuqattil ḵalqa llāhi.Don't be like Hitler and massacre God's creation.

##### Related terms

* هِتْلَر (hitlar)

#### References

* Wehr, Hans with J. M. Cowan (1994) Arabic-English Dictionary, Urbana, Ill.: Spoken Language Services Inc, →ISBN

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

تَهَتْلُر • (tahatlur) m
* verbal noun of تَهَتْلَرَ (tahatlara) (form IIq)
# دوران
## Arabic
### Etymology

From دَار (dār, “to rotate”) +‎ ـَان (-ān).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /da.wa.raːn/
* Rhymes: -aːn

### Noun

دَوَرَان • (dawarān) m
* verbal noun of دَارَ (dāra) (form I)
* rotation, circulation
* giddiness

#### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: dəvəran
* → Persian: دوران (davarân)
* → Ottoman Turkish: دوران (deverân)
** > Turkish: deveran (inherited)
* → Uyghur: دەۋران (dewran)
* → Uzbek: davron

#### References

* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “دوران”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen

## Persian
### Etymology

Both ultimately from Arabic دَوَرَان (dawarān).

### Pronunciation 1

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [da.wa.ˈɾɑːn]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [d̪äw.ɾɑ́ːn]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [d̪äw.ɾɑ́ːn]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [d̪äw.ɾɑ́ːn]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [d̪äw.ɾɔ́ːn]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [d̪æ.væ.ɹɒ́ːn]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [d̪ä.vä.ɾɔ́n]

#### Noun

دَوَران • (davarân)
* circulation, rotation
* giddiness

##### Derived terms

* دوران دادن (davarân dâdan)
* دوران کردن (davarân kardan)

### Pronunciation 2

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [daw.ˈɾɑːn]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [d̪äw.ɾɑ́ːn]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [d̪äw.ɾɑ́ːn]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [d̪äw.ɾɑ́ːn]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [d̪äw.ɾɔ́ːn]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [d̪ow.ɹɒ́ːn]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [d̪äw.ɾɔ́n]

#### Noun

دُوران • (dowrân)
* time, period, era
    Synonyms: دوره (dowre), زمان (zamân)
    در دوران باستان ― dar dowrân-e bâstân ― in ancient times
    دوران جوانی ― dowrân-e javâni ― times of youth
* cycle
# بعض
## Arabic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /baʕdˤ/

### Noun

بَعْض • (baʕḍ) m
* some, part
    بَعْضُ الشَّرِّ أَهْوَنُ مِنْ بَعْضٍbaʕḍu aš-šarri ʔahwanu min baʕḍinSome evils are lesser than others.
* In reduplication, expresses English each other
    نَظَرَ بَعْضُهُمْ إِلَى بَعْضٍnaẓara baʕḍuhum ʔilā baʕḍinThey looked at each other.(literally, “Some of them looked at some [others].”)

#### Usage notes

* The above example shows the formally correct use of بَعْض (baʕḍ, “each other”) with a preposition. Note, however, that in contemporary Arabic one will frequently hear and read the same sentence as: نَظَرُوا إلَى بَعْضِهِمُ البَعْض (naẓarū ʔilā baʕḍihimu l-baʕḍ).

#### Descendants

* → Persian: بعض (ba'z)
* →⇒ Persian: بعضی (ba'zi)
** → Azerbaijani: bəzi
** → Ottoman Turkish: بعضی
*** Turkish: bazı
*** → Laz: ბაზი (bazi)
** → Uzbek: ba'zi
** → Uyghur: بەزى (bezi)
* → Swahili: baadhi
* → Urdu: بعض (bāz)

### Verb

بَعَّضَ • (baʕʕaḍa) II (non-past يُبَعِّضُ (yubaʕʕiḍu), verbal noun تَبْعِيض (tabʕīḍ))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Conjugation
## Hijazi Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic بَعْض (baʕḍ).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ba.ʕadˤ/

### Pronoun

بعض • (baʕaḍ)
* one another, each other
* together [with مع]

#### Usage notes

* The reciprocal usage of بعض (baʕḍ) is a shortening of بعضـ... البعض

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic بَعْض (baʕḍ).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /baʕdˤ/, [baʕdˤ]
* Audio (Jerusalem):(file)

### Determiner

بعض • (baʕḍ)
* some, several
    Synonyms: كم (kam), أكم (ʔakam)
    بعض الناس ― baʕd in-nās ― some people

### Pronoun

بعض • (baʕḍ)
* one another, each other
    بحبّو بعض. ― biḥebbu baʕḍ ― They love each other.
* together [with مع]
    Synonym: سوا (sawa)
* back to back, in a row [with ورا]
    عملت تلات فحوصات كورونا تلات إيّام ورا بعض.ʕmilt talāt fḥūṣāt korōna talāt-iyyām wara baʕḍI did three coronavirus tests three days in a row.

#### Usage notes

* The reciprocal usage of بعض (baʕḍ) is a shortening of بعضـ... البعض (baʕḍ-⟨pronoun⟩ il-baʕḍ, literally “some of ⟨pronoun⟩ ... some [others]”).

#### Derived terms

* القلوب عند بعض (il-ʔulūb ʕind baʕḍ))