OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# flysch
## English
### Etymology

From German fließen (“to flow, to melt”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /flɪʃ/
* This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.

### Noun

flysch (plural flysches)
* (geology) A series of sandstones and schists overlying the true nummulitic formation in the Alps, and included in the Eocene Tertiary.
** 1934, Gerald E. Schultz, Geology and Paleontology of a Late Pleistocene Basin in Southwest Kansas, page 232:Most of the structures and textures observed at Ponkapoag section have been noted in turbitite and flysch sequences.

#### Derived terms

* cryptoflysch

#### Translations

    flysch

### References

* “flysch”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
# ngendusin
## Betawi
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ŋəndusin/
* Rhymes: -in
* Hyphenation: ngen‧dus‧in (to make someone sniff)
* Hyphenation: ngen‧du‧sin (to be awake)

### Etymology 1

From endus (“to smell, to sniff”) +‎ N- -in.

#### Verb

ngendusin
* (active voice, transitive) to cause someone to sniff something

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Balinese ᬗᭂᬦ᭄ᬤᬸᬲᬶᬦ᭄ (ngendusin, “to watch out; to stay awake”).

#### Alternative forms

* dusin
* mendusin

#### Verb

ngendusin
* alternative form of mendusin (“to be awake”)

### References

* ↑ Homan, J. D. (1867) “měndoesin”, in H. N. van der Tuuk, editor, Bijdrage tot de kennis van 't Bataviasch Maleisch [Contribution to the knowledge of Batavian Malay] (in Dutch), Zalt-Bommel: Johan Noman & Zoon, page 4
# wildcat note
## English
### Noun

wildcat note (plural wildcat notes)
* One of the notes printed by a bank issuing wildcat money.
** 1899 September, J,M. Girdner, “Greenbacks are an Imitation of Coined Money”, in Money, volume 3, number 3, page 79:We were worse off than under the State bank wildcat note plan of currency.
** 1918 November, Park Mathewson, “Budget Principles for the Bank”, in The Burroughs Clearing House, volume 3, number 2, page 27:Whether it is difficult or not for the business world to see why a Federal Reserve is better than a National Banking system, as was a national bank note better than an unclassified wildcat note, still the fittest will survive.
** 2015, Forrest Capie, Geoffrey E. Wood, Unregulated Banking: Chaos or Order?, page 128:Although not stated explicitly, the point of the discussion appears to be the conditions under which wildcat note issues were profitable.
# kirk out
## English
### Verb

kirk out (third-person singular simple present kirks out, present participle kirking out, simple past and past participle kirked out)
* (US, slang) To become irate; to freak out; to act out in an extreme manner.
# rhetorical question
## English
### Pronunciation

* Audio (Mid-Atlantic US):(file)

### Noun

rhetorical question (plural rhetorical questions)
* A question posed only for dramatic or persuasive effect.
* (colloquial) A question to which the asker does not expect an answer.
    Are you nuts? Don't answer that – it's a rhetorical question.
# ψυχώσεως
## Ancient Greek
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /psyː.kʰɔ̌ː.se.ɔːs/ → /psyˈxo.se.os/ → /psiˈxo.se.os/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /psyː.kʰɔ̌ː.se.ɔːs/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /psyˈkʰo.se.os/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /psyˈxo.se.os/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /psyˈxo.se.os/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /psiˈxo.se.os/

### Noun

ψῡχώσεως • (psūkhṓseōs)
* genitive singular of ψῡ́χωσις (psū́khōsis)

## Greek
### Noun

ψυχώσεως • (psychóseos) f
* genitive singular of ψύχωση (psýchosi)
# Llanddeiniolen
## English
### Etymology

From Welsh, llan (“parish, church”) +‎ Deiniol (“saint”), mutation of Deiniol (“(saint) Deiniol”).

### Pronunciation

* (Wales) IPA: /ɬænðeɪniˈɒlɛn/

### Proper noun

Llanddeiniolen
* A village and community in Gwynedd, Wales (OS grid ref SH5466).

### References

* Community map
# mèmèk
## Betawi
### Etymology

Possibly cognate with Musi (Palembang Malay) pepek and Sundanese momok.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /mɛmɛk/
* Hyphenation: mè‧mèk

### Noun

mèmèk
* (vulgar) cunt, fanny, pussy, twat (the vagina)

#### Synonyms

* nono'
* parji
# kurorë
## Albanian
### Alternative forms

* kunorë — Gheg

### Etymology

From Old Albanian kunorë (preserved in Gheg), from Latin corōna (“garland, crown”). The sense marriage derives from Byzantine tradition.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kuˈɾoːɾ(ə)/, [kuˈɹoːɹ(ə)]

### Noun

kurorë f (plural kurora, definite kurora, definite plural kurorat)
* crown, garland
    Synonyms: kokorreth, rrotull
* marriage
    Synonym: martesë

#### Derived terms

* pakurorë, kurorëz, kurorëzoj, shkurorëzoj

### References

* ↑ Topalli, K. (2017) “kurorë”, in Fjalor Etimologjik i Gjuhës Shqipe, Durrës, Albania: Jozef, page 845
* ↑ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “kurorë”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 206
* ↑ Matzinger, Joachim (2006) Der Altalbanische Text Mbsuame e Krështerë (Dottrina Cristiana) des Lekë Matrënga von 1592, Dettelbach: J. H. Röll, page 237

### Further reading

* “kurorë”, in FGJSH: Fjalor i gjuhës shqipe [Dictionary of the Albanian language] (in Albanian), 2006
* FGJSSH: Fjalor i gjuhës së sotme shqipe [Dictionary of the modern Albanian language]‎, 1980
# yu-burn-angi
## Woiwurrung
### Adjective

yu-burn-angi
* lost

### References

* ↑ https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/The_aborigines_of_Victoria_-_with_notes_relating_to_the_habits_of_the_natives_of_other_parts_of_Australia_and_Tasmania_%28IA_b24885228_0002%29.pdf
# maplewashing
## English
### Alternative forms

* maple-washing, maple washing

### Etymology

From maple +‎ -wash +‎ -ing, after the model of greenwashing etc. Reportedly coined by writer Luke Savage in 2016.

### Noun

maplewashing (uncountable)
* (neologism, politics) The tendency for Canada and its history, culture, and politics to be idealized or sanitized, especially in relation to its neighbour the United States.
** 2016 September 7, Melissa Mohr, “Maple washing: don't be smug about Canada during the U.S election”, in CBC News‎:Luke Savage is a Toronto writer and producer with the Broadbent Institute. He says "maple washing" needs to end.
** 2022, Tajja Isen, Some of My Best Friends: And Other White Lies I've Been Told‎, unnumbered page:The 2016 election provided an especially becoming foil for Canada, whose history of "maple-washing"–sweeping unsavory aspects of its history and culture, like settler colonialism and genocide against Indigenous peoples, under the rug–was widespread even before such a handy distraction.
** 2024, Frédéric Bigras-Burrogano, Jordan B. Kinder, “Crown Fossils: Extractive Museums, Authorized Narratives, Institutional Critique, and the Artist-as-Museologist”, in Museum & Society‎, volume 22, numbers 2-3, page 112:New stories are told to highlight the gaps, now visible, in settler narratives concerning photography’s extractive tendency and the role tourism plays in perpetuating what is increasingly called ‘maplewashing’, attempts to whitewash the settler history of what is now Canada.
** For more quotations using this term, see Citations:maplewashing.

### References

* ↑ Alex Cosh, "Is Canada Really a 'Tolerant' Country?", 17 May 2022, The Maple
# समापन करना
## Hindi
### Pronunciation

* (Delhi) IPA: /sə.mɑː.pən kəɾ.nɑː/, [sɐ.mäː.pɐ̃n‿kɐɾ.näː]

### Verb

समापन करना • (samāpan karnā)
* to conclude, terminate, complete
    Synonyms: अंत करना (ant karnā), समाप्त करना (samāpt karnā)

#### Conjugation

$^1$The participle किये (kiye) can also be spelled without the y: किए (kie).
$^1$The participle किये (kiye) can also be spelled without the y: किए (kie). $^2$The forms कीजिये (kījiye) and कीजियेगा (kījiyegā) can also be spelled without the y: कीजिए (kījie) and कीजिएगा (kījiegā). $^3$The forms करिये (kariye) and करियेगा (kariyegā) can also be spelled without the y: करिए (karie) and करिएगा (kariegā).
# Gordias
## English
### Alternative forms

* Gordius

### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin Gordiās, from Ancient Greek Γορδίας (Gordías).

### Proper noun

Gordias
* (Greek mythology) The name of at least two members of the royal house of Phrygia, the best-known of which was reputedly the founder of the Phrygian capital city Gordium, the maker of the legendary Gordian knot, and the father of the legendary king Midas.

#### Translations
### Anagrams

* isograd

## Latin
### Alternative forms

* Gordius

### Etymology

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Γορδίᾱς (Gordíās).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈɡor.di.aːs/, [ˈɡɔrd̪iäːs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈɡor.di.as/, [ˈɡɔrd̪iäs]

### Proper noun

Gordiās m sg (genitive Gordiae); first declension
* (Greek mythology, Roman mythology) Gordias

#### Declension

First-declension noun (masculine Greek-type with nominative singular in -ās), singular only.

### References

* “Gordias”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* Gordias in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
# зракопловство
## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

From зра̏копло̄в +‎ -ство.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /zrakoplǒʋstʋo/
* Hyphenation: зра‧ко‧плов‧ство

### Noun

зракопло̀вство n (Latin spelling zrakoplòvstvo)
* (uncountable, Croatia) aviation
    Synonyms: аеронау̀тика, авија́ција

### References

* “зракопловство”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025
# Nangka
## English
### Proper noun

Nangka
* A barangay of Bayawan, Negros Oriental, Philippines.
* A barangay of Boljoon, Cebu, Philippines.
* A barangay of Consolacion, Cebu, Philippines.
* A barangay of Libona, Bukidnon, Philippines.
* A barangay of Marikina, Metro Manila, Philippines.
# fron
## Albanian
### Etymology

Ultimately from Latin thronus, from Ancient Greek θρόνος (thrónos).

### Noun

fron m
* throne

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “fron”, in FGJSH: Fjalor i gjuhës shqipe [Dictionary of the Albanian language] (in Albanian), 2006
* FGJSSH: Fjalor i gjuhës së sotme shqipe [Dictionary of the modern Albanian language]‎, 1980
* Newmark, L. (1999) “fron”, in Oxford Albanian-English Dictionary‎

## Old Occitan
### Etymology

From Latin frons. Cognate with Old French front.

### Noun

fron m (oblique plural frons, nominative singular frons, nominative plural fron)
* forehead

## Volapük
### Noun

fron (nominative plural frons)
* wrinkle

#### Declension

$^1$ status as a case is disputed $^2$ in later, non-classical Volapük only

## Welsh
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /vrɔn/

### Noun

fron
* Soft mutation of bron.

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.
# 出國
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chūguó
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄨ ㄍㄨㄛˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ceot$^1$ gwok$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chhut-koet
    (Hailu, HRS): chud gued
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chhut-kok
    (Teochew, Peng'im): cug$^4$ gog$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chūguó
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄨ ㄍㄨㄛˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chuguó
*** Wade–Giles: chʻu$^1$-kuo$^2$
*** Yale: chū-gwó
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chugwo
*** Palladius: чуго (čugo)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ceot$^1$ gwok$^3$
*** Yale: chēut gwok
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsoet$^7$ gwok$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cêd$^1$ guog$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɵt̚⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhut-koet
*** Hakka Romanization System: cud$^ˋ$ gued$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: cud$^5$ gued$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰut̚² ku̯et̚²/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: chud gued
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡ʃʰut⁵⁻² kuet⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhut-kok
*** Tâi-lô: tshut-kok
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhutkog
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ kɔk̚³²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰut̚⁵⁻²⁴ kɔk̚⁵/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁵ kɔk̚³²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ kɔk̚³²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ kɔk̚³²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: cug$^4$ gog$^4$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshuk kok
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰuk̚²⁻⁴ kok̚²/

### Verb

出⫽國 (verb-object)
* to go abroad; to leave a country
       Wèile chūguó, tā zhǔnbèi zhēngqǔ jiǎngxuéjīn. [Pinyin]
       He was going for a scholarship in order to go abroad.
       Wǒ yīzhí dāi zài Běijīng, méi chū guò guó. [Pinyin]
       I stayed in Beijing the entire time, and never left the country.

#### Synonyms

* (Hakka) 出外洋

#### Antonyms

* 回國／回国 (huíguó)
* (literary) 歸國／归国 (guīguó)

#### Derived terms

* 出國熱 / 出国热 (chūguórè)
# panglayar
## Sundanese
### Etymology

From pang- +‎ layar. Named after its sail-like shape akin to a proa, also the final /r/ voice at the end of layar.

### Noun

panglayar (Sundanese script ᮕᮍᮣᮚᮁ)
* matchmaker (someone who finds suitable love partners for other people.)
* (linguistics, in Sundanese script) A diacritic ⟨◌ ᮁ⟩ signifying the addition of the final /r/ sound at the end of a letter.
    ᮔ (na) + ◌ ᮁ (panglayar) → ᮔᮁ (nar)

#### See also

* (Sundanese script diacritics) rarangkén/ᮛᮛᮀᮊᮦᮔ᮪; panghulu ⟨ ◌ᮤ ⟩, panyuku ⟨ ◌ ᮥ ⟩, panéléng ⟨ ◌ᮦ ⟩, panolong ⟨ ◌ᮧ ⟩, pamepet ⟨ ◌ ᮨ ⟩, paneuleung ⟨ ◌ ᮩ ⟩, pamaéh ⟨ ◌᮪ ⟩, panglayar ⟨ ◌ ᮁ ⟩, panyecek ⟨ ◌ ᮀ ⟩, panyakra ⟨ ◌ ᮢ ⟩, panyiku ⟨ ◌ ᮣ ⟩ pamingkal ⟨ ◌ ᮡ ⟩, pangwisad ⟨ ◌ᮂ ⟩
# blacklegger
## English
### Etymology

From blackleg +‎ -er.

### Noun

blacklegger (plural blackleggers)
* A blackleg: one who takes the place of striking workers.
    Synonym: scab

#### Related terms

* blackleg (verb)
* blacklegging (noun)
# zbójcyná
## Polish
### Etymology

From zbójca +‎ -yna.

### Pronunciation

* (Lesser Poland):
** (Podegrodzie) IPA: /zbojˈt͡sɘ.nɒ/

### Noun

zbójcyná f
* (Sącz Lach) wife of a brigand

### Further reading

* Karol Mátyás (1891) “zbójcyná”, in “Słowniczek gwary ludu zamieszkującego wschodnio-południową najbliższą okolicę Nowego Sącza”, in Sprawozdania Komisyi Językowej Akademii Umiejętności (in Polish), volume 4, Kraków: Drukarnia Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, page 332
# vijand
## Dutch
### Etymology

From Middle Dutch viant, from Old Dutch fīand, from Proto-West Germanic *fijand, from Proto-Germanic *fijandz. Compare English fiend.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈvɛi̯ɑnt/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: vij‧and

### Noun

vijand m (plural vijanden, diminutive vijandje n, feminine vijandin)
* enemy

#### Derived terms

* vijandig
* vijandelijk
* vijandschap

#### Descendants

* Afrikaans: vyand
* Negerhollands: vyand, vieand
* → Sranan Tongo: feyanti
** → Aukan: feyanti
** → Saramaccan: feántima
# Banlic
## English
### Proper noun

Banlic
* A barangay of Cabuyao, Laguna, Philippines.
* A barangay of Calamba, Laguna, Philippines.
# panyecek
## Sundanese
### Etymology

From pang- +‎ cecek (“point, dot”).

### Noun

panyecek (Sundanese script ᮕᮑᮨᮎᮨᮊ᮪)
* A diacritic (rarangkén) ⟨◌ ᮀ⟩ signifying the final /ŋ/ in the Sundanese script; anusvara.
    ᮔ (na) + ◌ ᮀ (-ng) → ᮔᮦ (nang)

### See also

* (Sundanese script diacritics) rarangkén/ᮛᮛᮀᮊᮦᮔ᮪; panghulu ⟨ ◌ᮤ ⟩, panyuku ⟨ ◌ ᮥ ⟩, panéléng ⟨ ◌ᮦ ⟩, panolong ⟨ ◌ᮧ ⟩, pamepet ⟨ ◌ ᮨ ⟩, paneuleung ⟨ ◌ ᮩ ⟩, pamaéh ⟨ ◌᮪ ⟩, panglayar ⟨ ◌ ᮁ ⟩, panyecek ⟨ ◌ ᮀ ⟩, panyakra ⟨ ◌ ᮢ ⟩, panyiku ⟨ ◌ ᮣ ⟩ pamingkal ⟨ ◌ ᮡ ⟩, pangwisad ⟨ ◌ᮂ ⟩
# kontemporer
## Indonesian
### Etymology

From Dutch contemporair, from French contemporair.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kɔntɛmˈporɛr]
* Hyphenation: kon‧tèm‧po‧rèr

### Adjective

kontèmporèr
* contemporary:
    Synonyms: kiwari, dewasa ini, kekinian, semasa, sewaktu, masa kini
** From the same time period, coexistent in time; contemporaneous.
** Modern, of the present age (shorthand for ‘contemporary with the present’).

#### Alternative forms

* kontémporari (Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore)

### Further reading

* “kontemporer” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.
# electron tube
## English
### Noun

electron tube (plural electron tubes)
* (electricity) Any of several electronic devices that control electron current through vacuum, gas or vapor between electrodes within a sealed container, usually of glass or metal and often designed to be easily installed in and removed from the equipment in which it is used.

#### Translations
### See also

* thermionic tube
* vacuum tube
# cholangioprotective
## English
### Etymology

From cholangio- +‎ protective.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /koʊˌlændʒi.oʊ.prəˈtɛk.tɪv/, /kəˌlændʒi.oʊ.prəˈtɛk.tɪv/

### Adjective

cholangioprotective (comparative more cholangioprotective, superlative most cholangioprotective)
* (medicine) The property of protecting the bile ducts (cholangiocytes) from damage, disease, or dysfunction. It is used in medical and pharmacological contexts to describe substances, therapies, or mechanisms that help maintain the health of the biliary system.
** 2015, Trauner M, Halilbasic E, Claudel T, Steinacher D, Fuchs C, Moustafa T, Pollheimer M, Krones E, Kienbacher C, Traussnigg S, Kazemi-Shirazi L, Munda P, Hofer H, Fickert P, Paumgartner G, “Potential of nor-Ursodeoxycholic Acid in Cholestatic and Metabolic Disorders.”, in Digestive diseases, volume 33, number 3, Basel, Switzerland, page 433:Nonamidated norUDCA undergoes cholehepatic shunting enabling 'ductular targeting' and inducing a bicarbonate-rich hypercholeresis, with cholangioprotective effects.
** 2023, Petar Mamula, Judith R. Kelsen, Andrew B. Grossman, Robert N. Baldassano, Jonathan E. Markowitz, editors, Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease, 4 edition, Springer Nature, page 131:Agonism of these receptors exerts important cholangioprotective and anti-inflammatory effects.
# syrjey
## Manx
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sirdʒə/

### Adjective

syrjey
* comparative degree of ard (“high”)
# metro station
## English
### Noun

metro station (plural metro stations)
* A railway station for a rapid transit system.

#### Synonyms

* subway station
* underground station
# Frisisce
## Old English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈfriː.siʃ.ʃe/, [ˈfriː.ziʃ.ʃe]

### Adjective

Frīsisċe
* inflection of Frīsisċ:
** strong accusative feminine singular
** strong instrumental masculine/neuter singular
** strong nominative/accusative masculine/feminine plural
** weak nominative feminine/neuter singular
** weak accusative neuter singular
# panghulu
## Sundanese
### Etymology

* From pang- +‎ hulu. Compare Indonesian penghulu, Tagalog pangulo (“president”).
* Sense of diacritic is named after its placement at the top (or head) of the letter.

### Noun

panghulu (Sundanese script ᮕᮀᮠᮥᮜᮥ)
* chief, head, leader (especially of religious affairs, mainly Islamic)
* a diacritic (rarangkén) ⟨◌ᮤ⟩ signifying the vowel /i/ in the Sundanese script.
    ᮔ (na) + ◌ᮤ (i) → ᮔᮦ (ni)

#### See also

* (Sundanese script diacritics) rarangkén/ᮛᮛᮀᮊᮦᮔ᮪; panghulu ⟨ ◌ᮤ ⟩, panyuku ⟨ ◌ ᮥ ⟩, panéléng ⟨ ◌ᮦ ⟩, panolong ⟨ ◌ᮧ ⟩, pamepet ⟨ ◌ ᮨ ⟩, paneuleung ⟨ ◌ ᮩ ⟩, pamaéh ⟨ ◌᮪ ⟩, panglayar ⟨ ◌ ᮁ ⟩, panyecek ⟨ ◌ ᮀ ⟩, panyakra ⟨ ◌ ᮢ ⟩, panyiku ⟨ ◌ ᮣ ⟩ pamingkal ⟨ ◌ ᮡ ⟩, pangwisad ⟨ ◌ᮂ ⟩

### Further reading

* Coolsma, S (1913) Soendaneesch-Hollandsch Woordenboek (in Dutch), Leiden: A.W. Sijthoff's Uitgeversmaatschappij
# cf.
## English
### Alternative forms

* cf

### Etymology

Abbreviation of Latin cōnfer (“compare”), imperative of cōnferō (“I compare”).

### Pronunciation

* (US) IPA: /kəmˈpɛɚ ˌwɪθ/
* Audio (US):(file)
* IPA: /siːˈɛf/
* Rhymes: -ɛf

### Verb

cf. (imperative verb)
* Compare, compare to, compare with.
* (nonstandard, proscribed) See, see also.

#### Related terms

* collate
* confer

#### Translations
### References

* ↑ Stack Exchange
* ↑ Cambridge Dictionary

### Anagrams

* F.C., FC, Fc

## Latin
### Etymology

Abbreviation of cōnfer, imperative of cōnferō, from con- (“together”) and ferō (“(I) bring”).

### Verb

cf.
* Abbreviation of confer (“compare”).

## Portuguese
### Verb

cf.
* cf

## Welsh
### Verb

cf.
* cf.; abbreviation of cymharer (“impersonal imperative of cymharu (“to compare”)”).
# cheek by jowl
## English
### Alternative forms

* cheek-by-jowl, cheek to jowl, cheek-to-jowl

### Adverb

cheek by jowl
* In very close physical proximity, crowded together.
** 2008, Kitty Crockett Robertson, Measuring Time - By an Hourglass, page 140:We shared the long hours, the often rough seas, the successes and the disappointments in a close companionship with the captains and crews of the Italian boats and also with the little clique of fishermen whose small draggers were moored cheek by jowl with us in Annisquam Harbor.
** 1603, Michel de Montaigne, chapter 17, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes […], book II, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC:Wee see Merchants, countrey-Justices, and Artificers to march cheeke by joll with our Nobilitie, in valour, and militarie discipline.
** 2012 April 8, Helen Pidd, The Guardian:he had made his peace with the idea of spending half-term cheek-by-jowl on a cruise ship with the world's biggest Titanic enthusiasts.
* (by extension) In very close or intimate association.
** 1929, Virginia Woolf, A Room of One's Own‎:By so doing you will certainly profit the art of fiction. For books have a way of influencing each other. Fiction will be much the better for standing cheek by jowl with poetry and philosophy.
** 2009, John Fabian Witt, Patriots and Cosmopolitans: Hidden Histories of American Law:Exit and voice, social theorist Albert O. Hirschman's famous dichotomous strategies, collided in the South Carolina countryside, where renewed commitment to the nation existed cheek by jowl with exit from it.

### Adjective

cheek by jowl (comparative more cheek by jowl, superlative most cheek by jowl)
* Tightly packed.
** 2010, Manorama Mathai, Love and Dr. Aiyar, page 121:Books on etymology lay among Tamil poetry and volumes on religion were cheek by jowl with science fiction.
** 2012, Roger Lovegrove, Islands Beyond the Horizon, page 62:The universal bohios (palm-leaved, thatched huts) are cheek by jowl with each other, right to the water's edge where they are often linked to each other by narrow planks across inlets and creeks.
** 2014, J.B. Bullen, Writing and Victorianism, page 54:For the magazine format, bringing together as it does a range of authors, topics and kinds of article into a single but serialized text, offers to twentieth-century readers a cheek by jowl structure which alerts us to the nuances of difference — categories of gender, genre, class, ideology, discourse — which allegedly more seamless texts are claimed to repress.
** 2014, Marlo Thomas, It Ain't Over . . . Till It's Over, page 306:It was sprinkled with houses, some dilapidated, some newer, some cheek by jowl, others sitting on wide parcels of land.

#### Usage notes

* The similar expression cheek to cheek implies a cozy, romantic situation, while cheek by jowl implies rather the opposite, being cramped or crowded.
* cheek by jowl is chiefly British, while cheek to jowl is chiefly American usage.
* The adverb is usually written in the unhyphenated version, while the adjective is usually hyphenated.

#### See also

* chockablock
# cruciatu
## Latin
### Noun

cruciātū m
* ablative singular of cruciātus