# puna
## English
### Alternative forms

* Puna

### Etymology

From Spanish puna, from Quechua puna.

### Pronunciation

* Rhymes: -uːnə

### Noun

puna (plural punas)
* An alpine biological community in the central portion of the Andes in which short, coarse grass supports a Native American population.
** 2009, M. Hermann, T. Bernet, The transition of maca from neglect to market prominence, page 18:The overwhelming majority of maca roots are dried after harvest. In the cold, dry atmosphere of the puna the dried roots remain edible for several years. A minor proportion of the freshly harvested roots are roasted in huatias, earthen ovens […]

#### Derived terms

* puna canastero (Asthenes wyatti)
* puna ground tyrant (Muscisaxicola juninensis)
* puna ibis (Plegadis ridgwayi)
* puna miner (Geositta punensis)
* puna plover (Anarhynchus alticola)
* puna snipe (Gallinago andina)
* puna tapaculo (Scytalopus simonsi)
* puna teal (Spatula puna)
* puna thistletail (Asthenes helleri)
* puna tinamou (Tinamotis pentlandii)
* puna yellow finch (Sicalis lutea)

### Anagrams

* napu

## Albanian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpuna/, [ˈpu̞.nä]

### Noun

puna
* definite nominative singular of punë

## Cavineña
### Noun

puna
* root of epuna

### References

* Antoine Guillaume, A Grammar of Cavineña (2008, →ISBN

## Esperanto
### Etymology

From puni +‎ -a.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈpuna]
* Rhymes: -una
* Hyphenation: pu‧na

### Adjective

puna (accusative singular punan, plural punaj, accusative plural punajn)
* Of or relating to punishment; punitive
    punaj metodoj; puna ekspediciopunitive methods, expedition

## Estonian
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *puna. Cognate to Finnish puna.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpunɑ/, [ˈpunɑ]

### Noun

puna (genitive puna, partitive puna)
* the colour red

#### Derived terms

* punane
* punakas

### References

* “puna”, in [ÕS] Eesti õigekeelsussõnaraamat ÕS 2018 [Estonian Spelling Dictionary] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2018, →ISBN

## Finnish
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *puna, from Proto-Finno-Ugric *puna (“color, hair”). Cognate with Erzya пона (pona, “hair”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpunɑ/, [ˈpunɑ̝]
* Rhymes: -unɑ
* Hyphenation: pu‧na

### Noun

puna
* The color red.
    Synonyms: punainen (most common term), ruso

#### Declension

Possessive forms of puna (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
punani
punani
accusative
nom.
punani
punani
gen.
punani
genitive
punani
punieni punaini $^{rare}$
partitive
punaani
puniani
inessive
punassani
punissani
elative
punastani
punistani
illative
punaani
puniini
adessive
punallani
punillani
ablative
punaltani
puniltani
allative
punalleni
punilleni
essive
punanani
puninani
translative
punakseni
punikseni
abessive
punattani
punittani
instructive
comitative
—punineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
punasi
punasi
accusative
nom.
punasi
punasi
gen.
punasi
genitive
punasi
puniesi punaisi $^{rare}$
partitive
punaasi
puniasi
inessive
punassasi
punissasi
elative
punastasi
punistasi
illative
punaasi
puniisi
adessive
punallasi
punillasi
ablative
punaltasi
puniltasi
allative
punallesi
punillesi
essive
punanasi
puninasi
translative
punaksesi
puniksesi
abessive
punattasi
punittasi
instructive
comitative
—puninesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
punamme
punamme
accusative
nom.
punamme
punamme
gen.
punamme
genitive
punamme
puniemme punaimme $^{rare}$
partitive
punaamme
puniamme
inessive
punassamme
punissamme
elative
punastamme
punistamme
illative
punaamme
puniimme
adessive
punallamme
punillamme
ablative
punaltamme
puniltamme
allative
punallemme
punillemme
essive
punanamme
puninamme
translative
punaksemme
puniksemme
abessive
punattamme
punittamme
instructive
comitative
—puninemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
punanne
punanne
accusative
nom.
punanne
punanne
gen.
punanne
genitive
punanne
punienne punainne $^{rare}$
partitive
punaanne
punianne
inessive
punassanne
punissanne
elative
punastanne
punistanne
illative
punaanne
puniinne
adessive
punallanne
punillanne
ablative
punaltanne
puniltanne
allative
punallenne
punillenne
essive
punananne
puninanne
translative
punaksenne
puniksenne
abessive
punattanne
punittanne
instructive
comitative
—puninenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
punansa
punansa
accusative
nom.
punansa
punansa
gen.
punansa
genitive
punansa
puniensa punainsa $^{rare}$
partitive
punaansa
puniaan puniansa
inessive
punassaan punassansa
punissaan punissansa
elative
punastaan punastansa
punistaan punistansa
illative
punaansa
puniinsa
adessive
punallaan punallansa
punillaan punillansa
ablative
punaltaan punaltansa
puniltaan puniltansa
allative
punalleen punallensa
punilleen punillensa
essive
punanaan punanansa
puninaan puninansa
translative
punakseen punaksensa
punikseen puniksensa
abessive
punattaan punattansa
punittaan punittansa
instructive
comitative
—punineen puninensa :

#### Derived terms

* punainen
* punakka
* punakko
* punastua
* punastuminen
* punata
* pune
* punehtia
* punehtua
* punertaa
* punerva
* punikki
* punoittaa
* amerikanpunamänty
* huulipuna
* infrapuna
* lihaspuna
* meksikonpunapolvitarantula
* noropunatähkä
* Petteri Punakuono
* poskipuna
* puna-aavetetra
* puna-ahven
* puna-ailakki
* puna-alpi
* puna-apila
* puna-ara
* puna-armeija
* punaevätetra
* punahammasahven
* punaharmaa
* punahattu
* punahehku
* punahehkuinen
* punaheikkous
* punaheltta
* punahelttainen
* punaherukka
* punahierakka
* Punahilkka
* punahirvi
* punahohteinen
* punahohtoinen
* punahome
* punahomejuusto
* punahonka
* punahukka
* punahuuli
* punahuulinen
* punahäntämarakatti
* punahärö
* punaihoinen
* punailves
* punajalkahapero
* punajalkahaukka
* punajalkaviklo
* punajuuri
* punajuurikas
* punajäkälä
* punajättikenguru
* punakaali
* punakaarti
* punakampela
* punakaniini
* punakapina
* punakardinaali
* punakasvoinen
* punakaulahanhi
* punakaulakenguru
* punakekomuurahainen
* punakellertävä
* punakellervä
* punakeltainen
* punakettu
* punakhmer
* punakirjava
* punakirjoseitikki
* punakoiso
* punakoivu
* punakone
* punakoralli
* punakorvakilpikonna
* punakottarainen
* punakuiri
* punakukkainen
* punakulta
* punakuorinen
* punakuvioinen
* punakylkinen
* punakylkirastas
* punakynä
* punakärpässieni
* punakääpä
* punalakkimuura
* punalakkinen
* punalappu
* punalaputettu
* punalehti
* punalehtinen
* punaleimainen
* punaleppä
* punalevä
* punalihainen
* punalippu
* punalohi
* punamerikorva
* punamulta
* punamusta
* punamusta puu
* punamuurahainen
* punamyyrä
* punanahka
* punanenäinen
* punaniskavallabi
* punankarvainen
* punanäppy
* punaolkaturpiaali
* punaorava
* punapahkasieni
* punapaita
* punapaitainen
* punapapu
* punaparsaherne
* punapeippi
* punapensselisika
* punapersepaviaani
* punaperäfasaani
* punapilleröity
* punapippuri
* punaposki
* punaposkiliituri
* punaposkinen
* punapuu
* punapyrstölepinkäinen
* punapyy
* punapyökki
* punapäinen
* punapää
* punapäälepinkäinen
* punapäänarsku
* punaraitainen
* punarinta
* punarintarastas
* punarousku
* punaruskea
* punaruutuinen
* punasarja
* punaselkämuura
* punasiirtymä
* punasikuri
* punasilmäinen
* punasimppu
* punasipuli
* punasleipä
* punasokeus
* punasolu
* punasotka
* punasuolayrtti
* punasuomuseitikki
* punasusi
* punatakki
* punatakkinen
* punatauti
* punatautinen
* punatavi
* punatetra
* punatiikeripeippo
* punatiili
* punatiilinen
* punatukka
* punatukkainen
* punatulimuurahainen
* punatulkku
* punatyviseitikki
* punatähkä
* punatähti
* punatäplärousku
* punavalkea
* punavalkoinen
* punavaloinen
* punavarpunen
* punavatsamaki
* puna-viherheikkous
* puna-vihersokea
* puna-vihersokeus
* punavihervärisokea
* punavihreä
* punaviidakkokana
* punaviini
* punaviinimarja
* punaviiva
* punavilla-apina
* Punavuori
* punavyöseitikki
* punaväriminttu
* ruusunpuna
* sinipuna
* sinipunahallitus
* sinooperipuna
* venetsianpuna
* verenpuna

### Further reading

* “puna”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

### Anagrams

* Panu

## French
### Noun

puna f (plural punas)
* puna

### Further reading

* “puna”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Galician
### Verb

puna
* inflection of punar:
** third-person singular present indicative
** second-person singular imperative
* inflection of punir:
** first/third-person singular present subjunctive
** third-person singular imperative

## Hawaiian
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Polynesian *puna (“spring of water”), from Proto-Oceanic *puna (“spring of water”), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *puna (“source; origin”), from Proto-Austronesian *puna (“source; origin”). Cognate to Maori puna, Samoan puna.

#### Noun

puna
* spring (water source)
* coral, lime, plaster

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Polynesian *puŋa (“coral rock”) (compare with Maori punga (“coral, anchor”) and pungapunga (“pumice”), Tahitian puʻa (“coral, lime”), Tongan punga, Samoan puga) from Proto-Oceanic *buŋa (“white, porous coral or growth”) (compare with Fijian vuga), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *buŋa ni batu (“coral sponge, lit. 'stone bloom'”) from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *buŋa (“flower”) (compare with Malay bunga (“flower”) and bunga karang (“sponge”), Tagalog bunga (“fruit”)). Doublet of pua.

#### Noun

puna
* coral, lime, plaster
* calcium
    Synonym: kalipuna

### Etymology 3

Cognate with Maori pungapunga (“ankle”) and Samoan puga (“groin”).

#### Noun

puna
* section between joints or nodes, internodes

### Etymology 4

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Noun

puna
* cuttlebone

### Etymology 5

From English spoon.

#### Noun

puna
* spoon
    Aia i hea ke puna kāwili? ― Where is the stirring spoon?

### Related terms

* punapuna

### References

* 1 2 Pukui, Mary Kawena, Elbert, Samuel H. (1986) “puna”, in Hawaiian Dictionary, revised & enlarged edition, Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai'i Press, →ISBN, page 355
* ↑ Ross Clark and Simon J. Greenhill, editors (2011), “puna”, in POLLEX-Online: The Polynesian Lexicon Project Online
* ↑ Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*puna”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI
* ↑ Ross Clark and Simon J. Greenhill, editors (2011), “puga.1”, in POLLEX-Online: The Polynesian Lexicon Project Online
* ↑ Ross, Malcolm D., Pawley, Andrew, Osmond, Meredith (2008) The lexicon of Proto-Oceanic, volume 2: The Physical Environment, Canberra: Australian National University, →ISBN, page 108
* ↑ Ross Clark and Simon J. Greenhill, editors (2011), “puga.2b”, in POLLEX-Online: The Polynesian Lexicon Project Online

## Ingrian
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *puna. Cognates include Finnish puna and Estonian puna.

### Pronunciation

* (Ala-Laukaa) IPA: /ˈpunɑ/, [ˈpunɑ]
* (Soikkola) IPA: /ˈpunɑ/, [ˈpunɑ]
* Rhymes: -unɑ
* Hyphenation: pu‧na

### Noun

puna
* (in compounds) red

#### Derived terms

* Puna-armia
* punain
* Punamaaria
* punapelto
* punaposkiin
* punapurje
* punapuu
* punapää
* punarinta
* punastua
* punatauti
* punettaa
* Puni

### References

* Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 441

## Maori
### Etymology

From Proto-Polynesian *puna (“spring of water”), from Proto-Oceanic *puna (“spring of water”), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *puna (“source; origin”), from Proto-Austronesian *puna (“source; origin”). Cognate to Hawaiian puna, Samoan puna.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpu.na/, [ˈpʉ.nɐ]

### Noun

puna
* spring of water; well; pool

### Verb

puna
* to well up; to flow

### References

* ↑ Tregear, Edward (1891) Maori-Polynesian Comparative Dictionary‎, Wellington, New Zealand: Lyon and Blair, page 73
* ↑ Ross Clark and Simon J. Greenhill, editors (2011), “puna”, in POLLEX-Online: The Polynesian Lexicon Project Online
* ↑ Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*puna”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI

### Further reading

* “puna” in John C. Moorfield, Te Aka: Maori–English, English–Maori Dictionary and Index, 3rd edition, Longman/Pearson Education New Zealand, 2011, →ISBN.

## Pali
### Alternative forms

* 𑀧𑀼𑀦 (Brahmi script)
* पुन (Devanagari script)
* পুন (Bengali script)
* පුන (Sinhalese script)
* ပုန or ပုၼ (Burmese script)
* ปุน or ปุนะ (Thai script)
* ᨷᩩᨶ or ᨸᩩᨶ (Tai Tham script)
* ປຸນ or ປຸນະ (Lao script)
* បុន (Khmer script)
* 𑄛𑄪𑄚 (Chakma script)

### Particle

puna
* again

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* Hyphenation: pu‧na

### Verb

puna
* inflection of punir:
** first/third-person singular present subjunctive
** third-person singular imperative

## Quechua

    Not to be confused with phuña

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Noun

puna
* lofty region, elevated cold plains
* Andean altitude between 4,000m and 5,000m

#### Descendants

* → Spanish: puna
** → English: puna

#### See also

* challa
* hanka
* puna
* qichwa ~ qhichwa
* rupha rupha
* sallqa
* suni
* umawa
* yunka

## Sakizaya
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pu.ˈna/, [pu.ˈna]

### Noun

puna
* belly button

## Samoan
### Etymology

From Proto-Polynesian *puna (“spring of water”), from Proto-Oceanic *puna (“spring of water”), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *puna (“source; origin”), from Proto-Austronesian *puna (“source; origin”). Cognate to Hawaiian puna, Maori puna.

### Noun

puna
* spring of water

### References

* ↑ Ross Clark and Simon J. Greenhill, editors (2011), “puna”, in POLLEX-Online: The Polynesian Lexicon Project Online
* ↑ Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*puna”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI
* George Pratt (1861) “puna”, in Samoan dictionary: English and Samoan and Samoan and English with a short grammar of the Samoan dialect, Matautu, Samoa: London Missionary Society Press, page 171

## Serbo-Croatian
### Adjective

puna
* inflection of pun:
** feminine nominative/vocative singular
** indefinite masculine/neuter genitive singular
** indefinite animate masculine accusative singular
** neuter nominative/accusative/vocative plural

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpuna/ [ˈpu.na]
* Rhymes: -una
* Syllabification: pu‧na

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Quechua puna.

#### Noun

puna f (plural punas)
* (Latin America) puna, Andean plateau
* (Latin America) altitude sickness
* (Latin America) Cold mountain wind

##### Derived terms

* pato puna

##### Descendants

* → English: puna

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

puna
* inflection of punir:
** first/third-person singular present subjunctive
** third-person singular imperative

### Further reading

* “puna”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

## Swahili
### Verb

-puna (infinitive kupuna)
* to wipe off

#### Conjugation

Conjugation of -puna :
| Positive present | -napuna |
| Subjunctive | -pune |
| Negative | -puni |
| Imperative singular | puna |
Infinitives :
| Positive | kupuna |
| Negative | kutopuna |
Imperatives :
| Singular | puna |
| Plural | puneni |
Tensed forms :
| Habitual | hupuna |
| Positive past | positive subject concord + -lipuna |
| Negative past | negative subject concord + -kupuna |
| Positive future | positive subject concord + -tapuna |
| Negative future | negative subject concord + -tapuna |
| Negative subjunctive | positive subject concord + -sipune |
| Positive present conditional | positive subject concord + -ngepuna |
| Negative present conditional | positive subject concord + -singepuna |
| Positive past conditional | positive subject concord + -ngalipuna |
| Negative past conditional | positive subject concord + -singalipuna |
| Perfect | positive subject concord + -mepuna |
| "Already" | positive subject concord + -meshapuna |
| "Not yet" | negative subject concord + -japuna |
| "If/When" | positive subject concord + -kipuna |
| "If not" | positive subject concord + -sipopuna |
| Consecutive | kapuna / positive subject concord + -kapuna |
| Consecutive subjunctive | positive subject concord + -kapune |
Relative forms :
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information. :

## Tagalog
### Alternative forms

* pona — obsolete, Spanish-based spelling

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /puˈna/ [pʊˈn̪a]
* Rhymes: -a
* Syllabification: pu‧na

### Noun

puná (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜓᜈ)
* notice; observation; noticing
    Synonyms: obserbasyon, pansin, reparo
* remark; comment
    Synonyms: komentaryo, pansin
* adverse criticism; objection; criticism
    Synonyms: kritika, pintas, tutol

#### Derived terms

* kapuna-puna
* mamumuna
* mapagpuna
* mapamuna
* mapuna
* mapunahin
* pagpuna
* pamumuna
* pamumunang mapagbuo
* pamumunang mapanira
* pumuna
* punado
* punahin
* tagapuna

### Further reading

* “puna”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018

### Anagrams

* upan

## Votic
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *puna.

### Pronunciation

* (Luutsa, Liivtšülä) IPA: /ˈpunɑ/, [ˈpunɑ]
* Rhymes: -unɑ
* Hyphenation: pu‧na

### Noun

puna
* red (colour)

#### Derived terms

* punanõ

### References

* Hallap, V., Adler, E., Grünberg, S., Leppik, M. (2012) “puna”, in Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language], 2nd edition, Tallinn

## Warlpiri
### Noun

puna
* ash