# 沖

| 沖 | U+6C96, &#27798; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6C96 |
| ← 沕 [U+6C95] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 沗 → [U+6C97] |

## Translingual
### Han character

沖 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 水中 (EL), four-corner 3510$_6$, composition ⿰氵中)

#### Derived characters

* 𥁵

#### Related characters

* 冲 (Simplified Chinese) - Note: also the simplified form of 衝

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 611, character 18
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17209
* Dae Jaweon: page 1004, character 8
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1565, character 3
* Unihan data for U+6C96

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 沖 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 中 | *tuŋ, *tuŋs |
| 忠 | *tuŋ |
| 衷 | *tuŋ, *tuŋs |
| 忡 | *tʰuŋ |
| 浺 | *tʰuŋ |
| 盅 | *tʰuŋ, *duŋ, *tjoŋ |
| 种 | *duŋ |
| 沖 | *duŋ |
| 翀 | *duŋ |
| 仲 | *duŋs |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *duŋ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 中 (OC *tuŋ, *tuŋs).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chōng (chong$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄨㄥ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): cung$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chhûng
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chhèng / chhiong / chhiâng
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^1$tshon
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chōng
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄨㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chong
*** Wade–Giles: chʻung$^1$
*** Yale: chūng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chong
*** Palladius: чун (čun)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: cung$^1$
*** Yale: chūng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsung$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰʊŋ⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhûng
*** Hakka Romanization System: cung$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: cung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰuŋ²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhèng
*** Tâi-lô: tshìng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhexng
*** IPA (Singapore): /t͡sʰeŋ²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰiɪŋ¹¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰiɪŋ²¹/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiong
*** Tâi-lô: tshiong
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chiofng
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Singapore): /t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰiɔŋ³³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiâng
*** Tâi-lô: tshiâng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chiaang
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰiaŋ²³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei, Singapore): /t͡sʰiaŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰiaŋ¹³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai, Chongming, Suzhou, Changzhou, Jiaxing, Tongxiang, Haining, Haiyan, Ningbo)
*** Wugniu: $^1$tshon
*** MiniDict: tshon$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$tshon
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡sʰoŋ⁵³/
*** Sinological IPA (Chongming): /t͡sʰoŋ⁵⁵/
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /t͡sʰoŋ⁴⁴/
*** Sinological IPA (Changzhou): /t͡sʰoŋ⁵⁵/
*** Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /t͡sʰoŋ⁵³/
*** Sinological IPA (Tongxiang): /t͡sʰõ⁴⁴/
*** Sinological IPA (Haining): /t͡sʰõ⁵⁵/
*** Sinological IPA (Haiyan): /t͡sʰõ⁵¹/
*** Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /t͡sʰoŋ⁵²/
* Middle Chinese: drjuwng
Rime :
| Character | 沖 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 澄 (11) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (2) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 直弓切 |
| Baxter | drjuwng |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɖɨuŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɖiuŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȡiuŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɖuwŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /ȡiuŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /ȡĭuŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȡʱi̯uŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | chóng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | cung$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[d]ruŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*duŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 沖 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | chōng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ drjuwng › |
| Old Chinese | /*[d]ruŋ/ |
| English | sound of cutting ice |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 沖 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 17416 |
| Phonetic component | 中 |
| Rime group | 終 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 蟲 |
| Old Chinese | /*duŋ/ |

### Definitions

沖
* to pour water on; to rinse; to flush; to wash
       Wǒ juéde wǒ děi huíjiā chōng ge zǎo. [Pinyin]
       I think I'll go home and have a shower.
       Xǔduō fángwū bèi hóngshuǐ chōngzǒu le. [Pinyin]
       A lot of houses were washed away by the flood.
       Tā yòng shuǐ chōng le bǎ liǎn, ránhòu shuāyá. [Pinyin]
       He splashed water on his face, then brushed his teeth.
    沖馬桶／冲马桶 ― chōng mǎtǒng ― to flush the toilet
    沖廁所／冲厕所 [Cantonese] ― cung$^1$ ci$^3$ so$^2$ [Jyutping] ― to flush the toilet
* to pour (boiling) water in
    沖茶／冲茶 ― chōng chá ― to make tea
       Gěi nǐ de kāfēi, àn nǐ de kǒuwèi chōng de. [Pinyin]
       Here's your coffee, just the way you like it.
* to soar; to rise; to shoot up
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Wáng yuē: “Cǐ niǎo bù fēi zé yǐ, yī fēi chōng tiān; bù míng zé yǐ, yī míng jīngrén.” [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* to develop (a film)
    沖膠卷／冲胶卷 ― chōng jiāojuǎn ― to develop a film
* to offset
    沖喜／冲喜 ― chōngxǐ ― to arrange a "warding-off" wedding
* (dialectal) flatland in a mountainous area (Classifier: 個／个)
* Alternative form of 涌 (chōng, “small river”)
* a surname, Chong
* (Internet, slang, euphemistic) to masturbate (male)
    Derived from homophonic and metaphorical associations with "手沖" (pour-over) and "手銃" (hand cannon).
* (Can we verify this sense?) (Philippine Hokkien) to confiscate

#### Synonyms

* (to pour boiling water on): 沏 (qī)
* (to masturbate (male)): 打手槍／打手枪 (dǎ shǒuqiāng), 打飛機／打飞机 (dǎ fēijī), 擼管／撸管 (lūguǎn)

#### Compounds

* 一沖性子 / 一冲性子
* 一飛沖天 / 一飞冲天
* 六里沖 (Liùlǐchōng)
* 唐沖 / 唐冲 (Tángchōng)
* 土壤沖蝕 / 土壤冲蚀
* 大水沖溺 / 大水冲溺
* 大沖 / 大冲
* 太沖 / 太冲
* 平易謙沖 / 平易谦冲
* 志沖斗牛
* 怨氣沖天 / 怨气冲天
* 怒氣沖天 / 怒气冲天
* 怒氣沖沖 / 怒气冲冲
* 怒氣沖發 / 怒气冲发
* 怒沖沖 / 怒冲冲
* 撞府沖州 / 撞府冲州
* 正沖 / 正冲 (Zhèngchōng)
* 氣沖斗牛 / 气冲斗牛
* 氣沖沖 / 气冲冲 (qìchōngchōng)
* 氣沖牛斗 / 气冲牛斗
* 氣沖霄漢 / 气冲霄汉
* 沖人 / 冲人
* 沖刷 / 冲刷 (chōngshuā)
* 沖剋 / 冲克
* 沖印 / 冲印 (chōngyìn)
* 沖和 / 冲和
* 沖喜 / 冲喜 (chōngxǐ)
* 沖壓 / 冲压 (chōngyā)
* 沖天 / 冲天 (chōngtiān)
* 沖天之怒 / 冲天之怒
* 沖天炮 / 冲天炮
* 沖帳 / 冲帐 (chōngzhàng)
* 沖年 / 冲年
* 沖床 / 冲床 (chōngchuáng)
* 沖廁 / 冲厕 (chōngcè)
* 沖弱 / 冲弱
* 沖懷 / 冲怀
* 沖撞 / 冲撞 (chōngzhuàng)
* 沖擊 / 冲击 (chōngjī)
* 沖擴 / 冲扩 (chōngkuò)
* 沖昧 / 冲昧
* 沖服 / 冲服 (chōngfú)
* 沖服劑 / 冲服剂
* 沖末 / 冲末
* 沖模 / 冲模
* 沖沖 / 冲冲 (chōngchōng)
* 沖決 / 冲决 (chōngjué)
* 沖泡 / 冲泡 (chōngpào)
* 沖洗 / 冲洗 (chōngxǐ)
* 沖流 / 冲流
* 沖淡 / 冲淡 (chōngdàn)
* 沖涼 / 冲凉 (chōngliáng)
* 沖滌 / 冲涤
* 沖激 / 冲激
* 沖瀉 / 冲泻 (chōngxiè)
* 沖犯 / 冲犯 (chōngfàn)
* 沖稅 / 冲税
* 沖積 / 冲积 (chōngjī)
* 沖積層 / 冲积层
* 沖積島 / 冲积岛
* 沖積平原 / 冲积平原 (chōngjī píngyuán)
* 沖積扇 / 冲积扇 (chōngjīshàn)
* 沖空機 / 冲空机
* 沖茶 / 冲茶 (chōngchá)
* 沖虛 / 冲虚
* 沖虛真人 / 冲虚真人
* 沖虛真經 / 冲虚真经
* 沖蝕 / 冲蚀 (chōngshí)
* 沖襟 / 冲襟
* 沖退 / 冲退
* 沖銷 / 冲销 (chōngxiāo)
* 沖霄 / 冲霄
* 沖霄漢外 / 冲霄汉外
* 沖默 / 冲默
* 沖鼻 / 冲鼻
* 沖齡 / 冲龄 (chōnglíng)
* 田沖 / 田冲 (Tiánchōng)
* 紙坊沖 / 纸坊冲 (Zhǐfángchōng)
* 臭氣沖天 / 臭气冲天
* 興沖沖 / 兴冲冲 (xìngchōngchōng)
* 莊沖 / 庄冲 (Zhuāngchōng)
* 蔣家沖 / 蒋家冲 (Jiǎngjiāchōng)
* 虛沖 / 虚冲
* 袁沖 / 袁冲 (Yuánchōng)
* 解家沖 / 解家冲 (Xièjiāchōng)
* 許家沖 / 许家冲 (Xǔjiāchōng)
* 謙沖 / 谦冲 (qiānchōng)
* 謙沖自牧 / 谦冲自牧 (qiānchōngzìmù)
* 買進對沖 / 买进对冲
* 過沖 / 过冲
* 陳家沖 / 陈家冲 (Chénjiāchōng)
* 韶山沖 / 韶山冲 (Sháoshānchōng)
* 飛必沖天 / 飞必冲天
* 驛馬沖 / 驿马冲 (Yìmǎchōng)
* 高家沖 / 高家冲 (Gāojiāchōng)
* 黃家沖 / 黄家冲 (Huángjiāchōng)
* 黑氣沖天 / 黑气冲天

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: じゅう (jū)
* Kan-on: ちゅう (chū, Jōyō)
* Kun: おき (oki, 沖, Jōyō)、ひひる (hihiru, 沖る)、ひいる (hīru, 沖る)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 沖
* おき Grade: 4
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 沖 – see the following entry. :
| 【おき】 | [noun] open sea [proper noun] a surname [verb] stem or continuative form of おく (oku) [godan] Alternative spelling 澳 |
(This term, 沖, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

## Korean
### Hanja

沖 • (chung) (hangeul 충, revised chung, McCune–Reischauer ch'ung, Yale chwung)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

沖: Hán Nôm readings: trong, trùng, xung
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
* Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
* Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville