# 恰

| 恰 | U+6070, &#24688; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6070 |
| ← 息 [U+606F] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 恱 → [U+6071] |

## Translingual
### Han character

恰 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 心人一口 (POMR), four-corner 9806$_1$, composition ⿰忄合)

#### Derived characters

* 𪣺, 𰍍

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 386, character 1
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10603
* Dae Jaweon: page 718, character 2
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2297, character 2
* Unihan data for U+6070

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 恰 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 龕 | *kʰuːm |
| 媕 | *quːm, *qromʔ, *qɯːm, *qramʔ, *qɯːb |
| 頜 | *ɡuːmʔ, *kuːb |
| 答 | *tkuːb |
| 畣 | *tkuːb |
| 荅 | *tkuːb |
| 嗒 | *tuːb, *tʰoːb |
| 褡 | *tuːb, *toːb |
| 撘 | *tuːb |
| 搭 | *tuːb, *tʰoːb |
| 榙 | *tkuːb, *ɡuːb |
| 佮 | *tkʰuːb, *kuːb, *quːb, *quːb |
| 蛤 | *kuːb |
| 鴿 | *kuːb |
| 合 | *kuːb, *ɡuːb |
| 郃 | *kuːb, *ɡuːb |
| 匌 | *kuːb, *kʰuːb |
| 鉿 | *kuːb |
| 閤 | *kuːb |
| 鞈 | *kuːb, *kruːb |
| 韐 | *kuːb, *kruːb |
| 鮯 | *kuːb |
| 哈 | *ŋɡuːb |
| 姶 | *quːb, *quːb |
| 欱 | *qʰuːb, *qʰruːb |
| 盒 | *ɡuːb |
| 耠 | *ɡuːb |
| 詥 | *ɡuːb |
| 塔 | *tʰuːb |
| 鞳 | *tʰoːb |
| 劄 | *rtuːb |
| 跲 | *kruːb, *kob, *ɡob |
| 袷 | *kruːb, *ŋkob |
| 餄 | *kruːb |
| 恰 | *kʰruːb |
| 帢 | *kʰruːb |
| 洽 | *ɡruːb |
| 祫 | *ɡruːb |
| 珨 | *ɡruːb |
| 烚 | *ɡruːb |
| 歙 | *qʰjob, *qʰrub |
| 湁 | *tkʰub |
| 拾 | *ɡjub |
| 給 | *krub |
| 翕 | *qʰrub |
| 噏 | *qʰrub |
| 潝 | *qʰrub |
| 熻 | *qʰrub |
| 嬆 | *qʰrub |
| 翖 | *qʰrub |
| 闟 | *qʰrub |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kʰruːb): semantic 忄 + phonetic 合 (OC *kuːb, *ɡuːb).

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): qià (qia$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄚˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): qia$^2$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): hap$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): hap$^2$
* Gan (Wiktionary): kat$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): khap
    (Meixian, Guangdong): kab$^5$
* Jin (Wiktionary): qiah$^4$
* Northern Min (KCR): kiă
* Eastern Min (BUC): kák
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): khap
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kab$^4$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^7$chiaq; $^7$khaq
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): qia$^6$ / ka$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qià
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄚˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cià
*** Wade–Giles: chʻia$^4$
*** Yale: chyà
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiah
*** Palladius: ця (cja)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ä⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: qia$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: kia
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰia²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hap$^1$
*** Yale: hāp
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hap$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: heb$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɐp̚⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: hap$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /hap̚⁵⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: kat$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰat̚⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khap
*** Hakka Romanization System: kab$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kab$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰap̚²/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: kab$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰap̚¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: qiah$^4$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕʰiaʔ²/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: kiă
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰia²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: kák
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɑʔ²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khap
*** Tâi-lô: khap
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qab
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /kʰap̚⁵/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kʰap̚³²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: kab$^4$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khap
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰap̚²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^7$chiaq; $^7$khaq
*** MiniDict: chiah$^入$; khah$^入$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^4$qiaq; $^4$khaq
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕʰiaʔ⁵⁵/, /kʰaʔ⁵⁵/
* 4qiaq - literary;
* 4khaq - vernacular.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit恰 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /t͡ɕʰia⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /t͡ɕʰia⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /t͡ɕʰiɑ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /t͡ɕʰia²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /t͡ɕʰia⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /t͡ɕʰia⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /t͡ɕʰia⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /t͡ɕʰia⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /t͡ɕʰia¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /t͡ɕʰia⁴⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /t͡ɕʰia²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /t͡ɕʰia²¹³/ ～當 /kʰa²¹³/ ～～ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /t͡ɕʰia³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /t͡ɕʰia²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /t͡ɕʰia̠³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /t͡ɕʰiɑʔ⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /t͡ɕʰiɐʔ⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡ɕʰiaʔ²/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /t͡ɕʰiʌʔ¹³/ /kʰʌʔ¹³/ ～好 |
| Jin | Hohhot | /t͡ɕʰiaʔ⁴³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /kʰaʔ⁵/ /t͡ɕʰiaʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /t͡ɕʰiɑʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /t͡ɕʰiɑʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /kʰa²¹³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /kʰaʔ²¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /kʰɔ⁵/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /t͡ɕʰia²⁴/ /kʰa²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /kʰɒ²⁴/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /kʰaʔ⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /kʰap̚¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /kʰɑp̚⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /hɐp̚⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /hip̚³³/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /hɐp̚⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kʰap̚³²/ /kʰaʔ³²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kʰɑʔ²³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kʰia²⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /kʰap̚²/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /t͡sap̚⁵/ |
* Middle Chinese: kheap
Rime :
| Character | 恰 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 洽 (152) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 苦洽切 |
| Baxter | kheap |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰˠɛp̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰᵚæp̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰɐp̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰəɨp̚/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰɐp̚/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰɐp̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kʰăp̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qia |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | haap$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰruːb/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 恰 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 4989 |
| Phonetic component | 合 |
| Rime group | 緝 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 恰 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰruːb/ |

#### Definitions

恰
* exactly; just
* appropriate; suitable

#### Compounds

* 不恰好
* 半恰
* 恰不道
* 恰似 (qiàsì)
* 恰便似
* 恰克圖 / 恰克图 (Qiàkètú)
* 恰到好處 / 恰到好处 (qiàdàohǎochù)
* 恰則 / 恰则
* 恰哈 (Qiàhā)
* 恰如 (qiàrú)
* 恰好 (qiàhǎo)
* 恰如其分 (qiàrúqífèn)
* 恰巧 (qiàqiǎo)
* 恰恰 (qiàqià)
* 恰正
* 恰爾巴格 / 恰尔巴格 (Qià'ěrbāgé)
* 恰爾隆 / 恰尔隆 (Qià'ěrlóng)
* 恰當 / 恰当 (qiàdàng)
* 恰纔 / 恰才 (qiàcái)
* 恰薩 / 恰萨 (Qiàsà)
* 恰限
* 普恰克其 (Pǔqiàkèqí)
* 洽恰
* 烏恰 / 乌恰 (Wūqià)
* 烏魯克恰提 / 乌鲁克恰提 (Wūlǔkèqiàtí)
* 阿恰勒 (Āqiàlè)
* 阿恰塔格 (Āqiàtǎgé)

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “related to Teochew kah4, Hokkien khah?”)

#### Pronunciation

* Eastern Min (BUC): kák
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: kák
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɑʔ²⁴/

#### Definitions

恰
* (Eastern Min) too; so
       Chòng bā kák-èng. / [t͡sʰouŋ⁵³ pa³³ kʰaʔ²⁴⁻²¹ ɛiŋ⁵³] [Bàng-uâ-cê / IPA]
       Have nothing else to do. / Don't you have nothing else to do? / Mind your own concerns/business.

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 太, 過於 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 太, 忒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 太 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 太 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 太 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 太, 忒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 太, 忒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 太 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 太 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 忒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Donghai | 太 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 太 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 太 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 太 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 太, 忒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 太 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 太 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 太 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 太 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Baoying | 太 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Taizhou | 太 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Zhenjiang | 太 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yancheng | 太 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 太 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 太, 得滯 >, 過頭 > |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 太, 太過, 得滯 >, 過頭 >, 過龍 > |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 得滯 > |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 得滯 > |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 得滯 > |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 太 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 太 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 太 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 太 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 太 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 忒 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 太, 過頭 > |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 忒 |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 太 |
| Hakka | Wengyuan | 太 |
| Hakka | Liannan | 太 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 忒 |
| Hakka | Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) | 太, 忒 |
| Hakka | Changting | 忒 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 忒 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Yanqian) | 忒 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 忒 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 忒 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 太 |
| Hakka | Ningdu | 太, 忒 |
| Hakka | Tonggu (Sandu) | 忒 |
| Hakka | Ganzhou (Panlong) | 太 |
| Hakka | Dayu | 太 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 忒 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 忒 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 忒 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 忒 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 忒 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 忒 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 太, 過頭 > |
| Hakka | Yangxi (Tangkou) | 太 |
| Hakka | Yangchun (Sanjia) | 太 |
| Hakka | Xinyi (Sihe) | 太 |
| Hakka | Xinyi (Qianpai) | 太 |
| Hakka | Gaozhou (Xindong) | 太 |
| Hakka | Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai) | 太 |
| Hakka | Huazhou (Xin'an) | 忒 |
| Hakka | Lianjiang (Shijiao) | 忒 |
| Hakka | Lianjiang (Qingping) | 太 |
| Hakka | Mengshan (Xihe) | 太 |
| Hakka | Luchuan | 太 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 過頭 > |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 過頭 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 太 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 太 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 忒 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou (Dikou) | 忒 |
| Northern Min | Songxi | 忒 |
| Northern Min | Zhenghe | 忒 |
| Northern Min | Zhenghe (Zhenqian) | 忒 |
| Northern Min | Jianyang | 忒 |
| Northern Min | Wuyishan | 忒 |
| Northern Min | Pucheng (Shibei) | 忒 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 過, 恰 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou (Changle) | 恰 |
| Eastern Min | Lianjiang | 恰 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 恰 |
| Eastern Min | Pingtan | 恰 |
| Eastern Min | Yongtai | 恰 |
| Eastern Min | Minqing | 恰 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 恰 |
| Eastern Min | Pingnan | 恰 |
| Eastern Min | Luoyuan | 恰 |
| Eastern Min | Fu'an | 恰 |
| Eastern Min | Ningde | 恰 |
| Eastern Min | Xiapu | 恰 |
| Eastern Min | Zherong | 恰 |
| Eastern Min | Shouning | 恰 |
| Eastern Min | Zhouning | 恰 |
| Eastern Min | Fuding | 恰 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 傷, 傷過 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 傷 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 傷, 傷過 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 傷, 太 |
| Southern Min | Nan'an | 傷 |
| Southern Min | Shishi | 傷 |
| Southern Min | Hui'an | 傷 |
| Southern Min | Anxi | 傷 |
| Southern Min | Yongchun | 傷 |
| Southern Min | Dehua | 傷 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 傷, 傷過 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou (Longhai) | 傷 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou (Changtai) | 傷 |
| Southern Min | Hua'an | 傷 |
| Southern Min | Nanjing | 傷 |
| Southern Min | Pinghe | 傷 |
| Southern Min | Zhangpu | 傷 |
| Southern Min | Yunxiao | 傷 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 傷 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 傷 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 傷 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 傷 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 傷 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 傷 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 傷 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 傷 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 傷 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 傷 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 傷 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 傷 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 傷, 太 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 傷, 傷過, 過, 佮 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 傷, 傷過 |
| Southern Min | Longyan | 蓋 |
| Southern Min | Zhangping | 傷 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 佮 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 佮, 過 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 佮, 過 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 佮 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 佮 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 佮, 過 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 傷 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 傷 |
| Central Min | Yong'an | 太 |
| Central Min | Sanming (Sanyuan) | 忒 |
| Central Min | Sanming (Shaxian) | 太 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 太, 過頭 > |
| Wu | Shanghai | 忒, 過於, 忒煞, 忒以 dated |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 忒 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 忒 |
| Wu | Changshu | 脫 |
| Wu | Nantong (Haimen) | 忒 |
| Wu | Danyang | 太 |
| Wu | Nanjing (Gaochun) | 太 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 忒 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 忒 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 忒 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 太, 忒 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 太 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 太, 忒 |
| Note | > - after adjective or adverb | > - after adjective or adverb |

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* Cantonese (Jyutping): hap$^1$
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hap$^1$
*** Yale: hāp
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hap$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: heb$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɐp̚⁵/

#### Definitions

恰
* (Cantonese) to bully

##### Synonyms

* 凌勒 (Taiwanese Hokkien)
* 凌虐 (língnüè) (formal)
* 凌逼 (língbī) (literary)
* 欺侮 (qīwǔ)
* 欺凌 (qīlíng)
* 欺壓 / 欺压 (qīyā)
* 欺負 / 欺负
* 淩暴 / 凌暴 (língbào)
* 相欺 (xiang$^1$ qi$^1$) (Sichuanese)
* 蝦 / 虾 (Cantonese)
* 霸凌 (bàlíng)

### Etymology 4
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qià (qia$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄚˋ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qià
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄚˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cià
*** Wade–Giles: chʻia$^4$
*** Yale: chyà
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiah
*** Palladius: ця (cja)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ä⁵¹/

#### Definitions

恰
* (dialectal or Internet slang) Pronunciation spelling of 吃.
    恰飯／恰饭 ― qiàfàn ― to eat
    恰爛錢／恰烂钱 ― qià lànqián ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

### References

* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A01336
* “恰”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: きょう (kyō)
* Kan-on: こう (kō)
* Kan’yō-on: かつ (katsu)
* Kun: あたかも (atakamo, 恰も)

## Korean
### Hanja

恰 (eum 흡 (heup))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

恰: Hán Nôm readings: kháp
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.