# 拗

| 拗 | U+62D7, &#25303; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-62D7 |
| ← 拖 [U+62D6] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 拘 → [U+62D8] |

## Translingual
### Han character

拗 (Kangxi radical 64, 手+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 手女戈尸 (QVIS), four-corner 5402$_7$, composition ⿰扌幼)
* to pull, drag, break off, to pluck (a flower)
* bent, warped
* perverse, obstinate

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 426, character 4
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11962
* Dae Jaweon: page 774, character 6
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1862, character 6
* Unihan data for U+62D7

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 黝 | *qliw, *qrɯwʔ |
| 坳 | *qrɯːw, *qrɯːws |
| 軪 | *qrɯːw, *qrɯːws |
| 眑 | *qrɯːw, *qrɯwʔ |
| 拗 | *qrɯːwʔ, *qrɯːws |
| 鴢 | *qrɯːwʔ, *qɯːwʔ |
| 靿 | *qrɯːwʔ, *qrɯːws |
| 狕 | *qrɯːwʔ |
| 袎 | *qrɯːws |
| 怮 | *qɯːw, *qrɯw, *qrɯw, *qrɯwʔ |
| 窈 | *qiːwʔ |
| 苭 | *qɯːwʔ |
| 泑 | *qrɯw, *qrɯwʔ |
| 呦 | *qrɯw |
| 蚴 | *qrɯwʔ |
| 幼 | *qrɯws |

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): ào (ao$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄠˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): aau$^3$
* Eastern Min (BUC): áu
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: ào
*** Zhuyin: ㄠˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ào
*** Wade–Giles: ao$^4$
*** Yale: àu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: aw
*** Palladius: ао (ao)
*** Sinological IPA : /ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: aau$^3$
*** Yale: aau
*** Cantonese Pinyin: aau$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ao$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /aːu̯³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: áu
*** Sinological IPA : /ɑu²¹³/
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*qrɯːws/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 拗 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 15630 |
| Phonetic component | 幼 |
| Rime group | 幽 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 靿 |
| Old Chinese | /*qrɯːws/ |
| Notes | 原從人，晚轉註從手見韻會 |

#### Definitions

拗
* to defy; to disobey
* hard to read

#### Compounds

* 四不拗六
* 執拗 / 执拗
* 拗不登
* 拗不過 / 拗不过
* 拗口 (àokǒu)
* 拗口令 (àokǒulìng)
* 拗口風 / 拗口风
* 拗句
* 拗強 / 拗强
* 拗彆 / 拗别
* 拗彆攪炒 / 拗别搅炒
* 拗甜
* 拗處 / 拗处
* 拗蠻 / 拗蛮 (àomán)
* 拗體 / 拗体
* 拗體詩 / 拗体诗
* 曲拗
* 違拗 / 违拗 (wéi'ào)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): ǎo (ao$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄠˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): aau$^2$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): áu
* Eastern Min (BUC): ā
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): áu / auh
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$au; $^1$au
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: ǎo
*** Zhuyin: ㄠˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ǎo
*** Wade–Giles: ao$^3$
*** Yale: ǎu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ao
*** Palladius: ао (ao)
*** Sinological IPA : /ˀɑʊ̯²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: aau$^2$
*** Yale: áau
*** Cantonese Pinyin: aau$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ao$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /aːu̯³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: áu
*** Hakka Romanization System: au$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: au$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /au̯³¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ā
*** Sinological IPA : /a³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: áu
*** Tâi-lô: áu
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ao
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /au⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /au⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: auh
*** Tâi-lô: auh
*** Phofsit Daibuun: auq
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines): /auʔ⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$au; $^1$au
*** MiniDict: au$^去$; au$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$au; $^1$au
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɔ³⁴/, /ɔ⁵³/
* Middle Chinese: 'aewX
Rime :
| Character | 拗 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 肴 (90) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 於絞切 |
| Baxter | 'aewX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʔˠau$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʔᵚau$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʔau$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʔaɨw$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ʔau$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /au$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʔau$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yǎo |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | aau$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*qrɯːwʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 拗 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 15624 |
| Phonetic component | 幼 |
| Rime group | 幽 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 拗 |
| Old Chinese | /*qrɯːwʔ/ |

#### Definitions

拗
* (dialectal) to bend; twist as to break
       $^8$geq-ken$_1$ $^6$baon-deu$_6$ $^6$non $^5$au-teq$_7$-doe$_6$-va$_0$ [Wugniu]
       Can you snap this branch?
* (Hakka) to pluck; to pick (flowers, fruits, leaves, etc.)
* (Hokkien) to fold; to droop; to hem; to pleat
* (Hokkien) to coerce; to force; to compel; to oppress; to treat unjustly; to make false claims or deliberately misinterpret
* (Hokkien) to shortchange; to skimp; to scrimp; to give insufficiently
* (Taiwanese Hokkien) Classifier for folds of thin sheets.

##### Synonyms

* (to pluck): 摘 (zhāi); (Hokkien) 挽
* (to fold): 摺／折 (zhé)

#### Compounds

* 手指拗出唔拗入 (sau$^2$ zi$^2$ aau$^2$ ceot$^1$ m$^4$ aau$^2$ jap$^6$) (Cantonese)
* 拗手 (Shanghainese)
* 拗曲作直
* 拗柴 (aau$^2$ caai$^4$, “sprain one's ankle”) (Cantonese)
* 拗痕 (Hokkien)
* 拗花
* 拗陷 (ǎoxiàn)
* 點拗 / 点拗

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): niù (niu$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄋㄧㄡˋ
* Eastern Min (BUC): áu
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: niù
*** Zhuyin: ㄋㄧㄡˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: niòu
*** Wade–Giles: niu$^4$
*** Yale: nyòu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: niow
*** Palladius: ню (nju)
*** Sinological IPA : /ni̯oʊ̯⁵¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: áu
*** Sinological IPA : /ɑu²¹³/

#### Definitions

拗
* stubborn; obstinate

#### Compounds

* 一不拗眾 / 一不拗众
* 憋拗
* 拗性
* 拗相公

### Etymology 4
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yù (yu$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄩˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): juk$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yù
*** Zhuyin: ㄩˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yù
*** Wade–Giles: yü$^4$
*** Yale: yù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yuh
*** Palladius: юй (juj)
*** Sinological IPA : /y⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: juk$^6$
*** Yale: yuhk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: juk$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yug$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /jʊk̚²/

#### Definitions

拗
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to suppress; to repress

#### Compounds

* 拗怒

### Etymology 5
#### Pronunciation

* Cantonese (Jyutping): aau$^3$
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: aau$^3$
*** Yale: aau
*** Cantonese Pinyin: aau$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ao$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /aːu̯³³/

#### Definitions

拗
* (Cantonese) Alternative form of 詏 / 𬣦 (“to argue; to dispute”)

#### Compounds

* 包拗頸 / 包拗颈
* 口同鼻拗
* 拗撬
* 拗頸 / 拗颈
* 爭拗 / 争拗

### Etymology 6

Unclear. Zhang (1993) and Zhang (2009) suggest that it might ultimately be derived from a contraction of either 勿 + 要 or 無／无 + 要. (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* Wu (Chongming, Wugniu): $^1$au
* Wu
** (Northern: Chongming)
*** Wugniu: $^1$au
*** MiniDict: au$^平$
*** Sinological IPA (Chongming): /ʔɔ⁵⁵/
       (Haimen Shadi, Wugniu): $^1$au, IPA: /ɔ⁵⁴/

#### Definitions

拗 (Shadi Wu)
* do not want; do not like to (expressing nonvolition)
       I do not want to eat that./I don't like that food./I won't eat this stuff.
    From: 2009, 張惠英 [Zhang Huiying], 《崇明方言研究》 [A Study of Chongming Dialect], page 193
    He won't wear those clothes now that they're so old.
* do not need to; do not have to
    From: 2008, 王洪鐘 [Wang Hongzhong], 《海門方言語法專題研究》 [Studies on Selected Topics of Haimenese Grammar], page 72
    No need to worry; I can most definitely take care of it for you before lunch.
    From: 2008, 王洪鐘 [Wang Hongzhong], 《海門方言語法專題研究》 [Studies on Selected Topics of Haimenese Grammar], page 72
    There's still so much rice, it's ok even if we do not cook any for the next meal.
* do not; don't (as an imperative)
    From: 2008, 王洪鐘 [Wang Hongzhong], 《海門方言語法專題研究》 [Studies on Selected Topics of Haimenese Grammar], page 71
    Don't bother going back home today, live here with us.

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 勿, 莫$_1$, 毋, 無 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 別, 不要, 勿, 別要 chiefly Hong Kong |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 別, 別價 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 別, 不要 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 別 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 不要 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 不要 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 別, 別價, 甭價, 不要 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 別 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 嫑, 甭$_1$, 休 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 嫑, 不要 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 嫑, 不敢 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 嫑 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 嫑, 休 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 不要 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 嫑 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 莫$_1$, 不要, 嫑 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 莫$_1$, 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 不要 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 莫$_1$ |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 莫$_1$, 莫要 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangtan (Jiangnan Industries Group koine) | 莫$_1$ |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 不要 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 莫$_1$, 不要 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 別, 不要 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 咪, 咪個, 唔好 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 咪, 唔好, 冇 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 唔好 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 唔要 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 咪 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 咪 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 唔好 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 唔好 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 唔好 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 咪, 唔好 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan | 咪 |
| Cantonese | Yunfu | 咪, 唔好 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 莫$_1$, 無好 |
| Cantonese | Xinyi | 毛 |
| Cantonese | Lianjiang | 冇 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 冇要 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 咪 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 咪, 唔好 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 莫$_1$ |
| Gan | Lichuan | 毋要, 不要 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 不要 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 莫$_1$, 毋愛, 毋好 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 毋愛 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 毋好 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 毋好 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 毋好 |
| Hakka | Changting | 毋要 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 毋要 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 毋要 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 毋要, 毋敢 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 毋要 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 毋要 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 毋要 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 毋好 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 毋好 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 毋好 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 毋好 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 毋好 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 毋好 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 毋好 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Longchuan) | 毋愛 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 毋好 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 唔愛 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 不要, 嫑 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 不要, 嫑 |
| Huizhou | Huangshan (Tunxi) | 不要, 嫑 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 不要, 不敢 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 不要, 嫑, 播 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 伓敢, 伓讓, 毋 |
| Northern Min | Pucheng (Shibei) | 伓敢 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 伓通, 毋 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 伓通 |
| Eastern Min | Matsu | 毋 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 毋通, 毋愛, 莫$_2$, 𱰠, 莫用, 汰 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 毋通, 毋愛, 甭$_2$, 莫用, 汰 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 毋通, 莫$_2$, 甭$_2$, 𱰠, 莫用, 汰 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 孬 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 莫$_2$ |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 莫去 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 莫$_2$ |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 毋通, 莫$_2$ |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 莫$_2$ |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 莫$_2$, 甭$_2$ |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 莫$_2$, 毋通, 甭$_2$ |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 莫$_2$, 毋通, 甭$_2$ |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 毋通, 甭$_2$ |
| Southern Min | Pingnan (Shangdu) | 別 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 孬, 莫$_2$ |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 孬, 莫$_2$ |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 莫$_2$ |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 孬, 莫$_2$ |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 莫$_2$ |
| Southern Min | Ho Chi Minh City (Teochew) | 孬 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 孬 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Teochew) | 莫$_2$ |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 莫$_2$, 孬 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 無地 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 無用, 莫$_2$, 無莫 |
| Southern Min | Qionghai | 無用 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 無用 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 冇要 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 勿要, 𧟰 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 拗 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 𧟰 |
| Wu | Wuxi | 𧟰 |
| Wu | Nantong (Haimen) | 拗, 拗要, 弗要 |
| Wu | Danyang | 弗要, 𫸻 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 嫑 |
| Wu | Hangzhou (Yuhang) | 弗要, 消, 𧟰 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 莫, 甮 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 𧟰 |
| Wu | Lishui | ⿰毋樂 |
| Wu | Qingyuan | ⿰否樂 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 𫸻, 弗要, 弗用 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 莫$_1$, 不要 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 不要, 莫$_1$ |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 莫$_1$ |
| Xiang | Quanzhou | 別 |

#### Derived terms

* 拗客氣 / 拗客气
* 拗……得
* 拗要

### References

* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A01549
* “拗”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: よう (yō)
* Kan-on: おう (ō)
* On: いく (iku)
* Kun: ねじる (nejiru, 拗る)、ねじれる (nejireru, 拗れる)、ねじける (nejikeru, 拗ける)、こじれる (kojireru, 拗れる)、すねる (suneru, 拗ねる)

## Korean
### Hanja

拗 • (yo) (hangeul 요, revised yo, McCune–Reischauer yo, Yale yo)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

拗: Hán Nôm readings: húc, ao, áo, ảo, nữu
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.