# 折

| 折 | U+6298, &#25240; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6298 |
| ← 抗 [U+6297] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 抙 → [U+6299] |

## Translingual
### Han character

折 (Kangxi radical 64, 手+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 手竹一中 (QHML), four-corner 5202$_1$, composition ⿰扌斤)

#### Derived characters

* 悊

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 422, character 4
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11890
* Dae Jaweon: page 770, character 1
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1838, character 7
* Unihan data for U+6298

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 折 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 晢 | *ʔljeds, *ʔljed |
| 狾 | *ʔljeds |
| 誓 | *ɦljeds |
| 逝 | *ɦljeds |
| 銴 | *ɢljeds, *ɢʷleds |
| 折 | *l'eːl, *ʔljed, *ɦljed |
| 娎 | *hleːws, *qʰred |
| 哳 | *ʔr'eːd |
| 踅 | *sɢʷled |
| 哲 | *ʔl'ed |
| 蜇 | *ʔl'ed |
| 悊 | *ʔl'ed |
| 嚞 | *ted |
| 喆 | *ted |
| 硩 | *l̥ʰed, *l̥ʰeːɡ |
| 浙 | *ʔljed |
| 晣 | *ʔljed |
| 焎 | *hred |
Originally 㪿, an ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): ⿱屮屮 (“a tree 木 cut in half”) + 斤 (“axe”) – an axe cutting a tree in half.
In the current form, the left side has become 扌 (“hand”).

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsjat (“to cut off; to sever; to break”).

#### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhé (zhe$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄜˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zit$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chat
    (Hailu, HRS): zhad
* Eastern Min (BUC): ciék / siĕk
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): si$^2$ / zeh$^6$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chi̍h / chek / chiat
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zih$^8$ / zih$^4$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^7$tseq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhé
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄜˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhé
*** Wade–Giles: chê$^2$
*** Yale: jé
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jer
*** Palladius: чжэ (čžɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂɤ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zit$^3$
*** Yale: jit
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzit$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: jid$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siːt̚³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chat
*** Hakka Romanization System: zad$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: zad$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sat̚²/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: zhad
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡ʃat⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ciék / siĕk
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siɛʔ²⁴/, /sieʔ⁵/
* siĕk - vernacular;
* ciék - literary.
* Middle Chinese: tsyet
Rime :
| Character | 折 |
| Reading # | 2/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 章 (23) |
| Final (韻) | 薛 (81) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 旨熱切 |
| Baxter | tsyet |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ɕiᴇt̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡ɕiɛt̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ɕjæt̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ciat̚/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ɕiɛt̚/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ɕĭɛt̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡ɕi̯ɛt̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhe |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zit$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*tet/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ʔljed/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 折 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zhé |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsyet › |
| Old Chinese | /*tet/ |
| English | bend; break (v.t.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 折 |
| Reading # | 2/3 |
| No. | 16947 |
| Phonetic component | 折 |
| Rime group | 月 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 晢 |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔljed/ |

##### Definitions

折
* to break off; to snap; to pluck off
* to bend; to twist
* to turn back; to change direction
* to lose; to suffer the loss of
* to die (young)
* to convert into; to amount to
* to admire; to be convinced
* to trade; to exchange
* to censure; to blame
* difficulty; obstacle
* (Cantonese) to discount
       ni$^1$ dou$^6$ zit$^3$ zo$^2$ zi$^1$ hau$^6$ daai$^6$ koi$^3$ hai$^6$ saam$^1$ baak$^3$ man$^1$. [Jyutping]
       These items are around 300 dollars after discounting.
* (Cantonese) discount
       ni$^1$ gin$^6$ saam$^1$ mou$^5$ zit$^3$. [Jyutping]
       There is no discount on this clothing item.
* (Hokkien) having more benefits than harms; worthwhile; profitable; reasonably priced
* Classifier for discount.
    打九折 ― dǎ jiǔ zhé ― ten percent off (or discount to ninety percent of the original price)
* Classifier for folds.
* Classifier for theatrical scenes.
* (Chinese calligraphy) a change in direction of a stroke (such as in ㇕, ㇉, or ㇜)
* (Chinese opera) an act.
* (historical, Ming and Qing dynasties) short for 奏折 (zòuzhé), memorial to the emperor (folded in accordion form); imperial memorial.
* a surname, She

#### Usage notes

In Chinese, discounts are expressed in number of tenths of the original price instead of percentage off.
For discounts not in tenths, 點 / 点 (“decimal point”) is omitted, e.g. 七五折 means 75% of the original price, i.e. 25% off.

##### Synonyms

* (discount): 扣 (kòu)
* (having more benefits):
* 上算 (shàngsuàn)
* 優惠 / 优惠 (yōuhuì)
* 划算 (huásuàn)
* 化算 (faa$^3$ syun$^3$) (Cantonese)
* 合摟兒 / 合搂儿 (hélòur) (Beijing Mandarin)
* 合盤 / 合盘 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 合算 (hésuàn)
* 實惠 / 实惠 (shíhuì)
* 抵 (dai$^2$) (Cantonese)
* 會值得 / 会值得 (Hokkien)
* 會行得 / 会行得 (Hokkien)
* 有盤 / 有盘 (Quanzhou Hokkien)
* 盤 / 盘 (Hokkien, Teochew)
* 盤頭 / 盘头 (Xiamen Hokkien)
* 經濟 / 经济 (jīngjì)

##### Coordinate terms

* (basic character strokes) 點 / 点 (diǎn), 橫 / 横, 豎 / 竖 (shù), 提, 捺 (nà), 撇, 折, 鉤 / 钩 (gōu), 彎 / 弯 (wān), 斜

##### Compounds

* 一折
* 一折一磨
* 一折八扣
* 一波三折 (yībōsānzhé)
* 七折八扣
* 三折肱
* 不折不扣 (bùzhébùkòu)
* 九折臂
* 乾折 / 干折
* 五折
* 五斗折腰
* 准折
* 剉折
* 千迴百折 / 千回百折
* 半折
* 厭難折衝 / 厌难折冲
* 反掌折枝
* 合折
* 周折 (zhōuzhé)
* 大氣折射 / 大气折射
* 大費周折 / 大费周折
* 夭折
* 宛轉周折 / 宛转周折
* 寧折不彎 / 宁折不弯
* 將功折罪 / 将功折罪
* 將功折過 / 将功折过
* 對折 / 对折 (duìzhé)
* 屈折 (qūzhé)
* 屈折語 / 屈折语 (qūzhéyǔ)
* 廷爭面折 / 廷争面折
* 弓折矢盡 / 弓折矢尽
* 弓折箭盡 / 弓折箭尽
* 張堪折轅 / 张堪折辕
* 心折
* 心折首肯
* 打折 (dǎzhé)
* 打折扣 (dǎ zhékòu)
* 折中 (zhézhōng)
* 折倒
* 折傷 / 折伤
* 折價 / 折价 (zhéjià)
* 折光 (zhéguāng)
* 折兌 / 折兑
* 折兵 (zhébīng)
* 折券
* 折剉
* 折半 (zhébàn)
* 折受
* 折合 (zhéhé)
* 折回 (zhéhuí)
* 折壁腳 / 折壁脚
* 折壽 / 折寿 (zhéshòu)
* 折子
* 折子戲 / 折子戏 (zhézixì)
* 折實 / 折实 (zhéshí)
* 折射 (zhéshè)
* 折射線 / 折射线
* 折射角 (zhéshèjiǎo)
* 折對 / 折对
* 折屐
* 折帳 / 折帐
* 折戟沉沙 (zhéjǐchénshā)
* 折扇 (zhéshàn)
* 折扣 (zhékòu)
* 折折
* 折抵
* 折挫
* 折損 / 折损 (zhésǔn)
* 折斷 / 折断 (zhéduàn)
* 折服 (zhéfú)
* 折枝
* 折柬
* 折柳 (zhéliǔ)
* 折柳攀花
* 折桂 (zhéguì)
* 折桂攀蟾
* 投梭折齒 / 投梭折齿
* 折椅 (zhéyǐ)
* 折檯 / 折台
* 折殺 / 折杀
* 折獄 / 折狱
* 折當 / 折当
* 折疊 / 折叠 (zhédié)
* 折磨 (zhémó)
* 折福 (zhéfú)
* 折節 / 折节
* 折節下交 / 折节下交
* 折節下士 / 折节下士
* 折節向學 / 折节向学
* 折節待士 / 折节待士
* 折節禮士 / 折节礼士
* 折算 (zhésuàn)
* 折箭 (zhéjiàn)
* 折箭為誓 / 折箭为誓 (zhéjiànwéishì)
* 折簡 / 折简
* 折紙 / 折纸 (zhézhǐ)
* 折線 / 折线 (zhéxiàn)
* 折罰 / 折罚
* 折翼
* 折耗
* 折肱
* 折腰 (zhéyāo)
* 折腰五斗
* 折腰升斗
* 折腰步
* 折臂三公
* 折舊 / 折旧 (zhéjiù)
* 折色
* 折衝 / 折冲 (zhéchōng)
* 折衝厭難 / 折冲厌难
* 折衝樽俎 / 折冲樽俎 (zhéchōngzūnzǔ)
* 折衝禦侮 / 折冲御侮
* 折衷 (zhézhōng)
* 折衷家庭
* 折證 / 折证
* 折變 / 折变
* 折賣 / 折卖
* 折足覆餗 / 折足覆𫗧
* 折身
* 折辨
* 折辯 / 折辩
* 折辱
* 折返 (zhéfǎn)
* 折錢 / 折钱
* 折長補短 / 折长补短
* 折頭 / 折头 (zhétou)
* 扭頭折頸 / 扭头折颈
* 折鼎覆餗 / 折鼎覆𫗧
* 拈折
* 拌折
* 挫折 (cuòzhé)
* 掂折
* 掊斗折衡
* 採生折割 / 采生折割
* 揭折
* 損兵折將 / 损兵折将 (sǔnbīngzhéjiàng)
* 損將折兵 / 损将折兵
* 損折 / 损折 (sǔnzhé)
* 損軍折將 / 损军折将
* 摧折 (cuīzhé)
* 摧枯折腐
* 摧眉折腰
* 摧蘭折玉 / 摧兰折玉
* 撧折 / 𪮖折
* 撓折 / 挠折
* 攀折
* 攀花折柳
* 攀蟾折桂
* 敗兵折將 / 败兵折将 (bàibīngzhéjiàng)
* 敗軍折將 / 败军折将
* 早名必折
* 曲折 (qūzhé)
* 曲折縈紆 / 曲折萦纡 (qūzhéyíngyū)
* 曲折離奇 / 曲折离奇 (qūzhélíqí)
* 曲曲折折
* 月中折桂
* 月墜花折 / 月坠花折
* 木強則折 / 木强则折
* 末大必折
* 朱雲折檻 / 朱云折槛
* 東折西繞 / 东折西绕
* 棄弓折箭 / 弃弓折箭
* 棟折榱崩 / 栋折榱崩
* 橫折 / 横折 (héngzhé)
* 歷經波折 / 历经波折
* 波折 (bōzhé)
* 片言折獄 / 片言折狱
* 瓶墜簪折 / 瓶坠簪折
* 白搽白折
* 百折不回 (bǎizhébùhuí)
* 百折不挫
* 百折不撓 / 百折不挠 (bǎizhébùnáo)
* 盤旋曲折 / 盘旋曲折
* 短折
* 破折號 / 破折号 (pòzhéhào)
* 磨折
* 磬折
* 簪筆磬折 / 簪笔磬折
* 缾沉簪折 / 瓶沉簪折
* 群輕折軸 / 群轻折轴
* 臨江折軸 / 临江折轴
* 蘭摧玉折 / 兰摧玉折
* 蘭摧蕙折 / 兰摧蕙折
* 虧折 / 亏折 (kuīzhé)
* 蟾宮折桂 / 蟾宫折桂 (chángōngzhéguì)
* 衝波逆折 / 冲波逆折
* 謝安折屐 / 谢安折屐
* 豎折 / 竖折 (shùzhé)
* 豎折彎鉤 / 竖折弯钩 (shùzhéwāngōu)
* 轉折 / 转折 (zhuǎnzhé)
* 轉折親 / 转折亲
* 轉折點 / 转折点 (zhuǎnzhédiǎn)
* 辨折
* 迂迴曲折 / 迂回曲折 (yūhuíqūzhé)
* 逆折
* 迴環轉折 / 回环转折
* 過折了 / 过折了
* 遠打週折 / 远打周折
* 陵折
* 雁行折翼
* 離奇曲折 / 离奇曲折
* 霸陵折柳
* 面折
* 面折廷爭 / 面折廷争
* 骨折 (gǔzhé)
* 鴛鴦折頸 / 鸳鸯折颈
* 鼎折足 (dǐngzhézú)

#### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhē (zhe$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄜ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zit$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhē
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄜ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhe
*** Wade–Giles: chê$^1$
*** Yale: jē
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: je
*** Palladius: чжэ (čžɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂɤ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zit$^3$
*** Yale: jit
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzit$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: jid$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siːt̚³/

##### Definitions

折
* to turn over; to flip
* to pour out; to tip something out

##### Compounds

* 折碗
* 折籮 / 折箩
* 折莫
* 折騰 / 折腾 (zhēteng)

#### Pronunciation 3

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shé (she$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄕㄜˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): sit$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shé
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄜˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shé
*** Wade–Giles: shê$^2$
*** Yale: shé
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sher
*** Palladius: шэ (šɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂɤ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: sit$^6$
*** Yale: siht
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sit$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: xid$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /siːt̚²/
* Middle Chinese: dzyet
Rime :
| Character | 折 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 常 (25) |
| Final (韻) | 薛 (81) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 常列切 |
| Baxter | dzyet |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡ʑiᴇt̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡ʑiɛt̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡ʑjæt̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡ʑiat̚/ |
| Li Rong | /ʑiɛt̚/ |
| Wang Li | /ʑĭɛt̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʑi̯ɛt̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shé |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | sit$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-tet/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɦljed/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 折 |
| Reading # | 2/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | shé |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dzyet › |
| Old Chinese | /*N-tet/ |
| English | bend (v.i.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 折 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| No. | 16951 |
| Phonetic component | 折 |
| Rime group | 月 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 折 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɦljed/ |

##### Definitions

折
* (intransitive) to break; to snap
* to be at a (financial) loss

##### Compounds

* 折本 (shéběn)
* 折秤 (shéchèng)
* 掂梢折本
* 東量西折 / 东量西折
* 消折

#### Pronunciation 4

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tí (ti$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄧˊ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tí
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄧˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tí
*** Wade–Giles: tʻi$^2$
*** Yale: tí
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tyi
*** Palladius: ти (ti)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰi³⁵/
* Middle Chinese: dej
Rime :
| Character | 折 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 定 (7) |
| Final (韻) | 齊 (39) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | IV |
| Fanqie | 杜奚切 |
| Baxter | dej |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /dei/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /dei/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /dɛi/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /dɛj/ |
| Li Rong | /dei/ |
| Wang Li | /diei/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /dʱiei/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | tí |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | tai$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*l'eːl/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 折 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| No. | 16937 |
| Phonetic component | 折 |
| Rime group | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 嗁 |
| Old Chinese | /*l'eːl/ |

##### Definitions

折
* Only used in 折折.

### Etymology 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 折 – see 摺 (“to destroy; to fold; etc.”). (This character is the simplified form of 摺).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

### Etymology 3

* For pronunciation and definitions of 折 – see 翼 (“wing; wing; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 翼).

### References

* “折”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)
* break
* fold

#### Readings

* Go-on: せち (sechi)
* Kan-on: せつ (setsu, Jōyō)
* Kun: おる (oru, 折る, Jōyō)、おり (ori, 折, Jōyō)、おれる (oreru, 折れる, Jōyō)、くじく (kujiku, 折く)

#### Compounds

* 折居地鼠(オリイジネズミ) (orījinezumi)
* 折句(おりく) (oriku)
* 折紙(おりがみ) (origami)
* 折丁(おりちょう) (orichō)
* 折鶴(おりづる) (orizuru)
* 折檻(せっかん) (sekkan)
* 折衝(せっしょう) (sesshō)
* 折衷(せっちゅう), 折中(せっちゅう) (setchū)
* 折半(せっぱん) (seppan)
* 右折(うせつ) (usetsu)
* 回折(かいせつ) (kaisetsu)
* 曲折(きょくせつ) (kyokusetsu)
* 屈折(くっせつ) (kussetsu)
* 骨折(こっせつ) (kossetsu)
* 左折(させつ) (sasetsu)
* 挫折(ざせつ) (zasetsu)
* 転折(てんせつ) (tensetsu)
* 時折(ときおり) (tokiori)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 折
* おり Grade: 4
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 折 – see the following entry. :
| 【おり】 | [noun] occasion; time [verb] stem or continuative form of おる (oru) [godan] Alternative spelling 折り |
(This term, 折, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

#### Derived terms

* 折々(おりおり) (oriori)

## Korean
### Hanja

折 • (jeol, je) (hangeul 절, 제, revised jeol, je, McCune–Reischauer chŏl, che, Yale cel, cey)
* To fold

## Vietnamese
### Han character

折: Hán Việt readings: chiết (之(chi)列(liệt)切(thiết)), triếp, triệp
折: Nôm readings: chết, giết, chẹt, chiết, chét, xít, chệch, chịt, nhét, nhít, siết, xiết, chích, chít, dít, gãy, gẩy, giẹp, quạt, trét
* chữ Nôm form of chết (“to die”).
* chữ Nôm form of giết (“to kill; to murder”).

### References

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Nguyễn (2014).
* 1 2 3 4 5 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Trần (2004).
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Hồ (1976).
* 1 2 3 4 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).