OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# اخلولق
## Arabic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ix.law.la.qa/

### Verb

اِخْلَوْلَقَ • (iḵlawlaqa) XII (non-past اِخْلَوْلِقْ (iḵlawliq), verbal noun اِخْلِيلَاق (iḵlīlāq)) (archaic)
* it is hoped, it may be [with أَن (ʔan, + subjunctive clause) ‘that ...’]
    Synonyms: عَسَى (ʕasā), (rare) حَرَى (ḥarā)
    اِخْلَوْلَقَ ٱلسَّلامُ أَنْ يَنْتَشِرَ فِي ٱلْأَرْضِ.iḵlawlaqa s-salāmu ʔan yantašira fī l-ʔarḍi.It is hoped that peace spreads on the earth.
    اِخْلَوْلَقَتِ ٱلثَّقَافَةُ ٱلْعَرَبِيَّةُ أَنْ تَعُمَّ أَرْجَاءَ ٱلْعَالَمِ.iḵlawlaqati ṯ-ṯaqāfatu l-ʕarabiyyatu ʔan taʕumma ʔarjāʔa l-ʕālami.It is hoped that the Arab culture spreads in every corner of the world.

#### Usage notes

* The verbs حَرَى (ḥarā) and اِخْلَوْلَقَ (iḵlawlaqa) are rarely used in contemporary Arabic.
# تخزين
## Arabic
### Noun

تَخْزِين • (taḵzīn) m
* storage, safekeeping
    يُمْكِنُك اسْتِخْدَام تَطْبِيقَات الْتَخْزِين الْسَحَابِي لِلْحَفْظِ عَلَى نُسْخِ احْتِيَاطِيَّة لِلْصُّوَرِ وَالْمَلْفَات.You can use cloud storage applications to preserve backup copies of photos and files.
# انخلع
## Arabic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /in.xa.la.ʕa/

### Verb

اِنْخَلَعَ • (inḵalaʕa) VII (non-past يَنْخَلِعُ (yanḵaliʕu), verbal noun اِنْخِلَاع (inḵilāʕ))
* to be displaced, to be removed
* to be stripped, to be deprived (مِنْ (min) of)
    اِنْخَلَعَ مِنْ مَالِهِ ― inḵalaʕa min mālihi ― He was stripped of his property.
# شجن
## Arabic
### Noun

شَجَن or شُجُن • (šajan or šujun) m
* worry, anxiety
* sadness, sorrow, melancholy
    بَيْنَ أَوْرَاقِ الْخَرِيفِ تَشْعُرُ بِشُجْنِ الْوِدَاعِ.bayna ʔawrāqi l-ḵarīfi tašʕuru bišujni l-widāʕi.Among the autumn leaves, you feel the melancholy of parting.
# تمريض
## Arabic
### Etymology

Verbal noun of مَرَّضَ (marraḍa).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tam.riːdˤ/
* Rhymes: -iːdˤ

### Noun

تَمْرِيض • (tamrīḍ) m
* (uncountable) nursing, care
    التَّمْرِيضُ يَشْمِلُ مُرَاقَبَةَ حَالَةِ الْمَرِيضِ وَتَقْدِيمَ الْأَدْوِيَةِ وَالْعِنَايَةَ بِالْجُرْحِ.at-tamrīḍu yašmilu murāqabata ḥālati l-marīḍi wataqdīma l-ʔadwiyati wālʕināyata bi-l-jurḥi.Nursing involves monitoring the patient's condition and administering medications and wound care.
# شعوذة
## Arabic
### Noun

شَعْوَذَة • (šaʕwaḏa) f
* verbal noun of شَعْوَذَ (šaʕwaḏa) (form Iq)
* witchcraft, sorcery, quackery
    Synonym: سِحْر (siḥr)
    السِحْر والشَعْوَذَة ― witchcraft and sorcery

#### Related terms

* مُشَعْوِذ (mušaʕwiḏ)
# جريان
## Arabic
### Etymology

From جَرَى (jarā, “to run”) + ـَان (-ān).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /d͡ʒa.ra.jaːn/
* Rhymes: -aːn

### Noun

جَرَيَان • (jarayān) m
* verbal noun of جَرَى (jarā) (form I)
* flow, stream, current, streamflow
    جَرَيَان النَّهْر ― jarayān an-nahr ― the flow of the river
* circulation
    جَرَيَان الدَّم ― jarayān ad-dam ― the circulation of blood

#### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: cərəyan
* → Persian: جریان
* → Tajik: ҷараён (jarayon)
* → Ottoman Turkish: جریان (cereyân)
** Turkish: cereyan
** Crimean Tatar: ceryan
** → Laz: ჯერჲანი (ceryani)
** → Northern Kurdish: ceyran
* → Uyghur: جەريان (jeryan)
* → Uzbek: jarayon
# سيولة
## Arabic
### Etymology

Verbal noun of سَالَ (sāla).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /su.juː.la/

### Noun

سُيُولَة • (suyūla) f
* (physics) liquidity, fluidness, runniness
* (finance) solvency, liquidity
    السُيُولَة المَصْرِفِيَّة ― as-suyūla(t) al-maṣrifiyya ― bank liquidity
* (physics) liquidity
* (medicine) non-coagulability, thinness (of blood)
# آلية
## Arabic
### Etymology

Relative noun (nisba) composed of آلة (ʔāla) +‎ ـِيَّة (-iyya).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʔaː.lij.ja/

### Noun

آلِيَّة • (ʔāliyya) f (plural آلِيَّات (ʔāliyyāt))
* mechanism
    آلِيَّةُ عَمَل ― ʔāliyyatu ʕamal ― mechanism of action
* machinery, automation
* automaticity
# بانوش
## Gulf Arabic
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.).

### Noun

بانوش • (bānūš) m (plural بوانيش (buwānīš))
* canoe
    خذينا البانوش ودشينا البحر.ḵaḏēna l-bānūš w-daššēna l-baħar.We took the canoe and we went down to the sea.

### References

* Qafisheh, Hamdi (1997) NTC's Gulf Arabic-English Dictionary, 1st edition, USA: NTC Publishing Group, →ISBN
# نشاب
## Arabic
### Etymology

Unattested Aramaic term; the needed form is only attested in Classical Syriac ܢܫܒܐ (nəšāḇā) as “blowing; storm”, however the ʔap̄ʕel form (= form IV) of the verb within the root means “to blow away, to let fly”. In the Middle Ages already the distinction between weapons and their projectiles became loose, hence later the meaning of a crossbow has come to prevail in some dialects.

### Noun

نُشَّاب or نَشَّاب or نُشَاب • (nuššāb or naššāb or nušāb) m (collective, singulative نُشَّابَة f (nuššāba) or نَشَّابَة (naššāba) or نُشَابَة (nušāba), plural نَشَاشِيب (našāšīb))
* arrow (particularly of a large kind)
* crossbow, latch

#### Declension
### Noun

نَشَّاب • (naššāb) m (plural نَشَّابُون (naššābūn))
* archer
    Synonym: قَوّاس (qawwās)
* (obsolete) arrowmaker

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “nšb”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* “nšb$^3$”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* “nšb”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* Corriente, Federico, Pereira, Christophe, Vicente, Angeles, editors (2017), Dictionnaire du faisceau dialectal arabe andalou. Perspectives phraséologiques et étymologiques (in French), Berlin: De Gruyter, →ISBN, pages 1261–1262, where the whole root is affirmed to be loaned from Aramaic, though the explanation of this individual word not given
* Huuri, Kalervo (1941) “Zur Geschichte des mittelalterlichen Geschützwesens aus orientalischen Quellen”, in Studia Orientalia‎ (in German), volume 9, page 96, relates the interchangeability of weapon and projectile terms

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

Inherited from Arabic نَشَّاب (naššāb).

### Noun

نشّاب • (našsāb) m (collective, singulative نشّابة f (naššābe))
* arrow
    بلعبوا بقوس ونشّاب. ― bilʕabu b-ʔōs w-naššāb ― They play with bow and arrows.

#### See also

* قوس (ʔōs, “bow”)
# جزائي
## Arabic
### Etymology

Relative adjective (nisba) composed of جَزَاء (jazāʔ, “punishment”) +‎ ـِيّ (-iyy), from the root ج ز ي (j z y).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /d͡ʒa.zaː.ʔijj/

### Adjective

جَزَائِيّ • (jazāʔiyy) (feminine جَزَائِيَّة (jazāʔiyya), masculine plural جَزَائِيُّونَ (jazāʔiyyūna), feminine plural جَزَائِيَّات (jazāʔiyyāt))
* punitive, penal, disciplinary
    Synonyms: عِقَابِيّ (ʕiqābiyy), عُقُوبِيّ (ʕuqūbiyy)
    شَرْط جَزَائِيّ ― šarṭ jazāʔiyy ― penalty clause
# إدى
## Egyptian Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic أَدَّى (ʔaddā, “to bring, to deliver”). Doublet of أدى (ʔadda), learned borrowing.

### Verb

إدى • (ʔidda) II (non-past يدي (yiddi))
* to give
    إديهولي. ― ʔiddihūli. ― Give it to me.
* to hand, to pass
** (sports) to pass (the ball)
* to produce, to yield

#### Conjugation

$^1$ The future tense can be prefixed with either هـ (ha-) or حـ (ḥa-) depending on the speaker.
# ربل
## Gulf Arabic
### Noun

ربل • (rabal) ?
* rubber
    يستخرجون الربل من الشير.yistaḵirjūn r-rabal min š-šiyar.Rubber is obtained from trees.

### References

* Qafisheh, Hamdi (1997) NTC's Gulf Arabic-English Dictionary, 1st edition, USA: NTC Publishing Group, →ISBN
# استشراف
## Arabic
### Etymology

Verbal noun of اِسْتَشْرَفَ (istašrafa, “to raise oneself; to look up to or for”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /is.tiʃ.raːf/
* Rhymes: -aːf

### Noun

اِسْتِشْرَاف • (istišrāf) m
* futurology
* foresight
    خبراء الاقتصاد يُعتبرون الاستشراف المالي مهمًا لضمان استقرار السوق.Economic experts consider financial foresight important for ensuring market stability.
* prognostication

#### Descendants

* → Ottoman Turkish: استشراف (istişraf)
# ترسخ
## Arabic
### Verb

تَرَسَّخَ • (tarassaḵa) V (non-past يَتَرَسَّخُ (yatarassaḵu), verbal noun تَرَسُّخ (tarassuḵ))
* to become firmly established
    تُرَسِّخُتُ قِيمُ العَدَالَةِ فِي هَذَا البَلَدِ عَلَى مُرِّ العُقُوبِ.turassiḵutu qīmu l-ʕadālati fī haḏā l-baladi ʕalā murri l-ʕuqūbi.The values of justice have become firmly established in this country over the decades.
* to take root
# تزلج
## Arabic
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ta.zal.la.d͡ʒa/

#### Verb

تَزَلَّجَ • (tazallaja) V (non-past يَتَزَلَّجُ (yatazallaju), verbal noun تَزَلُّج (tazalluj))
* to skate, to ski

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ta.zal.lud͡ʒ/

#### Noun

تَزَلُّج • (tazalluj) m
* verbal noun of تَزَلَّجَ (tazallaja) (form V)
* skiing, skating
    الْجِبَالُ الثَّلْجِيَّةُ هِيَ الْمَكَانُ الْمِثَالِيُّ لِمُمَارَسَةِ هَوَايَةِ الْتَّزْلُجِ.al-jibālu ṯ-ṯaljiyyatu hiya l-makānu l-miṯāliyyu limumārasati hawāyati l-ttazluji.Snowy mountains are the perfect place for practicing the hobby of skiing.
# معصوم
## Arabic
### Etymology

Derived from the passive participle of عَصِمَ (ʕaṣima, “to protect, to safeguard”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /maʕ.sˤuːm/
* Rhymes: -uːm

### Noun

مَعْصُوم • (maʕṣūm) m
* (religion, Islam) an infallible person (incapable of wrongdoing or sin)

#### Declension
### Adjective

مَعْصُوم • (maʕṣūm) (feminine مَعْصُومَة (maʕṣūma))
* (religion, Islam) infallible, impeccable, immaculate (incapable of wrongdoing or sin)

#### Related terms

* مَعْصُومِيَّة (maʕṣūmiyya)

#### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: məsum
* → Classical Persian: مَعْصُوم (ma'sūm)
** → Urdu: مَعْصُوم (ma'sūm)
** → Hindi: मासूम (māsūm)
** → Bengali: মাসুম (masum)
* → Phalura: maasúm
* → Ottoman Turkish: مَعْصُوم
** Turkish: masum
* → Uyghur: مەسۇم (mesum)
* → Uzbek: maʼsum

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic مَعْصُوم (maʕṣūm).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [mas.ˈʔuːm]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [mäs.ʔúːm]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [mäs.ʔúːm]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [mä.súːm]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [mä.súm]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [mæs.ʔúːm]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [mäs.ʔúm]

### Adjective

معصوم • (mas'um)
* (religion) impeccable, infallible, incapable of sin
* innocent
    صورت دخترانه و معصومی ― surat-e doxtarâne va mas'umi ― a girlish and innocent face

### Further reading

* Hayyim, Sulayman (1934) “معصوم”, in New Persian–English dictionary, Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Béroukhim

## Urdu
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian مَعْصُوم (ma'sūm), borrowed from Arabic مَعْصُوم (maʕṣūm), from عَصِمَ (ʕaṣima). First attested in c. 1649 as Middle Hindi معصوم (m'ṣvm /⁠ma'sūm⁠/).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /məʔ.suːm/, [mɑː.suːm]
* Rhymes: -uːm
* Hyphenation: مَع‧صُوم

### Adjective

مَعْصُوم • (ma'sūm) (indeclinable, Hindi spelling मासूम)
* innocent
* (religion) infallible
* pure, pious
* (by extension) sinless
* (literally) saved, protected

### Noun

مَعْصُوم • (ma'sūm) m (formal plural مَعْصُومِین (ma'sūmīn), Hindi spelling मासूम)
* same as adjective

#### Declension
### References

* ↑ “معصوم”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.

### Further reading

* “معصوم”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.
* Fallon, Platts, Qureshi, Shakespear (2024) “معصوم”, in Digital Dictionaries of South Asia [Combined Urdu Dictionaries]
# طق
## Gulf Arabic
### Etymology

Onomatopoeic. Compare Arabic طَقَّ (ṭaqqa, “to crack, to pop”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tˤəɡɡ/

### Verb

طَقّ • (ṭagg) (non-past يطق (yṭigg), verbal noun طق (ṭagg))
* to hit
* to acquire, to buy [with ل]

#### Derived terms

* طقطق (ṭagṭag)
* بالطقاق (b-iṭ-ṭagāg)
* طق مطر (ṭagg muṭar)
* طق اصبع (ṭagg iṣbaʕ)
* طق الجرس (ṭagg ij-jaras, ṭagg il-jaras)
* طق براس (ṭagg b-rās)
* طقت چبد (ṭaggat čabd)
* طق سنة بساعة (ṭagg sina b-sāʕa)

##### With suffix pronouns or لـ (l-)

* طقها نومة (ṭagha nōma)
* طقله نومة (ṭagla nōma)

### Noun

طَق • (ṭagg) m
* verbal noun of طق (ṭagg): hitting

## Hijazi Arabic
### Etymology

Onomatopoeic. Compare Arabic طَقَّ (ṭaqqa, “to crack, to pop”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tˤaɡɡ/, [tˤaɡ]

### Verb

طَقّ • (ṭagg) I (non-past يِطُقّ (yiṭugg))
* to crack, to cause a cracking sound
* (idiomatic) to not care
    طُقّ راسَك في الجُدَار (a saying to mean "I don't care")ṭugg rāsak fil-judārcrack your head on the wall
# طليق
## Arabic
### Etymology

فَعِيل (faʕīl)-type stative-verb derived from the active participle from the verb طَلُقَ (ṭaluqa, “to set loose”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tˤa.liːq/
* Rhymes: -iːq

### Adjective

طَلِيق • (ṭalīq) (feminine طَلِيقَة (ṭalīqa), masculine plural طَلِيقُون (ṭalīqūn) or طُلَقَاء (ṭulaqāʔ), feminine plural طَلِيقَات (ṭalīqāt))
* (general) let loose, not constrained
* eloquent (when used with لِسَان (lisān))
    طَلِيق اللِّسَان ― ṭalīq al-lisān ― eloquent
* cheerful (when used with وَجْه (wajh))
    طَلِيق الوَجْه ― ṭalīq al-wajh ― having a cheerful face
    لا تَحقِرَنَّ مِنَ المَعْرُوف شَيْئًا، وَلَو أنْ تَلقَى أخَاكَ بوجهٍ طليقٍDo not belittle any good deed, even your meeting with your brother with a cheerful face
* (chemistry) free (element) (not combined with or bonded to other elements.)
    عُنْصُر طَلِيق ― ʕunṣur ṭalīq ― a free element
* (war) released, freed (prisoner)
    اذْهَبُوا فَأَنْتُمْ الطُّلَقَاءُ ― Go, you are free

#### Declension
### Noun

طَلِيق • (ṭalīq) m (plural طَلِيقُونَ (ṭalīqūna), feminine طَلِيقَة (ṭalīqa))
* divorcee (of someone)
    طَلِيقَة عَمْرْو دِيَاب ― ṭalīqa(t) ʕamrw diyāb ― Amr Diab's divorcee
# κλῆρος
## Ancient Greek
### Alternative forms

* κλᾶρος (klâros) — Doric

### Etymology

Of disputed origin:
* Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂-, a metathesized form of *kelh₂- (“to hit, cut down”). Cognate with Latin clādes, Proto-Germanic *hultą (“wood, timber; copse, thicket”) (English holt), Old Irish caill (“forest, wood, woodland”), and maybe Albanian shul (“door latch”). Compare Ancient Greek κλᾰ́δος (klắdos, “branch, shoot”) and κόλαφος (kólaphos, “hit, blow”, noun), which may or may not be derived from the same root, as well as κλᾰ́ω (klắō, “to break off”), from *kelh₂-.
* An alternative etymology by Matasovic links Proto-Celtic *klāros (“board, plank”) (whence Proto-Brythonic *klọr, Old Irish clár), from Proto-Indo-European *kléh₂ros, assuming the original meaning of the Greek word was “piece of wood for casting lots” (said original meaning is also agreed on by Beekes). For this, the PIE root may be *kleh₂- (“to lay out, lay down, set, load, stow”), if not identical to the above.
* Beekes doubts these etymologies on purely semantic grounds and suggests a Pre-Greek origin.

### Noun

κλῆρος • (klêros) m (genitive κλήρου); second declension (Epic, Attic, Ionic, Koine)
* a lot
* that which is assigned by lot, an allotment
* a farm
* an inheritance
* the clergy

#### Derived terms

* κληρωτήριον (klērōtḗrion)

#### Descendants

* > Greek: κλήρος (klíros) (inherited)
* → Latin: clērus (see there for further descendants)

### References

* ↑ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*klāro-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 206–207
* ↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κλῆρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 715

### Further reading

* “κλῆρος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “κλῆρος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “κλῆρος”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
* κλῆρος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* κλῆρος in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
* G2819 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
* Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited. allotment idem, page 25.assignment idem, page 46.cast idem, page 116.estate idem, page 283.inheritance idem, page 440.lot idem, page 501.portion idem, page 627.property idem, page 653.
* William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “clerk”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.
# ملقوط
## Arabic
### Etymology

Derived from the passive participle of the verb لَقَطَ (laqaṭa, “to pick up”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /mal.quːtˤ/
* Rhymes: -uːtˤ

### Adjective

مَلْقُوط • (malqūṭ) (feminine مَلْقُوطَة (malqūṭa), masculine plural مَلْقُوطُونَ (malqūṭūna), feminine plural مَلْقُوطَات (malqūṭāt))
* passive participle of لَقَطَ (laqaṭa)
* picked up, gleaned
    مَالٌ مَلْقُوطٌ ― mālun malqūṭun ― found property

#### Declension
### Noun

مَلْقُوط • (malqūṭ) m (plural مَلَاقِيط (malāqīṭ))
* foundling (abandoned child, left by its parent)
    Synonym: لَقِيط (laqīṭ)

#### Descendants

* → Ottoman Turkish: ملقوط (melkût)
# مشمس
## Arabic
### Etymology

Derived from the active participle of the verb أَشْمَسَ (ʔašmasa, “to be sunny”), from شَمْس (šams, “sun”).

### Adjective

مُشْمِس • (mušmis) (feminine مُشْمِسَة (mušmisa), masculine plural مُشْمِسُونَ (mušmisūna), feminine plural مُشْمِسَات (mušmisāt))
* sunny

#### Declension
## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

Equivalent to the active participle of شمّس (šammas, “to be sunny”) .

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /mʃam.mis/, [ˈmʃam.mɪs]
* Audio (Ramallah):(file)

### Adjective

مشمّس • (mšammes) (feminine مشمسة (mšammse))
* sunny
    الدنيا مشمسة. ― id-dinya mšammse ― It's sunny.

#### See also

Weather · الطقس (iṭ-ṭaʔs) :
| | Sunny | Rainy | Snowy | Cloudy | Dark |
| Verb | شمّس (šammas) | شتّى (šatta) | تلّج (tallaj) | غيّم (ḡayyam) | عتّم (ʕattam) |
| Adjective | مشمّس (mšammes) | مشتّي (mšatti) | متلّج (mtallej) | مغيّم (mḡayyem) | عتم (ʕitm) |
| Noun | شمس (šams) | شتا (šita) | تلج (tilj) | غيم (ḡēm) | عتمة (ʕatme) |
# gardy
## Polish
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *gъ̑rdъ. Displaced by hardy, a borrowed doublet. First attested in 1549.

#### Pronunciation

* (Middle Polish) IPA: /ˈɡar.dɨ/
* (Greater Poland):
** (Kuyavia) IPA: /ˈɡar.dɘ/
* (Masovia):
** (Near Masovian) IPA: /ˈɡar.dɘ/
** (Far Masovian) IPA: /ˈɡar.dɘ/

#### Adjective

gardy (not comparable, no derived adverb)
* (Middle Polish, Far Masovian) Synonym of hardy.
** 1549, M. Rej, Kupiec‎, page r3:Wjrzys będzecz to pomocno Prawda że twe garde ocżj Pokorna myſl na doł tłocżij[Ujrzysz będzieć to pomocno Prawda że twe garde oczy Pokorna myśl na dół tłoczyj]
* (Kuyavia, Near Masovian, Far Masovian, of animals or sometimes people in Near Masovian) picky (not wanting to eat certain foods)
    Synonym: garny

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɡar.dɘ/
* Rhymes: -ardɘ
* Syllabification: gar‧dy

#### Noun

gardy f
* inflection of garda:
** genitive singular
** nominative/accusative/vocative plural

### References

* Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “hardy, gardy”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
* Oskar Kolberg (1867) “gardy”, in Dzieła wszystkie: Kujawy (in Polish), page 270
* Władysław Matlakowski (1891) “gardy”, in “Zbiór wyrazów ludowych dawnej ziemi czerskiej”, in Sprawozdania Komisyi Językowej Akademii Umiejętności, volume 4, Krakow: Drukarnia Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, page 364
* Stanisław Ciszewski (1909) “gardy”, in “Przyczynek do słownika gwary mazowieckiej”, in Prace Filologiczne (in Polish), volume 7, z. 1, Warsaw: skł. gł. w Księgarni E. Wende i Ska, page 206
* Władysław Matlakowski (1892) “gardy”, in Słownik wyrazów ludowych zebranych w Czerskiem i na Kujawach (in Polish), Kraków: nakł. Akademii Umiejętności; Drukarnia Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego pod zarządem A. M. Kosterkiewicza, page 5
# ܨܠܦ
## Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
### Etymology

Cognate to Hebrew צָלַף (tsaláf, “to whip, lash; to snipe”).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard) IPA: [sˤɑːleːpː]
* (Nineveh Plains) IPA: [sˤɑːlɪp], [zˤɑːlɪp]
* (Urmia) IPA: [t͡ʃˤɑːlɪp]

### Verb

ܨܵܠܹܦ • (ṣālēp)
* (intransitive) to crack, split open

#### Conjugation

Generated by {{Template:aii-conj/G-strong|ܨ|ܠ|ܦ}}
# glon
## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɡlɔn/
* (Greater Poland):
** (Kuyavia) IPA: /ˈɡlɔn/
* (Lesser Poland):
** (Lasovia) IPA: /ˈɡlɔn/
** (Goral):
*** (Żywiec) IPA: /ˈɡlɔn/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔn
* Syllabification: glon

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Polish glan.

#### Noun

glon m inan (related adjective glonowy)
* alga (any of many aquatic photosynthetic organisms, including the seaweeds, whose size ranges from a single cell to giant kelps and whose biochemistry and forms are very diverse, some being eukaryotic)
    Synonym: alga
    Hypernym: wodorost

##### Derived terms

* glonojad
* glonowiec

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Noun

glon m inan (related adjective glonek)
* (archaic or dialectal, Kuyavia, Lasovia, Żywiec) slice or piece, especially of bread
    Synonym: skibka

##### Alternative forms

* gleń (Far Masovian)

##### Related terms

* gloneczek

### Further reading

* glon in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* glon in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* glony in PWN's encyclopedia
* Oskar Kolberg (1867) “glon”, in Dzieła wszystkie: Kujawy (in Polish), page 270
* Leon Rzeszowski (1891) “glon”, in “Spis wyrazów ludowych z okolic Żywca”, in Sprawozdania Komisyi Językowej Akademii Umiejętności, volume 4, Krakow: Drukarnia Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, page 355
* Oskar Kolberg (1865) “glon”, in Lud. Jego zwyczaje, sposób życia, mowa, podania, przysłowia, obrzędy, gusła, zabawy, pieśni, muzyka i tańce. Serya II. Sandomierskie (in Polish), page 261
# greba
## Basque
### Etymology

Borrowed from French grève.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡreba/ [ɡre.β̞a]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -eba, -a
* Hyphenation: gre‧ba

### Noun

greba inan
* strike (not working)

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “greba”, in Euskaltzaindiaren Hiztegia [Dictionary of the Basque Academy] (in Basque), Euskaltzaindia [Royal Academy of the Basque Language]
* “greba”, in Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia [General Basque Dictionary], Euskaltzaindia, 1987–2005

## Spanish
### Noun

greba f (plural grebas)
* greave

### Further reading

* “greba”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# Yaroslava
## English
### Alternative forms

* Jaroslava

### Etymology

Transliteration of Russian and Ukrainian Яросла́ва (Jarosláva).

### Proper noun

Yaroslava
* A transliteration of the Bulgarian, Russian, or Ukrainian female given name Яросла́ва (Jarosláva)
# kungulli
## Albanian
### Noun

kungulli
* inflection of kungull:
** definite nominative singular
** indefinite dative/ablative singular
# بشرة
## Arabic
### Etymology

Morphologically from the root ب ش ر (b š r).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ba.ʃa.ra/

### Noun

بَشَرَة • (bašara) f (singulative, collective بَشَر m (bašar), plural أَبْشَار (ʔabšār))
* skin, outer skin, epidermis
    Synonym: جِلْد (jild)
* complexion
* herbage
* hand
* surface
* human frame
* humanity, mankind

#### Descendants

* → Uzbek: bashara

#### References

* Lane, Edward William (1863) “بشرة”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate
* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “بشرة”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen
* Wehr, Hans (1979) “بشر”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN

## North Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic بَشَرة (bašara).

### Noun

بشرة • (bašara) f
* skin
    Synonym: جلد (jild) (rarer, usually means “leather”)