# publicus
## Latin
### Alternative forms

* poublicos (Old Latin)

### Etymology

From Old Latin poplicus, from Old Latin poplus, which became Latin populus (“the people”), ultimately from Proto-Italic *poplos (“army”), of unknown origin.
The change from -ŏp- to -ūb- is traditionally explained as paronymic attraction to pūbēs (“adult population; puberty; genitals”). An alternative explanation is that it is a regular sound change, divisible into two steps: voicing of -p-, then breaking of -o- to -ou- (subsequently monophthongized to -ū-).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈpuː.bli.kus/, [ˈpuːblʲɪkʊs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈpu.bli.kus/, [ˈpuːblikus]

### Adjective

pūblicus (feminine pūblica, neuter pūblicum); first/second-declension adjective
* of or belonging to the people, state, or community
    Synonym: forēnsis
** 58–49 BCE, Gaius Julius Caesar, chapter 13, in Commentarii de Bello Gallico [Commentaries on the Gallic War], volume VI:Illī rēbus dīvīnīs intersunt, sacrificia pūblica ac prīvāta prōcūrant, religiōnēs interpretantur […]The former are engaged in things sacred, conduct the public and the private sacrifices, and interpret all matters of religion.
* public, general
    Synonym: forēnsis

#### Declension

First/second-declension adjective.

#### Derived terms

* pūblica
* pūblicē
* pūblicitus
* pūblicum
* rēspūblica
* vīcus pūblicus

#### Related terms

* populus

#### Descendants

* Inherited:
** Friulian: plóvi (“socage”)
** Italian: plubico, plobico, piobico, piuvico
** Neapolitan: prubbeco
** Sardinian: prúbbicu, púbblicu, púbbricu, plúbicu (Old Logudorese), frúbbicu
** Sicilian: prùbbicu, pùbbricu, pùbblicu
** Venetan: pyóvego (Vicentine)
* Borrowed:
** → Catalan: públic
** → Dutch: publiek
** → English: public
** → French: public
** → Galician: público
** → Italian: publico, pubblico
** → Portuguese: público
** → Romanian: public
** → Russian: публика (publika), публичный (publičnyj)
** → Spanish: público

### Noun

pūblicus m (genitive pūblicī); second declension
* a public officer, magistrate

#### Declension

Second-declension noun.

### References

* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pūbēs, -is”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 495
* ↑ Ranjan Sen (2015) Syllable and Segment in Latin‎, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 146

### Further reading

* “publicus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* "publicus", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* publicus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. (ambiguous) to be interred (at the expense of the state, at one's own cost): funere efferri or simply efferri (publice; publico, suo sumptu) statesmen: auctores consilii publici public land; state domain: ager publicus (ambiguous) in the time of the Republic: libera re publica (ambiguous) to be interred (at the expense of the state, at one's own cost): funere efferri or simply efferri (publice; publico, suo sumptu) (ambiguous) to be cast out unburied: proiici inhumatum (in publicum) (ambiguous) in the streets: in publico (ambiguous) to show oneself in the streets, in public: in publicum prodire (Verr. 2. 1. 31) (ambiguous) to never appear in public: publico carere, se abstinere (ambiguous) at the time of a most satisfactory government: optima re publica (ambiguous) the Republic: libera res publica, liber populus (ambiguous) to hold the first position in the state: principem in re publica locum obtinere (ambiguous) public affairs: negotia publica (Off. 1. 20. 69) (ambiguous) to take part in politics: in re publica or in rebus publicis versari (ambiguous) to retire from public life: a re publica recedere (ambiguous) to shun publicity: publico carere, forum ac lucem fugere (ambiguous) the state is secure: res publica stat (opp. iacet) (ambiguous) for the advantage of the state; in the interests of the state: e re publica (opp. contra rem p.) (ambiguous) the welfare of the state: summa res publica (or summa rei publicae) (ambiguous) the interests of the state: commoda publica or rei publicae rationes (ambiguous) to have the good of the state at heart: bene, optime sentire de re publica (ambiguous) to have the good of the state at heart: omnia de re publica praeclara atque egregia sentire (ambiguous) statesmen: viri rerum civilium, rei publicae gerendae periti or viri in re publica prudentes (ambiguous) an experienced politician: homo in re publica exercitatus (ambiguous) to possess great political insight: plus in re publica videre (ambiguous) a man's policy is aiming at, directed towards..: alicuius in re publica or capessendae rei publicae consilia eo spectant, ut... (ambiguous) to bring a law before the notice of the people: legem proponere in publicum (ambiguous) a political ally: consiliorum in re publica socius (ambiguous) to have the same political opinions: idem de re publica sentire (ambiguous) to hold different views in politics: ab aliquo in re publica dissentire (ambiguous) democracy: imperium populi or populare, civitas or res publica popularis (ambiguous) to betray the interests of the state: a re publica deficere (ambiguous) the public income from the mines: pecunia publica, quae ex metallis redit (ambiguous) let the consuls take measures for the protection of the state: videant or dent operam consules, ne quid res publica detrimenti capiat (Catil. 1. 2. 4) (ambiguous) to let out public works to contract: locare opera publica (ambiguous) the council of the nation; the senate: publicum consilium (Phil. 7.7. 19) (ambiguous) a criminal case: causa publica (Brut. 48. 178)