# حمص
## Arabic
### Etymology 1

Compare Akkadian 𒈝𒈬𒌅 (ḫummuṭu, “to apply heat, to burn, to scorch, to parch, to roast”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ħam.ma.sˤa/

#### Verb

حَمَّصَ • (ḥammaṣa) II (non-past يُحَمِّصُ (yuḥammiṣu), verbal noun تَحْمِيص (taḥmīṣ))
* to roast (coffee or meat), toast (bread)

##### Derived terms

* مِحْمَصَة (miḥmaṣa, “coffee roaster”)

### Etymology 2

The vowel variation points to it being borrowed from Aramaic חִימְצָא (ḥimməṣā) / חוּמְצָא (ḥumməṣā, “chickpea”). Cognate with Hebrew חִמְצָה (ḥimṣā́), possibly also related to Akkadian 𒋰 (TAB /⁠ḫamāṭu⁠/, “to apply heat, to burn, to scorch, to parch, to roast”), in the sense of being dehydrated or dried out beans.

#### Pronunciation

* (noun 1) IPA: /ħim.misˤ/, /ħim.masˤ/
* (noun 2) IPA: /ħum.musˤ/

#### Noun

حِمِّص or حِمَّص • (ḥimmiṣ or ḥimmaṣ) m (collective, singulative حِمِّصَة f (ḥimmiṣa) or حِمَّصَة (ḥimmaṣa))
* chickpea

##### Declension
#### Noun

حُمُّص • (ḥummuṣ) m
* (colloquial) Alternative form of حِمِّص (ḥimmiṣ)
* hummus

##### Synonyms

* (hummus): حُمُّص بِطَحِينَةٍ (ḥummuṣ bi-ṭaḥīna)

##### Descendants

* → English: hummus
* → Hebrew: חוּמוּס (khumus)
* → Italian: hummus
* → Ottoman Turkish: حمص (hımmıs)
* → Sicilian: ummu
* → Yiddish: כומוס (khumus)

#### References

* “ḥmṣyn”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* Fraenkel, Siegmund (1886) Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen (in German), Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 108
* Fraenkel, Siegmund (1886) Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen (in German), Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 141
* Löw, Immanuel (1924) Die Flora der Juden‎ (in German), volume 2, Wien und Leipzig: R. Löwit, page 433
* Nöldeke, Theodor (1875) Mandäische Grammatik‎ (in German), Halle: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses, page 120 § 103 footnote 1

### Etymology 3

From جُنْد حِمْص, “the military district or legion of Ḥims”, from Ancient Greek Ἔμεσᾰ (Émesă), descendant of Aramaic חֲמָת (ḥamāth, “fortress”, literally “frustration, hindrance”) + צובָא (ṣōwḇā, “near, surrounding, station”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ħimsˤ/

#### Proper noun

حِمْص • (ḥimṣ) f
* Homs (a city in Syria).
* Homs (a governorate of Syria).
* (historical) Seville
** 1267, Abu al-Baqa al-Rundi, Elegy for al-Andalus

##### Synonyms

* (Homs): أُمّ الْحِجَار السُّود (ʔumm al-ḥijār as-sūd)
* (Seville): حِمْص الأَنْدَلُس (ḥimṣ al-ʔandalus)

##### Derived terms

* حِمْصِيّ (ḥimṣiyy)

##### Descendants

* → Ancient Greek: Χέμψ (Khémps)
* → Ottoman Turkish: حمص (Hıms)

#### References

* Wehr, Hans (1979) “حمص”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN

## North Levantine Arabic
### Etymology 1

From Arabic حِمِّص (ḥimmiṣ), حُمُّص (ḥummuṣ).

#### Noun

حمص • (ḥummuṣ)
* (uncountable) hummus
* (collective, uncountable) chickpeas

### Etymology 2

Compare Modern Standard Arabic حِمْص (ḥimṣ).

#### Proper noun

حمص • (ḥumṣ)
* Homs (a city in Syria)

##### Descendants

* Turkish: Humus

## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Arabic حِمِّص (ḥimmiṣ).

#### Noun

حمص • (hımmıs)
* chickpea

##### Related terms

* حمصی (hımmısî)

##### Descendants

* Turkish: humus

#### References

* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “حمص”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 806

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Arabic حِمْص (ḥimṣ).

#### Proper noun

حمص • (Hıms, vulg. Hams)
* Homs (a city in Syria)

##### Related terms

* حمصی (Hımsî)

#### References

* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “حمص”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 805
* Sezen, Tahir (2017) “Humus”, in Osmanlı Yer Adları [Ottoman Place Names]‎, 2nd edition, Ankara: T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü, page 359

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology 1

From Arabic حَمَّص (ḥammaṣ).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ħam.masˤ/, [ˈħɑm.mɑsˤ]
* Audio (al-Lidd):(file)

#### Verb

حمّص • (ḥammaṣ) II (present بحمّص (biḥammeṣ))
* to roast (coffee, seeds etc.)
* to toast (bread)

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2

From Arabic حُمُّص (ḥummuṣ) and حِمِّص (ḥimmiṣ).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ħum.mosˤ/, [ˈħʊm.mʊsˤ]
* Audio (Ramallah):(file)

#### Noun

حمّص • (ḥummoṣ) m
* (uncountable) chickpeas
    حبة حمّص ― ḥabbet ḥummoṣ ― a chickpea
* hummus
    صحن حمّص ― ṣaḥn ḥummoṣ ― a plate of hummus