# 似

| 似 | U+4F3C, &#20284; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4F3C |
| ← 伻 [U+4F3B] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 伽 → [U+4F3D] |

## Translingual
### Han character

似 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+4 in Chinese, 人+5 in Japanese, 6 strokes in Chinese, 7 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 人女戈人 (OVIO), four-corner 2820$_0$, composition ⿰亻以)

#### Derived characters

* 𠳎, 娰, 𬠊, 𩛮, 𠏳, 𫣵, 𫈄

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 97, character 10
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 485
* Dae Jaweon: page 205, character 16
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 127, character 2
* Unihan data for U+4F3C

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 似
* Bronze inscriptionsb12336b12337b12338b12339b12340b12341b12342b12343b12344b12345b12346b12347b12348b12349b12350b12351Small seal scripts05799Transcribed ancient scriptsL34166L13771
* References:
* Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:
* Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
* Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
* Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
* Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
| | Old Chinese |
| 似 | *ljɯʔ |
| 姒 | *ljɯʔ |
| 耜 | *ljɯʔ |
| 佀 | *ljɯʔ |
| 以 | *lɯʔ |
| 苡 | *lɯʔ |
| 苢 | *lɯʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ljɯʔ): semantic 亻 (“human”) + phonetic 以 (OC *lɯʔ).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): sì (si$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄙˋ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ci$^5$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ti$^4$ / lhu$^4$
* Eastern Min (BUC): sê̤ṳ
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): so$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): sāi / sǐr / sū / sī
    (Teochew, Peng'im): se$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: sì
*** Zhuyin: ㄙˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sìh
*** Wade–Giles: ssŭ$^4$
*** Yale: sz̀
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: syh
*** Palladius: сы (sy)
*** Sinological IPA : /sz̩⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ci$^5$
*** Yale: chíh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsi$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: qi$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰiː¹³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ti$^4$ / lhu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰi²¹/, /ɬu²¹/
* ti4 - vernacular;
* lhu4 - literary.
* Middle Chinese: ziX
Rime :
| Character | 似 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 邪 (17) |
| Final (韻) | 之 (19) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 詳里切 |
| Baxter | ziX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /zɨ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /zɨ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /zie$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /zɨ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ziə$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /zĭə$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /zi$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | sì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zi$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*sə.ləʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ljɯʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 似 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | sì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ zi$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*sə.ləʔ/ |
| English | resemble |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 似 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 14925 |
| Phonetic component | 以 |
| Rime group | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 似 |
| Old Chinese | /*ljɯʔ/ |
| Notes | 說文做佀金文從臺 |

#### Definitions

似
* to be like; to be similar to; to resemble
    類似／类似 ― lèisì ― similar; similar to
    相似 ― xiāngsì ― similar
       nei$^5$ ci$^5$ m$^4$ ci$^5$ nei$^5$ aa$^3$ maa$^1$ gaa$^3$? [Jyutping]
       Do you look like your mom?
* Used in conjunction with another adjective in a comparison that the first object/person is in a better position than the second.
       Tā de diǎnzi zhēn duō, yīge hǎosì yīge. [Pinyin]
       He has so many ideas, each one better than the next.
* as if; it seems that...
    似乎 ― sìhū ― as if
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to give; to present
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 嗣 (sì, “to inherit”)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 以 (yǐ)

##### Synonyms

* (to be like):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 似 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 像 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 像 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 像 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 像 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 像 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 像 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 像 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 像 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 像 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 似 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 似 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 似 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 似 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 像 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 像 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 像 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 像 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 像 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 像 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 像 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 像 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 像 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 像 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 像 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 像 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 像 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 像 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 像 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 𫝛, macam |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 然 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 然 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 然, 肖 |
| Southern Min | Puning | 肖 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 然, macam |
| Southern Min | Batam (Teochew) | 然, macam |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 像 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 像 |
| Wu | Danyang | 像 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 像, 像人家, 像家 |
* (as if):
* 不啻 (bùchì) (literary)
* 似乎 (sìhū)
* 似如 (si$^4$ y$^2$) (Xiang)
* 像 (xiàng)
* 像係 / 像系 (Hakka)
* 像是 (xiàngshì)
* 儼如 / 俨如 (yǎnrú) (literary)
* 儼然 / 俨然 (yǎnrán)
* 儼若 / 俨若 (yǎnruò) (literary)
* 勝如 / 胜如 ($^5$sen-zy) (Wu)
* 好似 (hǎosì)
* 好像 (hǎoxiàng)
* 如同 (rútóng)
* 好比 (hǎobǐ)
* 宛 (Classical Chinese, or compounds only)
* 宛如 (wǎnrú) (literary)
* 宛然 (wǎnrán) (literary)
* 宛若 (wǎnruò) (literary)
* 就像 (jiùxiàng)
* 彷彿 / 仿佛 (fǎngfú)
* 忽如 (hūrú) (literary)
* 恍若 (huǎngruò)
* 敢若 (Hokkien)
* 敢若是 (Hokkien)
* 𣍐輸 / 𫧃输 (bē-su) (Hokkien)
* 有如 (yǒurú) (formal)
* 猶似 / 犹似 (yóusì) (literary)
* 猶像 / 犹像 (yóuxiàng) (literary)
* 猶如 / 犹如 (yóurú) (formal)
* 甲像 (Hokkien)
* 甲像是 (Hokkien)
* 甲親像 / 甲亲像 (Hokkien)
* 看上去 (kàn shàngqù)
* 看似 (kànsì)
* 看來 / 看来 (kànlái)
* 看樣子 / 看样子 (kànyàngzi)
* 看起來 / 看起来 (kànqilai)
* 若 (Classical Chinese, or compounds only)
* 若像 (Hokkien)
* 若親像 / 若亲像 (Hokkien)
* 表面上 (biǎomiànshang)
* 親像 / 亲像 (Hakka, Hokkien)
* 象 (xiàng)
* 貌似 (màosì)
* 賽可 / 赛可 (Ningbonese)
* 較像 / 较像 (Hokkien)
* 較像是 / 较像是 (Hokkien)
* 較親像 / 较亲像 (Hokkien)
* 顯得 / 显得 (xiǎnde)

#### Compounds

* 一似 (yīsì)
* 不似
* 不差似
* 不弱似
* 也似
* 了似
* 亞似 / 亚似
* 令似
* 似乎 (sìhū)
* 何似
* 似如
* 似懂非懂 (sìdǒngfēidǒng)
* 似是而非 (sìshì'érfēi)
* 似曾相識 / 似曾相识 (sìcéngxiāngshí)
* 似有如無 / 似有如无
* 似水如魚 / 似水如鱼
* 似漆如膠 / 似漆如胶
* 似玉如花
* 似箭如梭
* 似續 / 似续
* 似若
* 似許 / 似许
* 似醉如痴
* 似類 / 似类
* 侯門似海 / 侯门似海
* 假似
* 像似
* 儗似 / 拟似
* 儔似 / 俦似
* 光陰似水 / 光阴似水
* 光陰似箭 / 光阴似箭 (guāngyīn sì jiàn)
* 切似
* 分似
* 前程似錦 / 前程似锦 (qiánchéngsìjǐn)
* 前途似錦 / 前途似锦
* 勝似 / 胜似 (shèngsì)
* 匹似
* 匹似閑 / 匹似闲
* 反不似
* 口似懸河 / 口似悬河
* 呆似木雞 / 呆似木鸡
* 大似
* 大奸似忠
* 大姦似忠 / 大奸似忠
* 奚似
* 好似 (hǎosì)
* 好便似
* 如夢似幻 / 如梦似幻
* 如幻似真
* 如狼似虎 (rúlángsìhǔ)
* 如珠似玉
* 如痴似醉
* 如癡似醉 / 如痴似醉
* 如膠似漆 / 如胶似漆 (rújiāosìqī)
* 如花似月
* 如花似朵
* 如花似玉
* 如花似錦 / 如花似锦
* 好語似珠 / 好语似珠
* 如飢似渴 / 如饥似渴 (rújīsìkě)
* 如饑似渴 / 如饥似渴
* 如魚似水 / 如鱼似水
* 如龍似虎 / 如龙似虎
* 宛似
* 客似雲來 / 客似云来 (kèsìyúnlái)
* 寄似
* 寫似 / 写似
* 強似 / 强似 (qiángsì)
* 强似 (qiángsì)
* 形似 (xíngsì)
* 影似
* 得似
* 忽似
* 怪似
* 恰似 (qiàsì)
* 恰便似
* 悄似
* 情深似海
* 想似
* 意似
* 意意似似
* 手寫辨似 / 手写辨似
* 把似
* 指似
* 撥風也似 / 拨风也似
* 文似其人
* 春深似海
* 暴雷也似
* 有似
* 有紅似白 / 有红似白
* 欲似
* 歸心似箭 / 归心似箭 (guīxīnsìjiàn)
* 比似
* 活似
* 活似真的
* 渾一似 / 浑一似
* 渾不似 / 浑不似
* 渾似 / 浑似
* 潑天也似 / 泼天也似
* 無似 / 无似
* 煞強似 / 煞强似
* 熟似 (se̍k-sāi) (Min Nan)
* 熟似人 (se̍k-sāi-lâng) (Min Nan)
* 爭似 / 争似
* 疋似
* 疑似 (yísì)
* 目似明星
* 目似點漆 / 目似点漆
* 直似 (zhísì)
* 相似 (xiāngsì)
* 相似形 (xiāngsìxíng)
* 眉似春山
* 相似詞 / 相似词 (xiāngsìcí)
* 真似
* 神似 (shénsì)
* 索強似 / 索强似
* 肖似
* 脫似 / 脱似
* 脣似抹硃 / 唇似抹朱
* 舉似 / 举似
* 計似 / 计似
* 譬似
* 譬似閑 / 譬似闲
* 象似
* 貌似 (màosì)
* 賽似 / 赛似
* 辨似
* 近似 (jìnsì)
* 近似值 (jìnsìzhí)
* 送似
* 逼似
* 酷似 (kùsì)
* 雅似
* 韶光似箭
* 類似 / 类似 (lèisì)

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shì, sì
    (Zhuyin): ㄕˋ, ㄙˋ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shì
*** Zhuyin: ㄕˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shìh
*** Wade–Giles: shih$^4$
*** Yale: shr̀
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyh
*** Palladius: ши (ši)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan; variant in Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: sì
*** Zhuyin: ㄙˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sìh
*** Wade–Giles: ssŭ$^4$
*** Yale: sz̀
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: syh
*** Palladius: сы (sy)
*** Sinological IPA : /sz̩⁵¹/

#### Definitions

似
* Only used in 似的 (shìde, “like”).

#### Compounds

* 似的 (shìde)
* 有鬼似的
* 木頭似的 / 木头似的
* 沒命似的 / 没命似的
* 猴子似的
* 箭也似的
* 蠶兒似的 / 蚕儿似的
* 飛也似的 / 飞也似的

### References

* “似”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “似”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 211.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)
* becoming
* resemble
* counterfeit
* imitate
* suitable

#### Readings

* Go-on: じ (ji, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: し (shi)
* Kun: にる (niru, 似る, Jōyō)、にせる (niseru, 似せる)、にたり (nitari, 似たり)、ごとし (gotoshi, 似し)

### Pronunciation

* Kanji in this term
* 似
* に Grade: 5
* kun'yomi
* (Tokyo) に [nì] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɲ̟i]

### Suffix

似(に) • (-ni)
* resembling, looking like, taking after

### Verb

似(に) • (ni)
* 肖: imperfective and stem (or continuative) forms of 似る (niru) [ichidan]

## Korean
### Hanja

似 (eum 사 (sa))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

似: Hán Nôm readings: tự, tợ, tựa, từa
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation