# 堡

| 堡 | U+5821, &#22561; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5821 |
| ← 堠 [U+5820] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 堢 → [U+5822] |

## Translingual
### Han character

堡 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 人木土 (ODG), four-corner 2610$_4$, composition ⿱保土)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 233, character 15
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5254
* Dae Jaweon: page 470, character 31
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 464, character 13
* Unihan data for U+5821

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 襃 | *puː, *puː |
| 保 | *puːʔ |
| 堡 | *puːʔ |
| 褓 | *puːʔ |
| 堢 | *puːʔ |
| 緥 | *puːʔ |
| 葆 | *puːʔ |
| 賲 | *puːʔ |
| 宲 | *puːʔ |
| 椺 | *ɦmluːʔ, *ɢʷeːɡs, *ɢeːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *puːʔ): phonetic 保 (OC *puːʔ) + semantic 土.

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): bǎo (bao$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄠˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): bou$^2$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): pó
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): pó
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$pau
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bǎo
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄠˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bǎo
*** Wade–Giles: pao$^3$
*** Yale: bǎu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bao
*** Palladius: бао (bao)
*** Sinological IPA : /pɑʊ̯²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: bou$^2$
*** Yale: bóu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: bou$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: bou$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /pou̯³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: pó
*** Hakka Romanization System: bo$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: bo$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /po³¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pó
*** Tâi-lô: pó
*** Phofsit Daibuun: poir
*** IPA (Xiamen): /po⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /po⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /po⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /po⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /pɤ⁴¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$pau
*** MiniDict: pau$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$pau
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /pɔ³⁴/
* Middle Chinese: pawX
Rime :
| Character | 堡 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 幫 (1) |
| Final (韻) | 豪 (89) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 博抱切 |
| Baxter | pawX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /pɑu$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /pɑu$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /pɑu$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /paw$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /pɑu$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /pɑu$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /pɑu$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | bǎo |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | bou$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*puːʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 堡 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 319 |
| Phonetic component | 保 |
| Rime group | 幽 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 寶 |
| Old Chinese | /*puːʔ/ |
| Notes | 同堢，古作保 |

#### Definitions

堡
* small camp; small mud fortification
* fort; fortress
* Short for 漢堡／汉堡 (hànbǎo, “hamburger”).
    雞腿堡／鸡腿堡 ― jītuǐ bǎo ― chicken sandwich

##### Usage notes

Often used in phono-semantic matchings to translate English and German -burg, or English -burgh, etc. Some place names or surnames with the component Berg are also translated with 堡, but this is a result of confusion between Burg and Berg, with the latter meaning "mountain" instead of "castle". Nowadays Berg is usually transliterated as 貝格 / 贝格 or 伯格, except in a few examples such as 紐倫堡 / 纽伦堡 (Niǔlúnbǎo, “Nuremberg”), 海德堡 (Hǎidébǎo, “Heidelberg”), and 海森堡 (Hǎisēnbǎo, “Heisenberg”).

#### Compounds

* 丘堡 (qiūbǎo)
* 伊斯坦堡 (Yīsītǎnbǎo)
* 匹茲堡 / 匹兹堡 (Pǐzībǎo)
* 古堡
* 土木堡
* 城堡 (chéngbǎo)
* 堡塢 / 堡坞
* 堡壘 / 堡垒 (bǎolěi)
* 堡砦 / 堡寨
* 堡礁 (bǎojiāo)
* 安平古堡
* 布綸堡 / 布纶堡
* 愛丁堡 / 爱丁堡 (Àidīngbǎo)
* 托依堡勒迪 (Tuōyī Bǎolèdí)
* 橋頭堡 / 桥头堡 (qiáotóubǎo)
* 海德堡 (Hǎidébǎo)
* 漢堡 / 汉堡 (hànbǎo)
* 滿福堡 / 满福堡 (mǎnfúbǎo)
* 盧森堡 / 卢森堡 (Lúsēnbǎo)
* 碉堡 (diāobǎo)
* 空中堡壘 / 空中堡垒
* 空頭堡 / 空头堡
* 聖彼得堡 / 圣彼得堡 (Shèng Bǐdébǎo)
* 西臺古堡 / 西台古堡
* 關堡 / 关堡
* 馬德堡 / 马德堡

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): bǔ, bǎo (bu$^3$, bao$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄨˇ, ㄅㄠˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): bou$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bǔ
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄨˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bǔ
*** Wade–Giles: pu$^3$
*** Yale: bǔ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: buu
*** Palladius: бу (bu)
*** Sinological IPA : /pu²¹⁴/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bǎo
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄠˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bǎo
*** Wade–Giles: pao$^3$
*** Yale: bǎu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bao
*** Palladius: бао (bao)
*** Sinological IPA : /pɑʊ̯²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: bou$^2$
*** Yale: bóu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: bou$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: bou$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /pou̯³⁵/

#### Definitions

堡
* (often in placenames) town or village with walls
    吳堡／吴堡 ― Wúbǔ ― Wubu (county of Yulin, Shaanxi, China)

#### Compounds

* 吳堡 / 吴堡 (Wúbǔ)
* 堡子
* 張家口堡 / 张家口堡 (Zhāngjiākǒubǔ)
* 柴溝堡 / 柴沟堡 (Cháigōubǔ)
* 紅寺堡 / 红寺堡 (Hóngsìbǔ, “Hongsibu”)

### Pronunciation 3

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): pù, bǎo (pu$^4$, bao$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄆㄨˋ, ㄅㄠˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): pou$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: pù
*** Zhuyin: ㄆㄨˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: pù
*** Wade–Giles: pʻu$^4$
*** Yale: pù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: puh
*** Palladius: пу (pu)
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰu⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bǎo
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄠˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bǎo
*** Wade–Giles: pao$^3$
*** Yale: bǎu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bao
*** Palladius: бао (bao)
*** Sinological IPA : /pɑʊ̯²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: pou$^3$
*** Yale: pou
*** Cantonese Pinyin: pou$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: pou$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰou̯³³/

#### Definitions

堡
* Used in place names, as a variant of 鋪／铺／舖 (pù, “courier station”).
    Wūlǔmùqí Dìwōpù Guójì Jīchǎng [Pinyin]
    Ürümqi Diwopu International Airport

#### Compounds

* 三十里堡 (Sānshílǐpù)
* 十里堡 (Shílǐpù)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: ほ (ho)
* Kan-on: ほう (hō)
* Kun: とりで (toride)

## Korean
### Hanja

堡 • (bo) (hangeul 보, revised bo, McCune–Reischauer po)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

堡: Hán Nôm readings: bảo
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.