# 斟

| 斟 | U+659F, &#26015; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-659F |
| ← 斞 [U+659E] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 斠 → [U+65A0] |

## Translingual
### Han character

斟 (Kangxi radical 68, 斗+9, 13 strokes, cangjie input 廿女卜十 (TVYJ), four-corner 4470$_0$, composition ⿰甚斗)

#### Derived characters

* 𡀃, 𨮊

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 478, character 19
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13517
* Dae Jaweon: page 837, character 7
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2255, character 2
* Unihan data for U+659F

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 斟
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 湛 | *ʔl'uːm, *r'uːmʔ, *l'um |
| 媅 | *ʔl'uːm |
| 黮 | *l̥ʰuːmʔ, *l'uːmʔ |
| 糂 | *sluːmʔ |
| 堪 | *kʰluːm |
| 戡 | *kʰluːm, *ʔl'umʔ |
| 嵁 | *kʰluːm, *ŋɡluːm, *ŋɡluːmʔ, *sɡruːmʔ, *kʰruːm |
| 歁 | *kʰluːmʔ, *kʰluːb |
| 勘 | *kʰluːms |
| 磡 | *kʰuːms |
| 墈 | *kʰuːms |
| 偡 | *r'uːmʔ |
| 碪 | *ʔl'um |
| 椹 | *ʔl'um |
| 揕 | *ʔl'ums |
| 踸 | *l̥ʰumʔ |
| 鍖 | *l̥ʰumʔ |
| 斟 | *kljum |
| 諶 | *ɡljum |
| 愖 | *ɡljum |
| 瘎 | *ɡljum |
| 煁 | *ɡljum |
| 甚 | *ɡljumʔ, *ɡljums |
| 葚 | *ɦljumʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kljum): phonetic 甚 (OC *ɡljumʔ, *ɡljums) + semantic 斗 (“dipper; cup”).

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *l-(t/d)jam (“to fill, flat”).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhēn (zhen$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄣ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zam$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chṳ̂m
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chim
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zim$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhēn
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄣ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhen
*** Wade–Giles: chên$^1$
*** Yale: jēn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jen
*** Palladius: чжэнь (čžɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zam$^1$
*** Yale: jām
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzam$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zem$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɐm⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chṳ̂m
*** Hakka Romanization System: ziim$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: zim$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sɨm²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chim
*** Tâi-lô: tsim
*** Phofsit Daibuun: cym
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sim⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sim³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sim⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sim⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sim⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: zim$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsim
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sim³³/
* Middle Chinese: tsyim
Rime :
| Character | 斟 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 章 (23) |
| Final (韻) | 侵 (139) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 職深切 |
| Baxter | tsyim |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ɕiɪm/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡ɕim/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ɕjem/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /cim/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ɕiəm/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ɕĭĕm/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡ɕi̯əm/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhēn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zam$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*t.[q][ə]m/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kljum/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 斟 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zhēn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsyim › |
| Old Chinese | /*t.[q][ə]m/ |
| English | deliberate (v.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 斟 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 11291 |
| Phonetic component | 甚 |
| Rime group | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 斟 |
| Old Chinese | /*kljum/ |

#### Definitions

斟
* to pour (a drink) into drinkware
       nei$^5$ ho$^2$ m$^4$ ho$^2$ ji$^5$ bong$^1$ ngo$^5$ zam$^1$ bui$^1$ caa$^4$ aa$^3$? [Jyutping]
       Could you pour me a cup of tea?
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, figurative) to consider; to deliberate
* (Cantonese) to negotiate

#### Compounds

* 字斟句酌
* 斟愖 (zhēnchén)
* 斟酌 (zhēnzhuó)
* 斟酒 (zhēnjiǔ)
* 斟酌損益 / 斟酌损益
* 斟量
* 淺斟低唱 / 浅斟低唱
* 淺斟低謳 / 浅斟低讴
* 淺斟低酌 / 浅斟低酌
* 滿斟 / 满斟
* 自斟自飲 / 自斟自饮

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): thîn
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thîn
*** Tâi-lô: thîn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tiin
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tʰin²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰin²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰin¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tʰin²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰin²³/

#### Definitions

斟
* (Hokkien) to pour (a drink) into drinkware
* (Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to drink alcohol

### References

* “斟”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): しん (shin)
* Kun: くむ (kumu)、くみかわす (kumikawasu)

## Korean
### Hanja

斟 (eum 짐 (jim))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

斟: Hán Nôm readings: châm
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.