# ترس
## Arabic
### Etymology 1

From Ancient Greek θυρεός (thureós), ultimately the same source as etymology 2.

#### Noun

تُرْس • (turs) m (plural تُرُوس (turūs) or أَتْراس (ʔatrās))
* shield, scutum
    Synonyms: (dated) دَرَقَة (daraqa), (modern, proscribed) دِرْع (dirʕ)
* turbot, Scophthalmus maximus

##### Descendants

* → Ottoman Turkish: ترس (türs, “shield”)
* → Persian: ترس (tors, “shield”)

#### Verb

تَرَّسَ • (tarrasa) II (non-past يُتَرِّسُ (yutarrisu), verbal noun تَتْرِيس (tatrīs))
* to shield, to defend with a shield
* to arm with a shield

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2

Ancient Greek θαιρός (thairós, “a pivot of a door or gate; mechanism to open a door”), from Ancient Greek θῠ́ρᾱ (thŭ́rā, “door, entrance”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwer-.

#### Noun

تِرْس • (tirs) m (plural تُرُوس (turūs))
* gear, sprocket, cogwheel

##### Declension
### References

* Freytag, Georg (1833) “ترس”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎ (in Latin), volume 2, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 24
* Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “ترس”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart‎ (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, page 138

## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology 1

Cognate to Azerbaijani tərs, which see for more.

#### Noun

ترس • (ters)
* reverse side, flip side, opposite end
* dung, excrement
    Synonyms: گوبره (göbre, gübre), تزك (tezek), فشقی (fışkı)

#### Adjective

ترس • (ters)
* reverse, opposite, contrary, converse, inverse
    Synonym: وارون (varun)

#### Descendants

* Armenian: թարս (tʻars)
* Turkish: ters
* → North Levantine Arabic: ترس (tars, “the reverse, in a countrary manner”)
* → Northern Kurdish: ters (“bent, crooked, skewed”)

### Etymology 2

From Northern Kurdish teres (“coward”), possibly from Persian ترسا (tarsâ, “Christian”).

#### Noun

ترس • (teres)
* cuckold, wittol
    Synonyms: قودوش (kodoş), بوینوزلو (boynuzlu), دیوث (deyyus), كراتا (kerata)
* pimp, pander
    Synonyms: پزونك (pezevenk), قودوش (kodoş)

##### Descendants

* Turkish: teres

### Etymology 3

From Arabic تُرْس (turs), from Ancient Greek θυρεός (thureós).

#### Noun

ترس • (türs) (plural اتراس (etras), plural تروس (türüs))
* buckler, shield
    Synonyms: درقه (daraka), سپر (siper), قلقان (kalkan)

### Etymology 4

From Persian ترس (tars).

#### Noun

ترس • (ters)
* fright, terror

### References

* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “ترس”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, column 1149
* Zenker, Julius Theodor (1866) “ترس”, in Türkisch-arabisch-persisches Handwörterbuch, volume 1 (overall work in German and French), Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann, page 278

## Persian
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *trāsás, from Proto-Indo-European *tros-ó-s (“fear, dread”), from *tres- (“to tremble (with fear)”). Compare Sanskrit त्रास (trāsa).

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ˈtaɾs]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [t̪ʰǽɹs]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [t̪ʰǽɹs]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [t̪ʰǽɹs]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [t̪ʰǽɹs]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [t̪ʰǽɹs]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [t̪ʰǽɹs]
* Audio (Iran):(file)

#### Noun

ترس • (tars)
* fear
* terror

##### Synonyms

* باک (bâk)
* بیم (bim)
* سهم (sahm)
* هراس (harâs)

##### Related terms

* ترسیدن (tarsidan)

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Arabic تُرْس (turs, “shield”), from Ancient Greek θυρεός (thureós).

#### Noun

ترس • (tors)
* shield, buckler

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic تُرْس (turs).

### Noun

ترس • (tirs) m (plural تروس (trūs))
* shield

## Southwestern Fars
### Noun

ترس (ters)
* (Masarm, Deh Sarv, Kuzarg) fear
* (Masarm, Deh Sarv, Kuzarg) terror

## Urdu
### Etymology

Inherited from Sanskrit [Term?], from the root तृष् (tṛṣ), ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *ters-.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /t̪ə.ɾəs/
* Rhymes: -əs

### Noun

تَرَس • (taras) m (Hindi spelling तरस)
* pity, mercy
    تجھ پہ ترس آتا ہے۔ ― tujh pih taras ātā hai. ― I feel sorry for you.
* longing, yearning

#### Derived terms

* ترس کھانا (taras khānā, “to have, feel pity”)
* ترسنا (tarasnā, “to long for”)
* ترس جانا (taras jānā, “to be left yearning for”)

### References

* “ترس”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
* “ترس”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.