# 系

| 系 | U+7CFB, &#31995; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7CFB |
| ← 糺 [U+7CFA] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 糼 → [U+7CFC] |

## Translingual

| Japanese | 系 係 繋 |
| Simplified | 系 系 系 |
| Traditional | 系 係 繫 |

### Han character

系 (Kangxi radical 120, 糸+1, 7 strokes, cangjie input 竹女戈火 (HVIF), four-corner 2090$_3$, composition ⿱丿糸)

#### Usage notes

In Chinese, this character both exists as a traditional character and as simplification of 係 and 繫. In Japanese, 系 and 係 are separate characters, while 繫 is unofficially simplified as 繋 (extended shinjitai).

#### Derived characters

* 係 孫 綔 緐 緜 縣 繇 鯀 鲧 䌛 𦅚 㰃 縠 徽 𦆮 𡽪

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 915, character 4
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 27223
* Dae Jaweon: page 1342, character 3
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3361, character 2
* Unihan data for U+7CFB

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 系 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 係 | *keːɡs |
| 系 | *ɡeːɡs |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): abbreviated 手 + 糸. Also used as simplified forms:
* Simplified from 繫 (𣪠 → 丿) (through an intermediate form 毄).
* Simplified from 係 (elimination of 人).

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): xì (xi$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): xi$^4$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hai$^6$
* Gan (Wiktionary): xi$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): he / ne
    (Meixian, Guangdong): hi$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): xi$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): hī
* Eastern Min (BUC): hiê
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hē
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hi$^6$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$yi
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): xi$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xì
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sì
*** Wade–Giles: hsi$^4$
*** Yale: syì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shih
*** Palladius: си (si)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: xi$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xi
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi²¹³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hai$^6$
*** Yale: haih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hai$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hei$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɐi̯²²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: xi$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi¹¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: he / ne
*** Hakka Romanization System: he / ne
*** Hagfa Pinyim: he$^4$ / ne$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /he⁵⁵/, /ne⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: hi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /hi⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: xi$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕi⁴⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hī
*** Sinological IPA : /xi⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: hiê
*** Sinological IPA : /hiɛ²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hē
*** Tâi-lô: hē
*** Phofsit Daibuun: he
*** IPA (Xiamen): /he²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /he⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /he²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /he³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /he³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: hi$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hĭ
*** Sinological IPA : /hi³⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$yi
*** MiniDict: yi$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$hhi
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦi²³/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: xi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi⁴⁵/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit系 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ɕi⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ɕi⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /ɕi⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /ɕi²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /ɕi⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ɕi³¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /ɕi⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /ɕji²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ɕi¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ɕi¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ɕi²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /ɕi³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /ɕi¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /ɕi²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ɕi²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /ɕi⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /sz̩⁵³/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /ɕi⁴⁵/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /ɕi³⁵/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /ɕi⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ɦi²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ɦi³¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ɕi⁴⁴⁵/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ji²²/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /ɕi²²/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /ɕie¹¹/ 關～ /t͡ɕie⁴²/ ～帶子 |
| Xiang | Changsha | /ɕi⁵⁵/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ɕi⁵⁵/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /ɕi²¹/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /hi⁵³/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /hi⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /hɐi²²/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /hɐi²²/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /hɐi²²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /he²²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /hiɛ²⁴²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /xi⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /hi³⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /hi³³/ |
* Middle Chinese: hejH
Rime :
| Character | 系 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 齊 (39) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | IV |
| Fanqie | 胡計切 |
| Baxter | hejH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦei$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦei$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣɛi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦɛj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣei$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣiei$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣiei$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hai$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[m]-kˤek-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡeːɡs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 系 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hej$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[m]-kˁek-s/ |
| English | bind (v.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 系 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 13427 |
| Phonetic component | 系 |
| Rime group | 賜 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 蒵 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡeːɡs/ |

##### Definitions

系
* department; faculty
    中文系 ― zhōngwén xì ― Chinese language faculty
* system
    太陽系／太阳系 ― Tàiyángxì ― the Solar system
* to belong to; to be part of; to fall under; to be categorised as; to be classified as

#### Synonyms

* (to belong to):
* 屬於 / 属于 (shǔyú)
* 歸屬 / 归属 (guīshǔ)
* 歸於 / 归于 (guīyú)
* 純屬 / 纯属 (chúnshǔ) (to belong completely)

##### Compounds

* 一系列 (yīxìliè)
* 世系 (shìxì)
* 二疊系 / 二叠系
* 作業系統 / 作业系统 (zuòyè xìtǒng)
* 侏羅系 / 侏罗系
* 供電系統 / 供电系统
* 光學系統 / 光学系统
* 免疫系統 / 免疫系统 (miǎnyì xìtǒng)
* 分時系統 / 分时系统
* 分泌系統 / 分泌系统
* 印度法系
* 印歐語系 / 印欧语系 (Yìn-Ōu yǔxì)
* 呼吸系統 / 呼吸系统 (hūxī xìtǒng)
* 哲學系 / 哲学系
* 圖資系統 / 图资系统
* 大陸法系 / 大陆法系 (dàlùfǎxì)
* 太陽系 / 太阳系 (Tàiyángxì)
* 姓系
* 嫡系 (díxì)
* 學系 / 学系 (xuéxì)
* 家系 (jiāxì)
* 寒武系
* 專家系統 / 专家系统
* 導引系統 / 导引系统
* 山系 (shānxì)
* 工業體系 / 工业体系
* 廣播系統 / 广播系统
* 後醫系 / 后医系
* 循環系統 / 循环系统 (xúnhuán xìtǒng)
* 恆星系 / 恒星系 (héngxīngxì)
* 捷運系統 / 捷运系统
* 撥號系統 / 拨号系统
* 文化體系 / 文化体系
* 旁系 (pángxì)
* 旁系血親 / 旁系血亲
* 星系 (xīngxì)
* 晶系 (jīngxì)
* 本科系
* 根系 (gēnxì)
* 橢圓星系 / 椭圆星系 (tuǒyuán xīngxì)
* 正方晶系
* 母系 (mǔxì)
* 母系制度
* 水系 (shuǐxì)
* 河外星系
* 法系 (fǎxì)
* 泰系各族
* 派系 (pàixì)
* 消化系統 / 消化系统 (xiāohuà xìtǒng)
* 淋巴系統 / 淋巴系统 (línbā xìtǒng)
* 漢藏語系 / 汉藏语系 (Hàn-Zàng yǔxì)
* 父系 (fùxì)
* 父系制度
* 物流系統 / 物流系统
* 生態系 / 生态系 (shēngtàixì)
* 男系
* 白堊系 / 白垩系
* 直系 (zhíxì)
* 直系親屬 / 直系亲属 (zhíxì qīnshǔ)
* 社會體系 / 社会体系
* 神系
* 神經系統 / 神经系统 (shénjīng xìtǒng)
* 視訊系統 / 视讯系统
* 科系 (kēxì)
* 系刊
* 系列 (xìliè)
* 系列劇 / 系列剧 (xìlièjù)
* 系列化 (xìlièhuà)
* 系列片 (xìlièpiàn)
* 系孫 / 系孙
* 系念 (xìniàn)
* 系族 (xìzú)
* 系璧
* 系統 / 系统 (xìtǒng)
* 系統分析 / 系统分析
* 系統化 / 系统化 (xìtǒnghuà)
* 系統圖 / 系统图
* 系統工程 / 系统工程 (xìtǒng gōngchéng)
* 系統理論 / 系统理论
* 系統設計 / 系统设计
* 系統軟體 / 系统软体
* 系詞 / 系词 (xìcí)
* 系譜 / 系谱 (xìpǔ)
* 系譜樹 / 系谱树
* 網狀系統 / 网状系统
* 群系
* 職系 / 职系
* 色系
* 親系 / 亲系
* 語系 / 语系 (yǔxì)
* 譜系 / 谱系 (pǔxì)
* 軸根系 / 轴根系
* 輪系 / 轮系
* 轉系 / 转系
* 通信系統 / 通信系统
* 配水系統 / 配水系统
* 銀河系 / 银河系 (Yínhéxì)
* 開放系統 / 开放系统 (kāifàng xìtǒng)
* 關系 / 关系
* 防火系統 / 防火系统
* 音系 (yīnxì)
* 體系 / 体系 (tǐxì)

#### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xì (xi$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧˋ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xì
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sì
*** Wade–Giles: hsi$^4$
*** Yale: syì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shih
*** Palladius: си (si)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi⁵¹/

##### Definitions

系
* (historical dictionaries only) chopsticks

### Etymology 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 系 – see 繫 (“to tie, to fasten, to button up; to connect; to link; etc.”). (This character is the simplified form of 繫).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

### Etymology 3

* For pronunciation and definitions of 系 – see 係 (“to relate; to bear on; to tie; to bind; etc.”). (This character is the simplified form of 係).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: げ (ge)
* Kan-on: けい (kei, Jōyō)
* Kun: つなぐ (tsunagu, 系ぐ)

#### Compounds

* 経(けい)絡(らく)系(けい) (keirakukei): the meridian system
* 系(けい)図(ず) (keizu)
* 系(けい)統(とう) (keitō): system; genealogy
* 系(けい)譜(ふ) (keifu)
* 系(けい)列(れつ) (keiretsu): a series; a kind of corporate conglomerate particular to Japan.
* 体(たい)系(けい) (taikei): system
** 体(たい)系(けい)的(てき) (taikeiteki): systematic

### Suffix

系(けい) • (-kei)
* type, kind, system, family
** 2017, 桑原恵美子, ベルメゾン　「人をダメにする」冬物アイテムぞくぞく in Nikkei Style, 日本経済新聞社
    これらの「人(ひと)をダメにする」系(けい)のヒットの先(さき)駆(が)けは、2014(にせんじゅうよん)年(ねん)に発売(はつばい)された無(む)印(じるし)商(しょう)品(ひん)の「体(からだ)にフィットするソファ」。
       Korera no “hito o dame ni suru”-kei no hitto no sakigake wa, nisenjūyon-nen ni hatsubai sareta Mujirushi Shōhin no “karada ni fitto suru sofa”.
       (please add an English translation of this example)
    感(かん)動(どう)する系(けい)の曲(きょく)
       kandō suru kei no kyoku
       an emotionally stirring kind of musical piece
    癒(いや)し系(けい)の女(じょ)性(せい)
       iyashi-kei no josei
       a soothing kind of woman
    萌(も)え系(けい)
       moe-kei
       moe-type anime

### References

* Cambrige Dictionary
* Kanjipedia

## Korean
### Hanja

系 (eumhun 이을 계 (ieul gye))
* hanja form of 계 (“connect, link, join”)

## Vietnamese
### Chữ Hán

系: Hán Nôm readings: hệ
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation