# 腊

| 腊 | U+814A, &#33098; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-814A |
| ← 腉 [U+8149] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 腋 → [U+814B] |

## Translingual

| Traditional | 臘 |
| Shinjitai (extended) | 𫞇 |
| Simplified | 腊 |

### Han character

腊 (Kangxi radical 130, 肉+8, 12 strokes, cangjie input 月廿日 (BTA), four-corner 7426$_1$, composition ⿰月昔(GJK) or ⿰⺼昔(HTV))

#### Derived characters

* 𰄌, 𭊸, 𭢝, 𭲢, 𱮢, 𭬄, 𱬕, 𪺦, 𱸦

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 986, character 27
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29614
* Dae Jaweon: page 1439, character 6
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2084, character 5
* Unihan data for U+814A

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 借 | *ʔsjaːɡs, *ʔsjaːɡ |
| 唶 | *ʔsjaːɡs |
| 藉 | *zjaːɡs, *zjaːɡ |
| 躤 | *zjaːɡs |
| 蜡 | *zraːɡs, *sʰaːɡs |
| 齰 | *zraːɡs, *zraːɡ |
| 醋 | *sʰaːɡs |
| 錯 | *sʰaːɡs, *sʰaːɡ |
| 措 | *sʰaːɡs |
| 厝 | *sʰaːɡs, *sʰaːɡ |
| 逪 | *sʰaːɡ |
| 剒 | *sʰaːɡ |
| 鵲 | *sʰaɡ |
| 碏 | *sʰaɡ |
| 踖 | *sʰaɡ, *ʔsjaːɡ, *zjaːɡ |
| 趞 | *sʰaɡ |
| 皵 | *sʰaɡ, *sʰjaːɡ |
| 舄 | *sʰjaːɡ, *sʰaɡ, *sjaːɡ, *sjaːɡ |
| 斮 | *ʔsraɡ, *ʔsraːɡ |
| 簎 | *zraːwɢ, *sʰraːɡ, *zjaːɡ |
| 諎 | *ʔsraːɡ |
| 矠 | *sʰreːɡ, *zreːɡ |
| 庴 | *ʔsjaːɡ, *zjaːɡ |
| 籍 | *zjaːɡ |
| 耤 | *zjaːɡ |
| 猎 | *zjaːɡ |
| 昔 | *sjaːɡ |
| 惜 | *sjaːɡ |
| 腊 | *sjaːɡ |
| 焟 | *sjaːɡ |
| 棤 | *sjaːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *sjaːɡ): semantic 肉 (“meat”) + phonetic 昔 (OC *sjaːɡ).

### Etymology 1

* For pronunciation and definitions of 腊 – see 臘 (“year-end sacrifice to the gods; twelfth month of the Chinese lunar calendar; etc.”). (This character is the simplified form of 臘).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

### Etymology 2

Same word as 昔 (OC *sjaːɡ) (Karlgren, 1957; Schuessler, 2007). See there for more.

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xī, xí (xi$^1$, xi$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧ, ㄒㄧˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): sik$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xī
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: si
*** Wade–Giles: hsi$^1$
*** Yale: syī
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shi
*** Palladius: си (si)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xí
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sí
*** Wade–Giles: hsi$^2$
*** Yale: syí
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyi
*** Palladius: си (si)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: sik$^1$
*** Yale: sīk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sik$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: xig$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɪk̚⁵/
* Middle Chinese: sjek
Rime :
| Character | 腊 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 心 (16) |
| Final (韻) | 昔 (123) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 思積切 |
| Baxter | sjek |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /siᴇk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /siɛk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /siæk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /siajk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /siɛk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /sĭɛk̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /si̯ɛk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | sik$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*sjaːɡ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 腊 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 13311 |
| Phonetic component | 昔 |
| Rime group | 鐸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 昔 |
| Old Chinese | /*sjaːɡ/ |

#### Definitions

腊
* dried meat
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to make dry
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) dried or cracked skin

##### Synonyms

* 臘／腊 (là): (dried meat)
* 脯 (pú): (dried meat)
* 脩 (xiū): (dried meat used as teacher's payment; shriveled)

### Usage notes

Note that 腊, when used as a simplified Chinese character is pronounced là (refer to the traditional form 臘 / 腊 (là)). However, when 腊 is encountered in classical Chinese texts, the pronunciation is xī (derived from its phonetic component 昔).

### References

* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), B03667

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* dried meat
* to make dried meat

#### Readings

(Can we verify this pronunciation?)
* Go-on: しゃく (shaku)
* Kan-on: せき (seki)
* On: ろう (rō)
* Kun: ほじし (hojishi)、きたい (kitai, 腊)、きたう (kitau, 腊う)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 腊
* きたい Hyōgai
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 腒
From Old Japanese; first attested in a mokkan excavated from the Former Naniwa Palace, 652 - 686, as man'yōgana form 支多比 <ki₁tapi₁>. Noun form of 腊(きた)う (kitau, “to dry meat of fish, bird or so on”).

### Noun

腊(きたい) • (kitai)
* (archaic) whole dried meat of fish, bird or so on
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 16, poem 3886:
    忍(おし)照(てる)八(や)　難波(なには)乃(の)小(を)江(え)尓(に)　廬(いほ)作(つくり)　難(な)麻(ま)理(り)弖(て)居(をる)　葦(あし)河尓(がに)乎(を)　王(おほきみ)召(めす)跡(と)　何(なに)為牟(せむ)尓(に)　吾(わ)乎(を)召(めす)良(ら)米(め)夜(や)　明(あきらけ)久(く)　吾(わが)知(しる)事(こと)乎(を)　歌(うた)人(ひと)跡(と)　和(わ)乎(を)召(めす)良(ら)米(め)夜(や)　笛(ふえ)吹(ふき)跡(と)　和(わ)乎(を)召(めす)良(ら)米(め)夜(や)　琴(こと)引(ひき)跡(と)　和(わ)乎(を)召(めす)良(ら)米(め)夜(や)　彼(かも)此(かく)毛(も)　命(みこと)受(うけ)牟(む)跡(と)　今日(けふ)々々(けふ)跡(と)　飛鳥(あすか)尓(に)到(いたり)　雖置(おくとも)　々(おく)勿(な)尓(に)到(いたり)　雖不策(つかねども)　都(つ)久(く)怒(の)尓(に)到(いたり)　東(ひむがしの)　中(なかの)門(みかど)由(ゆ)　参納(まゐり)来(き)弖(て)　命(みこと)受(うく)例(れ)婆(ば)　馬(うま)尓(に)己(こ)曽(そ)　布(ふ)毛(も)太(だ)志(し)可(か)久(く)物(もの)　牛(うし)尓(に)己(こ)曽(そ)　鼻(はな)縄(づな)波(は)久(く)例(れ)　足(あし)引(ひき)乃(の)　此(この)片(かた)山(やま)乃(の)　毛(も)武(む)尓(に)礼(れ)乎(を)　五百(いほ)枝(え)波(は)伎(き)垂(たり)　天(あま)光(てる)夜(や)　日(ひ)乃(の)異(け)尓(に)干(ほし)　佐(さ)比(ひ)豆(づ)留(る)夜(や)　辛(から)碓(うす)尓(に)舂(つき)　庭(にはに)立(たつ)　手(て)碓子(うす)尓(に)舂(つき)　忍(おし)光(てる)八(や)　難波(なには)乃(の)小(を)江(え)乃(の)　始(はつ)垂(たり)乎(を)　辛(から)久(く)垂(たり)来(き)弖(て)　陶(すゑ)人(ひと)乃(の)　所作(つくれる)瓶(かめ)乎(を)　今日(けふ)徃(ゆきて)　明日(あす)取(とり)持(もち)来(き)　吾(わが)目(め)良(ら)尓(に)　塩(しほ)柒(ぬり)給(たまひ)　腊(きたひ)賞(はやす)毛(も)　腊(きたひ)賞(はやす)毛(も) [Man'yōgana]
    おしてるや　難波(なには)の小(を)江(え)に　廬(いほ)作(つく)り　隠(なま)りて居(を)る　葦(あし)蟹(がに)を　大(おほ)君(きみ)召(め)すと　何(なに)せむに　我(わ)を召(め)すらめや　明(あきら)けく　我(わ)が知(し)ることを　歌人(うたひと)と　我(わ)を召(め)すらめや　笛(ふえ)吹(ふ)きと　我(わ)を召(め)すらめや　琴(こと)弾(ひ)きと　我(わ)を召(め)すらめや　かもかくも　命(みこと)受(う)けむと　今日(けふ)今日(けふ)と　飛鳥(あすか)に至(いた)り　置(お)くとも　置(おく)勿(な)に至(いた)り　つかねども　都(つ)久(く)野(の)に至(いた)り　東(ひむがし)の　中(なか)の御(み)門(かど)ゆ　参入(まゐ)り来(き)て　命(みこと)受(う)くれば　馬(うま)にこそ　ふもだしかくもの　牛(うし)にこそ　鼻(はな)縄(づな)はくれ　あしひきの　この片(かた)山(やま)の　もむ楡(にれ)を　五百(いほ)枝(え)剥(は)き垂(た)り　天(あま)照(て)るや　日(ひ)の異(け)に干(ほ)し　さひづるや　韓(から)臼(うす)に搗(つ)き　庭(には)に立(た)つ　手(て)臼(うす)に搗(つ)き　おしてるや　難波(なには)の小(を)江(え)の　初(はつ)垂(た)りを　からく垂(た)り来(き)て　陶人(すゑひと)の　作(つく)れる瓶(かめ)を　今日(けふ)行(ゆ)きて　明日(あす)取(と)り持(も)ち来(き)　我(わ)が目(め)らに　塩(しほ)塗(ぬ)りたまひ　きたひはやすも　きたひはやすも [Modern spelling]

#### Synonyms

* 乾肉(ほしにく) / 干肉(ほしにく) / 乾(ほ)し肉(にく) / 干(ほ)し肉(にく) (hoshiniku): dried meat, jerky
* 干物(ひもの) (himono): dried fish or some other marine product
* 脯(ほしし) / 乾肉(ほしし) (hoshishi): (archaic) dried meat, jerky

## Korean
### Hanja

腊 (eum 석 (seok))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

腊: Hán Nôm readings: tích
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation