# u-
## Translingual
### Etymology

Typographical substitution for μ, in environments where the correct symbol is not available.

### Prefix

u-
* (informal, proscribed) Alternative form of μ- as an abbreviation of micro-, mikro-, микро- etc.

## Basque
### Prefix

u-
* Combining form of ur (“water”)

## Chuukese
### Prefix

u-
* (subject marker for tense modifying pronouns) I

## Czech
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech u-, from Proto-Slavic *u-. Doublet of ú-.

### Prefix

u-
* (away) from
    ‎u- + ‎stoupit (“step”) → ‎ustoupit (“yield”)
* (inchoative)
* (telicity)
    ‎u- + ‎vidět (“see”) → ‎uvidět (“catch sight out of”)
* added to mean a bit
    ‎u- + ‎lít (“pour”) → ‎ulít (“pour off a little”)
* (u- + imperfective base + se) intensification: until exhaustion, expressing final stage of a process. (collocates with k smrti (“to death”))
    ‎u- + ‎kašlat (“have a cough”) → ‎ukašlat se (“die of coughing”)
    ‎u- + ‎smát se (“laugh”) → ‎usmát se (“die of laughing”)
    ‎u- + ‎trápit se (“grieve”) → ‎utrápit se (“die of grief”)
* (on perfective verbs) unintentionally, inadvertently, by mistake
    ‎u- + ‎řeknout (“say once”) → ‎uřeknout (“misspeak, say unintentionally once”)
* (root modality) [i.e., deontic + dynamic modality: ability, obligation, permission, readiness]
    ‎u- + ‎zvednout (“lift”) → ‎uzvednout (“be able to lift”)
    ‎u- + ‎nést (“carry”) → ‎unést (“be able to carry”)
* to gain by activity
    ‎u- + ‎šetřit (“to save”) → ‎ušetřit (“to save up”)
    ušetřit peníze. ― to save money.

#### Derived terms

* ubalit
* ubít
* ubytovat
* udělat
* udobřit
* udusit
* uhasit
* uchopit
* ujít
* ukamenovat
* ukázat
* uklouznout
* ukolébat
* ukonejšit
* ukořistit
* ukrást
* ukrýt
* ulehčit
* ulevit
* ulomit
* ulovit
* umínit
* umřít
* unést
* uplavat
* uplést
* upozornit
* upravit
* urazit
* uronit
* useknout
* usnadnit
* usnout
* uspat
* uspořádat
* ustát
* uštědřit
* uštěpačný
* utancovat
* utlouct
* utnout
* utopit
* utrhnout
* utrpení
* utrpět

### Further reading

* u-/ú- in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017

## Danish
### Etymology

From Old Norse ú-, ó-, from Proto-Germanic *un-, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥-, a prefix use of the particle *ne (“not”). Doublet of a-.

### Prefix

u-
* in-, un-, non-; (prefix meaning not, reversing the meaning)

#### Synonyms

* a-
* i-
* ikke-

#### Derived terms
## Japanese
### Romanization

u-
* Rōmaji transcription of う

## Kamba
### Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *ʊ́-.

### Prefix

u-
* you singular (used for conjugating verbs to the subjective or nominative case of the personal pronoun)

## Kambera
### Pronoun

u-
* Alternative form of mu-

#### See also

| | Nominative | Genitive | Accusative | Dative |
| 1sg | ku- | -nggu | -ka | -ngga |
| 2sg | mu- (u-) | -mu | -kau | -nggau |
| 3sg | na- | -na | -ya | -nya |
| 1pl.incl | ta- | -nda | -ta | -nda |
| 1pl.excl | ma- | -ma | -kama | -nggama |
| 2pl | mi- (i-) | -mi | -kami (-kai) | -nggami (-nggai) |
| 3pl | da- | -da | -ha | -nja |

## Northern Ndebele
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *ʊ̀-.

#### Prefix

u- (medial wu-)
* you, thou; second-person singular subject concord.

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Prefix

u-
* Class 1a noun prefix.

### Etymology 3

From Proto-Bantu *ʊ́-.

#### Prefix

u- (medial ka-)
* he, she, it; class 1 subject concord.

### Etymology 4

From Proto-Bantu *gʊ́-.

#### Prefix

u- (medial wu-)
* he, she, it; class 3 subject concord.

### Etymology 5
#### Prefix

u-
* Class 11 noun prefix; form of ulu- used before stems of more than one syllable.

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

From Old Norse ú-, ó-, from Proto-Germanic *un-, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥-, a prefix use of the particle *ne (“not”). Doublet of a-.

### Prefix

u-
* un-, (in certain cases) im-
* an abbreviation of certain words beginning with "u"

#### Derived terms
### References

* “u-” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

From Old Norse ú- or ó-, English un-, German un-. With the intensifying function probably influenced by ov-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʉː/

### Prefix

u-
* un- (not)
    flaks → uflaks
    luck → bad luck
* used to create an undesired version of the following noun
    vêr → uvêr
       weather → severe weather
    tid → utid
       time → inconvenient time
* used to strengthen/intensify the following noun
    tal → utal
       number → huge number
* an abbreviation of certain words beginning with "u"

#### Derived terms
### References

* “u-” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Old Polish
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *u-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (10th–15th CE) /u/
* IPA: (15th CE) /u/

### Prefix

u-
* perfective prefix
    ‎u- + ‎wiązać → ‎uwiązać

#### Derived terms
## Phuthi
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *ʊ̀-.

#### Prefix

u- (medial wu-)
* you, thou; second-person singular subject concord.

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *ʊ́-.

#### Prefix

u- (medial ka-)
* he, she, it; class 1 subject concord.

### Etymology 3

From Proto-Bantu *gʊ́-.

#### Prefix

u- (medial wu-)
* he, she, it; class 3 subject concord.

## Polish
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish u-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /u/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -u
* Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]
* Homophones: ó, u, -u, -u-

### Prefix

u-
* appears in front of some verbs meaning: to make something behave in a certain way, en-, be-, make
    Synonym: o-
    ‎u- + ‎łatwy → ‎ułatwiać
* perfective prefix
    ‎u- + ‎bóść → ‎ubóść
* added to mean "a bit"
    ‎u- + ‎lać → ‎ulać
* added to mean away
    ‎u- + ‎iść → ‎ujść
* (rare) added to mean successfully, often without an imperfective counterpart
    ‎u- + ‎ciągnąć → ‎uciągnąć
    ‎u- + ‎rzucić → ‎urzucić

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* u- in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Slovene
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *u-. Prefixed form of the preposition u.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /u-/

### Prefix

u-
* Forms perfective verbs with the following meanings:
** (no change in meaning)
    ‎u- + ‎branīti (“to defend”) → ‎ubranīti (“to defend”)
** away
    ‎u- + ‎téči (“to run”) → ‎utéči (“to run away, escape”)
** (reflexive) to make a mistake while
    ‎u- + ‎štẹ́ti (“to count”) → ‎uštẹ́ti (“to miscount”)

#### Derived terms
## Southern Ndebele
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *ʊ̀-.

#### Prefix

u- (medial wu-)
* you, thou; second-person singular subject concord.

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *ʊ́-.

#### Prefix

u- (medial ka-)
* he, she, it; class 1 subject concord.

### Etymology 3

From Proto-Bantu *gʊ́-.

#### Prefix

u- (medial wu-)
* he, she, it; class 3 subject concord.

## Swahili

Other scripts :
| Ajami | اُـ |

### Alternative forms

* w- (before a vowel)

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *dʊ̀- and Proto-Bantu *bʊ̀-.

#### Prefix

u- (plural n- or ma-)
* u class$_{(XI)}$ noun prefix, denoting natural objects, extensions, abstract qualities, or collections of small things.
    ulimi mrefu ― a long tongue
** -ness, -ity
    ‎u- + ‎-chafu (“dirty”) → ‎uchafu (“dirtiness”)
    ‎u- + ‎mtoto (“child”) → ‎utoto (“childhood”)
    ‎u- + ‎binafsi (“self”) → ‎ubinafsi (“individualism”)
** forms names of countries
    ‎u- + ‎French France (“France”) → ‎Ufaransa (“France”)

##### Usage notes

Swahili merged the Bantu classes XI and XIV into one u class$_{(XI)}$, having its adjective agreement in m class$_{(III)}$.

##### Derived terms
#### See also

* Appendix:Swahili noun classes

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *ʊ̀-.

#### Prefix

u-
* you, 2nd person singular subject concord
    Antonym: hu-

##### See also
### Etymology 3

From Proto-Bantu *gʊ́- and Proto-Bantu *dʊ́-.

#### Prefix

u-
* it, m class$_{(III)}$/u class$_{(XI)}$ subject concord
    Antonym: hau-
** 18th century, Abdallah bin Ali bin Nasir, Al-Inkishafi‎, stanza 13:هُنُ اُلِمِغُ بَحَرِ تِيْسِ ، اُنَ مَتُبَوِ نَمَغِ مَاسِ،Hunu ulimwengu baḥari tesi, una matumbawe na-mangi masi,This world is a troubled sea, it has corals and much wickedness;
* verb-initial form of -u- (“it, m class$_{(III)}$/u class$_{(XI)}$ object concord”)

##### See also

For a full table including first and second person, see Appendix:Swahili personal pronouns

## Swazi
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *ʊ̀-.

#### Prefix

u- (medial wu-)
* you, thou; second-person singular subject concord.

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *ʊ́-.

#### Prefix

u- (medial ka-)
* he, she, it; class 1 subject concord.

### Etymology 3

From Proto-Bantu *gʊ́-.

#### Prefix

u- (medial wu-)
* he, she, it; class 3 subject concord.

## Taos
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʔu/

### Prefix

u-
* (transitive) Third person singular subject + third person duoplural object.

## Tlingit
### Prefix

u-
* Marks the irrealis mood

## Xhosa
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *ʊ̀-.

#### Prefix

u- (medial wu-)
* you, thou; second-person singular subject concord.

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Prefix

u-
* Class 1a noun prefix.

### Etymology 3

From Proto-Bantu *ʊ́-.

#### Prefix

u- (medial ka-)
* he, she, it; class 1 subject concord.

### Etymology 4

From Proto-Bantu *gʊ́-.

#### Prefix

u- (medial wu-)
* he, she, it; class 3 subject concord.

### Etymology 5
#### Prefix

u-
* Class 11 noun prefix; form of ulu- used before stems of more than one syllable.

## Ye'kwana
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [u-]

### Prefix

u-
* Allomorph of y- (first-person prefix) used for stems that begin with two consonants and have a first vowel u.

#### Inflection

| | pronoun | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | postposition object | postposition object | series I verb argument | series I verb argument | series I verb argument | series I verb argument | series I verb argument |
| | pronoun | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | postposition object | postposition object | transitive patient | intransitive patient-like | intransitive patient-like | intransitive agent-like | transitive agent |
| first person | ewü | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | w-, wi- | w-, wi- | w-, wi- |
| first person dual inclusive | küwü | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kii-, ki-$^1$ |
| second person | amödö | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | m-, mi- | m-, mi- |
| first person dual exclusive | nña | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | chö- | ∅- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- |
| third person | tüwü | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | chö- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- |
| distant past third person | tüwü | — | — | — | — | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- |
| coreferential/reflexive | — | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | — | — | — | — | — |
| reciprocal | — | — | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- |
| With following vowel lengthened if in an unreduced open syllable. |||||||||||
| | series I verb argument: transitive agent and transitive patient |
| first person > second person | mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni- |
| first person dual exclusive > second person | mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni- |
| second person > first person | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- |
| second person > first person dual exclusive | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- |
| third person > any person X …or… any person X > third person | see person X in the chart above |

## Yoruba
### Etymology 1
#### Alternative forms

* ì-

#### Pronunciation

IPA: /ù/

#### Prefix

ù-
* (CY, SEY) abstract or instrument nominalizing prefix

##### Usage notes

Forms both abstract and concrete nouns:
* ù + gwẹ̀ "to swim" → ùgwẹ̀ "swimming"
* ù + gbálẹ̀ "to sweep floor" → ùgbálẹ̀ "broom"

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2
#### Alternative forms

* i-

#### Pronunciation

IPA: /ū/

#### Prefix

u-
* (CY, SEY) non-gerundive nominalizing prefix
    ‎u- + ‎kú (“to die”) → ‎ukú (“death”)

##### Derived terms
## Zulu
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *ʊ̀-.

#### Prefix

u- (medial wu-)
* you, thou; second-person singular subject concord.

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *ʊ́-. This noun class is marked simply with the class 1 augment and a null prefix.

#### Prefix

ú-
* Class 1a noun prefix.

### Etymology 3

From Proto-Bantu *ʊ́-.

#### Prefix

ú- (medial ká-)
* he, she, it; class 1 subject concord.

### Etymology 4

From Proto-Bantu *gʊ́-.

#### Prefix

ú- (medial wú-)
* he, she, it; class 3 subject concord.

### Etymology 5

Contracted from earlier úlu-, from Proto-Bantu *dʊ́-dʊ̀-.

#### Prefix

û-
* Class 11 noun prefix.

### References

* C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “u-”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “u-”