OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# تراب
## Arabic
### Alternative forms

* تُرْبَة (turba)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tu.raːb/
** (Gulf) IPA: /traːb/

### Noun

تُرَاب • (turāb) m (plural أَتْرِبَة (ʔatriba) or تِرْبَان (tirbān))
* earth, soil, ground, dust (organic material, sand, etc., which covers the land)
* (figurative) land, territory, soil
    أَرادَت أَن تَرْجِعَ إلَى تُرابِ الوَطَن.ʔarādat ʔan tarjiʕa ʔilā turābi al-waṭan.She wanted to return to the homeland’s soil.

#### Descendants

* Maltese: trab
* → Ottoman Turkish: تراب (türäb), թիւրապ (türab), թուրապ (turab) — Armeno-Turkish
** Turkish: türap

#### References

* Freytag, Georg (1830) “تراب”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎ (in Latin), volume 1, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 188
* Lane, Edward William (1863) “تراب”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate, page 301
* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “تراب”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen, page 168
* Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “تراب”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart‎ (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, page 137

## Ottoman Turkish
### Alternative forms

* թիւրապ (türab), թուրապ (turab) — Armeno-Turkish

### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic تُرَاب (turāb, “earth, soil, dust”).

### Noun

تراب • (türab) (definite accusative ترابی (türabı), plural اتربه (etribe) or تربان (tirban))
* dust, powder, fine, dry particles of solid matter found in the air
    Synonyms: توز (toz), خاك (hak), غبار (gubar)
* earth, soil, a mixture of mineral particles and organic material
    Synonym: طوپراق (toprak)

#### Derived terms

* ابو تراب (ebu türab, “ a nickname of Ali”, literally “the father of dust”)
* ترابی (türabi, “pertaining to dust or earth”)

#### Descendants

* Turkish: türap

### Further reading

* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “türap”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 4945
* Devellioğlu, Ferit (1962) “türâb”, in Osmanlıca-Türkçe Ansiklopedik Lûgat‎‎ (in Turkish), Istanbul: Türk Dil Kurumu, page 1341
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “تراب”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 358
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Pulvis”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎, Vienna, column 1407
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “تراب”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, column 1134
* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “türap”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “تراب”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 524
# 공깃돌
## Korean
### Etymology

From 공기 (gonggi, “gonggi”) +‎ ㅅ (-s-, marker used in some compound nouns) +‎ 돌 (dol, “stone”).

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ˈko̞(ː)ŋɡit̚t͈o̞ɭ]
* Phonetic hangul: [공(ː)긷똘]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Noun

공깃돌 • (gonggitdol)
* The stone used for playing Gonggi, a Korean children's game similar to jacks.
# poslušnosti
## Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈposluʃnoscɪ]

### Noun

poslušnosti
* inflection of poslušnost:
** nominative/accusative/vocative plural
** genitive/dative/vocative/locative singular
# నుతి
## Telugu
### Noun

నుతి • (nuti) ? (plural నుతులు)
* praise, eulogium

#### Synonyms

* స్తోత్రము (stōtramu)

### References

* "నుతి" in Charles Philip Brown (1903) A Telugu-English dictionary, Madras: Promoting Christian Knowledge, page 670
# ܩܪܫ
## Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
### Pronunciation

* (Standard) IPA: [qaːrɪʃ]

### Verb

ܩܵܪܹܫ • (qārēš)
* (intransitive) to collect, form into a thin top layer
    ܩܘܼܡܵܠܵܐ ܩܪܝܼܫ ܠܹܗ ܥܲܠ ܡܹܐܟ݂ܘܼܠܬܵܐqummālā qrīš lēh ˁal mēḵultāMold formed into a thin top layer on the food.
* (transitive) to remove a thin top layer
    ܩܪܘܿܫ ܠܹܗ ܟܲܥܟܵܐ ܘܫܒ݂ܘܿܩ ܛܵܥܡܸܢqrōš lēh kaˁkā w-šḇōq ṭāˁminRemove a thin top layer of the cake and let me taste it
* (transitive) to roof; provide a roof
* to catch a cold

#### Conjugation

Generated by {{Template:aii-conj/G-strong|ܩ|ܪ|ܫ}}
# ܡܡܬܠ
## Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
### Etymology

Intensitive stem of the verb ܡܵܬ݂ܹܠ (māṯēl, “to resemble, compare, represent”); cognate to Arabic مَثَّلَ (maṯṯala) and Hebrew הִמְשִׁיל (himshíl).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard) IPA: [məmat.tɪl.]

### Verb

ܡܡܲܬܸܠ • (mmattil)
* (transitive) to compare, liken, make similar
* (transitive) to quote as example, to use a proverb
* (intransitive) to act, portray, perform a theatrical role
    ܟܹܐ ܡܡܲܬܸܠ ܦܲܪܨܘܿܦܵܐ ܪܹܝܫܵܝܵܐ ܒܚܘܼܪܙܵܐ.kē mmattil parṣōpā rēšāyā b-ḥurzā.He portrays the main character of the show.
    ܡܫܘܼܪܹܐ ܠܝܼ ܡܡܲܬܘܿܠܹܐ ܒܥܘܼܡܪܵܐ ܕܫܒ݂ܲܥ ܫܸܢܹ̈ܐ ܓܲܘ ܒܹܝܬ݂ ܚܸܙܘܵܢܹ̈ܐ.mšūrē lī mmatōlē b-ˁumrā d-šḇaˁ šinnē gaw bēṯ ḥizwānē.I started acting at the age of seven in the theatre.
* (intransitive, figuratively) to be disingenuous, pretend, simulate
    ܒܲܣܵܐ ܡܲܬܸܠ ܐ݇ܚܹܪ݇ܢܵܐ! ― bassā mattil ḥēnā! ― Stop pretending already!

#### Conjugation

Generated by {{Template:aii-conj/D-strong|ܡ|ܬ|ܠ}}

#### Synonyms

* (compare, liken): ܡܛܲܦܸܣ (mṭappis), ܡܦܲܚܸܡ (mpaḥḥim), ܡܫܲܘܕܸܥ (mšawdiˁ)
* (act, portray, pretend): ܡܛܲܝܸܠ (mṭayyil)
# ܡܢܦܩ
## Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
### Etymology

Intensitive stem of the verb ܢܵܦܹܩ (nāpēq, “to go out, exit”); compare Arabic أَنْفَقَ (ʔanfaqa).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard) IPA: [mənap.pɪq.]

### Verb

ܡܢܲܦܸܩ • (mnappiq)
* (transitive) to spend money, consume, use up
    Synonyms: ܨܵܪܹܦ (ṣārēp), ܡܚܲܪܸܓ̰ (mḥarrij)
    ܡܢܘܼܦܸܩ ܠܹܗ ܪܵܒܵܐ ܟܸܣܦܵܐ. ― mnūpiq lēh rābā kispā. ― He spent a lot of money.
    ܡܢܘܼܦܩܹ̈ܐ ܝܘܲܚ ܟܠܗܘܿܢ ܡܲܝ̈ܵܐ ܚܲܡܝܼܡܹ̈ܐ.mnupqē ìwaḥ kullhōn mayyā ḥamīmē.We’ve used up all the hot water.
* (intransitive) to exercise, practise, drill, train, study
    Synonyms: ܡܕܲܪܸܫ (mdarriš), ܡܥܲܝܸܕ݂ (mˁayyiḏ)
    ܟܹܐ ܡܢܲܦܩܸܢ ܒܲܪ̈ܵܝܹܐ ܟܠ ܝܘܿܡ.kē mnapqin barrāyē kul yōm.I exercise outside every day.

#### Conjugation

Generated by {{Template:aii-conj/D-strong|ܢ|ܦ|ܩ}}
# ܥܢܝܢܐ
## Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
### Etymology

Derived from Aramaic [Term?], with the last 3 senses being semantic loan from Hebrew עִנְיָן ('inyán), its cognate.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard) IPA: [ʕɪn.jɑːnɑː]

### Noun

ܥܸܢܝܵܢܵܐ • (ˁinyānā) m sg (plural ܥܸܢܝܵܢܹ̈ܐ (ˁinyānē))
* response to an objection in formal disputation
* matter, issue
    Synonym: ܫܲܪܒܵܐ (šarbā)
    ܡܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܥܸܢܝܵܢܵܐ ܒܗܵܢܵܐ؟mā ìlēh ˁinyānā b-hānā?What's the matter with this?
* business
    Synonym: ܫܘܼܓ݂ܠܵܐ (šuḡlā)
    ܥܸܢܝܵܢܵܐ ܕܠܵܐ ܓܡܵܪܵܐ ― ˁinyānā d-lā gmārā ― unfinished business
    ܠܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܥܸܢܝܵܢܘܼܟ݂ ― lā ìlēh ˁinyānūḵ ― It’s none of your business
* interest, something one finds interesting
    ܐܝܼܬ݂ ܠܹܗ ܥܸܢܝܵܢܵܐ ܒܗܵܢܵܐ ܡܠܘܿܐܵܐīṯ lēh ˁinyānā b-hānā mlōˀāHe has interest in this subject
    ܡܛܘܼܠܸܩ ܠܝܼ ܥܸܢܝܵܢܵܐ ܒܡܸܬ݂ܚܵܐ ܕܣܘܵܕ݂ܵܐ.mṭūliq lī ˁinyānā b-miṯḥā d-swāḏā.I lost interest during the conversation.

#### Derived terms

* ܒܲܪ ܥܸܢܝܵܢܵܐ (bar ˁinyānā)
* ܡܲܥܢܝܵܢܵܐ (maˁnyānā, “interesting”)

### References

* “ܥܸܢܝܵܢܵܐ”, in Sureth Dictionary, Association Assyrophile de France, 2024 December 11 (last accessed)
# ܡܛܥܡ
## Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
### Etymology

Intensitive stem of the verb ܛܵܥܹܡ (ṭāˁēm, “to taste”); compare Arabic أَطْعَمَ (ʔaṭʕama) and Hebrew הִטְעִים (hit'ím).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard) IPA: [matˤ.ʕɪm.]
* (Nineveh Plains) IPA: [matˤ.meʔ.]

### Verb

ܡܲܛܥܸܡ • (maṭˁim)
* (transitive) to vaccinate, inoculate
* to cause to taste, give a sample to taste
    ܐܲܛܥܸܡ ܠܝܼ ܡܵܐ ܡܒܘܼܫܸܠ ܠܘܼܟ݂aṭˁim lī mā mbūšil lūḵLet me taste what you cooked.

#### Conjugation

Generated by {{Template:aii-conj/C-strong|ܛ|ܥ|ܡ}}
# ܝܢܩܐ
## Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
### Etymology

Derived from the verb ܝܵܢܹܩ (yānēq, “to suck”); compare Hebrew תִּינוֹק (tinók).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard) IPA: [jan.qɑː]

### Noun

ܝܲܢܩܵܐ • (yanqā) m sg (plural ܝܲܢܩܹ̈ܐ (yanqē), feminine ܝܲܢܩܬܵܐ (yanqtā))
* baby, infant, suckling
    ܝܲܢܩܹ̈ܐ ܠܵܐ ܟܹܐ ܡܵܨܝܼ ܡܗܲܠܟ݂ܝܼ. ― yanqē lā kē māṣī mhalḵī. ― Babies cannot walk.

#### See also

* ܥܘܸܠܵܐ (ˁwillā, “embryo, fetus”)
* ܫܲܒ݂ܪܵܐ (šaḇrā, “child, infant”)
* ܝܵܠܵܕ݇ܐ (yālā, “boy”)
# ܣܟ
## Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Classical Syriac, absolute state of the noun ܣܵܟ݂ܵܐ (sāḵā, “limit, extreme, end”).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard) IPA: [sɑxː]

### Adverb

ܣܵܟ݂ • (sāḵ)
* at all, ever, absolutely, entirely
    Synonym: ܗܸܟ̰ (hič)
    ܣܵܟ݂ ܠܵܐ ܝܘܸܢ ܒܸܚܙܵܝܵܐ. ― sāḵ lā ìwen biḥzāyā. ― I can’t see at all.
    ܗ̇ܘ ܟܹܐ ܡܡܲܠܸܠ ܘܣܵܟ݂ ܠܹܐ ܟܵܠܹܐ.awa kē mmallil w-sāḵ lē kālē.He speaks and never stops.

#### See also

* ܠܵܐ (lā)
* ܐܵܦ (āp)
# ܡܫܝܢܐ
## Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
### Etymology

Classical passive participle of the verb ܡܫܲܝܸܢ (mšayyin), derived from the noun ܫܲܝܢܵܐ (šaynā, “safety”).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard) IPA: [məʃajj.nɑː]

### Adjective

ܡܫܲܝܢܵܐ • (mšaynā) (feminine ܡܫܲܝܲܢܬܵܐ (mšayyantā), plural ܡܫܲܝ̈ܢܹܐ (mšaynē))
* safe, riskless, harmless
    Synonym: ܫܠܝܼܡܵܐ (šlīmā)
    Antonym: ܩܲܢܝܼܛܵܐ (qanīṭā)
    ܒܸܬ ܗܵܘܹܝܬ ܡܫܲܝܢܵܐ ܠܲܐܟ݂ܵܐ. ― bit hāwēt mšaynā laˀḵā. ― You’ll be safe here.
    ܗܵܕ݂ܹܐ ܕܘܼܟܬ݂ܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܝܠܵܗ̇ ܡܫܲܝܲܢܬܵܐ ܐ݇ܚܹܪ݇ܢܵܐ.hāḏē dukṯā lā ìlāh mšayyantā ḥēnā.This place is no longer safe.
# ܕܪܘܙܐ
## Assyrian Neo-Aramaic

    darwāzā d-ˁištār gāw bāḇēl
    The Ishtar Gate in Babylon

### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian دَرْوَازَه (darwāza).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard) IPA: [darwɑːzɑː]

### Noun

ܕܲܪܘܵܙܵܐ • (darwāzā) m sg (plural ܕܲܪ̈ܘܵܙܹܐ (darwāzē))
* gate, gateway
* portal
* title page, front page

#### Synonyms

* ܒܸܠܵܐ (billā)
# ܩܝܡܐ
## Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
### Etymology 1

Active adjective of the verb ܩܵܐܹܡ (qāˀēm); compare Hebrew קַיָּם (kayám).

#### Pronunciation

* (Standard) IPA: [qajjɑːmɑː]

#### Adjective

ܩܲܝܵܡܵܐ • (qayyāmā) (feminine ܩܲܝܵܡܬܵܐ (qayyāmtā), plural ܩܲܝܵܡܹ̈ܐ (qayyāmē))
* existent, present
    Synonyms: ܐܝܼܬ݂ܝܵܐ (īṯyā), ܫܟ݂ܝܼܚܵܐ (šḵīḥā), ܗܲܘܝܼܐܵܐ (hawīˀā), ܡܛܲܝܒ݂ܵܐ (mṭayḇā)
    ܐܵܣܝܵܐ ܩܲܝܵܡܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܐܸܕܝܘܿܡ؟āsyā qayyāmā ìlēh idyōm?Is the doctor present today?
    ܗܵܕܟ݂ܵܐ ܡܸܢܕܝܼ ܠܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܩܲܝܵܡܵܐ.hādḵā mindī lā ìlēh qayyāmā.Such a thing dosen’t exist.
* valid, enduring
    Antonym: ܒܲܛܵܠܵܐ (baṭṭālā)
    ܦܸܬ݂ܩܘܼܟ݂ ܝܼܠܹܗ ܩܲܝܵܡܵܐ ܗܲܠ ܫܹܢ݇ܬܵܐ ܕܐܵܬ݂ܝܵܐ.piṯqūḵ īlēh qayyāmā hal šēttā d-āṯyā.Your ticket is valid until next year.

### Etymology 2

Passive participle of the verb ܩܵܐܹܡ (qāˀēm); compare the same in Arabic قَائِم (qāʔim).

#### Pronunciation

* (Standard) IPA: [qiːmɑː]

#### Adjective

ܩܝܼܡܵܐ • (qīmā) (feminine ܩܝܼܡܬܵܐ (qīmtā), plural ܩܝܼܡܹ̈ܐ (qīmē))
* standing, upright
    Synonyms: ܙܩܝܼܦܵܐ (zqīpā), ܬܪܝܼܨܵܐ (trīṣā)
    Antonym: ܝܬ݂ܝܼܒ݂ܵܐ (ṯīḇā)

### Etymology 3

Verbal noun of ܩܵܐܹܡ (qāˀēm)

#### Pronunciation

* (Standard) IPA: [qəjɑːmɑː]

#### Noun

ܩܝܵܡܵܐ • (qyāmā) m (plural ܩܝܵܡܹ̈ܐ (qyāmē))
* covenant, mutual agreement, ordinance
    Synonyms: ܥܲܪܵܒ݂ܘܼܬ݂ܵܐ (ˁarrāḇūṯā), ܫܘܼܘܕܵܝܵܐ (šūwdāyā), ܡܘܼܠܟܵܢܵܐ (mulkānā), ܩܲܘܠܵܐ (qawlā)
* contract

##### Derived terms

* ܒܲܪ ܩܝܵܡܵܐ (bar qyāmā)
# ܡܬܗܪܓܢܘܬܐ
## Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
### Etymology

ܡܸܬ݂- (miṯ-) +‎ ܗܵܪܹܓ݂ (hārēḡ, “to review”) +‎ -ܵܢܵܐ (-ānā, the abstract noun ending) +‎ -ܘܼܬ݂ܵܐ (-ūṯā).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard) IPA: [mɪθ.harɣɑːnuːθɑː]

### Noun

ܡܸܬ݂ܗܲܪܓ݂ܵܢܘܼܬ݂ܵܐ • (miṯharḡānūṯā) f sg (plural ܡܸܬ݂ܗܲܪ̈ܓ݂ܵܢܘܵܬ݂ܹܐ (miṯharḡānwāṯē))
* review, rereading
    ܘܵܠܹܐ ܕܫܵܩܠܹܢ ܡܸܬ݂ܗܲܪܓ݂ܵܢܘܼܬ݂ܵܐ ܥܲܠ ܟܠܗܹܝܢ ܦܸܢܩܝܵܬ݂ܝܼ̈.wālē d-šāqlēn miṯharḡānūṯā ˁal klhēn pinqyāṯī.I need to make a review of all my notes.
    ܡܸܬ݂ܗܲܪܓ݂ܵܢܘܼܬ݂ܵܐ ܕܓܸܠܝܘܿܢܵܐ ܡܠܝܼܬ݂ܵܐ ܝܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܒܫܘܼܒ݂ܚܵܐ.miṯharḡānūṯā d-gilyōnā mlīṯā ìwā b-šuḇḥā.The newspaper review was full of praise.
* proofreading
    ܝܘܼܗ݇ܒ݂ܹܠ ܠܲܢ ܬܲܪܬܹܝܢ ܡܸܬ݂ܗܲܪ̈ܓ݂ܵܢܘܵܬ݂ܹܐ ܩܵܐ ܐܸܫܛܵܪܵܐ.yūḇēl lan tartēn miṯharḡānwāṯē qā išṭārā.We gave the document two proofreadings.
# ܕܠܐ ܦܘܫܟܐ
## Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
### Pronunciation

* (Standard) IPA: [dəlɑː‿puʃʃɑːxɑː]

### Adverb

ܕܠܵܐ ܦܘܼܫܵܟ݂ܵܐ • (d-lā puššāḵā)
* Literally, “without a doubt”, certainly, definitely, for sure
    Synonym: ܕܠܵܐ ܟܒ݂ܲܪ (d-lā kḇar)
    ܟܹܐ ܝܵܕ݂ܥܹܢ ܕܠܵܐ ܦܘܼܫܵܟ݂ܵܐ ܕܝܼܢܵܐ ܬܲܡܵܐ.kē yāḏˁēn d-lā puššāḵā d-īnā tammā.I know for certain that they are there.
# ܕܠܦ
## Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
### Etymology

Compare Hebrew דָּלַף (daláf).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard) IPA: [dɑːlepː]

### Verb

ܕܵܠܹܦ • (dālēp)
* to leak, leak out, seep
    ܒܲܢܒܘܼܠܵܐ ܒܸܕܠܵܦܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ. ― banbūlā bidlāpā ìlēh. ― The faucet is leaking.
    ܡܲܝ̈ܵܐ ܥܪܹܐ ܠܗܘܿܢ ܒܸܕܠܵܦܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܐ݇ܓܵܪܹܐ.mayyā ˁrē lhōn bidlāpā min gārē.The water started to seep from the roof.

#### Conjugation

Generated by {{Template:aii-conj/G-strong|ܕ|ܠ|ܦ}}
# ܥܒܝܕܐ
## Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
### Etymology

Passive participle of ܥܵܒ݂ܹܕ݂ (ˁāḇēḏ, “to do, make”).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard) IPA: [ʕəwiːðɑː]
* (Urmia) IPA: [viːdɑː]

### Adjective

ܥܒ݂ܝܼܕ݂ܵܐ • (ˁḇīḏā) (feminine ܥܒ݂ܝܼܕܬܵܐ (ˁḇīdtā), plural ܥܒ݂ܝܼ̈ܕ݂ܹܐ (ˁḇīḏē))
* done, made, created
* made of [with ܡ̣ܢ (min)] or [with ܒ- (b-)]
    Synonym: ܡܬܘܼܪܨܵܐ (mturṣā)
    ܗܵܕ݂ܹܐ ܚܫܸܠܬܵܐ ܝܠܵܗ̇ ܥܒ݂ܝܼܕܬܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܕܲܗܒ݂ܵܐ ܘܐܸܣܛܵܡܵܐhāḏē ḥšiltā ìlāh ˁḇīdtā min dahḇā w-isṭāmāThis piece of jewellery is made of gold and steel.

#### Derived terms

* ܥܒ݂ܝܼܕܬܵܐ (ˁḇīdtā, “fact; created or done or made thing”)
# ܙܗܪ
## Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
### Etymology

Compare Hebrew נִזְהַר (niz'hár) and Arabic زَهَرَ (zahara).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard) IPA: [zɑːheːr]

### Verb

ܙܵܗܹܪ • (zāhēr)
* (intransitive) to be careful or cautious; to watch out [with ܡ̣ܢ (min) ‘from’] or [with ܒ- (b-) ‘by’]
    ܙܵܗܪܹܬ ܡ̣ܢ ܬܲܪ̈ܥܹܐ ܟܘܼܦܹ̈ܐ ― zāhrēt min tarˁē kūpē ― Watch out for the low doors.

#### Conjugation

Generated by {{Template:aii-conj/G-strong|ܙ|ܗ|ܪ}}

#### Derived terms

* ܡܙܲܗܸܪ (mzahhir)
# ܬܩܝܢܘܬܐ
## Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
### Etymology

Phono-semantic matching of English technology

### Pronunciation

* (Standard) IPA: [taq.qiːnuːθɑː]

### Noun

ܬܲܩܝܼܢܘܼܬ݂ܵܐ • (taqīnūṯā) m sg (plural ܬܲܩܝܼܢ̈ܘܵܬ݂ܹܐ (taqīnwāṯē))
* technology
    ܬܲܩܝܼܢ̈ܘܵܬܹܐ ܚܲܕܬܹ̈ܐ ܟܹܐ ܡܲܦܫܩܝܼ ܡܸܬ݂ܡܲܛܝܵܢܘܼܬ݂ܵܐ ܘܡܫܲܢܝܵܢܘܼܬ݂ܵܐ ܕܡܵܘܕܥܵܢܘܵܬ݂ܹ̈ܐ ܒܣܘܼܪܗܵܒ݂ܵܐ.taqīnwātē ḥadtē kē mapšqī miṯmaṭyānūṯā w-mšanyānūṯā d-māwdˁānwāṯē b-surhāḇā.Modern technologies facilitate communication and the rapid transfer of information.

#### Related terms

* ܬܸܩܢܵܐ (tiqnā)
* ܬܘܼܩܵܢܵܐ (tuqqānā)
* ܬܸܩܢܘܿܠܘܿܓ݂ܝܼܵܐ (tiqnōlōḡīyā)
# ܡܚܦܠ
## Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
### Etymology

Causitive verb derived from Arabic غَفَلَ (ḡafala, “to neglect, to disregard”).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard) IPA: [max.pɪl.]

### Verb

ܡܲܚܦܸܠ • (maḥpil)
* (transitive) to decline, refuse, turn down (such as an offer)
    Synonym: ܕܵܚܹܐ (dāḥē)
    Antonym: ܡܩܲܒܸܠ (mqabbil)
    ܟܹܐ ܡܲܚܦܠܸܢ ܕܡܗܲܝܡܢܸܢ ܕܝܼܠܹܗ ܫܲܪܝܼܪܵܐ.kē maḥplin d-mhaymnin d-īlēh šarīrā.I refuse to believe that it is true.
    ܡܵܐܟܹܢܵܐ ܡܘܼܚܦܸܠ ܠܵܗ̇ ܟܪܲܛ ܚܲܘܒܬ݂ܵܐ ܕܝܼܘܼܟ݂، ܡ̣ܢ ܥܸܠܲܬ݂ ܟܸܣܦܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܣܵܦܩܵܐ.mākēnā muḥpil lāh kraṭ ḥawbṯā dīyūḵ, min ˁillaṯ kispā lā sāpqā.The machine declined your debit card, for insufficient funds.

#### Conjugation

Generated by {{Template:aii-conj/C-strong|ܚ|ܦ|ܠ}}
# ܫܘܪ
## Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
### Etymology

Inherited from Aramaic שְׁוַר (šəwar); compare Akkadian [script needed] (samārum, “to leap, jump”).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard) IPA: [ʃɑːweːr]

### Verb

ܫܵܘܹܪ • (šāwēr)
* to leap, leap over, jump
    Synonym: ܩܵܦ̮ܹܛ (qāfēṭ)
    ܟܲܢܓܵܪܵܐ ܟܹܐ ܫܵܘܹܪ ܠܪ̈ܘܼܚܩܹܐ ܪ̈ܲܒܹܐ.kangārā kē šāwēr l-ruḥqē rabbē.The kangaroo leaps great distances.

#### Conjugation

Generated by {{Template:aii-conj/G-strong|ܫ|ܘ|ܪ}}

#### Derived terms

* ܫܵܘܹܪ ܥܲܠ ܒܵܠܵܐ (šāwēr ˁal bālā, “to occur to someone”)
# ܡܪܗܛ
## Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
### Etymology

Causitive stem of the verb ܪܵܗܹܛ (rāhēṭ, “to run”).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard) IPA: [mar.hɪtˤ.]
* (Urmia) IPA: [mar.xɪtˤ.]

### Verb

ܡܲܪܗܸܛ • (marhiṭ)
* (transitive) to run, to cause to move quickly
    ܟܹܐ ܡܲܪܗܛܸܢ ܟܲܠܒܝܼ ܓܵܘ ܚܲܩܠܵܐ.kē marhṭin kalbī gāw ḥaqlā.I run my dog in the field.
    ܡܲܪܗܸܛ ܣܘܼܣܹܐ ܒܡܘܼܪܵܝܵܐ.marhiṭ sūsē b-mūrāyā.To run the horse in the competition.
* (transitive, figurative) to control or manage; to be in charge of
    ܡܘܼܪܗܸܛ ܠܲܢ ܫܘܼܬܐܵܣܵܐ. ― murhiṭ lan šūtˀāsā. ― We ran the foundation.
    ܚܵܠܬܹܗ ܟܹܐ ܡܲܪܗܛܵܐ ܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܕܘܼܟܵܢܵܐ ܒܫܸܢܹ̈ܐ.ḥāltēh kē marhṭā wā dukkānā b-šinnē.His aunt used to run the store for years.

#### Conjugation

Generated by {{Template:aii-conj/C-strong|ܪ|ܗ|ܛ}}
# ܢܩܘܝܬܐ
## Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
### Etymology

Feminine of the noun pattern 1i22ō3ā.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard) IPA: [niqqojtaː]
* (Nineveh Plains) IPA: [naqqoːθa]

### Noun

ܢܸܩܘܿܝܬܵܐ • (niqōytā) f
* bad produce left unsold at the end of the day
    ܣܓ݂ܲܘ ܡ̣ܢ ܚܘܼܫܟܵܐ ܠܫܘܼܩܵܐ ܕܠܵܐ ܦܵܐܹܫ ܠܵܘܟ݂ܘܿܢ ܒܲܣ ܢܸܩܘܿܝܬܵܐsḡaw min ḥuškā lšūqā d-lā pāˀēš lāwḵōn bas niqōytāGo to the market in the morning so that bad produce isn’t all that’s left for you.
# ܐܡܢ
## Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Aramaic אֲמַן (ʾăman).

#### Pronunciation

* (Standard) IPA: [ʔɑːmeːn]

#### Verb

ܐܵܡܹܢ • (āmēn)
* (intransitive) to last, endure, pursue
    Synonyms: ܦܵܐܹܫ (pāˀēš), ܩܵܘܹܐ (qāwē), ܟܵܬ݂ܹܪ (kāṯēr)

##### Conjugation

Generated by {{Template:aii-conj/G-weak-1i|ܡ|ܢ}}

### Etymology 2

Possibly from Ottoman Turkish آمان (aman).

#### Pronunciation

* (Standard) IPA: [ʔɑːmɑːn]

#### Interjection

ܐܵܡܵܢ • (āmān)
* an indication of excitement, surprise, astonishment, or pleasure
    ܐܵܡܵܢ! ܕܵܐܟ݂ܝܼ ܟܹܐ ܥܵܒ݂ܕ݂ܝܼ ܗܵܕܲܟ݂؟āmān! dāḵī kē ˁāḇḏī hādaḵ?Wow! How do they do that?

##### See also

* ܘܵܝ (wāy)
# aspro
## English
### Etymology

Shortening.

### Pronunciation

* Audio (General Australian):(file)

### Noun

aspro (plural aspros)
* (Australia, informal) associate professor

### Anagrams

* praos, sapro-, psora, rapso, proas, Paros, sapor, Proas, Poras, rapos, roaps

## Aragonese
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin asperum, singular accusative of asper (“rough”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈaspɾo/
* Rhymes: -aspɾo
* Syllabification: as‧pro

### Adjective

aspro (feminine aspra, masculine plural aspros, feminine plural aspras)
* rough

### References

* “áspero”, in Aragonario, diccionario castellano–aragonés (in Spanish)
* Bal Palazios, Santiago (2002) “aspro”, in Dizionario breu de a luenga aragonesa, Zaragoza, →ISBN

## Italian
### Etymology

From Latin asperum (“rough”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂esp- (“to cut”). Compare Spanish and Portuguese áspero (“rough”), French âpre, Romanian aspru.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈa.spro/
* Rhymes: -aspro
* Hyphenation: à‧spro

### Adjective

aspro (feminine aspra, masculine plural aspri, feminine plural aspre, superlative asprissimo, diminutive asprétto or asprìno)
* sharp, tart (taste)
* sour, pungent, bitter
* rugged (terrain)
* harsh, severe
* strict
* difficult

#### Derived terms

* aspramente
* asprezza
* asprigno
* inasprire

#### Related terms

* asperità
* asperrimo

### Further reading

* aspro$^1$ in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
* aspro$^2$ in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

### Anagrams

* parso, prosa, raspo, raspò, sapro-, saprò, sopra, sopra-, sparo, sparò, spora

## Spanish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἄσπρον (áspron).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈaspɾo/ [ˈas.pɾo]
* Rhymes: -aspɾo
* Syllabification: as‧pro

### Noun

aspro m (plural aspros)
* a particular Turkish currency; the asper

### Further reading

* “aspro”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# draĥmo
## Esperanto
### Alternative forms

* drakmo

### Etymology

From Ancient Greek δραχμή (drakhmḗ).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈdraxmo]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -axmo
* Hyphenation: draĥ‧mo

### Noun

draĥmo (accusative singular draĥmon, plural draĥmoj, accusative plural draĥmojn)
* drachma (currency of Greece in ancient times and again from 1832 until 2001 (symbol: ₯))

#### See also

* obolo
# صدا
## Hijazi Arabic
### Etymology 1

From Arabic صَدَأْ (ṣadaʔ).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sˤada/
* Homophone: صَدَى (ṣada)

#### Noun

صدا • (ṣada) m
* rust

### Etymology 2

From Arabic صَدَّأ (ṣaddaʔ).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sˤadda/

#### Verb

صدا • (ṣadda) I (non-past يِصَدِّي (yiṣaddi))
* to rust
    الحديد صدأ ― al-ḥadīd ṣadda ― the steel rusted

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic صَدًى (ṣadan, “echo”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [sa.ˈðɑː]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [sä.d̪ɑ́ː]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [sä.d̪ɑ́ː]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [sä.d̪ɑ́ː]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [sä.d̪ɔ́ː]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [se.d̪ɒ́ː], [sæ.d̪ɒ́ː]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [sä.d̪ɔ́]
* Audio (Iran):(file)

### Noun

صِدا or صَدا • (sedâ or sadâ) (plural صداها (sedâ-hâ))
* sound, call, voice
    Synonyms: آوا (âvâ), نِدا (nedâ)
** Farhad, مرد تنها (mard-e tanhâ)
    با صدای بی‌صدا مثه یه کوه بلند مثه یه خواب کوتاه یه مرد بود یه مردbâ sedâ-ye bi-sedâ mes-e ye kuh boland mes-e ye xâb kutâh ye mard bud, ye mardwith a voiceless voice, lofty as a mountain, brief as a dream, there was a man, a man...(مثه is a phonetic spelling of the colloquial variant of مثلِ)
* noise
    Synonym: سَر و صِدا (sar-o-sedâ)

#### Derived terms

* بی سر و صدا (bi-sar-o-sedâ)
* بی‌صدا (bi-sedâ)
* سر و صدا (sar-o-sedâ)
* صدا زدن (sedâ zadan)
* صدا کردن (sedâ kardan)
* صدادار (sedâ-dâr)
* صداهای
* هم‌صدا (ham-sedâ)
* پر سر و صدا (por-sar-o-sedâ)
* کم‌صدا (kam-sedâ)

## Urdu
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian صدا (sadā), from Arabic صَدًى (ṣadan).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /sə.d̪ɑː/
* Rhymes: -ɑː
* Hyphenation: صَ‧دا

### Noun

صَدا • (sadā) f (Hindi spelling सदा)
* sound, voice, echo
* call, shout, cry
* ring, bell

### References

* “صدا”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
* “صدا”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.
# اسمي
## Arabic
### Etymology 1

* This entry is part of the phrasebook project, which presents criteria for inclusion based on utility, simplicity and commonness.
From اِسْم (ism, “name”) +‎ ـِي (-ī, “my”).

#### Noun

اِسْمِي or اِسْمِيَ • (ismī or ismiya) m
* my name (is)
    Synonym: أُدْعَى... (ʔudʕā...)
    اِسْمِي أَحْمَد ― ismī ʔaḥmad ― My name is Ahmad

### Etymology 2

Relative adjective (nisba) composed of اِسْم (ism) +‎ ـِيّ (-iyy).

#### Adjective

اِسْمِيّ • (ismiyy)
* nominal

### Etymology 3
#### Verb

اُسْمِي • (usmī) (form I) /us.miː/
* second-person feminine singular imperative of سَمَا (samā)

### References

* ↑ Wehr, Hans (1979) “اسمي”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN