# 北京
## Chinese

* 北京 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 北京 (Cantonese)
* 北京 (Classical)
* 北京 (Gan)
* Pet-kîn (Hakka)
* Báe̤k-gĭng (Eastern Min)
* Pak-kiaⁿ (Southern Min)
* 北京 (Wu)

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): Běijīng
       (Zhuyin): ㄅㄟˇ ㄐㄧㄥ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): be$^2$ jin$^1$
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): Быйҗин (Bɨyžin, I-I)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): bak$^1$ ging$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): bak$^2$ gen$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): bet$^6$ jin$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): Pet-kîn
    (Hailu, HRS): bed gin$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): bêd$^5$ gin$^1$
* Jin (Wiktionary): bei$^2$ jing$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): Bă̤-géng
* Eastern Min (BUC): Báe̤k-gĭng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): bah$^6$ ging$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): Pak-kiaⁿ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): bag$^4$ gian$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^7$poq-cin
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): be$^6$ jin$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Běijīng
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄟˇ ㄐㄧㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Běijing
*** Wade–Giles: Pei$^3$-ching$^1$
*** Yale: Běi-jīng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Beeijing
*** Palladius: Бэйцзин (Bɛjczin)
*** Sinological IPA : /peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Běijīngr
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄟˇ ㄐㄧㄥㄦ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: běijingr
*** Wade–Giles: pei$^3$-ching$^1$-ʼrh
*** Yale: běi-jīngr
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: beeijiengl
*** Palladius: бэйцзинр (bɛjczinr)
*** Sinological IPA : /peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiɤ̯̃ɻ⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: be$^2$ jin$^1$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: be gin
*** Sinological IPA : /pɛ²¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: Быйҗин (Bɨyžin, I-I)
*** Sinological IPA : /pei²⁴ t͡ɕiŋ²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: bak$^1$ ging$^1$
*** Yale: bāk gīng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: bak$^7$ ging$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: beg$^1$ ging$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /pɐk̚⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: bak$^2$ gen$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /pak̚⁵⁵ ken³³/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: bet$^6$ jin$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /pɛt̚⁵ t͡ɕin⁴²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Pet-kîn
*** Hakka Romanization System: bed$^ˋ$ gin$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: bed$^5$ gin$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /pet̚² kin²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: bed gin$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /pet⁵⁻² kin⁵³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: bêd$^5$ gin$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /pɛt̚¹ kin⁴⁴/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: bei$^2$ jing$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /pei⁵³ t͡ɕiŋ¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: Bă̤-géng
*** Sinological IPA : /pɛ²⁴ keiŋ⁵⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: Báe̤k-gĭng
*** Sinological IPA : /pøyʔ²⁴⁻²¹ kiŋ⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: bah$^6$ ging$^1$ [Phonetic: bah$^7$ ging$^1$]
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: Bah-ging
*** Sinological IPA : /paʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ kiŋ⁵³³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: bah$^6$ ging$^1$ [Phonetic: bah$^7$ ging$^1$]
*** Sinological IPA : /paʔ²⁻²⁴ kiŋ⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Pak-kiaⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: Pak-kiann
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pakkviaf
*** IPA (Xiamen): /pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiã³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /pak̚³²⁻⁵ kiã⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: bag$^4$ gian$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: pak kiaⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /pak̚²⁻⁴ kĩã³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^7$poq-cin
*** MiniDict: poh$^入$ cin
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^4$poq-jin
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /poʔ³³ t͡ɕin⁴⁴/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: be$^6$ jin$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /pɤ̞²⁴ t͡ɕin³³/
* Middle Chinese: pok kjaeng
Rime :
| Character | 北 | 京 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 幫 (1) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 德 (131) | 庚 (111) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 博墨切 | 舉卿切 |
| Baxter | pok | kjaeng |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /pək̚/ | /kˠiæŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /pək̚/ | /kᵚiaŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /pək̚/ | /kiaŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /pək̚/ | /kiajŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /pək̚/ | /kiɐŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /pək̚/ | /kĭɐŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /pək̚/ | /ki̯ɐŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | bo | jīng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | bak$^1$ | ging$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*pˤək [k]raŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*pɯːɡ kraŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 北 | 京 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | běi | jīng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ pok › | ‹ kjæng › |
| Old Chinese | /*pˁək/ | /*[k]raŋ/ |
| English | north | hill; capital city |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 北 | 京 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 414 | 6828 |
| Phonetic component | 北 | 京 |
| Rime group | 職 | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 北 | 驚 |
| Old Chinese | /*pɯːɡ/ | /*kraŋ/ |

### Proper noun

北京
* (～市) Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)
       Zhōngguó de shǒudū shì Běijīng. [Pinyin]
       The capital of China is Beijing.
       Běijīng de chūntiān hěn shìhé qíchē guàng hútòng. [Pinyin]
       Beijing’s spring is very suitable for cycling around the hutongs.
       Yuánliàng wǒ bù néng péi nǐ qù Běijīng. [Pinyin]
       Forgive me for not being able to go with you to Beijing.
    From: Feng Menglong, Stories to Awaken the World, 1627 CE
    Zhè huàběn yě chū zài běncháo Xuāndé nián jiān, yǒu yī lǎozhě, xìng Liú, míng Dé, jiā zuǒ Héxīwù zhèn shàng. Zhè zhèn zài yùnhé zhī páng, lí běijīng yǒu èrbǎi lǐ tiándì, nǎi gè shěng chūrù jīngdōu de yàolù. [Pinyin]
    This story took place during the Xuande era of the current dynasty. There was an elderly man named Liu De who resided in Hexiwu town. This town is located beside the canal, about 200 lis away from Peking, and serves as a crucial route for people traveling to and from the capital from various provinces.
    Synonyms: 北平 (Běipíng) (historical), 燕京 (Yānjīng) (historical)
* (metonymically) Beijing (the government of the People's Republic of China)
* (historical) northern capital
** [5th c. CE] Jiankang (capital of Liu Song dynasty)—in modern-day Nanjing, Jiangsu province
** [5th c. CE] Jingkou (birthplace of Liu Song dynasty)—in modern-day Zhenjiang, Jiangsu province
** [5th c. CE] Pingcheng (capital of Northern Wei dynasty)—in modern-day Datong, Shanxi province
** [8th–10th c. CE] Taiyuan Fu (birthplace of Tang dynasty and many subsequent states)—in modern-day Taiyuan, Shanxi province
** [11th c. CE] Daming Fu (visited by Emperor Zhenzong)—in modern-day Handan, Hebei province
** [12th c. CE] Shangjing Linhuang Fu (one of the capitals of Jin dynasty)—in modern-day Chifeng, Inner Mongolia
** [12th c. CE] Zhongdu (one of the capitals of Jin dynasty)—in modern-day Beijing
** [14th c. CE] Kaifeng Fu (Ming dynasty)—in modern-day Kaifeng, Henan province

#### Usage notes

* Modern sense since 15th century (capital of Ming, Qing, ROC formerly and now PRC)
* The name was chosen by the Yongle Emperor to distinguish the city from 南京 (Nánjīng, “Nanjing; southern capital”).

#### Synonyms

* (Beijing): (historical) 北平 (Běipíng), (literary, or ironic, humorous) 帝都 (dìdū), (historical, archaic) 燕京 (Yānjīng)

#### Derived terms

* 北京人 (Běijīngrén)
* 北京填鴨 / 北京填鸭
* 北京時間 / 北京时间 (Běijīng Shíjiān)
* 北京條約 / 北京条约
* 北京烤鴨 / 北京烤鸭 (Běijīng kǎoyā)
* 北京狗 (běijīnggǒu)
* 北京猿人 (Běijīng yuánrén)
* 北京話 / 北京话 (Běijīnghuà)
* 北京路 (Běijīnglù)
* 北京雨燕
* 北京鴨 / 北京鸭 (běijīngyā)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 北京(ほっきょう) (Hokkyō)
* → Korean: 북경(北京) (Bukgyeong)
* → Vietnamese: Bắc Kinh (北京)
Others:
* → Amis: Piking
* → Arabic: بِكِين (bikīn)
* → Asturian: Beijing
* → Belarusian: Пекі́н (Pjekín)
* → Bengali: বেইজিং (beijiṅ)
* → Bouyei: Bagtjingl
* → Burmese: ပေကျင်း (pe-kyang:), ပီကင်း (pikang:)
* → Catalan: Pequín
* → Czech: Peking
* → Danish: Beijing, Peking
* → Dutch: Peking
* → English: Beijing, Peking, Pei-ching
* → French: Pékin
* → Finnish: Peking, Beijing
* → Georgian: პეკინი (ṗeḳini)
* → German: Peking
* → Greek: Πεκίνο (Pekíno)
* → Hebrew: בייג׳ינג (beijing)
* → Hindi: बेजिंग (bejiṅg)
* → Hlai: Bhakgengs
* → Hungarian: Peking
* → Italian: Pechino
* → Japanese: 北(ペ)京(キン) (Pekin)
* → Kazakh: Бейжің (Beijıñ)
* → Khmer: ប៉េកាំង (peekang)
* → Korean: 베이징 (Beijing)
* → Lao: ປັກກິງ (pak king)
* → Latin: Pechinum
* → Latvian: Pekina
* → Lithuanian: Pekinas
* → Lü: ᦵᦗᦲᧉᦋᦲᧃᧈ (poe²tsiin¹)
* → Macedonian: Пекинг (Peking)
* → Manchu: ᠪᡝᡤᡳᠩ (beging)
* → Mongolian: Бээжин (Beežin) / ᠪᠡᠭᠡᠵᠢᠩ (begeǰing)
* → Nepali: बेइजिङ (beijiṅ)
* → Nuosu: ꀙꏢ (bip ji)
* → Persian: پکن (pekan)
* → Polish: Pekin
* → Portuguese: Pequim
* → Romanian: Beijing, Pekin
* → Russian: Пеки́н (Pekín)
** → Armenian: Պեկին (Pekin)
* → Serbo-Croatian: Пѐкинг / Pèking, Бејџинг / Bejdžing
* → Slovene: Peking
* → Spanish: Pekín, Pequín
* → Swedish: Peking, Beijing
* → Telugu: బీజింగ్ (bījiṅg)
* → Thai: ปักกิ่ง (bpàk-gìng)
* → Tibetan: པེ་ཅིན (pe cin), པེ་ཅིང (pe cing)
* → Urdu: بیجنگ (bējiṅg)
* → Uyghur: بېيجىڭ (bëyjing)
* → Zhuang: Baekging

### See also

* Other capitals in the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China: 南京 (Nánjīng) — 洛陽／洛阳 (Luòyáng) — 西安 (Xī'ān)
* Other directions: 南京 (Nánjīng, “southern capital”) — 東京／东京 (Dōngjīng, “eastern capital”) — 西京 (Xījīng, “western capital”)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 北 | 京 |
| ぺ Grade: 2 | きん Grade: 2 |
| tōon ||
Borrowed from English Peking, from the Nanjing court dialect Mandarin 北京 (Běijīng, literally “northern capital”), from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/. The kanji are an orthographic borrowing from Chinese 北京 (Běijīng). Compare Portuguese Pequim, Spanish Pekín, Dutch Peking, English Peking, French Pékin, German Peking, Russian Пекин (Pekin).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ペキン [péꜜkìǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [pe̞kʲĩɴ]
* Audio:(file)

#### Proper noun

北京(ペキン) • (Pekin)
* Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)

#### See also

* 北(ペ)京(キン)語(ご) (Pekin-go)
* 北(ペ)京(キン)人(じん) (Pekin-jin)
* 北(ペ)京(キン)ダック (Pekin dakku)
* ペキニーズ (Pekinīzu)
* 南(なん)京(きん) (Nankin)
* トンキン (Tonkin)
* 東(とう)京(きょう) (Tōkyō)

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 北 | 京 |
| ほく > ほっ Grade: 2 | きょう Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||
Compound of 北(ほく) (hoku, “north”) + 京(きょう) (kyō, “capital city”). Attested from the 13th century.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ほっきょー [hòkkyóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ho̞k̚ʲkʲo̞ː]
* This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.

#### Proper noun

北(ほっ)京(きょう) • (Hokkyō)
* (history) Kyoto the "Northern Capital", as opposed to Nara the "Southern Capital"

### References

* ↑ Kaske, Elisabeth (2008) The Politics of Language in Chinese Education, 1895–1919‎, Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV, →ISBN, page 52
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ “ほっ‐きょう［ホクキャウ］ 【北京】”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 北 | 京 |

### Proper noun

北京 • (Bukgyeong) (hangeul 북경)
* hanja form of 북경 (“Beijing”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 北 | 京 |

### Proper noun

北京
* chữ Hán form of Bắc Kinh (“Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)”).