# pullus
## English

* This entry needs quotations to illustrate usage. If you come across any interesting, durably archived quotes then please add them!

### Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from Latin pullus.

### Pronunciation

* This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA or enPR then please add some!

### Noun

pullus (plural pulli)
* (ornithology) A chick; a young bird in the downy stage.

### References

* “pullus”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.

## Dutch
### Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from Latin pullus. Doublet of pul.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Noun

pullus m (plural pulli)
* (ornithology) a pullus; the young chick of a bird
    Synonym: kuiken
    Hyponyms: nesteling, takkeling

## Latin
### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈpul.lus/, [ˈpʊlːʲʊs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈpul.lus/, [ˈpulːus]

### Etymology 1

Disputed; two etymologies are plausible:
* From Proto-Italic *polnos, from Proto-Indo-European *polH-on- (“offspring, (animal) young”); compare Ancient Greek πῶλος (pôlos, “foal; young girl”), Proto-Germanic *fulô (“foal”), Albanian pjellë (“child”) and pelë (“mare”), Old Armenian ուլ (ul, “kid, fawn”). The verbal root is likely found in Albanian pjell (“to beget”), which implies a connection to pellō (“to drive, push”), from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₂- with a semantic shift of “to push (out)” > “to beget”, if not a distinct root *pelH- (“to give birth”).
* From Proto-Indo-European *put-, also found in Latin putus (“boy”), Proto-Indo-Iranian *putrás (“boy”) and perhaps Sanskrit पोत (pota, “young animal”) (which would indicate *pewt-, though more likely borrowed from Dravidian) and Lithuanian putýtis (“young bird, young animal”). De Vaan reconstructs Proto-Italic *putslos, which he considers a variant of *putlos (“boy”). The presence of an earlier apical consonant in the stem in Latin is evidenced by the -s- in the diminutive adjective pusillus. Some authors connect these to the root *peh₂w- (“small”) (compare Latin paulus, paullus (“small”) and paucus (“little, few”), Old English fēaw (“little, few”)), but the morphology is unclear and the complete disappearance of the laryngeal is hard to explain.
Alternatively onomatopoeic, like Swedish pulla.

#### Noun

pullus m (genitive pullī); second declension
* a young animal
** chick, chicken
** foal
* (term of endearment) darling

##### Declension

Second-declension noun.

##### Derived terms

* pullārius
* pullastra
* pullicēnus
* *pulliō (Vulgar Latin)
* pullō
* pullulus

##### Descendants

* Balkan Romance:
** Aromanian: pulj, pulju, puljiu
** Istro-Romanian: puľ
** Megleno-Romanian: puľu
** Romanian: pui
* Italo-Romance:
** Italian: pollo
*** → Sicilian: pollu
** Marchigiano: puju
* Padanian:
** Lombard: pói
* Northern Gallo-Romance:
** Franco-Provençal: pôl
** Old French: pol, pul, poul
*** → Middle English: pulle
* Southern Gallo-Romance:
** Aragonese: pollo
    Ribagorçan: poll, pol
** Catalan: poll
** Languedocien: pol
* Ibero-Romance:
** Asturian: pollu, pullu
** Old Galician-Portuguese:
*** Galician: polo
*** Portuguese: polo
** Spanish: pollo
*** → Portuguese: polho
* Insular Romance:
** Sardinian: pudhu, puddu
** Sicilian: puḍḍu
From derivations:
* ⇒ Late Latin: pullanus
** Old French:
*** ⇒ Middle French: poulenet
**** →? Scots: powny
***** → English: pony (see there for further descendants)
***** → Scottish Gaelic: pònaidh
* ⇒ Vulgar Latin: pulla f
** Balkan Romance:
*** Aromanian: pulã
*** Romanian: pulă
** Dalmatian:
*** pula
** Italo-Romance:
*** Umbro: pulla
** Padanian:
*** Lombard: pola, póia
*** Romansch: pula
** Northern Gallo-Romance:
*** Franco-Provençal: pola
*** Old French: poule
**** French: poule
***** → English: poule
**** ⇒ Old French: polaille, poulaille
***** French: poulaille
****** → Middle English: pullayle
**** Norman: poule
**** Walloon: poye
** Southern Gallo-Romance:
*** Catalan: polla
*** Occitan: pola
    Gascon: pora, potha
    Languedocien: polha (meridional)
** Ibero-Romance:
*** Spanish: polla
** Insular Romance:
*** Sardinian: pudha, pudda
*** Sicilian: puḍḍa, pulla
** → Albanian: pulë
* ⇒ Vulgar Latin: pullāmen
** Italo-Romance:
*** Italian: pollame
** Northern Gallo-Romance:
*** Old French: polain
**** Anglo-Norman: pulein
**** French: poulain
**** Norman: poulain
**** → English: Pulliam
** Insular Romance:
*** Sicilian: puḍḍami
** → Middle English: poleyn
*** English: pullen (obsolete)
* ⇒ Vulgar Latin: pullaster, pullastrum (cf. pullastra
** Italo-Romance:
*** Central Italian: pollastro
    Laziale: pellàstre
** Padanian:
*** Emilian: pulàstar
*** Ligurian: polàstro
*** Lombard: polàster
*** Piedmontese: polastr, polast
*** Venetan: polàstro
** Insular Romance:
*** Sicilian: puḍḍastru, puḍḍastra
** Southern Gallo-Romance:
*** Catalan: pollastre
**** → Spanish: pollastre
*** Occitan: polastre (“big chicken”)
* ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *pulletrus
** Padanian:
*** Emilian: pulér, pulédar, puliér
*** Ligurian: polêo, poliêro
*** Lombard: poléder
*** Piedmontese: polé
*** Romagnol: pulédar, puledre
** Italo-Romance:
*** Italian: puledro
*** Neapolitan: pulletro, pullitro
*** Tuscan: puledro, pullero
* ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *pulleus (attributive)
** Aromanian: puljiu, pulj
** Romanian: pui
*** →? Hungarian: pulya
* ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *pulliana f
** Italian: poiana
* ⇒ Vulgar Latin: pullīnus
** Padanian:
*** Piedmontese: poin, pojin
** Southern Gallo-Romance:
*** Catalan: pollí
*** Occitan: polin
    Gascon: porin
** Ibero-Romance:
*** Asturian: pollín
* ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *pullittus (diminutive)
** Padanian:
*** Romansch: poulet
** Northern Gallo-Romance:
*** Franco-Provençal: polèt
*** Old French: poulet (see there for further descendants)
** Southern Gallo-Romance:
*** Catalan: pollet
*** Occitan: polet
    Gascon: poret
* ⇒? Vulgar Latin: *pūllicella
** Old French: pulcella, pulcele, pucele
*** Middle French: pucelle
**** French: pucelle
*** → English: pucelle
*** → Italian: pulzella
*** → Yiddish: פּילצל (piltsl)
* ⇒? Vulgar Latin: *pulliter, *pullitrum, *pullitrus
** Italo-Romance:
*** Italian: poltro
** Ibero-Romance:
*** Spanish: potro
*** Asturian: potru, podru
*** Old Galician-Portuguese:
**** Galician: potro
**** Portuguese: potro
*** Old Galician-Portuguese: *poldro
**** Galician: poldro
**** Portuguese: poldro
** >? Catalan: poltre
** Insular Romance:
*** Sicilian: putru, puḍḍitru
** ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *pulitrella f
*** ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *pultrella
**** Old French: *poutrelle
***** ⇒? Old French: poutre (apocope)
****** French: poutre
* ⇒? Vulgar Latin: *pullere
** Asturian: espolletar
Unsorted:
* Friulian: poleç
* Occitan: polhe
* Romansch: pulschain

###### Borrowings

* → Arabic: (via some Berber language)
** Libyan Arabic: فِلُّوس (fillūs)
** Maltese: fellus
** Moroccan Arabic: فلوس (fallūs)
** Tunisian Arabic: فلوس (fellūs)
* → Byzantine Greek: -ποῦλος (-poûlos)
** Greek: -πουλος (-poulos), -όπουλος (-ópoulos)
* → Tashelhit: afullus
* →? Ancient Greek: ποῦλλος (poûllos)
** ⇒ Koine Greek: πουλλίον (poullíon, diminutive)
*** Byzantine Greek: πουλλίν (poullín)
**** Greek: πουλί (poulí)
* →? Central Franconian: Pöll
* →? Luxembourgish: Pëll
* →? Dutch: pulle, pul
** Berbice Creole Dutch: polo

#### References

* ↑ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “pjell”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 330
* ↑ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*fulan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 158
* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “putus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 502–503

### Etymology 2

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *polHwós (maybe a weak form of *pélHus) or *polHnós, from the root *pelH- (“pale, gray”), thereby related to palleō, though the formal details are debated.

#### Adjective

pullus (feminine pulla, neuter pullum); first/second-declension adjective
* dark-colored, dark gray; dusky
* (transferred sense):
** of the common people, (especially of speach) vulgar
** (in poetry) sad, mournful

##### Declension

First/second-declension adjective.

##### Derived terms

* pullātus

#### See also

Colors in Latin · colōrēs (layout · text) :
| albus, candidus, subalbus, niveus, cēreus, marmoreus, eburneus, cānus, blancus (ML.) | glaucus, rāvus, pullus, cinereus, cinerāceus, plumbeus, grīseus (ML. or NL.) | niger, āter, piceus, furvus |
| ruber, rūbidus, rūfus, rubicundus, russus, rubrīcus, pūniceus, murrinus, mulleus; cocceus, coccīnus, badius | rutilus, armeniacus, aurantius, aurantiacus; fuscus, suffuscus, colōrius, cervīnus, spādīx, castaneus, aquilus, fulvus, brunneus (ML.) | flāvus, sufflāvus, flāvidus, fulvus, lūteus, gilvus, helvus, croceus, pallidus, blondinus (ML.) |
| galbus, galbinus, lūridus | viridis | prasinus |
| cȳaneus | caeruleus, azurīnus (ML.), caesius, blāvus (LL.) | glaucus; līvidus; venetus |
| violāceus, ianthinus, balaustīnus (NL.) | ostrīnus, amethystīnus | purpureus, ātropurpureus, roseus, rosāceus |

#### References

* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pullus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 497

### Further reading

* “pullus, i, m.”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “pullus, a, um”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “pullus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "pullus", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* pullus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* “pullus”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers