# straff
## German
### Etymology

From late Middle High German straf, cognate with Dutch straf, with further origin uncertain. However, a semantic connection Proto-Indo-European *(s)ter(h₁)- (“to be stiff; be rigid; exert”) (whence Proto-Germanic *staraz (“stiff”)) has been proposed (DWDS).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃtʁaf/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: straff

### Adjective

straff (strong nominative masculine singular straffer, comparative straffer, superlative am straffsten)
* (also figurative) tight, firm, of an object that could also be slack
    ein straffes Programm ― a tight schedule
** c. 1914, Franz Kafka, Der Prozess [The Trial], Berlin: Die Schmiede, published 1925:Er wandte ihm sein Gesicht zu, dessen viele straffe Falten nicht Alter, sondern Kraft zu beweisen schienen, und fing sofort wieder zu suchen an.(please add an English translation of this quotation)

#### Derived terms

* Straffheit

### Further reading

* “straff” in Duden online
* “straff” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

## Icelandic
### Etymology

Borrowed from Middle Low German straffen, from Proto-West Germanic *strēpōn, of uncertain ultimate origin, but possibly related to *streupan (“to squeeze, press, graze”). Cognate with Swedish straff; compare with German Strafe.

### Noun

straff n (genitive singular straffs, nominative plural ströff)
* (dated) punishment, penalty
* the state of being confined to one's home; house arrest, the state of being grounded

#### Declension
### References

* ↑ van der Sijs, Nicoline, editor (2010), “straf1”, in Etymologiebank, Meertens Institute

### Further reading

* “straff” in the Dictionary of Modern Icelandic (in Icelandic) and ISLEX (in the Nordic languages)

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology 1

From Middle Low German or German Low German; compare with German Strafe.

#### Noun

straff m (definite singular straffen, indefinite plural straffer, definite plural straffene)
* a punishment
* a penalty

##### Derived terms

* dødsstraff
* straffange
* straffekoloni
* straffelov
* straffemerke
* strafferett
* straffesak
* straffespark

##### Related terms

* straffbar
* straffe

### Etymology 2
#### Verb

straff
* imperative of straffe

### References

* “straff” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

From Middle Low German or German Low German; compare with German Strafe.

### Noun

straff f (definite singular straffa, indefinite plural straffer, definite plural straffene)
* a punishment
* a penalty

#### Derived terms

* dødsstraff
* straffange
* straffekoloni
* straffelov
* straffemerke
* strafferett
* straffesak
* straffespark

### References

* “straff” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Swedish
### Pronunciation

* Audio (Gotland):(file)
* Rhymes: -af

### Etymology 1

From Middle Low German straffen, from Proto-West Germanic *strēpōn, of uncertain ultimate origin, but possibly related to *streupan (“to squeeze, press, graze”).
Compare with German Strafe. Etymologies 2, 3, and 4 below are all clippings of compounds from Etymology 1.

#### Noun

straff n
* a punishment, a penalty
* (law) sentence

##### Derived terms

* arreststraff
* bötesstraff
* disciplinstraff
* dödsstraff
* frihetsstraff
* fängelsestraff
* förvandlingsstraff
* förvisningsstraff
* helvetesstraff
* isoleringsstraff
* kroppsstraff
* lagstraff
* livsstraff
* livstidsstraff
* matchstraff
* maximistraff
* maxstraff
* minimistraff
* skamstraff
* spöstraff
* stockstraff
* straffdom
* straffknulla
* straffläggning
* straffslag
* straffspark
* straffvärde
* syndastraff

##### Related terms

* straffa

### Etymology 2

Clipping of straffspark

#### Noun

straff c
* (soccer, common) penalty kick
    Synonym: straffspark

##### Declension
### Etymology 3

Clipping of straffslag n

#### Noun

straff c
* (ice hockey) penalty shot

##### Declension
### Etymology 4

Clipping of straffkast n

#### Noun

straff c
* (handball) penalty throw
    Synonym: 7-meterskast
* (basketball) free throw
    Synonym: (Anglicism) frikast

##### Declension
### References

* ↑ van der Sijs, Nicoline, editor (2010), “straf1”, in Etymologiebank, Meertens Institute

### Further reading

* straff in Svensk ordbok.