# 真空
## Chinese

* 真空

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhēnkōng
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄣ ㄎㄨㄥ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zan$^1$ hung$^1$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chin-khong
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$tsen-khon
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhēnkōng
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄣ ㄎㄨㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhenkong
*** Wade–Giles: chên$^1$-kʻung$^1$
*** Yale: jēn-kūng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jenkong
*** Palladius: чжэнькун (čžɛnʹkun)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ kʰʊŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zan$^1$ hung$^1$
*** Yale: jān hūng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzan$^1$ hung$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zen$^1$ hung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɐn⁵⁵ hʊŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chin-khong
*** Tâi-lô: tsin-khong
*** Phofsit Daibuun: cinqofng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sin⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sin³³ kʰɔŋ³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sin⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$tsen-khon
*** MiniDict: tsen$^平$ khon
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$tsen-khon
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡sən⁵⁵ kʰoŋ²¹/
* Middle Chinese: tsyin khuwng
Rime :
| Character | 真 | 空 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 章 (23) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 眞 (43) | 東 (1) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 側鄰切 | 苦紅切 |
| Baxter | tsyin | khuwng |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ɕiɪn/ | /kʰuŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡ɕin/ | /kʰuŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ɕjen/ | /kʰuŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /cin/ | /kʰəwŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ɕiĕn/ | /kʰuŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ɕĭĕn/ | /kʰuŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡ɕi̯ĕn/ | /kʰuŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhēn | kōng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zan$^1$ | hung$^1$ |

### Noun

真空
* (physics or figuratively) vacuum
    將反應釜抽真空／将反应釜抽真空 ― jiāng fǎnyìngfǔ chōu zhēnkōng ― to evacuate the reaction vessel
       Wèi míbǔ Sūlián wǎjiě hòu liúxià de quánlì zhēnkōng, Měiguó dàlì tuīdòng Běiyuē dōngkuò. [Pinyin]
       To fill the power vacuum left by the collapse of the Soviet Union, the United States vigorously promoted NATO's expansion eastward.
* (Buddhism) any phenomenon without material existence (clarification of this definition is needed)

#### Derived terms

* 政治真空 (zhèngzhì zhēnkōng)
* 真空包裝 / 真空包装 (zhēnkōng bāozhuāng)
* 真空床 (zhēnkōngchuáng)
* 真空泵 (zhēnkōngbèng)
* 真空管 (zhēnkōngguǎn)

### Verb

真空
* (neologism) to not wear underwear; to go commando

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 真 | 空 |
| しん Grade: 3 | くう Grade: 1 |
| on'yomi | goon |
* Alternative spelling
* 眞空 (kyūjitai)

### Etymology

From Old Japanese, in turn from Middle Chinese 真空 (MC tsyin khuwng).
First attested in the 懐風藻 (Kaifūsō) anthology of Sinitic poetry written by Japanese authors, compiled in 751.
The modern sense of vacuum is first attested in 1876.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しんくう [shìńkúú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɕĩŋkɯ̟ː]

### Adjective

真(しん)空(くう) • (shinkū) -na (adnominal 真(しん)空(くう)な (shinkū na), adverbial 真(しん)空(くう)に (shinkū ni))
* (rare) vacant, empty

#### Usage notes

Monolingual dictionaries do not include any adjective sense, suggesting that this usage may be a recent development that is not yet considered standard.

#### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Imperfective (未然形) | 真空だろ | しんくうだろ | shinkū daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 真空で | しんくうで | shinkū de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 真空だ | しんくうだ | shinkū da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 真空な | しんくうな | shinkū na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 真空なら | しんくうなら | shinkū nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 真空であれ | しんくうであれ | shinkū de are |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 真空ではない 真空じゃない | しんくうではない しんくうじゃない | shinkū de wa nai shinkū ja nai |
| Informal past | 真空だった | しんくうだった | shinkū datta |
| Informal negative past | 真空ではなかった 真空じゃなかった | しんくうではなかった しんくうじゃなかった | shinkū de wa nakatta shinkū ja nakatta |
| Formal | 真空です | しんくうです | shinkū desu |
| Formal negative | 真空ではありません 真空じゃありません | しんくうではありません しんくうじゃありません | shinkū de wa arimasen shinkū ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 真空でした | しんくうでした | shinkū deshita |
| Formal negative past | 真空ではありませんでした 真空じゃありませんでした | しんくうではありませんでした しんくうじゃありませんでした | shinkū de wa arimasen deshita shinkū ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 真空で | しんくうで | shinkū de |
| Conditional | 真空なら（ば） | しんくうなら（ば） | shinkū nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 真空だったら | しんくうだったら | shinkū dattara |
| Volitional | 真空だろう | しんくうだろう | shinkū darō |
| Adverbial | 真空に | しんくうに | shinkū ni |
| Degree | 真空さ | しんくうさ | shinkūsa |

### Noun

真(しん)空(くう) • (shinkū)
* [from 1876] (physics) vacuum: a region of space that contains no matter, a void
* [from 1907] (figurative) a blank, an empty slate
** 1907, Natsume Sōseki, 虞美人草 (Gubijinsō) [The Poppy]‎ (fiction):
    欽(きん)吾(ご)と藤(ふじ)尾(お)の事(こと)を引(ひ)き抜(ぬ)くと頭(あたま)は真(しん)空(くう)になる。
       Kingo to Fujio no koto o hikinuku to atama wa shinkū ni naru.
       Pulling out thoughts of Kingo and Fujio leave his head a blank slate.
* [from 751] (Buddhism) sunyata: void, emptiness, non-existence; also, in the early Buddhist schools, enlightenment, nirvana
    Synonyms: (sunyata) 空 (kū), (nirvana) 涅槃 (nehan)

#### Derived terms

* 真(しん)空(くう)管(かん) (shinkūkan, “a vacuum tube”)
* 真(しん)空(くう)パック (shinkū pakku, “a vacuum pack”)
* 真(しん)空(くう)ポンプ (shinkū ponpu, “a vacuum pump”)

### See also

* 虚(こ)空(くう) (kokū, “empty space”)
* 空(くう)間(かん) (kūkan, “a space, an open area”)
* 無(む)明(みょう) (mumyō, “unenlightenment, ignorance of nirvana”)
* 禅(ぜん) (zen, “Zen or Chan Buddhism”)

### References

* 1 2 3 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 真 | 空 |

### Noun

真空 • (jin'gong) (hangeul 진공)
* Alternative form of 眞空 (“vacuum”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 真 | 空 |

### Noun

真空
* chữ Hán form of chân không (“vacuum”).