# toko
## English
### Etymology 1

From Dutch toko (“Southeast Asian grocery store”), from Indonesian Malay toko (“shop”), from Hokkien 土庫 / 土库 (thó͘-khò͘, “private storehouse”).

#### Noun

toko (plural tokos)
* A shop in the Netherlands selling mainly Asian food products, and generally Asian- or Indo-European-owned.

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

toko (uncountable)
* (obsolete, UK, slang) Alternative spelling of toco (“corporal punishment”)
** 1892, Edwin James Milliken, “On Law and Order”, in The 'Arry Ballads‎, verse 1, page 58, line 4:When a reglar Primroser gits toko, one wonders wot next there will come.

##### Derived terms

* give toko
* toko for yam

### Anagrams

* Koot, Otok, koto, took

## Dutch
### Etymology

From Indonesian Malay toko (“shop”), from Hokkien 土庫 / 土库 (thó͘-khò͘, “private storehouse”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈtoːkoː/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: to‧ko

### Noun

toko m (plural toko's, diminutive tokootje n)
* (historical, referring to Indonesia) a Dutch, otherwise European or Chinese shop [19th to 20th c.]
** 1879 May 26, W. F. van Erp, "Een toko van keurige provisien." (advertisement), De locomotief. Samarangsch handels- en advertentie-blad, vol. 28, issue 120, page 4.
    Een TOKO van puike DRANKEN. Een TOKO om fraaie CADEAUTJES te koopen Een TOKO om sterke, mooie IJzeren LEDIKANTEN met toebehooren te koopen. Een TOKO van alle soorten BANKET en SUIKERWERK. […]A shop for excellent DRINKS. A shop where you can buy beautiful GIFTS A shop where you can buy strong, beautiful IRON COTS with accessories. A shop for all types of BANQUET and SWEETS.
* (Netherlands) a grocery store or supermarket specializing in Southeast Asian (especially Indonesian or Chinese Indonesian) products, which are mostly food items [from 20th c.]
** 2007, Peter Gordon, Groente - opnieuw ontdekt, tr. by Aniek Njiokiktjien, Inmerc, 8.
    Struin maar eens over een boerenmarkt om te zien wat er plaatselijk allemaal geteeld en verkocht wordt, of ga naar de dichtstbijzijnde toko of naar een ruim gesorteerde supermarkt om te zien welke onbekende ingrediënten er gewoon bij je om de hoek te koop zijn.(please add an English translation of this quotation)
* (colloquial, Netherlands) shop, store, stand [from 20th c.]
** 2015, Anna Nooshin, On Top, Unieboek | Het Sprectrum:Opende de toko, sloot de toko, ik wóónde praktisch in die toko.Opened the store, closed the store, I practically lived in that store.
    Synonyms: handel, kraam, winkel
* (colloquial, Netherlands) any company or business [from late 20th c.]
** 2010, Aefke ten Hagen, In naam van mijn vader, Mistral/FMB Uitgevers.
    ‘Peter!’ doet Wouter enthousiast. ‘Goed om jou hier te treffen!’ ‘Tja,’ lacht Peter. ‘Het is mijn toko.’‘Peter!’ says Wouter with enthusiasm. ‘Good to see you here!’ ‘Well,’ Peter laughs. ‘It is my business.’
** 2013 March, Chris Broesder, “Games ontwikkelen voor Nintendo en Sony wordt makkelijker”, in Personal Computer Magazine:De andere Japanse games-toko, Nintendo genaamd, zegt ook een beter ontwikkelklimaat te willen voor indie-ontwikkelaars.The other Japanese games company, called Nintendo, says it also wants a better development environment for indie developers.
** 2015, Daniël Meyer, De man van Venus, Futuro:Ga eens naar de balansen, kijken we wat die toko waard is.Go check the balances, then we'll see what the value of that business is.
    Synonyms: bedrijf, handel, zaak, tent

#### Descendants

* → English: toko

### Anagrams

* toko

## Finnish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈtoko/, [ˈt̪o̞ko̞]
* Rhymes: -oko
* Hyphenation: to‧ko

### Etymology 1

Initialism for tottelevaisuuskoe (“obedience trial”).

#### Noun

toko
* obedience trial (dog sport)

##### Declension

Possessive forms of toko (Kotus type 1/valo, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
tokoni
tokoni
accusative
nom.
tokoni
tokoni
gen.
tokoni
genitive
tokoni
tokojeni
partitive
tokoani
tokojani
inessive
tokossani
tokoissani
elative
tokostani
tokoistani
illative
tokooni
tokoihini
adessive
tokollani
tokoillani
ablative
tokoltani
tokoiltani
allative
tokolleni
tokoilleni
essive
tokonani
tokoinani
translative
tokokseni
tokoikseni
abessive
tokottani
tokoittani
instructive
comitative
—tokoineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
tokosi
tokosi
accusative
nom.
tokosi
tokosi
gen.
tokosi
genitive
tokosi
tokojesi
partitive
tokoasi
tokojasi
inessive
tokossasi
tokoissasi
elative
tokostasi
tokoistasi
illative
tokoosi
tokoihisi
adessive
tokollasi
tokoillasi
ablative
tokoltasi
tokoiltasi
allative
tokollesi
tokoillesi
essive
tokonasi
tokoinasi
translative
tokoksesi
tokoiksesi
abessive
tokottasi
tokoittasi
instructive
comitative
—tokoinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
tokomme
tokomme
accusative
nom.
tokomme
tokomme
gen.
tokomme
genitive
tokomme
tokojemme
partitive
tokoamme
tokojamme
inessive
tokossamme
tokoissamme
elative
tokostamme
tokoistamme
illative
tokoomme
tokoihimme
adessive
tokollamme
tokoillamme
ablative
tokoltamme
tokoiltamme
allative
tokollemme
tokoillemme
essive
tokonamme
tokoinamme
translative
tokoksemme
tokoiksemme
abessive
tokottamme
tokoittamme
instructive
comitative
—tokoinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
tokonne
tokonne
accusative
nom.
tokonne
tokonne
gen.
tokonne
genitive
tokonne
tokojenne
partitive
tokoanne
tokojanne
inessive
tokossanne
tokoissanne
elative
tokostanne
tokoistanne
illative
tokoonne
tokoihinne
adessive
tokollanne
tokoillanne
ablative
tokoltanne
tokoiltanne
allative
tokollenne
tokoillenne
essive
tokonanne
tokoinanne
translative
tokoksenne
tokoiksenne
abessive
tokottanne
tokoittanne
instructive
comitative
—tokoinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
tokonsa
tokonsa
accusative
nom.
tokonsa
tokonsa
gen.
tokonsa
genitive
tokonsa
tokojensa
partitive
tokoaan tokoansa
tokojaan tokojansa
inessive
tokossaan tokossansa
tokoissaan tokoissansa
elative
tokostaan tokostansa
tokoistaan tokoistansa
illative
tokoonsa
tokoihinsa
adessive
tokollaan tokollansa
tokoillaan tokoillansa
ablative
tokoltaan tokoltansa
tokoiltaan tokoiltansa
allative
tokolleen tokollensa
tokoilleen tokoillensa
essive
tokonaan tokonansa
tokoinaan tokoinansa
translative
tokokseen tokoksensa
tokoikseen tokoiksensa
abessive
tokottaan tokottansa
tokoittaan tokoittansa
instructive
comitative
—tokoineen tokoinensa :

##### Synonyms

* tottelevaisuuskoe

### Etymology 2

Based on the genus name (translingual Tockus).

#### Noun

toko
* hornbill of the genera Tockus, Tropicranus or Ocyceros.

##### Declension

Possessive forms of toko (Kotus type 1/valo, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
tokoni
tokoni
accusative
nom.
tokoni
tokoni
gen.
tokoni
genitive
tokoni
tokojeni
partitive
tokoani
tokojani
inessive
tokossani
tokoissani
elative
tokostani
tokoistani
illative
tokooni
tokoihini
adessive
tokollani
tokoillani
ablative
tokoltani
tokoiltani
allative
tokolleni
tokoilleni
essive
tokonani
tokoinani
translative
tokokseni
tokoikseni
abessive
tokottani
tokoittani
instructive
comitative
—tokoineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
tokosi
tokosi
accusative
nom.
tokosi
tokosi
gen.
tokosi
genitive
tokosi
tokojesi
partitive
tokoasi
tokojasi
inessive
tokossasi
tokoissasi
elative
tokostasi
tokoistasi
illative
tokoosi
tokoihisi
adessive
tokollasi
tokoillasi
ablative
tokoltasi
tokoiltasi
allative
tokollesi
tokoillesi
essive
tokonasi
tokoinasi
translative
tokoksesi
tokoiksesi
abessive
tokottasi
tokoittasi
instructive
comitative
—tokoinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
tokomme
tokomme
accusative
nom.
tokomme
tokomme
gen.
tokomme
genitive
tokomme
tokojemme
partitive
tokoamme
tokojamme
inessive
tokossamme
tokoissamme
elative
tokostamme
tokoistamme
illative
tokoomme
tokoihimme
adessive
tokollamme
tokoillamme
ablative
tokoltamme
tokoiltamme
allative
tokollemme
tokoillemme
essive
tokonamme
tokoinamme
translative
tokoksemme
tokoiksemme
abessive
tokottamme
tokoittamme
instructive
comitative
—tokoinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
tokonne
tokonne
accusative
nom.
tokonne
tokonne
gen.
tokonne
genitive
tokonne
tokojenne
partitive
tokoanne
tokojanne
inessive
tokossanne
tokoissanne
elative
tokostanne
tokoistanne
illative
tokoonne
tokoihinne
adessive
tokollanne
tokoillanne
ablative
tokoltanne
tokoiltanne
allative
tokollenne
tokoillenne
essive
tokonanne
tokoinanne
translative
tokoksenne
tokoiksenne
abessive
tokottanne
tokoittanne
instructive
comitative
—tokoinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
tokonsa
tokonsa
accusative
nom.
tokonsa
tokonsa
gen.
tokonsa
genitive
tokonsa
tokojensa
partitive
tokoaan tokoansa
tokojaan tokojansa
inessive
tokossaan tokossansa
tokoissaan tokoissansa
elative
tokostaan tokostansa
tokoistaan tokoistansa
illative
tokoonsa
tokoihinsa
adessive
tokollaan tokollansa
tokoillaan tokoillansa
ablative
tokoltaan tokoltansa
tokoiltaan tokoiltansa
allative
tokolleen tokollensa
tokoilleen tokoillensa
essive
tokonaan tokonansa
tokoinaan tokoinansa
translative
tokokseen tokoksensa
tokoikseen tokoiksensa
abessive
tokottaan tokottansa
tokoittaan tokoittansa
instructive
comitative
—tokoineen tokoinensa :

##### Derived terms

* aarnitoko
* aasiantoko
* afrikantoko
* akaasiatoko
* angolantoko
* etelänkeltatoko
* harmaatoko
* intiantoko
* kalliotoko
* keltanokkatoko
* kirjotoko
* kruunutoko
* malabarintoko
* namibiantoko
* pikkutoko
* punanokkatoko
* srilankantoko
* turkanantoko
* valkonokkatoko
* valkotöyhtötoko

### Anagrams

* koot, koto

## Hopi
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Noun

toko
* fruit

## Indonesian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈto.ko/
* Rhymes: -o
* Audio:(file)

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Chinese Hokkien 土庫／土库 (thó͘-khò͘, “private storehouse”).

#### Noun

toko (plural toko-toko)
* shop; store
    toko buku ― bookshop
    toko kelontong ― convenience store
    toko serba ada ― department store
** 2008 [1997 July 10], Ajip Rosidi, Yang datang telanjang: Surat-surat Ajip Rosidi dari Jepang, 1980-2002 [That came naked: Letters of Ajip Rosidi from Japan, 1980-2002] (non-fiction), Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia, →ISBN, Kepada Lazuardi Anwar, page 574:Walaupun kalau saya berkunjung ke tanahair, selalu menyempatkan diri ke toko buku. Tapi banyak buku yang diterbitkan apalagi kalau karya sastera‒tak sampai ke toko buku. Saya sering dengar bahwa toko buku kita umumnya tidak mau memberi tempat buat buku sastera. Tentu karena minat masyarakat terhadap sastera kecil sekali.Even when I visited my homeland, I often take my time to go to bookshops. However, many books that are published, especially those that are literary works‒do not reach the bookshops. I often hear that our bookshops generally do not want to give space for literature books. Surely because community interest towards literature is very small.
** 2018 July 10, “Masyarakat Diajak Buka Toko Virtual [Community Invited to Set Up Virtual Shops]”, in Suara Merdeka‎, archived from the original on 29 October 2018:Alfamart melalui program Alfamind mengajak masyarakat untuk menjadi wirausaha dengan membuka toko secara virtual. Melalui aplikasi ini, siapa pun bisa saja menjadi pemilik toko hanya dengan berjualan melalui aplikasi smartphone.Alfamart, through the Alfamind program, invites the community to become entrepreneurs by setting up shops virtually. Through this application, anyone can also become a shop owner just by selling through a smartphone application.

##### Coordinate terms

* eceran
* kantor
* kios
* pasar
* ruko
* warung

##### Derived terms

Regular affixed derivations:
* bertoko [stative / habitual] (beR-)
* pertokoan [causative passive + resultative / locative / collective / variety / verbal noun / fruit] (peR- + -an)
* toko buku
* toko kelontong
* toko pancing
* toko pengecer
* toko penyalur
* toko seni
* toko serba ada
* toko swalayan

##### Descendants

* → Tetum: toko

### Etymology 2

From Sundanese [Term?].

#### Noun

toko (plural toko-toko)
* rice weevil (Calandra oryzae).

### Further reading

* “toko” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Japanese
### Romanization

toko
* Rōmaji transcription of とこ

## Javanese
### Romanization

toko
* Romanization of ꦠꦺꦴꦏꦺꦴ.

## Laboya
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈtoːko]

### Noun

toko
* ridge; ridgepole

### References

* Allahverdi Verdizade (2019) “toko”, in Lamboya word list‎, Leiden: LexiRumah

## Malay
### Etymology

From Hokkien 土庫 / 土库 (thó͘-khò͘, “private storehouse”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /to.ko/
* Rhymes: -o

### Noun

toko (Jawi spelling توکو, plural toko-toko, informal 1st possessive tokoku, 2nd possessive tokomu, 3rd possessive tokonya)
* (uncommon outside Indonesia) retailer; shop selling retail merchandise
** 2018 February 22, Pg Fairol RMF, “Pesta Buku Brunei 27 Feb ini [Brunei Book Festival on 27th Feb]”, in Media Permata‎, archived from the original on 29 October 2018:Dalam sidang media di Balai Laila Muafakat, DBP, petang tadi, Pemangku Pengarah DBP, Hajah Sariani binti Haji Ishak selaku Pengerusi PBB dan KMBM menjelaskan, sebanyak 78 petak disediakan semasa pesta dan karnival berkenaan yang akan disertai oleh DBP, penerbit-penerbit buku kerajaan dan swasta serta toko buku dari dalam dan luar negara.In a press conference at Balai Laila Muafakat, DBP (Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka), in the afternoon, DBP Acting Director, Hajah Sariani binti Haji Ishak, who is the chairperson of PBB (Pesta Buku Brunei) and KMBM (Karnival Memperkasa Budaya Membaca), explained that as many as 78 lots were available during the book festival and carnival which will be participated by DBP, government and private book publishers, as well as book retailers from within and outside the country.

#### Hypernyms

* kedai (“shop; store”)

#### Coordinate terms

* kedai serbaneka (“convenience store”)
* kedai runcit (“grocery store”)
* pasar raya (“supermarket”)

#### Derived terms

Regular affixed derivations:
* bertoko [stative / habitual] (beR-)

#### Descendants

* > Indonesian: toko (inherited)
** → Tetum: toko
* → Dutch: toko
** → English: toko
* → Ternate: toko

#### See also

* butik
* gerai (“store”)
* kios
* pasar
* pemborong
* peruncitan
* warung

### References

* Wilkinson, Richard James (1901) “توکو toko”, in A Malay-English dictionary, Hong Kong: Kelly & Walsh limited, page 96
* Wilkinson, Richard James (1932) “toko”, in A Malay-English dictionary (romanised), volume II, Mytilene, Greece: Salavopoulos & Kinderlis, page 597

### Further reading

* “toko” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.

## Maori
### Etymology

From Proto-Polynesian *toko (compare with Samoan toʻo, Hawaiian koʻo) from Proto-Oceanic *tokon, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *təkən (“bamboo punting pole, to press downward”) (compare with Malay tekan, Tagalog tikin).

### Noun

toko
* pole
* sprit of a canoe's sail
* beam or ray of light

### Verb

toko
* to prop up
* to push away
* to separate, divorce

### Related terms

* tokotoko
* kotokoto

### References

* ↑ Tregear, Edward (1891) Maori-Polynesian Comparative Dictionary‎, Wellington, New Zealand: Lyon and Blair, pages 527-9
* ↑ “Kohe, Kohekohe”, in Te Māra Reo‎, Benson Family Trust, 2023

### Further reading

* Williams, Herbert William (1917) “toko”, in A Dictionary of the Maori Language, page 509
* “toko” in John C. Moorfield, Te Aka: Maori–English, English–Maori Dictionary and Index, 3rd edition, Longman/Pearson Education New Zealand, 2011, →ISBN.

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Verb

toko
* (obsolete) past tense plural of taka
** 1647, “LAnte oster Kraakelund”, in Den fyrste morgonblånen, Oslo: Novus, published 1990, page 39:Dei toko mæ qvaet dei fingeThey brought what they got

## Peranakan Indonesian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Chinese Hokkien 土庫／土库 (thó͘-khò͘, “private storehouse”).

### Noun

toko
* shop; store

## Ternate
### Etymology

From Indonesian toko, from Hokkien 土庫 / 土库 (thó͘-khò͘, “private storehouse”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈto.ko]

### Noun

toko
* a store

### References

* Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

## Tetum
### Etymology

From Indonesian toko (“shop”), from Hokkien 土庫 / 土库 (thó͘-khò͘, “private storehouse”).

### Pronunciation

* This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

### Noun

toko
* shop