# plumbum
## English
### Etymology

From Latin plumbum.

### Noun

plumbum (uncountable)
* Lead.
** 1846 August 11, L. Woodruff, “Dr. Ingall’s Case of Tumor”, in J[erome] V[an] C[rowninsfield] Smith, editor, The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, volume XXXV, Boston, Mass.: David Clapp, […], published 1847:He says that “in a tumor which bore a strong resemblance to an osteocele, of a most intractable character,” the pain was soon relieved and the tumefaction disappeared, after the use of two globules of plumbum, and then asks if the infinitesimal dose of plumbum produced its resolution; […]
** 1916 November 15, Fritz C. Askenstedt, “Some High Blood-Pressure Remedies”, in The North American Journal of Homeopathy, 69th year, Chicago, Ill.: American Medical Union, published 1921, page 1117:My experience with plumbum has not been extensive, and the results, so far, not very encouraging, but it must be admitted that my employment of this medicine has been in the most hopeless cases. The lack of uniformity of action of plumbum, and the fact that the majority of a city population are daily subjected to its influence in minute doses through the water supply, may also account for an uncertainty of its therapeutic action.
** 2016, Muchlisyam, Jansen Silalahi, Urip Harahap, “Hemicellulose: Isolation and Its Application in Pharmacy”, in Vijay Kumar Thakur, Manju Kumari Thakur, editors, Handbook of Sustainable Polymers: Processing and Applications, Boca Raton, Fla.: Pan Stanford Publishing, CRC Press, →ISBN, page 330:Rabbits were given 100 mcg of cadmium ions and 100 mcg of plumbum ions orally every 2 days for 2 weeks and then as much as 3 cm$^3$ of it was drawn. The total of 1 cm$^3$ was used to determine the levels of cadmium and plumbum in the blood.

#### Related terms

* Pb
* plumb
* plumbane
* plumbic
* plumbiferous
* plumbism
* plumbous
* plumb-, plumbo-
* plumbum argentarium

### References

* “plumbum”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.

## Latin
### Etymology

Traditionally connected to Ancient Greek μόλυβδος (mólubdos, “lead”); however, this is repudiated by Beekes, who instead connects the Latin term to Proto-Celtic *ɸloudom (“lead”). De Vaan accepts this cognate pairing, but notes that the Latin and Celtic terms would have to be borrowed from a substrate language due to phonetic mismatches if the Latin were inherited directly from Proto-Indo-European *plowdʰo- (“lead”). Said substrate may be Etruscan, Iberian, or some other pre-Indo-European Mediterranean language; compare Proto-Berber *būldūn.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈplum.bum/, [ˈpɫ̪ʊmbʊ̃ˑ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈplum.bum/, [ˈplumbum]

### Noun

plumbum n (genitive plumbī); second declension
* lead (metal)
* ball of lead
* (poetic) pipe of lead
* (New Latin) pencil

#### Declension

Second-declension noun (neuter).

#### Synonyms

* (a ball of lead): plumbea

#### Derived terms

* plumbum album
* plumbum nigrum

#### Related terms

* plumbāgō
* plumbārium
* plumbārius
* plumbātūra
* plumbātus
* plumbea
* plumbeum
* plumbeus
* plumbō
* plumbōsus

#### Descendants

* Balkan Romance:
** Aromanian: pliumbu, pljumbu
** Romanian: plumb
* Italo-Romance:
** Corsican: piombu
** Italian: piombo
** Neapolitan: chiummo
** Sicilian: chiummu
* Padanian:
** Emilian: piòmb
** Friulian: plomp, plomb
** Ligurian: cióngio
** Lombard: piomb, piom
** Piedmontese: piomb
** Romagnol: piòmb
** Romansch: plum, plùn m, plùm m, plom m
** Venetan: piònbo
* Northern Gallo-Romance:
** Franco-Provençal: plomb
** Middle French: plomb
*** French: plomb ⇒ plombe
**** → German: Plombe
**** → Middle English: plumbe, plumme
***** English: plumb
* Southern Gallo-Romance:
** Catalan: plom
*** →? Asturian: plomu, plombu
*** →? Spanish: plomo (can also be from Aragonese or an early semi-borrowing)
** Occitan: plomb
* Ibero-Romance:
** Aragonese: plomo, plom
    Ribagorçan: pllom
** Old Galician-Portuguese: chumbo, chonbo, chũbo, chunbo
*** Galician: chumbo
*** Portuguese: chumbo
* Insular Romance:
** Sardinian: peumu, piumbu, piumu, plumbu
* Borrowings:
** → Albanian: plumb
** → English: plumbum
** → German: Plumbum
** → Limburgish: plómb
** → Portuguese: prumo (semi-learned)
** → Malay: plumbum
** → Proto-Brythonic: *plum
*** Middle Welsh: plwm
**** Welsh: plwm

### References

* ↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “μόλυβδος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 964-5
* 1 2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 474\head=plumbum

### Further reading

* “plumbum”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “plumbum”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "plumbum", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* plumbum in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* “plumbum”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers

## Malay
### Alternative forms

* pelambam
* ڤلومبوم
* ڤلمبم

### Etymology

From Latin plumbum, related to Ancient Greek μόλυβδος (mólubdos).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [plumbom], [plumbəm], [plambəm]
* Rhymes: -umbom, -bom, -om

### Noun

plumbum (Jawi spelling ڤلومبوم)
* lead (chemical element)

#### Synonyms

* timah hitam / تيمه هيتم
* timbel / تيمبل