# 般若
## Chinese

* 般若

### Etymology

From Pali paññā, from Sanskrit प्रज्ञा (prajñā).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): bōrě
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄛ ㄖㄜˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): bo$^1$ je$^5$ / but$^3$ je$^5$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): pat-ngiâ
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): po-liá / po-jiá / pat-jé / poat-jiá / poa̍t-jiá / poa̍t-ché
    (Teochew, Peng'im): bo$^1$ ria$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bōrě
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄛ ㄖㄜˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: borě
*** Wade–Giles: po$^1$-jê$^3$
*** Yale: bwō-rě
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: boree
*** Palladius: божэ (božɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ʐɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: bo$^1$ je$^5$ / but$^3$ je$^5$
*** Yale: bō yéh / but yéh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: bo$^1$ je$^5$ / but$^8$ je$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: bo$^1$ yé$^5$ / bud$^3$ yé$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /pɔː⁵⁵ jɛː¹³/, /puːt̚³ jɛː¹³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: pat-ngiâ
*** Hakka Romanization System: bad$^ˋ$ ngia$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: bad$^5$ ngia$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /pat̚² ŋi̯a²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: po-liá
*** Tâi-lô: po-liá
*** Phofsit Daibuun: poiliar
*** IPA (Xiamen): /po⁴⁴⁻²² lia⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: po-jiá
*** Tâi-lô: po-jiá
*** Phofsit Daibuun: poijiar
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /po⁴⁴⁻²² d͡zia⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pat-jé
*** Tâi-lô: pat-jé
*** Phofsit Daibuun: patjea
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /pat̚³²⁻⁵ d͡ze⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: poat-jiá
*** Tâi-lô: puat-jiá
*** Phofsit Daibuun: poatjiar
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /puat̚³²⁻⁵ d͡zia⁵³/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: poa̍t-jiá
*** Tâi-lô: pua̍t-jiá
*** Phofsit Daibuun: poadjiar
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /puat̚⁴⁻³² zia⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: poa̍t-ché
*** Tâi-lô: pua̍t-tsé
*** Phofsit Daibuun: poadzea
*** IPA (Taipei): /puat̚⁴⁻³² t͡se⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /puat̚⁴⁻³² t͡se⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: bo$^1$ ria$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: po jiá
*** Sinological IPA : /po³³⁻²³ d͡zia⁵²/
* Middle Chinese: paen nyaeX
Rime :
| Character | 般 | 若 |
| Reading # | 3/3 | 2/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 幫 (1) | 日 (38) |
| Final (韻) | 刪 (69) | 麻 (100) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | II | III |
| Fanqie | 布還切 | 人者切 |
| Baxter | paen | nyaeX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /pˠan/ | /ȵia$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /pᵚan/ | /ȵia$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /pɐn/ | /ȵʑia$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /paɨn/ | /ȵia$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /pan/ | /ȵia$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /pan/ | /ȵʑĭa$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /pan/ | /ȵʑi̯a$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | bān | rě |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | baan$^1$ | je$^5$ |

### Noun

般若
* (Buddhism) prajñā; Buddhist transcendental wisdom

#### Derived terms

* 大品般若
* 般若湯 / 般若汤 (bōrětāng)
* 般若經 / 般若经

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 般若(はんにゃ) (hannya)
* → Korean: 반야(般若) (banya)
* → Vietnamese: bát nhã (般若)

#### See also

* 智慧 (zhìhuì, “wisdom”)

### References

* Ding, Fubao (丁福保) (1922), “般若” in 佛學大辭典 [A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms].

## Japanese
### Etymology

Kanji in this term :
| 般 | 若 |
| はん Grade: S | にゃ Grade: 6 |
| kan'on | goon |
* Alternative spelling
* 波若
From Middle Chinese 般若 (MC pan nyaeX) or 般若 (MC paen nyaeX), itself a transliteration of Sanskrit प्रज्ञा (prajñā) or Pali paññā (“wisdom”).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) はんにゃ [háꜜǹnyà] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [hã̠ɲ̟ːa̠]

### Noun

般(はん)若(にゃ) or 般若(ハンニャ) • (hannya)
* (Buddhism) prajñā, Buddhist transcendental wisdom
* (theater) a type of mask with the appearance of a grinning horned demoness
* a kind of 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”) featuring a hannya mask
* a star or monk's hood cactus, Astrophytum ornatum
    Hypernym: 仙人掌 (saboten)
* Short for 般若面 (hannyazura): a dreadful face
* a 伽羅 (kyara)-class aromatic wood

#### Derived terms

* 般(はん)若(にゃ)経(きょう) (Hannya-kyō)
* 般(はん)若(にゃ)寺(じ) (Hannya-ji)
* 般(はん)若(にゃ)時(じ) (hannyaji)
* 般(はん)若(にゃ)心(しん)経(ぎょう) (Hannya Shingyō)
* 般(はん)若(にゃ)隈(ぐま) (hannyaguma)
* 般(はん)若(にゃ)声(ごえ) (hannyagoe)
* 般(はん)若(にゃ)面(づら) (hannyazura)
* 般(はん)若(にゃ)湯(とう) (hannyatō, obscure Buddhist priest jargon for "sake")
* 般(はん)若(にゃ)の船(ふね) (hannya no fune)
* 般(はん)若(にゃ)の面(めん) (hannya no men)
* 般(はん)若(にゃ)波(は)羅(ら)蜜(みつ) (hannya-haramitsu)
* 般(はん)若(にゃ)波(は)羅(ら)蜜(みっ)多(た) (hannya-haramitta)
* 般若(はんにゃ)面(めん) (hannyamen)
* 金(こん)剛(ごう)般(はん)若(にゃ) (Kongō Hannya)

#### See also

* 知恵(ちえ), 智慧(ちえ) (chie, “wisdom”)

### Proper noun

般(はん)若(にゃ) • (Hannya)
* Short for 般若経 (Hannya-kyō): the Great Perfection of Wisdom collection of sutras
* Short for 般若寺 (Hannya-ji): the Hannya Temple in Nara

### References

* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ “般若”, in ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典 (Buritanika Kokusai Dai Hyakka Jiten: Shō Kōmoku Jiten, “Encyclopædia Britannica International: Micropædia”)‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Britannica Japan Co., Ltd., 2014
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 “般若”, in 改訂新版 世界大百科事典 (Kaitei Shinpan Sekai Dai-hyakka Jiten, “Heibonsha World Encyclopedia Revised Edition”)‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Heibonsha, 2007, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 般 | 若 |

### Noun

般若
* chữ Hán form of bát nhã (“prajñā, Buddhist transcendental wisdom”).