# 中華
## Chinese

* 中華 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 中華 (搞清楚) (Cantonese)
* Chûng-fà (Hakka)
* Dṳ̆ng-huà (Eastern Min)
* Tiong-hôa-lí (Siông-san-khu) (Southern Min)

### Etymology

So named because the first ancient Chinese settlements were around the Yellow River, which was considered to be the center, and because the culture was considered to be magnificent and flourishing.
First attested in Huan Wen's memorial recommending Qiao Xiu (dated [347 CE]), quoted in Sun Sheng's lost Annals of Jin (晉陽秋) [4th century] and later quoted in Pei Songzhi's Annotations [early 5th century] to Chen Shou's Records of the Three Kingdoms [late 3rd century] (translation by Farmer, 2017).
    於時皇極遘道消之會，群黎蹈顛沛之艱，中華有顧瞻之哀，幽谷無遷喬之望。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]于时皇极遘道消之会，群黎蹈颠沛之艰，中华有顾瞻之哀，幽谷无迁乔之望。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]From: Pei Songzhi, Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms, circa 5th century CEYú shí huángjí gòu dàoxiāo zhī huì, qúnlí dǎo diānpèi zhī jiān, zhōnghuá yǒu gùzhān zhī āi, yōugǔ wú qiānqiáo zhī wàng. [Pinyin]At this time, the imperial court has encountered a time of decline in the Way, the peasants have been trampled down by oppressive hardships, Zhonghua has the anguish of looking backward [toward the former capital at Luoyang], and the dark valley has no hope of moving upward.
Pei himself uses 中華 when annotating Chen's "Biography of Zhuge Liang"
    若使游步中華，騁其龍光，豈夫多士所能沈翳哉！ [Literary Chinese, trad.]若使游步中华，骋其龙光，岂夫多士所能沈翳哉！ [Literary Chinese, simp.]From: Pei Songzhi, Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms, circa 5th century CERuò shǐ yóubù Zhōnghuá, chěng qí lóngguāng, qǐ fú duōshì suǒ néng chényì zāi! [Pinyin]If [Zhuge Liang] [were] allowed to roam Zhonghua and give free rein to his dragon's brilliance, how could [its] literati's abilities drown and obscure him?

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Zhōnghuá
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zung$^1$ waa$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): Chûng-fà
    (Hailu, HRS): zhung$^ˋ$ fa
    (Meixian, Guangdong): zung$^1$ fa$^2$
* Eastern Min (BUC): Dṳ̆ng-huà
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): doeng$^1$ hua$^2$ / dyeng$^1$ hua$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): Tiong-hôa / Tiong-hoa
    (Teochew, Peng'im): dong$^1$ hua$^5$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^1$tson-gho$_6$ / $^1$tson-gho$_2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Zhōnghuá
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Jhonghuá
*** Wade–Giles: Chung$^1$-hua$^2$
*** Yale: Jūng-hwá
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Jonghwa
*** Palladius: Чжунхуа (Čžunxua)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zung$^1$ waa$^4$
*** Yale: jūng wàh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzung$^1$ waa$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zung$^1$ wa$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ waː²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Chûng-fà
*** Hakka Romanization System: zung$^ˊ$ fa$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: zung$^1$ fa$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡suŋ²⁴ fa¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: zhung$^ˋ$ fa
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡ʃuŋ⁵³ fa⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: zung$^1$ fa$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ fa¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: Dṳ̆ng-huà
*** Sinological IPA : /tyŋ⁵⁵ $^{(h-)}$ŋua⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: doeng$^1$ hua$^2$ [Phonetic: doeng$^5$ hua$^2$]
*** Sinological IPA : /tœŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ hua¹³/
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: doeng$^1$ hua$^2$ [Phonetic: doeng$^5$ ngua$^2$]
*** Sinological IPA : /tœŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ $^{(h-)}$ŋua¹³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: dyeng$^1$ hua$^2$ [Phonetic: dyeng$^5$ hua$^2$]
*** Sinological IPA : /tyøŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ hua¹³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: dyeng$^1$ hua$^2$ [Phonetic: dyeng$^5$ ngua$^2$]
*** Sinological IPA : /tyøŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ $^{(h-)}$ŋua¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tiong-hôa
*** Tâi-lô: Tiong-huâ
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dionghoaa
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tiɔŋ³³ hua²⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua¹³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tiong-hoa
*** Tâi-lô: Tiong-hua
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dionghoaf
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: dong$^1$ hua$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tong huâ
*** Sinological IPA : /toŋ³³⁻²³ hua⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$tson-gho$_6$
*** MiniDict: tson$^平$ gho$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$tson-hho$_3$
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡soŋ⁵⁵ ɦo²¹/
** (Northern: Suzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^1$tson-gho$_2$
*** MiniDict: tson$^平$ gho$^平$
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /t͡soŋ⁴⁴ ɦo/
* Middle Chinese: trjuwng hwae
Rime :
| Character | 中 | 華 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 知 (9) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (2) | 麻 (99) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | II |
| Fanqie | 陟弓切 | 戸花切 |
| Baxter | trjuwng | hwae |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʈɨuŋ/ | /ɦˠua/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʈiuŋ/ | /ɦʷᵚa/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȶiuŋ/ | /ɣua/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʈuwŋ/ | /ɦwaɨ/ |
| Li Rong | /ȶiuŋ/ | /ɣua/ |
| Wang Li | /ȶĭuŋ/ | /ɣwa/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȶi̯uŋ/ | /ɣwa/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhōng | huá |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zung$^1$ | waa$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*truŋ N-qʷʰˤra/
    (Zhengzhang): /*tuŋ ɡʷraː/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 中 | 華 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zhōng | huá |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ trjuwng › | ‹ hwæ › |
| Old Chinese | /*truŋ/ | /*N-qʷʰˁra/ |
| English | center | flower (v.); flowery (adj.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 中 | 華 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/3 |
| No. | 17407 | 5312 |
| Phonetic component | 中 | 華 |
| Rime group | 終 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 中 | 華 |
| Old Chinese | /*tuŋ/ | /*ɡʷraː/ |
| Notes | | 說文於聲 |

### Proper noun

中華
* (formal, poetic, exalted) China (the civilization of China; nowadays, the nation of the Chinese people)
    振興中華／振兴中华 ― zhènxīng Zhōnghuá ― to revitalize China
    中華名小吃／中华名小吃 ― Zhōnghuá míngxiǎochī ― famous Chinese snack
    中華文化／中华文化 ― Zhōnghuá wénhuà ― Chinese culture
    中華文明／中华文明 ― Zhōnghuá wénmíng ― Chinese civilization
    中華世紀壇／中华世纪坛 ― Zhōnghuá shìjì tán ― China Millennium Monument
    From: 362 CE, 桓溫 (Huan Wen), 請還都洛陽疏 "Memorial [in Support of] Moving the Capital Back to Luoyang", in 648, Book of Jin
    Zì qiáng hú língbào, Zhōnghuá dàngfù, lángbèi shījù, quán xìng Yángyuè. [Pinyin]
    Ever since the powerful barbarians unleashed violence, China proper has fallen into chaos; [the people] have become desperate and dispossessed; and [the imperial court] has been temporarily relocated to the region of Yangyue. (translation based on Choo's 2014 version)
    From: 《中華歌》("Song of zhonghua") by Yu Inseok, circa 1910
    중화의관 아착복 중화시서 아송독 아삼사존중화의체 문역다 백수상아중화가 천하인 경이청아중화가 Junghwa uigwan[-eul] a chakbok[-hago] Junghwa siseo[-reul] a songdok[-hanira]. A sam sa jon Junghwa uiche[-reul] mun yeok da[-haya] baeksu sang a Junghwa ga[-hani] cheonha in[-a] gyeong'i cheong a Junghwa ga[-hara]. [Sino-Korean]
    I wear the robes of zhonghua and recite the literature of zhonghua. I have indeed heard much from my three teachers about the reasons one should venerate zhonghua, so that even with hoary hair, I always sing of zhonghua. People of the world, lend me your ears; listen to my song for zhonghua.
* (～里) An urban village in Songshan district, Taipei, Taiwan
* Short for 中華臺北／中华台北 (Zhōnghuá Táiběi, “Chinese Taipei”).
    中華隊／中华队 ― Zhōnghuá duì ― Team Chinese Tapei

#### Usage notes

* In traditional East Asian thought, 華／华 (Huá) or 中華／中华 (Zhōnghuá), often translated as "Chinese", has a philosophical connotation of civilizedness and decorous behavior that transcends a strictly ethnic definition. This is in opposition to "foreigners" or "barbarians", 夷 (yí) or 夷狄 (yídí), whose cultures are uncivilized and lacking in proper morality. Therefore, in certain contexts, other nations of the East Asian cultural sphere could refer to themselves as 中華／中华 (Zhōnghuá) in the sense that they were civilized people following the classical traditions first established in Ancient China, without meaning that they saw themselves as Chinese in an ethnic sense.
* Although also used in the formal names of both the Republic and People's Republic of China, the term carries a somewhat broader sense than 中國／中国 (Zhōngguó, “state of China”) and connotes something like the "nation of the Chinese people" or "land of the Chinese culture".

#### Synonyms

* (China):
* 中 (abbreviation)
* 中共 (Zhōnggòng) (Taiwan, derogatory)
* 中共國 / 中共国 (zhōnggòngguó) (derogatory)
* 中原 (Zhōngyuán)
* 中國 / 中国 (Zhōngguó)
* 中華 / 中华
* 九州 (Jiǔzhōu) (literary)
* 唐山 (Tángshān)
* 域中 (yùzhōng) (literary, figurative)
* 天下 (tiānxià) (lofty)
* 天朝 (Tiāncháo) (historical or Internet slang)
* 契弟 (qìdì) (Hong Kong, Internet slang, derogatory)
* 德祐 (Déyòu) (Myanmar)
* 支那 (Zhīnà) (obsolete, now usually derogatory or offensive)
* 桃花石 (Táohuāshí) (obsolete)
* 牆國 / 墙国 (qiángguó) (Taiwan, derogatory, sarcastic)
* 猜拿 (Cāiná) (transliteration of English China)
* 祖國 / 祖国 (zǔguó)
* 神州 (Shénzhōu) (literary)
* 種花家 / 种花家 (Zhònghuājiā) (slang, humorous)
* 脂那 (Zhīnà) (obsolete)
* 至那 (Zhìnà) (obsolete)
* 華 / 华 (abbreviation)
* 華夏 / 华夏 (Huáxià)
* 虫國 (chóngguó) (Hong Kong, offensive, Internet slang)
* 蚛蟈 / 蚛蝈 (Hong Kong, offensive, Internet slang)
* 諸夏 / 诸夏 (Zhūxià)
* 諸華 / 诸华 (Zhūhuá)
* 貴支 / 贵支 (guìzhī) (Mainland China, Internet slang, neologism, derogatory, sarcastic, offensive)
* 贏國 / 赢国 (Hong Kong, humorous, derogatory, sarcastic)
* 赤縣 / 赤县 (Chìxiàn) (literary)
* 赤縣神州 / 赤县神州 (Chìxiàn Shénzhōu) (literary)
* 震旦 (Zhèndàn) (archaic)

#### Derived terms

* 中華人民共和國 / 中华人民共和国 (Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó)
* 中華山 / 中华山 (Zhōnghuáshān)
* 中華帝國 / 中华帝国 (Zhōnghuá Dìguó)
* 中華文化圈 / 中华文化圈 (Zhōnghuá wénhuàquān)
* 中華民國 / 中华民国 (Zhōnghuá Mínguó)
* 中華民族 / 中华民族 (Zhōnghuá mínzú)
* 中華民族偉大復興 / 中华民族伟大复兴 (Zhōnghuá mínzú wěidà fùxīng)
* 中華淡竹葉 / 中华淡竹叶 (Zhōnghuá dànzhúyè)
* 中華秋沙鴨 / 中华秋沙鸭 (Zhōnghuá qiūshāyā)
* 中華穿山甲 / 中华穿山甲 (Zhōnghuá chuānshānjiǎ)
* 中華肝吸蟲 / 中华肝吸虫 (zhōnghuá gānxīchóng)
* 中華肝吸蟲病 / 中华肝吸虫病
* 中華臺北 / 中华台北 (Zhōnghuá Táiběi)
* 中華航空 / 中华航空 (Zhōnghuá Hángkōng)
* 中華菊頭蝠 / 中华菊头蝠 (Zhōnghuá jútóufú)
* 中華蘇維埃共和國 / 中华苏维埃共和国 (Zhōnghuá Sūwéi'āi Gònghéguó)
* 中華路 / 中华路 (Zhōnghuálù)
* 中華鈰礦 / 中华铈矿 (Zhōnghuá shìkuàng)
* 中華門 / 中华门 (Zhōnghuámén)
* 中華鱘 / 中华鲟 (zhōnghuáxún)
* 大中華 / 大中华 (Dàzhōnghuá)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 中(ちゅう)華(か) (Chūka)
* → Korean: 중화(中華) (Junghwa)
* → Vietnamese: Trung Hoa (中華)
Others:
* → Indonesian: Tionghoa
* → Zhuang: Cunghvaz

### References

* ↑ Farmer, J. Michael (2017) "Sanguo Zhi Fascicle 42: The Biography of Qiao Zhou", Early Medieval China, 23, 22-41, p. 39
* ↑ Huan Wen "Memorial", translated by Choo J. C. Jessey in "Return To The North? The Debate On Moving The Capital Back To Luoyang" in Schwartz, Campany, Lu & Choo (eds.) (2014) Early Medieval China: A Sourcebook. Columbia University Press. pp. 17-31

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 中 | 華 |
| ちゅう Grade: 1 | か Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ちゅうか [chúꜜùkà] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [t͡ɕɨːka̠]

### Noun

中(ちゅう)華(か) • (chūka)
* (Internet slang) product that is made by Chinese company

### Adjective

中(ちゅう)華(か) • (chūka)
* (Internet slang) made by Chinese company

### Proper noun

中(ちゅう)華(か) • (Chūka)
* (usually in compounds) China, Chinese (adjective)
* Short for 中華料理 (chūka ryōri, “Chinese cuisine”); Chinese
    今晩(こんばん)中華(ちゅうか)するか？
       Konban chūka suru ka?
       Are we having Chinese food tonight?

#### Derived terms

* 中(ちゅう)華(か)街(がい) (chūkagai, “Chinatown”)
* 中(ちゅう)華(か)圏(けん) (chūkaken)
* 中(ちゅう)華(か)丼(どんぶり) (chūka donburi), 中(ちゅう)華(か)丼(どん) (chūka don)
* 中(ちゅう)華(か)鍋(なべ) (chūka nabe, “wok”)
* 中(ちゅう)華(か)思(し)想(そう) (chūka shisō)
* 中(ちゅう)華蕎麦(かそば) (chūka soba)
* 中(ちゅう)華(か)台北(タイペイ) (Chūka Taipei)
* 中(ちゅう)華(か)饅(まん)頭(じゅう) (chūka manjū, “Chinese steamed bun; mantou”)
* 中(ちゅう)華(か)民国(みんこく) (Chūka Minkoku)
* 中(ちゅう)華(か)料(りょう)理(り) (chūka ryōri, “Chinese cuisine”)
* 中(ちゅう)華(か)革命党(かくめいとう) (Chūka Kakumeitō, “Kuomintang”)
* 中(ちゅう)華(か)人民(じんみん)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) (Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku, “People's Republic of China”)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 中 | 華 |

### Proper noun

中華 • (junghwa) (hangeul 중화)
* hanja form of 중화 (“China”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 中 | 華 |

### Proper noun

中華
* chữ Hán form of Trung Hoa (“China”).