# 悲

| 悲 | U+60B2, &#24754; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-60B2 |
| ← 悱 [U+60B1] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 悳 → [U+60B3] |

## Translingual
### Han character

悲 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+8, 12 strokes, cangjie input 中卜心 (LYP), four-corner 1133$_1$, composition ⿱非心)

#### Derived characters

* 𩙻, 𲋒, 𬲊

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 388, character 37
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10720
* Dae Jaweon: page 721, character 29
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2310, character 4
* Unihan data for U+60B2

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 悲
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 啡 | *pʰɯːlʔ |
| 排 | *brɯːl |
| 俳 | *brɯːl |
| 輫 | *brɯːl, *buːl |
| 悲 | *prɯl |
| 棑 | *breː, *brɯːls |
| 輩 | *puːls |
| 裴 | *buːl, *bɯl |
| 徘 | *buːl |
| 琲 | *buːlʔ |
| 痱 | *buːlʔ, *pɯds, *bɯl, *bɯls |
| 非 | *pɯl |
| 扉 | *pɯl |
| 緋 | *pɯl |
| 猆 | *pɯl |
| 斐 | *pɯl, *pʰɯlʔ |
| 馡 | *pɯl |
| 騑 | *pɯl, *pʰɯl |
| 誹 | *pɯl, *pɯlʔ, *pɯls |
| 餥 | *pɯl, *pɯlʔ |
| 匪 | *pɯlʔ |
| 棐 | *pɯlʔ |
| 蜚 | *pɯlʔ, *bɯls |
| 篚 | *pɯlʔ |
| 榧 | *pɯlʔ |
| 鯡 | *pɯls |
| 霏 | *pʰɯl |
| 菲 | *pʰɯl, *pʰɯlʔ, *bɯls |
| 婔 | *pʰɯl |
| 裶 | *pʰɯl |
| 悱 | *pʰɯlʔ |
| 奜 | *pʰɯlʔ |
| 腓 | *bɯl, *bɯls |
| 陫 | *bɯlʔ |
| 屝 | *bɯls |
| 厞 | *bɯls |
| 翡 | *bɯls |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *prɯl): phonetic 非 (OC *pɯl) + semantic 心 (“heart; thought; emotion”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): bēi (bei$^1$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄅㄟ
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): běi
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): bei$^1$
    (Dongguan, Jyutping++): bai$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): bi$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): pî
    (Hailu, HRS): bui$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): bi$^1$
* Jin (Wiktionary): bei$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): bó
* Eastern Min (BUC): pĭ
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): bi$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): pi
    (Teochew, Peng'im): bui$^1$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): bui$^1$
* Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): bai$^1$
* Wu (Wugniu)
** (Northern): $^1$pe / $^1$pie / $^1$pai / $^1$pei
** (Jinhua): $^1$pei
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): bei$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bēi
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄟ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bei
*** Wade–Giles: pei$^1$
*** Yale: bēi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bei
*** Palladius: бэй (bɛj)
*** Sinological IPA : /peɪ̯⁵⁵/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: běi
*** Sinological IPA : /pei²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: bei$^1$
*** Yale: bēi
*** Cantonese Pinyin: bei$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: béi$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /pei̯⁵⁵/
** (Dongguan, Guancheng)
*** Jyutping++: bai$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /pɐi²¹³/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: bi$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /pi⁴²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: pî
*** Hakka Romanization System: bi$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: bi$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /pi²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: bui$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /pui⁵³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: bi$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /pi⁴⁴/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: bei$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /pei¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: bó
*** Sinological IPA : /po⁵⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: pĭ
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰi⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: bi$^1$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: bi
*** Sinological IPA : /pi⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pi
*** Tâi-lô: pi
*** Phofsit Daibuun: py
*** IPA (Xiamen): /pi⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /pi³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /pi⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /pi⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /pi⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: bui$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: pui
*** Sinological IPA : /pui³³/
** (Leizhou)
*** Leizhou Pinyin: bui$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /pui³⁵/
* Southern Pinghua
** (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
*** Jyutping++: bai$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /pəi⁵³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai, Songjiang, Suzhou, Kunshan, Jiaxing, Shaoxing)
*** Wugniu: $^1$pe
*** MiniDict: pe$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$pe
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /pe⁵³/
*** Sinological IPA (Songjiang): /ɓe⁵³/
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /pe⁴⁴/
*** Sinological IPA (Kunshan): /pei⁵⁵/
*** Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /pe⁵³/
*** Sinological IPA (Shaoxing): /pe⁵²/
** (Northern: Jiading)
*** Wugniu: $^1$pie
*** MiniDict: pie$^平$
*** Sinological IPA (Jiading): /pɪ⁵³/
** (Northern: Changzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^1$pai
*** MiniDict: pai$^平$
*** Sinological IPA (Changzhou): /pai⁵⁵/
** (Northern: Hangzhou, Ningbo, Zhoushan)
*** Wugniu: $^1$pei
*** MiniDict: pei$^平$
*** Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /pei³³⁴/
*** Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /pɐɪ⁵²/
*** Sinological IPA (Zhoushan): /pai⁵³/
** (Jinhua)
*** Wugniu: $^1$pei
*** Sinological IPA (Jinhua): /pei³³⁴/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: bei$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /pe̞i̯³³/
* Middle Chinese: pij
Rime :
| Character | 悲 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 幫 (1) |
| Final (韻) | 脂 (17) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 府眉切 |
| Baxter | pij |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /pˠiɪ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /pᵚi/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /piɪ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /pji/ |
| Li Rong | /pji/ |
| Wang Li | /pi/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /pi/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | bī |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | bei$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*prəj/
    (Zhengzhang): /*prɯl/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 悲 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | bēi |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ pij › |
| Old Chinese | /*prəj/ |
| English | sad |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 悲 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 3067 |
| Phonetic component | 非 |
| Rime group | 微 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 悲 |
| Old Chinese | /*prɯl/ |

### Definitions

悲
* sad; sorrowful
* to pity

### Compounds

* 傷悲 / 伤悲 (shāngbēi)
* 兔死狐悲 (tùsǐhúbēi)
* 可悲 (kěbēi)
* 含悲 (hánbēi)
* 含悲忍淚 / 含悲忍泪
* 大悲 (dàbēi)
* 大悲咒 (Dàbēizhòu)
* 大悲心
* 大悲懺 / 大悲忏
* 大悲水
* 大慈大悲 (dàcídàbēi)
* 大放悲聲 / 大放悲声
* 大發慈悲 / 大发慈悲 (dàfācíbēi)
* 性格悲劇 / 性格悲剧
* 悲不可抑
* 悲不自勝 / 悲不自胜
* 悲傷 / 悲伤 (bēishāng)
* 悲傷感 / 悲伤感
* 悲切 (bēiqiè)
* 悲劇 / 悲剧 (bēijù)
* 悲劇反諷 / 悲剧反讽
* 悲吒
* 悲咽 (bēiyè)
* 悲哀 (bēi'āi)
* 悲喜 (bēixǐ)
* 悲啼 (bēití)
* 悲喜交切
* 悲喜交加
* 悲喜交并
* 悲喜交至
* 悲喜交集 (bēixǐ-jiāojí)
* 悲喜兼集
* 悲喜劇 / 悲喜剧 (bēixǐjù)
* 悲嘆 / 悲叹 (bēitàn)
* 悲嚎
* 悲回風 / 悲回风
* 悲壯 / 悲壮 (bēizhuàng)
* 悲天憫人 / 悲天悯人 (bēitiānmǐnrén)
* 悲天院
* 悲寂
* 悲從中來 / 悲从中来 (bēicóngzhōnglái)
* 悲心
* 悲思
* 悲悼 (bēidào)
* 悲悽 / 悲凄 (bēiqī)
* 悲情 (bēiqíng)
* 悲悲切切
* 悲悲戚戚
* 悲愁 (bēichóu)
* 悲感
* 悲愴 / 悲怆 (bēichuàng)
* 悲慟 / 悲恸 (bēitòng)
* 悲慘 / 悲惨 (bēicǎn)
* 悲憂 / 悲忧
* 悲慘世界 / 悲惨世界
* 悲憤 / 悲愤 (bēifèn)
* 悲憐 / 悲怜
* 悲憫 / 悲悯 (bēimǐn)
* 悲憤填膺 / 悲愤填膺
* 悲憤詩 / 悲愤诗
* 悲懷 / 悲怀
* 悲戚 (bēiqī)
* 悲摧 (bēicuī)
* 悲智
* 悲楚 (bēichǔ)
* 悲歌 (bēigē)
* 悲歌慷慨
* 悲歎 / 悲叹 (bēitàn)
* 悲歡 / 悲欢 (bēihuān)
* 悲歡合散 / 悲欢合散
* 悲歡歲月 / 悲欢岁月 (bēihuānsuìyuè)
* 悲歡聚散 / 悲欢聚散
* 悲歡離合 / 悲欢离合 (bēihuānlíhé)
* 悲泣 (bēiqì)
* 悲泗淋漓
* 悲涼 / 悲凉 (bēiliáng)
* 悲犬咸陽
* 悲田
* 悲田院
* 悲痛 (bēitòng)
* 悲痛欲絕 / 悲痛欲绝 (bēitòngyùjué)
* 悲秋
* 悲秋傷春 / 悲秋伤春
* 悲笳
* 悲篥
* 悲聲 / 悲声 (bēishēng)
* 悲苦 (bēikǔ)
* 悲號 / 悲号 (bēiháo)
* 悲觀 / 悲观 (bēiguān)
* 悲觀主義 / 悲观主义 (bēiguānzhǔyì)
* 悲谷
* 悲辛 (bēixīn)
* 悲酸 (bēisuān)
* 悲願 / 悲愿 (bēiyuàn)
* 悲風 / 悲风
* 悲鳴 / 悲鸣 (bēimíng)
* 慈悲 (cíbēi)
* 慈悲殺人 / 慈悲杀人 (cíbēi shārén)
* 慈悲為懷 / 慈悲为怀
* 慈悲為本 / 慈悲为本
* 慷慨悲歌
* 打悲
* 打悲阿
* 樂極則悲 / 乐极则悲
* 樂極悲來 / 乐极悲来
* 樂極悲生 / 乐极悲生
* 樂極生悲 / 乐极生悲 (lèjíshēngbēi)
* 狐兔之悲
* 狐死兔悲
* 發悲 / 发悲 (fābēi)
* 睹物興悲 / 睹物兴悲
* 翟子悲
* 興盡悲來 / 兴尽悲来
* 茹泣吞悲
* 轉悲為喜 / 转悲为喜
* 遙悲 / 遥悲
* 銜悲茹恨 / 衔悲茹恨
* 離合悲歡 / 离合悲欢
* 霸王悲歌
* 風木含悲 / 风木含悲
* 風樹之悲 / 风树之悲
* 鼓琴悲

### References

* “悲”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市政协文化文史和学习委员会 [Culture, History and Learning Committee of Putian CPPCC], editor (2021), “悲”, in 莆仙方言大词典 [Comprehensive Dictionary of Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 36.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)
* sad
    Antonym: 楽
* pity; compassion

#### Readings

* Go-on: ひ (hi, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: ひ (hi, Jōyō)
* Kun: かなしい (kanashii, 悲しい, Jōyō)、かなしむ (kanashimu, 悲しむ, Jōyō)、あわれみ (awaremi, 悲れみ)、かなしみ (kanashimi, 悲しみ)、なげく (nageku, 悲く)

#### Compounds

* 悲(かなしい)夫(かな) (kanashii kana)
* 悲(ひ)哀(あい) (hiai)
* 悲(ひ)恚(い) (hī)
* 悲(ひ)鬱(うつ) (hiutsu)
* 悲(ひ)運(うん) (hiun)
* 悲(ひ)咽(えつ) (hietsu)
* 悲(ひ)怨(えん) (hien)
* 悲(ひ)音(おん) (hion)
* 悲(ひ)笳(か) (hika)
* 悲(ひ)歌(か) (hika)
* 悲(ひ)懐(かい) (hikai)
* 悲(ひ)慨(がい) (higai)
* 悲(ひ)角(かく) (hikaku)
* 悲(ひ)感(かん) (hikan)
* 悲(ひ)憾(かん) (hikan)
* 悲(ひ)歓(かん) (hikan)
* 悲(ひ)願(がん) (higan)
* 悲(ひ)喜(き) (hiki, “joys and sorrows”)
* 悲(ひ)愧(き) (hiki)
* 悲(ひ)泣(きゅう) (hikyū)
* 悲(ひ)疚(きゅう) (hikyū)
* 悲(ひ)境(きょう) (hikyō)
* 悲(ひ)響(きょう) (hikyō)
* 悲(ひ)曲(きょく) (hikyoku)
* 悲(ひ)欣(きん) (hikin)
* 悲(ひ)吟(ぎん) (higin)
* 悲(ひ)苦(く) (hiku)
* 悲(ひ)劇(げき) (higeki, “tragedy”)
* 悲(ひ)絃(げん) (higen)
* 悲(ひ)哭(こく) (hikoku)
* 悲(ひ)恨(こん) (hikon)
* 悲(ひ)懇(こん) (hikon)
* 悲(ひ)嗟(さ) (hisa)
* 悲(ひ)酸(さん) (hisan)
* 悲(ひ)惨(さん) (hisan)
* 悲(ひ)慙(ざん) (hizan)
* 悲(ひ)思(し) (hishi)
* 悲(ひ)詩(し) (hishi)
* 悲(ひ)羞(しゅう) (hishū)
* 悲(ひ)秋(しゅう) (hishū)
* 悲(ひ)商(しょう) (hishō)
* 悲(ひ)嘯(しょう) (hishō)
* 悲(ひ)傷(しょう) (hishō)
* 悲(ひ)色(しょく) (hishoku)
* 悲(ひ)辛(しん) (hishin)
* 悲(ひ)声(せい) (hisei)
* 悲(ひ)悽(せい) (hisei)
* 悲(ひ)惜(せき) (hiseki)
* 悲(ひ)戚(せき) (hiseki)
* 悲(ひ)切(せつ) (hisetsu)
* 悲(ひ)楚(そ) (hiso)
* 悲(ひ)壮(そう) (hisō)
* 悲(ひ)愴(そう) (hisō)
* 悲(ひ)惻(そく) (hisoku)
* 悲(ひ)咜(た) (hita)
* 悲(ひ)歎(たん) (hitan)
* 悲(ひ)怛(たん) (hitan)
* 悲(ひ)悵(ちょう) (hichō)
* 悲(ひ)腸(ちょう) (hichō)
* 悲(ひ)調(ちょう) (hichō)
* 悲(ひ)痛(つう) (hitsū)
* 悲(ひ)啼(てい) (hitei)
* 悲(ひ)田(でん) (hiden)
* 悲(ひ)怒(ど) (hido)
* 悲(ひ)悼(とう) (hitō)
* 悲(ひ)慟(どう) (hidō)
* 悲(ひ)動(どう) (hidō)
* 悲(ひ)念(ねん) (hinen)
* 悲(ひ)悩(のう) (hinō)
* 悲(ひ)訃(ふ) (hifu)
* 悲(ひ)風(ふう) (hifū)
* 悲(ひ)憤(ふん) (hifun)
* 悲(ひ)母(ぼ) (hibo)
* 悲(ひ)慕(ぼ) (hibo)
* 悲(ひ)報(ほう) (hihō)
* 悲(ひ)懣(まん) (himan)
* 悲(ひ)鳴(めい) (himei, “scream”)
* 悲(ひ)母(も) (himo)
* 悲(ひ)栗(りつ) (hiritsu)
* 悲(ひ)涼(りょう) (hiryō)
* 悲(ひ)寥(りょう) (hiryō)
* 悲(ひ)涙(るい) (hirui)
* 悲(ひ)恋(れん) (hiren)
* 悲(ひ)憐(れん) (hiren)
* 悲(ひ)話(わ) (hiwa)
* 悲(ひ)惋(わん) (hiwan)
* 自悲
* 慈(じ)悲(ひ) (jihi)
* 酒(しゅ)悲(ひ) (shuhi)
* 春悲
* 所悲
* 傷(しょう)悲(ひ) (shōhi)
* 清悲
* 積悲
* 楚悲
* 長悲
* 風悲
* 幽悲

### References

* 白川静 (Shirakawa Shizuka) (2014) “悲”, in 字通 (Jitsū)‎ (in Japanese), popular edition, Tōkyō: Heibonsha, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

悲 (eumhun 슬플 비 (seulpeul bi))
* hanja form of 비 (“sad”)

#### Compounds

* 비극 (悲劇, bigeuk, “tragedy”)
* 비명 (悲鳴, bimyeong, “scream”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

悲: Hán Nôm readings: bi, bây, bầy, bay
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Compounds

* 悲𣇞 (bây giờ)