# 般

| 般 | U+822C, &#33324; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-822C |
| ← 舫 [U+822B] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 舭 → [U+822D] |

## Translingual
### Han character

般 (Kangxi radical 137, 舟+4, 10 strokes, cangjie input 竹卜竹弓水 (HYHNE), four-corner 2744$_7$, composition ⿰舟殳)
* sort, manner, kind, category

#### Derived characters

* 槃, 盤, 磐, 螌, 媻, 𪒀, 搬, 瘢, 𥈼, 鞶, 幋, 䰉, 搫

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1009, character 30
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30388
* Dae Jaweon: page 1467, character 10
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3057, character 8
* Unihan data for U+822C

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 般 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 螌 | *praːn |
| 般 | *praːn, *paːn, *baːn |
| 媻 | *baːl, *baːn |
| 搫 | *baːl, *baːn |
| 搬 | *paːn |
| 盤 | *baːn |
| 磐 | *baːn |
| 瘢 | *baːn |
| 幋 | *baːn |
| 槃 | *baːn |
| 縏 | *baːn |
| 鎜 | *baːn |
| 鞶 | *baːn |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 舟 (“boat”) + 殳 (“rotate”).

### Etymology 1

* This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Semantic shift of Etymology 2, via something like "rotate" > "turn (toward)" > "type, kind"? For a semantic parallel, compare English trope, from Ancient Greek τρόπος (trópos, “turn, way, manner”).”

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): bān (ban$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄢ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): bun$^1$
* Eastern Min (BUC): băng / buăng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): poaⁿ / pan / poan
    (Teochew, Peng'im): buan$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$pe
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bān
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ban
*** Wade–Giles: pan$^1$
*** Yale: bān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ban
*** Palladius: бань (banʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /pän⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: bun$^1$
*** Yale: būn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: bun$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: bun$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /puːn⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: băng / buăng
*** Sinological IPA : /paŋ⁵⁵/, /puaŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: poaⁿ / pan / poan
*** Tâi-lô: puann / pan / puan
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pvoaf, pafn, poafn
*** IPA (Xiamen): /puã⁴⁴/, /pan⁴⁴/, /puan⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /puã³³/, /pan³³/, /puan³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /puã⁴⁴/, /pan⁴⁴/, /puan⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /puã⁴⁴/, /pan⁴⁴/, /puan⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /puã⁴⁴/, /pan⁴⁴/, /puan⁴⁴/
* poaⁿ - vernacular;
* pan, poan - literary.
* Middle Chinese: pan, paen
Rime :
| Character | 般 | 般 |
| Reading # | 2/3 | 3/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 幫 (1) | 幫 (1) |
| Final (韻) | 桓 (62) | 刪 (69) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | I | II |
| Fanqie | 北潘切 | 布還切 |
| Baxter | pan | paen |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /puɑn/ | /pˠan/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /pʷɑn/ | /pᵚan/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /puɑn/ | /pɐn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /pwan/ | /paɨn/ |
| Li Rong | /puɑn/ | /pan/ |
| Wang Li | /puɑn/ | /pan/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /puɑn/ | /pan/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | bān | bān |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | bun$^1$ | baan$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*praːn/, /*paːn/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 般 | 般 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 |
| No. | 227 | 231 |
| Phonetic component | 般 | 般 |
| Rime group | 元 | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 班 | 𤳖 |
| Old Chinese | /*praːn/ | /*paːn/ |

#### Definitions

般
* sort; kind; class
* like; similar to
    兄弟般的感情 ― xiōngdì bān de gǎnqíng ― brotherly affection
* Alternative form of 搬 (bān, “to move”)
* a surname

#### Compounds

* 一般 (yībān)
* 一般性 (yībānxìng)
* 一般法
* 一般無二 / 一般无二
* 一般而言 (yībān'éryán)
* 一般見識 / 一般见识 (yībānjiànshí)
* 三般兩樣 / 三般两样
* 依般
* 全般 (quánbān)
* 兩樣三般 / 两样三般
* 八般大禮 / 八般大礼
* 千般
* 千般萬樣 / 千般万样
* 另般
* 多般
* 如此這般 / 如此这般
* 幾般 / 几般
* 恁般
* 百般 (bǎibān)
* 百般刁難 / 百般刁难 (bǎibān diāonàn)
* 百般忙亂 / 百般忙乱
* 百般恩愛 / 百般恩爱
* 百般解說 / 百般解说
* 萬般 / 万般 (wànbān)
* 般倕
* 般師 / 般师
* 般弄
* 般般
* 般調 / 般调
* 般配 (bānpèi)
* 諸般 / 诸般 (zhūbān)
* 這般 / 这般 (zhèbān)
* 這般如此 / 这般如此
* 這般說來 / 这般说来
* 這般這般 / 这般这般
* 那般
* 銀鈴般 / 银铃般
* 魯般 / 鲁般 (Lǔbān)
* 魯般尺 / 鲁般尺 (lǔbānchǐ)

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *bran (“to convalesce, recover, return”). Cognate with Burmese ပြန် (pran, “to go back, return; to translate”) (STEDT).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): pán (pan$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄆㄢˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): pun$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: pán
*** Zhuyin: ㄆㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: pán
*** Wade–Giles: pʻan$^2$
*** Yale: pán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: parn
*** Palladius: пань (panʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰän³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: pun$^4$
*** Yale: pùhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: pun$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: pun$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰuːn²¹/
* Middle Chinese: ban
Rime :
| Character | 般 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 並 (3) |
| Final (韻) | 桓 (62) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 薄官切 |
| Baxter | ban |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /buɑn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /bʷɑn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /buɑn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /bwan/ |
| Li Rong | /buɑn/ |
| Wang Li | /buɑn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /bʱuɑn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | pán |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | pun$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*baːn/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 般 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| No. | 241 |
| Phonetic component | 般 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 槃 |
| Old Chinese | /*baːn/ |

#### Definitions

般
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to rotate
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to go back and forth; to linger
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) joyful; amused
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) large

#### Compounds

* 般桓
* 般樂 / 般乐
* 般涉調 / 般涉调
* 般礴
* 般舟三昧 (bōzhōu sānmèi)
* 面般

### Etymology 3

Transliteration of Indic loanwords; see their respective entries for more.

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): bō (bo$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄛ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): bo$^1$ / but$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): pat
* Eastern Min (BUC): pŏ̤
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): poa̍t / pat
    (Teochew, Peng'im): puag$^4$ / bo$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^7$peq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bō
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄛ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bo
*** Wade–Giles: po$^1$
*** Yale: bwō
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bo
*** Palladius: бо (bo)
*** Sinological IPA : /pu̯ɔ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: bo$^1$ / but$^3$
*** Yale: bō / but
*** Cantonese Pinyin: bo$^1$ / but$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: bo$^1$ / bud$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /pɔː⁵⁵/, /puːt̚³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: pat
*** Hakka Romanization System: bad$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: bad$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /pat̚²/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: pŏ̤
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰo⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: poa̍t
*** Tâi-lô: pua̍t
*** Phofsit Daibuun: poat
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /puat̚⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pat
*** Tâi-lô: pat
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pad
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /pat̚³²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: puag$^4$ / bo$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: phuak / po
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰuak̚²/, /po³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^7$peq
*** MiniDict: peh$^入$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^4$peq
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /pəʔ⁵⁵/

#### Definitions

般
* Only used in 般若 (bōrě).
* Only used in 般涅槃 (bōnièpán).

### References

* “般”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)

#### Readings

From Middle Chinese 般 (MC pan) and 般 (MC paen, “sort, kind, class”):
* Go-on: へん (hen)
* Kan-on: はん (han, Jōyō)
From Middle Chinese 般 (MC ban, “rotate, go back and forth”):
* Go-on: ばん (ban)
* Kan-on: はん (han, Jōyō)
Other readings:
* Kan’yō-on: はつ (hatsu)
* Nanori: かず (kazu)、つら (tsura)

#### Compounds

* 般(はん)舟(じゅ)三(ざん)昧(まい) (hanju-zanmai)
* 般(はん)若(にゃ) (hannya)
* 般(はつ)涅(ね)槃(はん) (hatsunehan)
* 般(ばん)礴(はく) (banhaku)
* 悦(えっ)般(ぱん) (Eppan)
* 魯(ろ)般(はん) (Rohan)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 般
* はん Grade: S
* kan'on
From Middle Chinese 般 (MC ban|pan|paen).

### Affix

般(はん) • (han)
* sort, kind, class
* instance, time
* Used in transliterations

#### Derived terms

* 般(はん)化(か) (hanka)
* 般(はん)楽(らく) (hanraku)
* 一(いっ)般(ぱん) (ippan)
* 過(か)般(はん) (kahan)
* 概(がい)般(はん) (gaihan)
* 各(かく)般(はん) (kakuhan)
* 広(こう)般(はん) (kōhan)
* 此(この)般(はん), 這(この)般(はん) (konohan)
* 今(こん)般(ぱん) (konpan)
* 這(しゃ)般(はん) (shahan)
* 十(じゅう)八(はっ)般(ぱん) (jūhappan)
* 諸(しょ)般(はん) (shohan)
* 千(せん)般(ぱん) (senpan)
* 先(せん)般(ぱん) (senpan)
* 全(ぜん)般(ぱん) (zenpan)
* 多(た)般(はん) (tahan)
* 万(ばん)般(ぱん) (banpan)
* 百(ひゃっ)般(ぱん) (hyappan)
* 普(ふ)般(はん)的(てき) (fuhanteki)
* 両(りょう)般(はん) (ryōhan)

## Korean
### Hanja

般 (eumhun 가지 반 (gaji ban))
* hanja form of 반 (“sort, manner, kind, category”)
般 (eumhun 일반 반 (ilban ban))
* hanja form of 반 (“similar, general”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

般: Hán Nôm readings: ban, bàn, bơn, bát
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.