# 港

| 港 | U+6E2F, &#28207; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6E2F |
| ← 渮 [U+6E2E] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 渰 → [U+6E30] |
| 港 | U+2F908, &#194824; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F908 |
| ← 洴 [U+2F907] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement | 湮 → [U+2F909] |

## Translingual

| Japanese | 港 |
| Simplified | 港 |
| Traditional | 港 |

### Alternative forms

Note that, as in 巷, in Chinese, the bottom is 巳, while in Japanese and Korean, the bottom is 己.

### Han character

港 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 水廿金山 (ETCU), four-corner 3411$_7$, composition ⿰氵巷)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 635, character 4
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17783
* Dae Jaweon: page 1042, character 2
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1668, character 7
* Unihan data for U+6E2F
* Unihan data for U+2F908

## Chinese

* 港 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 港 (Cantonese)
* káng (Southern Min)

### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 港 | *kroːŋʔ, *ɡloːŋs |
| 巷 | *ɡroːŋs |
| 衖 | *ɡroːŋs |
| 鬨 | *ɡroːŋs, *ɡloːŋs |
| 烘 | *qʰloːŋ, *qʰloːŋs, *ɡoːŋ, *ɡloːŋs |
| 洪 | *ɡloːŋ |
| 鉷 | *ɡloːŋ |
| 谼 | *ɡloːŋ |
| 葓 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 哄 | *ɡloːŋs |
| 蕻 | *ɡloːŋs |
| 恭 | *kloŋ |
| 供 | *kloŋ, *kloŋs |
| 龔 | *kloŋ |
| 珙 | *kloŋ, *kloŋʔ |
| 共 | *kloŋ, *ɡloŋs |
| 髸 | *kloŋ |
| 拱 | *kloŋʔ |
| 拲 | *kloŋʔ, *kloɡ |
| 蛬 | *kloŋʔ, *ɡloŋ |
| 栱 | *kloŋʔ |
| 輁 | *kloŋʔ, *ɡloŋ |
| 舼 | *ɡloŋ |
| 輂 | *kloɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kroːŋʔ, *ɡloːŋs): semantic 水 (“river; water”) + phonetic 巷 (OC *ɡroːŋs).

### Etymology 1

Cognate with 江 (OC *kroːŋ, “river”) (Schuessler, 2007). The southern dialectal word originally meant "small river/stream", which is still preserved in some Min languages. The irregular pronunciation in Mandarin (expected Mandarin reflex is *jiǎng) originated from southern dialects where velars have not palatalized (Schuessler, 2007).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): gǎng (gang$^3$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄍㄤˇ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): gang$^3$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gong$^2$
    (Dongguan, Jyutping++): gong$^2$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): kong$^2$
* Gan (Wiktionary): gong$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kóng
    (Hailu, HRS): gong$^ˊ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): guong$^3$
* Jin (Wiktionary): gon$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): gǒ̤ng
* Eastern Min (BUC): gē̤ng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gang$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): káng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gang$^2$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): gang$^2$
* Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): gaang$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$kaon
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): gan$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gǎng
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄤˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gǎng
*** Wade–Giles: kang$^3$
*** Yale: gǎng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gaang
*** Palladius: ган (gan)
*** Sinological IPA : /kɑŋ²¹⁴/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: gang$^3$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gang
*** Sinological IPA : /kaŋ⁵³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gong$^2$
*** Yale: góng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gong$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɔːŋ³⁵/
** (Dongguan, Guancheng)
*** Jyutping++: gong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɔŋ³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: kong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɔŋ⁵⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: gong$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɔŋ²¹³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kóng
*** Hakka Romanization System: gong$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gong$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /koŋ³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: gong$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /koŋ²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: guong$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /kuɔŋ³¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: gon$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /kɒ̃⁴⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gǒ̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /kɔŋ²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gē̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /køyŋ³³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gang$^3$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: gâng
*** Sinological IPA : /kaŋ⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gang$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kaŋ³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: káng
*** Tâi-lô: káng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: karng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kaŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kaŋ⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kaŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kaŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kaŋ⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gang$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: káng
*** Sinological IPA : /kaŋ⁵²/
** (Leizhou)
*** Leizhou Pinyin: gang$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /kaŋ³¹/
* Southern Pinghua
** (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
*** Jyutping++: gaang$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kaŋ³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$kaon
*** MiniDict: kaon$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$kaan
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kɑ̃³⁴/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: gan$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kan⁴¹/
* Middle Chinese: kaewngX
Rime :
| Character | 港 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 江 (9) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 古項切 |
| Baxter | kaewngX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠʌŋ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kᵚɔŋ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kɔŋ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kaɨwŋ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /kɔŋ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /kɔŋ$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kɔŋ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiǎng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gong$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*kroːŋʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 港 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 4150 |
| Phonetic component | 共 |
| Rime group | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 講 |
| Old Chinese | /*kroːŋʔ/ |

#### Definitions

港
* tributary of a larger river or lake
* (dialectal) river
* port; harbor
    軍港／军港 ― jūngǎng ― naval port
    基隆港 ― Jīlóng Gǎng ― Port of Keelung
* large airport
* shorthand for Hong Kong
    港幣／港币 [Cantonese] ― gong$^2$ bai$^6$ [Jyutping] ― Hong Kong dollar
    省港 [Cantonese] ― saang$^2$ gong$^2$ [Jyutping] ― Canton-Hong Kong
* (colloquial) Hong Kong-styled
* (Hokkien) Classifier for fluids: stream
* a surname

##### Usage notes

* Xiandai Hanyu Guifan Cidian (《现代汉语规范词典》) proscribes the use of the pronunciation jiǎng.

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 香港, 香港特別行政區 official, 港 short |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 香港 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 香港 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 香港, 香港地, 下便, 桂枝 slang |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 香港, 香港地 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 香港 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 香港 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 香港 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 香港 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 香港 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 香港 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 香港 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 香港 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 香港 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 香港 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 香港 |

#### Compounds

* 下港 (ē-káng) (Min Nan)
* 不凍港 / 不冻港 (bùdònggǎng)
* 伸港 (Shēngǎng)
* 入港 (rùgǎng)
* 內港 / 内港
* 六港 (Liùgǎng)
* 出港 (chūgǎng)
* 北方大港
* 北港 (Běigǎng)
* 北港鎮 / 北港镇
* 千足港條 / 千足港条
* 南港 (Nángǎng)
* 卡港會議 / 卡港会议
* 商港 (shānggǎng)
* 四港 (Sìgǎng)
* 塞得港 (Sàidégǎng)
* 塘沽新港
* 外港 (wàigǎng)
* 太子港 (Tàizǐgǎng)
* 太湖港 (Tàihúgǎng)
* 安平港
* 封港
* 小港 (Xiǎogǎng, “Siaogang”)
* 工業港 / 工业港
* 巨港 (Jùgǎng)
* 布雷爾港 / 布雷尔港
* 引港 (yǐngǎng)
* 新港 (Xīngǎng)
* 新港口 (Xīngǎngkǒu)
* 新港鄉 / 新港乡
* 斷港絕潢 / 断港绝潢
* 木港 (Mùgǎng)
* 東港 / 东港 (Dōnggǎng)
* 榆林港 (Yúlíngǎng)
* 正港 (chiàⁿ-káng) (Min Nan)
* 毛家港 (Máojiāgǎng)
* 汊港 (chàgǎng)
* 河口港
* 洋港 (Yánggǎng)
* 海港 (hǎigǎng)
* 海港檢疫 / 海港检疫
* 港九 (Gǎng-Jiǔ)
* 港共 (Gǎnggòng)
* 港劇 / 港剧 (gǎngjù)
* 港務 / 港务 (gǎngwù)
* 港務局 / 港务局 (gǎngwùjú)
* 港北 (Gǎngběi)
* 港南 (Gǎngnán)
* 港口 (gǎngkǒu)
* 港商 (gǎngshāng)
* 港埠 (gǎngbù)
* 港子
* 港客
* 港尾 (Gǎngwěi)
* 港島 / 港岛 (Gǎngdǎo)
* 港市 (gǎngshì)
* 港幣 / 港币 (gǎngbì)
* 港式 (Gǎngshì)
* 港星 (gǎngxīng)
* 港汊 (gǎngchà)
* 港澳 (Gǎng-Ào)
* 港澳辦 / 港澳办 (Gǎng'àobàn)
* 港灣 / 港湾 (gǎngwān)
* 港片 (gǎngpiàn)
* 港紙 / 港纸 (gǎngzhǐ)
* 港臺 / 港台 (Gǎng-Tái)
* 港臺文學 / 港台文学
* 港警 (gǎngjǐng)
* 港豬 / 港猪 (gǎngzhū)
* 港都
* 漁港 / 渔港 (yúgǎng)
* 珍珠港 (Zhēnzhūgǎng)
* 省港大罷工 / 省港大罢工 (Shěng-Gǎng Dàbàgōng)
* 自由港 (zìyóugǎng)
* 臺中港 / 台中港
* 航空港 (hángkōnggǎng)
* 草港 (Cǎogǎng)
* 虎門港 / 虎门港
* 西港 (Xīgǎng)
* 西班牙港 (Xībānyágǎng)
* 貔子窩港 / 貔子窝港
* 赤馬港 / 赤马港 (Chìmǎgǎng)
* 超深水港
* 軍港 / 军港 (jūngǎng)
* 通商港 (tōngshānggǎng)
* 連雲港 / 连云港 (Liányúngǎng)
* 避風港 / 避风港 (bìfēnggǎng)
* 鄢港 (Yāngǎng)
* 里港 (Lǐgǎng)
* 金港 (Jīngǎng)
* 長港 / 长港 (Chánggǎng)
* 防城港 (Fángchénggǎng, “Fangchenggang”)
* 陳家港 / 陈家港 (Chénjiāgǎng)
* 陳港 / 陈港 (Chéngǎng)
* 陶港 (Táogǎng)
* 雙港 / 双港 (Shuānggǎng)
* 領港 / 领港 (lǐnggǎng)
* 香港 (Xiānggǎng)
* 香港腳 / 香港脚 (xiānggǎngjiǎo)
* 香港衫
* 馬尾港 / 马尾港
* 馬賽港 / 马赛港
* 高雄港
* 鹿港 (Lùgǎng, “Lukang”)
* 黃石港 / 黄石港 (Huángshígǎng)
* 龍港 / 龙港 (Lónggǎng)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): hòng (hong$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄥˋ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hòng
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄥˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hòng
*** Wade–Giles: hung$^4$
*** Yale: hùng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: honq
*** Palladius: хун (xun)
*** Sinological IPA : /xʊŋ⁵¹/
* Middle Chinese: huwngH
Rime :
| Character | 港 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (1) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 胡貢切 |
| Baxter | huwngH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦuŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦuŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣuŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦəwŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣuŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣuŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣuŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | hòng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hung$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡloːŋs/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 港 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 4163 |
| Phonetic component | 共 |
| Rime group | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 哄 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡloːŋs/ |
| Notes | 見馬融賦 |

#### Definitions

港
* Only used in 港洞.

### References

* “港”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 港 |
| Kyūjitai | 港󠄁 港+&#xE0101; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 港󠄃 港+&#xE0103; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Alternative forms

* 湊

### Kanji

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
* Kun: みなと (minato, 港, Jōyō)

#### Compounds

* 港湾
* 漁港
* 空港
* 軍港
* 出港
* 香港

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 港
* みなと Grade: 3
* kun'yomi
From Old Japanese. Attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720. Reconstructed as deriving from Proto-Japonic *minato.
The traditional etymology that Japanese sources trace back to is a compound of 水 (mi-, “water”) +‎ な (na, assimilated apophonic form of の (no, “genitive case marker”)) +‎ 門 (to, “gate”).
* However, this does not correlate cleanly with the etymology of 水 (mizu, “water”), reconstructed as Proto-Japonic *mentu (“water”). Then again, there are numerous attested words where 水 (mi) is used as the first and last element in compounds, suggesting either that the derivation of 水 (mizu) might differ.
Vovin, on the other hand suggests that the initial mi- was 御 (mi-, “honorific prefix”), while -na- meant "water", possibly from Proto-Tai *C̬.namꟲ (“water”). Compare 涙 (namida, “tears”), 菜葱, 水葱 (nagi, “Monochoria vaginalis”), 漬く (nazuku, “soak in water”, obsolete).
* However, this may present semantic difficulties, as any native formation like namida that proposes "water" for the initial nam and "eye" for a following component reverses the usual word-formation pattern for Japanese, where the main or head noun comes last. In addition, the na element appears in other words with no relation to "water", as an assimilated apophonic form of genitive particle の (no), seen in terms such as 掌 (tanagokoro, “palm of the hand”, literally “hand's heart/center”), 眼間 (manakai, “where the lines of sight of the eyes converge”, literally “eyes' exchanging/crossing”).

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)
* (Tokyo) みなと [mìnátó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [mʲina̠to̞]

### Noun

港(みなと) • (minato)
* [from 720] a sluice; a section of a river to let water in and out
** 905–914, Kokin Wakashū (book 5, poem 293)
    もみぢ葉(ば)の流(なが)れてとまる水門(みなと)には紅(くれなゐ)深(ふか)き波(なみ)や立(た)つらむ
       momiji ba no nagarete tomaru minato niha kurenai fukaki nami ya tatsuramu
       At the end of the river gate where there are autumn leaves, there are deep red waves! I shall stop...
* [from 720] a port, harbour; a place where boats can unload
* [from 1205] (figurative) a stop

### Proper noun

港(みなと) • (Minato)
* Minato (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)
* an administrative district in Nagoya prefecture
* an administrative district in Osaka Prefecture
* a male given name

### References

* ↑ “港”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎ (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2025
* ↑ Omodaka, Hisataka (1967) 時代別国語大辞典 上代編 [The dictionary of historical Japanese: Old Japanese] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN, page 713
* 1 2 3 “み‐な‐と 【港・湊・水門】”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ “港”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen]‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
* ↑ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
* 1 2 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Vovin, Alexander (2010) “上代日本語と古代・中世韓国語の「水」と「涙」”, in 日韓言語学者会議 (in Japanese), 麗澤大学言語研究センター, pages 115-120
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 港 (MC kaewngX).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 가ᇰ〯 (Yale: kǎng) | 가ᇰ〯 (Yale: kǎng) |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | 개〮 (Yale: káy) | 하ᇰ〯 (Yale: hǎng) |

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ha̠(ː)ŋ]
* Phonetic hangul: [항(ː)]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Hanja

Wikisource 港 (eumhun 항구(港口) 항 (hanggu hang))
* hanja form of 항 (“harbour; port”) [noun]

#### Compounds

* 개항 (開港, gaehang)
* 공항 (空港, gonghang)
* 부동항 (不凍港, budonghang)
* 어항 (漁港, eohang)
* 외항 (外港, oehang)
* 입항 (入港, iphang)
* 출항 (出港, chulhang)
* 항구 (港口, hanggu)
* 항만 (港灣, hangman)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

港: Hán Nôm readings: cảng
* chữ Hán form of cảng (“port; harbor”).