# سر
## Arabic
### Etymology 1.1
#### Verb

سَرَّ • (sarra) I (non-past يَسُرُّ (yasurru), verbal noun مَسَرَّة (masarra) or سُرُور (surūr) or سُرّ (surr) or سُرَّى (surrā) or تَسِرَّة (tasirra))
* to gladden, to make happy, to delight, to cheer, to rejoice
* to satisfy
* to pass

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 1.2
#### Verb

سُرَّ • (surra) I (passive-only, first-person singular past سُرِرْتُ (surirtu), non-past يُسَرُّ (yusarru), verbal noun مَسَرَّة (masarra) or سُرُور (surūr) or سُرّ (surr) or سُرَّى (surrā) or تَسِرَّة (tasirra))
* to be glad, to be happy, to be delighted, to take pleasure in

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 1.3
#### Noun

سَرّ • (sarr) m
* verbal noun of سَرَّ (sarra) (form I)

##### Declension
### Etymology 2.1

Compare Ugaritic 𐎌𐎗 (šr).

#### Noun

سُرّ • (surr) m (plural أَسِرَّة (ʔasirra))
* verbal noun of سَرَّ (sarra) (form I)
* umbilical cord, navel string

##### Declension
### Etymology 2.2

Denominal verb from سُرّ (surr, “umbilical cord”) and سُرَّة (surra, “navel”).

#### Verb

سَرَّ • (sarra) I (non-past يَسُرُّ (yasurru), verbal noun سَرّ (sarr))
* to cut off the navel string of (someone)
* to hurt the navel of (someone)

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2.3

Denominal verb from سُرَّة (surra, “navel”).

#### Verb

سَرَّ • (sarra) I (first-person singular past سَرِرْتُ (sarirtu), non-past يَسَرُّ (yasarru), verbal noun سَرّ (sarr))
* to complain of pain in the navel

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 3

For the fourth sense, compare Classical Syriac ܐ݇ܪܵܙܵܐ (rāzā, “sacrament”, literally “secret”).

#### Noun

سِرّ • (sirr) m (plural أَسْرَار (ʔasrār)) (countable and uncountable)
* secret, secret thought
* heart, inmost
* secrecy, mystery
* sacrament (Christianity)
* underlying reason

##### Antonyms

* عَلَن (ʕalan)

##### Descendants

* → Hausa: àsīr̃ī
** → Yoruba: àṣírí
** → Nupe: àsiri; àshiri
* → Malay: sir
** → Indonesian: sir
* → Classical Persian: سِرّ (sirr)
** → Azerbaijani: sirr
** → Bashkir: сер (ser)
** → Hindi: सिर्र (sirr)
** → Kazakh: сыр (syr)
** → Kyrgyz: сыр (sır)
** → Northern Kurdish: surr
** → Punjabi: ਸਿੱਰ (sirra), سِرّ (sirr)
** → Pashto: سر (ser)
** → Tajik: сир (sir)
** → Tatar: сер (ser)
** → Turkmen: syr
** → Ottoman Turkish: سر (sirr, sır)
*** > Turkish: sır (inherited)
*** → Crimean Tatar: sır
** → Urdu: سِرّ (sirr)
** → Uyghur: سىر (sir)
** → Uzbek: sir
* → Swahili: siri

### Etymology 4
#### Noun

سِرّ • (sirr) m (plural أَسِرَّة (ʔasirra) or أَسْرَار (ʔasrār) or أَسَارِير (ʔasārīr))
* line in the palm

##### Declension
### Etymology 5

From Ottoman Turkish سر (ser), from Persian سر (sar).

#### Noun

سَر • (sar) m
* (in compounds) head, chief
    سِرْدَار (sirdār)— supreme commander; commanding general
    سَرْعَسْكَر (sarʕaskar)— Ottoman general
    سِرْيَاوَرَان (siryāwarān)— adjutant general

##### Declension
### Etymology 6
#### Verb

سِرْ • (sir) (form I) /sir/
* second-person masculine singular imperative of سَارَ (sāra)

## Baluchi
### Noun

سر • (sar)
* (Anatomy) head
* top

### See also

* سرگ (sarag)

## Burushaski
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [saɾ]

### Etymology 1
#### Noun

سر (sar) (plural سرݸ)
* rabbit

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

سر (sar) (plural سرݸ)
* thread

### References

* Sadaf Munshi (2015) “Word Lists”, in Burushaski Language Documentation Project‎.

## Kalkoti
### Noun

سر (sar)
* lake

## Kohistani Shina
### Noun

سر (ser)
* top

## Laki
### Noun

سر (sir)
* head

## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology 1

From Persian سر (sar).

#### Noun

سر • (ser)
* head
* chief, head, leading
* end, summit, tip

##### Synonyms

* (all senses): باش (baş)

##### Derived terms

* سرعسكر (serʼasker, “commander in chief”)

##### Descendants

* > Turkish: ser (inherited)
* → Arabic: سَر (sar)

### Etymology 2

From Arabic سِرّ (sirr).

#### Noun

سر • (sirr, sır)
* secret, concealed thing

##### Descendants

* > Turkish: sır (inherited)
* → Crimean Tatar: sır

### References

* Zenker, Julius Theodor (1876) “سر”, in Türkisch-arabisch-persisches Handwörterbuch, volume 2 (overall work in German and French), Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann, pages 501–502

## Persian
### Etymology 1

From Middle Persian 𐭫𐭥𐭩𐭱𐭤 (LOYŠE /⁠sar⁠/), from Proto-Iranian *cŕ̥Hah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćŕ̥Has, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂-; see there for further information.

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [saɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [säɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [säɾ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [säɾ]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [säɾ]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [sæɹ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [säɾ]
* Rhymes: -ar

#### Noun

سَر • (sar) (plural سرها (sar-hâ))
* head; (figurative) the head, as the seat of the intellect
    سرم درد میکنه. ― sar-am dard mi-kone. ― My head hurts.
** 2023, “پاقدم”, performed by علیرضا طلیسچی:تو رفتی ولی فکر تو، تو سر من موند همیشه نبودت من و قلبمو ترسوندto rafti vali fekr-e to tu sar-e man mund hamiše nabudet man o qalbamo tarsundyou left but the thought of you remained in my head / your absence always scared me and my heart
* top, top part
    بر سر درخت ― bar sar-e deraxt ― on the treetop
* cover, lid, cap
    سر دیگ شیشه‌ای ― sar-e dig-e šiše'i ― glass pot lid
* start, beginning, starting point
    باد سر پاییز ― bâd-e sar-e pâyiz ― early autumn wind
* tip, extremity, endpoint; often without the ezâfe.
    سرانگشت ― sarangošt ― fingertip
    سر تا سر ― sar tâ sar ― from one end to the other
** 11th century, Abū Saʿīd Abī-l-Khayr, Rubāʿī attributed to Abū Saʿīd Abī-l-Khayr‎:جانا من و تو نمونهٔ پرگاریم سر گرچه دو کرده‌ایم یک تن داریمjānā man u tō namūna-yi pargār-ēm sar garči du karda'ēm yak tan dārēmMy love, you and I are akin to a pair of compasses; Though we are of two heads/ends, we have one body.(Classical Persian transliteration)
** 1962, Jalal Al-e-Ahmad, غرب‌زدگی [Occidentosis: A Plague from the West]:این غرب‌زدگی دو سر دارد. یکی غرب و دیگر ما که غرب‌زده‌ایم. ما یعنی گوشه‌ای از شرق. به جای این دو سر، بگذاریم دو قطب. یا دو نهایت.in ğarb-zadegi do sar dârad. yeki ğarb va digar mâ ke ğarb-zade-im. mâ ya'ni guše'i az šarq. be jâ-ye in do sar, begozârim do qotb. yâ do nehâyat.This Westoxification has two endpoints. One is the West, and the other is we who are Westoxified. We, as in a corner of the East. Instead of these two endpoints, let us say two poles. Or two extremes.
* (idiomatic) intention, desire
    آمریکا با ایران سر جنگ دارد.âmrikâ bâ irân sar-e jang dârad.America wants war with Iran.
* (idiomatic) end, conclusion
    به سر آوردن ― be sar âvordan ― to bring to an end
** 1921, Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh, فارسی شکر است‎:[…] و جیغ و داد و فریادی بلند و قشقره‌ای برپا گردید که آن سرش پیدا نبود. […] va jiğ o dâd o faryâdi boland va qešqere'i barpâ gardid ke ân sar-aš peydâ na-bud. […] and screams, shouts, loud cries, and general pandemonium was set up to which no end could be found.
* A classifier for people and animals.
* (Sistani) A kind of clay.

#### Noun

سَر • (sar) (plural سران (sarân))
* leader, chief, head

#### Preposition

سر • (sar-i) (Dari transliteration)
* (chiefly Dari) on top, on
    «کلید من از کجاست» «آن سر میز است» (Dari, formal)“kilīd-i man az kujā-st” “ān sar-i mēz ast”
    «کلی مه از کجایه؟» «او سر میزه» (Dari, informal)“kilī-yi ma az kuja-ya?” “ū sar-i mēz-a”"where are my keys?" "they are on the table"

##### Usage notes

* Use روی (ru-ye) in Iran.

#### Derived terms

* سر رفتن (sar raftan)
* سرآغاز (sar-âğâz)
* سراسر (sarâsar)
* سراسری (sarâsari)
* سرباز (sar-bâz)
* سربداران (sar-be-dâr-ân)
* سربلند (sar-boland)
* سربه‌زیر (sar-be-zir)
* سربه‌هوا (sar-be-havâ)
* سرتاسر (sar-tâ-sar)
* سرتاپا (sar-tâ-pâ)
* سرتیپ (sar-tip)
* سرجوخه (sar-juxe)
* سردر (sar-dar)
* سردرد (sar-dard)
* سردفتر (sar-daftar)
* سرسام (sarsâm)
* سرسام‌آور (sarsâm-âvar)
* سرصفحه (sar-safhe)
* سرلشکر (sar-laškar)
* سرچشمه (sar-češme)
* سرگرم (sar-garm)
* سرگروه (sar-goruh)
* سرگیجه (sar-gije)

#### Descendants

* → Hindustani:
** → Hindi: सर (sar)
** → Urdu: سر (sar)
* → Ottoman Turkish: سر (ser)
** > Turkish: ser (inherited)
** → Arabic: سَر (sar)
* →? Pashto: سر (sar)

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Arabic سِرّ (sirr, “secret”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [siɾɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [sɪɾ(ː)]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [sɪɾ(ː)]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [sɪɾ(ː)]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [siɾ(ː)]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [seɹ(ː)]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [siɾ(ː)]

#### Noun

سِرّ • (serr) (plural اسرار (asrâr))
* secret
    Synonym: راز (râz)

##### Inflection

Enclitic-attached forms of سر (serr) (Iranian Persian) :
Basic forms of سر
singular
plural
bare
سر (serr)
سر‌ها، سرا$^△$ (serr-hấ, serrấ$^△$)
definitive direct object
سر را، سر رو$^△$ (serr râ, serro$^△$)
سر‌ها را، سرا رو$^△$ (serr-hấ râ, serrấ ro$^△$)
ezâfe
سر (serr-e)
سر‌های، سرای$^△$ (serr-hấ-ye, serrấ-ye$^△$)
marked indefinite or relative definite
سری (serr-i)
سر‌هایی، سرایی$^△$ (serrấn-i, serr-hấ-i, serrấi$^△$)
$^△$ Colloquial.
Possessive forms of سر
singular
plural
1st person singular (“my”)
سرم (serram)
سر‌هایم، سر‌هام، سرام$^△$ (serr-hấyam, serrấm$^△$)
2nd person singular (“your”)
سرت (serrat)
سر‌هایت، سر‌هات، سرات$^△$ (serr-hấyat, serrất$^△$)
3rd person singular (“his, her, its”)
سرش (serraš)
سر‌هایش، سر‌هاش، سراش$^△$ (serr-hấyaš, serrấš$^△$)
1st plural (“our”)
سرمان، سرمون$^△$ (serremân, serremun$^△$)
سر‌هایمان، سر‌هامون، سرامون$^△$ (serr-hấyemân, serrấmun$^△$)
2nd plural (“your”)
سرتان، سرتون$^△$ (serretân, serretun$^△$)
سر‌هایتان، سر‌هاتون، سراتون$^△$ (serr-hấyetân, serrấtun$^△$)
3rd plural (“their”)
سرشان، سرشون$^△$ (serrešân, serrešun$^△$)
سر‌هایشان، سر‌هاشون، سراشون$^△$ (serr-hấyešân, serrấšun$^△$)
$^△$ Colloquial. :

### Etymology 3

A transliteration of the English title Sir.

#### Noun

سِر • (ser)
* Sir (the titular prefix given to a knight or baronet)
    سر تیم برنرز لی ― ser tim bernerz li ― Sir Tim Berners-Lee

##### Usage notes

Used in transliteration only.

## Punjabi
### Etymology

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂-; see there for more.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sɪɾ/

### Noun

سِر • (sir) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਸਿਰ)
* head

## Saraiki
### Etymology

From Sanskrit शिरस् (śiras).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sɪɾ/

### Noun

سِر (sir) m
* (anatomy) head

## Shina
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sʌr/

### Noun

سر (sar)
* lake
* (rare) ocean

## Sindhi
### Etymology

From Sanskrit शिरस् (śiras).

### Noun

سر • (siru) m (Devanagari सिरु)
* head

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic سِرّ (sirr).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sirr/, [sɪr]
* Audio (Ramallah):(file)

### Noun

سرّ • (sirr) m (plural أسرار (ʔasrār) or سرار (srār))
* secret

## Southwestern Fars
### Adjective

سر (so:r, sōr)
* (Kuzarg) red

## Urdu
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Sanskrit शर (śara).

#### Noun

سَر • (sar) m (Hindi spelling सर)
* arrow

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Sanskrit [Term?].

#### Adjective

سَر • (sar) (Hindi spelling सर)
* going
* moving
* proceeding

#### Noun

سَر • (sar) ? (Hindi spelling सर)
* motion
* milk
* waterfall
* salt
* cream

### Etymology 3

Borrowed from Sanskrit सरस् (saras).

#### Noun

سَر • (sar) m (Hindi spelling सर)
* lake
* pond
* pool
* tank

### Etymology 4

Borrowed from Classical Persian سر (sar). Cognate with Sanskrit शिरस् (śiras). Doublet of سر (sir, “head”).

#### Noun

سَر • (sar) m (Hindi spelling सर)
* head
* top
* pinnacle
* tip
* origin
* head
* chief
* intention
* aim, goal
* end

### Etymology 5

Borrowed from Sanskrit शिर (śira).

#### Adverb

سِر • (sir) (Hindi spelling सिर)
* initially

#### Noun

سِر • (sir) m (Hindi spelling सिर)
* head
* skull
* top
* summit
* crown
* pinnacle
* beginning
* commencement

### Etymology 6

Borrowed from Classical Persian سر (sir(r)), from Arabic سِرّ (sirr).

#### Noun

سِر or سِرّ • (sir or sirr) m (Hindi spelling सिर्र)
* secret
* mystery

### Etymology 7

Borrowed from Sanskrit सुर (sura).

#### Noun

سُر • (sur) m (Hindi spelling सुर)
* god
* deity
* angel
* sun

### Etymology 8

Borrowed from Sanskrit स्वर (svara).

#### Noun

سُر • (sur) m (Hindi spelling सुर)
* sound
* voice
* tone
* tune
* harmony
* melody
* song
* air

### Etymology 9

Borrowed from Classical Persian سر (sur), from Sanskrit शूल (śūla).

#### Noun

سُر • (sur) m (Hindi spelling सुर)
* swordfish