# 乾

| 乾 | U+4E7E, &#20094; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E7E |
| ← 乽 [U+4E7D] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 乿 → [U+4E7F] |

## Translingual
### Han character

乾 (Kangxi radical 5, 乙+10, 11 strokes, cangjie input 十十人弓 (JJON), four-corner 4841$_7$, composition ⿰龺乞)

#### Derived characters

* 𠼳, 墘, 𢠥, 㨴, 漧, 𨼃, 𤍯, 𭢇, 𨫬, 𫙱, 𨝌, 𨝝

#### Related characters

* 干 (Simplified form when used as an adjective in Chinese)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 84, character 25
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 204
* Dae Jaweon: page 172, character 1
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 56, character 10
* Unihan data for U+4E7E

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 乾 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| Small seal scripts10941s10942Transcribed ancient scriptsL32029L32030L32031L32032L07189L07190L07191L07192L07193L07194L07195L07196L07197 ||
| References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script). ||
| | Old Chinese |
| 乾 | *kaːn, *ɡran |
| 漧 | *kaːn |
| 倝 | *kaːns |
| 榦 | *kaːns |
| 韓 | *ɡaːn |
| 鶾 | *ɡaːn |
| 翰 | *ɡaːn, *ɡaːns |
| 瀚 | *ɡaːns |
| 螒 | *ɡaːns |
| 雗 | *ɡaːns |
| 斡 | *qʷaːd |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kaːn, *ɡran): phonetic 倝 (OC *kaːns) + semantic 乙.

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kan (“to dry; to dry up”). Cognate with 旱 (OC *ɡaːnʔ, “drought”), Burmese ခန်း (hkan:, “to dry up; to evaporate”) (STEDT).
The sense “lacking sweetness” is a semantic loan from French sec or English dry.

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gān (gan$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄢ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gon$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): gon$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kôn
    (Meixian, Guangdong): gon$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): gúing
* Eastern Min (BUC): găng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): koaⁿ / koa / kan
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gang$^1$ / guan$^1$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^1$koe
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gān
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gan
*** Wade–Giles: kan$^1$
*** Yale: gān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gan
*** Palladius: гань (ganʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /kän⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gon$^1$
*** Yale: gōn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gon$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gon$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɔːn⁵⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: gon$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kᵘɔn³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kôn
*** Hakka Romanization System: gon$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gon$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kon²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: gon$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kɔn⁴⁴/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gúing
*** Sinological IPA : /kuiŋ⁵⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: găng
*** Sinological IPA : /kaŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: koaⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: kuann
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kvoaf
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kuã³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kuã⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: koa
*** Tâi-lô: kua
*** Phofsit Daibuun: koaf
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kua⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kan
*** Tâi-lô: kan
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kafn
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kan⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kan³³/
* koaⁿ/koa - vernacular;
* kan - literary.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit乾 (乾旱) |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /kan⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /kan⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /kan²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /kã²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /kã²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /kan²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /kã²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /kã⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /kan⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /kɛ̃n³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /kan⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /kan⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /kan⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /kan⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /kã̠⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /kaŋ³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /kæ̃²¹/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /kæ̃¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /kɑŋ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /kæ̃³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /kø⁵³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /kø⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /kẽ̞³³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ky³³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /kɛ³¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /kuə¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /kan³³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /kan³³/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /kɵn⁴²/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /kon⁴⁴/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /kon²⁴/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /kɔn⁵³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /kɔn⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /kɔn⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kan⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kaŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kuiŋ⁵⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /kaŋ³³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /kaŋ²³/ |
* Middle Chinese: kan
Rime :
| Character | 乾 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 寒 (61) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 古寒切 |
| Baxter | kan |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɑn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kɑn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kɑn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kan/ |
| Li Rong | /kɑn/ |
| Wang Li | /kɑn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kɑn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gān |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gon$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ˤar/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kaːn/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 乾 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gān |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kan › |
| Old Chinese | /*[k]ˁar/ |
| English | dry |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 乾 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 3698 |
| Phonetic component | 倝 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 干 |
| Old Chinese | /*kaːn/ |

#### Definitions

乾
* dry; moistureless; waterless; arid
    我喉嚨很乾。／我喉咙很干。 ― Wǒ hóulóng hěn gān. ― My throat feels dry.
    From: 2015, 紀曉華《水哥廚房：蒸．好生活》
    zi$^6$ dung$^6$ tai$^4$ si$^6$ bou$^2$ seoi$^2$ gung$^1$ nang$^4$ ho$^2$ ling$^6$ gaa$^1$ jung$^6$ din$^6$ zing$^1$ lou$^4$ jaa$^5$ bat$^1$ wui$^5$ jau$^5$ bou$^1$ gon$^1$ seoi$^2$ jan$^5$ faat$^3$ fo$^2$ ging$^2$ dik$^1$ ngai$^4$ him$^2$. [Jyutping]
    The ability to automatically remind people to add more water may result in electric household steamers no longer carrying the risk of triggering fire alarms when they become empty.
* to dry; to exhaust
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to neglect; to snub
* (colloquial) to drain one's glass; bottoms up
* dried up; exhausted; drained
* (of voice) dry and coarse
* dried-up food
* adopted; adoptive; foster
* in vain; for nothing
* falsely; superficially
* not sweet; lacking sweetness

##### Synonyms

* (dry):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 乾 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 乾 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 乾 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 乾 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 乾 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 乾 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 乾 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 乾 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 乾 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 乾 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 乾 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 乾, 乾燥, 乾迸 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 乾 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 乾 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 乾 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 乾 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 燥 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 燥 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 燥 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 乾, 燥 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 燥 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 乾 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 乾 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 乾, 燥 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 乾 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 燥 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 燥 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 燥 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 燥 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 燥 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 燥 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 燥 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 燥 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 燥 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 燥 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 燥 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 乾 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 乾 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 焦 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 焦, 乾 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 焦 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 焦 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 焦 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 焦 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 焦 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 焦 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 焦 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 焦 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 焦 |
| Southern Min | Raoping | 焦 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 焦 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 焦 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 乾 |
| Southern Min | Qionghai | 乾 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 乾, 焦 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 焦 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 焦 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 乾 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 乾 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 乾 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 乾, 燥 |
| Wu | Danyang | 乾 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 燥 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 乾 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 乾, 燥 |

##### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “dry”): 濕／湿 (shī)

#### Compounds

* 一乾二淨 / 一干二净 (yīgān'èrjìng)
* 不乾不淨 / 不干不净 (bùgānbùjìng)
* 不乾性油 / 不干性油
* 不乾淨 / 不干净
* 乳臭未乾 / 乳臭未干 (rǔxiùwèigān)
* 乾乾兒的 / 干干儿的
* 乾乾淨淨 / 干干净净 (gāngānjìngjìng)
* 乾井 / 干井 (gānjǐng)
* 乾兒 / 干儿
* 乾兒子 / 干儿子 (gān'érzi, “godson”)
* 乾冰 / 干冰 (gānbīng, “dry ice”)
* 乾冷 / 干冷 (gānlěng, “dry and cold”)
* 乾刻版 / 干刻版
* 乾剝剝 / 干剥剥
* 乾和 / 干和
* 乾咳 / 干咳 (gānké, “dry cough”)
* 乾咽 / 干咽 (“to swallow dry food”)
* 乾哭 / 干哭 (“cry without tears”)
* 乾喬 / 干乔
* 乾啼濕哭 / 干啼湿哭
* 乾嗽 / 干嗽 (gānsòu, “dry cough”)
* 乾嘔 / 干呕 (gān'ǒu, “to retch”)
* 乾噦 / 干哕
* 乾嚎 / 干嚎 (gānháo, “pretending to howl”)
* 乾嚥唾 / 干咽唾
* 乾回付 / 干回付
* 乾圓潔淨 / 干圆洁净
* 乾塢 / 干坞 (gānwù)
* 乾女兒 / 干女儿 (gānnǚ'ěr, “goddaughter”)
* 乾奴才 / 干奴才
* 乾妹妹 / 干妹妹
* 乾妹子 / 干妹子 (“godsister”)
* 乾娘 / 干娘 (gānniáng, “godmother”)
* 乾媽 / 干妈 (gānmā, “godmother”)
* 乾季 / 干季 (gānjì, “dry season”)
* 乾寒 / 干寒 (“dry and cold”)
* 乾屍 / 干尸 (gānshī, “mummy”)
* 乾屎橛 / 干屎橛 (gānshǐjué)
* 乾巴 / 干巴 (“insipid”)
* 乾巴巴 / 干巴巴 (gānbābā, “insipid”)
* 乾巴疵咧 / 干巴疵咧
* 乾急 / 干急 (“anxious but unable to do anything”)
* 乾性油 / 干性油 (“dry oil”)
* 乾打雷 / 干打雷
* 乾打雷，不下雨 / 干打雷，不下雨 (“thunder but no rain”)
* 乾折 / 干折
* 乾撇下 / 干撇下
* 乾撂臺 / 干撂台
* 乾擦 / 干擦
* 乾支剌 / 干支剌
* 乾支支 / 干支支
* 乾料 / 干料
* 乾旱 / 干旱 (gānhàn, “drought”)
* 乾暖 / 干暖
* 乾村沙 / 干村沙
* 乾杯 / 干杯 (gānbēi, “cheers”)
* 乾果 / 干果 (gānguǒ, “dry fruit”)
* 乾板 / 干板 (“dry plate”)
* 乾柴 / 干柴
* 乾枯 / 干枯 (gānkū, “dried-up”)
* 乾柴烈火 / 干柴烈火 (“blazing fire and dry wood”)
* 乾梅 / 干梅
* 乾死 / 干死
* 乾沒 / 干没
* 乾洗 / 干洗 (gānxǐ, “dry cleaning”)
* 乾淨 / 干净 (gānjìng, “clean”)
* 乾涸 / 干涸 (gānhé, “dry up”)
* 乾淨俐落 / 干净俐落 (gānjìnglìluo)
* 乾淨利落 / 干净利落 (gānjìnglìluo, “as neat as pin”)
* 乾淨爽利 / 干净爽利
* 乾渴 / 干渴 (“thirsty”)
* 乾溼 / 干湿
* 乾澀 / 干涩 (gānsè, “dry and coarse”)
* 乾灰 / 干灰 (“lime”)
* 乾熬 / 干熬
* 乾熱 / 干热
* 乾燥 / 干燥 (gānzào, “dry”)
* 乾燥劑 / 干燥剂 (“desiccant”)
* 乾燥器 / 干燥器
* 乾燥機 / 干燥机 (gānzàojī)
* 乾燥氣候 / 干燥气候
* 乾燥箱 / 干燥箱 (“desiccator”)
* 乾燥花 / 干燥花
* 乾爹 / 干爹 (gāndiē, “godfather”)
* 乾爽 / 干爽 (gānshuǎng, “dry and crisp”)
* 乾片 / 干片
* 乾生受 / 干生受
* 乾生子 / 干生子
* 乾產 / 干产
* 乾疥 / 干疥
* 乾瘦 / 干瘦 (gānshòu, “skinny”)
* 乾癟 / 干瘪 (gānbiě, “dry and shrivelled”)
* 乾白兒 / 干白儿
* 乾皺 / 干皱 (“kraurosis”)
* 乾眼症 / 干眼症 (gānyǎnzhèng)
* 乾着急 (“anxious but unable to do anything”)
* 乾瞪眼 / 干瞪眼 (“look on in despair”)
* 乾禮 / 干礼 (“monetary gift”)
* 乾稿 / 干稿
* 乾笑 / 干笑 (gānxiào, “hollow laugh”)
* 乾等 / 干等
* 乾篾片 / 干篾片
* 乾粉 / 干粉 (“dried vermicelli”)
* 乾糧 / 干粮 (gānliáng, “food prepared for journey”)
* 乾結 / 干结 (gānjié, “dry and hard”)
* 乾絲 / 干丝 (“dried bean curd”)
* 乾繃兒 / 干绷儿
* 乾罷 / 干罢
* 乾耗 / 干耗
* 乾肥 / 干肥 (“dried manure”)
* 乾股 / 干股 (gāngǔ, “stock dividend”)
* 乾脆 / 干脆 (gāncuì, “clear-cut”)
* 乾脆爽快 / 干脆爽快
* 乾腐病 / 干腐病
* 乾花 / 干花 (“dried flower”)
* 乾芻 / 干刍
* 乾苔 / 干苔
* 乾草 / 干草 (gāncǎo, “hay”)
* 乾茨臘 / 干茨腊
* 乾茶錢 / 干茶钱
* 乾著 / 干著
* 乾菜 / 干菜 (gāncài, “dried vegetable”)
* 乾著急 / 干著急
* 乾落 / 干落
* 乾落得 / 干落得
* 乾薪 / 干薪 (gānxīn, “salary drawn for a sinecure”)
* 乾薑 / 干姜 (gānjiāng)
* 乾虔 / 干虔
* 乾號 / 干号 (gānháo, “pretending to howl”)
* 乾血漿 / 干血浆 (“dry plasma”)
* 乾衣機 / 干衣机 (gānyījī)
* 乾裂 / 干裂 (gānliè, “seasoning crack”)
* 乾親 / 干亲 (gānqīn, “nominal kinship”)
* 乾親家 / 干亲家
* 乾貝 / 干贝 (gānbèi, “dried scallop”)
* 乾貨 / 干货 (gānhuò, “dried fruits and nuts”)
* 乾貨船 / 干货船
* 乾逼 / 干逼
* 乾酪 / 干酪 (gānlào, “cheese”)
* 乾量 / 干量
* 乾阿嬭 / 干阿奶
* 乾電池 / 干电池 (gāndiànchí, “dry cell”)
* 乾霍亂 / 干霍乱 (gānhuòluàn)
* 乾顙 / 干颡
* 乾颱 / 干台
* 乾飯 / 干饭 (gānfàn, “cooked rice”)
* 乾館 / 干馆
* 乾餱 / 干糇
* 乾餱以愆 / 干糇以愆
* 乾餾 / 干馏 (gānliú, “dry distillation”)
* 乾鬆 / 干松 (“dry and loose”)
* 乾鹽湖 / 干盐湖 (gānyánhú, “salt flat”)
* 乾麵 / 干面 (gānmiàn)
* 偎乾就濕 / 偎干就湿
* 口乾舌燥 / 口干舌燥 (kǒugānshézào)
* 口燥脣乾 / 口燥唇干
* 口血未乾 / 口血未干
* 吃乾醋 / 吃干醋
* 唾面自乾 / 唾面自干
* 外強中乾 / 外强中干 (wàiqiángzhōnggān)
* 天乾物燥 / 天干物燥
* 夾心餅乾 / 夹心饼干 (jiāxīn bǐnggān)
* 打乾噦 / 打干哕
* 打淨撈乾 / 打净捞干
* 抔土未乾 / 抔土未干
* 推乾淨兒 / 推干净儿
* 揩乾 / 揩干
* 搭乾鋪 / 搭干铺
* 擰乾 / 拧干
* 晒乾
* 晾乾 / 晾干 (liànggān)
* 杏乾兒 / 杏干儿 (xìnggānr)
* 果乾 / 果干
* 果子乾兒 / 果子干儿
* 枯乾 / 枯干 (kūgān)
* 桑乾河 / 桑干河 (Sānggānhé)
* 桑乾盆地 / 桑干盆地
* 梨乾兒 / 梨干儿
* 沒乾沒淨 / 没干没净
* 沒乾淨 / 没干净
* 河涸海乾 / 河涸海干
* 河落海乾 / 河落海干
* 洋乾漆 / 洋干漆
* 海乾河盡 / 海干河尽
* 涸乾 / 涸干
* 淚乾腸斷 / 泪干肠断
* 烘乾 / 烘干 (hōnggān)
* 烘乾機 / 烘干机 (hōnggānjī)
* 烈火乾柴 / 烈火干柴
* 焙乾 / 焙干
* 煨乾就濕 / 煨干就湿
* 煨乾避濕 / 煨干避湿
* 熱乾麵 / 热干面 (règānmiàn)
* 甕盡杯乾 / 瓮尽杯干
* 瘦小枯乾 / 瘦小枯干
* 白乾 / 白干 (báigān)
* 站乾岸兒 / 站干岸儿
* 筍乾 / 笋干 (sǔngān)
* 老乾 / 老干
* 肉乾 / 肉干 (ròugān)
* 葡萄乾 / 葡萄干 (pútáogān)
* 蘇打餅乾 / 苏打饼干 (sūdá bǐnggān)
* 蘿蔔乾 / 萝卜干 (luóbogān)
* 蟶乾 / 蛏干 (chēnggān)
* 豆乾 / 豆干 (dòugān, “dried tofu”)
* 豆腐乾 / 豆腐干
* 豬肉乾 / 猪肉干
* 陰乾 / 阴干 (yīngān)
* 陵土未乾 / 陵土未干
* 霉乾菜 (méigāncài)
* 風乾 / 风干 (fēnggān)
* 餅乾 / 饼干 (bǐnggān)
* 香乾 / 香干 (xiānggān)
* 馬乾 / 马干
* 黃乾黑瘦 / 黄干黑瘦
* 龍眼乾 / 龙眼干 (lóngyǎngān)

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-ka-n (“heaven; sky; sun”). Cognate with Tibetan མཁའ (mkha'), ནམ་མཁའ (nam mkha', “sky; heaven”) and Namuyi nɛ⁵⁵ ŋkhɛ³³ mu³³ (“sky”).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qián (qian$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄢˊ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): kin$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ken$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): khièn / khiàn
    (Hailu, HRS): kien
* Eastern Min (BUC): gièng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kiân / khiân
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kiang$^5$ / kiêng$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$ji
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qián
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cián
*** Wade–Giles: chʻien$^2$
*** Yale: chyán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyan
*** Palladius: цянь (cjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: kin$^4$
*** Yale: kìhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: kin$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: kin$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰiːn²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ken$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰen²²/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khièn
*** Hakka Romanization System: kien$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kian$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯en¹¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiàn
*** Hakka Romanization System: kian$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kian$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯an¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: kien
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰien⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gièng
*** Sinological IPA : /kieŋ⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiân
*** Tâi-lô: kiân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kieen
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɛn²⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiân
*** Tâi-lô: khiân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qieen
*** IPA (Taipei, Xiamen): /kʰiɛn²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰiɛn²³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰiɛn¹³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: kiang$^5$ / kiêng$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khiâng / khiêng
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰiaŋ⁵⁵/, /kʰieŋ⁵⁵/
* kiang5 - Shantou;
* kiêng5 - Chaozhou.
* Middle Chinese: gjen
Rime :
| Character | 乾 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 群 (30) |
| Final (韻) | 仙 (79) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 渠焉切 |
| Baxter | gjen |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɡˠiᴇn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɡᵚiɛn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɡiæn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /gian/ |
| Li Rong | /ɡjɛn/ |
| Wang Li | /ɡĭɛn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /gi̯ɛn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qián |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | kin$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ](r)ar/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡran/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 乾 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | qián |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ gjen › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɡ](r)ar/ |
| English | heaven; heavenly |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 乾 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 3709 |
| Phonetic component | 倝 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 乾 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡran/ |

#### Definitions

乾
* first of the eight trigrams (bagua) used in Taoist cosmology, represented by the symbol ☰
* first hexagram of the I Ching, represented by the symbol ䷀
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, figurative) sky; heaven
    乾道 ― qiándào ― ways of heaven; natural law
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, figurative) emperor; monarch
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, figurative) sun
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, figurative) northwest
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, figurative) man; male
* a surname

#### Compounds

* 乾乾
* 乾元
* 乾圖 / 乾图
* 乾坤 (qiánkūn)
* 乾宅
* 乾斷 / 乾断
* 乾旦 (qiándàn)
* 乾曜
* 乾清宮 / 乾清宫 (Qiánqīng Gōng)
* 乾紅 / 乾红
* 乾綱 / 乾纲
* 乾華 / 乾华 (Qiánhuá)
* 乾象 (qiánxiàng)
* 乾造
* 乾道 (qiándào)
* 乾陵
* 乾隆 (Qiánlóng)
* 朝乾夕惕
* 竺乾 (Zhúqián)
* 顛乾倒坤 / 颠乾倒坤

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* Northern Min (KCR): diǎu
* Eastern Min (BUC): dă
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): ta / na
    (Teochew, Peng'im): da$^1$
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: diǎu
*** Sinological IPA : /tiau²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: dă
*** Sinological IPA : /ta⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ta
*** Tâi-lô: ta
*** Phofsit Daibuun: daf
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ta⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ta³³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: na
*** Tâi-lô: na
*** Phofsit Daibuun: naf
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /nã⁴⁴/
* vernacular;
* na - only used in 干焦.

#### Definitions

乾
* (Min) Alternative form of 焦 (“dry”)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* northwest
* dehydrate
* arid
* drought
* imbibe
* paradise
* the emperor

#### Readings

* Go-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)、げん (gen)
* Kan-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)、けん (ken)
* Kun: かわく (kawaku, 乾く, Jōyō)、かわかす (kawakasu, 乾かす, Jōyō)、いぬい (inui, 乾)、かせる (kaseru, 乾せる)、からびる (karabiru, 乾びる)、かわき (kawaki, 乾き)、ひ (hi, 乾)、ふ (fu, 乾)、ほし (hoshi, 乾し)、ほす (hosu, 乾す)
* Nanori: いぬい (inui)、かみ (kami)、きみ (kimi)、すすむ (susumu)、たけし (takeshi)、つとむ (tsutomu)、ふ (fu)

#### Alternative forms

* 乹

#### Compounds

* 乾(から)煎(い)り (karairi)
* 乾(から)風(かぜ) (karakaze) (空(から)風(かぜ))
* 乾(から)鮭(ざけ) (karazake)
* 乾(から)咳(せき) (karaseki) (空(から)咳(せき))
* 乾(から)っ風(かぜ) (karakkaze) (空(から)っ風(かぜ))
* 乾(から)拭(ぶ)き (karabuki)
* 乾(から)干(ぼ)し (karaboshi)
* 乾(かれ)飯(いい) (kareī) (餉(かれいい))
* 乾(ひ)物(もの) (himono)
* 乾(ほし)飯(い) (hoshī)

### Etymology 1

From 戌(いぬ) (inu, “10 o'clock direction”) + 亥(い) (i, “11 o'clock direction”).
Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 乾 / 干 (“northwest”, Etymology 2).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) いぬい [ìnúí] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) いぬい [ìnúꜜì] (Nakadaka –)
* IPA: [inɯ̟i]

#### Noun

乾(いぬい) • (inui)
* (obsolete) northwest

#### Proper noun

乾(いぬい) • (Inui)
* a surname

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 乾
* かん Grade: S
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 乾 (MC kan).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kã̠ɴ]

#### Affix

乾(かん) • (kan)
* dry

##### Compounds

* 乾(かん)果(か) (kanka)
* 乾(かん)季(き), 乾(かん)期(き) (kanki)
* 乾(かん)魚(ぎょ) (kangyo) (干(かん)魚(ぎょ))
* 乾(かん)薑(きょう) (kankyō) (干(かん)姜(きょう))
* 乾(かん)繭(けん) (kanken) (干(かん)繭(けん))
* 乾(かん)舷(げん) (kangen)
* 乾(かん)固(こ) (kanko)
* 乾(かん)涸(こ) (kanko)
* 乾(かん)枯(こ) (kanko)
* 乾(かん)餱(こう) (kankō)
* 乾(かん)児(じ) (kanji)
* 乾(かん)式(しき) (kanshiki)
* 乾(かん)屎(し)橛(けつ) (kanshiketsu)
* 乾(かん)湿(しつ) (kanshitsu)
* 乾(かん)漆(しつ) (kanshitsu)
* 乾(かん)浄(じょう) (kanjō)
* 乾(かん)水(すい) (kansui)
* 乾(かん)生(せい) (kansei)
* 乾(かん)性(せい) (kansei)
* 乾(かん)雪(せつ) (kansetsu)
* 乾(かん)癬(せん) (kansen)
* 乾(かん)草(そう) (kansō)
* 乾(かん)燥(そう) (kansō)
* 乾(かん)拓(たく) (kantaku)
* 乾(かん)地(ち) (kanchi)
* 乾(かん)田(でん) (kanden)
* 乾(かん)乳(にゅう) (kannyū)
* 乾(かん)場(ば) (kanba)
* 乾(かん)杯(ぱい), 乾(かん)盃(ぱい) (kanpai)
* 乾(かん)飯(ぱん) (kanpan)
* 乾(かん)瓢(ぴょう) (kanpyō)
* 乾(かん)布(ぷ) (kanpu)
* 乾(かん)物(ぶつ) (kanbutsu)
* 乾(かん)癟(べつ) (kanbetsu)
* 乾(かん)墨(ぼく) (kanboku)
* 乾(かん)没(ぼつ) (kanbotsu)
* 乾(かん)霧(む) (kanmu)
* 乾(かん)麺(めん) (kanmen)
* 乾(かん)油(ゆ) (kan'yu)
* 乾(かん)酪(らく) (kanraku)
* 乾(かん)留(りゅう), 乾(かん)溜(りゅう) (kanryū)
* 乾(かん)糧(りょう) (kanryō)
* 乾(かん)裂(れつ) (kanretsu) (干(かん)裂(れつ))
* 旱(かん)乾(かん) (kankan)
* 臘(ら)乾(かん) (rakan)

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 乾
* けん Grade: S
* kan'on
From Middle Chinese 乾 (MC gjen).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) けん [kéꜜǹ] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [kẽ̞ɴ]

#### Affix

乾(けん) • (ken)
* the sky

#### Noun

* the first of the eight trigrams of the I Ching ☰
    Hypernym: 八卦
    Coordinate terms: 乾, 兌, 離, 震, 巽, 坎, 艮, 坤
* the first of the sixty-four hexagrams of the I Ching ䷀
    Hypernym: 六十四卦

#### Compounds

* 乾(けん)金(きん) (kenkin)
* 乾(けん)乾(けん) (kenken)
* 乾(けん)元(げん) (Kengen)
* 乾(けん)綱(こう) (kenkō)
* 乾(けん)坤(こん) (kenkon)
* 乾(けん)道(どう) (kendō)
* 乾(けん)徳(とく) (kentoku)
* 乾(けん)符(ぷ) (kenpu)
* 乾(けん)臨(りん) (kenrin)

### References

* 1 2 3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 乾 (MC gjen, “sky”).
* Recorded as Middle Korean 껀 (Yale: kken) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 건 (ken)$^訓$ (Yale: ken) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [kʌ̹n]
* Phonetic hangul: [건]

#### Hanja

Wikisource 乾 (eumhun 하늘 건 (haneul geon))
* hanja form of 건 (“sky”)
    Synonym: 天 (천 (cheon))
    Antonym: 地 (지 (ji)): earth
* hanja form of 건 (“☷ or the first of the eight trigrams (bagua) (☰☱☲☳☴☵☶☷ or 팔괘 (八卦, palgwae, “Bagua”))”)
    Antonym: 坤 (곤 (gon))
* hanja form of 건 (“king”)

#### Compounds

* 건곤 (乾坤, geon'gon)
* 건괘 (乾卦, geon'gwae)
* 건도 (乾道, geondo)

### Etymology 2

From a corrupted or unorthodox reading. The original reading is 간 (gan) based on Middle Chinese 乾 (MC kan, “dry”).
* Recorded as Middle Korean 간 (Yale: kan) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [kʌ̹n]
* Phonetic hangul: [건]

#### Hanja

乾 (eumhun 마를 건 (mareul geon))
* (prefix) hanja form of 건 (“dry”)
    Antonym: 濕 (습 (seup)): wet
* hanja form of 건 (“moistureless; waterless; arid”)
* hanja form of 건 (“in vain; for nothing; superficially”)

#### Compounds

* 건조 (乾燥, geonjo)
* 건달 (乾達, geondal)
* 건배 (乾杯, geonbae)
* 건판 (乾板, geonpan)
* 건선 (乾癬, geonseon)
* 건고 (乾枯, geon'go)
* 건어 (乾魚, geoneo)
* 건성 (乾性, geonseong)
* 건초 (乾草, geoncho)
* 건식 (乾式, geonsik)
* 건과 (乾果, geon'gwa)
* 건기 (乾期, geon'gi)
* 건목 (乾木, geonmok)
* 온건 (溫乾, on'geon)
* 건고 (乾固, geon'go)

### See also

* 팔괘 (八卦, palgwae, “Bagua”)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Tày
### Adjective

乾 (càn)
* Nôm form of càn (“perverse; debauched”).
    世間湛㵊每門 𫪄才咭色退乾㐌𠱝Thế gian sẳm suổi mọi mòn Ghen tài ghẻt sắc thói càn đạ quenFilthy acts abound in this world: Jealousy of talent, hatred for looks, habits of debauchery, all familiar

### References

* Lục Văn Pảo, Hoàng Tuấn Nam (2003) Hoàng Triều Ân, editor, Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày [A Dictionary of (chữ) Nôm Tày]‎ (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội

## Vietnamese
### Han character

乾: Hán Nôm readings: kiền, cạn, can, càn, khan, gàn
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

### References

* Nom Foundation