# 非常
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): fēicháng
       (Zhuyin): ㄈㄟ ㄔㄤˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): fei$^1$ cang$^2$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): fei$^1$ soeng$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): fî-sòng
    (Meixian, Guangdong): fi$^1$ song$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hui-siông / hui-siâng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hui$^1$ sion$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$fi-zan
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: fēicháng → fēichang (toneless final syllable variant)
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄟ ㄔㄤˊ → ㄈㄟ ˙ㄔㄤ (toneless final syllable variant)
*** Tongyong Pinyin: feichång
*** Wade–Giles: fei$^1$-chʻang$^5$
*** Yale: fēi-chang
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fei.charng
*** Palladius: фэйчан (fɛjčan)
*** Sinological IPA : /feɪ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/ → /feɪ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ²/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: fei$^1$ cang$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: feicang
*** Sinological IPA : /fei⁵⁵ t͡sʰaŋ²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fei$^1$ soeng$^4$
*** Yale: fēi sèuhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fei$^1$ soeng$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: féi$^1$ sêng$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /fei̯⁵⁵ sœːŋ²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fî-sòng
*** Hakka Romanization System: fi$^ˊ$ song$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fi$^1$ song$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /fi²⁴ soŋ¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: fi$^1$ song$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /fi⁴⁴⁻³⁵ sɔŋ¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hui-siông
*** Tâi-lô: hui-siông
*** Phofsit Daibuun: huisioong
*** IPA (Taipei): /hui⁴⁴⁻³³ siɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hui⁴⁴⁻³³ siɔŋ²³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hui⁴⁴⁻²² siɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hui³³ siɔŋ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hui-siâng
*** Tâi-lô: hui-siâng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: huisiaang
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hui⁴⁴⁻²² siaŋ¹³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: hui$^1$ sion$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hui siôⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /hui³³⁻²³ sĩõ⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$fi-zan
*** MiniDict: fi$^平$ zan
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$fi-zan
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /fi⁵⁵ zã²¹/
* Middle Chinese: pj+j dzyang
Rime :
| Character | 非 | 常 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 幫 (1) | 常 (25) |
| Final (韻) | 微 (21) | 陽 (105) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 甫微切 | 市羊切 |
| Baxter | pj+j | dzyang |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /pʉi/ | /d͡ʑɨɐŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /pʷɨi/ | /d͡ʑiɐŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /piuəi/ | /d͡ʑiɑŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /puj/ | /d͡ʑɨaŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /piuəi/ | /ʑiaŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /pĭwəi/ | /ʑĭaŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /pwe̯i/ | /ʑi̯aŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | fēi | cháng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | fei$^1$ | soeng$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*pəj [d]aŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*pɯl djaŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 非 | 常 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | fēi | cháng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ pjɨj › | ‹ dzyang › |
| Old Chinese | /*pəj/ | /*[d]aŋ/ |
| English | is not | constant |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 非 | 常 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 3076 | 11152 |
| Phonetic component | 非 | 尚 |
| Rime group | 微 | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 猆 | 常 |
| Old Chinese | /*pɯl/ | /*djaŋ/ |

### Adverb

非常
* extremely; very; highly
    非常感謝／非常感谢 ― fēicháng gǎnxiè ― to be extremely grateful; thank you very much
    非常努力地工作 ― fēicháng nǔlì de gōngzuò ― to work extremely hard
       Tā zài xìn zhōng de yòngcí fēicháng xīlì. [Pinyin]
       His wording in the letter is very sharp.
       Tā shì yǒu wénhuà de rén, shuō de huà fēicháng hǎotīng. [Pinyin]
       He's well-educated, and speaks very smoothly.
       Tā shì yī wèi xiōnghuái shífēn huòdá, bìngqiě yìniàn fēicháng jiānqiáng de lǐngxiù. [Pinyin]
       He's a very broad-minded and strong-willed leader.

#### Synonyms

* 不要太 (bùyàotài) (slang)
* 十分 (shífēn)
* 危險 / 危险 (Wu)
* 壞 / 坏 (huài)
* 孔 (kǒng) (literary, or in compounds)
* 很 (hěn)
* 極其 / 极其 (jíqí)
* 極度 / 极度 (jídù)
* 極為 / 极为 (jíwéi)
* 極端 / 极端 (jíduān)
* 滾 / 滚 (gǔn) (literary, or in compounds)
* 異常 / 异常 (yìcháng)
* 老大 (lǎodà) (colloquial, usually in the negative)
* 良
* 超 (chāo)
* 頗 / 颇 (pō) (literary)
* 頗為 / 颇为 (pōwéi) (literary)
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 甚, 孔 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 很, 非常, 十分 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 挺, 很, 倍兒, 怪 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 很, 好, 非常, 超, 蠻, 超級 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 很 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 很, 蠻, 非常 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 挺, 很, 傻, 老, 倍兒, 齁兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 挺, 楞 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 很 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 很, 好 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 很 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 蠻, 很 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 蠻, 稀, 很 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 很 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 好, 非常之 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 好, 非常, 非常之, 超, 勁, 十分之, 無敵 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 好 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 好, 十分之 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 好 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 好 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 好, 非常之, 非常 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 蠻 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 好, 刮, 已, 還, 異, 還 exclamation |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 好 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Meilin) | 好 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 頂 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 好 |
| Hakka | Changting | 野 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 已, 刮 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 樣 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 好 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 蠻 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 蠻 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 蠻 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 當, 已, 還 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 蓋, 盡, 還 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 當, 盡, 已, 還 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 當, 已, 還 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 當, 已, 還 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 足, 真, 實在 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 好 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Bao'an) | 好 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 很 |
| Hakka | Singapore (Dabu) | 好 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 很, 挺 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 盡 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 野, 真 |
| Eastern Min | Singapore (Fuqing) | 真 |
| Eastern Min | Sitiawan (Gutian) | 真 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 真, 野, 誠, 有夠, 萬代, 死人, 非常, 真正, 設汰, 一 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 真 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 真, 野, 誠, 有夠, 萬代, 死人, 設汰 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 野, 萬代 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 盡, 蓋, 足, 足範, 有夠, 出奇, 極死, 見死, 死了了, 死人, 設汰, 設汰仔 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 很, 真, 死絕, 好, 非常 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 真, 非常 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 真, 誠 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 真, 誠 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 有夠, 足, 真, 誠, 蓋 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 有夠, 足, 誠, 盡 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 真, 誠 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 誠, 蓋, 足 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 有夠, 足, 真, 誠, 蓋 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 真, 誠 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 足, 誠 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 真, 誠 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 真, 誠, 真正 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 真, 死爸, 真正, 誠, 足, 有夠 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 野, 真, 萬代, 真誠, 誠, 有夠 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 過, 好, 非常, 死爸 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 過, 鐵, 好, 很, 死爸, 死絕 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 好, 死絕 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 好, 非常 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 過, 好, 死爸, 死絕 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 好 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 好 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 真, 死爸, 非常 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 極, 但顧, 真 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 但顧 |
| Southern Min | Qionghai | 但顧, 真 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 但顧, 真 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 好, 蠻 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 蠻, 老, 邪氣, 老老, 瞎, 絕, 十分, 十二萬分, 非常, 非常之, 畢, 畢畢, 來得, 來得個, 煞, 交關, 十二分 rare, 窮 dated, 野 dated, 邪 dated |
| Wu | Suzhou | 蠻, 窮 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 蠻, 交關, 木佬佬, 冒 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 交關, 蠻, 堪, 𣍐好, 𣍐派, 甮派, 出格, 木牢牢 rare, 猛 rare |
| Wu | Zhoushan | 交關, 蠻, 猛, 堪, 出格, 木牢牢 rare |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 蠻, 蒙, 顯 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 很, 蠻 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 蠻 |

#### Derived terms

* 非常感謝 / 非常感谢 (fēicháng gǎnxiè)

#### See also

* 極了／极了 (jíle)

### Adjective

非常
* (formal) unusual; special; not the run of the mill; extraordinary; exceptional
    From: 1st century BCE, Sima Qian, Letter to Ren An. Translated by Burton Watson.
    Gǔ zhě fùguì ér míng mómiè, bùkě shēngjì, wéi tìtǎng fēicháng zhī rén chēng yān. [Pinyin]
    Too numerous to record are the men of ancient times who were rich and noble and whose name have yet vanished away. It is only those who were masterful and sure, the truly extraordinary ones, who are still remembered.
* (rail transport) emergency
    非常制動／非常制动 ― fēicháng zhìdòng ― emergency brake

#### Synonyms

* 別樣 / 别样 (biéyàng)
* 各 (gě) (dialectal, pejorative)
* 奇特 (qítè)
* 專有 / 专有 (zhuānyǒu) (attributive)
* 殊異 / 殊异 (shūyì) (literary)
* 特別 / 特别 (tèbié)
* 特有 (tèyǒu) (attributive)
* 特殊 (tèshū)
* 特異 / 特异 (tèyì)
* 獨特 / 独特 (dútè)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 非(ひ)常(じょう) (hijō)
* → Korean: 비상(非常) (bisang)
* → Vietnamese: phi thường (非常)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 非 | 常 |
| ひ Grade: 5 | じょう Grade: 5 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ひじょー [hìjóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [çiʑo̞ː]

### Adjective

非(ひ)常(じょう) • (hijō) -na (adnominal 非(ひ)常(じょう)な (hijō na), adverbial 非(ひ)常(じょう)に (hijō ni))
* extraordinary, unusual

#### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Imperfective (未然形) | 非常だろ | ひじょうだろ | hijō daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 非常で | ひじょうで | hijō de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 非常だ | ひじょうだ | hijō da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 非常な | ひじょうな | hijō na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 非常なら | ひじょうなら | hijō nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 非常であれ | ひじょうであれ | hijō de are |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 非常ではない 非常じゃない | ひじょうではない ひじょうじゃない | hijō de wa nai hijō ja nai |
| Informal past | 非常だった | ひじょうだった | hijō datta |
| Informal negative past | 非常ではなかった 非常じゃなかった | ひじょうではなかった ひじょうじゃなかった | hijō de wa nakatta hijō ja nakatta |
| Formal | 非常です | ひじょうです | hijō desu |
| Formal negative | 非常ではありません 非常じゃありません | ひじょうではありません ひじょうじゃありません | hijō de wa arimasen hijō ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 非常でした | ひじょうでした | hijō deshita |
| Formal negative past | 非常ではありませんでした 非常じゃありませんでした | ひじょうではありませんでした ひじょうじゃありませんでした | hijō de wa arimasen deshita hijō ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 非常で | ひじょうで | hijō de |
| Conditional | 非常なら（ば） | ひじょうなら（ば） | hijō nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 非常だったら | ひじょうだったら | hijō dattara |
| Volitional | 非常だろう | ひじょうだろう | hijō darō |
| Adverbial | 非常に | ひじょうに | hijō ni |
| Degree | 非常さ | ひじょうさ | hijōsa |

### Noun

非(ひ)常(じょう) • (hijō)
* emergency

#### Derived terms

* 非常に
* 非常ブレーキ
* 非常階段
* 非常勤
* 非常警戒
* 非常呼集
* 非常口
* 非常事態
* 非常時
* 非常手段
* 非常召集
* 非常信号
* 非常線
* 非常用

### References

* 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 非 | 常 |

### Noun

非常 • (bisang) (hangeul 비상)
* hanja form of 비상 (“emergency”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 非 | 常 |

### Adjective

非常
* chữ Hán form of phi thường (“extraordinary”).