# هم
## Arabic
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /hum/
* Audio:(file)

#### Pronoun

هُمْ • (hum) m pl (enclitic form ـهُم or ـهِم)
* they (masculine plural subject pronoun)

##### See also

1. Also used to emphasize attached pronouns and as a copula. 2. هُمْ (hum) becomes هُمُ (humu) before the definite article الـ (al--). 3. Specifically, ـنِي (-nī, “me”) is attached to verbs, but ـِي (-ī) or ـيَ (-ya, “my”) is attached to nouns. In the latter case, ـيَ (-ya) is attached to nouns whose construct state ends in a long vowel or diphthong (e.g. in the sound masculine plural and the dual), while ـِي (-ī) is attached to nouns whose construct state ends in a short vowel, in which case that vowel is elided (e.g. in the sound feminine plural, as well as the singular and broken plural of most nouns). Furthermore, -ū of the masculine sound plural is assimilated to -ī before ـيَ (-ya) (presumably, -aw of masculine defective -an plurals is similarly assimilated to -ay). Prepositions use ـِي (-ī) or ـيَ (-ya), even though in this case it has the meaning of “me” rather than “my”. The sisters of inna can use either form (e.g. إِنَّنِي (ʔinnanī) or إِنِّي (ʔinnī)). 4. ـهِـ (-hi-) occurs after -i, -ī, or -ay, and ـهُـ (-hu-) elsewhere (after -a, -ā, -u, -ū, -aw).

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /hum/
* IPA: /him/

#### Pronoun

ـهُمْ or ـهِمْ • (-hum or -him) m pl (enclitic form of هُم (hum))
* them, their (masculine plural bound object pronoun)

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ham.ma/

#### Verb

هَمَّ • (hamma) I (non-past يَهُمُّ (yahummu), verbal noun هَمّ (hamm) or مَهَمَّة (mahamma))
* to disquiet, to make uneasy, to distress
* to grieve
* to preoccupy, to concern, to affect
* to be of interest
* to plan, to be about to, to start doing, to become determined [with بِ (bi)]
    هَمُّوا بِٱلْفِرَارِ ― hammū bi-l-firāri ― They started running away.

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 4
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /hamm/

#### Noun

هَمّ • (hamm) m (plural هُمُوم (humūm))
* verbal noun of هَمَّ (hamma) (form I)
* anxiety, concern, worry, care
* sorrow, grief, affliction, distress
* weight, moment, importance

##### Declension
### Etymology 5
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /himm/

#### Adjective

هِمّ • (himm) (feminine هِمَّة (himma), masculine plural أَهْمَام (ʔahmām), feminine plural هَمَائِم (hamāʔim) or هِمَّات (himmāt))
* decrepit, senile

##### References

* Wehr, Hans (1979) “هم”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN

#### Noun

هِمّ • (himm) m (plural أَهْمَام (ʔahmām), feminine هِمَّة (himma))
* old man

##### Declension
### References

* Freytag, Georg (1837) “هم”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎ (in Latin), volume 4, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 406
* Kazimirski, Albin de Biberstein (1860) “هم”, in Dictionnaire arabe-français contenant toutes les racines de la langue arabe, leurs dérivés, tant dans l’idiome vulgaire que dans l’idiome littéral, ainsi que les dialectes d’Alger et de Maroc‎ (in French), volume 2, Paris: Maisonneuve et C$^{ie}$, page 1442
* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “هم”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen, page 1181
* Wehr, Hans (1979) “هم”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN
* Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “هم”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart‎ (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, pages 1355–1356

## Egyptian Arabic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈhommæ/

### Pronoun

هم • (humma) pl
* they

#### See also

Egyptian Arabic personal pronouns :
| | | singular | plural |
| 1st person | 1st person | أنا (ʔana) | إحنا (ʔiḥna) |
| 2nd person | m | إنت (ʔinta) | إنتوا (ʔintu) |
| 2nd person | f | إنتي (ʔinti) | إنتوا (ʔintu) |
| 3rd person | m | هو (huwwa) | هم (humma, hum) |
| 3rd person | f | هي (hiyya) | هم (humma, hum) |

### Suffix

ـهم • (-hum) pl
* them, their

## Hijazi Arabic
### Etymology 1

From Arabic هُمْ (hum).

#### Pronunciation 1

* IPA: /ˈhum.ma/, [ˈhʊmma]

##### Pronoun

هم • (humma) pl
* they (masculine plural subject pronoun)
Hijazi Arabic personal pronouns :
| | | Singular | Plural |
| 1st person | 1st person | أَنَا (ʔana) | إِحْنَا (ʔiḥna) / نِحْنَ (niḥna) |
| 2nd person | m | إِنْتَ (ʔinta) | إِنْتُو (ʔintu) |
| 2nd person | f | إِنْتِ (ʔinti) / إِنْتِي (ʔinti) | إِنْتُو (ʔintu) |
| 3rd person | m | هُوَّ (huwwa) | هُمَّ (humma) |
| 3rd person | f | هِيَّ (hiyya) | هُمَّ (humma) |

#### Pronunciation 2

* IPA: /ˈhum/, [ˈhʊm]

##### Suffix

ـهُم • (-hum) pl
* them, their

### Etymology 2

From Arabic هَمّ (hamm).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈhamm/, [ˈham]

#### Noun

هم • (hamm) m (plural هموم (humūm))
* anxiety, concern, worry, care
* sorrow, grief, affliction, distress

## Iraqi Arabic
### Etymology

From Persian هم (ham).

### Adverb

هم (ham)
* still, all the same
    مهما نسوي هم مقصرين.Mahma nsawwi ham muqaṣṣirīn.Whatever we do, we still don't do enough.

## Old Anatolian Turkish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Persian هم (ham).

### Conjunction

هَمْ (häm)
* both... and...

#### Descendants

* Azerbaijani: həm
* Gagauz: hem
* Ottoman Turkish: هم (hem)
** Turkish: hem

### References

* ↑ Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “hem”, in Nişanyan Sözlük

## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Anatolian Turkish هَمْ (häm), from Persian هم (ham).

### Conjunction

هَمْ • (häm)
* both... and...

#### Descendants

* Turkish: hem

## Persian
### Etymology 1

From Middle Persian hm (ham, “also, same”), from Old Persian 𐏃𐎶 (h-m /⁠ham(a)⁠/, “same, together”), from Proto-Iranian *hamHáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *samHás, from Proto-Indo-European *somHós (“same”). Compare Sanskrit सम (sama), English same.

#### Alternative forms

* ـم (-am) (colloquial)

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ham]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [häm]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [häm]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [ʔäm]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [ʔäm]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [hæm]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [hæm]
** (Tehrani) IPA: [ʔæm]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [häm]
* This word never takes stress.

#### Adverb

هم • (ham)
* also, too; (in negative constructions, chiefly as a post-positive particle) either, neither
    Synonym: (formal) نیز (niz)
    از این کتاب هم خوشم می‌آید.az in ketâb ham xošam mi-âyad.I like this book, too.
    فارسی هم بلد نیست. ― fârsi ham balad nist. ― He doesn't speak Persian, either.
** c. 1520, Selim I of the Ottoman Empire, edited by Benedek Péri, The Persian Dīvān of Yavuz Sulṭān Selīm, Budapest, Hungary: Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, →ISBN, page 79:هر مرغ شاد و من که ز اندوه مرده‌ام نگشایدم دل از گل و باغ و بهار همhar murğ šād u man ki zi andūh murda'am nagušāyadam dil az gul u bāğ u bahār hamEach of the birds is joyful, and how I have died of grief! My heart does not open to the rose and the garden, nor to springtime.(Classical Persian transliteration)
* even; often with حتی (hatta)
    حتی موش هم خوردند. ― hattâ muš ham xordand. ― Even rats were eaten.
** c. 1520, Selim I of the Ottoman Empire, edited by Benedek Péri, The Persian Dīvān of Yavuz Sulṭān Selīm, Budapest, Hungary: Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, →ISBN, page 79:غیر از حبیب خود نپرستم کس ار برند خلق جهان بقتل مرا سوی دار همğayr az habīb-i xwad naparastam kas ar barand xalq-i jahān ba-qatl ma-rā sō-yi dār hamI shall not worship anyone other than my beloved, even if the people of the world drag me toward the gallows.(Classical Persian transliteration)
* (as هم (ham)... هم (ham)) both
    یک سال بعد هم من و هم او ازدواج كرديم.yek sâl-e ba'd ham man o ham u ezdevâj kardim.A year later, he and I married.
* Used in the non-initial clause to suggest a contrast.
    او گپ می‌زد، من هم ساکت بودم.u gap mi-zad, man ham sâket budam.He talked; as for me, I was silent.
    بد نیست، خیلی هم خوب است.bad nist, xeyli ham xub ast.It's not bad, rather it's very good.

##### Usage notes

* هم (ham) directly follows the word or phrase it modifies, except in the coordinate construction هم (ham)... هم (ham) in which case it comes before.
    از این کتاب هم خوشم می‌آید.az in ketâb ham xošam mi-âyad.I like this book, also. (In addition to another book that I like, I like this one.)
    من هم از این کتاب خوشم می‌آید.man ham az in ketâb xošam mi-âyad.I also like this book. (In addition to someone else who likes this book, I do.)

#### Pronoun

هم • (ham)
* each other; Short for همدیگر (hamdigar).

##### Derived terms

* با هم (bâ ham, “together”)

#### Descendants

* → Armenian: համ (ham, “and, both”)
* → Bashkir: һәм (həm, “and”)
* → Tatar: һәм (häm, “and”)
* → Iraqi Arabic: هم (“still”)
* → Old Anatolian Turkish: هَمْ (häm)
** Azerbaijani: həm
** Gagauz: hem
** Ottoman Turkish: هم (hem)
*** Turkish: hem

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Arabic هَمّ (hamm).

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ham(m)]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [häm(m)]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [häm(m)]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [ʔäm(m)]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [ʔäm(m)]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [hæm(m)]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [häm(m)]

#### Noun

هم • (ham)
* (literary) grief; sorrow
    Synonym: غم (ğam)

### References

* ↑ Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2007) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume 3, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 344
* ↑ MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) “ham”, in A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, page 39

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology 1

From Arabic هُمْ (hum).

#### Alternative forms

* همه

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /hom.me/, [ˈhʊm.me]
* Audio (Jerusalem):(file)

#### Pronoun

هم • (homme) pl (enclitic form ـهم (-hom))
* they (third-person plural subject pronoun)
    Synonym: (Galilee) هن (hinne)

#### See also

South Levantine Arabic personal pronouns :
| | | Singular | Plural |
| 1st person | 1st person | أنا (ʔana) | احنا (ʔiḥna) |
| 2nd person | m | انت (ʔinta) | انتو (ʔintu) |
| 2nd person | f | انتي (ʔinti) | انتو (ʔintu) |
| 3rd person | m | هو (huwwe) | هم (homme) |
| 3rd person | f | هي (hiyye) | هم (homme) |

### Etymology 2

From Arabic ـهُمْ (-hum) or ـهِمْ (-him).

#### Suffix

ـهم • (-hom) pl
* Enclitic form of هم (homme)
* they, them, their
    Synonym: (Galilee) ـهن (-hen)

#### See also

South Levantine Arabic enclitic pronouns :
| | | Singular | Singular | Plural |
| | | after consonant | after vowel | Plural |
| 1st person | after verb | ـني (-ni) | ـني (-ni) | ـنا (-na) |
| 1st person | else | ـِي (-i) | ـي (-y) | ـنا (-na) |
| 2nd person | m | ـَك (-ak) | ـك (-k) | ـكُم (-kom) / ـكو (-ku) |
| 2nd person | f | ـِك (-ek) | ـكي (-ki) | ـكُم (-kom) / ـكو (-ku) |
| 3rd person | m | ـُه (-o) | ـه (-h) | ـهُم (-hom) |
| 3rd person | f | ـها (-ha) | ـها (-ha) | | ـهُم (-hom) |

### Etymology 3

From Arabic هَمَّ (hamma).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /hamm/, [ham]
* Audio (al-Lidd):(file)

#### Verb

همّ • (hamm) I (present بهمّ (bihimm))
* to concern, to preoccupy

##### Conjugation
## Tunisian Arabic
### Suffix

ـهُمْ (-hum) pl
* them, their