# 等

| 等 | U+7B49, &#31561; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7B49 |
| ← 筈 [U+7B48] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 筊 → [U+7B4A] |

## Translingual
### Han character

等 (Kangxi radical 118, 竹+6, 12 strokes, cangjie input 竹土木戈 (HGDI), four-corner 8834$_1$, composition ⿱𥫗寺)

#### Derived characters

* 𠎬, 𬼑, 𠾡, 𫮨, 𢡩, 㩐, 𣛆, 𥢜, 𥪸, 𦅯, 𮖴, 𨅸, 𨬻, 𠟚, 𫂨, 𮆠, 𮆩

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 882, character 24
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25992
* Dae Jaweon: page 1311, character 5
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 2962, character 1
* Unihan data for U+7B49

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 等 | *tɯːʔ, *tɯːŋʔ |
| 待 | *dɯːʔ |
| 寺 | *ljɯs |
| 持 | *l'ɯ |
| 峙 | *dɯʔ |
| 痔 | *dɯʔ |
| 跱 | *dɯʔ |
| 歭 | *dɯʔ |
| 洔 | *dɯʔ, *tjɯʔ |
| 畤 | *dɯʔ, *tjɯʔ, *djɯʔ |
| 秲 | *dɯʔ, *djɯs |
| 庤 | *dɯʔ |
| 時 | *djɯ |
| 鰣 | *djɯ |
| 塒 | *djɯ |
| 蒔 | *djɯ, *djɯs |
| 榯 | *djɯ |
| 恃 | *djɯʔ |
| 侍 | *djɯs |
| 詩 | *hljɯ |
| 邿 | *hljɯ |
| 特 | *dɯːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *tɯːʔ, *tɯːŋʔ): semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 寺 (OC *ljɯs).
竹 here refers to the bamboo strips used for writing (e.g. grading, classification) in ancient times. 寺 (OC *ljɯs) was originally used phonetically; the character was subsequently borrowed for another word with the same meaning, but with no phonetic resemblance to 寺.

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-tjaŋ (“top; to rise; to raise”) (STEDT). Endoactive of 登 (OC *tɯːŋ, “to rise; to ascend”) (Schuessler, 2007).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): děng (deng$^3$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄉㄥˇ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): den$^3$
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): дын (dɨn, II)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): dang$^2$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ang$^2$
* Gan (Wiktionary): den$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): tén / tên / nên
    (Meixian, Guangdong): dên$^3$
* Jin (Wiktionary): deng$^2$
* Northern Min (KCR): dǎing
* Eastern Min (BUC): dēng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): deng$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): téng / tńg
    (Teochew, Peng'im): dêng$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$ten
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): den$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: děng
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄥˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: děng
*** Wade–Giles: têng$^3$
*** Yale: děng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: deeng
*** Palladius: дэн (dɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /tɤŋ²¹⁴/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: den$^3$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: den
*** Sinological IPA : /tən⁵³/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: дын (dɨn, II)
*** Sinological IPA : /təŋ⁵¹/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: dang$^2$
*** Yale: dáng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dang$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: deng$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /tɐŋ³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ang$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /aŋ⁵⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: den$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /tɛn²¹³/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tén
*** Hakka Romanization System: den$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: den$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /ten³¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tén / tên / nên
*** Hakka Romanization System: den$^ˋ$ / den$^ˊ$ / nen$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: den$^3$ / den$^1$ / nen$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /ten³¹/, /ten²⁴/, /nen²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: dên$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /tɛn³¹/
* Southern Sixian:
** tên/nên - plural particle.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit等 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /təŋ²¹⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /təŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /təŋ¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /təŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /təŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /təŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /təŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /tə̃⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /təŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /tə̃n⁴⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /tɤŋ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /tən⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /tən⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /ten⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /tə̃⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /tən²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /tən²⁴/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /təŋ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /təŋ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /tə̃ŋ⁵³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /təŋ³⁵/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /tən⁵¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ten⁵³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /taŋ³⁵/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /tʌ̃³⁵/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /tɛ³¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /tən⁴¹/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /tən⁴²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /tɛn²¹³/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /ten³¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /ten³¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /tɐŋ³⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /tɐŋ³⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /tɐŋ³⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /tiŋ⁵³/ /tan⁵³/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /tiŋ³²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /taiŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /teŋ⁵³/ /taŋ⁵³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /ʔdeŋ²¹³/ /ʔdɔŋ²¹³/ /ʔdaŋ²¹³/ |
* Middle Chinese: tojX, tongX
Rime :
| Character | 等 | 等 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 端 (5) | 端 (5) |
| Final (韻) | 咍 (41) | 登 (129) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 多改切 | 多肯切 |
| Baxter | tojX | tongX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tʌi$^X$/ | /təŋ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /təi$^X$/ | /təŋ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /tɒi$^X$/ | /təŋ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /təj$^X$/ | /təŋ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /tᴀi$^X$/ | /təŋ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /tɒi$^X$/ | /təŋ$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /tɑ̆i$^X$/ | /təŋ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | dǎi | děng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | doi$^2$ | dang$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*tˤəŋʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*tɯːʔ/, /*tɯːŋʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 等 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | děng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tong$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*tˁəŋʔ/ |
| English | step, grade |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 等 | 等 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 12028 | 12054 |
| Phonetic component | 寺 | 寺 |
| Rime group | 之 | 蒸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 等 | 等 |
| Old Chinese | /*tɯːʔ/ | /*tɯːŋʔ/ |

#### Definitions

等
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to arrange bamboo slips neatly
* rank; grade; class
* sort; kind; type
* (Chinese phonetics) one of the "divisions" of a rime table, encoding some phonological distinction; see Middle Chinese finals on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
    重紐三等／重纽三等 ― chóngniǔ sānděng ― the third division member of a rime doublet
* (in compounds or after a number/degree) equal; equivalent
    二乘二等四。 ― Èr chéng èr děng sì. ― Two times two equals four.
    等於／等于 ― děngyú ― to be equal
* and the like; and so on; etc.; et al.
       Jīntiān wǎnshàng yǒu huàjù, chànggē, tiàowǔ děng jīngcǎi biǎoyǎn. [Pinyin]
       Tonight there are wonderful performances like drama, singing, dancing, and more.
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Qín èrshì yuánnián qīyuè, Chén Shè děng qǐ Dàzé zhōng. [Pinyin]
    In the seventh month of the first year under Qin Er Shi's rule, Chen She, with others, rebelled in Dazexiang.
* Particle indicating the ending of enumeration.
       Zhōngguó yǒu Běijīng, Shànghǎi, Tiānjīn, Chóngqìng děng sì ge zhíxiáshì. [Pinyin]
       China has four direct-administered municipalities: Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, and Chongqing.
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Pèigōng zé zhì chēqí, tuōshēn dú qí, yǔ Fán Kuài, Xiàhóu Yīng, Jìn Qiáng, Jǐ Xìn děng sì rén chí jiàn dùn bùzǒu. [Pinyin]
    Duke of Pei then left behind his entourage and rode off by himself, before fleeing on foot with Fan Kuai, Xiahou Ying, Jin Qiang and Ji Xin, swords and shields in hand.
* (literary or Hakka) Plural particle used after personal pronouns or nouns.
    爾等／尔等 [Classical Chinese] ― ěrděng [Pinyin] ― you (plural)
    𠊎等 [Sixian Hakka] ― ngài-tén [Pha̍k-fa-sṳ] ― we; us
* a surname

##### Descendants

* → Japanese: 等(とう) (tō)
* → Korean: 등(等) (deung)
* → Vietnamese: đẳng (等)
Others:
* → Proto-Turkic: *teŋ (“equal”) (see there for further descendants)

### Etymology 2

A medieval word, probably related to 待 (OC *dɯːʔ, “to wait”) (Wang, 1982).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): děng (deng$^3$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄉㄥˇ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): den$^3$
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): дын (dɨn, II)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): dang$^2$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ang$^2$
* Gan (Wiktionary): den$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): tén / nén / nún / lún
    (Meixian, Guangdong): dên$^3$
* Jin (Wiktionary): deng$^2$
* Northern Min (KCR): dǎing
* Eastern Min (BUC): dīng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): deng$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tán / téng / tńg
    (Teochew, Peng'im): dang$^2$ / dêng$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$ten
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): den$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: děng
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄥˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: děng
*** Wade–Giles: têng$^3$
*** Yale: děng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: deeng
*** Palladius: дэн (dɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /tɤŋ²¹⁴/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: den$^3$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: den
*** Sinological IPA : /tən⁵³/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: дын (dɨn, II)
*** Sinological IPA : /təŋ⁵¹/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: dang$^2$
*** Yale: dáng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dang$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: deng$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /tɐŋ³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ang$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /aŋ⁵⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: den$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /tɛn²¹³/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tén
*** Hakka Romanization System: den$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: den$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /ten³¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tén / nén / nún / lún
*** Hakka Romanization System: den$^ˋ$ / nen$^ˋ$ / nun$^ˋ$ / lun$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: den$^3$ / nen$^3$ / nun$^3$ / lun$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /ten³¹/, /nen³¹/, /nun³¹/, /lun³¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: dên$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /tɛn³¹/
* Southern Sixian:
** tén/nén/nún/lún - progressive particle;
** tén - other senses.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit等 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /təŋ²¹⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /təŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /təŋ¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /təŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /təŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /təŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /təŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /tə̃⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /təŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /tə̃n⁴⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /tɤŋ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /tən⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /tən⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /ten⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /tə̃⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /tən²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /tən²⁴/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /təŋ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /təŋ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /tə̃ŋ⁵³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /təŋ³⁵/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /tən⁵¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ten⁵³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /taŋ³⁵/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /tʌ̃³⁵/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /tɛ³¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /tən⁴¹/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /tən⁴²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /tɛn²¹³/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /ten³¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /ten³¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /tɐŋ³⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /tɐŋ³⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /tɐŋ³⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /tiŋ⁵³/ /tan⁵³/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /tiŋ³²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /taiŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /teŋ⁵³/ /taŋ⁵³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /ʔdeŋ²¹³/ /ʔdɔŋ²¹³/ /ʔdaŋ²¹³/ |

#### Definitions

等
* to wait (for)
    你等多久了？ ― Nǐ děng duōjiǔ le? ― How long have you been waiting?
       nei$^5$ dang$^2$ bin$^1$ go$^3$ aa$^3$? [Jyutping]
       Who are you waiting for?
* when (something happens at a point in time in the future)
       dang$^2$ ngo$^5$ zou$^6$ jyun$^4$ je$^5$ sin$^1$ tung$^4$ nei$^5$ king$^1$. [Jyutping]
       Let's talk when I finish my work.
* (Cantonese) to be in need of
    等錢使／等钱使 [Cantonese] ― dang$^2$ cin$^{4-2}$ sai$^2$ [Jyutping] ― short of money (literally, “in need of money to spend”)
* (Cantonese, Xiang) to let; to allow; to permit
    Synonym: 讓 / 让 (ràng) (Mandarin)
       dang$^2$ ngo$^5$ nam$^2$ haa$^5$ sin$^1$. [Jyutping]
       Let me think a little first.
* (Cantonese) to let (used to give notice to something in the future)
       dang$^2$ ngo$^5$ jat$^1$ ng$^5$ jat$^1$ sap$^6$ waa$^6$ nei$^5$ zi$^1$ laa$^1$! [Jyutping]
       Let me tell you in full detail!
* (Cantonese) to cause; to make
    Synonym: 讓 / 让 (ràng) (Mandarin)
       sai$^3$ lou$^2$ m$^4$ gei$^3$ dak$^1$ gaau$^1$ hok$^6$ fai$^3$, ngo$^5$ zyun$^1$ dang$^1$ mou$^5$ tai$^4$ keoi$^5$, dang$^2$ keoi$^5$ bei$^2$ baa$^{1-4}$ baa$^1$ naau$^6$ caan$^1$ baau$^2$. [Jyutping]
       My little brother forgot to pay his tuition fees. I intentionally didn't remind him of it to make him get a good scolding from Dad.
* (Cantonese) Introduces a clause that expresses negative surprise.
       jyun$^4$ loi$^4$ nei$^5$ dei$^6$ mou$^5$ jat$^1$ go$^3$ sik$^1$ zaa$^1$ ce$^1$ gaa$^4$, dang$^2$ ngo$^5$ zung$^6$ ji$^5$ wai$^4$ sat$^6$ jau$^5$ jan$^4$ ce$^1$ ngo$^5$ tim$^1$. [Jyutping]
       It turns out that none of you know how to drive? I thought there had to be someone who would drive me.
       dang$^2$ nei$^5$ zung$^6$ siu$^3$ dak$^1$ gam$^3$ hoi$^1$ sam$^1$, bei$^2$ jan$^4$ wan$^2$ zo$^2$ ban$^6$ dou$^1$ m$^4$ zi$^1$. [Jyutping]
       You're still smiling so happily!? You were taken advantage of and you didn't know.
* (Gan) by
* (Hakka) Progressive particle, used after verbs to indicate the continuation of an action or a state.
    From: c.2004, 謝宇威, 花樹下
    Fâ-su hâ, khôi-tén mân-mân ke fâ. [Pha̍k-fa-sṳ]
    Under flowering tree, [it] is blooming fully.

##### Synonyms

* (to wait):
* 佇候 (zhùhòu) (literary)
* 伺候
* 候等 (Hokkien)
* 守候 (shǒuhòu)
* 留住 (liúzhù) (literary)
* 當等 / 当等 (Xiamen Hokkien)
* 等候 (děnghòu)
* 等待 (děngdài)
* 聽候 / 听候 (tīnghòu) (literary, or Min Nan)
* (by):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 被 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 讓, 叫, 給 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 讓, 叫, 給 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 被, 給 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 被, 讓, 給 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 叫, 讓 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 叫 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 遭, 叫 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 把得 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 給, 把 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 給, 叫 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 畀 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 畀 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 畀 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 畀 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 畀 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 畀 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 畀 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 畀 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 畀 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 畀 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 畀 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 畀 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 畀 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 畀 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 畀 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 畀 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 畀 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 畀 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 畀 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 畀 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 畀 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 畀 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 畀 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 畀 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 畀 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 畀 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 畀 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 畀 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan | 畀 |
| Cantonese | Yunfu | 畀 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 畀 |
| Cantonese | Xinyi | 畀 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 畀 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 畀 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 讓, 等 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 分 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 分 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 畀 |
| Hakka | Huiyang | 分 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 分 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 分 |
| Hakka | Boluo (Bendihua) | 畀 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 分 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Wuguishan) | 畀 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 分 |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 把 |
| Hakka | Longchuan (Tuocheng; Bendihua) | 畀 |
| Hakka | Heping (Linzhai; Bendihua) | 把 |
| Hakka | Lianping (Longjie; Bendihua) | 分 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 分 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 分 |
| Hakka | Liannan | 分 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 分 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 分 |
| Hakka | Changting | 得 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 得 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 得 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 給 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 分 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 得 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 得 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 討 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 分 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 分 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 分 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 分 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 分 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 得 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 分 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 分 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 分 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 叫, 給 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 吶 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 乞 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 予, 乞 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 予, 乞, 傳 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 予, 乞 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 予 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 予 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 予 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 予 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 予 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 予 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 予 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 予 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 予 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 予 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 予 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 予 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 分, 乞 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 分, 乞, 予 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 乞 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 分, 乞 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 乞 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 要 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 撥, 撥辣 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 撥, 撥勒 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 撥, 撥人家 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 匄 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 聽, 撈, 讓, 被 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 耗 |
* (progressive marker):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 著 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 著 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 著 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 著 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 著 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 著 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 著 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 著 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 著 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 著 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 倒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 倒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 倒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 倒, 穩 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 著 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 緊 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 緊 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 緊 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 倒 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 等 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 等 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 等 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 等 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 緊 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 等 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 緊 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 著 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 緊 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 勒海, 勒該 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 勒 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 的, 該, 當, 東, 仔, 勒眼 |
| Wu | Zhoushan | 底, 的 rare, 該, 當, 仔, 勒眼 |

### Compounds

* 一等 (yīděng)
* 一等一
* 丁等特考
* 下三等
* 三六九等 (sānliùjiǔděng)
* 三等 (sānděng)
* 下等 (xiàděng)
* 上等 (shàngděng)
* 三等九格
* 下等植物
* 三親等 / 三亲等
* 不平等 (bùpíngděng)
* 不平等條約 / 不平等条约 (bùpíngděng tiáoyuē)
* 不等 (bùděng)
* 不等式 (bùděngshì)
* 不等號 / 不等号 (bùděnghào)
* 丙等特考
* 中等 (zhōngděng)
* 中等教育 (zhōngděng jiàoyù)
* 久等 (jiǔděng)
* 乙等特考
* 乾等 / 干等
* 二等 (èrděng)
* 二等分
* 二等分線 / 二等分线
* 二等國 / 二等国
* 二親等 / 二亲等
* 何等 (héděng)
* 伴等
* 低等 (dīděng)
* 低等動物 / 低等动物 (dīděng dòngwù)
* 假平等
* 優等 / 优等 (yōuděng)
* 全等 (quánděng)
* 初等 (chūděng)
* 初等函數 / 初等函数 (chūděng hánshù)
* 初等教育 (chūděng jiàoyù)
* 加人一等
* 劣等 (lièděng)
* 劣等生 (lièděngshēng)
* 升等 (shēngděng)
* 升等考試 / 升等考试
* 同等 (tóngděng)
* 同等學力 / 同等学力
* 四等 (sìděng)
* 均等 (jūnděng)
* 官等
* 對等 / 对等 (duìděng)
* 對等條約 / 对等条约
* 對等貿易 / 对等贸易
* 差等 (cīděng)
* 平等 (píngděng)
* 平等主義 / 平等主义 (píngděngzhǔyì)
* 平等互惠
* 平等權 / 平等权
* 平等百姓
* 恆等式 / 恒等式 (héngděngshì)
* 星等 (xīngděng)
* 有等
* 末等
* 本等 (běnděng)
* 本等伎倆 / 本等伎俩
* 某等 (mǒuděng)
* 次等 (cìděng)
* 死等
* 減等 / 减等
* 潛潛等等 / 潜潜等等
* 灰度等級 / 灰度等级
* 爾等 / 尔等 (ěrděng)
* 特等 (tèděng)
* 獃等 / 呆等
* 甲等 (jiǎděng)
* 甲等特考
* 男女平等
* 相等 (xiāngděng)
* 視星等 / 视星等 (shìxīngděng)
* 稜等登 / 棱等登
* 種族平等 / 种族平等
* 空等
* 立等 (lìděng)
* 第一等
* 等一下 (děng yīxià)
* 等一會兒 / 等一会儿
* 等不及 (děngbùjí)
* 等不得
* 等人 (děngrén)
* 等候 (děnghòu)
* 等倫 / 等伦
* 等值 (děngzhí)
* 等值價格 / 等值价格
* 等價 / 等价 (děngjià)
* 等價交換 / 等价交换 (děngjià jiāohuàn)
* 等分 (děngfēn)
* 等到 (děngdào)
* 等同 (děngtóng)
* 等因奉此
* 等地
* 等壓線 / 等压线 (děngyāxiàn)
* 等子 (děngzi)
* 等差 (děngchà)
* 等差級數 / 等差级数
* 等式 (děngshì)
* 等待 (děngdài)
* 等於 / 等于 (děngyú)
* 等期
* 等次
* 等死 (děngsǐ)
* 等比 (děngbǐ)
* 等溫線 / 等温线 (děngwēnxiàn)
* 等第 (děngdì)
* 等等 (děngděng)
* 等等潛潛 / 等等潜潜
* 等米下鍋 / 等米下锅
* 等級 / 等级 (děngjí)
* 等而下之 (děng'érxiàzhī)
* 等耐
* 等腰梯形 (děngyāo tīxíng)
* 等號 / 等号 (děnghào)
* 等角線 / 等角线
* 等距
* 等身
* 等量 (děngliàng)
* 等量齊觀 / 等量齐观
* 等長 / 等长
* 等閒 / 等闲 (děngxián)
* 等閒之輩 / 等闲之辈 (děngxiánzhībèi)
* 等閒人物 / 等闲人物
* 等閒視之 / 等闲视之
* 等離子體 / 等离子体 (děnglízǐtǐ)
* 等韻 / 等韵
* 等韻學 / 等韵学
* 等高種植 / 等高种植
* 等高線 / 等高线
* 等高耕作
* 緊等 / 紧等
* 罪加一等
* 老等
* 職等 / 职等
* 茂才異等 / 茂才异等
* 苦等
* 著作等身
* 著述等身
* 親等 / 亲等
* 越次躐等
* 超等 (chāoděng)
* 路面等級 / 路面等级
* 踰等 / 逾等
* 躐等 (lièděng)
* 這等 / 这等 (zhèděng)
* 那等
* 閒雜人等 / 闲杂人等
* 頭等 / 头等 (tóuděng)
* 頭等票 / 头等票
* 頭等艙 / 头等舱 (tóuděngcāng)
* 高人一等 (gāorényīděng)
* 高等 (gāoděng)
* 高等動物 / 高等动物
* 高等學府 / 高等学府
* 高等學校 / 高等学校 (gāoděng xuéxiào)
* 高等教育 (gāoděng jiàoyù)
* 高等文官
* 高等植物
* 高等法院 (gāoděng fǎyuàn)
* 高等考試 / 高等考试

### Further reading

* “等”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A02997
* “等”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.
* Yik-Po Lai (2020) “Multiple functions of the Cantonese ‘wait’ verb dang2 and their historical development”, in Studies in Language, volume 44, number 4, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 917–963

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)
* equal
* et cetera
* a pluralizer

#### Readings

* Go-on: とう (tō, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: とう (tō, Jōyō)
* Kun: ひとしい (hitoshii, 等しい, Jōyō)、など (nado, 等)、なんど (nando)、ら (ra, 等)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 等
* とう Grade: 3
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 等 (tong$^X$, “step, grade”), extended to mean ... kind of thing.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) とー [tóꜜò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [to̞ː]

#### Adverb

等(とう) • (tō)
* et cetera

#### Suffix

等(とう) • (-tō)
* rank, class, order
* et cetera, that kind of thing, and so on

##### Usage notes

For the et cetera sense, the tō reading is somewhat more formal than the nado reading.

#### Derived terms

* 一(いっ)等(とう) (ittō): first rank
* 官(かん)等(とう) (kantō): official rank
* 均(きん)等(とう) (kintō): equality
* 勲(くん)等(とう) (kuntō): order of merit
* 降(こう)等(とう) (kōtō): a reduction in rank; to reduce a rank
* 高(こう)等(とう) (kōtō): high rank, high-grade
* 劣(れっ)等(とう) (rettō): inferior

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 等
* など Grade: 3
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 抔 (obsolete)
From earlier なんど (nando, “etc., and so forth, and such like”), from earlier 何と (nani to, “etc., and so forth, and such like”, literally “and what”), itself a compound of 何 (nani, “what”) + と (to, “and”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [na̠do̞]

#### Adverb

等(など) • (nado)
* et cetera, that kind of thing, and so on
    魚(さかな)や肉(にく)等(など)
       sakana ya niku nado
       things like fish or meat, fish and meat et cetera / and other such things

##### Usage notes

For the et cetera sense, the tō reading is somewhat more formal than the nado reading.
Often spelled in hiragana, as など.

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 等
* なんど Grade: 3
* kun'yomi
From earlier 何と (nani to, “etc., and so forth, and such like”, literally “and what”), itself a compound of 何 (nani, “what”) + と (to, “and”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [nã̠ndo̞]

#### Adverb

等(なんど) • (nando)
* (archaic, chiefly obsolete) et cetera, that kind of thing, and so on

##### Usage notes

Largely superseded by the nado reading above.
May be spelled in hiragana, as なんど.

### Etymology 4

* Kanji in this term
* 等
* ら Grade: 3
* kun'yomi
From Old Japanese.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɾa̠]

#### Suffix

等(ら) • (-ra)
* pluralizer
    我(われ)、我(われ)等(ら)、これ、これ等(ら)
       ware, warera, kore, korera
       I, we, this, these
* qualifier, softener: around abouts
    今日(きょう)等(ら)、そこ等(ら)辺(へん)
       kyōra, sokora hen
       roughly today, that area around there

##### Usage notes

Often spelled in hiragana, as ら.

##### Synonyms

* 達 (たち, ​tachi)
* 供 (ども, ​domo)

### References

* 1 2 3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

等 (eumhun 무리 등 (muri deung))
* hanja form of 등 (“rank, class, order”)
* hanja form of 등 (“et cetera”)

#### Compounds

* 등등 (等等, deungdeung, “et cetera, etc; and so on”)
* 열등 (劣等, yeoldeung, “inferiority”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

等: Hán Nôm readings: đẳng, đấng, đứng
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.