# 凍

| 凍 | U+51CD, &#20941; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51CD |
| ← 凌 [U+51CC] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 凎 → [U+51CE] |

## Translingual
### Han character

凍 (Kangxi radical 15, 冫+8, 10 strokes, cangjie input 戈一木田 (IMDW), four-corner 3519$_6$, composition ⿰冫東)

#### Derived characters

* 𢟞

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 132, character 46
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1670
* Dae Jaweon: page 297, character 2
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 298, character 7
* Unihan data for U+51CD

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 東 | *toːŋ |
| 菄 | *toːŋ |
| 鶇 | *toːŋ |
| 倲 | *toːŋ |
| 涷 | *toːŋ, *toːŋs |
| 蝀 | *toːŋ, *toːŋʔ |
| 凍 | *toːŋ, *toːŋs |
| 鯟 | *toːŋ |
| 崠 | *toːŋ |
| 埬 | *toːŋ |
| 棟 | *toːŋs |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *toːŋ, *toːŋs): semantic 冫 + phonetic 東 (OC *toːŋ).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): dòng (dong$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄥˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): dung$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): tung
* Eastern Min (BUC): dáe̤ng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tàng / tòng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): dang$^3$ / dong$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$ton
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dòng
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄥˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: dòng
*** Wade–Giles: tung$^4$
*** Yale: dùng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: donq
*** Palladius: дун (dun)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʊŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: dung$^3$
*** Yale: dung
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dung$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: dung$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʊŋ³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tung
*** Hakka Romanization System: dung
*** Hagfa Pinyim: dung$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /tuŋ⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: dáe̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /tɔyŋ²¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tàng / tòng
*** Tâi-lô: tàng / tòng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: daxng, doxng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /taŋ²¹/, /tɔŋ²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /taŋ⁴¹/, /tɔŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /taŋ²¹/, /tɔŋ²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /taŋ¹¹/, /tɔŋ¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /taŋ²¹/, /tɔŋ²¹/
* tàng - vernacular;
* tòng - literary.
* Middle Chinese: tuwng, tuwngH
Rime :
| Character | 凍 | 凍 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 端 (5) | 端 (5) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (1) | 東 (1) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 德紅切 | 多貢切 |
| Baxter | tuwng | tuwngH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tuŋ/ | /tuŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /tuŋ/ | /tuŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /tuŋ/ | /tuŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /təwŋ/ | /təwŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /tuŋ/ | /tuŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /tuŋ/ | /tuŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /tuŋ/ | /tuŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | dōng | dòng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | dung$^1$ | dung$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*tˤoŋ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*toːŋ/, /*toːŋs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 凍 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | dòng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tuwng$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*tˁoŋ-s/ |
| English | freeze |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 凍 | 凍 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 2441 | 2447 |
| Phonetic component | 東 | 東 |
| Rime group | 東 | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 東 | 涷 |
| Old Chinese | /*toːŋ/ | /*toːŋs/ |

### Definitions

凍
* cold; (of weather) chilly
* to freeze
* jelly
* a surname

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 冷, 寒冷 weather |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 冷 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 冷 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 冷 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 冷 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 冷 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 冷 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 冷 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 冷 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 冷 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 冷, 凊 very cold |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 冷, 冷凊 weather |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 冷 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 冷, 凊 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 冷 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 冷 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 凍, 冷 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 凍, 冷 weather |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 冷 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 凍, 冷 weather |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 凍 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 凍 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 凍 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 冷 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 冷 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 冷 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 冷, 寒 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 冷, 寒人 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 冷 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 冷, 寒 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 冷, 寒 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 冷, 寒 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 冷, 凍 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 冷 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 凊, 鎮 very cold |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 凊, 凍 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 冷, 凊, 寒 weather |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 冷, 凊, 寒 |
| Southern Min | Shishi | 寒 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 冷, 凊, 寒 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 寒 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 寒 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 冷, 凊, 寒 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 冷, 寒 weather, 凊 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 冷, 寒 weather |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 冷, 寒, 凊 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 凝, 寒 weather, 凊 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 凝, 寒, 凊, 冷 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 凝, 凊 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 凝 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 凝, 凊 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 凝 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 寒 |
| Southern Min | Qionghai | 寒 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 凊, 寒 weather |
| Wu | Shanghai | 冷 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 冷 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 冷, 凍 weather |
| Wu | Danyang | 冷 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 冷 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 冷 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 冷, 凍 |
| Wu | Lishui | 冷 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 冷 |
| Wu | Yushan | 凊 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 冷, 凊 very cold |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 冷, 凊 very cold |

### Compounds

* 上凍 / 上冻 (shàngdòng)
* 不凍 / 不冻
* 不凍港 / 不冻港 (bùdònggǎng)
* 價格凍結 / 价格冻结
* 冰凍 / 冰冻 (bīngdòng)
* 冰消凍解 / 冰消冻解
* 冰消凍釋 / 冰消冻释
* 冰解凍釋 / 冰解冻释
* 冷凍 / 冷冻 (lěngdòng)
* 冷凍蔬菜 / 冷冻蔬菜
* 冷凍食品 / 冷冻食品 (lěngdòng shípǐn)
* 凍住 / 冻住
* 凍傷 / 冻伤 (dòngshāng)
* 凍僵 / 冻僵
* 凍凌觜臉 / 冻凌觜脸
* 凍剝剝 / 冻剥剥
* 凍原 / 冻原 (dòngyuán)
* 凍土 / 冻土 (dòngtǔ)
* 凍天行 / 冻天行
* 凍害 / 冻害 (dònghài)
* 凍寒 / 冻寒
* 凍斃 / 冻毙 (dòngbì)
* 凍欽欽 / 冻钦钦
* 凍死 / 冻死 (dòngsǐ)
* 凍瘡 / 冻疮 (dòngchuāng)
* 凍省 / 冻省 (dòng shěng)
* 凍石 / 冻石
* 凍結 / 冻结 (dòngjié)
* 凍結資金 / 冻结资金
* 凍肉 / 冻肉 (dòngròu)
* 凍薪 / 冻薪 (dòngxīn)
* 凍解冰釋 / 冻解冰释
* 凍豆腐 / 冻豆腐
* 凍雨 / 冻雨 (dòngyǔ)
* 凍餒 / 冻馁 (dòngněi)
* 凝凍 / 凝冻
* 北極凍原 / 北极冻原
* 呵凍 / 呵冻
* 天寒地凍 / 天寒地冻 (tiānhándìdòng)
* 愛玉凍 / 爱玉冻 (àiyùdòng)
* 挨餓受凍 / 挨饿受冻
* 擔飢受凍 / 担饥受冻
* 果凍 / 果冻 (guǒdòng)
* 滴水成凍 / 滴水成冻
* 肉凍 / 肉冻 (ròudòng)
* 解凍 / 解冻 (jiědòng)
* 防凍 / 防冻 (fángdòng)
* 霜凍 / 霜冻 (shuāngdòng)
* 飢凍交切 / 饥冻交切
* 魚凍 / 鱼冻 (yúdòng)

### Descendants

* → Old Turkic: dong (frozen)
** Old Turkic: dong- (to freeze)
** Turkish: donmak
** Azerbaijani: donmaq
** Turkmen: doňmak
*** Turkmen: doň ýürek (coldhearted)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* frozen

#### Readings

* Go-on: つう (tsū)
* Kan-on: とう (tō, Jōyō)
* Kun: こおる (kōru, 凍る, Jōyō)、こごえる (kogoeru, 凍える, Jōyō)、いてる (iteru, 凍てる)、しみる (shimiru, 凍みる)

#### Compounds

* 不(ふ)凍(とう) (futō, “nonfreezing”)

#### Related terms

* 凍(い)てる (iteru)
* 凍(こお)る (kōru)
* 凍(こご)える (kogoeru)
* 凍(し)みる (shimiru)
* 凍(こお)らす (kōrasu)

## Korean
### Hanja

凍 (eumhun 얼 동 (eol dong))
* hanja form of 동 (“freeze”)
* hanja form of 동 (“cold, congeal”)
* hanja form of 동 (“jelly”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

凍: Hán Nôm readings: đống, đông, gióng, rúng, đóng
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.