# 魄

| 魄 | U+9B44, &#39748; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9B44 |
| ← 魃 [U+9B43] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 魅 → [U+9B45] |

## Translingual
### Han character

魄 (Kangxi radical 194, 鬼+5, 15 strokes, cangjie input 竹日竹山戈 (HAHUI), four-corner 2661$_3$, composition ⿰白鬼)

#### Derived characters

* 𡳺, 𩏳, 𲌯, 𥶱

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1461, character 28
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 45810
* Dae Jaweon: page 1995, character 22
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4431, character 9
* Unihan data for U+9B44

## Chinese

* 魂魄 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 魂魄 (Cantonese)
* Hun and po (English)

### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 魄 :
| Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script |
| | Old Chinese |
| 怕 | *pʰraːɡs, *pʰraːɡ |
| 帕 | *pʰraːɡs, *mbraːd |
| 粕 | *pʰaːɡ, *pʰraːɡ |
| 胉 | *pʰaːɡ |
| 泊 | *baːɡ |
| 箔 | *baːɡ |
| 魄 | *tʰaːɡ, *pʰraːɡ |
| 皕 | *prɯɡ |
| 伯 | *praːɡ |
| 百 | *praːɡ |
| 迫 | *praːɡ |
| 敀 | *praːɡ, *pʰraːɡ |
| 柏 | *praːɡ |
| 湐 | *praːɡ |
| 拍 | *pʰraːɡ |
| 珀 | *pʰraːɡ |
| 皛 | *pʰraːɡ, *ɡeːwʔ |
| 洦 | *mpʰraːɡ, *mbraːɡ |
| 白 | *braːɡ |
| 帛 | *braːɡ |
| 舶 | *braːɡ |
| 鮊 | *braːɡ |
| 陌 | *mbraːɡ |
| 帞 | *mbraːɡ |
| 袹 | *mbraːɡ |
| 蛨 | *mbraːɡ |
| 貊 | *mbraːɡ |
| 佰 | *mbraːɡ |
| 銆 | *mbraːɡ |
| 碧 | *praɡ, *preɡ |
| 咟 | *ɦmreːɡ |

### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan; cognate with Tibetan བླ (bla) and Burmese လိပ်ပြာ (lippra).
Related to 白 (OC *braːɡ, “white”) (Schuessler, 2007).

#### "illuminated part of the moon"

    Wang (1923) in 《生霸死霸考》 supports the definition by examining textual traditions of the Chinese classics and archaeological evidences from the Western Zhou era (c. 11th–8th centuries BCE). Bronze script texts from the era commonly use the form 霸 (OC *praːɡs).

#### "dark part of the moon"

    Chiefly found in some old dictionaries based on another textual tradition, traced by Wang (1923) to the calendrical innovations of Liu Xin and later Confucian "pseudepigraphy".

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): pò (po$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄆㄛˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): paak$^3$
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): peh$^6$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): phiak / phek
    (Teochew, Peng'im): pêg$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: pò
*** Zhuyin: ㄆㄛˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: pò
*** Wade–Giles: pʻo$^4$
*** Yale: pwò
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: poh
*** Palladius: по (po)
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰu̯ɔ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: paak$^3$
*** Yale: paak
*** Cantonese Pinyin: paak$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: pag$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰaːk̚³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: peh$^6$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: peh
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰɛʔ¹/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: peh$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰɛʔ²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phiak
*** Tâi-lô: phiak
*** Phofsit Daibuun: phiag
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /pʰiak̚⁵/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phek
*** Tâi-lô: phik
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pheg
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /pʰiɪk̚³²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: pêg$^4$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: phek
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰek̚²/
* Middle Chinese: phaek
Rime :
| Character | 魄 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 滂 (2) |
| Final (韻) | 陌 (113) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 普伯切 |
| Baxter | phaek |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /pʰˠæk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /pʰᵚak̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /pʰak̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /pʰaɨjk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /pʰɐk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /pʰɐk̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /pʰɐk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | po |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | pak$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*pʰˤrak/
    (Zhengzhang): /*pʰraːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 魄 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | pò |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ phæk › |
| Old Chinese | /*pʰˁrak/ |
| English | bodily form or soul |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 魄 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 201 |
| Phonetic component | 白 |
| Rime group | 鐸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 拍 |
| Old Chinese | /*pʰraːɡ/ |

#### Definitions

魄
* (religion, folklore) the po, the soul which does not leave the body after death, compared to 魂 (hún) which does.
* soul; spirit
* vigor
* body
* (archaic, Chinese astronomy) bright, illuminated part of the moon
* (obsolete, retroactively proscribed) dark part of the moon

##### See also

* 魂 (hún)

#### Compounds

* 七魄
* 七魄三魂
* 三魂七魄 (sānhúnqīpò)
* 三魂唔見七魄 / 三魂唔见七魄
* 丹魄 (dānpò)
* 亡魂喪魄 / 亡魂丧魄
* 亡魂失魄
* 兔魄
* 冰魂雪魄
* 剩魄殘魂 / 剩魄残魂
* 動人心魄 / 动人心魄
* 動魄 / 动魄
* 動魄驚心 / 动魄惊心
* 勾魂攝魄 / 勾魂摄魄
* 哉生魄
* 喪魂落魄 / 丧魂落魄 (sànghúnluòpò)
* 天奪之魄 / 天夺之魄
* 失神落魄
* 失魂喪魄 / 失魂丧魄
* 失魂落魄 (shīhúnluòpò)
* 奪魄 / 夺魄
* 始生魄
* 少魂失魄
* 形魄
* 復魄 / 复魄
* 怵魄動心 / 怵魄动心
* 懾人心魄 / 慑人心魄
* 攝魄鉤魂 / 摄魄钩魂
* 旁死魄
* 旁魄
* 既死魄
* 既生魄
* 月魄
* 朏魄 (fěipò)
* 桂魄 (guìpò)
* 欺魄
* 氣魄 / 气魄 (qìpò)
* 瑩魄 / 莹魄
* 皓魄
* 窮途落魄 / 穷途落魄
* 落魄 (luòpò)
* 落魄不羈 / 落魄不羁
* 蟾魄 (chánpò)
* 褫魄
* 迷魂奪魄 / 迷魂夺魄
* 追魂攝魄 / 追魂摄魄
* 銷魂奪魄 / 销魂夺魄
* 陰魄 / 阴魄
* 雨魄雲魂 / 雨魄云魂
* 非凡氣魄 / 非凡气魄
* 驚心動魄 / 惊心动魄 (jīngxīndòngpò)
* 體魄 / 体魄 (tǐpò)
* 魂銷魄散 / 魂销魄散
* 魂飄魄散 / 魂飘魄散
* 魂飛魄喪 / 魂飞魄丧
* 魂飛魄散 / 魂飞魄散 (húnfēipòsàn)
* 魂魄 (húnpò)
* 魄力 (pòlì)
* 魄動 / 魄动
* 魄散九霄
* 魄散魂飛 / 魄散魂飞

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 魄(はく) (haku)
* → Korean: 백(魄) (baek)
* → Vietnamese: phách (魄)

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): bó (bo$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄛˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): bok$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bó
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄛˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bó
*** Wade–Giles: po$^2$
*** Yale: bwó
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bor
*** Palladius: бо (bo)
*** Sinological IPA : /pu̯ɔ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: bok$^6$
*** Yale: bohk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: bok$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: bog$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /pɔːk̚²/

#### Definitions

魄
* sound of falling
* Used in 魄莫.
* Used in 旁魄.

### Pronunciation 3

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tuò (tuo$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨㄛˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): tok$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tuò
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄨㄛˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tuò
*** Wade–Giles: tʻo$^4$
*** Yale: twò
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tuoh
*** Palladius: то (to)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰu̯ɔ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: tok$^3$
*** Yale: tok
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tok$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: tog$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰɔːk̚³/
* Middle Chinese: thak
Rime :
| Character | 魄 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 透 (6) |
| Final (韻) | 鐸 (103) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 他各切 |
| Baxter | thak |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tʰɑk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /tʰɑk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /tʰɑk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /tʰak̚/ |
| Li Rong | /tʰɑk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /tʰɑk̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /tʰɑk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | tuo |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | tok$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*tʰaːɡ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 魄 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 191 |
| Phonetic component | 白 |
| Rime group | 鐸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 託 |
| Old Chinese | /*tʰaːɡ/ |

#### Definitions

魄
* Only used in 落魄 (luòtuò), alternative form of 落拓 (luòtuò)

### References

* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “魄”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 178.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* a soul

#### Readings

* Go-on: ひゃく (hyaku)、たく (taku)
* Kan-on: はく (haku)、たく (taku)
* On: ばく (baku)
* Kun: たま (tama, 魄)、たましい (tamashii, 魄しい)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 魄
* たましい Hyōgai
* kun'yomi
* Kanji in this term
* 魄
* たま Hyōgai
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 魄 – see the following entry. :
| 【魂たましい】S | [noun] (religion, folklore) a soul, spirit [noun] mind, spirit, vigour, willpower [noun] (figurative) spirit (manner or style of something, enthusiasm) [noun] (figurative, by extension) attitude, readiness [noun] discretion, judgement, prudence [noun] character, genius, talent, wisdom [noun] (from a warrior's "spirit") a katana (single-edged Japanese sword) |
| 【魂たま】S | [noun] a soul, spirit Alternative spelling 霊 |
(This term, 魄, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 魄
* はく Hyōgai
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 魄 (phæk).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) はく [háꜜkù] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ha̠kɯ̟]

#### Noun

魄(はく) • (haku)
* (religion, folklore) po (haku), the soul which does not leave the body after death, compared to hun (kon) which does.
** 2004 June 15, Rumiko Takahashi, “第(だい)１話(わ)　試(し)作(さく) [Chapter 1: Prototypes]”, in 犬(いぬ)夜(や)叉(しゃ) [Inuyasha], volume 35 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 8:
    魂(こん)は心(こころ)…つまり魂(たましい)だ。そして魄(はく)は体(からだ)を動(うご)かす力(ちから)…
       Kon wa kokoro… Tsumari tamashī da. Soshite haku wa karada o ugokasu chikara…
       Kon is the heart… in other words, the soul. And haku is the force that moves the body…
** 2004 June 15, Rumiko Takahashi, “第(だい)１話(わ)　試(し)作(さく) [Chapter 1: Prototypes]”, in 犬(いぬ)夜(や)叉(しゃ) [Inuyasha], volume 35 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 8:
    魄(はく)ってやつがあれば、魂(たましい)のない死(し)骸(がい)でも動(うご)くんだな。
       Haku tte yatsu ga areba, tamashī no nai shigai de mo ugoku n da na.
       As long as it has this haku thing, even a soulless corpse can move.

##### Derived terms

* 魂(こん)魄(ぱく) (konpaku)

## Korean
### Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 魄 (MC phaek).
* Recorded as Middle Korean ᄑᆡᆨ〮 (Yale: phóyk) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
* Recorded as Middle Korean ᄇᆡᆨ〮 (póyk)$^訓$ (Yale: póyk) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [pɛk̚] ~ [pe̞k̚]
* Phonetic hangul: [백/벡]

#### Hanja

Wikisource 魄 (eumhun 넋 백 (neok baek))
* hanja form of 백 (“soul; spirit”)

#### Compounds

* 계백 (桂魄, gyebaek)
* 기백 (氣魄, gibaek)
* 옥백 (玉魄, okbaek)
* 요백 (曜魄, yobaek)
* 혼백 (魂魄, honbaek)
* 혼비백산 (魂飛魄散, honbibaeksan)

### Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 魄 (MC thak).
* Recorded as Middle Korean 탁〮 (Yale: thák) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [tʰa̠k̚]
* Phonetic hangul: [탁]

#### Hanja

魄 (eumhun 영락할 탁 (yeongnakhal tak))
* hanja form of 탁 (“to wither and fall”)

#### Compounds

* 낙탁 (落魄, naktak)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

魄: Hán Nôm readings: phách
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.