# 稽

| 稽 | U+7A3D, &#31293; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7A3D |
| ← 稼 [U+7A3C] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 稾 → [U+7A3E] |

## Translingual
### Han character

稽 (Kangxi radical 115, 禾+10, 15 strokes, cangjie input 竹木戈山日 (HDIUA), four-corner 2396$_1$, composition ⿰禾⿱尤旨)

#### Derived characters

* 𡃊, 𡓈, 𥗎, 𦪼, 𨯀

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 858, character 1
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25218
* Dae Jaweon: page 1283, character 11
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2622, character 8
* Unihan data for U+7A3D

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 稽 :
| Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 稽 | *kiː, *kʰiːʔ |
| 詣 | *ŋɡiːs |
| 栺 | *ŋɡiːs, *kji |
| 榰 | *klje |
| 脂 | *kji |
| 鴲 | *kji, *kjis |
| 指 | *kjiʔ |
| 旨 | *kjiʔ |
| 恉 | *kjiʔ |
| 嗜 | *ɡjis |
| 蓍 | *qʰlji |
| 鰭 | *ɡri |
| 耆 | *ɡri |
| 鮨 | *ɡri |
| 鬐 | *ɡri |
Originally 𩒨, a phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kiː, *kʰiːʔ): phonetic 旨 (OC *kjiʔ) + semantic 頁 (“person's head”).
In the modern form it is a phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kiː, *kʰiːʔ): semantic 𥝌 (“bent, stunted tree”) + semantic 尤 + phonetic 旨 (OC *kjiʔ).

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jī (ji$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): kai$^1$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): ke / khe / khoe / khé
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jī
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ji
*** Wade–Giles: chi$^1$
*** Yale: jī
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ji
*** Palladius: цзи (czi)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: kai$^1$
*** Yale: kāi
*** Cantonese Pinyin: kai$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: kei$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɐi̯⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ke
*** Tâi-lô: ke
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kef
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ke⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ke³³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khe
*** Tâi-lô: khe
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qef
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kʰe⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰe³³/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khoe
*** Tâi-lô: khue
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qoef
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kʰue⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khé
*** Tâi-lô: khé
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qea
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰe⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰe⁴¹/
* Middle Chinese: kej
Rime :
| Character | 稽 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 齊 (39) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | IV |
| Fanqie | 古奚切 |
| Baxter | kej |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kei/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kei/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kɛi/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kɛj/ |
| Li Rong | /kei/ |
| Wang Li | /kiei/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kiei/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jī |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gai$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤij/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kiː/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 稽 | 稽 | 稽 |
| Reading # | 1/4 | 2/4 | 3/4 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jī | jī | jī |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kej › | ‹ kej › | ‹ kej › |
| Old Chinese | /*kˁij/ | /*kˁij/ | /*kˁij/ |
| English | accord with | cultivate (field) | calculate |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 稽 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 17317 |
| Phonetic component | 旨 |
| Rime group | 脂 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 雞 |
| Old Chinese | /*kiː/ |

#### Definitions

稽
* (transitive) to examine; to investigate; to check
** to recriminate; to argue; to dispute
* (transitive, intransitive) to keep; to reserve
** to delay; to procrastinate
* (transitive) to reach
* (transitive, intransitive) to suit; to correspond
* to divine

#### Compounds

* 公事稽程
* 勾稽
* 反脣相稽 / 反唇相稽 (fǎnchún-xiāngjī)
* 居今稽古
* 會稽 / 会稽
* 會稽之恥 / 会稽之耻
* 會稽山 / 会稽山
* 有案可稽 (yǒu'ànkějī)
* 深稽博考
* 滑稽
* 滑稽劇 / 滑稽剧
* 滑稽大鼓
* 滑稽戲 / 滑稽戏
* 滑稽突梯
* 漫誕不稽 / 漫诞不稽
* 無稽 / 无稽 (wújī)
* 無稽之言 / 无稽之言
* 無稽之談 / 无稽之谈 (wújīzhītán)
* 稽古 (jīgǔ)
* 稽古之力
* 稽固
* 稽察 (jīchá)
* 稽延 (jīyán)
* 稽式
* 稽徵 / 稽征
* 稽查 (jīchá)
* 稽查員 / 稽查员 (jīcháyuán)
* 稽核 (jīhé)
* 稽滯 / 稽滞
* 稽留 (jīliú)
* 稽疑 (jīyí)
* 稽程
* 稽考 (jīkǎo)
* 稽覈 (jīhé)
* 稽遲 / 稽迟
* 突梯滑稽
* 簡稽 / 简稽
* 粵若稽古 / 粤若稽古
* 經典稽疑 / 经典稽疑
* 荒唐無稽 / 荒唐无稽
* 荒誕無稽 / 荒诞无稽
* 雅俗稽言

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qǐ (qi$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): kai$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qǐ
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cǐ
*** Wade–Giles: chʻi$^3$
*** Yale: chǐ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chii
*** Palladius: ци (ci)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: kai$^2$
*** Yale: kái
*** Cantonese Pinyin: kai$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: kei$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɐi̯³⁵/
* Middle Chinese: khejX
Rime :
| Character | 稽 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 齊 (39) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | IV |
| Fanqie | 康禮切 |
| Baxter | khejX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰei$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰei$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰɛi$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰɛj$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰei$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰiei$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kʰiei$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qǐ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hai$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[kʰ]ˤijʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰiːʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 稽 |
| Reading # | 4/4 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | qǐ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ khej$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[kʰ]ˁijʔ/ |
| English | bow the head to the ground |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 稽 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 17318 |
| Phonetic component | 旨 |
| Rime group | 脂 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 啓 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰiːʔ/ |

#### Definitions

稽
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to kowtow; to bow to the ground

#### Compounds

* 拜手稽首
* 拜稽首
* 泣血稽顙 / 泣血稽颡
* 稽拜
* 稽顙 / 稽颡
* 稽顙泣血 / 稽颡泣血
* 稽顙肉袒 / 稽颡肉袒
* 稽首 (qǐshǒu)

### References

* “稽”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* to think; to consider
* to train; to practice

#### Readings

* Go-on: け (ke)
* Kan-on: けい (kei, Jōyō)
* Kun: とどめる (todomeru, 稽める)、かんがえる (kangaeru, 稽える)

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 稽 (MC kej|khejX). Recorded as Middle Korean 계〯 (kyěy) (Yale: kyey) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

Wikisource 稽 (eumhun 상고할 계 (sanggohal gye))
* hanja form of 계 (“to examine”)

#### Compounds

* 계류 (稽留, gyeryu)
* 계사 (稽査, gyesa)
* 계상 (稽顙, gyesang)
* 골계 (滑稽, golgye)
* 구계 (句稽, gugye)
* 황당무계 (荒唐無稽, hwangdangmugye)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

稽: Hán Nôm readings: kê, ghê, ghe, khẻ, khẽ, khể
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.