# communis
## Latin
### Etymology

From Old Latin co(m)moinis, from Proto-Italic *kommoinis, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱom-moy-ni-s, from *mey- (“to change”).
Cognate with Proto-Germanic *gamainiz (“shared, communal; common”), related to immūnis, mūnia, mūnis, mūnus (compare Proto-Italic *moinos (“service”)).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /komˈmuː.nis/, [kɔmˈmuːnɪs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /komˈmu.nis/, [komˈmuːnis]

### Adjective

commūnis (neuter commūne, comparative commūnior, adverb commūniter); third-declension two-termination adjective
* common, commonplace, ordinary, general, universal, shared, shared alike, of both sides, belonging to two or more together
    Synonym: (common, ordinary) vulgāris
** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 2.573–574:“[...] Troiae et patriae commūnis Erīnys, abdiderat sēsē atque ārīs invīsa sedēbat.”“[Helen,] the common Fury of Troy and of her homeland, had hidden herself and was cowering unseen beside the altars.” (See: Erinys.)
* of or for the community, public
* democratic; representing the common sentiment
* (of manners) familiar, accessible, courteous
* (grammar) having both qualities of a subdivided category, such as a verb with both an active and a passive meaning, or a syllable being either long or short.

#### Declension

Third-declension two-termination adjective.

#### Derived terms

* commūnālis
* commūne
* commūnicātiō
* commūnicātor
* commūnicātus
* commūnicō
* commūniō
* commūnitās
* commūniter
* commūnītiō
* commūnitus
* commūnītus
* sēnsus commūnis

#### Descendants

* Italo-Dalmatian:
** Italian: commune, comune
** Sicilian: cummuni, cumuni
** Venetan: comùn
* Rhaeto-Romance
** Friulian: comun
* Gallo-Italic:
** Piedmontese: comun
* Gallo-Romance:
** Catalan: comú
** Occitan: comun
** Old French: comun (see there for further descendants)
* Ibero-Romance:
** Old Galician-Portuguese:
*** Galician: común
*** Portuguese: comum
** Spanish: común

### References

* “communis”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “communis”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "communis", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* communis in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. to considerably (in no way) further the common good: multum (nihil) ad communem utilitatem afferre to accommodate something to the standard of the popular intelligence: ad intellegentiam communem or popularem accommodare aliquid to express oneself in popular language: ad vulgarem sensum or ad communem opinionem orationem accommodare (Off. 2. 10. 35) (ambiguous) we know from experience: usu rerum (vitae, vitae communis) edocti sumus (ambiguous) unanimously: uno, communi, summo or omnium consensu (Tusc. 1. 15. 35) (ambiguous) the ordinary usage of language, everyday speech: communis sermonis consuetudo (ambiguous) to be always considering what people think: multum communi hominum opinioni tribuere