# 矣

| 矣 | U+77E3, &#30691; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-77E3 |
| ← 矢 [U+77E2] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 矤 → [U+77E4] |

## Translingual
### Han character

矣 (Kangxi radical 111, 矢+2, 7 strokes, cangjie input 戈人大 (IOK), four-corner 2343$_0$, composition ⿱厶矢)

#### Derived characters

* 俟, 诶, 𠤘, 唉, 埃, 娭, 挨, 涘, 𡱢, 𢈟, 𢏦, 𢓪, 𢚝, 𫘤, 㶼, 㸻, 欸, 逘, 𦮸, 𫞀, 𬂼, 䀵, 竢, 𤶗, 𥏖, 𥒲, 𬭐, 𦩈, 𦩉, 𪠠, 𫆆, 誒, 𬦑, 𥏳, 𨧚, 𨴱, 騃, 𬵖

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 823, character 37
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 23931
* Dae Jaweon: page 1235, character 23
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2580, character 4
* Unihan data for U+77E3

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 矣 :
| Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 唉 | *qʰlɯː, *qɯː, *qrɯː, *qrɯːʔ |
| 埃 | *qlɯː |
| 欸 | *qɯː, *qʰrɯːs |
| 娭 | *qɯː, *qʰlɯ |
| 挨 | *qlɯːʔ, *qrɯː, *qrɯːʔ |
| 騃 | *ŋrɯːʔ, *sɢrɯʔ |
| 俟 | *sɢrɯʔ, *ɡlɯl |
| 竢 | *sɢrɯʔ |
| 涘 | *sɢrɯʔ |
| 誒 | *qʰlɯ |
| 矣 | *ɢlɯʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɢlɯʔ): phonetic 㠯 (OC *lɯʔ) + semantic 矢 (“arrow”). 矢 (OC *hliʔ) may also act as a phonetic component.

### Etymology 1

Pulleyblank (1995) tentatively suggests a connection to adverb 已 (OC *lɯʔ, “already, perfective marker”), drawing a parallel with the 了₁ (perfective particle) and 了₂ (change of state modal particle) meanings of 了 (le), but doubts that they are etymologically related, suggesting the connection may be purely semantic and for aspectual functions.

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yǐ (yi$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄧˇ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ji$^5$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): yi$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): í
    (Meixian, Guangdong): yi$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): ì
* Eastern Min (BUC): é
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): í / --i / ì
    (Teochew, Peng'im): in$^7$ / i$^7$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$yi
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): i$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yǐ
*** Zhuyin: ㄧˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yǐ
*** Wade–Giles: i$^3$
*** Yale: yǐ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yii
*** Palladius: и (i)
*** Sinological IPA : /i²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ji$^5$
*** Yale: yíh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ji$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yi$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /jiː¹³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: yi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ji²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: í
*** Hakka Romanization System: i$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: i$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /i³¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: yi$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /i⁴⁴/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ì
*** Sinological IPA : /i⁴²/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: é
*** Sinological IPA : /ɛi²¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: í
*** Tâi-lô: í
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ie
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /i⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /i⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /i⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: --i
*** Tâi-lô: --i
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ì
*** Tâi-lô: ì
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ix
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /i²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /i¹¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: in$^7$ / i$^7$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: īⁿ / ī
*** Sinological IPA : /ĩ¹¹/, /i¹¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$yi
*** MiniDict: yi$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$hhi
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦi²³/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: i$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /i⁴¹/
* Middle Chinese: hiX
Rime :
| Character | 矣 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 云 (35) |
| Final (韻) | 之 (19) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 于紀切 |
| Baxter | hiX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦɨ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦɨ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣie$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦɨ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣiə$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣĭə$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /i$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yǐ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ji$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*qəʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɢlɯʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 矣 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yǐ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hi$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*qəʔ/ (atonic) |
| English | (final particle) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 矣 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 14950 |
| Phonetic component | 矣 |
| Rime group | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 矣 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɢlɯʔ/ |
| Notes | 說文以聲，金文從丩矢或爲矢聲 |

#### Definitions

矣
* (literary) Particle expressing completion, similar to 了 (le) in Standard Mandarin.
* (literary) Particle expressing exclamation, similar to 啦 (la) in Standard Mandarin.

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 矣$_1$ |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 了 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 了 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 了 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 了 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 了 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 了 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 了 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 了 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 了 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 嘮 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 咧 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 了 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 了 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 咧 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 了 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 了 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 了 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 了 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 了 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 了 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 了 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 咗, 嘵 obsolete |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 耗 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 好 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 咗, 敲 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 哺 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 誒, 咗 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 誒 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 誒 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 誒 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 敲 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 好 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Dapeng) | 後, 咗 |
| Cantonese | Qingyuan | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Fogang | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Yingde (Hanguang) | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Renhua | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Lechang | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Zhaoqing (Gaoyao) | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Xinxing | 標 |
| Cantonese | Luoding | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 都 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 嗮 |
| Cantonese | Nanning (Tanka) | 嗮 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 啊 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 了 |
| Cantonese | Guiping | 畢 |
| Cantonese | Guiping (Mule) | 開, 了 |
| Cantonese | Pingnan | 開 |
| Cantonese | Guigang (Gangcheng) | 開 |
| Cantonese | Guigang (Pingdong) | 開, 了 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 了 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Nankang) | 了 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Yingpan) | 了 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 了, 咗 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 了, 咗 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Ipoh (Guangfu) | 開 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Móng Cái | 了, 咗 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 了 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 了 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 了 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 拋, 阿 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 開 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 開 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 開 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Shuizhai) | 哩 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 哩 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Changbu) | 哩 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Mianyang) | 哩 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 了 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 開 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 開 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 了 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 了 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 咾 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 咾 |
| Jiuxing Yumin | Lanxi | 了 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 了 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 了, 𡅏 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 了 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 了 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 囉 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 了 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 了 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 了 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 了 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 仔, 了 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 仔 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 仔 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 得, 了 |
| Wu | Hangzhou (Yuhang) | 得, 了 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 仔 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 爻 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 了 |

#### Compounds

* 久矣
* 何彼襛矣 / 何彼𰳺矣
* 吾道東矣 / 吾道东矣
* 垂垂老矣 (chuíchuílǎoyǐ)
* 大事去矣
* 已矣
* 悔之晚矣 (huǐ zhī wǎn yǐ)
* 方寸亂矣 / 方寸乱矣
* 早聞道，夕死可矣 / 早闻道，夕死可矣 (zǎo wén dào, xī sǐ kě yǐ)
* 朝聞道，夕死可矣 / 朝闻道，夕死可矣 (zhāo wén dào, xī sǐ kě yǐ)
* 此言差矣
* 皇矣
* 瞠乎後矣 / 瞠乎后矣
* 瞻彼洛矣
* 耳矣

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Reduced form of 啦 (--lah) or 了 (liáu)? Compare Min Dong 了 (lāu) and Hakka 了 (lê; ê)”)

#### Pronunciation

* Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): ê$^3$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): --a / --ah
* Hakka
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: ê$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /e³¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: --a
*** Tâi-lô: --a
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: --ah
*** Tâi-lô: --ah

#### Definitions

矣
* (Mainland China Hokkien, Taiwanese Hokkien, dialectal Hakka) Sentence-final particle expressing completion, similar to 了 (le) in Standard Mandarin.
    我食飽矣／我食饱矣 [Taiwanese Hokkien] ― Góa chia̍h-pá--ah [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― I've eaten already. / I am now full.

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 矣$_1$ |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 了 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 了 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 了 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 了 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 了 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 了 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 了 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 了 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 了 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 嘮 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 咧 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 了 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 了 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 咧 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 了 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 了 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 了 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 了 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 了 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 了 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 了 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 咗, 嘵 obsolete |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 耗 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 好 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 咗, 敲 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 哺 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 誒, 咗 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 誒 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 誒 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 誒 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 敲 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 好 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Dapeng) | 後, 咗 |
| Cantonese | Qingyuan | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Fogang | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Yingde (Hanguang) | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Renhua | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Lechang | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Zhaoqing (Gaoyao) | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Xinxing | 標 |
| Cantonese | Luoding | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 都 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 嗮 |
| Cantonese | Nanning (Tanka) | 嗮 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 啊 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 了 |
| Cantonese | Guiping | 畢 |
| Cantonese | Guiping (Mule) | 開, 了 |
| Cantonese | Pingnan | 開 |
| Cantonese | Guigang (Gangcheng) | 開 |
| Cantonese | Guigang (Pingdong) | 開, 了 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 了 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Nankang) | 了 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Yingpan) | 了 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 了, 咗 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 了, 咗 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Ipoh (Guangfu) | 開 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 咗 |
| Cantonese | Móng Cái | 了, 咗 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 了 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 了 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 了 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 拋, 阿 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 開 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 開 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 開 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Shuizhai) | 哩 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 哩 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Changbu) | 哩 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Mianyang) | 哩 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 了 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 開 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 開 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 了 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 了 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 咾 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 咾 |
| Jiuxing Yumin | Lanxi | 了 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 了 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 了, 𡅏 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 了 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 了 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 囉 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 了 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 了 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 了 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 了 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 仔, 了 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 仔 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 仔 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 得, 了 |
| Wu | Hangzhou (Yuhang) | 得, 了 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 仔 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 爻 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 了 |

### Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xián (xian$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄢˊ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xián
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sián
*** Wade–Giles: hsien$^2$
*** Yale: syán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyan
*** Palladius: сянь (sjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ɛn³⁵/

#### Definitions

矣
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Transcription of the word for rhinoceros in a language used in ancient Yunnan.
    From: Tang Dynasty, Fan Chuo, Manshu, chapter 8
    Xī wèi zhī xián (dú rú xián). [Pinyin]
    Rhinoceroses are known as 矣 (read as 咸).

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* kanbun (Literary Chinese) sentence particle

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): い (i)

## Korean
### Hanja

矣 (eumhun 어조사 의 (eojosa ui))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

矣: Hán Nôm readings: hỉ, hở, hỹ, hẻ, hĩ, hơi, hãy
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.