# 馬車
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): mǎchē
       (Zhuyin): ㄇㄚˇ ㄔㄜ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ma$^3$ ce$^1$
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): мачә (mačə, II-I)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): maa$^5$ ce$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): mâ-chhâ
    (Hailu, HRS): ma$^ˋ$ cha$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ma$^1$ ca$^1$
* Jin (Wiktionary): ma$^2$ ce$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): bé-chhia / bée-chhia
    (Teochew, Peng'im): bhê$^2$ cia$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$mo-tso
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: mǎchē
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄚˇ ㄔㄜ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: mǎche
*** Wade–Giles: ma$^3$-chʻê$^1$
*** Yale: mǎ-chē
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: maache
*** Palladius: мачэ (mačɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: ma$^3$ ce$^1$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: maace
*** Sinological IPA : /ma⁵³ t͡sʰɛ⁵⁵/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: мачә (mačə, II-I)
*** Sinological IPA : /ma⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰə²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: maa$^5$ ce$^1$
*** Yale: máh chē
*** Cantonese Pinyin: maa$^5$ tse$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ma$^5$ cé$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /maː¹³ t͡sʰɛː⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mâ-chhâ
*** Hakka Romanization System: ma$^ˊ$ ca$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ma$^1$ ca$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /ma²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰa²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: ma$^ˋ$ cha$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /ma⁵³ t͡ʃʰa⁵³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: ma$^1$ ca$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /ma⁴⁴ t͡sʰa⁴⁴/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: ma$^2$ ce$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ma⁵³ t͡sʰɤ¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bé-chhia
*** Tâi-lô: bé-tshia
*** Phofsit Daibuun: befchiaf
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /be⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /be⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Singapore): /be⁴²⁻²⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /be⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰia³³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Penang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bée-chhia
*** Tâi-lô: bée-tshia
*** IPA (Penang): /bɛ⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ t͡sʰia³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /bɛ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: bhê$^2$ cia$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: bé tshia
*** Sinological IPA : /be⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sʰia³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$mo-tso
*** MiniDict: 'mo$^去$ tso
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$'mo-tso
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /mo³³ t͡so⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: maeX tsyhae
Rime :
| Character | 馬 | 車 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) | 昌 (24) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (98) | 麻 (100) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | II | III |
| Fanqie | 莫下切 | 尺遮切 |
| Baxter | maeX | tsyhae |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /mˠa$^X$/ | /t͡ɕʰia/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /mᵚa$^X$/ | /t͡ɕʰia/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ma$^X$/ | /t͡ɕʰia/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /maɨ$^X$/ | /cʰia/ |
| Li Rong | /ma$^X$/ | /t͡ɕʰia/ |
| Wang Li | /ma$^X$/ | /t͡ɕʰĭa/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ma$^X$/ | /t͡ɕʰi̯a/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | mǎ | chē |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | maa$^5$ | ce$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*mˤraʔ [t.qʰ](r)A/
    (Zhengzhang): /*mraːʔ kʰlja/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 馬 | 車 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | mǎ | chē |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ mæ$^X$ › | ‹ tsyhæ › |
| Old Chinese | /*mˁraʔ/ | /*[t.qʰ](r)A/ |
| English | horse | chariot |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 馬 | 車 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| No. | 8715 | 1311 |
| Phonetic component | 馬 | 車 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 馬 | 車 |
| Old Chinese | /*mraːʔ/ | /*kʰlja/ |

### Noun

馬車
* (countable) any type of horse-drawn carriage (Classifier: 輛／辆 m; 架 m)
    From: The Methods of the Sima, circa 4th century BCE
    Fán mǎchē jiān, jiǎbīng lì, qīng nǎi zhòng. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Derived terms

* 馬車夫 / 马车夫 (mǎchēfū)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 馬(ば)車(しゃ) (basha)
* → Korean: 마차(馬車) (macha)
Others:
* → Indonesian: becak
* → Malay: beca

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 馬 | 車 |
| ば Grade: 2 | しゃ Grade: 1 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ばしゃ [báꜜshà] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ba̠ɕa̠]

### Noun

馬(ば)車(しゃ) • (basha)
* horse-drawn carriage, horse-drawn wagon, horse-drawn cart

### See also

* 車(しゃ)馬(ば) (shaba)
* 馬(ば)車(しゃ)馬(うま) (bashauma)

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 馬 | 車 |

### Noun

馬車 • (macha) (hangeul 마차)
* hanja form of 마차 (“horse-drawn carriage, horse-drawn wagon, horse-drawn cart”)