OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# overtranslation
## English
### Etymology

From over- +‎ translation.

### Noun

overtranslation (countable and uncountable, plural overtranslations)
* The act of overtranslating.
** 1995, Jean-Paul Vinay, Jean Darbelnet, Comparative Stylistics of French and English: A Methodology for Translation, John Benjamins Publishing, →ISBN, page 16:Mistaking a servitude for an option can lead to overtranslation.
** 2000, Hans Georg Gadamer, Lawrence Kennedy Schmidt, Language and Linguisticality in Gadamer's Hermeneutics, Lexington Books, →ISBN, page 73:One result of overtranslation is to render this development incoherent, trivial, or even imperceptible, since the development is already tacitly built into the translation from the beginning.
** 2001, Sin-wai Chan, David E. Pollard, An Encyclopaedia of Translation: Chinese-English, English-Chinese, Chinese University Press, →ISBN, page 716:The aim of this article is to illustrate the commonest forms of overtranslation through representative examples drawn from a variety of sources and source languages.
** 2022, Jeremy Munday, Sara Ramos Pinto, Jacob Blakesley, Inroducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications, Routledge, →ISBN, page 58:The [given] example [that "the closest natural equivalent may stand in a contradictory relation with dynamic equivalents"] is of the English words animal, vegetable, mineral and monster. The closest Chinese equivalents are dòng wù [動物／动物], zhí wù [植物], kuàng wù [礦物／矿物] and guài wù [怪物]. These all happen to contain the character wù [物], meaning ‘object’ (thus, dòng wù means ‘moving object’, hence animal). If these Chinese equivalents are chosen, such an unintended cohesive link would lead to what Qian Hu terms ‘overtranslation’.
# overtranslate
## English
### Etymology

From over- +‎ translate.

### Verb

overtranslate (third-person singular simple present overtranslates, present participle overtranslating, simple past and past participle overtranslated)
* To translate (language) in too much detail, or including the translation of things that should be left as they are.
** 1974, American Translators Association, State University of New York at Binghamton. Translation Center, Translators and translating: selected essays from the American Translators Association summer workshops, 1974, page 8:When we select too-specific a rendering, we overtranslate, and, thus, risk adding information which may not be true.
** 2010, John Yunker, The Art of the Global Gateway: Strategies for Successful Multilingual Navigation, Byte Level Books, →ISBN, page 86:Translate the gateway, but don't overtranslate
** 2010, Eleanor Dickey, Anna Chahoud, Colloquial and Literary Latin, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 179:To overtranslate: 'as far as my having slaves is concerned, I have – none'.

#### Related terms

* overtranslation

#### Translations
### Anagrams

* transelevator
# bánh tây
## Vietnamese
### Etymology

bánh (“pastry, cake, bread, dumpling, noodle, wafer, or pudding”) +‎ tây (“Western”)

### Pronunciation

* (Hà Nội) IPA: [ʔɓajŋ̟˧˦ təj˧˧]
* (Huế) IPA: [ʔɓɛɲ˦˧˥ təj˧˧]
* (Saigon) IPA: [ʔɓan˦˥ təj˧˧]
* Audio (Hà Nội):(file)

### Noun

(classifier chiếc, cái) bánh tây • (餅西)
* (dated, Northern Vietnam) bread, particularly French bread such as baguettes
** 1924, Henri Cucherousset, “Cuộc trị-an của Đại-Pháp bảo-hộ [Law and order by the French Protectorate]”, in Trần Văn Quang, transl., Xứ Bắc kỳ ngày nay [Tonkin Today]‎, Hanoi: L'Eveil économique de l'Indochine:Sự ăn uống cũng được sung-túc: ngày nay thì ăn cơm, lại có bánh tây và những thứ bánh ngọt làm bằng bột mỳ, toàn là những thực-phẩm rất bổ; lại nào là cá mắm khô, nước mắm Nam-kỳ và Cao-miên.Food and drink was also well-to-do: today there is rice to eat, and bread and sweets made of wheat flour, all very nutritious foods; there is dried salted fish, with southern and Cambodian nước mắm.
* (dated, Northern Vietnam, by extension) sandwich
** 1943, Thạch Lam, “Bà cụ bán xôi [The old lady selling xôi]”, in Hà Nội băm sáu phố phường [The 36 neighborhoods of Hanoi]‎, Hanoi: Đời Nay Publishing House:Rồi hàng xôi, hàng bánh cuốn nóng, hàng bánh tây chả, vân vân, cũng tụ họp nhau để lập thành cho đầy đủ một dãy quà ngon, nhiều hương vị.And xôi stands, hot bánh cuốn stands, chả sandwich stands, etc. also came together to form a full complement of tasty delights.
** 1957, Hồ Biểu Chánh, “Trước lạ sau quen [Strange at first but familiar later]”, in Chị Đào, Chị Lý‎:Bồi bưng ra một mâm có ba dĩa bánh tây, có nước cam có nước đá đủ hết.The waiter carried out a tray with three plates of sandwiches, complete with orange juice and ice water.

#### Synonyms

* (bread): bánh mì
* (sandwich): bánh mì, bánh mì kẹp, bánh kẹp, xăng-đuých, xăng-uých
# masterplan
## English
### Noun

masterplan (plural masterplans)
* Alternative form of master plan
** 2009 February 4, Chris Salmon, “The Airborne Toxic Event”, in The Guardian‎:It has been suggested that Mikel Jollett formed the Airborne Toxic Event driven by a cunning masterplan that involved combining the best bits of the Strokes, Arcade Fire and the Killers, to catapult the band from suburban Los Angeles to global indie-rock domination.
** 2021 February 24, Philip Haigh, “A shift from cars: Scotland's railways are friends of electric!”, in RAIL, number 925, page 30:The rail options in this first phase concentrate on developing major stations. Edinburgh Waverley's masterplan moves forward [...], and Transport Scotland will review capacity at Glasgow Central to find short-term ways of allowing longer and perhaps more frequent trains to run. A masterplan beckons too for Inverness, in line with long-standing local wishes.

### Verb

masterplan (third-person singular simple present masterplans, present participle masterplanning, simple past and past participle masterplanned)
* (transitive) To make a master plan of; to strategize.
** 2013, Tom Verebes, editor, Masterplanning the Adaptive City: Computational Urbanism in the Twenty-First Century, Routledge, →ISBN, page 23:I'm keen to discuss the extent to which masterplanning can manage and, perhaps, even forecast the future.

### Anagrams

* parlaments
# hometrainer
## Dutch
### Etymology

Pseudo-anglicism, derived from home +‎ trainer. The form does not exist in English, but in German as Hometrainer alongside Heimtrainer (“stationary bicycle”).

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: home‧trai‧ner

### Noun

hometrainer m (plural hometrainers, diminutive hometrainertje n)
* exercise bicycle, stationary bicycle

#### Synonyms

* kamerfiets
# прах
## Bulgarian
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *porxъ, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pers-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [prax]

### Noun

прах • (prah) m (relational adjective пра́шен, diminutive пра́хче)
* dust; powder
    прахове́ за главобо́лие ― prahové za glavobólie ― headache powders (medicine)
    мир на праха́ му ― mir na prahá mu ― may he rest in peace

#### Declension
### Verb

прах • (prah)
* first-person singular aorist indicative of пера (pera)

### References

* “прах”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
* “прах”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Chitanka, 2010

## Russian
### Alternative forms

* прахъ (prax) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)

### Etymology

Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic прахъ (praxŭ), from Proto-Slavic *porxъ, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pers-. Doublet of по́рох (pórox), the inherited East Slavic form.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [prax]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ax

### Noun

прах • (prax) m inan (genitive пра́ха, nominative plural пра́хи, genitive plural пра́хов)
* (poetic) dust, earth
** 1880, Михаил Салтыков-Щедрин, “Племяннушка”, in Господа Головлёвы; English translation from I. P. Foote, transl., The Golovlevs, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986:Он не понимал, что открывавшаяся перед его глазами могила уносила последнюю связь его с живым миром, последнее живое существо, с которым он мог делить прах, наполнявший его. И что отныне этот прах, не находя истока, будет накопляться в нём до тех пор, пока окончательно не задушит его.On ne ponimal, što otkryvavšajasja pered jevo glazami mogila unosila poslednjuju svjazʹ jevo s živym mirom, posledneje živoje suščestvo, s kotorym on mog delitʹ prax, napolnjavšij jevo. I što otnyne etot prax, ne naxodja istoka, budet nakopljatʹsja v njom do tex por, poka okončatelʹno ne zadušit jevo.He did not understand that the grave that had opened now before his eyes was bearing away his last link with the living world, the last living creature with whom he could share the dust that filled his being. And that henceforth this dust, finding no release, would accumulate within him until finally it choked him.
* (of the dead) ashes, remains
    мир пра́ху его́ ― mir práxu jevó ― may he rest in peace (literally, “peace to his ashes”)

#### Derived terms

* в пух и прах (v pux i prax)

#### Related terms

* персть (perstʹ)
* порошок (porošok)

### References

* Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “прах”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress

### Anagrams

* храп (xrap)

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *porxъ, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pers-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /prâːx/

### Noun

пра̑х m (Latin spelling prȃh)
* (uncountable) powder

#### Further reading

* “прах”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025
# kapthi
## Albanian
### Noun

kapthi
* inflection of kapth:
** definite nominative singular
** indefinite dative/ablative singular
# foundationalist
## English
### Etymology

From foundational +‎ -ist.

### Noun

foundationalist (plural foundationalists)
* (philosophy) A supporter of foundationalism, the doctrine that beliefs derive justification from certain basic beliefs
** 2007 July 12, Harold Langsam, “Rationality, Justification, and the Internalism/Externalism Debate”, in Erkenntnis, volume 68, number 1, →DOI:So the foundationalist holds that both experiences and beliefs can justify beliefs, whereas the coherentist holds that only beliefs can justify beliefs.

#### Derived terms

* nonfoundationalist

#### Related terms

* antifoundationalist
* foundationalism
* foundational
* foundationally
* postfoundationalist

#### Translations
### Adjective

foundationalist (comparative more foundationalist, superlative most foundationalist)
* Of or relating to foundationalism.
** 2012, P.K. Moser, Empirical Justification‎:Some philosophers have objected to certain foundationalist solutions to the regress problem on the ground that a person rarely, if ever, holds given-beliefs of the sort needed to justify observation beliefs.
# almanın
## Azerbaijani
### Noun

almanın
* definite genitive singular of alma
* definite genitive singular of alman
# founding
## English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈfaʊndɪŋ/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -aʊndɪŋ

### Verb

founding
* present participle and gerund of found
** 1944 November and December, A Former Pupil, “Some Memories of Crewe Works—II”, in Railway Magazine, page 343:So after learning a great deal about iron founding and much more about pike fishing, one regretfully took leave of a shop full of kindly characters and proceeded to a worse lot of odours in the brass foundry.

### Noun

founding (plural foundings)
* The establishment of something.
    the founding of the republic
** 2005, Donatella Della Porta, Sidney G. Tarrow, Transnational Protest and Global Activism:Do foundings of transnational organizations appear to spur foundings of national organizations, or vice versa?

#### Derived terms

* bellfounding
* brassfounding
* bronzefounding
* typefounding

#### Translations
### Adjective

founding (not comparable)
* Who or that founds (establishes or starts) or founded.
    The founding fathers of our country.

#### Derived terms

* founding father
* founding member
* founding mother

#### Translations
### Anagrams

* fonduing
# zdrukth
## Albanian
### Alternative forms

* zdrug

### Etymology

A compound of zdrug +‎ -th, borrowed from a Slavic language, compare Serbo-Croatian strug (“plane”), Bulgarian струг (strug, “id”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /zdɾukθ/

### Noun

zdrukth m (plural zdruktha, definite zdrukthi, definite plural zdrukthat)
* plane (tool)

#### Synonyms

* zdrug

#### Derived terms

* zdrukthëtar
* zdrukthoj
* zdrukthim

### References

* ↑ Omari, Anila (2012), "zdrukth", in Marrëdhëniet gjuhësore shqiptaro-serbe, Tirana, Albania: Kristalina KH, page 329-330

### Further reading

* “zdrukth”, in FGJSH: Fjalor i gjuhës shqipe [Dictionary of the Albanian language] (in Albanian), 2006
* FGJSSH: Fjalor i gjuhës së sotme shqipe [Dictionary of the modern Albanian language]‎, 1980
# fourfold
## English
### Alternative forms

* four-fold

### Etymology

From Middle English fourfold, fourefold, from Old English fēowerfeald. Equivalent to four +‎ -fold. Cognate with Dutch viervoud, Gothic 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐌿𐍂𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍃 (fidurfalþs).

### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈfɔːfəʊld/
* (General American) IPA: /ˈfɔɹ.foʊld/
** Audio (General American):(file)

### Adjective

fourfold (not comparable)
* Four times as great; quadruple.
* Comprised of four individual members.
** 1895, [Charles Hardy], The Aural System […]‎, page 5:Most pupils have a fourfold object in studying a language; they wish to be able to read and write, to speak and to understand it.

#### Synonyms

* quadruple, quadruplicate

#### Derived terms

* fourfoldness

#### Translations
### Adverb

fourfold (not comparable)
* By a factor of four.
** 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 2 Samuel 12:6:And he shall restore the Lambe fourefold, because he did this thing, and because he had no pittie.

#### Synonyms

* quadruply; see also Thesaurus:four times

#### Translations
### Verb

fourfold (third-person singular simple present fourfolds, present participle fourfolding, simple past and past participle fourfolded)
* To increase to four times as much; to multiply by four.

#### Synonyms

* quadruple, quadruplicate

#### Translations
### Noun

fourfold (plural fourfolds)
* (mathematics) An algebraic variety of degree 4.
** 2015, Brent Pym, “Elliptic singularities on log symplectic manifolds and Feigin--Odesskii Poisson brackets”, in arXiv‎:Our main application is to the classification of Poisson brackets on Fano fourfolds.
# foveate
## English
### Etymology 1

From fovea +‎ -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈfəʊvi.ət/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)

#### Adjective

foveate (comparative more foveate, superlative most foveate)
* (anatomy, of a bone or organ) Having slight depressions or pits.
    Synonym: pitted

##### Derived terms

* afoveate
* nonfoveate

### Etymology 2

From fovea +‎ -ate (verb-forming suffix).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈfəʊvi.eɪt/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)

#### Verb

foveate (third-person singular simple present foveates, present participle foveating, simple past and past participle foveated)
* (transitive) To angle one's eyes such that the foveae are directed at (an object in one's field of view), the fovea being the portion of the retina responsible for sharp central vision.
** 2020 December 22, Ben Welch, quoting Chuck Leonard, “What is football intelligence and can players develop it?”, in The Guardian‎, →ISSN:“Tracking an object requires the person to first move their head and eyes to the target, which always results in a slight overshoot, then quickly flick the eyes back to foveate on the target [get the target centred on the optic nerve],” says Dr Leonard.

##### Derived terms

* foveation
* refoveate
# tħassib
## Maltese
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tħasˈsiːp/
* Rhymes: -iːp

### Noun

tħassib m (instance noun tħassiba)
* verbal noun of tħasseb: worry, the act of worrying, anxiety
    Synonym: inkwiet

#### Usage notes

* The countable sense “a worry, a cause for worry” would prototypically be covered by the instance noun, but the unchanged form appears to be preferred for that as well.
# ਸਾਮ੍ਹਣੇ
## Punjabi
### Etymology 1

From ਸਾਮ੍ਹਣਾ (sāmhṇā, “front”).

#### Adverb

ਸਾਮ੍ਹਣੇ • (sāmhṇe) (Shahmukhi spelling سامہݨے)
* in front, before
    ਆਓ ਸਾਮ੍ਹਣੇ! ― āo sāmhṇe! ― Come to the front!
* opposite, face to face

#### Postposition

ਸਾਮ੍ਹਣੇ • (sāmhṇe) (Shahmukhi spelling سامہݨے)
* in front of, before
    ਕੈਮਰੇ ਸਾਮ੍ਹਣੇ ― kaimre sāmhṇe ― in front of the camera
* opposite, facing
* in the presence of
* by comparison to

#### Noun

ਸਾਮ੍ਹਣੇ • (sāmhṇe) (Shahmukhi spelling سامہݨے)
* inflection of ਸਾਮ੍ਹਣਾ (sāmhṇā):
** masculine direct plural
** masculine oblique singular

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

ਸਾਮ੍ਹਣੇ • (sāmhṇe) (Shahmukhi spelling سامھݨے)
* masculine infinitive plural of ਸਾਮ੍ਹਣਾ (sāmhṇā)

### Further reading

* “ਸਾਮ੍ਹਣੇ”, in Punjabi-English Dictionary, Patiala: Punjabi University, 2025
# zhaba
## Albanian
### Noun

zhaba
* inflection of zhabë:
** definite nominative singular
** indefinite nominative/accusative plural

## French
### Noun

zhaba m (uncountable)
* the Zhaba language
# zhumbrica
## Albanian
### Noun

zhumbrica
* inflection of zhumbricë:
** definite nominative singular
** indefinite nominative/accusative plural
# ishuj
## Albanian
### Noun

ishuj
* indefinite nominative/accusative plural of ishull
# Мсціслаў
## Belarusian
### Alternative forms

* Амсці́слаў (Amscíslaŭ), Мсцісла́ўль (Mscisláŭlʹ)
* Mścisłaŭ — Łacinka (Belarusian Latin alphabet)

### Etymology

From Old East Slavic Мьстиславъ (Mĭstislavŭ), Мстиславъ (Mstislavŭ), ultimately from Proto-Slavic *Mьstislavъ. Compare Polish Mścisław.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈmsʲt͡sʲisɫau̯]

### Proper noun

Мсці́слаў • (Mscíslaŭ) m inan (genitive Мсці́слава, uncountable)
* Mstsislaw (a town in Belarus)

#### Declension
### Proper noun

Мсці́слаў • (Mscíslaŭ) m pers (genitive Мсці́слава, nominative plural Мсці́славы, genitive plural Мсці́славаў)
* a male given name, Mstsislaw, equivalent to English Mstislav, Russian Мстисла́в (Mstisláv), or Ukrainian Мстисла́в (Mstysláv)

#### Declension

$^1$Used with the numbers 2, 3, 4 and higher numbers after 20 ending in 2, 3, and 4.

### References

* “Мсціслаў” in Belarusian–Russian dictionaries and Belarusian dictionaries at slounik.org
* "Мсціслаў" aka "Mscisłaŭ" or "Mscislaŭ" in Valancina Lemciuhova, editor (2007), Назвы населеных пунктаў Рэспублікі Беларусь: Магілёўская вобласць [Names of settlements of the Republic of Belarus: Mahiloŭ region] (in Belarusian), Minsk: Тэхналогія, →ISBN, page 263
# нетерпляче
## Ukrainian
### Etymology

From не- (ne-) +‎ терплячий (terpljačyj) +‎ -е (-e)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [neterˈplʲat͡ʃe]
* This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.

### Adjective

нетерпля́че • (neterpljáče)
* neuter nominative/accusative singular of нетерпля́чий (neterpljáčyj)

### Adverb

нетерпля́че • (neterpljáče)
* impatiently

### References

* Shyrokov, V. A., editor (2019), “нетерпляче”, in Словник української мови: у 20 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 20 vols] (in Ukrainian), volumes 10 (на́ступ – о́бміль), Kyiv: Ukrainian Lingua-Information Fund, →ISBN
* “нетерпляче”, in Горох – Словозміна [Horokh – Inflection] (in Ukrainian)

### Further reading

* Bilodid, I. K., editor (1974), “нетерпляче”, in Словник української мови: в 11 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 11 vols] (in Ukrainian), volumes 5 (Н – О), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, page 394
* A. Rysin, V. Starko, Yu. Marchenko, O. Telemko, et al. (compilers, 2007–2022), “нетерпляче”, in Russian-Ukrainian Dictionaries
* A. Rysin, V. Starko, et al. (compilers, 2011–2020), “нетерпляче”, in English-Ukrainian Dictionaries
* “нетерпляче”, in Словник.ua [Slovnyk.ua] (in Ukrainian)
# autobusy
## Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈau̯tobusɪ]

### Noun

autobusy
* nominative/accusative/vocative/instrumental plural of autobus
# папироса
## Kildin Sami
### Alternative forms

* папирос (papiros) (dated, borrowed earlier from Russian папиро́с (papirós))

### Etymology

Borrowed from Russian папиро́са (papirósa).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpapirosa/

### Noun

папироса (papirosa)
* cigarette
    Synonym: сигарета (sigarjeta)

#### Inflection

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

#### Further reading

* Koponen, Eino, Ruppel, Klaas, Aapala, Kirsti, editors (2002–2008), “papiros”, in Álgu database: Etymological database of the Saami languages‎, Helsinki: Research Institute for the Languages of Finland
* T. I. Itkonen (1958) “papiros”, in Koltan- ja kuolanlapin sanakirja [Skolt and Kola Sami dictionary]‎, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, published 2011, →ISBN, page 923
* A. Antonova, E. Sheller (2021) “папироса”, in Саамско-русский и Русско-саамский словарь [Sami-Russian and Russian-Sami dictionary], Tromsø: UiT The Arctic University of Norway

## Russian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Polish papieros, from papier (“paper”) fused with Spanish cigarros.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [pəpʲɪˈrosə]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

папиро́са • (papirósa) f inan (genitive папиро́сы, nominative plural папиро́сы, genitive plural папиро́с, relational adjective папиро́сный, diminutive папиро́ска)
* papirosa (strong Russian cigarette made with dark tobacco, no filter)
** 1925, Михаил Булгаков, “Глава 2. Цветной завиток”, in Роковые яйца; English translation from K. M. Cook-Horujy, transl., The Fateful Eggs, Moscow: Raduga Publishers, 1990:На крыльце он долго искал в карманах спичек, хлопая себя по бокам, нашёл и тронулся по улице с незажжённой папиросой во рту.Na krylʹce on dolgo iskal v karmanax spiček, xlopaja sebja po bokam, našól i tronulsja po ulice s nezažžónnoj papirosoj vo rtu.On the porch he searched in his pockets for some matches, patting his sides, found them eventually and set off down the street with an unlit cigarette in his mouth.

#### Synonyms

* сигаре́та (sigaréta) (a usual cigarette)

#### Descendants

* → Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܦܲܦܪܘܿܙܵܐ (paprōzā)
* → Azerbaijani: papiros
* → English: papirosa
* → Georgian: პაპიროსი (ṗaṗirosi)
* → Kazakh: папирос (papiros)
* → Turkmen: papiros
* → Tuvan: папирос (papiros)