# sa-
## Banjarese
### Etymology

From Proto-Malayic *sA-, derived from *əsa.

### Prefix

sa-
* one
    sapuluh ― ten

### References

* Adelaar, K. A. (1992) Proto-Malayic: The reconstruction of its phonology and parts of its lexicon and morphology‎, Canberra: The Australian National University
* Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*esa”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI

## Choctaw
### Alternative forms

* sʋ (traditional)

### Prefix

sa- (before a/o si-, class II first-person singular)
* the direct object of an active transitive verb
    me
* the subject of a stative intransitive verb
    I
* indicates possession of a noun
    my

#### Usage notes

Class II person markers are used for possession only for a small set of words, mostly including kinship terms and body parts.

#### Inflection

| | | | class I | class I | class I | class II | class II | class III | class III | class N | class N | imperative | imperative |
| | | | +s | +C | +V | +C/i | +a/o | +C | +V | +C | +V | +C | +V |
| first-person | singular | initial | -li | -li | -li | sa- | si- | a̱- | am- | ak- | ak- | n/a | n/a |
| first-person | singular | medial | -li | -li | -li | sa- | si- | -sa- | -sam- | ak- | ak- | n/a | n/a |
| first-person | paucal | paucal | ī- | ī- | il- | pi- | pi- | pi̱- | pim- | kī- | kil- | n/a | n/a |
| first-person | plural | plural | ī- | ī- | il- | hapi- | hapi- | hapi̱- | hapim- | kī- | kil- | n/a | n/a |
| second-person | singular | singular | is- | ish- | ish- | chi- | chi- | chi̱- | chim- | chik- | chik- | ∅ | ∅ |
| second-person | plural | plural | has- | hash- | hash- | hachi- | hachi- | hachi̱- | hachim- | hachik- | hachik- | ho- | oh- |
| third-person | third-person | third-person | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | i̱- | im- | ik- | ik- | | |

## Japanese
### Romanization

sa-
* Rōmaji transcription of さ

## Latvian
### Prefix

sa-
* Usually found on verbs or nouns, originally a generic meaning of 'togetherness', now sometimes only a marker of perfective aspect (compare Russian с- (s-), со- (so-)).

#### Derived terms
## Malay
### Prefix

sa-
* (1924-1972) Obsolete spelling of se-.

## Minangkabau
### Etymology

From sa, from Proto-Malayic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

### Prefix

sa-
* one

#### Synonyms

* ciek

## Mohawk
### Prefix

sa-
* pronominal prefix for
    you ______ (patient)

#### Alternative forms

| - | Initial consonant | Initial consonant | Initial consonant | Initial consonant | Initial consonant | Initial consonant | Initial consonant |
| Environment | t/s/h/k | n/r/w/’ | a | e/en | o/on | i | y |
| Word-Initial | sa- | sa- | s- | s- | s- | sen- | sa- |

### Prefix

sa-
* second person singular possessive prefix
    your ______

### References

* Nora Deering, Helga H. Delisle (1976) Mohawk: A teaching grammar (preliminary version), Quebec: Manitou College, page 198

## Northern Ndebele
### Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *kíá-.

### Prefix

sa-
* of; class 7 possessive concord.

## Old Javanese
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sa/

### Prefix

sa-
* one

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* "sa-" in P.J. Zoetmulder with the collaboration of S.O. Robson, Old Javanese-English Dictionary. 's-Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff, 1982.

## Pohnpeian
### Prefix

sa-
* a-, un-. Adjectival negating prefix.
    ‎sa- + ‎pwung (“correct”) → ‎sapwung (“incorrect”)

### References

* Pohnpeian-English - s. - Hawaii.edu.

## Southern Ndebele
### Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *kíá-.

### Prefix

sa-
* of; class 7 possessive concord.

## Sundanese
### Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa. Compare Indonesian esa

### Prefix

sa- (Sundanese script ᮞ-)
* one
    sapuluh ― ten
    salawé ― twenty five
* adjectival equative: same, sharing, having the same
    saniat ― to be of one mind
    saimah ― to be in the same house
* all, the whole
    saalam dunya ― the whole world
    saumur-umur ― for one's whole life
* adverb-forming prefix
** after
    sanggeus ― after
    sadatang ― as one came

#### Derived terms
### References

* "SA, 2", in Coolsma, S (1913) Soendaneesch-Hollandsch Woordenboek (in Dutch), Leiden: A.W. Sijthoff's Uitgeversmaatschappij
* Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*esa”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI

## Swazi
### Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *kíá-.

### Prefix

sa-
* of; class 7 possessive concord.

## Tagalog
### Etymology

Prefix form of sa.

### Prefix

sa- (Baybayin spelling ᜐ)
* forms terms to denote a method or means to a purpose
    ‎sa- + ‎puso (“heart”) → ‎sapuso (“act of having put to heart”)
    ‎sa- + ‎ilalim (“below”) → ‎sailalim (“act of undergoing”)
    ‎sa- + ‎malamig (“cold”) → ‎samalamig (“cold beverage”)
    ‎sa- + ‎inyo (“yours”) → ‎sainyo (“act of signing off or used to close a letter; yours truly”)
    ‎sa- + ‎makatuwid (“to be able to straighten”) → ‎samakatwid (“therefore”)
    ‎sa- + ‎makalawa (“twice”) → ‎samakalawa (“day after tomorrow”)
    ‎sa- + ‎una (“first”) → ‎sauna (“of the old generation”)
* (may—) forms terms denoting possession of quality or characteristic
    ‎sa- + ‎pusa (“cat”) → ‎may sa-pusa (“resembling a cat”)
    ‎sa- + ‎pagong (“turtle”) → ‎may sa-pagong (“resembling a turtle”)

#### Derived terms

* isa-
* magsa-
* mapasa-
* nagsa-
* napasa-
* pagsa-
* pagsasa-
* pasa-
* -sa-
* sa- -an
* sina-
* suma-

### Prefix

sá- (Baybayin spelling ᜐ)
* (with reduplicated root, CVr-) forms terms to denote suddenness of the action: suddenly; unexpectedly; without notice
    ‎sa- + ‎basa (“read”) → ‎sababasa (“suddenly read”)
    Nahihimbing ako'y sababasa siya nang malakas na aking ikinagising.I was sleeping then they suddenly read aloud that I woke up from.

#### Derived terms
## Xhosa
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *kíá-.

#### Prefix

sa-
* of; class 7 possessive concord.

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Prefix

sa-
* (with a positive verb) still
* (with a negative verb) no longer

##### Usage notes

The prefix is attached to the verb stem, before any object concord but after the subject concord, and replaces the -ya- infix of the present tense. With nonverbs (adverbs, adjectives copulative nouns etc.) the variant se- is used.

## Zulu
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *kɪ́á-.

#### Prefix

sa-
* of; class 7 possessive concord.

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Prefix

sá-
* (with a positive verb) still
* (with a negative verb) no longer

##### Usage notes

The prefix is attached to the verb stem, before any object concord but after the subject concord, and replaces the -ya- infix of the present tense. With nonverbs (adverbs, adjectives copulative nouns etc.) the variant se- is used.

### Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Prefix

sa-
* like

### References

* C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “sa-”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “sa-”