# jak
## English
### Noun

jak (plural jaks)
* Alternative form of jack (“the tree Mangifera caesia”)

#### Related terms

* jakfruit

### Anagrams

* AJK, kaj

## Acehnese
### Pronunciation

IPA: /ɟaʔ/

### Verb

jak
* to walk; to go

### References

* Greenhill, S.J., Blust. R, & Gray, R.D. (2008). The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics. Evolutionary Bioinformatics, 4:271-283.

## Albanian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [jak]

### Noun

jak m (plural jakë, definite jaku, definite plural jakët)
* (zoology) yak; (domesticated) wild ox

### Further reading

* m. noun jak (engl. yak) • Fjalor Shqip (Albanian Dictionary)

## Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈjak]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ak

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Czech jak, from Proto-Slavic *jako (“how, in which way”).

#### Adverb

jak
* how
    Jak se máš/máte? ― How are you?
    Jak to jde? ― How's it going?

#### Conjunction

jak
* as
    jak Petr tak Pavel ― both Peter and Paul
    jak se do lesa volá, tak se z lesa ozývá ― as you call into the forest, you hear from the forest; what goes around comes around

#### See also

* jako
* jakoby
* jaký
* nejen ... ale i at nejen

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Tibetan གཡག (g.yag), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-jak ~ g-jaŋ.

#### Noun

jak m anim
* yak (mammal)

##### Derived terms

* jačí

### References

* ↑ Jiří Rejzek (2007) “jak²”, in Český etymologický slovník (in Czech), Leda

### Further reading

* “jak”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “jak”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* “jak”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech), 2008–2025

## Dutch
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /jɑk/
* Hyphenation: jak
* Rhymes: -ɑk

### Etymology 1

From Tibetan གཡག (g.yag), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-jak ~ g-jaŋ.

#### Alternative forms

* yack, yak

#### Noun

jak m (plural jaks, diminutive jakje n)
* yak, the ox-like Himalayan bovine, Bos grunniens

##### Derived terms

* (produce) jakboter, jakmelk

### Etymology 2

From Middle Dutch jak, borrowed from Old French jaque (“medieval doublet”). Cognate with English jacket.

#### Noun

jak n (plural jakken, diminutive jakje n)
* tight upper body garment

##### Descendants

* Negerhollands: jakje (from the diminutive)

## Garo
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /d͡ʒak/

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Bodo-Garo *yak (“hand; arm”). Cognate with Narua lak (“hand”).

#### Noun

jak
* hand
* arm

##### Derived terms

* jak-
* jakchik
* jakgitok
* jakpa
* jakpak
* jakpong
* jaksan
* jaksi
* jakskil
* jaksku
* jakstem
* jaktom
* jaktong

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Bodo-Garo *yak (“leaf”).

#### Noun

jak
* leaf

#### Classifier

jak
* used with leaves

## Hungarian
### Etymology

From Tibetan གཡག (g.yag), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-jak ~ g-jaŋ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈjɒk]
* Rhymes: -ɒk

### Noun

jak (plural jakok)
* yak

#### Derived terms

* jakvajas mécses

## Kalo Finnish Romani
### Noun

jak f (genitive jakkako, nominative plural jakka, genitive plural jakkengo)
* (anatomy) eye

#### Derived terms

* jakkako botnos
* jakkako diiben
* jakkako duk
* jakkako jaaro
* jakkako makkiba
* jakkako čenstakiero

## Kashubian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *jako (“how, in which way”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈjak/
* Rhymes: -ak
* Syllabification: jak

### Adverb

jak (not comparable)
* how

### Conjunction

jak
* how

### Further reading

* Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011) “jak”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi‎
* “jak”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022

## Malay
### Adverb

jak
* (Pontianak) Alternative spelling of sahaja (“only”)

## Middle English
### Noun

jak
* Alternative form of jakke

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

From languages such as English yak, German Jak or French yak, all from Tibetan གཡག (g.yag, “yak”), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-jak ~ g-jaŋ (“sheep, yak”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /jak/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ak
* Hyphenation: jak
* Homophone: jakk

### Noun

jak m (definite singular jaken, indefinite plural jaker, definite plural jakene)
* a yak (an ox-like mammal native to the Himalayas, Mongolia, Burma, and Tibet with dark, long, and silky hair, a horse-like tail, and a full, bushy mane; scientific name Bos grunniens)

### References

* “jak” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
* “jak” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).
* “jak” in Store norske leksikon

## Old Czech
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *jako.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (13th CE) /ˈjak/
* IPA: (15th CE) /ˈjak/

### Adverb

jak
* Alternative form of jako.

### Conjunction

jak
* Alternative form of jako.

#### Descendants

* Czech: jak

### References

* Jan Gebauer (1903–1916) “jak”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění

## Old Polish
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *jako (“how, in which way”). First attested in the 15th century.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (10th–15th CE) /jak/
* IPA: (15th CE) /jak/

### Adverb

jak
* adverbial interrogative; how (in what way)
* adverbial relational; as, like (in a similar way)
* The meaning of this term is uncertain.
** 1901 [1471], Materiały i Prace Komisji Językowej Akademii Umiejętności w Krakowie, volume V, page 7:A thak albo jak (war. lub.: tak a wsak) igitur (igitur perfecti sunt caeli et terra Gen 2, 1)[A tak albo jak (war. lub.: tak a wszak) igitur (igitur perfecti sunt caeli et terra Gen 2, 1)]

### Conjunction

jak
* introduces a conditional; if
* introduces a temporal clause; when

#### Descendants

* Polish: jak
* Silesian: jak

### References

* B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “jak”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈjak/
* (Middle Polish) IPA: /ˈjak/
* (Greater Poland):
** (Chełmno-Dobrzyń) IPA: /ˈjak/
** (Kuyavia) IPA: /ˈjak/
* (Masovia):
** (Ostróda) IPA: /ˈjak/
* Audio 1:(file)
* Audio 2:(file)
* Audio 3:(file)
* Audio 4:(file)
* Rhymes: -ak
* Syllabification: jak
* Homophone: Jak

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Polish jak.

#### Pronoun

jak
* how (to what degree or extent)
    Jak masz na imię? ― What's your name? (informal)
    Jak się masz? ― How are you? (informal)
    Jak to zrobiłeś? ― How did you do that?

##### Related terms

* jako
* jaki

#### Conjunction

jak
* as (in the same way or manner that; to the same degree that)
    Jak widać, jeszcze nie skończyłam. ― As you can see, I haven't finished yet.
    Jego ojciec jest silny jak wół. ― His father is strong as an ox.
* like, as if, as though (in a manner suggesting)
    Wyglądasz jak obcokrajowiec. ― You look like a foreigner.
* (colloquial or dialectal, Kuyavia) replaces kiedy and gdy; when (during the time that)
    Jak byłem w lesie, to widziałem niedźwiedzia. ― When I was in the forest, I saw a bear.
* (colloquial or dialectal, Kuyavia) replaces jeśli and jeżeli; if (supposing that, assuming that, in the circumstances that)
    Jak będziesz dalej tak robiła, to w końcu cię rzuci. ― If you keep doing that, he'll eventually dump you.
* (colloquial or dialectal, Chełmno-Dobrzyń, Kuyavia, Ostróda, Przemyśl) Synonym of niż (“than”) (used in comparisons, to introduce the basis of comparison)
    Typ nie miał więcej jak metr sześćdziesiąt. ― The guy was no taller than a meter sixty.
* used with a superlative; as much as, as soon as (used to say that two things are equal in amount or degree)
    Zrobię to jak najszybciej. ― I'll do it as soon as possible.

##### Related terms

* jak najbardziej

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from English yak.

#### Noun

jak m animal (related adjective jaczy)
* yak, Tartary ox, grunting ox, hairy cattle (Bos grunniens)

##### Declension
### Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), jak is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 375 times in scientific texts, 247 times in news, 343 times in essays, 530 times in fiction, and 756 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 2251 times, making it the 18th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.

### References

* ↑ Ida Kurcz (1990) “jak”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 159

### Further reading

* jak I in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* jak II in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* jak in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* jak in PWN's encyclopedia
* Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “jako, jak, jeko”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
* “JAK I”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 26.03.2020
* “JAK II”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 26.03.2020
* “JAK III”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 26.03.2020
* Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “jak”, in Słownik języka polskiego
* Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “jak”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
* J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1902), “jak”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 2, Warsaw, page 126
* Oskar Kolberg (1867) “jak”, in Dzieła wszystkie: Kujawy (in Polish), page 271
* Antoni Krasnowolski (1879) “jak”, in Album uczącéj się młodzieży polskiéj poświęcone Józefowi Ignacemu Kraszewskiemu z powodu jubileuszu jego pięćdziesięcioletniéj działalności literackiéj (in Polish), Lviv: Czytelni Akademickiéj Lwowskiéj; "Gaz. Narod." J. Dobrzańskiego i K. Gromana, Słowniczek prowincjalizmów zebranych w ziemi chełmińskiej i świeckiej, page 303
* Kazimierz Nitsch (1907) “niż”, in “Dyalekty polskie Prus zachodnich”, in Materyały i Prace Komisyi Językowej Akademii Umiejętności w Krakowie (in Polish), volume 3, Krakow: Akademia Umiejętności, page 390
* Aleksander Saloni (1908) “jak”, in “Lud rzeszowski”, in Materyały Antropologiczno-Archeologiczne i Etnograficzne (in Polish), volume 10, Kraków: Akademia Umiejętności, page 335

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *jakъ.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /jâːk/

#### Adjective

jȃk (Cyrillic spelling ја̑к, definite jȃkī, comparative jȁčī)
* strong
    Synonyms: silan, snažan

##### Related terms

* jačati

#### Further reading

* “jak”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025

### Etymology 2

From Tibetan གཡག (g.yag), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-jak ~ g-jaŋ.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /jâk/

#### Noun

jȁk m (Cyrillic spelling ја̏к)
* yak (ox-like mammal)

##### Declension
#### Further reading

* “jak”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025

## Silesian
### Alternative forms

* jako

### Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish jak.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈjak/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ak
* Syllabification: jak

### Pronoun

jak
* how

### Adverb

jak
* comparative as
    Synonyms: choby, choćby
* as (in the (same) way or manner that; to the (same) degree that)
* as well as
* when
    Synonyms: kedy, kej
* than
    Synonyms: aniżeli, niż
* if
    Synonyms: dy, ejźli, eli, eźli, gdy, jeli, jeźli, jeźli

### Further reading

* jak in dykcjonorz.eu
* jak in silling.org

## Slovak
### Etymology

Derived from Tibetan གཡག (g.yag), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-jak ~ g-jaŋ (“sheep, yak”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [jak]

### Noun

jak m animal (genitive singular jaka, nominative plural jaky, genitive plural jakov, declension pattern of dub)
* yak

#### Derived terms

* jačí

### Further reading

* “jak”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2025

## Slovene
### Etymology

From Tibetan གཡག (g.yag), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-jak ~ g-jaŋ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /jáːk/

### Noun

jȃk m anim
* yak (ox-like mammal)

#### Inflection
### Further reading

* “jak”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran
* “jak”, in Termania, Amebis
* See also the general references

## Slovincian
### Alternative forms

* ak, akô, jakô

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *jako (“how, in which way”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈjak/
* Rhymes: -ak
* Syllabification: jak

### Adverb

jak (not comparable)
* (interrogative) how

### Conjunction

jak
* as, like
* (in comparisons) like; than

### Further reading

* Lorentz, Friedrich (1908) “jãk”, in Slovinzisches Wörterbuch‎ (in German), volume 1, Saint Petersburg: ОРЯС ИАН, page 379

## Swedish
### Etymology

From Tibetan གཡག (g.yag), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-jak ~ g-jaŋ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /jɑːk/

### Noun

jak c
* a yak, an ox-like mammal

#### Synonyms

* grymtoxe

#### Related terms

* jakmjölk

### References

* jak in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)

### Anagrams

* Kaj, kaj

## Volapük
### Etymology

From English shark.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ʃak]

### Noun

jak (nominative plural jaks)
* shark

#### Declension

$^1$ status as a case is disputed $^2$ in later, non-classical Volapük only

#### Derived terms

* hijak
* jijak