OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# намаз
## Kazakh
### Etymology

Derived from Classical Persian نماز (namāz). Compare also Bashkir намаҙ (namaź), Uzbek namoz, Turkish namaz, etc.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [nɑ̝.mɑ̝z]
* Hyphenation: на‧маз

### Noun

намаз • (namaz)
* (Islam) salat, prayer

#### Derived terms

* намазхана (namazxana)

## Macedonian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈnamas]

### Noun

намаз • (namaz) m
* spread (food)
    Synonym: премаз (premaz)

### Noun

намаз • (namaz) m
* (Islam) salat

#### Declension
## Russian
### Etymology

From a Turkic source, from Persian نماز (namâz).
Compare Kazakh, Kyrgyz намаз (namaz), Uzbek namoz, Bashkir намаҙ (namaź), Turkish namaz.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [nɐˈmas]

### Noun

нама́з • (namáz) m inan (genitive нама́за, nominative plural нама́зы, genitive plural нама́зов)
* (Islam) salat
* (Islam, by extension) prayer

#### Synonyms

* саля́т (salját)

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish نماز (namâz), from Persian نماز (namâz).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /nǎmaːz/
* Hyphenation: на‧маз

#### Noun

на̀ма̄з m (Latin spelling nàmāz)
* (Islam) salat
* (by extension) prayer
    Synonym: mòlitva

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

From the verb на̀мазати (“to smear over”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /nǎːmaz/
* Hyphenation: на‧маз

#### Noun

на́маз m (Latin spelling námaz)
* coat (of paint)
* spread (form of food designed to be spread onto a slice of bread etc.)
# azatlyk
## Turkmen
### Etymology

From azāt +‎ -lyk. Compare Persian آزادی (âzâdi).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɑðɑːtˈlɯk/
* Rhymes: -ɯk
* Hyphenation: a‧zāt‧lyk

### Noun

azātlyk (definite accusative azātlygy, plural azātlyklar)
* freedom, liberty
    söz azātlygy ― freedom of speech

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “azatlyk” in Enedilim.com
* “azatlyk” in Webonary.org
# доҕор
## Yakut
### Etymology

From Mongolic *nökür (“a companion, a friend”). Compare also Karachay-Balkar нёгер (nöger), Southern Altai нӧкӧр (nökör); Buryat нүхэр (nüxer), Kalmyk нөкр (nökr), Mongolian нөхөр (nöxör), etc.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /do.ʁoɾ/, [do̞.ʁo̞ɾ]

### Noun

доҕор • (doğor)
* friend

#### Declension

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

#### Synonyms

* табаарыс (tabaarıs, “comrade”)

#### Antonyms

* өстөөх (östööq, “enemy, foe”)

#### Derived terms

* атас-доҕор (atas-doğor, “friend”)
# ван
## Mongolian

| Mongolian | Cyrillic |
| ᠸᠠᠩ (wang) | ван (van) |

### Etymology

From Classical Mongolian ᠸᠠᠩ (wang), from Mandarin 王 (wáng). Compare also Middle Mongol [script needed] (ong).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /waŋ̠/, [w̜äŋ̠]

### Noun

ван • (van)
* king, prince
    вант улс ― vant uls ― kingdom

#### Declension

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

#### Derived terms

* ван гүн (van gün)
* ванлиг (vanlig)
* вант (vant)
* жүн ван (žün van)
* төрийн жүн ван (töriin žün van)
* хошой чин ван (xošoj čin van)
* чин ван (čin van)

#### See also

* хаан (xaan)
* хан (xan)
* гүн (gün)

## Russian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [van]

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Chinese 王 (wáng).

#### Noun

ван • (van) m anim (genitive ва́на, nominative plural ва́ны, genitive plural ва́нов)
* (historical) king (in Ancient China); prince (in the Chinese Empire)
** 2012, “Чу (царство)”, in the Russian Wikipedia:[…] в 209 г. до н. э. на террито́рии ца́рства Чу вспы́хнуло восста́ние, кото́рое возгла́вил Чэнь Шэн, объяви́вший себя́ ва́ном.[…] v dvésti devjátom godú do nášej éry na territórii cárstva Ču vspýxnulo vosstánije, kotóroje vozglávil Čɛnʹ Šɛn, obʺjavívšij sebjá vánom.[…] in 209 BC, a rebellion arose in the lands of the Kingdom of Chu; it was led by Chen Sheng, who had declared himself king.
** 1853, К. А. Скачков, Мой дневник:Толку́ют вздор, что импера́тор собира́лся уе́хать в Маньчжу́рию, но так как на э́то бе́гство не согласи́лись ва́ны и прави́тельственные ли́ца, то он и оста́лся.Tolkújut vzdor, što imperátor sobirálsja ujéxatʹ v Manʹčžúriju, no tak kak na éto bégstvo ne soglasílisʹ vány i pravítelʹstvennyje líca, to on i ostálsja.There is a wild rumor that the Emperor was intending to leave for Manchuria, but because the princes and ministers did not agree to this flight, he remained.

##### Derived terms

* ва́нский (vánskij)

### Etymology 2

Learned borrowing from Old Norse vanr

#### Noun

ван • (van) m anim (genitive ва́на, nominative plural ва́ны, genitive plural ва́нов)
* (Norse mythology) one of the Vanir
    война́ а́сов и ва́нов ― vojná ásov i vánov ― the Æsir–Vanir War

##### Declension
## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *vъnъ.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʋân/

#### Conjunction

ва̏н (Latin spelling vȁn)
* except

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *vъnъ.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʋân/

#### Preposition

ва̏н (Latin spelling vȁn) (+ genitive case)
* in front of, before
    ван куће ― outside, outdoors
* out of
    ван земље ― abroad

### Etymology 3

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *vъnъ.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʋâːn/
* Rhymes: -âːn

#### Adverb

ва̑н (Latin spelling vȃn)
* out, outside, outdoors
# hrbat
## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *xrьbьtъ. Not related to Serbo-Croatian gȑba.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /xr̂bat/
* Hyphenation: hr‧bat

### Noun

hȑbat m (Cyrillic spelling хр̏бат)
* spine, backbone
* ridge, crest (hill, mountain, wave)
* spine (narrow, bound edge of a book)

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “hrbat”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025
# Oʻzbekiston
## Uzbek
### Etymology

Coined from oʻzbek +‎ -iston. Compare Persian ازبکستان (ozbakestân).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /oz.bɛ.kis.tɒn/, [ɵz.bɛ.k̟ɪs.t̪ɒ̽n]
* Hyphenation: Oʻz‧be‧kis‧ton

### Proper noun

Oʻzbekiston (Cyrillic spelling Ўзбекистон)
* Uzbekistan (a country in Central Asia)

#### Derived terms

* oʻzbekistonlik
# अक़्ल
## Hindi
### Alternative forms

* अक़ल (aqal), अकल (akal), अक्ल (akl)

### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian عَقل ('aql), from Arabic عَقْل (ʕaql). First attested as Old Hindi अकलि (akali). Cognate with Bengali আকল (akol), Gujarati અક્કલ (akkal), Marathi अक्कल (akkal), Punjabi ਅਕ਼ਲ (aqal) / عَقل (ʻaql).

### Pronunciation

* (Delhi) IPA: /əql/, [ɐql], /əkl/, [ɐkl], /ə.qəl/, [ɐ.qɐl], /ə.kəl/, [ɐ.kɐl]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

अक़्ल • (aqla) f (Urdu spelling عَقْل)
* understanding, wisdom
* mind

#### Synonyms

* (understanding): समझ (samajh)
* (mind, wisdom): बुद्धि (buddhi)

#### Derived terms

* अक़्ल का दुश्मन (aqla kā duśman)
* अक़्ल-दाढ़ (aqla-dāṛh, “wisdom tooth”)

#### Related terms

* अक़्ली (aqlī)
* अक़्लमंद (aqlamand)
* अक़्लमंदी (aqlamandī)
* बेअक़्ल (beaqla)
* बेअक़्ली (beaqlī)

### Further reading

* S. W. Fallon (1879) “अक़्ल”, in A New Hindustani-English Dictionary, Banaras, London: Trubner and Co.
* McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “aqla”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press, page 11
* Platts, John T. (1884) “280”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.
* “अक़्ल”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.
* John Shakespear (1834) “अक़्ल”, in A dictionary, Hindustani and English: with a copious index, fitting the work to serve, also, as a dictionary of English and Hindustani, 3rd edition, London: J.L. Cox and Son, →OCLC, page 1224
# उलाहना
## Hindi
### Alternative forms

* उलहना (ulahnā)

### Pronunciation

* (Delhi) IPA: /ʊ.lɑːɦ.nɑː/, [ʊ.läːʱ.näː]

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀉𑀯𑀸𑀮𑀁𑀪 (uvālaṃbha) + Middle Indo-Aryan -𑀓- (-ka-), from Sanskrit उपालम्भ (upālambha). Doublet of उपालंभ (upālambh). Cognate with Gujarati ઓળંભો (oḷṃbho) and Punjabi ਉਲਾਂਭਾ (ulāmbhā) Punjabi ਉਲਾਹਮਾ (ulāhmā).

#### Noun

उलाहना • (ulāhnā) m (Urdu spelling الہنا)
* complaint, reproach, accusation
    Synonyms: (most common) शिकायत (śikāyat), (rare) उपालंभ (upālambh)
    माँ को बच्चे की करतूत का उलाहना नहीं देना चाहिए।mā̃ ko bacce kī kartūt kā ulāhnā nahī̃ denā cāhie.You should not complain to the mother about the child's misdeed.

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

From Sanskrit *उपालाभयति (upālābhayati, “to cause to scold”), from the root उपालभ् (upālabh).

#### Verb

उलाहना • (ulāhnā) (Urdu spelling الہنا)
* to spring up, grow, vegetate
* to reprove, reproach
* to accuse
* to complain against

##### Conjugation

$^1$The forms उलाहिये (ulāhiye) and उलाहियेगा (ulāhiyegā) can also be spelled without the y: उलाहिए (ulāhie) and उलाहिएगा (ulāhiegā).

### Further reading

* McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “उलाहना”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press
* Dāsa, Śyāmasundara (1965–1975) “उलाहना”, in Hindī Śabdasāgara [lit. Sea of Hindi words] (in Hindi), Kashi [Varanasi]: Nagari Pracarini Sabha
* “उलहना”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.
# Tisza
## English
### Alternative forms

* Tisa

### Etymology

From Hungarian Tisza. Known in Latin as Pathissus, Ancient Greek Πάθισσος (Páthissos), perhaps from Thracian–Dacian *patis (“water”), from Proto-Indo-European *póntoh₁s; compare Sanskrit पाथस् (pāthas, “water”), Sanskrit पन्था (pánthā-), Ancient Greek πόντος (póntos, “the sea”). The word may have been reanalyzed by the Slavic tribes as composed of Proto-Slavic *po (“by, at”) + *tisъ (“yew”) (compare Russian тис (tis)). More at Tisza.

### Proper noun

Tisza
* A river in Central Europe, mainly flowing through Hungary and Serbia.

#### Synonyms

* Theiss, Tisa

#### Translations
### Anagrams

* tazis, zatis

## Hungarian
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈtisɒ]
* Hyphenation: Ti‧sza
* Rhymes: -sɒ
* This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.

### Proper noun

Tisza
* Tisza (a river in Ukraine, Romania, Slovakia, Hungary and Serbia)
* a surname

#### Derived terms

* Duna–Tisza köze
* Fehér-Tisza
* Fekete-Tisza
* Tiszaadony
* Tiszaalpár
* Tiszabábolna
* Tiszabecs
* Tiszabercel
* Tiszabezdéd
* Tiszabő
* Tiszabura
* Tiszacsege
* Tiszacsermely
* Tiszacsécse
* Tiszadada
* Tiszaderzs
* Tiszadob
* Tiszadorogma
* Tiszaeszlár
* Tiszaföldvár
* Tiszafüred
* Tiszagyenda
* Tiszagyulaháza
* tiszai
* Tiszaigar
* Tiszainoka
* Tiszajenő
* Tiszakanyár
* Tiszakarád
* Tiszakerecseny
* Tiszakeszi
* Tiszakécske
* Tiszakóród
* Tiszakürt
* Tiszaladány
* Tiszalök
* Tiszalúc
* Tiszamogyorós
* Tiszanagyfalu
* Tiszanána
* Tiszaörs
* Tiszapalkonya
* Tiszapüspöki
* Tiszarád
* Tiszaroff
* Tiszasas
* Tiszasüly
* Tiszaszalka
* Tiszaszentimre
* Tiszaszentmárton
* Tiszasziget
* Tiszaszőlős
* Tiszatardos
* Tiszatarján
* Tiszatelek
* Tiszatenyő
* Tiszaug
* Tiszaújváros
* Tiszavalk
* Tiszavasvári
* Tiszavárkony
* Tiszavid
* tiszavirág
* tiszavirágzás
* Tisztaberek
# кент
## Kazakh
### Etymology

From Sogdian 𐼸𐼰𐼻𐼹 (kand, “city”). Compare Uzbek kent, Turkish kent.

### Noun

кент • (kent)
* (archaic) city
* town
* urban-type settlement

#### See also

* қала (qala)
* шаһар (şahar)
* қыстақ (qystaq)

## Russian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Yiddish קענט (kent), באַקענט (bakent, “familiar, well-known”); see קענען (kenen, “to know”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kʲent]
* Rhymes: -ent

### Noun

кент • (kent) m anim (genitive кента́, nominative plural кенты́, genitive plural кенто́в)
* (slang) dude, guy, homey
    Synonyms: па́рень (párenʹ), друг (drug), чува́к (čuvák), ко́реш (kóreš), прия́тель (prijátelʹ)

#### Related terms

* кенту́ра f (kentúra)

## Ukrainian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Russian кент (kent).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kɛnt]
* Hyphenation: кент

### Noun

кент • (kent) m pers (genitive кента́, nominative plural кенти́, genitive plural кенті́в)
* (slang, masculine) a dude, friend, homie
    Synonym: чува́к (čuvák)

#### Related terms

* кенті́вня f (kentívnja)

### Further reading

* Kondratiuk, T. M. (2006) “кент”, in Словник сучасного українського сленгу [Dictionary of Modern Ukrainian Slang] (in Ukrainian), Kharkiv: Folio, →ISBN
# эрчим
## Southern Altai
### Etymology

Borrowed from Written Oirat ᡄᠷᡔᡅᡏ (ercim). Compare also Kalmyk эрчм (erçm), Buryat эршэм (eršem), Mongolian эрчим (erčim).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [e̞r.t͡ʃɪm]
* Hyphenation: эр‧чим

### Noun

эрчим • (erčim)
* activity

#### Derived terms

* эрчимдеер (erčimdeer, denominal verb)
* эрчимдӱ (erčimdü, ornative)
# Франц
## Mongolian

| Mongolian | Cyrillic |
| ᠹᠷᠠᠨ᠋ᠼᠢ (franci) | Франц (Franc) |

### Etymology

Borrowed from Russian Фра́нция (Fráncija) + -∅, from Latin Francia. Displaced Middle Mongol terms ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠨᠺᠺᠤᠳ (barankkud, plural) and ᠸᠢᠷᠠᠨᠺᠺᠤᠳ (wirankkud, plural).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈfrant͡sʰ/
* Syllabification: Франц (1 syllable)

### Proper noun

Франц • (Franc)
* France (a country in Western Europe)

#### Derived terms

* франц (franc, “French”)

## Ukrainian
### Etymology

Borrowed from German Franz from Medieval Latin Franciscus. Doublet of Франци́ск (Francýsk).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [frant͡s]

### Proper noun

Франц • (Franc) m pers (genitive Фра́нца, nominative plural Фра́нци, genitive plural Фра́нців)
* a male given name, Frants, from German [in turn from Latin], equivalent to English Francis

#### Declension
### References

* “Франц”, in Горох – Словозміна [Horokh – Inflection] (in Ukrainian)
# баю
## Kazakh
### Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *bāj-a-ƣ (gerund of *bāj-a-). Compare also Tuvan байы- (bayı-), Yakut бай (bay), etc.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bɑ.juw/

### Verb

баю • (baü)
* to grow rich
* to be contented, to be satisfied

#### Related terms

* бай (bai, “rich”)

## Russian
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈbajʊ]

#### Noun

ба́ю • (báju) m anim
* dative singular of бай (baj)

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Slavic *baj-ǫ.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈbajʊ]

#### Verb

ба́ю • (báju)
* first-person singular present indicative imperfective of ба́ять (bájatʹ)
# -в
## Kalmyk
### Etymology 1

From Written Oirat ᠊ᡋᠠ (-ba) and ᠊ᡋᡄ (-be). Compare Mongolian -в (-v); Buryat -ба (-ba), -бо (-bo), -бэ (-be); etc.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /v/, /və/, /va/
* Hyphenation: -в

#### Suffix

-в • (-v)
* Used to form the perfect preterite tense of a verb.

### Etymology 2

From Written Oirat ᡋᡅ (bi). Doublet of би (bi, “I”, first-person singular subject pronoun). Compare also Buryat -б (-b, after a vowel including a hidden epenthesis) and -би (-bi, after a consonant).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /v/, [w], [f], [β]
* Hyphenation: -в

#### Suffix

-в • (-v)
* (predicative) Used as a first-person singular copula, meaning ‘I am …’
    Бив. ― Biv. ― It's me.
    Хальмгв. ― Xalʹmgv. ― I am a Kalmyk.
* (predicative) A first-person singular verbal suffix.
** “Ээҗин дун”:Киитнл булгиннь уснаснь / Киилгән уһаһад суулавKiitnl bulginnʹ usnasnʹ / Kiilgän uğağad suulavFrom the water of a cold spring / I sat down after washing clothes

##### Coordinate terms

* -видн (-vidn), -ч (-ç), -т (-t), -∅
* болх (bolx, copula)

## Mongolian
### Etymology

From Classical Mongolian ᠊ᠪᠡ (-be) and ᠊ᠪᠠ (-ba), from Middle Mongol ᠊ᠪᠡ m sg (-be) and ᠊ᠪᠠ m sg (-ba).

### Suffix

-в • (-v)
* The terminative suffix, describing past events with no clear aspectual meaning

#### Usage notes

* Mostly used in questions about recent past

#### See also

* -эв (-ev)
* -өв (-öv)
* -ав (-av)
* -ов (-ov)
* -ив (-iv)
# सुधारना
## Hindi
### Etymology

* Hindi verb set
* सुधरना (sudharnā)
* सुधारना (sudhārnā)
* सुधरवाना (sudharvānā)
Derived from सुधार (sudhār), which is from Sanskrit *शुद्धकार (śuddhakāra, “the act of purifying or removing errors”), from शुद्ध (śuddha) +‎ कार (kāra) (compare Sanskrit शुद्धीकरोति (śuddhīkaroti), from शुद्धीकृ (śuddhīkṛ, “to purify, to remove errors”, root), from शुद्ध (śuddha, adjective) + ईकृ (īkṛ, root form)). Cognate with Punjabi ਸੁਧਾਰਨਾ (sudhārnā), Nepali सुधार्नु (sudhārnu), Bengali শুধরানো (śudhrano), Odia ସୁଧାରିବା (sudhāribā), Gujarati સુધારવું (sudhārvũ), Marathi सुधारणे (sudhārṇe), Assamese শুধৰোৱা (xudhorüa).

### Pronunciation

* (Delhi) IPA: /sʊ.d̪ʱɑːɾ.nɑː/, [sʊ.d̪ʱäːɾ.näː]

### Verb

सुधारना • (sudhārnā) (transitive, Urdu spelling سدھارنا)
* to improve, better
* to rectify, correct
* to fix

#### Conjugation

$^1$The forms सुधारिये (sudhāriye) and सुधारियेगा (sudhāriyegā) can also be spelled without the y: सुधारिए (sudhārie) and सुधारिएगा (sudhāriegā).

#### Derived terms

* सुधार (sudhār)
* सुधारक (sudhārak)

### References

* ↑ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “*śuddhakāra”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press

### Further reading

* Dāsa, Śyāmasundara (1965–1975) “सुधारना”, in Hindī Śabdasāgara [lit. Sea of Hindi words] (in Hindi), Kashi [Varanasi]: Nagari Pracarini Sabha
* McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “सुधारना”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press
* “सुधारना”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.
* Platts, John T. (1884) “सुधारना”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.
# 察哈爾
## Chinese

* 察哈爾

### Etymology

Qing-era Mandarin transcription of Manchu ᠴᠠᡥᠠᡵ (cahar), from Classical Mongolian ᠴᠠᠬᠠᠷ (čaqar).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Cháhā'ěr
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄚˊ ㄏㄚ ㄦˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): caat$^3$ haa$^1$ ji$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Cháhā'ěr
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄚˊ ㄏㄚ ㄦˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Cháha-ěr
*** Wade–Giles: Chʻa$^2$-ha$^1$-êrh$^3$
*** Yale: Chá-hā-ěr
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Charhaeel
*** Palladius: Чахаэр (Čaxaer)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵ xä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: caat$^3$ haa$^1$ ji$^5$
*** Yale: chaat hā yíh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsaat$^8$ haa$^1$ ji$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cad$^3$ ha$^1$ yi$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰaːt̚³ haː⁵⁵ jiː¹³/

### Proper noun

察哈爾
* (historical) (～部) Chakhars (a major Chingisid Mongolian tribe)
* (historical) (～省, formerly ～特別區) Chahar (a former province of China)
* (～盟) Chahar (a former league in Inner Mongolia, China)

#### Derived terms

* 察哈爾都統 / 察哈尔都统
# 𑀡𑀓𑁆𑀓
## Prakrit
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Ashokan Prakrit *𑀦𑀓𑁆𑀓 (*nakka).

#### Noun

𑀡𑀓𑁆𑀓 (ṇakka) m (Devanagari णक्क)
* (anatomy) nose

##### Derived terms

* *𑀡𑀓𑁆𑀓-𑀟 (*ṇakka-ḍa) (with Middle Indo-Aryan -𑀟- (-ḍa-))
** Old Marathi: nākāḍa
    Devanagari script: नाकाड
    Modi script: 𑘡𑘰𑘎𑘰𑘚

##### Related terms

* 𑀡𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀲𑀺𑀭𑀸 (ṇakkasirā) (see there for further descendants)

##### Descendants

* Khasa Prakrit:
** Garhwali: नाक (nāk)
** Nepali: नाक (nāk)
* Magadhi Prakrit:
** Assamese: নাক (nak)
** Bengali: নাক (nak)
** Kamta: নাক (nak)
** Maithili: nāk
    Devanagari script: नाक
    Tirhuta script: 𑒢𑒰𑒏
** Odia: ନାକ (nāka)
** Rohingya:
    Hanifi Rohingya script: 𐴕𐴝𐴑 (nak)
    Latin script: nak
** Sylheti: ꠘꠣꠇ (nax)
* Maharastri Prakrit:
** Konkani: nāk
    Devanagari script: नाक
    Kannada script: ನಾಕ್
    Latin script: nak
** Old Marathi: nāka
    Devanagari script: नाक
    Modi script: 𑘡𑘰𑘎
*** Marathi: नाक (nāk)
* Paisaci Prakrit:
** Takka Apabhramsa:
*** Old Punjabi: ਨਕੁ (naku /⁠nakku⁠/), ਨਾਕੁ (nāku)
**** Punjabi:
    Gurmukhi script: ਨੱਕ (nakka)
    Shahmukhi script: نَکّ (nakk)
** Vracada Apabhramsa:
*** Sindhi:
    Arabic script: نَڪُ
    Devanagari script: नकु
* Sauraseni Prakrit:
** Gurjara Apabhramsa:
*** Gujarati: નાક (nāk)
*** Marwari: नाक (nāk)
** Romani: nakh
*** Angloromani: nok
**** →? English: nark
** Sauraseni Apabhramsa:
*** Braj: नाक (nāk)
*** Hindustani: nāk
    Hindi: नाक
    Urdu: ناک (nāk)
* → Classical Sanskrit: नक्र (nakra) (Sanskritization) (<$^?$ Ashokan Prakrit *𑀦𑀓𑁆𑀓 (*nakka))

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Sanskrit नक्र (nakra). Cognate with Pali nakka.

#### Noun

𑀡𑀓𑁆𑀓 (ṇakka) m (Devanagari णक्क)
* crocodile, alligator
    Synonym: 𑀫𑀬𑀭 (mayara)

##### Derived terms

* *𑀡𑀓𑁆𑀓-𑀓 (*ṇakka-ka) (with Middle Indo-Aryan -𑀓- (-ka-))
** Hindustani: nākā
    Hindi: नाका
    Urdu: ناکا

### Further reading

* Sheth, Hargovind Das T[rikamcand] (1923–1928) “णक्क”, in पाइअ-सद्द-महण्णवो [pāia-sadda-mahaṇṇavo, Ocean of Prakrit words] (in Hindi), Calcutta: [Published by the Author].
* Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “ṇakka”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press
# इहाँ
## Chhattisgarhi
### Alternative forms

* इहां (ihā̃)

### Etymology

Inherited from Old Awadhi इहाँ (ihām̐), from Prakrit इध (idha), इह (iha), from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀇𑀥 (idha) (compare Sanskrit इ॒ह (ihá)).

### Adverb

इहाँ (ihā̃)
* here
    इहाँ खाना उहाँ पानी ― ihā̃ khānā uhā̃ pānī ― to hurry, rush

### References

* ↑ चंद्राकर, चंद्रकुमार [Chandrakar, Chandrakumar] (2012) “इहाँ”, in वृहत् छत्तीसगढ़ी शब्दकोश [vŕhat chattīsgaṛhī śabdakoś, Large Chhattisgarhi Dictionary] (in Hindi), Raipur, Chhattisgarh: छत्तीसगढ़ राज्य हिंदी ग्रंथ अकादमी [Chhattisgarh Hindi Granth Academy], →ISBN, page 64, column 2.
* ↑ डॉ॰ गीतेश अमरोहित [Dr Gitesh Amrohit] (2015) “इहां”, in मानक छत्तीसगढ़ी शब्दकोश [Standard Chhattisgarhi Dictionary] (in Hindi), अमीनपारा चौक, पुरानी बस्ती, रायपुर [Aminpara Chowk, Purani Basti, Raipur]: वैभव प्रकाशन [Vaibhav Prakashan], →ISBN, page 34.

## Old Awadhi
### Noun

इहाँ (ihām̐ /ihā̃/)
* Devanagari script form of 𑂅𑂯𑂰𑂀 (“here”)
** c. 1500s CE, Tulsīdās, Saṅkaṭmocan Hanumān Aṣṭak :जु बिना सुधि लाए इहाँ पगु धारोju binā sudhi lāe ihām̐ pagu dhāro/ju binā sudhi lāe ihā̃ pagu dhāro/
# म्हणजे
## Marathi
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Marathi 𑘦𑘿𑘮𑘜𑘲𑘕𑘹 (mhaṇīje), the passive/optative form of 𑘥𑘜𑘜𑘹 (bhaṇaṇe), 𑘦𑘿𑘮𑘜𑘜𑘹 (mhaṇaṇe, “to say”) (equivalent to modern म्हणणे (mhaṇṇe)). Compare पाहिजे (pāhije), another relic of the Old Marathi passive/optative construction. Related to म्हणून (mhaṇūn).
For sense 2, semantically compare Gujarati એટલે (eṭle).

### Adverb

म्हणजे • (mhaṇje)
* meaning, that is to say
* used for definitions or translations
    जल म्हणजे पाणीjal mhaṇje pāṇīजल (jal) means पाणी (pāṇī).
    什么 म्हणजे काय?什么 mhaṇje kāy?What does 什么 mean (in Marathi)?

### References

* ↑ Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983) “म्हणजे”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary‎, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies, page 123
* ↑ Molesworth, James Thomas (1857) “म्हणजे”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press, page 672
# мэдээ
## Mongolian

* Mongolian
* ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡ (medege)
* Cyrillic
* мэдээ (medee)

### Etymology

Morphologically мэд- (med-, “to know”) +‎ -ээ (-ee), but potentially older than (narrowly defined) Mongolic itself, see Manchu ᠮᡝᡩᡝᡤᡝ (medege).
Cognate with Buryat мэдээ (medee), Kalmyk медән (medän). Compare also Tuvan медээ (medee).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /me.teː/, [me̝.te̞ː]
* Hyphenation: мэ‧дээ

### Noun

мэдээ • (medee); (hidden-n declension)
* message
* information
* news
    Synonym: сураг (surag)
* consciousness
    Synonym: ухаан (uxaan)
* sensation
# сонин
## Buryat
### Etymology

Doublet of һонин (honin, “news; interesting”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sɔ.nin/, [sʰɔ̟.nʲɪɴ̟]
* Hyphenation: со‧нин

### Noun

сонин • (sonin) ($^{???}$ please provide spelling!)
* a newspaper
    «Буряад үнэн» сонин ― «Burjaad ünen» sonin

#### Declension

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

## Mongolian
### Etymology

Compare also Yakut сонун (sonun) and Tuvan солун (solun).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sœ.nəŋ/
* Hyphenation: со‧нин

### Noun

сонин • (sonin) (Mongolian spelling ᠰᠣᠨᠢᠨ (sonin))
* news
    Сонин сайхан юу байна вэ?Sonin sajxan juu bajna ve?How are you?
* newspaper

#### Declension

This noun needs an inflection-table template.
# кітапхана
## Kazakh
### Etymology

From Classical Persian کتابخانه (kitābxāna); morphologically кітап (kıtap, “book”) +‎ -хана (-xana). Compare also Kyrgyz китепкана (kitepkana), Turkmen kitaphana, Azerbaijani kitabxana; Uyghur كۇتۇبخانا (kutubxana), Uzbek kutubxona, Turkish kütüphane.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kɪ.tɑp.χɑ.nɑ/, [kʰɪ̥̆tæp.χɑ.nɑ]

### Noun

кітапхана • (kıtapxana)
* library
    Қазақстан Республикасының Ұлттық кітапханасы ― Qazaqstan Respublikasynyñ Ūlttyq kıtapxanasy ― the National Library of the Republic of Kazakhstan

#### Derived terms

* кітапханалық (kıtapxanalyq)
* кітапханатану (kıtapxanatanu)
* кітапханашы (kıtapxanaşy)