# 倭

| 倭 | U+502D, &#20525; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-502D |
| ← 倬 [U+502C] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 倮 → [U+502E] |

## Translingual
### Han character

倭 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+8, 10 strokes, cangjie input 人竹木女 (OHDV), four-corner 2224$_4$, composition ⿰亻委)

#### Derived characters

* 䔀, 𬕥

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 109, character 6
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 796
* Dae Jaweon: page 232, character 4
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 179, character 8
* Unihan data for U+502D
* Shuowen Jiezi: volume 15, page 46, character 18

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 倭
* Small seal scripts05700Transcribed ancient scriptsL34578
* References:
* Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:
* Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
* Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
* Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
* Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
| | Old Chinese |
| 矮 | *qraːlʔ |
| 躷 | *qraːlʔ |
| 捼 | *noːl, *nuːl, *njul |
| 倭 | *qoːl, *qoːlʔ, *qrol |
| 涹 | *qoːl |
| 踒 | *qoːl |
| 餧 | *nuːlʔ, *qrols |
| 諉 | *nols, *qrolʔ |
| 痿 | *njol, *qrol |
| 萎 | *qrol, *qrols |
| 逶 | *qrol |
| 覣 | *qrol |
| 蜲 | *qrol, *qrolʔ |
| 委 | *qrol, *qrolʔ |
| 緌 | *njul |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *qoːl, *qoːlʔ, *qrol): semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 委 (OC *qrol, *qrolʔ).

### Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Various theories suggest that 倭 was influenced by Old Japanese 我 (wa, “I, me”) or referring to the practice of bowing among the ancient Japanese.

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): wō (wo$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄨㄛ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): wo$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): vô
* Eastern Min (BUC): uŏ
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): o$^1$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): e / oe
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$u
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wō
*** Zhuyin: ㄨㄛ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wo
*** Wade–Giles: wo$^1$
*** Yale: wō
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: uo
*** Palladius: во (vo)
*** Sinological IPA : /wɔ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: wo$^1$
*** Yale: wō
*** Cantonese Pinyin: wo$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: wo$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /wɔː⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: vô
*** Hakka Romanization System: vo$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: vo$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /vo²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: uŏ
*** Sinological IPA : /uo⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: o$^1$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: eo
*** Sinological IPA : /o⁵³³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: o$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɵ⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: e
*** Tâi-lô: e
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ef
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /e³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /e⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: oe
*** Tâi-lô: ue
*** Phofsit Daibuun: oef
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ue⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ue³³/
* e - vernacular;
* oe - literary.
* Middle Chinese: 'wa
Rime :
| Character | 倭 |
| Reading # | 2/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 戈 (95) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 烏禾切 |
| Baxter | 'wa |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʔuɑ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʔuɑ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʔuɑ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʔwa/ |
| Li Rong | /ʔuɑ/ |
| Wang Li | /uɑ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʔuɑ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | wō |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | wo$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*qoːl/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 倭 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| No. | 12888 |
| Phonetic component | 委 |
| Rime group | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 倭 |
| Old Chinese | /*qoːl/ |
| Notes | 見漢書 |

#### Definitions

倭
* (historical, now derogatory) Japan; Yamato
* (in some animal names) dwarf; pygmy
    倭蛙 ― wōwā ― Nanorana pleskei
    倭河馬／倭河马 ― wōhémǎ ― pygmy hippopotamus
    倭黑猩猩 ― wōhēixīngxīng ― bonobo; pygmy chimpanzee

##### Synonyms

* (Japan):
* 11區 / 11区 (shíyī-qū) (Internet slang)
* 日 (abbreviation)
* 日本 (Rìběn)
* 日本國 / 日本国 (Rìběnguó) (official)
* 東洋 / 东洋 (Dōngyáng) (archaic)
* 東瀛 / 东瀛 (Dōngyíng) (literary, poetic)
* 立本 (lìběn) (internet slang)
* 鄉下 / 乡下 (hoeng1 haa6-2) (Hong Kong Cantonese, humorous)
* 霓虹 (níhóng) (Internet slang)

#### Compounds

* 倭人 (wōrén)
* 倭傀
* 倭刀
* 倭夷
* 倭奴
* 倭妥
* 倭子
* 倭寇 (wōkòu)
* 倭狐猴
* 倭瓜 (wōguā)
* 倭緞 / 倭缎
* 倭螺
* 倭鉛 / 倭铅 (wōqiān)
* 倭黑猩猩 (wōhēixīngxīng)
* 東倭 / 东倭
* 老倭瓜

#### See also

* 大和 (Dàhé)
* 日本 (Rìběn)

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): wēi (wei$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄨㄟ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): wai$^1$ / wai$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wēi
*** Zhuyin: ㄨㄟ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wei
*** Wade–Giles: wei$^1$
*** Yale: wēi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: uei
*** Palladius: вэй (vɛj)
*** Sinological IPA : /weɪ̯⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: wai$^1$ / wai$^2$
*** Yale: wāi / wái
*** Cantonese Pinyin: wai$^1$ / wai$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: wei$^1$ / wei$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /wɐi̯⁵⁵/, /wɐi̯³⁵/
* Middle Chinese: 'jwe
Rime :
| Character | 倭 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 支 (14) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 於爲切 |
| Baxter | 'jwe |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʔˠiuᴇ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʔʷᵚiɛ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʔiuɛ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʔjwiə̆/ |
| Li Rong | /ʔjue/ |
| Wang Li | /ǐwe/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʔwie̯/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | wēi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | wai$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*qrol/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 倭 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| No. | 12902 |
| Phonetic component | 委 |
| Rime group | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 逶 |
| Old Chinese | /*qrol/ |

#### Definitions

倭
* (historical dictionaries only) obedient
* Used in 倭遲／倭迟.

### Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): wǒ (wo$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄨㄛˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): wo$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wǒ
*** Zhuyin: ㄨㄛˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wǒ
*** Wade–Giles: wo$^3$
*** Yale: wǒ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: woo
*** Palladius: во (vo)
*** Sinological IPA : /wɔ²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: wo$^2$
*** Yale: wó
*** Cantonese Pinyin: wo$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: wo$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /wɔː³⁵/
* Middle Chinese: 'waX
Rime :
| Character | 倭 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 戈 (95) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 烏果切 |
| Baxter | 'waX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʔuɑ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʔuɑ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʔuɑ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʔwa$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ʔuɑ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /uɑ$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʔuɑ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | wǒ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | wo$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*qoːlʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 倭 |
| Reading # | 2/3 |
| No. | 12891 |
| Phonetic component | 委 |
| Rime group | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 婐 |
| Old Chinese | /*qoːlʔ/ |

#### Definitions

倭
* Only used in 倭墮／倭堕 (wǒduò, “a hairstyle for women that was popular during the Han Dynasty in which the hair was gathered up in a lopsided bun”).

#### Compounds

* 倭墮 / 倭堕 (wǒduò)

### References

* “倭”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “倭”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 247.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* Yamato
* the country of Japan

#### Readings

* Go-on: い (i)、わ (wa)
* Kan-on: い (i)、わ (wa)
* Kun: やまと (yamato, 倭)、したがう (shitagau, 倭う)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 倭
* やまと Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 倭 – see the following entry. :
| 【大和やまと】 | [proper noun] a town in the Shikinoshimo district in the Yamato Province of Japan, generally equivalent to modern Tenri area [proper noun] A city in Kanagawa Prefecture [proper noun] one of the old provinces that made up Japan, generally equivalent to modern Nara prefecture [proper noun] the country of Japan Alternative spelling 和 |
(This term, 倭, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 倭
* わ Jinmeiyō
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 倭 (MC 'wa). Various theories suggest that 倭 was influenced by Old Japanese 我 (wa, “I, me”) or referring to the practice of bowing among the ancient Japanese.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) わ [wáꜜ] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [β̞a̠]

#### Proper noun

倭(わ) • (Wa)
* ancient Japan

#### Usage notes

During the Nara period, Japanese scholars believed that 倭 was derogatory as a name for their own country, because the Chinese word depicted a man bending down. Around 757 CE, Japan replaced 倭 with 和(わ) (Wa), which had the same pronunciation in Old Japanese, but instead meant "harmonious".

### References

* ↑ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology 1

From a corrupted or unorthodox reading. The original reading is 와 (wa) based on Middle Chinese 倭 (MC 'wa).
* Recorded as Middle Korean ᅙᅪᆼ (Yale: qwa) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 와 (wa)$^訓$ (Yale: wa) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [wɛ] ~ [we̞]
* Phonetic hangul: [왜/웨]

#### Hanja

Wikisource 倭 (eumhun 왜나라 왜 (waenara wae))
* hanja form of 왜 (“ancient Japan, Yamato”)

#### Compounds

* 왜구 (倭寇, waegu, “wokou”)
* 왜국 (倭國, waeguk, “ancient Japan, Yamato; (derogatory) Japan”)
* 왜색 (倭色, waesaek, “(derogatory) Japanese style”)
* 임진왜란 (壬辰倭亂, Imjinwaeran, “Japanese invasions of Korea”)

### Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 倭 (MC 'jwe).
* Recorded as Middle Korean ᅙᅱᆼ (Yale: qwuy) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.

#### Hanja

倭 (eumhun 유순할 위 (yusunhal wi))
* (literary Chinese) hanja form of 위 (“docile, obedient”)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

倭: Hán Nôm readings: uy, oải, nụy/nuỵ, oa
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.