# 礫

| 礫 | U+792B, &#31019; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-792B |
| ← 礪 [U+792A] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 礬 → [U+792C] |

## Translingual

| Traditional | 礫 |
| Shinjitai (extended) | 䃯 |
| Simplified | 砾 |

### Han character

礫 (Kangxi radical 112, 石+15, 20 strokes, cangjie input 一口女戈木 (MRVID), four-corner 1269$_4$, composition ⿰石樂)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 838, character 24
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24572
* Dae Jaweon: page 1255, character 26
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2463, character 4
* Unihan data for U+792B

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 樂 | *ŋraːwɢs, *raːwɢ, *ŋraːwɢ |
| 轢 | *raːd, *raːwɢ, *reːwɢ |
| 濼 | *pqʰlaːwɢ, *raːwɢ, *reːwɢ, *pqʰloːwɢ, *roːwɢ, *roːwɢ |
| 躒 | *raːwɢ, *reːwɢ |
| 擽 | *rawɢ, *reːwɢ |
| 爍 | *qʰljawɢ |
| 鑠 | *qʰljawɢ |
| 藥 | *lawɢ |
| 櫟 | *lawɢ, *reːwɢ |
| 纅 | *lawɢ |
| 礫 | *reːwɢ |
| 瓅 | *reːwɢ |
| 皪 | *reːwɢ |
| 觻 | *reːwɢ, *roːwɢ |
| 嚛 | *qʰloːwɢ, *qʰloːwɢ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *reːwɢ): semantic 石 (“stone”) + phonetic 樂 (OC *ŋraːwɢs, *raːwɢ, *ŋraːwɢ)

### Etymology

From Proto-Tibeto-Burman *b-rak. Cognate with Drung ɑ³¹ pɹɑʔ⁵⁵ luŋ⁵⁵ (“rock”)

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): lì (li$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): lik$^1$ / lik$^6$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): lia̍k / le̍k
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lì
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lì
*** Wade–Giles: li$^4$
*** Yale: lì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lih
*** Palladius: ли (li)
*** Sinological IPA : /li⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lik$^1$ / lik$^6$
*** Yale: līk / lihk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lik$^7$ / lik$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lig$^1$ / lig$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɪk̚⁵/, /lɪk̚²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lia̍k
*** Tâi-lô: lia̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: liak
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /liak̚²⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: le̍k
*** Tâi-lô: li̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: lek
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen): /liɪk̚⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /liɪk̚¹²¹/
* Middle Chinese: lek
Rime :
| Character | 礫 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 錫 (127) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | IV |
| Fanqie | 郎擊切 |
| Baxter | lek |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /lek̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /lek̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /lɛk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /lɛjk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /lek̚/ |
| Wang Li | /liek̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /liek̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | lì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | lik$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]ˤewk/
    (Zhengzhang): /*reːwɢ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 礫 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | lì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ lek › |
| Old Chinese | /*[r]ˁewk/ |
| English | pebbles |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 礫 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 7685 |
| Phonetic component | 樂 |
| Rime group | 藥 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 靂 |
| Old Chinese | /*reːwɢ/ |

#### Definitions

礫
* gravel; pebbles; potsherds

#### Compounds

* 土礫 / 土砾
* 沙礫 / 沙砾 (shālì)
* 瓦礫 / 瓦砾 (wǎlì)
* 石礫 / 石砾
* 砂礫 / 砂砾 (shālì)
* 砂礫礦床 / 砂砾矿床
* 磧礫 / 碛砾
* 礫岩 / 砾岩 (lìyán)
* 礫石 / 砾石 (lìshí)
* 礫耕栽培 / 砾耕栽培
* 角礫岩 / 角砾岩 (jiǎolìyán)
* 飛沙揚礫 / 飞沙扬砾
* 飛沙走礫 / 飞沙走砾
* 飛砂揚礫 / 飞砂扬砾
* 飛礫 / 飞砾

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): luò (luo$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄨㄛˋ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: luò
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄛˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: luò
*** Wade–Giles: lo$^4$
*** Yale: lwò
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: luoh
*** Palladius: ло (lo)
*** Sinological IPA : /lu̯ɔ⁵¹/

#### Definitions

礫
* Only used in 卓礫／卓砾.

### Pronunciation 3

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): luò (luo$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄨㄛˋ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: luò
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄛˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: luò
*** Wade–Giles: lo$^4$
*** Yale: lwò
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: luoh
*** Palladius: ло (lo)
*** Sinological IPA : /lu̯ɔ⁵¹/

#### Definitions

礫
* (historical dictionaries only) Appearance of white stones/rocks.
** Jiyun (集韻): 礫，白石皃。

### References

* “礫”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese

| Shinjitai (extended) | 䃯 |
| Kyūjitai | 礫 |

### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 䃯)
* pebble, stone

#### Readings

* Go-on: りゃく (ryaku)
* Kan-on: れき (reki)
* Kun: こいし (koishi, 礫)、つぶて (tsubute, 礫)

#### Compounds

* 礫(れき)塊(かい) (rekikai)
* 礫(れき)岩(がん) (rekigan, “conglomerate”)
* 礫(れき)石(せき) (rekiseki)
** 礫(れっ)器(き) (rekki)
* 礫(れき)群(ぐん) (rekigun)
* 礫(れき)土(ど) (rekido)
* 巨(きょ)礫(れき) (kyoreki)
* 瓦(が)礫(りゃく) (garyaku)
* 瓦(が)礫(れき) (gareki, “rubble”)
* 砂(さ)礫(れき) (sareki), 砂(しゃ)礫(れき) (shareki)
* 磧(せき)礫(れき) (sekireki)
* 飛礫(つぶて) (tsubute)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 礫
* れき Hyōgai
* kan'on
From Middle Chinese 礫 (MC lek).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) れき [réꜜkì] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɾe̞kʲi]

#### Noun

礫(れき) • (reki)
* a small stone or pebble, especially one used for throwing
    Synonyms: 石塊 (ishikoro), 小石 (koishi)
* gravel

##### Derived terms

* 礫(れき)耕(こう)栽(さい)培(ばい) (rekikōsaibai)
* 礫(れき)砂(さ)漠(ばく) (reki sabaku)
* 火(か)山(ざん)礫(れき) (kazan reki)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 礫
* つぶて Hyōgai
* kun'yomi
From Old Japanese.
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Alternative forms

* 飛礫

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) つぶて [tsùbúté] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) つぶて [tsùbútéꜜ] (Odaka – [3])
* IPA: [t͡sɨbɯ̟te̞]

#### Noun

礫(つぶて) • (tsubute)
* a small stone or pebble, especially one used for throwing
    Synonym: 小石 (koishi)

##### Derived terms

* 石(いし)礫(つぶて) (ishitsubute)
* 紙(かみ)礫(つぶて) (kamitsubute)
* 雁(がん)礫(つぶて) (gantsubute)
* 空(そら)礫(つぶて) (soratsubute)
* 天(てん)狗(ぐ)礫(つぶて) (tengutsubute)
* 梨(なし)の礫(つぶて) (nashi no tsubute)
* 梨(なし)も礫(つぶて)も打(う)たぬ (nashi mo tsubute mo utanu)
* 人(ひと)礫(つぶて) (hitotsubute)
* 向(む)かい礫(つぶて) (mukaitsubute)
* 雪(ゆき)礫(つぶて) (yukitsubute)

##### Proverbs

* 暗(あん)夜(や)の礫(つぶて) (an'ya no tsubute)
* 闇(やみ)の夜(よ)の礫(つぶて) (yami no yo no tsubute), 闇(やみ)夜(よ)の礫(つぶて) (yamiyo no tsubute)

#### Proper noun

礫(つぶて) • (Tsubute)
* a place name

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 礫
* たぶて Hyōgai
* irregular
From Old Japanese.
Possibly an apophonic form of or a shift from tsubute above.

#### Noun

礫(たぶて) • (tabute)
* (obsolete) a small stone or pebble, especially one used for throwing
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 8, poem 1522:, text here
    多夫手(たぶて)二毛(にも)投越(なげこし)都倍吉(つべき)天漢(あまのがは)敝太而礼婆可母(へだてればかも)安麻多須辨奈吉(あまたすべなき) [Man'yōgana]
    たぶてにも投(な)げ越(こ)しつべき天(あま)の川隔(がはへだ)てればかもあまたすべなき [Modern spelling]

### Etymology 4

* Kanji in this term
* 礫
* こいし Hyōgai
* kun'yomi

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こいし [kòíshí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ko̞iɕi]

#### Noun

礫(こいし) • (koishi)
* Alternative spelling of 小石 (koishi): a small stone or pebble

### Etymology 5

* Kanji in this term
* 礫
* たびいし Hyōgai
* irregular
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Noun

礫(たびいし) • (tabiishi)
* a small stone or pebble, especially one used for throwing

##### Derived terms

* 礫(たびし)瓦(かわら) (tabishikawara)

### References

* 1 2 3 4 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 礫 (MC lek). Recorded as Middle Korean 륵〮 (lúk) (Yale: luk) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

Wikisource 礫 (eumhun 조약돌 력 (joyakdol ryeok), word-initial (South Korea) 조약돌 역 (joyakdol yeok))
* hanja form of 력/역 (“pebble”)

#### Compounds

* 각력암 (角礫岩, gangnyeogam)
* 사력 (沙礫/砂礫, saryeok)
* 역석 (礫石, yeokseok)
* 역암 (礫岩, yeogam)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.