# 棣

| 棣 | U+68E3, &#26851; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-68E3 |
| ← 棢 [U+68E2] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 棤 → [U+68E4] |

## Translingual
### Han character

棣 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+8, 12 strokes, cangjie input 木中水 (DLE), four-corner 4593$_2$, composition ⿰木隶)

### Further reading

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 533, character 18
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14957
* Dae Jaweon: page 921, character 16
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1240, character 3
* Unihan data for U+68E3

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 曃 | *l̥ʰɯːds |
| 埭 | *l'ɯːds |
| 逮 | *l'ɯːds, *l'ɯːds |
| 靆 | *l'ɯːds |
| 齂 | *hmrɯːds, *hmrɯds, *mrɯːd |
| 棣 | *l'ɯːds |
| 隸 | *rɯːds |
| 肆 | *hljɯds |
| 蕼 | *hljɯds |
| 肂 | *hljɯds |
| 殔 | *lɯds |
| 隶 | *lɯds |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *l'ɯːds): semantic 木 (“wood; tree”) + phonetic 隶 (OC *lɯds)

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): dì (di$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄉㄧˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): dai$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dì
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: dì
*** Wade–Giles: ti$^4$
*** Yale: dì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: dih
*** Palladius: ди (di)
*** Sinological IPA : /ti⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: dai$^6$
*** Yale: daih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dai$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: dei$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /tɐi̯²²/
* Middle Chinese: dejH
Rime :
| Character | 棣 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 定 (7) |
| Final (韻) | 齊 (39) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | IV |
| Fanqie | 特計切 |
| Baxter | dejH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /dei$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /dei$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /dɛi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /dɛj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /dei$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /diei$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /dʱiei$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | dì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | dai$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[N].rˤəp-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*l'ɯːds/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 棣 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | dì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dej$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[N].rˁəp-s/ |
| English | dang-dejH cherry tree |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 棣 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 7958 |
| Phonetic component | 隶 |
| Rime group | 隊 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 第 |
| Old Chinese | /*l'ɯːds/ |

#### Definitions

棣
* (botany) Kerria japonica
* cherry tree
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Chángdì zhī huá, è bù wěiwěi. Fán jīn zhī rén, mò rú xiōngdì. [Pinyin]
    The flowers of the cherry tree— Are they not gorgeously displayed? Of all the men in the world There are none equal to brothers.
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) younger brother
    alt. forms: 弟 (dì)
* a surname

#### Compounds

* 唐棣 (tángdì, “Prunus japonica, brothers”)
* 常棣 (chángdì, “Prunus japonica, brothers”)
* 棣棠 (dìtáng, “kerria, Kerria japonica”)
* 棠棣 (tángdì, “Prunus japonica, brothers”)
* 棣棠花 (“kerria, Kerria japonica”)
* 棣花 (Dìhuā)
* 棣華 / 棣华
* 棣鄂
* 無棣 / 无棣

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tì (ti$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄧˋ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tì
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tì
*** Wade–Giles: tʻi$^4$
*** Yale: tì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tih
*** Palladius: ти (ti)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰi⁵¹/

#### Definitions

棣
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to attain; to reach
    From: The Book of Han, circa 1st century CE
    Zhèngyuè, “qián” zhī jiǔ sān, wànwù tìtōng. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Compounds

* 棣通
* 棣達 / 棣达

### Pronunciation 3

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): dài (dai$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄉㄞˋ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dài
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄞˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: dài
*** Wade–Giles: tai$^4$
*** Yale: dài
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: day
*** Palladius: дай (daj)
*** Sinological IPA : /taɪ̯⁵¹/

#### Definitions

棣
* Only used in 棣棣 (dàidài).
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Wǒ xīn fěi xí, bùkě juǎn yě. Wēi yí dàidài, bùkě xuǎn yě. [Pinyin]
    My mind is not a mat; It cannot be rolled up. My deportment has been dignified and good, With nothing wrong which can be pointed out.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* Kerria japonica

#### Readings

* Go-on: だい (dai)
* Kan-on: てい (tei)
* On: たい (tai)
* Kun: にわざくら (niwazakura)、いくり (ikuri)、にわうめ (niwaume)
* Nanori: とおる (tōru)

#### Compounds

* 棣棠(ヤマブキ) (yamabuki)

## Korean
### Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 棣 (MC dejH).
* Recorded as Middle Korean 똉〮 (Yale: ttyéy) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 톄〯 (thyěy) (Yale: thyěy) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [t͡ɕʰe̞]
* Phonetic hangul: [체]

#### Hanja

Wikisource 棣 (eumhun 산앵두나무 체 (sanaengdunamu che))
* hanja form of 체 (“Vaccinium koreanum”)
* (literary) hanja form of 체 (“to attain; to reach”)

#### Compounds

* 체당 (棣棠, chedang)
* 체당화 (棣棠花, chedanghwa)
* 체악지정 (棣鄂之情, cheakjijeong)
* 체통 (棣通, chetong)
* 체화 (棣華, chehwa)

### Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 棣.
* Recorded as Middle Korean ᄄᆡᆼ〮 (Yale: ttóy) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [tʰɛ] ~ [tʰe̞]
* Phonetic hangul: [태/테]

#### Hanja

棣 (eumhun 익숙할 태 (iksukhal tae))
* (literary) hanja form of 태 (“courteous appearance”)

#### Compounds

* 태태 (棣棣, taetae)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

棣: Hán Việt readings: đệ (大(đại)計(kế)切(thiết)), lệ
* chữ Hán form of đệ (“brother; sibling”).
* chữ Hán form of lệ (“Kerria japonica”).

### References

* 1 2 Trần (2004).