# aver
## English
### Etymology 1

From Middle English averren, from Old French averer, from Early Medieval Latin advērō, a verb derived from Latin vērus (“true”). Compare Modern French avérer.

#### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /əˈvɜː/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* (General American) IPA: /əˈvɝ/
* Rhymes: -ɜː(ɹ)

#### Verb

aver (third-person singular simple present avers, present participle averring or (obsolete) avering, simple past and past participle averred or (obsolete) avered)
* (transitive, intransitive) To assert the truth of (something); to affirm (something) with confidence; to declare (something) in a positive manner.
** 1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], “Causes of Heroicall Loue, Temperature, Full Diet, Idlenesse, Place, Climat, &c.”, in The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition 3, section 2, member 2, subsection 1, page 209:A rare thing to ſee a yong man or woman, that liues idlely, and fares well, of what condition ſoeuer, not to bee in loue. Vbicumqꝫ ſecuritas, ibi libido dominatur, luſt & ſecurity domineere together, as S$^t$ Hierome auerreth.
** 1660, Samuel Fisher, “[Rusticus ad Academicos in Exercitationibus Expostulatoriis, Apologeticis Quatuor. The Rustick’s Alarm to the Rabbies: Or, The Country Correcting the University and Clergy, and (Not without Good Cause) Contesting for the Truth, against the Nursing Mothers and Their Children. In Four Apologetical and Expostulatory Exercitations; [...]] The Third Apologetical, and Expostulatory Exercitation”, in The Testimony of Truth Exalted, […], [London?]: [s.n.], published 1679, →OCLC, chapter I, page 411:Now as to the Scriptures being the Word of God, and evidently known to be ſo, or evidencing themſelves to be ſo, and that of right, and properly they are to be ſo called; all which thou J. O. very abſolutely averreſt, […]
** 1662 (indicated as 1663), [Samuel Butler], “[The First Part of Hudibras]. Canto II.”, in Hudibras. The First and Second Parts. […], London: […] John Martyn and Henry Herringman, […], published 1678, →OCLC; republished in A[lfred] R[ayney] Waller, editor, Hudibras: Written in the Time of the Late Wars, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: University Press, 1905, →OCLC, page 31:Chiron, the four-legg'd Bard, had both / A Beard and Tail of his own growth; / And yet by Authors 'tis averr'd, / He made use onely of his Beard.
** 1701, Lawrence Smith, “[First Discourse on 2 Timothy 1:10]”, in The Evidence of Things Not Seen: Or, The Immortality of the Human Soul, and the Separate Condition thereof in the Other World, Asserted and Made Manifest: […], London: […] Thomas Speed, […], →OCLC, page 1:[T]he partial Infidel […] averreth the Sleep or Inſenſibility of the Soul both in good and bad perſons, from the time of their Deceaſe hence until their Reſurrection; […]
** 1819, Miching Mallecho [pseudonym; Percy Bysshe Shelley], “Peter Bell the Third”, in [Mary] Shelley, editor, The Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley. […], new edition, London: Edward Moxon […], published 1840, →OCLC, part the second (The Devil), stanza 1, page 239:The Devil, I safely can aver, / Has neither hoof, nor tail, nor sting; / Nor is he, as some sages swear, / A spirit, neither here nor there, / In nothing—yet in everything.
** 1851 November 14, Herman Melville, “Cetology”, in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers; London: Richard Bentley, →OCLC, page 156:An Irish author avers that the Earl of Leicester, on bended knees, did likewise present to her highness another horn, pertaining to a land beast of the unicorn nature.
** 1939 August 25, “Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead”, in Yip Harburg (lyrics), Harold Arlen (music), The Wizard of Oz (soundtrack), Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer:As Coroner, I must aver, I thoroughly examined her. / And she's not only merely dead, she's really most sincerely dead.
** 1997, Frederick W. Case, Jr., Roberta B. Case, “The North American Trilliums”, in Trilliums, Portland, Or.: Timber Press, →ISBN, page 109:Horticulturalist Richard Lighty has a form [of Trillium grandiflorum] that he avers to open almost a cerise-red.
** 2007 July 26, European Court of Human Rights (Fifth Section), Peev v. Bulgaria (Application no. 64209/01)‎, Strasbourg, paragraph 19:In the meantime, on 5 June 2000, the applicant had brought a civil action against the Prosecutor's Office. He alleged that the termination of his contract had been unlawful and sought reinstatement and compensation for loss of salary. He averred, inter alia, that the climate in the Supreme Cassation Prosecutor's Office had deteriorated as a result of the actions of the Chief Prosecutor.
** 2019 April 14, Alex McLevy, “Winter is Here on Game of Thrones’ Final Season Premiere (Newbies)”, in The A.V. Club‎, archived from the original on 18 December 2020:[W]hen Yara tells him he picked the losing side, he avers that he might just as soon head back to the Iron Islands—"But first, I'm gonna fuck the queen" [...]
* (transitive, intransitive, law) To justify or prove (an allegation or plea that one has made).
* (transitive, obsolete) To avouch, prove, or verify the existence or happening of (something), or to offer to do so.
** 1611 April (first recorded performance), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Cymbeline”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene v], page 396, column 2:[…] I return'd with ſimular proofe enough, / To make the Noble Leonatus mad, / By wounding his beleefe in her Renowne, / With tokens thus, and thus: auerring notes / Of Chamber-hanging, Pictures, this her Bracelet / (Oh cunning how I got) nay ſome markes / Of ſecret on her perſon, that he could not / But thinke her bond of Chaſtity quite crack'd, / I hauing tane the forfeyt.
** 1641 May, John Milton, Of Reformation Touching Church-Discipline in England: And the Cavvses that hitherto have Hindred it; republished as Will Taliaferro Hale, editor, Of Reformation Touching Church-Discipline in England (Yale Studies in English; LIV), New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1916, →OCLC, 2nd book, pages 46–47:Upon a time the Body summon'd all the Members to meet in the Guild for the common good (as Aesops Chronicles averre many stranger Accidents) the head by right takes the first seat, and next to it a huge and monstrous Wen little lesse than the Head it selfe, growing to it by a narrower excrescency.
** 1841 December, R[ichard] R[obert] Madden, “Address on Slavery in Cuba, Presented to the General Anti-slavery Convention”, in The Churchman’s Monthly Review, London: R. B. Seeley and W. Burnside; and sold by L. and G. Seeley, […], →OCLC, page 705:[A]lthough thou averrest this, and averrest it truly, we are nevertheless constrained to plead guilty to the possession of so much of this sensibility [a refusal to hear details] (call it "sickly" if thou wilt) as that they case once proved, our feeling of duty refuses to sustain us any longer against that combined and overwhelming influence of shattered nerves and a sickened heart.

##### Conjugation

$^†$ Archaic or obsolete.

##### Synonyms

* (assert the truth): swear

##### Derived terms

* averrable
* averral
* averred (adjective)
* averrer
* unaverred

##### Related terms

* averment

##### Translations
### Etymology 2

From Middle English aver, avere (“workhorse; any beast of burden (?); things which are owned, possessions, property, wealth; state of being rich, wealth; ownership, possession”) [and other forms], and then either:
* from Old French aver, aveir, avoir (“possession, property; (collectively) beasts of burden; domestic animals; cattle”) (modern French avoir (“asset, possession”)), from aveir, avoir (“to have”), from Latin habēre (“to have, hold; to have, own (possessions)”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰeh₁bʰ-, *ǵʰeh₁bʰ- (“to grab, take”); or
* from Old English eafor (“workhorse; tenant’s obligation to transport goods”), further etymology uncertain.

#### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈeɪvə/
** Homophone: Ava
* (General American) IPA: /ˈeɪvɚ/

#### Noun

aver (plural avers)
* (British, dialectal, archaic) A beast of burden; chiefly a workhorse, but also a working ox or other animal.
* (Northern England, Scotland, dialectal, archaic) An old, useless horse; a nag.
** 1820 March, [Walter Scott], chapter VIII, in The Monastery. A Romance. […], volume III, Edinburgh: […] Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, […]; and for Archibald Constable and Co., and John Ballantyne, […], →OCLC, page 214:[…] Gilbert has but two half-starved cowardly peasants to follow him, and but an auld jaded aver to ride upon, fitter for the plough than for manly service; […]

### References

* ↑ “averren, v.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
* 1 2 “āver, n.(1)”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
* ↑ “avēr, n.(2)”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
* ↑ “aver, n.”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, March 2021.

### Anagrams

* AVRE, Rave, Vera, evar, rave, vare, vera

## Franco-Provençal
### Verb

aver (Old Dauphinois)
* Alternative form of avêr (“to have”)

### References

* Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “habēre”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume 4: G H I, page 361

## Italian
### Alternative forms

* haver (obsolete spelling)

### Verb

aver (apocopated)
* Apocopic form of avere

### Anagrams

* vera

## Ladino
### Etymology

From Old Spanish aver, from Latin habēre (“hold, have”).

### Verb

aver (Hebrew spelling אביר)
* to have
* (impersonal, in third person singular only) to exist; “there is”, “there are” (ay); “there was”, “there were” (avia)

## Middle English
### Etymology

From Old French aver, aveir, avoir (“possession, property; (collectively) beasts of burden; domestic animals; cattle”) (modern French avoir (“asset, possession”)), from aveir, avoir (“to have”), from Latin habēre (“to have, hold; to have, own (possessions)”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰeh₁bʰ-, *ǵʰeh₁bʰ- (“to grab, take”). Cognate with Middle French avoir, Norman aver, aveir.

### Noun

aver (plural avers)
* belongings, possessions, property, wealth

### References

* ↑ “avēr, n.(2)”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

## Norman
### Alternative forms

* aveir (Guernsey)

### Etymology

From Old French aveir, archaic form of avoir, from Latin habēre (“have, hold, possess”).

### Verb

aver
* (Jersey, alternative form in Guernsey) to have

#### Conjugation

| infinitive | infinitive | infinitive | aver | aver | aver | aver | aver |
| gerund | gerund | gerund | ayant | ayant | ayant | ayant | ayant |
| auxiliary | auxiliary | auxiliary | aver | aver | aver | aver | aver |
| past participle | past participle | | | masculine | masculine | feminine | feminine |
| past participle | past participle | singular | singular | ieu | ieu | — | — |
| past participle | past participle | plural | plural | — | — | — | — |
| | | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural |
| | | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person |
| indicative | | jé (j') | tu (tu') | il (i'), oulle (ou) | jé (j') | ous (ou) | il' (i') |
| indicative | present | ai | as | a | avons | avez | ont |
| indicative | imperfect | avais | avais | avait | avions | aviez | avaient |
| indicative | preterite | eus | eus | eut | eûnmes | eûtes | eûtent |
| indicative | future | éthai | éthas | étha | éthons | éthez | éthont |
| indicative | conditional | éthais | éthais | éthait | éthions | éthiez | éthaient |
| subjunctive | | qué j' | qué tu' | qu'il, qu'oulle | qué j' | qu'ous | qu'il' |
| subjunctive | present | aie | aies | ait | ayons | ayiz | aient |
| subjunctive | imperfect | eûsse | eûsses | eûsse | eûssions | eûssyiz or eûssiez | eûssent |
| imperative | | — | tu' | — | j' | ous | — |
| imperative | affirmative | | ai | | ayons | ayiz or ayez |

#### Derived terms

* aver bouonne main (“to have green fingers”)
* aver cours (“to be legal tender”)
* aver d's ièrs dé caûque-souothis (“to have good eyesight”)
* aver l's ièrs pus grands qué l'ventre (“to have eyes bigger than one's belly”)
* aver l'tchoeu d'vômi (“to feel sick”)
* aver l'vent souôs vèrgue (“to scud before the wind”)
* aver un yi tchi dit m'luque à l'aut' (“to have a squint”)

## Occitan
### Etymology

From Old Occitan aver, haver, from Latin habēre (“to have, hold, keep”). Cognate with French avoir, Italian avere, Portuguese haver, Romanian avea, avere, and Sardinian (Campidanese airi, Logudorese àere), Spanish haber, and English aver (borrowed via Old French).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /aˈbe/
* Audio:(file)

### Verb

aver
* to have; to possess
    Synonym: possedir
* (auxiliary) to have

#### Derived terms

* aver luòc

## Old French
### Verb

aver
* Alternative form of avoir

### Noun

aver oblique singular, m (oblique plural avers, nominative singular avers, nominative plural aver)
* Alternative form of avoir
** c. 1150, Thomas d'Angleterre, Le Roman de Tristan, Champion Classiques edition, →ISBN, page 216, line 2832:de ses avers li volt mustrer.he wants to show his possessions to her.

## Old Galician-Portuguese
### Alternative forms

* haver (latinized form)

### Etymology

Inherited from Latin habēre (“to have, to hold, to possess”). Cognate with Old Spanish and Old Occitan aver, Old French aveir.

### Pronunciation

* (Galicia) IPA: /aˈβeɾ/
* (Portugal) IPA: /aˈβeɾ/, /aˈveɾ/

### Verb

aver
* to have
    Pedro a duas filhas.Pedro has two daughters.
* to exist

#### Descendants

* Galician: haber
* Portuguese: haver

### Further reading

* Universo Cantigas - "aver$_1$"

## Old Occitan
### Alternative forms

* haver

### Etymology

From Latin habēre (“to have, hold, keep”). Cognate with Old French avoir, aver, aveir, avoyr, Old Sardinian avere, and Old Spanish aver.

### Verb

aver
* to have; to possess
** c. 1185, Guerau de Cabrera, Ensenhamen:Jes gran saber no potz aver, si fors non eis de ta reion.(please add an English translation of this quotation)

#### Descendants

* Occitan: aver

## Old Spanish
### Etymology

From Latin habēre (“to have, hold, keep”). Cognate with Old French avoir, aver, aveir, avoyr, and Old Occitan aver, haver.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /aˈβeɾ/

### Verb

aver
* to have
    Pedro ha dos fijas.Pedro has two daughters.

#### Descendants

* Ladino:
    Hebrew: אביר
    Latin: aver
* Spanish: haber

## Portuguese
### Verb

aver (first-person singular present indicative ei, past participle avido)
* Obsolete spelling of haver.

#### Conjugation

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

### Noun

aver m (plural averes)
* Obsolete spelling of haver.

## Romani
### Alternative forms

* kaver, vaver

### Etymology

Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀅𑀯𑀭 (avara), from Sanskrit अपर (apara).

### Adjective

aver
* other

### References

* Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “ápara”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 20
* Boretzky, Norbert, Igla, Birgit (1994) “avér”, in Wörterbuch Romani-Deutsch-Englisch für den südosteuropäischen Raum : mit einer Grammatik der Dialektvarianten [Romani-German-English dictionary for the Southern European region] (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 14
* Marcel Courthiade (2009) “aver B-ćham: -e”, in Melinda Rézműves, editor, Morri angluni rromane ćhibǎqi evroputni lavustik = Első rromani nyelvű európai szótáram : cigány, magyar, angol, francia, spanyol, német, ukrán, román, horvát, szlovák, görög [My First European-Romani Dictionary: Romani, Hungarian, English, French, Spanish, German, Ukrainian, Romanian, Croatian, Slovak, Greek] (overall work in Hungarian and English), Budapest: Fővárosi Onkormányzat Cigány Ház--Romano Kher, →ISBN, page 68

## Spanish
### Verb

aver
* Obsolete spelling of haber.

## Venetan
### Alternative forms

* gaver

### Etymology

From Latin habēre.

### Verb

aver
* (transitive) to have
* (transitive) to possess

#### Conjugation

* Venetan conjugation varies from one region to another. Hence, the following conjugation should be considered as typical, not as exhaustive.

### References

* Silvano Belloni (2009) Grammatica Veneta [Venetan Grammar]‎ (in Italian), Esedra Editrice, →ISBN, page 75