# 宇宙
## Chinese

* 宇宙

### Etymology

Attested in several pre-Qin texts.
Meyer (2010) proposes that "eaves and roof beams" was a synecdoche for a domicile's entire space; this figure of speech would later be appropriated by early authors and later Huainanziʼs contributors as "a metaphor for the cosmos, taking “eaves” [宇] and “roof beams” [宙] to represent the dimensions of space and time[, respectively] that compose the entire phenomenal universe."

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yǔzhòu
    (Zhuyin): ㄩˇ ㄓㄡˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jyu$^5$ zau$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yî-chhiu
* Eastern Min (BUC): ṳ̄-dêu
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): ú-tiǔ / ú-tiū / í-tiū
    (Teochew, Peng'im): u$^2$ diu$^6$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$yu-zeu
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yǔzhòu
*** Zhuyin: ㄩˇ ㄓㄡˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yǔjhòu
*** Wade–Giles: yü$^3$-chou$^4$
*** Yale: yǔ-jòu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yeujow
*** Palladius: юйчжоу (jujčžou)
*** Sinological IPA : /y²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jyu$^5$ zau$^6$
*** Yale: yúh jauh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jy$^5$ dzau$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yu$^5$ zeo$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /jyː¹³ t͡sɐu̯²²/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yî-chhiu
*** Hakka Romanization System: i$^ˊ$ qiu
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yi$^1$ qiu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /i²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰi̯u⁵⁵/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yî-chhiu
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)i$^ˊ$ qiu
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yi$^1$ qiu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰi̯u⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ṳ̄-dêu
*** Sinological IPA : /y³³⁻⁵⁵ $^{(t-)}$liɛu²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ú-tiǔ
*** Tâi-lô: ú-tiǔ
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /u⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiu²²/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ú-tiū
*** Tâi-lô: ú-tiū
*** Phofsit Daibuun: w'diu
*** IPA (Taipei): /u⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiu³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /u⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiu²²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /u⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiu³³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: í-tiū
*** Tâi-lô: í-tiū
*** Phofsit Daibuun: y'diu
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiu²²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: u$^2$ diu$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ú tiŭ
*** Sinological IPA : /u⁵²⁻³⁵ tiu³⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$yu-zeu
*** MiniDict: yu$^去$ zeu
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$hhy-zeu
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦy²² zɤ⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: hjuX drjuwH
Rime :
| Character | 宇 | 宙 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 云 (35) | 澄 (11) |
| Final (韻) | 虞 (24) | 尤 (136) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 王矩切 | 直祐切 |
| Baxter | hjuX | drjuwH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦɨo$^X$/ | /ɖɨu$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦio$^X$/ | /ɖiu$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣio$^X$/ | /ȡiəu$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦuə̆$^X$/ | /ɖuw$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣio$^X$/ | /ȡiu$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣĭu$^X$/ | /ȡĭəu$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /i̯u$^X$/ | /ȡʱi̯ə̯u$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yǔ | zhòu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jyu$^5$ | zau$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɢʷaʔ l'ɯwɢs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 宇 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yǔ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hju$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɢ]ʷ(r)aʔ/ |
| English | eaves |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 宇 | 宙 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 15719 | 15519 |
| Phonetic component | 于 | 由 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 奧 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 羽 | 胄 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɢʷaʔ/ | /*l'ɯwɢs/ |

### Noun

宇宙
* universe; cosmos; macrocosm; space
    探索宇宙的奧秘／探索宇宙的奥秘 ― tànsuǒ yǔzhòu de àomì ― to explore the mysteries of the universe
    From: Lü Buwei, Master Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals, 239 BCE
    Jīng tōng hū tiāndì, shén fù hū yǔzhòu; [Pinyin]
    His vital essence circulates through Heaven and Earth, and his spirit covers the cosmos.
    From: Lü Buwei, Master Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals, 239 BCE
    Gù shèngrén zhī shì, guǎng zhī zé jí yǔzhòu, qióng rìyuè, yuē zhī zé wú chū hū shēn zhě yě. [Pinyin]
    Hence, what the sage does, considered in terms of its breadth, reaches to the ends of the universe, to the very limit of where the sun and moon shine; but when considered in terms of its essentials, it does not go out beyond his own person.
* roof, ridgepole and beams (of a house)
    From: Huainanzi, 2nd century BCE
    Ér yànquè jiǎo zhī, yǐwèi bùnéng yǔ zhī zhēng yú yǔzhòu zhījiān. [Pinyin]
    And the swallows and sparrows are complacent, thinking that (the phoenix) cannot compete with them near the roof, ridgepole and beams of a house.
* heaven and earth; all under heaven; country
    From: Xunzi, c. 3rd century BCE
    Jīngwěi tiāndì ér cái guān wànwù, zhì gē dàlǐ ér yǔzhòu lǐ yǐ. [Pinyin]
    He sets straight Heaven and Earth, and arranges and makes useful the myriad things. He institutes great order, and the whole world is encompassed therein.
* (infinite) space and time
    From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
    Shùn yǐ tiānxià ràng Shànjuǎn, Shànjuǎn yuē: “Yú lì yú yǔzhòu zhī zhōng, dōng rì yī pímáo, xià rì yī gěchī; chūn gēngzhòng, xíng zú yǐ láodòng; qiū shōuliǎn, shēn zú yǐ xiūxī; rì chū ér zuò, rì rù ér xī, xiāoyáo yú tiāndì zhījiān ér xīnyì zìdé. Wú héyǐ tiānxià wéi zāi? Bēi fū! Zǐ zhī bù zhī yú yě!” Suì bù shòu. Yúshì qù ér rù shēnshān, mò zhī qí chù. [Pinyin]
    Shun proposed to resign the throne to Shan Juan, who said, 'I am a unit in the midst of space and time. In winter I wear skins and furs; in summer, grass-cloth and linen; in spring I plough and sow, my strength being equal to the toil; in autumn I gather in my harvest, and am prepared to cease from labour and eat. At sunrise I get up and work; at sunset I rest. So do I enjoy myself between heaven and earth, and my mind is content: why should I have anything to do with the throne? Alas! that you, Sir, do not know me better!' Thereupon he declined the proffer, and went away, deep among the hills, no man knew where.

#### Derived terms

* 元宇宙 (yuányǔzhòu)
* 多元宇宙 (duōyuán yǔzhòu)
* 大宇宙 (dàyǔzhòu)
* 宇宙人 (yǔzhòurén)
* 宇宙塵 / 宇宙尘 (yǔzhòuchén)
* 宇宙大爆炸
* 宇宙學 / 宇宙学 (yǔzhòuxué)
* 宇宙射線 / 宇宙射线 (yǔzhòu shèxiàn)
* 宇宙年
* 宇宙火箭
* 宇宙空間 / 宇宙空间 (yǔzhòu kōngjiān)
* 宇宙站
* 宇宙線 / 宇宙线 (yǔzhòuxiàn)
* 宇宙航行
* 宇宙觀 / 宇宙观 (yǔzhòuguān)
* 宇宙論 / 宇宙论 (yǔzhòulùn)
* 宇宙通信
* 宇宙速度 (yǔzhòu sùdù)
* 宇宙鋒 / 宇宙锋
* 宇宙飛船 / 宇宙飞船 (yǔzhòu fēichuán)
* 封閉宇宙學說 / 封闭宇宙学说
* 小宇宙 (xiǎoyǔzhòu)
* 島宇宙 / 岛宇宙
* 平行宇宙 (píngxíng yǔzhòu)
* 膨脹宇宙 / 膨胀宇宙
* 開放宇宙學說 / 开放宇宙学说

#### Related terms

* 人間／人间 (rénjiān)
* 世界 (shìjiè)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 宇(う)宙(ちゅう) (uchū)
* → Korean: 우주(宇宙) (uju)
* → Vietnamese: vũ trụ (宇宙)

### References

* ↑ Meyer, Andrew Seth "Appendix A: Key Chinese Terms and Their Translations - Entry 'yuzhou 宇宙'" in Liu An (2010) The Huainanzi: A Guide to the Theory and Practice of Government in Early Han China. translated and edited by Mayor, Queen, Meyer, & Roth. Series: Translations from the Asian Classics. New York: Columbia University Press

### Further reading

* 王先謙 Wang Xianqian (compiler), 《莊子集解》 Zhuangzi - Collected Explanations. Quote: 「尸子云:『 天地四方曰宇，古往今來曰宙。』」. Rough translation: "Shizi said: '(What's within) Heaven's and Earth's four directions is called yǔ ("宇"; "space"); (what lasts) from past to present is called zhòu ("宙", "time").'"

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 宇 | 宙 |
| う Grade: 6 | ちゅう Grade: 6 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) うちゅう [úꜜchùù] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ɯ̟t͡ɕɨː]

### Noun

宇(う)宙(ちゅう) • (uchū)
* the universe
* outer space

#### Synonyms

* 天(てん)地(ち) (tenchi, “heaven and earth”)
* 自(し)然(ぜん) (shizen, “nature”)
* 世(せ)界(かい) (sekai, “the world”)
* 万(ばん)象(しょう) (banshō, “all things, all of the universe, every manifestation of nature”)
* 万(ばん)物(ぶつ) (banbutsu, “all things, all of the universe, every manifestation of nature”)
* (outer space): スペース (supēsu)

#### Derived terms

* 小(しょう)宇(う)宙(ちゅう) (shōuchū, “microcosm”)
* 大(だい)宇(う)宙(ちゅう) (daiuchū, “macrocosm”)
* 深(しん)宇(う)宙(ちゅう) (shin'uchū, “deep space”)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)ごみ (uchū-gomi, “space debris”)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)ステーション (uchū sutēshon, “space station”)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)基(き)地(ち) (uchū kichi, “space station”)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)ロケット (uchū roketto, “space rocket”)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)医(い)学(がく) (uchū igaku, “space medicine”)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)科(か)学(がく) (uchū kagaku)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)開(かい)発(はつ) (uchū kaihatsu, “space exploration”)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)開(かい)闢(びゃく) (uchū kaibyaku)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)学(がく) (uchūgaku, “cosmology”)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)観(かん) (uchūkan)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)空(くう)間(かん) (uchū kūkan, “void of space”)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)原(げん)理(り) (uchū genri, “cosmological principle”)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)公(こう)害(がい) (uchū kōgai, “space debris”)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)工(こう)学(がく) (uchū kōgaku, “astronautics”)
* 航(こう)空(くう)宇(う)宙(ちゅう)産(さん)業(ぎょう) (kōkū uchū sangyō, “aerospace industry”)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)産(さん)業(ぎょう) (uchū sangyō, “space industry”)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)食(しょく) (uchūshoku, “space food”)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)進(しん)化(か)論(ろん) (uchū shinkaron, “cosmogony”)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)人(じん) (uchūjin, “space alien”)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)塵(じん) (uchūjin, “cosmic dust”)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)線(せん) (uchūsen, “cosmic ray”)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)船(せん) (uchūsen, “spaceship”)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)速(そく)度(ど) (uchū sokudo, “escape velocity”)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)大(だい)爆(ばく)発(はつ) (uchū daibakuhatsu, “Big Bang”)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)探(たん)査(さ) (uchū tansa, “space exploration”)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)中(ちゅう)継(けい) (uchū chūkei, “satellite relay”)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)通(つう)信(しん) (uchū tsūshin, “space communication”)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)定(てい)数(すう) (uchū teisū, “cosmological constant”)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)電(でん)波(ぱ) (uchū denpa, “cosmic radio waves”)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)背(はい)景(けい)放(ほう)射(しゃ) (uchū haikei hōsha, “cosmic background radiation”)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)博(はく) (uchūhaku)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)発(はっ)生(せい)論(ろん) (uchū hasseiron, “cosmogony”)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)飛(ひ)行(こう) (uchū hikō, “space flight”)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)病(びょう) (uchūbyō, “space nausea”)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)服(ふく) (uchūfuku, “space suit”)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)物(ぶつ)理(り) (uchū butsuri, “space physics”)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)兵(へい)器(き) (uchū heiki, “space weaponry”)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)法(ほう) (uchūhō, “space law”)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)帽(ぼう) (uchūbō, “space helmet”)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)遊(ゆう)泳(えい) (uchū yūei, “space walk”)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)酔(よ)い (uchū-yoi, “space sickness”)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)旅(りょ)行(こう) (uchū ryokō, “space travel”)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)論(ろん) (uchūron, “cosmology”)
* 航(こう)空(くう)宇(う)宙(ちゅう)技(ぎ)術(じゅつ)研(けん)究(きゅう)所(じょ) (Kōkū Uchū Gijutsu Kenkyūjo, “National Aerospace Laboratory”)
* アメリカ航(こう)空(くう)宇(う)宙(ちゅう)局(きょく) (Amerika Kōkū Uchūkyoku, “NASA”)
* 米(べい)航(こう)空(くう)宇(う)宙(ちゅう)局(きょく) (Bei Kōkū Uchūkyoku, “NASA”)
* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう)航(こう)空(くう)研(けん)究(きゅう)開(かい)発(はつ)機(き)構(こう) (Uchū Kōkū Kenkyū Kaihatsu Kikō, “Japanese Exploration Agency”)
* 航(こう)空(くう)宇(う)宙(ちゅう)工(こう)学(がく) (kōkū uchū kōgaku, “aerospace engineering”)

### Proper noun

Kanji in this term :
| 宇 | 宙 |
| ひろ Grade: 6 | し Grade: 6 |
宇(ひろ)宙(し) • (Hiroshi)
* a male given name

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 宇 | 宙 |

### Noun

宇宙 • (uju) (hangeul 우주)
* hanja form of 우주 (“outer space; universe; cosmos”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 宇 | 宙 |

### Noun

宇宙
* chữ Hán form of vũ trụ (“outer space; universe; cosmos”).