# pagan
## English
### Etymology

From Middle English pagan (adjective and noun), from Latin pāgānus (“rural, rustic", later "civilian”), replaced Middle English payen from the same root. The meaning "not Christian" arose in Vulgar Latin, probably from the 4th century. It is unclear whether this usage is derived primarily from the "rustic" or from the "civilian" meaning, which in Roman army jargon meant 'clumsy'. As a self-designation of neopagans, attested since 1990.
Partly displaced native heathen, from Old English hǣþen.

### Pronunciation

* enPR: pā'gən, IPA: /ˈpeɪɡən/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -eɪɡən

### Adjective

pagan (not comparable)
* Relating to, characteristic of religions that differ from main world religions.
    Under Christianization, many converted societies transformed their pagan deities into saints.
* (by extension, derogatory) Savage, immoral, uncivilized, wild.

#### Usage notes

* When referring to modern paganism, the term is now often capitalized, like other terms referring to religions.

#### Synonyms

* (adhering to a non-main world religion): heathen
* (uncivilized): barbarian, barbaric (pejorative)

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “religion”):

#### Hyponyms

* pantheistic
* neo-pagan

#### Derived terms

* anti-pagan
* curse like a pagan
* neopagan
* paganism
* paganly
* swear like a pagan

#### Translations

    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

### Noun

pagan (plural pagans)
* A person not adhering to a main world religion; a follower of a pantheistic or nature-worshipping religion.
    This community has a surprising number of pagans.
* (by extension, derogatory) An uncivilized or unsocialized person.
* (by extension, derogatory) An unruly, badly educated child.
* An outlaw biker who is a member of the Pagans MC.

#### Synonyms

* (heathen): paynim
* (uncivilised): philistine, savage
* (child): brat

#### Derived terms

* neo-pagan

#### Related terms

* peasant
* paynim

#### Translations

    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

### See also

* heretic
* infidel

### References

* ↑ Augustine, Divers. Quaest. 83.

### Anagrams

* panga

## Asturian
### Verb

pagan
* third-person plural present subjunctive of pagar

## Cebuano
### Pronunciation

* Hyphenation: pa‧gan

### Verb

pagan
* to embroil; to draw into a situation; to cause to be involved
* to implicate; to connect or involve in an unfavorable or criminal way with something
* to fall victim to a friendly fire
* (military) to fall victim as collateral damage
* to be hit by a stray bullet
* to get caught in a crossfire
** 2018 — Logroño, Guam P. & Arnold Y. Bustamante, Pulis, Laing 3 Tipi sa Ambush (12 October), SuperBalita
    Usa ka mamasurahay napagan usab sa pinusilay ug namatay.(please add an English translation of this quotation)
* (games, of marbles) to hit the adjacent marble with the target marble

## Estonian
### Etymology

Ultimately from Latin paganus, through either Old East Slavic поганъ (poganŭ) or directly from Latin, through the German crusaders. Cognate to Finnish pakana.

### Noun

pagan (genitive pagana, partitive paganat)
* pagan, heathen
* a devil, an evil spirit

#### Derived terms

* vanapagan

### Interjection

pagan
* damn, darn, heck

## Galician
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpaɣɐŋ/

### Verb

pagan
* third-person plural present indicative of pagar

## Livvi
### Etymology

From Old Church Slavonic поганъ (poganŭ). Related to Finnish pakana (“pagan”) and Ingrian pakana.

### Noun

pagan (genitive paganan, partitive [please provide])
* pagan, heathen
* sage, seer

### Adjective

pagan (genitive paganan, partitive [please provide])
* dirty, unclean

### References

* Pertti Virtaranta, Raija Koponen (2009) “pakana”, in Marja Torikka, editor, Karjalan kielen sanakirja‎, Helsinki: Kotus, →ISSN

## Old High German
### Verb

pāgan
* (Bavaria) Alternative form of bāgan

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpaɡan/ [ˈpa.ɣ̞ãn]
* Rhymes: -aɡan
* Syllabification: pa‧gan
* Audio:(file)

### Verb

pagan
* third-person plural present indicative of pagar

## Volapük
### Etymology

From pag (“paganism”) +‎ -an.

### Noun

pagan (nominative plural pagans)
* (Volapük Nulik) pagan, gentile

#### Declension

$^1$ status as a case is disputed $^2$ in later, non-classical Volapük only

## Welsh
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin pagan.

### Pronunciation

* (North Wales) IPA: /ˈpaɡan/
* (South Wales) IPA: /ˈpaːɡan/
* Rhymes: -aːɡan

### Noun

pagan m
* pagan

#### Derived terms

* paganiaeth (“paganism”)

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “pagan”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies