# ὁ

| ὁ | U+1F41, &#8001; GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA |
| Composition: | ο [U+03BF] + ◌̔ [U+0314] |
| ← ὀ [U+1F40] | Greek Extended | ὂ → [U+1F42] |

## Ancient Greek
### Etymology

From Proto-Hellenic *ho *hā *tó, from Proto-Indo-European *só *séh₂ *tód. There are many cognates, including Sanskrit स (sá), सा (sā́) तद् (tád), Old Church Slavonic тъ (tŭ), та (ta), то (to), and Old English sē, sēo, þæt (English the, that).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ho/ → /o/ → /o/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /ho/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /(h)o/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /o/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /o/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /o/

### Article

ὁ • (ho) m, ἡ f (hē), τό n (tó)
* (rarely in Epic, often in later Greek) the

#### Usage notes

* The article optionally undergoes crasis with nouns and adjectives that start with a vowel:
** τὸ ὄνομα → τοὔνομα "the name"
** τὰ ἐμά → τᾱ̓μά "my (affairs)"
** τὸ ἐναντίον → τοὐναντίον "on the contrary"
** τὸ αὐτό → ταὐτό "the same"

### Pronoun

ὁ • (ho) m, ἡ f (hē), τό n (tó)
* (Epic, demonstrative) that
* (Epic, third person personal pronoun) he, she, it, they
* (relative, Epic, Ionic, poetic Attic) who, which, that

#### Descendants

* Greek: ο (o)
* Tsakonian: ο (o)
* Italiot Greek: o

#### See also

| type | interrogative | indefinite | demonstrative | demonstrative | demonstrative | relative | indefinite relative | identity | other |
| type | interrogative | indefinite | (medial) | proximal | distal | relative | indefinite relative | identity | other |
| basic | τίς | τις, ἔνιοι | †ὁ, οὗτος | ὅδε | ἐκεῖνος | ὅς | ὅστις | ὁ αὐτός (αὑτός), ὁμός | ἕτερος, ἄλλος |
| dual | πότερος | πότερος, ποτερός | | | | ὁπότερος | ὁπότερος | | |
| quality | ποῖος | ποιός | †τοῖος, τοιοῦτος | τοιόσδε | | οἷος | ὁποῖος | ὅμοιος | ἑτεροῖος, ἀλλοῖος |
| quantity | πόσος | ποσός | †τόσος, τοσοῦτος | τοσόσδε | | ὅσος | ὁπόσος | | |
| manner | πῶς | πως | †τώς, †ὥς, οὕτως | ὧδε | | ὡς | ὅπως | ὁμῶς | ἑτέρως, ἄλλως |
| method, path, place | πῇ | πῃ | τῇ, ταύτῃ | τῇδε | ἐκείνῃ | ᾗ | ὅπῃ | | ἄλλῃ |
| place | ποῦ, †πόθι | που, †ποθι | ἐνταῦθα | ἐνθάδε | ἐκεῖ, ἔνθα, †ἐκεῖθι | οὗ, ἔνθα, †ὅθι | ὅπου, †ὁπόθι | αὐτόθι, ὁμοῦ | ἄλλοθι |
| source | πόθεν | ποθεν, ἁμόθεν | †τόθεν, ἔνθεν, ἐντεῦθεν | ἐνθένδε | ἐκεῖθεν | ὅθεν | ὁπόθεν | †ὁμόθεν | ἄλλοθεν |
| destination | ποῖ, †πόσε | ποι | ἔνθα, ἐνταῦθα | ἐνθάδε, δεῦρο | ἐκεῖσε | οἷ | ὅποι, †ὁπόσε | αὐτόσε, ὁμόσε | ἄλλοσε |
| time | πότε, πῆμος | ποτέ, ποτε, τοτέ, ἐνίοτε | τότε, τῆμος | τημόσδε | | ὅτε, ἦμος | ὁπότε, †ὁππῆμος | ἅμα | ἄλλοτε |
| exact time | πηνίκα | | †τηνίκα, τηνικαῦτα | τηνικάδε | | ἡνίκα | ὁπηνίκα | αὐτίκα | |
| duration of time | | | τέως | | | ἕως | | | |
| size, age | πηλίκος | πηλίκος | †τηλίκος, τηλικοῦτος | τηλικόσδε | | ἡλίκος | ὁπηλίκος | ὁμῆλιξ | |
| repetition | ποσάκις, ποσίνδα | ποσάκις | τουτάκις, τοσάκις | | | †ὁσάκις ὁποσάκις | ὁποσάκις | | |
| multiplication | ποσαπλάσιος | | | | | ὁσαπλάσιος, ὁσαπλασίων | | | |
| order | πόστος | ποστός | | | | | ὁπόστος | | |
| † Forms rarely or never used in Classical Attic prose Relative also used in exclamations; either relative or indefinite relative used in indirect questions. ||||||||||

### References

* “ὁ”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “ὁ”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
* ὁ in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
* G3588 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
* Smyth, Herbert Weir (1920) “Part II: Inflection”, in A Greek grammar for colleges, Cambridge: American Book Company, § 332
* William W. Goodwin, A Greek Grammar. Revised and enlarged, Boston, 1900, p.81f.
* Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press