# perform
## English
### Alternative forms

* performe (obsolete)

### Etymology

From Middle English parformen, performen (“to perform”), from Anglo-Norman performer, parfourmer, alteration of Old French parfornir, parfurnir (“to complete, accomplish, perform”), from par- + fornir, furnir (“to accomplish, furnish”), from Frankish *frummjan (“to accomplish, furnish”), from Proto-Germanic *frumjaną, *framjaną (“to further, promote”), from Proto-Indo-European *promo- (“in front, forth”), *per- (“forward, out”). Cognate with Old High German frummen (“to do, execute, accomplish, provide”), Old Saxon frummian (“to perform, promote”), Old English fremman (“to perform, execute, carry out, accomplish”). See also frame, from. Modernly, rather than Proto-Germanic *frumjaną, associated with Latin formō, analyzable as per- + form.

### Pronunciation

* enPR: pər-fôrmʹ
** (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /pəˈfɔːm/, [pʰəˈfɔːm],
** (General American) IPA: /pɚˈfɔɹm/
** Audio (General American):(file)
* enPR: prĭ-fôrmʹ (nonstandard but widespread)
** (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /pɹɪˈfɔːm/
** (General American) IPA: /pɹɪˈfɔɹm/
* Rhymes: -ɔː(ɹ)m
* Hyphenation: per‧form

### Verb

perform (third-person singular simple present performs, present participle performing, simple past and past participle performed)
* (transitive) To do (something); to execute.
    The scientists performed several experiments.
    It took him only twenty minutes to perform the task.
** 2013 July-August, Lee S. Langston, “The Adaptable Gas Turbine”, in American Scientist:Turbines have been around for a long time—windmills and water wheels are early examples. The name comes from the Latin turbo, meaning vortex, and thus the defining property of a turbine is that a fluid or gas turns the blades of a rotor, which is attached to a shaft that can perform useful work.
* (intransitive) To exhibit an expected pattern of behavior; to function; to work.
    The new employee performs well.
** 2003, “P.I.M.P.”, in Get Rich or Die Tryin', performed by 50 Cent:I could care less how she perform when she in the bed
** (sexology, uncommon) Of a man, to be able to initiate or fulfill an act of sexual intercourse.
* (law) To act in a way set forth in a contract.
** (transitive) To act in accordance with (a contract); to fulfill one’s terms of (a contract).
    Failure to perform a contract on time may constitute a breach of contract.
** (intransitive) To fulfill contractually agreed-to terms.
    They entered into an agreement and now they are obliged to perform.
* (transitive, intransitive) To do (something) in front of an audience, such as acting or music, often in order to entertain.
    She will perform in the play.
    The magician performed badly—none of his tricks worked.
    The string quartet performed three pieces by Haydn.
** c. 1608–1609 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedy of Coriolanus”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii]:Perform a part thou hast not done before.
* (by extension, transitive) To behave theatrically so as to give the impression of (a quality, character trait, etc.); to feign.
    The accused only performed remorse.
** 2021, David Edgerton, “The one good thing to come out of Brexit: a bonfire of national illusions”, in The Guardian‎:As things now stand, Brexit is a pointless gesture, a politics of headlines in which sovereignty is performed by bleating world-beating absurdities.
* (social sciences) Of a social actor, to behave in certain ways.
** (transitive) To behave in accordance with, and thereby in turn shape, (a social notion or role).
    perform masculinity
    perform authority
*** 2022 September 9, Sophie Gilbert, “No One Performed Britishness Better Than Her Majesty”, in The Atlantic‎:Even before her seven decades as monarch began, she performed Britishness more intuitively than anyone ever had, or likely ever will again.
** (intransitive) To behave in ways that carry meaning in social contexts.
    Individuals in societies perform all the time.

#### Conjugation

$^†$ Archaic or obsolete.

#### Derived terms

* non-performing loan
* performability
* performance
* performant
* performative
* performativity
* performator
* performer

#### Translations
### References

* ↑ Venezky, Richard L. (1999) “The Sound System”, in The American Way of Soelling, Guilford Publications, →ISBN, page 71: “Today metathesis principally occurs in substandard pronunciations, such as preform for perform and percipitation for precipitation.”

### Further reading

* “perform”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
* William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “perform”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.
* “perform”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.

### Anagrams

* preform

## Swahili
### Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from English perform.

### Verb

-perform (infinitive kuperform)
* (Sheng) to perform

#### Conjugation

Conjugation of -perform :
| Positive present | -naperform |
| Subjunctive | -perform |
| Negative | -perform |
| Imperative singular | perform |
Infinitives :
| Positive | kuperform |
| Negative | kutoperform |
Imperatives :
| Singular | perform |
| Plural | performni |
Tensed forms :
| Habitual | huperform |
| Positive past | positive subject concord + -liperform |
| Negative past | negative subject concord + -kuperform |
| Positive future | positive subject concord + -taperform |
| Negative future | negative subject concord + -taperform |
| Negative subjunctive | positive subject concord + -siperform |
| Positive present conditional | positive subject concord + -ngeperform |
| Negative present conditional | positive subject concord + -singeperform |
| Positive past conditional | positive subject concord + -ngaliperform |
| Negative past conditional | positive subject concord + -singaliperform |
| Perfect | positive subject concord + -meperform |
| "Already" | positive subject concord + -meshaperform |
| "Not yet" | negative subject concord + -japerform |
| "If/When" | positive subject concord + -kiperform |
| "If not" | positive subject concord + -sipoperform |
| Consecutive | kaperform / positive subject concord + -kaperform |
| Consecutive subjunctive | positive subject concord + -kaperform |
Relative forms :
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information. :