# plus
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin plūs (“more”).

### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation, General American, Canada) IPA: /plʌs/
** Audio (Southern California):(file)
* (General Australian, New Zealand) IPA: /plɐs/, /plas/
* Rhymes: -ʌs

### Preposition

plus
* And; sum of the previous one and the following one.
    Two plus two equals four.
    A water molecule is made up of two hydrogen atoms plus one of oxygen.
* (colloquial) With; having in addition.
    I've won a holiday to France plus five hundred euros in spending money!

#### Synonyms

* and

#### Antonyms

* minus

#### Translations
### Conjunction

plus
* And also; in addition; besides (which).
    Let's go home now. It's late, plus I'm not feeling too well.

### Noun

plus (plural pluses or plusses)
* A positive quantity.
** 2023 April 19, Pip Dunn, “Jack of all trades... and master of most”, in RAIL, number 981, page 57:But the pluses far outweigh the criticisms.
* An asset or useful addition.
    He is a real plus to the team.
** 2000 July 6, N. R. Kleinfield, quoting Dog, “Guarding the Borders Of the Hip-Hop Nation”, in The New York Times‎, →ISSN:Look at Trife. He's got two felonies. That means he's finished in society. But he can rap. His two felonies, in rap, man, that's a plus.
* (arithmetic) A plus sign: +.
* Abbreviation of LGBT+
    (Can we add an example for this sense?)

#### Synonyms

* (useful addition): asset
* (arithmetic: plus sign): plus sign

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “useful addition”): liability, minus
* (antonym(s) of “arithmetic: plus sign”): minus, minus sign

#### Translations
### Adjective

plus (not comparable)
* Being positive rather than negative or zero.
    −2 * −2 = +4 ("minus 2 times minus 2 equals plus four")
* Positive, or involving advantage.
    He is a plus factor.
* (physics) Electrically positive.
    A battery has both a plus pole and a minus pole.
* (postpositive, somewhat informal) (Of a quantity) Equal to or greater than; or more; upwards.
    The bus can fit 60 plus kids, but we only get 48.
* (postpostitive, informal) And more.
** 1985 August 10, “Personal advertisement”, in Gay Community News, volume 13, number 5, page 13:Have you been to Brazil, Bhutan, or Botswana? Well, I haven't and I'm reday to go ― almost anywhere interesting actually. Warm, wise world traveler seeks equally exciting, self-sufficient soul for adventures plus.

#### Synonyms

* (being positive rather than negative or zero): positive
* (positive, involving advantage): advantageous, good, positive

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “being positive rather than negative or zero”): minus, negative
* (antonym(s) of “positive, involving advantage”): bad, disadvantageous, minus, negative

#### Translations

    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

### Verb

plus (third-person singular simple present pluses or plusses, present participle plusing or plussing, simple past and past participle plused or plussed)
* (informal) To add; to subject to addition.
** 1973, Australian Council for Educational Research, ACER research series - Issues 93-95, page 39:For him y is a unique number, like 7, but for the time being unknown — if one does the operation of 'plussing 4' one still has, as a result, a unique number even though one does not yet know what it is.
** 1974, Control of Human Behavior: Behavior modification in education:The teacher observing the behavior of a child who is plussing or not-plussing is observing instances or not-instances of the concept of plussing.
* (often followed by 'up') To increase in magnitude.
** 2006, Danny Fingeroth, Mike Manley, How to Create Comics: From Script to Print, →ISBN, page 48:I am doing a lot of writing here, plussing the script, adding sequences.
** 2009, United States Congress House Committee on Homeland Security, The Direction and Viability of the Federal Protective Service:We are losing at the street level a number of officers, but we are plussing up deputy positions.
** 2012, United States Congress House Committee on Armed Services Subcommittee on Military Personnel, Military Retirement Reform, page 24:And I believe that, if we can't recognize that in retirement, we ought to recognize it in plussing up hazardous duty pay, plussing up sea duty pay and all those other things that recognize people that don't punch out on Saturday, on Friday afternoon and go home, and just, you know, go day after day after day.
* To improve.
** 1998, Nate Booth, Strategies for Fast-Changing Times, →ISBN, page 91:Coach Wooden didn't have to depend upon having the most talented players on his team because he could depend upon plussing to constantly make everyone better.
** 2007, Howard Hendricks, Color Outside the Lines, →ISBN, page 123:Keep fooling around with it, improving it, and making it better. You know you have a unique factor when someone steals it. So keep the unique factor unique by constantly plussing it.
** 2004, Pat Williams, Jim Denney, How to Be Like Walt: Capturing the Disney Magic Every Day of Your Life, →ISBN, page 154:He was a pioneer in plussing the artform of animated cartoons. He began by plussing Micky Mouse with sound, the plussing the Silly Symphonies with color. Walt plussed the skills of his artists by sending them to art school at his own expense.
* To provide critical feedback by giving suggestions for improvement rather than criticisms.
** 2013, David Burkus, The Myths of Creativity, →ISBN:The animators and directors on the receiving end of the plussing don't necessarily have to accept and incorporate the feedback, but plussing provides a method to share criticisms in a way that makes it more likely that they will.
** 2014, Steven Krupp, Paul J.H. Schoemaker, Winning the Long Game: How Strategic Leaders Shape the Future, →ISBN:Strategic leaders can adapt the US Army's after-action review and Pixar's plussing technique (where you build on ideas rather than critique and subtract) to show their teams how to learn from mistakes.
** 2014, BusinessNews Publishing, Summary : Little Bets - Peter Sims, →ISBN:When people view the early drafts of ideas for their movies under development, they always use plussing to try and come up with suggestions for enhancements. Feedback is always given in an upbeat rather than a derogatory manner.
* (sales) To sell additional related items with an original purchase.
** 1920, The Current Business Cyclopedia: Business Digest:Good will is also secured by plussing the original purchase with another article that goes appropriately with it.
** 1986, Max Fallek, How to Set Up and Operate Your Own Law Practice:Plussing the original sale creates a win-win situation. The customer benefits because it often saves him the time necessary to run back to the store for overlooked items.
* (psychology) To frame in a positive light; to provide a sympathetic interpretation.
** 1979, Douglas A. Puryear, Helping People in Crisis, page 87:Plussing is a technique for enhancing a positive atmosphere in the session, for diminishing hostility, and for raising self-esteem.
** 1997, Bernard L. Bloom, Planned short-term psychotherapy: a clinical handbook, page 187:In addition to active listening as a general therapeutic strategy, Puryear identifies two specific techniques, plussing and paradox, that are used throughout the crisis intervention.
** 2015, Kenneth France, Crisis Intervention, →ISBN, page 177:When plussing, the intervenor introduces novel viewpoints that can increase the self-esteem of both the attacker and the target.
* (social media, dated) To give a mark of approval on Google+.
    Coordinate term: like
** 2012, Lee Odden, Optimize, →ISBN, page 111:How do you get others to add you or your brand to their circles? By creating and sharing useful content, commenting, plussing others' content and comments, and engaging with others on Google+.
** 2014, Ed Catmull, Creativity, Inc., →ISBN, page 279:Everyone was plussing them or liking them or pinning them. The videos went viral.
* (homeopathy) To increase the potency of a remedy by diluting it in water and stirring.
** 2005, B. Sahni, Transmission of Homoeo Drug Energy from Distance, →ISBN, page 188:On hearing this, plussing was done (all medicated water of the phial was thrown away and fresh distilled was added and 10 strokes were given) on the 13th February 1974.
** 2007, Kate Birch, Vaccine Free Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Contagious Disease with Homeopathy, →ISBN:From the remaining water a second dilution can be prepared plussing it to the next slightly higher potency.
** 2011, Kim Lane, Homeopathy for Home: Acute Illness & Injury Care, →ISBN, page 29:Plussing is used quite frequently in a patient who's quite sensitive or has an acute problem happening or needs to change his dose or need to take it over several days.
* (optometry) To increase a correction.
** 1976, David M. Worthen, Perry S. Binder, The intraocular lens in perspective, →ISBN, page 2:No aspheric cataract spectacle lens designer has ever given the slightest thought to this 4 to 6 diopters of over-plussing for peripheral vision which is responsible for tremendous peripheral distortion, worse peripheral swim, worse false orientation, worse magnification, severe concave curvature of field ("The floor comes up at you"), increased ring scotoma size and increase jack-in-the-box phenomenon (the "horse-blinder effect") with unsafe walking and driving.

### Derived terms

* 11-plus examination
* A plus
* check plus
* comedy equals tragedy plus time
* confirm plus chop
* cost plus
* double-plus-good
* double-plus-ungood
* eleven plus
* eleven-plus
* Kleene plus
* minus-plus sign
* mostly plus
* ne plus ultra
* new game plus
* non-plus
* Norway-plus
* on-base plus slugging
* on the plus side
* Parkinson-plus syndrome
* pi-plus
* pi plus
* plus factor
* plus fours
* plus mark
* plus-minus method
* plus-minus sign
* plus-one
* plus one
* plus or minus
* plus sign
* plus size
* plus-size
* plus-sized
* rien ne va plus
* sex-plus
* two plus two equals five

### See also

* add
* addition
* times

### Anagrams

* ULSP, LPUs, LPUS, ULPs, puls, ulps

## Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈplus]

### Conjunction

plus
* plus
    Antonym: minus
    Dva plus dva je čtyři. ― Two plus two equals four.

### Noun

plus m inan or n
* plus

#### Declension

when masculine:
Indeclinable when neuter.

### Related terms

* pluralismus
* pluralista
* pluralistický
* pluralita
* plurál

### Further reading

* “plus”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “plus”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989

## Dutch
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin plūs (“more”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /plʏs/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: plus
* Rhymes: -ʏs

### Conjunction

plus
* (arithmetic) plus
    Synonym: en
    Antonyms: min, minus
    Twee plus twee is vier. ― Two plus two is four.

### Noun

plus m (plural plussen, diminutive plusje n)
* plus sign; +
    Synonym: plusteken

## Esperanto
### Etymology

Ultimately from Latin plūs (“more”). Doublet of pli and plu.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [plus]
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: plus

### Preposition

plus
* plus
    Antonym: minus
    Du plus du egalas kvar. ― Two plus two equals four.

## Finnish
### Etymology

From Latin plūs.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈplus/, [ˈplus̠]
* Rhymes: -us
* Hyphenation: plus

### Conjunction

plus
* plus
    Synonym: (conjunction) ynnä
    Antonym: miinus

### Adjective

plus (not inflected)
* plus
    Antonym: miinus

#### Derived terms

* plusaste
* plusenergiatalo
* pluslasi
* pluslasit
* pluslasku
* plusmerkki
* plusmerkkinen
* plus-miinusmerkki
* plusnapa
* pluspiste
* pluspuoli
* pluspuu
* plussa

### Further reading

* “plus”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

## French
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old French plus, from Latin plūs, from Old Latin *plous, from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁-, *pelh₁u- (“many”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ply/ in its positive sense if followed by an adjective or an adverb not beginning with a vowel, and always in its negative sense (e.g. il est plus grand que moi, or je n'en peux plus)
* IPA: /plyz‿/ in the case of a liaison, i.e. if followed by an adjective or an adverb beginning with a vowel (e.g. tu dois être plus ambitieux)
* IPA: /plys/ in its positive sense, when not followed by an adjective or an adverb (e.g. j'en ai plus que toi or avancez un peu plus, s'il vous plait)
* (Quebec, informal) IPA: /py/ in its negative sense.
* Audio; “en plus”:(file)

#### Adverb

plus
* more, -er (used to form comparatives of adjectives)
    Ton voisin est plus moche que mon frère. ― Your neighbour is uglier than my brother.
    Le tien est beaucoup plus grand que le mien. ― Yours is much bigger than mine.
    Elle est plus belle que sa cousine. ― She is more beautiful than her cousin.
    Elles sont toutes plus entêtées les unes que les autres. ― They are each more stubborn than the last.
* more, -er (used to form comparatives of adverbs)
    Elle le fait plus rapidement que lui. ― She does it more quickly than he does.
    plus vite ! ― faster!
* (after a verb) more, -er (indicating a higher degree or quantity)
    Je travaille plus en ce moment. ― I am working more at the moment.
    Je veux faire plus. ― I want to do more.
* more (indicating a greater quantity) [with de]
    Elle a plus de chocolat. ― She has more chocolate.
    Plus de la moitié reste. ― More than half is left.
* more (supplementary, preceded by de)
    Une heure de plus et il serait mort. ― One more hour and he would be dead.
    Un kilo de plus, s’il vous plaît. ― One more kilo, please.
* (preceded by a definite article) the most, -est (used to form superlatives of adjectives and adverbs)
    la plus grande ― the biggest
    le plus difficile ― the most difficult
* (usually with the negative particle ne, see usage notes below) no longer, not ... any more
    Tu n’existes plus. ― You no longer exist. / You don't exist any more.
    Il n’y a plus de travail. ― There is no more work.
* (elliptically, introducing each clause) the more ..., the more ...
    Plus je vois, plus je veux.The more I see, the more I want.
* (similarly, used with other comparatives) the more ..., the ...
    Plus j’écoute, moins je comprends.The more I listen, the less I understand.

##### Usage notes

* There may be some difficulty for non-native speakers to detect the negativity or positivity of "plus". The negative sense is generally used with a ne, but the "ne" is sometimes elided or even dropped in colloquial speech. Thus in certain cases, some speakers may choose to pronounce the final /s/ of a positive plus (as /plys/) in order to make a distinction.

##### Derived terms

* à plus
* à plus tard
* au plus
* de plus
* de plus en plus
* d’autant plus
* d’autant plus que
* en plus
* en plus de
* ni plus ni moins
* non plus
* plus ça change
* plus ou moins
* plus que jamais
* plus-que-parfait
* qui peut le plus peut le moins
* qui plus est
* sans plus
* y’a plus qu’à

#### Noun

plus m (plural plus)
* plus, the symbol +

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ply/

#### Verb

plus
* first/second-person singular past historic of plaire

#### Participle

plus m pl
* (obsolete) masculine plural of plu

##### Usage notes

* In modern French, the past participle of plaire is always invariable, because it is always intransitive.

### Further reading

* “plus”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## German
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Adverb

plus
* plus, increased by
    Synonyms: mehr, und
    Antonym: minus
    Vier plus eins ergibt fünf. ― 4+1=5

### See also

* Plus

## Interlingua
### Adverb

plus (not comparable)
* more (used to form comparatives)
le plus
* the most (used to form superlatives)

#### Antonyms

* minus

## Latin
### Etymology

From Old Latin plous, from Proto-Italic *plēōs (after being levelled in favour of the neuter *plowis), from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁-, *pelh₁u- (“many”). Cognate with Ancient Greek πολύς (polús, “many”), Old English feolo (“much, many”). More at fele. The adverb is an adverbial accusative.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /pluːs/, [pɫ̪uːs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /plus/, [plus]

### Adjective

plūs (comparative, neuter plūs); third declension
* comparative degree of multus
** (more in quantity) more, additionally

#### Declension

Irregular third-declension comparative adjective.
Note: Singular forms take the genitive of the whole and do not function as adjectives.

#### Derived terms

* complūrēs
* e pluribus unum
* plūrālis
* plūrennis
* plūrifōrmis
* plūrimus
* plūsculus

### Adverb

plūs
* comparative degree of multō (“by much, by far”): further (more in extent)
    Synonym: magis (magis indicates more in degree')
    Plus ultra! = "Further beyond!" (this is the national motto of Spain)

#### Descendants

* Italo-Dalmatian:
** Dalmatian: ple
** Istriot: pioûn
** Italian: più
** Judeo-Italian: פְלוּ (plu)
** Neapolitan: chiù, chjù, cchiù
** Sicilian: cchiui (dated), cchiù, cchjù
** Venetan: pì, pù
* Rhaeto-Romance:
** Friulian: plui
** Ladin: plu
** Romansch: pli
* Gallo-Italic:
** Ligurian: ciù
** Lombard: pù, pü, plü
** Piedmontese: pì, pu
* Gallo-Romance:
** Franco-Provençal: ples
** French: plus
** Old Catalan: pus
*** Catalan: pus (Mallorcan; negative uses only)
** Old Occitan: plus
*** Occitan: pus
* Ibero-Romance:
** Old Galician-Portuguese: chus
*** Portuguese: chus (dated)
*** Galician: chus (dated)
* Insular Romance:
** Sardinian: prus, pius
* Borrowings:
** → English: plus
** → Polish: plus
** → Romanian: plus
** → Russian: плюс (pljus)
** → Spanish: plus
** → Swedish: plus

### See also

* plērus

### References

* “plus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “plus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "plus", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* plus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. twenty years and more: viginti anni et amplius, aut plus one, two, several days had passed, intervened: dies unus, alter, plures intercesserant to expend great labour on a thing: egregiam operam (multum, plus etc. operae) dare alicui rei to discuss a subject more fully on the same lines: plura in eam sententiam disputare to give a full, detailed account of a thing: pluribus verbis, copiosius explicare, persequi aliquid to possess great political insight: plus in re publica videre to say nothing further on..: ut plura non dicam in short; to be brief: ne multa, quid plura? sed quid opus est plura? more of this another time: sed de hoc alias pluribus

## Old French
### Etymology

From Latin plūs.

### Adverb

plus
* (with de) more than

#### Descendants

* French: plus
* Norman: pus (Jersey)

## Old Occitan
### Etymology

From Latin plūs.

### Adverb

plus
* more
** 12th century,. Bernard de Ventadour, Lancan folhon bosc e jarric
    ome de me no vei plus ricI do not see a richer [more rich] than me

#### Descendants

* Occitan: pus, pu, plus

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈplus/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -us
* Syllabification: plus

### Noun

plus m inan
* plus, plus sign
    Antonym: minus

#### Declension
### Further reading

* plus in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* plus in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin plūs. First attested in the early 19th century, acquiring non-mathematical senses by the middle of that century.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈplus/
* Rhymes: -us

### Conjunction

plus
* plus, and

### Noun

plus n (plural plusuri)
* plus, addition, extra, surplus

#### Derived terms

* în plus
* plusa

### Further reading

* plus in DEX online—Dicționare ale limbii române (Dictionaries of the Romanian language)
* Iorgu Iordan, Alexandru Graur, Ion Coteanu, editors (1977), Dicționarul Limbii Române‎, volume 8, part 3, Bucharest: Academy of the Socialist Republic of Romania, page 875

## Spanish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin plūs (“more”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈplus/ [ˈplus]
* Rhymes: -us
* Syllabification: plus

### Noun

plus m (plural pluses)
* bonus (extra earnings)
* plus (addition to what is considered habitual)

#### Derived terms

* plus de peligrosidad

### Further reading

* “plus”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

## Swedish
### Conjunction

plus
* (mathematics) and, plus

### Noun

plus n
* plus sign
* benefit, advantage

#### Declension
### Derived terms

* plussa