# -k
## English
### Etymology 1

From Middle English -ken, -kien, from Old English -cian, from Proto-West Germanic *-ukōn, *-ikōn, from Proto-Germanic *-ukōną, *-ikōną. Cognate with West Frisian -kje, German -chen, Danish -ke, Swedish -ka, Faroese -ka. Perhaps related to Old English diminutive suffix -uc, -oc. More at -ock.

#### Suffix

-k
* (rare, no longer productive) A suffix found in verbs of Middle English, Old English, usually with an intensive or frequentative effect.
    tale, talk; steal, stalk; mire, mirk; hear, hark; fare, firk; peer, perk; yare, yark; gaw, gawk

### Etymology 2

From Middle English -ke, from Old English -(u)c and -ca (diminutive suffix). More at -ock.

#### Suffix

-k
* (rare, no longer productive) A suffix found in nouns, usually with a diminutive effect.
    chine > chink; stale > stalk

## Abenaki
### Suffix

-k
* A suffix used to form the plurals of some animate words.
    tmakwa (“beaver”) → tmakwak (“beavers”)

#### Usage notes

* Used to form the plurals of almost all words that end in a, and of some words that end in other vowels or in the semivowel w; not used to form the plurals of words ending in consonants.
* See the usage notes at -ak.

## Afar
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-k/

### Suffix

-k
* Marks the ablative case: from
* Marks the elative case: out of
* Marks the perlative case: via, through
* Marks the malefactive case: for ...'s nuisance
* Marks the subject of a comparison: than
* (+ én) Marks the material from which an object is made: -en

### References

* Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎, Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis), page 361

## Basque
### Alternative forms

* -ek (after consonants)

### Etymology

Unknown. Unrelated to the adverbial suffixes -ki and -ka.

### Suffix

-k
* Ergative indefinite suffix.

#### Declension
### References

* ↑ “-k (2)” in Etymological Dictionary of Basque by R. L. Trask, sussex.ac.uk.

## Chuukese
### Suffix

-k
* (added to verbs) you (in the singular, indirect object suffix)

## Estonian
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *-kkoi. Cognate with Finnish -kko.

#### Suffix

-k (genitive -ku, partitive -kut)
* Derives nouns from verbs, or sometimes from other nominals. The derivations can express the following:
** a single instance of an action
    minema (“to go”) → minek (“a going”)
    ründama (“to attack”) → rünnak (“an attack”)
** the object of an action
    õppima (“to study”) → õpik (“textbook”)

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

From Proto-Finnic *-kkei. Cognate with Finnish -kki.

#### Suffix

-k (genitive -ki, partitive -kit)
* Derives nouns from verbs denoting an instrument of action.
    sõitma (“to drive”) → sõiduk (“vehicle”)
    hõljuma (“to hover”) → hõljuk (“hovercraft”)
    tõstma (“to raise”) → tõstuk (“lift”)

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 3

May be the same as etymology 2.

#### Suffix

-k (genitive -gi, partitive -ki)
* Derives nouns from verbs, or sometimes from other nominals. The derivations can express the following:
** the result of an action
    jääma (“to remain”) → jääk (“residue, remainder”)
    saama (“to receive”) → saak (“yield”)
** the object of an action
    sööma (“to eat”) → söök (“food”)
    jooma (“to drink”) → jook (“drink, beverage”)

## Finnish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-k/, [-k]

### Particle

-k (dialectal)
* (Southwest Finnish, enclitic) Alternative form of -ko
    Löytyyk mittä? Are you finding anything?

#### Synonyms

* -ko (standard)

## Hungarian
### Etymology 1

Probably related to Northern Mansi -ыг (-yg, “dual suffix”).

#### Suffix

-k
* (plural suffix) -s, -es
    ‎hajó (“ship”) + ‎-k → ‎hajók (“ships”)
    ‎alma (“apple”) + ‎-k → ‎almák (“apples”)
    ‎mese (“fairy tale”) + ‎-k → ‎mesék (“fairy tales”)

##### Usage notes

* (plural suffix) Variants:
    -k is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.
       ‎nő (“woman”) + ‎-k → ‎nők (“women”)
       ‎fa (“tree”) + ‎-k → ‎fák (“trees”)
       ‎csésze (“cup”) + ‎-k → ‎csészék (“cups”)
    -ak is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant:
       ‎ház (“house”) + ‎-ak → ‎házak (“houses”)
    -ok is added to most back-vowel words ending in a consonant:
       ‎pad (“bench”) + ‎-ok → ‎padok (“benches”)
    -ek is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant:
       ‎kert (“garden”) + ‎-ek → ‎kertek (“gardens”)
       ‎könyv (“book”) + ‎-ek → ‎könyvek (“books”)
    -ök is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant:
       ‎kör (“circle”) + ‎-ök → ‎körök (“circles”)
* Note that the plural form is not used after definite and indefinite numerals in Hungarian: három könyv (“three books”), néhány óra múlva (“in a few hours’ time”). There are very few (traditional, archaic) exceptions, including háromkirályok (“the Three Magi”), mindenszentek (“All Saints”), and certain archaic phrases with összes (“all”) and minden (“every”) (see their Usage notes).
* The regular plural suffix for back-vowel adjectives is -ak, for example okosak (“smart/clever ones”). On the other hand, ethnonyms take -ok (e.g. olaszok (“Italians”), see the back-vowel terms in their category), as well as some other adjectives, including privative (“…-less”) ones (formed with -talan, -atlan, or -tlan). Rounded front-vowel adjectives normally take -ek, for example zöldek (“green ones”), except for demonyms (see rounded front-vowel terms in their category).
* If a word can be both a noun and an adjective, the form of its ending gives information about its function, e.g. játékosok (“players”, noun) and játékosak (“playful”, adjective as part of a plural predicate). The same distinction also exists with words with rounded front vowels, e.g. ismerős: ismerősök (“acquaintances”, noun) and ismerősek (“familiar”, adjective as part of a plural predicate).

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Suffix

-k
* (personal suffix) Denotes the first-person singular present tense in verb suffixes for all moods (indicative, conditional and subjunctive).
    ír (“to write”) →
       írok (“I write, I am writing”)
       írnék (“I would write”)
       írjak (“I should write”)

### Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Suffix

-k
* (obsolete) Diminutive suffix.
    lélek (“soul”)
    fészek (“nest”)

### Etymology 4

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Suffix

-k
* (obsolete, instantaneous verb-forming suffix) Part of only a few verbs and suffixes, such as reszket, serken, sikolt, szerkeszt, -kol/-kel/-köl, -kod/-ked/-köd, -dokol/-dekel/-dököl.

### See also

* Category:Hungarian noun forms
* Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

## Ilocano
### Pronoun

-k (pronoun-forming suffix)
* Alternative form of -ko (used before vowels and suffixes -en and -an)

#### See also
## Ingrian
### Alternative forms

* -ko

### Etymology

Reduced form of -ka. The familiar meaning is probably influenced by Russian -ка (-ka).

### Pronunciation

* (Ala-Laukaa) IPA: /-k/, [-k]
* (Soikkola) IPA: /-k/, [-k]

### Particle

-k
* Added to the indicative of a verb, used to form the interrogative aspect.
** 1936, V. I. Junus, P. L. Maksimov, Inkeroisin keelen oppikirja alkuşkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 29:Töötk siä meille hoomukseel?Will you come to us tomorrow?
* Added to an imperative of a verb, used to form a familiar request.
** 1936, D. I. Efimov, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 7:Määk siä șkouluu - sanoi Semon däädä, ilma sinnua saamma aikoo.Go to school - said uncle Semon, we'll get by without you.
* Added to the indicative or the potential of a verb, used to form the deliberative aspect.
** 1937, V. A. Tetjurev, translated by N. J. Molotsova, Loonnontiito oppikirja alkușkoulua vart (toin osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-Pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 7:Näijen kamppanioin hyväst veemisest rippuu se, jot saammak möö täl vootta ohto leipää, ruuhtija ja toisia maatalohusproduktoja, saammakse ohto saahkaraa ja materiaa.On the good carrying out of these campaigns depends whether this year we get enough bread, vegetables and other agricultural products, whether we get enough sugar and fabric.
* (rare) Alternative form of -ka, -kä (“and not”)
** 1885, “Sprachproben: Der goldene Vogel”, in Volmari Porkka, editor, Ueber den Ingrischen Dialekt mit Berücksichtigung der übrigen finnisch-ingermanländischen Dialekte:Se poika mäni vahtii, heittiis makkaamaa eik nähnyt varasta.The boy went to the guard, threw himself and didn't see the thief.(Note: The spelling has been normalised in accordance with the literary Ingrian language.)

#### Usage notes

* In the interrogative and deliberative functions, when added to a verb form ending in the consonant -t, the full forms -ka and -kä may be used.

#### Synonyms

* (deliberative): -kse

### References

* Olga I. Konkova, Nikita A. Dyachkov (2014) Inkeroin Keel: Пособие по Ижорскому Языку‎, →ISBN, page 18

## Inupiaq
### Suffix

-k
* dual number in the absolutive case. Numbers vary between singular -q and dual -k depending on whether they modify a noun or are being used for counting

## Kankanaey
### Pronunciation

* (Standard Kankanaey) IPA: /k/ [k̠̚]

### Pronoun

-k (pronoun-forming suffix)
* Alternative form of -ko

#### See also

$^1$ Null morpheme.

## Kashubian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ьkъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /k/

### Suffix

-k
* forms masculine diminutive nouns
* forms masculine nouns from verbs
    ‎susac (“to suck”) + ‎-k → ‎susk (“mammal”)

#### Usage notes

* Palatalises a preceding velar:
    ‎groch + ‎-k → ‎groszk

#### Derived terms
## Lower Sorbian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъkъ.

### Suffix

-k m
* used on masculine nouns to form a diminutive

#### Derived terms
## Maltese
### Alternative forms

* -ek, -ok

### Etymology

From Arabic ـكَ m (-ka), ـكِ f (-ki).

### Suffix

-k
* 2nd-person singular pronominal suffix: your, you
    Synonym: tiegħek (only in possessive use)
    ‎sħab (“friends”) + ‎-k → ‎sħabek (“your (singular) friends”)
    ‎taħt (“under”) + ‎-k → ‎taħtek (“under you (singular)”)
    ‎jinsa (“he forgets”) + ‎-k → ‎jinsiek (“he forgets you (singular)”)

#### Related terms

* int

## Mohawk
### Suffix

-k
* continuative suffix

### References

* Nora Deering, Helga H. Delisle (1976) Mohawk: A teaching grammar (preliminary version), Quebec: Manitou College, page 442
* Akwiratékha’ Martin (2018) Tekawennahsonterónnion - Kanien’kéha Morphology, Kahnawà:ke: Kanien’kehá:ka Onkwawén:na Raotitióhkwa Language and Cultural Center, page 92

## Northern Ohlone
### Etymology

Compare Southern Ohlone -ka.

### Pronoun

-k
* I (first-person, singular, subject pronoun)
** 1921, María de los Angeles Colós, José Guzman, and John Peabody Harrington, Chochenyo Field Notes‎:nommok rootehere I am

#### See also

| Number | Person | Subject | Subject | Subject | Object | Object | Object | Possessive |
| Number | Person | Disjunctive$^1$ | Proclitic | Enclitic | Disjunctive$^1$ | Proclitic | Enclitic | Possessive |
| Singular | First | kaana | ek- | -ek, -k | kiš, kaaniš | kiš- | -kiš | ek-, kaanak |
| Singular | Second | meene | em-, im- | -em, -im, -m | miš | emiš-, imiš-, miš- | -miš | em-, meenem |
| Singular | Third | waaka | Ø-$^2$ | -Ø$^2$ | wiš | Ø-$^2$, eš- | -Ø$^2$, -eš | i-, waakai- |
| Plural | First | makkin | mak- | -mak | makkiš, makkinše | — | — | mak-, makkinmak |
| Plural | Second | makkam | kam- | -kam | makkamše | — | — | kam-, makkam |
| Plural | Third | waakamak | ya- | -ya | yaṭiš | — | — | ya-, waakamak |
| $^1$Disjunctive is mostly used in copular sentences or for emphasis, either alone (eg. kaana) or with a clitic (eg. kaana-k ...-ek). $^2$Null morpheme. An unmarked verb implies a third person singular pronoun. The disjunctives waaka and wiš may also be used. Note: Proclitic and enclitic forms can combine an undergo syncope, eg. ellešk (“let me do to him/her/it”) = elle +‎ -eš +‎ -ek |||||||||

### References

* María de los Angeles Colós, José Guzman, and John Peabody Harrington (1930s) Chochenyo Field Notes (Survey of California and Other Indian Langauges)‎, Unpublished

## Ojibwe
### Suffix

-k
* Alternative form of -g in the conjunct form of d-final inanimate instransitive verbs (vii)
* A suffix denoting the second-person plural to third person singular imperative form of a transitive animate verb (vta) with a Cw ending

#### Usage notes

In d-final intransitive inanimate verbs (vii), the final d merges with -g to produce -k.

#### See also

* -ik
* -ok

## Old Norse
### Alternative forms

* ek

### Pronoun

-k (enclitic)
* enclitic form of ek
    ‎hafða + ‎-k → ‎hafðak
    ‎em + ‎-k → ‎emk
** 9th c., Þjóðólfr of Hvinir, Ynglingatal, verse 27:
    Þat veitk bezt / und bláum himni kenninafn, / svát konungr eigi […]I know that the best / nickname under the blue sky / that a king might have […]

#### See also

* -du, -ðu, -tu

## Onondaga
### Etymology

From Proto-North Iroquoian *h (present suffix).

### Suffix

-k
* continuative suffix

### References

* Hanni Woodbury (2018) A Reference Grammar of the Onondaga Language, University of Toronto, page 104

## Pipil
### Alternative forms

* -ku

### Suffix

-k
* (no longer productive) locative suffix (meaning "in") used after a vowel

### Further reading

* Campbell, L. (1985). The Pipil Language of El Salvador. Mouton De Gruyter. p.47

## Polish
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /k/
* Rhymes: -k
* Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]

### Suffix

-k
* (dialectal, chiefly Greater Poland, Lesser Poland) extends adverbs
    ‎bardzo + ‎-k → ‎bardzok

#### Derived terms
## Slovincian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ьkъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /k/

### Suffix

-k m
* forms masculine diminutive nouns
    ‎barón + ‎-k → ‎barónk
* forms masculine nouns from verbs
    ‎czwjorty (“fourth”) + ‎-k → ‎susk (“Thursday”)

#### Derived terms
## Turkish
### Suffix

-k
* Post-vocalic form of -ık.
    ‎iste- (“to want”) + ‎-k → ‎istek (“request, want”)
    ‎dile- (“to wish”) + ‎-k → ‎dilek (“wish, desire”)

## Upper Sorbian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъkъ.

### Suffix

-k m
* Used to form diminutives of masculine nouns.

#### Derived terms
## Veps
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Particle

-k
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

### References

* Zajceva, N. G., Mullonen, M. I. (2007) “а, ли”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary]‎, Petrozavodsk: Periodika