# 牛馬
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): niúmǎ
       (Zhuyin): ㄋㄧㄡˊ ㄇㄚˇ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): ню-ма (ni͡u-ma, I-II)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ngau$^4$ maa$^5$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): gû-bé / gû-bée
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: niúmǎ
*** Zhuyin: ㄋㄧㄡˊ ㄇㄚˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: nióumǎ
*** Wade–Giles: niu$^2$-ma$^3$
*** Yale: nyóu-mǎ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nioumaa
*** Palladius: нюма (njuma)
*** Sinological IPA : /ni̯oʊ̯³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: ню-ма (ni͡u-ma, I-II)
*** Sinological IPA : /niou²⁴ ma⁵¹/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ngau$^4$ maa$^5$
*** Yale: ngàuh máh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ngau$^4$ maa$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ngeo$^4$ ma$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋɐu̯²¹ maː¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gû-bé
*** Tâi-lô: gû-bé
*** Phofsit Daibuun: gu'bea
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ɡu²⁴⁻²² be⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ɡu²⁴⁻¹¹ be⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡu²⁴⁻²² be⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡu²³⁻³³ be⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gû-bée
*** Tâi-lô: gû-bée
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡu¹³⁻²² bɛ⁵³/

### Noun

牛馬
* oxen and horses; beasts of burden
    From: 1925 April 29, 魯迅 (Lu Xun), Jottings under Lamplight (《燈下漫筆》), translated by Theodore Huters
    Yǒu yīzhǒng bàolì, jiāng rén bùdāng rén, bùdàn bùdāng rén, hái bùjí niúmǎ, bùsuàn shénme dōngxi; dài dào rénmen xiànmù niúmǎ, fāshēng “luànlí rén, bùjí tàipíng quǎn” de tànxī de shíhòu, ránhòu jǐyǔ tā lüè děngyú niúmǎ de jiàgé, yǒurú Yuáncháo dìnglǜ, dǎsǐ biérén de núlì, péi yītóu niú, zé rénmen biàn yào xīnyuèchéngfú, gōng sòng tàipíng de shèngshì. Wèishénme ne? Yīnwèi tā suī bùsuàn rén, jiūjìng yǐ děngyú niúmǎ le. [Pinyin]
    There are tyrannical powers that “do not treat people as humans,” and not only as less than human, but even as inferior to livestock, as simply worthless things; once people begin to envy livestock and to heave sighs about how “people living in chaos are not as well off as dogs living in peace,” the eventual result is that people are valued more or less as livestock. It’s like the law in the Yuan dynasty that required the compensation of an ox when one killed someone else’s slave; at this point, people quite willingly submit and celebrate this as an age of peace and prosperity. Why so? Because although they are no longer considered human, they are at least considered as equals to livestock.
* (figurative) a person who is enslaved and driven by others
    From: 《文明小史》第四六回
    Zhí yào shǐ Zhōngguó sì wànwàn bǎixìng, yī gègè dōu pín wú lìzhuīzhīdì, ránhòu fúfútiētiē de zuò tāmen de niúmǎ, zuò tāmen núlì. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
** 2023 August 23, “中國西安當局七夕節向民眾群發「催生」短信 遭網友奚落”, in BBC News‎:
       Háiyǒu wǎngyǒu xiě dào: “Gēngxù niúmǎ xuèmài, gòng dān jiǔcài zhòngrèn.” [Pinyin]
       (please add an English translation of this usage example)

### References

* “牛馬”, in 重編國語辭典修訂本 [Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary] (in Chinese), National Academy for Educational Research (Taiwan), 2021.

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 牛 | 馬 |
| ぎゅう Grade: 2 | ば Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||
From Middle Chinese compound 牛馬 / 牛马 (ngjuw mæ$^X$, literally “ox + horse”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ぎゅうば [gyúꜜùbà] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɡʲɨːba̠]

#### Noun

牛(ぎゅう)馬(ば) • (gyūba)
* oxen and horses, beasts of burden

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 牛 | 馬 |
| うし Grade: 2 | うま Grade: 2 |
| kun'yomi ||
Compound of 牛 (ushi, “ox”) +‎ 馬 (uma, “horse”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) うしうま [ùshíúmá] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɯ̟ɕiɯ̟ma̠]

#### Noun

牛(うし)馬(うま) • (ushiuma)
* a small breed of horse, extinct since 1947

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN