# حلم
## Arabic
### Etymology

Akin to Aramaic חֶלְמָא (ḥelmā), Classical Syriac ܚܠܡܐ (ḥelmā), Hebrew חֲלוֹם (khalóm), Ugaritic 𐎈𐎍𐎎 (ḥlm). For the significations of the root in Arabic, compare م ن ي (m n y), whence أُمْنِيَة (ʔumniya, “a wish”) and مَنِيّ (maniyy, “a fluid considered conceptive; semen”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ħulm/, /ħu.lum/

### Verb

حَلَمَ • (ḥalama) I (non-past يَحْلُمُ (yaḥlumu), verbal noun حُلْم (ḥulm) or حُلُم (ḥulum))
* (intransitive, transitive) to dream (something) or about [with بِ (bi)] (something) while asleep
    Synonyms: اِحْتَلَمَ (iḥtalama), رَأَى (raʔā)
** (intransitive, transitive) to muse, reflect, or meditate on [with بِ (bi)]; to vision, to image
    Synonyms: تَخَيَّلَ (taḵayyala), تَصَوَّرَ (taṣawwara)
* (intransitive) to experience the first seminal ejaculation
    Synonym: اِحْتَلَمَ (iḥtalama)
** (intransitive, chiefly of males) to mature physically or sexually; to attain puberty
    Synonym: بَلَغَ (balaḡa)
** (intransitive, law, chiefly of males, archaic) to become a legal adult or to be perceived as such
    Synonyms: بَلَغَ (balaḡa), أَدْرَكَ (ʔadraka), رَشَدَ (rašada), عَقَلَ (ʕaqala), مَيَّزَ (mayyaza)

#### Conjugation
### Verb

حَلُمَ • (ḥaluma) I (non-past يَحْلُمُ (yaḥlumu), verbal noun حِلْم (ḥilm))
* (intransitive, approving) to mature mentally or to be perceived as such; to act or think like an adult
* (intransitive, approving) to be gentle, forgiving, merciful, or lenient; to be mild-mannered
* (intransitive, approving) to restrain oneself or to be restrained or checked (especially emotionally and psychologically); to forbear, to refrain, to abstain, to withhold; to be long-suffering, to be patient or enduring; to mellow

#### Conjugation
### Noun

حُلْم or حُلُم • (ḥulm or ḥulum) m (plural أَحْلَام (ʔaḥlām))
* verbal noun of حَلَمَ (ḥalama) (form I): dreaming
* a dream (something experienced during sleep); vision
    Synonyms: رُؤْيَا (ruʔyā), مَنَام (manām)
    Hyponym: كَابُوس (kābūs, “nightmare”)
* a wish, a desire, an aspiration; a daydream (something fantasised about or desired)
    Synonyms: مُنْيَة (munya), بُغْيَة (buḡya)
* utopia

#### See also

* أَضْغَاثُ أَحْلَامٍ pl (ʔaḍḡāṯu ʔaḥlāmin, “convolutions of dreams”)

### Noun

حُلُم or حُلْم • (ḥulum or ḥulm) m
* verbal noun of حَلَمَ (ḥalama) (form I)
* sexual maturity; puberty
** 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 24:59:وَإِذَا بَلَغَ ٱلْأَطْفَالُ مِنْكُمُ ٱلْحُلُمَ فَلْيَسْتَأْذِنُوا كَمَا ٱسْتَأْذَنَ ٱلَّذِينَ مِنْ قَبْلِهِمْwaʔiḏā balaḡa l-ʔaṭfālu minkumu l-ḥuluma falyastaʔḏinū kamā staʔḏana llaḏīna min qablihimAnd if the children among you reach puberty, they shall ask for permission as those who did before them.

#### Declension
### Noun

حِلْم • (ḥilm) m (plural حُلُوم (ḥulūm) or أَحْلَام (ʔaḥlām))
* verbal noun of حَلُمَ (ḥaluma) (form I)
* (approving) mental, psychological, or comportmental maturity; prudence; rationality; discretion
    Synonyms: عَقْل (ʕaql), حِكْمَة (ḥikma)
* (approving) being long-suffering, self-restraint; forbearance, longanimity
** Al-Shafi'i
    يُخَاطِبُنِي السَّفِيهُ بِكُلِّ قُبْحٍ / فَأَكْرَهُ أَنْ أَكُونَ لَهُ مُجِيبًا يَزِيدُ سَفَاهَةً فَأَزِيدُ حِلْمًا / كَعُودٍ زَادَهُ الْإِحْرَاقُ طِيبًاyuḵāṭibuni s-safīhu bikulli qubḥin / faʔakrahu ʔan ʔakūna lahū mujīban yazīdu safāhatan faʔazīdu ḥilman / kaʕūdin zādahu l-ʔiḥrāqu ṭībanThe fool would spew a lot of ugliness and filth, / And I should hate to be the one who answers him. / He grows more foolish; I grow more and more restrained, / Like incense burning with increasing fragrances.

#### Declension
### Noun

حَلَم • (ḥalam) m (collective, singulative حَلَمَة f (ḥalama))
* tick(s), mite(s)
* (anatomy) nipple(s), teat(s)
* callous-leaved gromwell (Moltkiopsis ciliata)

#### Derived terms

* حَلَمِيّ (ḥalamiyy)
* حُلَيْمَة (ḥulayma)
** حُلَيْمِيّ (ḥulaymiyy)

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic حِلْم (ḥilm).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [hilm]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [hɪlm]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [hɪlm]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [ʔɪlm]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [ʔilm]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [helm]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [hilm]

### Noun

حلم • (helm) (plural حلوم (holum))
* meekness, mildness
* submissiveness, docility
* forbearance, mansuetude
** c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume I, verse 3794:که نیم کوهم ز حلم و صبر و داد کوه را کی در رباید تند بادkah niyam kōh-am za hilm u sabr u dād kōh rā kay dar rubāyad tund bādI am not a straw, I am a mountain of forbearance and patience and justice: how should the fierce wind carry off the mountain?”

### References

* Hayyim, Sulayman (1934) “حلم”, in New Persian–English dictionary, Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Béroukhim

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology 1

From Arabic حَلَمَ (ḥalama).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ħi.lim/, [ˈħi.lɪm]
* Audio (al-Lidd):(file)

#### Verb

حلم • (ḥilim) I (present بحلم (biḥlam))
* to dream

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2

From Arabic حُلْم (ḥulm).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ħulm/, [ˈħʊ.l(ʊ)m]
* Audio (Ramallah):(file)

#### Noun

حلم • (ḥilm, ḥulm) m (plural أحلام (ʔaḥlām))
* dream

## Urdu
### Etymology 1

From Arabic حُلْم (ḥulm).

#### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /ɦʊlm/

#### Noun

حُلْم • (hulm) m (formal plural احلام, Hindi spelling हुल्म)
* dream, imagination

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Classical Persian حِلْم (hilm)

#### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /ɦɪlm/

#### Noun

حِلْم • (hilm) m (Hindi spelling हिल्म)
* forbearance, toleration, patience

### References

* “حلم”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
* “حلم”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.