# 曉

| 曉 | U+66C9, &#26313; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-66C9 |
| ← 曈 [U+66C8] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 曊 → [U+66CA] |

## Translingual

| Traditional | 曉 |
| Shinjitai | 暁 |
| Simplified | 晓 |

### Han character

曉 (Kangxi radical 72, 日+12, 16 strokes, cangjie input 日土土山 (AGGU), four-corner 6401$_1$, composition ⿰日堯)

#### Derived characters

* 䥵

#### Related characters

* 暁 (Japanese shinjitai)
* 晓 (Simplified Chinese)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 500, character 17
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14176
* Dae Jaweon: page 870, character 12
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1535, character 1
* Unihan data for U+66C9

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 曉 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 撓 | *hŋaːw, *rŋaːw, *rnaːwʔ |
| 鐃 | *rŋaːw |
| 譊 | *rŋaːw |
| 橈 | *rŋaːws, *ŋjew |
| 磽 | *ŋ̊ʰreːw, *ŋreːws, *ŋ̊ʰeːwʔ |
| 墝 | *ŋ̊ʰreːw |
| 穘 | *hŋreːw |
| 顤 | *hŋreːw, *ŋeːws |
| 燒 | *hŋjew, *hŋjaws |
| 饒 | *ŋjew, *ŋjaws |
| 蟯 | *ŋjew, *ʔŋew |
| 蕘 | *ŋjew |
| 襓 | *ŋjew |
| 繞 | *ŋjewʔ, *ŋjaws |
| 遶 | *ŋjewʔ |
| 嬈 | *njewʔ, *neːwʔ, *hŋeːws |
| 趬 | *ŋ̊ʰew, *ŋ̊ʰews |
| 蹺 | *ŋ̊ʰew |
| 翹 | *ɡew, *ɡews |
| 澆 | *ŋkeːw, *ŋeːws |
| 驍 | *ŋkeːw |
| 僥 | *kŋeːwʔ, *ŋeːw |
| 堯 | *ŋeːw |
| 垚 | *ŋeːw |
| 嶢 | *ŋeːw |
| 獟 | *ŋeːws |
| 膮 | *hŋeːw, *hŋeːwʔ |
| 嘵 | *hŋeːw |
| 憢 | *hŋeːw |
| 曉 | *hŋeːwʔ |
| 皢 | *hŋeːwʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *hŋeːwʔ): semantic 日 (“sun”) + phonetic 堯 (OC *ŋeːw).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xiǎo (xiao$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄠˇ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): hiu$^2$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): hiau$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): hiáu
    (Hailu, HRS): hiau$^ˊ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): hiau$^3$
* Eastern Min (BUC): hiēu
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hiáu
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hiao$^2$ / hiou$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$shiau
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiǎo
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄠˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: siǎo
*** Wade–Giles: hsiao$^3$
*** Yale: syǎu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sheau
*** Palladius: сяо (sjao)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hiu$^2$
*** Yale: híu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hiu$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hiu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /hiːu̯³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: hiau$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /hiau⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hiáu
*** Hakka Romanization System: hiau$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: hiau$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /hi̯au̯³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: hiau$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /hiau²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: hiau$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /hiau³¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: hiēu
*** Sinological IPA : /hieu³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiáu
*** Tâi-lô: hiáu
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hiao
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hiau⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hiau⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hiau⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /hiau⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hiau⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: hiao$^2$ / hiou$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hiáu / hióu
*** Sinological IPA : /hiau⁵²/, /hiou⁵²/
* hiao2 - Shantou;
* hiou2 - Chaozhou.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit曉 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ɕiɑu²¹⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ɕiau²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /ɕiɑu¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /ɕiɔ⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /ɕiɔ⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ɕiau⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /ɕiau⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /ɕiɔ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ɕiɔ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ɕiɔ⁴⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ɕiɔ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /ɕiau⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /ɕiau⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /ɕiao⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ɕiɔ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /ɕiɔo²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /ɕiɔ²⁴/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /ɕiau⁵³/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /ɕiɔ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /ɕiɔ⁵³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ɕiɔ³⁵/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ɕiæ⁵¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ɕiɔ⁵³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ɕa³⁵/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /ɕiɔ³⁵/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /ɕio³¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /ɕiau⁴¹/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ɕiaɯ⁴²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /ɕiɛu²¹³/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /hiau³¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /hiɑu³¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /hiu³⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /hiu³⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /hiu³⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /hiau⁵³/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /hieu³²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /xiau²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /hiau⁵³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /hiau²¹³/ |
* Middle Chinese: xewX
Rime :
| Character | 曉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 曉 (32) |
| Final (韻) | 蕭 (93) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | IV |
| Fanqie | 馨皛切 |
| Baxter | xewX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /heu$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /heu$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /xeu$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /hɛw$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /xeu$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /xieu$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /xieu$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xiǎo |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hiu$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*qʰˤewʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*hŋeːwʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 曉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xiǎo |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ xew$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*qʰˁewʔ/ |
| English | understand |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 曉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 14699 |
| Phonetic component | 垚 |
| Rime group | 宵 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 䥵 |
| Old Chinese | /*hŋeːwʔ/ |

### Definitions

曉
* dawn; daybreak
    破曉／破晓 ― pòxiǎo ― dawn, daybreak; to dawn
    From: 孟浩然 (Meng Hao Ran), 春曉, 8th century CE
    Chūn mián bùjué xiǎo, chùchù wén tí niǎo. [Pinyin]
    Springtime, I've been asleep, unaware of dawning; everywhere, I hear birds calling.
* to know; to understand; to get
    通曉／通晓 ― tōngxiǎo ― to thoroughly understand
    From: 粵音指南·上卷, 卷之一　應對須知
    tong$^4$ waa$^{6-2}$, bun$^2$ hai$^6$ naan$^4$ hiu$^2$, gok$^3$ cyu$^3$ jau$^5$ gok$^3$ cyu$^3$ ge$^3$ tou$^2$ taam$^4$ [Jyutping]
    Chinese is fundamentally difficult to understand; every region has its own dialect
* (Hakka, including Huiyang Hakka, Huicheng dialect) will; would
** (Can we date this quote?), “海南鷄飯”, 张少林 [Chong Sau Lin] (lyrics), 伍佰 [Wu Bai] (music)‎performed by 张少林 [Chong Sau Lin]:
       After eating it, everyone would come to applaud
* a surname

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 會 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 會 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 會 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 會 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 會 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 會 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 會 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 會 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 會, 曉得 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 會 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 會 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 會, 識, 識得, 曉 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 識, 識得, 曉 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 識 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 識 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 會, 識, 識領, 曉, 曉領 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 會, 識 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 識 |
| Cantonese | Penang (Guangfu) | 識 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 識 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 會, 曉得 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 會, 識得, 曉, 曉得 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 曉得, 會 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 曉得, 會 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 曉得, 會 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 曉得, 曉 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 曉得, 會 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 會, 會曉 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 曉 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Bao'an) | 曉 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 曉 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 會 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 惡 |
| Northern Min | Jianyang (Huangkeng) | 解 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 會 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 會, 會曉 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 會, 會曉 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 會, 會曉 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 會, 會曉 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 會, 會曉 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 會, 會曉 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 會, 會曉 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 會, 會曉 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 會, 會曉 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 會, 會曉 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 會 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 會 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 會 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 會曉 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 會曉 |
| Southern Min | Medan (Hokkien) | 會曉 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 會, 會曉 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 會, 會曉 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 會 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 會曉 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 捌 |
| Southern Min | Qionghai | 捌 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 捌 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 捌, 捌得 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 識 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 會, 曉得 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 會 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 會 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 會, 曉得 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 會, 曉得 |

### Compounds

* 不分不曉 / 不分不晓
* 不分曉 / 不分晓
* 不曉事 / 不晓事
* 不曉得 / 不晓得
* 侵曉 / 侵晓 (qīnxiǎo)
* 分分曉曉 / 分分晓晓
* 分曉 / 分晓 (fēnxiǎo)
* 向曉 / 向晓
* 報曉 / 报晓 (bàoxiǎo)
* 夜住曉行 / 夜住晓行
* 夜宿曉行 / 夜宿晓行
* 天曉 / 天晓
* 天曉得 / 天晓得
* 失曉 / 失晓
* 家喻戶曉 / 家喻户晓 (jiāyùhùxiǎo)
* 家至戶曉 / 家至户晓
* 戶告人曉 / 户告人晓
* 拂曉 / 拂晓 (fúxiǎo)
* 揭曉 / 揭晓 (jiēxiǎo)
* 明曉 / 明晓
* 昏曉 / 昏晓
* 春曉 / 春晓 (chūnxiǎo)
* 曉事 / 晓事 (xiǎoshì)
* 曉人 / 晓人
* 曉以大義 / 晓以大义
* 曉伏夜行 / 晓伏夜行
* 曉市 / 晓市 (xiǎoshì)
* 曉得 / 晓得 (xiǎode)
* 曉悟 / 晓悟
* 曉星 / 晓星
* 曉暢 / 晓畅 (xiǎochàng)
* 曉會 / 晓会
* 曉澳 / 晓澳 (Xiǎo'ào)
* 曉示 / 晓示
* 曉籌 / 晓筹
* 曉色 / 晓色
* 曉行夜宿 / 晓行夜宿
* 曉諭 / 晓谕 (xiǎoyù)
* 曉譬 / 晓譬
* 曉關 / 晓关 (Xiǎoguān)
* 曉風 / 晓风
* 曉風殘月 / 晓风残月
* 會曉 / 会晓 (ē-hiáu)
* 𣍐曉 / 𫧃晓 (bē-hiáu)
* 沒分曉 / 没分晓
* 洞曉 / 洞晓
* 清曉 / 清晓
* 無所不曉 / 无所不晓
* 盧溝曉月 / 卢沟晓月
* 知曉 / 知晓 (zhīxiǎo)
* 破曉 / 破晓 (pòxiǎo)
* 精曉 / 精晓
* 老不曉事 / 老不晓事
* 花塢春曉 / 花坞春晓
* 薄曉 / 薄晓
* 見分曉 / 见分晓
* 討個分曉 / 讨个分晓
* 討分曉 / 讨分晓
* 通曉 / 通晓 (tōngxiǎo)
* 雌雞報曉 / 雌鸡报晓

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 暁 |
| Kyūjitai | 曉 |

### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 暁)
* Kyūjitai form of 暁

#### Readings

* Go-on: きょう (kyō)
* Kan-on: きょう (kyō)
* Kan’yō-on: ぎょう (gyō)
* Kun: あかつき (akatsuki, 曉)、さとる (satoru, 曉る)
* Nanori: あき (aki)、あきら (akira)、あけ (ake)、さとし (satoshi)、とき (toki)、とし (toshi)

### Definitions

For pronunciation and definitions of 曉 – see the following entry. :
| 【暁】S | [kanji] jōyō kanji Kanji reading: きょう, ぎょう, あかつき, さとす, さとる, あき, あきら, あけ, あつき, さとし, てる, とき, とし, ゆたか |
(This term, 曉, is the kyūjitai of the above term.) :

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 曉 (MC xewX).
* Recorded as Middle Korean 효ᇢ〯 (Yale: hyǒw) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 효〯 (hywǒ) (Yale: hyǒ) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ço(ː)]
* Phonetic hangul: [효(ː)]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Hanja

Wikisource 曉 (eumhun 새벽 효 (saebyeok hyo))
* hanja form of 효 (“dawn”)

#### Compounds

* 원효 (元曉, wonhyo)
* 효성 (曉星, hyoseong)
* 효연 (曉然, hyoyeon)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Old Japanese
### Etymology

From 明か (aka, the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of verb 明く (aku), “to open”) +‎ 時 (to$_2$ki$_1$, “time, moment, hour”).

### Noun

曉 (akato$_2$ki$_1$) (kana あかとき)
* the dawn, daybreak
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 18, poem 4084:, text here
    安可登吉爾名能里奈久奈流保登等藝須伊夜米豆良之久於毛保由流香母akato$_2$ki$_1$ ni nano$_2$ri nakunaru poto$_2$to$_2$gi$_1$su iya medurasiku omopoyuru ka mo(please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Coordinate terms

* 夕へ (yupupe$_1$, “twilight”)
* 宵 (yo$_2$pi$_1$, “dusk-night hours”)
* 夜中 (yo$_1$naka, “midnight”)
* 朝 (asita, “next morning”)

#### Derived terms

* 曉降ち (akato$_2$ki$_1$kudati)
* 曉月夜 (akato$_2$ki$_1$-dukuyo$_1$)
* 曉露 (akato$_2$ki$_1$tuyu)
* 曉闇 (akato$_2$ki$_1$yami$_2$)

#### Descendants

* Japanese: 暁 (akatsuki)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Vietnamese
### Han character

曉: Hán Nôm readings: hẻo, hểu, hiểu
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.