# áspero
## Galician
### Alternative forms

* aspro

### Etymology

From Latin asperum, singular accusative of asper, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂esp- (“to cut”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈaspeɾo/ [ˈas̺.pe.ɾʊ]
* Rhymes: -aspeɾo
* Hyphenation: ás‧pe‧ro

### Adjective

áspero (feminine áspera, masculine plural ásperos, feminine plural ásperas)
* rough
    Synonym: esgrevio
** 1409, J. L. Pensado Tomé, editor, Tratado de Albeitaria, Santiago de Compostela: Centro Ramón Piñeiro, page 67:se vsaren cauallgar en el por toios ou por llugares asperos a esto semellauijs, ven o Cauallo vsado a saltar et andar porllos llugares sobreditos, alçara as coixas et os pees mais apostamente pollos outros llugaresif they happen to ride in [the horse] through gorses or through rough places similar to that, and the horse is used to jump and walk by the aforementioned places, then he will raise the thighs and the feet more handsomely when in other places
* harsh
    Synonym: esgrevio
* sharp, tart
* harsh, severe
    Synonym: esgrevio

#### Derived terms

* Áspera, Aspra

### References

* Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “aspero”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “asper”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “áspero”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “aspro”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “áspero”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “áspero”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

## Portuguese
### Alternative forms

* aspero (pre-reform spelling)

### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin asperum, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂esp- (“to cut”).

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈas.pe.ɾu/
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈas.pe.ɾu/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /ˈaʃ.pe.ɾu/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˈas.pe.ɾo/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈaʃ.pɨ.ɾu/
* Hyphenation: ás‧pe‧ro

### Adjective

áspero (feminine áspera, masculine plural ásperos, feminine plural ásperas)
* rough
    Synonyms: rugoso, ríspido
    Antonym: liso

#### Related terms

* aspereza
* asperidade

## Spanish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin asperum, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂esp- (“to cut”). The forms of the Spanish word and its Portuguese equivalent seem to indicate that they may be semi-learned or borrowed terms (the expected normal result aspro was found on rare occasions in Old Spanish documents). However, comparing it to similar cases of phonetic development in Spanish and Ibero-Romance (cf. árboles, miércoles, níspero, etc.), the preservation of the proparoxytone quality (with stress on the antepenultimate syllable) is actually normal in this word.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈaspeɾo/ [ˈas.pe.ɾo]
* Audio (Venezuela):(file)
* Rhymes: -aspeɾo
* Syllabification: ás‧pe‧ro

### Adjective

áspero (feminine áspera, masculine plural ásperos, feminine plural ásperas)
* rough, scratchy, coarse (not smooth; uneven)
    Synonym: rasposo
    Antonym: liso
* harsh, rugged (e.g., climate, terrain)
* raspy, gruff, gravelly (voice)
* harsh, abrasive, sharp (tone)

#### Derived terms

* ásperamente
* aspereza
* asperidad
* asperilla
* asperón

### References

* ↑ Joan Coromines, José A[ntonio] Pascual (1983–1991) “áspero”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critical Castilian and Hispanic Etymological Dictionary] (in Spanish), Madrid: Gredos

### Further reading

* “áspero”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10