# 無明
## Chinese
### Etymology
#### ignorant; unintelligent

    Calque of Sanskrit अविद्या (avidyā).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): wúmíng
    (Zhuyin): ㄨˊ ㄇㄧㄥˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): mou$^4$ ming$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): mò-mìn
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): bû-bêng
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wúmíng
*** Zhuyin: ㄨˊ ㄇㄧㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wúmíng
*** Wade–Giles: wu$^2$-ming$^2$
*** Yale: wú-míng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wuming
*** Palladius: умин (umin)
*** Sinological IPA : /u³⁵ miŋ³⁵/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$無名 / 无名 無明 / 无明
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: mou$^4$ ming$^4$
*** Yale: mòuh mìhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: mou$^4$ ming$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: mou$^4$ ming$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /mou̯²¹ mɪŋ²¹/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$無名 / 无名 無明 / 无明
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mò-mìn
*** Hakka Romanization System: mo$^ˇ$ min$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: mo$^2$ min$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /mo¹¹ min¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bû-bêng
*** Tâi-lô: bû-bîng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: bu'beeng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /bu²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /bu²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /bu¹³⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /bu²⁴⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /bu²³⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/
* Middle Chinese: mju mjaeng
Rime :
| Character | 無 | 明 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 虞 (24) | 庚 (111) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 武夫切 | 武兵切 |
| Baxter | mju | mjaeng |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /mɨo/ | /mˠiæŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /mio/ | /mᵚiaŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /mio/ | /miaŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /muə̆/ | /miajŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /mio/ | /miɐŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /mĭu/ | /mĭɐŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /mi̯u/ | /mi̯ɐŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | wú | míng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | mou$^4$ | ming$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ma|mo mraŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ma mraŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 無 | 無 | 無 | 明 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | wú | wú | wú | míng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ mju › | ‹ mju › | ‹ mju › | ‹ mjæng › |
| Old Chinese | /*ma/ | /*ma/ | /*mo/ | /*mraŋ/ |
| English | not have | volitional prefix | don’t | bright |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 無 | 明 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 13117 | 9188 |
| Phonetic component | 無 | 明 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 無 | 明 |
| Old Chinese | /*ma/ | /*mraŋ/ |

### Adjective

無明
* (archaic) unable to see; blind
* (Buddhism) ignorant; unintelligent

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 無明(むみょう) (mumyō)
* → Korean: 무명(無明) (mumyeong)
* → Vietnamese: vô minh (無明)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 無 | 明 |
| む Grade: 4 | みょう Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||

### Etymology

From Chinese. See there for more.

### Noun

無(む)明(みょう) • (mumyō)
* (religion, Buddhism): avidyā: unenlightenment, ignorance of nirvana and of the fundamental state of existence

#### Further reading

* 無明 on the Japanese Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{ja}$
* Avidyā on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 無 | 明 |

### Noun

無明 • (mumyeong) (hangeul 무명)
* hanja form of 무명 (“avidyā: unenlightenment, ignorance of nirvana and of the fundamental state of existence”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 無 | 明 |

### Noun

無明
* chữ Hán form of vô minh (“avidyā: unenlightenment, ignorance of nirvana and of the fundamental state of existence”).