OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# وسخ
## Arabic
### Etymology 1.1
#### Verb

وَسِخَ • (wasiḵa) I (non-past يَوْسَخُ (yawsaḵu), verbal noun وَسَخ (wasaḵ))
* (stative, intransitive) to be dirty

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 1.2
#### Verb

وَسَّخَ • (wassaḵa) II (non-past يُوَسِّخُ (yuwassiḵu), verbal noun تَوْسِيخ (tawsīḵ))
* (causative, transitive) to make dirty

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 1.3
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /wa.sax/

#### Noun

وَسَخ • (wasaḵ) m (plural أَوْسَاخ (ʔawsāḵ))
* dirtiness, uncleanliness

##### Synonyms

* قَذَر (qaḏar), دَرَن (daran)

### Etymology 1.4
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /wa.six/
* Audio:(file)

#### Adjective

وَسِخ • (wasiḵ) (feminine وَسِخَة (wasiḵa), masculine plural وَسِخُونَ (wasiḵūna), feminine plural وَسِخَاتٌ (wasiḵātun), elative أَوْسَخ (ʔawsaḵ))
* dirty

##### Antonyms

* نَظِيف (naẓīf), نَقِيّ (naqiyy), طَاهِر (ṭāhir)

## Hijazi Arabic
### Etymology 1

From Arabic وَسَخ (wasaḵ).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /wa.sˤax/

#### Noun

وسخ • (wasaḵ) m (collective, plural أوساخ (ʔawsāḵ))
* dirtiness, filth, scum

##### Usage notes

The ⟨س⟩ /s/ is always pronounced as a ⟨ص⟩ /sˤ/ in this root.

### Etymology 2

From Arabic وَسِخ (wasiḵ).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /wi.sˤix/

#### Adjective

وسخ • (wisiḵ) (feminine وسخة (wisḵa), common plural وسخين (wisḵīn), feminine plural وسخات (wisḵāt))
* disgusting
* filthy
* scum

##### Usage notes

The common plural adjective is used with both feminine and masculine plural nouns, while the feminine plural adjective is rarely used and only used with feminine nouns.

### Etymology 3

From Arabic وَسَّخَ (wassaḵa).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /wasˤ.sˤax/

#### Verb

وسخ • (wassaḵ) II (non-past يِوَسِّخ (yiwassiḵ))
* to make dirty
    Synonym: عَفَّن (ʕaffan)
    وسخت السجادة بالغلطwassaḵt al-sijjāda bi-l-ḡalaṭI made the carpet dirty by mistake

##### Conjugation
## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology 1

From Arabic وَسِخَ (wasiḵa).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /wi.six/, [ˈwi.sɪx]
* Audio (al-Lidd):(file)

#### Verb

وسخ • (wisiḵ) I (present بوسخ (būsaḵ))
* to get dirty

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2

From Arabic وَسَّخَ (wassaḵa).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /was.sax/, [ˈwas.sax]
* Audio (al-Lidd):(file)

#### Verb

وسّخ • (wassaḵ) II (present بوسّخ (biwasseḵ))
* (transitive) to dirty, to soil
# فروسية
## Arabic
### Noun

فُرُوسِيَّة • (furūsiyya) f (uncountable)
* horsemanship, hippology, farriery
    عَلِّمُوا أَوْلَادَكُمُ ٱلسِّبَاحَةَ وَٱلرِّمَايَةَ وَٱلْفُرُوسِيَّةَ.ʕallimū ʔawlādakumu s-sibāḥata war-rimāyata wal-furūsiyyata.Teach your children swimming, shooting, and horsemanship.
* chivalry, knighthood
* heroism, valor

#### Related terms

* فارس

### References

* E. W. Lane, Arabic-English Lexicon, p. 2367.
# بندورة
## Arabic
### Etymology

From Italian pomodoro.

### Pronunciation

IPA: /ba.na.duː.ra/

### Noun

بَنَدُورَة • (banadūra) f
* (Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, usually uncountable) tomato

#### Descendants

* → Armenian: պանատուրա (panatura) (dialectal)
* → Turkish: banadura (dialectal)

### References

* Wehr, Hans (1979) “بندورة”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN, page 94

## North Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From Italian pomodoro.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Aleppo) /ba.na.doː.ra/, [bænædɔːɾæ]
* IPA: (Beirut) /ba.na.duː.ra/, [bænæduːɾæ]

### Noun

بندورة • (banadūra) f
* (uncountable) tomatoes
    حبة بندورة ― ḥabbet banadūra ― a tomato

## South Levantine Arabic
### Alternative forms

* بنضورة (banḍōra)

### Etymology

From Italian pomodoro.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ban.doː.ra/, [banˈdoː.rˤɑ]
* Audio (Bethlehem):(file)

### Noun

بندورة • (bandōra) f
* (uncountable) tomatoes
    حبة بندورة ― ḥabbet bandōra ― a tomato
# فنجان
## Arabic
### Etymology

From Classical Persian پنگان (pingān). Or it may be a corruption of the Arabic word falljan فلجان from the root F-L-Jفلج .

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /fin.d͡ʒaːn/

### Noun

فِنْجَان • (finjān) m (plural فَنَاجِين (fanājīn))
* cup

#### Descendants

* Gulf Arabic: فنيان (finyān)
* Hijazi Arabic: فنجان (finjān)
* → Azerbaijani: fincan
* → Georgian: ფინჯანი (pinǯani)
* → Mehri: fīgōn, fíjún
* → Middle Armenian: ֆինջան (finǰan)
* → Persian: فنجان (fenjân)
* → Tajik: финҷон (finjon)
* → Ottoman Turkish: فنجان (fincan) (see there for further descendants)

### References

* ↑ 2010, Murtada Al-Zubaidi, “Arabic language dictionary”, in Arabic language dictionary‎:الفِنْجَانُ : الفنجالُ، قَدَح صغير من الخزف ونحوه تُشرب فيه القهوة ونحوها(please add an English translation of this quotation)

## Hijazi Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic فِنْجان (finjān), from Persian پنگان (pengân).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /finˈd͡ʒaːn/, [fɪnˈd͡ʒaːn], [fɪnˈʒaːn]

### Noun

فنجان • (finjān) m (plural فناجين (fanājīn))
* a small cup, usually used for coffee.

#### See also

* بيالة (biyāla, “a small cup; usually used for tea”)
* كاسة (kāsa, “glass”)
* كوب (kōb, “mug”)

## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic فِنْجَان (finjān), from Classical Persian پنگان (pingān). Doublet of پنگان (pingân).

### Noun

فنجان • (fincan)
* cup
    Synonym: طاس (tas)

#### Descendants

* Turkish: fincan
* → Abkhaz: афырџьан (afərdžan)
** → Ubykh: fərədʒan
* → Albanian: filxhan
* → Aromanian: filgiane, fligiane
* → Bulgarian: филджа́н (fildžán)
* → Crimean Tatar: filcan
* → Greek: φλιτζάνι (flitzáni), φλυτζάνι (flytzáni)
* → Hungarian: findzsa
* → Northern Kurdish: fîncan
* → Ladino: findjan
* → Macedonian: филџан (fildžan), финџан (findžan), финџал (findžal)
* → Romanian: filigean, felegean
** → Polish: filiżanka
*** → Belarusian: філіжа́нка (filižánka)
*** → Ukrainian: філіжа́нка (filižánka)
* → Serbo-Croatian:
    Latin script: fìldžān, fìndžān
    Cyrillic script: фѝлџа̄н, фѝнџа̄н
* → Zazaki: fincon

## Persian
### Alternative forms

* فِنْجون (fenjun) (colloquial)

### Etymology

From Arabic فِنْجان (finjān), from Classical Persian پنگان (pingān).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [fin.ˈd͡ʒɑːn]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [fɪn.d͡ʒɑ́ːn]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [fɪn.d͡ʒɑ́ːn]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [fɪn.d͡ʒɑ́ːn]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [fin.d͡ʒɔ́ːn]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [fen.d͡ʒɒ́ːn]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [fen.d͡ʒɒ́ːn]
** (Tehrani) IPA: [fen.d͡ʒúːn]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [fin.d͡ʒɔ́n]

### Noun

فِنْجان • (fenjân) (plural فنجان‌ها (fenjân-hâ))
* cup
    Synonym: جام (jâm)
    فِنْجانِ چای‌خوری ― fenjân-e čây-xori ― teacup

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic فِنْجان (finjān), from Classical Persian پنگان (pingān).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /fin.ʒaːn/, [fɪnˈʒæːn], [fɪnˈd͡ʒæːn]
* Audio (Bethlehem):(file)

### Noun

فنجان • (finjān) m (plural فناجين (fanājīn))
* cup (a small drinking vessel, especially for coffee)
    فنجانين قهوة ― finjānēn ʔahwe ― two cups of coffee

#### Derived terms

* زوبعة في فنجان (zōbaʕa fi finjān, “a storm in a teacup”)
# فلز
## Arabic
### Etymology

Via Aramaic, which is in Jewish Babylonian Aramaic פְּלִיזָא (pəlizzā) and Classical Syriac ܦܠܸܙܵܐ (pəlezzā) and Palmyrene Aramaic 𐡱𐡫𐡦𐡠 (plzʾ) all meaning brass or bronze.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /fi.lizz/, /fi.lazz/

### Noun

فِلِزّ or فِلَزّ • (filizz or filazz) m (plural فِلِزَّات (filizzāt) or فِلَزَّات (filazzāt))
* (obsolete) bronze or messing
* (obsolete) clinker of ores
* metal
    Synonym: مَعْدِن (maʕdin)
    فِلِزّ ثَقِيل ― filizz ṯaqīl ― heavy metal

#### Derived terms

* فِلِزِّيّ (filizziyy, “metallic”)
* فِلِزٌّ قَلَوِيّ (filizzun qalawiyy, “alkaloid metal, base”)

#### Descendants

* → Persian: فلز (felez)

### References

* Lane, Edward William (1863) “فلز”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate, pages 2439–2440

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic فِلِزّ (filizz).

### Pronunciation

* (Dari, formal) IPA: [fɪ.lɪz]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [fe.lez]

### Noun

فِلِز • (felez)
* metal

#### Related terms

* فِلِزی (felezi)

### References

* Durkin-Meisterernst, Desmond (2004) “plync”, in A Dictionary of Manichaean Middle Persian and Parthian (Corpus Fontium Manichaeorum; 3.1), Turnhout: Brepols, page 275
# مما
## Arabic
### Etymology

مِنْ (min) +‎ مَا (mā).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /mim.maː/

### Pronoun

مِمَّا • (mimmā) ?
* from what
    أَهَمُّ مِمَّا سَبَقَهُ.ʔahammu mimmā sabaqahu.More important than what preceded it.
* which

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

من (min, “than”) +‎ ما (ma, linking particle).

### Conjunction

ممّا • (mimma)
* than (with comparatives)
    أكتر ممّا فكّرو ― ʔaktar mimma fakkaru ― more than they thought
# مسلسل
## Arabic
### Etymology 1.1

Derived from the active participle of سَلْسَلَ (salsala, “to chain”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /mu.sal.sil/

#### Adjective

مُسَلْسِل • (musalsil) (feminine مُسَلْسِلَة (musalsila), masculine plural مُسَلْسِلُونَ (musalsilūna), feminine plural مُسَلْسِلَات (musalsilāt))
* active participle of سَلْسَلَ (salsala)

##### Descendants

* Gulf Arabic: مسلسل (msalsal)

### Etymology 1.2

Derived from the passive participle of سَلْسَلَ (salsala, “to chain”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /mu.sal.sal/

#### Adjective

مُسَلْسَل • (musalsal) (feminine مُسَلْسَلَة (musalsala), masculine plural مُسَلْسَلُونَ (musalsalūna), feminine plural مُسَلْسَلَات (musalsalāt))
* passive participle of سَلْسَلَ (salsala)
* striped

##### Declension
#### Noun

مُسَلْسَل • (musalsal) m (plural مُسَلْسَلَات (musalsalāt))
* series
* soap opera

##### Derived terms

* → Gulf Arabic: مسلسل (musalsal)

## Gulf Arabic
### Pronunciation

* (Kuwait) (TV series (noun)): IPA: /mʊˈsəlsəl/
* (Kuwait) (chained (adjective)): IPA: /ˈmsəlsəl/

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Modern Standard Arabic مُسَلْسَل (musalsal). Doublet of مسلسل (msalsal).

#### Noun

مُسَلْسَل • (musalsal) m (dual مُسَلْسَلين (musalsalēn), plural مًسَلْسَلات (musalsalāt))
* TV series
** soap opera

### Etymology 2

Derived from Classical Arabic مُسَلْسَل (musalsal), from سِلْسِلَة (silsila, “chain”). Doublet of مسلسل (musalsal).

#### Adjective

مسلسل • (msalsal) (feminine and inanimate plural مسلسلة (msalsala), animate plural مسلسلين (msalsalēn), dated, dialectal or archaic feminine plural مسلسلات (msalsalāt))
* chained
    خروف مسلسل ― ḵarūf msalsal ― Kharuf Msalsal (a traditional Kuwaiti game)

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic مُسَلْسَل (musalsal).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [mu.sal.ˈsal]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [mʊ.säl.sǽl]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [mʊ.säl.sǽl]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [mʊ.säl.sǽl]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [mu.säl.sǽl̥]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [mo.sæl.sǽl̥]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [mu.säl.sǽl]

### Noun

مسلسل • (mosalsal)
* machine gun

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From Learned borrowing from Arabic مُسَلْسَل (musalsal).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /mu.sal.sal/, [mʊˈsal.sal]
* Audio (Ramallah):(file)

### Adjective

مسلسل • (musalsal)
* fluent, flowing, continuous

### Noun

مسلسل • (musalsal) m (plural مسلسلات (musalsalāt))
* serial, series (TV)
* soap opera

## Urdu
### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /mʊ.səl.səl/
* Rhymes: -əl

### Adverb

مسلسل • (musalsal)
* continuously
# دجاج
## Arabic
### Etymology

Compare Proto-Turkic *takïgu

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /da.d͡ʒaːd͡ʒ/

### Noun

دَجَاج • (dajāj) m (collective, singulative دَجَاجَة f (dajāja))
* chickens, poultry, fowl
    أُمِّي تُحَضِّرُ دَجَاجَ مَشْوِيّ لِلْعَشَاءِ.ʔummī tuḥaḍḍiru dajāja mašwiyy lilʕašāʔi.My mother is preparing grilled chicken for dinner.

#### Descendants

* Gulf Arabic: دياي (diyāy)
* Maltese: tiġieġ
* Moroccan Arabic: دجاج (djāj)
* South Levantine Arabic: جاج (jāj)

## Hijazi Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic دَجَاج (dajāj).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /du.ˈd͡ʒaːd͡ʒ/, [dʊ.ˈd͡ʒaːd͡ʒ], [dʊ.ˈʒaːʒ]

### Noun

دُجاج • (dujāj) m (collective, singulative دُجاجة f (dujāja), plural دُجاجات (dujājāt))
* poultry, chickens

## Moroccan Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic دَجَاج (dajāj).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dʒaːʒ/
* Audio:(file)
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

دجاج • (djāj) m (collective, singulative دجاجة f (djāja), paucal دجاجات (djājāt))
* poultry, chickens
# مربع
## Arabic
### Etymology 1

Derived from the passive participle of رَبَّعَ (rabbaʕa, “to quadruple”); compare أَرْبَعَة (ʔarbaʕa, “four”). Cognate with Aramaic מְרַבַע/ܡܪܒܥ (mrabbaˁ, mrubbaˁ, “square”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /mu.rab.baʕ/

#### Noun

مُرَبَّع • (murabbaʕ) m (plural مُرَبَّعَات (murabbaʕāt))
* square, quadrangular piece
* (music) quartet

##### Descendants

* → Swahili: mraba

#### Adjective

مُرَبَّع • (murabbaʕ) (feminine مُرَبَّعَة (murabbaʕa), masculine plural مُرَبَّعُونَ (murabbaʕūna), feminine plural مُرَبَّعَات (murabbaʕāt))
* (mathematics) square, quadratic
* fourfold, quadruple
* tetragonal, quadrangular

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

Noun of place from the verb رَبَعَ (rabaʕa, “to feed oneself in the pasture”), from a ر ب ع (r b ʕ) derived from رَبِيع (rabīʕ, “spring (season)”).

#### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

#### Noun

مَرْبَع • (marbaʕ) m (plural مَرَابِع (marābiʕ))
* meadow
* pasture

##### Declension
## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic مُرَبَّع (murabbaʕ).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [mu.ɾaβ.ˈbaʔ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [mʊ.ɾäb.bǽʔ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [mʊ.ɾäb.bǽʔ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [mʊ.ɾäb.bǽ]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [mu.ɾäb.bǽ]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [mo.ɹæb.bǽʔ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [mu.ɾäb.bǽʔ]

### Noun

مربع • (morabba')
* square, quadrilateral

### Adjective

مربع • (morabba')
* square, quadratic
    کیلومتر مربع ― kilometr-e morabba' ― square kilometer
* tetragonal, quadrangular

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Arabic مُرَبَّع (murabbaʕ).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /mu.rab.baʕ/, [muˈrab.baʕ]
* Audio (Ramallah):(file)

### Noun

مربّع • (murabbaʕ, mrabbaʕ) m (plural مربّعات (mrabbaʕāt))
* square

#### See also

* مستطيل (mustaṭīl, “rectangle”)

### Adjective

مربّع • (murabbaʕ, mrabbaʕ) (feminine مربّعة (mrabbaʕa))
* quadratic

#### Derived terms

* متر مربّع (mitr mrabbaʕ, “square metre”)

## Urdu
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic مُرَبَّع (murabbaʕ).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /mʊ.ɾəb.bɑː(ʔ)/

### Noun

مُرَبَّع • (murabba') m (Hindi spelling मुरब्बा)
* square
# قطعة
## Arabic
### Etymology 1

Compare قَطَعَ (qaṭaʕa, “to cut”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /qitˤ.ʕa/
* Audio:(file)

#### Noun

قِطْعَة • (qiṭʕa) f (plural قِطَع (qiṭaʕ) or قِطْعَات (qiṭʕāt))
* piece, fragment, chunk
* section, division
* coin
* (geometry) segment
* (military) unit

##### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: qitə
* → Bashkir: ҡитға (qitğa)
* → Bengali: কেতা (keta)
* → Chagatai: قطعه
** Uyghur: قىتئە (qit'e)
** Uzbek: qitʼa
* → Ottoman Turkish: قطعه (kıt'a)
** Turkish: kıta
* → Persian: قطعه (qet'e)
* → Urdu: قِطْعَہ (qit'a)

### Etymology 2

See above.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /qutˤ.ʕa/

#### Noun

قُطْعَة • (quṭʕa) f (plural قُطُعَات (quṭuʕāt) or قُطَع (quṭaʕ))
* cut piece, cut, cutting
* stump
* plot of land, patch of land, lot

##### Declension
### Etymology 3

See above.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /qa.tˤa.ʕa/

#### Noun

قَطَعَة • (qaṭaʕa) f (singulative, collective قَطَع m (qaṭaʕ), paucal قَطَعَات (qaṭaʕāt))
* stump

##### Declension
## Hijazi Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic قِطْعَة (qiṭʕa).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡitˤ.ʕa/, [ɡɪtˤ.ʕa]

### Noun

قطعة • (giṭʕa) f (plural قِطَع (giṭaʕ))
* piece, fragment, chunk
* part, unit, section, division

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic قُطْعَة (quṭʕa).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Urban) /qitˤ.ʕa/, [ˈqɪtˤ.ʕɑ]
* IPA: (Bedouin) /ɡitˤ.ʕa/, [ˈɡɪtˤ.ʕɑ]
* Audio (Ramallah):(file)

### Noun

قطعة • (qiṭʕa) f (plural قطع (ʔuṭaʕ))
* piece, part, unit
* coin
    قطعة مصاري ― ʔuṭʕet maṣāri ― a coin
# لطفا
## Arabic
### Etymology

Adverbial accusative of لُطْف (luṭf, “kindness”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /lutˤ.fan/

### Adverb

لُطْفًا • (luṭfan)
* kindly, please

#### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: lütfən
* → Ottoman Turkish: لطفا
** Turkish: lütfen
* → Classical Persian: لُطْفًا (lutfan), لُطْفاً (lutfan)
** Iranian Persian: لُطْفاً (lotfan)
** Tajik: лутфан (lutfan)
** → Hindustani:
*** Hindi: लुत्फ़न (lutfan), लुत्फन (lutphan)
*** Urdu: لُطْفاً (lutfan)
* → Uzbek: lutfan

## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic لُطْفًا (luṭfan), adverbial accusative of لُطْف (luṭf).

### Adverb

لطفا • (lütfen)
* as a favor, as a kindness

#### Descendants

* Turkish: lütfen

### References

* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “لطفا”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1632

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic لُطْفًا (luṭfan), adverbial accusative of Arabic لُطْف (luṭf, “kindness”). By surface analysis, لطف (lotf, “kindness”) +‎ ـاً (-an).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [lut.ˈfan]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [lʊt̪.fǽn]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [lʊt̪.fǽn]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [lʊt̪.fǽn]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [lut̪.fǽn]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [lot̪.fǽn]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [lut̪.fǽn]

### Adverb

لطفا • (lotfan)
* kindly

### Interjection

لطفا • (lotfan)
* please
    لُطْفاً بِیا داخِل ― lotfan biyâ dâxel ― please come in

### Related terms

* لُطْف (lotf)

## Urdu
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic لُطْفًا (luṭfan), adverbial accusative of لُطْف (luṭf).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /lʊt̪.fən/

### Interjection

لُطْفاً • (lutfan) (Hindi spelling लुत्फ़न)
* please
    لُطْفاً، اَپْنی دَوا وَقْت پَر لِیجِیےlutfan, apnī davā vaqt par lījiyeTake your medicine on time, please

### Adverb

لُطْفاً • (lutfan) (Hindi spelling लुत्फ़न)
* kindly

### Related terms

* لُطْف (lutf)

### References

* “لطفا”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
# ياالله
## Arabic

* This entry is part of the phrasebook project, which presents criteria for inclusion based on utility, simplicity and commonness.

### Alternative forms

* يَلَّا (yallā)

### Etymology

Compounded from يَا (yā, “O”) +‎ اللّٰه (allāh, “God”). The colloquial sense derives from supplications of the sort “O God, let this and that happen!”, whence it was generalised to a particle or exclamation expressing a wish, encouragement, or command.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ja‿ɫ.ɫaːh/

### Interjection

يَاٱللَّٰه • (yāllāh)
* (colloquial) come on, c’mon
* (colloquial) let’s go, hurry up
* (dialectal, colloquial, Levantine) word accompanying bye-bye, bye

#### Related terms

* واللّٰه

#### Descendants

* Gulf Arabic: يلا (yaḷḷa)
* Maltese: jalla
* Moroccan Arabic: يالله (yallāh)
* → Finnish: jalla
* → Hebrew: יאללה (yála)
* → Norwegian:
** Norwegian Bokmål: jalla
* → Swedish: jalla

## Hijazi Arabic
### Etymology

يا (yā, “oh”) + الله (allāh, “god”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /jaːɫ.ɫa(h)/

### Adverb

ياالله • (yālla)
* barely
    Synonym: يا دوب (yā dūb)
    Alternative form: يالله
    بِالْيَاالله قِدِرْت أَفْهَمُه ― bil-yālla gidirt ʔafhamu ― I barely understood him

#### See also

* يلا (yalla, “come on”)
* يا الله (yā allā, “oh my god”)
# شبح
## Arabic
### Etymology 1.1
#### Pronunciation 1

* IPA: /ʃa.baħ/, /ʃabħ/

#### Noun

شَبَح or شَبْح • (šabaḥ or šabḥ) m (plural شُبُوح (šubūḥ) or أَشْبَاح (ʔašbāḥ))
* specter, ghost, apparition, phantom, spirit
* (dated) blurred, indistinct shape
    Synonyms: شَخْص (šaḵṣ), خَيَال (ḵayāl)
    رَأَيْتُ شَبَحًا مِنْ بَعِيدٍ ― raʔaytu šabaḥan min baʕīdin ― I saw a shape from afar
* nightmare
* (slang, Egypt) one of the 1991–1998 models of a Mercedes-Benz

##### Declension
#### Pronunciation 2

* IPA: /ʃa.baħ/, /ʃabħ/

#### Noun

شَبَح or شَبْح • (šabaḥ or šabḥ) m (plural أَشْبَاح (ʔašbāḥ))
* outward appearance, shape, form, figure (of a person)

##### Declension
### Etymology 1.2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃa.ba.ħa/

#### Verb

شَبَحَ • (šabaḥa) I (non-past يَشْبَحُ (yašbaḥu), verbal noun شَبْح (šabḥ))
* to appear [with لِ (li) ‘to someone’]
* to stand erect (of a person)

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 1.3
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃabħ/

#### Noun

شَبْح • (šabḥ) m
* verbal noun of شَبَحَ (šabaḥa, “to appear; to stand erect”) (form I)

##### Declension
### Etymology 2.1
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃa.ba.ħa/

#### Verb

شَبَحَ • (šabaḥa) I (non-past يَشْبَحُ (yašbaḥu), verbal noun شَبْح (šabḥ))
* (transitive) to extend, to stretch out

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2.2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃabħ/

#### Noun

شَبْح • (šabḥ) m
* verbal noun of شَبَحَ (šabaḥa, “to extend, to stretch out”) (form I)
* extension, width

##### Declension
### Etymology 2.3
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃa.bu.ħa/

#### Verb

شَبُحَ • (šabuḥa) I (non-past يَشْبُحُ (yašbuḥu), verbal noun شَبَاحَة (šabāḥa))
* to be broad or long in the forearms

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 3.1
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃa.ba.ħa/

#### Verb

شَبَحَ • (šabaḥa) I (non-past يَشْبَحُ (yašbaḥu), verbal noun شَبْح (šabḥ))
* to cut, to hew, to pare
* to cleave, to split

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 3.2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃabħ/

#### Noun

شَبْح • (šabḥ) m
* verbal noun of شَبَحَ (šabaḥa, “to cut, to hew; to split”) (form I)

##### Declension
### Etymology 3.3
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃu.bi.ħa/

#### Verb

شُبِحَ • (šubiḥa) I (passive-only, non-past يُشْبَحُ (yušbaḥu), verbal noun ?) (passive voice)
* to be attached to, addicted to, fond of (an affair)

##### Conjugation
## Libyan Arabic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃbaħ/

### Verb

شبح (transliteration needed) I
* to see
* to watch

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic شَبَح (šabaḥ).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ʃa.ˈβah]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʃä.bǽʱ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʃä.bǽʱ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [ʃä.bǽ]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [ʃä.bǽ]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [ʃæ.bǽʱ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [ʃä.bǽʱ]

### Noun

شبح • (šabah) (plural اشباح (ašbâh))
* figure seen from a distance; silhouette
* specter; phantom
    شبح اپرا ― šabah-e operâ ― phantom of the opera
# قس
## Arabic
### Etymology 1
#### Verb

قَسَّ • (qassa) I (non-past يَقُسُّ (yaqussu), verbal noun قَسّ (qass))
* to seek, to pursue
* to strive, to aspire

##### Conjugation
#### Noun

قَسّ • (qass) m
* verbal noun of قَسَّ (qassa) (form I)

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

Clipping of قِسِّيس (qissīs), from Classical Syriac ܩܫܝܫܐ (qašīšā, “priest”).

#### Noun

قَسّ or قِسّ • (qass or qiss) m (plural قُسُوس (qusūs) or قُسُس (qusus))
* (Christianity) clergyman; priest; pastor, minister
    دَرَجَاتُ الْقِسِّيسِيَّةِ عِنْدَ الْمَلْكَانِيَّةِ وَالْيَعَاقِبَةِ ثَلَاثَةٌ: أُسْقُفٌ، وَقِسٌّ، وَشَمَّاسٌ.darajātu l-qissīsiyyati ʕinda l-malkāniyyati wālyaʕāqibati ṯalāṯatun: ʔusqufun, waqissun, wašammāsun.The orders of the priesthood in the Eastern and Oriental Churches are three: bishop, priest, and deacon.
    شَاهَدْتُ خُطْبَةً لِقِسٍّ أَمْرِيكِيٍّ.šāhadtu ḵuṭbatan liqissin ʔamrīkiyyin.I watched a sermon by an American pastor.

### Usage notes

The word is a synonym of كَاهِن (kāhin, “priest”) in Arabic episcopal Christianity. In congregationalist Christianity, قِسّ (qiss) corresponds to several Protestant titles, like "pastor" or "minister," while كَاهِن (kāhin, “priest”) is not used, since these denominations have no priesthood.

### Related terms

* قُسُوسِيّ (qusūsiyy, “priestly, ordination”)
* قُسُوسَة (qusūsa, “priesthood”)

### Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

قِسْ • (qis) (form I) /qis/
* second-person masculine singular imperative of قَاسَ (qāsa)

### References

* Freytag, Georg (1835) “قس”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎ (in Latin), volume 3, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 441
* Kazimirski, Albin de Biberstein (1860) “قس”, in Dictionnaire arabe-français contenant toutes les racines de la langue arabe, leurs dérivés, tant dans l’idiome vulgaire que dans l’idiome littéral, ainsi que les dialectes d’Alger et de Maroc‎ (in French), volume 2, Paris: Maisonneuve et C$^{ie}$, pages 734–735
* Lane, Edward William (1863) “قس”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate, page 2521
* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “قس”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen, page 835
* Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “قس”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart‎ (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, page 1023

## Persian
### Etymology

Compare Northern Kurdish quz (“pussy”) and Persian کس (kos, “pussy”).

### Noun

قس • (qos)
* (dialectal, vulgar, slang) pussy, cunt, fanny