# 柳

| 柳 | U+67F3, &#26611; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-67F3 |
| ← 柲 [U+67F2] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 柴 → [U+67F4] |
| 柳 | U+F9C9, &#63945; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9C9 |
| ← 杻 [U+F9C8] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 流 → [U+F9CA] |

## Translingual
### Han character

柳 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+5, 9 strokes, cangjie input 木竹竹中 (DHHL), four-corner 4792$_0$, composition ⿰木卯)

#### Derived characters

* 𩋶, 𦵂

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 521, character 2
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14662
* Dae Jaweon: page 909, character 1
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1187, character 2
* Unihan data for U+67F3
* Unihan data for U+F9C9

## Chinese

* 柳樹 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 柳 (Cantonese)
* 柳 (Classical)
* 柳 (Wu)
* Willow (English)
* 柳姓 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 柳氏 (Cantonese)
* Liú (bo̍k-pêng) (Southern Min)
* Liǔ (English)

### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 柳 :
| Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script |
| | Old Chinese |
| 卯 | *mruːʔ |
| 昴 | *mruːʔ |
| 泖 | *mruːʔ |
| 茆 | *mruːʔ, *m·ruʔ |
| 奅 | *m̥ʰruːs |
| 窌 | *m̥ʰruːs, *m·ruː, *m·rus |
| 聊 | *m·rɯːw |
| 貿 | *mlus |
| 鄮 | *mlus |
| 劉 | *m·ru |
| 留 | *m·ru, *m·rus |
| 蒥 | *m·ru |
| 鶹 | *m·ru |
| 騮 | *m·ru |
| 榴 | *m·ru |
| 瑠 | *ru |
| 瘤 | *m·ru, *m·rus |
| 遛 | *m·ru |
| 鎦 | *m·ru |
| 飀 | *m·ru |
| 鰡 | *m·ru |
| 嵧 | *m·ru |
| 餾 | *m·ru, *m·rus |
| 瀏 | *m·ru, *m·ruʔ |
| 懰 | *m·ru, *m·ruʔ |
| 柳 | *m·ruʔ |
| 珋 | *m·ruʔ |
| 罶 | *m·ruʔ |
| 嬼 | *m·ruʔ, *m·rus |
| 溜 | *m·rus |
| 霤 | *m·rus |
| 廇 | *m·rus |
| 塯 | *m·rus |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *m·ruʔ): semantic 木 + phonetic 卯 (OC *mruːʔ) in oracle bone script and bronze inscriptions.
Later 桺 (semantic 木 + phonetic 丣 (OC *luʔ)) in small seal script.
The glyph finally turned back to 木 (mù) + 卯 (mǎo) in the current form.

### Etymology

Smith (2011) reconstructs *[m-]ruʔ, with volitional or agentic prefix *m- (see Sagart, 1999) and root verb 流 (OC r(j)u) "to flow", resulting in *m-ruu "(cause to flow >) pour out, empty". If unprefixed, 柳 means "the flowing one"; if prefixed, "the pouring one". Recall English weeping willow.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): liǔ (liu$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄡˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): lau$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): liû / liú
    (Meixian, Guangdong): liu$^3$ / liu$^1$
* Jin (Wiktionary): liou$^2$
* Eastern Min (BUC): liū
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): liu$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): liú
    (Teochew, Peng'im): liu$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$lieu
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: liǔ
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄡˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: liǒu
*** Wade–Giles: liu$^3$
*** Yale: lyǒu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: leou
*** Palladius: лю (lju)
*** Sinological IPA : /li̯oʊ̯²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lau$^5$
*** Yale: láuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lau$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: leo$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɐu̯¹³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: liû / liú
*** Hakka Romanization System: liu$^ˊ$ / liu$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: liu$^1$ / liu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /li̯u²⁴/, /li̯u³¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: liu$^3$ / liu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /liu³¹/, /liu⁴⁴/
* Meixian:
** liu1 - in 柳條／柳条 (“slender”).
* Middle Chinese: ljuwX
Rime :
| Character | 柳 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 尤 (136) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 力久切 |
| Baxter | ljuwX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /lɨu$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /liu$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /liəu$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /luw$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /liu$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /lĭəu$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /li̯ə̯u$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | liǔ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | lau$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*([m]ə.)ruʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*m·ruʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 柳 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | liǔ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ljuw$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*([m]ə.)ruʔ/ |
| English | willow |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 柳 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 8897 |
| Phonetic component | 卯 |
| Rime group | 幽 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 柳 |
| Old Chinese | /*m·ruʔ/ |

### Definitions

柳
* willow, a member of the genus Salix
* (in compounds) fillet
    雞柳／鸡柳 ― jīliǔ ― chicken fillet
    牛柳 ― niúliǔ ― beef tenderloin
    豬柳／猪柳 ― zhūliǔ ― pork fillet
    蟹柳 ― xièliǔ ― crab stick
* (～宿) (Chinese astronomy) Willow mansion (one of the Twenty-Eight Mansions)
* a surname
    柳宗元 ― Liǔ Zōngyuán ― Liu Zongyuan (Tang dynasty writer)

### Compounds

* 三春柳
* 五柳先生
* 人柳
* 傍柳隨花 / 傍柳随花
* 傍花隨柳 / 傍花随柳
* 分花拂柳 (fēn huā fú liǔ)
* 問柳尋花 / 问柳寻花
* 問柳評花 / 问柳评花
* 垂柳 (chuíliǔ)
* 垂楊柳 / 垂杨柳
* 大柳 (Dàliǔ)
* 大柳樹 / 大柳树 (Dàliǔshù)
* 射柳
* 尋花問柳 / 寻花问柳 (xúnhuāwènliǔ)
* 尋芳問柳 / 寻芳问柳 (xúnfāngwènliǔ)
* 川柳
* 廣柳車 / 广柳车
* 弄柳拈花
* 弱柳扶風 / 弱柳扶风
* 折柳 (zhéliǔ)
* 折柳攀花
* 摧花斫柳
* 攀花折柳
* 敗柳 / 败柳
* 敗柳殘花 / 败柳残花
* 杞柳 (qǐliǔ)
* 柳丁 (liǔdīng)
* 柳啼花怨
* 柳嚲鶯嬌 / 柳亸莺娇
* 柳如是
* 柳媚花明
* 柳子戲 / 柳子戏
* 柳字
* 柳安 (liǔ'ān)
* 柳宿 (Liǔxiù)
* 柳山湖 (Liǔshānhú)
* 柳州 (Liǔzhōu)
* 柳巷花街
* 柳帶 / 柳带 (liǔdài)
* 柳影花陰 / 柳影花阴
* 柳戶花門 / 柳户花门
* 柳拐子病 (liǔguǎizibìng)
* 柳暗花明 (liǔ'ànhuāmíng)
* 柳杉
* 柳林 (Liǔlín)
* 柳枝
* 柳柳驚 / 柳柳惊
* 柳條 / 柳条 (liǔtiáo)
* 柳棉 (liǔmián)
* 柳橙 (liǔchéng)
* 柳樹 / 柳树 (liǔshù)
* 柳樹𨟠 / 柳树𨟠 (Liǔshùquān)
* 柳毅傳 / 柳毅传
* 柳毅傳書 / 柳毅传书
* 柳氏傳 / 柳氏传
* 柳溝 / 柳沟 (Liǔgōu)
* 柳營 / 柳营 (Liǔyíng)
* 柳琴 (liǔqín)
* 柳田
* 柳眉
* 柳眉倒豎 / 柳眉倒竖
* 柳眉剔豎 / 柳眉剔竖
* 柳眉踢豎 / 柳眉踢竖
* 柳眼
* 柳絲 / 柳丝
* 柳絮 (liǔxù)
* 柳綿 / 柳绵 (liǔmián)
* 柳綠桃紅 / 柳绿桃红
* 柳綠花紅 / 柳绿花红
* 柳線 / 柳线
* 柳聖花神 / 柳圣花神
* 柳腔
* 柳腰
* 柳花毬 / 柳花球
* 柳葉 / 柳叶
* 柳葉兒 / 柳叶儿
* 柳葉刀 / 柳叶刀 (liǔyèdāo)
* 柳葉描 / 柳叶描
* 柳葉眉 / 柳叶眉
* 柳蔭 / 柳荫
* 柳蘭 / 柳兰 (liǔlán, “fireweed”)
* 柳衙
* 柳門花戶 / 柳门花户
* 柳陂 (Liǔbēi)
* 柳陌花巷
* 柳陌花街
* 柳陌花衢
* 柳陰 / 柳阴 (liǔyīn)
* 柳青
* 柳骨
* 柳體 / 柳体
* 柳鶯 / 柳莺
* 桃柳爭妍 / 桃柳争妍
* 桃紅柳綠 / 桃红柳绿
* 楊柳 / 杨柳 (yángliǔ)
* 楊柳腰 / 杨柳腰
* 楊柳青 / 杨柳青
* 檉柳 / 柽柳 (chēngliǔ)
* 櫸柳 / 榉柳 (jǔliǔ)
* 殘花敗柳 / 残花败柳 (cánhuābàiliǔ)
* 水瓜柳 (shuǐguāliǔ)
* 河柳
* 浦柳
* 牆花路柳 / 墙花路柳
* 片柳子
* 牛柳 (niúliǔ)
* 白柳 (Báiliǔ)
* 眠花宿柳
* 眠花臥柳 / 眠花卧柳
* 眠花醉柳
* 紅柳 / 红柳 (hóngliǔ)
* 紅柳灘 / 红柳滩 (Hóngliǔtān)
* 細柳 / 细柳
* 細柳營 / 细柳营
* 綠楊垂柳 / 绿杨垂柳
* 花明柳媚
* 花明柳暗
* 花柳 (huāliǔ)
* 花柳之姿
* 花柳叢 / 花柳丛
* 花柳營 / 花柳营
* 花柳病 (huāliǔbìng)
* 花紅柳綠 / 花红柳绿 (huāhóngliǔlǜ)
* 花街柳巷
* 花街柳陌
* 花說柳說 / 花说柳说
* 花遮柳掩
* 花遮柳隱 / 花遮柳隐
* 花門柳戶 / 花门柳户
* 菀柳
* 蒲柳
* 蒲柳之姿 (púliǔzhīzī)
* 西河柳
* 覓柳尋花 / 觅柳寻花
* 觀音柳 / 观音柳
* 路柳牆花 / 路柳墙花
* 野柳 (Yěliǔ)
* 銀柳 / 银柳 (yínliǔ)
* 陶潛五柳 / 陶潜五柳
* 雞柳 / 鸡柳 (jīliǔ)
* 雙柳 / 双柳 (Shuāngliǔ)
* 雪柳 (xuěliǔ)
* 霸陵折柳
* 韓柳 / 韩柳
* 章臺柳 / 章台柳
* 章臺楊柳 / 章台杨柳
* 顏柳 / 颜柳
* 顏筋柳骨 / 颜筋柳骨
* 顏骨柳筋 / 颜骨柳筋
* 麻柳 (Máliǔ)

### References

* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A01909
* “柳”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: る (ru)
* Kan-on: りゅう (ryū, Jōyō)
* Kun: やなぎ (yanagi, 柳, Jōyō)、やぎ (yagi, 柳)
* Nanori: なぎ (nagi)、や (ya)、やい (yai)、やな (yana)、やない (yanai)

#### Compounds

* 御柳(ギョリュウ) (gyoryū)
* 川柳(せんりゅう) (senryū)
* 柳葉魚(シシャモ) (shishamo)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 柳
* やなぎ Grade: S
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 柳 – see the following entry. :
| 【やなぎ】 | [noun] 柳, 楊, 楊柳: [circa 759] a willow tree [noun] 柳, 楊柳: [999] a style of 襲の色目 (kasane no irome, “color combination by layering of garments”), with white on the front and greenish-blue (or yellowish-green) on the back [noun] 柳, 楊柳: Short for 柳色 (yanagi-iro): a dark yellow-green color, as from a willow leaf [noun] 柳: (card games) a suit in 花札 (hanafuda), representing the month of November [proper noun] 柳: a surname Alternative spellings 楊, 楊柳, ヤナギ |
(This term, 柳, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 柳
* やぎ Grade: S
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 柳 – see the following entry. :
| 【やぎ】 | [noun] [from 759] willow tree |
(This term, 柳, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 柳
* りゅう Grade: S
* kan'on
/riu/ → /rjuː/
Ultimately from Middle Chinese 柳 (MC ljuwX). While the affix is cited in the 700s with this reading, the proper noun is first cited to a text from the mid-1400s.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɾʲɨː]

#### Affix

柳(りゅう) • (ryū)
* [from 700s] willow, especially weeping willow
* [from 700s] thin as a willow leaf

##### Derived terms

* 柳絮(りゅうじょ) (ryūjo)
* 柳色(りゅうしょく) (ryūshoku)
* 柳(りゅう)眉(び) (ryūbi)
* 柳腰(りゅうよう) (ryūyō)
* 柳(りゅう)緑(りょく)花(か)紅(こう) (ryūryokukakō)
* 花(か)柳(りゅう) (karyū)
* 垂柳(すいりゅう) (suiryū)
* 翠柳(すいりゅう) (suiryū)
* 蒲(ほ)柳(りゅう) (horyū)
* 楊柳(ようりゅう) (yōryū)

#### Proper noun

柳(りゅう) • (Ryū)
* [from mid-1400s] (Chinese astronomy) the Willow as one of the twenty-eight mansions
    Synonym: 柳宿 (Ryūshuku)
* a female given name
* a surname

### References

* ↑ “柳”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

## Korean
### Hanja

Wikisource 柳 (eumhun 버들 류 (beodeul ryu), word-initial (South Korea) 버들 유 (beodeul yu))
* hanja form of 류/유 (“willow tree”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

柳: Hán Nôm readings: liễu, lẫu, lãu
* Chữ Hán form of Liễu (“a surname from Chinese”).

## Zhuang
### Noun

柳
* Sawndip form of gyaeuj (“head; headhair”)