# canon
## English
### Etymology 1

From Middle English canoun, from Old French canon and Old English canon, both from Latin canōn, from Ancient Greek κανών (kanṓn, “measuring rod, standard”), akin to κάννα (kánna, “reed”), from Semitic (compare Hebrew קָנֶה (qane, “reed”) and Arabic قَنَاة (qanāh, “reed”)). Doublet of qanun. See also cane, cannon, canyon, canal.

#### Pronunciation

* enPR: kăn'ən, IPA: /ˈkæn.ən/
** Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Rhymes: -ænən
* Homophone: cannon

#### Noun

canon (countable and uncountable, plural canons)
* A generally accepted principle; a rule.
    The trial must proceed according to the canons of law.
** c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii]:Or that the Everlasting had not fixed His canon 'gainst self-slaughter.
** a formally codified set of criteria deemed mandatory for a particular artistic style of figurative art.
    the Canon of Polykleitos
*** 1975, Richard Tobin, “The Canon of Polykleitos”, in American Journal of Archaeology‎, volume 79, number 4, →DOI, →JSTOR, retrieved 2 October 2020, pages 307–321:Despite the many advances made by modern scholars towards a clearer comprehension of the theoretical basis of the Canon of Polykleitos, the results of these studies show an absence of any general agreement upon the practical application of that canon in works of art.
* A group of literary works that are generally accepted as representing a field.
** 1992 February 2, Mitzel, “Clay Shaw, The Quean Network & That Kennedy Killing”, in Gay Community News, volume 19, number 28, page 12:Russo had been working as a salesman, selling Great Books of the Western World, hawking the canon to the rubes.
** 2015, William Styron, “Irwin Shaw”, in My Generation: Collected Nonfiction, page 456:the durable canon of American short fiction
* The works of a writer that have been accepted as authentic.
    the entire Shakespearean canon
* A eucharistic prayer, particularly the Roman Canon.
* A religious law or body of law decreed by the church.
    We must proceed according to canon law.
* A catalogue of saints acknowledged and canonized in the Roman Catholic Church.
* In monasteries, a book containing the rules of a religious order.
* A piece of music in which the same melody is played by different voices, but beginning at different times; a round.
    Pachelbel’s Canon has become very popular.
* (Roman law) A rent or stipend payable at some regular time, generally annual, e.g., canon frumentarius
** 1919 January, Charles P. Sherman, “A Brief History of Imperial Roman Canon Law”, in California Law Review, volume 7, number 2, Berkeley, California: University of California, pages 96–97:The lessees of public lands had to pay a perpetual rent or "canon" at some periodical time.
* (chiefly fandom slang, uncountable) Those sources, especially including literary works, which are considered part of the main continuity regarding a given fictional universe; (metonymically) these sources' content.
    Coordinate term: lore
    A spin-off book series revealed the aliens to be originally from Earth, but it's not canon.
** 2014, Phineas and Ferb: Star Wars:Meanwhile, having learned the whereabouts of the Death Star's plans, the rebels send their best platypus agent to obtain them, in hopes of finding a weakness. And none of this is canon, so just relax.
* (cooking) Alternative form of cannon (“rolled and filleted loin of meat”)
    a canon of beef or lamb
* (printing, dated, uncountable) A large size of type formerly used for printing the church canons, standardized as 48-point.
* The part of a bell by which it is suspended; the ear or shank of a bell.

##### Synonyms

* (48-point type): French canon

##### Derived terms

* canon bit
* canon bone
* canon by contrary motion
* canon event
* canonic
* canonical
* canonicity
* canonisation, canonization
* canonise, canonize
* canonist
* canonistic
* canon law
* canonlike
* canonship
* crab canon
* deuterocanonical
* double canon
* enigma canon
* enigmatical canon
* enigmatic canon
* fanon
* headcanon
* infinite canon
* minor canon
* mirror canon
* Morgan's canon
* non-canon
* noncanonical
* perpetual canon
* protocanonical
* puzzle canon
* riddle canon
* soft canon

##### Translations
### Etymology 2

From Middle English canoun, ultimately from Latin canonicus (either by shortening or back-formation from Old English canonic, or via Old Northern French canoine).

#### Noun

canon (plural canons)
* A type of clergymember serving a cathedral or collegiate church.
    Coordinate terms: abbé, deacon; curate; priest, reverend, pastor, rector, vicar
* A canon regular, a member of any of several Roman Catholic religious orders.

##### Derived terms

* Canonbury
* canoness
* Canon Frome
* canonry
* Canon's Marsh
* Canons Park
* Stoke Canon

##### Translations
### Etymology 3
#### Adjective

canon (comparative more canon, superlative most canon)
* (fandom slang) Clipping of canonical.
    Antonym: non-canon
    The franchise's book spinoff is usually not considered canon.

### Etymology 4
#### Noun

canon (plural canons)
* Alternative spelling of qanun

### Etymology 5
#### Noun

canon (plural canons)
* (obsolete, now a misspelling) Alternative spelling of cannon (“weapon”)
* Alternative spelling of cannon (“a carom in billiards”)

### Etymology 6

From Spanish cañón, spelling it without the diacritics.

#### Noun

canon (plural canons)
* Obsolete spelling of canyon.
** 1887, Frank McAlpine, Mile-stones of History, Literature, Travel, Mythology, ...:[page 247:] the most wonderful depressions, gorges, canons, or valleys ever discovered. [page 249:] Some two miles on we come to where the three canons begin. [page 329:] the Canons of the Colorado River. This gave Moran his subject for a second painting, which he called the "Grand Chasm of the Colorado" [...]
** 1995, Michael A. Bogan, A Biological Survey of Fort Niobrara and Valentine National ..., page 13, quoting writings by a Bailey in 1890:
    "Clarks Canon, […] very sandy, hilly, deep canons (or ravines), river valleys, and no trees or brush […] "

#### References

* James A. H. Murray et al., editors (1884–1928), “Canon”, in A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (Oxford English Dictionary), London: Clarendon Press, →OCLC.

### Further reading

* ↑ Edward H[enry] Knight (1877) “Canon”, in Knight’s American Mechanical Dictionary. […], volumes I (A–GAS), New York, N.Y.: Hurd and Houghton […], →OCLC.
* Douglas Harper (2001–2025) “canon”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.
* “canon”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.

### Anagrams

* Ancon, Conan, ancon

## Dutch
### Etymology

From Ancient Greek κανών (kanṓn, “measuring rod, standard”), akin to κάννα (kánna, “reed”), perhaps from Semitic (compare Hebrew קנה (qaneh, “reed”)).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkaː.nɔn/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: ca‧non

### Noun

canon m (plural canons, diminutive canonnetje n)
* canon (set of representative or pre-eminent literary works)
** (chiefly Christianity) canon (set of authoritative religious books, especially those constituting the Bible)
* (Christianity) canon (religious law)
* (music) canon (round, music piece consisting of the same melody sung by different voices)
* (Roman Catholicism) canon (part of a mass following the Sanctus up to the end of the Pater Noster, consisting mostly of prayers)
* (dated) canon (principle, rule)

#### Derived terms

* canoniek
* canoniseren

## French
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ka.nɔ̃/
* Audio:(file)

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old French canon, from canne + -on, corresponding to Italian cannone.

#### Noun

canon m (plural canons)
* cannon, (big) gun
* barrel (of firearm)
* cannon for a horse

##### Derived terms

* boulet de canon
* canon à eau
* chair à canon
* fusil à canon scié
* poudre à canon
* tuer une mouche avec un canon

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Old French canon, borrowed from Latin canōn, from Ancient Greek κανών (kanṓn, “measuring rod, standard”).
The 'attractive person' sense comes from an ellipsis of canon de beauté.

#### Noun

canon m (plural canons)
* canon
* (music) canon
* (religion) canon
* (slang) hottie, dish, bombshell (attractive man/woman)
    Synonyms: bombe, avion de chasse

##### Derived terms

* canon à neige
* canon de beauté

##### Descendants

* → Turkish: kanon

### Etymology 3

From the above noun (see sense 4) by conversion.

#### Adjective

canon (plural canons)
* (informal, of a person) hot, sexy
    Cette nouvelle coupe de cheveux te va trop bien, t’es canon! ― This new hair really suits you, you're hot!

### Etymology 4

From canne +‎ -on.

#### Noun

canon m (plural canons)
* (slang) glass of wine

### Further reading

* “canon”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Galician
### Alternative forms

* cânon, cânone (reintegrationist)

### Pronunciation

* This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

### Noun

canon m (plural canons)
* canon (principle, literary works, prayer, religious law, music piece)

### References

* “canon”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2025

## Latin
### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈka.noːn/, [ˈkänoːn]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈka.non/, [ˈkäːnon]

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Ancient Greek κανών (kanṓn, “measuring rod, standard”), akin to κάννα (kánna, “reed”), perhaps from Semitic (compare Hebrew קנה (qaneh, “reed”)).

#### Noun

canōn m (genitive canonis); third declension
* a measuring line
* (figuratively) precept, rule, canon
* a yearly tribute paid to the emperor; (Medieval Latin, by extension) a periodic payment
* (Ecclesiastical Latin) authorized catalog, especially of books of the Bible or of the saints
* (Ecclesiastical Latin) decree of a church synod
* (Ecclesiastical Latin) the Canon of the Mass
* (Medieval Latin) relic

##### Declension

Third-declension noun.

##### Synonyms

* (precept, rule): nōrma, praeceptum, rēgula

##### Derived terms

* canōnizō
* canōnismata

##### Descendants

* Italian: canone
* Sicilian: cànuni
* → Catalan: cànon
* → German: Kanon
* → Japanese: カノン
* → Dutch: canon
* → Old French: canon (see there for further descendants)
* → Portuguese: cânone
* → Russian: канон (kanon)
* → Spanish: canon

### Etymology 2

From canna (“pipe”), compare Italian cannone and Old French canon.

#### Noun

canōn m (genitive canōnis); third declension
* (Medieval Latin) a cannon (artillery)

### References

* “canon”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* "canon", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* canon in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* “canon”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “canon”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin
* Niermeyer, Jan Frederik (1976) “canon”, in Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden, Boston: E. J. Brill

## Middle English
### Etymology 1

From Middle French canon, from Italian cannone, from Latin canna, from Ancient Greek κάννα (kánna, “reed”), from Akkadian 𒄀 (qanû, “reed”), from Sumerian 𒄀𒈾 (gi.na).

#### Alternative forms

* kanon

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kaˈnoːn/

#### Noun

canon (plural canones)
* (Late Middle English) cannon

##### Descendants

* English: cannon

##### References

* “canọ̄n, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

canon
* Alternative form of canoun (“authoritative rules”)

### Etymology 3
#### Noun

canon
* Alternative form of canoun (“clergy member”)

## Norman
### Etymology

From Old French canon.

### Noun

canon m (plural canons)
* cannon

## Old French
### Etymology 1

cane (“reed, cane, tube”) +‎ -on, corresponding to Italian cannone.

#### Noun

canon oblique singular, m (oblique plural canons, nominative singular canons, nominative plural canon)
* tube
* cannon

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Latin canōn, from Ancient Greek κανών (kanṓn, “measuring rod, standard”).
* canon

#### Descendants

* French: canon
* Norman: canon
* → Danish: kanon
* → Irish: canóin
* → Middle English: canoun, canon, canone, kanon, kanoun
** English: canon
** Scots: canon
* → Norwegian: kanon
* → Swedish: kanon
** → Finnish: kaanon

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic канонъ (kanonŭ), from Ancient Greek κανών (kanṓn).

### Noun

canon n (plural canoane)
* canon
* (usually in regards to religion) tenet, dogma, rule, norm, precept
* punishment or penance for breaking such a religious rule

#### Derived terms

* canoni

#### Related terms

* canonic

## Spanish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin canōn, from Ancient Greek κανών (kanṓn, “measuring rod, standard”) (compare κάννα (kánna, “reed”)), perhaps of Semitic origin.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkanon/ [ˈka.nõn]
* Rhymes: -anon
* Syllabification: ca‧non

### Noun

canon m (plural cánones)
* canon (principle, literary works, prayer, religious law, music piece)
    Synonyms: norma, precepto, regla
* tax, fee

#### Related terms

* canónico
* canonizar

### References

* ↑ Joan Coromines, José A[ntonio] Pascual (1983–1991) “canon”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critical Castilian and Hispanic Etymological Dictionary] (in Spanish), Madrid: Gredos

### Further reading

* “canon”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

## Welsh
### Alternative forms

* (verb form): canasom (literary, first-person plural)
* (verb form): canasant (literary, third-person plural)
* (artillery): canan

### Pronunciation

* (North Wales) IPA: /ˈkanɔn/
* (South Wales) IPA: /ˈkaːnɔn/, /ˈkanɔn/

### Etymology 1

From English canon

#### Noun

canon f (plural cannonau)
* canon (ecclesiastical degree)

#### Noun

canon m (plural canoniaid or canons)
* canon (clerical)

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from English cannon

#### Noun

canon m (plural cannonau)
* cannon

##### Derived terms

* pelen canon f (“cannonball”)

### Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

canon
* first/third-person plural preterite colloquial of canu

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “canon”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies