# 肝

| 肝 | U+809D, &#32925; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-809D |
| ← 肜 [U+809C] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 肞 → [U+809E] |

## Translingual
### Han character

肝 (Kangxi radical 130, 肉+3, 7 strokes, cangjie input 月一十 (BMJ), four-corner 7124$_0$, composition ⿰月干(GJKV) or ⿰⺼干(HT))

#### Derived characters

* 𨧠

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 974, character 9
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29273
* Dae Jaweon: page 1425, character 31
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2044, character 3
* Unihan data for U+809D

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 訐 | *krads, *krads, *ked, *kad |
| 肝 | *kaːn |
| 竿 | *kaːn |
| 干 | *kaːn |
| 奸 | *kaːn |
| 玕 | *kaːn |
| 汗 | *kaːn, *ɡaːn, *ɡaːns |
| 迀 | *kaːn |
| 忓 | *kaːn, *ɡaːns |
| 鳱 | *kaːn |
| 邗 | *kaːn, *ɡaːn |
| 秆 | *kaːnʔ |
| 矸 | *kaːnʔ, *kaːns, *ɡaːns |
| 仠 | *kaːnʔ |
| 皯 | *kaːnʔ |
| 衦 | *kaːnʔ |
| 簳 | *kaːnʔ |
| 擀 | *kaːnʔ |
| 旰 | *kaːns |
| 盰 | *kaːns |
| 幹 | *kaːns |
| 杆 | *kaːns |
| 骭 | *kaːns, *ɡraːns |
| 桿 | *kaːnʔ |
| 趕 | *kaːnʔ |
| 稈 | *kaːnʔ |
| 刊 | *kʰaːn |
| 靬 | *kʰaːn, *kʰaːns, *kreːn, *kan |
| 衎 | *kʰaːnʔ, *kʰaːns |
| 犴 | *ŋaːn, *ŋaːns |
| 豻 | *ŋaːn, *ŋaːns, *ɦŋaːns, *ŋ̊ʰraːn |
| 頇 | *ŋaːns, *hŋaːn, *ŋaːd |
| 岸 | *ŋɡaːns |
| 鼾 | *qʰaːn, *ɢaːns |
| 罕 | *qʰaːnʔ, *qʰaːns |
| 焊 | *qʰaːnʔ, *ɡaːns |
| 蔊 | *qʰaːnʔ |
| 虷 | *ɡaːn |
| 旱 | *ɡaːnʔ |
| 皔 | *ɡaːnʔ |
| 釬 | *ɡaːns |
| 扞 | *ɡaːns |
| 閈 | *ɡaːns |
| 馯 | *ɡaːns, *kʰraːn |
| 捍 | *ɡaːns, *ɡraːnʔ |
| 悍 | *ɡaːns |
| 銲 | *ɡaːns |
| 垾 | *ɡaːns |
| 駻 | *ɡaːns |
| 睅 | *ɡʷranʔ |
| 娨 | *ɡraːns |
| 飦 | *kan |
| 赶 | *ɡan, *ɡʷad |
| 軒 | *qʰan |
| 蓒 | *qʰan |
| 酐 | *qʰaːŋʔ |
| 澣 | *ɡʷaːnʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kaːn): semantic ⺼ (“flesh”) + phonetic 干 (OC *kaːn) – a body part.

### Etymology

Probably from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-ka-(n/m/ŋ) (“bitter; salty; bile; liver”), in which case it would be related to 苦 (OC *kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs, “bitter”); also compare Proto-Bodo-Garo *bi-ka (“liver”), whence Bodo (India) [script needed] (bi-ka, “liver”), Garo bika (“liver”).
Alternatively, Schuessler (2007) compares it with Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-kal ~ *s-gal (“lower back; kidney”), whence Tibetan མཁལ་མ (mkhal ma, “kidney”), Mizo kal (“kidney”), Chepang गल् (“kidney”), Burmese ခါး (hka:, “waist”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): gān (gan$^1$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄍㄢ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): gan$^1$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gon$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): gon$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): gon$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kôn
    (Hailu, HRS): gon$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): gon$^1$
* Jin (Wiktionary): gan$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): húing
* Eastern Min (BUC): găng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gua$^1$ / guaⁿ$^1$ / gang$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): koaⁿ / kan
    (Teochew, Peng'im): guan$^1$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): gua$^1$ / gang$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$koe
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): gan$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gān
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gan
*** Wade–Giles: kan$^1$
*** Yale: gān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gan
*** Palladius: гань (ganʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /kän⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: gan$^1$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gan
*** Sinological IPA : /kan⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gon$^1$
*** Yale: gōn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gon$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gon$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɔːn⁵⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: gon$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kᵘɔn³³/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: gon$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɵn⁴²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kôn
*** Hakka Romanization System: gon$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gon$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kon²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: gon$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /kon⁵³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: gon$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kɔn⁴⁴/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: gan$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /kæ̃¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: húing
*** Sinological IPA : /xuiŋ⁵⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: găng
*** Sinological IPA : /kaŋ⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gua$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kua⁵³³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: guaⁿ$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kũã⁵³³/
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gang$^1$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: gang
*** Sinological IPA : /kaŋ⁵³³/
* gua1/guaⁿ1 - vernacular;
* gang1 - literary.
* Middle Chinese: kan
Rime :
| Character | 肝 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 寒 (61) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 古寒切 |
| Baxter | kan |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɑn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kɑn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kɑn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kan/ |
| Li Rong | /kɑn/ |
| Wang Li | /kɑn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kɑn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gān |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gon$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*s.kˤa[r]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kaːn/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 肝 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gān |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kan › |
| Old Chinese | /*s.kˁa[r]/ |
| English | liver |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 肝 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 3568 |
| Phonetic component | 干 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 干 |
| Old Chinese | /*kaːn/ |

### Definitions

肝
* liver (Classifier: 葉／叶; 個／个)
       Wǒ bù chī dǔ yě bù chī gān. [Pinyin]
       I don't eat tripe or liver.
       Shēntǐ de dàbùfēn dǎngùchún shì zài gān hé cháng nèi yóu xiāohuà de shíwù zhì chéng de. [Pinyin]
       Most of the body's cholesterol is made in the liver and intestine from digested food.
* (figurative) mind; thoughts
* (video games, neologism) to grind; to repeat a task day and night, which may exhaust the liver, in order to achieve a specific goal
       Zhè yóuxì hěn xīyǐn rén, dàn wǒ shízài gān bù dòng le. Tā tài gān le. [Pinyin]
       This game is attractive, but I really can't grind anymore. It's too grindy.
* (video games, neologism) grindy

#### Compounds

* 丙肝 (bǐnggān)
* 互託肝膽 / 互托肝胆
* 全無心肝 / 全无心肝
* 剌心剌肝
* 剖心坼肝
* 剖心析肝
* 剖肝泣血
* 剖肝瀝膽 / 剖肝沥胆
* 動肝火 / 动肝火
* 壞心肝 / 坏心肝
* 大動肝火 / 大动肝火 (dàdònggānhuǒ)
* 夾肝 / 夹肝
* 心疼肝斷 / 心疼肝断
* 心肝 (xīngān)
* 心肝寶貝 / 心肝宝贝 (xīngān bǎobèi)
* 心肝肉
* 忠肝義膽 / 忠肝义胆 (zhōnggānyìdǎn)
* 感人肺肝 (gǎnrénfèigān)
* 披瀝肝膽 / 披沥肝胆
* 披肝掛膽 / 披肝挂胆
* 披肝瀝膽 / 披肝沥胆 (pīgānlìdǎn)
* 披露肝膽 / 披露肝胆
* 揪心扒肝
* 摧心剖肝
* 摘心去肝
* 摧胸破肝
* 有肝膽 / 有肝胆
* 沙肝兒 / 沙肝儿 (shāgānr)
* 瀝膽墮肝 / 沥胆堕肝
* 瀝膽披肝 / 沥胆披肝
* 炒肝兒 / 炒肝儿 (chǎogānr)
* 爆肝
* 玻璃心肝
* 肝功能 (gāngōngnéng)
* 肝吸蟲 / 肝吸虫
* 肝小葉 / 肝小叶 (gānxiǎoyè)
* 肝帝 (gāndì)
* 肝橫膽乍 / 肝横胆乍
* 肝氣 / 肝气
* 肝火
* 肝火上炎
* 肝火旺
* 肝火盛
* 肝炎 (gānyán)
* 肝癌 (gān'ái)
* 肝硬化症
* 肝總管 / 肝总管 (gānzǒngguǎn)
* 肝胰壺腹 / 肝胰壶腹 (gānyíhúfù)
* 肝脾
* 肝腦塗地 / 肝脑涂地 (gānnǎotúdì)
* 肝腫大 / 肝肿大
* 肝腸寸斷 / 肝肠寸断 (gānchángcùnduàn)
* 肝腸崩裂 / 肝肠崩裂
* 肝膽 / 肝胆 (gāndǎn)
* 肝膽塗地 / 肝胆涂地
* 肝膽楚越 / 肝胆楚越
* 肝膽照人 / 肝胆照人
* 肝膽相照 / 肝胆相照 (gāndǎnxiāngzhào)
* 肝膽胡越 / 肝胆胡越
* 肝臟 / 肝脏 (gānzàng)
* 肝虛 / 肝虚
* 肝蛭 (gānzhì)
* 肝醣 / 肝糖 (gāntáng)
* 肝風 / 肝风
* 肝鬱 / 肝郁
* 肝鬲
* 肺肝 (fèigān)
* 胗肝兒 / 胗肝儿
* 蝨脛蟣肝 / 虱胫虮肝
* 蟲臂鼠肝 / 虫臂鼠肝
* 豬肝 / 猪肝 (zhūgān)
* 赤膽忠肝 / 赤胆忠肝
* 輸肝剖膽 / 输肝剖胆
* 輸肝瀝膽 / 输肝沥胆
* 隳肝瀝膽 / 隳肝沥胆
* 雕肝琢腎 / 雕肝琢肾
* 雕肝琢膂
* 雕肝鏤腎 / 雕肝镂肾
* 露膽披肝 / 露胆披肝
* 驢肝肺 / 驴肝肺
* 魚肝油 / 鱼肝油 (yúgānyóu)
* 鰵魚肝油 / 鳘鱼肝油
* 鳳髓龍肝 / 凤髓龙肝
* 麟肝鳳髓 / 麟肝凤髓
* 鼠肝蟲臂 / 鼠肝虫臂
* 龍肝豹胎 / 龙肝豹胎
* 龍肝鳳髓 / 龙肝凤髓 (lónggānfèngsuǐ)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)
* Kun: きも (kimo, 肝, Jōyō)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 肝
* きも Grade: S
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 胆
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE with the spelling 岐毛. In turn, from Proto-Japonic *kimo. Cognate with Okinawan 肝 (chimu, “liver, heart”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) きも [kìmóꜜ] (Odaka –)
* IPA: [kʲimo̞]

#### Noun

肝(きも) • (kimo)
* the liver
** 794, Shin'yaku Kegonkyō Ongi Shiki:心腎肝脯 心人情也 腎音神 訓牟良斗 肝音干 訓岐毛Heart, kidney, liver, breast. Heart is a person's feelings. The readings of "kidney" in Chinese is zin, and in Japanese, it is called murato. The readings of "liver" in Chinese is kan, and in Japanese, it is called kimo.
* innards
* (figuratively) important part

#### References

* Takeuchi, Rizō (1962) Nara Ibun: Volume 3 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō Shuppan, →ISBN.

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 肝
* かん Grade: S
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 肝 (MC kan).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かん [káꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [kã̠ɴ]

#### Affix

肝(かん) • (kan)
* liver
* (figuratively) essential thing; important thing
* (figuratively) courage; spirit

#### Noun

肝(かん) • (kan)
* liver
* (obsolete, figuratively) heart; spirit

#### Derived terms

* 肝(かん)炎(えん) (kan'en)
* 肝心(かんじん) (kanjin)
* 肝臓(かんぞう) (kanzō)
* 肝油(かんゆ) (kan'yu)
* 肝要(かんよう) (kan'yō)

#### References

* ↑ Omodaka, Hisataka (1967) 時代別国語大辞典 上代編 [The dictionary of historical Japanese: Old Japanese] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN, pages 246-247
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 肝 (MC kan). Recorded as Middle Korean 간 (kan) (Yale: kan) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Pronunciation

* (in 肝氣 and 肝腸):
** (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ka̠n]
** Phonetic hangul: [간]
* (liver):
** (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ka̠(ː)n]
** Phonetic hangul: [간(ː)]
*** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Hanja

Wikisource 肝 (eumhun 간 간 (gan gan))
* hanja form of 간 (“liver”)

#### Compounds

* 간담 (肝膽, gandam)
* 간암 (肝癌, ganam)
* 간염 (肝炎, ganyeom)
* 간요 (肝要, ganyo)
* 간장 (肝腸, ganjang)
* 간장 (肝臟, ganjang)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Okinawan
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): かん (kan, Jōyō)
* Kun: ちむ (chimu, 肝)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 肝
* ちむ Grade: S
* kun'yomi
From Proto-Ryukyuan, from Proto-Japonic *kimo.

### Pronunciation

* (Shuri) IPA: [tɕīmū] (tone class B)

### Noun

肝(ちむ) (chimu)
* the liver
* heart; spirit
    まくとぅ　しんじちぬ　わじむどぅん　くぃらば　むらばるが　くとぅん　いやな　うちゅみ
       makutu shinjichinu wajimudun kwiraba murabaruga kutun iyana uchumi
       If I really showed passion, she would still not bother me about talking about Murabaru.

#### Derived terms

* 肝(ちむ)どんどん (chimudondon)
* 肝(ちむ)心(ぐくる) (chimugukuru)

### References

* Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyūjo (国立国語研究所) (1963) 沖縄語辞典 (Okinawa-go Jiten) [Dictionary of the Okinawan Language] (in Japanese), Tokyo (東京): Okurashō Insatsu Kyoku (財務省印刷局), pages 154-155

## Vietnamese
### Han character

肝: Hán Nôm readings: can, gan
* chữ Hán form of can (“liver”).
* chữ Nôm form of gan (“liver”).