# vera
## English
### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈvɪəɹə/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* (General American) IPA: /ˈvɪɹə/
* Rhymes: -ɪəɹə

### Etymology 1

From Vera Lynn. (Can this etymology be sourced?)

#### Noun

vera (plural veras)
* (Cockney rhyming slang) A skin (rolling paper for cigarettes).
** 1992, The Shamen (band), Ebeneezer Goode (song)
    Has anybody got any veras? Lovely!

### Etymology 2

As vega, with the "g" substituted with a "r" to represent risk-free (interest rate).

#### Noun

vera (uncountable)
* (finance) A second-order measure of derivative price sensitivity, expressed as the rate of change of vega with respect to changes in the risk-free interest rate, or equivalently the rate of change of rho with respect to changes in the volatility of the underlying asset.

##### Synonyms

* rhova

##### Hypernyms

* (measure of derivative price sensitivity): Greeks (includes list of coordinate terms)

### See also

* aloe vera
* billa vera
* polycythemia vera
* vera causa

### Anagrams

* AVRE, Rave, aver, evar, rave, vare

## Albanian
### Noun

vera
* inflection of verë:
** definite nominative singular
** indefinite nominative/accusative plural

## Asturian
### Etymology

From Latin viria.

### Noun

vera f (plural veres)
* edge, side
* bank (of river)
* wayside (of road, etc.)
* acre (of land)
* edging

#### Related terms

* a la vera
* averar

## Catalan
### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central) [ˈbɛ.ɾə]
* IPA: (Balearic) [ˈvə.ɾə]
* IPA: (Valencia) [ˈve.ɾa]

### Adjective

vera
* feminine singular of ver

## Ese
### Noun

vera
* fence
* wall

## Esperanto
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)
* IPA: [ˈvera]
* Rhymes: -era
* Hyphenation: ve‧ra

### Adjective

vera (accusative singular veran, plural veraj, accusative plural verajn)
* true

#### Related terms

* vere
* vero

## Faroese
### Etymology

From Old Norse vera (“to be”), from vesa, from Proto-Germanic *wesaną, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- and *h₂wes-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈveːɹa]
* Rhymes: -eːɹa
* Homophone: verða

### Verb

vera (third person singular past indicative var, third person plural past indicative vóru, supine verið)
* (transitive, intransitive, takes nominative adjectives or nouns) to be

#### Conjugation
### Noun

vera f (genitive singular veru, plural verur)
* being

#### Declension
## Icelandic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈvɛːra/
* Rhymes: -ɛːra

### Etymology 1

From Old Norse vera, earlier vesa, from Proto-Germanic *wesaną. Cognate with Danish være, Norwegian Bokmål være, Norwegian Nynorsk vera, and Swedish vara.

#### Verb

vera (strong verb, third-person singular past indicative var, third-person plural past indicative voru, supine verið)
* (transitive, intransitive, takes nominative adjectives or nouns) to be
    Það er gaman að vera góður.It is fun being good.
    Að vera eða vera ekki.To be or not to be.
    Ég var kennari áður en ég gerðist stærðfræðingur.I was a teacher before I become a mathematician.
    Hvernig veistu að þetta sé ekki gildra?How do you know that this is not a trap?

##### Usage notes

The subjunctive forms sé, sért, sé, séum, séuð and séu are used as other Icelandic verbs, e.g. when the situation is hypothetical. By contrast, the forms veri, verir, veri, verum, verið and veri are unique to the verb vera, in that they are used optatively to express desires; e.g., fari hann og veri means may he leave and never return, and the phrase peace be upon you is translated friður veri með þér.

##### Conjugation

| Active voice (germynd) | Active voice (germynd) | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural |
| Active voice (germynd) | Active voice (germynd) | first | second | third | first | second | third |
| indicative (framsöguháttur) | present (nútið) | er | ert | er | erum | eruð | eru |
| indicative (framsöguháttur) | past (þátíð) | var | varst | var | vorum | voruð | voru |
| subjunctive (viðtengingarháttur) | present (nútið) | sé, veri | sért, verir | sé, veri | séum, verum | séuð, verið | séu, veri |
| subjunctive (viðtengingarháttur) | past (þátíð) | væri | værir | væri | værum | væruð | væru |
| infinitive (nafnháttur) | infinitive (nafnháttur) | vera | vera | vera | vera | vera | vera |
| imperatives (boðhættir) | imperatives (boðhættir) | active (germynd) | active (germynd) | active (germynd) | reflexive (miðmynd) | reflexive (miðmynd) | reflexive (miðmynd) |
| | singular (+ þú) | vertu | vertu | vertu | — | — | — |
| | plural (+ þið) | verið | verið | verið | — | — | — |
| shortened (stýfður) | shortened (stýfður) | ver | ver | ver | ver | ver | ver |
| present participle (lýsingarháttur nútíðar) | present participle (lýsingarháttur nútíðar) | verandi | verandi | verandi | verandi | verandi | verandi |
| supine (sagnbót) | supine (sagnbót) | active (germynd) | active (germynd) | active (germynd) | reflexive (miðmynd) | reflexive (miðmynd) | reflexive (miðmynd) |
| supine (sagnbót) | supine (sagnbót) | verið | verið | verið | — | — | — |

##### Derived terms

* ber er hver að baki
* ber er hver að baki, nema sér bróður eigi
* betri er krókur en kelda
* eins og komið er
* eins og kunnugt er
* eins og um var talað
* eins og vant er
* ekki er allt gull sem glóir
* hvað er þetta á ensku?
* koma til dyranna eins og maður er klæddur
* maður er manns gaman
* mér er flökurt
* sinn er siður í landi hverju
* sjaldan er ein báran stök
* sjón er sögu ríkari
* vera að
* vera af
* vera á
* vera á bandi
* vera án
* vera eftir
* vera eins og álfur út úr hól
* vera ekki við eina fjölina felldur
* vera frá
* vera fyrir
* vera hjá
* vera inn í
* vera inni
* vera með
* vera með kvef
* vera seinn
* vera seinn fyrir
* vera til
* vera um
* vera úr
* vera úti
* vera við
* það er betra að hafa vaðið fyrir neðan sig
* það er ýmist of eða van
* þetta er hebreska fyrir mér

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

vera f (genitive singular veru, nominative plural verur)
* a being, a creature
* a stay

##### Derived terms

* geimvera
* verufræði

### Anagrams

* evra

## Ido
### Etymology

Borrowed from Esperanto vera, Italian vero, French vrai and Spanish vero.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈvɛ.ra/, /ˈve.ra/

### Adjective

vera
* true

#### Derived terms

* vere
* vereso

## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈve.ra/
* Rhymes: -era
* Hyphenation: vé‧ra

### Etymology 1

From Late Latin viria (“bracelet”), from Gaulish *viros (“round, crooked”), from Proto-Celtic *weiros (“crooked”), from Proto-Indo-European *weyh₁ros (“turned, twisted, threaded”), from *weyh₁- (“to turn, twist, weave”).

#### Noun

vera f (plural vere)
* (northern Italian) wedding ring, wedding band
    Synonym: fede
* (architecture) puteal, wellhead
    Synonyms: ghiera, puteale

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Adjective

vera
* feminine singular of vero

### Anagrams

* aver

## Latin
### Etymology 1

From vērus (“true”).

#### Pronunciation

* vēra: (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈu̯eː.ra/, [ˈu̯eːrä]
* vēra: (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈve.ra/, [ˈvɛːrä]
* vērā: (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈu̯eː.raː/, [ˈu̯eːräː]
* vērā: (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈve.ra/, [ˈvɛːrä]

#### Adjective

vēra
* inflection of vērus:
** nominative/vocative feminine singular
** nominative/accusative/vocative neuter plural

##### Descendants

* French: voire

#### Adjective

vērā
* ablative feminine singular of vērus

### Etymology 2

From vēr (“Spring”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈu̯eː.ra/, [ˈu̯eːrä]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈve.ra/, [ˈvɛːrä]

#### Noun

vēra n
* nominative/accusative/vocative plural of vēr

### References

* Zoëga, Geir T. (1910) “vera”, in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press; also available at the Internet Archive
* "vera", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Alternative forms

* vere (e-infinitive)
* vara, vårå, vørå, vørø, ve, va (dialectal)

### Etymology

From Old Norse vera, from Proto-Germanic *wesaną. The present tense is suppletive and is from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- (“to be”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /²vɛ(ː)ra/, [²ʋɛ̝ːrɐ̞], [²ʋɛ̝rɐ̞], [²ʋɛ̝rːɐ̞]
* Hyphenation: vè‧ra

### Verb

vera (present tense er, past tense var, past participle vore, passive infinitive verast, present participle verande, imperative ver)
* to be
    Ikkje alle kunne vera til stades.Not everyone could be present.

#### Usage notes

* This is a split infinitive verb.

#### Derived terms

* unnvera
* vera til
* vera ved

### Further reading

* “vera” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

### Anagrams

* Arve, Vera, arve, erva, evar, rave, reva, vare, vear, vera

## Old Norse
### Etymology

From vesa, from Proto-Germanic *wesaną.

### Verb

vera
* to be

#### Conjugation

In certain contexts in poetry the initial vowel of certain forms of this verb could be dropped. Thus the form ro (normalized spelling ru), from ero (normalized eru), is found in Vǫlospá stanza 45 (scildir ro klofnir - shields are cloven).
The forms with /s/ instead of /r/ are older forms, found in the oldest manuscripts, Runic inscriptions and poems. Note that although er comes from earlier es, eru does not come from earlier *esu.

#### Descendants

* Icelandic: vera
* Faroese: vera
* Norwegian Nynorsk: vera; (dialectal) vè, vårå, vørå, vørrø, vara, va
* Jamtish: vara, ve
* Elfdalian: wårå
* Old Swedish: vara, væra, væræ
** Swedish: vara
* Old Danish: wæræ, waræ
** Danish: være
*** Norwegian Bokmål: være
* Old Gutnish: wara

### Further reading

* Zoëga, Geir T. (1910) “vera”, in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press; also available at the Internet Archive
* "vera", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)

## Pali
### Alternative forms

* 𑀯𑁂𑀭 (Brahmi script)
* वेर (Devanagari script)
* ৰের (Bengali script)
* වෙර (Sinhalese script)
* ဝေရ (Burmese script)
* เวร or เวระ (Thai script)
* ᩅᩮᩁ (Tai Tham script)
* ເວຣ or ເວຣະ (Lao script)
* វេរ (Khmer script)
* 𑅇𑄬𑄢 (Chakma script)

### Etymology

Inherited from Sanskrit वैर (vaira).

### Noun

vera n
* hatred
** c. 50 BC, The Buddha, Dhammapada(pāḷi), Yamakavagga, page 26; republished in The Eighteenth Book in the Suttanta-Pitaka: Khuddaka-Nikāya‎, Colombo, 2009:3. අක‍්කොච‍්ඡි මං අවධි මං අජිනි මං අහාසි මෙ යෙ තං උපනය‍්හන‍්ති වෙරං තෙසං න සම‍්මති3. akkocchi maṃ avadhi maṃ ajini maṃ ahāsi me ye taṃ upanayhanti veraṃ tesaṃ na sammatiHe abused me, he struck me, he defeated me, he robbed me. Hatred does not subside for those who nurse grudges thus.(Wiktionary translation adapted from translation of the Pali by Ajahn Sujato.)
** c. 50 BC, The Buddha, Dhammapada(pāḷi), Yamakavagga, page 26; republished in The Eighteenth Book in the Suttanta-Pitaka: Khuddaka-Nikāya‎, Colombo, 2009:5. න හි වෙරෙන වෙරාචී සම‍්මන‍්තීධ කුදාචනං 5 අඞවරෙන ච සම‍්මන‍්ති එස ධම‍්මො සනන‍්තනො.5. Na hi verena verāni sammantīdha kudācanaṃ 5 Averena ca sammanti esa dhammo sanantano.5. For in this world hatreds are not ever settled by hatred, but are settled by love. This is an eternal truth.(literally, “5. For in this world hatreds are not ever settled by hatred, but are settled by love. This truth is eternal.”)(Wiktionary translation adapted from translation of the Pali by Ajahn Sujato.)

#### Derived terms

* avera

#### Descendants

* → Lü: ᦵᦞᧃ (ven) (learned)
* → Old Khmer: vera (learned)
** Khmer: វេរ (vei)
* → Thai: เวร (ween) (learned)

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* Rhymes: -ɛɾɐ

### Adjective

vera
* feminine singular of vero

## Scots
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈvɛra]

### Adjective

vera (not comparable)
* Alternative form of verra

### Adverb

vera (not comparable)
* Alternative form of verra

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *věra, from Proto-Indo-European *weh₁ros.

#### Alternative forms

* vjȅra (Ijekavian)
* vira (Ikavian)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʋêra/
* Hyphenation: ve‧ra

#### Noun

vȅra f (Cyrillic spelling ве̏ра)
* belief, faith
* religion

##### Derived terms

* nevȅrojātan
* povȅrenje
* uverjȅn
* vȅrojātan
* vèrskī

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Italian vera.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʋêːra/
* Hyphenation: ve‧ra

#### Noun

vȇra f (Cyrillic spelling ве̑ра)
* wedding ring

##### Declension
## Slovene
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *věra.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʋèːra/

### Noun

vẹ́ra f
* belief
* faith
* religion

#### Derived terms

* verjẹ́ti

### Further reading

* “vera”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU (in Slovene), 2014–2025

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈbeɾa/ [ˈbe.ɾa]
* Rhymes: -eɾa
* Syllabification: ve‧ra

### Etymology 1

From Latin viria.

#### Noun

vera f (plural veras)
* (poetic) side, face
    Synonyms: lado, cara
    a tu vera ― by your side.
* shore, bank (of a watercourse)
    Synonyms: ribera, orilla
* edge, border
    Synonym: orilla

##### Derived terms

* a la vera

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from English verawood.

#### Noun

vera f (plural veras)
* verawood (Plectrocarpa arborea, syn. Bulnesia arborea)

### Etymology 3

Inflected form of vero

#### Adjective

vera
* feminine singular of vero

### Further reading

* “vera”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

### Anagrams

* a ver