# قدح
## Arabic
### Etymology

The base stem verb is cognate to Classical Syriac ܩܕܰܚ (qdaḥ, “to bore, to pierce; to light, to heaten”), Aramaic קָדַח (qādah, “to bore, to pierce”), Ge'ez ቀድሐ (ḳädḥä, “to draw water; to pierce, to drill”). For the “cup” meaning, Ge'ez መቅድሕ (mäḳdəḥ, “water jar; drill”), Old South Arabian 𐩣𐩤𐩵𐩢 (mqdḥ, “cup, vessel for offerings”). Compare also قَدَّ (qadda, “to cut off”), as that root has been confused at least by Aramaic where ܩܕܰܚ (qdaḥ) also means “to shave” and קְדַד (qədad) “to penetrate”.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Verb

قَدَحَ • (qadaḥa) I (non-past يَقْدَحُ (yaqdaḥu), verbal noun قَدْح (qadḥ))
* to light, to ignite, to spark
* to pierce, to bore, to drill
* to belittle, to diminish, to disparage, to vilify
* to vilify, to libel, to calumniate
* to ladle, to bucket, to scoop, to draw
* to pour, to bucket, to scoop, to ladle, to dole out

#### Conjugation
### Verb

قَدَّحَ • (qaddaḥa) II (non-past يُقَدِّحُ (yuqaddiḥu), verbal noun تَقْدِيح (taqdīḥ))
* to attenuate, to lessen

#### Conjugation
### Noun

قَدْح • (qadḥ) m
* verbal noun of قَدَحَ (qadaḥa) (form I)

#### Declension
### Noun

قِدْح • (qidḥ) m (plural قِدَاح (qidāḥ) or أَقْدُح (ʔaqduḥ) or أَقْدَاح (ʔaqdāḥ) or أَقَادِيح (ʔaqādīḥ))
* arrow shaft
    Synonym: نَضِيّ (naḍiyy)
** 7th century CE, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Buḵāriyy, 61:117:يَقْرَءُونَ الْقُرْآنَ لَا يُجَاوِزُ تَرَاقِيَهُمْ، يَمْرُقُونَ مِنَ الدِّينِ كَمَا يَمْرُقُ السَّهْمُ مِنَ الرَّمِيَّةِ، يُنْظَرُ إِلَى نَصْلِهِ فَلَا يُوجَدُ فِيهِ شَيْءٌ، ثُمَّ يُنْظَرُ إِلَى رِصَافِهِ فَمَا يُوجَدُ فِيهِ شَيْءٌ، ثُمَّ يُنْظَرُ إِلَى نَضِيِّهِ ـ وَهُوَ قِدْحُهُ ـ فَلَا يُوجَدُ فِيهِ شَيْءٌ، ثُمَّ يُنْظَرُ إِلَى قُذَذِهِ فَلَا يُوجَدُ فِيهِ شَيْءٌ، قَدْ سَبَقَ الْفَرْثَ وَٱلدَّمَ.yaqraʔūna l-qurʔāna lā yujāwizu tarāqiya-hum, yamruqūna mina d-dīni kamā yamruqu s-sahmu mina r-ramiyyati, yunẓaru ʔilā naṣli-hī fa-lā yūjadu fī-hi šayʔun, ṯumma yunẓaru ʔilā riṣāfi-hī fa-mā yūjadu fī-hi šayʔun, ṯumma yunẓaru ʔilā naḍiyyi-hī - wa-huwa qidḥu-hū - fa-lā yūjadu fī-hi šayʔun, ṯumma yunẓaru ʔilā quḏaḏi-hī fa-lā yūjadu fī-hi šayʔun, qad sabaqa l-farṯa wa-d-dama.They recite the Qurʾān but it does not go beyond their clavicles and they will desert the creed as an arrow goes through a target’s body, so one would, on looking at the arrow’s blade, see nothing on it; then one would look at its sinew and see nothing, then one would look at its arrowshaft and see nothing, then one would look at its fletching and would see nothing, for the arrow, by its speed, has even obviated entrails and blood.
* (pars pro toto) arrow
    Near-synonyms: سَهْم (sahm), نُشَّاب (nuššāb), حُظْوَة (ḥuẓwa)
* (Yemen) cheek (of a beast or human)
    Near-synonyms: خَدّ (ḵadd), مَلْطَم (malṭam), عِذَار (ʕiḏār), عَارِض (ʕāriḍ), وَجْنَة (wajna), (in dialects) حَنَك (ḥanak)

#### Declension
### Noun

قَدَح • (qadaḥ) m (plural أَقْدَاح (ʔaqdāḥ))
* a container for carrying or serving liquids that has a broad and often flat base and no spouts; a beaker, a tumbler; a mug; a pail, a bucket; a can
    حُلِبَتِ الْبَقَرَةُ فِي قَدَحَيْنِ.ḥulibati l-baqaratu fī qadaḥayni.The cow was milked into two pails.
** 7th century CE, Jamīʿ at-Tirmiḏiyy, 14:17:رَسُولُ اللّٰهِ صَلَّى اللّٰه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بَاعَ حِلْسًا وَقَدَحًا وَقَالَ ”مَنْ يَشْتَرِي هَذَا الْحِلْسَ وَالْقَدَحَ؟“. فَقَالَ رَجُلٌ ”أَخَذْتُهُمَا بِدِرْهَمٍ“. فَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللّٰه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ ”مَنْ يَزِيدُ عَلَى دِرْهَمٍ مَنْ يَزِيدُ عَلَى دِرْهَمٍ“ فَأَعْطَاهُ رَجُلٌ دِرْهَمَيْنِ فَبَاعَهُمَا مِنْهُ.rasūlu llāhi ṣallā llāh ʕalayhi wasallama bāʕa ḥilsan waqadaḥan waqāla ”man yaštarī haḏā l-ḥilsa wālqadaḥa?“. faqāla rajulun ”ʔaḵaḏtuhumā bidirhamin“. faqāla n-nabiyyu ṣallā llāh ʕalayhi wasallama ”man yazīdu ʕalā dirhamin man yazīdu ʕalā dirhamin“ faʔaʕṭāhu rajulun dirhamayni fabāʕahumā minhu.The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) sold a saddle blanket and a drinking bowl. He said: “Who will buy saddle blanket and drinking bowl?”. So a man said: “I will take them for a dirham.” So the Prophet (peace be upon him) said: “Who will give more than a dirham? Who will give more than a dirham?” A man gave him two dirhams, so he sold them to him.
* a dry measure
** (Yemen) about 30 kilograms and 36 liters, exact value standardized differently by community and good (wheat, dhurra, dukhn, rice, sesame)
** (obsolete, Egypt, Sudan, until 1892) 32 قِيرَاط (qīrāṭ), $^1$⁄$_8$ of a كَيْلَة (kayla), $^1$⁄$_{96}$ of a إِرْدَبّ (ʔirdabb) – 2.062 liters

#### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: qədəh
* → Classical Syriac: ܩܕܚܐ (qdḥˀ)
** → Middle Armenian: կթխայ (ktʻxay), կթխա (ktʻxa), կթղայ (ktʻġay), կթղա (ktʻġa)
*** Armenian: կթխա (ktʻxa), կթղա (ktʻġa), կթխայ (ktʻxay) — traditional orthography, գխտա (gxta) — obsolete
* → Northern Kurdish: qedeh
* → Ottoman Turkish: قدح (kadeh)
** Turkish: kadeh
** → Armenian: խատեխ (xatex), կա̈դա̈խ (kädäx)
* → Uyghur: قەدەھ (qedeh)
* → Uzbek: qadah

### References

* “qdḥ”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* Cardarelli, François (2003) Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures. Their SI Equivalences and Origins, London: Springer, →ISBN, page 129
* Freytag, Georg (1835) “قدح”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎ (in Latin), volume 3, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 405
* Kazimirski, Albin de Biberstein (1860) “قدح”, in Dictionnaire arabe-français contenant toutes les racines de la langue arabe, leurs dérivés, tant dans l’idiome vulgaire que dans l’idiome littéral, ainsi que les dialectes d’Alger et de Maroc‎ (in French), volume 2, Paris: Maisonneuve et C$^{ie}$, pages 683–684
* Piamenta, Moshe (1991) Dictionary of Post-Classical Yemeni Arabic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 388b
* Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “قدح”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart‎ (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, pages 1003–1004

## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology

From Arabic قَدَح (qadaḥ).

### Noun

قدح • (kadeh)
* cup

#### Descendants

* Turkish: kadeh
* → Armenian: խատեխ (xatex), կա̈դա̈խ (kädäx)

## Persian
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Arabic قَدَح (qadaḥ).

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [qa.ðah]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [qä.d̪äʱ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [qä.d̪äʱ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [qä.d̪ɑː]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [qä.d̪ɔː]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [qæ.d̪æʱ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [qä.d̪äʱ]

#### Noun

قَدَح • (qadah) (plural اَقداح (aqdâh))
* goblet; cup
    Synonyms: جام (jâm), پیاله (piyâle), کاسه (kâse)
** c. 1390, Shams-ud-Dīn Muḥammad Ḥāfiẓ, “Ghazal 7”, in دیوان حافظ [The Divān of Ḥāfiẓ]‎:در بزم دور یک‌دو قدح درکش و برو یعنی طمع مدار وصال دوام راdar bazm-i dawr yak-do qadah darkaš u biraw ya'ni tam' ma-dār wisāl-i dawām rāIn the feast of time, enjoy just a cup or two and leave; That is, do not seek a union to last forever.(Classical Persian transliteration)

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Arabic قَدْح (qadḥ).

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [qaðh]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [qäd̪ʰ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [qäd̪ʰ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [qäd̪]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [qäd̪̥]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [qæd̪ʰ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [qäd̪ʰ]

#### Noun

قَدْح • (qadh)
* calumny; vilification

## South Levantine Arabic

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### Etymology

From Arabic قَدَح (qadaḥ).

### Noun

قدح • (ʔadaḥ) m (plural قداح (ʔdāḥ))
* glass (for alcohol)
    Synonyms: كاس (kās), كاسة (kāse), كباية (kubbāye)