# 丞

| 丞 | U+4E1E, &#19998; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E1E |
| ← 丝 [U+4E1D] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 丟 → [U+4E1F] |

## Translingual
### Han character

丞 (Kangxi radical 1, 一+5, 6 strokes, cangjie input 弓水一 (NEM) or 難弓水一 (XNEM), four-corner 1710$_3$, composition ⿱氶一)

#### Derived characters

* 𠱺, 𢏞, 𢓞, 拯, 洆, 𣑕, 𤇶, 𦚦, 𥒡, 𧊴, 𰴶, 𨀧, 䡕, 𰼬, 㷥, 𩊨, 𪎻
* 𠜉, 𨚱, 𡶽, 䒱, 䇰, 卺, 巹, 𰖆, 𰞜, 烝, 脀, 𢀿, 𦛆, 𨋬, 𫴏

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 78, character 5
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 40
* Dae Jaweon: page 157, character 1
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 19, character 8
* Unihan data for U+4E1E

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 丞 :
| Shang | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| Oracle bone scriptj05046Small seal scripts01967Transcribed ancient scriptsL33309L33310L33311L33312L33313L11084L11085L11086L11087L11088L11089L11090L11091L11092L11093L11094 |||
| References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script). |||
| | Old Chinese |
| 蒸 | *kljɯŋ |
| 烝 | *kljɯŋ, *kljɯŋs |
| 篜 | *klɯŋ |
| 脀 | *kljɯŋ |
| 拯 | *kljɯŋʔ |
| 氶 | *kljɯŋʔ |
| 承 | *ɡljɯŋ |
| 丞 | *ɡljɯŋ, *ɡljɯŋs |
| 巹 | *klɯnʔ |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 卩 (“kneeling person”) + 廾 (“both hands”) + 凵 (“hole”) – to rescue a person from a hole. Compare 承.

### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-tjaŋ (“upper part; rise; raise”).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chéng (cheng$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄥˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): sing$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): sṳ̀n
* Eastern Min (BUC): sìng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): sêng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): sêng$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$zen
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chéng
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chéng
*** Wade–Giles: chʻêng$^2$
*** Yale: chéng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: cherng
*** Palladius: чэн (čɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: sing$^4$
*** Yale: sìhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sing$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: xing$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɪŋ²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sṳ̀n
*** Hakka Romanization System: siin$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: sin$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /sɨn¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: sìng
*** Sinological IPA : /siŋ⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sêng
*** Tâi-lô: sîng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: seeng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /siɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /siɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /siɪŋ¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /siɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /siɪŋ²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: sêng$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sêng
*** Sinological IPA : /seŋ⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$zen
*** MiniDict: zen$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$zen
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zən²³/
* Middle Chinese: dzying, dzyingH
Rime :
| Character | 丞 | 丞 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 常 (25) | 常 (25) |
| Final (韻) | 蒸 (133) | 蒸 (133) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 署陵切 | 常證切 |
| Baxter | dzying | dzyingH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡ʑɨŋ/ | /d͡ʑɨŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡ʑɨŋ/ | /d͡ʑɨŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡ʑieŋ/ | /d͡ʑieŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡ʑiŋ/ | /d͡ʑiŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ʑiəŋ/ | /ʑiəŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ʑĭəŋ/ | /ʑĭəŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʑi̯əŋ/ | /ʑi̯əŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | chéng | shèng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | sing$^4$ | sing$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*m-təŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡljɯŋ/, /*ɡljɯŋs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 丞 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | chéng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dzying › |
| Old Chinese | /*m-təŋ/ |
| English | assist |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 丞 | 丞 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 1414 | 1415 |
| Phonetic component | 丞 | 丞 |
| Rime group | 蒸 | 蒸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 承 | 丞 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡljɯŋ/ | /*ɡljɯŋs/ |
| Notes | 拯之初文 | |

#### Definitions

丞
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to assist, to aid
* (archaic) a low-level assistant to the governor of a county
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 承
* a surname

##### See also

* 輔佐／辅佐 (fǔzuǒ, “to assist”)

#### Compounds

* 丞相 (chéngxiàng)

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhěng (zheng$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄥˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): cing$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhěng
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄥˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhěng
*** Wade–Giles: chêng$^3$
*** Yale: jěng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jeeng
*** Palladius: чжэн (čžɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂɤŋ²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: cing$^2$
*** Yale: chíng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsing$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: qing$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɪŋ³⁵/

#### Definitions

丞
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Original form of 拯 (zhěng, “to rescue”).

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* to help, to rescue

#### Readings

* Go-on: じょう (jō)
* Kan-on: しょう (shō)
* Kun: すくう (sukuu, 丞う)、たすける (tasukeru, 丞ける)
* Nanori: すけ (suke)
As a variant of 抍:
* Go-on: じょう (jō)
* Kan-on: じょう (jō)

## Korean
### Etymology 1
#### Hanja

丞 (eumhun 도울 승 (doul seung))
* (archaic) hanja form of 승 (“help”)

### Etymology 2
#### Hanja

丞 (eumhun 구원할 증 (guwonhal jeung))
* (obsolete) Alternative form of 拯 (“hanja form of 증 (“help”)”)

### References

* Naver Hanja Dictionary: 丞

## Vietnamese
### Han character

丞: Hán Việt readings: thừa
丞: Hán Nôm readings: thừa, chẳng
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

### References

* Nom Foundation