# 昏

| 昏 | U+660F, &#26127; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-660F |
| ← 明 [U+660E] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 昐 → [U+6610] |

## Translingual
### Han character

昏 (Kangxi radical 72, 日+4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 竹心日 (HPA), four-corner 7260$_4$, composition ⿱氏日)

#### Derived characters

* 𠉣, 㖧, 婚, 崏, 𰐲, 惛, 捪, 涽, 𰡙, 𣇲, 棔, 殙, 焝, 𤘏, 琘, 䄑, 𬛆, 睧, 碈, 𥟴, 𣨯, 緍(𦈏), 䎽, 𧍎, 諙, 𮛨, 𨌲, 錉, 𪑕
* 𡝪, 𢽹, 𣣏, 𬁀, 𣉈, 𦖞, 𬁌, 𭤉, 𨿹, 䫒, 𣋯, 𪂆(𪉎), 𧓢, 𡨩, 𮦘, 痻, 閽(阍), 𦟕, 𬀠

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 491, character 14
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13806
* Dae Jaweon: page 854, character 1
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1492, character 3
* Unihan data for U+660F

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 昏
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 鍲 | *mrɯn |
| 抿 | *mrɯn, *mrɯn, *mrɯnʔ |
| 緡 | *mrɯn |
| 捪 | *mrɯnʔ |
| 湣 | *mrɯnʔ |
| 昏 | *hmɯːn |
| 婚 | *hmɯːn |
| 閽 | *hmɯːn |
| 惛 | *hmɯːn, *hmɯːnʔ, *hmɯːns |
| 棔 | *hmɯːn |
| 殙 | *hmɯːn |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 氏 + 日 (“sun”), or abbreviated 氐 + 日 (“sun”). Hence, the twilight or nightfall is the moment in which the sun (日) lowers and goes down (氏).

### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-mun (“dark”). Cognate with 悶 (OC *mɯːns, “bored; depressed”), Tibetan མུན་པ (mun pa, “darkness”), Burmese မှုန် (hmun, “dim; gloomy”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): hūn (hun$^1$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄣ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): hun$^1$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): fan$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): fûn
    (Hailu, HRS): fun$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): fun$^1$
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hong$^1$ / huong$^1$ / hue$^1$ / huiⁿ$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hun / hng / huiⁿ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hung$^1$ / hng$^1$ / hên$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$huen
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hūn
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄣ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hun
*** Wade–Giles: hun$^1$
*** Yale: hwūn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: huen
*** Palladius: хунь (xunʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /xu̯ən⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: hun$^1$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xun
*** Sinological IPA : /xuən⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fan$^1$
*** Yale: fān
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fan$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fen$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /fɐn⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fûn
*** Hakka Romanization System: fun$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fun$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /fun²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: fun$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /fun⁵³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: fun$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /fun⁴⁴/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hong$^1$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: heong
*** Sinological IPA : /hɔŋ⁵³³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: huong$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /huoŋ⁵³³/
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hue$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /huei⁵³³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: huiⁿ$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /hũĩ⁵³³/
* hong1/huong1 - literary;
* hue1/huiⁿ1 - vernacular.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit昏 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /xuən⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /xuən⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /xuən²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /xuẽ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /xuə̃²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /xuən²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /xuẽ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /xuə̃⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /xuŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /xũn³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /xuŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /xuən⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /xuən⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /xuen⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /xuə̃/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /xun³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /xuən²¹/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /xuəŋ¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /xuŋ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /xũŋ³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /huəŋ⁵³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /huən⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /hun³³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ɕy³³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /xuʌ̃³¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /xuɛ¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /fən³³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ɸən³³/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /fɨn⁴²/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /fun⁴⁴/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /fun²⁴/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /fɐn⁵³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /wɐn⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /fɐn⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /hun⁵⁵/ /hŋ̍⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /huŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /xɔŋ⁵⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /huŋ³³/ /hŋ̍³³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /hun²³/ /hui²³/ |
* Middle Chinese: xwon
Rime :
| Character | 昏 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 曉 (32) |
| Final (韻) | 魂 (55) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 呼昆切 |
| Baxter | xwon |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /huən/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /huon/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /xuən/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /hwən/ |
| Li Rong | /xuən/ |
| Wang Li | /xuən/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /xuən/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | hūn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | fan$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*m̥ˤu[n]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*hmɯːn/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 昏 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | hūn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ xwon › |
| Old Chinese | /*m̥ˁu[n]/ |
| English | dusk, dark |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 昏 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 5529 |
| Phonetic component | 昏 |
| Rime group | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 昏 |
| Old Chinese | /*hmɯːn/ |

### Definitions

昏
* dusk; nightfall; twilight; dark
* confused; dizzy; dazed; muddled
* to faint; to lose consciousness
* Alternative form of 婚 (hūn, “to marry”)

### Compounds

* 人約黃昏 / 人约黄昏
* 兩目昏花 / 两目昏花
* 利令智昏 (lìlìngzhìhūn)
* 合昏
* 嚇昏 / 吓昏
* 大昏
* 夭昏
* 天昏地慘 / 天昏地惨
* 天昏地暗 (tiānhūndì'àn)
* 天昏地黑
* 定昏
* 悶昏昏 / 闷昏昏
* 慾令智昏 / 欲令智昏 (yùlìngzhìhūn)
* 昏主
* 昏亂 / 昏乱 (hūnluàn)
* 昏倒 (hūndǎo)
* 昏厥 (hūnjué)
* 昏君 (hūnjūn)
* 昏困
* 昏天暗地
* 昏天黑地 (hūntiānhēidì)
* 昏定晨省
* 昏庸 (hūnyōng)
* 昏慘慘 / 昏惨惨
* 昏憊 / 昏惫
* 昏撒
* 昏昏
* 昏昃
* 昏昕
* 昏明
* 昏昏欲睡 (hūnhūnyùshuì)
* 昏昏沉沉
* 昏昧
* 昏星
* 昏暗 (hūn'àn)
* 昏暝
* 昏暴
* 昏曉 / 昏晓
* 昏椓
* 昏沉 (hūnchén)
* 昏盆打醬 / 昏盆打酱
* 昏眊
* 昏眩 (hūnxuàn)
* 昏瞀
* 昏睡 (hūnshuì)
* 昏睡病 (hūnshuìbìng)
* 昏瞶 / 昏瞆
* 昏第
* 昏聵 / 昏聩 (hūnkuì)
* 昏花 (hūnhuā)
* 昏華 / 昏华
* 昏迷 (hūnmí)
* 昏逆
* 昏迷不醒
* 昏邁 / 昏迈
* 昏鄧鄧 / 昏邓邓
* 昏鈔 / 昏钞
* 昏鏡重明 / 昏镜重明
* 昏鏡重磨 / 昏镜重磨
* 昏頭 / 昏头
* 昏頭搭腦 / 昏头搭脑
* 昏頭昏腦 / 昏头昏脑 (hūntóuhūnnǎo)
* 昏頭暈腦 / 昏头晕脑
* 昏頭轉向 / 昏头转向
* 昏黃 / 昏黄 (hūnhuáng)
* 昏黑 (hūnhēi)
* 昏黯黲 / 昏黯黪
* 昨昏 (cha-hng) (Min Nan)
* 晨昏 (chénhūn)
* 晨昏定省
* 晨昏顛倒 / 晨昏颠倒
* 氛昏
* 發昏 / 发昏 (fāhūn)
* 神昏意亂 / 神昏意乱
* 童昏
* 老眼昏花
* 耳目昏眩
* 頭昏 / 头昏 (tóuhūn)
* 頭昏目眩 / 头昏目眩
* 頭昏眼暗 / 头昏眼暗
* 頭昏眼暈 / 头昏眼晕
* 頭昏眼花 / 头昏眼花 (tóuhūnyǎnhuā)
* 頭昏腦悶 / 头昏脑闷
* 頭昏腦脹 / 头昏脑胀 (tóuhūnnǎozhàng)
* 頭暈眼昏 / 头晕眼昏
* 黃昏 / 黄昏 (huánghūn)
* 黃昏時分 / 黄昏时分

### References

* “昏”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* dark
* evening, dusk

#### Readings

* Go-on: こん (kon)
* Kan-on: こん (kon)
* Kun: くらい (kurai, 昏い)、くれる (kureru, 昏れる)、たそがれ (tasogare)

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 昏 (MC xwon). Recorded as Middle Korean 혼 (hwon) (Yale: hwon) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

Wikisource 昏 (eumhun 어두울 혼 (eoduul hon))
* hanja form of 혼 (“dark; dusk”)

#### Compounds

* 몽혼 (朦昏, monghon)
* 혼란 (昏亂, hollan)
* 혼미 (昏迷, honmi)
* 혼수 (昏睡, honsu)
* 혼수상태 (昏睡狀態, honsusangtae)
* 황혼 (黃昏, hwanghon)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

昏: Hán Nôm readings: hôn, hon
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.