# il
## Translingual
### Alternative forms

* IL, XLIX, xlix

### Numeral

il
* (informal) A Roman numeral representing forty-nine (49).

### See also

* Previous: iil (forty-eight, 48)
* Next: l (fifty, 50)

## Akatek
### Etymology

From Proto-Mayan *il- Compare with Achi ilonik

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʔil/

### Verb

il
* (transitive) to see, to watch, look at

### References

Preliminary Classic Maya ‐ English, English ‐ Classic Maya Vocabulary of Hieroglyphic Readings by Erik Boot
2022. Akateko Living Dictionary. Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages. ( look "ʔil" wav recording )

## Asturian
### Article

il m sg (femenine a, neuter u, masculine plural us, feminine plural as)
* (A Estierna) Alternative form of el

## Azerbaijani
### Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *yïl (“year”). Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰘𐰃𐰞 (yïl).

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Noun

il (definite accusative ili, plural illər)
* year
    Synonyms: sənə, (Classical Azerbaijani) sal, (Classical Azerbaijani) am
    uzun illər ― many years (literally, “long years”)
    Mən on ildir ki məktəbi bitirmişəm.It's been ten years since I finished school.

#### Derived terms

* ildönümü (“anniversary”)
* onillik (“decade”)

### References

* ↑ Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*jɨl”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎, Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
* ↑ Abuseitova, M. Kh, Bukhatuly, B., editors (2008), “𐰖𐰃𐰞”, in TÜRIK BITIG: Ethno Cultural Dictionary, Language Committee of Ministry of Culture and Information of Republic of Kazakhstan

## Bunak
### Noun

il
* water

### Further reading

* A. Schapper, J. Huber, A. van Engelenhoven, The Historical Relation of the Papuan Languages of Timor and Kisar, Language and Linguistics in Melnesia, Special Issue : On the History, Contact and Classification of Papuan languages (2012) pp. 194-242

## Danish
### Noun

il c
* (rare) haste, speed

### Verb

il
* imperative of ile

## Epigraphic Mayan
### Etymology

From Proto-Mayan *il-.

### Verb

il
* to see

## Faroese
### Etymology

From Old Norse il.

### Noun

il f (genitive singular iljar, plural iljar)
* the sole of the foot

## Franco-Provençal
### Etymology

Inherited from Late Latin illī and Latin ille.

### Pronoun

il m (postpositive -il) (ORB, broad)
* he, it (third-person singular masculine nominative)
* it (impersonal)
    Synonym: o

#### Derived terms

* ils

#### See also

| singular | nominative | accusative | dative | tonic$^1$ | possessive$^2$ |
| 1st person | jo | mè | mè | mè | min |
| 2nd person | te | tè | tè | tè | tin |
| 3rd person masculine | il | lo / le | lui | lui | sin |
| 3rd person feminine | el | la | lyé | lyé | | sin |
| 3rd person neuter | o | o | y | — | sin |
| 3rd person reflexive | — | sè | sè | sè | | | sin |
| plural | nominative | accusative | dative | tonic$^1$ | possessive$^2$ |
| 1st person | nos | nos | nos | nos | noutro |
| 2nd person | vos | vos | vos | vos | voutro |
| 3rd person masculine | ils | los / les | lor | lor | lor |
| 3rd person feminine | els | les | lor / lyés | lor / lyés | | lor |
| 3rd person reflexive | — | sè | sè | sè | | | lor |
| $^1$ Disjunctive or object of a preposition. | $^1$ Disjunctive or object of a preposition. | $^2$ Generally preceded by a definite article. | $^2$ Generally preceded by a definite article. | $^2$ Generally preceded by a definite article. | $^2$ Generally preceded by a definite article. |

### References

* il in DicoFranPro: Dictionnaire Français/Francoprovençal – on dicofranpro.llm.umontreal.ca
* il in Lo trèsor Arpitan – on arpitan.eu

## French
### Etymology

From Middle French il, from Old French il, from Late Latin illī.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /il/ IPA: (informal) /i/
* (Quebec, informal) IPA: (preconsonantal) /i/, (prevocalic) /j/
* Audio:(file)
* Homophones: ils, île, îles, y, Ille
* Rhymes: -il

### Pronoun

il m (third-person singular, plural ils, accusative le, dative lui, emphatic lui, possessive determiner son)
* he (third-person singular masculine subject pronoun for human subject)
    Il est parti.He left.
* it (third-person singular subject pronoun for grammatically masculine objects)
    Je cherche mon livre. Où est-il ?I'm looking for my book. Where is it?
* (impersonal pronoun) Impersonal subject; it
    Il pleut.It’s raining.

#### Related terms

$^1$ On can also function as a first person plural (although agreeing with third person singular verb forms). $^2$ Vous is also used as the polite singular form. $^3$ Ils and eux are also used when a group has a mixture of masculine and feminine members. $^4$ These forms are also used as third person plural reflexive.

### Further reading

* “il”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

### Anagrams

* li

## Friulian
### Alternative forms

* al (Western and Southern Friulian)
* el (Northern Friulian)

### Etymology

From Latin illum, ultimately from ille.

### Article

il m sg (plural i)
* the

#### See also

* i, la

## Haitian Creole
### Etymology

From French île.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /il/

### Noun

il
* island

## Icelandic
### Etymology

From Old Norse il, from Proto-Germanic *iljō.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɪːl/
* Rhymes: -ɪːl

### Noun

il f (genitive singular iljar, nominative plural iljar)
* the sole of the foot
    Honum sagðist vera illt í ilinni. ― He said his sole hurt.

#### Derived terms

* frá hvirfli til ilja

## Ido
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /il/

### Pronoun

il (plural ili, possessive ilua, possessive plural ilui)
* Apocopic form of ilu; he, him

### See also

* The possessive plurals are seldom used.
* The shortened forms are preferred.
* The pangendered forms are preferred to the gendered or neuter forms in most scenarios.

## Interlingua
### Pronoun

il
* personal pronoun used with impersonal verbs
    Il ha multe arbores illac.There are many trees there.

#### Usage notes

Optional.

## Irish
### Etymology 1

From Old Irish il, from Proto-Celtic *ɸilus, from Proto-Indo-European *pélh₁us, from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁-.

#### Adjective

il (genitive singular masculine il, genitive singular feminine ile, plural ile, comparative ile)
* (literary) many

##### Derived terms

* il-

### Etymology 2
#### Adjective

il (genitive singular masculine il, genitive singular feminine ile, plural ile, comparative ile)
* Alternative form of oll (“great; huge, vast, immense”)

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “il”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “il”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
* “il”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2025

## Italian
### Alternative forms

* el (archaic or regional)
* 'l (archaic or pronunciation spelling)
* i' (Tuscan pronunciation spelling)

### Etymology

From earlier *ille, *elle, from Latin illum (and illud), ultimately from ille. The final vowel fell by apocope, and the /e/ (< Latin ⟨ē ĭ⟩) in monosyllable particles shifted to /i/ in Tuscan, compare in, di, ri-, mi. The form el is found in older texts and can still be heard regionally.
Patota claims this to be from the older form lo (from the same source), via an intermediate form l. The initial i would be a svarabhakti vowel added to the form l in order to make the pronunciation easier.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /il/
** Audio:(file)
** (after vowels) IPA: /‿jl/, /‿l/
* (regional, Tuscany) IPA: /i/$^*$

### Article

il m sg (plural i)
* the

#### Inflection
### References

* ↑ Patota, Giuseppe (2002) Lineamenti di grammatica storica dell'italiano (in Italian), Bologna: il Mulino, →ISBN, pages 123, 124

### Anagrams

* -li, li, lì

## Middle French
### Etymology

From Old French il.

### Pronoun

il m
* he
* it (impersonal, or referring to an unknown person)

#### Descendants

* French: il

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Noun

il f or m (definite singular ila or ilen, indefinite plural iler, definite plural ilene)
* sole of the foot
    Synonym: fotsåle

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

From Old Norse il f, from Proto-Germanic *iljō f, *ili n.

### Noun

il f (definite singular ila, indefinite plural iler, definite plural ilene)
* sole of the foot, especially the middle part
    Synonym: fotsole

#### Inflection

* Forms in italics are currently considered non-standard.
* Forms in [brackets] were official, but considered second-tier.
* Forms in (parentheses) were allowed under Midlandsnormalen.
* $^1$Nouns were capitalised for most of the 19th century.
Like il, see also fet and hes.

#### Related terms

* ilk
* ilke

### References

* “il” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Old English
### Noun

īl m
* Alternative form of iġil

## Old French
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Late Latin illī.

#### Pronoun

il m sg (feminine ele)
* he (third-person masculine singular subject pronoun)

##### Descendants

* Middle French: il
** French: il

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Latin illī.

#### Alternative forms

* ils (late, analogical)

#### Pronoun

il m pl (feminine eles)
* they (third-person masculine plural subject pronoun)
** c. 1170, Wace, Le Roman de Rou:S'il vos poent ataindre, ja vos areient tué.If they could range you, they would have already killed you.

##### Descendants

* Middle French: ils
** French: ils

## Old Irish
### Alternative forms

* hil

### Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *ɸelus, from Proto-Indo-European *pélh₁us, from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁-. Cognate with Gothic 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 (filu, “much”), Ancient Greek πολύς (polús, “much”), Sanskrit पुरु (puru, “much”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /il/

### Adjective

il (equative lir, comparative lia)
* much, many (usually as the first member of a compound, usually governs a plural noun)
    cosin taidbse il ― with much ostentation
    Is amlid do·rigéni Dia corp duini ó il-ballaib. ― Thus God has made man's body of many members.
    Is ferr precept oldaas labrad il-béelre. ― Preaching is better than speaking many languages.
** c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 4$^d$15
    In Belzefuth: is béss didu ind lïacc benir il-béim friss, et intí do·thuit foir ɔ·boing a chnámi, intí fora tuit-som immurgu at·bail-side.The Beelzebub: it is the custom, then, of the stone that many blows are hit on it, and he who falls upon it breaks his bones; however, he whom it falls on perishes
** c. 845, St Gall Glosses on Priscian, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1975, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. II, pp. 49–224, Sg. 26$^b$7
    De dliguth trá inna n-il-toimdden sin, is de gaibthi “igitur”; quasi dixisset “Ní fail ní nád taí mo dligeth-sa fair i ndegaid na comroircnech.”Of the law then, of those many opinions, it is thereof that he recites “igitur”; as if he had said, “There is nothing which my law does not touch upon after the erroneous ones.

#### Inflection

As a preposed adjective, usually uninflected, but the following forms are found occasionally:
* Nominative/accusative plural: ili
* Dative plural: ilib

#### Derived terms

* ilaigidir
* ilar
* ildae

#### Descendants

* Irish: il
* Manx: yl

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 il”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## Old Norse
### Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *iljō, *ili (“sole”).

### Noun

il f (genitive iljar, plural iljar)
* the sole of the foot

#### Descendants

* Icelandic: il
* Faroese: il
* Norwegian Nynorsk: il
* Norwegian Bokmål: il
* Old Swedish: il

### Further reading

Zoëga, Geir T. (1910) “il”, in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press; also available at the Internet Archive

## Somali
### Etymology

From Proto-Cushitic *ʔil-. Cognates include Oromo ija, Sidamo ille and Jiiddu el.

### Noun

il f (plural indho m)
* eye

### References

* “il” In: Abdullah Umar Mansur (1985) Qaamuska Afsoomaliga.
* ↑ Salim Alio Ibro (1998) English-Jiddu-Somali Mini-Dictionary, Victoria, Australia: La Trobe University Language Center, →ISBN

## Swedish
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Swedish īl (“squall; sudden storm”), ultimate origin disputed. Cognate of Icelandic él (“hailstorm”).

#### Noun

il c
* (archaic) a gust; a strong, abrupt rush of wind
* (archaic) Synonym of ilning

##### Derived terms

* vindil

### Etymology 2

Deverbal of ila (“to hurry”).

#### Noun

il c
* (archaic) hurry

##### Declension
### References

* il in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* il in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* il in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)
* il in Elof Hellquist, Svensk etymologisk ordbok (1st ed., 1922)

## Turkish
### Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish ایل (il), from Proto-Turkic *ēl (“realm”). Doublet of el.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /il/

### Noun

il (definite accusative ili, plural iller)
* province

#### Declension
## Tzotzil
### Alternative forms

* 'il

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʔil/

### Verb

il
* (transitive) to see

### References

* Laughlin, Robert M. [et al.] (1988) The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of Santo Domingo Zinacantán, vol. I. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.

## Yucatec Maya
### Verb

il (transitive)
* to see
* to visit