# 咎

| 咎 | U+548E, &#21646; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-548E |
| ← 咍 [U+548D] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 咏 → [U+548F] |

## Translingual
### Han character

咎 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 竹人口 (HOR) or 竹卜口 (HYR), four-corner 2860$_4$, composition ⿱处口(G) or ⿱⿺夂人口(TJK))

#### Derived characters

* 倃 𠴰 㹾 綹(绺) 䛮 鯦 㰶 䓘 晷 鼛 麔

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 185, character 6
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3493
* Dae Jaweon: page 404, character 6
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 607, character 6
* Unihan data for U+548E

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 咎 :
| Shang | Shang | Warring States | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Oracle bone script | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Small seal script |
| | Old Chinese |
| 咎 | *kɯːw, *ɡɯwʔ |
| 鼛 | *kɯːw |
| 櫜 | *kɯːw |
| 倃 | *kɯːw, *ɡɯwʔ |
| 綹 | *ɡ·rɯwʔ |
| 麔 | *ɡɯwʔ |
| 晷 | *kʷrɯwʔ |
| 厬 | *kʷrɯwʔ |
Originally ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 夊 (“foot”) + 人 (“person”). Later 口 was added, making the modern form an ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 各 + 人.

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jiù (jiu$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄡˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gau$^3$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kiǔ / kiū
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiù
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄡˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jiòu
*** Wade–Giles: chiu$^4$
*** Yale: jyòu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiow
*** Palladius: цзю (czju)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gau$^3$
*** Yale: gau
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gau$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: geo$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɐu̯³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiǔ
*** Tâi-lô: kiǔ
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kiu²²/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiū
*** Tâi-lô: kiū
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kiu
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kiu³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kiu²²/
* Middle Chinese: gjuwX
Rime :
| Character | 咎 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 群 (30) |
| Final (韻) | 尤 (136) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 其九切 |
| Baxter | gjuwX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɡɨu$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɡiu$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɡiəu$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /guw$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɡiu$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɡĭəu$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /gi̯ə̯u$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiù |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gau$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ](r)uʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡɯwʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 咎 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jiù |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ gjuw$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɡ](r)uʔ/ |
| English | fault, blame (n.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 咎 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 6988 |
| Phonetic component | 咎 |
| Rime group | 幽 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 舅 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡɯwʔ/ |

#### Definitions

咎
* fault; defect; error; mistake
* calamity; misfortune
* to blame; to punish; to find fault

#### Compounds

* 不咎既往 (bùjiùjìwǎng)
* 休咎
* 動輒得咎 / 动辄得咎
* 取咎
* 咎徵 / 咎征
* 咎悔
* 咎戾
* 咎由自取 (jiùyóuzìqǔ)
* 咎過 / 咎过
* 執咎 / 执咎
* 委咎
* 引咎 (yǐnjiù)
* 引咎自責 / 引咎自责
* 引咎責躬 / 引咎责躬
* 引咎辭職 / 引咎辞职
* 招咎
* 既往不咎 (jìwǎngbùjiù)
* 歸咎 / 归咎 (guījiù)
* 無咎無譽 / 无咎无誉
* 獲咎 / 获咎
* 盈滿之咎 / 盈满之咎
* 自取其咎 (zìqǔqíjiù)
* 自咎
* 降咎
* 難辭其咎 / 难辞其咎 (náncíqíjiù)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gāo (gao$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄠ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gāo
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄠ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gao
*** Wade–Giles: kao$^1$
*** Yale: gāu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gau
*** Palladius: гао (gao)
*** Sinological IPA : /kɑʊ̯⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: kaw
Rime :
| Character | 咎 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 豪 (89) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 古勞切 |
| Baxter | kaw |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɑu/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kɑu/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kɑu/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kaw/ |
| Li Rong | /kɑu/ |
| Wang Li | /kɑu/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kɑu/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gāo |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gou$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*kɯːw/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 咎 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 6983 |
| Phonetic component | 咎 |
| Rime group | 幽 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 髙 |
| Old Chinese | /*kɯːw/ |

#### Definitions

咎
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 鼛 (gāo, “large drum”)
* a surname
* Alternative form of 皋 (gāo, “a surname”):
   * used in 咎繇

#### Compounds

* 咎繇 (Gāoyáo)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* fault
* blame

#### Readings

* Go-on: ぐ (gu)、こう (kō)
* Kan-on: きゅう (kyū)、こう (kō)
* Kun: とが (toga, 咎)、とがめる (togameru, 咎める)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 咎
* とが Hyōgai
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 咎 – see the following entry. :
| 【科とが】2 | [noun] mistake, error [noun] crime, offense, wrongdoing [noun] fault, flaw |
(This term, 咎, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

## Korean
### Hanja

咎 • (gu, go) (hangeul 구, 고, revised gu, go, McCune–Reischauer ku, ko)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

咎: Hán Việt readings: cữu
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

### References

* ↑ Trần (2004).