# δῖος
## Ancient Greek
### Etymology

From Proto-Hellenic *diyyos, from Proto-Indo-European *diwyós (“heavenly”), from *dyew- (“sky”) +‎ *-yós. Cognate with Sanskrit दिव्य (divyá), Latin dīus, and related to Ζεύς (Zeús, “Zeus”), Latin deus (“god”), and the first element of English Tuesday. The Indo-Iranian and Greek terms (which are formally identical) may alternatively be independently formed to to the root *dyew-.
The feminine nominative and accusative δῖᾰ (dîă) (attested alongside the expected δῑ́ᾱ (dī́ā)), earliest used in substantive function "goddess", is similar in formation and meaning to Sanskrit देवी (devī́, “goddess, celestial”), though it is likely formed independently to Proto-Indo-European *deywós (“god”), and thus not inherited from Proto-Indo-European *déywih₂ (“goddess”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dîː.os/ → /ˈði.os/ → /ˈði.os/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /dîː.os/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /ˈdi.os/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /ˈði.os/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /ˈði.os/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /ˈði.os/

### Adjective

δῖος • (dîos)
* (poetic) heavenly, divine, noble (Homeric epithet of persons and gods)
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.5–7:Διὸς δ’ ἐτελείετο βουλή, ἐξ οὗ δὴ τὰ πρῶτα διαστήτην ἐρίσαντε Ἀτρεΐδης τε ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν καὶ δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς.Diòs d’ eteleíeto boulḗ, ex hoû dḕ tà prôta diastḗtēn erísante Atreḯdēs te ánax andrôn kaì dîos Akhilleús.and the will of Zeus was fulfilled, starting when they first stood apart and quarreled: [Agamemnon] the son of Atreus, lord of men, and divine Achilles.
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 5.260–261:ἐν δ’ ὑπέρας τε κάλους τε πόδας τ’ ἐνέδησεν ἐν αὐτῇ, μοχλοῖσιν δ’ ἄρα τήν γε κατείρυσεν εἰς ἅλα δῖαν.en d’ hupéras te kálous te pódas t’ enédēsen en autêi, mokhloîsin d’ ára tḗn ge kateírusen eis hála dîan.1919 translation by Augustus Taber MurrayAnd he made fast in the raft braces and halyards and sheets, and then with levers forced it down into the bright sea.

#### Usage notes

Homer uses the set phrases ἅλα δῖαν (hála dîan) and ἠῶ δῖαν (ēô dîan) to describe the sea and the dawn. Commentators have suggested the translations "bright" and "boundless."

#### Inflection
### References

* 1 2 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “δῖος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 338
* ↑ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) “divyá-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 727
* ↑ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) “devī́-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 744
* ↑ Meier-Brügger, Michael (2002) Indogermanisches Sprachwissenschaft, 8th edition, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, W. 202, page 287
* ↑ Anthon, The first six books of Homer's Iliad : with English notes, critical and explanatory, a metrical index, and Homeric glossary, p. 150
* “δῖος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “δῖος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “δῖος”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
* δῖος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* δῖος in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
* δῖος in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2025)
* “δῖος”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
* Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited. celestial idem, page 120.divine idem, page 244.ethereal idem, page 284.heavenly idem, page 393.zeus idem, page 997.