# 妗

| 妗 | U+5997, &#22935; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5997 |
| ← 妖 [U+5996] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 妘 → [U+5998] |

## Translingual
### Han character

妗 (Kangxi radical 38, 女+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 女人戈弓 (VOIN), four-corner 4842$_7$, composition ⿰女今)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 256, character 21
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 6087
* Dae Jaweon: page 521, character 1
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1032, character 3
* Unihan data for U+5997

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 妗
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 貪 | *kʰl'uːm |
| 嗿 | *l̥ʰuːmʔ |
| 僋 | *l̥ʰuːms, *luːms |
| 酓 | *qʰɯːm, *qlamʔ, *qlɯːms |
| 馠 | *qʰɯːm |
| 谽 | *qʰɯːm |
| 唅 | *qʰɯːm, *ɡɯːms |
| 含 | *ɡɯːm |
| 肣 | *ɡɯːm, *ɡɯːmʔ |
| 頷 | *ɡɯːm, *ɡɯːmʔ |
| 筨 | *ɡɯːm |
| 梒 | *ɡɯːm |
| 鋡 | *ɡɯːm |
| 莟 | *ɡɯːmʔ, *ɡɯːms |
| 琀 | *ɡɯːms |
| 浛 | *ɡɯːms |
| 盦 | *qɯːm, *qaːb |
| 韽 | *qɯːm, *qrɯːms |
| 玪 | *krɯːm |
| 妗 | *qʰrɯːm, *kʰjam, *qʰlɯːm, *ɡrɯms |
| 欦 | *qʰrɯːmʔ, *qʰram, *kʰlam, *kʰlamʔ, *qʰlɯːm |
| 黔 | *ɡram, *ɡrɯm |
| 鈐 | *ɡram |
| 鳹 | *ɡram |
| 雂 | *ɡram, *ɡrɯm |
| 念 | *nɯːms |
| 梣 | *sɡɯm, *sɡrɯm |
| 枔 | *sɢrɯm |
| 岑 | *sɡrɯm |
| 笒 | *sɡrɯm, *ɡrɯms |
| 涔 | *sɡrɯm |
| 侺 | *ɡjɯms |
| 今 | *krɯm |
| 黅 | *krɯm |
| 衿 | *krɯm |
| 衾 | *kʰrɯm |
| 坅 | *kʰrɯmʔ |
| 搇 | *kʰrɯms |
| 琴 | *ɡrɯm |
| 禽 | *ɡrɯm |
| 芩 | *ɡrɯm |
| 庈 | *ɡrɯm |
| 耹 | *ɡrɯm |
| 靲 | *ɡrɯm |
| 擒 | *ɡrɯm |
| 檎 | *ɡrɯm |
| 紟 | *ɡrɯms |
| 吟 | *ŋɡrɯm, *ŋɡrɯms |
| 訡 | *ŋɡrɯm |
| 廞 | *qʰrɯm, *qʰrɯmʔ |
| 陰 | *qrɯm |
| 霠 |
| 飲 | *qrɯmʔ, *qrɯms |
| 蔭 | *qrɯms |
| 廕 | *qrɯms |
| 矜 | *ɡrɯn, *ɡɯn, *kɯŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *qʰrɯːm, *kʰjam, *qʰlɯːm, *ɡrɯms): semantic 女 (“woman”) + phonetic 今 (OC *krɯm).

### Etymology 1

Fusion of 舅母 (MC gjuwX muwX) (Schuessler, 2007).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jìn (jin$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄣˋ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): kam$^5$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): kim$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): jing$^3$
* Eastern Min (BUC): gêng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kīm / kǐm
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gim$^6$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$jin
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jìn
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄣˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jìn
*** Wade–Giles: chin$^4$
*** Yale: jìn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jinn
*** Palladius: цзинь (czinʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕin⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: kam$^5$
*** Yale: káhm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: kam$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: kem$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɐm¹³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: kim$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰim²¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: jing$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gêng
*** Sinological IPA : /kɛiŋ²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Taichung, Hsinchu, Sanxia, Yilan, Kinmen, Magong, Penang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kīm
*** Tâi-lô: kīm
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kim
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan): /kim³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kinmen): /kim²²/
*** IPA (Penang): /kim²¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Lukang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kǐm
*** Tâi-lô: kǐm
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kim²²/
*** IPA (Lukang): /kim³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gim$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kĭm
*** Sinological IPA : /kim³⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$jin
*** MiniDict: jin$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$jjin
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /d͡ʑin²³/
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡrɯms/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 妗 |
| Reading # | 4/4 |
| No. | 6617 |
| Phonetic component | 今 |
| Rime group | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 𦧈 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡrɯms/ |
| Notes | 宋人記舅母合音 |

#### Definitions

妗
* (regional) wife of mother's brother

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 舅母 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 舅媽 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 舅媽, 舅母 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 舅母 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 舅媽 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 舅媽, 舅母 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 舅母, 妗子 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 舅母 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 妗子, 妗兒妗兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 妗子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 妗 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 妗子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 舅母 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 妗子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 舅媽 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 舅母 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 舅母 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 舅母兒, 舅媽 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 舅媽 >, 舅娘 < |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 舅媽 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 舅媽 >, 舅母 < |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 舅娘 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 舅媽 >, 舅娘 < |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 舅母 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 舅母 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 舅嫫 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 妗母, 舅母, 妗有 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 妗母, 舅母 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 大妗, 阿妗, 妗仔 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 阿妗, 妗 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 舅母 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 妗母, 舅母 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 妗母 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 妗母 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 妗母 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 妗母, 舅母 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 妗母 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 妗母 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 妗母 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 舅母 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 舅母 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 妗母 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 阿妗 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 阿妗 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 阿妗 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 阿妗 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 阿妗 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 阿妗 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 阿妗 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 妗母 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 阿母, 妗母 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 妗母 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan | 舅母 |
| Cantonese | Yunfu | 舅母 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 舅娘 |
| Cantonese | Xinyi | 舅母, 舅奶 |
| Cantonese | Lianjiang | 妗乸 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 妗母 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 妗母 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 妗婆 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 妗婆 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 舅母 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 舅母 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 舅母 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 妗兒 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 舅娘 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 舅姆 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 阿妗 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 舅娘 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 舅娘仔 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 舅娘 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 舅娘 |
| Hakka | Changting | 舅姆 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 舅姆 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 舅母 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 舅母 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 舅姆 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 舅姆 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 舅姆 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 舅姆 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 舅姆 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 舅姆 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 舅母, 大舅娘 >, 舅娘仔 < |
| Hakka | Luchuan (Daqiao) | 舅媽姆, 舅媽, 舅婆 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Longchuan) | 舅娘, 阿妗 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 舅娘 |
| Hakka | Singkawang | 舅姆 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 舅姆 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 舅姆 |
| Huizhou | Huangshan (Tunxi) | 舅姆 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 妗妗, 舅母, 舅媽 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 妗奶 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 娘妗 <>, 依妗 >< |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 母妗 <>, 妗 ><, 阿妗 >< |
| Eastern Min | Matsu | 依妗 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 母妗, 阿妗 >< |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 阿妗 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 母妗, 阿妗 >< |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 阿妗 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 阿妗 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 阿妗 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 阿妗 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 阿妗 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 阿妗 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 阿妗 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 阿妗 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 阿妗, 母妗 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 阿妗 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 阿妗 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 阿妗 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 妗 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 阿妗 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 阿妗 |
| Southern Min | Longyan | 妗婆仔 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 阿妗 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 阿妗, 妗 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 阿妗 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 阿妗 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 阿妗 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 妗 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 阿妗 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 阿妗 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 阿妗 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 妗, 尼哯 <>, 哯 ><, 尼妗 <,<> |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 妗姩 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 阿妗 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 阿妗 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 妗母 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 妗娘, 舅娘 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Dahe) | 舅娘 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 舅媽 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 舅媽, 妗媽 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 舅姆 |
| Wu | Danyang | 舅嫚 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 舅姆 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 舅姆 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 妗娘兒 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 舅母 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 舅媽, 舅娘, 舅娘子 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 舅母 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 舅母基 |
| Xiang | Hengyang | 舅娘 |
| Xiang | Quanzhou | 舅娘 |
| Note | > - wife of mother's elder brother; < - wife of mother's younger brother; >< - face-to-face; <> - non-face-to-face | > - wife of mother's elder brother; < - wife of mother's younger brother; >< - face-to-face; <> - non-face-to-face |

#### Compounds

* 大妗
* 大妗子
* 妗仔
* 妗婆
* 妗媽 / 妗妈
* 妗子 (jìnzi)
* 妗母 (jìnmǔ)
* 母妗
* 阿妗

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xiān (xian$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄢ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiān
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sian
*** Wade–Giles: hsien$^1$
*** Yale: syān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shian
*** Palladius: сянь (sjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: xem, tsyhem
Rime :
| Character | 妗 | 妗 |
| Reading # | 2/3 | 1/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 曉 (32) | 昌 (24) |
| Final (韻) | 添 (157) | 鹽 (153) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | IV | III |
| Fanqie | 許兼切 | 處占切 |
| Baxter | xem | tsyhem |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /hem/ | /t͡ɕʰiᴇm/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /hem/ | /t͡ɕʰiɛm/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /xɛm/ | /t͡ɕʰjæm/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /hɛm/ | /cʰiam/ |
| Li Rong | /xem/ | /t͡ɕʰiɛm/ |
| Wang Li | /xiem/ | /t͡ɕʰĭɛm/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /xiem/ | /t͡ɕʰi̯ɛm/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xiān | chān |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | him$^1$ | cim$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*qʰlɯːm/, /*kʰjam/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 妗 | 妗 |
| Reading # | 3/4 | 2/4 |
| No. | 6590 | 6579 |
| Phonetic component | 今 | 今 |
| Rime group | 侵 | 談 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 馦 | 䪜 |
| Old Chinese | /*qʰlɯːm/ | /*kʰjam/ |

#### Definitions

妗
* Used in 𡝫妗.
* (historical dictionaries only) beautiful

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xiān (xian$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄢ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiān
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sian
*** Wade–Giles: hsien$^1$
*** Yale: syān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shian
*** Palladius: сянь (sjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: xeam
Rime :
| Character | 妗 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 曉 (32) |
| Final (韻) | 咸 (151) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 許咸切 |
| Baxter | xeam |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /hˠɛm/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /hᵚæm/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /xɐm/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /həɨm/ |
| Li Rong | /xɐm/ |
| Wang Li | /xɐm/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /xăm/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xiān |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | haam$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*qʰrɯːm/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 妗 |
| Reading # | 1/4 |
| No. | 6576 |
| Phonetic component | 今 |
| Rime group | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 㰹 |
| Old Chinese | /*qʰrɯːm/ |

#### Definitions

妗
* (historical dictionaries only) joyous
* (historical dictionaries only, of a woman) frivolous

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): せん (sen)、けん (ken)、かん (kan)、きん (kin)、ごん (gon)
* Kun: うつくしい (utsukushī)、よろこぶさま (yorokobusama)

## Korean
### Hanja

妗 • (geum) (hangeul 금)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

妗: Hán Nôm readings: cấm
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nôm Foundation