# alter
## English
### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈɒl.tə/, /ˈɔːl.tə/
* (General American) IPA: /ˈɔl.təɹ/
** (cot–caught merger) IPA: /ˈɑl.təɹ/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɒltə(ɹ), -ɔːltə(ɹ)
* Hyphenation: al‧ter
* Homophone: altar

### Etymology 1

From Old French alterer (French altérer), from Medieval Latin alterāre (“to make other”), from Latin alter (“the other”), from al- (seen in alius (“other”), alienus (“of another”), etc.; see alias, alien, etc.) + compar. suffix -ter.

#### Verb

alter (third-person singular simple present alters, present participle altering, simple past and past participle altered)
* (transitive) To change the form or structure of.
** c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i]:No power in Venice can alter a decree.
** 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Psalms 89:34:My covenant will I not break, nor alter the thing that is gone out of my lips.
** 1711 May, [Alexander Pope], An Essay on Criticism, London: […] W[illiam] Lewis […]; and sold by W[illiam] Taylor […], T[homas] Osborn[e] […], and J[ohn] Graves […], →OCLC:It gilds all objects, but it alters none.
* (intransitive) To become different.
** 1865, Walt Whitman, “When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d”, in Sequel to Drum-Taps: When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d and other poems:[…] Passing the song of the hermit bird and the tallying song of my soul, / Victorious song, death’s outlet song, yet varying ever-altering song, […]
* (transitive) To tailor clothes to make them fit.
* (transitive) To castrate, neuter or spay (a dog or other animal).
* (transitive) To affect mentally, as by psychotropic drugs or illness.
** 2016 February 10, Sydney Pruitt and Claire Ricke (quoting Jeff Barrick), "Police: Man lying in street hit, killed by Capital Metro bus", KXAN:
    We don't know if he was altered on alcohol or drugs or anything […]

##### Alternative forms

* altre (obsolete)

##### Derived terms

* alterability
* alterable
* alterably
* alterative
* alter-ego
* alterer
* alter-globalist
* alter-globalization
* alteringly
* alter or change
* mind-altering
* misalter
* prealter
* realter
* unalter
* unaltering

##### Related terms

* alterant
* alteration
* alternate
* alternative

##### Translations
#### Further reading

* “alter”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
* William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “alter”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.

### Etymology 2

Probably from alter ego.

#### Noun

alter (plural alters)
* (psychology, multiplicity) One of the personalities, identities, or selves in a person with dissociative identity disorder or another form of multiplicity.
    Synonym: headmate
** 2000, Elyn R. Saks, Stephen H. Behnke, Jekyll on Trial: Multiple Personality Disorder and Criminal Law, page 147:While the second goal would be best met if each alter were coconscious, the defendant should be satisfied if at least one competent alter is present to hear what transpires.

#### References

* MPD/DID Glossary
* DID Research: Alters

### Etymology 3
#### Noun

alter
* Misspelling of altar.
** 2002, Nicholas Smeed, Resurrections: Vignettes About Discovery, Relationships, Personal Empowerment, And Preternatural Experiences, Xlibris Corporation, →ISBN, page 26:As an alter boy he remembered that walking between the alter and the gates was prohibited for everyone except the priest.
** 2007, Jerry P. Martinez, Leche De Coyote, Xlibris Corporation, →ISBN, page 39:The hardest part of being an alter boy was learning Latin. The mass was conducted in Latin and we had to learn to pray in Latin.
** 2009, Todd Sprague, Survive, Todd Sprague, →ISBN, page 142:On the alter, several candles sat unlit. An open bible rested among the candles. Behind the alter, hanging high, a huge cross was affixed to the wall, with a replica of Jesus in rags nailed to it. A simple wooden door stood closed behind the alter […]
** 2011, Suzanne Dekeyzer James, The Stone Harp, Xlibris Corporation, →ISBN, page 146:Truth motioned to Alexandra, “There; the key is kept on the alter.” She spotted it easily, for it was now well lighted by an amber colored presence light. She and the others moved quickly toward the alter.
** 2018, William Francis Jack, Alter Boy Rules, Lulu Press, Inc, →ISBN:Third-rate alter boy. Skinny, lousy face, brown hair with a cowlick as big as Sputtnik. So as not to go on about it, I can put it in one word: Butt-ugly.

### See also

* alter kaker

### Anagrams

* Alert, alert, altre, artel, later, ratel, taler, telar

## Danish
### Etymology

From Old Norse altari, from Old Saxon altari, from Late Latin altare (“altar”). Cognate with English altar and German Altar.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈald̥ɐ]

### Noun

alter n (singular definite altret or alteret, plural indefinite altre)
* (religion) altar, a table or a platform for making sacrifices.
* (Christianity) altar, the ritual space of a Christian church.

#### References

“alter” in Den Danske Ordbog

## German
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈʔaltɐ/
* Audio:(file)

### Adjective

alter
* inflection of alt:
** strong/mixed nominative masculine singular
** strong genitive/dative feminine singular
** strong genitive plural

## Indonesian
### Pronunciation

* (Standard Indonesian) IPA: /ˈaltər/ [ˈal.t̪ər]
* Rhymes: -altər
* Syllabification: al‧ter

### Etymology 1

From English alter, from Old French alterer (French altérer), from Medieval Latin alterare (“to make other”), from Latin alter (“the other”).

#### Verb

altêr
* to alter, to tailor clothes to make them fit

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

altêr
* (colloquial) Clipping of alter ego.

### Further reading

* “alter” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Latin
### Etymology

From Proto-Italic *aliteros (“the other of two”). Akin to alius. Compare with ulter.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈal.ter/, [ˈäɫ̪t̪ɛr]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈal.ter/, [ˈäl̪t̪er]

### Adjective

alter (feminine altera, neuter alterum); first/second-declension adjective (nominative masculine singular in -er, pronominal)
* the other, the second
* the one...the other (alter...alter)
** c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico VII.17:De re frumentaria Boios atque Aeduos adhortari non destitit; quorum alteri, [...] non multum adiuvabant, alteri non magnis facultatibus, [...] celeriter quod habuerunt consumpseruntHe never ceased to urge the Boii and Aedui for supplies; of whom the one (Aedui) [...] did not help much, the others (Boii) as their resources was not great, [...] quickly consumed what they had

#### Declension

First/second-declension adjective (nominative masculine singular in -er, pronominal).

#### Derived terms

* adulter
* alterā mente
* altercor
* alterō
* alteruter
* sesquialter

#### Related terms

| type | demonstrative | demonstrative | demonstrative | anaphoric | identity | interrogative/ relative | indefinite | indefinite | indefinite | indefinite | indefinite | negative | other |
| type | proximal | medial | distal | anaphoric | identity | interrogative/ relative | relative | indefinite | free choice | universal | negative polarity | negative | other |
| basic | hic | iste, istic | ille, illic | is | ipse, īdem | quis/quī | quisquis, quīcumque | quis, quī, quīdam, aliquis, aliquī, quispiam | quīvis, quīlibet | quisque | quisquam, ūllus, °aliquisquam | nēmō, nihil, nūllus | alius |
| dual | | | | | | uter | utercumque | alteruter | utervīs, uterlibet | uterque | | neuter | alter |
| place | hīc | istīc | illīc | ibī̆ | ibī̆dem | ubī̆ | ubiubi, ubī̆cumque | alicubī, uspiam | ubivīs, ubilibet | ubīque | usquam | nusquam, nūllibī | alibī, aliās |
| source | hinc | istinc | illinc | inde | indidem | unde | undecumque, undeunde | alicunde | °undelibet | undique | | | aliunde |
| destination | hūc, °hōrsum | istūc, °istōrsum | illūc, °illōrsum | eō | eōdem | quō, quōrsum | quōquō, quōcumque | aliquō, quōpiam, °aliquōvorsum | quōvīs, quōlibet | | quōquam | nusquam, nūllōrsum | aliō, aliōrsum |
| method, means, path, place | hāc | istāc | illāc | eā | eādem | quā | quāquā, quācumque | aliquā | quāvīs, quālibet | quāque | | nēquāquam, haudquāquam | aliā |
| manner | hōc modō | istō modō | illō modō | ita, sīc, eō modō | item, itidem | ut, quī, quō modō, quōmodo, quemadmodum | utut, utcumque, quōmodocumque | quī, quōdam modō, aliquō modō | quōmodolibet | utīque | ūllō modō | nūllō modō | aliter, aliōquī, alterō/aliō modō |
| time | num, nunc | | ōlim | tum, tunc | simul | quandō, ‡cum | cumque, quandōcumque, quandōque | quondam, aliquandō | quandōlibet | quandōque | umquam | numquam | aliās |
| quantity | | | | tam | †tamen, †tandem | quam | †quamquam | aliquam | quamvīs, quamlibet | | | | |
| size | | | | tantus | tantusdem | quantus | quantuscumque | aliquantus | quantusvīs, quantuslibet | | | | |
| quality | | | | tālis | | quālis | quālis, quāliscumque | aliquālis | quālislibet | | | | |
| number | | | | tot | totidem | quot | quotquot, quotcumque | aliquot | quotlibet | | | | |
| order | | | | totus | | quotus | quotuscumque | aliquotus | quotuslibet | | | | |
| repetition | | | | totiēns | | quotiēns | quotiēnscumque | aliquotiēns | quotiēnslibet | | | | |
| multiplication | | | | totuplex | | quotuplex | | | | | | | |
| † Turned conjunction with original meaning somewhat dissimulated ° Rare ‡only used as a conjunction, not as an interrogative ||||||||||||||

#### Descendants

* Eastern Romance:
** Aromanian: altu
** Istro-Romanian: åt
** Megleno-Romanian: altu
** Romanian: alt
* Dalmatian:
** jultro
* Italo-Romance:
** Italian: altro
** Neapolitan: ato, alto, auto, avoto, autro
** Sicilian: àutru, antru, atru, àvutru, otru (perhaps from Spanish)
* North Italian:
** Friulian: altri
** Ladin: auter
** Romansch: auter
** Venetan: altro, antro
* Gallo-Romance:
** Franco-Provençal: ôtro
** Old French: autre (see there for further descendants)
* Occitano-Romance:
** Catalan: altre, altro (North Catalan, Alghero), antre, atre, atro, antre, atre, atro
** Old Occitan: altre, autre
*** Occitan: autre
    Gascon: aute
** Aragonese: atro, altro
* Ibero-Romance:
** Asturian: otru
** Old Galician-Portuguese: outro
*** Galician: outro
*** Portuguese: outro
** Spanish: otro
* Insular Romance:
** Sardinian: àteru, alteru
* From the Latin dative singular alterī:
** Catalan: altri
** Mozarabic: ותרי (wtry)
** >? Portuguese: outrem
* From a Vulgar Latin dative singular *alterūi:
** French: autrui
** Italian: altrui
** Occitan: autrui, autrú
** Romanian: altui
* Borrowings:
** → English: alter

### References

* AIS: Sprach- und Sachatlas Italiens und der Südschweiz [Linguistic and Ethnographic Atlas of Italy and Southern Switzerland] – map 1444: “l'altro raccoglie” – on navigais-web.pd.istc.cnr.it
* ALF: Atlas Linguistique de la France [Linguistic Atlas of France] – map 76: “aux autres” – on lig-tdcge.imag.fr
* Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “alter”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volumes 24: Refonte A–Aorte, page 353
* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “alius”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 34

### Further reading

* “alter”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “alter”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* alter in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. one or two days: unus et alter dies one, two, several days had passed, intervened: dies unus, alter, plures intercesserant

## Lombard
### Etymology

Akin to Italian altro, from Latin alter.

### Adjective

alter
* other

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology 1
#### Noun

alter n (definite singular alteret / altret, indefinite plural alter / altere / altre, definite plural altera / altra / altrene)
* an altar

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

alter m
* indefinite plural of alt

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Alternative forms

* altar

### Noun

alter n (definite singular alteret, indefinite plural alter, definite plural altera)
* an altar

## Old High German
### Adjective

altēr
* strong masculine nominative singular of alt