# 艱

| 艱 | U+8271, &#33393; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8271 |
| ← 艰 [U+8270] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 色 → [U+8272] |

## Translingual
### Han character

艱 (Kangxi radical 138, 艮+11, 17 strokes, cangjie input 廿人日女 (TOAV), four-corner 4753$_2$, composition ⿰𦰩艮)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1013, character 29
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30600
* Dae Jaweon: page 1473, character 2
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3171, character 5
* Unihan data for U+8271

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 艱 | *krɯːn |
| 齦 | *kʰrɯːnʔ, *kʰɯːnʔ, *ŋɯn |
| 眼 | *ŋrɯːnʔ |
| 蛝 | *ɡrɯːn |
| 限 | *ɡrɯːnʔ |
| 硍 | *ɡrɯːnʔ |
| 豤 | *kʰɯːnʔ, *kʰɯːnʔ, *kʰuːn |
| 詪 | *ɡlɯːnʔ, *kɯːnʔ, *kɯːns |
| 根 | *kɯːn |
| 跟 | *kɯːn |
| 珢 | *kɯːn, *kɯːns, *ŋrɯn |
| 艮 | *kɯːns |
| 茛 | *kɯːns |
| 墾 | *kʰɯːnʔ |
| 懇 | *kʰɯːnʔ |
| 垠 | *ŋɯːn, *ŋrɯn, *ŋɯn |
| 泿 | *ŋɯːn, *ŋrɯn |
| 痕 | *ɡɯːn |
| 拫 | *ɡɯːn |
| 鞎 | *ɡɯːn |
| 很 | *ɡɯːnʔ |
| 恨 | *ɡɯːns |
| 銀 | *ŋrɯn |
| 檭 | *ŋrɯn |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *krɯːn): semantic 𦰩 + phonetic 艮 (OC *kɯːns).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jiān (jian$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gaan$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kân / kiên / kiân
* Eastern Min (BUC): găng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kan / kian
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gang$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiān
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jian
*** Wade–Giles: chien$^1$
*** Yale: jyān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jian
*** Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gaan$^1$
*** Yale: gāan
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gaan$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gan$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kaːn⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kân / kiên
*** Hakka Romanization System: gan$^ˊ$ / gien$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gan$^1$ / gian$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kan²⁴/, /ki̯en²⁴/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kân / kiân
*** Hakka Romanization System: gan$^ˊ$ / gian$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gan$^1$ / gian$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kan²⁴/, /ki̯an²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: găng
*** Sinological IPA : /kaŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kan
*** Tâi-lô: kan
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kafn
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kan⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kan³³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kian
*** Tâi-lô: kian
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kiefn
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kiɛn⁴⁴/
* kan - literary;
* kian - vernacular.
* Middle Chinese: kean
Rime :
| Character | 艱 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 山 (73) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 古閑切 |
| Baxter | kean |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠɛn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kᵚæn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kæn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kəɨn/ |
| Li Rong | /kɛn/ |
| Wang Li | /kæn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kăn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiān |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gaan$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤrə[r]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*krɯːn/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 艱 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jiān |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kɛn › |
| Old Chinese | /*kˁrə[r]/ |
| English | difficulty |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 艱 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 3912 |
| Phonetic component | 艮 |
| Rime group | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 閒 |
| Old Chinese | /*krɯːn/ |

### Definitions

艱
* difficult; hard
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) hardship; suffering
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) disaster
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) dangerous
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) parent's death

### Compounds

* 丁內艱 / 丁内艰
* 丁外艱 / 丁外艰
* 丁艱 / 丁艰 (dīngjiān)
* 人艱不拆 / 人艰不拆 (rénjiānbùchāi)
* 備嘗艱苦 / 备尝艰苦
* 內艱 / 内艰
* 共體時艱 / 共体时艰
* 創業維艱 / 创业维艰
* 國困民艱 / 国困民艰
* 國步艱難 / 国步艰难
* 外艱 / 外艰
* 委重投艱 / 委重投艰
* 時艱 / 时艰 (shíjiān)
* 步履維艱 / 步履维艰 (bùlǚwéijiān)
* 歷盡艱辛 / 历尽艰辛 (lìjìnjiānxīn)
* 歷盡艱險 / 历尽艰险
* 涉艱履危 / 涉艰履危
* 物力維艱 / 物力维艰
* 稼穡艱難 / 稼穑艰难
* 維艱 / 维艰 (wéijiān)
* 舉步維艱 / 举步维艰 (jǔbùwéijiān)
* 艱危 / 艰危 (jiānwēi)
* 艱困 / 艰困
* 艱子 / 艰子
* 艱巨 / 艰巨 (jiānjù)
* 艱深 / 艰深 (jiānshēn)
* 艱澀 / 艰涩 (jiānsè)
* 艱苦 / 艰苦 (jiānkǔ)
* 艱苦卓絕 / 艰苦卓绝 (jiānkǔzhuójué)
* 艱苦奮鬥 / 艰苦奋斗 (jiānkǔfèndòu)
* 艱虞 / 艰虞
* 艱貞 / 艰贞
* 艱辛 / 艰辛 (jiānxīn)
* 艱險 / 艰险 (jiānxiǎn)
* 艱難 / 艰难 (jiānnán)
* 艱難險阻 / 艰难险阻 (jiānnánxiǎnzǔ)
* 蒿目時艱 / 蒿目时艰
* 運拙時艱 / 运拙时艰
* 險阻艱難 / 险阻艰难

### References

* “艱”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: けん (ken)
* Kan-on: かん (kan)
* Kun: なやむ (nayamu, 艱む)、かたい (katai, 艱い)、なやみ (nayami)

## Korean
### Hanja

艱 • (gan) (hangeul 간, revised gan, McCune–Reischauer kan, Yale kan)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

艱: Hán Nôm readings: gian
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.