# 閩

| 閩 | U+95A9, &#38313; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-95A9 |
| ← 閨 [U+95A8] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 閪 → [U+95AA] |

## Translingual
### Han character

閩 (Kangxi radical 169, 門+6, 14 strokes, cangjie input 日弓中一戈 (ANLMI), four-corner 7713$_6$, composition ⿵門虫)

#### Derived characters

* 𤁝

#### Related characters

* 闽 (Simplified Chinese)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1335, character 7
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41315
* Dae Jaweon: page 1841, character 4
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4295, character 9
* Unihan data for U+95A9

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 蔄 | *roːs, *mruːns |
| 闅 | *min, *mrɯn, *mɯn |
| 閩 | *mrɯn, *mɯn |
| 蕄 | *mɯːŋ, *mrɯːŋ |
| 門 | *mɯːn |
| 捫 | *mɯːn |
| 悶 | *mɯːns |
| 聞 | *mɯn, *mɯns |
| 閿 | *mɯn |
| 問 | *mɯns |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *mrɯn, *mɯn): phonetic 門 (OC *mɯːn) + semantic 虫 (“snake”). The 虫 radical was a common component of the names of barbarians (Schuessler, 2007), probably reflecting the Min people's worship of snakes (Li, 2017).

### Etymology

Matisoff (2003) relates it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-b/m-ruːl (“snake”), but this comparison is no longer held in STEDT.
In most modern Min dialects and some other southern dialects (including Hakka and Xiang), it is read with a level tone (平聲), which is the expected reflex based on rime dictionaries. In Mandarin and the remaining southern dialects, it is read with a rising tone (上聲), probably due to analogy with the phonetic component of 閔 (MC minX) (Li, 2017).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): mǐn, mín
       (Zhuyin): ㄇㄧㄣˇ, ㄇㄧㄣˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): min$^3$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): man$^5$ / man$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): man$^3$
* Gan (Wiktionary): min$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): mén
    (Hailu, HRS): men$^ˊ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): mên$^2$
* Jin (Wiktionary): ming$^2$
* Northern Min (KCR): mâing
* Eastern Min (BUC): mìng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): mang$^2$ / ming$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): bân / bîn
    (Teochew, Peng'im): mang$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$min
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): min$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: mǐn
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄧㄣˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: mǐn
*** Wade–Giles: min$^3$
*** Yale: mǐn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: miin
*** Palladius: минь (minʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /min²¹⁴/
** (Standard Chinese, variant)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: mín
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄧㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: mín
*** Wade–Giles: min$^2$
*** Yale: mín
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: min
*** Palladius: минь (minʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /min³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: min$^3$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: min
*** Sinological IPA : /min⁵³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: man$^5$ / man$^4$
*** Yale: máhn / màhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: man$^5$ / man$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: men$^5$ / men$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /mɐn¹³/, /mɐn²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: man$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /ᵐban²²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: min$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /min²¹³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mén
*** Hakka Romanization System: men$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: men$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /men³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: men$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /men²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: mên$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /mɛn¹¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: ming$^2$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /miŋ⁵³/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: mâing
*** Sinological IPA : /maiŋ³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: mìng
*** Sinological IPA : /miŋ⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: mang$^2$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: máng
*** Sinological IPA : /maŋ¹³/
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ming$^2$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: míng
*** Sinological IPA : /miŋ¹³/
* mang2 - vernacular;
* ming2 - literary.
* Middle Chinese: min, mjun
Rime :
| Character | 閩 | 閩 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 眞 (44) | 文 (59) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 武巾切 | 無分切 |
| Baxter | min | mjun |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /mˠiɪn/ | /mɨun/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /mᵚin/ | /miun/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /mien/ | /miuən/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /mjin/ | /mun/ |
| Li Rong | /mjĕn/ | /miuən/ |
| Wang Li | /mǐĕn/ | /mĭuən/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /mi̯ĕn/ | /mi̯uən/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | mín | wén |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | man$^4$ | man$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*mrə[n]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*mrɯn/, /*mɯn/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 閩 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | mǐn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ min › |
| Old Chinese | /*mrə[n]/ |
| English | southern tribes |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 閩 | 閩 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 8956 | 8966 |
| Phonetic component | 門 | 門 |
| Rime group | 文 | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 珉 | 文 |
| Old Chinese | /*mrɯn/ | /*mɯn/ |

### Definitions

閩
* (historical) Min people (ancient ethnic group)
* (～江) Min River (a river in Fujian, China)
* Fujian
    閩南／闽南 ― mǐnnán ― southern Fujian
    閩西／闽西 ― mǐnxī ― western Fujian
    閩菜／闽菜 ― mǐncài ― Fujian cuisine
* (～語, ～方言) Min languages
* a surname

### Compounds

* 七閩 / 七闽 (Qīmǐn)
* 八閩 / 八闽 (Bāmǐn)
* 洛閩 / 洛闽
* 洛閩之學 / 洛闽之学
* 濂洛關閩 / 濂洛关闽
* 閩中 / 闽中 (Mǐnzhōng)
* 閩中十子 / 闽中十子
* 閩中話 / 闽中话
* 閩中語 / 闽中语 (mǐnzhōngyǔ)
* 閩侯 / 闽侯 (Mǐnhòu)
* 閩劇 / 闽剧 (mǐnjù)
* 閩北 / 闽北 (Mǐnběi)
* 閩北話 / 闽北话
* 閩北語 / 闽北语 (mǐnběiyǔ)
* 閩南 / 闽南 (Mǐnnán)
* 閩南話 / 闽南话 (mǐnnánhuà)
* 閩南語 / 闽南语 (mǐnnányǔ)
* 閩學 / 闽学
* 閩寧 / 闽宁 (Mǐnníng)
* 閩嶠 / 闽峤
* 閩嶺 / 闽岭
* 閩川 / 闽川
* 閩徼 / 闽徼
* 閩本 / 闽本
* 閩東 / 闽东 (Mǐndōng)
* 閩東話 / 闽东话
* 閩東語 / 闽东语 (mǐndōngyǔ)
* 閩江 / 闽江 (Mǐn Jiāng)
* 閩派 / 闽派
* 閩洛 / 闽洛
* 閩海 / 闽海
* 閩清 / 闽清 (Mǐnqīng)
* 閩粵 / 闽粤
* 閩荒 / 闽荒
* 閩虻 / 闽虻
* 閩蚋 / 闽蚋
* 閩西 / 闽西 (Mǐnxī)
* 閩語 / 闽语 (mǐnyǔ)
* 閩越 / 闽越 (Mǐnyuè)
* 閩都 / 闽都
* 閩關 / 闽关
* 閩隸 / 闽隶

### See also

* 蠻／蛮 (mán)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: まん (man)、みん (min)、もん (mon)
* Kan-on: ばん (ban)、びん (bin)、ぶん (bun)

#### Compounds

* 閩越(びんえつ) (Bin'etsu): Minyue
* 閩江(びんこう) (Binkō)
* 閩南語(びんなんご) (Binnango): Southern Min
* 洛閩(らくびん)の学(がく) (rakubin no gaku)
* 濂洛関閩(れんらくかんびん)の学(がく) (renrakukanbin no gaku)

### Proper noun

* Kanji in this term
* 閩
* びん Hyōgai
* kan'on
閩(びん) • (Bin)
* Min, one of the w:Ten Kingdoms of China

## Korean
### Hanja

閩 • (min) (hangeul 민, revised min, McCune–Reischauer min, Yale min)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

閩: Hán Nôm readings: mân
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.