# binden
## Dutch
### Etymology

From Middle Dutch binden, from Old Dutch *bindan, from Proto-West Germanic *bindan, from Proto-Germanic *bindaną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈbɪndə(n)/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: bin‧den
* Rhymes: -ɪndən

### Verb

binden
* (transitive) to tie
* (transitive) to wrap
* (transitive) to bind (generally, legally/contractually)
* (intransitive) to bind, to thicken (of food)

#### Derived terms

* aanbinden
* afbinden
* band
* bebinden
* bijeenbinden
* binding
* dichtbinden
* herbinden
* inbinden
* ombinden
* onderbinden
* ontbinden
* opbinden
* samenbinden
* toebinden
* vastbinden
* verbinden
* voorbinden

#### Descendants

* Afrikaans: bind
* Berbice Creole Dutch: bendi
* Negerhollands: bind, bint, bin

## German
### Etymology

From Middle High German binden, from Old High German bintan, from Proto-West Germanic *bindan, from Proto-Germanic *bindaną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ-. Cognate with Low German binnen, binden, Dutch binden, English bind, Danish binde.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈbɪndən/, [ˈbɪn.dn̩], [-dən]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɪndn̩

### Verb

binden (class 3 strong, third-person singular present bindet, past tense band, past participle gebunden, past subjunctive bände, auxiliary haben)
* (transitive) to bind, to tie, to fasten something by means of a string etc.
    Er hat den Hund an den Zaun gebunden.He's bound the dog to the fence.
    Aus den Zweigen binde ich einen Kranz.From the twigs I’ll bind a wreath.
    ein Buch binden ― to bind a book
* (transitive) to tie, to fasten a string etc.
    Ich binde mir die Schuhe. ― I'm tying my shoes.
    Sie hat sich einen Zopf gebunden.She's tied her hair into a ponytail.
    Er hat sich einen Schal um den Hals gebunden.He's tied a scarf around his neck.
* (transitive, often passive voice) to oblige, commit, bind
    Mein Vertrag bindet mich. ― My contract binds me.
    Ich bin vertraglich gebunden. ― I'm bound by a contract.
* (reflexive) to commit oneself, make a commitment (especially for marriage)
* (transitive) to make congeal, thicken, set, bond
* (transitive, of substances) to capture; to absorb (carbon dioxide etc.)
* (intransitive, of substances) to congeal, thicken, set, bond
* (phonetics, transitive) to make sandhi, crasis, liaison
    Französische Substantive werden im Singular nicht gebunden.There is no liaison with French singular nouns.

#### Conjugation

$^1$Rare except in very formal contexts; alternative in würde normally preferred.

#### Derived terms

* abbinden
* anbinden
* Angebinde
* aufbinden
* Ausbund
* Band
* Binde
* Bindedraht
* Bindegarn
* Bindegewebe
* Bindehaut
* Bindemittel
* Binden
* bindend
* Binder
* Binderei
* Bindestrich
* Bindeton
* Bindewort
* Bindfaden
* Bindung
* Buchbinder
* Bund
* Einband
* einbinden
* entbinden
* Gebinde
* umbinden
* ungebunden
* unterbinden
* unverbindlich
* verbinden
* verbindlich
* Verbindlichkeit
* Verbindung
* Verbund
* zubinden

### Further reading

* “binden” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
* “binden” in Uni Leipzig: Wortschatz-Lexikon
* “binden” in Duden online
* “binden” in OpenThesaurus.de

## Middle Dutch
### Etymology

From Old Dutch *bindan, from Proto-West Germanic *bindan, from Proto-Germanic *bindaną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ-.

### Verb

binden
* To bind, tie.
* To tie up.
* To bind (to an obligation).

#### Derived terms

* bebinden
* bindere
* bindinge
* gebinden
* herbinden
* ontbinden
* verbinden
* wēderbinden

#### Descendants

* Dutch: binden
** Afrikaans: bind
** Berbice Creole Dutch: bendi
** Negerhollands: bind, bint, bin
* Limburgish: binje

### Further reading

* “binden (II)”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
* Verwijs, E., Verdam, J. (1885–1929) “binden (I)”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN, page I

## Middle English
### Alternative forms

* bynden

### Etymology

From Old English bindan, from Proto-West Germanic *bindan, from Proto-Germanic *bindaną; equivalent to bynde +‎ -en (infinitival suffix).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈbiːndən/, /ˈbindən/

### Verb

binden
* To bind, fasten; to make a knot or fastening.
* To wrap; to enclose in wrapping.
* To secure, strengthen; to make strong:
** To tie up; to strengthen with a knot.
** To connect or link (especially by binding):
** (figurative) To remember; to keep one's mental connection secure.
** (figurative) To strengthen or provide proof for an argument.
* To take away one's agency; to enthrall:
** To restrain a captive; to jail.
** To enslave, subordinate, or force.
** To enrapture or captivate.
** (rare) To take into apprenticeship or training.
* To enter into a socially binding obligation or agreement:
** To enter into a marital relationship; to marry.
** (rare, Late Middle English) To copulate; to have sex.
* To force or compel (to perform an action):
** To obligate; to be forced by societal pressure.
** To force (into) a socially binding obligation or agreement.
** To mete out or proscribe penalties.
** To combine; to join; to make one.
* To decorate or adorn; to add ornaments on.
* To evacuate; to induce constipation.
* To unify or join; to make one.
* To enclose or surround; to fold as to completely conceal.
* (rare) To cohere; to enjoin with itself.
* (rare, figurative) To end or finish; to wrap up (for the sense, compare Modern English wrap up)

#### Usage notes

This verb inherited a system of alternations between the past singular stem vowel (/ɔː/ or /a/ in Middle English) and the past plural and participle stem vowel (/uː/ in Middle English) from Old English and ultimately Proto-Germanic. In the later Middle English period, the vowel of the past plural tended to replace that of the singular, though occasionally the singular form was levelled to the plural instead. The Modern English past tense bound demonstrates the completion of this levelling.

#### Conjugation

$^1$ Replaced by the indicative in later Middle English. $^2$ Sometimes used as a formal 2nd-person singular.

#### Related terms

* bynde
* byndere
* byndynge
* forbinden

#### Descendants

* English: bind
* Scots: bind

### References

* “bī̆nden, v.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-04-27.

## Middle High German
### Etymology

Inherited from Old High German bintan, from Proto-West Germanic *bindan, from Proto-Germanic *bindaną. Cognate with Dutch binden and English bind.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (before 13th CE) /ˈbindən/

### Verb

binden (class 3 strong, third-person singular present bindet, past tense bant, past participle gebunden, past subjunctive bünde, auxiliary hān)
* to bind

#### Descendants

* Bavarian: bindn
* German: binden
* Luxembourgish: bannen

### References

* Benecke, Georg Friedrich, Müller, Wilhelm, Zarncke, Friedrich (1863) “binden”, in Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch: mit Benutzung des Nachlasses von Benecke, Stuttgart: S. Hirzel

## Middle Low German
### Etymology

From Old Saxon bindan (“to bind”), from Proto-West Germanic *bindan, from Proto-Germanic *bindaną.

### Pronunciation

* (originally) IPA: /bɪndən/

### Verb

binden
* To bind.

#### Descendants

* Low German: binnen, binden
* Plautdietsch: binjen