# 越

| 越 | U+8D8A, &#36234; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8D8A |
| ← 趉 [U+8D89] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 趋 → [U+8D8B] |

## Translingual
### Han character

越 (Kangxi radical 156, 走+5, 12 strokes, cangjie input 土人戈女 (GOIV), four-corner 4380$_5$, composition ⿺走戉)

#### Derived characters

* 𠾲, 𢵼, 𣾼, 樾, 𭸩, 𦅲, 𧑅, 𫌐, 𨅿, 𨬓, 𪆧, 𪒥, 𬷲, 𪽸

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1216, character 28
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 37110
* Dae Jaweon: page 1686, character 11
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3480, character 2
* Unihan data for U+8D8A

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 泧 | *qʰʷaːd, *kʰʷad, *ɢʷad |
| 眓 | *qʰʷaːd |
| 越 | *ɢʷaːd, *ɢʷad |
| 狘 | *kʰʷad |
| 戉 | *ɢʷad |
| 鉞 | *ɢʷad |
| 樾 | *ɢʷad |
| 怴 | *qʰʷrɯd |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɢʷaːd, *ɢʷad): semantic 走 (“to walk or run”) + phonetic 戉 (OC *ɢʷad) — to go over; to cross.

### Etymology
#### “to go over; to surpass; to overstep; to turn”

    From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *grwat (“to travel; to go through”).
    Related to 𨒋 (“to go over”), 䟠 (“to go beyond; to transgress”) (Wang, 1982) and perhaps 于 (OC *ɢʷa, “to go”) (Schuessler, 2007).

#### “modal particle”

    Related to 曰 (OC *ɢʷad), 于 (OC *ɢʷa) and 粵 (OC *ɢʷad) (Wang, 1982).

#### “Yue; Viet; State of Yue”

    Related to 粵 (OC *ɢʷad, “Yue; Cantonese”).
    This is a general name for numerous indigenous tribes in ancient southern China, which are collectively called Baiyue. The ancient State of Yue during the Zhou dynasty of China was initially written as 戉 (OC *ɢʷad, “large battle-axe”) — alternatively written as 𫑛 — and it is commonly believed the name Yue originates from this instrument, which was widely found in neolithic cultures of southeastern China and served as a symbol of authority and royalty.
    See 戉 (OC *ɢʷad) for more on the etymology.

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): yuè (yue$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄩㄝˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): yue$^2$
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): йүә (yüə, I)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jyut$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): yot$^5$
* Gan (Wiktionary): yot$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ye̍t / ya̍t
    (Hailu, HRS): rhad$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): yad$^6$
* Jin (Wiktionary): yeh$^4$
* Northern Min (KCR): ṳĕ
* Eastern Min (BUC): uŏk
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): oeh$^7$ / yeh$^7$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): oa̍t
    (Teochew, Peng'im): uêg$^8$ / uag$^8$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^8$yuq; $^8$yoq
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ye$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yuè
*** Zhuyin: ㄩㄝˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yuè
*** Wade–Giles: yüeh$^4$
*** Yale: ywè
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yueh
*** Palladius: юэ (jue)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɥɛ⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: yue$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ye
*** Sinological IPA : /ye²¹/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: йүә (yüə, I)
*** Sinological IPA : /yə²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jyut$^6$
*** Yale: yuht
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jyt$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yud$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /jyːt̚²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: yot$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /jᵘɔt̚³²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: yot$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /yɵt̚⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ye̍t
*** Hakka Romanization System: ied
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yad$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /i̯et̚⁵/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ya̍t
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)iad
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yad$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯at̚⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: rhad$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /ʒat²/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: yad$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /iat̚⁵/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: yeh$^4$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /yəʔ²/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ṳĕ
*** Sinological IPA : /yɛ²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: uŏk
*** Sinological IPA : /uoʔ⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: oeh$^7$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: e̤̍h
*** Sinological IPA : /œʔ⁴/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: yeh$^7$
*** Sinological IPA : /yøʔ²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: oa̍t
*** Tâi-lô: ua̍t
*** Phofsit Daibuun: oat
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /uat̚⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /uat̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /uat̚²⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: uêg$^8$ / uag$^8$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ue̍k / ua̍k
*** Sinological IPA : /uek̚⁴/, /uak̚⁴/
* uêg8 - Chaozhou;
* uag8 - Shantou.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit越 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /yɛ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /yɛ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /ye⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /yə²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /yə⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ye²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /yɛ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /yu⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ye¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /yə¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /yɤ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /ye²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /ye³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /ie²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /iɛ³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /yeʔ⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /yɐʔ⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /yəʔ²/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /yʌʔ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /yaʔ⁴³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ɦioʔ¹/ /ɦyɪʔ¹/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ɦyəʔ³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ɦyəʔ²/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /jy²¹³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /ue²²/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /yɛ¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /ye²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /yæ²⁴/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /yɵʔ⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /iat̚⁵/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /ʒet̚⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /jyt̚²/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /yt̚²²/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /jyt̚²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /uat̚⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /uoʔ⁵/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /uɛ²⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /uak̚⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /zuak̚³/ 超～ /zuak̚⁵/ ～過 |
* Middle Chinese: hjwot
Rime :
| Character | 越 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 云 (35) |
| Final (韻) | 月 (68) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 王伐切 |
| Baxter | hjwot |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦʉɐt̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦʷiɐt̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣiuɐt̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦuat̚/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣiuɐt̚/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣĭwɐt̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /i̯wɐt̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yuè |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jyut$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ʷat/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɢʷad/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 越 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yuè |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hjwot › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɢ]ʷat/ |
| English | pass over |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 越 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 16333 |
| Phonetic component | 戉 |
| Rime group | 月 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 越 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɢʷad/ |

#### Definitions

越
* to pass over; to cross; to cross over
* to go over; to climb over; to jump over
    翻山越嶺／翻山越岭 ― fānshānyuèlǐng ― to pass over mountains and ridges
* (of time) to pass; to go through
* (figurative) to go outside of; to exceed; to surpass; to overstep; to transgress
    超越 ― chāoyuè ― to surpass
    越界 ― yuèjiè ― to overstep a boundary
* to propagate; to spread; to publicise
* to disperse; to scatter; to fade away
* to fall; to relax; to become loosened
* (literary) to rob; to seize by force
* (Southern Min) to turn; to turn around
    越頭／越头 [Hokkien] ― oa̍t-thâu [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to turn one's head
* more; -er
    越……越…… ― yuè...... yuè...... ― the more ..., the more ...
    越來越……／越来越…… ― yuèláiyuè...... ― to become increasingly ...
* Ancient meaningless sentence-initial modal particle.
* (～人, ～族) The Yue or Viet: collective name for numerous ancient non-Han tribes in southern China and northern Vietnam; Baiyue.
* (historical) (～國) The State of Yue: ancient state during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods of Chinese history, in the modern provinces of Zhejiang, Shanghai, and Jiangsu.
* General name for the region of southern China, especially the Guangxi and Guangdong provinces.
* Name for the Zhejiang province of China, especially the eastern parts of the province or areas in the vicinity of Shaoxing city.
* Short for 越南 (“Vietnam”).
* a surname

#### Synonyms

* (more):
* 加二 ($^1$ka-gni) (Wu)
* 加偌 (Hokkien)
* 又加 ($^6$yi-ka) (Wu)
* 又閣較 / 又阁较 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 彌 / 弥 (literary)
* 愈 (yù)
* 愈加 (yùjiā)
* 愈發 / 愈发 (yùfā)
* 愈益 (yùyì)
* 更 (gèng)
* 更加 (gèngjiā)
* 更見 / 更见 (gen$^4$ jian$^4$) (Sichuanese)
* 益 (yì) (literary)
* 益發 / 益发 (yìfā)
* 罔 (muōng) (Eastern Min)
* 越加 (yuèjiā)
* 越發 / 越发 (yuèfā)
* 重 (Cantonese)
* 閣較 / 阁较 (Hokkien)

#### Compounds

* 不可踰越 / 不可逾越
* 乘輿播越 / 乘舆播越
* 侵越 (qīnyuè)
* 僭越 (jiànyuè)
* 優越 / 优越 (yōuyuè)
* 優越感 / 优越感 (yōuyuègǎn)
* 兩越 / 两越
* 卓越 (zhuóyuè)
* 卓越超群
* 南越 (Nányuè)
* 吳越 / 吴越 (Wúyuè)
* 吳越同舟 / 吴越同舟
* 吳越春秋 / 吴越春秋
* 巔越 / 巅越
* 差越
* 度越
* 彭越
* 扒山越嶺 / 扒山越岭
* 播越 (bōyuè)
* 播越失據 / 播越失据
* 攀山越嶺 / 攀山越岭
* 攀越 (pānyuè)
* 攙越 / 搀越
* 東越 / 东越
* 橫越 / 横越 (héngyuè)
* 檀越 (tányuè)
* 殺人越貨 / 杀人越货 (shārényuèhuò)
* 沙勞越 / 沙劳越
* 汩越
* 清越 (qīngyuè)
* 漫山越嶺 / 漫山越岭
* 激越
* 甌越 / 瓯越 (Ōuyuè)
* 登山越嶺 / 登山越岭
* 發越 / 发越
* 百越 (Bǎi Yuè)
* 神爽飛越 / 神爽飞越
* 神魂飛越 / 神魂飞越
* 視同秦越 / 视同秦越
* 秦越
* 穿越 (chuānyuè)
* 翻山越嶺 / 翻山越岭 (fānshānyuèlǐng)
* 翻越 (fānyuè)
* 肝膽楚越 / 肝胆楚越
* 肝膽胡越 / 肝胆胡越
* 胡二巴越
* 胡越 (húyuè)
* 胡越一家
* 莊舄越吟 / 庄舄越吟
* 葛越
* 行無越思 / 行无越思
* 誂越 / 𫍥越
* 越人視秦 / 越人视秦
* 超今越古
* 越位 (yuèwèi)
* 越來越…… / 越来越……
* 越俎代庖 (yuèzǔdàipáo)
* 越冬 (yuèdōng)
* 越冬作物 (yuèdōng zuòwù)
* 越分
* 越劇 / 越剧 (yuèjù)
* 越加 (yuèjiā)
* 越南 (Yuènán)
* 越南人 (yuènánrén)
* 越南話 / 越南话 (yuènánhuà)
* 越古超今
* 越嚟越……
* 越城嶺 / 越城岭
* 越境 (yuèjìng)
* 越多越好
* 越女
* 越子
* 越席
* 越快越好
* 越戰 / 越战 (Yuèzhàn)
* 越扶越醉
* 越搶越貴 / 越抢越贵
* 越搶越高 / 越抢越高
* 越日 (yuèrì)
* 越早越好
* 越樣 / 越样
* 越橘 (yuèjú)
* 越權 / 越权 (yuèquán)
* 越次
* 越次超倫 / 越次超伦
* 越次躐等
* 越洋 (yuèyáng)
* 越洋電話 / 越洋电话
* 越犬吠雪
* 越獄 / 越狱 (yuèyù)
* 越王嘗蓼 / 越王尝蓼
* 越瓜 (yuèguā)
* 越界 (yuèjiè)
* 越發 / 越发 (yuèfā)
* 越禮 / 越礼
* 越窯 / 越窑
* 越窮越見鬼，肚餓打瀉米 / 越穷越见鬼，肚饿打泻米
* 越窮越見鬼，越冷越吹風 / 越穷越见鬼，越冷越吹风
* 越級 / 越级 (yuèjí)
* 越絕書 / 越绝书
* 越線 / 越线
* 超群越輩 / 超群越辈
* 越若
* 越裳 (Yuècháng)
* 越調 / 越调 (yuèdiào)
* 越越
* 越……越…… (yuè...yuè...)
* 超越 (chāoyuè)
* 越越的
* 越軌 / 越轨 (yuèguǐ)
* 越過 / 越过 (yuèguò)
* 越野 (yuèyě)
* 越野賽 / 越野赛 (yuèyěsài)
* 越野賽跑 / 越野赛跑
* 越野車 / 越野车 (yuèyěchē)
* 超階越次 / 超阶越次
* 越障
* 越鳥 / 越鸟 (yuèniǎo)
* 越鳥南棲 / 越鸟南栖
* 越鳧楚乙 / 越凫楚乙 (yuèfúchǔyǐ)
* 跨州越郡
* 跨越 (kuàyuè)
* 踰越 / 逾越 (yúyuè)
* 躥房越脊 / 蹿房越脊
* 逾越 (yúyuè)
* 違越 / 违越
* 邁越常流 / 迈越常流
* 闖越 / 闯越
* 隕越 / 陨越
* 隔越
* 難越雷池 / 难越雷池
* 顛越 / 颠越
* 顛越不恭 / 颠越不恭
* 飛越 / 飞越 (fēiyuè)
* 騰越 / 腾越

#### Descendants

* → Vietnamese: vượt (“to pass over”)

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): huó (huo$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄛˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): wut$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: huó
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄛˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: huó
*** Wade–Giles: huo$^2$
*** Yale: hwó
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hwo
*** Palladius: хо (xo)
*** Sinological IPA : /xu̯ɔ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: wut$^6$
*** Yale: wuht
*** Cantonese Pinyin: wut$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: wud$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /wuːt̚²/
* Middle Chinese: hwat
Rime :
| Character | 越 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 末 (64) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 戸括切 |
| Baxter | hwat |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦuɑt̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦʷɑt̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣuɑt̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦwat̚/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣuɑt̚/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣuɑt̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣuɑt̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | huó |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | wut$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɢʷaːd/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 越 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 16330 |
| Phonetic component | 戉 |
| Rime group | 月 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 活 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɢʷaːd/ |

#### Definitions

越
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, music) small hole at the bottom of a se, a traditional Chinese musical instrument
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to bore a hole; to drill a hole

### References

* “越”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* “越”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* pass over

#### Readings

* Go-on: えち (echi)、おち (ochi)、がち (gachi)
* Kan-on: えつ (etsu, Jōyō)、かつ (katsu)
* Kun: こえる (koeru, 越える, Jōyō)、こす (kosu, 越す, Jōyō)

#### Compounds

* 越境
* 越権
* 越度
* 越南
* 僭越
* 超越

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 越
* えつ Grade: S
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 越 (MC hjwot|hwat).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [e̞t͡sɨ]

### Affix

越(えつ) • (etsu)
* pass over; cross over; go over
* pass; go through (of time)
* exceed; surpass; transgress (limit, extent)

### Proper noun

越(えつ) • (Etsu)
* (historical) the Yue people to the south of ancient China
* Abbreviation of 越南 (Etsunan, “Vietnam”).

## Korean
### Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 越 (MC hjwot).

#### Hanja

越 (eumhun 넘을 월 (neomeul wol))
* hanja form of 월 (“pass over”)

#### Compounds

* 수월 (秀越, suwol, “excellence”)
* 우월 (優越, uwol, “superiority”)
* 월경 (越境, wolgyeong, “crossing of the border”)
* 월권 (越權, wolgwon, “ultra vires”)
* 월남 (越南, Wollam, “Vietnam”)
* 월등 (越等, woldeung, “extraordinarily”)
* 월차 (越次, wolcha, “skipping a turn”)
* 월척 (越尺, wolcheok, “big fish”)
* 이월 (移越, iwol, “transfer”)
* 초월 (超越, chowol, “transcendency”)
* 추월 (追越, chuwol, “passing; overtake”)
* 탁월 (卓越, tagwol, “excellence, superiority”)

### Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 越 (MC hwat).

#### Hanja

越 (eumhun 부들자리 활 (budeuljari hwal))
* (literary Chinese) hanja form of 활 (“small hole at the bottom of a se, a traditional Chinese musical instrument”)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese

* chữ Hán Nôm in this term
* 越

### Chữ Hán

越: Hán Việt readings: việt
越: Nôm readings: vượt, việt, vớt, vẹt, vát, vịt, vọt, vợt, nhông, vác, vót, vệt
* chữ Hán form of Việt (“short for Việt Nam”).
* chữ Nôm form of vượt (“to exceed; to cross over”).

#### References

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Nguyễn (2014).
* 1 2 3 4 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Trần (2004).
* 1 2 3 Hồ (1976).
* 1 2 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).