# دیوار
## Central Kurdish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /diːwaːɾ/

### Noun

| Northern Kurdish | dîwar |
دیوار (dîwar)
* wall

## Khalaj
### Noun

دیوار (duvâr) (definite accusative دیوارؽ, plural دیوارلار)
* Arabic spelling of duvâr (“wall”)

#### Declension
## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Persian دیوار (divâr, “wall”), from Middle Persian dywʾl (dēwār, “wall”).

### Noun

دیوار • (duvar) (definite accusative دیواری (duvarı), plural دیوارلر (duvarlar))
* wall, each of the substantial structures acting either as the exterior of or divisions within a structure
    Synonym: جدار (cidar)
* wall, any structure built with stones, earth etc. built for defensive pruposes, surrounding a place
    Synonym: سور (sur)

#### Derived terms

* اورمه دیوار (örme duvar, “a built-up wall”)
* بغدادی دیوار (bağdadî duvar, “wall of lath and plaster”)
* بودور دیوار (bodur duvar, “low wall, parapet”)
* در و دیوار (der ve duvar, “a house, as a whole”, literally “door and wall”)
* درت دیوار آراسی (dört duvar arası, “captivity”, literally “the space inside four walls”)
* دیوار آردی (duvar ardı, “coward”, literally “the back of a wall”)
* دیوار اورمك (duvar örmek, “to build a wall”)
* دیوار چكمك (duvar çekmek, “to wall up”)
* دیوار یاران (duvar yaran, “Satan, the Devil”, literally “wall cleaver”)
* دیوارجی (duvarcı, “mason, bricklayer”)
* دیوارسز (duvarsız, “unwalled”)
* دیوارلاتمق (duvarlatmak, “to make or let be walled”)
* دیوارلامق (duvarlamak, “to enclose with walls”)
* دیوارلانمق (duvarlanmak, “to be walled up”)
* دیوارلو (duvarlı, “walled”)
* دیوارچه (divarçe, “little wall”)
* شاه دیوار (şah duvar, “bearing wall”)
* صور دیوار (sur duvar, “solid wall”)
* قلعه دیواری (kalʼe duvarı, “rampart”)
* قورو دیوار (kuru duvar, “bare wall”)

#### Descendants

* Turkish: duvar
* → Bulgarian: дува́р (duvár)
* → Greek: ντουβάρι (ntouvári)
* → Macedonian: дувар (duvar)
* → Serbo-Croatian:
** Cyrillic script: ду̏ва̄р
** Latin script: dȕvār

### Further reading

* Barbier de Meynard, Charles (1881) “دیوار”, in Dictionnaire turc-français, volume I, Paris: E. Leroux, page 785
* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “duvar”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 1314
* Hindoglu, Artin (1838) “دیوار”, in Hazine-i lûgat ou dictionnaire abrégé turc-français‎, Vienna: F. Beck, page 240b
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “دیوار”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 601
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Murus”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎, Vienna, column 1106
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “دیوار”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, column 2219
* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “duvar”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “دیوار”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 940

## Persian
### Alternative forms

* دیوال (divâl) (dialectal, Tehrani)
* دیفال (difâl) (dialectal, Isfahan)

### Etymology

From Middle Persian dywʾl (dēwār, “wall”). Compare Avestan 𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬰𐬀 (daēza, “wall”), Ancient Greek τεῖχος (teîkhos, “wall, fortifications”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [deː.ˈwɑːɾ], [diː.ˈwɑːɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [d̪eː.wɑ́ːɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [d̪eː.wɑ́ːɾ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [d̪eː.wɑ́ːɾ]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [d̪eː.wɔ́ːɾ]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [d̪iː.vɒ́ːɹ]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [d̪iː.vɒ́ːɹ]
** (Tehrani) IPA: [d̪iː.vɒ́ːl̥]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [d̪e.vɔ́ɾ]
* (Isfahan) IPA: /diːˈfɒ́ːl/
* Audio (Iran):(file)

### Noun

دیوار • (divâr) (plural دیوارها (divâr-hâ))
* wall
** c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume I, verse 214:گرچه دیوار افکند سایه‌‌ی دراز باز گردد سوی او آن سایه بازgarči dēwār afkand sāya-yi darāz bāz gardad sōy-i ō ān sāya bāzAlthough the wall casts a long shadow, yet at last the shadow turns back again towards it [as the sun moves].

#### Derived terms

* دیوار کوتاه (divâr kutâh, “helpless person”, literally “low wall”)
* دیواره (divâre, “rim”)
* دیواری (divâri, “wall-related”)

#### Descendants

* Dari: دیوار (dēwār), دیوال (dēwāl)
* Iranian Persian: دیوار (divâr)
* Tajik: девор (devor)
* → Assamese: দেৱাল (dewal)
* → Azerbaijani: divar
* → Bashkir: диуар (diwar)
* → Gujarati: દિવાલ (divāl), દીવાલ (dīvāl)
* → Hindustani:
** Hindi: दीवार (dīvār)
** Urdu: دیوار (dīvār, dīwār)
* → Kazakh: дуал (dual)
* → Khalaj: duvâr
* → Bengali: দেওয়াল (deōẇal)
* → Odia: ଦେୱାଲ (dēwālå)
* → Ottoman Turkish: دیوار (duvar)
** Turkish: duvar
** → Bulgarian: дува́р (duvár)
** → Greek: ντουβάρι (ntouvári)
** → Macedonian: дувар (duvar)
** → Serbo-Croatian:
*** Cyrillic script: ду̏ва̄р
*** Latin script: dȕvār
* → Punjabi: ਦੀਵਾਰ (dīvār), دیوار (dīvār, dīwār)

### References

* MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) “dēwār”, in A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, page 26
* Miller, Corey, Livingston, Jace, Vinson, Mark, Triebwasser Prado, Thomas (2014) Persian Dialects: As Spoken in Iran‎, University of Maryland Center for Advanced Study of Language, page 14: “Peisikov (1960, section 25) notes several words with /r/ in the standard language that can be pronounced with /l/ in Tehrani: دیوار 'wall' /dival/, برق 'electricity' /bälɣ/, سوراخ 'hole' /sulax/.”

## Punjabi
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian دیوار (dīwār).

### Noun

دِیْوَار • (dīvār) f (Gurmukhi spelling ਦੀਵਾਰ)
* wall
    Synonym: کَنْدھ (kandh)

#### Declension
### Further reading

* Iqbal, Salah ud-Din (2002) “دیوار”, in vaḍḍī panjābī lughat‎ (in Punjabi), Lahore: ʻAzīz Pablisharz
* “ਦੀਵਾਰ”, in Punjabi-English Dictionary, Patiala: Punjabi University, 2025

## Urdu
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian دیوار (dīwār), from Middle Persian dywʾl (dēwār). Cognate to Punjabi دیوار (dīvār).

### Noun

دیوار • (dīvār) f (Hindi spelling दीवार)
* wall