# 糾

| 糾 | U+7CFE, &#31998; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7CFE |
| ← 糽 [U+7CFD] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 糿 → [U+7CFF] |

## Translingual
### Han character

糾 (Kangxi radical 120, 糸+2 in Chinese, 糸+3 in Japanese, 8 strokes in Chinese, 9 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 女火女中 (VFVL), four-corner 2290$_0$, composition ⿰糹丩)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 915, character 8
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 27227
* Dae Jaweon: page 1342, character 6
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3362, character 2
* Unihan data for U+7CFE

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 糾 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 艽 | *krɯːw, *qʰrɯːw, *ɡu, *ɡʷrɯw |
| 芁 | *kriːw |
| 荍 | *ɡiw |
| 叫 | *kiːws |
| 訆 | *kiːws |
| 嘂 | *kiːws |
| 收 | *qʰljɯw, *qʰljɯws |
| 糾 | *kɯw, *krɯwʔ |
| 朻 | *kɯw, *krɯw, *krɯwʔ |
| 丩 | *kɯw, *krɯw |
| 赳 | *krɯw, *krɯwʔ |
| 虬 | *ɡrɯw |
| 虯 | *ɡrɯw |
| 觓 | *ɡrɯw |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kɯw, *krɯwʔ): semantic 糹 (“silk”) + phonetic 丩 (OC *kɯw, *krɯw, “to entangle”). The phonetic component indicates two entangled ropes. Originally written 丩.

### Etymology

Compare possibly Burmese ကျိုး (kyui:, “result, effect, advantage”) (Luce, 1981).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jiū, jiǔ (jiu$^1$, jiu$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄡ, ㄐㄧㄡˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gau$^2$ / dau$^2$
* Eastern Min (BUC): giēu
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kiù
    (Teochew, Peng'im): giu$^6$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^1$ciau / $^1$cieu
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiū
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄡ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jiou
*** Wade–Giles: chiu$^1$
*** Yale: jyōu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiou
*** Palladius: цзю (czju)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, variant in Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiǔ
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄡˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jiǒu
*** Wade–Giles: chiu$^3$
*** Yale: jyǒu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jeou
*** Palladius: цзю (czju)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gau$^2$ / dau$^2$
*** Yale: gáu / dáu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gau$^2$ / dau$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: geo$^2$ / deo$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɐu̯³⁵/, /tɐu̯³⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: giēu
*** Sinological IPA : /kieu³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiù
*** Tâi-lô: kiù
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kiux
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kiu²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kiu⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiu²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kiu¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiu²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: giu$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kiŭ
*** Sinological IPA : /kiu³⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$ciau
*** MiniDict: ciau$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$jiau
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕiɔ⁵³/
** (Northern: Suzhou, Hangzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^1$cieu
*** MiniDict: cieu$^平$
*** MiniDict: ciu$^平$
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /t͡ɕʏ⁴⁴/
*** Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /t͡ɕiø³³⁴/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit糾 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /t͡ɕiou⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /t͡ɕiou⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /t͡ɕiou²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /t͡ɕiou²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /t͡ɕiou²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /t͡ɕiou²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /t͡ɕiou²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /t͡ɕiɯ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /t͡ɕiəu⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /t͡ɕiou⁴⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /t͡ɕiɤu⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /t͡ɕiəu⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /t͡ɕiəu⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /t͡ɕiəu⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /t͡ɕiəu⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /t͡ɕiəɯ³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /t͡ɕiɯ²¹/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡ɕiəu¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /t͡ɕiəu⁵³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /t͡ɕiəu³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /t͡ɕiɤ⁵³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /t͡ɕiɤ⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /t͡ɕiø³³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /t͡ɕau³³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /t͡ɕiu³⁵/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /t͡ɕiu¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /t͡ɕiəu³³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /t͡ɕiəɯ³³/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /t͡ɕiu⁴²/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /keu⁴⁴/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /kiu⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /tɐu³⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /tɐu³⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /kɐu³⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kiu²¹/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kieu³²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kiu²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /kiu⁵³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /kiu²¹³/ |
* Middle Chinese: kjiwX
Rime :
| Character | 糾 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 幽 (138) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 居黝切 |
| Baxter | kjiwX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kiɪu$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kɨu$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kieu$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kjiw$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /kiĕu$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /kiəu$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kieu$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiǔ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gau$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*k<r>iwʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kɯw/, /*krɯwʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 糾 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jiū |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kjiw$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*k<r>iwʔ/ |
| English | plait, unite |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 糾 | 糾 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 6923 | 6929 |
| Phonetic component | 丩 | 丩 |
| Rime group | 幽 | 幽 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 鳩 | 糾 |
| Old Chinese | /*kɯw/ | /*krɯwʔ/ |
| Notes | 丩今分化字 | |

### Definitions

糾
* to investigate; to inspect
* to correct
* to entwine; to wind
* to gather; to amass; to assemble
* to inform against; to inform on
* (Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to contract; to shrink; to tense; to taut (of muscles, etc.)
* (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien, specifically) to shrink due to absorbing water (of cloth, etc.)
* (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien, specifically) to become skinny, contracted, or disappear (caused by some reason)

#### Synonyms

* (to contract, to shrink due to absorbing water, to become skinny): (Hokkien) 勼 (jiū)

### Compounds

* 勞資糾紛 / 劳资纠纷
* 桃色糾紛 / 桃色纠纷
* 猛糾 / 猛纠
* 矜糾收繚 / 矜纠收缭
* 糾合 / 纠合 (jiūhé)
* 糾察 / 纠察 (jiūchá)
* 糾察隊 / 纠察队
* 糾布 / 纠布
* 糾帶 / 纠带
* 糾彈 / 纠弹
* 糾心 / 纠心
* 糾正 / 纠正 (jiūzhèng)
* 糾正權 / 纠正权
* 糾水 / 纠水
* 糾眾 / 纠众
* 糾筋 / 纠筋
* 糾簡 / 纠简
* 糾糾 / 纠纠 (jiūjiū)
* 糾紗 / 纠纱
* 糾紛 / 纠纷 (jiūfēn)
* 糾紙 / 纠纸
* 糾絞 / 纠绞
* 糾結 / 纠结 (jiūjié)
* 糾繆繩違 / 纠缪绳违
* 糾繩 / 纠绳
* 糾纏 / 纠缠 (jiūchán)
* 糾纏不清 / 纠缠不清
* 糾腸 / 纠肠
* 糾腸糾肚 / 纠肠纠肚
* 糾舉 / 纠举
* 糾舉權 / 纠举权
* 糾葛 / 纠葛 (jiūgé)
* 糾蓼 / 纠蓼
* 糾集 / 纠集 (jiūjí)
* 繚糾 / 缭纠
* 繩愆糾謬 / 绳愆纠谬
* 雄糾糾 / 雄纠纠 (xióngjiūjiū)
* 黝糾 / 黝纠

### References

* “糾”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* “Query for 糾”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Hokkien and Mandarin), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* twist, ask, investigate, verify

#### Readings

* Go-on: きゅう (kyū, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: きゅう (kyū, Jōyō)
* Kun: あざなう (azanau, 糾う)、ただす (tadasu, 糾す)

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 糾 (MC kjiwX).

### Hanja

Wikisource 糾 (eumhun 꼴 규 (kkol gyu))
* hanja form of 규 (“twist, writhe”)
* hanja form of 규 (“investigate, inspect”)

#### Compounds

* 규명 (糾明, gyumyeong, “investigation”)
* 규문 (糾問, gyumun, “arraignment”)
* 규탄 (糾彈, gyutan, “denunciation”)
* 규합 (糾合, gyuhap, “rally, gathering”)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Chữ Hán

糾: Hán Nôm readings: củ
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation