# سام
## Arabic
### Etymology 1

Derived from the active participle of سَمَا (samā, “to be high, to be exalted”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /saː.min/

#### Adjective

سَامٍ • (sāmin) (informal سَامِي (sāmī), feminine سَامِيَة (sāmiya), masculine plural سَامُون (sāmūn) or سُمَاة (sumāh), feminine plural سَامِيَات (sāmiyāt), elative أَسْمَى (ʔasmā))
* high, lofty
* exalted, sublime
* emanating from the sultan or vizier

##### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: sami
* → Bengali: সামী (samī)
* → Malay: sami
** Indonesian: sami
* → Ottoman Turkish: سامی
* → Persian: سامی
* → Tajik: сомӣ (somi)
* → Urdu: سامی (sāmī)

### Etymology 2

Derived from the active participle of سَمَّ (samma, “to poison”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /saːmm/

#### Adjective

سَامّ • (sāmm) (feminine سَامَّة (sāmma), masculine plural سَامُّونَ (sāmmūna), feminine plural سَامَّات (sāmmāt) or سَوَامّ (sawāmm))
* poisonous, toxic

##### Declension
### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /saː.ma/

#### Verb

سَامَ • (sāma) I (non-past يَسُومُ (yasūmu), verbal noun سَوْم (sawm))
* (obsolete) to rove, to pasture (camels, sheep, birds …)
* to offer for sale [with accusative ‘the commodity’ and accusative ‘to whom’]
* to urge, to demand, to compel, to impose, to afflict, etc. [with accusative ‘what’ and accusative ‘whom’]
** 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 7:141:وَإِذْ أَنْجَيْنَاكُمْ مِنْ آلِ فِرْعَوْنَ يَسُومُونَكُمْ سُوءَ الْعَذَابِ ۖ يُقَتِّلُونَ أَبْنَاءَكُمْ وَيَسْتَحْيُونَ نِسَاءَكُمْ ۚ وَفِي ذَٰلِكُم بَلَاءٌ مِنْ رَبِّكُمْ عَظِيمٌwaʔiḏ ʔanjaynākum min ʔāli firʕawna yasūmūnakum sūʔa l-ʕaḏāba yuqattilūna ʔabnāʔakum wayastaḥyūna nisāʔakum wafī ḏālikum balāʔun min rabbikum ʕaẓīmun(please add an English translation of this quotation)

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 4

Borrowed from Classical Syriac ܣܳܡ (sām, “to constitute, to establish, to set, to place, to install”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /saː.ma/

#### Verb

سَامَ • (sāma) I (non-past يَسُومُ (yasūmu), verbal noun سِيَامَة (siyāma))
* (Christianity) to ordain for ecclesiastical office

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 5

Compare Hebrew שֵׁם (šēm). (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /saːm/

#### Proper noun

سَام • (sām) m
* Shem
* a male given name, Sam

##### Derived terms

* سَامِيّ (sāmiyy, “Semitic”, adjective)
* سَامِيّ m (sāmiyy, “Semite”, noun)

### Etymology 6

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Noun

سَام • (sām) m
* (obsolete) death
    Synonym: مَوْت (mawt)
** 7th century CE, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, 39:118:حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ رُمْحِ بْنِ ٱلْمُهَاجِرِ، أَخْبَرَنَا ٱللَّيْثُ، عَنْ عُقَيْلٍ، عَنِ ٱبْنِ شِهَابٍ، أَخْبَرَنِي أَبُو سَلَمَةَ بْنُ عَبْدِ ٱلرَّحْمَنِ وَسَعِيدُ بْنُ ٱلْمُسَيَّبِ، أَنَّ أَبَا هُرَيْرَةَ أَخْبَرَهُمَا أَنَّهُ سَمِعَ رَسُولَ ٱللَّٰهِ—صَلَّى ٱللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ—يَقُولُ: «إِنَّ فِي ٱلْحَبَّةِ ٱلسَّوْدَاءِ شِفَاءً مِنْ كُلِّ دَاءٍ إِلَّا ٱلسَّامَ». وَٱلسَّامُ ٱلْمَوْتُ. وَٱلْحَبَّةُ ٱلسَّوْدَاءُ ٱلشُّونِيزُ.ḥaddaṯanā muḥammadu bnu rumḥi bni l-muhājiri, ʔaḵbaranā l-layṯu, ʕan ʕuqaylin, ʕani bni šihābin, ʔaḵbaranī ʔabū salamata bnu ʕabdi r-raḥmani wasaʕīdu bnu l-musayyabi, ʔanna ʔabā hurayrata ʔaḵbarahumā ʔannahu samiʕa rasūla llāhi—ṣallā llāhu ʕalayhi wasallama—yaqūlu: “ʔinna fī l-ḥabbati s-sawdāʔi šifāʔan min kulli dāʔin ʔillā s-sāma”. was-sāmu l-mawtu. wal-ḥabbatu s-sawdāʔu š-šūnīzu. […] God’s Prophet (ﷺ) says: “Blackseed is a cure of every disease short of fatality.” Fatality is death, blackseed is swartzcummel.

##### Declension
### References

* “swm”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* “سام” in Almaany
* Dozy, Reinhart Pieter Anne (1881) “س و م”, in Supplément aux dictionnaires arabes‎ (in French), volume 1, Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 708
* Freytag, Georg (1833) “س و م”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎ (in Latin), volume 2, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, pages 378–379
* Lane, Edward William (1863) “س و م”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate, pages 1474–1475
* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “سام”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen, page 475
* Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “سام”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart‎ (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, page 543
* Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “س م م”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart‎ (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, page 595
* Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “س و م”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart‎ (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, pages 616–617

## Malay
### Adjective

سام
* Jawi spelling of sama‎.

### Adverb

سام
* Jawi spelling of sama‎.

### Preposition

سام
* Jawi spelling of sama‎.

## Persian
### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [sɑːm]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [sɑːm]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [sɑːm]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [sɑːm]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [sɔːm]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [sɒːm]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [sɔm]

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćyaHmás, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱyeh₁-mó-s (“black, dark”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱeh₃- (“darkness, shadow”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬯𐬁𐬨𐬀 (sāma, “black”), Sanskrit श्याम (śyāma). Related to سیاه (siyâh, “black”), and سیاوش (siyâvaš).

#### Noun

سام • (sâm)
* fire
* flame

#### Proper noun

سام • (sâm)
* a male given name, Sam or Saam

#### Derived terms

* سمندر (samandar) (possibly)

### Etymology 2

Possibly related to آماس (âmâs, “swell, swelling”). Compare Arabic سام (sām, “death”) (possibly). (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Noun

سام • (sâm)
* swell, swelling
* (by extension) disease

### Etymology 3

Borrowed from Arabic سَامّ (sāmm).

#### Adjective

سام • (sâm)
* poisonous
* toxic

### References

* Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar (1931–) “سام”, in Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute, editors, Dehkhoda Dictionary (in Persian), Tehran: University of Tehran Press
* Nourai, Ali (2011) An Etymological Dictionary of Persian, English and other Indo-European Languages, page 217