# 準

| 準 | U+6E96, &#28310; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6E96 |
| ← 溕 [U+6E95] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 溗 → [U+6E97] |

## Translingual
### Han character

準 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+10, 13 strokes, cangjie input 水土十 (EGJ), four-corner 3040$_1$, composition ⿱淮十)

#### Derived characters

* 𠿶 𢶥 𮁍 𦡤 𨆒

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 639, character 24
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17934
* Dae Jaweon: page 1046, character 15
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1700, character 5
* Unihan data for U+6E96

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 隼 | *sqʰʷinʔ |
| 榫 | *sqʰʷinʔ |
| 准 | *qʷjinʔ |
| 準 | *qʷjinʔ, *qʷjed |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *qʷjinʔ, *qʷjed): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 隼 (OC *sqʰʷinʔ) – “water level”.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhǔn (zhun$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄨㄣˇ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): zeon$^2$ / zyut$^3$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): zun$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chún
    (Hailu, HRS): zhun$^ˊ$
* Jin (Wiktionary): zung$^2$
* Eastern Min (BUC): cūng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): zong$^3$ / zuong$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chún
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zung$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$tsen
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhǔn
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄣˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhǔn
*** Wade–Giles: chun$^3$
*** Yale: jwǔn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: joen
*** Palladius: чжунь (čžunʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂu̯ən²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zeon$^2$ / zyut$^3$
*** Yale: jéun / jyut
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzoen$^2$ / dzyt$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zên$^2$ / jud$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɵn³⁵/, /t͡syːt̚³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: zun$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sun⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chún
*** Hakka Romanization System: zun$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: zun$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sun³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: zhun$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡ʃun²⁴/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: zung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡suŋ⁵³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: cūng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡suŋ³³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: zong$^3$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ceông
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɔŋ⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: zuong$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡suoŋ³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chún
*** Tâi-lô: tsún
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zuon
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sun⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sun⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sun⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sun⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sun⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: zung$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsúng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡suŋ⁵²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$tsen
*** MiniDict: tsen$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$tsen
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡sən³⁴/
* Middle Chinese: tsywinX, tsywet
Rime :
| Character | 準 | 準 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 章 (23) | 章 (23) |
| Final (韻) | 諄 (47) | 薛 (82) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 之尹切 | 職悅切 |
| Baxter | tsywinX | tsywet |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ɕiuɪn$^X$/ | /t͡ɕiuᴇt̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡ɕʷin$^X$/ | /t͡ɕʷiɛt̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ɕjuen$^X$/ | /t͡ɕjuæt̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /cwin$^X$/ | /cwiat̚/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ɕiuĕn$^X$/ | /t͡ɕiuɛt̚/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ɕĭuĕn$^X$/ | /t͡ɕĭuɛt̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡ɕi̯uĕn$^X$/ | /t͡ɕi̯wɛt̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhǔn | zhuo |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zeon$^2$ | zyut$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*turʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qʷjinʔ/, /*qʷjed/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 準 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zhǔn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsywin$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*turʔ/ |
| English | water-level |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 準 | 準 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 12189 | 12190 |
| Phonetic component | 隼 | 隼 |
| Rime group | 眞 | 月 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 準 | 拙 |
| Old Chinese | /*qʷjinʔ/ | /*qʷjed/ |
| Notes | | 通出頁見漢書 |

### Definitions

準
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) water-level; flat; level
* (historical) water level (measuring instrument)
* standard; criterion; norm
    標準／标准 ― biāozhǔn ― standard, norm
    準則／准则 ― zhǔnzé ― standard, norm
    基準／基准 ― jīzhǔn ― norm, reference frame
* accurate; exact
       Zhè kuài shǒubiǎo hěn zhǔn. [Pinyin]
       This watch keeps time very well.
       Tā de qiāngfǎ zhēn zhǔn, yī ge yídòng bǎ dōu méi yǒu lòu shè. [Pinyin]
       He is good with a gun, he doesn't miss any moving target.
* certainly; surely
    那準不對。／那准不对。 ― Nà zhǔn bù duì. ― That is definitely wrong.
       Tā zhǔn shì kāi wánxiào, yàobù jiù shì fēng le. [Pinyin]
       He must be joking or else he's mad.
* quasi-; pene-; para-

### Compounds

* 一準 / 一准 (yīzhǔn)
* 三準 / 三准
* 不作準 / 不作准 (bùzuòzhǔn)
* 不準 / 不准 (bùzhǔn)
* 不當準 / 不当准
* 低標準 / 低标准
* 侵蝕基準 / 侵蚀基准
* 價值標準 / 价值标准
* 合準 / 合准
* 國家標準 / 国家标准 (guójiā biāozhǔn)
* 國際水準 / 国际水准
* 國際準備 / 国际准备
* 基準 / 基准 (jīzhǔn)
* 基準兵 / 基准兵
* 基準面 / 基准面
* 基準點 / 基准点 (jīzhǔndiǎn)
* 定準 / 定准
* 對準 / 对准 (duìzhǔn)
* 平準 / 平准
* 平準基金 / 平准基金
* 憑準 / 凭准 (píngzhǔn)
* 抱負水準 / 抱负水准
* 推情準理 / 推情准理
* 掠準 / 掠准 (lia̍h-chún) (Min Nan)
* 文化水準 / 文化水准
* 有準兒 / 有准儿
* 校準 / 校准 (jiàozhǔn)
* 標準 / 标准 (biāozhǔn)
* 標準元音 / 标准元音
* 標準制 / 标准制
* 標準動作 / 标准动作
* 標準字體 / 标准字体
* 標準時 / 标准时 (biāozhǔnshí)
* 標準時區 / 标准时区 (biāozhǔn shíqū)
* 標準時間 / 标准时间 (biāozhǔn shíjiān)
* 標準桿 / 标准杆
* 標準舞 / 标准舞
* 標準語 / 标准语 (biāozhǔnyǔ)
* 標準鏡頭 / 标准镜头
* 標準音 / 标准音 (biāozhǔnyīn)
* 水準 / 水准 (shuǐzhǔn)
* 水準儀 / 水准仪
* 水準器 / 水准器 (shuǐzhǔnqì)
* 水準測量 / 水准测量
* 沒有準兒 / 没有准儿
* 沒準 / 没准
* 沒準兒 / 没准儿 (méizhǔnr)
* 沒準頭 / 没准头
* 準保 / 准保 (zhǔnbǎo)
* 準備 / 准备 (zhǔnbèi)
* 準備金 / 准备金 (zhǔnbèijīn)
* 準兒 / 准儿 (zhǔnr)
* 準則 / 准则 (zhǔnzé)
* 準平原 / 准平原
* 準式 / 准式
* 準提 / 准提 (Zhǔntí)
* 準據 / 准据
* 準擬 / 准拟 (zhǔnnǐ)
* 準星 / 准星 (zhǔnxīng)
* 準時 / 准时 (zhǔnshí)
* 準的 / 准的
* 準矱 / 准矱
* 準確 / 准确 (zhǔnquè)
* 準確度 / 准确度 (zhǔnquèdù)
* 準粒子 / 准粒子 (zhǔnlìzǐ)
* 準線 / 准线 (zhǔnxiàn)
* 準繩 / 准绳 (zhǔnshéng)
* 準話 / 准话
* 準譜兒 / 准谱儿
* 準貨幣 / 准货币
* 準頭 / 准头
* 準點 / 准点 (zhǔndiǎn)
* 生活水準 / 生活水准 (shēnghuó shuǐzhǔn)
* 看準 / 看准
* 瞄準 / 瞄准 (miáozhǔn)
* 精準 / 精准 (jīngzhǔn)
* 職業水準 / 职业水准
* 若準 / 若准 (nā-chún)
* 蜂準 / 蜂准
* 規矩準繩 / 规矩准绳
* 認準 / 认准 (rènzhǔn)
* 隆準 / 隆准
* 音準 / 音准
* 高標準 / 高标准
* 鵝準 / 鹅准
* 鼻準 / 鼻准 (bízhǔn)

### References

* “準”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)
* water level (measuring instrument)
* standard, norm
* correspond to
* semi-, quasi-

#### Readings

* Go-on: しゅん (shun)、せち (sechi)
* Kan-on: しゅん (shun)、せつ (setsu)
* Kan’yō-on: じゅん (jun, Jōyō)
* Kun: ひとしい (hitoshii, 準しい)、みずもり (mizumori)、のり (nori, 準)、のっとる (nottoru, 準る)、なぞらえる (nazoraeru, 準える)

#### Compounds

* 準(じゅん)星(せい) (junsei): quasar
* 準(じゅん)惑(わく)星(せい) (junwakusei): dwarf planet
* 準(じゅん)拠(きょ) (junkyo): be based on
* 準(じゅん)備(び) (junbi): preparations
* 水(すい)準(じゅん) (suijun): level
* 標(ひょう)準(じゅん) (hyōjun): standard
* 基(き)準(じゅん) (kijun): basis
* 平(へい)準(じゅん) (heijun): common standard
* 規(き)矩(く)準(じゅん)縄(じょう) (kikujunjō): rules, measurements

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 準
* じゅん Grade: 5
* on'yomi

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [d͡ʑɨ̃ɴ]

### Prefix

準(じゅん) • (jun-)
* sub-; quasi-
    準一級(じゅんいっきゅう)
       jun-ikkyū
       level pre-1
    準優勝(じゅんゆうしょう)
       jun-yūshō
       second place

### Noun

* Kanji in this term
* 準
* みずもり Grade: 5
* kun'yomi
準(みずもり) • (mizumori)
* water level (measuring instrument)

### Proper noun

準(ひとし) • (Hitoshi)
* a male given name

## Korean
### Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 準 (MC tsywinX).
* Recorded as Middle Korean 쥰〯 (Yale: cyǔn) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 凖/쥰〮 (cywún)$^訓$ (Yale: cyún) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 쥰 (cywun)$^訓$ (Yale: cyun) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [t͡ɕu(ː)n]
* Phonetic hangul: [준(ː)]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

#### Hanja

Wikisource 準 (eumhun 준할 준 (junhal jun))
* hanja form of 준 (“standard”)

#### Compounds

* 기준 (基準, gijun, “standard”)
* 비준 (批准, bijun)
* 수준 (水準, sujun, “level”)
* 인준 (認准, injun)
* 조준 (照準, jojun)
* 준비 (準備, junbi, “preparation”)
* 준용 (準用, junyong)
* 평준 (平準, pyeongjun)
* 표준 (標準, pyojun, “standard”)

### Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 準 (MC tsywet).
* Recorded as Middle Korean ᄌᆑᇙ〮 (Yale: cyuyelq) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
* Recorded as Early Modern Korean 졀 (Yale: cyel) in Samun Seonghwi (三韻聲彙 / 삼운성휘), 1751.

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [t͡ɕʌ̹ɭ]
* Phonetic hangul: [절]

#### Hanja

準 (eumhun 콧마루 절 (konmaru jeol))
* (archaic) hanja form of 절 (“nose bridge”)

#### Compounds

* 응절 (鷹準, eungjeol)
* 절두 (準頭, jeoldu)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

準: Hán Nôm readings: chuẩn, choán, chốn, chủn, trúng, trốn
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.