OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# علم الفلك
## Arabic
### Etymology

عِلْم (ʕilm) +‎ فَلَك (falak)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʕilm al.fa.lak/

### Noun

عِلْم الفَلَك • (ʕilm al-falak) m
* astronomy
    مِنْذَ الْقَدِم، دَرَسَ الْإِنْسَان عِلْم الْفَلَك لِمَعْرِفَة حَرَكَة الْكَوَاكِب وَالْنُّجُوم.minḏa l-qadim, darasa l-ʔinsān ʕilm al-falak limaʕrifa(t) ḥaraka(t) al-kawākib wālnnujūm.Since ancient times, humans have studied astronomy to understand the movements of planets and stars.

#### Declension
### References

* Baalbaki, Rohi (1995) “علم الفلك”, in Al-Mawrid: A Modern Arabic-English Dictionary, 7th edition, Beirut: Dar El-Ilm Lilmalayin, →ISBN
* Баранов, Х. К. (2011) “علم الفلك”, in Большой арабско-русский словарь (Bolʹšoj arabsko-russkij slovarʹ), 11th edition, Москва: Живой язык, →ISBN
* Lane, Edward William (1863) “علم الفلك”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate
* Wehr, Hans (1960) “علم الفلك”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 3rd edition, Ithaca, NY: Otto Harrassowitz
# فحص
## Arabic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /fa.ħa.sˤa/

### Verb

فَحَصَ • (faḥaṣa) I (non-past يَفْحَصُ (yafḥaṣu), verbal noun فَحْص (faḥṣ))
* to examine
    علينا أن نفحص باعتناء الأسفار المقدسة ― We must carefully examine the Holy Scriptures.
* to experiment, to test, to check

#### Conjugation
### Noun

فَحْص • (faḥṣ) m
* verbal noun of فَحَصَ (faḥaṣa)

#### Declension
### References

* “فحص” in Almaany

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic فَحَصَ (faḥaṣa).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /fa.ħasˤ/, [ˈfɑ.ħɑsˤ]
* Audio (al-Lidd):(file)

### Verb

فحص • (faḥaṣ) I (present بفحص (bifḥaṣ))
* to examine
# لاحم
## Arabic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /laː.ħim/

### Adjective

لَاحِم • (lāḥim) m (animate masculine plural لَاحِمُون (lāḥimūn), inanimate masculine plural لَوَاحِم (lawāḥim), feminine plural لَاحِمَات (lāḥimāt) or لَوَاحِم (lawāḥim))
* carnivorous
    حَيَوَانَاتٌ لَاحِمَةٌḥayawānātun lāḥimatuncarnivorous animals
* having flesh

#### Declension
### Verb

لَاحَمَ • (lāḥama) III (non-past يُلَاحِمُ (yulāḥimu), verbal noun لِحَام (liḥām) or مُلَاحَمَة (mulāḥama))
* to solder

#### Conjugation
### References

* “لاحم” in Almaany
# متخصص
## Arabic
### Etymology

Derived from the active participle of خَصَّصَ (ḵaṣṣaṣa)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /mu.ta.xasˤ.sˤisˤ/

### Noun

مُتَخَصِّص • (mutaḵaṣṣiṣ) m (plural مُتَخَصِّصُون (mutaḵaṣṣiṣūn), feminine مُتَخَصِّصَة (mutaḵaṣṣiṣa))
* specialist, expert
    Synonym: خَبِير (ḵabīr)

#### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: mütəxəssis
* → Ottoman Turkish: متخصص (mütahassıs)
** Turkish: mütehassıs
* → Pashto: متخصص (motaxases)
* → Persian: متخصص (motaxasses)
* → Uzbek: mutaxassis
* → Uyghur: مۇتەخەسسىس (mutexessis)

### References

* Baalbaki, Rohi (1995) “متخصص”, in Al-Mawrid: A Modern Arabic-English Dictionary, 7th edition, Beirut: Dar El-Ilm Lilmalayin, →ISBN
* Баранов, Х. К. (2011) “متخصص”, in Большой арабско-русский словарь (Bolʹšoj arabsko-russkij slovarʹ), 11th edition, Москва: Живой язык, →ISBN
* Lane, Edward William (1863) “متخصص”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate
* Wehr, Hans (1960) “متخصص”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 3rd edition, Ithaca, NY: Otto Harrassowitz

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic مُتَخَصِّص (mutaḵaṣṣiṣ).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [mu.ta.xas.ˈsis]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [mʊ.t̪ʰä.xäs.sɪ́s]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [mʊ.t̪ʰä.xäs.sɪ́s]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [mʊ.t̪ʰä.xäs.sɪ́s]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [mu.t̪ʰä.xäs.sís]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [mo.t̪ʰæ.xæs.sés]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [mu.t̪ʰä.χäs.sís]

### Noun

متخصص • (motaxasses) (plural متخصصان (motaxassesân) or متخصصین (motaxassesin) or متخصص‌ها (motaxasses-hâ))
* specialist; expert
    متخصصین قلب ― motaxassesin-e qalb ― heart specialists, cardiologists
# اكتسب
## Arabic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ik.ta.sa.ba/

### Verb

اِكْتَسَبَ • (iktasaba) VIII (non-past يَكْتَسِبُ (yaktasibu), verbal noun اِكْتِسَاب (iktisāb))
* to earn, to gain, to acquire
    اِكْتَسَبَ الشَابُ مَهَارَاتٍ جَديدَةً خِلَالَ الدُورَةِ التَدْرِيبِيَّةِ.The young man acquired new skills during the training course.

#### Conjugation
### References

* Freytag, Georg (1830–1837) “اكتسب”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎ (in Latin), Halle: C. A. Schwetschke
* Baalbaki, Rohi (1995) “اكتسب”, in Al-Mawrid: A Modern Arabic-English Dictionary, 7th edition, Beirut: Dar El-Ilm Lilmalayin, →ISBN
* Баранов, Х. К. (2011) “اكتسب”, in Большой арабско-русский словарь (Bolʹšoj arabsko-russkij slovarʹ), 11th edition, Москва: Живой язык, →ISBN
* Lane, Edward William (1863) “اكتسب”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate
* Wehr, Hans (1960) “اكتسب”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 3rd edition, Ithaca, NY: Otto Harrassowitz
# بغتة
## Arabic
### Etymology 1.1

Instance noun from the verb بَغَتَ (baḡata, “to surprise someone”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /baɣ.ta/

#### Noun

بَغْتَة • (baḡta) f
* verbal noun of بَغَتَ (baḡata) (form I)
* abruptness
* unexpected astonishing event

##### Declension
### Etymology 1.2

Adverbial accusative of بَغْتَة (baḡta, “abruptness”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /baɣ.ta.tan/

#### Adverb

بَغْتَةً • (baḡtatan)
* suddenly, surprisingly, unexpectedly, abruptly (without warning)
    Synonym: غَفْلَةً (ḡaflatan)
    يَأْتِي المَوْتُ بَغْتَةً ― yaʔtī l-mawtu baḡtatan ― Death comes unexpectedly
** 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 26:202:فَيَأْتِيَهُم بَغْتَةًۭ وَهُمْ لَا يَشْعُرُونَwhich will take them by surprise when they least expect ˹it˺.

### References

* “بغتة” in Almaany
# شمشم
## Arabic
### Etymology

Reduplicated from the root ش م م (š m m)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃam.ʃa.ma/

### Verb

شَمْشَمَ • (šamšama) Iq (non-past يُشَمْشِمُ (yušamšimu), verbal noun شَمْشَمَة (šamšama))
* to sniff
    أُشَمْشِمُ ٱلهَوَاءَ ― ʔušamšimu l-hawāʔa ― I'm sniffing the air
# قعب
## Arabic
### Etymology

Probably a biconsonantal origin seen as well in قَاع (qāʕ, “lowest part”).

### Pronunciation

* Verb: IPA: /qaʕ.ʕa.ba/
* Noun: IPA: /qaʕb/

### Verb

قَعَّبَ • (qaʕʕaba) II (non-past يُقَعِّبُ (yuqaʕʕibu), verbal noun تَقْعِيب (taqʕīb))
* to be cup-like, to impart depth in one's speech
    Synonym: قَعَّرَ (qaʕʕara)
    قَعَّبْتُ فِي كَلَامِي ― qaʕʕabtu fī kalāmī ― I spoke with a gutteral voice.

#### Conjugation
### Noun

قَعْب • (qaʕb) m (plural قِعَاب (qiʕāb) or أَقْعُب (ʔaqʕub))
* A large vessel, a huge concave cup, that is sufficient for several people. It may satisfy one man’s thirst, or it may satisfy two or three people.

#### References

* ↑ الصحاح: تاج اللغة وصحاح العربية, Volume 1
* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “قعب”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen
* Lane, Edward William (1863) “قعب”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate
# فلح
## Arabic
### Etymology

From Denominal verb of فَلَّاح (fallāḥ).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /fa.la.ħa/

### Verb

فَلَحَ • (falaḥa) I (non-past يَفْلَحُ (yaflaḥu), verbal noun فَلْح (falḥ))
* (transitive) to split, to cleave
    Synonyms: فَلَعَ (falaʕa), شَقَّ (šaqqa)
* (transitive) to turn up (the earth), to cultivate
    Synonyms: حَرَثَ (ḥaraṯa), أَكَرَ (ʔakara)
    فَلَحَ ٱلْفَلَّاحُونَ ٱلْأَرْضَ لِلزِّرَاعَةِ.falaḥa l-fallāḥūna l-ʔarḍa li-z-zirāʕati.The cultivators cultivated the land for sowing.

#### Conjugation
### Verb

فَلَحَ • (falaḥa) I (non-past يَفْلَحُ (yaflaḥu), verbal noun فَلَاح (falāḥ) or فَلَاحَة (falāḥa))
* (intransitive) to succeed
    Synonyms: نَجَحَ (najaḥa, “to succeed”), فَازَ (fāza, “to win; to triumph”)
    Antonyms: خَابَ (ḵāba, “to fail; to lose”), فَشِلَ (fašila, “to fail, to slump; to collapse”)

#### Conjugation
### References

* “فلح” in Almaany

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic فَلَحَ (falaḥa).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /fa.laħ/, [ˈfa.laħ]
* Audio (al-Lidd):(file)

### Verb

فلح • (falaḥ) I (present بفلح (biflaḥ))
* to cultivate, to till the soil
* to succeed
# جزع
## Arabic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /d͡ʒa.za.ʕa/

### Verb

جَزَعَ • (jazaʕa) I (non-past يَجْزَعُ (yajzaʕu), verbal noun جَزَع (jazaʕ) or جُزُوع (juzūʕ))
* to be sad, to be unhappy
* to worry, to be anxious
    أَجْزَعُ مِنْ أُسْتَاذِنَاʔajzaʕu min ʔustāḏinā(please add an English translation of this usage example)
* to be impatient

#### References

* “جزع” in Almaany
# اندمج
## Arabic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /in.da.ma.d͡ʒa/

### Verb

اِنْدَمَجَ • (indamaja) VII (non-past يَنْدَمِجُ (yandamiju), verbal noun اِنْدِمَاج (indimāj))
* to merge
* to fuse
* to be joined, to be united

#### Conjugation
## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic اِنْدَمَجَ (indamaja).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /in.da.maʒ/, [ɪnˈda.maʒ], [ɪnˈda.mad͡ʒ]
* Audio (al-Lidd):(file)

### Verb

اندمج • (indamaj) I (present بندمج (bindamej))
* to integrate, to become integrated or absorbed
    بسهولة بندمجو بالمجتمع.bi-sahule bindamju bi-l-mujtamaʕThey integrate easily into society.
# خبى
## Moroccan Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic خَبَّأَ (ḵabbaʔa).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /xab.ba/

### Verb

خبى • (ḵabba) II (non-past يخبي (yḵabbi))
* (transitive) to hide, to conceal, to cloak
    Synonyms: درق (darraq), خبع (ḵabbaʕ)

#### Conjugation
## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic خَبَّأَ (ḵabbaʔa).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /xab.ba/, [ˈxab.ba]
* Audio (al-Lidd):(file)

### Verb

خبّى • (ḵabba) II (present بخبّي (biḵabbi))
* (transitive) to hide
    Synonym: أخفى (ʔaḵfa)
    المفتاح كان مخبّى في الصندوقal-muftāḥ kān mḵabba fi as-ṣandūThe key was hidden in the chest.
    وين خبّيته؟ ― wēn ḵabēto ― Where did you hide it?
# حدج
## Arabic
### Etymology 1.1
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ħa.da.d͡ʒa/

#### Verb

حَدَجَ • (ḥadaja) I (non-past يَحْدِجُ (yaḥdiju), verbal noun حَدْج (ḥadj) or حِدَاج (ḥidāj) or حُدُوج (ḥudūj))
* to load, to saddle, to burden
* (figurative) to load, to burden (acc. someone) with (بِـ (bi-)) something, often unpleasant, including:
** to cast a look
    حَدَجَهُ بِنَظَرَاتِه ― ḥadajahu binaẓarātih ― He looked at him.
** to strike, to beat, to shoot (with an arrow)
** to accuse
    حَدَجَهُ بِذَنْبِ غَيْرِهِ ― ḥadajahu biḏanbi ḡayrihi ― He accused him of another's crime.

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 1.2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ħad.da.d͡ʒa/

#### Verb

حَدَّجَ • (ḥaddaja) II (non-past يُحَدِّجُ (yuḥaddiju), verbal noun تَحْدِيج (taḥdīj))
* to look sharply at
    حَدَّجَتْ إِلَيْهِ بَصَرَهَا ― ḥaddajat ʔilayhi baṣarahā ― She glared at him.

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 1.3
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ħid.d͡ʒun/

#### Noun

حِدْجٌ • (ḥidjun) m (plural أَحْدَاج (ʔaḥdāj) or حُدُوج (ḥudūj) or حُدُج (ḥuduj))
* burden, load
* palanquin on a camel
    Synonym: حِدَاجَة (ḥidāja)

##### Declension
### Etymology
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ħa.dad͡ʒ/

#### Noun

حَدَج • (ḥadaj) m (collective, singulative حَدَجَة f (ḥadaja))
* colocynth, melon
    Synonyms: حَنْظَل (ḥanẓal), عَلْقَم (ʕalqam)

##### Declension
### References

* Lane, Edward William (1863) “حدج”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate
* “حدج” in Almaany
# أحادي
## Arabic
### Etymology

Relative adjective (nisba) composed of أُحَادَ (ʔuḥāda) +‎ ـِيّ (-iyy).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʔu.ħaː.dijj/

### Adjective

أُحَادِيّ • (ʔuḥādiyy) (feminine أُحَادِيَّة (ʔuḥādiyya), masculine plural أُحَادِيُّونَ (ʔuḥādiyyūna), feminine plural أُحَادِيَّات (ʔuḥādiyyāt))
* single

#### Declension
### Noun

أُحَادِيّ • (ʔuḥādiyy) m
* mono-
    أُحَادِي أُكْسِيدِ ٱلْكَرْبُونِ ― ʔuḥādī ʔuksīdi l-karbūni ― carbon monoxide
# إمساكية
## Arabic
### Etymology

Relative noun (nisba) composed of إِمْسَاك (ʔimsāk, “abstaining”) +‎ ـِيَّة (-iyya), from the root م س ك (m s k).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʔim.saː.kij.ja/

### Noun

إِمْسَاكِيَّة • (ʔimsākiyya) f (plural إِمْسَاكِيَّات (ʔimsākiyyāt))
* a type of calendar showing the proper times to start and break the fast according to Islamic jurisprudence.
    إِمْسَاكِيَّةُ هٰذِهِ ٱلسَّنَةِ تُصَادِفُ شَهْرَيْ أَبْرِيلَ وَمَايُو.ʔimsākiyyatu hāḏihi s-sanati tuṣādifu šahray ʔabrīla wamāyū.This year's imsākīya coincides with the months of April and May.

#### Descendants

* Gulf Arabic: امساكية (imsākīya)
* → Azerbaijani: imsakiyyə
* → Kurdish: îmsaqiye, îmsakiye
* → Ottoman Turkish: امساكیه (imsâkiyye)
** Turkish: imsakiye
# تبرع
## Arabic
### Pronunciation

* (verb) IPA: /ta.bar.ra.ʕa/
* (noun) IPA: /ta.bar.ruʕ/

### Verb

تَبَرَّعَ • (tabarraʕa) V (non-past يَتَبَرَّعُ (yatabarraʕu), verbal noun تَبَرُّع (tabarruʕ))
* to contribute, to donate, to give

#### Conjugation
### Noun

تَبَرُّع • (tabarruʕ) m (plural تَبَرُّعَات (tabarruʕāt))
* donation
    وهذا العمل يُموَّل بواسطة التبرعات. ― This work is funded by donations.

#### References

* “تبرع” in Almaany

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic تَبَرَّعَ (tabarraʕa).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tbar.raʕ/, [ɪtˈbar.raʕ]
* Audio (al-Lidd):(file)

### Verb

تبرّع • (tbarraʕ) V (present بتبرّع (bitbarraʕ))
* to donate
# صاغر
## Arabic
### Etymology

The active participle of صَغُرَ (ṣaḡura) from the root ص غ ر (ṣ ḡ r).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sˤaː.ɣir/

### Adjective

صَاغِر • (ṣāḡir) (feminine صَاغِرَة (ṣāḡira), masculine plural صَاغِرُون (ṣāḡirūn) or صَغَرَة (ṣaḡara))
* subservient
* (genetics) recessive
    Synonym: مُتَنَحٍّ (mutanaḥḥin)
    Coordinate term: سَائِد (sāʔid)
    الجِّين الصَّاغِر ― al-jīn aṣ-ṣāḡir ― the recessive gene

#### Declension
## Ottoman Turkish
### Alternative forms

* صاغیر (sağır)

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *saŋïr (“deaf”); cognate with Crimean Tatar sağır and more distantly with Bashkir һаңғырау (hañğıraw), Kazakh саңырау (sañyrau), Tatar саңгырау (sañgıraw) and Uyghur ساغرىغۇ (saghrighu).

### Adjective

صاغر • (sağır)
* deaf, unable to hear, or only partially able to hear
    Synonyms: اصم (asamm), كر (ker)
* (of sound or voice) dull, indistinct, muffled, not clearly defined
* (phonetics) nasal, having a sound imparted by means of the nose

#### Derived terms

* صاغر ییلان (sağır yılan, “asp”)
* صاغرلانمق (sağırlanmak, “to grow deaf”)
* صاغرلق (sağırlık, “deafness”)

#### Descendants

* Gagauz: saar
* Turkish: sağır
* → Crimean Tatar: sağır

### Noun

صاغر • (sağır)
* deaf, a deaf person

### Further reading

* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “sağır”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 4014
* Hindoglu, Artin (1838) “صاغر”, in Hazine-i lûgat ou dictionnaire abrégé turc-français‎, Vienna: F. Beck, page 295a
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “صاغر”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 748
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Surdus”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎, Vienna, column 1636
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “صاغر”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, column 2919
* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “sağır”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “صاغر”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1157
# حشو
## Gulf Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic حَشْو (ḥašw).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈħə.ʃʊ/

### Noun

حشو • (ḥašu) m (usually uncountable)
* stuffing, coating, small side recipe added on top of a main food item.
    ما آكل زبيدي بدون حشو ― mā ākil zbēdi bidūn ḥašu ― I don't eat pomfret without coating
* unnecessary or redundant details and information.
    الكتاب حلو بس متروس حشو، احس يقدرون يختصرونه بنص عدد الصفحاتThe book is good but filled with unnecessary details, I feel they can summarise it in half the number of pages
* (multimedia) filler, an episode, chapter, etc intended to elongate the length of the work without adding much value.
    Synonym: فلر (filar)
    الحلقة 23 حشو مو ضروري تشوفونهاEpisode 23 is filler, it is not necessary [that] (you all) watch it
# ليكون
## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From لا (la, “don't”) +‎ یكون (ykūn, “to be”, subjunctive).

### Particle

ليكون • (laykūn)
* let it not be
    ليكون زعلتي. ― laykūn zʕilti ― Don't tell me you're upset.
    ليكون خربطنا بالطريق؟laykūn ḵarbaṭna biṭ-ṭarīʔ?You don't think we might have gone the wrong way?
    ليكون ضايقناك بس؟ ― laykūn ḍāyaʔnāk bass? ― I just hope we haven't bothered you?
# راحل
## Arabic
### Etymology

Derived from the active participle of the verb رَحَلَ (raḥala, “to depart”)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /raː.ħil/
* Rhymes: -il

### Adjective

راحِل • (rāḥil) (feminine راحِلَة (rāḥila), masculine plural راحِلُون (rāḥilūn), feminine plural راحِلات (rāḥilāt))
* leaving, outgoing, departing
* (euphemistic) late, deceased
    Synonym: مُتَوَفًّى (mutawaffan)
    اَلْأَمِير الرّاحِل ― al-ʔamīr ar-rāḥil ― the late Emir
** 2008, مُعْجَمُ اللُّغَةِ الْعَرَبِيَّةِ الْمُعَاصِرَةِ (muʕjamu l-luḡati l-ʕarabiyyati l-muʕāṣirati), 1st edition, Cairo, Egypt: Alam Al-Kotob, published 2008, →ISBN, page 7:وَقَدْ جَاءَ مُعْجَمُ اللُّغَةِ الْعَرَبِيَّةِ الْمُعَاصِرَةِ- بِالْإِضَافَةِ إِلَى مَعَاجِمِهِ الْأُخْرَى- تَطْبِيقًا لِأَحَدِ الْآرَاءِ النَّظَرِيَّةِ الَّتِي كَانَ يُنَادِي بِهَا الْعَالِمُ الرَّاحِلُ، وَهُوَ إِصْدَارُ الْمَعَاجِمِ الْجَمَاعِيَّةِ بِٱلِٱعْتِمَادِ عَلَى فِكْرَةِ فَرِيقِ الْعَمَلِ ذِي الْكَوَادِرِ الْمُدَرَّبَةِ وَتَلَافِي الْفَرْدِيَّةِ كَعَيْبٍ أَسَاسِيٍّ فِي إِنْتَاجِ الْمَعَاجِمِ الْعَرَبِيَّةِ؛ […]waqad jāʔa muʕjamu l-luḡati l-ʕarabiyyati l-muʕāṣirati- bi-l-ʔiḍāfati ʔilā maʕājimihi l-ʔuḵrā- taṭbīqan liʔaḥadi l-ʔārāʔi n-naẓariyyati llatī kāna yunādī bihā l-ʕālimu ar-rāḥilu, wahuwa ʔiṣdāru l-maʕājimi l-jamāʕiyyati bi-l-iʕtimādi ʕalā fikrati farīqi l-ʕamali ḏī l-kawādiri l-mudarrabati watalāfī l-fardiyyati kaʕaybin ʔasāsiyyin fī ʔintāji l-maʕājimi l-ʕarabiyyati; […](please add an English translation of this quotation)
# مرمية
## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic مَرْيَمِيَّة (maryamiyya).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ma.ra.mij.je/, [ma.raˈmij.je]
* IPA: /ma.ra.mij.ja/, [ma.raˈmij.ja]
* Audio (Bethlehem):(file)

### Noun

مرميّة • (maramiyye) f
* sage, salvia
# شوفير
## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From French chauffeur.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃu.feːr/, [ʃʊˈfeːr]
* Audio (Amman):(file)

### Noun

شوفير • (šufēr) m (plural شوفيريّة (šufēriyye))
* driver
    Synonym: (formal) سائق (sāʔeq)
# استجوب
## Arabic
### Etymology

Morphologically from the root ج و ب (j w b).

### Verb

اِسْتَجْوَبَ • (istajwaba) X (non-past يَسْتَجْوِبُ (yastajwibu), verbal noun اِسْتِجْوَاب (istijwāb))
* to question, to examine, to interview
    Synonym: طَلَبَ الجَوابَ (ṭalaba l-jawāba)
* to interrogate, to cross-examine
    Synonym: اِسْتَنْطَقَ (istanṭaqa)
    اِسْتَجْوَبَ المُحَقِّقُ المُشْتَبَهَ بِهِمْ لِسَاعَاتٍ.istajwaba l-muḥaqqiqu l-muštabaha bihim lisāʕātin.The investigator questioned the suspects for hours.
* to make an inquiry (e.g. in parliament)

#### Conjugation
### References

* Kazimirski, Albin de Biberstein (1860) “استجوب”, in Dictionnaire arabe-français contenant toutes les racines de la langue arabe, leurs dérivés, tant dans l’idiome vulgaire que dans l’idiome littéral, ainsi que les dialectes d’Alger et de Maroc‎ (in French), Paris: Maisonneuve et C$^{ie}$
* Баранов, Х. К. (2011) “استجوب”, in Большой арабско-русский словарь (Bolʹšoj arabsko-russkij slovarʹ), 11th edition, Москва: Живой язык, →ISBN
* Solotareff, Gregoire (2014) “استجوب”, in Langenscheidt Universal-Wörterbuch Arabisch, 2014 edition, München: Langenscheidt, →ISBN
* Arts, Tressy (2014) Oxford Arabic Dictionary‎, 2014 edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic اِسْتَجْوَبَ (istajwaba).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /is.taʒ.wab/, [ɪsˈtaʒ.wab], [ɪsˈtad͡ʒ.wab]
* Audio (al-Lidd):(file)

### Verb

استجوب • (istajwab) X (present بستجوب (bistajweb))
* to question, to interrogate
# استمد
## Arabic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /is.ta.mad.da/

### Verb

اِسْتَمَدَّ • (istamadda) X (non-past يَسْتَمِدُّ (yastamiddu), verbal noun اِسْتِمْدَاد (istimdād))
* to derive, to take [with accusative ‘something’ and مِن (min) ‘from something else’]
    أَسْتَمِدُّ قُوَّتِي مِنْ عَزْمِيʔastamiddu quwwatī min ʕazmīI derive my strength from my determination.
* to ask (someone) for help
# كدر
## Arabic
### Etymology 1.1
#### Verb

كَدِرَ • (kadira) I (non-past يَكْدَرُ (yakdaru), verbal noun كَدَر (kadar) or كُدْرَة (kudra))
* to be muddy, to be turbid

##### Conjugation
#### Verb

كَدِرَ • (kadira) I (non-past يَكْدَرُ (yakdaru), verbal noun كَدَر (kadar) or كُدُورَة (kudūra))
* to be gloomy, to be dull, to be depressing
    كَدِرَ عَيْشُهُ ― kadira ʕayšuhu ― His life became troublesome.

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 1.2
#### Verb

كَدَّرَ • (kaddara) II (non-past يُكَدِّرُ (yukaddiru), verbal noun تَكْدِير (takdīr))
* to render turbid
* to pester, to distress or depress

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 1.3
#### Noun

كَدَر • (kadar) m
* verbal noun of كَدِرَ (kadira) (form I)
* muddiness, turbidity, tarnish
* grief, sorrow, sadness, distress

##### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: kədər
* → Ottoman Turkish: كدر (keder)
** > Turkish: keder (inherited)
** → Crimean Tatar: keder

### Etymology 1.4
#### Noun

كَدَر • (kadar) m (collective, singulative كَدَرَة f (kadara))
* lumps of soil

##### Declension
### Etymology 1.5
#### Adjective

كَدِر or كَْدْر • (kadir or kadr) (feminine كَدِر (kadir) or كَْدْر (kadr))
* disturbed, worried
* dirty, muddy, dark

##### Declension
### Etymology 1.6
#### Adjective

كُدْر • (kudr) c pl
* common plural of أَكْدَر (ʔakdar)

### Etymology 2
#### Verb

كَدَرَ • (kadara) I (non-past يَكْدُرُ (yakduru), verbal noun كَدْر (kadr))
* (rare) to throw down, to hurl

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 3
#### Adjective

كُدُرّ • (kudurr)
* (poetic) eurysome

##### Alternative forms

* كُنْدُر (kundur), كُنَادِر (kunādir)
# غاص
## Arabic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɣaː.sˤa/

### Verb

غَاصَ • (ḡāṣa) I (non-past يَغُوصُ (yaḡūṣu), verbal noun غَوْص (ḡawṣ))
* (intransitive) to dive, to submerge, to plunge (فِي (fī))
    إنها تغوص في أسئلة حول وجود الإنسان. ― It dives into questions about human existence.

#### Synonyms

* غَطَسَ (ḡaṭasa)
* اِنْغَمَسَ (inḡamasa)
* نَقَعَ (naqaʕa)
# اختياري
## Arabic
### Etymology

Relative adjective (nisba) composed of اِخْتِيَار (iḵtiyār) +‎ ـِيّ (-iyy), from the root خ ي ر (ḵ y r).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ix.ti.jaː.rijj/

### Adjective

اِخْتِيَارِيّ • (iḵtiyāriyy) (feminine اِخْتِيَارِيَّة (iḵtiyāriyya), masculine plural اِخْتِيَارِيُّونَ (iḵtiyāriyyūna), feminine plural اِخْتِيَارِيَّات (iḵtiyāriyyāt))
* optional, voluntary
    Antonyms: إِجْبَارِيّ (ʔijbāriyy), إِلْزَامِيّ (ʔilzāmiyy)
* (education) extracurricular, elective
    Antonym: أَسَاسِيّ (ʔasāsiyy)
    مَوَاد اِخْتِيَارِيَّة ― mawād iḵtiyāriyya ― electives
* (medicine) elective (procedure, as opposed to urgent or emergent)
    Antonym: عَاجِل (ʕājil)
    جِرَاحَة اِخْتِيَارِيَّة ― jirāḥa(t) iḵtiyāriyya ― an elective surgery

#### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: ixtiyari
* → Classical Persian: اِخْتِیَارِی (ixtiyārī)
** Tajik: ихтиёрӣ (ixtiyori)
** → Hindustani:
    Hindi: इख़्तियारी (ixtiyārī)
    Urdu: اِخْتِیاری (ixtiyārī)
* → Ottoman Turkish: اختیاری
** → Turkish: ihtiyari
** → Crimean Tatar: ihtiyariy
* → Uyghur: ئىختىيارىي (ixtiyariy)
* → Uzbek: ixtiyoriy