OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# bayquş
## Azerbaijani
### Etymology

Uncertain. Perhaps similar development as in Ottoman Turkish بای (bay, “rich”) + قوش (kuš, “bird”). Alternatively, inherited from Proto-Turkic *bāyk- (“owl”), and folk-etymologically connected to *kuĺ (“bird”). Compare also بایقره (baykara, “a bird of prey”). Cognate with Turkish baykuş.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [bɑjˈɡuʃ]
* (Absheron) IPA: [bejˈɣuʃ]
* Hyphenation: bay‧quş
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

bayquş (definite accusative bayquşu, plural bayquşlar)
* owl

#### Descendants

* → Khalaj: bayquş
* → Lezgi: байкъуш (bajq̄uš)

### References

* ↑ Sevortjan, E. V. (1978) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume II, Moscow: Nauka, pages 32–33
* ↑ Radloff, Friedrich Wilhelm (1911) Опыт словаря тюркских наречий – Versuch eines Wörterbuches der Türk-Dialecte [Attempt at a Lexicon of the Turkic Dialects], volume IV (overall work in German and Russian), Saint Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences, column 1423
* ↑ Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 57a
* ↑ Tietze, Andreas (2002) “baykuş”, in Tarihi ve Etimolojik Türkiye Türkçesi Lügati [Historical and Etymological Dictionary of Turkish] (in Turkish), volume I, Istanbul, Vienna: Simurg Kitapçılık, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, page 297
* ↑ Nişanyan, Sevan (2017-09-18) “baykuş”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
* ↑ Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*pā̀jkù”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

## Khalaj

| Perso-Arabic | Perso-Arabic | بایقوُش |

### Alternative forms

* bəyquş

### Etymology

Borrowed from Azerbaijani bayquş

### Pronunciation

* (Talxâbî) IPA: [baj(a̯)ʁʊʃ]

### Noun

bayquş (definite accusative bayquşı, plural bayquşlar)
* owl

#### Declension
### References

* Doerfer, Gerhard (1971) Khalaj Materials, Indiana University, →ISBN
# ҡарға
## Bashkir
### Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *karga (“crow”).
Cognate with Old Uyghur [script needed] (qarğa, “crow”); Tatar карга (qarga), Kazakh қарға (qarğa), Shor қарға, Kyrgyz карга (karga), Uzbek qargʻa, Uyghur قاغا (qagha), Turkish karga, Azerbaijani qarğa (“crow”), etc.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [qɑr.ˈʁɑ]
* Hyphenation: ҡар‧ға

### Noun

ҡарға • (qarğa)
* crow, Corvus corax

#### Declension
### References

* ↑ Nadeljajev, V. M.; Nasilov, D. M.; Tenišev, E. R.; Ščerbak, A. M., editors (1969), Drevnetjurkskij slovarʹ [Dictionary of Old Turkic] (in Russian), Leningrad: USSR Academy of Sciences, Nauka, page 426
# Pauschalbetrag
## German
### Etymology

From pauschal +‎ Betrag.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [paʊ̯ˈʃalbəˌtʁaːk]
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: Pau‧schal‧be‧trag

### Noun

Pauschalbetrag m (strong, genitive Pauschalbetrages or Pauschalbetrags, plural Pauschalbeträge)
* lump sum
    Synonym: Pauschbetrag

#### Declension

$^1$Now rare, see notes.

#### Hypernyms

* Betrag

### Further reading

* “Pauschalbetrag” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
# zmienną
## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈzmjɛn.nɔw̃/
* Rhymes: -ɛnnɔw̃
* Syllabification: zmien‧ną

### Noun

zmienną
* accusative/instrumental singular of zmienna
# Dove Dale
## English
### Proper noun

Dove Dale
* Alternative form of Dovedale, a valley in the Peak District, England.
# laçın
## Azerbaijani
### Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *lāčïn. Cognate with Turkmen laçyn, Kazakh лашын (laşyn), Uyghur لاچىن (lachin), Kyrgyz ылаачын (ılaacın), Shor лачын, Bashkir ыласын (ılasın) and Chuvash лачӑм (lač̬ăm). Chuvash лаччӑн (laččăn) is perhaps a more recent borrowing from Tatar лачын (laçın).
Note the Turkic borrowings: Chechen леча (leča), Ingush лаьча (läča), Avar лачен (lačen), Dargwa лачин (lačin), Lak лачин (lačin).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɫɑˈt͡ʃɯn], [ɫɑˈt͡sɯn]
* Hyphenation: la‧çın
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

laçın (definite accusative laçını, plural laçınlar)
* gyrfalcon; Falco rusticolus

#### Declension
### References

* ↑ Levitskaja, L. S., Blagova, G. F., Dybo, A. V., Nasilov, D. M., Pocelujevskij, Je. A. (2003) “ла:чын”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume 7, Moscow: Vostočnaja literatura, page 6
# ᏙᏧᏩ
## Cherokee
### Noun

ᏙᏧᏩ • (do.tsu.wa)
* cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis)
# bezdomną
## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bɛzˈdɔm.nɔw̃/
* Rhymes: -ɔmnɔw̃
* Syllabification: bez‧dom‧ną

### Noun

bezdomną
* accusative/instrumental singular of bezdomna
# alístico
## Portuguese
### Etymology

Borrowed from English allistic.

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /aˈlis.t͡ʃi.ku/
* (Brazil) IPA: /aˈlis.t͡ʃi.ku/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /aˈliʃ.t͡ʃi.ku/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /aˈlis.t͡ʃi.ko/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ɐˈliʃ.ti.ku/
* Hyphenation: a‧lís‧ti‧co

### Adjective

alístico (feminine alística, masculine plural alísticos, feminine plural alísticas)
* allistic
    Near-synonym: neurotípico

### Noun

alístico m (plural alísticos, feminine alística, feminine plural alísticas)
* allistic person
    Near-synonym: neurotípico
# neurotípico
## Portuguese
### Etymology

From neuro- +‎ típico. Calque of English neurotypical.

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˌnew.ɾoˈt͡ʃi.pi.ku/ [ˌneʊ̯.ɾoˈt͡ʃi.pi.ku]
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˌnew.ɾoˈt͡ʃi.pi.ku/ [ˌneʊ̯.ɾoˈt͡ʃi.pi.ku]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˌnew.ɾoˈt͡ʃi.pi.ko/ [ˌneʊ̯.ɾoˈt͡ʃi.pi.ko]
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˌnew.ɾuˈti.pi.ku/
* Rhymes: -ipiku
* Hyphenation: neu‧ro‧tí‧pi‧co

### Adjective

neurotípico (feminine neurotípica, masculine plural neurotípicos, feminine plural neurotípicas)
* neurotypical (having a typical neurological configuration)
    Near-synonym: alístico
    Coordinate terms: neuroatípico, neurodivergente

### Noun

neurotípico m (plural neurotípicos, feminine neurotípica, feminine plural neurotípicas)
* neurotypical person (one who has a typical neurological configuration)
    Near-synonym: alístico
    Coordinate terms: neuroatípico, neurodivergente

#### Related terms

* neurotipicidade

### Further reading

* “neurotípico”, in Dicionário infopédia da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Porto: Porto Editora, 2003–2025
* “neurotípico”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2025

## Spanish
### Etymology

From neuro- +‎ típico. Calque of English neurotypical.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /neuɾoˈtipiko/ [neu̯.ɾoˈt̪i.pi.ko]
* Rhymes: -ipiko
* Syllabification: neu‧ro‧tí‧pi‧co

### Adjective

neurotípico (feminine neurotípica, masculine plural neurotípicos, feminine plural neurotípicas)
* neurotypical (having a typical neurological configuration)
    Antonyms: neuroatípico, neurodivergente

#### Related terms

* neurotipicidade

### Noun

neurotípico m (plural neurotípicos, feminine neurotípica, feminine plural neurotípicas)
* neurotypical (one who has a typical neurological configuration)
# mhroffesiynoldeb
## Welsh
### Noun

mhroffesiynoldeb
* Nasal mutation of proffesiynoldeb.

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.
# వాగ్మి
## Telugu
### Noun

వాగ్మి • (vāgmi) ? (plural వాగ్ములు)
* a man of eloquence an orator
* one who is talkative, or talks much

### References

* "వాక్కు" in Charles Philip Brown (1903) A Telugu-English dictionary, Madras: Promoting Christian Knowledge, page 1147
# pellicuisse
## Latin
### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /pel.li.kuˈis.se/, [pɛlːʲɪkuˈɪs̠ːɛ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /pel.li.kuˈis.se/, [pelːikuˈisːe]

### Verb

pellicuisse
* perfect active infinitive of pelliciō
# klokani
## Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈklokaɲɪ]

### Noun

klokani
* nominative/vocative plural of klokan
# criceto
## Italian
### Etymology

Borrowed from translingual Cricetus, from Czech křeček.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kriˈt͡ʃe.to/, (traditional) /kriˈt͡ʃɛ.to/
* Rhymes: -eto, (traditional) -ɛto
* Hyphenation: cri‧cé‧to, (traditional) cri‧cè‧to

### Noun

criceto m (plural criceti)
* hamster, cricetid
    ruota del criceto ― hamster wheel

### References

* ↑ criceto in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)

### Anagrams

* cretico
# horkeys
## English
### Noun

horkeys
* plural of horkey
# къэхьэо
## Adyghe
### Etymology

Ultimately from Arabic قَهْوَة (qahwa). Cognate with Kabardian къэхьэуэ (qɛḥɛwɛ).

### Noun

къэхьэо • (qɛḥɛwo)
* coffee
# trzykroć
## Polish
### Etymology

From trzy +‎ -kroć.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈtʂɘ.krɔt͡ɕ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɘkrɔt͡ɕ
* Syllabification: trzy‧kroć

### Adverb

trzykroć (not comparable)
* thrice

### Further reading

* trzykroć in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# tercet
## English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈtɜː(ɹ)sɪt/

### Noun

tercet (plural tercets)
* a three-line stanza in a poem

#### See also

* couplet
* quatrain
* cinquain
* sestet
* septet
* terzain
* triplet
* tristich
* octave

## French
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Noun

tercet m (plural tercets)
* (poetry) tercet

### Further reading

* “tercet”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Hungarian
### Etymology

terc +‎ -et

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈtɛrt͡sɛt]
* Hyphenation: ter‧cet

### Noun

tercet
* accusative singular of terc

## Polish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Italian terzetto.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈtɛr.t͡sɛt/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛrt͡sɛt
* Syllabification: ter‧cet

### Noun

tercet m inan
* (music) terzetto (vocal (or, rarely, instrumental) trio)
    Synonym: trio
* (music) terzetto (composition in three voice parts)
    Synonym: trio
* trio (group of three people or things)
    Synonym: trio

#### Declension
### Further reading

* tercet in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* tercet in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# обятия
## Bulgarian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *obъjętьje.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [oˈbʲa̟tijɐ]

### Noun

обя́тия • (objátija) pl
* (literary) arms, embrace
    с отво́рени обя́тия ― s otvóreni objátija ― with open arms
# trzykrotny
## Polish
### Etymology

From trzy +‎ -krotny.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tʂɘˈkrɔt.nɘ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔtnɘ
* Syllabification: trzy‧krot‧ny

### Adjective

trzykrotny (not comparable, derived adverb trzykrotnie or trzykroć)
* three-time
    trzykrotny mistrz świata ― three-time world champion
* threefold

#### Related terms

* trzykrotka
* trzykrotność

### Further reading

* trzykrotny in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* trzykrotny in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# Messer
## English
### Etymology

Two main origins:
* Borrowed from German Messer (“knife”), a metonymic occupational surname for a cutler.
* An English occupational surname for someone who kept watch over harvested crops, from Old French messier (“harvest warden”).

### Proper noun

Messer (plural Messers)
* A surname.

#### Statistics

* According to the 2010 United States Census, Messer is the 1769th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 20306 individuals. Messer is most common among White (93.73%) individuals.

### Further reading

* Hanks, Patrick, editor (2003), “Messer”, in Dictionary of American Family Names, volume 2, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 580.

## German
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈmɛsɐ/
* Audio:(file)
* Audio:(file)

### Etymology 1

From Middle High German messer, mezzer, from Old High German mezzir, mezzeres, mezzirahs, mezzisahs (“knife”), from Proto-West Germanic *matisahs (“knife used for cutting food”).

#### Noun

Messer n (strong, genitive Messers, plural Messer, diminutive Messerchen n or Messerlein n)
* knife

##### Hyponyms

* Brotmesser
* Cuttermesser
* Käsemesser
* Klappmesser
* Sägemesser
* Springmesser
* Stanleymesser
* Steakmesser
* Taschenmesser
* Teppichmesser
* Wurfmesser

##### Derived terms

* Messerangriff
* Messerattacke
* Messerattentat
* Messerchen
* Messergriff
* Messerklinge
* Messerrücken
* messerscharf
* Messerschärfe
* Messerscheide
* Messerschmied
* Messerschmiede
* Messerschneide
* Messerschnitt
* Messerspitze
* Messerstecher
* Messerstecherei
* Messerstich
* Messerwerfer

#### See also

* Kneif

### Etymology 2

From the verb messen.

#### Noun

Messer m (strong, genitive Messers, plural Messer)
* agent noun of messen
** measurer, surveyor
** gauge, meter

##### Hyponyms

* Abstandmesser
* Belichtungsmesser
* Beschleunigungsmesser
* Blutdruckmesser
* Drehzahlmesser
* Druckmesser
* Entfernungsmesser
* Feldmesser
* Fiebermesser
* Geschwindigkeitsmesser
* Gradmesser
* Höhenmesser
* Luftgeschwindigkeitsmesser
* Luftmassenmesser
* Niederschlagsmesser
* Phasenmesser
* Regenmesser
* Scheibenmesser
* Spannungsmesser
* Temperaturmesser
* Tiefenmesser
* Winkelmesser

### Further reading

* “Messer (Prüfwerkzeug, Prüfer)” in Duden online
* “Messer (Werkzeug, Gerät, Waffe)” in Duden online
* “Messer” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
* “Messer” in Uni Leipzig: Wortschatz-Lexikon
* “Messer” in OpenThesaurus.de
* Messer on the German Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{de}$

## Hunsrik
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈmesɐ/

### Etymology 1
#### Noun

Messer n (plural Messer or Messre, diminutive Messerche)
* knife

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

Messer m (plural Messer)
* gauge, meter

### Further reading

* Online Hunsrik Dictionary

## Luxembourgish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈmæsɐ/

### Noun

Messer n (plural Messeren, diminutive Messerchen)
* knife

## Pennsylvania German
### Etymology

Compare German Messer, Dutch mes.

### Noun

Messer n (plural Messer)
* knife
# chycić
## Polish
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *xytiti.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈxɘ.t͡ɕit͡ɕ/
* (Masovia):
** (Far Masovian) IPA: /ˈxɘ.t͡ɕit͡ɕ/
* (Lesser Poland):
** (Lasovia) IPA: /ˈxɘ.t͡ɕit͡ɕ/
** (Przemyśl) IPA: [ˈxɘ.t͡ɕit͡ɕ]
* Rhymes: -ɘt͡ɕit͡ɕ
* Syllabification: chy‧cić

### Verb

chycić pf
* (transitive, dialectal, Far Masovian, Przemyśl, Lasovia) Alternative form of chwycić
    Chyciłem wróne w siodła. (Far Masovian) ― I trussed the black horses with saddles.

#### Derived terms

* pochycić pf

#### Related terms

* chytry
* chwat
* chytrość
* chwytać impf

### Further reading

* chycić in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* Wojciech Grzegorzewicz (1894) “chyćić”, in “O języku ludowym w powiecie przasnyskim”, in Sprawozdania Komisji Językowej Akademii Umiejętności (in Polish), volume 5, Krakow: Akademia Umiejętności, page 105
* Aleksander Saloni (1908) “chycić”, in “Lud rzeszowski”, in Materyały Antropologiczno-Archeologiczne i Etnograficzne (in Polish), volume 10, Kraków: Akademia Umiejętności, page 333
* Oskar Kolberg (1865) “chycić”, in Lud. Jego zwyczaje, sposób życia, mowa, podania, przysłowia, obrzędy, gusła, zabawy, pieśni, muzyka i tańce. Serya II. Sandomierskie (in Polish), page 261
# ᮃᮔ᮪ᮏᮩᮔ᮪ᮔ
## Sundanese
### Pronoun

ᮃᮔ᮪ᮏᮩᮔ᮪ᮔ • (anjeunna)
* Sundanese spelling of anjeunna‎
# sublinear
## English
### Etymology

From sub- +‎ linear.

### Adjective

sublinear (not comparable)
* Placed below a line of text.
    Synonym: infralinear
* (botany) Almost but not quite linear in shape.
* (mathematics) Describing a function that grows more slowly than a linear one.
** 2009 January 15, Christian Knigge, Nathan Leigh, Alison Sills, “A binary origin for ‘blue stragglers’ in globular clusters”, in Nature, volume 457, number 7227, →DOI:The sublinear dependence of blue straggler number on core mass is interesting.

#### Derived terms

* sublinearity
* sublinearly

### Anagrams

* insurable

## German
### Adjective

sublinear (strong nominative masculine singular sublinearer, not comparable)
* (mathematics) sublinear

#### Related terms

* unterlinear
# infralinear
## English
### Etymology

From infra- +‎ linear.

### Adjective

infralinear (not comparable)
* Synonym of sublinear (“placed below a line of text”)
# chrzęboszczyć
## Polish
### Pronunciation

* (Masovia):
** (Near Masovian) IPA: /xʂɛmˈbɔʂ.t͡ʂɘt͡ɕ/

### Verb

chrzęboszczyć impf
* (intransitive, Near Masovian) Synonym of szeleścić

### Further reading

* Zygmunt Wasilewski (1889) “chrzemboszczyć”, in Jagodne: wieś w powiecie łukowskim, gminie Dąbie: zarys etnograficzny (in Polish), Warsaw: M. Arct, page 240
# cyganek
## Polish
### Etymology

From cygan +‎ -ek.

### Pronunciation

* (Masovia):
** (Far Masovian) IPA: /t͡sɘˈɡa.nɛk/
* (Lesser Poland):
** (Kielce) IPA: /t͡sɘˈɡa.nɛk/
** (Lasovia) IPA: /t͡sɘˈɡa.nɛk/
** (Przemyśl) IPA: [t͡sɘˈɡa.nɛk]
* Homophone: Cyganek

### Noun

cyganek m inan
* (Far Masovian, Kielce, Przemyśl, Lasovia) Synonym of kozik
* (Sącz Lach) diminutive of cygan (“stove with a stovetop”)

### Further reading

* Wojciech Grzegorzewicz (1894) “cyganek”, in “O języku ludowym w powiecie przasnyskim”, in Sprawozdania Komisji Językowej Akademii Umiejętności (in Polish), volume 5, Krakow: Akademia Umiejętności, page 105
* Aleksander Saloni (1908) “cyganek”, in “Lud rzeszowski”, in Materyały Antropologiczno-Archeologiczne i Etnograficzne (in Polish), volume 10, Kraków: Akademia Umiejętności, page 333
* Jan Łoś (1886) “cyganek”, in “Gwara opoczyńska. Studium dialektologiczne”, in Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności (1), volume 11, page 183
* Karol Mátyás (1891) “cyganek”, in “Słowniczek gwary ludu zamieszkującego wschodnio-południową najbliższą okolicę Nowego Sącza”, in Sprawozdania Komisyi Językowej Akademii Umiejętności (in Polish), volume 4, Kraków: Drukarnia Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, page 321
* Oskar Kolberg (1865) “cyganek”, in Lud. Jego zwyczaje, sposób życia, mowa, podania, przysłowia, obrzędy, gusła, zabawy, pieśni, muzyka i tańce. Serya II. Sandomierskie (in Polish), page 261
# Czapigą
## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /t͡ʂaˈpi.ɡɔw̃/
* Rhymes: -iɡɔw̃
* Syllabification: Cza‧pi‧gą

### Proper noun

Czapigą
* instrumental singular of Czapiga
# رفیق
## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic رَفِيق (rafīq, “comrade, companion, fellow”).

### Noun

رفیق • (refik) (plural رفقا (rufaka))
* fellow traveller, one who travels together with another
    Synonyms: آیاقداش (ayakdaş), همراه (hemrah), یولداش (yoldaş)
* (by extension) companion, fellow, mate, comrade
    Synonyms: آیاقداش (ayakdaş), حریف (herif), قولداش (koldaş), همراه (hemrah), یولداش (yoldaş)

#### Derived terms

* رفیقلق (refiklik, “companionship”)

#### Descendants

* Turkish: refik

### Further reading

* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “refik”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 3948
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “رفیق”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 625
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Socius”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎, Vienna, column 1565
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “رفیق”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, column 2345
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “رفیق”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 982

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic رَفِيق (rafīq).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ɾa.ˈfiːq]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [rä.fíːq]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [rä.fíːq]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [rä.fíːq]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [rä.fíq]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [ɹæ.fíːɢ̥]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [ɾä.fíq]

### Noun

رفیق • (rafiq) (plural رفیقان (rafiqân) or رفیق‌ها (rafiq-hâ) or رفقاء (rofaqâ'))
* friend, mate, pal, companion
* rafiq (a rank in the order of the assassins, below da'i)
* comrade (fellow socialist, communist or other very politically leftist person)
** فروردین ۱۳۵۳. چریکهای فدائی خلق. آموزشهایی برای جنگ چریکی در شهر. ص ۱۲.
    در واقعه نیروی هوائی سه رفیق ارزنده بخاطر همین عدم تحرک شهید گشتند.dar vâqe'e-ye niru-ye havâ'i se rafiq-e arzande bexâter-e hamin 'adam-e taharrok šahid gaštand.In the Air Force incident three valuable comrades were martyred because of this lack of mobility.

#### Inflection

$^△$ Colloquial.
$^△$ Colloquial.

#### Descendants

* Tajik: рафиқ (rafiq)
* → Gujarati: રફીક (raphīk)
* → Hindustani:
    Hindi: रफ़ीक़ (rafīq)
    Urdu: رَفِیق (rafīq)
* → Punjabi:
    Gurmukhi script: ਰਫ਼ੀਕ਼ (rafīq)
    Shahmukhi script: رَفِیق (rafīq)
* → Pashto: رفيق (rafíq)
# قولداش
## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology

From قول (kol, “arm”) +‎ ـداش (-daş, “companion”).

### Noun

قولداش • (koldaş)
* associate, companion, fellow, mate, comrade
    Synonyms: آیاقداش (ayakdaş), حریف (herif), رفیق (refik), همراه (hemrah), یولداش (yoldaş)

#### Descendants

* Turkish: koldaş
* → Armenian: խօլտաշ (xōltaš)

### Further reading

* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “koldaş”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 2718
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “قولداش”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 988
* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “koldaş”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “قولداش”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1497
# kaalu
## Estonian
### Pronunciation

* (genitive singular) IPA: /ˈkɑˑlu/, [ˈkɑˑlu]
* This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some! Particularly: “genitive/partitive/illative singular, if different”
* This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready. Particularly: "genitive/partitive/illative singular, if different"

### Noun

kaalu
* genitive/partitive/illative singular of kaal
# durować
## Polish
### Etymology

From dur +‎ -ować.

### Pronunciation

* (Lesser Poland):
** (Lasovia) IPA: /duˈrɔ.vat͡ɕ/

### Verb

durować impf
* (intransitive, Lasovia) Synonym of błaznować

### Further reading

* Oskar Kolberg (1865) “durować”, in Lud. Jego zwyczaje, sposób życia, mowa, podania, przysłowia, obrzędy, gusła, zabawy, pieśni, muzyka i tańce. Serya II. Sandomierskie (in Polish), page 261
# palpitance
## English
### Noun

palpitance (uncountable)
* Alternative form of palpitancy
# herif
## Turkish
### Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish حریف (harif, herif, “comrade, colleague; antagonist”), from Arabic حَرِيف (ḥarīf).

### Noun

herif (definite accusative herifi, plural herifler)
* (obsolete) comrade, colleague
* (derogatory) A term of contempt for a man.
* (dialect) man, husband

### References

* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “herif”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 2, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 1935
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “حریف”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 504
* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “herif”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “حریف”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 781
* Avery, Robert et al., editors (2013), The Redhouse Dictionary Turkish/Ottoman English, 21st edition, Istanbul: Sev Yayıncılık, →ISBN