# 濟

| 濟 | U+6FDF, &#28639; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6FDF |
| ← 濞 [U+6FDE] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 濠 → [U+6FE0] |

## Translingual

| Traditional | 濟 |
| Shinjitai | 済 |
| Simplified | 济 |

### Han character

濟 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+14, 17 strokes, cangjie input 水卜難 (EYX), four-corner 3012$_3$, composition ⿰氵齊)

#### Derived characters

* 𫬵

#### Related characters

* 済 (Japanese shinjitai)
* 济 (Simplified Chinese)

### Further reading

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 656, character 1
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 18498
* Dae Jaweon: page 1066, character 9
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1771, character 12
* Unihan data for U+6FDF

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 儕 | *zriːl |
| 麡 | *zriːl, *ʔsliːl, *zliːl |
| 齋 | *ʔsriːl |
| 穧 | *ʔsleds, *ʔsliːls, *zliːls |
| 擠 | *ʔsliːl, *ʔsliːls |
| 躋 | *ʔsliːl, *ʔsliːls |
| 齏 | *ʔsliːl |
| 齎 | *ʔsliːl, *ʔslil |
| 櫅 | *ʔsliːl |
| 齌 | *ʔsliːl, *sʰliːl, *zliːls |
| 隮 | *ʔsliːl, *ʔsliːls |
| 賷 | *ʔsliːl |
| 虀 | *ʔsliːl |
| 濟 | *ʔsliːlʔ, *ʔsliːls |
| 癠 | *ʔsliːlʔ, *zliːl, *zliːlʔ, *zliːls |
| 霽 | *ʔsliːls |
| 齊 | *zliːl, *zliːls |
| 臍 | *zliːl |
| 蠐 | *zliːl, *zlil |
| 懠 | *zliːl, *zliːls |
| 薺 | *zliːlʔ, *zlil |
| 鱭 | *zliːlʔ |
| 嚌 | *zliːls |
| 劑 | *zliːls, *ʔslel |
| 齍 | *ʔslil |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ʔsliːlʔ, *ʔsliːls): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 齊 (OC *zliːl, *zliːls).

### Etymology 1

Austroasiatic. Base form, without nominal n-infix, of 西 (OC *snə̂i) (Schuessler, 2007). See there for etymology.
津 (OC *ʔslin) is its n-nominalized derivative (ibid.).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jì (ji$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zai$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chi
* Jin (Wiktionary): ji$^3$
* Eastern Min (BUC): cá̤
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ze$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chè
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zi$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$tsi
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jì
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jì
*** Wade–Giles: chi$^4$
*** Yale: jì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jih
*** Palladius: цзи (czi)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zai$^3$
*** Yale: jai
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzai$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zei$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɐi̯³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chi
*** Hakka Romanization System: ji
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ji$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡si⁵⁵/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: ji$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕi⁴⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: cá̤
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɑ²¹³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ze$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡se⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chè
*** Tâi-lô: tsè
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zex
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /t͡se²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /t͡se⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡se¹¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: zi$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsì
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡si²¹³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$tsi
*** MiniDict: tsi$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$tsi
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡si³⁴/
* Middle Chinese: tsejH
Rime :
| Character | 濟 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 精 (13) |
| Final (韻) | 齊 (39) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | IV |
| Fanqie | 子計切 |
| Baxter | tsejH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡sei$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡sei$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡sɛi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡sɛj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡sei$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡siei$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡siei$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zai$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ts]ˤ[i]j(ʔ)-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ʔsliːls/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 濟 | 濟 |
| Reading # | 4/5 | 5/5 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jì | jì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsej$^H$ › | ‹ tsej$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ts]ˁ[i]j(ʔ)-s/ | /*[ts]ˁ[i]j(ʔ)-s/ |
| English | cross a stream; rescue | stop |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 濟 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 10048 |
| Phonetic component | 齊 |
| Rime group | 脂 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 霽 |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔsliːls/ |

#### Definitions

濟
* to cross a river; to ferry
* to help; to aid; to relieve
* to be of help; useful

#### Compounds

* 不存不濟 / 不存不济
* 不存濟 / 不存济
* 不濟 / 不济 (bùjì)
* 不濟事 / 不济事
* 不經濟 / 不经济
* 不良事濟 / 不良事济
* 不通濟 / 不通济
* 以水濟水 / 以水济水
* 伯濟國 / 伯济国
* 低碳經濟 / 低碳经济 (dītàn jīngjì)
* 俵濟 / 俵济
* 假公濟私 / 假公济私 (jiǎgōngjìsī)
* 公私兩濟 / 公私两济
* 共濟一堂 / 共济一堂
* 兼濟 / 兼济
* 剛柔並濟 / 刚柔并济
* 剛柔相濟 / 刚柔相济 (gāngróuxiāngjì)
* 力濟九區 / 力济九区
* 功濟宇內 / 功济宇内
* 劫富濟貧 / 劫富济贫 (jiéfùjìpín)
* 匡俗濟時 / 匡俗济时
* 匡時濟世 / 匡时济世 (kuāngshíjìshì)
* 匡時濟俗 / 匡时济俗
* 匡濟 / 匡济 (kuāngjì)
* 匡濟之才 / 匡济之才
* 博愛濟群 / 博爱济群
* 博施濟眾 / 博施济众
* 博濟醫院 / 博济医院
* 史瓦濟蘭同惡相濟 / 史瓦济兰同恶相济
* 同濟 / 同济 (tóngjì)
* 同舟共濟 / 同舟共济 (tóngzhōugòngjì)
* 同舟而濟 / 同舟而济
* 同船濟水 / 同船济水
* 周濟 / 周济 (zhōujì)
* 和衷共濟 / 和衷共济 (hézhōnggòngjì)
* 命運兩濟 / 命运两济
* 失業救濟 / 失业救济
* 存濟 / 存济
* 安濟坊 / 安济坊
* 寬猛相濟 / 宽猛相济
* 幹濟 / 干济
* 康濟 / 康济
* 康濟錄 / 康济录
* 得濟 / 得济
* 恩威並濟 / 恩威并济
* 慈濟大學 / 慈济大学
* 懸壺濟世 / 悬壶济世 (xuánhújìshì)
* 才能幹濟 / 才能干济
* 扶傾濟弱 / 扶倾济弱
* 扶危濟困 / 扶危济困
* 拔刀相濟 / 拔刀相济
* 拔濟 / 拔济
* 拔濟火宅 / 拔济火宅
* 拯溺濟危 / 拯溺济危
* 振貧濟乏 / 振贫济乏
* 捐軀濟難 / 捐躯济难
* 接濟 / 接济 (jiējì)
* 撥亂濟危 / 拨乱济危
* 撥亂濟時 / 拨乱济时
* 救濟 / 救济 (jiùjì)
* 救濟金 / 救济金 (jiùjìjīn)
* 救濟院 / 救济院
* 文武兼濟 / 文武兼济
* 斐濟 / 斐济 (Fěijì)
* 方濟谷派 / 方济谷派
* 於事無濟 / 于事无济
* 時運不濟 / 时运不济 (shíyùnbùjì)
* 普濟寺 / 普济寺
* 普濟眾生 / 普济众生
* 普濟群生 / 普济群生
* 本事不濟 / 本事不济
* 永濟渠 / 永济渠
* 津濟 / 津济
* 濟世 / 济世 (jìshì)
* 濟世之才 / 济世之才
* 濟世匡時 / 济世匡时
* 濟世安人 / 济世安人
* 濟世安民 / 济世安民
* 濟世安邦 / 济世安邦
* 濟世愛民 / 济世爱民
* 濟世救人 / 济世救人
* 濟世經邦 / 济世经邦
* 濟事 / 济事 (jìshì)
* 濟人 / 济人
* 濟人利物 / 济人利物
* 濟公傳 / 济公传
* 濟公活佛 / 济公活佛
* 濟助 / 济助
* 濟勝之具 / 济胜之具
* 濟困扶危 / 济困扶危
* 濟寒賑貧 / 济寒赈贫
* 濟州 / 济州 (Jìzhōu)
* 濟度 / 济度
* 濟弱扶傾 / 济弱扶倾
* 濟弱扶危 / 济弱扶危
* 濟弱鋤強 / 济弱锄强
* 濟急 / 济急
* 濟惡 / 济恶
* 濟惠 / 济惠
* 濟拔 / 济拔
* 濟時拯世 / 济时拯世
* 濟時行道 / 济时行道
* 濟河焚舟 / 济河焚舟
* 濟渡 / 济渡
* 濟生 / 济生
* 濟美 / 济美
* 濟苦憐貧 / 济苦怜贫
* 濟貧 / 济贫 (jìpín)
* 濟貧拔苦 / 济贫拔苦
* 濟顛 / 济颠
* 災害救濟 / 灾害救济
* 無存濟 / 无存济
* 無濟於事 / 无济于事 (wújìyúshì)
* 無濟無主 / 无济无主
* 爛不濟 / 烂不济
* 痊濟 / 痊济
* 百濟 / 百济 (Bǎijì)
* 相濟 / 相济 (xiāngjì)
* 社會救濟 / 社会救济
* 經世濟民 / 经世济民 (jīngshìjìmín)
* 經國濟民 / 经国济民
* 經濟 / 经济 (jīngjì)
* 經綸濟世 / 经纶济世
* 緩不濟急 / 缓不济急 (huǎnbùjìjí)
* 緩急相濟 / 缓急相济
* 自力救濟 / 自力救济 (zìlì jiùjì)
* 蔣濟 / 蒋济
* 行政救濟 / 行政救济
* 表裡相濟 / 表里相济
* 賑濟 / 赈济 (zhènjì)
* 賑窮濟乏 / 赈穷济乏
* 賙濟 / 赒济 (zhōujì)
* 通濟渠 / 通济渠
* 道濟 / 道济
* 道濟天下 / 道济天下
* 開濟 / 开济
* 難存濟 / 难存济
* 額濟納河 / 额济纳河
* 額爾濟斯河 / 额尔济斯河
* 養濟 / 养济
* 養濟院 / 养济院
* 首尾共濟 / 首尾共济
* 鳳毛濟美 / 凤毛济美

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jǐ (ji$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zai$^2$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): ché / chè
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jǐ
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jǐ
*** Wade–Giles: chi$^3$
*** Yale: jǐ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jii
*** Palladius: цзи (czi)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zai$^2$
*** Yale: jái
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzai$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zei$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɐi̯³⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ché
*** Tâi-lô: tsé
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zea
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /t͡se⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡se⁴¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡se⁵⁵⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chè
*** Tâi-lô: tsè
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zex
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡se²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡se⁴¹/
* Middle Chinese: tsejX
Rime :
| Character | 濟 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 精 (13) |
| Final (韻) | 齊 (39) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | IV |
| Fanqie | 子禮切 |
| Baxter | tsejX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡sei$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡sei$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡sɛi$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡sɛj$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡sei$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡siei$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡siei$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jǐ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zai$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ts]ˤ[i]jʔ/, /*[ts]ˤəjʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ʔsliːlʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 濟 | 濟 | 濟 |
| Reading # | 1/5 | 2/5 | 3/5 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jǐ | jǐ | jǐ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsej$^X$ › | ‹ tsej$^X$ › | ‹ tsej$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ts]ˁ[i]jʔ/ | /*[ts]ˁəjʔ/ | /*[ts]ˁəjʔ/ |
| English | numerous | stately | [river name] |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 濟 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 10043 |
| Phonetic component | 齊 |
| Rime group | 脂 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 濟 |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔsliːlʔ/ |

#### Definitions

濟
* (～水) Ji River
* Used in 濟濟／济济 (jǐjǐ, “horde of people; multitude”).

#### Compounds

* 人才濟濟 / 人才济济 (réncáijǐjǐ)
* 濟南 / 济南 (Jǐnán)
* 濟寧 / 济宁 (Jǐníng)
* 濟楚 / 济楚
* 濟水 / 济水 (Jǐ Shuǐ)
* 濟濟 / 济济 (jǐjǐ)
* 濟濟一堂 / 济济一堂 (jǐjǐyītáng)
* 濟濟多士 / 济济多士
* 濟濟彬彬 / 济济彬彬
* 濟濟鏘鏘 / 济济锵锵
* 衣冠濟楚 / 衣冠济楚
* 衣冠濟濟 / 衣冠济济
* 蹡蹡濟濟 / 𬧀𬧀济济

### Etymology 3

Yue-Hashimoto (1976) relates it to Proto-Tai *ʰlaːjᴬ (“many; much”), whence Zhuang lai. This Tai word is probably related to 多 (OC *ʔl'aːl) (Schuessler, 2007).

#### Pronunciation

* Northern Min (KCR): cāi
* Eastern Min (BUC): sâ̤
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): se$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chōe / chē / chǒe / chēre
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zoi$^7$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): zoi$^1$
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cāi
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sai⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: sâ̤
*** Sinological IPA : /sɑ²⁴²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: se$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬe²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Yongchun, Taipei, Lukang, Kinmen, Magong, Hsinchu, Philippines, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chōe
*** Tâi-lô: tsuē
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zoe
*** IPA (Lukang): /t͡sue³¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Yongchun, Kinmen, Singapore): /t͡sue²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sue³³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines): /t͡sue⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan, Taichung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chē
*** Tâi-lô: tsē
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ze
*** IPA (Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan): /t͡se³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡se²²/
** (Hokkien: Lukang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chǒe
*** Tâi-lô: tsuě
*** IPA (Lukang): /t͡sue³³/
** (Hokkien: Sanxia)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chēre
*** Tâi-lô: tserē
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: zoi$^7$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsōi
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡soi¹¹/
** (Leizhou)
*** Leizhou Pinyin: zoi$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sɔi³⁵/

#### Definitions

濟
* (Min) many; much

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 多, 夥 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 多 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 多 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 多 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 多 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 多 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 多 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 多 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 多 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 多 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 多 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 多 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 多 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 多 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 多 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 多, 托洛 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 多 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 多 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 多 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 多 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 多 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 多, 歹 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 多 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 多 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 多 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 多 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 多 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 多 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 多 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 多 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 多 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 多 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 多 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 多 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 多 |
| Hakka | Changting | 多 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 多 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 多 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 多 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 多 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 多 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 多 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 多 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 多 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 多 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 多 |
| Hakka | Singapore (Dabu) | 多 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 多 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 多 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 多 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 濟 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou (Dikou) | 濟 |
| Northern Min | Songxi | 濟 |
| Northern Min | Zhenghe | 濟 |
| Northern Min | Zhenghe (Zhenqian) | 濟 |
| Northern Min | Jianyang | 濟 |
| Northern Min | Jianyang (Huangkeng) | 夥 |
| Northern Min | Wuyishan | 濟 |
| Northern Min | Pucheng (Shibei) | 濟 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 濟 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou (Changle) | 濟 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 濟 |
| Eastern Min | Pingtan | 濟 |
| Eastern Min | Yongtai | 濟 |
| Eastern Min | Minqing | 濟 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 濟 |
| Eastern Min | Pingnan | 濟 |
| Eastern Min | Luoyuan | 濟 |
| Eastern Min | Fu'an | 濟 |
| Eastern Min | Ningde | 濟 |
| Eastern Min | Xiapu | 濟 |
| Eastern Min | Zherong | 濟 |
| Eastern Min | Shouning | 濟 |
| Eastern Min | Zhouning | 濟 |
| Eastern Min | Fuding | 濟 |
| Eastern Min | Matsu | 濟 |
| Eastern Min | Singapore (Fuqing) | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 濟, 加 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Nan'an | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Shishi | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Hui'an | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Anxi | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Yongchun | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Dehua | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou (Longhai) | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou (Changtai) | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Hua'an | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Nanjing | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Pinghe | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Zhangpu | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Yunxiao | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 濟 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Longyan | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Zhangping | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Datian | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 濟, 加 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Pontianak (Teochew) | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Qionghai | 濟 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 濟 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 濟, 豐, 萬士 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang) | 濟 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang) | 濟 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu) | 濟, 豐, 萬士 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 濟 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Fengting) | 濟 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Youyang) | 濟 |
| Central Min | Yong'an | 濟 |
| Central Min | Sanming (Sanyuan) | 濟 |
| Central Min | Sanming (Shaxian) | 濟 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 濟 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Sanxiang) | 濟 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 多 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 多 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 多 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 多 |
| Wu | Danyang | 多 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 多 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 多 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 多 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 多 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 多 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 多 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 多 |
| Xiang | Hengyang | 多 |

#### Compounds

* 上濟 / 上济
* 偌濟 / 偌济 (gōa-chē)
* 濟少 / 济少
* 濟彌滿 / 济弥满
* 濟濟 / 济济 (jǐjǐ)
* 濟話 / 济话

### References

* “濟”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A02354
* “(#)”, in 臺灣閩南語按呢寫‎, Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2013.
* “濟”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.
* 劉建仁 (2012 April 29) “濟•多（tse⊦／tsue⊦）──多”, in 台灣話的語源與理據 (in Chinese), retrieved 2016-08-21

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 済 |
| Kyūjitai | 濟 |

### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 済)
* Kyūjitai form of 済

#### Readings

* Go-on: さい (sai)
* Kan-on: せい (sei)
* Kun: すむ (sumu, 濟む)、すます (sumasu, 濟ます)、わたる (wataru, 濟る)、すくう (sukuu, 濟う)、なす (nasu, 濟す)

## Korean
### Etymology
#### “to help; etc.”

From Middle Chinese 濟 (MC tsejH).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | Recorded as Middle Korean 졩〮 (Yale: cyéy$^?$) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. | Recorded as Middle Korean 졩〮 (Yale: cyéy$^?$) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | 거느〮릴〯 졔〯 / 건널〮 졔〯 | Recorded as Middle Korean 졔〯 (cyěy) (Yale: cyěy) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527. |
| Early Modern Korean |||
| Text | Final (韻) | Reading |
| Samun Seonghwi, 1751 | 건널 졔 | Recorded as Early Modern Korean 졔 (Yale: cyey) in Juhae Cheonjamun (註解千字文 / 주해천자문), 1804. |

#### “many”

From Middle Chinese 濟 (MC tsejX).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | Recorded as Middle Korean 졩〯 (Yale: cyěy$^?$) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. | Recorded as Middle Korean 졩〯 (Yale: cyěy$^?$) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. |
| Early Modern Korean |||
| Text | Final (韻) | Reading |
| Samun Seonghwi, 1751 | 셩ᄒᆞᆯ 졔 | Recorded as Early Modern Korean 졔 (Yale: cyey) in Juhae Cheonjamun (註解千字文 / 주해천자문), 1804. |

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [t͡ɕe̞(ː)]
* Phonetic hangul: [제(ː)]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Hanja

Wikisource 濟 (eumhun 건널 제 (geonneol je))
* hanja form of 제 (“to help; to aid; to relieve”)
* (literary) hanja form of 제 (“to cross a river”)
* (literary) hanja form of 제 (“many”)
    제제 (濟濟) ― jeje ― (of people) many

#### Compounds

* 개제 (皆濟, gaeje)
* 경제 (經濟, gyeongje)
* 광제 (廣濟, gwangje)
* 구제 (救濟, guje)
* 백제 (百濟, Baekje)
* 제도 (濟度, jedo)
* 제민 (濟民, jemin)
* 제빈 (濟貧, jebin)
* 제생 (濟生, jesaeng)
* 제세 (濟世, jese)
* 제제 (濟濟, jeje)
* 제주 (濟州, Jeju)
* 제중 (濟衆, jejung)
* 제화 (濟化, jehwa)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

濟: Hán Việt readings: tế (子(tử)禮(lễ)切(thiết))
濟: Nôm readings: tế
* chữ Hán form of tế (“to help; to aid; to relieve”).

#### Compounds

* 救濟 (cứu tế)
* 濟州 (Tế Châu)
* 百濟 (Bách Tế)
* 經濟 (kinh tế)
* 醫濟 (y tế)

### References

* 1 2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* ↑ Trần (2004).
* 1 2 Bonet (1899).
* ↑ Génibrel (1898).
* ↑ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).