# زور
## Arabic
### Etymology 1.1
#### Verb

زَوِرَ • (zawira) I (non-past يَزْوَرُ (yazwaru), verbal noun زَوَر (zawar) or يَزْوَر (yazwar))
* to incline

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 1.2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Noun

زُور • (zūr) pl
* plural of أَزْوَر (ʔazwar, “slanting; curved; cross-eyed”)

### Etymology 1.3
#### Noun

زَوَر • (zawar) m
* verbal noun of زَوِرَ (zawira) (form I)
* inclination
* crookedness, wryness, distortion
* distorted chest, asymmetrical thorax

##### Declension
### Etymology 2.1
#### Verb

زَوَّرَ • (zawwara) II (non-past يُزَوِّرُ (yuzawwiru), verbal noun تَزْوِير (tazwīr))
* to acknowledge as a visitor, to treat as a visitor

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2.2
#### Noun

زَوْر • (zawr) m
* verbal noun of زَارَ (zāra) (form I)

##### Declension
### Etymology 2.3
#### Noun

زُوَّر • (zuwwar) f
* plural of زَائِرَة (zāʔira, “female visitor”)

### Etymology 3
#### Noun

زَوْر • (zawr) m (plural أَزْوَار (ʔazwār))
* thorax, chest

##### Declension
### Etymology 4.1

Borrowed from Middle Persian 𐭦𐭥𐭫 (zwl /⁠zūr⁠/), and denominal verb.

#### Noun

زُور • (zūr) m
* lie, untruth
** 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 58:2:الَّذِينَ يُظَاهِرُونَ مِنكُم مِن نِّسَائِهِم مَا هُنَّ أُمَّهَاتِهِمْ ۖ إِنْ أُمَّهَاتُهُمْ إِلَّا اللَّائِي وَلَدْنَهُمْ ۚ وَإِنَّهُمْ لَيَقُولُونَ مُنكَرًا مِّنَ الْقَوْلِ وَزُورًا ۚ وَإِنَّ اللَّهَ لَعَفُوٌّ غَفُورٌ(please add an English translation of this quotation)
* false testimony, perjury
    شَهَادَةُ زُور ― šahādatu zūr ― false testimony
** 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 25:72:وَٱلَّذِينَ لَا يَشْهَدُونَ ٱلزُّورَ وَإِذَا مَرُّوا بِٱللَّغْوِ مَرُّوا كِرَامًاwallaḏīna lā yašhadūna z-zūra waʔiḏā marrū bi-l-laḡwi marrū kirāman(please add an English translation of this quotation)

##### Declension
### Etymology 4.2
#### Verb

زَوَّرَ • (zawwara) II (non-past يُزَوِّرُ (yuzawwiru), verbal noun تَزْوِير (tazwīr))
* to call a lie, to impinge
* to forge, to counterfeit, to falsify
* to fake, to simulate
* to rig (an election)

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 5

Borrowed from Middle Persian 𐭦𐭥𐭫 (zwl /⁠zōr⁠/).

#### Noun

زُور • (zūr) m
* strength, force

##### Declension
### References

* Freytag, Georg (1833) “زور”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎ (in Latin), volume 2, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 265
* Lane, Edward William (1863) “زور”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate, pages 1268–1269
* Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “زور”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart‎ (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, page 535

## Hijazi Arabic
### Etymology 1

From Arabic زَوَّرَ (zawwara).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /zaw.war/

#### Verb

زور • (zawwar) II (non-past يزور (yizawwir))
* to call a lie, to impinge
* to forge, to counterfeit

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2

From Arabic زَوْر (zawr).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /zoːr/, [zo̞ːr]

#### Noun

زور • (zōr) m (plural أَزْوَار (ʔazwār))
* throat

### Etymology 3

From Arabic زُور (zūr).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /zuːr/

#### Noun

زور • (zūr) m
* lie, untruth
    شَهَادَةُ زُور ― šahādat zūr ― false testimony

### Etymology 4
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /zuːr/

#### Verb

زور • (zūr)
* second-person masculine singular imperative of زار (zār)

## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian زور (zōr).

### Adjective

زور • (zor)
* hard, difficult, exhausting

### Noun

زور • (zor)
* force, strength, power, energy, might
    Synonyms: قدرت (kudret), قوت (kuvvet), گوچ (güç), مكنت (miknet)
* violence, force
* compulsion, constraint
* difficulty
* necessity

#### Derived terms

* زوراكی (zoraki)
* زورلق (zorluk)

#### Descendants

* Turkish: zor
* → Bulgarian: зор (zor)
* → Greek: ζόρι (zóri)
* → Serbo-Croatian: zȏr, зо̑р
* → Romanian: zor

## Persian
### Etymology 1

From Middle Persian [script needed] (zwl /⁠zōr⁠/), which Pokorny derives from Proto-Indo-European *gew- (“to hasten”) and compares to Serbo-Croatian žúriti (“to hurry, rush”) and Old Norse keyra (“to whip, lash; to ride”). See also Old Armenian զաւր (zawr), an Iranian borrowing.

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [zoːɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [zoːɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [zoːɾ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [zoːɾ]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [zʊːɾ]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [zuːɹ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [zɵɾ]

#### Noun

زور • (zur)
* force, strength, power, might
** c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume I, verse 3560:چار جوی جنت اندر حکم ماست این نه زور ما ز فرمان خداستčār jōy-i-jannat andar hukm-i-mā-st īn na zōr-i-mā za farmān-i-xudā-stThe four rivers of Paradise are under our control; this is not (by) our might, ’tis (by) the command of God
* violence, force

##### Derived terms

(verbs)
* زور آوردن (zur âvardan)
* زور دادن (zur dâdan)
* زور زدن (zur zadan)
* زور گفتن (zur goftan)
(leading)
* زورآزما (zur-âzmâ)
* زورآور (zur-âvar)
* زوراً (zuran)
* زورخانه (zurxâne)
* زورمند (zurmand)
* زورورزی (zur-varzi)
* زورکی (zuraki)
* زورگو (zur-gu)
(trailing)
* به زور (be zur)
* بی زور (bi zur)
* پرزور (por-zur)
* پیل زور (pil zur)
* کمزور (kam-zur)
* گاو زور (gâv zur)

##### Descendants

* → Armenian: զոռ (zoṙ)
* → Azerbaijani: zor
* → Bashkir: ҙур (źur, “big, large”)
* → Bengali: জোর (jōr)
* → Greek: ζόρι (zóri)
* → Gujarati: જોર (jor)
* → Hindustani:
    Hindi: ज़ोर (zor)
    Urdu: زور (zor)
*   * → Phalura: zoór
* → Kazakh: зор (zor)
* → Konkani: जोर (jor)
* → Marathi: जोर (jor)
* → Ottoman Turkish: زور (zor)
** Turkish: zor
** → Bulgarian: зор (zor)
** → Greek: ζόρι (zóri)
** → Serbo-Croatian: zȏr, зо̑р
** → Romanian: zor
* → Punjabi:
    Gurmukhi script: ਜ਼ੋਰ (zor)
    Shahmukhi script: زور (zor)
* → Romani: zor
* → Udi: зор (zor)
* → Uyghur: زور (zor)

### Etymology 2

From Middle Persian [script needed] (zwhl /⁠zōhr⁠/), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰéw-tlo-, from *ǵʰew- (“to pour”). Compare English god, God. See also Persian ژون (žun, “idol”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [zawɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [zäwɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [zäwɾ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [zäwɾ]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [zäwɾ]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [zowɹ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [zäwɾ]

#### Noun

زور • (zowr)
* libation

### Etymology 3

From Middle Persian [script needed] (zʿwr /⁠zūr⁠/). Compare also Old Armenian զուր (zur), from Parthian.

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [zuːɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [zuːɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [zuːɾ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [zuːɾ]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [zuɾ]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [zuːɹ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [zuɾ]

#### Noun

زور • (zur)
* (obsolete) lie, falsehood

### References

* Nourai, Ali (2011) An Etymological Dictionary of Persian, English and other Indo-European Languages, page 147
* Pokorny, Julius (1959) “399”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 399

## Urdu
### Etymology 1

From Classical Persian زور (zōr, “strength, force; power, might”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /zoːɾ/
* Audio (Pakistan):(file)
* Rhymes: -oːɾ

#### Adverb

زور • (zor) (Hindi spelling ज़ोर)
* powerfully
* forcibly
* violently

#### Noun

زور • (zor) m (Hindi spelling ज़ोर)
* force, strength
* power, might
* exertion, stress
* violence
* capacity, ability

### Etymology 2

From Classical Persian زور (zūr, “falsehood; lie, deceit”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /zuːɾ/
* Rhymes: -uːɾ

#### Noun

زور • (zūr) m (Hindi spelling ज़ूर)
* falsehood, untruth
* lie, deceit
* a false deity; an idol

### References

* “زور”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
* “زور”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.