# رسم
## Arabic
### Etymology

Compare Hebrew רָשַׁם (rāšám), רֹשֶׁם (rṓšem), Aramaic רְשַׁם / ܪܫܰܡ (ršam), רוּשְׁמָא / ܪܽܘܫܡܳܐ (rušmā).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ra.sa.ma/

### Verb

* Audio:(file)
رَسَمَ • (rasama) I (non-past يَرْسُمُ (yarsumu), verbal noun رَسْم (rasm))
* to draw, to trace, to sketch, to depict, to portray, to outline, to paint
    الفَنَّانُ يُرْسِم لَوْحَةً فَنِيَّةً رَائِعَةً.al-fannānu yursim lawḥatan faniyyatan rāʔiʕatan.The artist paints a beautiful artistic canvas.
* to record, to enter, to mark, to indicate

#### Conjugation
### Verb

رَسَّمَ • (rassama) II (non-past يُرَسِّمُ (yurassimu), verbal noun تَرْسِيم (tarsīm))
* to enter, to mark, to indicate
* to appoint (to public office)

#### Conjugation
### Noun

رَسْم • (rasm) m (plural رُسُوم (rusūm) or رُسُومَات (rusūmāt))
* verbal noun of رَسَمَ (rasama) (form I)
* sketch, drawing, painting, picture, portrait, outline, chart
* pattern, structure, design
* rasm (Arabic writing without dots)
* trace, spoor
** a. 622, لَبيد بن ربيعة [Labīd ibn Rabīʿa], معلقة Muʻallaqa, line 2:١ عَفَتِ الدِّيارُ مَحَلُّهَا فَمُقَامُهَا * بمنًى تأبَّدَ غَوْلُها فَرِجَامُهَا ٢ فمَدافعُ الرَّيَّانِ عُرِّيَ رَسْمُهَا * خَلَقًا كما ضَمِنَ الوُحِيَّ سِلاَمُها ٣ دِمَنٌ تَجَرَّمَ بَعدَ عَهْدِ أنِيسِهَا * حِجَجٌ خَلَوْنَ حَلالُهَا وحَرَامُهَا ٤ رُزِقَتْ مَرابيعَ النُّجُومِ وَصَابَهَا * وَدْقُ الرَّوَاعِدِ جَوْدُهَا فَرِهَامُها ٥ مِنْ كلِّ سَارِيَةٍ وغادٍ مُدْجِنٍ * وَعَشِيَّةٍ مُتجاوبٍ إرْزَامُهَا ٦ فَعَلا فُرُوعُ الأيْهُقَانِ وَأطْفَلَتْ * بالجَلهَتين ظِبَاؤهَا ونَعَامُهَاEffaced are her resting-places where she stayed and settled in Mina: deserted are her camps in Ḡawl and ar-Rijām and the torrents of ar-Rayyān: the traces thereof are laid bare and are torn, as inscribed rocks. Campsites have already passed after their period of use; years of war and peace overcome. Cast off there fell upon them the rains of spring signs, and there swept sated thunder clouds and drizzling rains from every cloud of night, every full one of morn, and those of eve, answering like a hoting squawk, and there sprung shoots of arugula, and in the brinks of a valley the goats and antelopes have youngs.
* tradition, custom
** c. 950, أبو دلف مسعر بن مهلهل [ʾAbū Dulaf Misʿar Ibn Muhalhal], edited by Kurd von Schlözer, De itinere Asiatico commentarium‎, published 1845 $^{WC}$ $^{GB}$, pages 18–19:فخرجت إلى الساحل أربد بكلة وهذا أول الهند ومنتهى مسير المراكب لا يتهيّأ لها أن يتجاوزها وألا غرقت قال فلما وصلت إلى كلة رأيته وهي عظيمة عالية السور كثيرة البساتين غزيرة الماء ووجدت بها معدن الرصاص القلعي لا يكون إلا في قلعتها في سائر الدنيا، وفي هذه القلعة تضرب السيوف القلعية، وهي الهندية العتيقة … وأهل هذه القلعة يمتنعون على ملكها إذا أرادوا يطيعونه إن أحبوا ورسمهم رسم الصين في ترك الذبائح وليس في جميع الدنيا معدن الرصاص القلعي إلا في هذه القلعة وبينهما وبين الصين ثلثمائة فرسخ وحولها مدن ورساتيق وقرى ولهم أحكام وحبوس وخبايات وأكلهم البر والتمور وبقولهم كلها تباع وزنا وأرغفة خبزهم تباع عددا ولا حمامات لهم بل عندهم عين جارية يغتسلون فيها ودرهمهم يزن ثلثي درهم ويعرف بالفهري ولهم فلوس يتعاملون بها ويلبسون كأهل الصين الإفرند الصيني المثمن وملكها دون ملك الصين ويخطب لملك الصين وقبلته إليه وبيت عبادته له.And I went off to the dusty shore of Kala, which is the first and ultimate end of India for vessels, as nobody even dares to imagine to pass by it since he would drown. When I arrived at Kala, I conned it and it is large and has high walls, many gardens and plenty of water, and I found mines of tin not found in the rest of the world but in Qalʿa, and in this Qalʿa one forges the Qalʿaite swords, the excellent Indian ones, and the populace of this Qalʿa withstands its king when it wants and abides by him when it lists, and their tradition is like the tradition of China, refraining from slaughtering beasts, and there aren’t in all the world tin mines but in this Qalʿa, and between them two and China are three-hundred parasang, and there are towns, rural districts and villages, and they have jurisdiction, jails, and corbans, and their food is wheat and dates and all their vegetables they buy by scales, and their bread is bread-rolls they buy by count. They have no baths but a running spring in which they wash, and their dirham weighs as a third-dirham and is known as Fahrī, and they have fulūs with which they commerce, and they dress like the people of China in dear Chinese silks, and their king is subordinate to the King of China, reports to the King of China, his praying direction is to him, his place of sacrifice is towards him.
* rate, levy, imposition

#### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: rəsm
* → Bashkir: рәсем (rəsem)
* → Bengali: রসম (rośom)
* → English: rasm
* → Kazakh: рәсім (räsım)
* → Malay: resam
* → Ottoman Turkish: رسم (resm, resim)
** Turkish: resim
* → Persian: رسم (rasm)
** → Hindustani:
    Hindi: रस्म (rasma)
    Urdu: رسم (rasm)
** → Punjabi: ਰਸਮ (rasam)
* → Swahili: rasimu
* → Uyghur: رەسىم (resim)
* → Uzbek: rasm

### References

* Dozy, Reinhart Pieter Anne (1881) “رسم”, in Supplément aux dictionnaires arabes‎ (in French), volume 1, Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 526
* Freytag, Georg (1833) “رسم”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎ (in Latin), volume 2, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, pages 149–150
* Lane, Edward William (1863) “رسم”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate, page 1084
* Wehr, Hans (1979) “رسم”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN, page 392

## Iraqi Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic رسم.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ri.sam/

### Verb

رسم (risam) I (non-past يرسم (yirsim))
* to draw

#### Conjugation

Conjugation of رسم (risam) :
| | | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural |
| | | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person |
| past | m | رسمت (risamit) | رسمت (risamit) | رسم (risam) | رسمنا (risamna) | رسمتو (risamtu) | رسمو (rismaw) |
| past | f | رسمت (risamit) | رسمتي (risamti) | رسمت (rismat) | رسمنا (risamna) | رسمتن (risamtan) | رسمن (risman) |
| present | m | أرسم (ʔarsim) | ترسم (tirsim) | يرسم (yirsim) | نرسم (nirsim) | ترسمون (trismūn) | يرسمون (yrsimūn) |
| present | f | أرسم (ʔarsim) | ترسمين (trismīn) | ترسم (tirsim) | نرسم (nirsim) | ترسمن (trisman) | يرسمن (yrisman) |
| imperative | m | | ارسم (irsim) | | | ارسمو (irismu) | |
| imperative | f | | ارسمي (irismi) | | | ارسمن (irisman) | |

## Malay
### Noun

رسم (plural رسم-رسم or رسم٢, informal 1st possessive رسمکو, 2nd possessive رسممو, 3rd possessive رسمڽ)
* Jawi spelling of resam‎

## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic رَسْم (rasm, “drawing, sketch”).

### Noun

رسم • (resm, resim) (plural رسوم (rusum))
* sketch, drawing, picture, figure, any visual representation drawn on a surface
* trace, trail, track, any mark left as a sign of passage of a person or animal
* duty, tariff, customs, a government-imposed tax placed on imports or exports

#### Derived terms

* اغنام رسمی (ağnam resmi, “livestock tax”)
* رسم آلمق (resim almak, “to draw a picture”)
* رسم غنم (resm-i ganem, “livestock tax”)
* رسم كشاد (resm-i küşad, “opening ceremony”)
* رسم كچید (resm-i geçid, “parade”)
* رسم مقطوع (resim-i maktuʼ, “fixed fee”)
* رسم چیقارمق (resim çıkarmak, “to make a drawing of a thing”)
* رسمجی (resimci, “painter”)
* رسمسز (resimsiz, “without pictures or drawings”)
* رسملك (resimlik, “thing in which drawings are placed”)
* رسملو (resimli, “ornamented with designs”)
* رسمی (resmî, “formal”)
* فنار رسمی (fener resmi, “lighthouse duty”)
* كچید رسمی (geçid resmi, “parade”)

#### Related terms

* رسام (ressam, “painter”)
* رسمًا (resmen, “formally”, adverb)
* مرسوم (mersum, “drawn, traced”)

#### Descendants

* Turkish: resim

### Further reading

* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “resim1”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 3958
* Devellioğlu, Ferit (1962) “resm”, in Osmanlıca-Türkçe Ansiklopedik Lûgat‎‎ (in Turkish), Istanbul: Türk Dil Kurumu, page 1064
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “رسم”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 620
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Delineatio”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎, Vienna, column 345
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “رسم”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, columns 2311-2312
* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “resim”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “رسم”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 973

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic رَسْم (rasm).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ɾasm]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [räsm]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [räsm]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [räsm]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [räsm]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [ɹæsm]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [ɾäsm]

### Noun

رَسْم • (rasm) (plural رُسوم (rosum))
* tradition, custom
* rule, accepted method
* manner, fashion
** c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume VI, verse 3630:عزم ره کردند آن هر سه پسر / سوی املاک پدر رسم سفر'azm-e rah kardand ân har se pesar / su-ye amlâk-e pedar rasm-e safarThe [King's] three sons set out, in the fashion of [men equipped for] travel, to [visit] their father's [distant] possessions.
* drawing, picture
* fame

#### Derived terms

* رسم شدن (rasm šodan, “to become customary”)
* رسم کردن (rasm kardan, “to make official; to make customary”)
* اسم ورسم (esm o rasm, “fame”)
* رسم الخط (rasmo l-xatt, “calligraphy”)
* رسما (rasman)
* رسمی (rasmi)

#### Descendants

* → Hindustani:
    Hindi: रस्म (rasma)
    Urdu: رسم (rasm)
* → Punjabi: ਰਸਮ (rasam)

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology 1

From Arabic رَسَمَ (rasama).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ra.sam/, [ˈra.sam]
* Audio (al-Lidd):(file)

#### Verb

رسم • (rasam) I (present برسم (borsom))
* to draw

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2

From Arabic رَسْم (rasm).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /rasm/, [ˈra.s(ɪ)m]

#### Noun

رسم • (rasm) m
* a painting, drawing, sketch
* (act of) painting, drawing, sketching
    فرشاية الرسم ― furšāyet ir-rasm ― paintbrush
    Audio (Ramallah):(file)

## Urdu
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian رسم (rasm), from Arabic رَسْم (rasm).

### Noun

رَسْم • (rasm) f (formal plural رسومات, Hindi spelling रस्म)
* tradition, custom
    آخری رسم ادا کرنا ― āxrī rasm adā karnā ― to perform the last rites
* manner, way
* practice
* sketch, outline

#### Related terms

* رسمی (rasmī)