# 霸

| 霸 | U+9738, &#38712; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9738 |
| ← 霷 [U+9737] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 霹 → [U+9739] |

## Translingual

| Japanese | 覇 |
| Simplified | 霸 |
| Traditional | 霸 |

### Han character

霸 (Kangxi radical 173, 雨+13, 21 strokes, cangjie input 一月廿十月 (MBTJB), four-corner 1052$_7$, composition ⿱⻗䩗)

#### Derived characters

* 壩 欛 灞 䃻 𢥻 𢺞 𤫦 𩽷(𬶻) 𬧞

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1379, character 13
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 42490
* Dae Jaweon: page 1888, character 25
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4077, character 19
* Unihan data for U+9738

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 霸 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script |
| | Old Chinese |
| 壩 | *praːɡs |
| 霸 | *praːɡs |
| 灞 | *praːɡs |
| 欛 | *praːɡs |
In oracle bone script, ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 革 (“change”) + 月 (“moon”) – changes in moonlight.
Bronze inscriptions added 雨 to make 䨣 a phonetic component.

### Etymology 1

Exoactive or transitive of 伯 (OC *praːɡ, “be the eldest”) (Schuessler, 2007).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): bà (ba$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄚˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): baa$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): ba̿
* Eastern Min (BUC): bá
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): pà
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ba$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$po; $^5$pa
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ba$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bà
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄚˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bà
*** Wade–Giles: pa$^4$
*** Yale: bà
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bah
*** Palladius: ба (ba)
*** Sinological IPA : /pä⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: baa$^3$
*** Yale: ba
*** Cantonese Pinyin: baa$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ba$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /paː³³/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ba̿
*** Sinological IPA : /pa³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: bá
*** Sinological IPA : /pɑ²¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pà
*** Tâi-lô: pà
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pax
*** IPA (Xiamen): /pa²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /pa⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /pa²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /pa¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /pa²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ba$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: pà
*** Sinological IPA : /pa²¹³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$po; $^5$pa
*** MiniDict: po$^去$; pa$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$po; $^2$pa
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /po³⁴/, /pa³⁴/
* 2pa- vernacular;
* 2po - literary.
* Middle Chinese: paeH
Rime :
| Character | 霸 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 幫 (1) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (98) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 必駕切 |
| Baxter | paeH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /pˠa$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /pᵚa$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /pa$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /paɨ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /pa$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /pa$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /pa$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | bà |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | baa$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*pˤrak-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*praːɡs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 霸 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | bà |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ pæ$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*pˁrak-s/ |
| English | have hegemony |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 霸 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 181 |
| Phonetic component | 霸 |
| Rime group | 暮 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 霸 |
| Old Chinese | /*praːɡs/ |

#### Definitions

霸
* to dominate
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE
    Guǎn zhòng xiàng Huángōng, bà zhūhóu, yīkuāng Tiānxià, mín dào yújīn shòu qí cì. [Pinyin]
    Guan Zhong helped Duke Huan [of Qi] to dominate the various princes, thus unifying and rectifying the realm. Until now the people are still receiving the gifts of his [endeavors].
* (historical) overlord, hegemon
    From: The Book of Lord Shang, circa 3rd century BCE, translated based on J.J.L. Duyvendak's version
    Sānwáng wǔbà, qí suǒ dào bùguò juélù, ér gōng xiàng wàn zhě, qí suǒ dào míng yě. [Pinyin]
    The principle followed by the Three Kings and the Five Hegemons was no other than that of giving titles and emoluments, and the reason that people emulated each other in merit was because the principles which they followed were clear.
* tyrant; despot; bully
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Yǐlì jiǎrén zhě bà, bà bì yǒu dàguó, yǐdé xíngrén zhě wáng, wáng bù dài dà. [Pinyin]
    He who uses force while feigning humaneness is a despot; despots certainly crave large states. He who uses virtues to practice humaneness is a sovereign; sovereigns need no large states.
* hegemony; tyranny
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
    Shíwǔ nián, chūn, fù huì yān, qí shǐ bà yě. [Pinyin]
    In the 15th year, in spring, [the rulers] again met there. Qi exerted its hegemony for the first time.
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Xīwáng sānnián, Qí Huángōng shǐ bà. [Pinyin]
    In King Xi's third year, Duke Huan of Qi exerted his hegemony for the first time.
* to occupy; to monopolize
    霸佔／霸占 ― bàzhàn ― to forcibly occupy, to seize
    霸機／霸机 ― bàjī ― to stage a sit-in after a plane has landed
    霸位 [Cantonese] ― baa$^3$ wai$^{6-2}$ [Jyutping] ― to reserve a seat for someone who has not yet arrived
* (Eastern Min) powerful; awesome; impressive
    伊野霸 [Eastern Min] ― ĭ iā-*bá / [i⁵⁵ ia³³⁻⁵⁵ pɑ²¹³] [Bàng-uâ-cê / IPA] ― s/he is awesome

#### Compounds

* 一戰而霸 / 一战而霸
* 五霸 (wǔbà)
* 各霸一方
* 土霸王
* 壓霸 / 压霸 (yābà)
* 大霸尖山
* 學霸 / 学霸 (xuébà)
* 小霸王 (xiǎobàwáng)
* 巨毋霸 (jùwúbà)
* 巨無霸 / 巨无霸 (jùwúbà)
* 惡霸 / 恶霸 (èbà)
* 春秋五霸
* 楚霸王
* 橫行霸道 / 横行霸道 (héngxíngbàdào)
* 欺行霸市 (qīhángbàshì)
* 波霸 (bōbà)
* 漁霸 / 渔霸
* 爭霸 / 争霸 (zhēngbà)
* 爭霸戰 / 争霸战
* 獨霸 / 独霸 (dúbà)
* 獨霸一方 / 独霸一方
* 王霸
* 稱王稱霸 / 称王称霸 (chēngwángchēngbà)
* 稱霸 / 称霸 (chēngbà)
* 空中霸王
* 西楚霸王 (Xīchǔ Bàwáng)
* 謀王圖霸 / 谋王图霸
* 路霸 (lùbà)
* 連霸 / 连霸
* 雄霸一方
* 雜霸 / 杂霸
* 霸上
* 霸主 (bàzhǔ)
* 霸佔 / 霸占 (bàzhàn)
* 霸凌 (bàlíng)
* 霸功
* 霸圖 / 霸图
* 霸府
* 霸才
* 霸據 / 霸据
* 霸業 / 霸业 (bàyè)
* 霸機 / 霸机 (bàjī)
* 霸權 / 霸权 (bàquán)
* 霸氣 / 霸气 (bàqì)
* 霸王 (bàwáng)
* 霸王別姬 / 霸王别姬
* 霸王卸甲
* 霸王悲歌
* 霸王略
* 霸王鞭 (bàwángbiān)
* 霸王風月 / 霸王风月
* 霸略
* 霸突
* 霸者
* 霸術 / 霸术
* 霸道
* 霸都魯 / 霸都鲁
* 霸陵呵夜
* 霸陵尉
* 霸陵折柳
* 霸陵醉尉
* 鴨霸 / 鸭霸 (yābà)

### Etymology 2

Same word as 魄 (OC *pʰraːɡ, “soul”) and cognate with 白 (OC *braːɡ, “white”) (Schuessler, 2007). Chiefly attested in Zhou-era bronze inscriptions for calendrical functions (Wang, 1923).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): pò (po$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄆㄛˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): paak$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: pò
*** Zhuyin: ㄆㄛˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: pò
*** Wade–Giles: pʻo$^4$
*** Yale: pwò
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: poh
*** Palladius: по (po)
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰu̯ɔ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: paak$^3$
*** Yale: paak
*** Cantonese Pinyin: paak$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: pag$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰaːk̚³/
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[pʰˤ]rak/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 霸 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | pò |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ phæk › |
| Old Chinese | /*[pʰˁ]rak/ |
| English | new moon |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||

#### Definitions

霸
* (archaic, Chinese astronomy) Alternative form of 魄 (pò, “illuminated part of the moon”)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) moonlight in the beginning of a lunar month right after the new moon

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 覇 |
| Kyūjitai | 霸 |

### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 覇)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: へ (he)、ひゃく (hyaku)
* Kan-on: は (ha)、はく (haku)
* Kun: はたがしら (hatagashira)、かしら (kashira)

## Korean
### Etymology

From a corrupted or unorthodox reading. The original reading is 파 (pa) based on Middle Chinese 霸 (MC paeH).
* Recorded as Middle Korean 방〮 (Yale: pá) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [pʰɛ(ː)] ~ [pʰe̞(ː)]
* Phonetic hangul: [패(ː)/페(ː)]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Hanja

Wikisource 霸 (eumhun 으뜸 패 (eutteum pae))
* hanja form of 패 (“the best; the top; the head”)

#### Compounds

* 패업 (霸業, paeeop)
* 패왕 (霸王, paewang)
* 패자 (霸者, paeja)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

霸: Hán Nôm readings: bá, phách
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.