# 毒

| 毒 | U+6BD2, &#27602; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6BD2 |
| ← 毑 [U+6BD1] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 毓 → [U+6BD3] |

## Translingual

| Traditional | 毒 |
| Simplified | 毒 |
| Japanese | 毒 |
| Korean | 毒 |

### Han character

毒 (Kangxi radical 80, 毋+4, 8 strokes in traditional Chinese and Japanese, 9 strokes in simplified Chinese, cangjie input 手一田卜戈 (QMWYI), four-corner 5050$_7$, composition ⿱龶母(GKV) or ⿱龶毋(HTJ))

#### Derived characters

* 瑇 碡 蝳 䓯 纛 𠉩 𠷮 𢃶 𢝂 𭡡 𣕬 𣥽 𤚚 𧛔 𨂭 𨍛 𩹝(𬶡) 𣫹 𤸚 𣫵 𣫶 𭖪 𦑢 𧔄

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 589, character 6
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 16730
* Dae Jaweon: page 981, character 8
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2382, character 5
* Unihan data for U+6BD2

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 毒 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 瑇 | *dɯːɡs, *duːɡ |
| 纛 | *duːɡs, *duːɡ |
| 碡 | *doːɡ, *duːɡ, *duɡ |
| 毒 | *l'uːɡ |
| 蝳 | *duːɡ |
Pictogram (象形) - a woman wearing a feathered ornament - original form of 纛 (OC *duːɡs, *duːɡ). If this is the correct interpretation, see also 每.
Alternatively, Li Xueqin (2012) proposes it is a phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *l'uːɡ): semantic 屮 (“vegetation”) + phonetic 毐 (OC *ʔmɯː, *ʔmɯːʔ), meaning "a type of poisonous plant."

### Etymology
#### “poison”

    From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *duk ~ tuk (“poison; to poison”). Cognate with Tibetan དུག (dug, “poison; toxin”), གདུག (gdug), གདུག་པ (gdug pa, “vicious; evil; poisonous”), Burmese တောက် (tauk, “to suffer from toxicity; to be ill; to be poisonous”).

#### “to poison” (Pronunciation 2)

    A departing tone variant, meaning “to poison”, is preserved in southern varieties, including Cantonese, Hakka, Min, southern Gan, and southern Wu. It is derived from the sense “poison” with the *–s suffix in Old Chinese.

#### “nerdy”

    Derived from 毒撚.

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): dú (du$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨˊ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): duk$^6$ / duk$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): uuk$^5$
* Gan (Wiktionary): tuh$^7$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): thu̍k
    (Meixian, Guangdong): tug$^6$
* Jin (Wiktionary): dueh$^5$
* Northern Min (KCR): dù / tū
* Eastern Min (BUC): dŭk / dĕ̤k
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): dorh$^7$ / dah$^7$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): to̍k / ta̍k
    (Teochew, Peng'im): dag$^8$
* Wu (Wugniu)
** (Northern): $^8$doq
** (Jinhua): $^8$doq
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): dou$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dú
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄨˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: dú
*** Wade–Giles: tu$^2$
*** Yale: dú
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: dwu
*** Palladius: ду (du)
*** Sinological IPA : /tu³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: duk$^6$ / duk$^1$
*** Yale: duhk / dūk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: duk$^9$ / duk$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: dug$^6$ / dug$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʊk̚²/, /tʊk̚⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: uuk$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɵk̚³²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: tuh$^7$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰuʔ²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thu̍k
*** Hakka Romanization System: tug
*** Hagfa Pinyim: tug$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰuk̚⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: tug$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰʊk̚⁵/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: dueh$^5$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /tuəʔ⁵⁴/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: dù / tū
*** Sinological IPA : /tu⁴²/, /tʰu⁵⁵/
* dù - literary;
* tū - vernacular.
* Middle Chinese: dowk
Rime :
| Character | 毒 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 定 (7) |
| Final (韻) | 沃 (6) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 徒沃切 |
| Baxter | dowk |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /duok̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /duok̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /dok̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /dawk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /dok̚/ |
| Wang Li | /duok̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /dʱuok̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | dú |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | duk$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[d]ˤuk/
    (Zhengzhang): /*l'uːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 毒 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | dú |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dowk › |
| Old Chinese | /*[d]ˁuk/ |
| English | poison (n.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 毒 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 2486 |
| Phonetic component | 毒 |
| Rime group | 覺 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 毒 |
| Old Chinese | /*l'uːɡ/ |

#### Definitions

毒
* poison; toxin; venom; bane
    有毒 ― yǒudú ― poisonous
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) calamity; disaster; trouble
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) pain; suffering
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) crime; evil
* to poison; to administer poison to
    毒死蟑螂 ― dúsǐ zhāngláng ― to kill cockroaches with poison
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to harm; to injure
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to hate; to resent
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 督 (dū, “to manage; to govern”)
* poisonous; noxious
    毒蛇 ― dúshé ― venomous snake
    毒氣／毒气 ― dúqì ― poisonous gas
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) heavy; thick
* (figurative) pernicious influence; harmful influence
    餘毒／余毒 ― yúdú ― residual poison
* severe; fierce; violent
       Wàimiàn de tàiyáng hěn dú. [Pinyin]
       The sun outside is very fierce.
* malicious; cruel; sinister
    他的心腸真毒！／他的心肠真毒！ ― Tā de xīncháng zhēn dú! ― How cruel is he!
* (literary, or in compounds) narcotics; narcotic drugs
    吸毒 ― xīdú ― to take drugs (of illicit or recreational nature)
    販毒／贩毒 ― fàndú ― to traffic in narcotics
* (Hong Kong Cantonese) nerdy

#### Synonyms

* (narcotics): 毒品 (dúpǐn)

#### Compounds

* 三毒 (sāndú)
* 下毒 (xiàdú)
* 下毒手 (xiàdúshǒu)
* 不毒不發 / 不毒不发
* 中毒 (zhòngdú)
* 丹毒 (dāndú)
* 㐖毒 (Xiédú)
* 五毒 (wǔdú)
* 亭毒
* 人莫予毒 (rénmòyúdú)
* 以毒攻毒 (yǐdúgōngdú)
* 便毒
* 倒馬毒 / 倒马毒
* 內毒 / 内毒
* 內毒素 / 内毒素 (nèidúsù)
* 刻毒 (kèdú)
* 刮毒
* 刮骨去毒
* 刮骨療毒 / 刮骨疗毒
* 劇毒 / 剧毒 (jùdú)
* 厚味臘毒 / 厚味腊毒
* 厭毒 / 厌毒
* 反毒
* 吸毒 (xīdú)
* 命毒
* 哏毒
* 嗎啡中毒 / 吗啡中毒
* 外毒素 (wàidúsù)
* 大麻中毒
* 天然毒素
* 奸毒
* 宴安鴆毒 / 宴安鸩毒
* 尿毒症 (niàodúzhèng)
* 屠毒筆墨 / 屠毒笔墨
* 工業中毒 / 工业中毒
* 怨毒 (yuàndú)
* 悔毒之歎 / 悔毒之叹
* 惡毒 / 恶毒 (èdú)
* 慘毒 / 惨毒 (cǎndú)
* 戒毒 (jièdú)
* 抗毒素 (kàngdúsù)
* 抗毒血清
* 拒毒 (jùdú)
* 括毒
* 掃毒 / 扫毒 (sǎodú)
* 時毒 / 时毒
* 有毒植物
* 服毒 (fúdú)
* 梅毒 (méidú)
* 楚毒
* 歹毒 (dǎidú)
* 殘毒 / 残毒 (cándú)
* 毒刑
* 毒刺 (dúcì)
* 毒劑 / 毒剂 (dújì)
* 毒化
* 毒卉
* 毒品 (dúpǐn)
* 毒咬
* 毒害 (dúhài)
* 毒性 (dúxìng)
* 毒手 (dúshǒu)
* 毒手尊拳
* 毒打 (dúdǎ)
* 毒招
* 毒日頭 / 毒日头
* 毒梟 / 毒枭 (dúxiāo)
* 毒殺 / 毒杀 (dúshā)
* 毒氣 / 毒气 (dúqì)
* 毒氣室 / 毒气室 (dúqìshì)
* 毒液 (dúyè)
* 毒烈
* 毒牙 (dúyá)
* 毒物 (dúwù)
* 毒瓦斯 (dúwǎsī)
* 毒瘤 (dúliú)
* 毒瘴
* 毒癮 / 毒瘾 (dúyǐn)
* 毒砂
* 毒箭
* 毒素 (dúsù)
* 毒腺 (dúxiàn)
* 毒花花
* 毒草 (dúcǎo)
* 毒藥 / 毒药 (dúyào)
* 毒藥苦口 / 毒药苦口
* 毒蛇 (dúshé)
* 毒蛇猛獸 / 毒蛇猛兽 (dúshéměngshòu)
* 毒蟲 / 毒虫 (dúchóng)
* 毒計 / 毒计 (dújì)
* 毒語 / 毒语
* 毒謀 / 毒谋
* 毒辣 (dúlà)
* 毒酒
* 毒霧 / 毒雾
* 毒餌 / 毒饵 (dú'ěr)
* 毒龍 / 毒龙
* 氰中毒
* 氯氣中毒 / 氯气中毒
* 水中毒 (shuǐzhòngdú)
* 汞中毒 (gǒngzhòngdú)
* 流毒 (liúdú)
* 消毒 (xiāodú)
* 消毒劑 / 消毒剂 (xiāodújì)
* 消毒藥 / 消毒药
* 溴中毒
* 漆毒疹
* 無名腫毒 / 无名肿毒
* 無毒 / 无毒 (wúdú)
* 煤毒
* 煙毒 / 烟毒
* 熱毒 / 热毒 (rèdú)
* 燕安鴆毒 / 燕安鸩毒
* 狠毒 (hěndú)
* 狼毒
* 狼猛蜂毒
* 瓦斯中毒
* 病毒 (bìngdú)
* 百毒不侵 (bǎidúbùqīn)
* 眼毒
* 票房毒藥 / 票房毒药 (piàofáng dúyào)
* 緝毒 / 缉毒 (jīdú)
* 肉毒桿菌 / 肉毒杆菌 (ròudúgǎnjūn)
* 胎毒 (tāidú)
* 胎裡毒 / 胎里毒
* 腊毒
* 腺病毒 (xiànbìngdú)
* 膿毒病 / 脓毒病
* 芥子毒氣 / 芥子毒气 (jièzǐ dúqì)
* 莫予毒也 (mòyúdúyě)
* 莫余毒也 (mòyúdúyě)
* 荼毒 (túdú)
* 荼毒生靈 / 荼毒生灵
* 藥物中毒 / 药物中毒
* 蜂蠆有毒 / 蜂虿有毒
* 蠱毒 / 蛊毒 (gǔdú)
* 解毒 (jiědú)
* 解毒劑 / 解毒剂
* 貝毒 / 贝毒
* 販毒 / 贩毒 (fàndú)
* 赤口毒舌
* 身毒
* 遺毒 / 遗毒 (yídú)
* 酒精中毒 (jiǔjīng zhòngdú)
* 酖毒 / 鸩毒
* 酸中毒 (suānzhòngdú)
* 酵素毒
* 金屬中毒 / 金属中毒
* 鉛中毒 / 铅中毒 (qiānzhòngdú)
* 鎘中毒 / 镉中毒 (gé zhòngdú)
* 防毒 (fángdú)
* 防毒面具 (fángdú miànjù)
* 陰毒 / 阴毒 (yīndú)
* 電腦病毒 / 电脑病毒 (diànnǎo bìngdú)
* 類毒素 / 类毒素 (lèidúsù)
* 食物中毒 (shíwù zhòngdú)
* 餘毒 / 余毒 (yúdú)
* 高溫消毒 / 高温消毒
* 鴆毒 / 鸩毒
* 鹼中毒 / 碱中毒 (jiǎnzhòngdú)
* 黃麴毒素 / 黄曲毒素

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 毒(どく) (doku)
* → Korean: 독(毒) (dok)
* → Vietnamese: độc (毒)
Others:
* → Vietnamese: thuốc (“drug”)
* → Zhuang: doeg (“poison; to poison; evil”)

### Pronunciation 2

* Cantonese (Jyutping): dou$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): theu
    (Meixian, Guangdong): têu$^4$
* Northern Min (KCR): tē
* Eastern Min (BUC): táu
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): tao$^4$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): thāu
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: dou$^6$
*** Yale: douh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dou$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: dou$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /tou̯²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: theu
*** Hakka Romanization System: teu
*** Hagfa Pinyim: teu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰeu̯⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: têu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰeu⁵³/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: tē
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰe⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: táu
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰɑu²¹³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: tao$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰau⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thāu
*** Tâi-lô: thāu
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tau
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /tʰau⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tʰau³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /tʰau²²/
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*m-[d]ˤuk-s/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 毒 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | dú |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dowk › |
| Old Chinese | /*m-[d]ˁuk-s/ |
| English | to poison (v.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||

#### Definitions

毒
* (Cantonese, Hakka, Min, Wenzhounese, colloquial) to poison; to administer poison to

### Pronunciation 3

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): dài (dai$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄉㄞˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): doi$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dài
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄞˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: dài
*** Wade–Giles: tai$^4$
*** Yale: dài
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: day
*** Palladius: дай (daj)
*** Sinological IPA : /taɪ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: doi$^6$
*** Yale: doih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: doi$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: doi$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /tɔːi̯²²/

#### Definitions

毒
* Used in 毒冒, which is an alternative form of 玳瑁 (dàimào)

### Pronunciation 4

* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^8$doq
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai, Jiading, Jiaxing, Tongxiang, Shaoxing)
*** Wugniu: $^8$doq
*** MiniDict: doh$^入$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^5$doq
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /doʔ¹²/
*** Sinological IPA (Jiading): /doʔ¹²/
*** Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /doʔ²²/
*** Sinological IPA (Tongxiang): /doʔ²²/
*** Sinological IPA (Shaoxing): /doʔ²³/

#### Definitions

毒
* (Northern Wu) Alternative form of 踱 (8doq, “dumb,dull”)

### References

* “毒”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)
* poison

#### Readings

* Go-on: どく (doku, Jōyō)、だい (dai)
* Kan-on: とく (toku)、たい (tai)
* Kun: そこなう (sokonau, 毒なう)、わるい (warui, 毒い)、ぶす (busu)

#### Compounds

* 丹毒(たんどく) (tandoku)
* 中毒(ちゅうどく) (chūdoku)
* 毒気
* 毒蛇(どくじゃ) (dokuja), 毒蛇(どくへび) (dokuhebi): venomous snake
* 消毒(しょうどく) (shōdoku)
* 毒物(どくぶつ) (dokubutsu)
* Kanji in this term
* 毒
* どく Grade: 5
* on'yomi

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) どく [dòkúꜜ] (Odaka –)
* IPA: [do̞kɯ̟]
* Homophone: 退く

### Noun

毒(どく) • (doku)
* poison, toxin

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean

Wikisource

### Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [to̞k̚]
* Phonetic hangul: [독]

#### Hanja

毒 (eumhun 독 독 (dok dok))
* hanja form of 독 (“poison”)

#### Compounds

* 독약 (毒藥, dogyak, “poison”)
* 해독 (解毒, haedok, “detoxification”)
* 독사 (毒蛇, doksa, “venomous snake”)

### Etymology 2
#### Hanja

毒 (eumhun 거북 대 (geobuk dae))
* Alternative form of 玳 (“hanja form of 대 (“turtle”)”)
* Alternative form of 瑇 (“hanja form of 대 (“turtle”)”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

毒: Hán Nôm readings: độc, nọc
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.