# 鑿

| 鑿 | U+947F, &#38015; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-947F |
| ← 鑾 [U+947E] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 钀 → [U+9480] |

## Translingual
### Han character

鑿 (Kangxi radical 167, 金+19, 27 strokes, cangjie input 廿水金 (TEC), four-corner 3710$_9$, composition ⿱𣫞金)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1327, character 29
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41088
* Dae Jaweon: page 1829, character 4
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4277, character 7
* Unihan data for U+947F

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 鑿 | *ʔsoːwɢ, *zoːwɢ, *zoːwɢ, *zoːwɢ |
| 糳 | *ʔsoːwɢ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ʔsoːwɢ, *zoːwɢ, *zoːwɢ, *zoːwɢ): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 𥽿.

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): záo, zuò
    (Zhuyin): ㄗㄠˊ, ㄗㄨㄛˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zok$^6$ / zok$^{6-2}$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chho̍k
* Eastern Min (BUC): chĕ̤k
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chha̍k / cho̍k / cha̍k
    (Teochew, Peng'im): cag$^8$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^8$zoq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: záo
*** Zhuyin: ㄗㄠˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: záo
*** Wade–Giles: tsao$^2$
*** Yale: dzáu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzaur
*** Palladius: цзао (czao)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɑʊ̯³⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, literary variant)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zuò
*** Zhuyin: ㄗㄨㄛˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: zuò
*** Wade–Giles: tso$^4$
*** Yale: dzwò
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzuoh
*** Palladius: цзо (czo)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zok$^6$ / zok$^{6-2}$
*** Yale: johk / jók
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzok$^9$ / dzok$^{9-2}$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zog$^6$ / zog$^{6-2}$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɔːk̚²/, /t͡sɔːk̚²⁻³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chho̍k
*** Hakka Romanization System: cog
*** Hagfa Pinyim: cog$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰok̚⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: chĕ̤k
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰøyʔ⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chha̍k
*** Tâi-lô: tsha̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhak
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰak̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen): /t͡sʰak̚⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰak̚²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: cho̍k
*** Tâi-lô: tso̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zok
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sɔk̚²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sɔk̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sɔk̚⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: cha̍k
*** Tâi-lô: tsa̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zak
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sak̚¹²¹/
* chha̍k - vernacular (“to pierce; to criticize; feeling uncomfortable”);
* cha̍k - vernacular (“to pierce (Zhangzhou”);
* cho̍k - literary.
* Middle Chinese: dzak
Rime :
| Character | 鑿 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 從 (15) |
| Final (韻) | 鐸 (103) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 在各切 |
| Baxter | dzak |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡zɑk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡zɑk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡zɑk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡zak̚/ |
| Li Rong | /d͡zɑk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /d͡zɑk̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /d͡zʱɑk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zuó |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zok$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[dz]ˤawk/
    (Zhengzhang): /*zoːwɢ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 鑿 | 鑿 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | záo | záo |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dzak › | ‹ dzowk › |
| Old Chinese | /*[dz]ˁawk/ | /*[dz]ˁawk/ |
| English | chisel | chisel |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 鑿 | 鑿 |
| Reading # | 2/4 | 3/4 |
| No. | 18072 | 18073 |
| Phonetic component | 丵 | 丵 |
| Rime group | 藥 | 藥 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 昨 | 昨 |
| Old Chinese | /*zoːwɢ/ | /*zoːwɢ/ |

#### Definitions

鑿
* chisel
* to bore; to cut a hole; to chisel
    鑿冰／凿冰 ― záo bīng ― to make a hole in the ice
    把船鑿沉／把船凿沉 ― bǎ chuán záo chén ― to scuttle the ship
* to dig
    鑿井／凿井 ― záojǐng ― to dig a well
    鑿靈渠／凿灵渠 ― záo Língqú ― to dig the Lingqu
* (obsolete) tool for tattooing the face as punishment
* (literary) to interpret in a strained manner
* (obsolete) Used in 鑿行／凿行.
* (obsolete) Used in 鑿空／凿空 (záokōng).
* (obsolete) feeling; emotion
* (literary or Beijing Mandarin) to beat forcefully
       Dà qīngzǎor de, shéi zài wàimian záo mén ne? [Pinyin]
       Who is outside banging on the door in the early morning?
* (Hokkien) to stab; to pierce
* (Mainland China Hokkien) to criticize with pointed words; to poke holes in people's holes or secrets
* (Taiwanese Hokkien) feeling uncomfortable (when worn, etc.)

##### Synonyms

* (chisel):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 鑿 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 鑿子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 鑿子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 鑿子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 鑿子 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 鑿子 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 鑿子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 鑿 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 鑿子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 鑿子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 鑿子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 鑿子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 鑿子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 鑿子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 鑿子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 鑿子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 鑿子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 鑿子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 鑿子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 鑿子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 鑿子 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 鑿 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 鑿 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 鑿 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 鑿仔 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 鑿仔 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 鑿 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 鑿仔 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 鑿 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 鑿子 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 鑿子, 鑿兒, 鑿仔 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 鑿子 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 鑿仔 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 鑿子 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 鑿仔 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 鑿仔 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 鑿 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 鑿子 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 鑿子 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 鑿仔 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 鑿鑿, 鑿, 鑿囝 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 鑿仔 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 鑿仔 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 鑿仔 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 鑿仔 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 鑿囝 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 鑿囝 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 鑿 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 鑿 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 鑿子, 鑿 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 鑿子, 鑿頭 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 鑿子 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 鑿子 |
| Wu | Danyang | 鑿子 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 鑿子 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 鑿 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 鑿子 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 鑿子 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 鑿子 |
* (to bore):
* 戮空 (Hokkien)
* 打孔 (dǎkǒng)
* 打洞 (dǎdòng)
* 打眼 (dǎyǎn)
* 打窿 (Cantonese)
* 拍空 (Hokkien)
* 穿孔 (chuānkǒng)
* 鑽 / 钻
* 鑽孔 / 钻孔 (zuānkǒng)
* (to stab): 刺 (cì), 捅 (tǒng); (Hokkien) 𠡡 (cán)

#### Compounds

* 天真未鑿 / 天真未凿
* 妄生穿鑿 / 妄生穿凿
* 斧鑿 / 斧凿
* 斧鑿痕 / 斧凿痕
* 架謊鑿空 / 架谎凿空
* 栗鑿 / 栗凿 (lìzáo)
* 穿鑿 / 穿凿 (chuānzáo)
* 穿鑿附會 / 穿凿附会 (chuānzáofùhuì)
* 腦鑿子 / 脑凿子
* 鋼鑿 / 钢凿
* 鑿井 / 凿井 (záojǐng)
* 鑿坏
* 鑿壁偷光 / 凿壁偷光
* 鑿壁懸梁 / 凿壁悬梁
* 鑿子 / 凿子 (záozi)
* 鑿山破石 / 凿山破石
* 鑿渾沌 / 凿浑沌
* 鑿空 / 凿空 (záokōng)
* 鑿空指鹿 / 凿空指鹿
* 鑿竅 / 凿窍
* 鑿船蟲 / 凿船虫
* 鑿飲耕食 / 凿饮耕食
* 開鑿 / 开凿 (kāizáo)
* 顏闔鑿培 / 颜阖凿培

#### Descendants

* → Vietnamese: tạc (鑿)

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): záo, zào, zuò (zao$^2$, zao$^4$, zuo$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄗㄠˊ, ㄗㄠˋ, ㄗㄨㄛˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zok$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: záo
*** Zhuyin: ㄗㄠˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: záo
*** Wade–Giles: tsao$^2$
*** Yale: dzáu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzaur
*** Palladius: цзао (czao)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɑʊ̯³⁵/
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zào
*** Zhuyin: ㄗㄠˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: zào
*** Wade–Giles: tsao$^4$
*** Yale: dzàu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzaw
*** Palladius: цзао (czao)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɑʊ̯⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zuò
*** Zhuyin: ㄗㄨㄛˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: zuò
*** Wade–Giles: tso$^4$
*** Yale: dzwò
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzuoh
*** Palladius: цзо (czo)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zok$^6$
*** Yale: johk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzok$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zog$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɔːk̚²/

#### Definitions

鑿
* hole; mortise
* tunnel

#### Compounds

* 圓鑿方枘 / 圆凿方枘
* 圜鑿方枘 / 圜凿方枘
* 方枘圜鑿 / 方枘圜凿
* 方鑿圓枘 / 方凿圆枘
* 枘圓鑿方 / 枘圆凿方
* 枘鑿 / 枘凿
* 鑿圓枘方 / 凿圆枘方
* 鑿枘 / 凿枘
* 鑿枘不入 / 凿枘不入

### Pronunciation 3

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): záo, zuò
    (Zhuyin): ㄗㄠˊ, ㄗㄨㄛˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zok$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: záo
*** Zhuyin: ㄗㄠˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: záo
*** Wade–Giles: tsao$^2$
*** Yale: dzáu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzaur
*** Palladius: цзао (czao)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɑʊ̯³⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, literary variant)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zuò
*** Zhuyin: ㄗㄨㄛˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: zuò
*** Wade–Giles: tso$^4$
*** Yale: dzwò
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzuoh
*** Palladius: цзо (czo)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zok$^6$
*** Yale: johk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzok$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zog$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɔːk̚²/
* Middle Chinese: tsak
Rime :
| Character | 鑿 |
| Reading # | 2/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 精 (13) |
| Final (韻) | 鐸 (103) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 則落切 |
| Baxter | tsak |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡sɑk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡sɑk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡sɑk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡sak̚/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡sɑk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡sɑk̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡sɑk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zuo |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zok$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ʔsoːwɢ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 鑿 |
| Reading # | 1/4 |
| No. | 18070 |
| Phonetic component | 丵 |
| Rime group | 藥 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 作 |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔsoːwɢ/ |

#### Definitions

鑿
* real; authentic; irrefutable
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 糳 (zuò, “to polish (rice)”)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 糳 (zuò, “polished rice”)
* Used in 鑿鑿／凿凿 (zuòzuò).

#### Compounds

* 人言鑿鑿 / 人言凿凿
* 炳炳鑿鑿 / 炳炳凿凿
* 確鑿 / 确凿 (quèzáo)
* 言之鑿鑿 / 言之凿凿 (yánzhīzáozáo)
* 鑿鑿 / 凿凿
* 鑿鑿有據 / 凿凿有据

### Pronunciation 4

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zú (zu$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄗㄨˊ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zú
*** Zhuyin: ㄗㄨˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: zú
*** Wade–Giles: tsu$^2$
*** Yale: dzú
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzwu
*** Palladius: цзу (czu)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡su³⁵/
* Middle Chinese: dzuwk
Rime :
| Character | 鑿 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 從 (15) |
| Final (韻) | 屋 (3) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 昨木切 |
| Baxter | dzuwk |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡zuk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡zuk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡zuk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡zəwk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /d͡zuk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /d͡zuk̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /d͡zʱuk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zú |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zuk$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*zoːwɢ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 鑿 |
| Reading # | 4/4 |
| No. | 18074 |
| Phonetic component | 丵 |
| Rime group | 屋 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 族 |
| Old Chinese | /*zoːwɢ/ |

#### Definitions

鑿
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to carve
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 鏃 / 镞 (“arrow”)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): さく (saku)、そう (sō)
* Kun: のみ (nomi, 鑿)、うがつ (ugatsu, 鑿つ)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 鑿
* のみ Hyōgai
* kun'yomi

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) のみ [nóꜜmì] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [no̞mʲi]

### Noun

鑿(のみ) • (nomi)
* chisel used for wood

#### See also

* (used for metal) 鏨(たがね) (tagane)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology 1
#### Hanja

鑿 (eumhun 뚫을 착 (ttureul chak))
* hanja form of 착 (“to bore; to pierce”)

#### Compounds

* 굴착기 (掘鑿機, gulchakgi, “excavator”)
* 굴착 (掘鑿, gulchak, “excavation”)

### Etymology 2
#### Hanja

鑿 (eumhun 구멍 조 (gumeong jo))
* (archaic) hanja form of 조 (“hole”)

#### Compounds

* (archaic) 방예원조 (方枘圓鑿, bang'yewonjo)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

鑿: Hán Nôm readings: tạc, toạc
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.