# plaga
## Catalan
### Etymology

From Latin plāga.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [ˈpla.ɣə]
* IPA: (Valencia) [ˈpla.ɣa]

### Noun

plaga f (plural plagues)
* plague
* jokester

### Further reading

* “plaga” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “plaga”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025
* “plaga” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
* “plaga” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

## Icelandic
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpʰlaːɣa/
    Rhymes: -aːɣa

### Verb

plaga (weak verb, third-person singular past indicative plagaði, supine plagað)
* to bother, plague

#### Conjugation
## Italian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin plaga (“tract, region, quarter, zone”). Compare piaggia.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpla.ɡa/
* Rhymes: -aɡa
* Hyphenation: plà‧ga

### Noun

plaga f (plural plaghe)
* region, district
* (obsolete) beach

## Latin
### Etymology 1

Related to plangō (“to strike”), from *pleh₂k-, *pleh₂g-. Cognate with Ancient Greek πληγή (plēgḗ, “wound”) and Albanian plojë (“slaughter; bloodletting”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈplaː.ɡa/, [ˈpɫ̪äːɡä]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈpla.ɡa/, [ˈpläːɡä]

#### Noun

plāga f (genitive plāgae); first declension
* plague, misfortune
    Synonyms: malum, cruciātus, nūbēs, miseria, īnfortūnium, calamitās, cāsus, vulnus
* stroke, blow, cut, strike
    Synonyms: ictus, vulnus, colaphus, pulsus
* wound, gash, injury
    Synonyms: vulnus, noxa, incommoditās, damnum

##### Declension

First-declension noun.

##### Descendants

* Insular Romance:
** Sardinian: piae, piaga, plaga, praga, prae, pra
* Balkano-Romance:
** Aromanian: pleagã, plaghe
** Romanian: plagă
* Italo-Romance:
** Italian: piaga
** Sicilian: chiaga
* Rhaeto-Romance:
** Friulian: plae
** Romansch: plaja, plaga, plaia, pleja
* Gallo-Romance:
** Northern:
*** Old French: plaie, pleie (Anglo-Norman)
**** French: plaie
** Southern:
*** Catalan: plaga
*** Occitan: plaga
* Ibero-Romance:
** Old Galician-Portuguese: chaga
*** Galician: chaga
*** Portuguese: chaga (see there for further descendants)
** Spanish: llaga
Borrowings:
* → Albanian: plagë
* → Proto-Brythonic: *plaɣ (from Vulgar Latin plăga)
** Middle Welsh: pla
*** Welsh: pla
* → Middle Dutch: plāghe
** Dutch: plaag
* → Old Dutch: plāgon
** Middle Dutch: plâgen
*** Dutch: plagen
*** Limburgish: plaoge
* → Old French: plage
** → Middle English: plage, plaghe, ploge, plaga, plagam (Latinate)
*** English: plague
*** Scots: plague
*** Yola: plaague, plaauge
* → Old Galician-Portuguese: praga
** Portuguese: praga
* → Middle Low German: plage
** → Danish: plage
** → Norwegian Bokmål: plage
** → Norwegian Nynorsk: plage
* → Middle High German: plāge, pflāge
** German: Plage
* → Old Irish: plág
** Irish: plá
** Manx: plaih
** Scottish Gaelic: plàigh
* → Old Norse: plága
** Danish: plage
** Icelandic: plága
** Norwegian Bokmål: plage
** Norwegian Nynorsk: plage
** Swedish: plåga
* → Polish: plaga
* → Spanish: plaga

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂- (“flat, broad, plain”). Cognate with Ancient Greek πλάγος (plágos, “side, flank”), Old High German flah (“flat, smooth”), Middle Low German vlake (“hurdle, small grid”), Old Norse flaki (“plank, canopy, shed”). More at flake.

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈpla.ɡa/, [ˈpɫ̪äɡä]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈpla.ɡa/, [ˈpläːɡä]

#### Noun

plaga f (genitive plagae); first declension
* tract, region, quarter, zone
** (Can we date this quote?) Attributed to Ennius by Cicero in De divinatione, Book II, Chapter XIII
    Quod est ante pedes nemo spectat, caeli scrutantur plagas.What is before the feet, noone regards; the skies are searched in the regions.

##### Declension

First-declension noun.

##### Descendants

* ⇒ Late Latin: plagia
** Corsican: piaghja
** Dalmatian: plui
** Italian: piaggia
** Old French:
*** French: plage (see there for further descendants)
*** Walloon: pladje
** Old Occitan:
*** Catalan: platja
*** Occitan: plaja
** Old Galician-Portuguese: praia, praya
*** Galician: praia
*** Portuguese: praia
** Old Spanish:
*** Spanish: playa
**** Cebuano: aplaya
**** Papiamentu: playa
**** Tagalog: aplaya
**** → English: playa
*** → Basque: plaia
** Sicilian: praja
* → Italian: plaga
* → Portuguese: plaga

### Etymology 3

From Proto-Indo-European *plek- (“to weave”). Cognate with Ancient Greek πλέκω (plékō, “braid”). (Can this etymology be sourced?)

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈpla.ɡa/, [ˈpɫ̪äɡä]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈpla.ɡa/, [ˈpläːɡä]

#### Noun

plaga f (genitive plagae); first declension
* hunting net, web, trap, snare, rope, gear
** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.131:[...] rētia rāra, plagae, lātō vēnābula ferrō, [...].[Young hunters carrying] wide-meshed nets, traps, [and] hunting spears [tipped] with broad blades, [...]. (The only appearance of this word in Virgil’s poetry. The “rētia rāra” are thin or widely-woven nets; in context, the “plagae” may be understood as stronger nets, snares, traps, or even ropes for securing the “retia.” Translations vary.)
* bedcurtain, curtain

##### Declension

First-declension noun.

##### Derived terms

* plagium
* plagiō
* plagula

### References

* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “plangō, -ere (> Derivatives > plāga)”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 469-70
* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “plaga”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 469

### Further reading

* “plaga”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* plaga in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. to inflict a death-blow: plagam extremam or mortiferam infligere to inflict a mortal wound on some one: mortiferam plagam alicui infligere

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Alternative forms

* plagen (of noun)
    (of verb)
* plaget
* plagde (simple past)
* plagd (past participle)

### Noun

plaga m or f
* definite feminine singular of plage

### Verb

plaga
* inflection of plage:
** simple past
** past participle

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Noun

plaga f
* definite singular of plage

## Polish
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin plāga. Doublet of płacz.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpla.ɡa/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -aɡa
* Syllabification: pla‧ga

### Noun

plaga f
* plague
    Synonym: zaraza
* nuisance

#### Declension
### Further reading

* plaga in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* plaga in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈplaɡa/ [ˈpla.ɣ̞a]
* Rhymes: -aɡa
* Syllabification: pla‧ga

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Latin plāga. Compare the inherited llaga.

#### Noun

plaga f (plural plagas)
* plague
    Synonym: peste
* nuisance

##### Derived terms

* evitar como la plaga

##### Related terms

* plagado
* plagar
* plaguicida

### Etymology 2
#### Verb

plaga
* inflection of plagar:
** third-person singular present indicative
** second-person singular imperative

### Further reading

* “plaga”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10