OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 鵨

| 鵨 | U+9D68, &#40296; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9D68 |
| ← 鵧 [U+9D67] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 鵩 → [U+9D69] |

## Translingual
### Han character

鵨 (Kangxi radical 196, 鳥+8, 19 strokes, cangjie input 人口竹日火 (ORHAF) or 難難人口竹 (XXORH), four-corner 8762$_7$, composition ⿰舍鳥)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1491, character 38
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 46998
* Dae Jaweon: page 2022, character 7
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4641, character 10
* Unihan data for U+9D68

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 斜 | *lja, *laː |
| 茶 | *rlaː |
| 荼 | *rlaː, *ɦlja, *l'aː |
| 梌 | *rlaː, *l̥ʰaː, *l'aː |
| 搽 | *rlaː |
| 塗 | *rlaː, *l'aː |
| 佘 | *ɦlja |
| 賒 | *hljaː |
| 畬 | *hljaː, *la |
| 舍 | *hljaːʔ, *hljaːs |
| 捨 | *hljaːʔ |
| 騇 | *hljaːʔ, *hljaːs |
| 涻 | *hljaːs |
| 稌 | *l̥ʰaː, *l̥ʰaːʔ |
| 悇 | *l̥ʰaː, *l̥ʰas, *las |
| 庩 | *l̥ʰaː |
| 捈 | *l̥ʰaː, *l'aː |
| 途 | *l'aː |
| 酴 | *l'aː |
| 駼 | *l'aː |
| 鵌 | *l'aː, *la |
| 涂 | *l'aː, *l'a |
| 嵞 | *l'aː |
| 峹 | *l'aː |
| 筡 | *l'aː, *l̥ʰa |
| 蒤 | *l'aː |
| 徐 | *lja |
| 俆 | *lja |
| 敘 | *ljaʔ |
| 漵 | *ljaʔ |
| 除 | *l'a, *l'as |
| 篨 | *rla |
| 滁 | *rla |
| 蒢 | *rla |
| 蜍 | *ɦlja, *la |
| 鵨 | *hljaː |
| 瑹 | *hlja |
| 余 | *la |
| 餘 | *la |
| 艅 | *la |
| 狳 | *la |
| 雓 | *la |
| 悆 | *las |

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shū (shu$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄕㄨ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shū
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄨ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shu
*** Wade–Giles: shu$^1$
*** Yale: shū
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shu
*** Palladius: шу (šu)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂu⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: syo
Rime :
| Character | 鵨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 書 (26) |
| Final (韻) | 魚 (22) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 傷魚切 |
| Baxter | syo |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɕɨʌ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɕiɔ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɕiɔ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɕɨə̆/ |
| Li Rong | /ɕiɔ/ |
| Wang Li | /ɕĭo/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɕi̯wo/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shū |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | syu$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*hljaː/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 鵨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 15795 |
| Phonetic component | 余 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 書 |
| Old Chinese | /*hljaː/ |

### Definitions

鵨
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) a bird similar to a wild duck
# 鵵

| 鵵 | U+9D75, &#40309; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9D75 |
| ← 鵴 [U+9D74] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 鵶 → [U+9D76] |

## Translingual
### Han character

鵵 (Kangxi radical 196, 鳥+8, 19 strokes, cangjie input 弓戈竹日火 (NIHAF), four-corner 2722$_7$, composition ⿰兔鳥)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1492, character 18
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 47019
* Dae Jaweon: page 2022, character 27
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4642, character 3
* Unihan data for U+9D75

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 菟 | *tʰaːs, *daː |
| 兔 | *tʰaːs |
| 鵵 | *tʰaːs |
| 梚 | *daː |

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tù (tu$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): tou$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tù
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄨˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tù
*** Wade–Giles: tʻu$^4$
*** Yale: tù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tuh
*** Palladius: ту (tu)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰu⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: tou$^3$
*** Yale: tou
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tou$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: tou$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰou̯³³/
* Middle Chinese: thuH
Rime :
| Character | 鵵 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 透 (6) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 湯故切 |
| Baxter | thuH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tʰuo$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /tʰuo$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /tʰo$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /tʰɔ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /tʰo$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /tʰu$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /tʰuo$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | tù |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | tou$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*tʰaːs/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 鵵 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 12510 |
| Phonetic component | 兔 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 菟 |
| Old Chinese | /*tʰaːs/ |
| Notes | 見爾雅 |

### Definitions

鵵
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) a kind of owl
# 麔

| 麔 | U+9E94, &#40596; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9E94 |
| ← 麓 [U+9E93] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 麕 → [U+9E95] |

## Translingual
### Han character

麔 (Kangxi radical 198, 鹿+8, 19 strokes, cangjie input 戈心竹人口 (IPHOR) or 戈心竹卜口 (IPHYR), four-corner 0026$_4$, composition ⿸鹿咎)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1510, character 27
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 47659
* Dae Jaweon: page 2039, character 3
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4734, character 1
* Unihan data for U+9E94

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 咎 | *kɯːw, *ɡɯwʔ |
| 鼛 | *kɯːw |
| 櫜 | *kɯːw |
| 倃 | *kɯːw, *ɡɯwʔ |
| 綹 | *ɡ·rɯwʔ |
| 麔 | *ɡɯwʔ |
| 晷 | *kʷrɯwʔ |
| 厬 | *kʷrɯwʔ |

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jiù (jiu$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄡˋ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiù
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄡˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jiòu
*** Wade–Giles: chiu$^4$
*** Yale: jyòu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiow
*** Palladius: цзю (czju)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹/
* Middle Chinese: gjuwX
Rime :
| Character | 麔 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 群 (30) |
| Final (韻) | 尤 (136) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 其九切 |
| Baxter | gjuwX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɡɨu$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɡiu$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɡiəu$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /guw$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɡiu$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɡĭəu$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /gi̯ə̯u$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiù |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gau$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡɯwʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 麔 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 6990 |
| Phonetic component | 咎 |
| Rime group | 幽 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 舅 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡɯwʔ/ |

### Definitions

麔
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) male Père David's deer
# 麙

| 麙 | U+9E99, &#40601; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9E99 |
| ← 麘 [U+9E98] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 麚 → [U+9E9A] |

## Translingual
### Han character

麙 (Kangxi radical 198, 鹿+9, 20 strokes, cangjie input 戈心戈竹口 (IPIHR), four-corner 0025$_3$, composition ⿸鹿咸)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1511, character 3
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 47669
* Dae Jaweon: page 2039, character 8
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4734, character 9
* Unihan data for U+9E99

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 感 | *kɯːmʔ |
| 鱤 | *kɯːmʔ |
| 顑 | *kʰɯːmʔ, *ŋɡrɯːms |
| 轗 | *kʰɯːmʔ, *kʰɯːms |
| 撼 | *ɡɯːmʔ |
| 憾 | *ɡɯːms |
| 喊 | *qʰaːmʔ, *qʰrɯːmʔ, *ɡrɯːmʔ |
| 緘 | *krɯːm |
| 瑊 | *krɯːm, *kjum |
| 黬 | *krɯːm, *ŋɡrɯːm |
| 減 | *krɯːmʔ, *ɡrɯːmʔ |
| 羬 | *ŋɡrɯːm, *ɡram |
| 麙 | *ŋɡrɯːm |
| 咸 | *ɡrɯːm |
| 鹹 | *ɡrɯːm |
| 醎 | *ɡrɯːm |
| 諴 | *ɡrɯːm |
| 椷 | *ɡrɯːm |
| 輱 | *ɡrɯːm |
| 鍼 | *ɡam, *ɡram, *kjɯm |
| 箴 | *kjɯm |
| 葴 | *kjɯm |
| 鱵 | *kjum |

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yán, xián (yan$^2$, xian$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄢˊ, ㄒㄧㄢˊ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yán
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yán
*** Wade–Giles: yen$^2$
*** Yale: yán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yan
*** Palladius: янь (janʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /jɛn³⁵/
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xián
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sián
*** Wade–Giles: hsien$^2$
*** Yale: syán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyan
*** Palladius: сянь (sjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ɛn³⁵/
* Middle Chinese: ngeam
Rime :
| Character | 麙 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 咸 (151) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 五咸切 |
| Baxter | ngeam |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ŋˠɛm/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ŋᵚæm/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ŋɐm/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ŋəɨm/ |
| Li Rong | /ŋɐm/ |
| Wang Li | /ŋɐm/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ŋăm/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yán |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ngaam$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋɡrɯːm/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 麙 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 13512 |
| Phonetic component | 咸 |
| Rime group | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 嵒 |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋɡrɯːm/ |

### Definitions

麙
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) antelope with slender horns
# twijfel
## Dutch
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈtʋɛi̯.fəl/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: twij‧fel
* Rhymes: -ɛi̯fəl

### Etymology 1

From Middle Dutch twivel, twifel, from Old Dutch twīval, from Proto-West Germanic *twīfl, from Proto-Germanic *twīflaz, equivalent to an old derivation of Dutch twee (“two”).

#### Noun

twijfel m (plural twijfels, diminutive twijfeltje n)
* doubt, uncertainty
    Synonym: bedenking

##### Derived terms

* twijfelachtig
* twijfelen

##### Descendants

* Afrikaans: twyfel
* Negerhollands: twiefel, twieffel
* → Sranan Tongo: twèifel
** → Caribbean Javanese: twèifel

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

twijfel
* inflection of twijfelen:
** first-person singular present indicative
** (in case of inversion) second-person singular present indicative
** imperative
# تأمل
## Arabic
### Etymology 1
#### Verb

تَأَمَّلَ • (taʔammala) V (non-past يَتَأَمَّلُ (yataʔammalu), verbal noun تَأَمُّل (taʔammul))
* to hope for, to look forward to, to request, to wish
* to contemplate, to regard
* to meditate, to think over, to ponder, to reflect

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2
#### Noun

تَأَمُّل • (taʔammul) m
* verbal noun of تَأَمَّلَ (taʔammala) (form V)
* meditation
    الْتَّأَمُّلُ هُوَ فَنُّ تَهْدِئَةِ الْعَقْلِ لِسَمَاعِ هَمْسَاتِ الْرُّوحِ.al-ttaʔammulu huwa fannu tahdiʔati l-ʕaqli lisamāʕi hamsāti l-rrūḥi.Meditation is the art of silencing the mind to hear the whispers of the soul.

##### Descendants

* → Ottoman Turkish: تأمل (teemmül)
** Turkish: teemmül

### Etymology 3
#### Verb

تأمل (form I)
* تَأْمُلُ (taʔmulu) /taʔ.mu.lu/: inflection of أَمَلَ (ʔamala):
** second-person masculine singular non-past active indicative
** third-person feminine singular non-past active indicative
* تَأْمُلَ (taʔmula) /taʔ.mu.la/: inflection of أَمَلَ (ʔamala):
** second-person masculine singular non-past active subjunctive
** third-person feminine singular non-past active subjunctive
* تَأْمُلْ (taʔmul) /taʔ.mul/: inflection of أَمَلَ (ʔamala):
** second-person masculine singular non-past active jussive
** third-person feminine singular non-past active jussive

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic تَأَمُّل (taʔammul).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ta.ʔam.mul]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [t̪ʰä.ʔäm.mʊl]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [t̪ʰä.ʔäm.mʊl]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [t̪ʰɑːäm.mʊl]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [t̪ʰɔːäm.mul̥]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [t̪ʰæ.ʔæm.mol̥]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [t̪ʰä.ʔäm.mul]

### Noun

تَأَمُّل • (ta'ammol)
* consideration; reflection; contemplation
** 1258, Sa'dī of Shiraz, translated by Wheeler M. Thackston, گلستانِ سعدی [Gulistān]:یک شب تأمل ایام گذشته می‌کردم و بر عمر تلف کرده تأسف می‌خوردم […]yak šab ta'ammol-i ayâm-i guzašta mê-kardam u bar umr-i talaf karda ta'assuf mê-xwardam […] One night I was contemplating days past and regretting my wasted life […] (Classical Persian romanization)

#### Derived terms

* تَأَمُّل کَردَن (ta'ammol kardan)

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Arabic تَأَمَّلَ (taʔammala).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tʔam.mal/, [(ɪ)tˈʔam.mal]
* Audio (Ramallah):(file)

### Verb

تأمّل • (tʔammal) V (present بتأمّل (bitʔammal))
* to be hopeful about or look forward to (something)
# ممنوع
## Arabic
### Etymology

Derived from the passive participle of the verb مَنَعَ (manaʕa, “to forbid”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /mam.nuːʕ/
* Rhymes: -uːʕ

### Adjective

مَمْنُوع • (mamnūʕ) (feminine مَمْنُوعَة (mamnūʕa), masculine plural مَمْنُوعُونَ (mamnūʕūna), feminine plural مَمْنُوعَات (mamnūʕāt))
* forbidden
    Synonym: مَحْظُور (maḥẓūr)
    Antonyms: مَسْمُوح (masmūḥ), مُبَاح (mubāḥ)
* hindered
* prevented
* (grammar) uninflected, undeclinable

#### Derived terms

* مَمْنُوع مِن الصَّرْف (mamnūʕ min aṣ-ṣarf)

#### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: məmnu
* → Persian: ممنوع
** → Urdu: ممنوع
* → Ottoman Turkish: ممنوع (memnu')
** Turkish: memnu
* → Uzbek: mamnu'

#### References

* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “ممنوع”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen

## Persian
### Etymology

From Arabic مَمْنُوع (mamnūʕ).

### Pronunciation

* Audio (Iran):(file)
* (Classical Persian) IPA: [mam.ˈnuːʔ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [mäm.núːʔ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [mäm.núːʔ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [mäm.núː]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [mäm.nú]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [mæm.núːʔ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [mäm.nɵ́ʔ]

### Adjective

ممنوع • (mamnu')
* prohibited
* forbidden

#### Related terms

* ممنوعه (mamnu'e)
* ممنوع کردن (mamnu' kardan)

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic مَمْنُوع (mamnūʕ). Equivalent to the passive participle of منع (manaʕ, “to forbid”) .

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /mam.nuːʕ/, [mamˈnuːʕ]
* Audio (Ramallah):(file)

### Adjective

ممنوع • (mamnūʕ) (feminine ممنوعة (mamnūʕa))
* forbidden, prohibited
    Antonym: مسموح (masmūḥ)
    ممنوع حد يوكل أيّ إشي إلّا بعد ما يغسّل إيديه منيح.mamnūʕ ḥad yōkel ʔayy ʔiši ʔilla baʕd mā yḡassel ʔīdēh mnīḥNobody is allowed to eat anything until they've washed their hands well.(literally, “It is forbidden for someone to eat anything except after he washes his hands well.”)

#### See also

* منع (manaʕ, “to forbid”)

## Urdu
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian ممنوع (mamnu'), taken from Arabic مَمْنُوع (mamnūʕ).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /məm.nuː/
* Rhymes: -uː

### Adjective

مَمْنُوع • (mamnūʻ) (indeclinable, Hindi spelling मम्नू)
* forbidden, prohibited
    Synonym: منع (manaʻ)

### References

* “ممنوع”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
* “ممنوع”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.
# ذكور
## Arabic
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ða.kuːr/
* Rhymes: -uːr

#### Adjective

ذَكُورٌ • (ḏakūrun) (feminine ذَكُورٌ (ḏakūrun), common plural ذُكُرٌ (ḏukurun))
* having a good memory
    Antonyms: نَسِيّ (nasiyy), نَسَّاء (nassāʔ)
    إِنْ كُنْتَ كَذُوبًا فَكُنْ ذَكُورًاʔin kunta kaḏūban fakun ḏakūran(please add an English translation of this usage example)

##### Declension
### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ðu.kuːr/
* Rhymes: -uːr

#### Noun

ذُكُور • (ḏukūr) m pl
* plural of ذَكَر (ḏakar)
# جسر
## Arabic
### Etymology 1.1

From Aramaic גִּישְׁרָא / גִּשְׁרָא (gišrā) / ܓܫܪܐ (gešrā), with Hebrew גֶּשֶׁר (géšer) from Akkadian 𒄀𒅖𒊒 (gišru, “bridge”). Note the meaning “timber, beam” in Syriac – originally the Arabic word meant a wooden bridge in distinction from a stone bridge قَنْطَرَة (qanṭara). The word has a derivation in Akkadian from 𒄑𒃡 (GIŠ.ÙR), 𒄑𒃡𒋗 (GIŠ.ŠU.ÙR /⁠gušūru, gašūru⁠/, “tree-trunk; felled log, timber; beams”), itself considered a Sumerian loanword.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /d͡ʒisr/
* Audio:(file)

#### Noun

جِسْر • (jisr) m (plural أَجْسُر (ʔajsur) or جُسُور (jusūr))
* bridge

##### Declension
### Etymology 1.2

Denominal verb of جِسْر (jisr, “bridge”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /d͡ʒa.sa.ra/

#### Verb

جَسَرَ • (jasara) I (non-past يَجْسُرُ (yajsuru), verbal noun جَسْر (jasr)) (transitive)
* to arch, to vault (a bridge)
* to span, to traverse, to cross (as if by a bridge)

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 1.3
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /d͡ʒasr/

#### Noun

جَسْر • (jasr) m
* verbal noun of جَسَرَ (jasara) (form I)

##### Declension
### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /d͡ʒa.sa.ra/

#### Verb

جَسَرَ • (jasara) I (non-past يَجْسُرُ (yajsuru), verbal noun جَسَارَة (jasāra) or جُسُور (jusūr))
* to dare, to risk, to venture [with عَلَى (ʕalā) ‘something’ or أَنْ (ʔan, + subjunctive clause) ‘to do something’]
    لَا يَجْسُرُ أَنْ يَفْعَلَ كَذَا.lā yajsuru ʔan yafʕala kaḏā.He dares not do such a thing.
* to act boldly or courageously [with عَلَى (ʕalā) ‘against someone, e.g. an enemy’]

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 3

Borrowed from Classical Persian جَسَر (jasar), from Bengali যশোর (jośōr).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /d͡ʒa.sar/

#### Noun

جَسَر • (jasar) f
* Jessore (a city in Bangladesh)

##### Declension
### References

* Fraenkel, Siegmund (1886) Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen (in German), Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 285
* Kaufman, Stephen A. (1974) The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic (The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago Assyriological Studies; 19)‎, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, page 52
* Meissner, Bruno (1894) “Lexicographische Studien”, in Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und verwandte Gebiete‎ (in German), volume 9, pages 268–270
* Müller, David Heinrich (1887) “Arabisch-aramäische Glossen”, in Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes‎ (in German), volume 1, pages 31–32
* Zimmern, Heinrich (1915) Akkadische Fremdwörter als Beweis für babylonischen Kultureinfluss (in German), Leipzig: A. Edelmann, page 31

## Hijazi Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic جِسْر (jisr).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /d͡ʒi.sir/, [d͡ʒɪ.sɪr], [ʒɪ.sɪɾ]

### Noun

جسر • (jisir) m (construct state جِسْر (jisr), plural جسور (jusūr))
* bridge

#### See also

* كبري (kubri, “overpass”)

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic جِسْر (jisr).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʒisr/, [ˈʒɪ.s(ɪ)r], [ˈd͡ʒɪ.s(ɪ)r]
* Audio (Amman):(file)

### Noun

جسر • (jisr) m (plural جسورة (jsūra))
* bridge
# استراحة
## Arabic
### Etymology

Verbal noun of اِسْتَرَاحَ (istarāḥa).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /is.ti.raː.ħa/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

اِسْتِرَاحَة • (istirāḥa) f (plural اِسْتِرَاحَات (istirāḥāt))
* verbal noun of اِسْتَرَاحَ (istarāḥa) (form X)
* reposing, resting
* tranquility
* pausing
* rest
* pause
* (uncommon) smelling

#### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: istirahət
* → Indonesian: istirahat
* → Persian: استراحت (esterâhat)
** → Urdu: استراحت (isterāhat)
* → Swahili: starehe
* → Ottoman Turkish: استراحت
** → Turkish: istirahat
* → Uzbek: istirohat

### References

* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “استراحة”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen
* Wehr, Hans (1979) “روح”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Arabic اِسْتِرَاحَة (istirāḥa). Equivalent to the verbal noun of استراح (istarāḥ, “to rest”) .

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /is.ti.raː.ħe/, [ɪs.tɪˈrˤɑː.ħɑ]
* IPA: /is.ti.raː.ħa/, [ɪs.tɪˈrˤɑː.ħɑ]
* Audio (Amman):(file)

### Noun

استراحة • (istirāḥa) f
* rest, break, intermission
    لمّا بدرس للامتحانات، بالعادة باخد استراحة واحدة بس لمدة نصّ ساعة.lamma badros lil-imtiḥānāt bil-ʕāda bāḵod istirāḥa wāḥde bas la-moddet nuṣṣ sāʕaWhen I study for exams, I usually just take one half-hour break.
# تضييع
## Arabic
### Etymology

Verbal noun of ضَيَّعَ (ḍayyaʕa).

### Pronunciation

IPA: /tadˤ.jiːʕ/

### Noun

تَضْيِيع • (taḍyīʕ) m
* verbal noun of ضَيَّعَ (ḍayyaʕa) (form II)
* wasting, losing
    كيف تجيب بعض الناس الذين يقولون: دراسة الكتاب المقدس هي تضييع للوقت.(please add an English translation of this usage example)
# ثقافي
## Arabic
### Etymology

Relative adjective (nisba) composed of ثَقَافَة (ṯaqāfa, “culture”) +‎ ـِيّ (-iyy).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /θa.qaː.fijj/

### Adjective

ثَقَافِيّ • (ṯaqāfiyy) (feminine ثَقَافِيَّة (ṯaqāfiyya), masculine plural ثَقَافِيُّونَ (ṯaqāfiyyūna), feminine plural ثَقَافِيَّات (ṯaqāfiyyāt))
* cultural
    مَارْكْسِيَّةٌ ثَقَافِيَّةٌ ― mārksiyyatun ṯaqāfiyyatun ― cultural Marxism
    يُقَدِّمُ ٱلْمِهْرَجَانُ ٱلثَّقَافِيُّ عُرُوضًا فَنِّيَّةً وَمُوسِيقِيَّةً رَائِعَةً.yuqaddimu l-mihrajānu ṯ-ṯaqāfiyyu ʕurūḍan fanniyyatan wamūsīqiyyatan rāʔiʕatan.The cultural festival presents fantastic artistic and musical performances.
* educational
* intellectual

#### References

* Wehr, Hans (1979) “ثقافي”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN
# تبارك
## Arabic
### Etymology 1
#### Verb

تَبَارَكَ • (tabāraka) VI (non-past يَتَبَارَكُ (yatabāraku), verbal noun تَبَارُك (tabāruk))
* to be blessed, to be fortunate
    تَبَارَكَ ٱللهُ ― tabāraka llāhu ― God is blessed
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
** a. 1256, Sibt ibn al-Jawzi, مرآة الزمان في تواريخ الأعيان, volume 5, page 459:وَقَبْرُه ظَاهِرٌ يُتَبَارَكُ بِهِwaqabruh ẓāhirun yutabāraku bihi(please add an English translation of this quotation)
** a. 1348, Al-Dhahabi, تَارِيخ الْإِسْلَام (tārīḵ al-ʔislām), volume 50, page 74:وَقَبْرُهُ يُتَبَارَكُ بِهِ وَيُزَارُwaqabruhu yutabāraku bihi wayuzāru(please add an English translation of this quotation)
** 2002, Salih Al Al-Sheikh, التمهيد لشرح كتاب التوحيد, 1st edition, Dar At-Tawhid, page 129:فَإِذَا أَخَذَ—مَنْ هَٰذِهِ حَالُهُ—تُرَابَ الْقَبْرِ، وَنَثَرَهُ عَلَيْهِ لِٱعْتِقَادِهَ أَنَّ هَٰذَا التُّرَابَ مُبَارَكٌ، وَإِذَا لَامَسَ جِسْمَهَ فِإنَّ جِسْمَهُ يُتَبَارَكُ بِهِ أَيْ: مِنْ جِهَةِ السَّبَبِيَّةِ: فَهَٰذَا شِرْكٌ أَصْغَرُfaʔiḏā ʔaḵaḏa—man hāḏihi ḥāluhu—turāba l-qabri, wanaṯarahu ʕalayhi liʕtiqādiha ʔanna hāḏā t-turāba mubārakun, waʔiḏā lāmasa jismaha fiʔinna jismahu yutabāraku bihi ʔay: min jihati s-sababiyyati: fahāḏā širkun ʔaṣḡaru(please add an English translation of this quotation)

##### References

* Lane, Edward William (1863) “تبارك”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate
* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “تبارك”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

تَبَارُك • (tabāruk) m
* verbal noun of تَبَارَكَ (tabāraka) (form VI)
# حفر
## Arabic
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Semitic *ḥapar-. Cognate with Biblical Hebrew חָפַר (ḥɔp̄ar, “to dig, search for”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ħa.fa.ra/

#### Verb

حَفَرَ • (ḥafara) I (non-past يَحْفِرُ (yaḥfiru), verbal noun حَفْر (ḥafr))
* to dig, dig out, hollow
* to dig or clean a well
* to investigate
* to lie with
* to emaciate by milking frequently

##### Conjugation
#### References

* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “حفر”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Semitic *ḥapr-.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ħafr/

#### Noun

حَفْر • (ḥafr) m
* verbal noun of حَفَرَ (ḥafara) (form I)
* digging, hollowing

##### Declension
#### See also

* خَرَتَ (ḵarata, “to pierce, perforate”)

#### References

* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “حفر”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen

## Gulf Arabic
### Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* (Kuwait) IPA: /ħəfər/

#### Adjective

حَفَر • (ḥafar) m or f
* (indeclinable) sleeveless

#### Noun

حَفَر • (ḥafar) m (plural حَفَرات (ḥafarāt))
* sleeveless shirt

### Etymology 2

From Classical Arabic حَفَرَ (ḥafara), from Proto-Semitic *ḥapar-.

#### Pronunciation

* (Kuwait) IPA: /ħɪfər/

#### Verb

حِفَر • (ḥifar) (imperfective يَحْفِر (yaḥfir) or يِحْفِر (yiḥfir))
* to dig

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic حَفْر (ḥafr).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [hafɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [häfɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [häfɾ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [ʔäfɾ]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [ʔäfɾ]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [hæfɹ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [häfɾ]

### Noun

حفر • (hafr)
* dig, excavation
    Synonym: حفاری (haffâri)
    حفر تونل‌ها ― hafr-e tunel-hâ ― the digging of tunnels

#### Derived terms

* حفر کردن (hafr kardan, “to dig”)