# 也

| 也 | U+4E5F, &#20063; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E5F |
| ← 乞 [U+4E5E] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 习 → [U+4E60] |

## Translingual
### Han character

也 (Kangxi radical 5, 乙+2, 3 strokes, cangjie input 心木 (PD), four-corner 4471$_2$, composition ⿻乜丨)

#### Derived characters

* 他, 吔, 地, 她, 弛, 彵, 忚, 扡, 池, 𮋭, 阤, 𤜣, 肔, 杝, 灺, 牠, 迆, 𥐨, 𦧇, 祂, 䄬, 毑, 䊶, 𦏸, 虵, 衪, 訑, 貤, 酏, 釶, 䪧, 馳, 䶔, 乸, 㐌, 㦾, 竾, 髢, 匜, 𥒃, 𮌊
* 𰀸

#### Descendants

* ㄝ (Zhuyin alphabet)
* ㆤ (Zhuyin alphabet)
* や (Hiragana character derived from Man'yōgana)
* ヤ (Katakana character derived from Man'yōgana)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 84, character 4
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 171
* Dae Jaweon: page 170, character 4
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 50, character 5
* Unihan data for U+4E5F

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 也 :
| Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| Bronze inscriptionsb17218Small seal scripts09381Transcribed ancient scriptsL35048L35049L35050L35051L17347L17348L17349L17350L17351L17352L17353 ||||
| References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script). ||||
| | Old Chinese |
| 他 | *l̥ʰaːl |
| 拖 | *l̥ʰaːl, *l̥ʰaːls |
| 駞 | *l'aːl |
| 池 | *l'aːl, *l'al |
| 灺 | *ljalʔ |
| 鍦 | *ɦljaːl, *hljal, *hljals |
| 虵 | *ɦljal, *laːlʔ, *lal |
| 也 | *laːlʔ |
| 忚 | *hleːl |
| 髢 | *l'eːls |
| 杝 | *l̥ʰalʔ, *l'alʔ, *lal |
| 肔 | *l̥ʰalʔ, *lalʔ |
| 馳 | *l'al |
| 阤 | *l'alʔ, *hljalʔ |
| 施 | *hljal, *hljals |
| 絁 | *hljal |
| 葹 | *hljal |
| 弛 | *hljalʔ |
| 箷 | *lal |
| 衪 | *lel, *lalʔ |
| 暆 | *lel |
| 迆 | *lal, *lalʔ |
| 酏 | *lal, *lalʔ |
| 匜 | *lal, *lalʔ |
| 迤 | *lalʔ |
| 扡 | *lalʔ |
| 崺 | *lalʔ |
| 貤 | *lals, *ɦljels, *lels |
| 地 | *l'els |
Pictogram (象形) — A child (子) with their mouth (口) open crying. The original form of 嗁 (OC *l'eː, “to cry”) (Chi Hsu-Sheng, 2014). The child's arms were removed during bronze inscriptions and the two components fused together in the modern form.
Other various possible explanations include:
* The traditional glyph origin given in Shuowen explains the character to be a pictogram (象形) of female genitalia.
* It was once interchangeable with 它 and may have originated as a simplification. Hence, it could be the pictogram of a snake.
* It may have been created to represent the modal particle (語氣詞／语气词 (yǔqìcí)). In some bronze inscriptions, it appears to be a mouth (口) with a curved line descending from it to represent air coming out of the mouth.
* It is possibly a pictogram (象形) of an ancient funnel or wash basin. It may be an early form of 匜.
* It may have signified a big-headed scorpion with its legs flattened, signifying as something very "flat" or "stretched out".

### Etymology
#### classical sentence-ending copulative particle, topic particle

Unclear. Possibly Sino-Tibetan, connectable to Tibetan ལ (la), which is often used as a marker (for oblique locative, dative, possessor in constructions with a copula verb, etc.) but also a topicalizer like ནི (ni, “as for”) (Schuessler, 2007).
On the other hand, Pulleyblank (1995) notes the similarity with anteclassical 唯 (OC *ɢʷi) as a copula and a topicalizer.

#### also, too, as well

* This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Maybe related to classical synonym 亦 (MC yek)?”
This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): yě (ye$^3$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄧㄝˇ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ye$^3$
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): е (i͡ə, II)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jaa$^5$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ya$^4$
* Gan (Wiktionary): ia$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ya / yâ
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ya$^1$
* Jin (Wiktionary): ie$^2$
* Northern Min (KCR): ǎ / iǎ
* Eastern Min (BUC): iâ / iá
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): iā / iǎ / ā / ǎ / iá
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ia$^7$ / a$^7$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^6$gha; $^6$gha; $^6$ye; $^1$a / $^8$ghaeq; $^2$gha; $^1$ie / $^3$ie; $^6$gha
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ia$^3$ / ie$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yě
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄝˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yě
*** Wade–Giles: yeh$^3$
*** Yale: yě
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yee
*** Palladius: е (je)
*** Sinological IPA : /jɛ²¹⁴/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: ye$^3$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ie
*** Sinological IPA : /iɛ⁵³/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: е (i͡ə, II)
*** Sinological IPA : /iə⁵¹/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jaa$^5$
*** Yale: yáh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jaa$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ya$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /jaː¹³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ya$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ja²¹/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: ia$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /ia²¹³/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ya / yâ
*** Hakka Romanization System: ia / ia$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ya$^4$ / ya$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /i̯a⁵⁵/, /i̯a²⁴/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ya / yâ
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)ia / (r)ia$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ya$^4$ / ya$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯a⁵⁵/, /(j)i̯a²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: ya$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /ia⁴⁴/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: ie$^2$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ie⁵³/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ǎ / iǎ
*** Sinological IPA : /a²¹/, /ia²¹/
* ǎ - vernacular;
* iǎ - literary.
* Middle Chinese: yaeX
Rime :
| Character | 也 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 以 (36) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (100) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 羊者切 |
| Baxter | yaeX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /jia$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /jia$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ia$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /jia$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ia$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /jĭa$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /i̯a$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yě |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | je$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*lAjʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*laːlʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 也 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yě |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ yæ$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*lAjʔ/ |
| English | (final particle) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 也 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 14773 |
| Phonetic component | 也 |
| Rime group | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 野 |
| Old Chinese | /*laːlʔ/ |

### Definitions

也
* also; too; as well; (in negative sentences) neither; either
    我也去了。 ― Wǒ yě qù le. ― I also went.
    我也是中國人。／我也是中国人。 ― Wǒ yě shì zhōngguórén. ― I am Chinese too.
       Nǐ rúguǒ bù qù, wǒ yě bù qù. [Pinyin]
       If you don't go, I won't either.
       Wǒ yě méiyǒu kànjiàn guò tā. [Pinyin]
       I haven't seen it either.
* Used for emphasis.
       Zhè yě tài bùxiànghuà le. [Pinyin]
       This is way too outrageous.
** With object fronting.
       Tā fàn yě bù chī, jiào yě bù shuì. [Pinyin]
       (Disappointingly) he neither eats nor sleeps.
** Used in the 連……也…… / 连……也…… constructions for stronger emphasis. Interchangeable with 都. even
       Tā lián xùshēng yě bùrú, lián zìjǐ de fùmǔ yě bù yǎnghuó. [Pinyin]
       He is no better than an animal, because he doesn't even support his own parents.
** Used in the 再……也…… concessive constructions. still, anyway, nevertheless
       Nǐ zài cōngmíng, yě huídá bùliǎo zhè ge wèntí. [Pinyin]
       No matter how smart you are, you won't be able to answer this question.
* (Classical) Particle used at the end of copular constructions involving a nominal predicate; to be (although not grammatically a verb)
    我亦人也。 [Literary Chinese] ― Wǒ yì rén yě. [Pinyin] ― I am a person, too.
       Qí xī yǒu dà shān, tiānxià zhì gāo zhě yě. [Pinyin]
       In the west there are great mountains, which are the tallest in the world.
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE
    Jūnzǐ rén yú? Jūnzǐ rén yě. [Pinyin]
    Is he a noble person? He is a noble person.
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Téng xiǎoguó yě, jiān yú Qí Chǔ. Shì Qí hū? Shì Chǔ hū? [Pinyin]
    Teng is a small kingdom, between Qi and Chu. Should we serve Qi? Or Should we serve Chu?
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Yóushì guān zhī, wú cèyǐn zhī xīn, fēi rén yě. [Pinyin]
    From this we may see that if somebody lacks a commiserating heart, they are not a human being.
    From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
    Wànwù suī duō, qí zhì yī yě. [Pinyin]
    Though the myriad things are many, their government is one.
** Often used more loosely than the English copula to indicate a cause or relation.
    From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
    Sǐ shēng, mìng yě, qí yǒu yè dàn zhī cháng, tiān yě. [Pinyin]
    Life and death are [matters of] destiny. That there is the constancy of night and dawn is [a matter of] Heaven.
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Jié Zhòu zhī shī tiānxià yě, shī qí mín yě; shī qí mín zhě, shī qí xīn yě. [Pinyin]
    That Jie and Zhou lost the empire was because they lost their people; that they lost their people was because they lost their hearts.
* (Classical) Topic-marking particle used at the end of noun phrases.
    Synonym: 者 (zhě)
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE
    Huí yě, bù yú. [Pinyin]
    Hui is not foolish.
    From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
    Rén zhī shēng yě, gù ruò shì máng hū! Qí wǒ dú máng, ér rén yì yǒu bù máng zhě hū! [Pinyin]
    As for a man's life, is it hazy like this all along? Or is it mine alone which is hazy, and there are others who are not?
    From: Han Feizi, circa 2nd century BCE
    Fán fǎshù zhī nán xíng yě, bù dú wànchéng, qiānchéng yì rán. [Pinyin]
    Generally concerning the difficulty of carrying out the law, not only the imperial realm but kingdoms are also [faced with] this.
** when, at the time of; especially commonly used for temporal topics, often as 及其……也.
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Zhàngfū zhī guàn yě, fù mìng zhī; nǚzǐ zhī jià yě, mǔ mìng zhī. [Pinyin]
    When a man is capped [at the age of twenty], his father instructs him; when a girl is married, her mother instructs her.
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Sāndài zhī dé tiānxià yě yǐ rén, qí shī tiānxià yě yǐ bù rén. [Pinyin]
    When the Three Dynasties gained the empire, it was through benevolence; when they lost the empire, it was through lack of benevolence.
    From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
    Xīzhě, Lǔ Zhāogōng shào sàng qí mǔ, yǒu címǔ liáng. Jí qí sǐ yě, gōng fú rěn yě. [Pinyin]
    Duke Zhao of Lu was once bereaved of his mother when he was a child, and had a foster mother who was kind. When she died, the Duke could not bear it.
* (Classical) Verb phrase-final particle marking continuous aspect, especially common for assertions of unchanging fact.
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE
    Mèng Wǔ Bó wèn: “Zǐlù rén hū?” Zǐ yuē: “Bù zhī yě.” [Pinyin]
    Meng Wu Bo asked. "Is Zilu benevolent?" The Master said, "I do not know."
    From: Mozi, c. 4th century BCE
    Dāngshì zhī shí, jiānchē liángmǎ bù zhī guì yě, kèlòu wéncǎi bù zhī xǐ yě. [Pinyin]
    In that age, they did not find value in sturdy chariots and good horses; they did not find pleasure in carvings and adornments.
    From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
    Rén jiē zhī yǒuyòng zhī yòng, ér mò zhī wúyòng zhī yòng yě. [Pinyin]
    Everybody knows the use in being useful, but nobody knows the use in being useless.
* (Teochew) if
* a surname, Ye

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 亦 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 也 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 也 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 也 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 也 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 也 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 也 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 也 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 也 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 也 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 也 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 也 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 也 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 都, 亦 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 都, 亦, 亦都 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 都, 亦 formal |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 都, 也 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 亦 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 亦, 都, 亦都 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 也 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 都 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 都, 亦都 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 也 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 也 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Meilin) | 也 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 乜 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 乜, 也 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 乜 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 乜 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 乜 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 嘛 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 呠 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 也 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 也 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 也 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 也 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 也, 嘛 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 也, 嘛 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 也, 嘛 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 也, 嘛 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 呠 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 也, 呠, 嘛 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 也, 嘛, 閣 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 也 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 也 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 也 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 呠, 也, 嘛 |
| Southern Min | Pontianak (Teochew) | 也 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 也 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 都 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 也 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 亦 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 也 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 也 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 也 |

### Compounds

* 之乎者也 (zhīhūzhěyě)
* 也不盡然 / 也不尽然
* 也不見得 / 也不见得
* 也先
* 也克先拜巴扎 (Yěkèxiān Bàibāzhā)
* 也可
* 也好 (yěhǎo)
* 也是 (yěshì)
* 也曾
* 也未可知
* 也波
* 也罷 / 也罢 (yěbà)
* 也行
* 也許 / 也许 (yěxǔ)
* 也速該 / 也速该
* 也須 / 也须
* 也麼哥 / 也么哥
* 可也
* 撥風也似 / 拨风也似
* 斯也克 (Sīyěkè)
* 暴雷也似
* 死也瞑目
* 溜之乎也
* 潑天也似 / 泼天也似
* 空空如也 (kōngkōngrúyě)
* 箭也似的
* 維也納 / 维也纳 (Wéiyěnà)
* 色也克 (Sèyěkè)
* 英也爾 / 英也尔 (Yīngyě'ěr)
* 莫予毒也 (mòyúdúyě)
* 莫余毒也 (mòyúdúyě)
* 說也奇怪 / 说也奇怪
* 阿也
* 雞屎落塗，也有三寸煙 / 鸡屎落涂，也有三寸烟 (ke sái lo̍h thô͘, iā ū saⁿ chhùn ian) (Min Nan)
* 飛也似的 / 飞也似的

### Further reading

* Caboara, Marco (2010) The particle ye 也 and related constructions in the Guodian manuscripts of IV century BCE (PhD)‎, University of Washington

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* to be
* (uncommon) also

#### Readings

* Go-on: や (ya)、え (e)
* Kan-on: や (ya)
* Kun: なり (nari, 也)、か (ka)、また (mata, 也)
As an alternative form of 迆:
* Go-on: い (i)
* Kan-on: い (i)
* Kun: これ (kore, 也)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 也
* なり Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi

#### Glyph origin

Orthographic borrowing from Literary Chinese 也 (yě, copula).

#### Definitions

For pronunciation and definitions of 也 – see the following entry. :
| 【なり】 | [verb] (Classical Japanese or literary) the classical copula “to be”, equivalent to modern Japanese である (de aru) or だ (da), or adjective particle な (na) [particle] Used when giving an example, without the implication that it might be the best or the only option [particle] ... or ... [suffix] (Classical Japanese) A modal auxiliary verb indicating hearsay or conjecture based on what is heard: it sounds like; it is said that Alternative spellings 𬼂, 𬻿 |
(This term, 也, is an alternative spelling (terminal form) of the above term.) :

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 也
* また Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi

#### Glyph origin

Orthographic borrowing from Mandarin 也 (yě, “also”). Probably an early modern innovation.

#### Definitions

For pronunciation and definitions of 也 – see the following entry. :
| 【また】 | [conjunction] and, also Alternative spellings 又, 亦, 復 |
(This term, 也, is an alternative spelling (literary, uncommon) of the above term.) :

## Korean
### Hanja

也 (eumhun 잇기 야 (itgi ya))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
也 (eumhun 어조사 야 (eojosa ya))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
也 (eumhun 잇달을 야 (itdareul ya))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

也: Hán Việt readings: giã, dã
也: Nôm readings: dạ, dã, giã, rã
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

### References

* Hồ Lê (1976). Bảng Tra Chữ Nôm. Hanoi: Viện Ngôn Ngữ Học.
* Nguyễn, Quang Hồng (2014). Tự Điển Chữ Nôm Dẫn Giải (Nôm Characters with Quotations and Annotations). Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội (Social Sciences Publishing House).
* Williams, Noriko Kurosawa (2010). "The Key to Kanji". Boston: Cheng & Tsui Company, Inc.