# 金剛
## Chinese

* 金剛 (Wu)
* 金剛 (Cantonese)
* 金剛 (消歧義) (Written Standard Chinese)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jīngāng
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄣ ㄍㄤ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gam$^1$ gong$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kîm-kông
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kim-kong
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gim$^1$ geng$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jīngāng
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄣ ㄍㄤ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jingang
*** Wade–Giles: chin$^1$-kang$^1$
*** Yale: jīn-gāng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jingang
*** Palladius: цзиньган (czinʹgan)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕin⁵⁵ kɑŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gam$^1$ gong$^1$
*** Yale: gām gōng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gam$^1$ gong$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gem$^1$ gong$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɐm⁵⁵ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kîm-kông
*** Hakka Romanization System: gim$^ˊ$ gong$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gim$^1$ gong$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kim²⁴⁻¹¹ koŋ²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kim-kong
*** Tâi-lô: kim-kong
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kimkofng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kim⁴⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kim³³ kɔŋ³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kim⁴⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kim⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kim⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gim$^1$ geng$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kim kṳng
*** Sinological IPA : /kim³³⁻²³ kɯŋ³³/
* Middle Chinese: kim kang
Rime :
| Character | 金 | 剛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 侵 (140) | 唐 (101) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 居吟切 | 古郎切 |
| Baxter | kim | kang |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠiɪm/ | /kɑŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kᵚim/ | /kɑŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kiem/ | /kɑŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kjim/ | /kaŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /kjəm/ | /kɑŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /kĭĕm/ | /kɑŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ki̯əm/ | /kɑŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jīn | gāng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gam$^1$ | gong$^1$ |

### Etymology 1
#### Noun

金剛
* (～石) diamond
* (figuratively) object that is extremely hard and strong
* (Buddhism) vajra
* (Buddhism) tutelary of Buddhist teaching
** 1883, Adele Marion Fielde, “金”, in A Pronouncing and Defining Dictionary of the Swatow Dialect, Arranged According to Syllables and Tones, Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press, page 249:
       zu$^7$ si$^6$ gim$^1$ geng$^1$, ua$^2$ ia$^7$ ain$^3$ kang$^3$ i$^1$ go$^3$ thou$^5$. [Peng'im]
       Though he were the gods that guard the temple gates I would treat him as if he were clay.
* pupa of some insects

##### Synonyms

* (diamond): 金剛石／金刚石 (jīngāngshí), 鑽石／钻石 (zuànshí)

##### Derived terms

* 丈二金剛 / 丈二金刚
* 勝樂金剛 / 胜乐金刚
* 四大金剛 / 四大金刚
* 大輪金剛 / 大轮金刚 (Dàlún Jīngāng)
* 密跡金剛 / 密迹金刚
* 密集金剛 / 密集金刚
* 普巴金剛 / 普巴金刚 (Pǔbā Jīngāng)
* 沒那金剛鑽兒，也不攬那磁器傢伙 / 没那金刚钻儿，也不揽那磁器家伙
* 穢跡金剛 / 秽迹金刚
* 立地金剛 / 立地金刚
* 變形金剛 / 变形金刚 (biànxíng jīngāng)
* 金剛不壞之身 / 金刚不坏之身 (jīngāng bùhuài zhī shēn)
* 金剛努目 / 金刚努目
* 金剛山 / 金刚山 (Jīngāngshān)
* 金剛怒目 / 金刚怒目
* 金剛牆 / 金刚墙 (jīngāngqiáng)
* 金剛猩猩 / 金刚猩猩
* 金剛界 / 金刚界
* 金剛石 / 金刚石 (jīngāngshí)
* 金剛砂 / 金刚砂 (jīngāngshā)
* 金剛經 / 金刚经
* 金剛身 / 金刚身
* 金剛鑽 / 金刚钻 (jīngāngzuàn)
* 金剛鑽婚 / 金刚钻婚
* 金剛頂經 / 金刚顶经
* 金剛鸚鵡 / 金刚鹦鹉 (jīngāng yīngwǔ, “macaw”)
* 鐵金剛 / 铁金刚

##### Descendants

* → Japanese: 金剛(こんごう) (kongō)
* → Vietnamese: kim cương (金剛)

#### Further reading

* Ding, Fubao (丁福保) (1922), “金剛” in 佛學大辭典 [A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms].

### Etymology 2

Phono-semantic matching of English King Kong.

#### Proper noun

金剛
* King Kong (fictional giant ape)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 金 | 剛 |
| こん Grade: 1 | ごう Grade: S |
| goon | kan'yōon |

### Etymology

/komʉ kau/ → /koŋɡau/ → /koŋɡɔː/ → /koŋɡoː/
From Middle Chinese 金剛 (MC kim kang), itself a translation of Sanskrit वज्र (vajra, “diamond, adamant; thunderbolt”).
Compare modern Cantonese 金剛 / 金刚 (gam$^1$ gong$^1$).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こんごー [kóꜜǹgòò] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [kõ̞ŋɡo̞ː]

### Noun

金(こん)剛(ごう) • (kongō)
* an adamant (mythical rock thought to be of impenetrable hardness)
* (by extension) something extremely solid and indestructible
* (by extension) the firmness of one's own spirit and the strength of one's own spiritual power
* Short for 金剛石 (kongōseki): a diamond as a mineral or gemstone
* (Buddhism) Short for 金剛界 (kongōkai): the Diamond Realm in Vajrayana Buddhism
* (Buddhism) Short for 金剛杵 (kongōsho): a vajra (Buddhist double-headed ceremonial mace)
* (Buddhism) Short for 金剛力士 (kongō rikishi): a pair of vajra-wielding deities guarding most Buddhist temples
* (Buddhism) Short for 金剛童子 (kongō dōshi): This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
* Short for 金剛草履 (kongō zōri): a large zori made from straw or soft rush
* (by extension, theater) an actor or prostitute in charge of footwear, mostly handling kongō zōri

#### Derived terms

* 金(コン)剛(ゴウ)鸚(イン)哥(コ) (kongō inko)
* 金(こん)剛(ごう)界(かい) (kongōkai)
* 金(こん)剛(ごう)経(きょう) (Kongō-kyō)
* 金(こん)剛(ごう)薩(さっ)埵(た) (Kongōsatta)
* 金(こん)剛(ごう)山(さん) (Kongōsan)
* 金(こん)剛(ごう)杵(しょ) (kongōsho)
* 金(こん)剛(ごう)杖(じょう) (kongōjō)
* 金(こん)剛(ごう)石(せき) (kongōseki)
* 金(こん)剛(ごう)草(ぞう)履(り) (kongō zōri)
* 金(こん)剛(ごう)頂(ちょう)経(ぎょう) (Kongōchō-gyō)
* 金(こん)剛(ごう)杖(づえ) (kongōzue)
* 金(こん)剛(ごう)童(どう)子(し) (kongō dōshi)
* 金(こん)剛(ごう)力(りき) (kongōriki)

#### See also

* 伐折羅(ばさら), 伐闍羅(ばさら), 跋折羅(ばさら), 縛日羅(ばさら) (basara, transliterations of Sanskrit vajra)
* 草(ぞう)履(り)取(と)り (zōritori, “servant in charge of footwear”)
* ダイヤモンド (daiyamondo, “diamond”)

### Proper noun

金(こん)剛(ごう) • (Kongō)
* Short for 金剛座 (Kongōza): This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
* (theater) Short for 金剛流 (Kongō-ryū): a leading school of noh
* (historical) a class of battlecruisers in the Imperial Japanese Navy built before World War I, see Kongō-class battlecruiser on Wikipedia.Wikipedia (Should we delete this sense?)
    Hyponyms: 霧島 (Kirishima), 榛名 (Haruna), 比叡 (Hiei)
* (historical) the lead ship of her class, which was rebuilt into a battleship in 1929, see Japanese battleship Kongō on Wikipedia.Wikipedia (Should we delete this sense?)
* a placename
* a surname, especially used by masters of the Kongō-ryū
* a male or female given name

### References

* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ “金剛”, in 改訂新版 世界大百科事典 (Kaitei Shinpan Sekai Dai-hyakka Jiten, “Heibonsha World Encyclopedia Revised Edition”)‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Heibonsha, 2007, →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ “金剛”, in ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典 (Buritanika Kokusai Dai Hyakka Jiten: Shō Kōmoku Jiten, “Encyclopædia Britannica International: Micropædia”)‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Britannica Japan Co., Ltd., 2014

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 金 | 剛 |

### Noun

金剛 • (geumgang) (hangeul 금강)
* hanja form of 금강 (“diamond”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 金 | 剛 |

### Noun

金剛
* chữ Hán form of kim cương (“diamond”).