# 勉

| 勉 | U+52C9, &#21193; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-52C9 |
| ← 勈 [U+52C8] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 勊 → [U+52CA] |
| 勉 | U+FA33, &#64051; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA33 |
| ← 免 [U+FA32] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 勤 → [U+FA34] |
| 勉 | U+2F826, &#194598; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F826 |
| ← 勇 [U+2F825] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement | 勤 → [U+2F827] |

## Translingual

| Japanese | 勉 |
| Simplified | 勉 |
| Traditional | 勉 |

### Alternative forms

Note that in Japanese shinjitai, the bottom left handed stroke ㇓ of 免 is written as two separate components (𫩏+儿).

### Han character

勉 (Kangxi radical 19, 力+7 in Chinese, 力+8 in Japanese, 9 strokes in Chinese, 10 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 弓山大尸 (NUKS), four-corner 2421$_2$, composition ⿺免力)

#### Derived characters

* 𬾲, 𠷦, 㛯, 𢱍, 𭦴, 𤧔, 𦂔, 𱺨, 𨍠, 𨩯, 𩋭, 𠣉, 𠅦, 𡩄, 葂, 𣈳, 𫁕, 𤸩, 𰑷, 𠢖

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 147, character 37
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2384
* Dae Jaweon: page 333, character 2
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 372, character 3
* Unihan data for U+52C9
* Unihan data for U+FA33
* Unihan data for U+2F826

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 勉
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 免 | *mronʔ |
| 娩 | *mronʔ, *mronʔ, *m̥ʰons, *monʔ, *mons, *muns |
| 勉 | *mronʔ |
| 俛 | *mronʔ |
| 鮸 | *mronʔ |
| 冕 | *mronʔ |
| 絻 | *mronʔ, *moːn, *muns |
| 婏 | *m̥ʰos |
| 浼 | *muːlʔ |
| 鞔 | *moːn |
| 悗 | *moːn |
| 嬎 | *m̥ʰons |
| 晚 | *monʔ |
| 挽 | *monʔ |
| 輓 | *monʔ, *mons |
| 脕 | *monʔ, *mons, *muns |
| 莬 | *muns |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *mronʔ): phonetic 免 (OC *mronʔ) + semantic 力 (“strong”) – make a strong effort.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): miǎn (mian$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄇㄧㄢˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): min$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): miên
    (Hailu, HRS): mien$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): mên$^1$ / mên$^3$
* Eastern Min (BUC): miēng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): bián
    (Teochew, Peng'im): miang$^2$ / miêng$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: miǎn
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄧㄢˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: miǎn
*** Wade–Giles: mien$^3$
*** Yale: myǎn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mean
*** Palladius: мянь (mjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /mi̯ɛn²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: min$^5$
*** Yale: míhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: min$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: min$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /miːn¹³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: miên
*** Hakka Romanization System: mien$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: mian$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /mi̯en²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: mien$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /mien⁵³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: mên$^1$ / mên$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /mɛn⁴⁴/, /mɛn³¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: miēng
*** Sinological IPA : /mieŋ³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bián
*** Tâi-lô: bián
*** Phofsit Daibuun: biern
*** IPA (Xiamen): /biɛn⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /biɛn⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /biɛn⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /biɛn⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /biɛn⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: miang$^2$ / miêng$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: miáng / miéng
*** Sinological IPA : /miaŋ⁵²/, /mieŋ⁵²/
* miang2 - Shantou;
* miêng2 - Chaozhou.
* Middle Chinese: mjenX
Rime :
| Character | 勉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 仙 (79) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 亡辨切 |
| Baxter | mjenX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /mˠiᴇn$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /mᵚiɛn$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /miæn$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /mian$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /mjɛn$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /mĭɛn$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /mi̯ɛn$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | miǎn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | min$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*mr[o][r]ʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*mronʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 勉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | miǎn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ mjen$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*mr[o][r]ʔ/ |
| English | make an effort |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 勉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 9068 |
| Phonetic component | 免 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 免 |
| Old Chinese | /*mronʔ/ |

### Definitions

勉
* to endeavor; to make an effort; to strive
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Gōngzǐ miǎnzhī yǐ! Lǎochén bùnéng cóng. [Pinyin]
    Strive, my prince! Your old servant is unable to help.
* to encourage; to urge
* to force; to do something reluctantly
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to hurry; quickly
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 娩 (“to give birth to a child”)
* a surname

#### Compounds

* 互勉 (hùmiǎn)
* 僶勉 / 𠊟勉 (mǐnmiǎn)
* 勉力 (miǎnlì)
* 勉勵 / 勉励 (miǎnlì)
* 勉強 / 勉强
* 勉思
* 勉為其難 / 勉为其难 (miǎnwéiqínán)
* 勉生
* 勤勉 (qínmiǎn)
* 勸勉 / 劝勉 (quànmiǎn)
* 嘉勉 (jiāmiǎn)
* 困知勉行
* 奮勉 / 奋勉 (fènmiǎn)
* 強勉 / 强勉
* 慰勉 (wèimiǎn)
* 戒勉
* 勗勉 / 勖勉 (xùmiǎn)
* 期勉
* 淬勉
* 獎勉 / 奖勉
* 自勉 (zìmiǎn)
* 訓勉 / 训勉
* 黽勉 / 黾勉 (mǐnmiǎn)

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 勉 |
| Kyūjitai | 勉 &#xFA33; or 勉+&#xFE00; |
| Kyūjitai | 勉󠄀 勉+&#xE0100; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 勉󠄃 勉+&#xE0103; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Third grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 勉)
* effort
* to study

#### Readings

* Go-on: めん (men)
* Kan-on: べん (ben, Jōyō)
* Kun: つとめる (tsutomeru, 勉める)、はげます (hagemasu, 勉ます)、ひこ (hiko)、やつ (yatsu)
* Nanori: かつ (katsu)、すすむ (susumu)、つとむ (tsutomu)、まさる (masaru)、ます (masu)、やす (yasu)

#### Compounds

* 勉(べん)学(がく) (bengaku): study
* 勉(べん)強(きょう) (benkyō): study, studies
* 勉(べん)励(れい) (benrei): effort, striving

### Proper noun

勉(つとむ) • (Tsutomu)
* a male given name

### References

* ↑ “勉”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎ (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2025

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 勉 (MC mjenX).

### Hanja

Wikisource 勉 (eumhun 힘쓸 면 (himsseul myeon))
* hanja form of 면 (“strive; make an effort”)

#### Compounds

* 권면 (勸勉, gwonmyeon)
* 근면 (勤勉, geunmyeon)
* 면학 (勉學, myeonhak)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

勉: Hán Nôm readings: miễn, mến, mễn, mịn
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.