# 傭

| 傭 | U+50AD, &#20653; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-50AD |
| ← 催 [U+50AC] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 傮 → [U+50AE] |

## Translingual
### Han character

傭 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+11, 13 strokes, cangjie input 人戈中月 (OILB), four-corner 2022$_7$, composition ⿰亻庸)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 114, character 11
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1007
* Dae Jaweon: page 242, character 20
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 214, character 6
* Unihan data for U+50AD

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 傭
* Small seal scripts05728
* References:
* Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:
* Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
* Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
* Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
* Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
| | Old Chinese |
| 通 | *l̥ʰoːŋ |
| 俑 | *l̥ʰoːŋ, *loŋʔ |
| 蓪 | *l̥ʰoːŋ |
| 桶 | *l̥ʰoːŋʔ, *l'oːŋʔ |
| 捅 | *l̥ʰoːŋʔ |
| 痛 | *l̥ʰoːŋs |
| 筩 | *l'oːŋ |
| 誦 | *ljoŋs |
| 傭 | *l̥ʰoŋ, *loŋ |
| 慵 | *ɦljoŋ |
| 鱅 | *ɦljoŋ, *loŋ |
| 滽 | *loŋ |
| 墉 | *loŋ |
| 鏞 | *loŋ |
| 鄘 | *loŋ |
| 槦 | *loŋ |
| 銿 | *loŋ |
| 甬 | *loŋʔ |
| 勇 | *loŋʔ |
| 涌 | *loŋʔ |
| 踊 | *loŋʔ |
| 蛹 | *loŋʔ |
| 恿 | *loŋʔ |
| 慂 | *loŋʔ |
| 悀 | *loŋʔ |
| 埇 | *loŋʔ |
| 踴 | *loŋʔ |
| 庸 | *loŋ |
| 用 | *loŋs |
| 佣 | *loŋs |

### Etymology

Cognate with 用 (OC *loŋs, “to use”); see there for more (STEDT).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yōng, yóng (yong$^1$, yong$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄩㄥ, ㄩㄥˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jung$^4$ / jung$^2$
* Gan (Wiktionary): iung$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): iong
    (Teochew, Peng'im): iong$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yōng
*** Zhuyin: ㄩㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yong
*** Wade–Giles: yung$^1$
*** Yale: yūng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: iong
*** Palladius: юн (jun)
*** Sinological IPA : /jʊŋ⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yóng
*** Zhuyin: ㄩㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yóng
*** Wade–Giles: yung$^2$
*** Yale: yúng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yong
*** Palladius: юн (jun)
*** Sinological IPA : /jʊŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jung$^4$ / jung$^2$
*** Yale: yùhng / yúng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jung$^4$ / jung$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yung$^4$ / yung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /jʊŋ²¹/, /jʊŋ³⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: iung$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /iuŋ¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iong
*** Tâi-lô: iong
*** Phofsit Daibuun: iofng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /iɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /iɔŋ³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /iɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /iɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /iɔŋ⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: iong$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: iông
*** Sinological IPA : /ioŋ⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: yowng
Rime :
| Character | 傭 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 以 (36) |
| Final (韻) | 鍾 (7) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 餘封切 |
| Baxter | yowng |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /jɨoŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /jioŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ioŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /juawŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /ioŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /jĭwoŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /i̯woŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yóng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jung$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*loŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*loŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 傭 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yōng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ yowng › |
| Old Chinese | /*loŋ/ |
| English | hire |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 傭 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 15444 |
| Phonetic component | 用 |
| Rime group | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 容 |
| Old Chinese | /*loŋ/ |
| Notes | 庸轉註字見莊子 |

#### Definitions

傭
* servant; maid
* to employ; to hire
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) salary; wages
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 庸 (“ordinary; mediocre; a kind of tax during the Tang dynasty”)

#### Compounds

* 傭人 / 佣人
* 傭人領班 / 佣人领班
* 傭作 / 佣作
* 傭保 / 佣保
* 傭僕 / 佣仆
* 傭兵 / 佣兵 (yōngbīng)
* 傭婦 / 佣妇 (yōngfù)
* 傭婢 / 佣婢
* 傭工 / 佣工 (yōnggōng)
* 傭給 / 佣给
* 傭耕 / 佣耕
* 僱傭 / 雇佣 (gùyōng)
* 女傭 / 女佣 (nǚyōng)
* 家傭 / 家佣
* 幫傭 / 帮佣 (bāngyōng)
* 德潤傭書 / 德润佣书

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chōng (chong$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄨㄥ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): cung$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chōng
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄨㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chong
*** Wade–Giles: chʻung$^1$
*** Yale: chūng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chong
*** Palladius: чун (čun)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: cung$^1$
*** Yale: chūng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsung$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰʊŋ⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: trhjowng
Rime :
| Character | 傭 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 徹 (10) |
| Final (韻) | 鍾 (7) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 丑凶切 |
| Baxter | trhjowng |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʈʰɨoŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʈʰioŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȶʰioŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʈʰuawŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /ȶʰioŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /ȶʰĭwoŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȶʰi̯woŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | chōng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | cung$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*l̥ʰoŋ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 傭 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 15437 |
| Phonetic component | 用 |
| Rime group | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 蹱 |
| Old Chinese | /*l̥ʰoŋ/ |

#### Definitions

傭
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) equal; even; fair; just

### References

* “傭”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* employ, hire

#### Readings

* Go-on: よ (yo)
* Kan-on: よう (yō)
* On: ちょう (chō)
* Kun: やとう (yatou, 傭う)

#### Compounds

* 傭兵(ようへい) (yōhei): hired soldier
* 雇傭(こよう) (koyō): employment
* 試傭(しよう) (shiyō): trial employment
* 常傭(じょうよう) (jōyō): regular employment
* 被傭者(ひようしゃ) (hiyōsha): employee
* Kanji in this term
* 傭
* よう Jinmeiyō
* on'yomi

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [jo̞ː]

### Affix

傭(よう) • (yō)
* hire; employ

## Korean
### Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 傭 (MC yowng). Recorded as Middle Korean 요ᇰ (ywong) (Yale: yong) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

#### Hanja

Wikisource 傭 (eumhun 품팔이 용 (pumpari yong))
* hanja form of 용 (“employ; hire”)

#### Compounds

* 고용 (雇傭, goyong)
* 용병 (傭兵, yongbyeong)

### Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 傭 (MC trhjowng).

#### Hanja

傭 (eumhun 고를 총 (goreul chong))
* (literary Chinese) hanja form of 총 (“even; fair”)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.