# 率

| 率 | U+7387, &#29575; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7387 |
| ← 玆 [U+7386] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 玈 → [U+7388] |
| 率 | U+F961, &#63841; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F961 |
| ← 怒 [U+F960] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 異 → [U+F962] |
| 率 | U+F9DB, &#63963; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9DB |
| ← 栗 [U+F9DA] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 隆 → [U+F9DC] |

## Translingual
### Han character

率 (Kangxi radical 95, 玄+6, 11 strokes, cangjie input 卜戈人十 (YIOJ), four-corner 0040$_3$, composition ⿱⿻玄⿱丷八十 or ⿳亠⿲冫幺⿱丿丶十 or ⿳亠⿲𰀪幺⺀十)

#### Derived characters

* 摔

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 725, character 5
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 20817
* Dae Jaweon: page 1135, character 4
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 289, character 3
* Unihan data for U+7387
* Unihan data for U+F961
* Unihan data for U+F9DB

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 率 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 率 | *sruds, *rud, *srud |
| 繂 | *rud |
| 膟 | *rud |
| 蟀 | *srud |
Pictogram (象形) – according to Xu Shen, a net to capture birds. 冫幺冫is the net, and the top and bottom is the stick. But in the original version, the horizontal stroke in the lower part is missing, therefore the whole character should represent a rope, 繂.

### Etymology
#### “to lead”

    See 帥.

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): lǜ (lü$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄩˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): leot$^6$ / leot$^{6-2}$
* Eastern Min (BUC): lŭk
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): loh$^7$ / luoh$^7$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): lu̍t
    (Teochew, Peng'im): lug$^8$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^8$liq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lǜ
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄩˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lyù
*** Wade–Giles: lü$^4$
*** Yale: lyù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: liuh
*** Palladius: люй (ljuj)
*** Sinological IPA : /ly⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: leot$^6$ / leot$^{6-2}$
*** Yale: leuht / léut
*** Cantonese Pinyin: loet$^9$ / loet$^{9-2}$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lêd$^6$ / lêd$^{6-2}$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɵt̚²/, /lɵt̚²⁻³⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: lŭk
*** Sinological IPA : /l̃uʔ⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: loh$^7$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: leo̍h
*** Sinological IPA : /lɔʔ⁴/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: luoh$^7$
*** Sinological IPA : /luoʔ²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lu̍t
*** Tâi-lô: lu̍t
*** Phofsit Daibuun: lut
*** IPA (Xiamen): /lut̚⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /lut̚²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /lut̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /lut̚⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /lut̚⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: lug$^8$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lu̍k
*** Sinological IPA : /luk̚⁴/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^8$liq
*** MiniDict: lih$^入$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^5$liq
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /liɪʔ¹²/
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]ut/
    (Zhengzhang): /*rud/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 率 |
| Reading # | 2/4 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | lǜ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ lwit › |
| Old Chinese | /*[r]ut/ |
| English | norm, standard |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 率 |
| Reading # | 2/3 |
| No. | 8605 |
| Phonetic component | 率 |
| Rime group | 物 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | |
| Old Chinese | /*rud/ |

#### Definitions

率
* rate; frequency
    近視率／近视率 ― jìnshìlǜ ― rate of myopia
    投票率 ― tóupiàolǜ ― voter turnout
* ratio
    遺傳率／遗传率 ― yíchuán lǜ ― heritability

#### Compounds

* 中心匯率 / 中心汇率
* 乖離率 / 乖离率
* 低利率
* 低頻率 / 低频率
* 使用率
* 倍率 (bèilǜ)
* 兌換率 / 兑换率 (duìhuànlǜ)
* 公用費率 / 公用费率
* 再犯率
* 出生率 (chūshēnglǜ)
* 利率 (lìlǜ)
* 利率政策
* 功率 (gōnglǜ)
* 功率因數 / 功率因数
* 功率比
* 功率表
* 匯率 / 汇率 (huìlǜ)
* 協定稅率 / 协定税率
* 名目利率
* 命中率 (mìngzhònglǜ)
* 周率
* 單一稅率 / 单一税率
* 固定匯率 / 固定汇率
* 圓周率 / 圆周率 (yuánzhōulǜ)
* 外匯匯率 / 外汇汇率
* 失業率 / 失业率 (shīyèlǜ)
* 存活率 (cúnhuólǜ)
* 守備率 / 守备率
* 安全率
* 定率
* 實質利率 / 实质利率
* 工率
* 年利率
* 年增率
* 建蔽率
* 彀率 (gòulǜ)
* 得票率 (dépiàolǜ)
* 成長率 / 成长率 (chéngzhǎnglǜ)
* 或然率 (huòránlǜ)
* 打擊率 / 打击率
* 扣繳率 / 扣缴率
* 拆款利率
* 掛牌匯率 / 挂牌汇率
* 收視率 / 收视率 (shōushìlǜ)
* 放大率
* 效率 (xiàolǜ)
* 普及率 (pǔjílǜ)
* 曲率 (qūlǜ)
* 月利率
* 概率 (gàilǜ)
* 機械效率 / 机械效率
* 機率 / 机率 (jīlǜ)
* 機率預報 / 机率预报
* 死亡率 (sǐwánglǜ)
* 比率 (bǐlǜ)
* 流動比率 / 流动比率
* 浮動匯率 / 浮动汇率
* 牌告利率
* 特高頻率 / 特高频率
* 犯罪率 (fànzuìlǜ)
* 獲利率 / 获利率
* 率更
* 發生率 / 发生率 (fāshēnglǜ)
* 發病率 / 发病率 (fābìnglǜ)
* 百分率 (bǎifēnlǜ)
* 稅率 / 税率 (shuìlǜ)
* 空屋率
* 累進稅率 / 累进税率
* 能率 (nénglǜ)
* 自然利率
* 自然率
* 自由稅率 / 自由税率
* 行政效率
* 行車速率 / 行车速率
* 變動匯率 / 变动汇率
* 費率 / 费率 (fèilǜ)
* 貼現率 / 贴现率
* 速動比率 / 速动比率
* 速率 (sùlǜ)
* 重貼現率 / 重贴现率
* 錄取率 / 录取率
* 關稅率 / 关税率
* 離婚率 / 离婚率
* 離心率 / 离心率 (líxīnlǜ)
* 電功率 / 电功率 (diàngōnglǜ)
* 零稅率 / 零税率
* 頻率 / 频率 (pínlǜ)
* 驅蟲效率 / 驱虫效率

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shuài, shuò (shuai$^4$, shuo$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄕㄨㄞˋ, ㄕㄨㄛˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): seot$^1$
* Eastern Min (BUC): sáuk
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): soh$^6$ / suoh$^6$ / sue$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): sut / sòe / soài
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zug$^4$ / sug$^4$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^7$seq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shuài
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄨㄞˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shuài
*** Wade–Giles: shuai$^4$
*** Yale: shwài
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shuay
*** Palladius: шуай (šuaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂu̯aɪ̯⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shuò
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄨㄛˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shuò
*** Wade–Giles: shuo$^4$
*** Yale: shwò
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shuoh
*** Palladius: шо (šo)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂu̯ɔ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: seot$^1$
*** Yale: sēut
*** Cantonese Pinyin: soet$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sêd$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɵt̚⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: sáuk
*** Sinological IPA : /sɑuʔ²⁴/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: soh$^6$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: seoh
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬɔʔ¹/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: suoh$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬuoʔ²/
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: sue$^4$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: so̍i
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬuei⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sut
*** Tâi-lô: sut
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sud
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /sut̚⁵/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /sut̚³²/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sòe
*** Tâi-lô: suè
*** Phofsit Daibuun: soex
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /sue²¹/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: soài
*** Tâi-lô: suài
*** Phofsit Daibuun: soaix
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /suai²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /suai¹¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /suai⁴¹/
* sut/sòe - literary;
* soài - vernacular (俗).
* Middle Chinese: srwijH, srwit
Rime :
| Character | 率 | 率 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 生 (21) | 生 (21) |
| Final (韻) | 脂 (18) | 術 (52) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 所類切 | 所律切 |
| Baxter | srwijH | srwit |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʃˠiuɪ$^H$/ | /ʃiuɪt̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʃʷᵚi$^H$/ | /ʃʷit̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʃiuɪ$^H$/ | /ʃjuet̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʂjwi$^H$/ | /ʂwit̚/ |
| Li Rong | /ʃjui$^H$/ | /ʃiuĕt̚/ |
| Wang Li | /ʃwi$^H$/ | /ʃĭuĕt̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʂwi$^H$/ | /ʂi̯uĕt̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shuài | shuai |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | seoi$^3$ | seot$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]ut-s/, /*s-rut-s/, /*s-rut/
    (Zhengzhang): /*sruds/, /*srud/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 率 | 率 | 率 |
| Reading # | 1/4 | 3/4 | 4/4 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | lèi | shuài | shuài |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ lwij$^H$ › | ‹ srwij$^H$ › | ‹ srwit › |
| Old Chinese | /*[r]ut-s/ | /*s-rut-s/ | /*s-rut/ |
| English | bird net | lead (v.); commander | follow, go along |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 率 | 率 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 3/3 |
| No. | 8604 | 8608 |
| Phonetic component | 率 | 率 |
| Rime group | 隊 | 物 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 帥 | 率 |
| Old Chinese | /*sruds/ | /*srud/ |
| Notes | | 原列質韻 |

#### Definitions

率
* to lead
    From: 2000, Liang Heng, “Slapping All Over the Banister”
    Xīn dànù, yuè mǎ héng dāo, zhǐ shuài shù qí tūrù díyíng shēngqín pàn jiāng. [Pinyin]
    Xin burst into anger, galloped ahead with sword drawn, broke into the enemy camp leading but several mounted soldiers, and captured the general who had defected alive.
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to catch (birds) with a net
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to follow (a road)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) frank, straightforward
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) hasty, indiscreet
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Zǐlù shuài ěr ér duì yuē: “Qiān chéng zhī guó......” [Pinyin]
    Zilu hastily and lightly replied: "Suppose the case of a State of ten thousand chariots..."
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) generally
    From: c. 812, Han Yu (韓愈)《進學解》, title translated as Explanation Upon Entering the Academy
    Zhàn xiǎo shàn zhě shuài yǐ lù, míng yī yì zhě wú bù yōng. [Pinyin]
    Those with a small expertise are inducted into the registry without omission; those with a single skill aren't going to be unused.

#### Compounds

* 兜率天 (Dōushuàitiān)
* 兜率天宮 / 兜率天宫
* 兜率宮 / 兜率宫
* 坦率 (tǎnshuài)
* 大率 (dàshuài)
* 整躬率物
* 勗率 / 勖率
* 普天率土
* 正身率下
* 渠率
* 率以為常 / 率以为常
* 率先 (shuàixiān)
* 率同
* 率土之濱 / 率土之滨
* 率土同慶 / 率土同庆
* 率土宅心
* 率土歸心 / 率土归心
* 率師 / 率师
* 率性 (shuàixìng)
* 率然
* 率爾 / 率尔
* 率爾成章 / 率尔成章
* 率爾操觚 / 率尔操觚
* 率獸食人 / 率兽食人
* 率率
* 率由舊則 / 率由旧则
* 率由舊章 / 率由旧章
* 率皆
* 率直 (shuàizhí)
* 率真 (shuàizhēn)
* 率隊 / 率队
* 率領 / 率领 (shuàilǐng)
* 率馬以驥 / 率马以骥
* 疏率 (shūshuài)
* 百獸率舞 / 百兽率舞
* 直率 (zhíshuài)
* 相率 (xiāngshuài)
* 真率 (zhēnshuài)
* 督率
* 粗率
* 統率 / 统率 (tǒngshuài)
* 草率 (cǎoshuài)
* 草率將事 / 草率将事
* 草率收兵 (cǎoshuàishōubīng)
* 表率 (biǎoshuài)
* 親率 / 亲率
* 躬先表率
* 輕率 / 轻率 (qīngshuài)
* 鳩率 / 鸠率

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 率 |
| Kyūjitai | 率󠄁 率+&#xE0101; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 率󠄃 率+&#xE0103; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)
* lead a group
* (mathematics) ratio

#### Readings

* Go-on: しゅち (shuchi)、すい (sui)、そち (sochi)、りち (richi)
* Kan-on: そつ (sotsu, Jōyō)、りつ (ritsu, Jōyō)、すい (sui)
* Kun: ひきいる (hikiiru, 率いる, Jōyō)、おおむね (ōmune, 率ね)、かしら (kashira, 率)、したがう (shitagau, 率う)、わりあい (wariai, 率)
* Nanori: のり (nori)、より (yori)

#### Compounds

* 率(そつ)爾(じ) (sotsuji) (卒(そつ)爾(じ))
* 率(そっ)先(せん) (sossen)
* 率(そつ)然(ぜん) (sotsuzen) (卒(そつ)然(ぜん))
* 率(そっ)直(ちょく) (sotchoku)
* 率(そっ)土(と) (sotto)
* 率(そつ)土(ど) (sotsudo)
* 率(そつ)由(ゆう) (sotsuyū)
* 率(そつ)励(れい) (sotsurei)
* 率(りつ)分(ぶん) (ritsubun)
* 引(いん)率(そつ) (insotsu)
* 格(かく)率(りつ) (kakuritsu) (格(かく)律(りつ))
* 確(かく)率(りつ) (kakuritsu)
* 軽(けい)率(そつ) (keisotsu)
* 工(こう)率(りつ) (kōritsu)
* 効(こう)率(りつ) (kōritsu)
* 高(こう)率(りつ) (kōritsu)
* 真(しん)率(そつ) (shinsotsu)
* 税(ぜい)率(りつ) (zeiritsu)
* 打(だ)率(りつ) (daritsu)
* 統(とう)率(そつ) (tōsotsu)
* 能(のう)率(りつ) (nōritsu)
* 倍(ばい)率(りつ) (bairitsu)
* 比(ひ)率(りつ) (hiritsu)
* 利(り)率(りつ) (riritsu)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 率
* りつ Grade: 5
* kan'on
From Middle Chinese 率 (MC lwit).

### Suffix

率(りつ) • (-ritsu)
* rate, ratio

### References

* ↑ 白川静 (Shirakawa Shizuka) (2014) “率”, in 字通 (Jitsū)‎ (in Japanese), popular edition, Tōkyō: Heibonsha, →ISBN
* ↑ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 1422 (paper), page 762 (digital)
* ↑ Shōundō Henshūjo, editor (1927), 新漢和辞典 [The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Ōsaka: Shōundō, →DOI, page 819 (paper), page 422 (digital)

## Korean
### Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 率 (MC ljwit).
* Recorded as Middle Korean 류ᇙ〮 (Yale: lyúlq) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ɾjuɭ] ~ [juɭ]
* Phonetic hangul: [률/율]

#### Hanja

Wikisource 率 (eumhun 비율 률 (biyul ryul), word-initial (South Korea) 비율 율 (biyul yul))
* hanja form of 률/율 (“rate, ratio”)

#### Usage notes

율 (yul) follows after a vowel or ㄴ (n). After anything else, it is followed by 률 (ryul).

#### Compounds

* 능률 (能率, neungnyul)
* 배율 (倍率, baeyul)
* 비율 (比率, biyul, “ratio”)
* 세율 (稅率, seyul)
* 원주율 (圓周率, wonjuyul)
* 이율 (利率, iyul)
* 확률 (確率, hwangnyul, “probability”)
* 환율 (換率, hwanyul, “exchange rate”)
* 효율 (效率, hyoyul)

### Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 率 (MC srwit).
* Recorded as Middle Korean 소ᇙ〮 (Yale: swólq) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 솔 (swol)$^訓$ (Yale: swol) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [sʰo̞ɭ]
* Phonetic hangul: [솔]

#### Hanja

率 (eumhun 거느릴 솔 (geoneuril sol))
* hanja form of 솔 (“to lead”)
* hanja form of 솔 (“frank; straightforward”)

#### Compounds

* 경솔 (輕率, gyeongsol)
* 솔선 (率先, solseon)
* 솔직 (率直, soljik, “directness; frankness”)
* 인솔 (引率, insol, “leading; guiding”)
* 진솔 (眞率, jinsol)
* 통솔 (統率, tongsol, “command; lead”)

### Etymology 3

From Middle Chinese 率 (MC srwijH).

#### Hanja

率 (eumhun 우두머리 수 (udumeori su))
* Alternative form of 帥 (“hanja form of 수 (“commander”)”)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

率: Hán Nôm readings: chuốt, sót, suất, suốt, sút, thoắt
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.