# 掘

| 掘 | U+6398, &#25496; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6398 |
| ← 掗 [U+6397] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 掙 → [U+6399] |

## Translingual
### Han character

掘 (Kangxi radical 64, 手+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 手尸山山 (QSUU), four-corner 5707$_2$, composition ⿰扌屈)

#### Derived characters

* 𫁗

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 438, character 2
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 12264
* Dae Jaweon: page 787, character 10
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1909, character 2
* Unihan data for U+6398

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 掘 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 聉 | *r̥ʰuːlʔ, *ŋrɯd, *ʔr'uːd, *ŋruːd |
| 贅 | *kljods |
| 祟 | *sqʰluds |
| 出 | *kʰljuds, *kʰljud |
| 茁 | *ʔl'ɯd, *skruːd, *skrod, *skrud |
| 欪 | *qʰlɯd, *l̥ʰud |
| 貀 | *ŋr'uːd |
| 袦 | *ŋr'oːd |
| 咄 | *ʔl'oːd, *ʔl'uːd |
| 柮 | *sɡloːd, *ʔl'uːd |
| 拙 | *kljod |
| 炪 | *kljod, *l̥ʰud |
| 掘 | *ɡlod, *ɡlud |
| 鈯 | *l'uːd |
| 啒 | *kluːd, *qʰluːd |
| 淈 | *kluːd, *ɡluːd |
| 窟 | *kʰluːd |
| 泏 | *kʰluːd, *ʔl'ud |
| 堀 | *kʰluːd, *ɡlud |
| 胐 | *kʰluːd |
| 窋 | *ʔl'ud |
| 絀 | *ʔl'ud |
| 黜 | *l̥ʰud |
| 屈 | *klud, *kʰlud |
| 趉 | *klud |
| 鶌 | *klud |
| 詘 | *kʰlud |
| 倔 | *ɡlud |
| 崛 | *ɡlud, *ŋɡlud |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡlod, *ɡlud): semantic 扌 (“hand; action”) + phonetic 屈 (OC *klud, *kʰlud).

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-(k/g)wa-t (“to dig out; to scoop out”), cognate to Tibetan རྐོད་པ (rkod pa), རྐོ་བ (rko ba, “to dig; to hoe”) (STEDT). Possibly related to 決 (OC *kʷeːd, “to dig an outlet for water; to burst out”).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jué (jue$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄩㄝˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gwat$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khu̍t
* Northern Min (KCR): gṳ̄
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): ku̍t
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gug$^8$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^8$jiuq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jué
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄩㄝˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jyué
*** Wade–Giles: chüeh$^2$
*** Yale: jywé
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jyue
*** Palladius: цзюэ (czjue)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gwat$^6$
*** Yale: gwaht
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gwat$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gued$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʷɐt̚²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khu̍t
*** Hakka Romanization System: kud
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kud$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰut̚⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gṳ̄
*** Sinological IPA : /ky⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Kinmen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ku̍t
*** Tâi-lô: ku̍t
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kut
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kut̚²⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kut̚⁴/
*** IPA (Kinmen): /kut̚⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kut̚¹²¹/
* “to dig; to beat”.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit掘 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /t͡ɕyɛ³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /t͡ɕyɛ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /t͡ɕye⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /t͡ɕyə⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /t͡ɕyə²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /t͡ɕyɛ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /t͡ɕyɛ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /t͡ɕyu⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /t͡ɕye¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /t͡ɕyə⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /t͡ɕyɤ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /t͡ɕye²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /t͡ɕʰyo³¹/ /t͡ɕʰy³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /t͡ɕʰiu²¹/ 老 /t͡ɕie²¹/ 新 |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /t͡ɕʰiu³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /t͡ɕyeʔ⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /t͡ɕyɐʔ⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡ɕyəʔ⁵⁴/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /t͡ɕʰyʌʔ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /t͡ɕyaʔ⁴³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /d͡ʑyɪʔ¹/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /d͡ʑyəʔ³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /d͡zz̩ʷəʔ²/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /d͡ʑy²¹³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /t͡ɕʰyeʔ²¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | |
| Xiang | Changsha | /t͡ɕye²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /t͡ɕyæ²⁴/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | |
| Hakka | Meixian | /kʰiut̚¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /kʰut̚⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /kwɐt̚²/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /kʷet̚²²/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /kwɐt̚²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kut̚⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kuʔ⁵/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /ky⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /kuk̚⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /kut̚³/ |
* Middle Chinese: gjut, gjwot
Rime :
| Character | 掘 | 掘 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 群 (30) | 群 (30) |
| Final (韻) | 物 (60) | 月 (68) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 衢物切 | 其月切 |
| Baxter | gjut | gjwot |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɡɨut̚/ | /ɡʉɐt̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɡiut̚/ | /ɡʷiɐt̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɡiuət̚/ | /ɡiuɐt̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /gut̚/ | /guat̚/ |
| Li Rong | /ɡiuət̚/ | /ɡiuɐt̚/ |
| Wang Li | /ɡĭuət̚/ | /ɡĭwɐt̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /gi̯uət̚/ | /gi̯wɐt̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jú | jué |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gwat$^6$ | gyut$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ut/, /*[ɡ]ot/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡlud/, /*ɡlod/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 掘 | 掘 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jué | jué |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ gjut › | ‹ gjwot › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɡ]ut/ | /*[ɡ]ot/ |
| English | dig out (earth) | dig out (earth) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 掘 | 掘 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/2 |
| No. | 1586 | 1559 |
| Phonetic component | 出 | 出 |
| Rime group | 物 | 月 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 倔 | 𧤼 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡlud/ | /*ɡlod/ |

#### Definitions

掘
* to dig; to excavate
* (Hakka) to scratch (with nails, claws)
* (Mainland China Hokkien) to beat; to hit; to strike (with a mallet, etc.)

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 挖 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 挖 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 挖 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 挖 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 挖 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 掘 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 挖 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 挖 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 挖 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 挖 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 掘 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 掘 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 挖 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 挖 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 挖 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 掘 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 搤, 摀, 挖 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 搤, 挖 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 搤 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 摀, 挖 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 搤, 摀 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 搤, 摀 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 搤 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 掘 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 掘 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 挖 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 掘 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 挖 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 掘 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 掘 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 掘 |

#### Compounds

* 挖掘 (wājué)
* 挖掘機 / 挖掘机 (wājuéjī)
* 掘井 (juéjǐng)
* 掘井及泉
* 掘取
* 掘土機 / 掘土机 (juétǔjī)
* 掘墓 (juémù)
* 掘墓人 (juémùrén)
* 掘子軍 / 掘子军
* 掘室求鼠
* 掘強 / 掘强
* 掘拾
* 採掘 / 采掘 (cǎijué)
* 掘斗
* 掘洞
* 掘穴
* 掘穿
* 掘筆 / 掘笔
* 掘足類 / 掘足类
* 掘金
* 掘金隊 / 掘金队
* 掘閱 / 掘阅
* 渴而掘井
* 發掘 / 发掘 (fājué)
* 羅掘 / 罗掘
* 羅掘一空 / 罗掘一空
* 羅掘俱窮 / 罗掘俱穷
* 羅雀掘鼠 / 罗雀掘鼠
* 臨噎掘井 / 临噎掘井
* 臨渴掘井 / 临渴掘井 (línkějuéjǐng)
* 自掘墳墓 / 自掘坟墓 (zìjuéfénmù)
* 軟土深掘 / 软土深掘
* 開掘 / 开掘 (kāijué)

### Etymology 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 掘 – see 窟 (“cave”). (This character is an obsolete form of 窟).

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* to dig

#### Readings

* Go-on: ごち (gochi)
* Kan-on: くつ (kutsu, Jōyō)、けつ (ketsu)
* Kun: ほる (horu, 掘る, Jōyō)

## Korean
### Hanja

掘 • (gul, gwol) (hangeul 굴, 궐, revised gul, gwol, McCune–Reischauer kul, kwŏl, Yale kwul, kwel)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

掘: Hán Nôm readings: quật, oặt, quặt, quất, quịt, quát, quạt
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.