# 以來
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yǐlái
    (Zhuyin): ㄧˇ ㄌㄞˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ji$^5$ loi$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): yî-lòi
    (Hailu, HRS): rhi$^ˋ$ loi
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): í-lâi
    (Teochew, Peng'im): in$^2$ lai$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yǐlái
*** Zhuyin: ㄧˇ ㄌㄞˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yǐlái
*** Wade–Giles: i$^3$-lai$^2$
*** Yale: yǐ-lái
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yiilai
*** Palladius: илай (ilaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /i²¹⁴⁻²¹ laɪ̯³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ji$^5$ loi$^4$
*** Yale: yíh lòih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ji$^5$ loi$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yi$^5$ loi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /jiː¹³ lɔːi̯²¹/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yî-lòi
*** Hakka Romanization System: i$^ˊ$ loi$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yi$^1$ loi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /i²⁴ loi̯¹¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yî-lòi
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)i$^ˊ$ loi$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yi$^1$ loi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i²⁴ loi̯¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: rhi$^ˋ$ loi
*** Sinological IPA: /ʒi⁵³ loi⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: í-lâi
*** Tâi-lô: í-lâi
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ylaai
*** IPA (Xiamen): /i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /i⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lai²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /i⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lai²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: in$^2$ lai$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: íⁿ lâi
*** Sinological IPA : /ĩ⁵²⁻³⁵ lai⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: yiX loj
Rime :
| Character | 以 | 來 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 以 (36) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 之 (19) | 咍 (41) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 羊己切 | 洛哀切 |
| Baxter | yiX | loj |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /jɨ$^X$/ | /lʌi/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /jɨ$^X$/ | /ləi/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ie$^X$/ | /lɒi/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /jɨ$^X$/ | /ləj/ |
| Li Rong | /iə$^X$/ | /lᴀi/ |
| Wang Li | /jĭə$^X$/ | /lɒi/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /i$^X$/ | /lɑ̆i/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yǐ | lái |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ji$^5$ | loi$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ləʔ mə.rˤək/
    (Zhengzhang): /*lɯʔ m·rɯːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 以 | 來 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yǐ | lái |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ yi$^X$ › | ‹ loj › |
| Old Chinese | /*ləʔ/ | /*mə.rˁək/ (> *rˁə) |
| English | take, use | come |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 以 | 來 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 14929 | 7598 |
| Phonetic component | 以 | 來 |
| Rime group | 之 | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 以 | |
| Old Chinese | /*lɯʔ/ | /*m·rɯːɡ/ |

### Postposition

以來
* since; for (starting from a period of time)
    自1910年以來／自1910年以来 ― zì 1910 nián yǐlái ― since 1910
    長期以來／长期以来 ― chángqī yǐlái ― for a long time
    自古以來／自古以来 ― zìgǔ yǐlái ― since ancient times
    立春以來／立春以来 ― lìchūn yǐlái ― since the beginning of spring
    畢業以來／毕业以来 ― bìyè yǐlái ― since graduation
    有生以來／有生以来 ― yǒushēng yǐlái ― since (I) was born
    From: 1965: Pai Hsien-yung, Taipei People, Editor's Preface
    Kānxíng yǐlái, zhè běn shū zài Gǎng, Tái jí shìjiè gèdì de huárén zhōng shǐzhōng yōngyǒu guǎngdà de dúzhěqún. [Pinyin]
    Since publication, this book has acquired a large readership in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Chinese communities the world over.

#### Synonyms

* (Cantonese) 以嚟

#### Derived terms

* 有史以來 / 有史以来 (yǒushǐyǐlái)
* 有生以來 / 有生以来 (yǒushēngyǐlái)
* 自古以來 / 自古以来 (zìgǔ yǐlái)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 以來(いらい) (irai)
* → Korean: 이래(以來) (irae)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 以 | 來 |
| い Grade: 4 | らい Jinmeiyō |
| on'yomi ||
For pronunciation and definitions of 以來 – see the following entry. :
| 【以来いらい】 | [noun] since |
(This term, 以來, is the kyūjitai of the above term.) :