# 棟

| 棟 | U+68DF, &#26847; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-68DF |
| ← 棞 [U+68DE] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 棠 → [U+68E0] |

## Translingual
### Han character

棟 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+8, 12 strokes, cangjie input 木木田 (DDW), four-corner 4599$_6$, composition ⿰木東)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 533, character 10
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14949
* Dae Jaweon: page 921, character 9
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1227, character 5
* Unihan data for U+68DF

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 東 | *toːŋ |
| 菄 | *toːŋ |
| 鶇 | *toːŋ |
| 倲 | *toːŋ |
| 涷 | *toːŋ, *toːŋs |
| 蝀 | *toːŋ, *toːŋʔ |
| 凍 | *toːŋ, *toːŋs |
| 鯟 | *toːŋ |
| 崠 | *toːŋ |
| 埬 | *toːŋ |
| 棟 | *toːŋs |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *toːŋs): semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 東 (OC *toːŋ).

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): dòng (dong$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄥˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): dung$^3$ / dung$^6$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tòng / tàng / tiòng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): dong$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dòng
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄥˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: dòng
*** Wade–Giles: tung$^4$
*** Yale: dùng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: donq
*** Palladius: дун (dun)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʊŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: dung$^3$ / dung$^6$
*** Yale: dung / duhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dung$^3$ / dung$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: dung$^3$ / dung$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʊŋ³³/, /tʊŋ²²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tòng
*** Tâi-lô: tòng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: doxng
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tɔŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tɔŋ¹¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /tɔŋ²¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tàng
*** Tâi-lô: tàng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: daxng
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /taŋ²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /taŋ¹¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /taŋ⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiòng
*** Tâi-lô: tiòng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dioxng
*** IPA (Taipei): /tiɔŋ¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiɔŋ²¹/
* tòng - literary;
* tàng - vernacular.
* Middle Chinese: tuwngH
Rime :
| Character | 棟 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 端 (5) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (1) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 多貢切 |
| Baxter | tuwngH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tuŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /tuŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /tuŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /təwŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /tuŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /tuŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /tuŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | dòng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | dung$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*toːŋs/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 棟 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 2448 |
| Phonetic component | 東 |
| Rime group | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 涷 |
| Old Chinese | /*toːŋs/ |

#### Definitions

棟
* main beam supporting a house; ridgepole
* (literary) house; building
* Classifier for buildings. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier
* (figurative) important person; pillars of the state
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Zǐ yú Zhèng guó, dòng yě. Dòng zhé cuī bēng, qiáo jiāng yàn yān, gǎn bù jìnyán? [Pinyin]
    You are the main support of the State of Zheng. If the main support be broken, the rafters will tumble down. I shall be crushed beneath them, and I must therefore speak out all my mind.
* (Sichuanese) mountain ridge; mountain peak
* a surname, Dong

#### Synonyms

* (house):
* 住宅 (zhùzhái)
* 住屋 (zhùwū)
* 住房 (zhùfáng)
* 住所 (zhùsuǒ)
* 住處 / 住处 (zhùchù)
* 宅第 ($^8$zaq-di) (Wu)
* 宅舍 (zháishè) (literary)
* 宮 / 宫 (gōng) (archaic)
* 家室 (jiāshì)
* 宮室 / 宫室 (gōngshì) (archaic)
* 家居 (jiājū)
* 家屋 (jiāwū) (literary)
* 寓 (yù) (literary, or in compounds)
* 寓所 (yùsuǒ) (formal)
* 居室 (jūshì)
* 居所 (jūsuǒ)
* 屋子 (wūzi) (colloquial)
* 屋宇 (wūyǔ) (literary)
* 屋舍 (wūshè) (literary or Hakka)
* 房子 (fángzi)
* 房宇 (fángyǔ) (literary)
* 房屋 (fángwū)
* 房舍 (fángshè) (literary)

#### Compounds

* 上棟下宇 / 上栋下宇
* 中棟 / 中栋
* 乾棟 / 干栋
* 充棟 / 充栋
* 充棟汗牛 / 充栋汗牛
* 充棟盈車 / 充栋盈车
* 在棟 / 在栋
* 孤棟 / 孤栋
* 宰棟 / 宰栋
* 層棟 / 层栋
* 懸棟 / 悬栋
* 文棟 / 文栋
* 時棟 / 时栋
* 松棟 / 松栋
* 松棟雲牖 / 松栋云牖
* 柱棟 / 柱栋
* 桂棟 / 桂栋
* 桴棟 / 桴栋
* 棟宇 / 栋宇
* 棟幹 / 栋干
* 棟折 / 栋折
* 棟折榱壞 / 栋折榱坏
* 棟折榱崩 / 栋折榱崩
* 棟撓 / 栋挠
* 棟星 / 栋星
* 棟朽榱崩 / 栋朽榱崩
* 棟材 / 栋材
* 棟桴 / 栋桴
* 棟楹 / 栋楹
* 棟榱 / 栋榱
* 棟樑 / 栋梁 (dòngliáng)
* 棟樑之材 / 栋梁之材
* 棟樑材 / 栋梁材
* 棟橈 / 栋桡
* 棟甍 / 栋甍
* 棟篤笑 / 栋笃笑
* 棟鄂 / 栋鄂
* 棟鄂部 / 栋鄂部
* 棟隆 / 栋隆
* 椽棟 / 椽栋
* 楣棟 / 楣栋
* 楹棟 / 楹栋
* 榱崩棟折 / 榱崩栋折
* 榱棟 / 榱栋
* 樑棟 / 梁栋
* 樹榾棟 / 树榾栋
* 汗牛充棟 / 汗牛充栋 (hànniúchōngdòng)
* 汗牛塞棟 / 汗牛塞栋
* 甍棟 / 甍栋
* 生棟 / 生栋
* 畫棟 / 画栋
* 畫棟雕樑 / 画栋雕梁
* 畫棟飛甍 / 画栋飞甍
* 畫樑雕棟 / 画梁雕栋
* 積棟 / 积栋
* 積簡充棟 / 积简充栋
* 茅棟 / 茅栋
* 複棟 / 复栋
* 起棟 / 起栋
* 連棟 / 连栋
* 連牆接棟 / 连墙接栋
* 連甍接棟 / 连甍接栋
* 邦棟 / 邦栋
* 金鰲玉棟 / 金鳌玉栋
* 隆棟 / 隆栋
* 雕樑畫棟 / 雕梁画栋
* 雨棟風簾 / 雨栋风帘
* 雨簾雲棟 / 雨帘云栋
* 雲棟 / 云栋
* 飛棟 / 飞栋
* 高棟 / 高栋

#### See also

* 嶺／岭 (lǐng, “mountain ridge, mountain peak”)

### Etymology 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 棟 – see 戙 (“Cantonese: to make erect”). (This character is a variant form of 戙).

### References

* 蓝勇. 第十三章：历史时期西南综合文化区的划分. 《西南历史文化地理》. 西南师范大学出版社. 1997. →ISBN.

## Japanese

* Kanji in this term
* 棟
* とう Grade: S
* on'yomi
* Kanji in this term
* 棟
* むね Grade: S
* kun'yomi

### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: つ (tsu)、つう (tsū)
* Kan-on: とう (tō, Jōyō)
* Kun: むね (mune, 棟, Jōyō)、むな (muna, 棟, Jōyō $^†$)

### Counter

棟(とう) or 棟(むね) • (-tō or -mune)
* buildings

#### Synonyms

* 戸(こ) (ko)
* 軒(けん) (ken)

### Noun

棟(とう) • (tō)
* large building

### Noun

棟(むね) • (mune)
* ridge of a roof

### Suffix

棟(とう) • (-tō)
* building

## Korean
### Hanja

棟 • (dong) (hangeul 동, revised dong, McCune–Reischauer tong, Yale tong)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Tày
### Han character

棟 (transliteration needed)
* Nôm form of đông.

### References

* Lục Văn Pảo, Hoàng Tuấn Nam (2003) Hoàng Triều Ân, editor, Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày [A Dictionary of (chữ) Nôm Tày]‎ (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội

## Vietnamese
### Han character

棟: Hán Nôm readings: đống
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.