# bir
## Afar

Temporal adverbs :
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### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈbir/ [ˈbɪɾ]
* Hyphenation: bir

### Adverb

bír
* last night

### Noun

bír m
* last night

#### Declension

absolutive
bír
predicative
bíri
subjective
bír
genitive
birtí
Postpositioned forms
l-case
bíril
k-case
bírik
t-case
bírit
h-case
bírih :

### References

* E. M. Parker, R. J. Hayward (1985) “bir”, in An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN
* Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2004) Parlons Afar: Langue et Culture, L'Hammartan, →ISBN, page 37
* Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎, Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)

## Albanian
### Etymology

From Proto-Albanian *bira, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (compare Old English byre, Gothic 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂 (baur, “son”)). Phonetically and semantically close to Messapic *bilia (“daughter”) and *biles (“son”), Matzinger reconstructs two different stems: pre-Albanian *bʰi-ro- and pre-Messapic *bʰi-lo-, both from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- (“to grow, become”); compare Ancient Greek φῦλον (phûlon, “race, tribe”). (Can this etymology be sourced?)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /biɾ/

### Noun

bir m (plural bij, definite biri, definite plural bijtë)
* son

#### Declension
### References

* ↑ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “bir”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 26

## Azerbaijani
### Etymology

From Old Anatolian Turkish بر (bir), ultimately from Proto-Turkic *bīr.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [bir]
* Audio:(file)

### Numeral

bir
* one

#### Derived terms

* bir daha (“once again, ever again”)
* bir də (“and; once again, ever again”)
* bir-bir (“one by one”)
* bir-birini (“each other”)
* birbaşa (“directly”)
* bircə (“one, sole”)
* birdən, birdən-birə (“suddenly”)
* birər

### References

* ↑ Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*bir (*bīr)”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎, Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

## Bikol Central
### Etymology

Borrowed from English beer.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈbiɾ/ [ˈbiɾ]

### Noun

bir
* beer
    Synonym: serbesa

## Cimbrian
### Etymology

From Middle High German bier, from Old High German bior, from Proto-West Germanic *beuʀ, from Proto-Germanic *beuzą (“beer”). Cognate with German Bier, English beer. Doublet of bira.

### Noun

bir n
* (Luserna) beer

### References

* “bir” in Cimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.

## Crimean Tatar
### Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *bīr (“one”).

### Numeral

bir
* one

### References

* Mirjejev, V. A., Usejinov, S. M. (2002) Ukrajinsʹko-krymsʹkotatarsʹkyj slovnyk [Ukrainian – Crimean Tatar Dictionary]‎, Simferopol: Dolya, →ISBN

## Gagauz
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Anatolian Turkish بر (bir), from Proto-Turkic *bīr (“one”).

### Article

bir
* the indefinite article, a, an

### Numeral

bir
* one

#### Derived terms

* bir kerä
* bir-iki
* biraz
* birä-bir
* birär
* birdän
* birdän-birä
* biri-birinä
* birim
* birkaç
* birkimsey
* birleşik
* birleşmää
* birlik
* birsoy
* birtakım
* birtürli
* bişey

### Further reading

* Kopuşçu M. İ. , Todorova S. A. , Kiräkova T.İ., editors (2019), “bir”, in Gagauzça-rusça sözlük: klaslar 5-12, Komrat: Gagauziya M.V. Maruneviç adına Bilim-Aaraştırma merkezi, →ISBN, page 34

## Iban
### Etymology

Borrowed from English beer.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bir/

### Noun

bir
* beer

## Ili Turki
### Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *bīr.

### Numeral

bir
* one

## Indonesian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Dutch bier.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈbɪr]
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: bir

### Noun

bir (plural bir-bir)
* beer

#### Compounds

* bir pletok

### Further reading

* “bir” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Javanese
### Romanization

bir
* Romanization of ꦧꦶꦂ

## Jiiddu
### Etymology

From Proto-Afroasiatic *bir- (“to burn brightly”)

### Noun

bir
* lighting

### References

* Ehret, Christopher (1995), Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic, →ISBN, page 86

## Karaim
### Numeral

bir
* one

### References

* dnathan.com

## Malay
### Etymology

Borrowed from Dutch bier.

### Pronunciation

* (Johor-Selangor) IPA: /be(r)/
* (Riau-Lingga) IPA: /bɪ(r)/
* Rhymes: -be(r), -e(r)

### Noun

bir (Jawi spelling بير, informal 1st possessive birku, 2nd possessive birmu, 3rd possessive birnya)
* beer
    Synonym: arak

## Maltese
### Etymology

From Arabic بِئْر (biʔr).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /biːr/
* Rhymes: -iːr

### Noun

bir m (plural bjar or birien, diminutive bwejra)
* well
** 1970, Anton Buttigieg, “Il-Pjazza”, in Fl-Arena:Kulħadd jimxi, kollox lajma, jirkeb biss xi sinjur kbir: bini l-għatx u tawni nixrob minn ġos-satal fuq il-bir. (please add an English translation of this quotation)

## Middle English
### Alternative forms

* bire, bur, byre

### Etymology

From Old English byre (“strong wind, storm”).

### Noun

bir (plural birs)
* A strong or favorable wind.
** c. 1540, Destruction of Troy:Were blouen to þe brode se in a bir swithe.(please add an English translation of this quotation)
* An armed assault or sally; a clash or encounter; a blow or stroke; an attack or affliction.
** c. 1540, Destruction of Troy:A ᵹonge knight..suet to þe Duke With a bir on þe brest, þat backeward he ᵹode.(please add an English translation of this quotation)
* Violence; strength; fury.
** c. 1400, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight:With alle þe bur in his body he ber hit on lofte.(please add an English translation of this quotation)
* An onrush, swiftness.
** 1425, Wycliffe Bible, Judges 5:22:
    Enemyes fledden with bire.(please add an English translation of this quotation)
* A charge on an account.
** 1415, Account Rolls of the Abbey of Durham:
    Item in l bir de debito versus Rad'm Forster, 13 d.(please add an English translation of this quotation)

#### Descendants

* English: birr

#### References

* “bir(e, n.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

## Middle High German
### Alternative forms

* bire, pir

### Etymology

Inherited from Old High German bira, from Vulgar Latin pira, plural of Latin pirum.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (before 13th CE) /ˈbir/

### Noun

bir f
* pear

#### Descendants

* Alemannic German: Biire
* Bavarian: Birn
* German: Birne
** → Estonian: pirn
** → Kashubian: birna
* Hunsrik: Bern
* Luxembourgish: Bir
* Vilamovian: biyn
* Yiddish: באַר (bar)

## Old Irish
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Celtic *beru.

#### Alternative forms

* biur

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [bʲir]

#### Noun

bir n (genitive bero or bera, nominative plural beura)
* stake, spit, point; spear, spike
** c. 845, St Gall Glosses on Priscian, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1975, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. II, pp. 49–224, Sg. 67$^b$11
    beura glosses sudes (“stake”)

##### Declension

* $^H$ = triggers aspiration
* $^L$ = triggers lenition
* $^N$ = triggers nasalization

##### Derived terms

* berach (“pointed”)

##### Descendants

* Irish: bior
* Scottish Gaelic: bior

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Celtic *beru, *beruro- (“spring, well”), said by Matasović to likely be related to *brutus (“fermentation, boiling heat”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁-.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [bʲir]

#### Noun

bir (gender unknown, genitive unattested, nominative plural beru)
* water, spring, well
** c. 900, Sanas Cormaic, from the Yellow Book of Lecan, Corm. Y 158
    bir .i. uisce ... biror ⁊ inbir ⁊ toburspring i.e. water ... watercress and rivermouth and well

### Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [bʲirʲ]

#### Verb

·bir
* second-person singular present indicative conjunct of beirid

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* ↑ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 bir (‘stake, spit’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* ↑ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “beruro- ‘watercress’”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 63
* ↑ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “2 bir (‘water, spring’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Hungarian bér.

### Noun

bir n (plural biruri)
* tribute
* tax

#### Declension
## Salar
### Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *bīr.

### Pronunciation

* (Xunhua, Qinghai, Ili, Xinjiang) IPA: /pir/, /piɹ/
* (Xunhua, Qinghai) IPA: /pəɹ/
* (Chahandusi, Ejia, Daowei, Xunhua, Qinghai) IPA: /per/, /peɹ/

### Numeral

bir
* one

### References

* 林莲云 [Lin Lianyun] (1985) “bir”, in 撒拉语简志 [A Brief History of Salar]‎, Beijing: 民族出版社: 琴書店, →OCLC, page 14
* Tenishev, Edhem (1976) “bir”, in Stroj salárskovo jazyká [Grammar of Salar], Moscow, pages 302, 444
* 马伟 [Ma Wei], 朝克 [Chao Ke] (2014) “bir”, in 撒拉语366条会话读本 [Salar 366 Conversation Reader]‎, 1st edition, 社会科学文献出版社 [Social Science Literature Press], →ISBN, page 115
* 马伟 (Ma Wei), 朝克 (Chao Ke) (2016) “bir”, in 濒危语言——撒拉语研究 [Endangered Languages ​​- Salar Language Studies], 青海 (Qinghai): 国家社会科学基金项目 (National Social Science Foundation Project), page 296

## Scottish Gaelic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /piɾʲ/

### Interjection

bir
* onomatopoeic alarm noise of a gannet when attacked at night

### References

* Edward Dwelly (1911) “bir”, in Faclair Gàidhlig gu Beurla le Dealbhan [The Illustrated Gaelic–English Dictionary]‎, 10th edition, Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited, →ISBN

## Sumerian
### Romanization

bir
* Romanization of 𒄵 (bir)

## Tagalog
### Etymology

Borrowed from English beer.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ˈbiɾ/ [ˈbiɾ]
* Rhymes: -iɾ
* Syllabification: bir

### Noun

bir (Baybayin spelling ᜊᜒᜇ᜔) (colloquial)
* beer
    Synonym: (dated or formal) serbesa

#### Derived terms

* magbir

## Turkish
### Etymology

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish بر (bir, “one”), from Old Anatolian Turkish بر (bir, “one”), from Proto-Turkic *bīr (“one”). Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰋𐰃𐰼 (b²ir² /⁠bir⁠/).

### Pronunciation

* Standard:
** IPA: (all meanings) /bir/, [biɾ̞̊]
* Colloquial:
** IPA: (determiner and pronoun) /bɪ/, [bɪ]
** IPA: (adjective) /bɪr/, [bɪr]
* Audio:(file)

### Numeral

bir
* one

### Adjective

bir
* one

### Adverb

bir
* only, solely, merely

### Determiner

bir
* a, an
    Synonyms: (colloquial) bi', bi

### Pronoun

bir
* some

### Noun

bir (definite accusative biri, plural birler)
* mono
* single

#### Declension

singular
plural
nominative
bir
birler
definite accusative
biri
birleri
dative
bire
birlere
locative
birde
birlerde
ablative
birden
birlerden
genitive
birin
birlerin
Possessive forms
nominative
singular
plural
1st singular
birim
birlerim
2nd singular
birin
birlerin
3rd singular
biri
birleri
1st plural
birimiz
birlerimiz
2nd plural
biriniz
birleriniz
3rd plural
birleri
birleri
definite accusative
singular
plural
1st singular
birimi
birlerimi
2nd singular
birini
birlerini
3rd singular
birini
birlerini
1st plural
birimizi
birlerimizi
2nd plural
birinizi
birlerinizi
3rd plural
birlerini
birlerini
dative
singular
plural
1st singular
birime
birlerime
2nd singular
birine
birlerine
3rd singular
birine
birlerine
1st plural
birimize
birlerimize
2nd plural
birinize
birlerinize
3rd plural
birlerine
birlerine
locative
singular
plural
1st singular
birimde
birlerimde
2nd singular
birinde
birlerinde
3rd singular
birinde
birlerinde
1st plural
birimizde
birlerimizde
2nd plural
birinizde
birlerinizde
3rd plural
birlerinde
birlerinde
ablative
singular
plural
1st singular
birimden
birlerimden
2nd singular
birinden
birlerinden
3rd singular
birinden
birlerinden
1st plural
birimizden
birlerimizden
2nd plural
birinizden
birlerinizden
3rd plural
birlerinden
birlerinden
genitive
singular
plural
1st singular
birimin
birlerimin
2nd singular
birinin
birlerinin
3rd singular
birinin
birlerinin
1st plural
birimizin
birlerimizin
2nd plural
birinizin
birlerinizin
3rd plural
birlerinin
birlerinin
Predicative forms
singular
plural
1st singular
birim
birlerim
2nd singular
birsin
birlersin
3rd singular
bir birdir
birler birlerdir
1st plural
biriz
birleriz
2nd plural
birsiniz
birlersiniz
3rd plural
birler
birlerdir :

## Turkmen
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bīr (“one”). Azerbaijani bir, Turkish bir.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bɪɾ/
* Hyphenation: bir

### Numeral

bir
* one

#### Declension
### References

* ↑ Clauson, Gerard (1972) “bi:r”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 353
* ↑ bir at Ene dilim

## Uzbek
### Etymology

Inherited from Chagatai بر (bir /⁠bir⁠/, “one”), from Proto-Turkic *bīr (“one”). Cognate with Uyghur بىر / bir / бир; Turkmen bir, Azerbaijani بیر / бир / bir, Turkish bir; Old Uyghur 𐽼𐽶𐽾 (pyr /⁠bir⁠/), Old Turkic 𐰋𐰃𐰼 (b²ir² /⁠bir⁠/); Yakut биир (biir), Dolgan биир (biir); etc.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bɪr/, [bɪ̈r]
* Hyphenation: bir

### Numeral

bir
* one

## Volapük
### Alternative forms

* bil (an older term (now obsolete) for "beer", the word bil now means "bile" in reformed Volapük)

### Etymology

Reformed in the 1920s from bil, to make it more like its etymons.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bir/, [biɾ]

### Noun

bir (nominative plural birs)
* beer

#### Declension

$^1$ status as a case is disputed $^2$ in later, non-classical Volapük only

#### Derived terms

* biröp
* hodabir
* vuitabir