# ail
## Translingual
### Symbol

ail
* (international standards) ISO 639-3 language code for Aimele.

### See also

* Wiktionary's coverage of Aimele terms

## English
### Pronunciation

* (UK, US) IPA: /eɪl/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Rhymes: -eɪl
* Homophone: ale

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Middle English eilen, from Old English eġlan, eġlian (“to trouble, afflict”), from Proto-West Germanic *aglijan, from Proto-Germanic *aglijaną (“to trouble, vex”), cognate with Gothic 𐌰𐌲𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (agljan, “to distress”).

#### Verb

ail (third-person singular simple present ails, present participle ailing, simple past and past participle ailed)
* (transitive) To cause to suffer; to trouble, afflict. (Now chiefly in interrogative or indefinite constructions.)
    Have some chicken soup. It's good for what ails you.
** 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 21:17:What aileth thee, Hagar?
** 2011, “Connubial bliss in America”, in The Economist:Not content with having in 1996 put a Defence of Marriage Act (DOMA) on the statue book, Congress has now begun to hold hearings on a Respect for Marriage Act. Defended, respected: what could possibly ail marriage in America?
* (intransitive) To be ill; to suffer; to be troubled.
** 1740, Samuel Richardson, Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded:When he ails ever so little […] he is so peevish.

##### Quotations

* For quotations using this term, see Citations:ail.

##### Derived terms

* ailsome

##### Translations
#### Noun

ail (plural ails)
* (obsolete) An ailment; trouble; illness.

##### Translations
### Etymology 2

Inherited from Middle English eyle, eile, from Old English eġle (“hideous, loathsome, hateful, horrid, troublesome, grievous, painful”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌰𐌲𐌻𐌿𐍃 (aglus, “hard, difficult”).

#### Adjective

ail (comparative ailer or more ail, superlative ailest or most ail)
* (obsolete) Painful; troublesome.

### Etymology 3

Inherited from Middle English eile, eyle, eiȝle, from Old English eġl (“an ail; awn; beard of barley; mote”), from Proto-Germanic *agilō (“awn”), related to *ahaz (“ear (of grain)”). Cognate with German Achel, Egel, Ägel.

#### Alternative forms

* ile

#### Noun

ail (plural ails)
* The awn of barley or other types of corn.

#### References

* ↑ Friedrich Kluge (1883) “Achel”, in John Francis Davis, transl., Etymological Dictionary of the German Language, published 1891

### Anagrams

* -ial, Ali, IAL, LIA, Lai, ali-, lai

## Dalmatian
### Alternative forms

* alj, agl, aill

### Etymology

From Latin allium.

### Noun

ail
* (Vegliot) garlic

### References

* Ive, A. (1886) “L'antico dialetto di Veglia [The old dialect of Veglia]”, in G. I. Ascoli, editor, Archivio glottologico italiano [Italian linguistic archive], volume 9, Rome: E. Loescher, pages 115–187

## French
### Etymology

Inherited from Old French, from Latin allium.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /aj/
* Audio (Paris):(file)
* Audio:(file)
* Homophones: aïe, aille, ailles, aillent, ails

### Noun

ail m (plural ails or aulx)
* garlic

#### Derived terms

* ail des ours
* ail sauvage
* alliacé
* ailler

#### Descendants

* Haitian Creole: lay (from l’ail)
* Mauritian Creole: lay (from l’ail)
* Moore: lay (from l’ail)

### Further reading

* “ail”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

### Anagrams

* lai, lia

## Irish
### Alternative forms

* oil

### Etymology

From Old Irish ail (“boulder, rock”), from Proto-Celtic *ɸales-, from Proto-Indo-European *pelis-, *pels- (“stone”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /alʲ/

### Noun

ail f (genitive singular aileach, nominative plural aileacha or ailche)
* stone, rock

#### Declension

bare forms
case
singular
plural
nominative
ail
aileacha
vocative
a ail
a aileacha
genitive
aileach
aileacha
dative
ail
aileacha
forms with the definite article
case
singular
plural
nominative
an ail
na haileacha
genitive
na haileach
na n-aileacha
dative
leis an ail don ail
leis na haileacha :
* Archaic plural: ailche

#### Derived terms

* ail leachta, ail in úir (“headstone, monument”)

#### Related terms

* aill
* ailt

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* ↑ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*fales-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 120

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “ail”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 ail”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* Dinneen, Patrick S. (1927) “ail”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 2nd edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society
* Finck, F. N. (1899) Die araner mundart [The Aran Dialect] (in German), volume II, Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 22

## Middle English
### Etymology 1
#### Noun

ail
* Alternative form of ale (“beer”)

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

ail
* Alternative form of hayle (“hail”)

## Norman
### Etymology

From Old French, from Latin allium.

### Noun

ail m (uncountable)
* (Jersey) garlic

## Old Irish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /alʲ/

### Etymology 1

Possibly from Proto-Celtic *ɸalos, from Proto-Indo-European *pels-, *pelis- (“rock, cliff”), see also German Fels (“rock”).
The declension was not stable at the start of the Old Irish period, with a shift from an i-stem declension to a k-stem declension ongoing.

#### Noun

ail f (genitive ailech, nominative plural ailich)
* rock
* foundation

##### Inflection

* $^H$ = triggers aspiration
* $^L$ = triggers lenition
* $^N$ = triggers nasalization
* $^H$ = triggers aspiration
* $^L$ = triggers lenition
* $^N$ = triggers nasalization

##### Descendants

* Middle Irish: ail
** Irish: ail

#### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Etymology 2
#### Verb

·ail
* third-person singular present indicative conjunct of ailid

#### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* ↑ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*fales-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 120

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 ail”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## Scots
### Etymology

From Middle English eilen, from Old English eġlan, eġlian (“to trouble, afflict”), from Proto-West Germanic *aglijan.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /eːl/

### Verb

ail (third-person singular simple present ails, present participle ailin, simple past ailt, past participle ailt)
* to trouble, afflict (of body or mind)
* to hinder, prevent
* to be ill

### References

* “ail, v.”, in The Dictionary of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Scottish Language Dictionaries, 2004–present, →OCLC.

## Welsh
### Alternative forms

* 2il (abbreviation)

### Etymology

From Middle Welsh eil, from Proto-Brythonic *ėl, from Proto-Celtic *alyos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élyos (“other”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ai̯l/
* Audio:(file)
* Homophone: ael (“eyebrow”) (South Wales)
* Rhymes: -ai̯l

### Adjective

ail (feminine singular ail, plural ail, not comparable) (precedes the noun, triggers soft mutation of all nouns)
* (ordinal number) second
    Synonym: eilfed
    yr ail lawr ― the second floor

#### Derived terms

* ail- (“re-”), eil- (“re-”)
* ail isradd (“square root”)
* eiliad (“a second”)
* eilrif (“even number”)
* heb ail (“second to none”)

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.