# मण्डल
## Pali
### Alternative forms

* maṇḍala (Latin script)
* 𑀫𑀡𑁆𑀟𑀮 (Brahmi script)
* মণ্ডল (Bengali script)
* මණ‍්ඩල (Sinhalese script)
* မဏ္ဍလ or မꧣ္ꩨလ or မꧣ်ꩨလ (Burmese script)
* มณฺฑล or มัณฑะละ (Thai script)
* ᨾᨱ᩠ᨯᩃ (Tai Tham script)
* ມຓ຺ຑລ or ມັຓຑະລະ (Lao script)
* មណ្ឌល (Khmer script)
* 𑄟𑄕𑄴𑄓𑄣 (Chakma script)

### Noun

मण्डल n
* Devanagari script form of maṇḍala

#### Declension
## Sanskrit
### Alternative scripts

* মণ্ডল (Assamese script)
* ᬫᬡ᭄ᬟᬮ (Balinese script)
* মণ্ডল (Bengali script)
* 𑰦𑰜𑰿𑰚𑰩 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀫𑀡𑁆𑀟𑀮 (Brahmi script)
* မဏ္ဍလ (Burmese script)
* મણ્ડલ (Gujarati script)
* ਮਣ੍ਡਲ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌮𑌣𑍍𑌡𑌲 (Grantha script)
* ꦩꦟ꧀ꦝꦭ (Javanese script)
* 𑂧𑂝𑂹𑂙𑂪 (Kaithi script)
* ಮಣ್ಡಲ (Kannada script)
* មណ្ឌល (Khmer script)
* ມຓ຺ຑລ (Lao script)
* മണ്ഡല (Malayalam script)
* ᠮᠠᢏᡷᠠᠯᠠ (Manchu script)
* 𑘦𑘜𑘿𑘚𑘩 (Modi script)
* ᠮᠠᢏᢎᠠᠯᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
* 𑧆𑦼𑧠𑦺𑧉 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐩𑐞𑑂𑐜𑐮 (Newa script)
* ମଣ୍ଡଲ (Odia script)
* ꢪꢠ꣄ꢞꢭ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆩𑆟𑇀𑆝𑆬 (Sharada script)
* 𑖦𑖜𑖿𑖚𑖩 (Siddham script)
* මණ‍්ඩල (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩴𑩪 𑪙𑩨𑩽 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚢𑚘𑚶𑚖𑚥 (Takri script)
* மண்ட³ல (Tamil script)
* మణ్డల (Telugu script)
* มณฺฑล (Thai script)
* མ་ཎྜ་ལ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒧𑒝𑓂𑒛𑒪 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨢𑨘𑩇𑨖𑨬 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

Unknown. Several theories have been proposed:
* Mayrhofer and Turner agree on *मण्ड (maṇḍa, “round”) +‎ -ल (-la), based on the lexeme found in the Classical compounds नौमण्ड (naumaṇḍa, “chief part of a ship”), मण्डचरवन्त् (maṇḍacaravant, “as if going in a circle; having a noose (?)”). Further etymology is unknown, but Dardic descendants may support a non-retroflexed *मन्द (manda) as the ultimate source.
** Mayrhofer proposes the following Indo-European cognates: Proto-Slavic *mǫdo (“testicle”) if the retroflexion is spontaneous, or Old Irish mell (“ball”) (> modern Irish meall) if we assume l-induced retroflexion of *mel-nd- under Fortunatov's law.
** Burrow, later supported by Turner, proposes borrowing from Proto-Dravidian *maṇḍ- (“to be bent”), with cognates Tamil மண்டி (maṇṭi, “kneeling”), முடலை (muṭalai, “ball, globe”).
* Tedesco proposes वृत्त (vṛtta, “round”) +‎ -ल (-la), undergoing Prakrit-like sound changes via ad-hoc intermediate *वट्टल (vaṭṭala) > *वण्टल (vaṇṭala) > *वण्डल (vaṇḍala). He furthermore proposes initial v- > m- as a common Middle Indo-Aryan sound change; see मुण्ड (muṇḍa, “bald”) for more. Turner rejects this etymology on phonological grounds.
* Borrowed from substrate language. Compare Nihali मौड्ढारी (moḍḍhārī, “triangle”), for the "triangle" sense in the Caturvargacintāmaṇi.

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /mɐ́ɳ.ɖɐ.lɐ/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /mɐɳ.ɖɐ.l̪ɐ/

### Adjective

मण्ड॑ल • (máṇḍala) stem
* circular, round
** 550 CE, Varāhamihira, Bṛhat Saṃhitā

#### Declension

* ¹Vedic
* ¹Vedic
* ²Brāhmaṇas
* ¹Vedic

### Noun

मण्ड॑ल • (máṇḍala) stem, n
* (rarely m) disk (especially of the sun or moon)
* anything round
* circle, globe, orb, ring, circumference, ball, wheel
    मण्डलेन ― maṇḍalena ― in a circle
** c. 700 BCE, Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa
* (astronomy) the path or orbit of a heavenly body
** c. 400 CE, Lāṭadeva, Sūryasiddhānta
* a halo round the sun or moon
** 550 CE, Varāhamihira, Bṛhat Saṃhitā
* a ball used for playing
** c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata
* (surgery) circular bandage
** c. 600 BCE – 600 CE, Suśruta, Suśruta Saṃhitā
* (also in the plural) a sort of cutaneous eruption or leprosy with circular spot
* round mole or mark (caused by a fingernail etc.) on the body
** Lāṭyāyana, Lāṭyāyana-śrauta-sūtra
** c. 300 BCE, Kātyāyana, Kātyāyana-śrauta-sūtra
* (military) circular array of troops
** c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata
** Kām
* (geography) district, arrondissement, territory, province, country
** c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata
* mandala (a surrounding district or neighbouring state; the circle consisting of a ruler's near and distant neighbours)
** c. 200 BCE – 200 CE, Manusmṛti 7.154
** Yājñ
** c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata
* a multitude, group, band, collection, whole body, society, company
* mandala (division of the book of the Rigveda)

#### Usage notes

In Hemādri's Caturvarga-cintāmaṇi also applied to anything triangular; compare मण्डलक (maṇḍalaka).

#### Declension

* ¹Vedic

#### Derived terms

* मण्डलिन् (maṇḍalin, “chief, leader”, literally “possessor of the territory”)
** Pali: maṇḍalin
** Prakrit: 𑀫𑀁𑀟𑀮𑀺 (maṃḍali)
*** Bengali: মোড়ল (mōṛol, “chief of a village”)

#### Descendants

* Dardic:
** Kalasha: māṇḍal (“coffin”), māṇḍau
** Kashmiri:
    Arabic script: مانڈُل (mānḍul)
    Devanagari script: मन्डुल (manḍul, “circle”)
* Pali: maṇḍala
* Prakrit: 𑀫𑀁𑀟𑀮 (maṃḍala) (see there for further descendants)

##### Borrowed terms

* → Bengali: মণ্ডল (monḍol) (learned)
* → Hindi: मंडल (maṇḍal) (learned)
* → Old Javanese: maṇḍala
** Javanese: ꦩꦤ꧀ꦝꦭ (mandhala), ꦩꦤ꧀ꦢꦭ (mandala)
** → Balinese: ᬫᬡ᭄ᬟᬮ (mandala)
* → Punjabi: ਮੰਡਲ (maṇḍal) (learned)
* → Tamil: மண்டலம் (maṇṭalam) (learned)
* → Thai: มณฑล (mon-ton)

### References

* ↑ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “máṇḍala”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 294
* 1 2 Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “máṇḍala”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 559
* ↑ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1963) “máṇḍalaḥ”, in Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎ (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 559
* ↑ Burrow, T[homas] (1948) “Dravidian Studies VII: Further Dravidian words in Sanskrit”, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London‎, volume 12, number 2, page 389 of 365–396
* ↑ Tedesco, P[aul Maximilian] (1945) “Sanskrit muṇḍa- 'shaven'”, in Journal of the American Oriental Society‎, volume 65, number 2, American Oriental Society, page 84 of 82–98

### Further reading

* Monier Williams (1899) “मण्डल”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0775.