# 虞

| 虞 | U+865E, &#34398; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-865E |
| ← 虝 [U+865D] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 號 → [U+865F] |

## Translingual
### Han character

虞 (Kangxi radical 141, 虍+7, 13 strokes, cangjie input 卜心口一大 (YPRMK) or 卜心口女大 (YPRVK), four-corner 2128$_1$, composition ⿸虍吳(HTKV) or ⿸虍呉(J) or ⿸虍吴(G))

#### Derived characters

* 噳, 澞, 𡑾, 𡢢, 𪝭, 𪩽, 𦾚, 𥵂, 𩦢, 鸆, 𪋬

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1074, character 24
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 32723
* Dae Jaweon: page 1543, character 4
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2827, character 2
* Unihan data for U+865E

## Chinese

* 虞朝 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 虞姓 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 有虞氏 (Written Standard Chinese)

### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 虞
* Western Zhou
* Bronze inscriptions
| | Old Chinese |
| 吳 | *ŋʷaː |
| 蜈 | *ŋʷaː |
| 鋘 | *ŋʷaː, *ŋʷraː |
| 麌 | *ŋʷaː, *ŋʷaʔ |
| 祦 | *ŋaː |
| 誤 | *ŋʷaːs |
| 悞 | *ŋʷaːs |
| 娛 | *ŋʷaːs, *ŋʷa |
| 虞 | *ŋʷa |
| 澞 | *ŋʷa |
| 鸆 | *ŋʷa |
| 俁 | *ŋʷaʔ |
| 噳 | *ŋʷaʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ŋʷa): semantic 虍 (“tiger”) + phonetic 吳 (OC *ŋʷaː).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yú (yu$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄩˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jyu$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ngû
    (Hailu, HRS): ngi
* Eastern Min (BUC): ngṳ̀
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gy$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): gû
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ngo$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yú
*** Zhuyin: ㄩˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yú
*** Wade–Giles: yü$^2$
*** Yale: yú
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yu
*** Palladius: юй (juj)
*** Sinological IPA : /y³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jyu$^4$
*** Yale: yùh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jy$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /jyː²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngû
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngu$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋu²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngi
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋi⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ngṳ̀
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋy⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gy$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /ky¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gû
*** Tâi-lô: gû
*** Phofsit Daibuun: guu
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ɡu²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡu²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡu¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ɡu²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡu²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ngo$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngô
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋo⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: ngju
Rime :
| Character | 虞 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 虞 (24) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 遇俱切 |
| Baxter | ngju |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ŋɨo/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ŋio/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ŋio/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ŋuə̆/ |
| Li Rong | /ŋio/ |
| Wang Li | /ŋĭu/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ŋi̯u/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yú |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jyu$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ]ʷ(r)a/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋʷa/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 虞 | 虞 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yú | yú |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ngju › | ‹ ngju › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ŋ]ʷ(r)a/ | /*[ŋ]ʷ(r)a/ |
| English | foresee | gamester; forester |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 虞 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 13103 |
| Phonetic component | 吴 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋʷa/ |

### Definitions

虞
* (obsolete) zouyu, an ancient legendary creature, also known as 騶虞／驺虞 (zōuyú)
* (historical) an ancient officer in charge of managing forests and hunting grounds
    From: I Ching, 11th – 8th century BCE
    Jí lù wú yú, yǐ zòng qín yě. Jūnzǐ shè zhī, wǎng lìn qióng yě. [Pinyin]
    'One pursues the deer without the (guidance of the) forester:' - (he does so) in (his eagerness to) follow the game. 'The superior man gives up the chase, (knowing that) if he go forward he will regret it:' - he would be reduced to extremity.
* (literary) to predict; to guess; to foresee
    From: The New Book of Tang, 1060 CE
    Lǔ bù yú jūn zhì, yīn dà kuì. [Pinyin]
    The enemies did not anticipate the armies' arrival, so they were utterly routed.
* (literary) to be concerned about; to worry
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Wú'èr wúyú, Shàngdì lín rǔ. [Pinyin]
    Have no doubts, no anxieties; God is with you.'
    From: Romance of the Three Kingdoms, circa 14th century CE
    Tiānyùn héhuí, chéngxiàng qiān huí Cháng'ān, fāng kě wúyú. [Pinyin]
    Our fate has come full circle; the chancellor [Dong Zhuo] must move back to Chang'an so as to have no worries.
* (literary) to deceive; to fool; to cheat
    爾虞我詐／尔虞我诈 ― ěryúwǒzhà ― to deceive each other
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
    Méng yuē: “Wǒ wú ěr zhà, ěr wú wǒ yú.” [Pinyin]
    The covenant said, “We shall not defraud you, and you shall not deceive us.
* Alternative form of 娛 / 娱 (“enjoyment; pleasure”)
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Bàzhě zhī mín, huānyú rú yě; wángzhě zhī mín, hàohào rú yě. [Pinyin]
    Under a chief, leading all the princes, the people look brisk and cheerful. Under a true sovereign, they have an air of deep contentment.
* a legendary ancient Chinese dynasty that could have existed prior to the Xia dynasty, founded by Shun
    From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    “Jì” yuē: “Yú, xià, shāng, zhōu, yǒu shībǎo, yǒu yíchéng. Shè sì fǔ jí sāngōng.” [Pinyin]
    The history says, ‘Under the dynasties of Yu, Xia, Shang, and Zhou, there were the master, the guardian, the Yi, and the Cheng, and there were appointed the four aides and the three ducal ministers.’
* an ancient state during the Western Zhou and the Spring and Autumn period, located in modern-day Pinglu County, Shanxi
* (～日) (telegraphy) the seventh day of a month
* a surname

### Compounds

* 不虞 (bùyú)
* 不虞之譽 / 不虞之誉 (bùyúzhīyù)
* 不虞之隙
* 不虞匱乏 / 不虞匮乏
* 即鹿無虞 / 即鹿无虞
* 吉慶無虞 / 吉庆无虞
* 唐虞 (Táng-Yú)
* 堪虞 (kānyú)
* 後果堪虞 / 后果堪虞
* 後顧之虞 / 后顾之虞
* 憂虞 / 忧虞 (yōuyú)
* 暮虢朝虞
* 有虞氏
* 歐虞體 / 欧虞体
* 永保無虞 / 永保无虞
* 泣別虞姬 / 泣别虞姬
* 火虞
* 無虞 / 无虞 (wúyú)
* 爾虞我詐 / 尔虞我诈 (ěryúwǒzhà)
* 爾詐我虞 / 尔诈我虞
* 疏虞
* 自虞
* 艱虞 / 艰虞
* 虞人
* 虞候
* 虞夏 (Yúxià)
* 虞姬
* 虞山
* 虞山派
* 虞歌決別 / 虞歌决别
* 虞淵 / 虞渊
* 虞犯少年
* 虞祭
* 虞美人 (yúměirén)
* 虞舜
* 虞芮之訟 / 虞芮之讼
* 虢滅虞亡 / 虢灭虞亡
* 騶虞 / 驺虞 (zōuyú)
* 高枕不虞
* 高枕無虞 / 高枕无虞

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 虞 |
| Kyūjitai | 虞󠄁 虞+&#xE0101; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 虞󠄃 虞+&#xE0103; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* to worry, to fear

#### Readings

* Go-on: ぐ (gu)
* Kan-on: ぐ (gu)
* Kun: おそれ (osore, 虞, Jōyō)、うれえる (ureeru, 虞える)、おそれる (osoreru, 虞れる)、おもんぱかる (omonpakaru, 虞る)、はかる (hakaru, 虞る)
* Nanori: すけ (suke)、もち (mochi)、やす (yasu)

#### Compounds

* 虞姫(ぐき) (Gu-ki)
* 虞氏(ぐし) (Gu-shi)
* 虞舜(ぐしゅん) (Gu Shun)
* 虞犯少年(ぐはんしょうねん) (guhan shōnen)
* 虞美人(ぐびじん) (Gu bijin)
** 虞美人草(ぐびじんそう) (gubijinsō)
* 唐虞(とうぐ) (Tōgu)
* 不虞(ふぐ) (fugu)
* 憂虞(ゆうぐ) (yūgu)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 虞
* おそれ Grade: S
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 虞 – see the following entry. :
| 【恐おそれ】 | [noun] 恐れ, 虞: concern that something bad will happen, risk, danger |
(This term, 虞, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 虞
* ぐ Grade: S
* on'yomi

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɡɯ̟]

#### Proper noun

虞(ぐ) • (Gu)
* Yu (a legendary ancient Chinese dynasty, founded by Shun)
* An orthographic borrowing of the Chinese surname 虞 (yú), Yu

### References

* ↑ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 1877 (paper), page 990 (digital)

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 虞 (MC ngju).
* Recorded as Middle Korean ᅌᅮᆼ (Yale: ngwu) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 우 (wu) (Yale: wu) in Gwangju Cheonjamun (光州千字文 / 광주천자문), 1575.

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [u]
* Phonetic hangul: [우]

### Hanja

Wikisource 虞 (eumhun 염려할 우 (yeomnyeohal u))
* hanja form of 우 (“to worry”)

#### Compounds

* 불우 (不虞, buru)
* 우범 (虞犯, ubeom)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

虞: Hán Nôm readings: ngu
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.