# 監

| 監 | U+76E3, &#30435; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-76E3 |
| ← 盢 [U+76E2] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 盤 → [U+76E4] |
| ㈼ | U+323C, &#12860; PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH SUPERVISE |
| ← ㈻ [U+323B] | Enclosed CJK Letters and Months | ㈽ → [U+323D] |

## Translingual

| Japanese | 監 |
| Simplified | 监 |
| Traditional | 監 |

### Alternative forms

* 𰯲 (when used at the top of a character)
Note the difference in the upper right component between simplified Chinese, where it is ⿱𠂉丶 (resembles half of 𥫗), and traditional Chinese and Japanese, where it is ⿱𠂉一.

### Han character

監 (Kangxi radical 108, 皿+9 in Chinese, 皿+10 in Japanese, 14 strokes in Chinese, 15 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 尸戈月廿 (SIBT) or 尸一月廿 (SMBT), four-corner 7810$_7$, composition ⿱⿰臣⿱𠂉丶皿)

#### Derived characters

* 儖(𫣉) 嚂(𰈓) 壏(𰊑) 尶 尷(尴) 懢 檻(槛) 濫(滥) 爁(𬊶) 璼(𫞨) 礛(𰧔) 籃(篮) 糮(𬖮) 繿(䍀) 艦(舰) 藍(蓝) 襤(褴) 轞(𰺗) 鑑(鉴) 鹽(塩 盐) 㔋(𪟎) 㜮(𫱕) 㩜(㨫) 㲯(𰚪) 㺝 䆾 䰐(𱆅) 𠕱 𡮻 𡰛 𡽳(𫶊) 𡽾 𢅡(𫷌) 𣁥 𣋣 𣰦 𥃢 𥌈 𥜓 𦡶(𰯂) 𦣸 𧓦 𧥈 𧭗 𧸦(𬥾) 𨊔 𨣨(𰼏) 𩁱 𩦹 𩴵(𩴌) 𩼳 𪇖(𬸡) 𪊇 𫗝 𫶻 𭧿

#### Descendants

* 监

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 796, character 2
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 23032
* Dae Jaweon: page 1210, character 18
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2566, character 3
* Unihan data for U+76E3

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 監 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 藍 | *ɡ·raːm |
| 襤 | *ɡ·raːm |
| 籃 | *ɡ·raːm |
| 懢 | *ɡ·raːm, *ɡ·raːms |
| 儖 | *ɡ·raːm |
| 蘫 | *ɡ·raːm, *qʰlaːms |
| 攬 | *ɡ·raːmʔ |
| 欖 | *ɡ·raːmʔ |
| 覽 | *ɡ·raːmʔ |
| 爁 | *ɡ·raːmʔ, *ɡ·raːms, *ɡ·rams |
| 擥 | *ɡ·raːmʔ |
| 灠 | *ɡ·raːmʔ |
| 濫 | *ɡ·raːms, *ɡraːmʔ |
| 嚂 | *ɡ·raːms, *kʰlaːms, *qʰlaːmʔ |
| 纜 | *ɡ·raːms |
| 監 | *kraːm, *kraːms |
| 礛 | *kraːm |
| 鑑 | *kraːm, *kraːms, *kraːms |
| 艦 | *ɡraːmʔ |
| 檻 | *ɡraːmʔ, *ɡraːms |
| 壏 | *ɡraːmʔ |
| 轞 | *ɡraːmʔ |
| 鹽 | *ɡ·lam, *ɡ·lams |
The original version is a pictogram (象形) depicting a person with an emphasized eye looking into a container (Ji Xusheng, 2004).
Then, the whole character was stylized as a Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 臥 + 皿 and written as 𧗄. Later, the bottom component was turned into 血. Note the migration of the dot from 血 → 皿 to a third stroke of 人 → ⿱𠂉丶/⿱𠂉一.

### Etymology

Compare Burmese ကြံ (kram, “to think, scheme”).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): jiān (jian$^1$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): jian$^1$
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): jiǎn
    (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): jièn
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gaam$^1$
    (Dongguan, Jyutping++): gaang$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): gam$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): gan$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kâm
    (Meixian, Guangdong): gam$^1$
* Jin (Wiktionary): jie$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): ga̿ng
* Eastern Min (BUC): găng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gang$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kaⁿ / kam / kàm
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gam$^1$ / gang$^1$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): giam$^1$
* Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): gaam$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$ke
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): gan$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiān
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jian
*** Wade–Giles: chien$^1$
*** Yale: jyān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jian
*** Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: jian$^1$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gian
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiɛn⁵⁵/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: jiǎn
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiã²¹/
** (Nanjing)
*** Nanjing Pinyin: jièn
*** Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): jien$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiẽ³¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gaam$^1$
*** Yale: gāam
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gaam$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gam$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kaːm⁵⁵/
** (Dongguan, Guancheng)
*** Jyutping++: gaang$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kaŋ²¹³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: gam$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kam³³/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: gan$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kan⁴²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kâm
*** Hakka Romanization System: gam$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gam$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kam²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: gam$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kam⁴⁴/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: jie$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕie¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ga̿ng
*** Sinological IPA : /kaŋ³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: găng
*** Sinological IPA : /kaŋ⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gang$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kaŋ⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kaⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: kann
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kvaf
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kã³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kã⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kam
*** Tâi-lô: kam
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kafm
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /kam³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kam⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kàm
*** Tâi-lô: kàm
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kaxm
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kam⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /kam²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kam¹¹/
* kaⁿ - vernacular;
* kam/kàm - literary.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit監 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /t͡ɕian⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /t͡ɕian⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /t͡ɕian²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /t͡ɕiã²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /t͡ɕiã²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /t͡ɕian²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /t͡ɕiã²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /t͡ɕiã⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /t͡ɕian⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /t͡ɕiɛ̃n³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /t͡ɕian⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /t͡ɕiɛn⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /t͡ɕian⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /t͡ɕian⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /t͡ɕiɛ̃⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /t͡ɕien³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /t͡ɕiĩ²¹/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡ɕie¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /t͡ɕiɑŋ¹³/ /t͡ɕiɑŋ³⁵/ ～督 |
| Jin | Hohhot | /t͡ɕie³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ke⁵³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ke̞⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /t͡ɕiẽ̞³³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ka³³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /t͡ɕie³¹/ /kɛ³¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /kɔ¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /kan⁵⁵/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /kan⁵⁵/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /kan⁴²/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /kam⁴⁴/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /kɑm⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /kam⁵³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /kam⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /kam⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kam⁵⁵/ /kã⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kaŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kaŋ³³/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /kam³³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /kam²³/ ～獄 /kam³⁵/ ～察 |
* Middle Chinese: kaem
Rime :
| Character | 監 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 銜 (149) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 谷銜切 |
| Baxter | kaem |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠam/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kᵚam/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kam/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kaɨm/ |
| Li Rong | /kam/ |
| Wang Li | /kam/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kam/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiān |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gaam$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ˤram/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kraːm/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 監 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jiān |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kæm › |
| Old Chinese | /*[k]ˁram/ |
| English | inspect |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 監 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 6103 |
| Phonetic component | 監 |
| Rime group | 談 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | |
| Old Chinese | /*kraːm/ |
| Notes | 鑑初文，象人俯視皿水察容（林義光陳獨秀說），非形聲字 |

#### Definitions

監
* to supervise; to oversee
* (historical) proctor; supervisor
* to control; to take charge; to direct
* (historical, of crown prince or senior statesman) to act for the monarch
* (historical) dukes or princes under an emperor
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to imprison; to incarcerate
* prison; jail
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to command; to lead
* (Cantonese) to force (somebody to do something)

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 監獄, 監牢, 牢獄, 牢房 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 監獄, 班房兒, 泡兒局 dated |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 監獄 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 監獄 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 監獄, 笆籬子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 監獄, 牢, 笆籬子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 牢, 班房, 笆籬子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 監牢 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 監獄 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 監獄 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 監獄, 班房兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 監獄 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 監獄 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 監獄, 監牢獄, 監 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 監牢獄, 監獄 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 監牢獄 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 監, 牢 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 監獄, 監, 牢 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 監獄, 監, 牢 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 牢, 班房 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 監獄, 牢, 大圈兒, 八號兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 班房子, 獄監 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 監獄, 牢, 班房 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 監獄, 班房子, 班房 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 監獄, 牢, 笆籬子, 班房子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 牢, 班房 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 監獄, 牢, 班房 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 監獄, 班房 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 監獄, 牢, 班房 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 監獄, 牢 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 監獄, 牢 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 牢 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 牢監, 牢, 班房 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 監牢, 牢 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 監獄 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 監倉 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 監獄, 監倉, 祠堂 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 牢監, 班房 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 班房 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 監房 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 班房 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 監獄 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 監獄仔 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian) | 監獄 |
| Hakka | Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian) | 監獄 |
| Hakka | Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian) | 監獄 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 監獄 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 監獄 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 監獄 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 監獄 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 監牢 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 監牢, 牢 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 牢, 班房 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 監牢, 監, 牢房, 牢, 班房 |
| Jin | Linhe | 監獄, 監, 牢, 班房子 |
| Jin | Jining | 班房 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 監獄, 監, 牢, 獄, 班房 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 監獄, 牢 |
| Jin | Handan | 監獄, 房子 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 班房 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 監牢 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 監獄, 監牢, 班館, 館仔 dated, 櫳仔 dated, 櫳間 dated, 鴿仔空 dated |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 監獄, 監牢 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 監獄, 監牢, 班館, 館仔 dated, 櫳仔 dated |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Tamsui) | 監獄, 監牢 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 監獄 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang) | 監獄, 櫳仔內 |
| Southern Min | Yilan (Toucheng) | 監獄 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 監獄, 監牢, 櫳仔, 櫳仔間, 內籬仔 GT |
| Southern Min | Tainan (Anping) | 監獄, 櫳仔內 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Xiyu) | 監獄, 櫳仔內 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 跤跔, 跤跔間 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 監牢, 釘鏈間 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 跤跔, 監獄 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 監獄 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 釘鏈間, 監牢 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 監倉 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 監牢, 牢監 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 監牢 |
| Wu | Danyang | 監牢 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 牢監 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 牢監, 監牢 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 牢監, 班房 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 監牢 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 班房, 籠子 |
| Note | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) |

#### Compounds

* 三監 / 三监
* 中央監控系統 / 中央监控系统
* 主監 / 主监
* 例監 / 例监
* 光照監視裝置 / 光照监视装置
* 入監 / 入监 (rùjiān)
* 內監 / 内监
* 出監 / 出监
* 國子監 / 国子监 (Guózǐjiàn)
* 坐監 / 坐监
* 外役監獄 / 外役监狱
* 大樓監控系統 / 大楼监控系统
* 天監 / 天监
* 女監 / 女监 (nǚjiān)
* 學監 / 学监 (xuéjiān)
* 寄監 / 寄监
* 巴士底監獄 / 巴士底监狱
* 投監 / 投监
* 探監 / 探监 (tànjiān)
* 收監 / 收监 (shōujiān)
* 斃監免議 / 毙监免议
* 斬監候 / 斩监候
* 海監 / 海监
* 狂吟老監 / 狂吟老监
* 獨居監禁 / 独居监禁
* 球監 / 球监
* 理監事 / 理监事
* 環保與環境監控系統 / 环保与环境监控系统
* 發監 / 发监
* 監主自盜 / 监主自盗
* 監事 / 监事 (jiānshì)
* 監修 / 监修
* 監印 / 监印
* 監司 / 监司
* 監國 / 监国 (jiānguó)
* 監場 / 监场
* 監守 / 监守 (jiānshǒu)
* 監守自盜 / 监守自盗 (jiānshǒuzìdào)
* 監察 / 监察 (jiānchá)
* 監察人 / 监察人
* 監察委員 / 监察委员
* 監察御史 / 监察御史
* 監察權 / 监察权
* 監察院 / 监察院 (Jiāncháyuàn)
* 監察院審計部 / 监察院审计部
* 監寺 / 监寺
* 監工 / 监工 (jiāngōng)
* 監市履狶 / 监市履狶
* 監廚 / 监厨
* 監所 / 监所 (jiānsuǒ)
* 監押 / 监押 (jiānyā)
* 監控 / 监控 (jiānkòng)
* 監斬 / 监斩
* 監斬官 / 监斩官
* 監測 / 监测 (jiāncè)
* 監牢 / 监牢 (jiānláo)
* 監犯 / 监犯 (jiānfàn)
* 監獄 / 监狱 (jiānyù)
* 監督 / 监督 (jiāndū)
* 監票 / 监票 (jiānpiào)
* 監視 / 监视 (jiānshì)
* 監視器 / 监视器 (jiānshìqì)
* 監禁 / 监禁 (jiānjìn)
* 監管 / 监管 (jiānguǎn)
* 監繫 / 监系
* 監考 / 监考 (jiānkǎo)
* 監聽 / 监听 (jiāntīng)
* 監臨 / 监临
* 監臨自盜 / 监临自盗
* 監製 / 监制 (jiānzhì)
* 監覷 / 监觑
* 監解 / 监解
* 監試 / 监试
* 監誓 / 监誓 (jiānshì)
* 監護 / 监护 (jiānhù)
* 監護人 / 监护人 (jiānhùrén)
* 監軍 / 监军
* 監造 / 监造
* 監運 / 监运
* 監鋪 / 监铺
* 監門 / 监门
* 監門之養 / 监门之养
* 監齋使者 / 监斋使者
* 監齋爺 / 监斋爷
* 總監 / 总监 (zǒngjiān)
* 舍監 / 舍监 (shèjiān)
* 董監事 / 董监事
* 行政監督 / 行政监督
* 行監坐守 / 行监坐守
* 跟監 / 跟监
* 遠端監控系統 / 远端监控系统

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jiàn (jian$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢˋ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gaam$^3$
    (Dongguan, Jyutping++): gaang$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kam
    (Meixian, Guangdong): gam$^4$
* Eastern Min (BUC): gáng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gang$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kàm
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gam$^3$
* Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): gaam$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jiàn
*** Wade–Giles: chien$^4$
*** Yale: jyàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiann
*** Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gaam$^3$
*** Yale: gaam
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gaam$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gam$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kaːm³³/
** (Dongguan, Guancheng)
*** Jyutping++: gaang$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kaŋ³²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kam
*** Hakka Romanization System: gam
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gam$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /kam⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: gam$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /kam⁵³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gáng
*** Sinological IPA : /kɑŋ²¹³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gang$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kaŋ⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kàm
*** Tâi-lô: kàm
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kaxm
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /kam⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /kam²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kam¹¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gam$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kàm
*** Sinological IPA : /kam²¹³/
* Southern Pinghua
** (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
*** Jyutping++: gaam$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kam⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: kaemH
Rime :
| Character | 監 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 銜 (149) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 格懺切 |
| Baxter | kaemH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠam$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kᵚam$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kam$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kaɨm$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kam$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kam$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kam$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gaam$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤram-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kraːms/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 監 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jiàn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kæm$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*kˁram-s/ |
| English | mirror |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 監 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 6106 |
| Phonetic component | 監 |
| Rime group | 談 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 鑑 |
| Old Chinese | /*kraːms/ |

#### Definitions

監
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 鑒 / 鉴 (jiàn, “mirror”)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to reflect; to see; to view
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Zǐyuē: “Zhōu jiàn yú èrdài, yùyùhū wénzāi! Wú cóng Zhōu.” [Pinyin]
    The Master said, "Zhou had the advantage of viewing the two past dynasties. How complete and elegant are its regulations! I follow Zhou."
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to use for reference; to draw lessons from
* (historical) supervisor; overseer
* (historical) imperial office
* (historical) eunuch

#### Compounds

* 三保太監 / 三保太监
* 入監 / 入监 (rùjiān)
* 內監 / 内监
* 國子監博士 / 国子监博士
* 國子監司業 / 国子监司业
* 國子監祭酒 / 国子监祭酒
* 坐監 / 坐监 (zuòjiàn)
* 太監 / 太监 (tàijiàn)
* 宮中太監 / 宫中太监
* 廕監 / 荫监
* 捐監 / 捐监
* 欽天監 / 钦天监
* 狗監 / 狗监
* 皇帝不急，急死太監 / 皇帝不急，急死太监 (huángdì bùjí, jísǐ tàijiàn)
* 監利 / 监利
* 監本 / 监本
* 監生 / 监生
* 祕書監 / 秘书监
* 舉監 / 举监
* 貢監 / 贡监
* 阿監 / 阿监 (ājiān)

### References

* ↑ Luce, G. H. (1981) “-AM Finals (5. to Think, Plan)”, in A Comparative Word-List of Old Burmese, Chinese and Tibetan, London: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, →ISBN, page 41

### Further reading

* “監”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* oversee
* bureaucrat
* government agency or office
* manage
* control or own

#### Readings

* Go-on: けん (ken)
* Kan-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)
* Kun: みる (miru, 監る)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 監
* かん Grade: S
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 監 (MC kaem).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kã̠ɴ]

### Affix

監(かん) • (kan)
* to supervise; to inspect; to watch
* jail; jailhouse

#### Compounds

* 監禁
* 監獄
* 監査
* 監察
* 監視
* 監守
* 監修
* 監督
* 監房

## Korean
### Hanja

監 (eumhun 볼 감 (bol gam))
* hanja form of 감 (“supervision; overseeing”)

#### Compounds

* 감독 (監督, gamdok, “director”)
* 감시 (監視, gamsi, “surveillance”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

監: Hán Nôm readings: giam, giám, giớm, giợm, róm, giấm, lổm, ram, rướm, xám
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.