# 堆

| 堆 | U+5806, &#22534; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5806 |
| ← 堅 [U+5805] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 堇 → [U+5807] |

## Translingual
### Han character

堆 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 土人土 (GOG), four-corner 4011$_4$, composition ⿰土隹)

#### Derived characters

* 𠼲, 𣼭, 𣊌, 𣙯, 𦟿, 𥊖, 𧐻, 𨄺, 𠐸, 𡳪, 𨬉, 𡓋, 𪅧, 𤍫, 𣙇, 𨄟, 𩅚
* 𫮥, 𰊵, 𱎕, 𫉊

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 232, character 4
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5211
* Dae Jaweon: page 469, character 6
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 454, character 4
* Unihan data for U+5806

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 蜼 | *lus, *rulʔ, *luls |
| 堆 | *tuːl |
| 嵟 | *tuːl |
| 碓 | *tuːls |
| 推 | *tʰuːl, *tʰjul |
| 蓷 | *tʰuːl, *tʰjul |
| 陮 | *duːlʔ |
| 魋 | *duːl |
| 嶊 | *stuːlʔ |
| 崔 | *zluːl, *sʰluːl |
| 猚 | *ŋreːl, *rulʔ |
| 椎 | *dul |
| 顀 | *dul |
| 隹 | *tjul |
| 錐 | *tjul |
| 萑 | *kljul |
| 騅 | *tjul |
| 鵻 | *sɢʷinʔ, *tjul |
| 誰 | *djul |
| 脽 | *djul |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *tuːl): semantic 土 + phonetic 隹 (OC *tjul).

### Etymology

Schuessler (2007) takes its first appearance in Chu Ci as suggestive of foreign origin. Possibly related to:
* Proto-Tai *C̥.doːjᴬ (“mountain”) (whence Thai ดอย (dɔɔi), Saek [script needed] (rɔ:jᴬ¹), Zhuang ndoi)
* Proto-Hmong-Mien *glaɨᴰ (“mountain”), or
* Austroasiatic, e.g. Middle Mon [script needed] (duiw, “hill, hilltop”)
Possibly connected with 屯 (OC *duːn).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): duī (dui$^1$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄟ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): dui$^1$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): deoi$^1$ / zeoi$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): dui$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): tôi
    (Meixian, Guangdong): doi$^1$
* Jin (Wiktionary): dui$^1$ / zui$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): dó
* Eastern Min (BUC): dŏi
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tui / tu
    (Teochew, Peng'im): dui$^1$ / du$^1$ / duh$^4$ / dung$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$te
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): dei$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: duī
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄟ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: duei
*** Wade–Giles: tui$^1$
*** Yale: dwēi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duei
*** Palladius: дуй (duj)
*** Sinological IPA : /tu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: dui$^1$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: dui
*** Sinological IPA : /tuei⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: deoi$^1$ / zeoi$^1$
*** Yale: dēui / jēui
*** Cantonese Pinyin: doey$^1$ / dzoey$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: dêu$^1$ / zêu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /tɵy̯⁵⁵/, /t͡sɵy̯⁵⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: dui$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /tui⁴²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tôi
*** Hakka Romanization System: doi$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: doi$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /toi̯²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: doi$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /toɪ⁴⁴/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: dui$^1$ / zui$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /tuei¹¹/, /t͡suei¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: dó
*** Sinological IPA : /to⁵⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: dŏi
*** Sinological IPA : /tøy⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tui
*** Tâi-lô: tui
*** Phofsit Daibuun: duy
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tui⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /tui³³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tu
*** Tâi-lô: tu
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dw
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tu⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tu³³/
* tui - literary;
* tu - vernacular.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit堆 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /tuei⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /tuei⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /tuei²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /tuei²¹³/ /t͡suei²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /tue²¹³/ /t͡sue²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /tuei²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /tuei²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /tuɨ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /tuei⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /tuei³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /tuei⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /tei⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /tuei⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /tuei⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /tuei⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /tuəi³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /te²¹/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /tuei¹¹/ /t͡suei¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /t͡suei¹³/ /tuæ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /tuei³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /te⁵³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /te̞⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /tui³³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /tai³³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /tɛ³¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /tə¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /tei³³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /təi³³/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /tui⁴²/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /toi⁴⁴/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /toi²⁴/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /tøy⁵³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /tui⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /tøy⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /tui⁵⁵/ /tu⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /tøy⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /to⁵⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /tui³³/ /tu³³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /ʔdui²³/ |
* Middle Chinese: twoj
Rime :
| Character | 堆 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 端 (5) |
| Final (韻) | 灰 (42) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 都回切 |
| Baxter | twoj |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tuʌi/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /tuoi/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /tuɒi/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /twəj/ |
| Li Rong | /tuᴀi/ |
| Wang Li | /tuɒi/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /tuɑ̆i/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | duī |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | deoi$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.tˤuj/
    (Zhengzhang): /*tuːl/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 堆 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | duī |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ twoj › |
| Old Chinese | /*C.tˁuj/ |
| English | heap; mound |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 堆 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 17705 |
| Phonetic component | 隹 |
| Rime group | 微 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 磓 |
| Old Chinese | /*tuːl/ |
| Notes | 見史記 |

### Definitions

堆
* heap; pile; mound
    垃圾堆 ― lājī duī ― trash pile
* (computing) heap
    堆分配 ― duī fēnpèi ― heap allocation
* to pile up; to stack up
* Classifier for objects organised in piles: pile; lump; heap; clump; mound
    一堆垃圾 ― yī duī lājī ― a pile of trash
* mound (usually in placenames)
    From: The Verses of Chu, 4th century BCE – 2nd century CE
    Yú Lǒngduī xī dù mò, guò Guìchē xī Hélí. [Pinyin]
    I crossed the Long mounds then traversed the desert, passed underneath the foot of Gui-ju and He-li.
* Alternative form of 䭔 / 𫗰 (duī)
    used in 煎䭔／煎𫗰

### Compounds

* 一堆 (yīduī)
* 三堆河 (Sānduīhé)
* 估堆兒 / 估堆儿
* 吉丟古堆 / 吉丢古堆
* 土堆 (tǔduī)
* 垃圾堆 (lājīduī)
* 堆下笑
* 堆垛
* 堆堆
* 堆子
* 堆山塞海
* 堆摞
* 堆放 (duīfàng)
* 堆棧 / 堆栈 (duīzhàn)
* 堆滿 / 堆满
* 堆焊
* 堆疊 / 堆叠 (duīdié)
* 堆砌 (duīqì)
* 堆碼 / 堆码
* 堆積 / 堆积 (duījī)
* 堆積如山 / 堆积如山 (duījīrúshān)
* 堆積平原 / 堆积平原
* 堆笑
* 堆紅 / 堆红
* 堆絹 / 堆绢
* 堆繡 / 堆绣
* 堆置
* 堆肥 (duīféi)
* 堆花
* 堆花燒酒 / 堆花烧酒
* 堆豗
* 堆貨 / 堆货
* 堆貯 / 堆贮
* 堆金
* 堆金積玉 / 堆金积玉
* 堆集 (duījí)
* 堆鴉 / 堆鸦
* 大堆
* 大陸隆堆 / 大陆隆堆
* 孤堆
* 扎堆 (zhāduī)
* 打灰堆
* 撲堆 / 扑堆
* 故紙堆 / 故纸堆 (gùzhǐduī)
* 是非堆
* 末子堆
* 桑堆 (Sāngduī)
* 歸裡包堆 / 归里包堆
* 泥堆
* 滿臉堆笑 / 满脸堆笑
* 滿面堆笑 / 满面堆笑
* 灩澦堆 / 滟滪堆 (Yànyùduī)
* 煎堆 (jiānduī)
* 狗屎堆 (gǒushǐduī)
* 瓊堆玉砌 / 琼堆玉砌
* 白龍堆 / 白龙堆
* 盤堆 / 盘堆
* 積玉堆金 / 积玉堆金
* 纍堆 / 累堆
* 草堆 (cǎoduī)
* 送作堆
* 離堆山 / 离堆山
* 雷堆
* 馬王堆 / 马王堆 (Mǎwángduī)
* 鬢若堆鴉 / 鬓若堆鸦
* 魁堆

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* a river bank; a marine ridge, a marine bank

#### Readings

* Go-on: たい (tai, Jōyō)、て (te)
* Kan-on: たい (tai, Jōyō)
* Kan’yō-on: つい (tsui)
* Kun: うずたかい (uzutakai, 堆い)

#### Compounds

* 堆積(たいせき) (taiseki)
* 堆(たい)肥(ひ) (taihi)

## Korean
### Hanja

堆 • (toe) (hangeul 퇴, revised toe, McCune–Reischauer t'oe)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

堆: Hán Nôm readings: đôi, chui, đồi, doi, nhoi, duôi, đòi
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.