OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Škorica
## Slovak
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈʃkɔrit͡sa]
* Homophone: škorica

### Proper noun

Škorica m pers (female equivalent Škoricová)
* a male surname

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “Škorica”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2025
# シラビックス
## Japanese
### Etymology

Borrowed from English syllabics.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɕiɾa̠bʲik̚kɯ̟sɨ]

### Noun

シラビックス • (shirabikkusu)
* syllabics
# jkꜣnꜣ
## Egyptian
### Etymology

Compare the earlier Middle Egyptian jkn (“cup”), but also (separately) Hebrew אַגָּן (ʾaggā́n, “ritual- or banquet-bowl”), Phoenician 𐤀𐤂𐤍 (ʾgn, “bowl”), Ugaritic 𐎀𐎂𐎐 (ảgn, “basin”), Warka Aramaic [script needed] (ag-gan-nu), [script needed] (ag-ga-nu, “basin or bowl”), Jewish Palestinian Aramaic גָנייא דקדשׁ (“basins of Qadesh”), Classical Syriac ܐܓܢܐ (ʾaggānā, “water pitcher”), Arabic إجّانَة (ʔijjāna, “large bowl”), Akkadian [Term?] (/⁠agannu⁠/, “large bowl of copper or silver”). The equivalent of the Egyptian term is also attested in cuneiform transcription in the Amarna letters as [script needed] (a-ku-nu /⁠akūnu⁠/), with Albright, Lambdin, and the Chicago Assyrian Dictionary claiming this to be Egyptian in origin; Hoch argues that the reverse is true, and Egyptian borrowed the word from Semitic. In Egyptian, the word appears in lists of items from Syria-Palestine, while in the Amarna letters the word appears in lists of items sent from Egypt; the word is, however, much more widely attested in Semitic languages than in Egyptian. Hoch consequently thinks that the direction of borrowing was into Egyptian, and that the word may not be connected with Middle Egyptian jkn (“cup”).

### Pronunciation

* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /ikɑnɑ/
** Conventional anglicization: ikana

### Noun

m
* a kind of large vessel or jar, usually made of metal and used to hold fragrant oil or water, exported to and taken as tribute from Syria [18th Dynasty]

#### Alternative forms

jknw :

#### Descendants

* >? Sahidic Coptic: ⲁϭⲟⲛ (acon)

### References

* “jkn (lemma ID 32620)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎, Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
* Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎, volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, page 140.2
* Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 32
* Hoch, James E. (1994) Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period, Princeton: Princeton University Press, →ISBN, pages 42–43
# クブルコ
## Japanese
### Etymology

From Spanish Cubulco.

### Proper noun

クブルコ • (Kuburuko)
* Cubulco (a town in Guatemala)
# rusticate
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin rūsticātus, perfect active participle of rūsticor (“to live in the countryside”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix)), originally in the same sense. First attested in the mid-17th century. By surface analysis, rustic +‎ -ate (verb-forming suffix).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈrʌstɪkeɪt/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)

### Verb

rusticate (third-person singular simple present rusticates, present participle rusticating, simple past and past participle rusticated)
* (transitive, intransitive, Oxbridge, Durham University) To be suspended or expelled temporarily from the university, either compulsorily or voluntarily.
    The college rusticated him after he failed all his exams.
    I was very unwell, so I had to rusticate for a year.
** 1848 November – 1850 December, William Makepeace Thackeray, chapter XXI, in The History of Pendennis. […], volume (please specify |volume=I or II), London: Bradbury and Evans, […], published 1849–1850, →OCLC:Pen looked at his early acquaintance,—who had been plucked, who had been rusticated, who had only, after repeated failures, learned to read and write correctly, and who, in spite of all these drawbacks, had attained the honour of a degree.
** 1859–1861, [Thomas Hughes], “The Captain’s Notions”, in Tom Brown at Oxford: […], part 1st, Boston, Mass.: Ticknor and Fields, published 1861, →OCLC, page 192:"You don't think he'll rusticate us, or any thing of that sort?" said Tom, who had felt horrible twinges at the captain's picture of the effects of rustication on ordinary mortals.
* (transitive) To construct so as to produce jagged or heavily textured surfaces.
* (transitive) To compel to live in or to send to the countryside; to cause to become rustic.
* (intransitive) To go to reside in the country.
** 1887, A[rthur] Conan Doyle, “A Study in Scarlet”, in Beeton’s Christmas Annual, London; New York, N.Y.: Ward, Lock & Co., part I (Being a reprint from the reminiscences of John H. Watson, M.D., […]), chapter I (Mr. Sherlock Holmes), page 2:So alarming did the state of my finances become, that I soon realized that I must either leave the metropolis and rusticate somewhere in the country, or that I must make a complete alteration in my style of living.

#### Related terms

* rustication
* rusticator

#### Translations
### References

* ↑ “rusticate, v.”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, launched 2000.

### Anagrams

* urticates

## Latin
### Participle

rūsticāte
* vocative masculine singular of rūsticātus

## Spanish
### Verb

rusticate
* second-person singular voseo imperative of rusticar combined with te
# death by coconut
## English
### Noun

death by coconut (plural deaths by coconut)
* A rare type of freak accident in which someone is killed by a coconut falling from a tree.

#### See also

* death by chocolate
* death by cop
# guso
## Cebuano
### Pronunciation

* Hyphenation: gu‧so

### Noun

guso
* any of several seaweeds in the genus Eucheuma, especially Eucheuma cottonii (now Kappaphycus cottonii), used as food and a source of carrageenan
# ابتداء
## Arabic
### Etymology

Verbal noun of اِبْتَدَأَ (ibtadaʔa).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ib.ti.daːʔ/
* Rhymes: -aːʔ

### Noun

اِبْتِدَاء • (ibtidāʔ) m
* verbal noun of اِبْتَدَأَ (ibtadaʔa) (form VIII)
* beginning
* (grammar) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    Synonym: اِسْتِئْنَاف (istiʔnāf)
    وَاوُ ٱلٱِبْتِدَاءِwāwu l-ibtidāʔi(please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: ibtida
* → Ottoman Turkish: ابتدا (ibtida)
** Turkish: iptida
* → Classical Persian: اِبْتِدَا (ibtidā), اِبْتِدَاء (ibtidā')
** Tajik: ибтидо (ibtido)
** → Bengali: ইবতিদা (ibtida)
** → Hindustani:
    Hindi: इब्तिदा (ibtidā)
    Urdu: ابتدا (ibtida)
** → Punjabi:
    Gurmukhi script: ਇਬਤਦਾ (ibatdā)
    Shahmukhi script: ابتدا
* → Uyghur: ئىپتىدا (iptida)
* → Uzbek: ibtido

## Persian
### Alternative forms

* ابتدا (ebtedâ) (unhamzated)

### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic اِبْتِدَاء (ibtidāʔ).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ʔiβ.ti.ˈðɑːʔ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʔɪb.t̪ʰɪ.d̪ɑ́ːʔ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʔɪb.t̪ʰɪ.d̪ɑ́ːʔ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [ʔɪb.t̪ʰɪ.d̪ɑ́ː]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [ʔib.t̪ʰi.d̪ɔ́ː]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [ʔeb.t̪ʰe.d̪ɒ́ːʔ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [ʔib.t̪ʰi.d̪ɔ́ʔ]

### Noun

ابتداء • (ebtedâ') (plural ابتداها)
* beginning
    Synonym: آغاز (âğâz)
    Antonym: انتهاء (entehâ)

#### Inflection

$^△$ Colloquial.
$^△$ Colloquial.

#### Derived terms

* ابتدا کردن (ebtedâ kardan)
* ابتداءً (ebtedâ'an, “in the beginning”)

### Adverb

ابتداء • (ebtedâ')
* firstly, first

### Further reading

* Hayyim, Sulayman (1934) “ابتداء”, in New Persian–English dictionary, Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Béroukhim
* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1892) “ابتداء”, in A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary, London: Routledge & K. Paul
# 犝

| 犝 | U+729D, &#29341; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-729D |
| ← 犜 [U+729C] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 犞 → [U+729E] |

## Translingual
### Han character

犝 (Kangxi radical 93, 牛+12, 16 strokes, cangjie input 竹手卜廿土 (HQYTG), four-corner 2051$_4$, composition ⿰牜童)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 704, character 17
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 20171
* Dae Jaweon: page 1117, character 7
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1820, character 6
* Unihan data for U+729D

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 犝
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 撞 | *rdoːŋ, *rdoːŋs |
| 幢 | *rdoːŋ, *rdoːŋs |
| 橦 | *rdoːŋ, *doːŋ, *tjoŋ |
| 噇 | *rdoːŋ |
| 𩪘 | *rdoːŋ |
| 艟 | *rdoːŋs, *tʰjoŋ |
| 憧 | *rdoːŋs, *tʰjoŋ |
| 畽 | *tʰoːnʔ, *tʰuːnʔ |
| 董 | *toːŋʔ |
| 蕫 | *toːŋʔ, *doːŋ |
| 箽 | *toːŋʔ |
| 懂 | *toːŋʔ |
| 湩 | *toːŋs, *tuːŋʔ, *toŋs |
| 曈 | *tʰoːŋ, *tʰoːŋʔ, *doːŋ |
| 童 | *doːŋ |
| 僮 | *doːŋ |
| 瞳 | *doːŋ |
| 罿 | *doːŋ, *tʰjoŋ |
| 犝 | *doːŋ |
| 潼 | *doːŋ, *tʰjoŋ |
| 穜 | *doːŋ, *doŋ |
| 動 | *doːŋʔ |
| 慟 | *doːŋs |
| 堹 | *toŋs |
| 諥 | *toŋs |
| 蹱 | *tʰoŋ, *tʰoŋs, *tjoŋ |
| 重 | *doŋ, *doŋʔ, *doŋs |
| 緟 | *doŋ, *doŋs |
| 蝩 | *doŋ |
| 褈 | *doŋ, *tʰjoŋ |
| 鐘 | *tjoŋ, *tjoŋ |
| 鍾 | *tjoŋ |
| 籦 | *tjoŋ |
| 種 | *tjoŋʔ, *tjoŋs |
| 腫 | *tjoŋʔ |
| 踵 | *tjoŋʔ |
| 歱 | *tjoŋʔ |
| 喠 | *tjoŋʔ, *tʰjoŋʔ |
| 偅 | *tjoŋs |
| 衝 | *tʰjoŋ |
| 揰 | *tʰjoŋs |
| 尰 | *djoŋʔ |

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tóng (tong$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨㄥˊ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tóng
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄨㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tóng
*** Wade–Giles: tʻung$^2$
*** Yale: túng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: torng
*** Palladius: тун (tun)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰʊŋ³⁵/
* Middle Chinese: duwng
Rime :
| Character | 犝 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 定 (7) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (1) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 徒紅切 |
| Baxter | duwng |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /duŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /duŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /duŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /dəwŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /duŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /duŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /dʱuŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | tóng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | tung$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*doːŋ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 犝 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 17443 |
| Phonetic component | 重 |
| Rime group | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 同 |
| Old Chinese | /*doːŋ/ |
| Notes | 見爾雅通作童 |

### Definitions

犝
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) calf without horns
# habemeajamiskreem
## Estonian
### Etymology

habe +‎ ajam +‎ kreem

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈhɑb̥emeˌɑjɑmisˌkreːm/, [ˈ(h)ɑb̥emeˌɑ̈jɑ̈misˌkreːm]
* Rhymes: -eːm
* Hyphenation: ha‧be‧me‧aja‧mis‧kreem

### Noun

habemeajamiskreem (genitive habemeajamiskreemi, partitive habemeajamiskreemi)
* shaving cream (cream that facilitates shaving and reduces skin irritation)

#### Declension
### References

* habemeajamiskreem in Sõnaveeb (Eesti Keele Instituut)
* “habemeajamiskreem”, in [EKSS] Eesti keele seletav sõnaraamat [Descriptive Dictionary of the Estonian Language] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2009
# løjer
## Danish
### Etymology

From Old Danish løghæ, from Old Norse hlœgi (“what makes you laugh”), compare Swedish löje.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈlʌjʌ]

### Noun

løjer (plural definite løjerne)
* antics, hijinks

### References

* “løjer” in Den Danske Ordbog
# چم
## Baluchi
### Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *čáćšma (“eye”).

### Noun

چم • (camm)
* eye

#### Derived terms

* چمگ (cammag)

#### See also

* چھم (cham)
* تیلگ

## Gojri
### Etymology

Inherited from Prakrit 𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫 (camma), from Sanskrit चर्म (cárma).

### Noun

چَم (cam) m
* skin, leather, hide, coat, peel, rind

#### Related terms

* چَمْڑو (camṛo)
* چَمْڑِی (camṛī)

### Further reading

* Dr Rafique Anjum (2018) Concise Gojri-Kashmiri-English Dictionary, New Delhi: Adam Publishers & Distributors, →ISBN, page 187.
* Javaid Rahi (2015) “چَمْ”, in گوجری ڈکشنری [Gojri Dictionary] (in Gojri), page 419, column 2.

## Gulf Arabic
### Alternative forms

* جم

### Pronunciation

* (Kuwait) IPA: /t͡ʃəm/

### Etymology 1

From Arabic كَمْ (kam).

#### Determiner

چم • (čam)
* how many

##### Related terms

* شكثر (škiṯir, “how much”)

### Etymology 2

From Arabic كُمّ (kumm).

#### Noun

چم • (čam) m (dual چمين (čammēn), plural چموم (čmūm))
* sleeve

##### Usage notes

Usually only used in the plural except when the two needs to be emphasized, e.g. نزل چمومك (“lower your [two] sleeves”). Compare similar usage with عين (ʕēn, “eye”).

## Laki
### Noun

چم (çim)
* eye

## Mazanderani
### Noun

چم (čam)
* mood
    منه چم نیه ― mene čam niye ― I'm not in the mood

## Persian
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Middle Persian [Term?] (cym /⁠čim⁠/, “reason, cause, purpose, meaning”). Compare Gilaki چم (čem, “mood, meaning, atmosphere”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [t͡ʃam]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [t͡ʃʰäm]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [t͡ʃʰäm]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [t͡ʃʰäm]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [t͡ʃʰäm]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [t͡ʃʰæm]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [t͡ʃʰäm]

#### Noun

چم • (čem, čam) (plural چم‌ها (čem-hâ, čam-hâ))
* meaning, sense
    Synonym: معنی (ma'ni)

##### Inflection

Enclitic-attached forms of چم (čam) (Iranian Persian) :
Basic forms of چم
singular
plural
bare
چم (čam)
چم‌ها، چما$^△$ (čam-hấ, čamấ$^△$)
definitive direct object
چم را، چم رو$^△$ (čam râ, čamo$^△$)
چم‌ها را، چما رو$^△$ (čam-hấ râ, čamấ ro$^△$)
ezâfe
چم (čam-e)
چم‌های، چمای$^△$ (čam-hấ-ye, čamấ-ye$^△$)
marked indefinite or relative definite
چمی (čam-i)
چم‌هایی، چمایی$^△$ (čamấn-i, čam-hấ-i, čamấi$^△$)
$^△$ Colloquial. :

##### References

Mackenzie, D. N. (1971) A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary. p. 22. Retrieved December 15, 2022.

### Etymology 2

From Classical Persian چَشْم (čašm), see there for more.

#### Alternative forms

* چیم (čīm)

#### Pronunciation

** (Hazaragi) IPA: [t͡ʃʰim]

#### Noun

چم • (čim) (Hazaragi)
* Colloquial Hazaragi form of چشم (čašm)

##### References

* Malistani, Tariq (1993) “چم”, in فرهنگ ابتدائی ملی هزاره [farhang-i ibtidā'ī millī-yi hazāra]‎ (PDF), SIL International

## Talysh
### Noun

چم (cam)
* eye

## Torwali
### Etymology

From Sanskrit चर्मन् (carman), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *čárma, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kérmn̥.

### Noun

چم (čam)
* skin

## Western Cham
### Proper noun

چم (transliteration needed)
* Cham Jawi spelling of Cam‎
# قطار
## Arabic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /qi.tˤaːr/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

قِطَار • (qiṭār) m (plural قِطَارَات (qiṭārāt) or قُطُر (quṭur))
* row
* row of camels
* (railroad) train

#### References

* Haywood, J.A., Nahmad, H.M. (1965) “قطار”, in A new Arabic grammar, 2nd edition, London: Lund Humphries, →ISBN
* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “قطار”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen
* Wehr, Hans (1979) “قطر”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN

## Hijazi Arabic
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Arabic قِطَار (qiṭār).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡi.ˈtˤaːr/, [ɡɪ.ˈtˤaːr]

### Noun

قِطَار • (giṭār) m (plural قِطارات (giṭārāt))
* (railroad) train

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic قِطَار (qiṭār).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [qi.ˈtɑːɾ]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [qæ.t̪ʰɒ́ːɹ], [qe.t̪ʰɒ́ːɹ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [qä.t̪ʰɔ́ɾ]
* Audio (Iran):(file)
* [qe.t̪ʰɒ́ːɹ] is an archaic pronunciation.

### Noun

قَطار • (qatâr) (plural قطارها (qatâr-hâ))
* train (transportation)
    Synonyms: ترن (teran), ریل (reyl)
    ساعت حرکت قطارها ― sâ'at-e herkat-e qatâr-hâ ― train departure times
* train, row, file
    Synonyms: صف (saf), ردیف (radif), سلسله (selsele)
** c. 1911, Mohammad Hossein Âğuli Torki-ye Shirâzi, دیوان ترکی شیرازی‎:او به صد ناز می رود تنها دل خلق از پیش قطار، قطارu be sad nâz mi-ravad tanhâ del-e xalq az piš qetâr, qetârHe/She comes alone with a hundred coquettries, People's hearts are lined up in rows before him/her.

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Arabic قِطَار (qiṭār).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /qi.tˤaːr/, [qɪ.tˤɑːrˤ]
* Audio (Amman):(file)

### Noun

قطار • (qiṭār) m
* (formal) train
    Synonym: ترين (trēn)

## Urdu
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic قِطَار (qiṭār).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /qɪ.t̪ɑːɾ/

### Noun

قِطار • (qitār) m or f (Hindi spelling क़ितार)
* queue, line, row
* train, railway vehicle
    Synonyms: ریل گاڑی (rel gāṛī), گاڑی (gāṛī)
# انكتب
## Arabic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /in.ka.ta.ba/

### Verb

اِنْكَتَبَ • (inkataba) VII (non-past يَنْكَتِبُ (yankatibu), verbal noun اِنْكِتَاب (inkitāb)) (reflexive)
* to subscribe
* to be preordained by fate; to be meant to be
    لَم يَنْكَتِبْ لِيَ ٱلْحُبُّ ٱلْكَبِيرlam yankatib liya l-ḥubbu l-kabīrI wasn’t meant to experience the one great love.(literally, “The great love wasn’t preordained for me.”)

#### Conjugation
## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic اِنْكَتَبَ (inkataba).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /in.ka.tab/, [ɪnˈka.tab]
* Audio (al-Lidd):(file)

### Verb

انكتب • (inkatab) VII (present بنكتب (binkateb))
* passive of كتب (katab): to be written
# قذف
## Arabic
### Etymology 1.1
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /qa.ða.fa/

#### Verb

قَذَفَ • (qaḏafa) I (non-past يَقْذِفُ (yaqḏifu), verbal noun قَذْف (qaḏf)) (transitive)
* to throw forcefully; to hurl; to fling; to shoot; to propel
    Synonym: أَطْلَقَ (ʔaṭlaqa)
    مَنْ كَانَ بَيْتُهُ مِنْ زُجَاجٍ فَلَا يَقْذِفِ النَّاسَ بِالْحِجَارَةِ.man kāna baytuhu min zujājin falā yaqḏifi an-nāsa bi-l-ḥijārati.Those who live in glass houses should not throw stones.
** to pour out; to eject; to discharge
    Synonym: أَخْرَجَ (ʔaḵraja)
** to ejaculate (semen)
    Synonyms: أَنْزَلَ (ʔanzala), (intransitive) أَمْنَى (ʔamnā)
* to slander, to defame
** (Islam) to accuse falsely (someone, usually a woman) of fornication
    Hypernym: اِتَّهَمَ (ittahama, “to accuse”)
    Coordinate term: شَهِدَ (šahida, “to testify”)

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 1.2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /qaðf/

#### Noun

قَذْف • (qaḏf) m
* verbal noun of قَذَفَ (qaḏafa) (form I)
* fling (also as in the sexual sense)
* ejection
** seminal ejaculation
* (physiology) ejaculation (of semen)
* (Islam) false accusation of fornication (zina)

##### Declension
### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: qəzf
* → English: qazf
* → French: qazf
* → Hausa: kazàf
* → Indonesian: qadzaf
* → Persian: قذف
** → Hindi: क़ज़्फ़ (qazf)
** → Urdu: قذف
* → Ottoman Turkish: قذف
** Turkish: kazf
* → Swahili: qadhf
# تساقط
## Arabic
### Etymology 1

From the root س ق ط (s q ṭ), to fall.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ta.saː.qa.tˤa/

#### Verb

تَسَاقَطَ • (tasāqaṭa) VI (non-past يَتَسَاقَطُ (yatasāqaṭu), verbal noun تَسَاقُط (tasāquṭ))
* to fall down successively or gradually
** 2013, Sinan Antoon, منشورات الجمل , وحدها شجرة الرمّان, page 8:
    بَدَأَ الْمَطَرُ يَتَسَاقَطُ. أَغْمَضَتْ عَيْنَيْهَا.badaʔa l-maṭaru yatasāqaṭu. ʔaḡmaḍat ʕaynayhā.The rain started to fall down. She shut her eyes.
* (figuratively) to die one by one in a quick manner.
** 2016, حامد زماني (lyrics and music), “سپر”:وَعَلَىٰ اَلْأَرْضِ تَسَاقَطْنَا لِنُعْلِي عَلَمًاwaʕalā l-ʔarḍi tasāqaṭnā linuʕlī ʕalamanand on the ground we fell one by one to uphold a flag

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ta.saː.qutˤ/

#### Noun

تَسَاقُط • (tasāquṭ) m
* verbal noun of تَسَاقَطَ (tasāqaṭa) (form VI)

##### Declension
### References

* Wehr, Hans (1979) “سقط”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN
# اجتهد
## Arabic
### Verb

اِجْتَهَدَ • (ijtahada) VIII (non-past يَجْتَهِدُ (yajtahidu), verbal noun اِجْتِهَاد (ijtihād))
* to work hard, to strive
** 12th century CE, Al-Ghazali, The Beginning of Guidance (bidayatu l-hidayah):
    […] وَهِيَ ٱلْحَسَدُ، وَٱلْرِيَاءُ، وَٱلْعُجْبُ، فَٱجْتَهِدْ فِي تَطْهِيرِ قَلْبِكَ مِنْهَا […] […] wa-hiya l-ḥasadu, wa-r-riyāʾu, wa-l-ʿujbu, fa-jtahid fī taṭhīri qalbika minhā […] […] and those are envy, showiness, and arrogance. [Then] strive to purify your heart from those […]

#### Descendants

* Ottoman Turkish: اجتهاد (ictihad)
** Turkish: içtihat
# اتصل
## Arabic
### Etymology

The Form VIII verb from the root و ص ل (w ṣ l); compare وَصَلَ (waṣala, “to arrive, connect”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /it.ta.sˤa.la/
* Audio:(file)

### Verb

اِتَّصَلَ • (ittaṣala) VIII (non-past يَتَّصِلُ (yattaṣilu), verbal noun اِتِّصَال (ittiṣāl))
* (construed with بِـ (bi-)) to be in contact with; to be connected with, to be associated with
* (construed with بِـ (bi-)) to make contact with, to communicate with, to call (on the telephone)
    أَتَّصِلُ بِمُدِيرِي ― ʔattaṣilu bimudīrī ― I call my boss; I contact my manager
* to come to the point that
* to be united in friendship with
* to trace one's descent to
* to confine
* to abut, be adjacent
* to cohere, adhere
* to last without interruption

#### Derived terms

* اِتِّصَال (ittiṣāl)
* مُتَّصِل (muttaṣil)

#### References

* Lane, Edward William (1863) “اتصل”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate
* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “اتصل”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen
* Wehr, Hans (1979) “و ص ل”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN

## Hijazi Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic اِتَّصَلَ (ittaṣala).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /at.ta.sˤal/

### Verb

اتصل • (attaṣal) VIII (non-past يِتَّصِل (yittaṣil))
* to call [with على]

#### Conjugation
## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic اِتَّصَلَ (ittaṣala).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /it.ta.sˤal/, [ɪtˤˈtˤɑ.sˤɑl]
* Audio (al-Lidd):(file)

### Verb

اتّصل • (ittaṣal) VIII (present بتّصل (bittaṣel))
* to contact, to get in touch
* to phone, to call
    Synonyms: تلفن (talfan), ضرب تلفون (ḍarab talefōn, literally “to hit the phone”)