# 氏

| 氏 | U+6C0F, &#27663; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6C0F |
| ← 氎 [U+6C0E] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 氐 → [U+6C10] |
| ⽒ | U+2F52, &#12114; KANGXI RADICAL CLAN |
| ← ⽑ [U+2F51] | Kangxi Radicals | ⽓ → [U+2F53] |

## Translingual
### Han character

氏 (Kangxi radical 83, 氏+0, 4 strokes, cangjie input 竹女心 (HVP), four-corner 7274$_0$, composition ⿸⿱丿𠄌𫠠)
* Kangxi radical #83, ⽒.
* Shuowen Jiezi radical №449

#### Derived characters

* Appendix:Chinese radical/氏
* 𭇇, 坁, 𡚼, 㞴, 忯, 扺, 汦, 㹝, 𨸝, 𩟾, 𫼙, 𣏚, 𭸻, 𦙆, 祇, 𤯄, 眂, 𬒀, 秖, 衹, 䉻, 紙(纸), 𦐊, 舐, 蚔, 觗, 𧦄, 𧵄, 赿, 䟗, 軝(𬨂), 𨟾, 𨱡, 𨥌, 𩉬, 𭦯, 䲬
* 𠛊, 𣢎, 𦕌, 𬡼, 𨾛, 𩑥, 䲭, 𠯑, 𭎁, 帋, 𢗪, 昏, 𤯁, 𥄇, 𧉜, 𧎪, 芪, 𥫽, 𩬁, 𠨿, 㡳, 疧, 𠥯, 𡆿
* See also 氐#Derived characters

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 597, character 18
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17026
* Dae Jaweon: page 988, character 30
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2130, character 1
* Unihan data for U+6C0F

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 氏 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 氏 | *skeŋ, *kje, *ɡjeʔ |
| 衹 | *kje, *ɡe |
| 紙 | *kjeʔ |
| 帋 | *kjeʔ |
| 扺 | *kjeʔ |
| 坁 | *kjeʔ |
| 汦 | *kjeʔ, *tjil |
| 忯 | *ɡje, *ɡe |
| 眂 | *ɡje, *ɡils |
| 舐 | *ɦljeʔ |
| 芪 | *ɡe |
| 祇 | *ɡe |
| 疧 | *ɡe |
| 軝 | *ɡe |
| 蚔 | *ɡe |
Pictogram (象形). Various interpretations exist: a man bending over to sow the field (see also 氐 > 低 and 昏), the root of a tree (see also 柢), a man bowing over to the right, a stick with a decoration on top to represent a clan, a spoon (according to Guo Moruo and due to similarity to 匕), a mallet, a man holding an object, etc.
On bronze inscriptions, a black dot was added inside the vertical stroke of the character; then, this point turned into a horizontal stroke 一 while the vertical stroke mutated into a curved trait.

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shì (shi$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄕˋ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): si$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): si$^5$
* Gan (Wiktionary): si$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): sṳ
    (Meixian, Guangdong): si$^4$
* Northern Min (KCR): sī
* Eastern Min (BUC): sê
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): sǐ / sī
    (Teochew, Peng'im): si$^6$ / zin$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$zy
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): shr$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shì
*** Zhuyin: ㄕˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shìh
*** Wade–Giles: shih$^4$
*** Yale: shr̀
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyh
*** Palladius: ши (ši)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: si$^6$
*** Yale: sih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: si$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: xi$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /siː²²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: si$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /si³²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: si$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /sz̩¹¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sṳ
*** Hakka Romanization System: sii
*** Hagfa Pinyim: si$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /sɨ⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: si$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /sz̩⁵³/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: sī
*** Sinological IPA : /si⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: sê
*** Sinological IPA : /sɛi²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sǐ
*** Tâi-lô: sǐ
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /si²²/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sī
*** Tâi-lô: sī
*** Phofsit Daibuun: si
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /si³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /si²²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: si$^6$ / zin$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sĭ / tsiⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /si³⁵/, /t͡sĩ³³/
* si6 - literary;
* zin1 - colloquial.
* Middle Chinese: dzyeX
Rime :
| Character | 氏 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 常 (25) |
| Final (韻) | 支 (11) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 承紙切 |
| Baxter | dzyeX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡ʑiᴇ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡ʑiɛ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡ʑjɛ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡ʑiə̆$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ʑie$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ʑǐe$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʑie̯$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | si$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*k.deʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡjeʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 氏 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | shì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dzye$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*k.deʔ/ |
| English | clan |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 氏 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| No. | 11523 |
| Phonetic component | 氏 |
| Rime group | 支 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 是 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡjeʔ/ |
| Notes | 甲金文象人俯伏手臂下據着地（右下菱形象封土， 指胙土命氏，金文省爲圓點），以表對氏族份地的禮敬， 後轉註爲坁祇， 非乁聲 |

#### Definitions

氏
* clan; family; lineage; hereditary house
    夏后氏 ― xiàhòushì ― The (Sovereign) House of Xia
    氏族 ― shìzú ― tribe; clan
* surname
* person with the surname of ...; Mr.
    無名氏／无名氏 ― wúmíngshì ― Anonymous
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Yú dú Kǒngshì shū, xiǎngjiàn qí wéirén. [Pinyin]
    When I was reading the works of Confucius, I can feel his character.
* (historical) née; born as; maiden name
* suffix to a personal proper noun for attribution (of a work, invention, discovery, etc.)
    《呂氏春秋》／《吕氏春秋》 ― “Lǚshìchūnqiū” ― Lü's Spring and Autumn
    歐氏管／欧氏管 ― ōushìguǎn ― Eustachian tube
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Shíshí guàn zhī, jí guì cháng guàn, suǒwèi “Liúshì guān” nǎi shì yě. [Pinyin]
    From time to time [he] would wear (the headdress), and had always kept it on after he arose to prominence. People now refer to the style as "the headdress of Liu".
* (Classical) suffix to a noun that refers to family membership (actual or honorary)
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Mǔshì shèng shàn, wǒ wú lìng rén. [Pinyin]
    Our mother is wise and good; But among us there is none good.
    From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Bóshì bù chū ér tú wú jūn, bóshì gǒu chū ér tú wú jūn, Shēnshēng shòu cì ér sǐ. [Pinyin]
    [Y]ou, venerable Sir, do not come forth and consult for the good of our ruler. If you will come forth and do this, I will die having received a great favour from you.

##### Usage notes

* The meaning of "née" has become largely obsolete, as current Chinese practice is for married women to continue to use their former surnames. The practice of sometimes adopting the husband's surname is being revived, however. 氏 follows the maiden name, which follows the married name — 張氏 (“née Zhang”), 李張氏 (“Li née Zhang”), or 配張氏 (“married to a lady of the Zhang clan”).

##### See also

* (Mr.): 先生 (xiānshēng)

#### Compounds

* 伏犧氏 / 伏牺氏
* 伏羲氏
* 伊耆氏
* 伯氏
* 何氏語林 / 何氏语林
* 伯趙氏 / 伯赵氏
* 保章氏
* 兩氏旁人 / 两氏旁人
* 匠氏
* 南史氏
* 卞氏龍 / 卞氏龙
* 名氏
* 呂氏春秋 / 吕氏春秋 (Lǚshìchūnqiū)
* 和氏
* 周氏 (Zhōushì)
* 和氏璧 (Héshìbì)
* 唐氏症 (Tángshìzhèng)
* 夏后氏 (Xiàhòushì)
* 外氏
* 姓氏 (xìngshì)
* 媒氏
* 左氏春秋
* 巴氏反射
* 巴氏桿菌 / 巴氏杆菌
* 巴氏體 / 巴氏体
* 布氏桿菌 / 布氏杆菌
* 布魯氏菌 / 布鲁氏菌 (bùlǔshìjūn)
* 師氏 / 师氏
* 攝氏 / 摄氏 (Shèshì)
* 散氏盤 / 散氏盘
* 方相氏
* 有巢氏
* 有虞氏
* 柳氏傳 / 柳氏传
* 楊氏係數 / 杨氏系数
* 歐氏管 / 欧氏管 (ōushìguǎn)
* 氏族 (shìzú, “clan”)
* 源氏物語 / 源氏物语 (Yuánshì Wùyǔ)
* 無名氏 / 无名氏 (wúmíngshì)
* 燧人氏
* 玄鳥氏 / 玄鸟氏
* 畢氏定理 / 毕氏定理 (Bì-shì dìnglǐ)
* 百氏
* 神農氏 / 神农氏
* 華氏 / 华氏 (Huáshì)
* 華氏溫標 / 华氏温标
* 董氏封髮 / 董氏封发
* 蘭氏小島 / 兰氏小岛
* 詹氏年鑑 / 詹氏年鉴
* 赫胥氏
* 趙氏孤兒 / 赵氏孤儿
* 鄭氏群虎 / 郑氏群虎
* 釋氏 / 释氏
* 野廬氏 / 野庐氏
* 陶唐氏
* 顏氏家訓 / 颜氏家训
* 馬氏文通 / 马氏文通
* 高氏症
* 高辛氏
* 鮑氏囊 / 鲍氏囊 (bàoshìnáng)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhī (zhi$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄓ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zi$^1$
* Eastern Min (BUC): cṳ̆
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhī
*** Zhuyin: ㄓ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhih
*** Wade–Giles: chih$^1$
*** Yale: jr̄
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jy
*** Palladius: чжи (čži)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zi$^1$
*** Yale: jī
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzi$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ji$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siː⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: cṳ̆
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sy⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: tsye
Rime :
| Character | 氏 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 章 (23) |
| Final (韻) | 支 (11) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 章移切 |
| Baxter | tsye |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ɕiᴇ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡ɕiɛ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ɕjɛ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ciə̆/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ɕie/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ɕǐe/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡ɕie̯/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhī |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zi$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*kje/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 氏 |
| Reading # | 2/3 |
| No. | 11515 |
| Phonetic component | 氏 |
| Rime group | 支 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 支 |
| Old Chinese | /*kje/ |
| Notes | 月氏 |

#### Definitions

氏
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Used in 月氏 (yuèzhī, “Yuezhi”).
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Used in 閼氏／阏氏 (yānzhī, “wife of a Xiongnu chief”).

#### Compounds

* 大月氏
* 月氏
* 閼氏 / 阏氏 (yānzhī)

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jīng (jing$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄥ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jīng
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jing
*** Wade–Giles: ching$^1$
*** Yale: jīng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jing
*** Palladius: цзин (czin)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: tsjeng
Rime :
| Character | 氏 |
| Reading # | 2/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 精 (13) |
| Final (韻) | 清 (121) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 子盈切 |
| Baxter | tsjeng |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡siᴇŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡siɛŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡siæŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡siajŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡siɛŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡sĭɛŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡si̯ɛŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jīng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zing$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*skeŋ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 氏 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| No. | 11513 |
| Phonetic component | 氏 |
| Rime group | 耕 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 精 |
| Old Chinese | /*skeŋ/ |
| Notes | 漢縣 |

#### Definitions

氏
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Only used in 狋氏 (“name of an ancient county”).

### References

* ↑ Retrieved 2019-12-11
* ↑ Retrieved 2019-12-11

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: じ (ji)、し (shi, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: し (shi, Jōyō)
* Kun: うじ (uji, 氏, Jōyō)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 氏
* し Grade: 4
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 氏 (MC dzyeX).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) し [shíꜜ] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɕi]
   * Pitch accent only applies when used as a standalone noun.

#### Noun

氏(し) • (shi)
* a family, a clan
* a certain person

#### Suffix

氏(し) • (-shi)
* (honorific) Mr.; Ms.
** 1997 September 1 [1996 October 10], Fujiko F. Fujio, “くたばれ評(ひょう)論(ろん)家(か)　の巻(まき) [The Drop-Dead Critic]”, in エスパー魔美 [Esper Mami], 4th edition, volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 157:
    部(ぶ)分(ぶん)テレポートさせた剣(つるぎ)氏(し)のガン細(さい)胞(ぼう)。
       Bubun terepōto saseta Tsurugi-shi no gan saibō.
       These are the cancer cells I teleported out of Mr. Tsurugi.

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 氏
* うじ Grade: 4
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 氏 – see the following entry. :
| 【うじ】 | [noun] (historical) a clan [noun] a family name, a surname [noun] one's house, birth, lineage [suffix] (historical, honorific) a clan (added after the clan name as an honorific) |
(This term, 氏, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 氏 (MC dzyeX). Has unusual tensing, the only other such readings being 雙 (ssang) and 喫 (kkik).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 씽〯 (Yale: ssǐ) | 씽〯 (Yale: ssǐ) |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | 각시〮 (Yale: kàksí) | 시〮 (Yale: sí) |

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ɕ͈i]
* Phonetic hangul: [씨]

#### Hanja

Wikisource 氏 (eumhun 성씨(姓氏) 씨 (seongssi ssi))
* hanja form of 씨 (“lineage; surname”)
* hanja form of 씨 (“Mr.; Ms.”)

#### Compounds

* 모씨 (某氏, mossi)
* 섭씨 (攝氏, seopssi)
* 성씨 (姓氏, seongssi)
* 씨명 (氏名, ssimyeong)
* 씨족 (氏族, ssijok)
* 화씨 (華氏, hwassi)

### Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 氏 (MC tsye).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 징 (Yale: cì) | 징 (Yale: cì) |

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [t͡ɕi]
* Phonetic hangul: [지]

#### Hanja

氏 (eumhun 나라 이름 지 (nara ireum ji))
* (historical) hanja form of 지 (“Only used in 월지 (月氏, wolji)”)

#### Compounds

* 대월지 (大月氏, daewolji)
* 월지 (月氏, wolji)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

氏: Hán Nôm readings: thị
* chữ Hán form of Thị (“a female middle name”).
    阮氏B ― Nguyễn Thị B ― Jane Doe