# usque
## English
### Etymology

Abbreviation of usquebaugh, from Irish uisce beatha (“water of life”) and Scottish Gaelic uisge beatha (“water of life”). Compare whisky and obsolete whiskybae.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈʌskweɪ/
** Audio (Southern England):(file)

### Noun

usque (countable and uncountable, plural usques)
* (obsolete) whisky

## Latin
### Etymology

From Proto-Italic *ū̆skʷe, from Proto-Indo-European *úds-kʷe, from *úd-s (“out, outward”, genitive) +‎ *-kʷe (“and”). Cognate with Sanskrit उच्चा (uccā́), Younger Avestan 𐬎𐬯𐬗𐬀 (usca, “up, out”), Russian вы- (vy-, “out from”), Proto-Germanic *ūt, English out.
However, cf. Lewis & Short, which says: usquĕ, adv. [us- for ubs-, from ubi with locative s; and que for qued, old abl. of quis; v. Corss. Ausspr. 2, 471; 838; cf.: quisque, usquam].

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈuːs.kʷe/, [ˈuːs̠kʷɛ] or IPA: /ˈus.kʷe/, [ˈʊs̠kʷɛ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈus.kwe/, [ˈuskwe]
* De Vaan 2008 notes conflicting evidence of length in Romance descendants and argues this is most consistent with an originally long vowel, which may go back to a Proto-Indo-European *ūd (also continued in Germanic and Slavic). In contrast, Buck 1913 argues for a short vowel. Per Buck, the only Romance evidence for ū is French forms, but Old French included variants such as enjosque, josque that seem to point towards ŭ; Buck suggests that the form jusque that ultimately prevailed in French might have had an analogical origin. Malkiel 1983 likewise supports the interpretation that u in Old French enjusque had an analogical origin, with the vowel taken from sus (“above”) < sūrsum; compare Old French jus (“down”) < iūsum, with analogical alteration of the original vowel in deorsum.

### Adverb

ū̆sque (not comparable)
* constantly, continuously
* (used with ab (“from”) or ad (“to”)) as far as, up to, right until, all the way
** (Can we date this quote?), Latin Vulgate translation of Psalm 71:8; Canadian national motto
    Ā marī ū̆sque ad mare.From sea unto sea.
** c. 35 BCE, Horace, Satires (book 1) 1.3:ab ōvō ū̆sque ad mālafrom the beginning to the end(literally, “from the egg to the apples”)

#### Derived terms

* abū̆sque (“all the way from”)
* adū̆sque (“all the way to”)
* ū̆squequāque (“everywhere”)

### Preposition

ū̆sque (+ accusative)
* until, up to, right until
    usque somni tempus ― until bedtime

#### Usage notes

In Classical Latin, ū̆sque is mostly used as an adverb, modifying either a prepositional phrase or a noun phrase of a type that can stand on its own (e.g. the names of towns, which are regularly used without a preposition in the accusative or ablative). Poets and late prose writers sometimes use ū̆sque + accusative noun in contexts where older authors would have used ū̆sque ad + accusative, in which case it can be interpreted as a preposition.

#### Derived terms

* quoū̆sque (“how long? how far?”)

#### Descendants

* Old French: enjosque, enjusque, enjesque, josque, jusque
** French: jusque
* Occitan: duscas

### References

* 1 2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ū̆sque”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 646
* ↑ Buck, Carl D. (1913) “Hidden Quantities again”, in The Classical Review, volume 27, number 4, pages 125-126
* ↑ Malkiel, Yakov (1983) From Particular to General Linguistics: Selected Essays 1965-1978, John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 302
* ↑ Harm Pinkster (2015) The Oxford Latin Syntax, volume 1. The Simple Clause, page 837
* ↑ Harm Pinkster (2015) The Oxford Latin Syntax, volume 1. The Simple Clause, page 1229
* ↑ Clifford, Arthur ((Can we date this quote?)) An Introduction to the Latin Language‎, Oxford
* ↑ Karl Gottlob Zumpt (1853) Leonhard Schmitz, Charles Anthon, transl., A Grammar of the Latin Language, 3rd edition, pages 243-244

### Further reading

* “usque”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “usque”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* usque in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. the territory of this race extends as far as the Rhine: haec gens pertinet usque ad Rhenum from beginning to end: ab ovo usque ad mala (proverb.)
* usque in Ramminger, Johann (2016 July 16 (last accessed)) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎, pre-publication website, 2005-2016
* Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “usque”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volumes 14: U–Z, page 73