# 功

| 功 | U+529F, &#21151; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-529F |
| ← 办 [U+529E] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 加 → [U+52A0] |

## Translingual
### Han character

功 (Kangxi radical 19, 力+3, 5 strokes, cangjie input 一大尸 (MKS), four-corner 1412$_7$, composition ⿰工力)

#### Derived characters

* 昮 巭 𨋝 𠢈 𥥙 𥑙 𧦪 𭰀 𮓾 𪥺

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 146, character 11
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2295
* Dae Jaweon: page 328, character 6
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 365, character 8
* Unihan data for U+529F

## Chinese

* 功

### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 功
* Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
* Transcribed ancient scripts
| | Old Chinese |
| 缸 | *kroːŋ, *ɡroːŋ |
| 篢 | *kluːmʔ, *koːŋ |
| 贑 | *kluːmʔ |
| 涳 | *ŋr'oːŋ, *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ |
| 江 | *kroːŋ |
| 肛 | *kroːŋ, *qʰroːŋ |
| 扛 | *kroːŋ |
| 杠 | *kroːŋ |
| 豇 | *kroːŋ |
| 茳 | *kroːŋ |
| 釭 | *kroːŋ, *koːŋ, *kuːŋ |
| 矼 | *kroːŋ |
| 玒 | *kroːŋ, *koːŋ |
| 虹 | *kroːŋs, *koːŋs, *ɡoːŋ |
| 腔 | *kʰroːŋ |
| 崆 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ |
| 羫 | *kʰroːŋ |
| 控 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋs |
| 椌 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ |
| 悾 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs |
| 跫 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoŋ, *ɡoŋ |
| 啌 | *qʰroːŋ |
| 谾 | *qʰroːŋ, *qʰoːŋ |
| 舡 | *qʰroːŋ |
| 缻 | *ɡroːŋ |
| 項 | *ɡroːŋʔ |
| 屸 | *ɡ·roːŋ |
| 功 | *koːŋ |
| 工 | *koːŋ |
| 疘 | *koːŋ |
| 魟 | *koːŋ, *qʰoːŋ, *ɡoːŋ |
| 攻 | *koːŋ, *kuːŋ |
| 愩 | *koːŋ |
| 碽 | *koːŋ |
| 貢 | *koːŋs |
| 羾 | *koːŋs |
| 空 | *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs |
| 箜 | *kʰoːŋ |
| 硿 | *kʰoːŋ |
| 埪 | *kʰoːŋ |
| 鵼 | *kʰoːŋ |
| 倥 | *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋʔ, *kʰoːŋs |
| 鞚 | *kʰoːŋs |
| 叿 | *qʰoːŋ |
| 嗊 | *qʰoːŋʔ |
| 訌 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 紅 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 仜 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 葒 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 渱 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 鴻 | *ɡoːŋ, *ɡoːŋʔ |
| 汞 | *ɡoːŋʔ |
| 澒 | *ɡoːŋʔ |
| 鞏 | *koŋʔ |
| 巩 | *koŋʔ |
| 銎 | *kʰoŋ, *qʰoŋ |
| 恐 | *kʰoŋʔ, *kʰoŋs |
| 蛩 | *ɡoŋ |
| 筇 | *ɡoŋ |
| 桏 | *ɡoŋ |
| 邛 | *ɡoŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *koːŋ) and ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ, “labour; work”) + semantic 力 (“strength”). However, the phonetic part represents the concept of working, which is what basically leads to success.

### Etymology

Cognate with 工 (OC *koːŋ). See there for more.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): gōng (gong$^1$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄥ
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): gǒng
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gung$^1$
    (Dongguan, Jyutping++): gung$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): guung$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): gung$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kûng
    (Hailu, HRS): gung$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): gung$^1$
* Jin (Wiktionary): gung$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): gó̤ng
* Eastern Min (BUC): gŭng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gang$^1$ / gorng$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kong / kang
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gong$^1$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): gong$^1$
* Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): goeng$^1$
* Wu (Wugniu)
** (Northern): $^1$kon / $^1$kuon
** (Jinhua): $^1$kon
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): gong$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gōng
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gong
*** Wade–Giles: kung$^1$
*** Yale: gūng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gong
*** Palladius: гун (gun)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʊŋ⁵⁵/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: gǒng
*** Sinological IPA : /kuəŋ²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gung$^1$
*** Yale: gūng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gung$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʊŋ⁵⁵/
** (Dongguan, Guancheng)
*** Jyutping++: gung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʊŋ²¹³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: guung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɵŋ³³/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: gung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kuŋ⁴²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kûng
*** Hakka Romanization System: gung$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kuŋ²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: gung$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /kuŋ⁵³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: gung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʊŋ⁴⁴/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: gung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /kuŋ¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gó̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /kɔŋ⁵⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gŭng
*** Sinological IPA : /kuŋ⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gang$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kaŋ⁵³³/
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gorng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɒŋ⁵³³/
* gang1 - vernacular;
* gorng1 - literary.
* Middle Chinese: kuwng
Rime :
| Character | 功 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (1) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 古紅切 |
| Baxter | kuwng |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kuŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kuŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kuŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kəwŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /kuŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /kuŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kuŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gōng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gung$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤoŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*koːŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 功 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gōng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kuwng › |
| Old Chinese | /*kˁoŋ/ |
| English | work, effort |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 功 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 4021 |
| Phonetic component | 工 |
| Rime group | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 公 |
| Old Chinese | /*koːŋ/ |

### Definitions

功
* achievement; merit; good result
    立功 ― lìgōng ― to render meritorious service;
    功大於過／功大于过 ― gōng dà yú guò ― merits outweigh demerits
* result; effect; success
    徒勞無功／徒劳无功 ― túláowúgōng ― to make a futile effort
    急功近利 ― jígōngjìnlì ― to seek quick success and instant benefits
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Dāng jīn zhī shí, wànchéng zhī guó xíng rénzhèng, mín zhī yuè zhī, yóu jiě dǎoxuán yě. Gù shì bàn gǔ zhī rén, gōng bì bèi zhī, wéi cǐshí wéi rán. [Pinyin]
    At the present time, in a country of ten thousand chariots, let benevolent government be put in practice, and the people will be delighted with it, as if they were relieved from hanging by the heels. With half the merit of the ancients, double their achievements is sure to be realized. It is only at this time that such could be the case.
* skill
    唱功 ― chànggōng ― singing skills
    基本功 ― jīběngōng ― basic skills
* (physics) work

### Compounds

* 一得之功 (yīdézhīgōng)
* 下功夫 (xià gōngfu)
* 不世之功
* 丑表功
* 九功
* 事倍功半 (shìbèi-gōngbàn)
* 事功 (shìgōng)
* 事半功倍 (shìbàn-gōngbèi)
* 五功 (Wǔgōng, “five pillars of Submission”)
* 五堂功課 / 五堂功课
* 以功補過 / 以功补过
* 以功覆過 / 以功覆过
* 以功贖罪 / 以功赎罪
* 何功之有
* 做功果
* 做功課 / 做功课 (zuò gōngkè)
* 傳播功能 / 传播功能 (chuánbō gōngnéng)
* 元功
* 內丹功 / 内丹功
* 內功 / 内功 (nèigōng)
* 全功
* 八功德水
* 前功 (qiángōng)
* 前功皆棄 / 前功皆弃
* 前功盡廢 / 前功尽废 (qiángōngjìnfèi)
* 前功盡棄 / 前功尽弃 (qiángōngjìnqì)
* 前功盡滅 / 前功尽灭
* 力倍功半
* 功不可沒 / 功不可没 (gōngbùkěmò)
* 功事
* 功人
* 功人功狗
* 功令
* 功位
* 功僅補過 / 功仅补过
* 功利 (gōnglì)
* 功利主義 / 功利主义 (gōnglìzhǔyì)
* 功利派
* 功利論 / 功利论
* 功力 (gōnglì)
* 功力悉敵 / 功力悉敌
* 加功
* 功勛 / 功勋 (gōngxūn)
* 功勞 / 功劳 (gōngláo)
* 功勞簿 / 功劳簿
* 功名 (gōngmíng)
* 功名利祿 / 功名利禄 (gōngmínglìlù)
* 功名富貴 / 功名富贵 (gōngmíng fùguì)
* 功名心
* 功同良相
* 功同賞異 / 功同赏异
* 功在漏刻
* 功在社稷
* 功均一匡
* 功均天地
* 功均柱地
* 功垂竹帛
* 功墮垂成 / 功堕垂成
* 功夫 (gōngfu)
* 功夫片
* 功就名成
* 功布
* 功庸
* 功微德薄 (gōngwēidébó)
* 功德 (gōngdé)
* 功德圓滿 / 功德圆满 (gōngdéyuánmǎn)
* 功德無量 / 功德无量 (gōngdéwúliàng)
* 功成 (gōngchéng)
* 功成不居
* 功成利達 / 功成利达
* 功成名就 (gōngchéngmíngjiù)
* 功成名立
* 功成名遂 (gōngchéngmíngsuì)
* 功成行滿 / 功成行满
* 功成身退 (gōngchéngshēntuì)
* 功效 (gōngxiào)
* 功效如神
* 功敗垂成 / 功败垂成 (gōngbàichuíchéng)
* 功曹 (gōngcáo)
* 功服
* 功果
* 功架
* 功業 / 功业 (gōngyè)
* 功業彪炳 / 功业彪炳
* 功沽
* 功流萬世 / 功流万世
* 功深
* 功濟宇內 / 功济宇内
* 功烈 (gōngliè)
* 功牌
* 功狗
* 功狗功人
* 功率 (gōnglǜ)
* 功率因數 / 功率因数
* 功率比
* 功率表
* 功用 (gōngyòng)
* 功田
* 功緻 / 功致
* 功績 / 功绩 (gōngjì)
* 功績制 / 功绩制
* 功罪
* 功能 (gōngnéng)
* 功能團體 / 功能团体 (gōngnéng tuántǐ)
* 功臣 (gōngchén)
* 功致
* 功虧一簣 / 功亏一篑 (gōngkuīyīkuì)
* 功行圓滿 / 功行圆满
* 功課 / 功课 (gōngkè)
* 功課表 / 功课表
* 功過 / 功过 (gōngguò)
* 功過參半 / 功过参半
* 功過相酬 / 功过相酬
* 功遂身退
* 功銘鼎彝
* 功首
* 功高
* 功高不賞 / 功高不赏
* 功高德重
* 功高望重
* 勞而無功 / 劳而无功
* 勞苦功高 / 劳苦功高 (láokǔgōnggāo)
* 化功
* 匿功
* 半箭之功
* 厥功甚偉 / 厥功甚伟 (juégōngshènwěi)
* 厥功至偉 / 厥功至伟 (juégōngzhìwěi)
* 同功一體 / 同功一体
* 商功
* 喜功
* 坐功
* 報功 / 报功 (bàogōng)
* 外丹功
* 外功 (wàigōng)
* 多功能廳 / 多功能厅 (duōgōngnéngtīng)
* 大功 (dàgōng)
* 大功告成 (dàgōnggàochéng)
* 大功畢成 / 大功毕成
* 天功
* 奇功 (qígōng)
* 奏功 (zòugōng)
* 女功
* 好事貪功 / 好事贪功
* 好大喜功 (hàodàxǐgōng)
* 妨功害能
* 婦功 / 妇功
* 富貴功名 / 富贵功名
* 寸功 (cùngōng)
* 將功折罪 / 将功折罪
* 將功折過 / 将功折过
* 將功補過 / 将功补过 (jiānggōngbǔguò)
* 將功贖罪 / 将功赎罪
* 小功
* 尺寸之功 (chǐcùn zhī gōng)
* 居功 (jūgōng)
* 居功自傲 (jūgōngzì'ào)
* 居功自恃
* 崇德報功 / 崇德报功
* 帶罪立功 / 带罪立功 (dàizuìlìgōng)
* 年功
* 年功俸
* 幼功
* 床上功夫
* 建功
* 建功立事
* 建功立業 / 建功立业
* 彈指神功 / 弹指神功
* 徒勞無功 / 徒劳无功 (túláowúgōng)
* 德容言功
* 德言容功
* 急功近利 (jígōngjìnlì)
* 急功近名
* 恤功
* 慶功 / 庆功 (qìnggōng)
* 慢功
* 慶功宴 / 庆功宴 (qìnggōngyàn)
* 成功 (chénggōng)
* 成功大學 / 成功大学
* 成功嶺 / 成功岭
* 戰功 / 战功 (zhàngōng)
* 戰功彪炳 / 战功彪炳
* 戴罪圖功 / 戴罪图功
* 戴罪立功 (dàizuìlìgōng)
* 抽功夫
* 捍難之功 / 捍难之功
* 敘功 / 叙功
* 文德武功
* 文治武功 (wénzhìwǔgōng)
* 日起有功
* 有功 (yǒugōng)
* 期功
* 樹功揚名 / 树功扬名
* 樹功立業 / 树功立业 (shùgōng lìyè)
* 橫草之功 / 横草之功
* 歌功頌德 / 歌功颂德 (gēgōngsòngdé)
* 武功 (wǔgōng)
* 歲功 / 岁功
* 歸功 / 归功 (guīgōng)
* 殊功勁節 / 殊功劲节
* 毛髮之功 / 毛发之功
* 氣功 / 气功 (qìgōng)
* 氣功療法 / 气功疗法 (qìgōng liáofǎ)
* 汗馬之功 / 汗马之功
* 汗馬功勞 / 汗马功劳 (hànmǎgōngláo)
* 汗馬功績 / 汗马功绩
* 沒的功夫 / 没的功夫
* 治功
* 法輪功 / 法轮功 (Fǎlún Gōng)
* 澠池之功 / 渑池之功
* 無功 / 无功
* 無功不受祿 / 无功不受禄 (wúgōngbùshòulù)
* 無功受祿 / 无功受禄 (wúgōngshòulù)
* 無功而祿 / 无功而禄 (wúgōng'érlù)
* 無功而返 / 无功而返 (wúgōng'érfǎn)
* 照功行賞 / 照功行赏
* 爭功 / 争功
* 爭功諉過 / 争功诿过
* 特異功能 / 特异功能 (tèyì gōngnéng)
* 獻功 / 献功
* 班功行賞 / 班功行赏
* 用功 (yònggōng)
* 田功
* 白費功夫 / 白费功夫
* 百戰功高 / 百战功高
* 矜功
* 矜功不立
* 矜功伐善
* 矜功恃寵 / 矜功恃宠
* 矜功自伐
* 矜功負勝 / 矜功负胜
* 矜功負氣 / 矜功负气
* 磨功夫
* 神功 (shéngōng)
* 稱功頌德 / 称功颂德
* 積德累功 / 积德累功
* 立功 (lìgōng)
* 立功名
* 立功立事
* 立功自效
* 立功贖罪 / 立功赎罪
* 立大功
* 筆下功夫 / 笔下功夫
* 箱底功夫
* 絲髮之功 / 丝发之功
* 練功 / 练功 (liàngōng)
* 罪以功除
* 考功
* 聖功 / 圣功
* 肝功能 (gāngōngnéng)
* 肺功能 (fèigōngnéng)
* 膚功 / 肤功
* 花功
* 苦功 (kǔgōng)
* 荒功好頑 / 荒功好顽
* 蓋世功勛 / 盖世功勋
* 虛功 / 虚功
* 行成功滿 / 行成功满
* 行滿功圓 / 行满功圆
* 行滿功成 / 行满功成
* 表功 (biǎogōng)
* 要功
* 計功受爵 / 计功受爵
* 計功受賞 / 计功受赏
* 計功行賞 / 计功行赏
* 計功補過 / 计功补过
* 計日奏功 / 计日奏功
* 計日程功 / 计日程功
* 記功 / 记功
* 論功 / 论功
* 請功受賞 / 请功受赏
* 論功封賞 / 论功封赏
* 論功行封 / 论功行封
* 論功行賞 / 论功行赏 (lùngōngxíngshǎng)
* 豐功偉業 / 丰功伟业 (fēnggōngwěiyè)
* 豐功偉績 / 丰功伟绩 (fēnggōngwěijì)
* 豐功厚利 / 丰功厚利
* 豐功懋烈 / 丰功懋烈
* 豐功盛烈 / 丰功盛烈
* 貪功起釁 / 贪功起衅
* 貪天之功 / 贪天之功
* 賀功 / 贺功 (hègōng)
* 費功夫 / 费功夫
* 費日損功 / 费日损功
* 賞不當功 / 赏不当功
* 賣功 / 卖功 (màigōng)
* 賞功罰罪 / 赏功罚罪 (shǎng gōng fá zuì)
* 赫赫之功
* 起功局
* 身退功成
* 軍功 / 军功 (jūngōng)
* 輕功 / 轻功 (qīnggōng)
* 轉敗為功 / 转败为功
* 農功 / 农功 (nónggōng)
* 迄未成功
* 通功易事
* 運功 / 运功
* 邀功 (yāogōng)
* 鐵頭功 / 铁头功 (tiětóugōng)
* 門功 / 门功
* 阿保之功
* 陰功 / 阴功 (yīngōng)
* 難竟全功 / 难竟全功
* 電功率 / 电功率 (diàngōnglǜ)
* 霸功
* 非常之功
* 面壁功深
* 頂上功夫 / 顶上功夫
* 頭功 / 头功 (tóugōng)
* 首功 (shǒugōng)
* 馬到成功 / 马到成功 (mǎdào-chénggōng)
* 高功
* 鷹爪功 / 鹰爪功

### References

* “功”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: く (ku, Jōyō $^†$)
* Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
* Kun: いさお (isao, 功)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 功
* こう Grade: 4
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 功 (MC kuwng).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こー [kóꜜò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ko̞ː]

#### Noun

功(こう) • (kō)
* a success, a great achievement
** (Can we date this quote?), “金正日将軍の歌 [Song of General Kim Jong-il]”:
    青(あお)き海(うな)原(ばら)　その功(こう)歌(うた)う
       Aoki unabara sono kō utau
       The blue seas sing his [Kim's] exploits in their songs.

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 功
* いさお Grade: 4
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 功 – see the following entry. :
| 【いさお】 | [noun] (literary) accomplishment; achievement; distinguished service [proper noun] 功, 勲, 勲男, 勇雄: a male given name Alternative spellings 勲, 勲男, 勇雄 |
(This term, 功, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 功
* いさお Grade: 4
* kun'yomi

#### Proper noun

功(いさお) • (Isao)
* a male given name

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

功 (eumhun 공 공 (gong gong))
* hanja form of 공 (“service; credit; meritorious deed”)
* hanja form of 공 (“effort; labor; elaboration”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

功: Hán Nôm readings: công
* chữ Hán form of công (“achievement; merit; good result; (physics) work”).