# 于

| 于 | U+4E8E, &#20110; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E8E |
| ← 亍 [U+4E8D] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 亏 → [U+4E8F] |

## Translingual
### Han character

于 (Kangxi radical 7, 二+1, 3 strokes, cangjie input 一木 (MD), four-corner 1040$_0$, composition ⿱一𬺰 or ⿻二亅 or ⿻丁一)

#### Derived characters

* 㐵 吁 圩 汙 弙 扜 㚥 旴 杅 玗 䏏 盱 䄨 𤿍 衧 紆 虶 䍂 訏 趶 酑 釪 䩒 骬 㝼 迂 邘 㪀 宇 芋 竽 穻 㡰 㽳 䖉 盂 冔 䵹

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 86, character 6
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 252
* Dae Jaweon: page 177, character 4
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 4, character 5
* Unihan data for U+4E8E

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 于 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| Oracle bone scriptj11694j11695j11696j11697j11698j11699j11700j11701j11702j11703j11704j11705j11706j11707j11708j11709j11710j11711j11712j11713j11714j11715j11716j11717j11718j11719j11720j11721j11722j11723j11724j11725j11726j11727j11728j11729j11730j11731j11732j11733j11734j11735j11736j11737j11738j11739j11740j11741j11742j11743j11744j11745j11746j11747j11748j11749j11750j11751j11752j11753j11754j11755j11756j11757j11758j11759j11760j11761j11762j11763j11764j11765j11766j11767j11768j11769j11770j11771j11772j11773j11774j11775j11776j11777j11778j11779j11780j11781j11782j11783j11784j11785j11786j11787j11788j11789j11790j11791j11792j11793j11794j11795j11796j11797j11798j11799j11800j11801j11802j11803j11804j11805j11806j11807j11808j11809j11810j11811j11812j11813j11814j11815j11816j11817j11818j11819j11820j11821j11822j11823j11824j11825j11826j11827j11828j11829j11830j11831j11832j11833j11834j11835j11836j11837j11838j11839j11840j11841j11842j11843j11844j11845j11846j11847j11848j11849j11850j11851j11852j11853j11854j11855j11856j11857j11858j11859j11860j11861j11862j11863j11864j11865j11866j11867j11868j11869j11870j11871j11872j11873j11874j11875j11876j11877j11878j11879j11880j11881j11882j11883j11884j11885j11886j11887j11888j11889j11890j11891Bronze inscriptionsb07161b07162b07163b07164b07165b07166b07167b07168b07169b07170b07171b07172b07173b07174b07175b07176b07177b07178b07179b07180b07181b07182b07183b07184b07185b07186b07187b07188b07189b07190b07191b07192b07193b07194b07195b07196b07197b07198b07199b07200b07201b07202b07203b07204b07205b07206b07207b07208b07209b07210b07211b07212b07214b07215File:ACC-b07216.svgb07216b07217b07218b07219b07220File:ACC-b07221.svgb07221b07222b07223b07224File:ACC-b07225.svgb07225b07226b07227b07228b07229b07230b07231File:ACC-b07232.svgb07232b07233b07234b07235b07236b07237b07238b07239b07240b07241b07242Small seal scripts03515Transcribed ancient scriptsL30498L30499L30500L30501L30502L02603L02604L02605L02606L02607L02608L02609L02610 |||||
| References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script). |||||
| | Old Chinese |
| 侉 | *qaːls |
| 夸 | *kʰʷraː |
| 姱 | *kʰʷraː |
| 胯 | *kʰʷraː, *kʰʷraːs, *kʰʷaːs |
| 跨 | *kʰʷraː, *kʰʷraːʔ, *kʰʷraːs, *kʰʷaːs |
| 誇 | *kʰʷraː |
| 垮 | *kʰʷraːʔ |
| 銙 | *kʰʷraːʔ |
| 骻 | *kʰʷraːʔ |
| 咵 | *kʰʷraːʔ |
| 釫 | *ɢʷraː, *qʷaː |
| 摦 | *ɡʷraːs |
| 鮬 | *pɢʷaː, *kʰʷaː |
| 嶀 | *qʰʷl'aː |
| 扝 | *kʰʷaː, *qʷaː |
| 刳 | *kʰʷaː |
| 郀 | *kʰʷaː |
| 挎 | *kʰʷaː |
| 袴 | *kʰʷaːs |
| 絝 | *kʰʷaːs |
| 褲 | *kʰʷaːs |
| 恗 | *qʰaː |
| 洿 | *ɡʷaːʔ, *qʷaː |
| 瓠 | *ɡʷlaː, *ɡʷlaːs |
| 鄠 | *ɢʷlaːʔ |
| 污 | *qʷaː, *qʷaːs |
| 杇 | *qʷaː |
| 圬 | *qʷaː |
| 鴮 | *qʷaː |
| 盓 | *qʷaː |
| 汙 | *qʷaːs, *ɢʷa |
| 樗 | *qʰʷl'a |
| 摴 | *qʰʷl'a |
| 荂 | *pqʰʷa, *qʰʷa |
| 雩 | *qʰʷla, *ɢʷla |
| 吁 | *qʰʷa, *ɢʷas |
| 盱 | *qʰʷa |
| 訏 | *qʰʷa |
| 扜 | *qʰʷa, *qʷa |
| 旴 | *qʰʷa |
| 冔 | *qʰʷaʔ |
| 紆 | *qʷa |
| 陓 | *qʷa |
| 迂 | *qʷa, *qʷaʔ, *ɢʷa |
| 虶 | *qʷa |
| 于 | *ɢʷa |
| 盂 | *ɢʷa |
| 竽 | *ɢʷa |
| 邘 | *ɢʷa |
| 玗 | *ɢʷa |
| 芋 | *ɢʷa, *ɢʷas |
| 杅 | *ɢʷa |
| 釪 | *ɢʷa |
| 骬 | *ɢʷa |
| 謣 | *ɢʷla |
| 宇 | *ɢʷaʔ |
Pictogram (象形). Two possibilities for the object of representation are:
* An ancient wind instrument; early form of 竽 (OC *ɢʷa). This view is supported by mainstream palaeography.
* Exhaled air; early form of 吁 (OC *qʰʷa, *ɢʷas, “to sigh”). Shuowen considers it to be an ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 一 (“flat stream of air”) + 丂 (“to exhale”). Compare 乎, 兮, 号.
Unrelated to the bottom component of 得.

### Etymology 1

* For pronunciation and definitions of 于 – see 於 (“Etymology 1”). (This character is the simplified and variant traditional form of 於).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-wa-ŋ (“to go; to come”). Related to 往 (OC *ɢʷaŋ, “to go to, to, towards”).
The preposition usages were replaced by 於 during the Han dynasty (Schuessler, 2007).
See entry 於 for the discussion of the developed homophony of 於 and 于.

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yú (yu$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄩˊ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yú
*** Zhuyin: ㄩˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yú
*** Wade–Giles: yü$^2$
*** Yale: yú
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yu
*** Palladius: юй (juj)
*** Sinological IPA : /y³⁵/
* Middle Chinese: hju
Rime :
| Character | 于 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 云 (35) |
| Final (韻) | 虞 (24) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 羽俱切 |
| Baxter | hju |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦɨo/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦio/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣio/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦuə̆/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣio/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣĭu/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /i̯u/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yú |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jyu$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ɢʷ(r)a/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɢʷa/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 于 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yú |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hju › |
| Old Chinese | /*ɢʷ(r)a/ |
| English | go; at |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 于 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 15706 |
| Phonetic component | 于 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 于 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɢʷa/ |
| Notes | 王筠雲籲初文 |

#### Definitions

于
* (literary) to go to
* (literary) at
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    wénwáng zài shàng, yú zhāo yú tiān [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (literary) A meaningless particle.
    鳳凰于飛／凤凰于飞 [Pre-Classical Chinese] ― fènghuáng yú fēi [Pinyin] ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    wáng yú xīng shī, xiū wǒ gē máo [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yú (yu$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄩˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jyu$^1$ / jyu$^4$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): û / u / î
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^1$iu
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yú
*** Zhuyin: ㄩˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yú
*** Wade–Giles: yü$^2$
*** Yale: yú
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yu
*** Palladius: юй (juj)
*** Sinological IPA : /y³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jyu$^1$ / jyu$^4$
*** Yale: yū / yùh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jy$^1$ / jy$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yu$^1$ / yu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /jyː⁵⁵/, /jyː²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: û
*** Tâi-lô: û
*** Phofsit Daibuun: uu
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /u²³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /u²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: u
*** Tâi-lô: u
*** Phofsit Daibuun: w
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /u³³/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /u⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: î
*** Tâi-lô: î
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ii
*** IPA (Taipei): /i²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /i²³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /i¹³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai, Suzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^1$iu
*** MiniDict: iu$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$y
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /y⁵³/
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /y⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: hju
Rime :
| Character | 于 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 云 (35) |
| Final (韻) | 虞 (24) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 羽俱切 |
| Baxter | hju |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦɨo/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦio/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣio/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦuə̆/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣio/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣĭu/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /i̯u/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yú |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jyu$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ɢʷ(r)a/, /*ɦʷa/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɢʷa/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 于 | 于 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yú | yú |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hju › | ‹ hju › |
| Old Chinese | /*ɢʷ(r)a/ | /*ɦʷa/ (< *ɢʷ(r)a) |
| English | go; at | 單于 chányú: Xiōngnú ruler (W. Hàn) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 于 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 15706 |
| Phonetic component | 于 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 于 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɢʷa/ |
| Notes | 王筠雲籲初文 |

#### Definitions

于
* a surname
    于禁 ― Yú Jìn ― Yu Jin (Chinese military general serving under the warlord Cao Cao in the late Eastern Han dynasty)
* Used in several names and proper nouns.
    單于／单于 ― chányú ― chief of the Xiongnu; a Chinese surname
    淳于 ― Chúnyú ― a Chinese surname

#### Usage notes

The surname 于 is to be distinguished from another surname 於. The surname 於 is still 於 in simplified Chinese.

### Etymology 4
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yū (yu$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄩ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yū
*** Zhuyin: ㄩ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yu
*** Wade–Giles: yü$^1$
*** Yale: yū
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: iu
*** Palladius: юй (juj)
*** Sinological IPA : /y⁵⁵/

#### Definitions

于
* (literary) Alternative form of 迂 (yū, “large; vast; wide”)

### Etymology 5
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xū (xu$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄩ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): heoi$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xū
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄩ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: syu
*** Wade–Giles: hsü$^1$
*** Yale: syū
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiu
*** Palladius: сюй (sjuj)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕy⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: heoi$^1$
*** Yale: hēui
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hoey$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hêu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɵy̯⁵⁵/

#### Definitions

于
* (literary) Alternative form of 吁 (interjection) that is used in 于嗟 (xūjiē) and 于咨.

### Compounds

* 于于
* 于嗟 (xūjiē)
* 于徐
* 于思
* 于時
* 于歸 (yúguī)
* 于田 (Yútián)
* 于闐 (Yútián)
* 于飛
* 于飛之樂 / 于飞之乐
* 伊于胡底
* 刑于
* 友于
* 叔于田
* 君子于役
* 單于 (chányú)
* 大叔于田
* 大單于
* 淳于 (Chúnyú)
* 燕燕于飛
* 福生于微
* 錞于 (chúnyú)
* 鳳凰于飛 / 凤凰于飞
* 鳳皇于蜚

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): う (u)、く (ku)
* Kun: ここに (kokoni, 于に)、ゆく (yuku, 于く)

## Korean
### Hanja

于 (eum 우 (u))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

于: Hán Nôm readings: vu, vo, vò
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation