# 陷

| 陷 | U+9677, &#38519; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9677 |
| ← 陶 [U+9676] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 陸 → [U+9678] |

## Translingual
### Han character

陷 (Kangxi radical 170, 阜+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 弓中弓竹難 (NLNHX), four-corner 7727$_7$, composition ⿰阝臽)

#### Derived characters

* 𠽏, 𥊥, 𨄽

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1354, character 12
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41707
* Dae Jaweon: page 1858, character 3
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4140, character 1
* Unihan data for U+9677

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 陷 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 萏 | *l'oːmʔ |
| 窞 | *l'oːmʔ |
| 惂 | *kʰloːmʔ |
| 輡 | *kʰloːmʔ |
| 錎 | *kʰloːmʔ, *ɡroːms |
| 埳 | *kʰloːmʔ |
| 臽 | *kʰloːmʔ, *ɡroːms |
| 淊 | *ɡloːmʔ, *qroːm, *qroːms, *lomʔ |
| 欿 | *ɡloːmʔ |
| 蜭 | *ɡloːmʔ, *ɡluːms |
| 啗 | *l'aːmʔ, *l'aːms |
| 鵮 | *ʔr'oːm, *kʰroːm, *kʰroːms |
| 餡 | *ɡroːms |
| 陷 | *ɡroːms |
| 爓 | *ljom, *loms |
| 諂 | *l̥ʰomʔ |
| 讇 | *l̥ʰomʔ |
| 閻 | *lom |
| 焰 | *loms |
| 壛 | *lom |
| 櫩 | *lom |
| 燄 | *lomʔ |
| 掐 | *kʰroːb |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡroːms) and ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): semantic 阜 (“row of hills”) + phonetic 臽 (OC *kʰloːmʔ, *ɡroːms, “person falling into trap”).
Originally written 臽.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): xiàn (xian$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄢˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): han$^4$ / xian$^4$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ham$^6$ / haam$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ham$^5$
* Gan (Wiktionary): han$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ham
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ham$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): xie$^3$ / han$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): hāng
* Eastern Min (BUC): hâng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hām
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ham$^7$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$yi; $^6$ghe
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): han$^4$ / han$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: siàn
*** Wade–Giles: hsien$^4$
*** Yale: syàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiann
*** Palladius: сянь (sjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: han$^4$ / xian$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xan / xian
*** Sinological IPA : /xan²¹³/, /ɕiɛn²¹³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ham$^6$ / haam$^6$
*** Yale: hahm / haahm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ham$^6$ / haam$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hem$^6$ / ham$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɐm²²/, /haːm²²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ham$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ham³²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: han$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /han¹¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ham
*** Hakka Romanization System: ham
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ham$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ham⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: ham$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ham⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: xie$^3$ / han$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕie⁴⁵/, /xæ̃⁴⁵/
* xie3 - literary;
* han3 - vernacular.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit陷 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ɕian⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ɕian⁵³/ /ɕyan⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /ɕian⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /ɕiã²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /ɕiã⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ɕian³¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /ɕiã⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /ɕiã²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ɕian¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ɕiɛ̃n¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ɕian²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /ɕiɛn³⁵/ ～害 /xan⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /xan¹³/ /ɕian¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /ɕian²¹³/ /xan²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ɕiɛ̃²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /ɕien⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /ɕiĩ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /ɕie⁴⁵/ 下～ /xæ̃⁴⁵/ ～在泥裡 |
| Jin | Pingyao | /ɕiɑŋ³⁵/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /ɕie⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ɦe²³/ /ɦie²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ɦiɪ³¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ɦiẽ̞¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ɦa²²/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /ɕie²²/ /xɛ²²/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /siɛ⁴²/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /xan⁵⁵/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /han⁵⁵/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /han²¹/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /ham⁵³/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /hɑm⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /ham²²/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /ham²²/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /hɐm²²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /ham²²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /hɑŋ²⁴²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /xaŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /ham³¹/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /ham³³/ |
* Middle Chinese: heamH
Rime :
| Character | 陷 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 咸 (151) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 戸韽切 |
| Baxter | heamH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦˠɛm$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦᵚæm$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣɐm$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦəɨm$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣɐm$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣɐm$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣăm$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xiàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | haam$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ˤromʔ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡroːms/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 陷 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xiàn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hɛm$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɢ]ˁromʔ-s/ |
| English | fall into a pit |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 陷 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 13556 |
| Phonetic component | 臽 |
| Rime group | 談 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 陷 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡroːms/ |
| Notes | 臽轉註字 |

### Definitions

陷
* to submerge; to sink; to plunge
* to be captured
* to breach; to break through; to make a breakthrough
* trap (device designed to catch animals)
* to frame; to entrap; to set up; to bring up someone on false charges
* to sink
* fault; defect; drawback

#### Synonyms

* (to breach):
* 攻破 (gōngpò)
* 突破 (tūpò)
* (trap): 陷阱 (xiànjǐng)
* (to frame):
* 坑 (kēng)
* 坑害 (kēnghài)
* 構陷 / 构陷 (gòuxiàn)
* 陷害 (xiànhài)
* (fault):
* 弊害 (bìhài)
* 弊病 (bìbìng)
* 弊端 (bìduān)
* 欠缺 (qiànquē)
* 毛病 (máobìng)
* 短處 / 短处 (duǎnchu)
* 缺失 (quēshī)
* 缺欠 (quēqiàn)
* 缺陷 (quēxiàn)
* 缺點 / 缺点 (quēdiǎn)

### Compounds

* 下陷 (xiàxiàn)
* 傾陷 / 倾陷
* 先天缺陷 (xiāntiān quēxiàn)
* 凹陷 (āoxiàn)
* 地層下陷 / 地层下陷
* 地盤下陷 / 地盘下陷
* 地陷 (dìxiàn)
* 坑陷
* 塌陷 (tāxiàn)
* 天塌地陷
* 失陷 (shīxiàn)
* 山崩地陷
* 崩陷 (bēngxiàn)
* 搆陷 / 构陷 (gòuxiàn)
* 摧堅陷陣 / 摧坚陷阵
* 摧鋒陷陣 / 摧锋陷阵
* 摧陷
* 摧陷廓清
* 擠陷 / 挤陷
* 攻陷 (gōngxiàn)
* 構陷 / 构陷 (gòuxiàn)
* 沉陷 (chénxiàn)
* 深陷 (shēnxiàn)
* 淪陷 / 沦陷 (lúnxiàn)
* 淪陷區 / 沦陷区 (lúnxiànqū)
* 精神缺陷 (jīngshén quēxiàn)
* 缺陷 (quēxiàn)
* 自墜陷阱 / 自坠陷阱
* 蟄陷 / 蛰陷
* 衝堅陷陣 / 冲坚陷阵
* 衝鋒陷陣 / 冲锋陷阵 (chōngfēngxiànzhèn)
* 衝陷 / 冲陷 (chōngxiàn)
* 誣陷 / 诬陷 (wūxiàn)
* 身陷縲絏 / 身陷缧绁
* 陷人坑
* 陷入 (xiànrù)
* 陷入絕境 / 陷入绝境
* 陷坑 (xiànkēng)
* 陷堅破陣 / 陷坚破阵
* 陷害 (xiànhài)
* 陷沒 / 陷没
* 陷溺
* 陷滯 / 陷滞
* 陷眠 (hām-bîn) (Min Nan)
* 陷落 (xiànluò)
* 陷身 (xiànshēn)
* 陷車 / 陷车
* 陷阱 (xiànjǐng)
* 陷陣 / 陷阵 (xiànzhèn)

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 陥 |
| Kyūjitai | 陷 |

### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 陥)
* fall into
* cave in
* fall (castle)
* slide into

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): かん (kan)
* Kun: おちいる (ochiiru, 陷る)、おとしいれる (otoshiireru, 陷れる)

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 陷 (MC heamH). Recorded as Middle Korean 함〯 (hǎm) (Yale: ham) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

Wikisource 陷 (eumhun 빠질 함 (ppajil ham))
* hanja form of 함 (“fall into”)

#### Compounds

* 결함 (缺陷, gyeolham)
* 모함 (謀陷, moham)
* 함락 (陷落, hamnak)
* 함몰 (陷沒, hammol)
* 함성 (陷城, hamseong)
* 함정 (陷穽, hamjeong)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

陷: Hán Nôm readings: hãm, hẳm, hỏm, hoắm, hóm
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.