# 燉

| 燉 | U+71C9, &#29129; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-71C9 |
| ← 燈 [U+71C8] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 燊 → [U+71CA] |

## Translingual
### Han character

燉 (Kangxi radical 86, 火+12, 16 strokes, cangjie input 火卜木大 (FYDK), four-corner 9884$_0$, composition ⿰火敦)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 682, character 15
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 19403
* Dae Jaweon: page 1094, character 11
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2236, character 6
* Unihan data for U+71C9

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 弴 | *tjuː, *tuːn |
| 敦 | *tuːl, *doːn, *tuːn, *tuːns |
| 錞 | *duːlʔ, *duːls, *djun |
| 憝 | *duːls |
| 憞 | *duːls |
| 譈 | *duːls |
| 鐓 | *duːls |
| 鷻 | *doːn |
| 鶉 | *doːn, *djun |
| 惇 | *tuːn, *tjun |
| 墩 | *tuːn |
| 驐 | *tuːn |
| 燉 | *tuːns, *tʰuːn, *duːn |
| 焞 | *tʰuːn, *djun |
| 啍 | *tʰuːn, *duːn |
| 暾 | *tʰuːn |
| 噋 | *tʰuːn, *kʰʷaːɡ |
| 諄 | *tjun, *tjuns |
| 埻 | *tjunʔ, *kʷaːɡ, *kʷreːɡ |
| 稕 | *tjuns |
| 醇 | *djun |
| 淳 | *djun |
| 犉 | *njun |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *tuːns, *tʰuːn, *duːn): semantic 火 + phonetic 敦 (OC *tuːl, *doːn, *tuːn, *tuːns).

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): dùn (dun$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄣˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): den$^4$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): dan$^6$ / deon$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): un$^5$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): tûn
* Eastern Min (BUC): dông
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): dong$^5$ / duong$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tūn
    (Teochew, Peng'im): dung$^6$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$ten
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dùn
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄣˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: dùn
*** Wade–Giles: tun$^4$
*** Yale: dwùn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duenn
*** Palladius: дунь (dunʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /tu̯ən⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: den$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: den
*** Sinological IPA : /tən²¹³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: dan$^6$ / deon$^6$
*** Yale: dahn / deuhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dan$^6$ / doen$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: den$^6$ / dên$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /tɐn²²/, /tɵn²²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: un$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /un³²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tûn
*** Hakka Romanization System: dun$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: dun$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /tun²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: dông
*** Sinological IPA : /touŋ²⁴²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: dong$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /tɔŋ²¹/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: duong$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /tuoŋ²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tūn
*** Tâi-lô: tūn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dun
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tun²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tun⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tun²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tun³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tun³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: dung$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tŭng
*** Sinological IPA : /tuŋ³⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$ten
*** MiniDict: ten$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$ten
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /tən³⁴/
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*tuːns/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 燉 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| No. | 2603 |
| Phonetic component | 敦 |
| Rime group | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 頓 |
| Old Chinese | /*tuːns/ |

#### Definitions

燉
* to stew
* to heat up (soup, wine, etc.) by steeping the container in hot water

#### Usage notes

炖 was included as the simplified form of 燉 in the second round of simplification in 1977. The current standard in Mainland China, the Table of General Standard Chinese Characters (通用规范汉字表), does not mention that 炖 is a simplification of 燉. A Dictionary of Current Chinese (现代汉语词典) includes 燉 as a variant form of 炖.

#### Compounds

* 慢燉鍋 / 慢炖锅 (màndùnguō)
* 清燉 / 清炖 (qīngdùn)
* 燉冬菇 / 炖冬菇
* 燉煮 / 炖煮
* 燉肉 / 炖肉 (dùnròu)
* 燉菜 / 炖菜 (dùncài)
* 燉補 / 炖补 (dùnbǔ)
* 燉鍋 / 炖锅 (dùnguō)

#### See also

* 燴／烩 (huì)
* 扒 (pá)
* 蒸 (zhēng)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tún, dūn (tun$^2$, dun$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨㄣˊ, ㄉㄨㄣ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tún
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄨㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tún
*** Wade–Giles: tʻun$^2$
*** Yale: twún
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: twen
*** Palladius: тунь (tunʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰu̯ən³⁵/
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dūn
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄣ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: dun
*** Wade–Giles: tun$^1$
*** Yale: dwūn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duen
*** Palladius: дунь (dunʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /tu̯ən⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: thwon, dwon
Rime :
| Character | 燉 | 燉 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 透 (6) | 定 (7) |
| Final (韻) | 魂 (55) | 魂 (55) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Closed |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 他昆切 | 徒渾切 |
| Baxter | thwon | dwon |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tʰuən/ | /duən/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /tʰuon/ | /duon/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /tʰuən/ | /duən/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /tʰwən/ | /dwən/ |
| Li Rong | /tʰuən/ | /duən/ |
| Wang Li | /tʰuən/ | /duən/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /tʰuən/ | /dʱuən/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | tūn | tún |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | teon$^1$ | teon$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*tʰuːn/, /*duːn/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 燉 | 燉 |
| Reading # | 2/3 | 3/3 |
| No. | 2607 | 2610 |
| Phonetic component | 敦 | 敦 |
| Rime group | 文 | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 暾 | 屯 |
| Old Chinese | /*tʰuːn/ | /*duːn/ |

#### Definitions

燉
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) flaming; blazing

#### Compounds

* 燉煌 (Dūnhuáng)

### Etymology 3

* For pronunciation and definitions of 燉 – see 暾 (“new-risen sun; morning sun; sun above the horizon”). (This character is a variant form of 暾).

### References

* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “炖”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 57.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): とん (ton)
* Kun: あきらか (akiraka)

## Korean
### Hanja

燉 • (don) (hangeul 돈, McCune–Reischauer ton, Yale ton)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

燉: Hán Nôm readings: đôn, đốn, đun, đón, don, giôn
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.