# 削

| 削 | U+524A, &#21066; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-524A |
| ← 剉 [U+5249] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 剋 → [U+524B] |

## Translingual
### Han character

削 (Kangxi radical 18, 刀+7, 9 strokes, cangjie input 火月中弓 (FBLN), four-corner 9220$_0$, composition ⿰肖刂)

#### Derived characters

* 𠸑, 𣸛, 䌃, 𠠄, 鞩, 揱, 𣕇, 𦂗, 𨨺, 𪃅, 𡹺, 萷, 𦋞, 箾

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 140, character 5
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2000
* Dae Jaweon: page 317, character 11
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 341, character 2
* Unihan data for U+524A

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 削 :
| Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script |
| | Old Chinese |
| 梢 | *sreːw |
| 捎 | *sreːw, *sew |
| 筲 | *sreːw |
| 鞘 | *sreːw, *slewɢs |
| 艄 | *sreːw |
| 蛸 | *sreːw, *sew |
| 髾 | *sreːw |
| 輎 | *sreːw |
| 旓 | *sreːw |
| 弰 | *sreːw |
| 鮹 | *sreːw, *sew |
| 綃 | *sreːw, *sew |
| 颵 | *sreːw |
| 莦 | *sreːw, *sew |
| 娋 | *sreːw, *sreːws |
| 稍 | *sreːws |
| 哨 | *sreːws, *sʰews, *sew |
| 揱 | *sreːwɢs, *slew, *sreːwɢ |
| 潲 | *sreːws |
| 睄 | *sreːws |
| 悄 | *sʰewʔ |
| 俏 | *sʰews |
| 峭 | *sʰews |
| 陗 | *sʰews |
| 帩 | *sʰews |
| 誚 | *zews |
| 消 | *sew |
| 宵 | *sew |
| 霄 | *sew |
| 硝 | *sew |
| 銷 | *sew |
| 逍 | *sew |
| 魈 | *sew |
| 痟 | *slew |
| 焇 | *sew |
| 肖 | *slew, *slews |
| 韒 | *slewɢs |
| 趙 | *l'ewʔ |
| 箾 | *seːw, *sleːw |
| 踃 | *seːw |
| 削 | *slewɢ |
| 矟 | *sreːwɢ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *slewɢ): phonetic 肖 (OC *slew, *slews) + semantic 刂.

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xiāo, xuē, xuè (xiao$^1$, xue$^1$, xue$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄠ, ㄒㄩㄝ, ㄒㄩㄝˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): soek$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): siok
* Eastern Min (BUC): siók
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): siah
    (Teochew, Peng'im): siah$^4$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^7$shiaq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiāo
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄠ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: siao
*** Wade–Giles: hsiao$^1$
*** Yale: syāu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiau
*** Palladius: сяо (sjao)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xuē
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄩㄝ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: syue
*** Wade–Giles: hsüeh$^1$
*** Yale: sywē
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiue
*** Palladius: сюэ (sjue)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕy̯ɛ⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xuè
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄩㄝˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: syuè
*** Wade–Giles: hsüeh$^4$
*** Yale: sywè
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiueh
*** Palladius: сюэ (sjue)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕy̯ɛ⁵¹/
* xiāo - vernacular (“to pare; to slice the ball”);
* xuē/xuè - literary.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit削 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ɕiɑu⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ɕiau⁴⁴/ /ɕyɛ²¹³/ /ɕyɛ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /ɕiɑu²¹/ /ɕye²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /ɕyə²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /syə⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /syo²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /ɕyo²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /ɕyu⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ɕye¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ɕyə¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ɕyɤ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /ɕio⁵⁵/ ～球 /ɕio²¹³/ 剝～ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /ɕye³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /ɕie²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ɕio³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /sioʔ⁵/ /syeʔ⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /ɕyɐʔ⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /ɕyəʔ²/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /ɕyʌʔ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /ɕyaʔ⁴³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ɕiaʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /siɑʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ɕiɑʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ɕa²¹³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /ɕiɔʔ²¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /siu⁵/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /sio²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /sio²⁴/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /ɕiɔʔ⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /siok̚¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /siok̚²²/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /sœk̚³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /ɬœk̚³³/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /sœk̚³/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /siɔk̚³²/ /siaʔ³²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /siɛʔ²³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /siɔ²⁴/ /sia²⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /siauʔ²/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /tia⁵⁵/ |
* Middle Chinese: sjak
Rime :
| Character | 削 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 心 (16) |
| Final (韻) | 藥 (107) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 息約切 |
| Baxter | sjak |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /sɨɐk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /siɐk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /siɑk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /sɨak̚/ |
| Li Rong | /siak̚/ |
| Wang Li | /sĭak̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /si̯ak̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xue |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | soek$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[s]ewk/, /*[s]ewk-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*slewɢ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 削 | 削 |
| Reading # | 2/3 | 3/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xiāo | xiào |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ sjak › | ‹ sjew$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[s]ewk/ | /*[s]ewk-s/ |
| English | scrape, pare | scrape, pare |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 削 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 13761 |
| Phonetic component | 肖 |
| Rime group | 藥 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 削 |
| Old Chinese | /*slewɢ/ |

#### Definitions

削
* to pare with a knife; to peel with a knife; to scrape off the surface; to slice
* to divide; to split; to separate
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to reduce; to cut down
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to weaken
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to rob; to expropriate; to plunder
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, literary or Taiwanese Hokkien) to delete; to remove; to cut out
* (table tennis) to slice (the ball)
* (ideophonic) steep (as if sliced); precipitous; sheer
* (ideophonic) emaciated; scraggy; slender
* (historical) writing knife
* (historical) thin slips of wood used for writing; letters
* (Cantonese) skinny; lean
* (Cantonese) to hurt (the stomach)
* (Hokkien) to mock; to ridicule; to have a dig at someone (to embarrass someone)
* (Xiamen Hokkien) to remove fat, etc. from a body organ (of food or beverage)
* (Xiamen Hokkien) to damage the spleen, stomach, etc. (of food or beverage)
* (Taiwanese Hokkien) to compete; to fight

##### Synonyms

* (to reduce):
* 削減 / 削减 (xuējiǎn)
* 壓縮 / 压缩 (yāsuō)
* 損 / 损 (sǔn) (literary, or in compounds)
* 撤 (chè)
* 收縮 / 收缩 (shōusuō)
* 消減 / 消减 (xiāojiǎn)
* 減低 / 减低 (jiǎndī)
* 減削 / 减削 (jiǎnxuè)
* 減少 / 减少 (jiǎnshǎo)
* 減損 / 减损 (jiǎnsǔn)
* 減縮 / 减缩 (jiǎnsuō)
* 減輕 / 减轻 (jiǎnqīng)
* 省卻 / 省却 (shěngquè)
* 砍 (kǎn)
* 緊縮 / 紧缩 (jǐnsuō)
* 縮減 / 缩减 (suōjiǎn)
* 耗
* 裁 (cái)
* 裁汰 (cáitài) (literary)
* 裁減 / 裁减 (cáijiǎn)
* 鐫汰 / 镌汰 (juāntài) (literary)
* 降低 (jiàngdī)
* (to weaken):
* 削弱 (xuēruò)
* 淡化 (dànhuà)
* 減弱 / 减弱 (jiǎnruò)
* 減損 / 减损 (jiǎnsǔn)
* 耗
* (to remove):
* 免
* 免除 (miǎnchú)
* 刷 (colloquial)
* 削除 (xuēchú)
* 去掉 (qùdiào)
* 去除 (qùchú)
* 報銷 / 报销 (bàoxiāo) (figurative, humorous)
* 屏除 (bǐngchú)
* 廓清 (kuòqīng)
* 打掉 (dǎdiào)
* 掃 / 扫
* 排解 (páijiě)
* 排除 (páichú)
* 掃除 / 扫除 (sǎochú) (figurative)
* 摒除 (bìngchú)
* 撤 (chè)
* 撤除 (chèchú)
* 消 (xiāo)
* 消弭 (xiāomǐ) (literary)
* 消解 (xiāojiě)
* 消釋 / 消释 (xiāoshì) (figurative)
* 消除 (xiāochú)
* 淘汰 (táotài)
* 清洗 (qīngxǐ) (figurative)
* 清除 (qīngchú)
* 破 (pò) (literary, or in compounds)
* 破壞 / 破坏 (pòhuài)
* 破除 (pòchú)
* 祛除 (qūchú)
* 罷 / 罢
* 翦落 (jiǎnluò) (literary)
* 肅清 / 肃清 (sùqīng)
* 蕩 / 荡 (dàng) (literary, or in compounds)
* 解釋 / 解释 (jiěshì) (archaic)
* 解除 (jiěchú)
* 鋤 / 锄 (chú)
* 鏟除 / 铲除 (chǎnchú)
* 除
* 除去 (chúqù)
* 除忒 (Hakka)
* 除掉 (chúdiào)
* 除開 / 除开 (chúkāi)
* 革除 (géchú)
* 驅散 / 驱散 (qūsàn)
* 驅走 / 驱走 (qūzǒu)
* 驅除 / 驱除 (qūchú)
* (to plunder):
* 剽取 (piàoqǔ)
* 劫掠 (jiélüè)
* 強奪 / 强夺 (qiángduó)
* 掠取 (lüèqǔ)
* 掠奪 / 掠夺 (lüèduó)
* 搏 (bó) (literary, or in compounds)
* 搶奪 / 抢夺 (qiǎngduó)
* 擄掠 / 掳掠 (lǔlüè)
* 攫奪 / 攫夺 (juéduó) (literary)
* 洗劫 (xǐjié)
* (to mock):
* 作弄 (zuònòng)
* 僝僽 (chánzhòu) (literary)
* 刺 (literary, or in compounds)
* 刺溪 (chié-*kă̤) (Eastern Min)
* 創弄 / 创弄 (Hokkien)
* 創景 / 创景 (Hokkien)
* 創治 / 创治 (chhòng-tī) (Hokkien)
* 剾損 / 𠛅损 (Hokkien)
* 剾洗 / 𠛅洗 (khau-sé) (Hokkien)
* 剾洗 / 𠛅洗 (Hokkien)
* 剾褻 / 𠛅亵 (Hokkien)
* 𠢕滾 / 𠢕滚 (Hokkien)
* 取樂 / 取乐 (qǔlè)
* 取笑 (qǔxiào)
* 呾笑話 / 呾笑话 (dan$^3$ cio$^3$ uê$^7$) (Teochew)
* 呾耍笑 (Teochew)
* 嗤笑 (chīxiào)
* 嘲弄 (cháonòng)
* 嘲笑 (cháoxiào)
* 嘲訕 / 嘲讪 (cháoshàn)
* 嘲諷 / 嘲讽 (cháofěng)
* 嘲謔 / 嘲谑 (cháoxuè)
* 奚落 (xīluò)
* 尋開心 / 寻开心 (Wu)
* 巴銳 / 巴锐 (Hokkien)
* 恥笑 / 耻笑 (chǐxiào)
* 戲弄 / 戏弄 (xìnòng)
* 戲謔 / 戏谑 (xìxuè)
* 挖苦 (wākǔ)
* 捉弄 (zhuōnòng)
* 損 / 损 (sǔn) (colloquial)
* 撩 (Hakka)
* 撚化 (nan$^2$ faa$^3$) (Cantonese)
* 撮弄 (cuōnòng) (literary)
* 擺弄 / 摆弄
* 消遣 (xiāoqiǎn)
* 湊趣 / 凑趣 (còuqù)
* 𤊶人 (Hakka)
* 玩 (colloquial)
* 玩弄
* 笑 (xiào)
* 笑話 / 笑话 (xiàohuà)
* 耍 (shuǎ)
* 耍弄 (shuǎnòng)
* 耍忽 (sua$^2$ huah$^4$) (Jin)
* 落八 (Xiamen Hokkien)
* 見笑 / 见笑 (jiànxiào)
* 訕笑 / 讪笑 (shànxiào)
* 詼謔 / 诙谑 (huīxuè)
* 說風涼話 / 说风凉话 (shuō fēngliánghuà)
* 調笑 / 调笑 (tiáoxiào)
* 諦 / 谛 (dai$^3$) (Cantonese)
* 諷刺 / 讽刺 (fěngcì)
* 謔潲 / 谑潲 (Hokkien)
* 謔燒 / 谑烧 (Hokkien)
* 講笑 / 讲笑 (Cantonese, Hakka, Hokkien)
* 講耍笑 / 讲耍笑 (Hokkien)
* 譏刺 / 讥刺 (jīcì)
* 譏嘲 / 讥嘲 (jīcháo)
* 譏笑 / 讥笑 (jīxiào)
* 譏誚 / 讥诮 (jīqiào) (literary)
* 譏諷 / 讥讽 (jīfěng)
* 變弄 / 变弄 (Hokkien)
* 𧮙 (Wu)
* 起鬨 / 起哄 (qǐhòng)
* 輕體 / 轻体 (Hokkien)
* 逗 (dòu)
* 逗弄
* 鄙笑 (Hokkien)
* 酸笑 (Hokkien)
* 鈍 / 钝 (Wu)
* 開心 / 开心 (kāixīn)
* 開涮 / 开涮 (kāishuàn) (colloquial)
* 開玩笑 / 开玩笑 (kāi wánxiào)
* 鬧玩笑 / 闹玩笑 (nào wánxiào)
* 齒冷 / 齿冷 (chǐlěng) (literary)
* (to remove fat, to damage the spleen): (Hokkien) 剾／𠛅 (khau)

##### Usage notes

Use 剝／剥 (bāo) for peeling something with one's hands, like a tangerine. Use 削 (xiāo) for peeling something with a knife or peeler, like a potato.

##### Compounds

* 侵削
* 刀削冰
* 刀削麵 / 刀削面 (dāoxiāomiàn)
* 切削 (qiēxiāo)
* 刮削
* 刻削
* 削價 / 削价 (xuējià)
* 削地
* 削壁 (xuēbì)
* 削奪 / 削夺
* 削平
* 削弱 (xuēruò)
* 削成
* 削方為圓 / 削方为圆
* 削木為吏 / 削木为吏
* 削正
* 削減 / 削减 (xuējiǎn)
* 削牘 / 削牍
* 削球
* 削瘦
* 削職 / 削职 (xuèzhí)
* 削肩 (xuējiān)
* 削色
* 削草
* 削蔥 / 削葱
* 削觚為圓 / 削觚为圆
* 削足就履
* 削足適履 / 削足适履 (xuēzúshìlǚ)
* 削趾適屨 / 削趾适屦
* 削跡 / 削迹
* 削鉛筆 / 削铅笔
* 削鐵如泥 / 削铁如泥
* 削除 (xuēchú)
* 削髮 / 削发 (xuēfà)
* 削髮披緇 / 削发披缁
* 削髮為僧 / 削发为僧
* 削麵 / 削面 (xiāomiàn)
* 剝削 / 剥削 (bōxuē)
* 剗削 / 刬削
* 剝削小民 / 剥削小民
* 剝削者 / 剥削者 (bōxuēzhě)
* 奏削
* 宋斤魯削 / 宋斤鲁削
* 戌削
* 批削
* 掠削
* 改削
* 斧削
* 斲削
* 日削月朘
* 日朘月削
* 春秋筆削 / 春秋笔削
* 朘削
* 洗削更革
* 減削 / 减削 (jiǎnxuè)
* 瘦削 (shòuxuē)
* 磨削
* 筆削 / 笔削 (bǐxuē)
* 編削 / 编削
* 蜂腰削背
* 蠲削
* 鉋削 / 刨削
* 銑削 / 铣削
* 銼削 / 锉削

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qiào (qiao$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄠˋ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qiào
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄠˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ciào
*** Wade–Giles: chʻiao$^4$
*** Yale: chyàu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiaw
*** Palladius: цяо (cjao)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

#### Definitions

削
* Original form of 鞘 (qiào, “sword sheath”).

### Pronunciation 3

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shào (shao$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄕㄠˋ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shào
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄠˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shào
*** Wade–Giles: shao$^4$
*** Yale: shàu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shaw
*** Palladius: шао (šao)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹/
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[sˤ]rewk-s/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 削 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | shào |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ sræw$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[sˁ]rewk-s/ |
| English | zone near the capital |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||

#### Definitions

削
* (historical) fief within three hundred li from the state capital

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 削 |
| Kyūjitai | 削󠄁 削+&#xE0101; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 削󠄃 削+&#xE0103; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* plane, whittle

#### Readings

From Middle Chinese 削 (MC sjak):
* Go-on: さく (saku, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: しゃく (shaku)
From Middle Chinese; compare Mandarin 削 (qiào, xiào):
* Go-on: しょう (shō)
* Kan-on: しょう (shō)
From native Japanese roots:
* Kun: けずる (kezuru, 削る, Jōyō)、そぐ (sogu, 削ぐ)、そげる (sogeru, 削げる)、はつる (hatsuru, 削る)

#### Compounds

* 荒(あら)削(けず)り (arakezuri)
* 掘(くっ)削(さく) (kussaku)
* 削(けず)り節(ぶし) (kezuribushi)
* 削(さく)岩(がん)機(き) (sakuganki)
* 削(さく)減(げん) (sakugen)
* 削(さく)除(じょ) (sakujo)
* 削(さっ)孔(こう) (sakkō)
* 切(せっ)削(さく) (sessaku)
* 添(てん)削(さく) (tensaku)

### References

* ↑ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 300 (paper), page 200 (digital)

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 削 (MC sjak).

### Hanja

Wikisource 削 (eumhun 깎을 삭 (kkakkeul sak))
* hanja form of 삭 (“cut”)

#### Compounds

* 삭감 (削減, sakgam)
* 삭발 (削髮, sakbal)
* 삭제 (削除, sakje)
* 연삭 (硏削, yeonsak)
* 절삭 (切削, jeolsak)
* 첨삭 (添削, cheomsak)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

削: Hán Nôm readings: tước, tược, tướt, tượt
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.