# 溺

| 溺 | U+6EBA, &#28346; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6EBA |
| ← 溹 [U+6EB9] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 溻 → [U+6EBB] |
| 溺 | U+F9EC, &#63980; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9EC |
| ← 匿 [U+F9EB] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 吝 → [U+F9ED] |

## Translingual
### Han character

溺 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+10, 13 strokes, cangjie input 水弓一一 (ENMM), four-corner 3712$_7$, composition ⿰氵弱)

#### Derived characters

* 𡀡, 𡣄, 𦡥, 𬉪

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 641, character 11
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17990
* Dae Jaweon: page 1048, character 17
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1710, character 7
* Unihan data for U+6EBA
* Unihan data for U+F9EC

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 溺
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 嫋 | *neːwʔ |
| 弱 | *njewɢ |
| 溺 | *njewɢ, *neːwɢ |
| 蒻 | *njewɢ |
| 搦 | *rneːwɢ, *rnaːwɢ |
| 愵 | *neːwɢ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *njewɢ, *neːwɢ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 弱 (OC *njewɢ).

### Etymology 1

Schuessler (2007) proposes the following possibilities:
* Related to Burmese နစ် (nac, “to sink; to drown”), Burmese နှစ် (hnac, “to immerse”), but the vowels do not agree.
* Related to Burmese နှိုက်း (hnuik:, “to penetrate; to put one's hand into”).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): nì (ni$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄋㄧˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): nik$^6$ / nik$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ni̍t
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): le̍k / lia̍k
    (Teochew, Peng'im): nêg$^8$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: nì
*** Zhuyin: ㄋㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: nì
*** Wade–Giles: ni$^4$
*** Yale: nì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nih
*** Palladius: ни (ni)
*** Sinological IPA : /ni⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: nik$^6$ / nik$^1$
*** Yale: nihk / nīk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: nik$^9$ / nik$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: nig$^6$ / nig$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /nɪk̚²/, /nɪk̚⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ni̍t
*** Hakka Romanization System: nid
*** Hagfa Pinyim: nid$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /nit̚⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: le̍k
*** Tâi-lô: li̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: lek
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /liɪk̚⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /liɪk̚¹²¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lia̍k
*** Tâi-lô: lia̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: liak
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /liak̚²⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: nêg$^8$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ne̍k
*** Sinological IPA : /nek̚⁴/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit溺 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ni⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ni⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /ni⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /ȵi²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /ni⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ni³¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /ni²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /mji²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ni¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ȵi¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ȵi²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /ni²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /ȵie³¹/ /ȵi³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /ni²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ni³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /liʔ⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /liəʔ⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /niəʔ²/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /ȵiʌʔ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /niəʔ⁴³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ȵiɪʔ¹/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ȵiəʔ³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ȵiəʔ²/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ȵai²¹³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /ni²²/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | |
| Xiang | Changsha | /ȵi²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ȵi²⁴/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | |
| Hakka | Meixian | /nit̚¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /nek̚²/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /nek̚²²/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /nek̚²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /lik̚⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /niʔ⁵/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /ni²⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /nek̚⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /niɔk̚⁵/ |
* Middle Chinese: nek
Rime :
| Character | 溺 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 泥 (8) |
| Final (韻) | 錫 (127) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | IV |
| Fanqie | 奴歷切 |
| Baxter | nek |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /nek̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /nek̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /nɛk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /nɛjk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /nek̚/ |
| Wang Li | /niek̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /niek̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | nì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | nik$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*nˤewk/
    (Zhengzhang): /*neːwɢ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 溺 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | nì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ nek › |
| Old Chinese | /*nˁewk/ |
| English | to sink in water |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 溺 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 10952 |
| Phonetic component | 弱 |
| Rime group | 藥 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 惄 |
| Old Chinese | /*neːwɢ/ |

#### Definitions

溺
* to drown; to submerge
* to indulge; to be addicted
* a surname

#### Compounds

* 人溺己溺
* 大水沖溺 / 大水冲溺
* 己飢己溺 / 己饥己溺
* 惑溺
* 扶危拯溺
* 拯危扶溺
* 拯溺
* 拯溺扶危
* 拯溺救焚
* 拯溺濟危 / 拯溺济危
* 授手援溺
* 援溺振渴
* 救焚拯溺
* 桀溺
* 沉溺 (chénnì)
* 沒溺 / 没溺
* 沮溺
* 溺亡 (nìwáng)
* 溺信
* 溺嬰 / 溺婴 (nìyīng)
* 溺志
* 溺愛 / 溺爱 (nì'ài)
* 溺斃 / 溺毙 (nìbì)
* 溺死 (nìsǐ)
* 溺水 (nìshuǐ)
* 溺職 / 溺职 (nìzhí)
* 溺谷
* 溺途
* 焚溺
* 網路沉溺症 / 网路沉溺症
* 耽溺 (dānnì)
* 見溺不救 / 见溺不救
* 遇溺 (yùnì)
* 鍾溺 / 钟溺
* 陷溺
* 飢溺為懷 / 饥溺为怀

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): niào (niao$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄋㄧㄠˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): niu$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: niào
*** Zhuyin: ㄋㄧㄠˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: niào
*** Wade–Giles: niao$^4$
*** Yale: nyàu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: niaw
*** Palladius: няо (njao)
*** Sinological IPA : /ni̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: niu$^6$
*** Yale: niuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: niu$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: niu$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /niːu̯²²/
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kə.nˤewk-s/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 溺 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | niào |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ new$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*kə.nˁewk-s/ |
| English | urine |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||

#### Definitions

溺
* Alternative form of 尿 (“urine; to urinate”)

#### Compounds

* 便溺 (biànniào)
* 屎溺
* 撒溺
* 溺器
* 溲溺
* 溺窩子 / 溺窝子
* 貓溺 / 猫溺
* 道在屎溺 (dàozàishǐniào)
* 阿金溺銀 / 阿金溺银

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): ruò (ruo$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄖㄨㄛˋ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: ruò
*** Zhuyin: ㄖㄨㄛˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ruò
*** Wade–Giles: jo$^4$
*** Yale: rwò
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ruoh
*** Palladius: жо (žo)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʐu̯ɔ⁵¹/
* Middle Chinese: nyak
Rime :
| Character | 溺 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 日 (38) |
| Final (韻) | 藥 (107) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 而灼切 |
| Baxter | nyak |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ȵɨɐk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ȵiɐk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȵʑiɑk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ȵɨak̚/ |
| Li Rong | /ȵiak̚/ |
| Wang Li | /ȵʑĭak̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȵʑi̯ak̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | ruò |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | joek$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*njewɢ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 溺 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 10948 |
| Phonetic component | 弱 |
| Rime group | 藥 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 若 |
| Old Chinese | /*njewɢ/ |

#### Definitions

溺
* (historical dictionaries only) Alternative form of 弱 (ruò, “name of a river”)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 弱 (ruò, “weak”)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* to drown
* (rare) urine

#### Readings

* Go-on: にゃく (nyaku)、にょう (nyō)
* Kan-on: でき (deki, Jōyō)、じょう (jō)
* Kun: おぼれる (oboreru, 溺れる, Jōyō)、いばり (ibari, 溺)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 溺
* にょう Grade: S
* goon
For pronunciation and definitions of 溺 – see the following entry. :
| 【尿にょう】S | [noun] [from 1275] urine |
(This term, 溺, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

## Korean
### Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 溺 (MC nek).
* Recorded as Middle Korean 녁〮 (Yale: nyék) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 닉 (nik) (Yale: nik) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 릭 (lik) (Yale: lik) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [nik̚] ~ [ik̚]
* Phonetic hangul: [닉/익]

#### Hanja

Wikisource 溺 (eumhun 빠질 닉 (ppajil nik), word-initial (South Korea) 빠질 익 (ppajil ik))
* hanja form of 닉/익 (“drown”)

#### Compounds

* 몰닉 (沒溺, mollik)
* 익사 (溺死, iksa, “drown”)
* 탐닉 (耽溺, tamnik)

### Etymology 2

Related to Middle Chinese 尿 (MC newH).

#### Hanja

溺 (eumhun 오줌 뇨 (ojum nyo), word-initial (South Korea) 오줌 요 (ojum yo))
* Alternative form of 尿 (“hanja form of 뇨/요 (“urine”)”)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

溺: Hán Nôm readings: nịch, niệu, nịu
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation