# 斬

| 斬 | U+65AC, &#26028; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-65AC |
| ← 斫 [U+65AB] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 断 → [U+65AD] |

## Translingual
### Han character

斬 (Kangxi radical 69, 斤+7, 11 strokes, cangjie input 十十竹一中 (JJHML), four-corner 5202$_1$, composition ⿰車斤)

#### Derived characters

* 嶃 慚(惭) 摲(𰓼) 漸 獑(𰡔) 䁪(𥇢) 螹(𰳂) 鏩 䱿 嶄(崭) 蔪(𰱑) 塹(堑) 㜞(𰌆) 㟻 慙 㨻(𪮃) 暫(暂) 槧(椠) 磛 覱 䟅 蹔(𫏐) 鏨(錾) 䭕(𬲕) 䳻
* 𠌲 𠼗(𫪚) 𡐛 𣊙 𤍖(𬊗) 𥕌 𦗝 𧴃 𬧋 𩞏 𧽯(𫎸) 𮅼 𭄇 𠼃 𢄤 𬆉(𬆂) 𦗚 𧐮 𩀧 𩈻 𩴕

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 479, character 18
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13555
* Dae Jaweon: page 838, character 16
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2024, character 10
* Unihan data for U+65AC

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 斬 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 慚 | *zaːm |
| 慙 | *zaːm |
| 鏨 | *zaːm, *zaːmʔ, *zaːms, *zeːm, *zamʔ |
| 槧 | *zaːmʔ, *sʰam, *sʰams, *zamʔ |
| 暫 | *zaːms |
| 蹔 | *zaːms |
| 斬 | *ʔsreːmʔ |
| 獑 | *zeːm, *zaːm |
| 嶃 | *zreːmʔ, *zaːm |
| 覱 | *ʔsraːms |
| 摲 | *sʰraːms |
| 漸 | *ʔsam, *zamʔ |
| 塹 | *sʰams |
| 壍 | *sʰams |
| 嬱 | *sʰams |
| 螹 | *zam, *zamʔ |
| 蔪 | *zamʔ |

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): zhǎn (zhan$^3$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄓㄢˇ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): zan$^2$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): zaam$^2$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): zam$^2$
* Gan (Wiktionary): zan$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chám
    (Meixian, Guangdong): zam$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): cǎng
* Eastern Min (BUC): cāng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chám / cháⁿ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zam$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$tse
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): zan$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhǎn
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄢˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhǎn
*** Wade–Giles: chan$^3$
*** Yale: jǎn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jaan
*** Palladius: чжань (čžanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂän²¹⁴/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: zan$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: zan
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡san²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zaam$^2$
*** Yale: jáam
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzaam$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zam$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡saːm³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: zam$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sam⁵⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: zan$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡san²¹³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chám
*** Hakka Romanization System: zam$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: zam$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sam³¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: zam$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sam³¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cǎng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡saŋ²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: cāng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡saŋ³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chám / cháⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: tsám / tsánn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zarm, zvar
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sam⁵³/, /t͡sã⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sam⁵⁵⁴/, /t͡sã⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sam⁵³/, /t͡sã⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sam⁵³/, /t͡sã⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sam⁴¹/, /t͡sã⁴¹/
* chám - literary;
* cháⁿ - vernacular.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit斬 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ʈ͡ʂan²¹⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ʈ͡ʂan²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /t͡san¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /ʈ͡ʂã⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /t͡sã⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ʈ͡ʂan⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /t͡sã⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /t͡sã⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ʈ͡ʂan⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ʈ͡ʂɛ̃n⁴⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /t͡san⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /t͡san⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /t͡san⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /t͡san⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ʈ͡ʂã̠⁵³³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /ʈ͡ʂaŋ²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /ʈ͡ʂæ̃²⁴/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡sæ̃⁵³/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /t͡sɑŋ⁵³/ /t͡sɑ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /t͡sæ̃⁵³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /t͡se³⁵/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /t͡se̞⁵¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /t͡sẽ̞⁵³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /t͡sa³⁵/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /t͡sɛ³⁵/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /t͡sɔ³¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /t͡san⁴¹/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /t͡san⁴²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /t͡san²¹³/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /t͡sam³¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /t͡sɑm³¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /t͡sam³⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /t͡sɛm³⁵/ /t͡sam³⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /t͡sam³⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /t͡sam⁵³/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /t͡saŋ³²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /t͡saŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /t͡sʰam⁵³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /tam²¹³/ |
* Middle Chinese: tsreamX
Rime :
| Character | 斬 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 莊 (18) |
| Final (韻) | 咸 (151) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 側減切 |
| Baxter | tsreamX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ʃˠɛm$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʈ͡ʂᵚæm$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ʃɐm$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʈ͡ʂəɨm$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ʃɐm$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ʃɐm$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʈ͡ʂăm$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhǎn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zaam$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ts]ramʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ʔsreːmʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 斬 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zhǎn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsrɛm$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ts]ramʔ/ |
| English | cut off |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 斬 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 16796 |
| Phonetic component | 斬 |
| Rime group | 談 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 斬 |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔsreːmʔ/ |

#### Definitions

斬
* to cut; to hack; to chop (with a large blade, forcefully)
       zaam$^2$ caa$^1$ siu$^1$, zaam$^2$ gai$^1$ [Jyutping]
       to cut char siu; to cut chicken
    斬樹／斩树 [Cantonese] ― zaam$^2$ syu$^6$ [Jyutping] ― to fell a tree
    斬死人／斩死人 [Cantonese] ― zaam$^2$ sei$^2$ jan$^4$ [Jyutping] ― to hack a person to death
* to behead (as punishment); to chop the waist
* a surname, Zhan

##### Synonyms

* (to cut):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 砍 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 砍 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 砍 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 砍, 斬 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 砍 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 砍 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 砍 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 砍, 剁 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 砍 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 砍, 㓠 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 砍 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 斬 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 斬 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 并 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 斬 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 斬 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 斬 |
| Cantonese | Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 斬 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 斬 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 斬 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 斬 |
| Cantonese | Móng Cái | 斬 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 砍, 剁 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 斬, 砍 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 砍 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 砍, 斫 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 剉, 鍘 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 鏨, 砍, 斲, 刜 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 鏨, 斲 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 鏨, 斲, 刜 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 鏨 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 鏨 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 鏨 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 鏨 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 鏨 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 鏨, 斲 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 鏨 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 鏨, 斲 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 鏨 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 鏨 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 鏨 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 斲, 斬 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 鏨 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 斬, 斲 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 斬 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 斬, 斲 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 斲 |
| Southern Min | Pontianak (Teochew) | 斬 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 㔍 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 剉, 剁 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 砍, 剁 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 剁, 砍 |

#### Compounds

* 一斬齊 / 一斩齐
* 三斬 / 三斩
* 不斬 / 不斩
* 不斬眼 / 不斩眼
* 中斬 / 中斩
* 俘斬 / 俘斩
* 先斬後奏 / 先斩后奏 (xiānzhǎnhòuzòu)
* 先斬後聞 / 先斩后闻
* 出斬 / 出斩
* 剉斬 / 剉斩
* 劈荊斬棘 / 劈荆斩棘
* 劈風斬浪 / 劈风斩浪
* 問斬 / 问斩 (wènzhǎn)
* 大有斬獲 / 大有斩获
* 寸斬 / 寸斩
* 屠斬 / 屠斩
* 市斬 / 市斩
* 律斬 / 律斩
* 快刀斬亂絲 / 快刀斩乱丝
* 快刀斬亂麻 / 快刀斩乱麻 (kuàidāo zhǎn luànmá)
* 快刀斬麻 / 快刀斩麻
* 截鐵斬釘 / 截铁斩钉
* 抄斬 / 抄斩 (chāozhǎn)
* 披荊斬棘 / 披荆斩棘 (pījīngzhǎnjí)
* 搴旗斬馘 / 搴旗斩馘
* 擊斬 / 击斩
* 斫斬 / 斫斩
* 斬伐 / 斩伐
* 斬候決 / 斩候决
* 斬假石 / 斩假石
* 斬冰 / 斩冰
* 斬切 / 斩切
* 斬刈 / 斩刈
* 斬刈殺伐 / 斩刈杀伐
* 斬刑 / 斩刑
* 斬刪 / 斩删
* 斬剉 / 斩剉
* 斬剮 / 斩剐
* 斬勘 / 斩勘
* 斬宗絕嗣 / 斩宗绝嗣
* 斬將刈旗 / 斩将刈旗
* 斬將奪旗 / 斩将夺旗
* 斬將搴旗 / 斩将搴旗 (zhǎnjiàngqiānqí)
* 斬岸 / 斩岸
* 斬平 / 斩平
* 斬截 / 斩截
* 斬戮 / 斩戮
* 斬捕 / 斩捕
* 斬撻 / 斩挞
* 斬斫 / 斩斫
* 斬斬 / 斩斩
* 斬斬剁剁 / 斩斩剁剁
* 斬斮 / 斩斮
* 斬新 / 斩新 (zhǎnxīn)
* 斬斷 / 斩断
* 斬旗 / 斩旗
* 斬木揭竿 / 斩木揭竿
* 斬木為兵 / 斩木为兵
* 斬板 / 斩板
* 斬梟 / 斩枭
* 斬標 / 斩标
* 斬殃 / 斩殃
* 斬殄 / 斩殄
* 斬殺 / 斩杀 (zhǎnshā)
* 斬毒 / 斩毒
* 斬決 / 斩决
* 斬滅 / 斩灭
* 斬焉 / 斩焉
* 斬然 / 斩然
* 斬版 / 斩版
* 斬犯 / 斩犯
* 斬獲 / 斩获
* 斬監候 / 斩监候
* 斬盡殺絕 / 斩尽杀绝
* 斬盡殺絶 / 斩尽杀绝
* 斬眼 / 斩眼
* 斬祀 / 斩祀
* 斬立決 / 斩立决
* 斬竿 / 斩竿
* 斬竿揭木 / 斩竿揭木
* 斬級 / 斩级
* 斬絕 / 斩绝
* 斬經堂 / 斩经堂
* 斬縗 / 斩缞
* 斬罪 / 斩罪
* 斬艾 / 斩艾
* 斬芟 / 斩芟
* 斬荊披棘 / 斩荆披棘
* 斬草除根 / 斩草除根 (zhǎncǎochúgēn)
* 斬薙 / 斩剃
* 斬蛇 / 斩蛇
* 斬蛇逐鹿 / 斩蛇逐鹿
* 斬蛟 / 斩蛟
* 斬衰 / 斩衰
* 斬袂 / 斩袂
* 斬衰冠 / 斩衰冠
* 斬袪 / 斩袪
* 斬釘切鐵 / 斩钉切铁
* 斬釘截鐵 / 斩钉截铁 (zhǎndīngjiétiě)
* 斬鋼截鐵 / 斩钢截铁
* 斬關 / 斩关
* 斬關奪隘 / 斩关夺隘
* 斬除 / 斩除
* 斬雞頭 / 斩鸡头
* 斬頭瀝血 / 斩头沥血
* 斬首 / 斩首 (zhǎnshǒu)
* 斬首示眾 / 斩首示众
* 斬馘 / 斩馘
* 斬馬 / 斩马
* 斬馬刀 / 斩马刀 (zhǎnmǎdāo)
* 斬馬劍 / 斩马剑
* 斬馬謖 / 斩马谡
* 斬齊 / 斩齐
* 斷斬 / 断斩
* 服斬 / 服斩
* 格斬 / 格斩
* 梟斬 / 枭斩
* 滿門抄斬 / 满门抄斩 (mǎnménchāozhǎn)
* 監斬 / 监斩
* 監斬官 / 监斩官
* 終斬 / 终斩
* 腰斬 / 腰斩 (yāozhǎn)
* 處斬 / 处斩 (chǔzhǎn)
* 衰斬 / 衰斩
* 要斬 / 要斩 (yāozhǎn)
* 誅斬 / 诛斩
* 論斬 / 论斩
* 跋隊斬 / 跋队斩
* 過關斬將 / 过关斩将 (guòguānzhǎnjiàng)
* 錯斬崔寧 / 错斩崔宁
* 陣斬 / 阵斩
* 陪斬 / 陪斩
* 駢斬 / 骈斩
* 麤縗斬 / 粗缞斩
* 齊斬 / 齐斩

#### Descendants

* → Vietnamese: trảm (斬)
Others:
* → Thai: จาม (jaam)
* → Vietnamese: chém

#### References

* “斬”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chām / chǎm
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Taichung, Hsinchu, Sanxia, Yilan, Kinmen, Magong)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chām
*** Tâi-lô: tsām
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zam
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan): /t͡sam³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kinmen): /t͡sam²²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Lukang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chǎm
*** Tâi-lô: tsǎm
*** IPA (Lukang): /t͡sam³³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sam²²/

#### Definitions

斬
* (Hokkien) Alternative form of 鏨 / 錾

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* beheading
* kill, murder
* cut
* slay, slaying

#### Readings

* Go-on: せん (sen)
* Kan-on: さん (san)
* Kan’yō-on: ざん (zan, Jōyō)
* Kun: きる (kiru, 斬る, Jōyō)

## Korean
### Hanja

斬 • (cham) (hangeul 참, revised cham, McCune–Reischauer ch'am, Yale cham)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

斬: Hán Nôm readings: trảm, chém
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.