# 律

| 律 | U+5F8B, &#24459; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5F8B |
| ← 徊 [U+5F8A] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 後 → [U+5F8C] |
| 律 | U+F9D8, &#63960; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9D8 |
| ← 輪 [U+F9D7] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 慄 → [U+F9D9] |

## Translingual
### Han character

律 (Kangxi radical 60, 彳+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 竹人中手 (HOLQ), four-corner 2520$_7$, composition ⿰彳聿)

#### Derived characters

* 葎 嵂 箻

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 366, character 17
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10097
* Dae Jaweon: page 687, character 11
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 821, character 1
* Unihan data for U+5F8B
* Unihan data for U+F9D8

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 筆 | *prud |
| 潷 | *prud |
| 硉 | *ruːd |
| 律 | *rud |
| 葎 | *b·rud |
| 聿 | *b·lud |
| 銉 | *lud |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *rud): semantic 彳 + phonetic 聿 (OC *b·lud).

### Etymology

Perhaps from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *rus (“bone”); see there for more (cf. Sagart, 2014; Hill, 2019).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): lǜ (lü$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄌㄩˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): nu$^2$
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): лү (lü, II)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): leot$^6$
* Gan (Wiktionary): lit$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): li̍t / lu̍t
    (Hailu, HRS): lud$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): lid$^6$ / lud$^6$
* Jin (Wiktionary): lyeh$^4$
* Northern Min (KCR): lṳ̆
* Eastern Min (BUC): lŭk
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): loh$^7$ / luoh$^7$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): lu̍t
    (Teochew, Peng'im): lug$^8$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^8$liq
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): li$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lǜ
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄩˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lyù
*** Wade–Giles: lü$^4$
*** Yale: lyù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: liuh
*** Palladius: люй (ljuj)
*** Sinological IPA : /ly⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: nu$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: lu
*** Sinological IPA : /nu²¹/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: лү (lü, II)
*** Sinological IPA : /ly⁵¹/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: leot$^6$
*** Yale: leuht
*** Cantonese Pinyin: loet$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lêd$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɵt̚²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: lit$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /lit̚⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: li̍t / lu̍t
*** Hakka Romanization System: lid / lud
*** Hagfa Pinyim: lid$^6$ / lud$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /lit̚⁵/, /lut̚⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: lud$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /lut²/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: lid$^6$ / lud$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /lit̚⁵/, /lut̚⁵/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: lyeh$^4$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /lyəʔ²/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lṳ̆
*** Sinological IPA : /ly²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: lŭk
*** Sinological IPA : /l̃uʔ⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: loh$^7$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɔʔ⁴/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: luoh$^7$
*** Sinological IPA : /luoʔ²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lu̍t
*** Tâi-lô: lu̍t
*** Phofsit Daibuun: lut
*** IPA (Xiamen): /lut̚⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /lut̚²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /lut̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /lut̚⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /lut̚⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: lug$^8$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lu̍k
*** Sinological IPA : /luk̚⁴/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^8$liq
*** MiniDict: lih$^入$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^5$liq
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /liɪʔ¹²/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: li$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /li²⁴/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit律 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ly⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ly⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /luei⁵³/ /ly⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /ly²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /ly⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ly²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /ly²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /l̩ʷ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ly¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ly¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ly²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /ny²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /nu³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /ni²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /li³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /lyʔ⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /lyəʔ⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /lyəʔ²/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /luʌʔ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /lyəʔ⁴³/ /ly⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /liɪʔ¹/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /liəʔ³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /liəʔ²/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /li²¹³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /ly²²/ /li²²/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /li¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /li²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ni²⁴/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /liʔ⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /lut̚⁵/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /løt̚²/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /lyt̚²²/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /løt̚²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /lut̚⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /luʔ⁵/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /ly²⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /luk̚⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /lut̚³/ |
* Middle Chinese: lwit
Rime :
| Character | 律 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 術 (52) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 呂卹切 |
| Baxter | lwit |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /liuɪt̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /lʷit̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ljuet̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /lwit̚/ |
| Li Rong | /liuĕt̚/ |
| Wang Li | /lĭuĕt̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /li̯uĕt̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | lǜ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | leot$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]ut/
    (Zhengzhang): /*rud/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 律 | 律 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | lǜ | lǜ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ lwit › | ‹ lwit › |
| Old Chinese | /*[r]ut/ | /*[r]ut/ |
| English | law, rule (n.) | 不律 writing brush (pron. in Wú 吳 ap. Shuōwén; E. Hàn) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 律 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 15978 |
| Phonetic component | 聿 |
| Rime group | 物 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 律 |
| Old Chinese | /*rud/ |

### Definitions

律
* (historical, music) pitch pipe
* (music) temperament
* statute; principle; regulation; discipline; rule; law
    法律 ― fǎlǜ ― law
* to control; to keep under control
* a surname

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 律(りつ) (ritsu)
* → Korean: 률(律) (ryul), 율(律) (yul)
* → Vietnamese: luật (律)
* → Manchu: ᠯᡳᠣᡳ (lioi)

### Compounds

* 一律 (yīlǜ)
* 七律 (qīlǜ)
* 三一律 (sānyīlǜ)
* 不律 (bùlǜ)
* 不律頭 / 不律头
* 主旋律 (zhǔxuánlǜ)
* 九章律
* 乞留曲律
* 五律 (wǔlǜ)
* 他律 (tālǜ)
* 倍律
* 倍比定律
* 光出律
* 六律
* 刑律
* 勃律 (Bólǜ)
* 十二律 (shí'èrlǜ)
* 千篇一律 (qiānpiānyīlǜ)
* 協律 / 协律
* 卒律律
* 反律
* 嚴於律己 / 严于律己
* 四分律
* 因果律 (yīnguǒlǜ)
* 大清律
* 失律
* 如律令
* 定律 (dìnglǜ)
* 平均律 (píngjūnlǜ)
* 底特律 (Dǐtèlǜ)
* 庫侖定律 / 库仑定律
* 律令 (lǜlìng)
* 律例 (lǜlì)
* 律儀 / 律仪
* 律切
* 律動 / 律动 (lǜdòng)
* 律動感 / 律动感
* 律動教學 / 律动教学
* 律呂 / 律吕 (lǜlǚ)
* 律呂正義 / 律吕正义
* 律宗 (Lǜzōng)
* 律尺
* 律己 (lǜjǐ)
* 律師 / 律师 (lǜshī)
* 律度
* 律律
* 律曆志 / 律历志
* 律條 / 律条
* 律法 (lǜfǎ)
* 律科
* 律藏
* 律詩 / 律诗 (lǜshī)
* 律賦 / 律赋
* 律魁
* 德律風 / 德律风 (délǜfēng)
* 心律 (xīnlǜ)
* 心律不整 (xīnlǜ bùzhěng)
* 必律律
* 慣性定律 / 惯性定律
* 戒律 (jièlǜ)
* 抱令守律
* 挾書律 / 挟书律
* 排中律 (páizhōnglǜ)
* 排律 (páilǜ)
* 摩西律法
* 新律
* 方頭不律 / 方头不律
* 旋律 (xuánlǜ)
* 時律 / 时律
* 曲律
* 本律
* 析律舞文
* 析律貳端 / 析律贰端
* 查理定律
* 格律 (gélǜ)
* 概然律
* 槓桿定律 / 杠杆定律
* 樂律 / 乐律 (yuèlǜ)
* 歐姆定律 / 欧姆定律 (Ōumǔ dìnglǜ)
* 法律 (fǎlǜ)
* 法律學 / 法律学 (fǎlǜxué)
* 法律審 / 法律审
* 法律漏洞
* 法律行為 / 法律行为
* 清規戒律 / 清规戒律
* 漫無紀律 / 漫无纪律
* 瀛奎律髓
* 玉律金科
* 矛盾律 (máodùnlǜ)
* 竽律
* 節律 / 节律 (jiélǜ)
* 紀律 / 纪律 (jìlǜ)
* 結合律 / 结合律 (jiéhélǜ)
* 耶律 (Yēlǜ)
* 聲律 / 声律
* 自律 (zìlǜ)
* 荊棘律 / 荆棘律
* 菲律賓 / 菲律宾 (Fēilǜbīn)
* 虎克定律
* 規律 / 规律 (guīlǜ)
* 規律性 / 规律性 (guīlǜxìng)
* 詞律 / 词律
* 詩律 / 诗律
* 讀律 / 读律
* 赤留出律
* 赫柏定律
* 足律律
* 軍律 / 军律
* 週期律 / 周期律
* 運動定律 / 运动定律
* 醫門法律 / 医门法律
* 金科玉律 (jīnkēyùlǜ)
* 音律 (yīnlǜ)
* 韻律 / 韵律 (yùnlǜ)
* 韻律操 / 韵律操
* 韻律體操 / 韵律体操
* 餘弦定律 / 余弦定律
* 鬱律 / 郁律
* 黃金律 / 黄金律

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: りち (richi, Jōyō $^†$)
* Kan-on: りつ (ritsu, Jōyō)
* Nanori: たかし (takashi)、ただし (tadashi)、ただす (tadasu)、のり (nori)、ひろし (hiroshi)、おさむ (osamu)、りずむ (rizumu)、りつじ (ritsuji)

#### Compounds

* 律(りっ)管(かん) (rikkan)
* 律(りっ)詩(し) (risshi, “ancient Chinese poetry verse”)
* 律(りつ)呂(りょ) (ritsuryo)
* 律(りつ)令(りょう) (ritsuryō, “historical legal code based on Confucianism”)
* 五(ご)律(りつ) (goritsu)
* 排(はい)律(りつ) (hairitsu)
* 呂(ろ)律(れつ) (roretsu, “articulation”)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 律
* りつ Grade: 6
* kan'on
From Middle Chinese 律 (MC lwit).
The Buddhist senses are a translation of Sanskrit विनय (vinaya, “discipline, guidance, humility”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) りつ [ríꜜtsù] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɾʲit͡sɨ]
* Audio:(file)

#### Noun

律(りつ) • (ritsu)
* a law, code
* (law, historical) a criminal code developed in ancient China that was, alongside the 令 (ryō), spread throughout East Asia especially Japan where it was further revised into the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system
* (Buddhism) a set of rules for a monastic community
* (Buddhism) Short for 律蔵 (Ritsuzō): the Vinaya Piṭaka, one of the Tripitaka
* (Buddhism) Short for 律儀, 律義 (ritsugi): translation of Sanskrit संवर (saṃvara), This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
* (music) a rhythm
* (music) the six yang (odd-numbered) notes in the 十二律 (jūniritsu) chromatic scale
    Antonym: 呂 (ryo)
* (music) Short for 律旋 (rissen): a seven-tone scale in gagaku, similar to the Dorian mode in the West
* Short for 律管 (rikkan): an ancient pitch pipe that corresponds to the 十二律 (jūniritsu) chromatic scale

##### Derived terms

* 律(りっ)す (rissu), 律(りっ)する (rissuru)
* 律(りっ)旋(せん) (rissen)
* 因(いん)果(が)律(りつ) (ingaritsu, “law of causality”)
* 黄(おう)金(ごん)律(りつ) (ōgonritsu, “golden rule”)
* 可(か)換(かん)律(りつ) (kakanritsu, “commutative law”)
* 交(こう)換(かん)律(りつ) (kōkanritsu)
* 自(し)然(ぜん)律(りつ) (shizenritsu)
* 成(せい)文(ぶん)律(りつ) (seibunritsu)
* 道(どう)徳(とく)律(りつ) (dōtokuritsu)
* 不(ふ)文(ぶん)律(りつ) (fubunritsu)
* 平(へい)均(きん)律(りつ) (heikinritsu)
* 矛(む)盾(じゅん)律(りつ) (mujunritsu, “law of contradiction”)

#### Affix

律(りつ) • (ritsu)
* rule, regulation
* law, code
* (Buddhism) rules of discipline for a monastic community
* (music) rhythm, meter
* (music) yang pitch
* a form of Chinese poetry

##### Derived terms

* 律(りつ)儀(ぎ), 律(りつ)義(ぎ) (ritsugi, “faithful, honest”)
* 律(りっ)師(し) (risshi)
* 律(りつ)動(どう) (ritsudō, “rhythmic movement”)
* 律(りっ)法(ぽう) (rippō, “Law (of Judaism), Torah”)
* 一(いち)律(りつ) (ichiritsu)
* 韻(いん)律(りつ) (inritsu)
* 音(おん)律(りつ) (onritsu, “musical tuning system”)
* 戒(かい)律(りつ) (kairitsu, “religious commandment”)
* 格(かく)律(りつ) (kakuritsu, “maxim”)
* 楽(がく)律(りつ) (gakuritsu)
* 規(き)律(りつ), 紀(き)律(りつ) (kiritsu)
* 軍(ぐん)律(りつ) (gunritsu)
* 自(じ)律(りつ) (jiritsu)
* 旋(せん)律(りつ) (senritsu, “melody”)
* 他(た)律(りつ) (taritsu)
* 調(ちょう)律(りつ) (chōritsu, “tuning”)
* 法(ほう)律(りつ) (hōritsu)
* 呂(りょ)律(りつ) (ryoritsu)

#### Proper noun

律(りつ) • (Ritsu)
* (Buddhism) Short for 律宗 (Risshū): the Risshū school of Buddhism
* a female given name

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 律
* りち Grade: 6
* goon
From Middle Chinese 律 (MC lwit).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) りち [ríꜜchì] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ɾʲit͡ɕi]
* Audio:(file)

#### Noun

律(りち) • (richi)
* (music) a rhythm
* (music) the six yang (odd-numbered) notes in the 十二律 (jūniritsu) chromatic scale
* (music) Short for 律旋 (rissen): a seven-tone scale in gagaku, similar to the Dorian mode in the West

#### Affix

律(りち) • (richi)
* law, code

##### Derived terms

* 律(りち)儀(ぎ), 律(りち)義(ぎ) (richigi)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

律 (eumhun 법칙 률 (beopchik ryul), word-initial (South Korea) 법칙 율 (beopchik yul))
* hanja form of 률/율 (“law; rule”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

律: Hán Nôm readings: luật, lót, lọt, rút, rụt, sụt, suốt, trót, luốt, rọt, sốt, trốt, trút
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.