# 仍

| 仍 | U+4ECD, &#20173; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4ECD |
| ← 仌 [U+4ECC] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 从 → [U+4ECE] |

## Translingual
### Han character

仍 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+2, 4 strokes, cangjie input 人弓竹尸 (ONHS), four-corner 2722$_7$, composition ⿰亻乃)

#### Derived characters

* 𠯹, 𫰕, 𧥰, 芿, 𪽩, 𪝁, 㺱

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 92, character 2
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 361
* Dae Jaweon: page 194, character 6
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 110, character 3
* Unihan data for U+4ECD

## Bailang
### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/k-niŋ (“brain, heart, mind”). Compare Tibetan སྙིང (snying, “heart”), Old Chinese 仁 (OC *njin, “kernel”).

### Noun

仍 (*niŋ)
* heart

### References

* Hill, Nathan W. (2017) “Songs of the Bailang: A New Transcription with Etymological Commentary”, in Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient‎, volume 103, pages 386—429

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 仍
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
* Small seal scripts05762Transcribed ancient scriptsL33480L33481L11443L11444L11445L11446
* References:
* Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:
* Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
* Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
* Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
* Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
| | Old Chinese |
| 乃 | *nɯːʔ |
| 鼐 | *nɯːʔ, *nɯːs |
| 疓 | *njɯːʔ |
| 奶 | *rneːlʔ |
| 仍 | *njɯŋ |
| 艿 | *njɯŋ |
| 辸 | *njɯŋ |
| 礽 | *njɯŋ |
| 扔 | *njɯŋ, *njɯŋs |
| 芿 | *njɯŋs |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *njɯŋ): semantic 亻 + phonetic 乃 (OC *nɯːʔ).

### Etymology
#### “to be done repeatedly; as before”

    A terminative derivation from 二 (OC *njis, “two”), literally “got to be done twice/again”. Alternatively, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-n(j)aŋ (“to follow; to repeat”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): réng (reng$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄖㄥˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ren$^2$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jing$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ngen$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): yìn
    (Meixian, Guangdong): yin$^2$
* Jin (Wiktionary): reng$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): īng
* Eastern Min (BUC): ĭng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): lêng / jiông
    (Teochew, Peng'im): rêng$^5$ / rong$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$gnin; $^6$zen
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ren$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: réng
*** Zhuyin: ㄖㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: réng
*** Wade–Giles: jêng$^2$
*** Yale: réng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: reng
*** Palladius: жэн (žɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʐɤŋ³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: ren$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: rhen
*** Sinological IPA : /zən²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jing$^4$
*** Yale: yìhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jing$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ying$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɪŋ²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ngen$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /ᵑɡen²²/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yìn
*** Hakka Romanization System: in$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yin$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /in¹¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yìn
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)in$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yin$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)in¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: yin$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /in¹¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: reng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ʐəŋ¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: īng
*** Sinological IPA : /iŋ⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ĭng
*** Sinological IPA : /iŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lêng
*** Tâi-lô: lîng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: leeng
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /liɪŋ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jiông
*** Tâi-lô: jiông
*** Phofsit Daibuun: jioong
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡ziɔŋ¹³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: rêng$^5$ / rong$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: jêng / jông
*** Sinological IPA : /d͡zeŋ⁵⁵/, /d͡zoŋ⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$gnin; $^6$zen
*** MiniDict: nyin$^去$; zen$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$nyin; $^3$zen
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /n̠ʲin²³/, /zən²³/
* 3nyin - vernacular;
* 3zen - literary.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit仍 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ʐəŋ³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ʐəŋ⁴⁴/ /ʐəŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /iŋ⁴⁵/ /ʐəŋ⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /ʐəŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /ləŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ʐəŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /ʐəŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /ʐə̃²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ʐəŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /və̃n⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ʐɤŋ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /nən²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /zən³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /zen²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ʐə̃³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /ʐən²⁴/ /ʐən²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /ʐən⁵⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /zəŋ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | |
| Jin | Hohhot | /ʐə̃ŋ³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /zəŋ²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /zən¹³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /zen²¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /zeŋ³¹/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /iʌ̃³¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | |
| Xiang | Changsha | /ʐən¹³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /in¹²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | |
| Hakka | Meixian | /in¹¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /in¹¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /jeŋ²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /jeŋ²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /jiŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /liŋ³⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /iŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /iŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /zoŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /zeŋ³¹/ |
* Middle Chinese: nying
Rime :
| Character | 仍 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 日 (38) |
| Final (韻) | 蒸 (133) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 如乗切 |
| Baxter | nying |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ȵɨŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ȵɨŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȵʑieŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ȵiŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /ȵiəŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /ȵʑĭəŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȵʑi̯əŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | réng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jing$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*nəŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*njɯŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 仍 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | réng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ nying › |
| Old Chinese | /*nəŋ/ |
| English | repeat |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 仍 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 9342 |
| Phonetic component | 乃 |
| Rime group | 蒸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | |
| Old Chinese | /*njɯŋ/ |

### Definitions

仍
* to follow; to do the same as
* to continue; to be done repeatedly
* frequently; repeatedly
* the eighth generation; numerous (descendants)
* still; yet
    Rú nǐ suǒjiàn, wǒmen réng zài gōngzuò. [Pinyin]
    As you can see, we're still working.
    Tā de shì réng yǒu xīwàng. [Pinyin]
    There is hope for her yet.
    Yǒu xiē wèntí réng wèijiějué. [Pinyin]
    Some problems remain unsolved.
* thus; as a result
* a surname

#### Synonyms

* (to follow):
* 因襲 / 因袭 (yīnxí)
* 承襲 / 承袭 (chéngxí)
* 沿襲 / 沿袭 (yánxí)
* (still):
* 仍是 (réngshì)
* 仍然 (réngrán)
* 仍舊 / 仍旧 (réngjiù)
* 依然 (yīrán)
* 依舊 / 依旧 (yījiù)
* 兀自 (wùzì) (dialectal or archaic)
* 原徑 / 原径 ($^6$gnioe-cin) (Wu)
* 嘛閣 / 嘛阁 (Hokkien)
* 尚 (literary, or in compounds)
* 尚且 (shàngqiě)
* 本本 (Hakka)
* 猶且 / 犹且 (yóuqiě) (literary)
* 猶是 / 犹是 (Hokkien, Teochew)
* 猶然 / 犹然 (yóurán)
* 猶自 / 犹自 (yóuzì)
* 還 / 还 (hái)
* 還是 / 还是 (háishì)
* 都係 / 都系 (Cantonese)

### Compounds

* 一仍
* 一仍其舊 / 一仍其旧
* 一仍舊貫 / 一仍旧贯 (yīréng-jiùguàn)
* 仍世 (réngshì)
* 仍仍
* 仍便
* 仍再
* 仍几
* 仍即
* 仍因
* 仍孫 / 仍孙
* 仍就
* 仍屬 / 仍属
* 仍復 / 仍复
* 仍接
* 仍是 (réngshì)
* 仍歲 / 仍岁
* 仍然 (réngrán)
* 仍疊 / 仍叠
* 仍續 / 仍续
* 仍纏 / 仍缠
* 仍耗
* 仍舊 / 仍旧 (réngjiù)
* 仍舊貫 / 仍旧贯
* 仍萌故態 / 仍萌故态
* 仍親 / 仍亲
* 仍蹈前轍 / 仍蹈前辙
* 仍蹈故轍 / 仍蹈故辙
* 仍蹈覆轍 / 仍蹈覆辙
* 仍迭
* 仍重
* 仍陋襲簡 / 仍陋袭简
* 仍雲 / 仍云
* 創巨痛仍 / 创巨痛仍
* 創鉅痛仍 / 创巨痛仍
* 因仍
* 因仍苟且
* 姑仍舊貫 / 姑仍旧贯
* 屢蹶仍振 / 屡蹶仍振
* 循仍
* 悉仍其舊 / 悉仍其旧
* 悉仍舊貫 / 悉仍旧贯
* 昆仍
* 有仍
* 水寒頻仍 / 水寒频仍
* 相仍
* 累仍
* 荐仍
* 覆轍相仍 / 覆辙相仍
* 連仍 / 连仍
* 重仍
* 雲仍 / 云仍
* 頻仍 / 频仍 (pínréng)
* 饑饉相仍 / 饥馑相仍

### Descendants

* → Vietnamese: nhưng (仍)
Others:
* → Vietnamese: những
* → Thai: ยัง (yang)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: にょう (nyō)
* Kan-on: じょう (jō)
* Kun: よる (yoru)、しきりに (shikirini)、なお (nao)
* Nanori: なお (nao)

## Korean
### Hanja

仍 (eum 잉 (ing))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

仍: Hán Nôm readings: nhưng, nhăng, nhang, những, dưng, dừng, nhẳng, nhùng
* chữ Nôm form of những (“Plural marker.”).

#### References

* Nom Foundation