# force
## English
### Pronunciation

* (General American) enPR: fôrs, IPA: /foɹs/, [fo̞ɹs]
* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /fɔːs/
* (Indic) IPA: /foː(ɾ)s/, (spelling pronunciation) /fɒ(ɾ)s/
* (rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger) enPR: fōrs, IPA: /fo(ː)ɹs/
* (non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger) IPA: /foəs/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔː(ɹ)s

### Etymology 1

From Middle English force, fors, forse, from Old French force, from Late Latin fortia, a noun derived from the neuter plural of Latin fortis (“strong”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ- (“to rise, high, hill”).

#### Noun

force (countable and uncountable, plural forces)
* Strength or energy of body or mind; active power; vigour; might; capacity of exercising an influence or producing an effect.
    the force of an appeal, an argument, or a contract
** 1849–1861, Thomas Babington Macaulay, chapter XIV, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second, volume (please specify |volume=I to V), London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC:He was, in the full force of the words, a good man.
** 2018 December 1, Drachinifel, 9:45 from the start, in Anti-Slavery Patrols - The West Africa Squadron‎, archived from the original on 29 November 2024:After his actions were challenged by foreign governments and Parliament initially tried to put a stop to his action, Denman returned home and argued his case with enough force that, by 1848, the Royal Navy was handed active permission and encouragement to raze every last slave factory they could find to the ground, and full authority to stop any ship, of any flag, that was thought to be a slaver, with a guarantee with no censure from the government.
* Power exerted against will or consent; compulsory power; violence; coercion.
** 1591 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Second Part of Henry the Sixt, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies. […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, (please specify the act number in uppercase Roman numerals, and the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):which now they hold by force, and not by right
* (countable) Anything that is able to make a substantial change in a person or thing.
* (countable, physics) A physical quantity that denotes ability to push, pull, twist or accelerate a body and which has a direction and is measured in a unit dimensioned in mass × distance/time² (ML/T²): SI: newton (N); CGS: dyne (dyn)
* Something or anything that has the power to produce a physical effect upon something else, such as causing it to move or change shape.
** 2012 March, Henry Petroski, “Opening Doors”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 2, pages 112–3:A doorknob of whatever roundish shape is effectively a continuum of levers, with the axis of the latching mechanism—known as the spindle—being the fulcrum about which the turning takes place. Applying a force tangential to the knob is essentially equivalent to applying one perpendicular to a radial line defining the lever.
* (countable) A group that aims to attack, control, or constrain.
    reinforcemented increased the American force in the area to 9,000
    police force
** 1611 April (first recorded performance), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Cymbeline”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, (please specify the act number in uppercase Roman numerals, and the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):Is Lucius general of the forces?
** 1910, Emerson Hough, chapter I, in The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:"A fine man, that Dunwody, yonder," commented the young captain, as they parted, and as he turned to his prisoner. "We'll see him on in Washington some day. He is strengthening his forces now against Mr. Benton out there. […]."
** 2004 April 15, “Morning swoop in hunt for Jodi's killer”, in The Scotsman:For Lothian and Borders Police, the early-morning raid had come at the end one of biggest investigations carried out by the force, which had originally presented a dossier of evidence on the murder of Jodi Jones to the Edinburgh procurator-fiscal, William Gallagher, on 25 November last year.
* (uncountable) The ability to attack, control, or constrain.
    show of force
* (countable) A magic trick in which the outcome is known to the magician beforehand, especially one involving the apparent free choice of a card by another person.
* (law) Legal validity.
    The law will come into force in January.
* (law) Either unlawful violence, as in a "forced entry", or lawful compulsion.
* (linguistics, semantics, pragmatics) Ability of an utterance or its element (word, form, prosody, ...) to effect a given meaning.
** 1962, J Gonda, The aspectual function of the R̥gvedic present and aorist, S̓-Gravenhage, Mouton, page 43:When the aspectual force of the verbal categories weakens, the 'terminative', punctual or determinative value of the prefix gains in importance,...
* (humorous or science fiction, with the, often capitalized) A metaphysical and ubiquitous power from the fictional Star Wars universe created by George Lucas. See usage note. [1977]
** 1999 September 28, Mike Selvey, “Crenshaw vindicated by a chain reaction”, in The Guardian‎:The Europeans tried, my goodness how they tried. But on the day the US proved too strong and too inspired. They were, dammit, just better. And when Leonard's putt dropped they clearly had the force with them as well.
** 2005, George Lucas, Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, spoken by Palpatine (Ian McDiarmid), published 2005:The dark side of the Force is a pathway to many abilities some consider to be unnatural.
* (usually with "the", in the singular or plural) Synonym of police force
** 1880, [U.S.] House documents, page 64:Q. All the time that he was on the force? A. I cannot say that; but there were men on with me when I was on the force who were very good Republicans. Q. During all this time you have been on the police force?
** 1992, Rage Against the Machine (band), Killing in the Name:
    Some of those that work forces / Are the same that burn crosses
** 2012 February 1, Janice Kay Johnson, Between Love and Duty, Harlequin, →ISBN, page 77:Niall was on the force, too, a detective in major crimes.

##### Usage notes

* (science fiction): Outside of fiction, the force may be used as an alternative to invoking luck, destiny, or God. For example, the force was with him instead of luck was on his side, or may the force be with you instead of may God be with you.

##### Hyponyms

* air force
* armed forces
* breakout force
* brute force
* centrifugal force
* centripetal force
* conservative force
* Coriolis force
* Coulomb force
* fictitious force
* fifth force
* fundamental force
* gale force
* g-force
* land force
* London dispersion force
* market force
* police force
* restoring force
* spent force
* task force
* tractive force
* wind force
* workforce

##### Derived terms

* accelerating force
* Ampère's force law
* antiforce
* atomic force microscope
* atomic force microscopy
* behavioral force
* biteforce
* brakeforce
* brute-force
* by force of
* Casimir force
* color force
* colour force
* come into force
* coming into force
* constructive force
* counterforce
* cyberforce
* downforce
* driving force
* electromagnetic force
* electromotive force
* electrostatic force
* field of force
* force diagram
* forcefeed
* force-feed
* force feed
* force-field
* force field
* force in
* force justified
* forceless
* forcely
* force majeure
* forcement
* force multiplier
* forceness
* force of habit
* force of nature
* force of will
* forceout
* force-out
* force pair
* forceplate
* force play
* force pump
* force-ripe
* forceshield
* force to be reckoned with
* forcewide
* forcite
* four-force
* general of the air force
* g force
* gravitational force
* ground mobile force
* in force
* in full force
* interforce
* intermolecular force
* job force
* jobforce
* kilogram-force
* labor force
* labour force
* life force
* life-force
* line of force
* Lorentz force
* magnetomotive force
* masticatory force
* may the force be with you
* may the Force be with you
* microforce
* moment of force
* net force
* normal force
* nuclear force
* overforce
* pinch force
* Planck force
* pound-force
* pressure gradient force
* pseudo-force
* pseudo force
* quadriforce
* reconnaissance in force
* reduction in force
* salesforce
* sales force
* semiforce
* spaceforce
* space force
* strikeforce
* strike force
* strong force
* strong nuclear force
* superforce
* support force
* task-force
* tidal force
* triforce
* unforce
* United States Space Force
* upforce
* van der Waals force
* vital force
* weak force
* weak nuclear force
* will-force
* workforce
* work force

##### Collocations

* Adjectives often applied to "force": military, cultural, economic, gravitational, electric, magnetic, strong, weak, positive, negative, attractive, repulsive, good, evil, dark, physical, muscular, spiritual, intellectual, mental, emotional, rotational, tremendous, huge.

##### Translations

    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

#### See also

* Imperial unit: pound, poundal
* metric unit: newton

#### References

* force on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

### Etymology 2

From Middle English forcen, from Old French forcier, from Late Latin *fortiāre, from Latin fortia.

#### Verb

force (third-person singular simple present forces, present participle forcing, simple past and past participle forced)
* (transitive) To violate (a woman); to rape. [from 14thc.]
** 1485, Sir Thomas Malory, chapter V, in Le Morte Darthur, book V:For yf ye were suche fyfty as ye be / ye were not able to make resystence ageynst this deuyl / here lyeth a duchesse deede the whiche was the fayrest of alle the world wyf to syre Howel / duc of Bretayne / he hath murthred her in forcynge her / and has slytte her vnto the nauyl(please add an English translation of this quotation)
** 1603, Michel de Montaigne, chapter 1, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes […], book II, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC:a young woman not farre from mee had headlong cast her selfe out of a high window, with intent to kill herselfe, only to avoid the ravishment of a rascally-base souldier that lay in her house, who offered to force her […].
* (obsolete, reflexive, intransitive) To exert oneself, to do one's utmost. [from 14thc.]
** 1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum xxi”, in, book XVIII, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:And I pray you for my sake to force yourselff there, that men may speke you worshyp.(please add an English translation of this quotation)
* (transitive) To make someone or something do something, often regardless of their will. [from 15thc.]
** 1910, Emerson Hough, chapter I, in The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:Captain Edward Carlisle […] felt a curious sensation of helplessness seize upon him as he met her steady gaze, […]; he could not tell what this prisoner might do. He cursed the fate which had assigned such a duty, cursed especially that fate which forced a gallant soldier to meet so superb a woman as this under handicap so hard.
** 2009 July 23, “All things to Althingi”, in The Economist:The second problem is the economy, the shocking state of which has forced the decision to apply to the EU.
** 2011 March 23, Tim Webb, Fiona Harvey, The Guardian:Housebuilders had warned that the higher costs involved would have forced them to build fewer homes and priced many homebuyers out of the market.
** 2024 March 6, “Network News: Southern revises Coastway service”, in RAIL, number 1004, page 12:The hourly Southampton to London Victoria service via Horsham has been axed, as has the direct Littlehampton-Bognor Regis service, forcing passengers to change [trains] at Barnham.
* (transitive) To constrain by force; to overcome the limitations or resistance of. [from 16thc.]
** 1603, Michel de Montaigne, chapter 40, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes […], book I, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC:Shall wee force the general law of nature, which in all living creatures under heaven is seene to tremble at paine?
* (transitive) To drive (something) by force, to propel (generally + prepositional phrase or adverb). [from 16thc.]
** 1697, Virgil, “(please specify the book number)”, in John Dryden, transl., The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC:It stuck so fast, so deeply buried lay / That scarce the victor forced the steel away.
** c. 1591–1592 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Third Part of Henry the Sixt, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene iii]:to force the tyrant from his seat by war
** 1655, Thomas Fuller, The Church-history of Britain; […], London: […] Iohn Williams […], →OCLC, (please specify |book=I to XI):Ethelbert […] ordered that none should be forced into religion.
** 2007 November 4, The Guardian:In a groundbreaking move, the Pentagon is compensating servicemen seriously hurt when an American tank convoy forced them off the road.
* (transitive) To cause to occur (despite inertia, resistance etc.); to produce through force. [from 16thc.]
    The comedian's jokes weren't funny, but I forced a laugh now and then.
** 1982 December 4, Sharon Page, “R2N2 Conference: Revitalizing the Movement”, in Gay Community News, volume 10, number 20, page 3:Janet Tobacman of Woman Organized for Reproductive Choice (WORC) in Chicago and New Jewish Agenda stated, "R2N2 needs omre discussion and action around sexuality in general," forcing a concern that had little discussion throughout the conference.
* (transitive) To forcibly open (a door, lock etc.). [from 17thc.]
    To force a lock.
* To obtain or win by strength; to take by violence or struggle; specifically, to capture by assault; to storm, as a fortress.
* (transitive, baseball) To create an out by touching a base in advance of a runner who has no base to return to while in possession of a ball which has already touched the ground.
    Jones forced the runner at second by stepping on the bag.
* (whist) To compel (an adversary or partner) to trump a trick by leading a suit that he/she does not hold.
* (archaic) To put in force; to cause to be executed; to make binding; to enforce.
** 1612–1613 (date written), John Webster, The Tragedy of the Dutchesse of Malfy. […], London: […] Nicholas Okes, for Iohn Waterson, […], published 1623, →OCLC, Act I, scene ii:VVhat can the Church force more?
* (archaic) To provide with forces; to reinforce; to strengthen by soldiers; to man; to garrison.
** c. 1606 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene v], page 150, column 1, lines 5–7:Were they not forc’d with thoſe that ſhould be ours, / We might haue met them darefull, beard to beard, / And beate them backward home.
* (obsolete) To allow the force of; to value; to care for.
** 1594, William Shakespeare, Lucrece (First Quarto), London: […] Richard Field, for Iohn Harrison, […], →OCLC:For me, I force not argument a straw.
* To grow (rhubarb) in the dark, causing it to grow early.

##### Conjugation

$^†$ Archaic or obsolete.

##### Derived terms

* action-forcing
* enforce
* force down someone's throat
* forceful
* force one's way
* force out
* force quit
* force someone's back to the wall
* force someone's hand
* force the pace
* force the voucher
* forcible

##### Translations

    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

#### See also

* coerce: To control by force.

### Etymology 3

From Middle English force, forz, fors, from Old Norse fors (“waterfall”), from Proto-Germanic *fursaz (“waterfall”). Cognate with Icelandic foss (“waterfall”), Norwegian foss (“waterfall”), Swedish fors (“waterfall”). Doublet of foss.

#### Noun

force (plural forces)
* (countable, Northern England) A waterfall or cascade.
** 1778, Thomas West, A Guide to the Lakes in Cumberland, Westmorland, and Lancashire:to see the falls or force of the river Kent

##### Derived terms

* forcefall

##### Translations
### Etymology 4

From Middle English forcen, forsen, a use of force, with confusion of farce (“to stuff”).

#### Verb

force (third-person singular simple present forces, present participle forcing, simple past and past participle forced)
* To stuff; to lard; to farce.
** c. 1602, William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Troylus and Cressida”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i]:Wit larded with malice, and malice forced with wit.

##### Derived terms

* forcemeat

### Further reading

* “force”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
* “force”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
* William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “force”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.

### Anagrams

* Cofer, Corfe, corfe

## French
### Etymology

Inherited from Old French force, from Late Latin fortia, a noun derived from the neuter plural of Latin fortis (“strong”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /fɔʁs/
* Audio (Paris):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔʁs
* Homophones: forcent, forces

### Noun

force f (plural forces)
* force
** c. 1656–1662, Blaise Pascal, “Fragment Raisons des effets n° 20 / 21”, in Pensées [Thoughts]‎:La justice sans la force est impuissante. La force sans la justice est tyrannique.Justice without force is powerless. Force without justice is tyrannical.
** 1897, Henri Poincaré, “Les idées de Hertz sur la mécanique [The ideas of Hertz on mechanics]”, in Revue générale des sciences pures et appliquées [General Review of Pure and Applied Sciences]‎, volume 8, page 734:— Qu’est-ce que la force ? C’est, répond Lagrange, une cause qui produit le mouvement d’un corps ou qui tend à le produire. — C’est, dira Kirchhoff, le produit de la masse par laccélération. Mais alors, pourquoi ne pas dire que la masse est le quotient de la force’ par l’accélération ?"What is force? It is," answers Lagrange, "a cause which produces the movement of a body or which tends to produce it." "It is," Kirchhoff will say, "the product of mass by acceleration." But then why not say that mass is the quotient of force by acceleration?
* strength
    Coordinate term: faiblesse

#### Synonyms

* pouvoir
* puissance
* violence

#### Derived terms

* à bout de forces
* à force de
* à la force du poignet
* avoir force de loi
* camisole de force
* champ de force
* côté obscur de la force
* coup de force
* de force
* de gré ou de force
* de toutes ses forces
* de vive force
* démonstration de force
* en force
* forcé
* force de frappe
* force de la nature
* force de l’âge
* force majeure
* forcément
* forcer
* forces aériennes
* forces armées
* Forces canadiennes
* forces de l’ordre
* forces vives
* ligne de force
* l’union fait la force
* par la force des choses
* passage en force
* passer en force
* rapport de force
* tour de force

#### Descendants

* → Polish: forsa
* → Azerbaijani: fors

### Adjective

force (invariable)
* (archaic) Many; a lot of; a great quantity of

### Verb

force
* inflection of forcer:
** first/third-person singular present indicative/subjunctive
** second-person singular imperative

### Further reading

* “force”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Galician
### Verb

force
* inflection of forzar:
** first/third-person singular present subjunctive
** third-person singular imperative
* (reintegrationist norm) inflection of forçar:
** first/third-person singular present subjunctive
** third-person singular imperative

## Middle French
### Etymology

From Old French force.

### Noun

force f (plural forces)
* force (physical effort; physical might)

#### Descendants

* French: force
** → Polish: forsa
** → Azerbaijani: fors

## Old English
### Noun

force f
* Alternative form of forca (found in compounds)

## Old French
### Alternative forms

* forche (northern)
* fors

### Etymology

From Late Latin fortia, a noun derived from the neuter plural of Latin fortis (“strong”).

### Pronunciation

* (classical) IPA: /ˈfɔɾt͡sə/, (northern) /-t͡ʃə/
* (late) IPA: /ˈfɔɾsə/, (northern) /-ʃə/

### Noun

force oblique singular, f (oblique plural forces, nominative singular force, nominative plural forces)
* strength; might

#### Related terms

* esforcer
* esfort
* fort
* forteresce

#### Descendants

* Middle French: force
** French: force
*** → Polish: forsa
*** → Azerbaijani: fors
* Walloon: foice
* → Middle English: force, fors, forse
** English: force
** → Irish: fórsa

## Portuguese
### Verb

force
* inflection of forçar:
** first/third-person singular present subjunctive
** third-person singular imperative