# 萌

| 萌 | U+840C, &#33804; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-840C |
| ← 萋 [U+840B] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 萍 → [U+840D] |

## Translingual
### Han character

萌 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 廿日月 (TAB), four-corner 4462$_7$, composition ⿱艹明)

#### Derived characters

* 𢅆, 橗, 𫄁, 𬠫, 𧾆, 𬝡, 𢡗

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1041, character 5
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 31265
* Dae Jaweon: page 1499, character 26
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3233, character 14
* Unihan data for U+840C

## Chinese

* 萌 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 萌 (Cantonese)
* Moe (Southern Min)
* 萌 (Classical)

### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 莔 | *mraːŋ, *qʰɯd |
| 明 | *mraŋ |
| 盟 | *mraŋ, *mraːŋs |
| 萌 | *mreːŋ |
| 奣 | *ʔmraːŋʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *mreːŋ): semantic 艹 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 明 (OC *mraŋ).

### Etymology 1
#### “to bud; to begin”

    Compare Lepcha ᰖᰮ (mlam, “shoots that sprout from stump of tree”) (Schuessler, 2007).

#### “moe”

    Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 萌え (moe).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): méng (meng$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄇㄥˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): mong$^2$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): mang$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): mang$^3$
* Gan (Wiktionary): min$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): mèn
    (Meixian, Guangdong): mên$^2$
* Jin (Wiktionary): meng$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): měng
* Eastern Min (BUC): mèng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): morng$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): bêng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): mêng$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$men
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): mong$^2$ / min$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: méng
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: méng
*** Wade–Giles: mêng$^2$
*** Yale: méng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: meng
*** Palladius: мэн (mɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /mɤŋ³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: mong$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: mung
*** Sinological IPA : /moŋ²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: mang$^4$
*** Yale: màhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: mang$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: meng$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /mɐŋ²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: mang$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /ᵐbaŋ²²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: min$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /min³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mèn
*** Hakka Romanization System: men$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: men$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /men¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: mên$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /mɛn¹¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: meng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /məŋ¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: měng
*** Sinological IPA : /meiŋ²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: mèng
*** Sinological IPA : /mɛiŋ⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: morng$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /mɒŋ¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bêng
*** Tâi-lô: bîng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: beeng
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /biɪŋ²³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /biɪŋ¹³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei): /biɪŋ²⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: mêng$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: mêng
*** Sinological IPA : /meŋ⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$men
*** MiniDict: men$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$men
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /mən²³/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: mong$^2$ / min$^2$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /mʊŋ¹³/, /min¹³/
*** Sinological IPA (new-style): /mən¹³/, /min¹³/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit萌 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /məŋ³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /məŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /məŋ⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /məŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /məŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /məŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /məŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /mə̃²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /məŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /mə̃n⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /mɤŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /moŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /moŋ³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /min²¹/ /moŋ²¹/ 新 |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /moŋ³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /mən²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /məŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /məŋ¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /məŋ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /mə̃ŋ³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /mg²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /mən¹³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /men²¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /miɛ³¹/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /mʌ̃⁴⁴/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /man⁴⁴/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /moŋ¹³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /min¹²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | |
| Hakka | Meixian | /men¹¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /men¹¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /mɐŋ²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /meŋ²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /mɐŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /biŋ³⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /mɛiŋ⁵³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /meiŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /meŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /moŋ³¹/ |
* Middle Chinese: meang
Rime :
| Character | 萌 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 耕 (117) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 莫耕切 |
| Baxter | meang |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /mˠɛŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /mᵚæŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /mɐŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /məɨjŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /mɛŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /mæŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /mæŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | méng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | mang$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*mreːŋ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 萌 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 9191 |
| Phonetic component | 明 |
| Rime group | 耕 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 甍 |
| Old Chinese | /*mreːŋ/ |

#### Definitions

萌
* to bud; to sprout; to germinate
* to begin; to start
* beginning; start; harbinger; omen; augury; portent
* to happen; to occur; to take place
* (ACG) moe: feelings of affection towards a fictional character
* (Internet slang, by extension) cute; adorable
    賣萌／卖萌 ― màiméng ― to act cutely
* a surname, Meng

#### Synonyms

* (to bud):
* 出息 (Hakka)
* 出穎 / 出颖 (Xiamen Hokkien)
* 出芽 (chūyá)
* 出苗 (chūmiáo)
* 出青 (Hokkien)
* 必目 (Hakka)
* 必筍 / 必笋 (Hakka)
* 抽筍 / 抽笋 (Hakka)
* 抽芽 (chōuyá)
* 暴穎 / 暴颖 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 暴筍 / 暴笋 (Hakka)
* 暴芽 (Hokkien)
* 權輿 / 权舆 (quányú) (literary)
* 爆穎 / 爆颖 (pok-íⁿ) (Taiwanese Hokkien)
* 爆芽 (bau$^4$ nga$^4$) (Gan, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 生筍 / 生笋 (Hakka)
* 生芽 (Hakka)
* 發穎 / 发颖 (Taiwanese Hokkien)
* 發芽 / 发芽 (fāyá)
* 綻筍 / 绽笋 (Hakka)
* 萌動 / 萌动 (méngdòng)
* 萌發 / 萌发 (méngfā)
* 萌芽 (méngyá)
* 露苗 (lòumiáo)
* (to begin):
* 伊始 (yīshǐ) (literary)
* 權輿 / 权舆 (quányú) (literary)
* 發端 / 发端 (fāduān)
* 發軔 / 发轫 (fārèn) (literary)
* 肇始 (zhàoshǐ) (literary)
* 肇端 (zhàoduān) (literary)
* 起始 (qǐshǐ)
* 起手 (Cantonese, Eastern Min)
* 起頭 / 起头 (qǐtóu)
* 開始 / 开始 (kāishǐ)
* 開首 / 开首 (kāishǒu) (Beijing Mandarin)
* (beginning):
* 伊始 (yīshǐ) (literary)
* 序幕 (xùmù) (figurative)
* 發端 / 发端 (fāduān)
* 肇端 (zhàoduān) (literary)
* 起始 (qǐshǐ)
* 起頭 / 起头 (qǐtóu)
* 起頭先 / 起头先 (kī-tàu-sĕng) (Eastern Min)
* 開始 / 开始 (kāishǐ)
* 開端 / 开端 (kāiduān)
* 開頭 / 开头 (kāitóu)
* 首端 (shǒuduān)
* (harbinger):
* 先兆 (xiānzhào)
* 兆頭 / 兆头 (zhàotou)
* 前兆 (qiánzhào)
* 彩頭 / 彩头 (Hokkien, Teochew)
* 徵候 / 征候 (zhēnghòu)
* 徵兆 / 征兆 (zhēngzhào)
* 徵象 / 征象 (zhēngxiàng)
* 朕兆 (zhènzhào) (literary)
* 節嵌 / 节嵌 (Loudi Xiang)
* 衣食 (ĭ-sĭk) (Eastern Min)
* 預兆 / 预兆 (yùzhào)
* (people):
* 一般人 (yībānrén)
* 世人 (shìrén)
* 世間人 / 世间人 (Hokkien)
* 人士 (rénshì) (literary)
* 人民 (rénmín)
* 人群 (rénqún)
* 人萌 (rénméng) (literary)
* 俗人 (súrén)
* 俗子 (súzǐ) (literary)
* 𫣆人 (Hakka)
* 兆民 (zhàomín) (archaic)
* 公眾 / 公众 (gōngzhòng)
* 凡人 (fánrén)
* 凡夫 (fánfū) (literary)
* 匹夫 (pǐfū) (literary)
* 四眾人 / 四众人 (si$^3$ zing$^3$ nang$^5$) (Teochew)
* 士人 (shìrén) (archaic)
* 大眾 / 大众 (dàzhòng)
* 子民 (zǐmín) (historical)
* 家人 (jiārén) (archaic)
* 布衣 (bùyī) (historical)
* 常人 (chángrén)
* 平人 (píngrén) (literary)
* 平常人 (píngchángrén)
* 平民 (píngmín)
* 庶人 (shùrén) (literary)
* 庶民 (shùmín) (literary)
* 斯人 (sīrén) (Classical Chinese)
* 普通人 (pǔtōngrén)
* 民人 (mínrén) (literary)
* 民眾 / 民众 (mínzhòng)
* 烝民 (zhēngmín) (literary)
* 烝黎 (zhēnglí) (Classical Chinese)
* 白衣 (báiyī) (historical)
* 白衣人 (báiyīrén) (historical)
* 白身 (báishēn) (archaic)
* 白身人 (báishēnrén) (archaic)
* 百姓
* 眾人 / 众人 (zhòngrén) (literary)
* 萬姓 / 万姓 (wànxìng) (archaic)
* 群眾 / 群众 (qúnzhòng)
* 老百姓 (lǎobǎixìng)
* 良人 (liángrén) (literary)
* 草民 (cǎomín) (the worthless ordinary people)
* 草菅 (cǎojiān) (Classical Chinese, figurative)
* 草野 (cǎoyě) (literary, figurative)
* 野人 (yěrén) (archaic)
* 黎庶 (líshù) (literary)
* 黎民 (límín) (literary)
* 黎首 (líshǒu) (archaic)
* 黔首 (qiánshǒu) (archaic)
* 黔黎 (archaic)
* (to happen): 發生／发生 (fāshēng)
* (ignorant): 無知／无知 (wúzhī)

#### Compounds

* 亂萌 / 乱萌
* 人萌 (rénméng)
* 兆萌
* 六萌車 / 六萌车
* 勾萌
* 區萌 / 区萌
* 句萌
* 姦萌 / 奸萌
* 字萌
* 孚萌
* 孳萌
* 寡萌
* 庶萌
* 故態復萌 / 故态复萌 (gùtàifùméng)
* 未萌
* 杜漸防萌 / 杜渐防萌
* 杞萌
* 根萌
* 梨萌
* 民萌
* 氓萌
* 浮萌
* 滋萌
* 燼萌 / 烬萌
* 眾萌 / 众萌
* 竹萌
* 箭萌
* 群萌 (qúnméng)
* 舊念復萌 / 旧念复萌
* 舊態復萌 / 旧态复萌
* 良萌
* 萌人
* 萌俗
* 萌兆 (méngzhào)
* 萌兒 / 萌儿
* 萌動 / 萌动 (méngdòng)
* 萌孽
* 萌庶
* 萌櫱 / 萌蘖
* 萌毓
* 萌牙 (méngyá)
* 萌生 (méngshēng)
* 萌甲
* 萌發 / 萌发 (méngfā)
* 萌芽 (méngyá)
* 萌茁
* 萌象
* 萌起
* 萌通
* 萌達 / 萌达
* 萌陽 / 萌阳
* 萌隸 / 萌隶
* 萌黎
* 葭萌
* 蒼萌 / 苍萌
* 見微知萌 / 见微知萌
* 貧萌 / 贫萌
* 賓萌 / 宾萌
* 賣萌 / 卖萌 (màiméng)
* 逆萌 (nìméng)
* 遏漸防萌 / 遏渐防萌
* 遺萌 / 遗萌
* 邊萌 / 边萌
* 邪萌
* 開萌 / 开萌 (kāiméng)
* 防患未萌
* 防芽遏萌
* 防萌
* 防萌杜漸 / 防萌杜渐
* 餘萌 / 余萌
* 黎萌

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): míng (ming$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄇㄧㄥˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ming$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: míng
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄧㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: míng
*** Wade–Giles: ming$^2$
*** Yale: míng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ming
*** Palladius: мин (min)
*** Sinological IPA : /miŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ming$^4$
*** Yale: mìhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ming$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ming$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /mɪŋ²¹/

#### Definitions

萌
* Used in 蕨萌 (“a grass name”).

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): méng (meng$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄇㄥˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): mang$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: méng
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: méng
*** Wade–Giles: mêng$^2$
*** Yale: méng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: meng
*** Palladius: мэн (mɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /mɤŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: mang$^4$
*** Yale: màhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: mang$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: meng$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /mɐŋ²¹/

#### Definitions

萌
* (obsolete) Alternative form of 氓 (“farmer; wanderer”)

### References

* “萌”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “萌”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 154.
* zi.tools

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* bud, sprout

#### Readings

* Go-on: みょう (myō)
* Kan-on: もう (mō)
* Kan’yō-on: ほう (hō)、ぼう (bō)
* Kun: きざし (kizashi, 萌し)、きざす (kizasu, 萌す)、めばえ (mebae, 萌え)、めぐむ (megumu, 萌む)、もえ (moe, 萌)、もえる (moeru, 萌える)、もやし (moyashi, 萌やし)、たみ (tami, 萌)
* Nanori: ほの (hono)、めぐみ (megumi)、めみ (memi)

#### Compounds

* 萌芽(ほうが) (hōga)
* 萌蘖(ほうげつ) (hōgetsu)
* 萌出(ほうしゅつ) (hōshutsu)
* 萌生(ほうせい) (hōsei)
* 萌動(ほうどう) (hōdō)
* 萌発(ほうはつ) (hōhatsu)
* 萌葱(もえぎ), 萌(もえ)黄(ぎ) (moegi)
* 萌葱(もよぎ), 萌(もよ)黄(ぎ) (moyogi)
* 留萌(るもい) (Rumoi)

### Alternative forms

* 萠

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 萌
* きざし Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 萌 – see the following entry. :
| 【兆きざし】 | [noun] sign, omen Alternative spelling 萌し |
(This term, 萌, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### Etymology 2
#### Proper noun

萌(きざし) • (Kizashi)
* a female given name
* a surname

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 萌
* もえ Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
Nominalization of 萌え (moe), the 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 萌(も)える (moeru, “to bud, sprout”).

#### Proper noun

萌(もえ) • (Moe)
* a female given name

### References

* “萌”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎ (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2025

## Korean
### Hanja

萌 • (maeng) (hangeul 맹, revised maeng, McCune–Reischauer maeng, Yale mayng)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

萌: Hán Nôm readings: manh, mánh, mảnh, mành
* đáng yêu, dễ thương