# 烝

| 烝 | U+70DD, &#28893; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-70DD |
| ← 烜 [U+70DC] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 烞 → [U+70DE] |

## Translingual
### Han character

烝 (Kangxi radical 86, 火+6, 10 strokes, cangjie input 弓水一火 (NEMF), four-corner 1733$_1$, composition ⿱丞灬)

#### Derived characters

* 𡏈, 𪳜, 𭵱, 𦞪, 𧪣, 𱆼, 𢾧, 蒸, 篜, 𤸲

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 671, character 1
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 19019
* Dae Jaweon: page 1080, character 2
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2202, character 7
* Unihan data for U+70DD

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 烝 :
| Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script |
| | Old Chinese |
| 蒸 | *kljɯŋ |
| 烝 | *kljɯŋ, *kljɯŋs |
| 篜 | *klɯŋ |
| 脀 | *kljɯŋ |
| 拯 | *kljɯŋʔ |
| 氶 | *kljɯŋʔ |
| 承 | *ɡljɯŋ |
| 丞 | *ɡljɯŋ, *ɡljɯŋs |
| 巹 | *klɯnʔ |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kljɯŋ, *kljɯŋs): phonetic 丞 (OC *ɡljɯŋ, *ɡljɯŋs, “to raise”) + semantic 灬 (“fire”).

### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-tjaŋ (“upper part; rise; raise”) (STEDT).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhēng (zheng$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄥ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zing$^1$
* Eastern Min (BUC): cĭng
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): cheng
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhēng
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jheng
*** Wade–Giles: chêng$^1$
*** Yale: jēng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jeng
*** Palladius: чжэн (čžɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zing$^1$
*** Yale: jīng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzing$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: jing$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: cĭng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: cheng
*** Tâi-lô: tsing
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zefng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡siɪŋ³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: tsying, tsyingH
Rime :
| Character | 烝 | 烝 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 章 (23) | 章 (23) |
| Final (韻) | 蒸 (133) | 蒸 (133) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 煑仍切 | 諸應切 |
| Baxter | tsying | tsyingH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ɕɨŋ/ | /t͡ɕɨŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡ɕɨŋ/ | /t͡ɕɨŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ɕieŋ/ | /t͡ɕieŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ciŋ/ | /ciŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ɕiəŋ/ | /t͡ɕiəŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ɕĭəŋ/ | /t͡ɕĭəŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡ɕi̯əŋ/ | /t͡ɕi̯əŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhēng | zhèng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zing$^1$ | zing$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*təŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kljɯŋ/, /*kljɯŋs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 烝 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zhēng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsying › |
| Old Chinese | /*təŋ/ |
| English | to rise (of steam); steam (v.t.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 烝 | 烝 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 1407 | 1412 |
| Phonetic component | 丞 | 丞 |
| Rime group | 蒸 | 蒸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 蒸 | 證 |
| Old Chinese | /*kljɯŋ/ | /*kljɯŋs/ |

### Definitions

烝
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Original form of 蒸 (zhēng, “to steam”).
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) many; numerous
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to offer (gifts, sacrifices, etc.)

### Compounds

* 烝嘗 / 烝尝
* 烝民 (zhēngmín)
* 烝烝
* 烝禋
* 烝黎 (zhēnglí)
* 熏烝

### References

* “烝”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), B02384

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* many
* offer
* dedicate
* to steam

#### Readings

* Go-on: しょう (shō)
* Kan-on: しょう (shō)
* Kan’yō-on: じょう (jō)
* Kun: むす (musu, 烝す)、もろもろ (moromoro)

### Proper noun

烝(すすむ) • (Susumu)
* a male given name

## Korean
### Hanja

烝 • (jeung) (hangeul 증, revised jeung, McCune–Reischauer chŭng, Yale cung)
* rise
* steam
* many, numerous

## Vietnamese
### Han character

烝: Hán Nôm readings: chưng
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.