# 劉

| 劉 | U+5289, &#21129; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5289 |
| ← 劈 [U+5288] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 劊 → [U+528A] |
| 劉 | U+F9C7, &#63943; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9C7 |
| ← 阮 [U+F9C6] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 杻 → [U+F9C8] |

## Translingual
### Han character

劉 (Kangxi radical 18, 刀+13, 15 strokes, cangjie input 竹金中弓 (HCLN), four-corner 7210$_0$, composition ⿰𨥫刂)

#### Derived characters

* 𪝵, 嚠, 嬼, 𢷶, 瀏(浏), 懰(𰑙), 𣞗, 𭶣, 𨮸, 䬟(𱃙), 𩙔, 藰(𰰹), 䉧, 𢤐

#### Descendants

* 刘 (Simplified Chinese)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 144, character 39
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2224
* Dae Jaweon: page 325, character 16
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 359, character 4
* Unihan data for U+5289
* Unihan data for U+F9C7

## Chinese

* 劉姓 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 劉氏 (Cantonese)
* 劉姓 (Gan)
* Làu (sáng) (Eastern Min)
* Lâu (sèⁿ) (Southern Min)
* Liu (English)

### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 卯 | *mruːʔ |
| 昴 | *mruːʔ |
| 泖 | *mruːʔ |
| 茆 | *mruːʔ, *m·ruʔ |
| 奅 | *m̥ʰruːs |
| 窌 | *m̥ʰruːs, *m·ruː, *m·rus |
| 聊 | *m·rɯːw |
| 貿 | *mlus |
| 鄮 | *mlus |
| 劉 | *m·ru |
| 留 | *m·ru, *m·rus |
| 蒥 | *m·ru |
| 鶹 | *m·ru |
| 騮 | *m·ru |
| 榴 | *m·ru |
| 瑠 | *ru |
| 瘤 | *m·ru, *m·rus |
| 遛 | *m·ru |
| 鎦 | *m·ru |
| 飀 | *m·ru |
| 鰡 | *m·ru |
| 嵧 | *m·ru |
| 餾 | *m·ru, *m·rus |
| 瀏 | *m·ru, *m·ruʔ |
| 懰 | *m·ru, *m·ruʔ |
| 柳 | *m·ruʔ |
| 珋 | *m·ruʔ |
| 罶 | *m·ruʔ |
| 嬼 | *m·ruʔ, *m·rus |
| 溜 | *m·rus |
| 霤 | *m·rus |
| 廇 | *m·rus |
| 塯 | *m·rus |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *m·ru): phonetic 卯 (OC *mruːʔ) + semantic 金 (“metal”) + semantic 刂 (“knife”).
Often written as 卯 (OC *mruːʔ) in the oracle bone script.

### Etymology
#### kill, slaughter

    Probably Sino-Tibetan; compare Tedim Chin gou⁵³ / gɔʔ¹¹ < rouh / rɔʔ/h (Schuessler, 2007).

#### battle-axe

    (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “From sense "kill, slaughter"?”)

#### surname

    (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “From sense "battle-ax"? Compare 粵/越 "Yue peoples, state of Yue" from 戉 "battle-ax"”)
    Two origins are recorded: from 劉累 Liú Lěi, descendant of Emperor Yao and dragon-keeper of King Kong Jia of Xia; and from the Liu state (劉國) ruled by Duke Kang of Liu, younger brother of King Ding of Zhou.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): liú (liu$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄡˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): niu$^2$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): lau$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): liu$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): liù
    (Hailu, HRS): liu
    (Meixian, Guangdong): liu$^2$
* Northern Min (KCR): liǔ
* Eastern Min (BUC): làu
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): lao$^2$ / liu$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): lâu / liû
    (Teochew, Peng'im): lao$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$lieu
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: liú
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄡˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lióu
*** Wade–Giles: liu$^2$
*** Yale: lyóu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: liou
*** Palladius: лю (lju)
*** Sinological IPA : /li̯oʊ̯³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: niu$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: liu
*** Sinological IPA : /niəu²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lau$^4$
*** Yale: làuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lau$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: leo$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɐu̯²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: liu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /liu²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: liù
*** Hakka Romanization System: liu$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: liu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /li̯u¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: liu
*** Sinological IPA: /liu⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: liu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /liu¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: liǔ
*** Sinological IPA : /liu²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: làu
*** Sinological IPA : /l̃au⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: lao$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /lau¹³/
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: liu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /liu¹³/
* lao2 - vernacular (incl. surname);
* liu2 - literary.
* Middle Chinese: ljuw
Rime :
| Character | 劉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 尤 (136) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 力求切 |
| Baxter | ljuw |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /lɨu/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /liu/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /liəu/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /luw/ |
| Li Rong | /liu/ |
| Wang Li | /lĭəu/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /li̯ə̯u/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | liú |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | lau$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*mə-ru/
    (Zhengzhang): /*m·ru/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 劉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | liú |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ljuw › |
| Old Chinese | /*mə-ru/ |
| English | kill; surname |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 劉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 8881 |
| Phonetic component | 卯 |
| Rime group | 幽 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 劉 |
| Old Chinese | /*m·ru/ |

### Definitions

劉
* (obsolete) a type of battle axe
    From: The Book of Documents, circa 4th – 3rd century BCE
    Yīrén miǎn, zhí liú, lì yú dōng táng. [Pinyin]
    One man in a great officer's cap, and holding an axe, stood in the hall, (near the steps) at the east (end).
* (obsolete) to kill; to slaughter
    From: The Book of Documents, circa 4th – 3rd century BCE
    Wǒ wáng lái, jì yuán zhái yú zī, zhòng wǒ mín, wú jìn liú. [Pinyin]
    Our king came, and fixed on this. He did so from a deep concern for our people, and did not wish to see them all being killed.
* (obsolete) to conquer
* (obsolete) to wither
* (～國) State of Liu during the Zhou dynasty
* a surname
    劉邦／刘邦 ― Liú Bāng ― Liu Bang (founding emperor of the Han Dynasty)
    劉少奇／刘少奇 ― Liú Shàoqí ― Liu Shaoqi (Chinese revolutionary, politician and theorist)

### Compounds

* 三劉 / 三刘
* 乾劉 / 干刘
* 二劉 / 二刘
* 何劉 / 何刘
* 依劉 / 依刘
* 依劉客 / 依刘客
* 公劉 / 公刘
* 前劉海 / 前刘海
* 前度劉郎 / 前度刘郎 (qiándùliúláng)
* 剪劉 / 剪刘
* 劉三妹 / 刘三妹
* 劉三姐 / 刘三姐
* 劉九兒 / 刘九儿
* 劉仙掌 / 刘仙掌
* 劉伶病酒 / 刘伶病酒
* 劉伶酒 / 刘伶酒
* 劉伶鍤 / 刘伶锸
* 劉備失箸 / 刘备失箸
* 劉全進瓜 / 刘全进瓜
* 劉六 / 刘六 (Liúliù)
* 劉參軍 / 刘参军
* 劉唐下書 / 刘唐下书
* 劉四罵人 / 刘四骂人
* 劉宋 / 刘宋 (Liúsòng)
* 劉家場 / 刘家场 (Liújiāchǎng)
* 劉家隔 / 刘家隔 (Liújiāgé)
* 劉寄奴 / 刘寄奴 (liújìnú)
* 劉寵一錢 / 刘宠一钱
* 劉師哥 / 刘师哥
* 劉店 / 刘店 (Liúdiàn)
* 劉德莊 / 刘德庄 (Liúdézhuāng)
* 劉晏粟 / 刘晏粟
* 劉村 / 刘村
* 劉杜 / 刘杜
* 劉柳 / 刘柳
* 劉根 / 刘根
* 劉棉花 / 刘棉花
* 劉毅答詔 / 刘毅答诏
* 劉氏冠 / 刘氏冠
* 劉洞 / 刘洞 (Liúdòng)
* 劉海 / 刘海 (liúhǎi)
* 劉海蟾 / 刘海蟾
* 劉猛將軍 / 刘猛将军
* 劉猴 / 刘猴 (Liúhóu)
* 劉王 / 刘王 (Liúwáng)
* 劉琨舞 / 刘琨舞
* 劉生 / 刘生
* 劉白 / 刘白
* 劉白墮 / 刘白堕
* 劉盧 / 刘卢
* 劉知遠 / 刘知远
* 劉石經 / 刘石经
* 劉秀 / 刘秀
* 劉窟頭 / 刘窟头
* 劉累 / 刘累
* 劉綱 / 刘纲
* 劉胡 / 刘胡 (Liúhú)
* 劉蕡下第 / 刘𰱟下第
* 劉表牛 / 刘表牛
* 劉覽 / 刘览
* 劉豫州 / 刘豫州
* 劉賈 / 刘贾
* 劉連 / 刘连 (Liúlián)
* 劉郎 / 刘郎
* 劉郎前度 / 刘郎前度
* 劉阮 / 刘阮
* 劉阿斗
* 劉陸 / 刘陆
* 劉隨州 / 刘随州
* 劉集 / 刘集 (Liújí)
* 劉靈 / 刘灵
* 劉項 / 刘项
* 咸劉 (xiánliú)
* 姬劉 / 姬刘
* 嬴劉 / 嬴刘
* 孫劉 / 孙刘
* 安劉 / 安刘
* 屠劉 / 屠刘
* 嵇劉 / 嵇刘
* 徐劉 / 徐刘 (Xúliú)
* 應劉 / 应刘
* 打前劉海 / 打前刘海
* 曹劉 / 曹刘
* 曾劉 / 曾刘 (Zēngliú)
* 李劉馬夏 / 李刘马夏
* 楊劉 / 杨刘
* 楊劉體 / 杨刘体
* 殷劉
* 毗劉 / 毗刘
* 火劉 / 火刘
* 炎劉 / 炎刘
* 王劉 / 王刘
* 王徐應劉 / 王徐应刘
* 茂陵劉郎 / 茂陵刘郎
* 荊劉拜殺 / 荆刘拜杀
* 虔劉 / 虔刘
* 西劉 / 西刘
* 謝劉 / 谢刘
* 貙劉 / 䝙刘
* 赤劉 / 赤刘
* 遏劉 / 遏刘
* 醉劉伶 / 醉刘伶
* 阮劉 / 阮刘
* 陶劉 / 陶刘 (Táoliú)
* 青菜劉 / 青菜刘

#### See also

* 卯金刀 (Mǎojīndāo)

### Descendants

* → English: Liu, Lau
* → Tagalog: Lao

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* axe
* kill

#### Readings

* Go-on: る (ru)
* Kan-on: りゅう (ryū)
* Kun: ころす (korosu, 劉す)、つらねる (tsuraneru, 劉ねる)

### Proper noun

* Kanji in this term
* 劉
* りゅう Jinmeiyō
* on'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 刘 (rare)
劉(りゅう) • (Ryū)
* a surname from Chinese
** (Can we date this quote?), 中華若木詩抄巻之上‎, archived from the original on 12 December 2021, page 3a:
    蜀(しょく)ノ刘(りゅう)備(び)
       Shoku no Ryū Bi
       Liu Bei of Shu

## Korean
### Hanja

Wikisource 劉 (eumhun 죽일 류 (jugil ryu), word-initial (South Korea) 죽일 유 (jugil yu))
* hanja form of 류/유 (“to kill”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

劉: Hán Nôm readings: Lưu
* Chữ Hán form of Lưu (“a surname from Chinese”).