# 留

| 留 | U+7559, &#30041; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7559 |
| ← 畘 [U+7558] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 畚 → [U+755A] |
| 留 | U+F9CD, &#63949; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9CD |
| ← 琉 [U+F9CC] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 硫 → [U+F9CE] |

## Translingual
### Han character

留 (Kangxi radical 102, 田+5, 10 strokes, cangjie input 竹竹田 (HHW), four-corner 7760$_2$, composition ⿱⿰⿱丿⿰𠄌丶刀田)

#### Derived characters

* 㨨, 䗜, 䝀, 䶉, 塯, 媹, 嵧, 廇, 榴, 溜, 熘, 瑠, 瘤, 磂, 罶, 蒥, 蹓, 遛, 鎦 (镏), 霤, 飀 (飗), 餾 (馏), 騮 (骝), 鬸, 鰡, 鶹 (鹠), 𠺕, 𨢇

#### Descendants

* Japanese: る

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 761, character 5
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 21808
* Dae Jaweon: page 1171, character 1
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2537, character 4
* Unihan data for U+7559
* Unihan data for U+F9CD

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 留
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 卯 | *mruːʔ |
| 昴 | *mruːʔ |
| 泖 | *mruːʔ |
| 茆 | *mruːʔ, *m·ruʔ |
| 奅 | *m̥ʰruːs |
| 窌 | *m̥ʰruːs, *m·ruː, *m·rus |
| 聊 | *m·rɯːw |
| 貿 | *mlus |
| 鄮 | *mlus |
| 劉 | *m·ru |
| 留 | *m·ru, *m·rus |
| 蒥 | *m·ru |
| 鶹 | *m·ru |
| 騮 | *m·ru |
| 榴 | *m·ru |
| 瑠 | *ru |
| 瘤 | *m·ru, *m·rus |
| 遛 | *m·ru |
| 鎦 | *m·ru |
| 飀 | *m·ru |
| 鰡 | *m·ru |
| 嵧 | *m·ru |
| 餾 | *m·ru, *m·rus |
| 瀏 | *m·ru, *m·ruʔ |
| 懰 | *m·ru, *m·ruʔ |
| 柳 | *m·ruʔ |
| 珋 | *m·ruʔ |
| 罶 | *m·ruʔ |
| 嬼 | *m·ruʔ, *m·rus |
| 溜 | *m·rus |
| 霤 | *m·rus |
| 廇 | *m·rus |
| 塯 | *m·rus |
In bronze inscriptions, phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *m·ru, *m·rus): phonetic 卯 (OC *mruːʔ) + semantic 田 (“field”). Later in small seal script, phonetic 丣 (OC *luʔ) + semantic 田.

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): liú (liu$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄡˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): niu$^2$
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): liú
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): lau$^4$
    (Dongguan, Jyutping++): ngaau$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): liu$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): liù
    (Hailu, HRS): liu
    (Meixian, Guangdong): liu$^2$
* Eastern Min (BUC): làu / liù
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): lao$^2$ / liu$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): lâu / liû
    (Teochew, Peng'im): lao$^5$ / liu$^5$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): lao$^5$ / liu$^5$
* Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): lau$^4$
* Wu (Wugniu)
** (Northern): $^6$lieu / $^2$liu / $^2$leu / $^2$lieu
** (Jinhua): $^2$lieu
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): liou$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: liú
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄡˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lióu
*** Wade–Giles: liu$^2$
*** Yale: lyóu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: liou
*** Palladius: лю (lju)
*** Sinological IPA : /li̯oʊ̯³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: niu$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: liu
*** Sinological IPA : /niəu²¹/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: liú
*** Sinological IPA : /liɤu²⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lau$^4$
*** Yale: làuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lau$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: leo$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɐu̯²¹/
** (Dongguan, Guancheng)
*** Jyutping++: ngaau$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋau²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: liu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /liu²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: liù
*** Hakka Romanization System: liu$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: liu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /li̯u¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: liu
*** Sinological IPA: /liu⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: liu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /liu¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: làu / liù
*** Sinological IPA : /l̃au⁵³/, /l̃ieu⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: lao$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /lau¹³/
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: liu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /liu¹³/
* lao2 - vernacular;
* liu2 - literary.
* Middle Chinese: ljuw
Rime :
| Character | 留 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 尤 (136) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 力求切 |
| Baxter | ljuw |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /lɨu/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /liu/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /liəu/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /luw/ |
| Li Rong | /liu/ |
| Wang Li | /lĭəu/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /li̯ə̯u/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | liú |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | lau$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.ru/
    (Zhengzhang): /*m·ru/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 留 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | liú |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ljuw › |
| Old Chinese | /*C.ru/ |
| English | stay, remain |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 留 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 8882 |
| Phonetic component | 卯 |
| Rime group | 幽 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 劉 |
| Old Chinese | /*m·ru/ |
| Notes | 說文丣聲誤，金文實卯聲 |

#### Definitions

留
* to stay; to remain
    留北京二十五日 ― liú běijīng èrshíwǔ rì ― stay in Beijing for 25 days
* to ask someone to stay; to detain
* to keep; to save; to hold in reserve; to retain; to maintain
* to leave behind (a package, a message, an impression, etc.)
       Nǐ kěyǐ gěi wǒ liú ge diànhuà ma? [Pinyin]
       Can you give me your phone number?
* Short for 留學／留学 (liúxué, “to study abroad”).
    留美 ― liúměi ― to study in the US
* to accept (a gift)
* to allow to grow
    留鬍子／留胡子 ― liú húzi ― to grow a beard
       zoeng$^1$ tau$^4$ faat$^3$ lau$^4$ dou$^3$ lok$^6$ jiu$^1$ [Jyutping]
       have one's hair grow to waist-length
    留長頭髮／留长头发 [Cantonese] ― lau$^4$ coeng$^4$ tau$^4$ faat$^3$ [Jyutping] ― to let one's hair grow long
* to concentrate (on something)
    留心 ― liúxīn ― to look out for
    留神 ― liúshén ― to take care; to be careful
* Alternative form of 流 (liú)
* a surname

#### Compounds

* 七留七林
* 三不留
* 不中留
* 不留 (bùliú)
* 不留一字
* 不留心
* 不留神
* 不留餘地 / 不留余地 (bùliúyúdì)
* 不留體統 / 不留体统
* 久留 (jiǔliú)
* 乞留乞良
* 乞留惡濫 / 乞留恶滥
* 乞留曲律
* 乞留玎琅
* 人死留名
* 代留
* 伊留申
* 保留 (bǎoliú)
* 保留價格 / 保留价格
* 保留地 (bǎoliúdì)
* 保留徵收 / 保留征收
* 保留戶 / 保留户
* 保留曲線 / 保留曲线
* 保留林
* 保留盈餘 / 保留盈余
* 偎留
* 停留 (tíngliú)
* 停留長智 / 停留长智
* 刀下留人 (dāoxiàliúrén)
* 剔留禿魯 / 剔留秃鲁
* 劈留撲碌 / 劈留扑碌
* 勾留 (gōuliú)
* 去留 (qùliú)
* 外僑居留 / 外侨居留
* 奄留
* 女大難留 / 女大难留
* 存留 (cúnliú)
* 容留 (róngliú)
* 寸甲不留
* 寸草不留
* 小留學生 / 小留学生
* 居留 (jūliú)
* 居留權 / 居留权 (jūliúquán)
* 居留證 / 居留证 (jūliúzhèng)
* 屯留縣 / 屯留县
* 張良擇留 / 张良择留
* 彌留 / 弥留 (míliú)
* 志留紀 / 志留纪 (Zhìliú Jì)
* 急留骨碌
* 慰留
* 截留
* 截鐙留鞭 / 截镫留鞭
* 截髮留賓 / 截发留宾
* 手下留情 (shǒuxiàliúqíng)
* 扣留 (kòuliú)
* 扳留
* 拘留 (jūliú)
* 拘留所 (jūliúsuǒ)
* 挽留 (wǎnliú)
* 攀留
* 收留 (shōuliú)
* 款留 (kuǎnliú)
* 步步留心
* 殘留 / 残留 (cánliú)
* 毫不留情 (háobùliúqíng)
* 沒留沒亂 / 没留没乱
* 淹留
* 淅留淅零
* 淅零淅留
* 滯留 / 滞留 (zhìliú)
* 滴留撲 / 滴留扑
* 滯留鋒 / 滞留锋
* 瀦留 / 潴留 (zhūliú)
* 片甲不留 (piànjiǎbùliú)
* 王留
* 留一手
* 留下 (liúxià)
* 留中不發 / 留中不发 (liúzhōngbùfā)
* 留任 (liúrèn)
* 留低
* 留住 (liúzhù)
* 留侯
* 留侯論 / 留侯论
* 留傳 / 留传 (liúchuán)
* 留別 / 留别
* 留取
* 留名 (liúmíng)
* 留堂 (liútáng)
* 留存 (liúcún)
* 留學 / 留学 (liúxué)
* 留學生 / 留学生 (liúxuéshēng)
* 留學考試 / 留学考试
* 留守 (liúshǒu)
* 留客住
* 留客雨
* 留宿 (liúsù)
* 留寓
* 留尾巴
* 留帖
* 留影 (liúyǐng)
* 留待 (liúdài)
* 留後手 / 留后手
* 留後步 / 留后步
* 留後路 / 留后路
* 留得青山在，不怕沒柴燒 / 留得青山在，不怕没柴烧 (liú dé qīngshān zài, bùpà méi chái shāo)
* 留心 (liúxīn)
* 留心用意
* 留念 (liúniàn)
* 留情 (liúqíng)
* 留意 (liúyì)
* 留懷 / 留怀
* 留戀 / 留恋 (liúliàn)
* 留成
* 留扣子
* 留春
* 留有餘地 / 留有余地
* 留校 (liúxiào)
* 留根
* 留步 (liúbù)
* 留洋 (liúyáng)
* 留海 (liúhǎi)
* 留滯 / 留滞
* 留班 (liúbān)
* 留班生
* 留白 (liúbái)
* 留神 (liúshén)
* 留級 / 留级 (liújí)
* 留級生 / 留级生
* 留置 (liúzhì)
* 留置觀察 / 留置观察
* 留美學人 / 留美学人
* 留聲機 / 留声机 (liúshēngjī)
* 留職 / 留职 (liúzhí)
* 留職停薪 / 留职停薪
* 留臉 / 留脸
* 留臉面 / 留脸面
* 留芳百世
* 留蘭香 / 留兰香
* 留言 (liúyán)
* 留言冊 / 留言册
* 留言板
* 留言簿 (liúyánbù)
* 留話 / 留话 (liúhuà)
* 留身
* 留退步
* 留連 / 留连 (liúlián)
* 留連不捨 / 留连不舍
* 留連忘返 / 留连忘返
* 留醫 / 留医 (liúyī)
* 留門 / 留门
* 留難 / 留难
* 留面子
* 留頭 / 留头
* 留題 / 留题
* 留飯 / 留饭
* 留餘地 / 留余地
* 留駐 / 留驻
* 留髡
* 留鳥 / 留鸟 (liúniǎo)
* 的留的立
* 萬古留芳 / 万古留芳
* 稽留 (jīliú)
* 羈留 / 羁留 (jīliú)
* 自留地 (zìliúdì)
* 自留山
* 苦留
* 苟留殘喘 / 苟留残喘
* 虎死留皮
* 豹死留皮
* 赤留出律
* 迷留悶亂 / 迷留闷乱
* 迷留摸亂 / 迷留摸乱
* 迷留沒亂 / 迷留没乱
* 逗留 (dòuliú)
* 逋留 (būliú)
* 遮道挽留
* 遺留 / 遗留 (yíliú)
* 遲留 / 迟留 (chíliú)
* 邀留
* 鄭驛留賓 / 郑驿留宾
* 陳留 / 陈留 (Chénliú)
* 雞犬不留 / 鸡犬不留
* 青史名留
* 青史留名
* 革留
* 革職留任 / 革职留任
* 須留 / 须留 (xūliú)
* 預留 / 预留 (yùliú)
* 養虎留患 / 养虎留患
* 馬留 / 马留 (mǎliú)
* 齒頰留香 / 齿颊留香

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): liù (liu$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄡˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): lau$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: liù
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄡˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: liòu
*** Wade–Giles: liu$^4$
*** Yale: lyòu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: liow
*** Palladius: лю (lju)
*** Sinological IPA : /li̯oʊ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lau$^6$
*** Yale: lauh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lau$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: leo$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɐu̯²²/
* Middle Chinese: ljuwH
Rime :
| Character | 留 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 尤 (136) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 力救切 |
| Baxter | ljuwH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /lɨu$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /liu$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /liəu$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /luw$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /liu$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /lĭəu$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /li̯ə̯u$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | liù |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | lau$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*m·rus/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 留 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 8905 |
| Phonetic component | 卯 |
| Rime group | 幽 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 溜 |
| Old Chinese | /*m·rus/ |

#### Definitions

留
* (archaic) to wait; to await

#### Compounds

* 宿留

### Pronunciation 3

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Liǔ (Liu$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄡˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): lau$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Liǔ
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄡˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Liǒu
*** Wade–Giles: Liu$^3$
*** Yale: Lyǒu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Leou
*** Palladius: Лю (Lju)
*** Sinological IPA : /li̯oʊ̯²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lau$^5$
*** Yale: láuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lau$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: leo$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɐu̯¹³/

#### Definitions

留
* Alternative name for 昴 (mǎo).

### References

* “留”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A02645

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)
* detain
* fasten
* halt
* stop
* ateji (当て字) for ruble (unit of currency)

#### Readings

* Go-on: る (ru, Jōyō $^†$)
* Kan-on: りゅう (ryū, Jōyō)
* Kun: とめる (tomeru, 留める, Jōyō)、とまる (tomaru, 留まる, Jōyō)、とどめる (todomeru, 留める)、とどまる (todomaru, 留まる)、ルーブル (rūburu, 留)

#### Compounds

* 留意(りゅうい) (ryūi)
* 留守(るす) (rusu, “absence”)
* 留任(りゅうにん) (ryūnin)
* 留年(りゅうねん) (ryūnen)
* 留学(りゅうがく) (ryūgaku)
* 保留(ほりゅう) (horyū)

### Etymology

For pronunciation and definitions of 留 – see the following entry. :
| 【ルーブル】 | [noun] ruble (Russian and Belarusian currency) |
(This term, 留, is an alternative spelling (rare) of the above term.) :

## Korean
### Hanja

留 (eumhun 머무를 류 (meomureul ryu), word-initial (South Korea) 머무를 유 (meomureul yu))
* hanja form of 류/유 (“stay”)

#### Compounds

* 잔류 (殘留, jallyu, “staying behind”)
* 체류 (滯留, cheryu, “stay; sojourn”)
* 보류 (保留, boryu, “hold, suspension”)
* 억류 (抑留, eongnyu, “detention, internment”)
* 유치 (留置, yuchi, “detainment, custody”)

## Old Korean
### Alternative forms

* 以 (logographic variant used in Idu and Gugyeol texts)

### Particle

留 (*-lwo)
* to; towards (directional case marker)
* by; with; using (instrumental case marker)

#### Usage notes

留 takes the vowel-initial allomorph 乙留 or 乙以 after a consonant, corresponding exactly to the Middle and Modern Korean allomorph 으로 (Yale: ulo) also appearing after a consonant.

#### Reconstruction notes

Conventionally reconstructed as *-lwo after the Middle Korean reflex, although the source Chinese readings suggest a different vowel. Many scholars suggest *-lwu instead.

#### Descendants

* Middle Korean: 로 (-lwo)
** Korean: 로 (ro)

### References

* 이승재 (Lee Seung-jae) (2000) “차자표기 자료의 격조사 연구 [chajapyogi jaryoui gyeokjosa yeon'gu, Study of case markers in the Chinese-based orthography [of Korean]]”, in Gugeo gungmunhak, volume 127, pages 107–132
* 박지용 外 (Park Ji-yong et al.) (2012) 향가 해독 자료집 [hyangga haedok jaryojip, A Sourcebook of Hyangga Interpretations], Seoul National University, pages 199—200

## Vietnamese
### Han character

留: Hán Nôm readings: lưu
* to stay
* to detain; keep
* (computing); to save files