# 允

| 允 | U+5141, &#20801; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5141 |
| ← 兀 [U+5140] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 兂 → [U+5142] |

## Translingual
### Han character

允 (Kangxi radical 10, 儿+2, 4 strokes, cangjie input 戈竹山 (IHU), four-corner 2321$_0$, composition ⿱厶儿)

#### Derived characters

* 阭, 抁, 吮, 狁, 沇, 𰎍, 玧, 鈗, 馻, 兖

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 123, character 3
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1338
* Dae Jaweon: page 258, character 1
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 265, character 3
* Unihan data for U+5141

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 允 :
| Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script |
| Oracle bone scriptj20520j20521j20522j20523j20524j20525j20526j20527j20528j20529j20530j20531j20532j20533j20534j20535j20536j20537j20538j20539j20540j20541j20542j20543j20544j20545j20546j20547j20548j20549j20550j20551j20552j20553j20554j20555j20556j20557j20558j20559j20560j20561j20562j20563j20564j20565j20566j20567j20568j20569j20570j20571j20572j20573j20574j20575j20576j20577j20578j20579j20580j20581j20582j20583j20584j20585j20586j20587j20596j20597j20598j20599j20600j20601j20602j20603j20604j20605j20606j20607j20608j20609j20610j20611j20612j20613j20614j20615j20616j20617j20622Bronze inscriptionsb13468b13469b13470b13471Small seal scripts06202Transcribed ancient scriptsL15716L15717L15718L15719 ||||
| References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script). ||||
| | Old Chinese |
| 唆 | *sloːl |
| 梭 | *sloːl |
| 葰 | *sloːlʔ, *sroːlʔ, *slul |
| 誜 | *sroːls |
| 朘 | *ʔslon |
| 捘 | *ʔsluːls, *ʔsluːns, *sʰlun |
| 荾 | *slul |
| 酸 | *sloːn |
| 狻 | *sloːn |
| 痠 | *sloːn |
| 鋑 | *ʔslon |
| 脧 | *ʔsluːl |
| 悛 | *sʰlon |
| 吮 | *zlonʔ, *ɦljunʔ |
| 萒 | *ɡronʔ, *lonʔ |
| 沇 | *lonʔ |
| 抁 | *lonʔ |
| 馻 | *lonʔ, *lunʔ |
| 兖 | *lonʔ |
| 渷 | *lonʔ |
| 兗 | *lonʔ |
| 焌 | *ʔsluːns, *ʔsluns, *sʰlud |
| 允 | *lunʔ |
| 狁 | *lunʔ |
| 玧 | *lunʔ |
| 俊 | *ʔsluns |
| 晙 | *ʔsluns, *sluns |
| 餕 | *ʔsluns |
| 畯 | *ʔsluns |
| 駿 | *ʔsluns |
| 竣 | *sʰlun |
| 皴 | *sʰlun |
| 逡 | *sʰlun |
| 踆 | *sʰlun |
| 夋 | *sʰlun |
| 埈 | *sluns |
| 陖 | *sluns |
| 鵕 | *sluns |
| 浚 | *sluns |
| 峻 | *sluns |
Oracle bone script: Pictogram (象形) – a person with the head emphasized, indicating a nod.
Bronze inscriptions onward (corrupted form): Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *lunʔ): phonetic 㠯 (OC *lɯʔ) + semantic 儿 (“person”).

### Etymology

Schuessler (2007) minimally reconstructs *winʔ or *junʔ:
* If *junʔ, then possibly related to Burmese ယုံ (yum, “to believe”); if so, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *yum (“to believe”); other cognates would then be Asho Chin yón-é, Mara Chin zó, Lahu ʑo³¹.
* If *winʔ, then 信 (OC *hljins) (minimally reconstructed *sin(s)) is its possible derivative.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): yǔn, rǔn (yun$^3$, run$^3$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄩㄣˇ, ㄖㄨㄣˇ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): yun$^3$ / yong$^3$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): wan$^5$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): vun$^4$
* Gan (Wiktionary): yn$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): yún
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ngiun$^1$
* Jin (Wiktionary): yng$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): ě̤ng
* Eastern Min (BUC): ṳ̄ng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): yng$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): ún / ín
    (Teochew, Peng'im): rung$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$iun
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): yn$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yǔn
*** Zhuyin: ㄩㄣˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yǔn
*** Wade–Giles: yün$^3$
*** Yale: yǔn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yeun
*** Palladius: юнь (junʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /yn²¹⁴/
** (Beijing dialect, colloquial)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: rǔn
*** Zhuyin: ㄖㄨㄣˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: rǔn
*** Wade–Giles: jun$^3$
*** Yale: rwǔn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: roen
*** Palladius: жунь (žunʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʐu̯ən²¹⁴/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: yun$^3$ / yong$^3$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: wen / yng
*** Sinological IPA : /yn⁵³/, /yoŋ⁵³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: wan$^5$
*** Yale: wáhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: wan$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: wen$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /wɐn¹³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: vun$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /vun²¹/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: yn$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /yn²¹³/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yún
*** Hakka Romanization System: iun$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yun$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /i̯un³¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yún
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)iun$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yun$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯un³¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: ngiun$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋiun⁴⁴/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: yng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /yŋ¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ě̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /œyŋ²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ṳ̄ng
*** Sinological IPA : /yŋ³³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: yng$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /yŋ⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: yng$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /yŋ³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ún
*** Tâi-lô: ún
*** Phofsit Daibuun: uon
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /un⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /un⁵⁵⁴/
** (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ín
*** Tâi-lô: ín
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ien
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /in⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /in⁵³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: rung$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: júng
*** Sinological IPA : /d͡zuŋ⁵²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$iun
*** MiniDict: iuin$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$yn
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /yn³⁴/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: yn$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /yn⁴¹/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit允 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /yn²¹⁴/ /ʐuən²¹⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /yn²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /yŋ¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /yẽ⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /yə̃⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /yn⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /yẽ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /yə̃⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /yŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ỹn⁴⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ʐuŋ⁵¹/ /vɤŋ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /yn⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /yn⁵³/ /yoŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /in⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ĩ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /yn²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /yn²⁴/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /yəŋ¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /yŋ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /ỹŋ⁵³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ɦyŋ²³/ /ɦioŋ²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /yən⁵¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ʔin⁵³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /j̠oŋ³⁵/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /yʌ̃³⁵/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /yan²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /yn⁴¹/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /yn⁴²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /yn²¹³/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /ŋiun⁴⁴/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /ʒuŋ²⁴/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /wɐn³⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /wɐn³⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /wɐn³⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /un⁵³/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /yŋ³²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /œyŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /zuŋ⁵³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /zun²¹³/ |
* Middle Chinese: ywinX
Rime :
| Character | 允 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 以 (36) |
| Final (韻) | 諄 (47) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 余準切 |
| Baxter | ywinX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /jiuɪn$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /jʷin$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /juen$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /jwin$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /iuĕn$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /jĭuĕn$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /i̯uĕn$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yǔn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | wan$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[l]u[r]ʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*lunʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 允 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yǔn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ywin$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[l]u[r]ʔ/ |
| English | truly |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 允 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 16452 |
| Phonetic component | 允 |
| Rime group | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 尹 |
| Old Chinese | /*lunʔ/ |
| Notes | 說文以聲 |

### Definitions

允
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to allow; to consent; to permit
    允許／允许 ― yǔnxǔ ― to allow
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) fair; just; equitable; even-handed; impartial
    公允 ― gōngyǔn ― fair
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) proper; suitable; appropriate
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) honest; genuine
* a surname

#### Synonyms

* (to allow):
* 允准 (yǔnzhǔn)
* 允許 / 允许
* 准許 (zhǔnxǔ)
* 容允 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien, Taiwanese Hokkien)
* 容許 / 容许 (róngxǔ)
* 應允 / 应允 (yīngyǔn) (literary)
* 承允 (chéngyǔn)
* 許允 / 许允 (xǔyǔn) (literary)
* 許可 / 许可 (xǔkě)
* 開可 / 开可 (kāikě) (Classical Chinese)
* (fair):
* 不阿 (bù'ē) (formal)
* 中和 (zhōnghé) (literary)
* 中正 (zhōngzhèng) (literary)
* 公允 (gōngyǔn)
* 公平 (gōngpíng)
* 公正 (gōngzhèng)
* 公直 (gōngzhí) (literary)
* 公道 (gōngdao)
* 大正 (literary)
* 平允 (píngyǔn)
* 平正 (píngzhèng)
* 持平 (chípíng)
* 持正 (chízhèng) (literary)
* 掠平 (Hokkien)
* (proper):
* 一定 (yīdìng)
* 停當 / 停当 (tíngdàng)
* 允當 / 允当 (yǔndàng) (literary)
* 剛好 / 刚好 (gānghǎo)
* 合宜 (héyí)
* 合手 (héshǒu)
* 合用 (héyòng) (literary or Min Nan)
* 合適 / 合适 (héshì)
* 啱 (ngaam$^1$) (Cantonese, Hakka)
* 妥 (tuǒ)
* 妥善 (tuǒshàn)
* 妥實 / 妥实 (tuǒshí)
* 妥帖 (tuǒtiē)
* 妥當 / 妥当
* 安帖 (āntiē)
* 定當 / 定当 (dìngdàng)
* 對勁 / 对劲 (duìjìn) (colloquial)
* 對路 / 对路 (duìlù) (colloquial)
* 對頭 / 对头
* 得宜 (déyí) (literary)
* 得當 / 得当 (dédàng)
* 得體 / 得体 (détǐ)
* 恰當 / 恰当 (qiàdàng)
* 拄仔好 (Hokkien)
* 拄好 (Hokkien)
* 的當 / 的当 (dídàng)
* 相宜 (xiāngyí)
* 相當 / 相当 (xiāngdāng)
* 耐 (literary)
* 貼切 / 贴切 (tiēqiè)
* 適合 / 适合 (shìhé)
* 適宜 / 适宜 (shìyí)
* 適用 / 适用 (shìyòng)
* 適當 / 适当 (shìdàng)
* 適量 / 适量 (shìliàng)
* 配合
* (honest):
* 實在 / 实在
* 實誠 / 实诚 (shíchéng) (colloquial)
* 悃誠 / 悃诚 (kǔnchéng) (literary)
* 慥慥 (zàozào) (literary)
* 懇切 / 恳切 (kěnqiè)
* 殷切 (yīnqiè)
* 熱誠 / 热诚 (rèchéng)
* 真心 (zhēnxīn)
* 真摯 / 真挚 (zhēnzhì)
* 真誠 / 真诚 (zhēnchéng)
* 老實 / 老实 (lǎoshí)
* 虔心 (qiánxīn)
* 親切 / 亲切 (qīnqiè)
* 誠信 / 诚信 (chéngxìn)
* 誠實 / 诚实 (chéngshí)
* 誠心 / 诚心 (chéngxīn)
* 誠懇 / 诚恳 (chéngkěn)
* 誠摯 / 诚挚 (chéngzhì)
* 諄諄 / 谆谆 (zhūnzhūn) (of teaching)
* 赤忱 (chìchén) (literary)
* 赤誠 / 赤诚 (chìchéng)

### Compounds

* 不允 (bùyǔn)
* 中允
* 依允
* 俞允 (yúyǔn)
* 俯允 (fǔyǔn)
* 允准 (yǔnzhǔn)
* 允執其中 / 允执其中
* 允執厥中 / 允执厥中
* 允婚
* 允從 / 允从
* 允承
* 允文允武
* 允洽
* 允當 / 允当 (yǔndàng)
* 允許 / 允许
* 允諾 / 允诺 (yǔnnuò)
* 公允 (gōngyǔn)
* 平允 (píngyǔn)
* 慨允
* 慨然允諾 / 慨然允诺
* 慨然應允 / 慨然应允
* 應允 / 应允 (yīngyǔn)
* 明允
* 滿口應允 / 满口应允
* 祝允明
* 答允 (dāyǔn)
* 葷允 / 荤允
* 面允

### References

* “允”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* consent
* sincerity
* permit

#### Readings

* Go-on: いん (in)
* Kan-on: いん (in)
* Kun: まこと (makoto, 允)、ゆるす (yurusu, 允す)、じょう (jō, 允)
* Nanori: なり (nari)、や (ya)

### Proper noun

允(まこと) • (Makoto)
* a male given name

## Korean
### Hanja

允 (eum 윤 (yun))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

允: Hán Nôm readings: doãn, duẫn
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.