# Νεμογαρδα
## Ancient Greek
### Etymology

Νεμογαρδάς (Nemogardás) is from misspelled *Νεβογαρδάς (*Nebogardás), from South Slavic *Новогардъ, from Proto-Slavic *Novogordъ / *Novъgordъ, from *novъ (“new”) +‎ *gordъ. Compare Old East Slavic Новъгородъ (Novŭgorodŭ).
Misspelling:
* Per Bury (1906), Νεμογαρδάς (Nemogardás) is corrupted from *Νεβογαρδάς (*Nebogardás) by confusion of 'μ' and 'β'. 'β' is spelled as 'u' (tailless μ) in Codex Parisinus gr. 2009, for example:
** β: βασιλευέτω (basileuétō), χρωβατία (khrōbatía), βοσπόρου (bospórou).
** μ: μουάμε̄θ (mouámēth), κόμματα (kómmata), πολέμου (polémou).
* Per Rački (1880), *Νεύογαρδα (*Neúogarda). It is similar to reconstuction *Νούιγράδε (*Noúigráde), given for Νουγράδε (Nougráde).
* 'e' is left unexplained. *Новѣгардѣ would give *Νοβεγαρδε, compare Old East Slavic Новѣгородѣ (Nověgorodě), Νουγράδε (Nougráde), Βουσεγραδέ (Bousegradé) and Μιλινίσκαν (Milinískan) : Смольньскъ (Smolĭnĭskŭ), Δάναπριν (Dánaprin) : Дънѣпръ (Dŭněprŭ).
-γαρδ-:
* per Šewc (2003), Southeast-Balkanian Slavic *Novogard or per Perwolf (1877), Bulgarian-Slavonic? *Новогардъ. Another unmetathetized word is Δερβλενίνοις (Derblenínois, Dpl) / Βερβιάνων (Berbiánōn, Gpl), compare Old East Slavic Деревлѧне (Derevlęne). Other borrowings are:
** Βουσεγραδέ (Bousegradé), from locative *Вꙑшеградѣ of *Вꙑшеградъ. Compare Old East Slavic Вꙑшегородъ (Vyšegorodŭ), Old Church Slavonic градъ (gradŭ).
** Ὀστροβουνιπράχ (Ostrobouniprákh, “τὸ νησίον τοῦ φραγμοῦ”) (Dnieper Rapid), from *Островьнꙑи прагъ. Compare Old East Slavic порогъ (porogŭ), Proto-Slavic *porgъ.
** Βουλνηπράχ (Boulnēprákh).
* Per Тихомиров (1956), from Normans. Compare Old Norse Holmgarðr (“Novgorod”), from holmr + garðr.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ne.mo.ɣar.ða/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /ne.mo.ɣar.ða/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /ne.mo.ɣar.ða/

### Proper noun

Νεμογαρδα • (Nemogarda) m (genitive Νεμογαρδάς); ? declension
* Novgorod
** John Doukas, editor (1070±11), “νεμογαρδὰσ”, in Codex Parisinus gr. 2009‎ (in Byzantine Greek), page 13, line 6:
    […] εἰσὶ μὲν ἀπὸ τοῦ νεμογαρδὰσ· […][…] eisì mèn apò toû nemogardàs; […] […] are from Novgorod […]

#### Usage notes

* Meaning:
** Per Banduri (1711), equivalent to Novogardia, Novogorod
** Per Ляскоронский (1913), new part of Kiev

#### Inflection

Genitive singular attested once as Νεμογαρδάς (Nemogardás)

### See also

* Νεάπολις (Neápolis, “Naples”)
* Νεόκαστρον (Neókastron)
* νέος (néos, “young, new”)
* Νουγράδε (Nougráde)
* Τζιβιτανόβα (Tzibitanóba, literally “νεόκαστρον”)

### References

* ↑ Bury, J. B. (1906) “The treatise De administrando imperio”, in Byzantinische Zeitschrift, volume 15, Leipzig, page 543
* ↑ John Doukas, editor (1070±11), “βασιλευέτω”, in Codex Parisinus gr. 2009‎ (in Byzantine Greek), page 5, line -8
* ↑ John Doukas, editor (1070±11), “χρωβατία”, in Codex Parisinus gr. 2009‎ (in Byzantine Greek), page 92.5, line 4
* ↑ John Doukas, editor (1070±11), “βοσπόρου”, in Codex Parisinus gr. 2009‎ (in Byzantine Greek), page 195.5, line 4
* ↑ John Doukas, editor (1070±11), “μουάμε̄θ”, in Codex Parisinus gr. 2009‎ (in Byzantine Greek), page 38, line 8
* ↑ John Doukas, editor (1070±11), “κόμματα”, in Codex Parisinus gr. 2009‎ (in Byzantine Greek), page 166.5, line 1
* ↑ John Doukas, editor (1070±11), “πολέμου”, in Codex Parisinus gr. 2009‎ (in Byzantine Greek), page 184.5, line -2
* ↑ Rački, Franjo (1880) “Biela Hrvatska i biela Srbija (Čitao u sjednici filologičko-historičkoga razreda jugoslavenske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti dne 23. listopada 1878)”, in Rad jugoslavenske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti, volume 52, Zagreb: U knjižarnici Lavoslava Hartmana na prodaju, page 144: “do Novgoroda (Νεύογαρδα)”
* ↑ Rački, Franjo (1877) “rectius Νούιγράδε, Novigrad”, in Monumenta spectantia historiam Slavorum meridionalium: Documenta historiae chroaticae periodum antiquam illustrantia, volume 7, Zagreb: Sumptibus Academiae scientiarum et artium, pages 415, 409
* ↑ John Doukas, editor (1070±11), “νουγράδε”, in Codex Parisinus gr. 2009‎ (in Byzantine Greek), page 104, line 4
* ↑ John Doukas, editor (1070±11), “τὴν μιλινίσκᾶ”, in Codex Parisinus gr. 2009‎ (in Byzantine Greek), page 13, line 9
* ↑ John Doukas, editor (1070±11), “τὸν δάναπριν”, in Codex Parisinus gr. 2009‎ (in Byzantine Greek), page 13.5, line 8
* ↑ Šewc, Hinc (2003) “Славянская метатеза плавных и процесс дезинтеграции праславянского”, in Вопросы языкознания (in Russian), number 1, Moscow: Nauka, 3. Ограниченная метатеза, page 82: “Νεμογαρδάς (= Novogard)”
* ↑ Perwolf, Josef (1877) “Варяги-Русь и Балтійскіе Славяне”, in Журналъ Министерства Народнаго Просвѣщенія, volume 192, Saint Petersburg: Типографія В. С. Балашева, page 63: “Новогардъ (Νεμογαρδα) и Новогордъ (Νοβογορδων)”
* ↑ John Doukas, editor (1070±11), “δερβλενίνοισ”, in Codex Parisinus gr. 2009‎ (in Byzantine Greek), page 107, line -3
* ↑ John Doukas, editor (1070±11), “βερβιάνων”, in Codex Parisinus gr. 2009‎ (in Byzantine Greek), page 18.5, line 4
* ↑ John Doukas, editor (1070±11), “τοῦ βουσεγραδέ”, in Codex Parisinus gr. 2009‎ (in Byzantine Greek), page 13, line 11
* ↑ John Doukas, editor (1070±11), “ὀστροβουνιπράχ”, in Codex Parisinus gr. 2009‎ (in Byzantine Greek), page 15, line 5
* ↑ John Doukas, editor (1070±11), “βουλνηπράχ”, in Codex Parisinus gr. 2009‎ (in Byzantine Greek), page 16, line 3
* ↑ Тихомиров, Михаил (1956) Древнерусские города, Moscow: Государственное издательство политической литературы, page 14
* ↑ “holmgarðr” in Dictionary of Old Norse Prose (ONP) at University of Copenhagen
* ↑ Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “Новгород”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
* ↑ Banduri, Anselmo (1711) Imperium Orientale, ſive Antiquitates Conſtantinopolitanæ, volume 2, Pariſiis, page 36
* ↑ Ляскоронский, В. Г. (1913) “Кіевскій Вышгородъ въ удѣльно-вѣчевое время”, in Журналъ Министерства Народнаго Просвѣщенія, volume 44, Saint Petersburg: Сенатская типографія, page 231
* ↑ John Doukas, editor (1070±11), “κάστρον νεόκαστρον”, in Codex Parisinus gr. 2009‎ (in Byzantine Greek), page 62, line 10
* ↑ John Doukas, editor (1070±11), “τζιβιτανόβα”, in Codex Parisinus gr. 2009‎ (in Byzantine Greek), page 59.5, line 5

### Further reading

* Riant, Paul (1868) “Novgorod (Νεμογαρδὰ)”, in Skandinavernes Korstog og Andagtsreiser til Palæstina (1000—1350), Copenhagen: Forlagt af J. H. Schubothes Boghandel, page 88
* Stritter, Johann (1779) “NEMOGARDA (Νεμογαρδα, Ουγκρατις, Νοβογορδων)”, in Memoriae Popvlorvm, olim ad Danvbivm, Pontvm Evxinvm, Palvdem Maeotidem, Cavcasvm, Mare Caspivm, et inde magis ad Septemtriones incolentivm, e Scriptoribvs Historiae Byzantinae, volume 4, Saint Petersburg: impensis Academiae Scientiarvm, page 283
* “9/4”, in Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio, volume 2, London: The Athlone Press, 1962, page 26
* Moravcsik, Gyula (1967) “13rP”, in Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio, volume 1, Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, page 56
* Ласкинъ, Гавріилъ (1899) “Немограда (Новгородъ)”, in Сочиненія Константина Багрянороднаго: "О ѳемахъ" (De thematibus) и "О народахъ" (De administrando imperio), pages 254, 70
* Ditten, Hans (1962) “Известия Лаоника Халкокондила о России”, in Византийский временник, volume 21, Moscow: Издательство Академии наук СССР, page 69