# 翹

| 翹 | U+7FF9, &#32761; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7FF9 |
| ← 翸 [U+7FF8] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 翺 → [U+7FFA] |

## Translingual
### Han character

翹 (Kangxi radical 124, 羽+12, 18 strokes, cangjie input 土山尸一一 (GUSMM), four-corner 4721$_2$, composition ⿺堯羽)

#### Derived characters

* 𧄍

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 959, character 27
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 28808
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3357, character 6
* Unihan data for U+7FF9

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 撓 | *hŋaːw, *rŋaːw, *rnaːwʔ |
| 鐃 | *rŋaːw |
| 譊 | *rŋaːw |
| 橈 | *rŋaːws, *ŋjew |
| 磽 | *ŋ̊ʰreːw, *ŋreːws, *ŋ̊ʰeːwʔ |
| 墝 | *ŋ̊ʰreːw |
| 穘 | *hŋreːw |
| 顤 | *hŋreːw, *ŋeːws |
| 燒 | *hŋjew, *hŋjaws |
| 饒 | *ŋjew, *ŋjaws |
| 蟯 | *ŋjew, *ʔŋew |
| 蕘 | *ŋjew |
| 襓 | *ŋjew |
| 繞 | *ŋjewʔ, *ŋjaws |
| 遶 | *ŋjewʔ |
| 嬈 | *njewʔ, *neːwʔ, *hŋeːws |
| 趬 | *ŋ̊ʰew, *ŋ̊ʰews |
| 蹺 | *ŋ̊ʰew |
| 翹 | *ɡew, *ɡews |
| 澆 | *ŋkeːw, *ŋeːws |
| 驍 | *ŋkeːw |
| 僥 | *kŋeːwʔ, *ŋeːw |
| 堯 | *ŋeːw |
| 垚 | *ŋeːw |
| 嶢 | *ŋeːw |
| 獟 | *ŋeːws |
| 膮 | *hŋeːw, *hŋeːwʔ |
| 嘵 | *hŋeːw |
| 憢 | *hŋeːw |
| 曉 | *hŋeːwʔ |
| 皢 | *hŋeːwʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡew, *ɡews): phonetic 堯 (OC *ŋeːw) + semantic 羽 (“feather”).

### Etymology 1

Schuessler (2007) considers this to be probably unrelated to the word family of 喬 (OC *krew, “tall”) and instead proposes cognacy with Proto-Northern Naga *gyaw (“high”).
Sagart (2021b) connects this to Tibetan སྒྲོ (sgro, “large feather”), which he (Sagart, 2017b) has also connected to 喬 (OC *krew).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qiáo (qiao$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄠˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): kiu$^4$
* Southern Min (Teochew, Peng'im): kiao$^5$ / kiou$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qiáo
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄠˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ciáo
*** Wade–Giles: chʻiao$^2$
*** Yale: chyáu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyau
*** Palladius: цяо (cjao)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: kiu$^4$
*** Yale: kìuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: kiu$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: kiu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰiːu̯²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: kiao$^5$ / kiou$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khiâu / khiôu
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰiau⁵⁵/, /kʰiou⁵⁵/
* kiao5 - Shantou;
* kiou5 - Chaozhou.
* Middle Chinese: gjiew
Rime :
| Character | 翹 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 群 (30) |
| Final (韻) | 宵 (91) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 渠遙切 |
| Baxter | gjiew |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɡiᴇu/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɡiɛu/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɡjæu/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /giaw/ |
| Li Rong | /ɡiɛu/ |
| Wang Li | /ɡĭɛu/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /gi̯ɛu/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qiáo |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | kiu$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ew/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡew/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 翹 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | qiáo |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ gjiew › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɡ]ew/ (failure to palatalize is unexplained) |
| English | long tail-feather |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 翹 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 14681 |
| Phonetic component | 垚 |
| Rime group | 宵 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 翹 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡew/ |

#### Definitions

翹
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) long tail feathers of a bird; rectrix
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) bird's tail
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) animal's tail
* to lift; to raise
* to expose; to reveal; to uncover; to arouse
* (colloquial, of wooden plank, paper, etc.) to become twisted; to be warped from water damage
* outstanding; extraordinary
* high; dangerous
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) lush; luxuriant
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, historical) a kind of hair jewelry worn by ancient women, shaped like a bird's tail
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 篪 (chí, “ancient musical instrument”)

#### Compounds

* 引頸翹望 / 引颈翘望
* 拿翹 / 拿翘
* 翠翹 / 翠翘 (cuìqiáo)
* 翹企 / 翘企
* 翹思 / 翘思
* 翹望 / 翘望
* 翹材 / 翘材
* 翹棱 / 翘棱
* 翹楚 / 翘楚 (qiáochǔ)
* 翹盼 / 翘盼
* 翹翹 / 翘翘
* 翹舌音 / 翘舌音
* 翹足 / 翘足
* 翹足引領 / 翘足引领
* 翹足而待 / 翘足而待
* 翹首 / 翘首 (qiáoshǒu)
* 翹首企足 / 翘首企足
* 翹首引領 / 翘首引领
* 翹首盼望 / 翘首盼望
* 肖翹 / 肖翘 (xiàoqiáo)
* 連翹 / 连翘 (liánqiáo)
* 鳳翹 / 凤翘

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “from etymology 1?”)

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qiào (qiao$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄠˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): giu$^6$ / kiu$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khieu
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): khiàu
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kiao$^3$ / kiou$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$chiau
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qiào
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄠˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ciào
*** Wade–Giles: chʻiao$^4$
*** Yale: chyàu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiaw
*** Palladius: цяо (cjao)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: giu$^6$ / kiu$^3$
*** Yale: giuh / kiu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: giu$^6$ / kiu$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: giu$^6$ / kiu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kiːu̯²²/, /kʰiːu̯³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khieu
*** Hakka Romanization System: kieu
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kieu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯eu̯⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiàu
*** Tâi-lô: khiàu
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qiaux
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰiau²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiau⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰiau²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰiau¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰiau²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: kiao$^3$ / kiou$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khiàu / khiòu
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰiau²¹³/, /kʰiou²¹³/
* kiao3 - Shantou;
* kiou3 - Chaozhou.
* Middle Chinese: gjiewH
Rime :
| Character | 翹 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 群 (30) |
| Final (韻) | 宵 (91) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 巨要切 |
| Baxter | gjiewH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɡiᴇu$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɡiɛu$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɡjæu$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /giaw$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɡiɛu$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɡĭɛu$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /gi̯ɛu$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiào |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | giu$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡews/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 翹 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 14682 |
| Phonetic component | 垚 |
| Rime group | 宵 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 翹 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡews/ |

#### Definitions

翹
* (colloquial) to stick up (one end of an object, such as a tail); to curl up; to turn upwards
* (colloquial) to leave in stealth; to play truant; to wag (from school)

#### Compounds

* 死翹翹 / 死翘翘 (sǐqiàoqiào)
* 翹家 / 翘家
* 翹尾巴 / 翘尾巴
* 翹板 / 翘板 (qiàobǎn)
* 翹班 / 翘班 (qiàobān)
* 翹翹板 / 翘翘板 (qiàoqiàobǎn)
* 翹舌音 / 翘舌音
* 翹課 / 翘课 (qiàokè)
* 翹辮子 / 翘辫子 (qiào biànzi)

### References

* “翹”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* excellence

#### Readings

* Go-on: ぎょう (gyō)
* Kan-on: きょう (kyō)
* Kun: つまだてる (tsumadateru, 翹てる)、あげる (ageru, 翹げる)

#### Compounds

* 翹企(ぎょうき) (gyōki)
* 翹翹(ぎょうぎょう) (gyōgyō)
* 翹材(ぎょうざい) (gyōzai)
* 翹思(ぎょうし) (gyōshi)
* 翹首(ぎょうしゅ) (gyōshu)
* 翹然(ぎょうぜん) (gyōzen)
* 翹楚(ぎょうそ) (gyōso)
* 翹足(ぎょうそく) (gyōsoku)
* 翹望(ぎょうぼう) (gyōbō)
* 翹揺(げんげ) (genge)
* 翠翹(すいぎょう) (suigyō)
* 連翹(れんぎょう) (rengyō)
* 連翹忌(れんぎょうき) (rengyōki)

## Korean
### Hanja

翹 • (gyo) (hangeul 교, revised gyo, McCune–Reischauer kyo, Yale kyo)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Compounds

* 교기 (翹跂, gyogi)
* 교두 (翹頭, gyodu)
* 교륜 (翹綸, gyoryun)
* 교망 (翹望, gyomang)
* 교사 (翹思, gyosa)
* 교수 (翹秀, gyosu)
* 교수 (翹首, gyosu)
* 교영 (翹榮, gyoyeong)
* 교영 (翹英, gyoyeong)
* 교참 (翹懺, gyocham)
* 교초 (翹楚, gyocho)
* 암연교 (巖連翹, amyeon'gyo)
* 연교 (連翹, yeon'gyo)
* 연교화 (連翹花, yeon'gyohwa)
* 중교두 (重翹頭, junggyodu)
* 취교 (翠翹, chwigyo)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

翹: Hán Việt readings: kiều, kiểu, khiêu
翹: Nôm readings: kiều, kẻo
* chữ Hán form of kiều (“to look up; to desire ardently; to hope for; to wait for”).

#### Compounds

* 翠翹 (thúy kiều/thuý kiều)
* 翹企 (kiều xí)
* 翹才 (kiều tài)
* 翹翹 (kiều kiều)
* 翹首 (kiều thủ)
* 鳳翹 (phượng kiều)

### References

* ↑ Nguyễn (2014).
* 1 2 3 4 Trần (2004).
* 1 2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* 1 2 Bonet (1899).
* ↑ Génibrel (1898).
* ↑ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).