# 閑

| 閑 | U+9591, &#38289; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9591 |
| ← 閐 [U+9590] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 閒 → [U+9592] |

## Translingual

| Traditional | 閒 |
| Simplified | 闲 |
| Japanese | 閑 |
| Korean | 閑 |

### Han character

閑 (Kangxi radical 169, 門+4, 12 strokes, cangjie input 日弓木 (AND), four-corner 7790$_4$, composition ⿵門木)

#### Derived characters

* 𰊨, 嫻(娴), 𢡿, 澖(𰛵), 𤡦, 𨼝, 𭧴, 㯗, 𣩝, 𦠯, 𥊺, 𨶓, 𨅽, 䥜, 𩦃, 𬵬, 鷴, 䔵, 𮫐, 𤺛

#### Descendants

* 𛀟

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1332, character 2
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41247
* Dae Jaweon: page 1837, character 14
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4287, character 3
* Unihan data for U+9591

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 閑 :
| Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script |
| | Old Chinese |
| 閑 | *ɡreːn |
| 嫻 | *ɡreːn |
| 鷴 | *ɡreːn |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 門 (“door”) + 木 (“wood”) – a fence.

### Etymology 1

* For pronunciation and definitions of 閑 – see 閒 (“not busy; idle; vacant; unoccupied; unused; etc.”). (This character is a variant traditional form of 閒).

### Etymology 2

Related to 闌 (OC *ɡ·raːn, “railing; balustrade”), 欄 (OC *ɡ·raːn, “fence; railing”) and 攔 (OC *ɡ·raːn, “to obstruct”), and perhaps related to 練 (OC *ɡ·reːns, “to train”) (Schuessler, 2007). External comparanda may include Burmese ရန်း (ran:, “to erect railings, barriers”) or Mizo khâr (“to shut; to close; to shut off”) (ibid.).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xián (xian$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄢˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): haan$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xián
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sián
*** Wade–Giles: hsien$^2$
*** Yale: syán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyan
*** Palladius: сянь (sjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ɛn³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: haan$^4$
*** Yale: hàahn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: haan$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: han$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /haːn²¹/
* Middle Chinese: hean
Rime :
| Character | 閑 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 山 (73) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 戸閒切 |
| Baxter | hean |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦˠɛn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦᵚæn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣæn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦəɨn/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣɛn/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣæn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣăn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xián |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | haan$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤra[n]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡreːn/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 閑 | 閑 |
| Reading # | 4/4 | 3/4 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xián | xián |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hɛn › | ‹ hɛn › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɡ]ˁra[n]/ | /*[ɡ]ˁra[n]/ |
| English | bar, barrier | well-trained |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 閑 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 13531 |
| Phonetic component | 閑 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 閑 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡreːn/ |

#### Definitions

閑
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) fence; bar; railings
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) stable (building for horses)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) rule; law; limit; norm
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to restrict; to restrain
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 嫻 / 娴 (xián, “to be familiar; to be skilled; to be practised”)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to block; to guard against
* 4th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "barrier" (𝌉)

#### Compounds

* 不閑 / 不闲
* 心閑 / 心闲
* 明媚閑雅 / 明媚闲雅
* 熟閑 / 熟闲
* 舉止閑冶 / 举止闲冶
* 蕩檢踰閑 / 荡检逾闲
* 踰閑 / 逾闲
* 踰閑蕩檢 / 逾闲荡检
* 閑邪存誠 / 闲邪存诚
* 閑雅 / 闲雅
* 防閑 / 防闲

### Etymology 3

Probably cognate with 介 (OC *kreːds, “to increase; to become great”) and perhaps derived from 嘏 (OC *kraːʔ, “large; great”) (Schuessler, 2007).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xián (xian$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄢˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): haan$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xián
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sián
*** Wade–Giles: hsien$^2$
*** Yale: syán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyan
*** Palladius: сянь (sjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ɛn³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: haan$^4$
*** Yale: hàahn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: haan$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: han$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /haːn²¹/
* Middle Chinese: hean
Rime :
| Character | 閑 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 山 (73) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 戸閒切 |
| Baxter | hean |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦˠɛn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦᵚæn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣæn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦəɨn/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣɛn/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣæn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣăn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xián |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | haan$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤra[n]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡreːn/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 閑 |
| Reading # | 2/4 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xián |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hɛn › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɡ]ˁra[n]/ |
| English | great; large-minded |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 閑 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 13531 |
| Phonetic component | 閑 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 閑 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡreːn/ |

#### Definitions

閑
* (obsolete) large; great
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Sōngjué yǒu chān, lǚyíng yǒu xián, qǐn chéng kǒng ān. [Pinyin]
    Long are the projecting beams of pine; Large are the many pillars. The temple was completed, – the tranquil abode [of his tablet].

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: げん (gen)
* Kan-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)
* Kun: ひま (hima, 閑)、しずか (shizuka, 閑か)、ならう (narau, 閑う)、しきり (shikiri)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 閑
* かん Grade: S
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 閑 (MC hean).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かん [káꜜǹ] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [kã̠ɴ]

#### Affix

閑(かん) • (kan)
* tranquil; calm; quiet
* free time; leisure
* unimportant; useless

#### Noun

閑(かん) • (kan)
* free time; leisure

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 閑
* ひま Grade: S
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 閑 – see the following entry. :
| 【暇ひま】S | [adjective] free; leisure; idle; vacant [noun] time, free time [noun] leisure |
(This term, 閑, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 閑
* のど Grade: S
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 和

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [no̞do̞]

#### Adjective

閑(のど) • (nodo) -na (adnominal 閑(のど)な (nodo na), adverbial 閑(のど)に (nodo ni))
* (archaic) tranquil; calm; quiet; peaceful

##### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Imperfective (未然形) | 閑だろ | のどだろ | nodo daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 閑で | のどで | nodo de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 閑だ | のどだ | nodo da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 閑な | のどな | nodo na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 閑なら | のどなら | nodo nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 閑であれ | のどであれ | nodo de are |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 閑ではない 閑じゃない | のどではない のどじゃない | nodo de wa nai nodo ja nai |
| Informal past | 閑だった | のどだった | nodo datta |
| Informal negative past | 閑ではなかった 閑じゃなかった | のどではなかった のどじゃなかった | nodo de wa nakatta nodo ja nakatta |
| Formal | 閑です | のどです | nodo desu |
| Formal negative | 閑ではありません 閑じゃありません | のどではありません のどじゃありません | nodo de wa arimasen nodo ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 閑でした | のどでした | nodo deshita |
| Formal negative past | 閑ではありませんでした 閑じゃありませんでした | のどではありませんでした のどじゃありませんでした | nodo de wa arimasen deshita nodo ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 閑で | のどで | nodo de |
| Conditional | 閑なら（ば） | のどなら（ば） | nodo nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 閑だったら | のどだったら | nodo dattara |
| Volitional | 閑だろう | のどだろう | nodo darō |
| Adverbial | 閑に | のどに | nodo ni |
| Degree | 閑さ | のどさ | nodosa |

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

閑 (eumhun 한가할 한 (han'gahal han))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

閑: Hán Nôm readings: nhàn, hèn
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.