# 渡

| 渡 | U+6E21, &#28193; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6E21 |
| ← 渠 [U+6E20] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 渢 → [U+6E22] |

## Translingual
### Han character

渡 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 水戈廿水 (EITE), four-corner 3014$_7$, composition ⿰氵度)

#### Derived characters

* 𪸁

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 634, character 1
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17765
* Dae Jaweon: page 1040, character 8
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1683, character 12
* Unihan data for U+6E21

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 褯 | *zljaːɡs |
| 遮 | *tjaː |
| 蔗 | *tjaːɡs |
| 鷓 | *tjaːɡs |
| 樜 | *tjaːɡs, *hljaɡs |
| 蟅 | *tjaːɡs, *tjaːɡ |
| 嗻 | *tjaːɡs |
| 鍍 | *daː, *daːɡs |
| 度 | *daːɡs, *daːɡ |
| 渡 | *daːɡs |
| 庶 | *hljaɡs |
| 剫 | *daːɡ |
| 踱 | *daːɡ |
| 喥 | *daːɡ |
| 謶 | *tjaɡ |
| 席 | *ljaːɡ |
| 蓆 | *ljaːɡ |
| 墌 | *tjaːɡ |
| 摭 | *tjaːɡ |
| 蹠 | *tjaːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *daːɡs): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 度 (OC *daːɡs, *daːɡ).

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Sino-Tibetan. Cognate with Tibetan འདས ('das, “to pass over”).
Proto-Tai *daːᴮ (“river”) (whence Thai ท่า (tâa, “port; pier; quay”) and Zhuang dah (“river”)) is a loan from late Old Chinese (Schuessler, 2007).
The Austroasiatic synonym of 渡 is 濟 (OC *ʔsliːlʔ, *ʔsliːls, “to cross a river”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): dù (du$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): dou$^6$ / dou$^{6-2}$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): thu
    (Meixian, Guangdong): tu$^4$
* Northern Min (KCR): dū
* Eastern Min (BUC): dô
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tō͘ / thō͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): dou$^7$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$du
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dù
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄨˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: dù
*** Wade–Giles: tu$^4$
*** Yale: dù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duh
*** Palladius: ду (du)
*** Sinological IPA : /tu⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: dou$^6$ / dou$^{6-2}$
*** Yale: douh / dóu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dou$^6$ / dou$^{6-2}$
*** Guangdong Romanization: dou$^6$ / dou$^{6-2}$
*** Sinological IPA : /tou̯²²/, /tou̯²²⁻³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thu
*** Hakka Romanization System: tu
*** Hagfa Pinyim: tu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰu⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: tu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰu⁵³/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: dū
*** Sinological IPA : /tu⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: dô
*** Sinological IPA : /tou²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tō͘
*** Tâi-lô: tōo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: do
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tɔ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tɔ³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /tɔ²²/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thō͘
*** Tâi-lô: thōo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: to
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tʰɔ³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: dou$^7$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tōu
*** Sinological IPA : /tou¹¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$du
*** MiniDict: du$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$du
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /du²³/
* Middle Chinese: duH
Rime :
| Character | 渡 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 定 (7) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 徒故切 |
| Baxter | duH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /duo$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /duo$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /do$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /dɔ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /do$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /du$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /dʱuo$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | dù |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | dou$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[d]ˤak-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*daːɡs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 渡 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | dù |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ du$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[d]ˁak-s/ |
| English | to ford |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 渡 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 11903 |
| Phonetic component | 庶 |
| Rime group | 暮 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 渡 |
| Old Chinese | /*daːɡs/ |

### Definitions

渡
* to cross (a body of water)
* to ferry
* (figurative) to pull through (difficult times)
* ferry crossing
* ferry; ferryboat
** 1902, James Dyer Ball, How to Speak Cantonese, 2nd edition, Kelly & Wash, page 44:
       hai$^2$ hoeng$^1$ gong$^2$ daap$^3$ dou$^{6-2}$ heoi$^3$ jau$^6$ dak$^1$. [Jyutping]
       You can go by passage boat from Hongkong.
* (Hakka) to take; to bring along; to carry
* (Hakka) to look after; to take care of; to care for; to attend to
* a surname, Du

#### Synonyms

* (ferry crossing):
* 排仔頭 / 排仔头 (Xiamen Hokkien, Taiwanese Hokkien)
* 津 (jīn) (literary)
* 渡口 (dùkǒu)
* 渡喙 (Puxian Min)
* 渡頭 / 渡头 (dùtóu)
* (ferryboat):
* 擺渡 / 摆渡 (bǎidù)
* 渡槳 / 渡桨 (Hokkien)
* 渡船 (dùchuán)
* 渡輪 / 渡轮 (dùlún)
* 輪渡 / 轮渡 (lúndù)

#### Compounds

* 一葦渡江 / 一苇渡江
* 三豕渡河
* 中元普渡
* 九渡河 (Jiǔdùhé)
* 仙人渡 (Xiānréndù)
* 偷渡 (tōudù)
* 偷渡客 (tōudùkè)
* 偷渡黃牛 / 偷渡黄牛
* 南渡
* 古渡 (gǔdù)
* 大渡 (Dàdù)
* 官渡 (Guāndù)
* 官渡之戰 / 官渡之战
* 官渡口 (Guāndùkǒu)
* 小渡船 (Xiǎodùchuán)
* 岡渡拉 / 冈渡拉
* 引渡 (yǐndù)
* 引渡法
* 強渡 / 强渡 (qiángdù)
* 慈航普渡
* 截頭渡 / 截头渡
* 搶渡 / 抢渡 (qiǎngdù)
* 擺渡 / 摆渡 (bǎidù)
* 擺渡船 / 摆渡船
* 普渡 (pǔdù)
* 普渡河
* 普渡眾生 / 普渡众生
* 東渡 / 东渡
* 杯渡
* 桃花過渡 / 桃花过渡
* 桃葉渡 / 桃叶渡
* 橫水渡 / 横水渡 (héngshuǐdù)
* 橫渡 / 横渡 (héngdù)
* 沿渡河 (Yándùhé)
* 泥船渡河
* 津渡 (jīndù)
* 渡假 (dùjià)
* 渡口 (dùkǒu)
* 渡子
* 渡水 (dùshuǐ)
* 渡江 (dùjiāng)
* 渡江楫
* 渡河 (dùhé)
* 渡河香象
* 渡海 (dùhǎi)
* 渡船 (dùchuán)
* 渡輪 / 渡轮 (dùlún)
* 渡過 / 渡过 (dùguò)
* 渡邊 / 渡边 (Dùbiān)
* 渡錢 / 渡钱
* 渡頭 / 渡头 (dùtóu)
* 渡頭雲 / 渡头云
* 渡馬船 / 渡马船
* 漲渡湖 / 涨渡湖 (Zhǎngdùhú)
* 潘渡 (Pāndù)
* 濟渡 / 济渡
* 端陽競渡 / 端阳竞渡
* 競渡 / 竞渡 (jìngdù)
* 絕渡逢舟 / 绝渡逢舟
* 虎渡江
* 讓渡 / 让渡 (ràngdù)
* 賈人渡河 / 贾人渡河
* 超渡
* 輪渡 / 轮渡 (lúndù)
* 過渡 / 过渡 (guòdù)
* 過渡內閣 / 过渡内阁
* 過渡時期 / 过渡时期
* 過渡灣 / 过渡湾 (Guòdùwān)
* 過渡金屬 / 过渡金属 (guòdù jīnshǔ)
* 遠渡重洋 / 远渡重洋 (yuǎndùchóngyáng)
* 關渡 / 关渡
* 陳渡 / 陈渡 (Chéndù)
* 霧渡河 / 雾渡河 (Wùdùhé)
* 香象渡河
* 麻家渡 (Májiādù)

### Descendants

* Proto-Tai: *daːᴮ (“river”)
** Lao: ທ່າ (thā)
** Lü: ᦑᦱᧈ (taa¹)
** Shan: တႃႈ (tāa, “pier; shallow place in water”)
** Thai: ท่า (tâa, “pier; port”)
** Zhuang: dah (“river”)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* transit
* ford
* ferry
* cross
* import
* deliver
* diameter
* migrate

#### Readings

* Go-on: ど (do)
* Kan-on: と (to, Jōyō)
* Kun: わたる (wataru, 渡る, Jōyō)、わたす (watasu, 渡す, Jōyō)
* Nanori: ただ (tada)

## Korean
### Hanja

渡 (eumhun 건널 도 (geonneol do))
* hanja form of 도 (“cross, ferry over”)
* hanja form of 도 (“ferry”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

渡: Hán Nôm readings: đò, đác, độ, đạc
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.