# -ate
## English
### Pronunciation

* (adjectives, nouns) IPA: /ət/
* (verbs, adjectives, nouns, chemistry) IPA: /eɪt/
* Audio (US):(file)

### Etymology 1

(Early 15th century) Borrowed from Latin -ātus, perfect passive participle ending of first conjugation verbs and forming participial adjectives from nouns. Before a suffix, introduced in Middle English, participial adjectives borrowed from such Latin participles were written with final -at (Middle English desolat for modern desolate) and could be used as past participle of verbs in -aten (see Etymology 2), see generate or communicate for remnants of it. See also content, complete, sparse; adjectives of participial origin, from Latin. Doublet of -ee and cognate with English -ed.

#### Suffix

-ate
* forms adjectives with meaning "having the specified thing"
    Synonyms: -ed, -ous
    lobate — “having lobes, lobed”
* forms adjectives with meaning "characterized by the specified thing"
    Italianate — “characterized by Italian features”
* forms adjectives with meaning "resembling the specified thing"
    palmate — “resembling the palm”

##### Translations
### Etymology 2

See Etymology 1. In Middle English, verbs were derived from Latin-borrowed participial adjectives and written with final -aten (see -en; Middle English desolaten for modern desolate). In the 15th century, the loss of most verbal morphology in English made verbs formally identical to adjectives; this led to numerous adjectives in -ate, originally borrowed from the perfect passive participle of first conjugation Latin verbs being used as verbs (as well as the heteronymy of former Middle English verbs with their corresponding participles), and, in the late 16th century, the systematic borrowing of such Latin participles as English verbs. The sheer number of newly borrowed verbs from Latin ending in -ate later gave rise to -ate's productivity as a verbal suffix.
The same process also led to the systematic borrowing of Latin perfect passive participle of other kinds as English verbs. See dissect, delete, erase, applause (when older applaud) and exhaust: all borrowed from Latin participial stems of diverse conjugation groups. Compare also Basque -tu for similar development.

#### Suffix

-ate
* derives verbs (mostly) from Latin stems of various lexical categories
    formulate ← fōrmula
    masturbate ← masturbor
    phonate ← φωνή (phōnḗ)

##### Related terms

* -ation
* -ative
* -ator

### Etymology 3

From the substantivation of past participles from first conjugation Latin verbs; see Etymology 1. It grew to popularity after its morphological revival in French during the 14th century, where past participle-inherited substantives began to be Latinized (see French avoué and its re-Latinized version, avocat. Compare also English advocate with further re-Latinization). The older -é (avoué, employé) gave English -ee (employee).

#### Suffix

-ate
* (rare) forms nouns meaning "person or thing that is the object or subject of that performed verb"
    Synonym: -ee
    affiliate — “a person having been affiliated, affiliated”
    graduate — “a person having graduated, graduated”
* (biology) forms nouns meaning "specimen of a corresponding taxon ending in -ata"
    articulate — “An animal of the subkingdom Articulata”

##### Translations
### Etymology 4

From the substantivation of past participles from first conjugation Latin verbs; see Etymology 1. Used so to denote a product having been subjected to the said chemical and thus derived by it (e.g. plumbum acētātum (“acetated lead”) → acetate (“an acetated product; a salt or ester of acetic acid”)).

#### Suffix

-ate
* (chemistry) forms derivatives of specified elements or compounds; especially salts or esters of an acid whose name ends in -ic
    acetate — “a salt or ester of acetic acid”

##### Translations
### Etymology 5

From the Latin abstract-noun-forming suffix -ātus, -ātūs.

#### Suffix

-ate
* forms nouns denoting a rank or office
    emirate — “the office of an emir”
* forms nouns denoting the concrete charge, context of a rank or office
    emirate — “the realm of an emir”
* forms nouns denoting a group of officials associated with a rank or office
    triumvirate — “an official group of three men, triumvirs”
* forms nouns denoting a social or political system ruled by people or someone of a certain rank or office
    patriarchate — “a social system in which heads of household (patriarchs) hold the power”
* forms nouns denoting a state (government) ruled by people or someone of a certain rank or office
    emirate — “a state ruled by an emir”
* forms nouns denoting a state associated with one's social situation
    celibate — “the state of being a bachelor, celibacy”
    Synonym: -cy

##### Translations
### Anagrams

* eta, æt., eat, Tea, AET, aet, tea, a.e.t., ETA, aet., TEA

### References

* ↑ James A. H. Murray et al., editors (1884–1928), “-ate, suffix$^3$”, in A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (Oxford English Dictionary), volume I (A–B), London: Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 532, column 2.

## French
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /at/
* Audio:(file)

### Suffix

-ate m (plural -ates)
* (chemistry, in nouns) -ate
    ‎benzo- (“benzo-”) + ‎-ate → ‎benzoate (“benzoate”)

## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈa.te/
* Rhymes: -ate
* Hyphenation: -à‧te

### Etymology 1

Feminine plural of -ato. From Latin -ātās, feminine accusative plural of -ātus.

#### Suffix

-ate f pl (non-lemma form of past participle-forming suffix)
* used with a suffix to form the feminine plural past participle of regular -are verbs

#### Suffix

-ate f (proper noun-forming suffix)
* common suffix of various towns in Lombardy, that usually indicates belonging to a person or a family

### Etymology 2

From Latin -ātis (second-person plural present active indicative ending). The imperative comes from Latin -ate.

#### Suffix

-ate (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)
* used with a stem to form the second-person plural present and imperative of regular -are verbs

### Anagrams

* -eta, -età, eta, età

## Japanese
### Romanization

-ate
* Rōmaji transcription of あて

## Latin
### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈaː.te/, [ˈäːt̪ɛ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈa.te/, [ˈäːt̪e]

### Etymology 1
#### Suffix

-āte
* second-person plural present active imperative of -ō (first conjugation)

### Etymology 2
#### Suffix

-āte
* vocative masculine singular of -ātus

## Ojibwe
### Final

-ate
* be or be in an interior space, room, house

#### Related terms

* ate (“be (in a certain place)”)

#### See also

* biind- (“in, into, inside”)
* biinde (“be in something”)
* -ige (“act in relation to a dwelling”)

### References

* The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/ate-final

## Romanian
### Etymology

Feminine plural of -at; from Latin -ātae, feminine nominative plural of -ātus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈa.te/

### Suffix

-ate (masculine singular -at, feminine singular -ată, masculine plural -ați)
* used with a stem to form the feminine plural past participle of regular -a (first conjugation) verbs. (e.g. lăsate, măsurate, etc.)