# 鑑

| 鑑 | U+9451, &#37969; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9451 |
| ← 鑐 [U+9450] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 鑒 → [U+9452] |

## Translingual

| Traditional | 鑒 |
| Shinjitai | 鑑 |
| Simplified | 鉴 |

### Han character

鑑 (Kangxi radical 167, 金+14 in Chinese, 金+15 in Japanese, 22 strokes in Chinese, 23 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 金尸戈廿 (CSIT) or 金尸一廿 (CSMT), four-corner 8811$_7$, composition ⿰釒監)

### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1325, character 10
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 40988
* Dae Jaweon: page 1826, character 5
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4267, character 6
* Unihan data for U+9451

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 藍 | *ɡ·raːm |
| 襤 | *ɡ·raːm |
| 籃 | *ɡ·raːm |
| 懢 | *ɡ·raːm, *ɡ·raːms |
| 儖 | *ɡ·raːm |
| 蘫 | *ɡ·raːm, *qʰlaːms |
| 攬 | *ɡ·raːmʔ |
| 欖 | *ɡ·raːmʔ |
| 覽 | *ɡ·raːmʔ |
| 爁 | *ɡ·raːmʔ, *ɡ·raːms, *ɡ·rams |
| 擥 | *ɡ·raːmʔ |
| 灠 | *ɡ·raːmʔ |
| 濫 | *ɡ·raːms, *ɡraːmʔ |
| 嚂 | *ɡ·raːms, *kʰlaːms, *qʰlaːmʔ |
| 纜 | *ɡ·raːms |
| 監 | *kraːm, *kraːms |
| 礛 | *kraːm |
| 鑑 | *kraːm, *kraːms, *kraːms |
| 艦 | *ɡraːmʔ |
| 檻 | *ɡraːmʔ, *ɡraːms |
| 壏 | *ɡraːmʔ |
| 轞 | *ɡraːmʔ |
| 鹽 | *ɡ·lam, *ɡ·lams |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kraːm, *kraːms, *kraːms): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 監 (OC *kraːm, *kraːms).

### Definitions

* For pronunciation and definitions of 鑑 – see 鑒 (“mirror; to inspect; to examine; etc.”). (This character is a variant traditional form of 鑒).

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: けん (ken)
* Kan-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)
* Kun: かんがみる (kangamiru, 鑑みる, Jōyō)、かがみ (kagami, 鑑)
* Nanori: あき (aki)、あきら (akira)、かた (kata)、かね (kane)、しげ (shige)、のり (nori)、み (mi)、みる (miru)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 鑑
* かがみ Grade: S
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 鑒
From Old Japanese.
Extension of 鏡 (kagami, “mirror”), as such objects are usually seen as reflected like a mirror.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かがみ [kàgámíꜜ] (Odaka – [3])
* IPA: [ka̠ɡa̠mʲi]
* Audio:(file)

#### Noun

鑑(かがみ) • (kagami)
* an example, exemplar, model, pattern
    Synonyms: 亀鑑 (kikan), 手本 (tehon), 模範 (mohan)

##### Derived terms

* 鑑(かが)みる (kagamiru)
** 鑑(かんが)みる (kangamiru)
** 鑑(かが)む (kagamu)
*** 鑑(かんが)む (kangamu)
* 江戸(えど)鑑(かがみ) (Edo kagami)
* 亀(かめ)の鑑(かがみ) (kame no kagami)
* 古(こ)筆(ひつ)鑑(かがみ) (kohitsu kagami)
* 長者(ちょうじゃ)鑑(かがみ) (chōja kagami)
* 町人(ちょうにん)鑑(かがみ) (chōnin kagami)
* 手(て)鑑(かがみ) (tekagami)
* 判(はん)鑑(かがみ) (han kagami)
* 町(まち)鑑(かがみ) (machi kagami)
* 村(むら)鑑(かがみ) (mura kagami)
* 嫁(よめ)鑑(かがみ) (yome kagami)

#### Proper noun

鑑(かがみ) • (Kagami)
* a surname

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 鑑
* かん Grade: S
* kan'on
* Alternative spelling
* 鑒
/kam/ → /kamʉ/ → /kaɴ/
From Middle Chinese 鑒 (MC kaemH).

#### Noun

鑑(かん) • (kan)
* a kind of ancient Chinese bronzeware
* an example, exemplar, model, pattern

#### Affix

鑑(かん) • (kan)
* example, exemplar
* model, pattern
* inspect, examine
* evaluate

##### Derived terms

* 鑑査(かんさ) (kansa)
* 鑑識(かんしき) (kanshiki)
* 鑑賞(かんしょう) (kanshō)
* 鑑別(かんべつ) (kanbetsu)
* 鑑札(かんさつ) (kansatsu)
* 鑑定(かんてい) (kantei)
* 印鑑(いんかん) (inkan)
* 殷鑑(いんかん) (inkan)
* 亀鑑(きかん) (kikan)
* 鏡鑑(きょうかん) (kyōkan)
* 図鑑(ずかん) (zukan)
* 清鑑(せいかん) (seikan)
* 大鑑(たいかん) (taikan)
* 年鑑(ねんかん) (nenkan)
* 武鑑(ぶかん) (bukan)
* 名鑑(めいかん) (meikan)
* 明鑑(めいかん) (meikan)
* 門鑑(もんかん) (monkan)

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 鑑
* Grade: S
* nanori
Nominalization of the stem of adjective 明らか (akiraka, “clear”).

#### Proper noun

鑑(あきら) • (Akira)
* a male or female given name

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Alternative forms

* 鑒

### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 鑒 (MC kaemH). Recorded as Middle Korean 감〯 (kǎm) (Yale: kam) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

Wikisource 鑑 (eumhun 거울 감 (geoul gam))
* hanja form of 감 (“mirror; inspection”)

#### Compounds

* 감계 (鑑戒, gamgye, “take as a lesson”)
* 감별 (鑑別, gambyeol, “distinguishing”)
* 감상 (鑑賞, gamsang, “appreciation, enjoyment”)
* 감식 (鑑識, gamsik, “examination”)
* 감정 (鑑定, gamjeong, “appraisal”)
* 귀감 (龜鑑, gwigam, “self-criticism; object lesson”)
* 도감 (圖鑑, dogam, “an illustrated reference book”)
* 동의보감 (東醫寶鑑, Dong'uibogam, “Dongui Bogam”)
* 보감 (寶鑑, bogam, “an important book”)
* 연감 (年鑑, yeon'gam, “almanac; yearbook”)
* 인감 (印鑑, in'gam, “seal; stamp”)
* 통감 (通鑑, tonggam)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.
* Supreme Court of the Republic of Korea (대한민국 대법원, Daehanmin'guk Daebeobwon) (2018). Table of hanja for personal names (인명용 한자표 / 人名用漢字表, Inmyeong-yong hanja-pyo), page 1.

## Old Japanese
### Etymology

Extension of 鏡 (kagami$_1$, “mirror”), as such objects are usually seen as reflected like a mirror.

### Noun

鑑 (kagami$_1$) (kana かがみ)
* an example, exemplar, model, pattern
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 20, poem 4465:, text here
    ...美流比等乃可多里都芸弖低伎久比等能可我見爾世武乎......mi$_1$ru pi$_1$to$_2$ no$_2$ kataritugi$_1$tete ki$_1$ku pi$_1$to$_2$ no$_2$ kagami$_1$ ni semu wo...All who see will pass it down, all who hear will make it as a mirror.

#### Descendants

* Japanese: 鑑 (kagami)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Paula Doe (1982) A Warbler's Song in the Dusk: The Life and Work of Ōtomo Yakamochi (718-785), illustrated edition, University of California Press, →ISBN, page 225

## Vietnamese
### Han character

鑑: Hán Nôm readings: giám, gương
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.