# vos
## Afrikaans
### Etymology

Inherited from Dutch vos, from Middle Dutch vos, from Old Dutch fus, vus, from Proto-Germanic *fuhsaz.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /fɔs/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

vos (plural vosse, diminutive vossie)
* fox, carnivore of the tribe Vulpini

#### Derived terms

* skoolvos

## Aragonese
### Etymology

From Latin vos. Cognate to Catalan us, Spanish os and French vous.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈbos/
* Rhymes: -os
* Syllabification: vos

### Pronoun

vos
* you (second-person plural direct pronoun)
* (to) you (second-person plural indirect pronoun)

#### Synonyms

* tos

## Catalan
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin vōs.

### Pronunciation

* (Central) IPA: /bus/ (always unstressed)
* (Balearic) IPA: /vus/ (always unstressed)
* (Valencia) IPA: /vos/ (always unstressed)

### Pronoun

vos (enclitic, contracted us, proclitic us)
* you (plural, direct or indirect object)

#### Usage notes

* -vos is the full (plena) form of the pronoun. It is normally used after verbs ending with a consonant or ⟨u⟩.
    Heu de quedar-vos aquí. ― You must stay here.

#### Declension

$^1$ Behaves grammatically as plural.   $^2$ Behaves grammatically as third person. $^3$ Only as object of a preposition.   $^4$ Not before unstressed (h)i-, (h)u-.

### Further reading

* “vos” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
* “vos”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025
* “vos” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.

## Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈvos]

### Noun

vos f
* genitive plural of vosa

## Danish
### Pronoun

vos
* (dialectal) Pronunciation spelling of os.
** 1926, Adolph Stender, Skovtrold, Lindhardt og Ringhof, →ISBN:Næ, la' vos bare inte skave vos! (...) men saa øver vi vos imens! Naar han ser vos gennem Vindvet, kommer han nok herud ...(please add an English translation of this quotation)
** 1973, Bent Rying, Alice Kennebo, København og Københavns amt:Han har sæl brunget desse ur te vos; ...(please add an English translation of this quotation)
** 1906, Maglekilde fortæller: humoristiske fortællinger:Jeg ka' kons mindes een eneste Gang a' han roste vos, – de' var en Da' da han ha'de trukket vos rigtig igjennem i Geveereksersis; — — der var inte en tør Trevl paa vos, saatten ha'de vi maattet hænge i en tre, fire Timmer i et Slav.(please add an English translation of this quotation)

## Dutch
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /vɔs/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: vos
* Rhymes: -ɔs

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Middle Dutch vos, from Old Dutch fus, vus, from Proto-West Germanic *fuhs, from Proto-Germanic *fuhsaz.

#### Noun

vos m (plural vossen, diminutive vosje n, feminine vossin)
* fox, carnivore of the tribe Vulpini
* (particularly) red fox (Vulpes vulpes)
    Synonyms: gewone vos, rode vos
* fox fur
* a crafty, ingenious person
    Koen is een lepe vos, die laat zich niet in de luren leggen.Conrad is a sly fox who does not allow himself to be hoodwinked.
* horse with red or red-brown fur
* a tortoiseshell (any of various similar nymphalid butterflies)
    Hyponyms: kleine vos, grote vos

##### Derived terms

* Afghaanse vos
* brandvos
* een vos verliest wel zijn haren, maar niet zijn streken
* eilandvos
* gewone vos
* grijze vos
* grootoorvos
* grote vos
* kamavos
* kitvos
* kleine vos
* kortoorvos
* kruisvos
* moervos
* poolvos
* rode vos
* schoolvos
* sluw als een vos
* vosaap
* vosbelg
* vosbles
* vosgans
* voskleurig
* voskonijn
* vosrekel
* vosruin
* vosschaar
* vosschimmel
* vossen
* vossenbes
* vossengat
* vossengeschreeuw
* vossenhuid
* vossenjacht
* vossenkuil
* vossenstaart
* vossenval
* vossenvel
* woestijnvos
* zilvervos

##### Descendants

* Afrikaans: vos
* Jersey Dutch: vośe
* Negerhollands: vos

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

vos
* inflection of vossen:
** first-person singular present indicative
** (in case of inversion) second-person singular present indicative
** imperative

### Further reading

* “vos” in Woordenlijst Nederlandse Taal – Officiële Spelling, Nederlandse Taalunie. [the official spelling word list for the Dutch language]

## Fala
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese vos, from Latin vōs.

### Pronoun

vos m pl or f pl
* Second person plural nominative pronoun; you
* (Mañegu) First person plural dative and accusative pronoun; you

#### Usage notes

* In Mañegu voshotrus and voshotras are more commonly used as subject pronouns.
* Takes the form -vus when used as an object pronoun suffixed to an impersonal verb form.

#### See also

Dialects:  $^L$ Lagarteiru   $^M$ Mañegu   $^V$ Valverdeñu

### References

* Valeš, Miroslav (2021) Diccionariu de A Fala: lagarteiru, mañegu, valverdeñu (web)‎, 2nd edition, Minde, Portugal: CIDLeS, published 2022, →ISBN

## Franco-Provençal
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin vōs (nominative or accusative).

### Pronoun

vos (postpositive -vos) (ORB, broad)
* you (second-person plural nominative, accusative, dative, or tonic)

#### Derived terms

* se vos plét

#### See also

| singular | nominative | accusative | dative | tonic$^1$ | possessive$^2$ |
| 1st person | jo | mè | mè | mè | min |
| 2nd person | te | tè | tè | tè | tin |
| 3rd person masculine | il | lo / le | lui | lui | sin |
| 3rd person feminine | el | la | lyé | lyé | | sin |
| 3rd person neuter | o | o | y | — | sin |
| 3rd person reflexive | — | sè | sè | sè | | | sin |
| plural | nominative | accusative | dative | tonic$^1$ | possessive$^2$ |
| 1st person | nos | nos | nos | nos | noutro |
| 2nd person | vos | vos | vos | vos | voutro |
| 3rd person masculine | ils | los / les | lor | lor | lor |
| 3rd person feminine | els | les | lor / lyés | lor / lyés | | lor |
| 3rd person reflexive | — | sè | sè | sè | | | lor |
| $^1$ Disjunctive or object of a preposition. | $^1$ Disjunctive or object of a preposition. | $^2$ Generally preceded by a definite article. | $^2$ Generally preceded by a definite article. | $^2$ Generally preceded by a definite article. | $^2$ Generally preceded by a definite article. |

### References

* vous in DicoFranPro: Dictionnaire Français/Francoprovençal – on dicofranpro.llm.umontreal.ca
* vos in Lo trèsor Arpitan – on arpitan.eu

## French
### Etymology

Inherited from Old French vos, from Latin vostros (“your, plural accusative”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /vo/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -o
* Homophones: vaut, vaux, veau, veaux

### Determiner

vos pl
* plural of votre; your
    Vos parents sont très gentils.Your parents are very nice.

#### Related terms

| | | | Possessee | Possessee | Possessee |
| | | | singular | singular | plural |
| | | | m | f | plural |
| Possessor | singular | 1st | mon$^1$ | ma | mes |
| Possessor | singular | 2nd | ton$^1$ | ta | tes |
| Possessor | singular | 3rd | son$^1$ | sa | ses |
| Possessor | plural | 1st | notre | notre | nos |
| Possessor | plural | 2nd | votre$^2$ | votre$^2$ | vos$^2$ |
| Possessor | plural | 3rd | leur | leur | leurs |
    $^1$ Also used before feminine adjectives and nouns beginning with a vowel or mute h.
    $^2$ Also used as the polite singular form.
    For the singular persons there are gender-neutral neologisms man, tan, san. These are extremely rare.

### Further reading

* “vos”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Galician
### Pronoun

vos
* inflection of vós:
** accusative/dative
** reflexive

## Icelandic
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Norse vás, which is related to vaska (“to wash”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /vɔs/

### Noun

vos n (genitive singular voss, nominative plural vos)
* wetness, toil, fatigue (from storm, sea, frost, bad weather)

#### Declension
### References

* Mallet, P. H. (1847). Northern Antiquities, Or, an Historical Account of the Manners, Customs, Religion, and Laws, Maritime Expeditions and Discoveries, Language and Literature of the Ancient Scandinavians ... with a Translation of the Prose Edda from the Original Old Norse Text ... to which is Added, an Abstract of the Eyrbyggja Saga. United Kingdom: Bohn, p. 509

## Interlingua
### Etymology

From Latin vōs (“you, plural”).

### Pronoun

vos
* you (plural)

## Ladino
### Etymology

From Old Spanish vosotros.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /vos/

### Pronoun

vos (Hebrew spelling בﬞוס)
* you (formal singular, nominative and accusative)
* accusative of vozotros
* accusative of vozotras

## Latin
### Etymology

From Proto-Italic *wōs, from the oblique case forms of Proto-Indo-European *yū́.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /u̯oːs/, [u̯oːs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /vos/, [vɔs]

### Pronoun

vōs
* you, ye, you all; nominative/accusative/vocative plural of tū
** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.200–202:“Vōs et Scyllaeam rabiem penitusque sonantīs accēstis scopulōs, vōs et Cyclōpēa saxa expertī [...].”“You neared mad Scylla and heard the howls within her cliffs, and you experienced the rocks of the Cyclops.” (Note: “accestis” is a syncopated form of “accessistis.” The “vos et … vos et” repetition exemplifies anaphora.)

#### Usage notes

When used in the plural genitive, vestrī is used when it is the object of an action, especially when used with a gerund or gerundive. When used in such a construction, the gerund or gerundive takes on the masculine genitive singular. Vestrum is used as a partitive genitive, used in constructions such as (one of you).

#### Derived terms

* vōbīscum
* vōsmet

#### Descendants

* Aromanian: voi, voauã
* Catalan: vós, vosaltres
* Dalmatian: vu, voi
* Franco-Provençal: vos
* Friulian: vô, voaltris
* Italian: voi, voialtri
* Mirandese: bós
* Neapolitan: vuje
* Occitan: vos, vosautres
* Old French: vos
** Middle French: vous
*** French: vous
** Walloon: vos
* Old Galician-Portuguese: vos
** Galician: vós, vosoutros
** Portuguese: vós
* Romanian: voi, vouă
* Romansch: vus
* Sardinian: bosatrus
* Sicilian: vui, vuàutri
* Spanish: vos, vosotros, os

#### See also
### References

* “vos”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “vos”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "vos", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* vos in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. picture to yourselves the circumstances: ante oculos vestros (not vobis) res gestas proponite not to be prolix: ne diutius vos demorer

## Lithuanian
### Etymology

Cognate with Proto-Slavic *(j)edъva (“barely”); see there for more.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [vos]

### Adverb

võs (not comparable)
* hardly, barely

#### Derived terms

* advos
* vos ne vos
* vos tik
* vos vos

### References

* ↑ Derksen, Rick (2015) “vos”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 510

## Middle Dutch
### Etymology

From Old Dutch fus, vus, from Proto-West Germanic *fuhs.

### Noun

vos m
* fox, red fox

#### Inflection

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

#### Derived terms

* vossinne

#### Descendants

* Dutch: vos
** Afrikaans: vos
** Jersey Dutch: vośe
** Negerhollands: vos
* Limburgish: vósj

### Further reading

* “vos”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
* Verwijs, E., Verdam, J. (1885–1929) “vos”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN

## Occitan
### Etymology

From Old Occitan vos, from Latin vōs (“you, plural”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /vus/
* Audio:(file)

### Pronoun

vos
* to you (second-person plural indirect object pronoun)
* yourselves (second-person plural reflexive pronoun)

## Old French
### Alternative forms

* vous
* vus

### Etymology

From Latin vōs (“you, plural”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /vus/

### Pronoun

vos
* you (second-person plural or second-person singular polite subject pronoun)
** c. 1170, Chrétien de Troyes, Érec et Énide:Que vos puissiez cest blasme estaindreThat you may be able to get rid of this blame
* your (second-person plural or second-person singular polite possessive pronoun)
* yourself (second-person plural or second-person singular polite reflexive pronoun)
* you (second-person plural or second-person singular polite object pronoun)
** c. 1176, Chrétien de Troyes, Cligès:qant je vos voi de tel menierewhen I see you in such a state

#### Descendants

* Middle French: vous
** French: vous
* Walloon: vos

## Old Occitan
### Etymology

From Latin vōs (“you, plural”).

### Pronoun

vos
* you (plural or polite form)

#### Descendants

* Occitan: vos

## Piedmontese
### Alternative forms

* vus

### Etymology

From Latin vōx.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /vus/

### Noun

vos f (plural vos)
* voice

## Portuguese
### Etymology

From Latin vōs.

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /vus/
* (Brazil) IPA: /vus/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /vuʃ/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /vos/
* (Portugal) IPA: /vuʃ/
* (Portugal) IPA: /vuʃ/
** (Northern Portugal) IPA: /buʃ/
* Hyphenation: vos

### Pronoun

vos
* objective of vós
    É por isso que vos digo que...That is why I tell you (all) that...

#### See also

Portuguese personal pronouns :
| Number | Person | Nominative (subject) | Nominative (subject) | Accusative (direct object) | Accusative (direct object) | Dative (indirect object) | Prepositional | Prepositional | Prepositional with com | Prepositional with com | Non-declining | Non-declining |
| Number | Person | m | f | m | f | m and f | m | f | m | f | m | f |
| Singular | First | eu | eu | me | me | me | mim | mim | comigo | comigo | | |
| Singular | Second | tu | tu | te | te | te | ti | ti | contigo | contigo | você | você |
| Singular | Second | tu | tu | te | te | te | ti | ti | contigo | contigo | o senhor | a senhora |
| Singular | Third | ele | ela | o (lo, no) | a (la, na) | lhe | ele | ela | com ele | com ela | o mesmo | a mesma |
| Singular | Third | ele | ela | se | se | se | si | si | consigo | consigo | | o mesmo | a mesma |
| Plural | First | nós | nós | nos | nos | nos | nós | nós | connosco (Portugal) conosco (Brazil) | connosco (Portugal) conosco (Brazil) | a gente | a gente |
| Plural | Second | vós | vós | vos | vos | vos | vós | vós | convosco, com vós | convosco, com vós | vocês | vocês |
| Plural | Second | vós | vós | vos | vos | vos | vós | vós | convosco, com vós | convosco, com vós | os senhores | as senhoras |
| Plural | Third | eles | elas | os (los, nos) | as (las, nas) | lhes | eles | elas | com eles | com elas | os mesmos | as mesmas |
| Plural | Third | eles | elas | se | se | se | si | si | consigo | consigo | | os mesmos | as mesmas |
| Indefinite | Indefinite | | | se | se | se | si | si | consigo | consigo | | |

## Sardinian
### Alternative forms

* bos

### Etymology

From Latin vōs, from Proto-Italic *wōs, from the oblique case forms of Proto-Indo-European *yū́ (“you”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bos/, /vos/ (in certain Nuorese towns)

### Pronoun

vos (possessive vostru)
* you (plural), ye
    Synonyms: vois, vosateros

## Slovene
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ǫsъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʋóːs/

### Noun

vọ̑s m inan
* (obsolete) hair
* (obsolete) moustache

### Further reading

* “vos”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU (in Slovene), 2014–2025

## Spanish
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin vōs (“you, plural”), from Old Latin vōs, from Proto-Italic *wōs.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈbos/ [ˈbos]
* Rhymes: -os
* Syllabification: vos

### Pronoun

vos
* (archaic) an elevated form of you, either singular or plural
    Vos, doña Juana, sois caritativa.(please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (parts of Latin America, Chavacano-speaking areas in the Philippines) a form of you, singular
    Synonym: tú

#### Derived terms

* ay ve vos
* voseante
* vosear
* voseo

#### Descendants

* Chavacano: vos (vulgar)

### See also

| | | | | nominative | dative | accusative | disjunctive |
| first person | singular | singular | singular | yo | me | me | mí$^1$ |
| first person | plural | masculine$^2$ | masculine$^2$ | nosotros | nos | nos | nosotros |
| first person | plural | feminine | feminine | nosotras | nos | nos | nosotras |
| second person | singular | tuteo | tuteo | tú | te | te | ti$^1$ |
| second person | singular | voseo | voseo | vos | te | te | vos |
| second person | singular | formal$^3$ | formal$^3$ | usted | le, se$^4$ | lo/la$^5$ | usted |
| second person | plural | familiar$^6$ | masculine$^2$ | vosotros | os | os | vosotros |
| second person | plural | familiar$^6$ | feminine | vosotras | os | os | vosotras |
| second person | plural | formal/general$^3$ | formal/general$^3$ | ustedes | les, se$^4$ | los/las$^5$ | ustedes |
| third person | singular | masculine$^2$ | masculine$^2$ | él | le, se$^4$ | lo | él |
| third person | singular | feminine | feminine | ella | le, se$^4$ | la | ella |
| third person | singular | neuter | neuter | ello$^7$ | le, se$^4$ | lo | ello |
| third person | plural | masculine$^2$ | masculine$^2$ | ellos | les, se$^4$ | los | ellos |
| third person | plural | feminine | feminine | ellas | les, se$^4$ | las | ellas |
| third person | reflexive | reflexive | reflexive | — | se | se | sí$^1$ |
* Not used with con; conmigo, contigo, and consigo are used instead, respectively
* Like other masculine Spanish words, masculine Spanish pronouns can be used when the gender of the subject is unknown or when the subject is plural and of mixed gender.
* Treated as if it were third-person for purposes of conjugation and reflexivity
* If le or les precedes lo, la, los, or las in a clause, it is replaced with se (e.g., Se lo dije instead of Le lo dije)
* Depending on the implicit gender of the object being referred to
* Used primarily in Spain
* Used only in rare circumstances

### Further reading

* “vos”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

## Walloon
### Etymology

Inherited from Old French vos, from Latin vōs (“you, plural”), from Proto-Italic *wōs.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /vɔ/

### Pronoun

vos
* you (singular)
* you (plural)

#### Synonyms

* (plural): vozôtes