# hel
## Danish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /heːˀl/, [ˈhe̝ˀl]

### Etymology 1

From Old Norse heill, from Proto-Germanic *hailaz (“whole, sound”), cognate with English whole, German heil, Dutch heel, Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 (hails).

#### Adjective

hel (neuter helt, plural and definite singular attributive hele)
* whole, entire, complete, full (undivided, with all elements)
* whole, intact, undamaged (not broken)
* the hour, top of the hour (at the start of a new hour)
* entire (Used to indicate that an amount is considered large.)
** 2012, Jan Sonnergaard, Trilogien, Gyldendal A/S, →ISBN:Man kan være så frygteligt alene i måneder, hele måneder ad gangen, og gøre stort set alt hvad der står i éns magt for at komme i kontakt.One can be so terribly alone for months, entire months at a time, and do practically anything in one's power to get in contact.
** 2012, Ib Melchior, Spionjæger - en dansk kontraspions bedrifter i den amerikanske hær under 2. verdenskrig, Lindhardt og Ringhof, →ISBN:Jeg så en mand, der holdt sin Soldbuch frem til samtlige GI'er, der gik forbi i en hel halv time, og ingen tog notits af ham.I saw a man who held out his Soldbuch to every single GI who want past him for an entire half hour, and no one took any notice of him.

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

hel
* imperative of hele

## Dutch
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɦɛl/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: hel
* Rhymes: -ɛl

### Etymology 1

From Middle Dutch helle, from Old Dutch hella, from Proto-West Germanic *hallju, from Proto-Germanic *haljō, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover, hide, conceal”).

#### Noun

hel f (plural hellen, diminutive helletje n)
* (religion, mythology) hell, an infernal afterlife
    Synonyms: poel, jammerpoel
    Ik hoop dat je zal branden in de hel. ― I hope you will burn in hell.
* (figurative) a terrible place or ordeal
    Hij maakte daarmee haar leven tot een hel. ― With that he made her life into a hell.

##### Derived terms

* hellemoer
* helleveeg
* hels

##### Descendants

* Negerhollands: hel, hei

### Etymology 2

Probably borrowed from German hell (“shining, very light”).

#### Adjective

hel (comparative heller, superlative helst)
* bright
    Synonym: helder

##### Declension
### Etymology 3

See hal.

#### Noun

hel n or f (plural hellen, diminutive helletje n)
* Alternative form of hal (“frozen spot”)

### Etymology 4

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

hel
* inflection of hellen:
** first-person singular present indicative
** (in case of inversion) second-person singular present indicative
** imperative

### References

* van Veen, P.A.F., van der Sijs, Nicoline (1997) Etymologisch woordenboek: de herkomst van onze woorden (in Dutch), Utrecht, Antwerpen: Van Dale Lexicografie, →ISBN

## Icelandic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /hɛːl/
* Rhymes: -ɛːl

### Etymology 1

From Old Norse hel, from Proto-Germanic *haljō, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover, hide, conceal”).

#### Noun

hel f (genitive singular heljar, no plural)
* hell (underworld), [[death]

#### Usage notes

* The dative helju also occurs, mainly in the phrase heimta úr helju.
* The word is normally not used with suffixed article, but the genitive definite form, heljarinnar, occurs as an intensifier (meaning something like “hell of a”).

#### Declension

$^1$In set phrases.

#### Related terms

* helvíti

## Limburgish
### Etymology 1

From Early Modern Limburgish hèl, from Middle Dutch helle.

#### Alternative forms

* hèl (older variant, Moelingen)
* Höll (Eupen, Krefeld)
* Héll (Eupen)

#### Noun

hel f
* hell
* (figuratively) a bad place to be
    Synonym: verdommenis

### Etymology 2

From earlier helle.

#### Alternative forms

* héll (Eupen)
* hell (Krefeld)

#### Adjective

hel (comparative helder, superlative hels, predicative superlative 't hèls)
* hard, tough, difficult
* hard, rough, pointed
* hard, heavy
* hard, solid
* loud

## Middle English
### Etymology 1
#### Noun

hel
* Alternative form of hele (“health”)

### Etymology 2
#### Proper noun

hel
* Alternative form of helle

## Northern Kurdish
### Noun

hel f
* solution

#### Synonyms

* çare
* çareserî

#### Derived terms

* hel bûn
* hel kirin
* helbûn
* helkirin
* helbûyî
* helkirî

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology 1

From Old Norse heill (“whole, complete”), from Proto-Germanic *hailaz.

#### Alternative forms

* heil

#### Adjective

hel (neuter singular helt, definite singular and plural hele)
* whole, unbroken
    Hun har ikke røykt på en hel uke.She hasn't smoked for a whole week.
    Jeg vet ikke, hele denne greia virker litt risikabel for meg.I don't know, this whole thing seems a little risky to me.
    Jeg tror ikke han forstår hvorfor, Harry, men han hadde det så travelt med å kveste sin egen sjel at han aldri tok seg tid til å forstå den uforliknelige kraft i en sjel som er uplettet og hel. (from page 463 of the Norwegian translation of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Harry Potter og Halvblodsprinsen)I do not think he understands why, Harry, but he was in such a hurry to mutilate his own soul, he never paused to understand the incomparable power of a soul that is untarnished and whole. (from page 478 of the original British version of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince)
* pure, all
    Jeg fikk tak i en genser i hel ull, den blir god å ha når vinteren kommer.I got myself a pure wool sweater, it'll come in handy when winter arrives.
* (used as a noun) it, all of it, the whole/entire thing
    Og det beste ved det hele er at jeg slipper å se deg i to, hele måneder!And the best part of it is that I don't have to see you for two whole months!

##### Synonyms
###### whole, unbroken, pure

* frelst
* fullkommen
* fullstendig
* ganske
* gjennomgripende
* grundig
* helskinnet
* intakt
* komplett
* med hud og hår
* ren, rein
* reservasjonsløs
* samfull
* total
* ubeskåret
* ublandet
* ubrutt
* udelt
* urørt
* uskadd
* uskiftet
* utslagen

##### Derived terms

See also terms derived from heil
* den hele og fulle sannhet
* helautomatisk
* hele børsposter
* hele greia
* hele hurven
* hele sulamitten
* helhet
* helhjertet
* helmelk
* helskinnet
* helsvart
* heltall
* heltid
* heltrukket
* helårs
* i det hele tatt
* i det store og hele
* ikke i det hele tatt

### Etymology 2
#### Verb

hel
* imperative of hele

### References

* “hel” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
* “hel” in The Ordnett Dictionary
* Harry Potter og Halvblodsprinsen, →ISBN. Norwegian translation of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince by Torstein Bugge Høverstad.
* Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, →ISBN, by J.K. Rowling

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

From Old Norse hel, from Proto-Germanic *haljō, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover, hide, conceal”). Cognate with Faroese and Icelandic hel.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [hɛ̝ːl], [hɛ̝ːɽ]
* Homophone: Hel

### Noun

hel f
* death, underworld
    i hel ― to death
* (Norse mythology) Hel (the realm of the dead who did not die in combat)
    Synonyms: helheim, daudeheim, dauderike

#### Derived terms

* i hel

#### Related terms

* Hel (“goddess of the death realm”)
* helauga
* helblakk (“pale as a corpse”)
* helborg (“death realm”)
* helfar (“cause of death”)
* helferd (“moment of death”)
* helgrind (“gates of the death realm”)
* helheim(en) (“(the) death realm”)
* helherre (“lord of the death, devil”)
* helhest (“horse with three legs and no head”)
* helhund (“Cerberus”)
* helhunger (“strong hunger felt before death”)
* helhær, helher (“army from the death realm”)
* heljar- (e.g. heljarkjøp “hell of a purchase”)
* helkjerring (“death goddess”)
* helkunst
* helmann (“sorcerer with help from the death realm”)
* helmaur, helmott (“itching from a deadly illness”)
* helnatt
* helorar (“bewilderment”)
* helord (“cruel words”)
* helsott (“deadly illness”)
* helstikke
* helsynt (“foreseeing one’s death”)
* heltroll, heltuss (“demon”)
* helvete (“hell”)

### References

* “hel” in The Ordnett Dictionary
* “hel” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Old English
### Alternative forms

* hell

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /xel/, [hel]

### Noun

hel f
* Alternative form of hell

#### Declension

Strong ō-stem:

## Old Frisian
### Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *hail, from Proto-Germanic *hailaz, from Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂ilos. Cognates include Old English hāl, Old Saxon hēl and Old Dutch heil.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈheːl/, [ˈhɛːl]

### Adjective

hēl
* whole

#### Descendants

* Saterland Frisian: heel
* West Frisian: hiel

#### References

* Bremmer, Rolf H. (2009) An Introduction to Old Frisian: History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN

## Old Norse
### Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *haljō. Doublet of Hel.

### Noun

hel f (genitive heljar, dative helju)
* (Germanic paganism) the underworld, personified the goddess of the same name
* (Christianity) Hell

#### Declension

Note the -u in the dative singular.

#### Related terms

* helvíti

#### Descendants

* Icelandic: hel
* Faroese: hel
* Norwegian Nynorsk: hel
** → Norwegian Bokmål: hel
* ⇒ Old Norse: í hel
** Icelandic: í hel
** Norwegian Nynorsk: i hel, ihel-
** Old Swedish: i häl, ihiäl
*** Swedish: ihjäl, ihäl
** Old Danish: i hæl, i hiel
*** Danish: ihjel
**** Norwegian Bokmål: i hjel, ihjel-

### Further reading

* Zoëga, Geir T. (1910) “hel”, in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press; also available at the Internet Archive

## Old Saxon
### Etymology 1

From Proto-West Germanic *hallju, from Proto-Germanic *haljō, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover, hide, conceal”).

#### Noun

hel f
* hell

##### Alternative forms

* hellja, hellia

##### Derived terms

* hellifiur
* helligithwing
* heldor
* helliporta
* helsith
* helligrund
* helliwīti

##### Descendants

* Middle Low German: helle
** German Low German: Helle, Hölle, Hell, Höll
** Westphalian:
    Sauerländisch: Helle
    Westmünsterländisch: Helle f, Hell m
** Plautdietsch: Hal

### Etymology 2

From Proto-West Germanic *hail, from Proto-Germanic *hailaz.

#### Adjective

hēl
* whole, hale

##### Descendants

* Middle Low German: hêl, heil
** Low German: hel, heel, heil

### Etymology 3

From Proto-West Germanic *hail, from Proto-Germanic *hailaz, a noun of similar derivation to the above adjective.

#### Noun

hēl n
* omen

##### Descendants

* Middle Low German: hēl

## Papiamentu
### Etymology

From Dutch geel.

### Adjective

hel
* yellow

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈxɛl/
* (Greater Poland):
** (Kociewie) IPA: /ˈxɛl/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛl
* Syllabification: hel
* Homophone: Hel

### Etymology 1

Learned borrowing from New Latin hēlium.

#### Noun

hel m inan (related adjective helowy)
* helium (second lightest chemical element (symbol He) with an atomic number of 2 and atomic weight of 4.002602, a colorless, odorless, and inert noble gas)

##### Derived terms

* helowiec

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Perhaps related to Hel”)

#### Noun

hel m inan
* (Kociewie, Malbork) airy, high place

##### Alternative forms

* hél (Kociewie)

### Further reading

* hel in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* hel in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* hel in PWN's encyclopedia
* Dr Nadmorski (Józef Łęgowski) (1889) “hel”, in “Spis wyrazów właściwych gwarze malborskiej i kociewskiej”, in Wisła. Miesięcznik Geograficzno-Etnograficzny (in Polish), volume 3 z.4, page 744

## Somali
### Verb

hel
* to like
* to find

## Swedish
### Etymology

From Old Norse heill, from Proto-Germanic *hailaz.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /heːl/, [ˈheə̯l̪]
* Audio:(file)

### Adjective

hel (comparative helare, superlative helast)
* (only attributively) (the) whole
    Hela huset brann nerThe whole house burned down
    Jag skulle kunna äta en hel elefantI could eat an entire elephant
* whole (intact, not broken)
    Fönstret är heltThe window isn't broken
* (as a prefix) completely, totally, full, whole

#### Declension

$^1$ The indefinite superlative forms are only used in the predicative. $^2$ Dated or archaic. $^3$ Only used, optionally, to refer to things whose natural gender is masculine.

#### Related terms

* helt

### References

* hel in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* hel in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* hel in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

## Welsh
### Alternative forms

* hela, hely

### Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *selgā, from Proto-Indo-European *selǵ- (“let loose, send”). Cognate with Old Irish selg.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /hɛl/
* Rhymes: -ɛl

### Verb

hel (first-person singular present helaf, not mutable)
* (North Wales) to send, to drive, to chase
* (North Wales) to collect, to gather
* (North Wales) to frequent, to visit often

#### Conjugation

| | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural | impersonal | impersonal |
| | first | second | third | first | second | third | impersonal | impersonal |
| present indicative/future | helaf | heli | hela | helwn | helwch | helant | helir |
| imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/ conditional | helwn | helit | helai | helem | helech | helent | helid |
| preterite | helais | helaist | helodd | helasom | helasoch | helasant | helwyd |
| pluperfect | helaswn | helasit | helasai | helasem | helasech | helasent | helasid, helesid |
| present subjunctive | helwyf | helych | helo | helom | heloch | helont | heler |
| imperative | — | hela | heled | helwn | helwch | helent | heler |
| verbal noun | hel | hel | hel | hel | hel | hel | hel |
| verbal adjectives | heledig heladwy | heledig heladwy | heledig heladwy | heledig heladwy | heledig heladwy | heledig heladwy | heledig heladwy |
| Inflected colloquial forms | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural |
| Inflected colloquial forms | first | second | third | first | second | third |
| future | hela i, helaf i | heli di | helith o/e/hi, heliff e/hi | helwn ni | helwch chi | helan nhw |
| conditional | helwn i, helswn i | helet ti, helset ti | helai fo/fe/hi, helsai fo/fe/hi | helen ni, helsen ni | helech chi, helsech chi | helen nhw, helsen nhw |
| preterite | helais i, heles i | helaist ti, helest ti | helodd o/e/hi | helon ni | heloch chi | helon nhw |
| imperative | — | hela | — | — | helwch | — |
| Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh. |||||||

#### Synonyms

* (to send): danfon, gyrru, anfon
* (to collect): casglu, crynhoi
* (to frequent): mynychu, ymweld

#### Derived terms

* helgi (“hound”)
* helwr (“hunter”)

#### Related terms

* hala

### References

* ↑ R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “hel”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

## West Frisian
### Etymology

From Old Frisian helle, from Proto-West Germanic *hallju.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /hɛl/

### Noun

hel c (plural [please provide])
* hell

#### Further reading

* “hel”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011

## Yola
### Etymology

From Middle English halle, from Old English hol.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /hɛl/

### Adjective

hel
* hollow

#### Derived terms

* Hel-teoun

### References

* Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828) William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published 1867, page 45