# 社

| 社 | U+793E, &#31038; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-793E |
| ← 礽 [U+793D] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 礿 → [U+793F] |
| 社 | U+FA4C, &#64076; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA4C |
| ← 碑 [U+FA4B] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 祉 → [U+FA4D] |
| ㊓ | U+3293, &#12947; CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH SOCIETY |
| ← ㊒ [U+3292] | Enclosed CJK Letters and Months | ㊔ → [U+3294] |

## Translingual
### Han character

社 (Kangxi radical 113, 示+3, 7 strokes, cangjie input 戈火土 (IFG), four-corner 3421$_0$, composition ⿰礻土)

#### Derived characters

* 𠶈, 𮆠, 䀅, 𨧽

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 839, character 26
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24631
* Dae Jaweon: page 1257, character 2
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2386, character 7
* Unihan data for U+793E
* Unihan data for U+FA4C

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 社 :
| Warring States | Warring States | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Ancient script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 社 | *ɦljaːʔ |
| 肚 | *ʔl'aːʔ, *l'aːʔ |
| 土 | *l̥ʰaːʔ, *l'aːʔ |
| 吐 | *l̥ʰaːʔ, *l̥ʰaːs |
| 芏 | *l̥ʰaːʔ |
| 杜 | *l'aːʔ |
| 靯 | *l'aːʔ |
| 荰 | *l'aːʔ |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 示 (“god; deity”) + 土 (“soil”)

### Etymology

Probably related to 土 (OC *l̥ʰaːʔ, “earth, soil”); Takashima (2004) considers them an etymological doublet.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shè (she$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄕㄜˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): se$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): sa
    (Meixian, Guangdong): sa$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): ià
* Eastern Min (BUC): siâ
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): sia$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): siā / siǎ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): sia$^6$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^6$zo / $^6$zuei
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): she$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shè
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄜˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shè
*** Wade–Giles: shê$^4$
*** Yale: shè
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sheh
*** Palladius: шэ (šɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂɤ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: se$^5$
*** Yale: séh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: se$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sé$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɛː¹³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sa
*** Hakka Romanization System: sa
*** Hagfa Pinyim: sa$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /sa⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: sa$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /sa⁴⁴/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ià
*** Sinological IPA : /ia⁴²/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: siâ
*** Sinological IPA : /siɑ²⁴²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: sia$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬia²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siā
*** Tâi-lô: siā
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sia
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /sia²²/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /sia³³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siǎ
*** Tâi-lô: siǎ
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /sia²²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: sia$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: siă
*** Sinological IPA : /sia³⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai, Suzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^6$zo
*** MiniDict: zo$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$zo
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zo²³/
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /zo²³¹/
** (Northern: Hangzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^6$zuei
*** MiniDict: zuei$^去$
*** Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /zzʷei¹¹³/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: she$^4$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ʂɤ̞⁴⁵/
*** Sinological IPA (new-style): /sɤ̞⁴⁵/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit社 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ʂɤ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ʂɤ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /ʂɤ⁵³/ /sɤ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /ʂə²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /ʃə⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ʂʐ̩ɛ³¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /ʂɤ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /ʂɛ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ʂə¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ʂə¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ʂɤ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /sɤ³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /se¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /t͡se²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ʂə²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /ʂae⁴⁴/ /ʂe⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /ʂe⁵³/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /sɤ⁴⁵/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /ʂʐ̩e̞³⁵/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /sɤ⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /zo²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /zo³¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /zz̩ʷei¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /zei³⁵/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /ɕie³⁵/ /ɕia³⁵/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /ɕia²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /ʂə⁵⁵/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ʂe⁵⁵/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /sɑ²¹/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /sa⁴⁴/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /ʃɑ⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /sɛ²³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /sɛ²⁴/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /sɛ¹³/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /sia²²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /sia²⁴²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /ia⁴²/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /sia³⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /te³³/ /se³⁵/ 俗 |
* Middle Chinese: dzyaeX
Rime :
| Character | 社 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 常 (25) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (100) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 常者切 |
| Baxter | dzyaeX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡ʑia$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡ʑia$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡ʑia$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡ʑia$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ʑia$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ʑĭa$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʑi̯a$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shè |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | se$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*m-tʰAʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɦljaːʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 社 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | shè |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dzyæ$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*m-tʰAʔ/ |
| English | sacrifice to the spirit of the soil |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 社 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 12497 |
| Phonetic component | 土 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 社 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɦljaːʔ/ |

### Definitions

社
* (historical) god of the soil
    From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
    Gònggōng shì zhī bà Jiǔzhōu yě, qí zǐ yuē hòutǔ, néng píng Jiǔzhōu, gù sì yǐwéi shè. [Pinyin]
    Hou-tu, a son of the line of Gong-gong, that swayed the nine provinces, who was able to reduce them all to order, and was sacrificed to as the spirit of the ground.
* (historical) altar for offering sacrifices to the god of the soil
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Zhāozǐ yuē: “Rì yǒu shí zhī, tiānzǐ bùjǔ, fágǔ yú shè, zhūhóu yòng bì yú shè, fágǔ yú cháo, lǐ yě.” [Pinyin]
    Zhaozi said, "On the occurrence of an eclipse, the son of Heaven does not have his table fully spread, and causes the drum to be beaten at the altar of the land, while the princes of States present offerings of silk at that altar, and cause the drum to be beaten in their courts. This is the rule".
* (historical) festival for offering sacrifices to the god of the soil
    春社 ― chūnshè ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (historical) to offer sacrifices to the god of the soil
    From: The Book of Documents, circa 4th – 3rd century BCE
    Yuè yìrì wùwǔ, nǎi shè yú xīnyì. Niú yī, yáng yī, shǐ yī. [Pinyin]
    and on the morrow, Wu-wu, at the altar to the spirit of the land in the new city, he sacrificed a bull, a ram, and a boar.
* (historical) an ancient grass-root administrative unit
* organized body; society; association
    結社／结社 ― jiéshè ― to form an association
    報社／报社 ― bàoshè ― newspaper publisher; newspaper office
* agency (used for certain agencies that provide services)
    旅行社 ― lǚxíngshè ― travel agency
* a surname, She
* (in Vietnam) commune (third level division along with wards and commune-level towns)

### Compounds

* 一社 (Yīshè)
* 下流社會 / 下流社会
* 中介社團 / 中介社团
* 中社 (Zhōngshè)
* 二社 (Èrshè)
* 人民公社 (rénmín gōngshè)
* 住宅旅社
* 傳統社會 / 传统社会
* 僑社 / 侨社
* 公社 (gōngshè)
* 出社會 / 出社会
* 功在社稷
* 博社 (Bóshè)
* 原始社會 / 原始社会 (yuánshǐ shèhuì)
* 合作社 (hézuòshè)
* 吟社
* 圓社 / 圆社
* 團社 / 团社
* 城狐社鼠
* 報社 / 报社 (bàoshè)
* 塔斯社 (Tǎsīshè)
* 大同社會 / 大同社会
* 大眾社會 / 大众社会
* 大社 (Dàshè)
* 婚友社
* 宗社 (zōngshè)
* 封建社會 / 封建社会 (fēngjiàn shèhuì)
* 封閉社會 / 封闭社会
* 小康社會 / 小康社会 (xiǎokāng shèhuì)
* 屋社
* 崇她社
* 工商社會 / 工商社会
* 工業社會 / 工业社会
* 巴黎公社 (Bālí Gōngshè)
* 幾社 / 几社
* 徵信社 / 征信社
* 扶輪社 / 扶轮社 (fúlúnshè)
* 新社 (Xīnshè)
* 新社區 / 新社区
* 新華社 / 新华社 (Xīnhuáshè)
* 旅社 (lǚshè)
* 旅行社 (lǚxíngshè)
* 春社 (chūnshè)
* 書社 / 书社 (shūshè)
* 書香社會 / 书香社会 (shūxiāng shèhuì)
* 曹社之謀 / 曹社之谋
* 會社 / 会社 (huìshè)
* 服務社 / 服务社 (fúwùshè)
* 株式會社 / 株式会社 (zhūshì huìshè)
* 棋社
* 榆社 (Yúshè)
* 民社
* 法新社 (Fǎxīnshè)
* 玄社
* 甓社湖
* 甓社珠
* 番社
* 白蓮社 / 白莲社
* 示範社區 / 示范社区
* 社交 (shèjiāo)
* 社交舞
* 社倉 / 社仓
* 社公 (shègōng)
* 社區 / 社区 (shèqū)
* 社區意識 / 社区意识
* 社區服務 / 社区服务 (shèqū fúwù)
* 社區發展 / 社区发展
* 社區資源 / 社区资源
* 社區電視 / 社区电视
* 社區電臺 / 社区电台
* 社員 / 社员 (shèyuán)
* 社團 / 社团 (shètuán)
* 社學 / 社学
* 社家
* 社工 (shègōng)
* 社戲 / 社戏 (shèxì)
* 社教
* 社日 (shèrì)
* 社會 / 社会 (shèhuì)
* 社會主義 / 社会主义 (shèhuì zhǔyì)
* 社會互動 / 社会互动 (shèhuì hùdòng)
* 社會保險 / 社会保险 (shèhuì bǎoxiǎn)
* 社會價值 / 社会价值
* 社會分工 / 社会分工 (shèhuì fēngōng)
* 社會制度 / 社会制度 (shèhuì zhìdù)
* 社會化 / 社会化 (shèhuìhuà)
* 社會問題 / 社会问题 (shèhuì wèntí)
* 社會地位 / 社会地位 (shèhuì dìwèi)
* 社會壓力 / 社会压力
* 社會失調 / 社会失调
* 社會契約 / 社会契约 (shèhuì qìyuē)
* 社會學 / 社会学 (shèhuìxué)
* 社會安全 / 社会安全
* 社會局 / 社会局
* 社會工作 / 社会工作 (shèhuì gōngzuò)
* 社會建設 / 社会建设
* 社會心理 / 社会心理
* 社會性 / 社会性 (shèhuìxìng)
* 社會意識 / 社会意识
* 社會成本 / 社会成本
* 社會控制 / 社会控制
* 社會改革 / 社会改革 (shèhuì gǎigé)
* 社會政策 / 社会政策 (shèhuì zhèngcè)
* 社會救助 / 社会救助
* 社會救濟 / 社会救济
* 社會教育 / 社会教育
* 社會整合 / 社会整合
* 社會新聞 / 社会新闻
* 社會方言 / 社会方言 (shèhuì fāngyán)
* 社會服務 / 社会服务 (shèhuì fúwù)
* 社會活動 / 社会活动
* 社會現象 / 社会现象 (shèhuì xiànxiàng)
* 社會病態 / 社会病态
* 社會發展 / 社会发展
* 社會福利 / 社会福利 (shèhuì fúlì)
* 社會科學 / 社会科学 (shèhuì kēxué)
* 社會秩序 / 社会秩序 (shèhuì zhìxù)
* 社會立法 / 社会立法
* 社會群島 / 社会群岛 (Shèhuì Qúndǎo)
* 社會群體 / 社会群体
* 社會行為 / 社会行为 (shèhuì xíngwéi)
* 社會規範 / 社会规范 (shèhuì guīfàn)
* 社會角色 / 社会角色
* 社會調查 / 社会调查
* 社會調適 / 社会调适
* 社會變遷 / 社会变迁
* 社會賢達 / 社会贤达
* 社會運動 / 社会运动
* 社會關係 / 社会关系
* 社會階級 / 社会阶级 (shèhuì jiējí)
* 社會革命 / 社会革命
* 社會風氣 / 社会风气 (shèhuì fēngqì)
* 社會體系 / 社会体系
* 社櫟 / 社栎
* 社火 (shèhuǒ)
* 社稷 (shèjì)
* 社稷之器
* 社稷之臣 (shèjì zhī chén)
* 社稷為墟 / 社稷为墟
* 社群 (shèqún)
* 社評 / 社评 (shèpíng)
* 社論 / 社论 (shèlùn)
* 社長 / 社长 (shèzhǎng)
* 社頭 / 社头 (Shètóu)
* 社鬼
* 社鼓
* 社鼠 (shèshǔ)
* 社鼠城狐
* 祕密社會 / 秘密社会
* 祕密結社 / 秘密结社 (mìmì jiéshè)
* 福利社
* 福利社會 / 福利社会 (fúlì shèhuì)
* 秋社 (qiūshè)
* 稷蜂社鼠
* 結宗會社 / 结宗会社
* 結社 / 结社 (jiéshè)
* 緋綠社 / 绯绿社
* 美聯社 / 美联社 (Měiliánshè)
* 股友社
* 茅社
* 茶社 (cháshè)
* 葬儀社 / 葬仪社
* 蓮社 / 莲社
* 詩社 / 诗社
* 貴社 / 贵社 (guìshè)
* 資訊社 / 资讯社
* 賽村社 / 赛村社
* 路透社 (Lùtòushè)
* 軍聞社 / 军闻社
* 農業社會 / 农业社会
* 通信社 (tōngxìnshè)
* 通訊社 / 通讯社 (tōngxùnshè)
* 遏雲社 / 遏云社
* 郊社
* 部落社會 / 部落社会
* 鄉村社區 / 乡村社区
* 酒社
* 里社
* 金社 (Jīnshè)
* 錦標社 / 锦标社
* 錦體社 / 锦体社
* 集會結社 / 集会结社
* 霧社 / 雾社
* 霧社事件 / 雾社事件 (Wùshè Shìjiàn)
* 靈安社 / 灵安社
* 靖國神社 / 靖国神社
* 黑社會 / 黑社会 (hēishèhuì)
* 鼠憑社貴 / 鼠凭社贵

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 社(しゃ) (sha)
* → Korean: 사(社) (sa)
* → Vietnamese: xã (社)

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 社 |
| Kyūjitai | 社 &#xFA4C; or 社+&#xFE00; |
| Kyūjitai | 社󠄁 社+&#xE0101; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 社󠄃 社+&#xE0103; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Second grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 社)

#### Readings

* Go-on: じゃ (ja)
* Kan-on: しゃ (sha, Jōyō)
* Kun: やしろ (yashiro, 社, Jōyō)、こそ (koso, 社)
* Nanori: あり (ari)、こそ (koso)、たか (taka)

#### Compounds

* 社(しゃ)員(いん) (shain)
* 社(しゃ)会(かい) (shakai)
* 社(しゃ)交(こう) (shakō)
* 社(しゃ)寺(じ) (shaji)
* 社(しゃ)稷(しょく) (shashoku)
* 社(しゃ)団(だん) (shadan)
* 社(しゃ)長(ちょう) (shachō)
* 副(ふく)社(しゃ)長(ちょう) (fukushachō)
* 愛(あい)社(しゃ)精(せい)神(しん) (aishaseishin)
* 会(かい)社(しゃ) (kaisha)
* 会(かい)社(しゃ)員(いん) (kaishain)
* 支(し)社(しゃ) (shisha)
* 神(じん)社(じゃ) (jinja)
* 入(にゅう)社(しゃ) (nyūsha)
* 退(たい)社(しゃ) (taisha)
* 本(ほん)社(しゃ) (honsha)
* 末(まっ)社(しゃ) (massha)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 社
* しゃ Grade: 2
* kan'on
* Alternative spelling
* 社 (kyūjitai)
From Middle Chinese 社 (MC dzyaeX).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しゃ [sháꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1]) as a noun
* IPA: [ɕa̠]

#### Suffix

社(しゃ) • (-sha)
* Short for 会社 (kaisha): company, co.
    毎(まい)日新(にちしん)聞(ぶん)社(しゃ) ― Mainichi Shinbun-sha ― The Mainichi Newspapers [Company]
    Note: when in parentheses, it is an abbreviation of 社団法人 (shadan hōjin), a type of incorporated association.
* (historical, Taiwan under Japanese rule, specifically) aboriginal settlement
    Coordinate term: 庄 (shō, “Han settlement”)

##### Coordinate terms

* 株(かぶ) (kabu, “incorporated, inc.”)
* 有(ゆう) (yū, “limited, Ltd.”)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 社
* やしろ Grade: 2
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 社 (kyūjitai)
For pronunciation and definitions of 社 – see the following entry. :
| 【やしろ】 | [noun] (Shinto) a shrine |
(This term, 社, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### References

* ↑ “社”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎ (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2025
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 社 (MC dzyaeX).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 썅〯 (Yale: ssyǎ) | 썅〯 (Yale: ssyǎ) |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 | 샤직 (Yale: syacik) | 샤 (Yale: sya) |

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [sʰa̠]
* Phonetic hangul: [사]

### Hanja

Wikisource 社 (eumhun 모일 사 (moil sa))
* hanja form of 사 (“company”) [noun]
* hanja form of 사 (“social”) [affix]

#### Compounds

* 사교 (社交, sagyo, “cult”)
* 사설 (社說, saseol, “editorial”)
* 사원 (社員, sawon, “member of a company”)
* 사장 (社長, sajang, “CEO”)
* 사직 (社稷, sajik, “resignation”)
* 사회 (社會, sahoe, “society”)
* 회사 (會社, hoesa, “company”)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

社: Hán Nôm readings: xã
* rural commune (administrative subdivision of Vietnam)

### Compounds

* 市社 (thị xã)