# natura
## Catalan
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin natūra.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [nəˈtu.ɾə]
* IPA: (Valencia) [naˈtu.ɾa]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -uɾa

### Noun

natura f (plural natures)
* nature

#### Related terms

* natural

### Further reading

* “natura” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.

## Esperanto
### Etymology

From naturo +‎ -a.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [naˈtura]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ura
* Hyphenation: na‧tu‧ra

### Adjective

natura (accusative singular naturan, plural naturaj, accusative plural naturajn)
* natural
    Antonyms: kontraŭnatura, nenatura

## Galician
### Alternative forms

* netura

### Etymology

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese natura, borrowed from Latin nātūra.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /naˈtura̝/

### Noun

natura f (plural naturas)
* vulva of a female mammal
* nature
* manner, way
* essence
* (archaic) type, kind, lineage

#### Related terms

* natural
* naturalmente
* natureza

### References

* “natura”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2025
* Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “natura”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “natura”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “natura”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “natura”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “natura”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

## Italian
### Etymology

From Latin nātūra.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /naˈtu.ra/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ura
* Hyphenation: na‧tù‧ra

### Noun

natura f (plural nature)
* nature
* essence, character

#### Related terms

* nascere
* natura morta
* naturaccia
* naturale
* naturare
* naturismo
* naturista

## Ladin
### Noun

natura f (plural natures)
* nature

## Ladino
### Etymology

From Old Spanish natura, borrowed from Latin nātūra (compare Spanish natura).

### Noun

natura f (Hebrew spelling נאטורה)
* nature

#### Related terms

* natural

## Latin
### Etymology

From nāscor (“be born”) +‎ -tūra.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /naːˈtuː.ra/, [näːˈt̪uːrä]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /naˈtu.ra/, [näˈt̪uːrä]

### Noun

nātūra f (genitive nātūrae); first declension
* nature, quality, substance or essence of a thing
    Synonyms: habitus, ingenium, character
* character, temperament, inclination, disposition
    Synonyms: mēns, indolēs, character
* the natural world
** Nātūra non facit saltūs
    Nature does not make leaps.
* penis, organs of generation, the natural parts
** Apuleius, The Golden Ass, translated P.G. Walsh
    nec ūllum miserae refōrmātiōnis videō sōlācium, nisi quod mihi iam nequeuntī tenēre Photidem nātūra crēscēbat.
       The sole consolation I could see in this wretched transformation was the swelling of my penis - though now I could not embrace Photis.
* (rare) birth

#### Declension

First-declension noun.

#### Related terms

* nātūrābilis
* nātūrālis
* nātūrālitās
* nātūrāliter

#### Descendants

* Inherited forms meaning 'vagina':
** Franco-Provençal: [ɲyra], [ˈnɔːra], [ˈɲœːrə]
** Romansch: nadüra, nadira
Borrowings meaning 'nature':
* → Albanian: natyrë
* → Catalan: natura
* → Irish: nádúr
* → Italian: natura
* → Old French: nature
** Middle French: nature
*** French: nature
** → Middle Dutch: nature (see there for further descendants)
** → Middle English: nature (see there for further descendants)
*** English: nature
* → Old Spanish: natura
** Ladino: natura (Latin spelling), נאטורה (Hebrew spelling)
** Spanish: natura
* → Old Galician-Portuguese: natura
** Galician: natura
* → Polish: natura
* → Portuguese: natura
* → Romanian: natură
* → Romansch: natüra
* → Russian: нату́ра (natúra)
* → Swedish: natur
* → Sicilian: natura

### References

* Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “nātūra”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volumes 7: N–Pas, page 45

### Further reading

* “natura”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “natura”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "natura", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. to die a natural death: debitum naturae reddere (Nep. Reg. 1) to devote oneself to the study of a natural science: se conferre ad naturae investigationem innate goodness, kindness: naturae bonitas (Off. 1. 32. 118) natural advantages: naturae bona (ambiguous) creation; nature: rerum natura or simply natura (ambiguous) climate: caelum or natura caeli (ambiguous) the natural position of a place: natura loci (ambiguous) natural gifts: natura et ingenium (ambiguous) to do a thing which is not one's vocation, which goes against the grain: adversante et repugnante natura or invitā Minervā (ut aiunt) aliquid facere (Off. 1. 31. 110) (ambiguous) to have a natural propensity to vice: natura proclivem esse ad vitia (ambiguous) character: natura et mores; vita moresque; indoles animi ingeniique; or simply ingenium, indoles, natura, mores (ambiguous) Nature has implanted in all men the idea of a God: natura in omnium animis notionem dei impressit (N. D. 1. 16. 43) (ambiguous) to reconnoitre the ground: loca, regiones, loci naturam explorare (ambiguous) a town with a strong natural position: oppidum natura loci munitum (B. G. 1. 38)
* “natura”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin

## Maltese
### Etymology

Borrowed from Italian natura.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /naˈtuː.ra/

### Noun

natura f (plural naturi)
* nature
* disposition
* (euphemistic) genitals

#### Related terms

* natural
* naturalezza (naturalizza)
* naturali
* naturalista
* naturalistiku
* naturaliżmu
* naturalizzazzjoni
* naturalment
* nnaturalizza (naturalizza)

## Old Galician-Portuguese
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin nātūra. Compare Old Spanish and Old Occitan natura.

### Noun

natura f (plural naturas)
* nature, essence (essential characteristics)
    Synonym: natureza
* lineage

#### Related terms

* irmão (through PIE)
* nacença
* nacer
* nada
* nado
* Natal
* natural
* natureza

#### Descendants

* Galician: natura

### Further reading

* Universo Cantigas - "natura"

## Old Occitan
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin nātūra.

### Noun

natura f (nominative singular natura)
* nature

#### Related terms

* natural

## Old Spanish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin nātūra.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /naˈtuɾa/

### Noun

natura f (plural naturas)
* nature, quality
** c. 1250, Alfonso X, Lapidario, f. 7v:[…] aquella tierra o son falladas otras piedras de muchas naturas ⁊ muy nobles de que fablaremos adelante en eſte libro […][…] that land where other stones with many and very noble natures are found, of which we will speak later in this book […]
** Idem, f. 45r.
    De natura es fria et ſeca. ⁊ las ſus uertudes son contrarias a ſu natura. […]And it is cold and dry in nature, and its virtues are contrary to its nature; […]
* (anatomy) vulva, female genitals
** c. 1250, Alfonso X, Lapidario, f. 9r:Et aun a otra uertud muy eſtranna. que ſi la molierẽ ⁊ la amaſſaren cõ uino ⁊ fizierẽ della como bellota. ⁊ la puſieren en la natura dela mugier, uieda que no enprenne.And it has yet another very strange virtue; that if it were to be ground and mixed with wine and shaped like an acorn, and put inside the vulva of the woman, it would prevent her from not becoming pregnant.

#### Related terms

* natural

#### Descendants

* Ladino: natura (Latin spelling), נאטורה (Hebrew spelling)
* Spanish: natura

## Piedmontese
### Alternative forms

* natüra

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /naˈtyra/

### Noun

natura f (plural nature)
* nature

## Polish
### Alternative forms

* nátura (Przemyśl)
* matura (Sącz Lach)

### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin nātūra.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /naˈtu.ra/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ura
* Syllabification: na‧tu‧ra

### Noun

natura f
* nature (entirety of the natural world)
    Synonym: przyroda
* nature (key characteristics of something or something's natural behavior)
    On jest dość miły z natury. ― He's quite nice by nature.

#### Derived terms

* antynaturalistyczny
* nadnaturalny
* naturalistyczny
* naturalny
* naturystyczny
* nadnaturalnie
* naturalistycznie
* naturalnie
* antynaturalizm
* druga natura
* nadnaturalność
* naturalia
* naturalista
* naturalistka
* naturalizacja
* naturalizm
* naturalność
* naturoterapeuta
* naturszczyk
* naturysta
* naturystka
* naturyzm
* prawo natury
* naturalizować
* znaturalizować

### Further reading

* natura in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* natura in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Portuguese
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin nātūra. Compare Galician and Old Galician-Portuguese natura.

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /naˈtu.ɾɐ/
* (Brazil) IPA: /naˈtu.ɾɐ/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /naˈtu.ɾa/
* (Portugal) IPA: /nɐˈtu.ɾɐ/

### Noun

natura f (plural naturas)
* (poetic) nature
    Synonym: natureza

#### Derived terms

* contranatura

## Spanish
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Spanish natura, borrowed from Latin nātūra.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /naˈtuɾa/ [naˈt̪u.ɾa]
* Rhymes: -uɾa
* Syllabification: na‧tu‧ra

### Noun

natura f (plural naturas)
* nature
    Synonym: naturaleza

### Verb

natura
* inflection of naturar:
** third-person singular present indicative
** second-person singular imperative

### References

* ↑ Joan Coromines, José A[ntonio] Pascual (1983–1991) “natura”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critic Castilian and Hispanic Etymological Dictionary] (in Spanish), Madrid: Gredos

### Further reading

* “natura”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

## Swedish
### Etymology

From Latin in natura, used since the 17th century.

### Pronunciation

* Rhymes: -²ʉːra

### Noun

natura c (uncountable)
* in-kind (non-monetary payment), most often used in the adverbial postfix phrase in natura, sometimes i natura, and in compounds
    betalning i natura ― in-kind payment

#### Usage notes

* The form "i natura," which is only mentioned in SAOB, appears to be more common in practice when comparing "lön i/in natura" and "betalt i/in natura" on Google.
* Often (jocularly) of being paid in sexual favors, especially in the form "betalt i(n) natura."

#### Related terms

* naturaförmån
* naturahushållning
* naturalön
* naturaväghållning

### References

* natura in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* natura in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* natura in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)