# 靬

| 靬 | U+976C, &#38764; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-976C |
| ← 靫 [U+976B] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 靭 → [U+976D] |

## Translingual
### Han character

靬 (Kangxi radical 177, 革+3, 12 strokes, cangjie input 廿十一十 (TJMJ), four-corner 4154$_0$, composition ⿰革干)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1385, character 5
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 42714
* Dae Jaweon: page 1899, character 19
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4326, character 1
* Unihan data for U+976C

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 訐 | *krads, *krads, *ked, *kad |
| 肝 | *kaːn |
| 竿 | *kaːn |
| 干 | *kaːn |
| 奸 | *kaːn |
| 玕 | *kaːn |
| 汗 | *kaːn, *ɡaːn, *ɡaːns |
| 迀 | *kaːn |
| 忓 | *kaːn, *ɡaːns |
| 鳱 | *kaːn |
| 邗 | *kaːn, *ɡaːn |
| 秆 | *kaːnʔ |
| 矸 | *kaːnʔ, *kaːns, *ɡaːns |
| 仠 | *kaːnʔ |
| 皯 | *kaːnʔ |
| 衦 | *kaːnʔ |
| 簳 | *kaːnʔ |
| 擀 | *kaːnʔ |
| 旰 | *kaːns |
| 盰 | *kaːns |
| 幹 | *kaːns |
| 杆 | *kaːns |
| 骭 | *kaːns, *ɡraːns |
| 桿 | *kaːnʔ |
| 趕 | *kaːnʔ |
| 稈 | *kaːnʔ |
| 刊 | *kʰaːn |
| 靬 | *kʰaːn, *kʰaːns, *kreːn, *kan |
| 衎 | *kʰaːnʔ, *kʰaːns |
| 犴 | *ŋaːn, *ŋaːns |
| 豻 | *ŋaːn, *ŋaːns, *ɦŋaːns, *ŋ̊ʰraːn |
| 頇 | *ŋaːns, *hŋaːn, *ŋaːd |
| 岸 | *ŋɡaːns |
| 鼾 | *qʰaːn, *ɢaːns |
| 罕 | *qʰaːnʔ, *qʰaːns |
| 焊 | *qʰaːnʔ, *ɡaːns |
| 蔊 | *qʰaːnʔ |
| 虷 | *ɡaːn |
| 旱 | *ɡaːnʔ |
| 皔 | *ɡaːnʔ |
| 釬 | *ɡaːns |
| 扞 | *ɡaːns |
| 閈 | *ɡaːns |
| 馯 | *ɡaːns, *kʰraːn |
| 捍 | *ɡaːns, *ɡraːnʔ |
| 悍 | *ɡaːns |
| 銲 | *ɡaːns |
| 垾 | *ɡaːns |
| 駻 | *ɡaːns |
| 睅 | *ɡʷranʔ |
| 娨 | *ɡraːns |
| 飦 | *kan |
| 赶 | *ɡan, *ɡʷad |
| 軒 | *qʰan |
| 蓒 | *qʰan |
| 酐 | *qʰaːŋʔ |
| 澣 | *ɡʷaːnʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kʰaːn, *kʰaːns, *kreːn, *kan): semantic 革 (“leather”) + phonetic 干 (OC *kaːn).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jiān (jian$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gin$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiān
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jian
*** Wade–Giles: chien$^1$
*** Yale: jyān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jian
*** Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gin$^1$
*** Yale: gīn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gin$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gin$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kiːn⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: kjon, khanH
Rime :
| Character | 靬 | 靬 |
| Reading # | 1/4 | 4/4 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 元 (65) | 寒 (61) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 居言切 | 苦旰切 |
| Baxter | kjon | khanH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɨɐn/ | /kʰɑn$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kiɐn/ | /kʰɑn$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kiɐn/ | /kʰɑn$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kɨan/ | /kʰan$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kiɐn/ | /kʰɑn$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kĭɐn/ | /kʰɑn$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kɨ̯ɐn/ | /kʰɑn$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiān | kàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gin$^1$ | hon$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*kan/, /*kʰaːns/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 靬 | 靬 |
| Reading # | 4/4 | 2/4 |
| No. | 3638 | 3597 |
| Phonetic component | 干 | 干 |
| Rime group | 元 | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 𢳚 | 侃 |
| Old Chinese | /*kan/ | /*kʰaːns/ |

#### Definitions

靬
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) dry leather
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) a component of the liuma (流馬)

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jiān (jian$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gin$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiān
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jian
*** Wade–Giles: chien$^1$
*** Yale: jyān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jian
*** Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gin$^1$
*** Yale: gīn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gin$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gin$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kiːn⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: kean
Rime :
| Character | 靬 |
| Reading # | 3/4 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 山 (73) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 古閑切 |
| Baxter | kean |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠɛn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kᵚæn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kæn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kəɨn/ |
| Li Rong | /kɛn/ |
| Wang Li | /kæn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kăn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiān |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gaan$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*kreːn/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 靬 |
| Reading # | 3/4 |
| No. | 3631 |
| Phonetic component | 干 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 閒 |
| Old Chinese | /*kreːn/ |

#### Definitions

靬
* Only used in 犁靬 (Líjiān).

### Pronunciation 3

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qián, jiān (qian$^2$, jian$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄢˊ, ㄐㄧㄢ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gin$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qián
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cián
*** Wade–Giles: chʻien$^2$
*** Yale: chyán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyan
*** Palladius: цянь (cjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiān
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jian
*** Wade–Giles: chien$^1$
*** Yale: jyān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jian
*** Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gin$^1$
*** Yale: gīn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gin$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gin$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kiːn⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: kjon
Rime :
| Character | 靬 |
| Reading # | 1/4 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 元 (65) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 居言切 |
| Baxter | kjon |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɨɐn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kiɐn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kiɐn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kɨan/ |
| Li Rong | /kiɐn/ |
| Wang Li | /kĭɐn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kɨ̯ɐn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiān |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gin$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*kan/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 靬 |
| Reading # | 4/4 |
| No. | 3638 |
| Phonetic component | 干 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 𢳚 |
| Old Chinese | /*kan/ |

#### Definitions

靬
* Only used in 驪靬／骊靬 (Líqián).

### Pronunciation 4

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kān, jiān (kan$^1$, jian$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄢ, ㄐㄧㄢ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kān
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kan
*** Wade–Giles: kʻan$^1$
*** Yale: kān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kan
*** Palladius: кань (kanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰän⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiān
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jian
*** Wade–Giles: chien$^1$
*** Yale: jyān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jian
*** Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: khan
Rime :
| Character | 靬 |
| Reading # | 2/4 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 寒 (61) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 苦寒切 |
| Baxter | khan |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰɑn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰɑn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰɑn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰan/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰɑn/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰɑn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kʰɑn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | kān |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hon$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰaːn/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 靬 |
| Reading # | 1/4 |
| No. | 3595 |
| Phonetic component | 干 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 看 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰaːn/ |

#### Definitions

靬
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) bag for holding a bow
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) bag for holding arrows

### Pronunciation 5

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): hàn (han$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄢˋ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hàn
*** Wade–Giles: han$^4$
*** Yale: hàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hann
*** Palladius: хань (xanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /xän⁵¹/

#### Definitions

靬
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) horse tack
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 釬 / 焊 (hàn, “brassard; armour plate for the arm”)

### References

* “靬”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–