# adulterate
## English
### Pronunciation

* Adjective:
** (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /əˈdʌltəɹət/
** Audio (Southern England):(file)
** (General American) IPA: /əˈdʌltəɹət/, [-ˈdəl-]
* Verb:
** (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /əˈdʌltəɹeɪt/, [-ˈdɒl-]
** (General American) IPA: /əˈdʌltəˌɹeɪt/, [-ˈdəl-]
** Audio (General American):(file)
* Hyphenation: adul‧ter‧ate

### Etymology 1

From Latin adulterātus (“adulterate, adulterated, defiled, polluted, counterfeited”), perfect passive participle of adulterō (“to adulterate, defile, commit adultery (with), counterfeit”) (see -ate (adjective-forming suffix)), from ad- (“to, in the direction of”) +‎ alter (“other”) +‎ -ō (verb-forming suffix), literally “to go after someone else”. Equivalent to adultery +‎ -ate.

#### Adjective

adulterate (comparative more adulterate, superlative most adulterate) (archaic, literary)
* Corrupted or made impure by being mixed with something else; adulterated. [common in the 16th and 17th c.]
** 1641 June or July, John Milton, Of Prelatical Episcopacy, and Whether It may be Deduc’d from the Apostolical Times by Virtue of Those Testimonies which are Alledg’d to that Purpose in Some Late Treatises; […]; republished in A Complete Collection of the Historical, Political, and Miscellaneous Works of John Milton, […], volume I, Amsterdam [actually London: s.n.], 1698, →OCLC, page 242:Theſe, and other like places in abundance through all thoſe ſhort Epiſtles, muſt either be adulterat, or elſe Ignatius [of Antioch] was not Ignatius, nor a Martyr, but moſt adulterate, and corrupt himſelf.
* Tending to commit adultery; relating to or being the product of adultery; adulterous. [common in the 16th and 17th c.]
** c. 1594 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Comedie of Errors”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ii], page 89, column 1:I am poſſeſt with an adulterate blot, / My bloud is mingled with the crime of luſt: [...]
** c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, The Tragicall Historie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke: […] (Second Quarto), London: […] I[ames] R[oberts] for N[icholas] L[ing] […], published 1604, →OCLC,:I [i.e., ay] that inceſtuous, that adulterate beaſt, / With witchcraft of his wits, with trayterous gifts, / O wicked wit, and giftes that haue the power / So to ſeduce; wonne to his ſhamefull luſt / The will of my moſt ſeeming vertuous Queene; [...]
** 1812, Lord Byron, “Canto I”, in Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. A Romaunt, London: Printed for John Murray, […]; William Blackwood, Edinburgh; and John Cumming, Dublin; by Thomas Davison, […], →OCLC, stanza XLVIII, page 32:[C]urse the day / When first Spain's queen beheld the black-ey'd boy, / And gore-fac'd Treason sprung from her adulterate joy.

##### Derived terms

* adulterateness
* unadulterate

##### Translations
### Etymology 2

From Latin adulterātus, see Etymology 1 and -ate (verb-forming suffix).

#### Verb

adulterate (third-person singular simple present adulterates, present participle adulterating, simple past and past participle adulterated)
* (transitive) To corrupt, to debase (someone or something).
    Synonym: sophisticate
** 1692, John Milton, chapter XII, in [Joseph Washington], transl., A Defence of the People of England, […]: In Answer to Salmasius’s Defence of the King, [London?: s.n.], →OCLC, page 237:For thus, that King violated that Oath which he ought moſt religiouſly to have ſworn to; but that he might not ſeem openly and publickly to violate it, he craftily adulterated and corrupted it; and leaſt he himſelf ſhould be accounted perjur'd, he turn'd the very Oath into a Perjury. [...] And who durſt pervert and adulterate that Law which he thought the only Obſtacle that ſtood in his way, and hindred him from perverting all the reſt of the Laws?
* (transitive) To make less valuable or spoil (something) by adding impurities or other substances.
    Synonyms: (obsolete) adulter, debase, sophisticate
    to adulterate coins, drugs, food and drink, etc.
** 1711 September 19 (Gregorian calendar), [Joseph Addison], “SATURDAY, September 8, 1711”, in The Spectator, number 165; republished in Alexander Chalmers, editor, The Spectator; a New Edition, […], volume II, New York, N.Y.: D[aniel] Appleton & Company, 1853, →OCLC, page 356:The present war has so adulterated our tongue with strange words, that it would be impossible for one of our great grandfathers to know what his posterity have been doing, were he to read their exploits in a modern newspaper.The spelling has been modernized.
* (transitive, archaic) To commit adultery with (someone).
    Synonym: (obsolete) adulter
* (transitive, archaic) To defile (someone) by adultery.
** 1649, J[ohn] M[ilton], The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates: […], London: […] Matthew Simmons, […], published 1649 (2nd printing), →OCLC, page 13:Yet ſome would perſwade us, that this abſurd opinion was King Davids; becauſe in the 51st Pſalm he cries out to God, Againſt thee onely have I ſinn'd; as if David had imagin'd that to murder Uriah and adulterate his Wife, had bin no ſinn againſt his Neighbour, when as that Law of Moſes was to the King expreſly, Deut. 17. not to think ſo highly of himſelf above his Brethren.
* (intransitive, also figuratively, archaic) To commit adultery.
** c. 1596 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Life and Death of King Iohn”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ii], page 8, column 2:But Fortune, oh, / She is corrupted, chang’d, and wonne from thee, / Sh’adulterates hourely with thine Vnckle Iohn, / And with her golden hand hath pluckt on France / To tread downe faire reſpect of Soueraigntie, / And made his Maieſtie the bawd to theirs.

##### Conjugation

$^†$ Archaic or obsolete.

##### Derived terms

* adulterator

##### Related terms

* adulterant
* adulterated (adjective)
* adulterately (obsolete)
* adulterating (adjective, noun)
* adulteration
* adulterator
* adultered (adjective, archaic)
* adulterer
* adulteress
* adulterine
* adultering (adjective, archaic)
* adulterism (obsolete, rare)
* adulterize (archaic, rare)
* adulter (noun (archaic, historical), verb)
* adulterous
* adulterously
* adultery

##### Translations

    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

### References

* ↑ “adulterate, adj.”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, December 2011; “adulterate, v.”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, December 2011; “adulterate, v. and adj.”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.

### Further reading

* adulterant on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* Douglas Harper (2001–2025) “adulterate”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.

## Italian
### Etymology 1
#### Verb

adulterate
* inflection of adulterare:
** second-person plural present indicative
** second-person plural imperative

### Etymology 2
#### Participle

adulterate f pl
* feminine plural of adulterato

## Latin
### Verb

adulterāte
* second-person plural present active imperative of adulterō

## Spanish
### Verb

adulterate
* second-person singular voseo imperative of adulterar combined with te