# 丂

| 丂 | U+4E02, &#19970; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E02 |
| ← 丁 [U+4E01] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 七 → [U+4E03] |

## Translingual
### Han character

丂 (Kangxi radical 1, 一+1, 2 strokes, cangjie input 一女尸 (MVS), four-corner 1020$_7$, composition ⿱一㇉)

#### Derived characters

* 𫢆, 𭂆, 𫩐, 巧, 𫹫, 𢩨, 汅, 𨸑, 朽, 㱙, 𭭿, 𦘰, 䀎, 𥝑, 𦔲, 𧢵, 𬵁, 𪋽, 𪐚, 𫨲, 𫻦, 攷, 𰀇
* 亐, 𠀅, 亏, 兮, 𠔃, 号, 䒓, 𠂞, 𬔖, 𠂠, 甹, 𥀿, 𠡐, 𧖨, 𠫫, 㕺, 粤, 粵, 𦻏, 㽲, 亟, 函
* 𠄃, 𠄄, 𠄊, 𠄋, 𠄚

#### Descendants

* ㄎ
* ㆶ

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 75, character 5
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 4, character 1
* Unihan data for U+4E02

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 丂 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | Kangxi Dictionary (compiled in Qing) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts | Ming typeface |
| Oracle bone scriptj11554j11555Bronze inscriptionsb07078b07079b07080b07081b07082b07083b07084b07085b07086Small seal scripts03499 ||||||
| References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script). ||||||
| | Old Chinese |
| 丂 | *kʰluːʔ |
| 攷 | *kʰluːʔ |
| 考 | *kʰluːʔ |
| 烤 | *kʰluːʔ |
| 拷 | *kʰluːʔ |
| 栲 | *kʰluːʔ |
| 洘 | *kʰluːʔ |
| 銬 | *kʰluːs |
| 巧 | *kʰruːʔ, *kʰruːs |
| 朽 | *qʰluʔ |
Conflation of several characters:
* Pictogram (象形) - axe handle; original character of 柯 (OC *kaːl) (漢語多功能字庫). Compare 斤 (jīn) which is a pictogram for the full axe.
* Pictogram (象形) - cane; original character of 杖 (OC *daŋʔ) (李春桃.甲骨文中的“丂”字新釋.甲骨文與殷商史(新十輯),2020:253-264.)
* Simplified from 考 (OC *kʰluːʔ), which is ideogrammic compound with cane (see above) as a component.
* Variant of 于 (OC *ɢʷa) (exhaled air or an ancient wind instrument).

### Etymology 1

The definition of ‘appearance of air that is to be released’ is provided by Shuowen (treated as 𠃑 + 一) as an origin of the glyph, however this remains doubtful to modern linguists.

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kǎo (kao$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄠˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): haau$^2$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kháu
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kǎo
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄠˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kǎo
*** Wade–Giles: kʻao$^3$
*** Yale: kǎu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kao
*** Palladius: као (kao)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: haau$^2$
*** Yale: háau
*** Cantonese Pinyin: haau$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hao$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /haːu̯³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kháu
*** Hakka Romanization System: kau$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kau$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰau̯³¹/
* Middle Chinese: khawX
Rime :
| Character | 丂 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 豪 (89) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 苦浩切 |
| Baxter | khawX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰɑu$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰɑu$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰɑu$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰaw$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰɑu$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰɑu$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kʰɑu$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | kǎo |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hou$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.qʰˤuʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰluːʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 丂 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | kǎo |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ khaw$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*C.qʰˁuʔ/ (Shuōwén; no pre-Qín exx.) |
| English | to sob |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 丂 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 7402 |
| Phonetic component | 丂 |
| Rime group | 幽 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 考 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰluːʔ/ |
| Notes | 古文考 |

#### Definitions

丂
* (historical dictionaries only) the appearance of air which is to be released

### Etymology 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 丂 – see 于 (“to go to; at; etc.”). (This character is an ancient variant form of 于).

### Etymology 3

* For pronunciation and definitions of 丂 – see 考 (“to examine; to check; to study; to investigate; etc.”). (This character is recorded in one or more historical dictionaries as a variant form of 考).

### References

* (Cantonese) Jyutping Database (iso10646hk.net) - Cantonese Pronunciation List (Part 1), p. 60
* (Hakka) Academia Sinica - Hakka-English Dictionary
* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), C00001
* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A03252-008

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* obstruction of breath

#### Readings

* Go-on: こう (kō)
* Kan-on: こう (kō)
* Kun: さまたげられる (samatagerareru, 丂げられる)

## Korean
### Hanja

丂 (eumhun 공교할 교 (gonggyohal gyo))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character
#### Readings

* âm: khảo, xảo
* nghĩa: khảo, xảo quyệt
* 巧譎 (xảo quyệt, cunning, artful)