# ju
## English
### Noun

ju (plural not attested)
* (Hong Kong, slang) Someone admitted to university through the JUPAS system.

#### Derived terms

* non-ju

### See also

* ju-jitsu
* ju-ju

## Albanian
### Etymology

From Proto-Albanian *ju(s) identical with Lithuanian jūs id., Gothic jūs id., English you. Ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *yū́.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ju/

### Pronoun

ju (accusative ju, dative juve, ablative jush)
* you (plural or polite)

#### Declension
### References

^ Orel, Vladimir (1998) Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 195-196

## Bilua
### Noun

ju
* water

### References

* A Grammar of Bilua: A Papuan Language of the Solomon Islands (2003)

## Borôro
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈdʒuː/

### Noun

ju
* manioc

## Central Mazahua
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /w̥/

### Letter

ju (upper case Ju)
* A letter of the Mazahua alphabet.

#### See also

* (Latin-script letters) A a, Ⱥ ⱥ, A̱ a̱, B b, C c, Cꞌ cꞌ, Cj cj, Cu cu, Cꞌu cꞌu, Cju cju, Ch ch, Chꞌ chꞌ, Chj chj, D d, Dy dy, E e, Ɇ ɇ, E̱ e̱, G g, Gu gu, Hu hu, ꞌHu ꞌhu, I i, I̱ i̱, J j, Jꞌ jꞌ, Jm jm, Jn jn, Jñ jñ, Ju ju, Jy jy, L l, M m, Mꞌ mꞌ, N n, Nꞌ nꞌ, Ñ ñ, Ñꞌ ñꞌ, O o, Ø ø, O̱ o̱, P p, Pj pj, R r, S s, T t, Tꞌ tꞌ, Tj tj, Ts ts, Tsꞌ tsꞌ, Tsj tsj, U u, Ꞹ ꞹ, U̱ u̱, X x, Z z, Zh zh, ꞌ

## Dalmatian
### Alternative forms

* iu

### Etymology

Inherited from Late Latin eo, from Classical Latin egō̆. Cognate with Sicilian ju.

### Pronoun

ju
* (first person singular pronoun) I
    Ju sai rau. ― I am sorry.

#### Related terms

* me, main

#### See also

* te
* jal, jala
* nu
* vu
* jali, jale

## Drehu
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ðu/

### Noun

ju
* (anatomy) back

### References

* Tyron, D.T., Hackman, B. (1983) Solomon Islands languages: An internal classification. Cited in: "Dehu" in Greenhill, S.J., Blust, R., & Gray, R.D. (2008). The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics. Evolutionary Bioinformatics, 4:271–283.
* Leenhardt, M. (1946) Langues et dialectes de l'Austro-Mèlanèsie. Cited in: "ⁿDe’u" in Greenhill, S.J., Blust, R., & Gray, R.D. (2008). The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics. Evolutionary Bioinformatics, 4:271–283.

## Dutch
### Etymology

Of onomatopoeic origin

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /jy/
* Audio:(file)

### Interjection

ju
* said to a horse to make it start moving

## Esperanto
### Etymology

From Swedish ju.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)
* IPA: [ju]
* Hyphenation: ju

### Particle

ju
* the; used with des and either pli (“more”) or malpli (“less”) to form the first half of a coordinated comparative.
** 1903, Ben Elmy, “La Lingvo de la floroj”, in The Esperantist: The Esperanto Gazette for the Spreading of the International Language, page 138:Ju pli ni studas la florojn, des pli ni konstatas, ke multe da ili posedas nesuspektitajn lertecojn, kiujn apud besto ni volonte nomus instinkto aŭ еĉ prudento.The more we study the flowers, the more we establish that many of them possess unexpected abilities, which in an animal we would willingly call instinct or even foresight.(please add an English translation of this quotation)

#### Coordinate terms

* des

## Estonian
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *jo (“already”), borrowed from Proto-Germanic *ju (“already; yet; now”). Cognate to Finnish jo, Votic jo, and Ludian ďo.

### Adverb

ju (not comparable)
* Emphasises what is spoken, usually because it is already known and obvious to both parties.
    Ma ju armastan sind.I love you, isn't it obvious?
* apparently, probably
    Ju ta tahab homme minna.He probably wants to go tomorrow.

## Gothic
### Romanization

ju
* Romanization of 𐌾𐌿

## Guaraní
### Verb

ju (active, intransitive, irregular)
* to come (to move towards the speaker)

#### Conjugation

* (che) aju
* (nde) reju
* (ha'e) ou
* (ñande) jaju
* (ore) roju
* (peẽ) peju
* (ha'ekuéra) ou

## Japanese
### Romanization

ju
* The hiragana syllable じゅ (ju) or the katakana syllable ジュ (ju) in Hepburn romanization.
* The hiragana syllable ぢゅ (ju) or the katakana syllable ヂュ (ju) in Hepburn romanization.

## Kashubian
### Alternative forms

* (dialectal) ùż, (dialectal) już

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *(j)uže.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈju/
* Rhymes: -u
* Syllabification: ju

### Adverb

ju (not comparable)
* already, yet, anymore

### Further reading

* Stefan Ramułt (1993) [1893] “ju”, in Jerzy Trepczyk, editor, Słownik języka pomorskiego czyli kaszubskiego (in Kashubian), 3 edition
* Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011) “już”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi‎
* “ju”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022

## Ladin
### Adverb

ju
* down, below
* downstairs

## Lower Sorbian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈju]

### Pronoun

ju
* accusative of wóna

#### Related terms

* nju (after preposition)

## Mandarin
### Romanization

ju
* Nonstandard spelling of jū.
* Nonstandard spelling of jú.
* Nonstandard spelling of jǔ.
* Nonstandard spelling of jù.

#### Usage notes

* Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

## Middle Dutch
### Pronoun

ju
* (Flemish, Holland) accusative/dative of gi

### Further reading

* Verwijs, E., Verdam, J. (1885–1929) “ju”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN

## Middle Low German
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /juː(w)/

### Etymology 1

From Old Saxon iu, from Proto-Germanic *izwiz.

#### Pronoun

jû
* accusative/dative of gî: you

##### Declension

For an explanation of the forms in brackets see here.

##### Alternative forms

* jûw

##### Descendants

* Low German: ju, jug, jo, jau, u, ugg

### Etymology 2
#### Determiner

jû
* your (plural)

##### Declension
## Old Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: (13th CE) /ˈju/
* IPA: (15th CE) /ˈji/

### Pronoun

ju
* singular accusative of ona

## Old French
### Noun

ju oblique singular, m (oblique plural jus, nominative singular jus, nominative plural ju)
* Alternative form of geu

## Old Frisian
### Alternative forms

* iu, jō, io

### Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *iwwiz, from Proto-Germanic *izwiz.

### Pronoun

jū
* accusative/dative of jī

#### Descendants

* North Frisian: juu
* Saterland Frisian: jou, Jou
* West Frisian: jo

## Saterland Frisian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ju/
* Hyphenation: ju
* Rhymes: -u

### Etymology 1

From Old Frisian hiū, from Proto-West Germanic *hiju, from Proto-Germanic *hijō. Cognates include West Frisian hja and English hoo.

#### Pronoun

ju (oblique hier)
* she

#### See also
### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Alternative forms

* dju

#### Article

ju (unstressed de)
* feminine of die

### References

* Marron C. Fort (2015) “ju”, in Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch mit einer phonologischen und grammatischen Übersicht, Buske, →ISBN

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology 1

Clitic of nju

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ju/

#### Pronoun

ju (Cyrillic spelling ју)
* her (clitic accusative singular of òna (“she”))

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

Form of iju

#### Alternative forms

* iju

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ju/

#### Interjection

ju (Cyrillic spelling ју)
* Used to express surprise.

## Shuar
### Determiner

ju
* this, these

### References

* Chicham: Dictionario Enciclopédico Shuar-Castellano

## Sicilian
### Alternative forms

* jo (o-coloured variant, dialectal (possible italianism/hiberism))
* eu, jeu (paroxytone doublett, also diphthongozed, from *égo)
* ia (Gallo-italic of Sicily, dialectal)
* iu (italianism, dialectal)
* jù, jèu, jò, ìa, ìu (non-standard, redundant diacritics)

### Etymology

Possibly retained from a medieval dialectal usage of Ancient Greek ἐγώ (egṓ), through a technical reconstruction in the form of *egú ~ *igú < *(i)jú. Otherwise from an oxytonical change of Classical Latin egō̆. Cognate with Aromanian iou, Corsican eiu, French je, Italian and Neapolitan io, Catalan jo, Galician and Portuguese eu, Romanian eu, Spanish yo, Sardinian ego. Doublet of eu.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ju/
* Hyphenation: jù

### Pronoun

ju
* (first person singular pronoun) I
    Ju sacciu lèggiri 'n sicilianu. ― I can read Sicilian.

#### Usage notes

* It can be encliticly postponed to the verb (tipically in perfect tense):
    Ti parra'-ju. ― I talked to you.
* It can can also reiterate with the subject-pronoun
    Ju ci parra'-juI talked to him.

#### Derived terms

* ji-ni

### See also

* tu, tu-ni
* iḍḍu, iḍḍa
* nui, nuiautri
* vui, vuiautri
* iḍḍi

## Slovak
### Alternative forms

* ňu (after prepositions)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ju]

### Pronoun

ju
* accusative of ona

## Swedish
### Etymology

From Old Swedish iū, io. Compare Danish jo, Norwegian Nynorsk jo, German ja (adverb) / je (conjunction).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /jɵ/, /jʉ(ː)/
* Audio:(file)

### Adverb

ju
* Indicates an expectation of shared understanding, or that what is said is an obvious fact – "as you well know," "of course."
    Bussen går ju klockan tre.The bus of course leaves at three o'clock / But the bus leaves at three o'clock (with an expectation that the second party in the conversation is aware of the fact)
    Det var ju inte så bra att vi missade bussen. Nu hinner vi inte med flyget.It wasn't great that we missed the bus, of course. Now we will miss the flight.
    Varför gjorde du det inte? Du lovade ju!Why didn't you do it? You promised (as you know)!
    – Filmen var bra. – Det var den ju inte alls!– The movie was good. – No it wasn't (and this should be our common understanding, as a fact – the ju adds a bit of an argumentative tone, similar to the "No")!
    Vad fan, ytterdörren står öppenWhat the hell, the front door is open (think two people coming home)
    Vad fan, ytterdörren står ju öppenWhat the hell, the front door is open (and this is (or will very soon be) our common understanding, as a fact, as you can also see that it is open – the ju just acts as an emphasizer here)
ju...desto
* the...the (when comparing)
    Ju större, desto bättre.The larger, the better.

#### Usage notes

Colloquially, desto as a parallel comparative is sometimes replaced by a second ju: "Ju större, ju bättre." "Desto större, desto bättre" also occurs.

### References

* ju in Svenska Akademiens ordböcker

## Wauja
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʐu/

### Interjection

ju
* my dear(s), dearie (intimate yet very courteous term of address from one woman to another, esp. to a female sibling, close relative, or companion)
    Hai, ju! Aya awauta apisun wiu. Ume eu. Aya awauta apisun wiu, ju. Hoona! Iseju, wi.
       "Well, dear! Let's find ourselves a lover," she said. "Let's look for a lover for ourselves, my dear." "Agreed!" [said] her younger sister.
    Pitsu neke, ju! uma pakai paiseju ipitsi. Pitsu neke, ju.
       "Your turn now, dearie," the woman said to her younger sister. "Your turn, my dear."
    Munyakawaka wi, kamwo putukawiu, naatsa kamwi eu whun. Hoona! Hai, ju! Aya waku wiu, ju! Hoona! uma pakai. Aya waku wi! Tuma ulepiu!
       It began to be light, the sun showed itself, it was just here on the horizon. So! [The women said to one another:] "Hey there, my dear! Let's go to the riverside, dear!" "Yes, let's do!" came the reply. "Let's go to the river, indeed!" They began to make fresh manioc bread [to give their lover when they met him at the river's edge].
    Ayama ju! Hoona! Iyapai otepo. Onupene otepoga akain! Eh! Ewetemewi, ju! Hokotawi tsiiiii!
       "Let's go [visit the tree] once again, dear!" [the older sister said to the younger]. "All right!" [the younger sister agreed]. [They] went under [the tree]. They saw pequi fruit [on the ground] beneath [the tree]! "Ah! Let's taste it, dear!" [She] cut [it] open: tsiiiii! [sound of slicing open the fruit]

#### Usage notes

* "My dear" is a rough translation of the term ju, as there is no counterpart in modern English. This is a traditional term of address between women who are speaking in a tone that is both intimate and gracious. It is simultaneously polite and tender, expressing feminine solicitude at its most comforting. Though this term was routinely used by well-spoken female elders in 1981, it was already beginning to be seen by young people as archaic. Older women would teach the anthropologist to use this lovely old term, and remark that young women nowadays no longer bothered to use it. Meanwhile, young female relatives within earshot typically would just giggle. A few decades later, it was rarely heard in daily speech, and more likely to be encountered in traditional stories. Note that it is not a kinship term, but more like a term of gender solidarity.

#### See also

* tya (“my man, guys, fellas”)

### References

* "Hai, ju!" (transcript, p. 9), "Pitsu neke" (p. 33), "Munyakawaka wi" (p. 57), and "Ayama ju!" (p. 72), uttered by Aruta, storyteller and elder, as he recounted the traditional tale, "The Caiman Spirit" (Yakaojokuma). Recorded in Piyulaga village in the presence of assembled elders and others, November 1989. In this story, a chief, who already has two wives, takes two additional ones, causing the first two wives to feel neglected, and to decide to take a lover. The dialogue between the two women makes extensive use of ju in a comedic manner, showing the two woman so utterly jealous at their husband's taking two new wives that they completely — and quite unnaturally — put aside any jealousy between themselves. With utmost courtesy and decorum, the women in the story calmly take turns receiving the amorous attentions of their shared paramour, something it is impossible to imagine any Wauja woman tolerating, which makes the story all the more amusing.

## Yale
### Pronoun

ju
* you (second-person singular personal pronoun)

## Yoruba
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /d͡ʒù/

#### Verb

jù
* (transitive) to throw

##### Usage notes

* ju before a direct object

##### Derived terms

* ìjù (“the act of throwing”)
* jíjù (“throwing”)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /d͡ʒù/

#### Verb

jù
* (transitive) to exceed, to surpass

##### Usage notes

* ju before a direct object

##### Derived terms

* ìjù (“the act of exceeding”)
* àmì jíjù (“greater than sign '>'”)

##### Related terms

* rè (“to exceed in size or dimension”)

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /d͡ʒù/

#### Verb

jù
* (intransitive) to be worm-infested

##### Derived terms

* ìju (“false pregnancy”)