# 限

| 限 | U+9650, &#38480; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9650 |
| ← 陏 [U+964F] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 陑 → [U+9651] |

## Translingual
### Han character

限 (Kangxi radical 170, 阜+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 弓中日女 (NLAV), four-corner 7723$_2$, composition ⿰阝艮)

#### Derived characters

* 䈨, 𭉑, 𨵬(𬮵)

### Further reading

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1350, character 7
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41627
* Dae Jaweon: page 1852, character 11
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4128, character 6
* Unihan data for U+9650

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 艱 | *krɯːn |
| 齦 | *kʰrɯːnʔ, *kʰɯːnʔ, *ŋɯn |
| 眼 | *ŋrɯːnʔ |
| 蛝 | *ɡrɯːn |
| 限 | *ɡrɯːnʔ |
| 硍 | *ɡrɯːnʔ |
| 豤 | *kʰɯːnʔ, *kʰɯːnʔ, *kʰuːn |
| 詪 | *ɡlɯːnʔ, *kɯːnʔ, *kɯːns |
| 根 | *kɯːn |
| 跟 | *kɯːn |
| 珢 | *kɯːn, *kɯːns, *ŋrɯn |
| 艮 | *kɯːns |
| 茛 | *kɯːns |
| 墾 | *kʰɯːnʔ |
| 懇 | *kʰɯːnʔ |
| 垠 | *ŋɯːn, *ŋrɯn, *ŋɯn |
| 泿 | *ŋɯːn, *ŋrɯn |
| 痕 | *ɡɯːn |
| 拫 | *ɡɯːn |
| 鞎 | *ɡɯːn |
| 很 | *ɡɯːnʔ |
| 恨 | *ɡɯːns |
| 銀 | *ŋrɯn |
| 檭 | *ŋrɯn |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡrɯːnʔ): semantic ⻖ (“mound”) + phonetic 艮 (OC *kɯːns). It conveys the meaning of "limit" or "boundary."

#### References

* ↑ Digital Shinjigen 2017

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xiàn (xian$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): haan$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): han
    (Meixian, Guangdong): han$^4$
* Northern Min (KCR): hāing
* Eastern Min (BUC): âing
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hang$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hǎn / hān / ān
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hang$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: siàn
*** Wade–Giles: hsien$^4$
*** Yale: syàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiann
*** Palladius: сянь (sjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: haan$^6$
*** Yale: haahn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: haan$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: han$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /haːn²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: han
*** Hakka Romanization System: han
*** Hagfa Pinyim: han$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /han⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: han$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /han⁵³/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hāing
*** Sinological IPA : /xaiŋ⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: âing
*** Sinological IPA : /aiŋ²⁴²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hang$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /haŋ²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hǎn
*** Tâi-lô: hǎn
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /han²²/
*** IPA (Jinjiang): /han³³/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hān
*** Tâi-lô: hān
*** Phofsit Daibuun: han
*** IPA (Xiamen): /han²²/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /han³³/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ān
*** Tâi-lô: ān
*** Phofsit Daibuun: an
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /an²²/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /an³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: hang$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hăng
*** Sinological IPA : /haŋ³⁵/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit限 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ɕian⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ɕian⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /ɕian⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /ɕiã²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /ɕiã⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ɕian³¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /ɕiã⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /ɕiã²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ɕian¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ɕiɛ̃n¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ɕian²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /ɕiɛn³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /xan¹³/ /ɕian¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /ɕian²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ɕiɛ̃²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /ɕien⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /ɕiĩ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /ɕie⁴⁵/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /ɕiɑŋ³⁵/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /ɕie⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ɦe²³/ /ɦie²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ɦiɪ³¹/ /ɦe̞³¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ɦiẽ̞¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ɦa³⁵/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /ɕie²²/ /xɛ²²/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /xɔ¹¹/ /ɕiɛ¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /xan⁵⁵/ /xan¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /han⁵⁵/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /han²¹/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /han⁵³/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /hɑn⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /han²²/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /han²²/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /han²²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /han²²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /aiŋ²⁴²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /xaiŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /haŋ³⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /haŋ³³/ |
* Middle Chinese: heanX
Rime :
| Character | 限 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 山 (73) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 胡簡切 |
| Baxter | heanX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦˠɛn$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦᵚæn$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣæn$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦəɨn$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣɛn$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣæn$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣăn$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xiàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | haan$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤrə[n]ʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡrɯːnʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 限 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xiàn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hɛn$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɡ]ˁrə[n]ʔ/ |
| English | obstacle, limit |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 限 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 3916 |
| Phonetic component | 艮 |
| Rime group | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 限 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡrɯːnʔ/ |

### Definitions

限
* boundary; limit; line
    上限 ― shàngxiàn ― upper limit
* to limit; to place a limit (on)
       kau$^5$ fu$^{6-2}$ haan$^6$ biu$^2$ dai$^6$ mui$^5$ go$^3$ sing$^1$ kei$^4$ daa$^2$ gei$^1$ zeoi$^3$ do$^1$ daa$^2$ jat$^1$ go$^3$ zung$^1$. [Jyutping]
       Uncle limits my little cousin to at most one hour of video games per week.
* (literary) doorstep; sill; threshold

#### Synonyms

* (boundary):
* 底線 / 底线 (dǐxiàn) (figurative)
* 界限 (jièxiàn) (figurative)
* 節限 / 节限 (jiéxiàn) (literary)
* 限制 (xiànzhì)
* 限度 (xiàndù)
* 雷池 (léichí) (figurative)
* (to limit):
* 主宰 (zhǔzǎi)
* 主張 / 主张 (zhǔzhāng) (archaic)
* 克制 (kèzhì)
* 克治 (kèzhì) (literary)
* 制禦 / 制御 (zhìyù) (literary)
* 制約 / 制约 (zhìyuē)
* 君 (jūn) (literary)
* 執掌 / 执掌 (zhízhǎng)
* 壓制 / 压制 (yāzhì)
* 壓抑 / 压抑 (yāyì)
* 局 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 局限 (júxiàn)
* 左右 (zuǒyòu)
* 把
* 抑制 (yìzhì)
* 把持 (bǎchí)
* 把控 (bǎkòng)
* 把攬 / 把揽 (bǎlǎn)
* 抵制 (dǐzhì)
* 拘束 (jūshù)
* 按 (àn)
* 按捺 (ànnà) (usually in the negative)
* 控 (literary, or in compounds)
* 控制 (kòngzhì)
* 掌控 (zhǎngkòng)
* 掌握 (zhǎngwò)
* 提控 (tíkòng) (literary)
* 撥弄 / 拨弄 (bōnòng)
* 撙節 / 撙节 (zǔnjié)
* 操控 (cāokòng)
* 操縱 / 操纵 (cāozòng)
* 擺佈 / 摆布 (bǎibù)
* 擺治 / 摆治 (bǎizhì) (regional)
* 支配 (zhīpèi)
* 收斂 / 收敛 (shōuliǎn)
* 束 (literary, or in compounds)
* 束縛 / 束缚 (shùfù)
* 柄 (literary, or in compounds)
* 框 (kuàng)
* 禁錮 / 禁锢 (jìngù) (figurative)
* 積壓 / 积压 (jīyā) (figurative)
* 節制 / 节制 (jiézhì)
* 節撙 / 节撙 (Quanzhou Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien)
* 管制 (guǎnzhì)
* 管束 (guǎnshù)
* 約束 / 约束 (yuēshù)
* 統御 / 统御 (tǒngyù) (literary)
* 統治 / 统治 (tǒngzhì)
* 羈束 / 羁束 (jīshù) (literary)
* 裁 (cái) (literary, or in compounds)
* 遏抑 (èyì) (literary)
* 鎮 / 镇 (zhèn)
* 限乏 (Xiamen Hokkien)
* 限制 (xiànzhì)
* 駕 / 驾 (jià)
* 駕馭 / 驾驭 (jiàyù) (figurative)
* (doorstep):
* 地方 (di$^5$ fan) (Hengyang Xiang)
* 戶填 / 户填 (Hokkien)
* 戶限 / 户限 (hùxiàn) (literary)
* 戺 (shì) (Classical Chinese)
* 柣 (zhì) (Classical Chinese)
* 梱 (kǔn) (Classical Chinese)
* 榍 (xiè) (Classical Chinese)
* 檻 / 槛 (kǎn)
* 轔 / 辚 (lín) (Classical Chinese)
* 門地伏 / 门地伏 (mon$^3$ i$^5$ fuuk$^4$) (Taishanese)
* 門填 / 门填 (Quanzhou Hokkien)
* 門墊 / 门垫 (muòng-dâing) (Eastern Min)
* 門岸 / 门岸 (mn̂g-hōaⁿ) (Xiamen Hokkien)
* 門檻 / 门槛 (ménkǎn)
* 門限 / 门限 (ménxiàn)
* 門階 / 门阶 (ménjiē)
* 閫 / 阃 (kǔn) (literary)
* 閾 / 阈 (yù) (literary)
* 面填 (bīn-tǔiⁿ) (Quanzhou Hokkien)

### Compounds

* 上限 (shàngxiàn)
* 下限 (xiàxiàn)
* 不可限量 (bùkě xiànliàng)
* 不知分限
* 不限
* 九七大限
* 九七期限
* 保辜限
* 侷限 (júxiàn)
* 公用限制
* 分限
* 制限 (zhìxiàn)
* 制限選舉 / 制限选举
* 勒限
* 受限 (shòuxiàn)
* 命限
* 填限
* 大限 (dàxiàn)
* 定限
* 寬限 / 宽限 (kuānxiàn)
* 寬限日 / 宽限日
* 局限 (júxiàn)
* 展限
* 年限 (niánxiàn)
* 底限 (dǐxiàn)
* 彈性限度 / 弹性限度
* 恰限
* 惡限 / 恶限
* 戶限 / 户限 (hùxiàn)
* 戶限為穿 / 户限为穿
* 拘限 (jūxiàn)
* 時限 / 时限 (shíxiàn)
* 有限 (yǒuxiàn)
* 有限公司 (yǒuxiàn gōngsī)
* 有限小數 / 有限小数
* 有限戰爭 / 有限战争
* 有限政府
* 有限花序
* 期限 (qīxiàn)
* 未可限量
* 杖限
* 極限 / 极限 (jíxiàn)
* 極限強度 / 极限强度
* 極限體育 / 极限体育
* 權限 / 权限 (quánxiàn)
* 死限
* 無限 / 无限 (wúxiàn)
* 無限公司 / 无限公司 (wúxiàn gōngsī)
* 無限小數 / 无限小数
* 無限戰爭 / 无限战争
* 無限花序 / 无限花序
* 爆炸下限
* 爆炸上限
* 甘限
* 界限 (jièxiàn)
* 畫地自限 / 画地自限
* 疲勞限 / 疲劳限
* 程限 (chéngxiàn)
* 組限 / 组限
* 緩限 / 缓限
* 設限 / 设限 (shèxiàn)
* 象限 (xiàngxiàn)
* 象限儀 / 象限仪
* 運限 / 运限
* 過限 / 过限
* 鐵門限 / 铁门限
* 門限 / 门限 (ménxiàn)
* 限令 (xiànlìng)
* 限價 / 限价
* 限制 (xiànzhì)
* 限制住居
* 限制級 / 限制级
* 限制詞 / 限制词
* 限制選舉 / 限制选举
* 限定 (xiàndìng)
* 限定語 / 限定语
* 限度 (xiàndù)
* 限日 (xiànrì)
* 限時 / 限时 (xiànshí)
* 限時信 / 限时信 (xiànshíxìn)
* 限時專送 / 限时专送
* 限期 (xiànqī)
* 限棒
* 限次
* 限武協定 / 限武协定
* 限武談判 / 限武谈判
* 限產 / 限产
* 限界 (xiànjiè)
* 限盡 / 限尽
* 限量 (xiànliàng)
* 限阻
* 限電 / 限电 (xiàndiàn)
* 限韻 / 限韵
* 限額 / 限额 (xiàn'é)
* 限齡 / 限龄
* 飛觥限斝 / 飞觥限斝

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)
* limit

#### Readings

* Go-on: げん (gen, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: かん (kan)
* Kun: かぎる (kagiru, 限る, Jōyō)、かぎり (kagiri, 限り)、かぎり (kagiri, 限)、きり (kiri)

#### Compounds

* 日限(にちげん) (nichigen)
* 制限(せいげん) (seigen)
* 権限(けんげん) (kengen)
* 限定(げんてい) (gentei)
* 限度(げんど) (gendo)
* 無限(むげん) (mugen)
* 分限(ぶんげん) (bungen)
* 有限(ゆうげん) (yūgen)
* 上限(じょうげん) (jōgen)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 限
* げん Grade: 5
* goon

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɡẽ̞ɴ]

#### Counter

限(げん) • (-gen)
* counter for school periods
    一(いち)限(げん)目(め)は数学(すうがく)だった。
       Ichigenme wa sūgaku datta.
       The first period was maths.

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 限
* きり Grade: 5
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 限 – see the following entry. :
| 【切きり】 | [noun] limits, bounds, end [suffix] cutter Alternative spelling 切 |
| 【切ぎり】 | [suffix] way of cutting Alternative spelling 切 |
| 【切きり】 | [particle] just, only Alternative spelling 切 |
(This term, 限, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

## Korean
### Hanja

限 (eum 한 (han))
* hanja form of 한 (“limit”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

限: Hán Nôm readings: hạn, hẹn, giận
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.