# 漸

| 漸 | U+6F38, &#28472; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6F38 |
| ← 漷 [U+6F37] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 漹 → [U+6F39] |

## Translingual
### Han character

漸 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+11, 14 strokes, cangjie input 水十十中 (EJJL), four-corner 3212$_1$, composition ⿰氵斬)

#### Derived characters

* 壍(𰊢) 嬱 聻(𫆏) 䤔 魙
* 𡽻 𦾶(𬞋) 𭟌 𣋫 𥜙 𨮜 𩉍(𬰣) 𩟗(𫗚)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 647, character 14
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 18179
* Dae Jaweon: page 1057, character 13
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1717, character 3
* Unihan data for U+6F38

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 漸 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 慚 | *zaːm |
| 慙 | *zaːm |
| 鏨 | *zaːm, *zaːmʔ, *zaːms, *zeːm, *zamʔ |
| 槧 | *zaːmʔ, *sʰam, *sʰams, *zamʔ |
| 暫 | *zaːms |
| 蹔 | *zaːms |
| 斬 | *ʔsreːmʔ |
| 獑 | *zeːm, *zaːm |
| 嶃 | *zreːmʔ, *zaːm |
| 覱 | *ʔsraːms |
| 摲 | *sʰraːms |
| 漸 | *ʔsam, *zamʔ |
| 塹 | *sʰams |
| 壍 | *sʰams |
| 嬱 | *sʰams |
| 螹 | *zam, *zamʔ |
| 蔪 | *zamʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ʔsam, *zamʔ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 斬 (OC *ʔsreːmʔ).

### Etymology 1

Compare Khmer ជាំ (cŏəm, “wet; soaked; steeped”) (Schuessler, 2007).

#### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): jiàn (jian$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): jian$^4$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): zim$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): diam$^5$
* Gan (Wiktionary): qien$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chhiam
    (Meixian, Guangdong): qiam$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): jie$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): cīng
* Eastern Min (BUC): ciêng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chiām / chiǎm
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ziam$^6$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$zhi
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): zienn$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jiàn
*** Wade–Giles: chien$^4$
*** Yale: jyàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiann
*** Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: jian$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gian
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiɛn²¹³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zim$^6$
*** Yale: jihm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzim$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: jim$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siːm²²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: diam$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /tiam³²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: qien$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰiɛn¹¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhiam
*** Hakka Romanization System: qiam
*** Hagfa Pinyim: qiam$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰi̯am⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: qiam$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰiam⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: jie$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕie⁴⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cīng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siŋ⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ciêng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siɛŋ²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiām
*** Tâi-lô: tsiām
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ciam
*** IPA (Jinjiang): /t͡siam⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡siam³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡siam²²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiǎm
*** Tâi-lô: tsiǎm
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡siam²²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ziam$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsiăm
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siam³⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$zhi
*** MiniDict: zhi$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$xxi
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ʑi²³/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: zienn$^4$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡si̯ẽ⁴⁵/
*** Sinological IPA (new-style): /t͡ɕi̯ẽ⁴⁵/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit漸 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /t͡ɕian⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /t͡ɕian⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /t͡ɕian⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /t͡ɕiã²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /t͡siã⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /t͡sian³¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /t͡sã⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /t͡sã²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /t͡ɕian¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /t͡ɕiɛ̃n¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /t͡ɕian²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /t͡ɕiɛn³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /t͡ɕian¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /t͡ɕian²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /t͡ɕiɛ̃²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /t͡sien⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /t͡ɕiĩ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡ɕie⁴⁵/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /t͡ɕie̞³⁵/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /t͡ɕie⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ʑi²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ziɪ³¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /d͡ʑiẽ̞¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ji²²/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /t͡sʰe²²/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | |
| Xiang | Changsha | /t͡siẽ⁵⁵/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /t͡siẽ⁵⁵/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /t͡ɕʰiɛn²¹/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /t͡sʰiam⁵³/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /t͡sʰiɑm¹¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /t͡sim²²/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /t͡sim²²/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /t͡sim²²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /t͡siam²²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /t͡sieŋ²⁴²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /t͡siŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /t͡siam³⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /t͡siam³³/ |
* Middle Chinese: dzjemX
Rime :
| Character | 漸 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 從 (15) |
| Final (韻) | 鹽 (153) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 慈染切 |
| Baxter | dzjemX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡ziᴇm$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡ziɛm$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡zjæm$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡ziam$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /d͡ziɛm$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /d͡zĭɛm$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /d͡zʱi̯ɛm$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zim$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[dz]amʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*zamʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 漸 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jiàn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dzjem$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[dz]amʔ/ |
| English | gradually; advance |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 漸 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 16811 |
| Phonetic component | 斬 |
| Rime group | 談 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 漸 |
| Old Chinese | /*zamʔ/ |

##### Definitions

漸
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Qiantang River
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to advance gradually
    From: Wang Chong, Lun Heng (Discussive Weighing), 80 CE
    shàn jiàn yú è, è huà yú shàn, chéngwéi xìngxíng [Pinyin]
    It is by the transition of virtue into wickedness and of wickedness into virtue that the characters are formed.
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) gradual process
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, of an illness) to aggravate; to worsen
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to dredge; to open a path
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) omen
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) condition; prerequisite
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) sequence; order
* gradually
    From: Yang Xiong, Fa Yan (Exemplary Sayings), 9 CE
    Mǎn ér hòu jiàn zhě, qí shuǐ hū? [Pinyin]
    That which fills up and then flows out gradually, is it not water?
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) just when
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) immediately; soon after
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) when; until
* 53rd hexagram of the I Ching
* a surname

##### Compounds

* 不漸 / 不渐
* 北漸 / 北渐
* 即漸 / 即渐
* 循序漸進 / 循序渐进 (xúnxùjiànjìn)
* 慎防杜漸 / 慎防杜渐
* 杜漸防微 / 杜渐防微
* 杜漸防萌 / 杜渐防萌
* 杜漸除微 / 杜渐除微
* 沉漸剛克 / 沉渐刚克
* 浸漸 / 浸渐 (jìnjiàn)
* 漸入佳境 / 渐入佳境 (jiànrùjiājìng)
* 漸弱 / 渐弱 (jiànruò)
* 漸強 / 渐强 (jiànqiáng)
* 漸快 / 渐快 (jiànkuài)
* 漸悟 / 渐悟
* 漸慢 / 渐慢 (jiànmàn)
* 漸教 / 渐教
* 漸有起色 / 渐有起色
* 漸次 / 渐次 (jiàncì)
* 漸漸 / 渐渐 (jiànjiàn)
* 漸漸之石 / 渐渐之石
* 漸至佳境 / 渐至佳境
* 漸趨式微 / 渐趋式微
* 漸近 / 渐近 (jiànjìn)
* 漸通人事 / 渐通人事
* 漸進 / 渐进 (jiànjìn)
* 漸進法 / 渐进法
* 積漸 / 积渐
* 積裡漸裡 / 积里渐里
* 西風東漸 / 西风东渐
* 逐漸 / 逐渐 (zhújiàn)
* 防微杜漸 / 防微杜渐 (fángwēidùjiàn)
* 防萌杜漸 / 防萌杜渐
* 鴻漸 / 鸿渐

#### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jiān, jiàn
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢ, ㄐㄧㄢˋ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): zim$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): diam$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland; variant in Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiān
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jian
*** Wade–Giles: chien$^1$
*** Yale: jyān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jian
*** Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jiàn
*** Wade–Giles: chien$^4$
*** Yale: jyàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiann
*** Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zim$^1$
*** Yale: jīm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzim$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: jim$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siːm⁵⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: diam$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /tiam³³/
* Middle Chinese: tsjem
Rime :
| Character | 漸 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 精 (13) |
| Final (韻) | 鹽 (153) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 子廉切 |
| Baxter | tsjem |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡siᴇm/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡siɛm/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡sjæm/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡siam/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡siɛm/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡sĭɛm/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡si̯ɛm/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiān |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zim$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ts]am/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ʔsam/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 漸 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jiān |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsjem › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ts]am/ |
| English | moisten |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 漸 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 16804 |
| Phonetic component | 斬 |
| Rime group | 談 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 尖 |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔsam/ |

##### Definitions

漸
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to flow into
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to bedew
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to soak
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to moisten
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to influence
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to cheat

##### Compounds

* 日漸月染 / 日渐月染
* 東漸 / 东渐
* 東漸西被 / 东渐西被
* 漸染 / 渐染 (jiānrǎn)
* 漸洳 / 渐洳
* 蘭芷漸滫 / 兰芷渐滫
* 西學東漸 / 西学东渐 (xīxuédōngjiān)
* 遏漸防萌 / 遏渐防萌

### Etymology 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 漸 – see 潛 (“to go under water; to move under water; to hide; to conceal; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 潛).

### Etymology 3

* For pronunciation and definitions of 漸 – see 巉 (“precipitous; steep; jagged; towering; overlapping”). (This character is a variant form of 巉).

### Etymology 4

* This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Compare Hokkien 這站／这站 (chit-chām, “now”).”

#### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Teochew, Peng'im): ziam$^2$
* Southern Min
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ziam$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsiám
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siam⁵²/

#### Definitions

漸
* (Teochew) just; just now

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: せん (sen)、ぜん (zen, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: せん (sen)
* Kan’yō-on: ぜん (zen, Jōyō)
* On: ざん (zan)
* Kun: ようやく (yōyaku, 漸く)、やっと (yatto, 漸と)、ようよう (yōyou, 漸う)、ようやく (yōyaku, 漸やく)、すすむ (susumu, 漸む)

## Korean
### Hanja

漸 • (jeom, cham) (hangeul 점, 참, revised jeom, cham, McCune–Reischauer chŏm, ch'am, Yale cem, cham)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

漸: Hán Nôm readings: tiệm, tràn, tiêm, tiềm
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.