# до
## Bulgarian
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *do, from Proto-Indo-European *de.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [dɔ]
* Audio:(file)

### Preposition

до • (do)
* near, close to
    един до друг ― edin do drug ― side by side
* up to, as far as
    до кръста ― do krǎsta ― down to the waist
* until, till
    до последната минута ― do poslednata minuta ― till the last minute

### Anagrams

* -од (-od), до- (do-)

## Dungan
### Etymology

Cognate of Mandarin Chinese 刀 (dāo)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tɔ²⁴/

### Noun

до • (do) (I)
* knife

## Even
### Etymology

From Proto-Tungusic *dō, compare Manchu ᡩᠣ (do).

### Noun

до (do)
* the inside

## Macedonian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [dɔ]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔ

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *do.

#### Preposition

до • (do)
* next to, beside
    Ќе седнам до тебе.Ḱe sednam do tebe.I'm going to sit down next to you.
* to, up to
    Ќе одиме до езерото.Ḱe odime do ezeroto.We'll go up to the lake.
* until
    Нема да се видиме до крајот на годинава.Nema da se vidime do krajot na godinava.We won't see each other until the end of this year.

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Italian do, from the name of musicologist Giovanni Battista Doni.

#### Noun

до • (do)
* (music) do
* C (musical note)

## Nanai
### Etymology

From Proto-Tungusic *dō, compare Manchu ᡩᠣ (do).

### Noun

до (do)
* the inside; the soul
* bosom; bowels of the earth

## Old Church Slavonic
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *do.

### Preposition

до • (do)
* up to
* until

## Old East Slavic
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *do. Cognates include Old Church Slavonic до (do) and Old Polish do.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dɔ/→/dɔ/→/dɔ/
* (ca. 9th CE) IPA: /dɔ/
* (ca. 11th CE) IPA: /dɔ/
* (ca. 13th CE) IPA: /dɔ/
* Hyphenation: до

### Preposition

до (do) (+ genitive)
* up to
** 1076, Sviatoslav's izbornik‎, page 2:ѥгда чьтеши книгꙑ· не тъштисѧ бърꙁо иштисти до дроугыꙗ главиꙁнꙑ·jegda čĭteši knigy· ne tŭštisę bŭrzo ištisti do drugyja glavizny·when you read books, don't strive to quickly read on to the following chapter.
* until

#### Descendants

* Old Ruthenian: до (do)
** Belarusian: да (da)
** Carpathian Rusyn: до (do)
** Ukrainian: до (do)
* Russian: до (do)

### References

* Sreznevsky, Izmail I. (1893) “до”, in Матеріалы для Словаря древне-русскаго языка по письменнымъ памятникамъ [Materials for the Dictionary of the Old East Slavic Language Based on Written Monuments]‎ (in Russian), volume 1 (А – К), Saint Petersburg: Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, column 670

## Pannonian Rusyn
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Slovak do, from Proto-Slavic *do.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈdɔ]
* Rhymes: -ɔ
* Hyphenation: до
* Homophone: до- (do-)

### Preposition

до (do) [with genitive]
* expresses a spatial relationship
** in, into (denotes motion towards the interior of something)
    положиц до кишенку ― položic do kišenku ― to put in the pocket
    насипац воду до фляши ― nasipac vodu do fljaši ― to pour water into the bottle
** to, toward (indicates the place of direction of an action)
    Near-synonyms: ґу (gu), на (na)
    пошол до дутяну ― pošol do dutjanu ― he went to the store
    преселєли ше до валалу ― preseljeli še do valalu ― they moved to a village
    Идзе рано даєден автобус до Нового Саду?Idze rano dajeden avtobus do Novoho Sadu?Is there any bus going to Novi Sad in the morning?
** to (indicates the sphere of direction of action)
    идзе до брата ― idze do brata ― he went to his brother's place
    пошла до фризерки ― pošla do frizerki ― she went to the hairdresser's
** until, up to, to (denotes a spatial boundary)
    до варошу єст дзешец километри ― do varošu jest dzešec kilometri ― there is ten kilometres to the city
    вода му до паса ― voda mu do pasa ― the water is up to his waist
** against, over, on (indicates an object with which something collides or on which something rests or leans)
    вдериц з главу до мура ― vderic z hlavu do mura ― to bang the head against the wall
    шпотали ше до каменьох ― špotali še do kamenʹox ― they tripped over stones
    упрец ше до каменя ― uprec še do kamenja ― to lean against a rock
    диждж бил до облакох ― diždž bil do oblakox ― the rain was beating against the windows
** to, in (denotes belonging or inclusion in some group)
    заяц спада до глодарох ― zajac spada do hlodarox ― the rabbit belongs to the gnawers
* expresses a temporal relationship
** until, up to (denotes a temporal boundary)
    робели зме до ноци ― robeli zme do noci ― we worked until dark
    до конца ― do konca ― until the end
** for (denotes the length of the duration of the action)
    робели до тижня ― robeli do tižnja ― they worked for a week
    до рока нїч нє знали о нїм ― do roka njič nje znali o njim ― they didn't know anything about him for a year
** per, every (denotes the number of repeated actions in a specified time)
    два раз до рока ходзи на контролу ― dva raz do roka xodzi na kontrolu ― twice per year he goes for checks
    три раз до тижня маю тренинґ ― tri raz do tižnja maju trening ― they have training three times a week
* with, in, using, on (indicates medium, agent)
    Near-synonym: на (na)
    закруциц до новинох ― zakrucic do novinox ― to wrap in newspaper
    утар чоло до рукава ― utar čolo do rukava ― he wiped his forehead with his sleeve
* for
    Synonym: за (za)
** indicates purpose
    то нам треба до обисца ― to nam treba do obisca ― we need this for the household
    купела паприґи до дунца ― kupela paprigi do dunca ― she bought peppers for winter preserves
** for (indicates ability, usefulness for something)
    способни до роботи ― sposobni do roboti ― fit for work
    хорйовити є, нєбарз є до поля ― xorjoviti je, njebarz je do polja ― he is sickly, he's not very suitable for working in the field
* on, at (indicates object of an action; not necessarily translated)
    Near-synonym: на (na)
    потрафиц до облака ― potrafic do oblaka ― to hit the window
    залюбени є до науку ― zaljubeni je do nauku ― he is in love with science

#### Related terms

* цо до (co do)
* до- (do-)

### References

* Medʹeši, H., Fejsa, M., Timko-Djitko, O. (2010) “до”, in Ramač, Ju., editor, Руско-сербски словнїк [Rusyn-Serbian Dictionary] (in Pannonian Rusyn), Novi Sad: Faculty of Philosophy
* Fejsa, M., Šlemender, M., Čelʹovski, S. (2022) “into”, in Анґлийско-руски словнїк [English-Rusyn Dictionary] (in Pannonian Rusyn), Novi Sad: Faculty of Philosophy; Ruska matka, →ISBN, page 154
* Fejsa, M., Šlemender, M., Čelʹovski, S. (2022) “per”, in Анґлийско-руски словнїк [English-Rusyn Dictionary] (in Pannonian Rusyn), Novi Sad: Faculty of Philosophy; Ruska matka, →ISBN, page 208
* Fejsa, M., Šlemender, M., Čelʹovski, S. (2022) “to”, in Анґлийско-руски словнїк [English-Rusyn Dictionary] (in Pannonian Rusyn), Novi Sad: Faculty of Philosophy; Ruska matka, →ISBN, page 333

## Russian
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *do, from Proto-Indo-European *de, whence English to.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [də]
* IPA: [dɐ] (before a stressed syllable)
* IPA: [ˈdo] (when stressed)
* Audio:(file)

#### Preposition

до • (do) [with genitive]
* before
* up to, till, until
* with respect to, concerning, regarding

##### Derived terms

* до того́ как (do tovó kak)

##### Related terms

* до- (do-)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [do]

#### Noun

до • (do) n inan (indeclinable)
* (musical note) C
    до́ дие́з ― dó dijéz/diéz ― C sharp
    до́ бемо́ль ― dó bemólʹ ― C flat

##### See also

* Previous: си (si)
* Next: ре (rɛ)

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *do, from Proto-Indo-European *de, *do.

#### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)
* IPA: /dô/

#### Adverb

до̏ (Latin spelling dȍ)
* only, except
    ни(т)ко до ја ― nobody but me, only me
    не једе ништа до комад хљеба/хлеба ― he eats nothing except a piece of bread
* around, approximately
    до два метра ― around two meters
    до 5 кила ― around five kilograms
* due to, because of
    то је до хране ― that's due to the food

#### Preposition

до̏ (Latin spelling dȍ) (+ genitive case)
* up to, to, until, as far as, by
    од Загреба до Београда ― from Zagreb to Belgrade
    од јутра до мрака ― from morning to night
    од 5 до 10 сати ― from 5 to 10 o'clock
    од врха до дна ― from top to bottom
    до р(иј)еке ― as far as the river
    сад је пет до седам ― now it's five minutes to seven
    до понед(ј)ељка ― by Monday
    до сада ― so far, thus far, till now
    до недавна ― until recently
    до дана данашњега ― to this very day
    све до ― as far as up to, all the way to
    до куда ― how far
    до туда ― thus far, up to here
* before (= при̏је/пре̏)
    до рата ― before the war
* beside, next (to)
    с(ј)еди до мене ― sit next to me
    један до другога ― side by side
* idiomatic and figurative meanings
    није ми до тога ― I don't feel like doing that
    није ми до см(иј)еха ― I don't feel like laughing
    њему је само до секса ― he is only interested in sex
    није ми пуно стало до тога ― I'm not very much interested in that
    није до мене ― it's not up to me, it's no me to lame

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *dolъ.

#### Alternative forms

* до̑л

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dôː/

#### Noun

до̑ m (Latin spelling dȏ)
* dale, small valley

##### Derived terms

* долѝна

### Etymology 3

Borrowed from Italian do.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dôː/

#### Noun

до̑ m (Latin spelling dȏ)
* (music) do

### References

* “до”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025
* “до”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025
* “до”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025

## Tsakhur
### Noun

до (do) class 4
* name

### References

* Ibragimov, G. X., Nurmamedov, Ju. M. (2010) “до”, in Цахурско-русский словарь [Tsakhur–Russian Dictionary], Makhachkala: ДНЦ РАН, page 154a

## Ukrainian
### Etymology

From Old East Slavic [Term?], from Proto-Slavic *do, from Proto-Indo-European *de, *do.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [dɔ]
* Audio:(file)

### Preposition

до • (do) (+ genitive case)
* to, toward
    Я йду до школи. ― Ja jdu do školy. ― I go to school.
* to (in the fixed expression 'Welcome to...!')
    Ласкаво просимо до Італії! ― Laskavo prosymo do Italiji! ― Welcome to Italy!
    Ласкаво просимо до Аргентини! ― Laskavo prosymo do Arhentyny! ― Welcome to Argentina!
* until
* by (not later than)
    до кінця́ столі́ття ― do kincjá stolíttja ― by the end of the century
* (music) D (musical note)

#### Derived terms

* додому (dodomu) (homewards)
* до побачення (do pobačennja) (until next time)

### See also

* до (do)
* ля (lja)
* мі (mi)
* ре (re)
* сі (si)
* соль (solʹ)
* фа (fa)

### Further reading

* Bilodid, I. K., editor (1970–1980), “до”, in Словник української мови: в 11 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 11 vols] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka