# -il
## Azerbaijani
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [il]

### Suffix

-il
* Passive suffix.
    ‎kəsmək (“to cut”) + ‎-il → ‎kəsilmək (“to get cut, to flunk”)
    ‎almaq (“to buy”) + ‎-ın → ‎alınmaq (“to be bought”)
    ‎eşitmək (“to hear”) + ‎-il → ‎eşidilmək (“to be heard”)

#### Usage notes

A notable irregularity is görmək, which takes -ün (instead of expected -ül):
    ‎görmək (“to see”) + ‎-ün → ‎görünmək (“to be seen”)
Verbs with monosyllabic vowel-ending stems generally take a y before the suffixes -il, -in, or -iş:
    ‎demək (“to say”) + ‎-il → ‎deyilmək (“to be said”)

#### Derived terms
### References

* ↑ Şirəliyev, Məmmədağa, Sevortyan, Ervand (1971) “-il”, in Grammatika azerbajdžanskovo jazyka. Fonetika, morfologija i sintaksis. [Grammar of Azerbaijani language. Phonetics, morphology, syntax.], Baku: Elm, pages 106-108

## Franco-Provençal
### Pronoun

-il m
* postpositive form of il

## Indonesian
### Etymology

Borrowed from English -yl.

### Suffix

-il
* (organic chemistry) -yl

## Interlingua
### Etymology

Borrowed from French -ile, Italian -ile, Portuguese -il, all ultimately from Latin -īle.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈil/

### Suffix

-il
* forms nouns from nouns, denoting a place where animals are kept
    ‎can (“dog”) + ‎-il → ‎canil (“kennel”)
    ‎tauro (“bull”) + ‎-il → ‎tauril (“bull pen”)

#### Derived terms
### References

* Alexander Gode, Hugh E. Blair (1955) Interlingua: A Grammar of the International Language, →ISBN

## Maltese
### Etymology

From the syllable -ar in Arabic عَشَر (ʕašar, “ten”). The same alternation between absolute and attributive form is found in most modern dialects of Arabic, though generally with the original consonant r preserved. Compare North Levantine Arabic تنعش (tnaʕš, “twelve”), attributively تنعشر (tnaʕšar).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɪl/

### Suffix

-il
* Used to form the attributive form of cardinal numbers 11 to 19.
    erbatax (“fourteen”) → erbatax-il jum (“fourteen days”)

#### Usage notes

* The suffix is spelt with a hyphen for phonetic reasons. It is, namely, apart from a few recent borrowings from English the only case where preconsonantal i in a final syllable is short. Thus, /ɛrbaˈtaːʃɪl/ is rendered as erbatax-il rather than *erbataxil, which latter should be pronounced */ɛrbataˈʃiːl/.

## Middle English
### Suffix

-il
* Alternative form of -el (“agentive suffix”)

## Northern Sami
### Etymology

From Proto-Samic *-jēlē.

### Pronunciation

* (Kautokeino) IPA: /ˈ-il/

### Suffix

-il
* Forms adjectives from verbs, indicating an inclination or tendency to perform the verb's action.
    ‎sodjat (“to bend”) + ‎-il → ‎soddjil (“tending to bend, flexible”)

#### Usage notes

* This suffix triggers the strongest grade on a preceding stressed syllable.

#### Derived terms
## Portuguese
### Etymology 1
#### Suffix

-il m (noun-forming suffix, plural -is)
* indicating a place for holding a specified type of animal
    ‎gato (“cat”) + ‎-il → ‎gatil (“kennel for cats”)
    ‎rede (“net”) + ‎-il → ‎redil (“sheepfold”)

### Etymology 2

Learned borrowing from Latin -īlis.

#### Suffix

-il m or f (adjective-forming suffix, plural -is)
* -ile (tending to or capable of)

##### Usage notes

* Most adjectives with this suffix are borrowed as a whole word from Latin rather than formed using this suffix in Portuguese.

### Derived terms
## Spanish
### Etymology

From Latin -īlis.

### Suffix

-il m or f (adjective-forming suffix, masculine and feminine plural -iles)
* -ile (indicating relation or pertaining to)

#### Derived terms
### See also

* -al
* -ero

### Further reading

* “-il”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

## Turkish
### Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *-l. Cognate with Kazakh -іл (-ıl).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [il]

### Suffix

-il
* Passive suffix.
    ‎kesmek (“to cut”) + ‎-il → ‎kesilmek (“to get cut”)
    ‎almak (“to buy”) + ‎-ın → ‎alınmak (“to be bought”)
    ‎işitmek (“to hear”) + ‎-il → ‎işitilmek (“to be heard”)

#### Derived terms
## Volapük
### Suffix

-il
* Used to form diminutives

#### Derived terms
### See also

* -ül (“offspring, young or baby (of an animal), young organism (animal or plant)”)