# n-
## Translingual
### Prefix

n-
* (SI prefix) Abbreviation of nano-.

## English
### Etymology

Abbreviation of normal.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛn/

### Prefix

n-
* (organic chemistry) normal-form of a functional group (or molecule), being the long-chain form (unbranched chain)

#### Coordinate terms

* s- (secondary form)
* t- (tertiary form)

#### Derived terms

* n-butyl-

#### See also

* N-
* iso- (isomeric form)
* cyclo- (cyclic form)

## Abenaki
### Alternative forms

* n'

### Etymology

Related to nia (“I, me”).

### Prefix

n-
* (prefixed to nouns, used before consonants) my
* (prefixed to verbs, used before consonants) I
* (prefixed to verbs, used before consonants) I (exclusive we)

#### Coordinate terms

* nd- (used before vowels)

## Albanian
### Alternative forms

* ën- — Buzuku
* m- — before labials

### Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”).

### Prefix

n-
* intensive prefix. on, to, at

#### Derived terms
### References

* ↑ Schumacher, Stefan, Matzinger, Joachim (2013) Die Verben des Altalbanischen: Belegwörterbuch, Vorgeschichte und Etymologie (Albanische Forschungen; 33) (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN
* ↑ Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 168

## Aromanian
### Prefix

n-
* Alternative form of ãn-

## Big Nambas
### Alternative forms

* na-

### Etymology

From Proto-Oceanic *na.

### Article

n-
* The noun article. Added to nouns and verb stems to affirm nominal use. Has an element of definiteness. Also used in derivation.

#### Usage notes

This form used before vowels. Before consonants, the form na- is used.

### References

* Big Nambas Grammar Pacific Linguistics - G.J. Fox

## Dutch
### Etymology

From Middle Dutch ne, en, from Old Dutch ne, from Proto-Germanic *ne.

### Prefix

n-
* Used to negate the pronoun or adverb which follows it, yielding the same part of speech

#### Derived terms
## Egyptian
### Prefix

* forms intransitive or reflexive verbs from existing verbs

#### Derived terms
### Prefix

* Alternative form of m- (noun-forming prefix) before labial consonants

### References

* Satzinger, Helmut (2017) “A Lexicon of Egyptian Lexical Roots (Project)” in Quaderni di Vicino Oriente, volume 12, pages 213–223

## Emilian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /n/

### Pronoun

n- (adverbial)
* (before a vowel) Alternative form of in
    A-g n-ò dimándi. ― I have a lot (of them).

## French
### Etymology

Abbreviation of normale.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛn/

### Prefix

n-
* (organic chemistry) n-; (normal-form)

#### Derived terms
## Kamba
### Alternative forms

* ni-

### Prefix

n-
* I (used for conjugating verbs to the subjective or nominative case of the personal pronoun)

## Maltese
### Etymology 1

From Arabic نَ (na, first-person plural imperfect prefix). The use also for the first-person singular is found in Maghrebi Arabic dialects.

#### Alternative forms

* na-, ne-, ni-, no- (depending on syllable structure)

#### Prefix

n-
* First-person prefix in the imperfect conjugation
    ‎n- + ‎kiteb (“he wrote”) → ‎nikteb (“I write”)

### Etymology 2
#### Article

n-
* Alternative form of il-

##### Usage notes

* Used after a vowel and before the letter n. For details on usage, see the main lemma.

## Neapolitan
### Alternative forms

* m-, l- (from assimilation to following consonants)

### Etymology

Inherited from Latin in-.

### Prefix

n-
* in

#### Derived terms
## Ojibwe
### Prefix

n-
* Alternative form of ni-

#### Usage notes

n- appears before stems that begin with the vowels oo and ii.

#### See also

| | | stem begins with... | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person |
| Consonants | Consonants | p t k h ch m n s sh w y | ni- | gi- | o- |
| Consonants | Consonants | d g ' j z zh | nin- | gi- | o- |
| Consonants | Consonants | b | nim- | gi- | o- |
| Vowels | Vowels | o | nindo- | gido- | odo- |
| Vowels | Vowels | a aa e i | nind- | gid- | od- |
| Vowels | Vowels | oo | n- | g- | od- |
| Vowels | Vowels | ii | n- | g- | w- |

## Old Irish
### Prefix

n- (class A infixed pronoun)
* us

#### See also

See Appendix:Old Irish affixed pronouns for details on how these forms are used. Note that the so-called “infixed” pronouns are technically prefixes, but they are never the first prefix in a verbal complex.

### Prefix

n- (class B & C infixed pronoun)
* Alternative form of d-

## Swahili
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *ǹ-.

#### Alternative forms

* (before a vowel) ny-
* (before labial consonants) m-

#### Prefix

n- (plural n-)
* n class$_{(IX/X)}$ noun prefix and adjective agreement prefix, denoting animals and miscellaneous nouns as well as their plurals, and plurals of some u class$_{(XI)}$ nouns
    nguo nzuri ― a nice piece of cloth/nice clothes
    ‎ulimi (“tongue”) → ‎ndimi (“tongues”)

##### Usage notes

Foreign borrowings that cannot fit other classes morphologically usually behave as n class$_{(IX)}$, but do not take this prefix.
Except for nouns where the stem is of one syllable, n can only be followed by g, d, j, y, and z in Swahili. As a result of this, when the stem starts with a vowel, n- changes to ny-, when it starts with a b or v it changes to m-, and *nw-, *nl-, and *nr- becomes mb-, nd-, and nd- respectively. In front of any stems where these rules cannot be applied, it disappears.

##### See also

* Appendix:Swahili noun classes

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *ǹ-.

#### Alternative forms

* n'-

#### Prefix

n-
* Alternative form of ni-.
** 1973, Mohammed S. Abdulla, Duniani kuna watu, page 5:"Na kwa nini n'sirejee," aliuliza mzee."And why wouldn't I go back [to it]?" the old man asked.
** 2022, Timothy Theodosy Chelula, Instagram‎:Kuna siku nlikua na drive huu wimbo ukaenda hewani nkajikuta natokwa machozi 🥲na nsijue wanachoimba .One day I was driving, this song went on air, and I found myself in tears 🥲 and I didn't know what they were singing.

##### See also
## Tooro
### Alternative forms

* (before /β/, /m/, /h/ or /p/) m-
* (before a vowel) ny-

### Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *ǹ-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /n̩-/, (after /ɡ/ or /k/) [ŋ̩-], (after a vowel) /n-/

### Prefix

n-
* I, 1st person singular subject concord
    ‎n- + ‎-kora (“to do”) → ‎nkora (“I do”)
* positive imperative form of -n- (“me; 1st person singular object concord”)
    ‎n- + ‎-ha (“to give”) → ‎mpa (“give me”)

#### See also

| Class | Person | Independent | Possessive | Subject concord | Object concord | Combined forms | Combined forms |
| Class | Person | Independent | Possessive | Subject concord | Object concord | na | ni |
| Class 1 | First | nyowe, nye | -ange | n- | -n- | nanyowe, nanye | ninyowe, ninye |
| Class 1 | Second | iwe | -awe | o- | -ku- | naiwe | niiwe |
| Class 1 | Third | uwe | -e | a- | -mu- | nawe | nuwe |
| Class 2 | First | itwe | -aitu | tu- | -tu- | naitwe | niitwe |
| Class 2 | Second | inywe | -anyu | mu- | -ba- | nainywe | niinywe |
| Class 2 | Third | abo | -abo | ba- | -ba- | nabo | nubo |
| Class 3 | Class 3 | gwo | -agwo | gu- | -gu- | nagwo | nugwo |
| Class 4 | Class 4 | yo | -ayo | e- | -gi- | nayo | niyo |
| Class 5 | Class 5 | lyo | -alyo | li- | -li- | nalyo | niryo |
| Class 6 | Class 6 | go | -ago | ga- | -ga- | nago | nugo |
| Class 7 | Class 7 | kyo | -akyo | ki- | -ki- | nakyo | nikyo |
| Class 8 | Class 8 | byo | -abyo | bi- | -bi- | nabyo | nibyo |
| Class 9 | Class 9 | yo | -ayo | e- | -gi- | nayo | niyo |
| Class 10 | Class 10 | zo | -azo | zi- | -zi- | nazo | nizo |
| Class 11 | Class 11 | rwo | -arwo | ru- | -ru- | narwo | nurwo |
| Class 12 | Class 12 | ko | -ako | ka- | -ka- | nako | nuko |
| Class 13 | Class 13 | two | -atwo | tu- | -tu- | natwo | nutwo |
| Class 14 | Class 14 | bwo | -abwo | bu- | -bu- | nabwo | nubwo |
| Class 15 | Class 15 | kwo | -akwo | ku- | -ku- | nakwo | nukwo |
| Class 16 | Class 16 | ho | -aho | ha- | -ha- | naho | nuho |
| Class 17 | Class 17 | (kwo) | N/A | ha- (...-yo) | -ha- | N/A | nukwo |
| Class 18 | Class 18 | (mwo) | -amwo | ha- (...-mu) | -ha- | N/A | numwo |
| Reflexive | Reflexive | -enyini, -onyini | — | — | -e- | — | — |

### References

* Kaji, Shigeki (2007) A Rutooro Vocabulary‎, Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, page 413

## Ye'kwana
### Etymology 1

Cognate to prefixes analyzed as object nominalizers, switching nominalized forms from nouns of action to nouns referring to the patient argument. The Caura River form has a rather different scope of use.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ŋ-]

#### Prefix

n-
* Marks that (person markers on) a derivation from a transitive verb refer to the agent argument of the verb rather than the patient argument; used with verbs adverbialized with -e or nominalized with -dü or -'jüdü.

##### Usage notes

This prefix comes between the person marker and the verb stem.

### Etymology 2
#### Alternative forms

* ni- (allomorph before a consonant)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ŋ-]

#### Prefix

n-
* Marks a nonderived transitive verb as having a third-person agent/subject and patient/object.
* Marks a nonderived intransitive verb with agent-like or patient-like argument as having a third-person argument/subject.

##### Usage notes

The form n- is used with stems that start with a vowel; ni- is used with those that start with a consonant, in which case the initial consonant is also palatalized.
This person marker is used with all types of verbs when marked with originally nonderived tense/aspect/mood markers, excepting only the admonitive -'no and prohibitive -i negative command suffixes and the uncertain future marker -tai, which require the transcategorical third person marker y-, and the distant past markers, which require the distance-specific person morpheme kün-.
Though in all other circumstances Ye'kwana third-person prefixes also cover the first person dual exclusive, this prefix is not used when the patient of a transitive verb is first-person-dual-exclusive.

##### Inflection

| | pronoun | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | postposition object | postposition object | series I verb argument | series I verb argument | series I verb argument | series I verb argument | series I verb argument |
| | pronoun | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | postposition object | postposition object | transitive patient | intransitive patient-like | intransitive patient-like | intransitive agent-like | transitive agent |
| first person | ewü | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | w-, wi- | w-, wi- | w-, wi- |
| first person dual inclusive | küwü | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kii-, ki-$^1$ |
| second person | amödö | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | m-, mi- | m-, mi- |
| first person dual exclusive | nña | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | chö- | ∅- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- |
| third person | tüwü | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | chö- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- |
| distant past third person | tüwü | — | — | — | — | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- |
| coreferential/reflexive | — | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | — | — | — | — | — |
| reciprocal | — | — | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- |
| With following vowel lengthened if in an unreduced open syllable. |||||||||||
| | series I verb argument: transitive agent and transitive patient |
| first person > second person | mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni- |
| first person dual exclusive > second person | mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni- |
| second person > first person | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- |
| second person > first person dual exclusive | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- |
| third person > any person X …or… any person X > third person | see person X in the chart above |

### References

* Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “n-”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎, Lyon, pages 152, 182–184, 190–191, 200, 202–203

## Zulu
### Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *n-.

### Prefix

n-
* Class 9 simple noun prefix.

#### Usage notes

The variant form m- is used before stems beginning with a labial consonant (b, f, m, p, v).