# إن
## Arabic
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-West Semitic *him, from Proto-Semitic *šim.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʔin/

#### Conjunction

إِن • (ʔin)
* (conditional) if (possible, not contrary to fact)
    إِنْ تَدْرُسْ تَنْجَحْ ― ʔin tadrus tanjaḥ ― If you study you (will) succeed.
    إِنْ لَا تَدْرُسْ لَا تَنْجَحْʔin lā tadrus lā tanjaḥIf you do not study you (will) not succeed.
    اَلْمَرْءُ مَقْتُولٌ بِمَا قَتَلَ بِهِ: إِنْ سَيْفًا فَسَيْفٌ، وَإِنْ خِنْجَرًا فَخِنْجَرٌ.al-marʔu maqtūlun bimā qatala bihi: ʔin sayfan fasayfun, waʔin ḵinjaran faḵinjarun.A person is killed by what they are killed with, whether it's a sword, it's a sword, and if it's a dagger, it's a dagger.
    اَلنَّاسُ مَجْزِيُّونَ بِأَعَمَالِهِمْ: إِنْ خَيْرًا فَخَيْرٌ، وَإنْ شَرًّا فَشَرٌّ.an-nāsu majziyyūna biʔaʕamālihim: ʔin ḵayran faḵayrun, waʔin šarran fašarrun.People are rewarded for their deeds, if it's good, it's good, and if it's evil, it's evil.
** 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 2:111:هَاتُوا بُرْهَانَكُمْ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ صَادِقِينَhātū burhānakum ʔin kuntum ṣādiqīnaGive your proof, if you are truthful.

##### Usage notes

Normally for conditions that are capable of being fulfilled. For contrary-to-fact conditions, use لَوْ (law). Used with the past tense or the jussive, in both cases with a present-tense meaning.

##### Synonyms

* إِذْمَا (ʔiḏmā)

##### Derived terms

* إِمَّا (ʔimmā)

### Etymology 2

Cognate to Hebrew הִנֵּה (“lo, behold”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʔin.na/

#### Particle

إِنَّ • (ʔinna)
* indeed, an emphasizing sentence particle, usually untranslated
    إِنِّي فَقِيرٌ وَلَا أَجِدُ طَعَامًا أُطْعِمُ أَوْلَادِي وَعَائِلَتِي، فَسَاعِدْنِي.ʔinnī faqīrun wa-lā ʔajidu ṭaʕāman ʔuṭʕimu ʔawlādī wa-ʕāʔilatī, fa-sāʕidnī.Indeed, I am poor and can't find food to feed my children and my family, so please help me.

##### Usage notes

* The subject of a clause containing إِنَّ (ʔinna) takes the accusative case, personal pronouns take enclitic forms.
* When إِنَّ (ʔinna) is followed by the first person singular enclitic ـِي (-ī, “my, me”), it produces forms إِنِّي (ʔinnī) or إِنَّنِي (ʔinnanī). When it is followed by the first person plural enclitic نَا (nā, “our, us”), it produces forms إِنَّا (ʔinnā) or إِنَّنَا (ʔinnanā).

##### Derived terms

* إِنَّمَا (ʔinnamā)

##### See also

* (ʾinna and her sisters) إِنَّ وَأَخَوَاتُهَا (ʔinna waʔaḵawātuhā); إِنَّ (ʔinna), أَنَّ (ʔanna), لٰكِنَّ (lākinna), كَأَنَّ (kaʔanna), لِأَنَّ (liʔanna), لٰكِنَّ (lākinna), لَعَلَّ (laʕalla), لَيْتَ (layta),

### Etymology 3

Cognate to Hebrew אין (ein).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʔin/

#### Particle

إِنْ • (ʔin)
* (archaic) not
** 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 67:20:إِنِ الْكَافِرُونَ إِلَّا فِي غُرُورٍʔini al-kāfirūna ʔillā fī ḡurūrinthe disbelievers are not but in delusion
** 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 4:62:إِنْ أَرَدْنَا إِلَّا إِحْسَانًا وَتَوْفِيقًاʔin ʔaradnā ʔillā ʔiḥsānan wa-tawfīqanwe intended nothing but good conduct and accommodation
** a. 869, Al-Jāḥiẓ, “طرف أهل خراسان”, in البخلاء:لَا وَٱللّٰهِ، إِنْ أَهْلَكَ النَّاسَ وَلَا أَقْفَرَ بُيُوتَهُمْ وَلَا تَرَكَ دُورَهُمْ بَلَاقِعَ إِلَّا الْإِيمَانُ بِٱلْخَلَفِlā wal-lāhi, ʔin ʔahlaka n-nāsa walā ʔaqfara buyūtahum walā taraka dūrahum balāqiʕa ʔillā l-ʔīmānu bi-l-ḵalafi(please add an English translation of this quotation)

##### Synonyms

* مَا (mā)

### References

* ↑ Lipiński, Edward (2001) Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta; 80), 2nd edition, Leuven: Peeters, →ISBN, page 482:One of the oldest and most important presentatives is *han, attested in Palaeosyrian and in Old Akkadian en-ma, later umma by assimilation. It is found in Ugaritic (hn), in Old Canaanite (a-nu, a-nu-ú, an-nu, an-nu-ú), in Hebrew (hinnē), in Arabic (ʾinna), In Ge'ez (ʾən-ka); e.g. Arabic ʾinna llāha ʾalā kulli šayʾin qadīrun, "behold, God has power over everything". It should be identified with the West Semitic article han-, but carefully distinguished from the conditional particle hn → ʾn.
* ↑ Hetzron, Robert (1997) The Semitic Languages, page 201: The [Arabic] particle ʾinna, etymologically cognate to Hebrew hen, hinne: "behold", emphasizes that the speaker's utterance is true.
* Lane, Edward William (1863) “إن”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate, page 103 seqq.
* Wehr, Hans (1979) “إن”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN, page 37

## Egyptian Arabic
### Etymology 1

From Arabic إن (ʔin).

#### Conjunction

إن • (ʔin)
* if
    إن قلت أه نبقى موافقينʔin ʔult ʔāh nibʔa mwafʔīnIf you say yes, we're agreed.
    إن كان كويس ولا وحش ― ʔin kān kuwayyis walla wiḥiš ― Whether it be good or bad.

##### See also

* إذا (ʔiza, “if”), لو (law, “if”)

### Etymology 2

From Arabic أَنَّ (ʔanna).

#### Conjunction

إن • (ʔinn)
* that
    واضح إنه بيحبك ― wāḍiḥ ʔinnu biyḥibbik ― It's obvious that he loves you.
    بيصرف مال كإنه غنيbiyiṣrif māl ka-ʔinnu ḡaniHe spends money as if he were rich.

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology 1

From Arabic إن (ʔin).

#### Conjunction

إن • (ʔin)
* if (followed by a past tense verb)
    Synonyms: إذا (ʔiza), إنكنّـ (ʔin-kann-)
    إن جيت بكرة، جيبلي معك جاكيت.ʔin jīt bukra jīb-li maʕak jākētIf you come tomorrow, bring me a jacket.(literally, “If you come tomorrow, bring for me a jacket with you.”)

##### Usage notes

* إن (ʔin) is always followed by a verb in the past tense, even if referring to an action in the future.

##### See also

* لو (law, “if (hypothetical)”), لونـ (lawenn-, “if (hypothetical)”)

### Etymology 2

From Arabic أَنَّ (ʔanna).

#### Pronunciation

See إنّه (ʔinno).

#### Conjunction

إنّـ • (ʔinn-)
* that (followed by a suffix pronoun)
    Invariable form: إنّه (ʔinno)

##### Usage notes

* This preposition can be either used invariable in the form إنّه (ʔinno) or with an attached suffix pronoun.
* The suffix pronoun agrees with the subject of the subordinate clause.

##### Derived terms

* لإنّـ (la-ʔinn-, “because”)
* كإنّـ (ka-ʔinn-, “as if”)