# 方言
## Chinese

* 方言 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 方言 (Cantonese)
* Huŏng-ngiòng (Eastern Min)
* Hong-giân (Southern Min)
* 方言 (Wu)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): fāngyán
    (Zhuyin): ㄈㄤ ㄧㄢˊ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): fong$^1$ jin$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): fong$^1$ ngun$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): fông-ngièn / fông-ngiàn
    (Hailu, HRS): fong$^ˋ$ ngien
    (Meixian, Guangdong): fong$^1$ ngian$^2$
* Eastern Min (BUC): huŏng-ngiòng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hong-giân / hong-gân
    (Teochew, Peng'im): huang$^1$ ngang$^5$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^1$faon-yi$_6$ / $^1$faon-ye$_2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: fāngyán
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄤ ㄧㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: fangyán
*** Wade–Giles: fang$^1$-yen$^2$
*** Yale: fāng-yán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fangyan
*** Palladius: фанъянь (fanʺjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /fɑŋ⁵⁵ jɛn³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fong$^1$ jin$^4$
*** Yale: fōng yìhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fong$^1$ jin$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fong$^1$ yin$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /fɔːŋ⁵⁵ jiːn²¹/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$方言 謊言 / 谎言
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: fong$^1$ ngun$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /fɔŋ³³ ᵑɡun²²/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fông-ngièn
*** Hakka Romanization System: fong$^ˊ$ ngien$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fong$^1$ ngian$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /foŋ²⁴ ŋi̯en¹¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fông-ngiàn
*** Hakka Romanization System: fong$^ˊ$ ngian$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fong$^1$ ngian$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /foŋ²⁴ ŋi̯an¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: fong$^ˋ$ ngien
*** Sinological IPA: /foŋ⁵³ ŋien⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: fong$^1$ ngian$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /fɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ŋian¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: huŏng-ngiòng
*** Sinological IPA : /huoŋ⁵⁵ ŋyoŋ⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hong-giân
*** Tâi-lô: hong-giân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: honggieen
*** IPA (Taipei): /hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡiɛn²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡiɛn²³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Philippines): /hɔŋ³³ ɡiɛn²⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡiɛn²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hong-gân
*** Tâi-lô: hong-gân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: honggaan
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡan¹³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: huang$^1$ ngang$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huang ngâng
*** Sinological IPA : /huaŋ³³⁻²³ ŋaŋ⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$faon-yi$_6$
*** MiniDict: faon$^平$ yi$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$faan-hhi$_3$
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /fɑ̃⁵⁵ ɦi²¹/
** (Northern: Suzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^1$faon-ye$_2$
*** MiniDict: faon$^平$ yie$^平$
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /fɑ̃⁴⁴ ɦɪ/
* Middle Chinese: pjang ngjon
Rime :
| Character | 方 | 言 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 幫 (1) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (106) | 元 (65) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 府良切 | 語軒切 |
| Baxter | pjang | ngjon |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /pʉɐŋ/ | /ŋɨɐn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /pʷiɐŋ/ | /ŋiɐn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /piuɑŋ/ | /ŋiɐn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /puaŋ/ | /ŋɨan/ |
| Li Rong | /piuaŋ/ | /ŋiɐn/ |
| Wang Li | /pĭwaŋ/ | /ŋĭɐn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /piwaŋ/ | /ŋɨ̯ɐn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | fāng | yán |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | fong$^1$ | jin$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*C-paŋ ŋa[n]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*paŋ ŋan/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 方 | 言 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 3/4 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | fāng | yán |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ pjang › | ‹ ngjon › |
| Old Chinese | /*C-paŋ/ | /*ŋa[n]/ |
| English | square | speak; speech |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 方 | 言 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 3023 | 14271 |
| Phonetic component | 方 | 言 |
| Rime group | 陽 | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 方 | 言 |
| Old Chinese | /*paŋ/ | /*ŋan/ |
| Notes | 甲金文象槳即榜初文， 下初爲單筆，猶旂左初亦作單杆 | |

### Noun

方言
* (linguistics) dialect; topolect; regional language variety
    天津方言 ― Tiānjīn fāngyán ― Tianjin dialect (a dialect of Mandarin Chinese)
    廣州方言／广州方言 ― Guǎngzhōu fāngyán ― Guangzhou Cantonese
    方言詞彙／方言词汇 ― fāngyán cíhuì ― dialectal vocabulary
    德語方言／德语方言 ― Déyǔ fāngyán ― German dialects
    《方言集釋》／《方言集释》 ― “Fāngyán Jíshì” ― Collection and Explanation of Regional Tongues (Korean Joseon-era compilation of Chinese, Korean, Mongolian, Manchu, and Japanese)
* (specifically) non-Standard Mandarin variety of Chinese (such as dialectal Mandarin, Cantonese, Min Nan, etc.)
       Tā zài jiā shuō fāngyán, zài xuéxiào shuō pǔtōnghuà. [Pinyin]
       He speaks the local dialect at home and Standard Mandarin at school.
* (religion) tongues
    方言的恩賜／方言的恩赐 ― fāngyán de ēncì ― the gift of tongues
    說方言／说方言 ― shuō fāngyán ― to speak in tongues

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “dialect”): (historical) 雅言 (yǎyán)

#### Derived terms

* 地區方言 / 地区方言
* 方言地圖 / 方言地图
* 方言字 (fāngyánzì)
* 方言學 / 方言学 (fāngyánxué)
* 方言島 / 方言岛 (fāngyándǎo)
* 方言志
* 方言連續體 / 方言连续体 (fāngyán liánxùtǐ)
* 方言點 / 方言点 (fāngyándiǎn)
* 社會方言 / 社会方言 (shèhuì fāngyán)
* 視覺方言 / 视觉方言 (shìjué fāngyán)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 方言(ほうげん) (hōgen)
* → Korean: 방언(方言) (bang'eon)
* → Vietnamese: phương ngôn (方言)

### Proper noun

方言
* Fangyan (the first Chinese dictionary of dialectal terms, written by Han dynasty scholar Yang Xiong)

### Verb

方言
* (literary) Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see 方,‎ 言 (yán): to open one's mouth to speak after a period of silence

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 方 | 言 |
| ほう Grade: 2 | げん Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ほーげん [hòógéń] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) ほーげん [hòógéꜜǹ] (Nakadaka – [3])
* IPA: [ho̞ːɡẽ̞ɴ]

### Noun

方(ほう)言(げん) • (hōgen)
* a dialect; a provincialism

#### See also

* Category:Regional Japanese
* -弁(べん) (ben, “suffix for dialects”)

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 方 | 言 |

### Noun

方言 • (bang'eon) (hangeul 방언)
* hanja form of 방언 (“dialect, patois”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 方 | 言 |

### Noun

方言
* chữ Hán form of phương ngôn (“dialect”).