# 些

| 些 | U+4E9B, &#20123; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E9B |
| ← 亚 [U+4E9A] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 亜 → [U+4E9C] |

## Translingual
### Han character

些 (Kangxi radical 7, 二+6, 8 strokes, cangjie input 卜心一一 (YPMM), four-corner 2110$_1$, composition ⿱此二)

#### Derived characters

* 㾚, 𠉃, 𭈐, 𰓿, 𣒄, 𱺤, 𢧲, 𨧥, 𱸈

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 87, character 10
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 268
* Dae Jaweon: page 183, character 16
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1441, character 8
* Unihan data for U+4E9B

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 些
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
* Small seal scripts01200
* References:
* Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:
* Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
* Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
* Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
* Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
| | Old Chinese |
| 些 | *saːls, *sjaːl, *seːs |
| 跐 | *ʔsreːʔ, *ʔseʔ, *sʰeʔ, *ʔsreʔ |
| 柴 | *zreː |
| 祡 | *zreː |
| 茈 | *zreː, *ʔseʔ, *ze |
| 眦 | *zreːs |
| 砦 | *zraːds |
| 寨 | *zraːds, *slɯːɡ |
| 啙 | *ʔseː, *zeːʔ, *ʔseʔ |
| 泚 | *sʰeːʔ, *sʰeʔ |
| 玼 | *sʰeːʔ, *sʰeʔ, *ze |
| 皉 | *sʰeːʔ |
| 鮆 | *zeːʔ, *ʔse |
| 眥 | *zeːs, *zes |
| 貲 | *ʔse |
| 髭 | *ʔse |
| 頾 | *ʔse |
| 訾 | *ʔse, *ʔseʔ |
| 鴜 | *ʔse, *ze |
| 鈭 | *ʔse, *sʰe |
| 姕 | *ʔse, *sʰe, *ze |
| 觜 | *ʔse, *ʔse, *ʔseʔ |
| 紫 | *ʔseʔ |
| 訿 | *ʔseʔ |
| 呰 | *ʔseʔ |
| 嘴 | *ʔseʔ |
| 雌 | *sʰe |
| 此 | *sʰeʔ |
| 佌 | *sʰeʔ, *seʔ |
| 庛 | *sʰes |
| 疵 | *ze |
| 骴 | *ze, *zes |
| 胔 | *ze, *zes |
| 飺 | *ze |
| 齜 | *ʔsre |

### Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): xiē, xiě (xie$^1$, xie$^3$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄝ, ㄒㄧㄝˇ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): xi$^1$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): se$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): lhie$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): xiet$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): siâ
    (Hailu, HRS): sia$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): xia$^1$
* Jin (Wiktionary): xie$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): siě
* Eastern Min (BUC): siĕ
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): sia$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): sia / se
    (Teochew, Peng'im): sê$^1$ / sên$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$shi
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): sia$^1$ / sie$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiē
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄝ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sie
*** Wade–Giles: hsieh$^1$
*** Yale: syē
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shie
*** Palladius: се (se)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, variant)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiě
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄝˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: siě
*** Wade–Giles: hsieh$^3$
*** Yale: syě
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiee
*** Palladius: се (se)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ɛ²¹⁴/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: xi$^1$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xi
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: se$^1$
*** Yale: sē
*** Cantonese Pinyin: se$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sé$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɛː⁵⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: lhie$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬiɛ³³/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: xiet$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕiɛt̚⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: siâ
*** Hakka Romanization System: xia$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: xia$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /si̯a²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: sia$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /sia⁵³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: xia$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /sia⁴⁴/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: xie$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕie¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: siě
*** Sinological IPA : /siɛ²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: siĕ
*** Sinological IPA : /sie⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: sia$^1$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: sia
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬia⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sia
*** Tâi-lô: sia
*** Phofsit Daibuun: siaf
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /sia⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /sia³³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: se
*** Tâi-lô: se
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sef
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /se⁴⁴/
* sia - literary;
* se - vernacular.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit些 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ɕiɛ⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ɕiɛ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /ɕie²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /ɕiə²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /siə²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /siɛ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /ɕiɛ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /ɕi⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ɕie⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ɕiə³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ɕiɤ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /ɕie⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /ɕi⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /ɕie⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ɕiɛ³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /sie²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /sz̩²¹/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /ɕie¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /ɕie̞¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /ɕie³¹/ 一～ /ɕiəʔ⁴³/ 這～ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ɕi⁵³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /si⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ɕi³³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /sei³³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /se³¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /se¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /sie³³/ /sia³³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /siɒ³³/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /ɕiɛʔ⁵/ 訓讀 |
| Hakka | Meixian | /sia⁴⁴/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /siɑ¹¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /sɛ⁵³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /ɬɛ⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /sɛ⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /sia⁵⁵/ /se⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /sie⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /siɛ²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /sẽ³³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /nai³⁵/ |
* Middle Chinese: sjae
Rime :
| Character | 些 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 心 (16) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (100) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 寫邪切 |
| Baxter | sjae |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /sia/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /sia/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /sia/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /sia/ |
| Li Rong | /sia/ |
| Wang Li | /sĭa/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /si̯a/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xiē |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | se$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*sjaːl/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 些 |
| Reading # | 2/3 |
| No. | 1686 |
| Phonetic component | 此 |
| Rime group | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 些 |
| Old Chinese | /*sjaːl/ |

#### Definitions

些
* some; a few; a little; a bit (an indefinite amount)
    吃些肉 ― chī xiē ròu ― to eat some meat
    一些都沒有／一些都没有 ― yī xiē dōu méiyǒu ― not even a bit
* (used after adjectives and certain verbs) a bit; a bit more
    走快些 ― zǒu kuài xiē ― to walk a little faster
* (Southwestern Mandarin) Used after a noun to indicate plural number.
    書些／书些 [Sichuanese] ― su$^1$ xi$^1$ [Sichuanese Pinyin] ― books
* rather; somewhat
* (archaic) A modal particle.

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 些 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 些 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 些 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 啲 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 啲 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 尼 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 啲 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 兜 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 兜 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 兜 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 兜 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 兜 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 兜 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 兜 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 寡 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 寡 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 寡 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 寡 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 寡 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 撮 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 撮 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 撮 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 眼, 點, 些 formal or Mandarin-influenced |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 厘兒 |

#### Compounds

* 一些 (yīxiē)
* 一些些
* 些些
* 些個 / 些个 (xiēge)
* 些兒 / 些儿
* 些娘大
* 些小 (xiēxiǎo)
* 些微 (xiēwēi)
* 些許 / 些许 (xiēxǔ)
* 些須 / 些须 (xiēxū)
* 半些兒 / 半些儿
* 哪些
* 好些 (hǎoxiē)
* 好些時 / 好些时
* 拉些兒 / 拉些儿
* 有些 (yǒuxiē)
* 某些 (mǒuxiē)
* 爭些 / 争些 (zhēngxiē)
* 的些
* 這些 / 这些
* 這些兒 / 这些儿
* 這些時 / 这些时
* 這麼些 / 这么些 (zhèmexiē)
* 那些
* 險些 / 险些 (xiǎnxiē)

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): suò (suo$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄙㄨㄛˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): so$^3$ / sai$^3$ / so$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: suò
*** Zhuyin: ㄙㄨㄛˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: suò
*** Wade–Giles: so$^4$
*** Yale: swò
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: suoh
*** Palladius: со (so)
*** Sinological IPA : /su̯ɔ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: so$^3$ / sai$^3$ / so$^1$
*** Yale: so / sai / sō
*** Cantonese Pinyin: so$^3$ / sai$^3$ / so$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: so$^3$ / sei$^3$ / so$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɔː³³/, /sɐi̯³³/, /sɔː⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: saH, sejH
Rime :
| Character | 些 | 些 |
| Reading # | 3/3 | 2/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 心 (16) | 心 (16) |
| Final (韻) | 歌 (94) | 齊 (39) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | IV |
| Fanqie | 蘇箇切 | 蘇計切 |
| Baxter | saH | sejH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /sɑ$^H$/ | /sei$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /sɑ$^H$/ | /sei$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /sɑ$^H$/ | /sɛi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /sa$^H$/ | /sɛj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /sɑ$^H$/ | /sei$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /sɑ$^H$/ | /siei$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /sɑ$^H$/ | /siei$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | suò | xì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | so$^3$ | sai$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*saːls/, /*seːs/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 些 | 些 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 3/3 |
| No. | 1685 | 1701 |
| Phonetic component | 此 | 此 |
| Rime group | 歌 | 支 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 些 | 細 |
| Old Chinese | /*saːls/ | /*seːs/ |
| Notes | 見招魂 | |

#### Definitions

些
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) A modal particle.
    From: c. early 1200s, 白玉蟾,《早春》
    Nán zhī cái fàng liǎng-sān huā, xuě lǐ yín xiāng nòng fěn suò. [Pinyin]
    The southern twigs are just beginning to have a few flowers; In the snow, I enjoy their scent and appreciate their colors.
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, synecdochically) fu (poetry)
* (historical dictionaries only) can; be able to
* (historical dictionaries only) what
* (historical dictionaries only) this

#### Compounds

* 楚些

### Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “related to etymology 1?”)

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): suō (suo$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄙㄨㄛ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: suō
*** Zhuyin: ㄙㄨㄛ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: suo
*** Wade–Giles: so$^1$
*** Yale: swō
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: suo
*** Palladius: со (so)
*** Sinological IPA : /su̯ɔ⁵⁵/

#### Definitions

些
* (historical dictionaries only) to decrease

### Etymology 4
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): suō (suo$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄙㄨㄛ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: suō
*** Zhuyin: ㄙㄨㄛ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: suo
*** Wade–Giles: so$^1$
*** Yale: swō
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: suo
*** Palladius: со (so)
*** Sinological IPA : /su̯ɔ⁵⁵/

#### Definitions

些
* Only used in 麼些 / 么些 (Mósuō, “Mosuo”).

### References

* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00056
* 諸橋轍次 (Morohashi Tetsuji), chief ed. 大漢和辞典 (Dai Kan-Wa Jiten, “Comprehensive Chinese–Japanese Dictionary”). 13 vols. 1955–1960. Revised and enlarged ed. 1984–1986. Tokyo: Taishukan.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* a few, a little; some
* sometimes

#### Readings

* Go-on: さ (sa)
* Kan-on: しゃ (sha)
* Kun: いささか (isasaka, 些か)

## Korean
### Hanja

些 (eum 사 (sa))
* little

## Vietnamese
### Han character

些: Hán Việt readings: ta
些: Nôm readings: ta, tá
* chữ Hán form of ta (“I; me; we; us”).
    𠊚些吶 ― người ta nói ― it is said that
    羅𧵑衆些 ― là của chúng ta ― it's ours; it's our possession (something belonging to everybody involved)
    嬰些 ― anh ta ― our brother; our man
    𠄩些 ― hai ta ― two of us; both of us
    𠀧些 ― ba ta ― three of us
** 1820, Nguyễn Du (阮攸), Truyện Kiều (傳翹) [The Tale of Kieu], Liễu Văn Ðường edition, published 1866, line 1:𤾓(trăm)𢆥(năm)𥪞(trong)揆(cõi)𠊛(người)些(ta)A hundred years in the realm of humanity

#### Compounds

* 衆些 (chúng ta)
* 𠊛些 (người ta)

### References

* ↑ Nguyễn (2014).
* 1 2 Trần (2004).
* 1 2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* ↑ Bonet (1899).
* ↑ Génibrel (1898).
* ↑ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
* ↑ Hồ (1976).