# 戡

| 戡 | U+6221, &#25121; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6221 |
| ← 戠 [U+6220] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 戢 → [U+6222] |

## Translingual
### Han character

戡 (Kangxi radical 62, 戈+9, 13 strokes, cangjie input 廿女戈 (TVI), four-corner 4375$_0$, composition ⿰甚戈)

#### Derived characters

* 𪭕, 𥖘

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 413, character 17
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11616
* Dae Jaweon: page 756, character 11
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1408, character 11
* Unihan data for U+6221

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 戡 :
| Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 湛 | *ʔl'uːm, *r'uːmʔ, *l'um |
| 媅 | *ʔl'uːm |
| 黮 | *l̥ʰuːmʔ, *l'uːmʔ |
| 糂 | *sluːmʔ |
| 堪 | *kʰluːm |
| 戡 | *kʰluːm, *ʔl'umʔ |
| 嵁 | *kʰluːm, *ŋɡluːm, *ŋɡluːmʔ, *sɡruːmʔ, *kʰruːm |
| 歁 | *kʰluːmʔ, *kʰluːb |
| 勘 | *kʰluːms |
| 磡 | *kʰuːms |
| 墈 | *kʰuːms |
| 偡 | *r'uːmʔ |
| 碪 | *ʔl'um |
| 椹 | *ʔl'um |
| 揕 | *ʔl'ums |
| 踸 | *l̥ʰumʔ |
| 鍖 | *l̥ʰumʔ |
| 斟 | *kljum |
| 諶 | *ɡljum |
| 愖 | *ɡljum |
| 瘎 | *ɡljum |
| 煁 | *ɡljum |
| 甚 | *ɡljumʔ, *ɡljums |
| 葚 | *ɦljumʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kʰluːm, *ʔl'umʔ): phonetic 甚 (OC *ɡljumʔ, *ɡljums) + semantic 戈 (“dagger-axe”)

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kān (kan$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄢ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ham$^1$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kham
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kān
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kan
*** Wade–Giles: kʻan$^1$
*** Yale: kān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kan
*** Palladius: кань (kanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰän⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ham$^1$
*** Yale: hām
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ham$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hem$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɐm⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kham
*** Tâi-lô: kham
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qafm
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰam⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰam³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰam⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰam⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰam⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: khom
Rime :
| Character | 戡 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 覃 (159) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 口含切 |
| Baxter | khom |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰʌm/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰəm/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰɒm/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰəm/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰᴀm/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰɒm/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kʰăm/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | kān |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ham$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[kʰ]ˤ[ə]m/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰluːm/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 戡 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | kān |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ khom › |
| Old Chinese | /*[kʰ]ˁ[ə]m/ |
| English | kill |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 戡 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 11272 |
| Phonetic component | 甚 |
| Rime group | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 龕 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰluːm/ |

#### Definitions

戡
* to subjugate; to subdue; to quell
    alt. forms: 龕 / 龛 (kān)

#### Compounds

* 動員戡亂 / 动员戡乱
* 戡亂 / 戡乱 (kānluàn)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhěn (zhen$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄣˇ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhěn
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄣˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhěn
*** Wade–Giles: chên$^3$
*** Yale: jěn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jeen
*** Palladius: чжэнь (čžɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂən²¹⁴/
* Middle Chinese: trimX
Rime :
| Character | 戡 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 知 (9) |
| Final (韻) | 侵 (140) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 張甚切 |
| Baxter | trimX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʈˠiɪm$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʈᵚim$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȶiem$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʈjim$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ȶjəm$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ȶĭĕm$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȶi̯əm$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhěn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zam$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ʔl'umʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 戡 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 11286 |
| Phonetic component | 甚 |
| Rime group | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 戡 |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔl'umʔ/ |

#### Definitions

戡
* (historical dictionaries only) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* Cantonese (Jyutping): zam$^3$
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zam$^3$
*** Yale: jam
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzam$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zem$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɐm³³/

#### Definitions

戡
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 揕 (zhèn)

### References

* “戡”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* victory

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): かん (kan)、ちん (chin)
* Kun: かつ (katsu)

## Korean
### Hanja

戡 • (gam) (hangeul 감, revised gam, McCune–Reischauer kam, Yale kam)
* subjugate
* subdue, quell
* kill

## Vietnamese
### Han character

戡: Hán Nôm readings: kham
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation