# 梗

| 梗 | U+6897, &#26775; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6897 |
| ← 梖 [U+6896] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 梘 → [U+6898] |

## Translingual
### Han character

梗 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+7, 11 strokes, cangjie input 木一中大 (DMLK), four-corner 4194$_6$, composition ⿰木更)

#### Derived characters

* 𠼰

### Further reading

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 529, character 4
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14849
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1210, character 12
* Unihan data for U+6897

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 更 | *kraːŋ, *kraːŋs |
| 粳 | *kraːŋ |
| 埂 | *kraːŋ, *kraːŋʔ |
| 浭 | *kraːŋ |
| 稉 | *kraːŋ |
| 梗 | *kraːŋʔ |
| 哽 | *kraːŋʔ |
| 綆 | *kraːŋʔ |
| 鯁 | *kraːŋʔ |
| 挭 | *kraːŋʔ |
| 骾 | *kraːŋʔ |
| 郠 | *kraːŋʔ |
| 硬 | *ŋɡraːŋs, *ŋɡraːŋs |
| 鞕 | *ŋɡraːŋs |
| 丙 | *pqraŋʔ |
| 炳 | *praŋʔ |
| 邴 | *praŋʔ, *praŋs |
| 怲 | *praŋʔ, *praŋs |
| 苪 | *praŋʔ |
| 蛃 | *praŋʔ |
| 昺 | *praŋʔ |
| 昞 | *praŋʔ |
| 窉 | *praŋʔ |
| 柄 | *praŋʔ, *praŋs |
| 鈵 | *praŋs |
| 寎 | *praŋs |
| 病 | *braŋs |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kraːŋʔ): semantic 木 + phonetic 更 (OC *kraːŋ, *kraːŋs) – a type of plant.

### Etymology

* This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Schuessler (2007) only lists “strong” as being related to 強 (OC *ɡaŋ, “strong”). Are all these senses related?”

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): gěng (geng$^3$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄍㄥˇ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): gen$^3$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gang$^2$ / kwaang$^2$ / gwaang$^2$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): gang$^2$
* Gan (Wiktionary): gien$^3$ / guang$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): koáng / káng
    (Meixian, Guangdong): guang$^3$ / gang$^3$
* Jin (Wiktionary): geng$^2$
* Northern Min (KCR): gǎing / guǎng
* Eastern Min (BUC): gēng / guāng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kéng / kńg / kēng / kíⁿ / kéⁿ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gên$^2$
* Wu (Wugniu)
** (Northern): $^5$kan / $^3$kan / $^3$kuan
** (Jinhua): $^3$kuan
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): gen$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gěng
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄥˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gěng
*** Wade–Giles: kêng$^3$
*** Yale: gěng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: geeng
*** Palladius: гэн (gɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /kɤŋ²¹⁴/
** (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed) (梗兒 / 梗儿)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gěngr
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄥˇㄦ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gěngr
*** Wade–Giles: kêng$^3$-ʼrh
*** Yale: gěngr
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: geengl
*** Palladius: гэнр (gɛnr)
*** Sinological IPA : /kɤ̃ɻ²¹⁴/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: gen$^3$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gen
*** Sinological IPA : /kən⁵³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gang$^2$ / kwaang$^2$ / gwaang$^2$
*** Yale: gáng / kwáang / gwáang
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gang$^2$ / kwaang$^2$ / gwaang$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: geng$^2$ / kuang$^2$ / guang$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɐŋ³⁵/, /kʷʰaːŋ³⁵/, /kʷaːŋ³⁵/
* gang2 - literary;
* kwaang2, gwaang2 - vernacular (“stem; stalk”).
* Middle Chinese: kaengX
Rime :
| Character | 梗 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 庚 (109) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 古杏切 |
| Baxter | kaengX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠæŋ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kᵚaŋ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kaŋ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kaɨjŋ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /kɐŋ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /kɐŋ$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kɐŋ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gěng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gang$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤraŋʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kraːŋʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 梗 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gěng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kæng$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*kˁraŋʔ/ |
| English | suffering |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 梗 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 871 |
| Phonetic component | 丙 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 梗 |
| Old Chinese | /*kraːŋʔ/ |

### Definitions

梗
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative name for 刺榆 (“Hemiptelea davidii”).
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, of plants) to prick
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) spiny plant
* stalk (pedicel, peduncle, or petiole)
    青梗菜 ― qīnggěngcài ― green-stalk pak choi
       Tā ài chī cài yèr, bù ài chī gěngr. [Pinyin]
       He loves to eat the leaves of vegetables, not the stalks.
       keoi$^5$ zung$^1$ ji$^3$ sik$^6$ jip$^6$, m$^4$ zung$^1$ ji$^3$ sik$^6$ kwaang$^2$. [Jyutping]
       He likes to eat the leaves, not the stalks.
* broad outline; general idea; gist
* (alt. form 哏) punchline; (humorous) reference; meme
       “guǎngdōngrén chī fújiànrén” shì shénme gěng? [Pinyin]
       What's the joke behind "Cantonese people eat Fujianese people?"
* to block; to obstruct; to hinder
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to resist; to defy
* to straighten up; to stiffen
* upright; straightforward; upstanding
* (Cantonese) stiff; tight
       co$^5$ zo$^2$ seng$^4$ jat$^6$, co$^5$ dou$^3$ tiu$^4$ jiu$^1$ dou$^1$ gang$^2$ saai$^3$. [Jyutping]
       My lower back's all stiff after sitting all day.
* (Cantonese) fixed; immovable
    梗窗 [Hong Kong Cantonese] ― gang$^2$ coeng$^1$ [Jyutping] ― fixed window
* (Cantonese) certainly; definitely; of course
       nei$^5$ gam$^3$ lek$^1$, gang$^2$ wui$^5$ wan$^2$ dou$^{3-2}$ gung$^1$ ge$^3$. [Jyutping]
       You're so smart; you'll definitely be able to find a job.
* (Ningbonese) Classifier for long, slender objects, including ropes, fish, feathers, sticks. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) strong; violent
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) illness; disaster
* a surname

### Compounds

* 作梗 (zuògěng)
* 土偶桃梗
* 土梗
* 強梗 / 强梗
* 從中作梗 / 从中作梗
* 心肌梗塞 (xīnjī gěngsè)
* 悍梗
* 斷梗流萍 / 断梗流萍
* 斷梗飄萍 / 断梗飘萍
* 斷梗飄蓬 / 断梗飘蓬
* 斷梗飛蓬 / 断梗飞蓬
* 桔梗 (jiégěng)
* 梗塞
* 梗概 (gěnggài)
* 梗泛
* 梗直 (gěngzhí)
* 梗阻 (gěngzǔ)
* 橫梗 / 横梗
* 浮梗
* 浮萍斷梗 / 浮萍断梗
* 浮萍浪梗
* 老梗
* 花梗 (huāgěng)
* 萍梗
* 萍蹤梗跡 / 萍踪梗迹
* 阻梗
* 頑梗 / 顽梗 (wángěng)
* 飄蓬斷梗 / 飘蓬断梗

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: きょう (kyō)
* Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
* Kun: やまにれ (yamanire)

#### Compounds

* 桔(き)梗(きょう) (kikyō)

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 梗 (MC kaengX).
* Recorded as Middle Korean ᄀᆡᇰ〯 (Yale: kǒyng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 겨ᇰ〯 (kyěng) (Yale: kyěng) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [kjʌ̹ŋ]
* Phonetic hangul: [경]

### Hanja

Wikisource 梗 (eumhun 줄기 경 (julgi gyeong))
* hanja form of 경 (“stem; stalk”)

#### Compounds

* 경색 (梗塞, gyeongsaek, “blockage; (medicine) infarction”)
* 뇌경색 (腦梗塞, noegyeongsaek, “(neurology, diseases) ischaemic stroke”)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

梗: Hán Nôm readings: ngành, cánh, cạnh, cành, chành, ngạnh, gánh, ngáng, ngánh, nhành, nhánh, gảnh
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.