# 穹

| 穹 | U+7A79, &#31353; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7A79 |
| ← 穸 [U+7A78] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 空 → [U+7A7A] |

## Translingual
### Han character

穹 (Kangxi radical 116, 穴+3, 8 strokes, cangjie input 十金弓 (JCN), four-corner 3020$_7$, composition ⿱穴弓)

#### Derived characters

* 𠶥, 𡸕, 𢛙, 𢮍, 𣶆, 𣇬, 焪, 𥓰, 䛪, 䠻, 𨡗, 𭯵, 𡹗, 𦲄

### Further reading

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 862, character 29
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25414
* Dae Jaweon: page 1289, character 7
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2721, character 3
* Unihan data for U+7A79

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 弓 | *kʷɯŋ |
| 穹 | *kʰʷɯŋ |
| 焪 | *kʰʷɯŋ, *kʰʷɯŋs |
| 芎 | *kʰʷɯŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kʰʷɯŋ): semantic 穴 + phonetic 弓 (OC *kʷɯŋ).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qióng, qiōng
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄩㄥˊ, ㄑㄩㄥ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): kung$^4$ / hung$^1$ / gung$^1$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khiông / kiong
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qióng
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄩㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cyóng
*** Wade–Giles: chʻiung$^2$
*** Yale: chyúng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyong
*** Palladius: цюн (cjun)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ʊŋ³⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qiōng
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄩㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cyong
*** Wade–Giles: chʻiung$^1$
*** Yale: chyūng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiong
*** Palladius: цюн (cjun)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ʊŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: kung$^4$ / hung$^1$ / gung$^1$
*** Yale: kùhng / hūng / gūng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: kung$^4$ / hung$^1$ / gung$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: kung$^4$ / hung$^1$ / gung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰʊŋ²¹/, /hʊŋ⁵⁵/, /kʊŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiông
*** Tâi-lô: khiông
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qioong
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰiɔŋ¹³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /kʰiɔŋ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiong
*** Tâi-lô: kiong
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kiofng
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kiɔŋ⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: khjuwng
Rime :
| Character | 穹 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (2) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 去宮切 |
| Baxter | khjuwng |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰɨuŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰiuŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰiuŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰuwŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰiuŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰĭuŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kʰi̯uŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qiōng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hung$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰʷɯŋ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 穹 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 4080 |
| Phonetic component | 弓 |
| Rime group | 蒸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰʷɯŋ/ |

### Definitions

穹
* (literary) elevated and arched
    穹隆 ― qiónglóng ― domed structure
* (literary) sky
    From: 李白 (Li Bai), 《暮春於江夏送張祖監丞之東都序》
    Shǒu nòng bái rì, dǐng mó qīng qióng, huīchì yōufèn, bùkě dé yě. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    Synonym: 天 (tiān)
* (literary) deep
* (literary) high and vast
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to fill up; to exhaust
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Jiǔyuè zài hù, shíyuè xīshuài rù wǒ chuáng xià. Qióng zhì xūn shǔ, sài xiàng jìn hù. [Pinyin]
    In the ninth month, about the doors; In the tenth month, the cricket enters under our beds. Chinks are filled up, and rats are smoked out. The windows that face [the north] are stopped up;

### Compounds

* 天穹 (tiānqióng)
* 玄穹 (xuánqióng)
* 穹丘 (qióngqiū)
* 穹冥
* 穹壤
* 穹天
* 穹宇 (qióngyǔ)
* 穹廬 / 穹庐 (qiónglú)
* 穹石
* 穹窒
* 穹窮 / 穹穷
* 穹窿 (qiónglóng)
* 穹蒼 / 穹苍 (qióngcāng)
* 穹谷
* 穹隆 (qiónglóng)
* 穹靈 / 穹灵
* 蒼穹 / 苍穹 (cāngqióng)
* 隆穹
* 顥穹 / 颢穹

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* high arching vault
* sky

#### Readings

* Go-on: く (ku)
* Kan-on: きゅう (kyū)
* Kun: あめ (ame, 穹)、そら (sora, 穹)、おおぞら (ōzora, 穹)、あな (ana, 穹)、ふかい (fukai, 穹い)、たかい (takai, 穹い)、おおきい (ōkī, 穹きい)
* Nanori: こう (kō)、たかし (takashi)、ひろ (hiro)

#### Compounds

* 穹蒼(きゅうそう) (kyūsō)
* 穹窿(きゅうりゅう) (kyūryū)
* 蒼穹(そうきゅう) (sōkyū)

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 穹 (MC khjuwng). Recorded as Middle Korean 구ᇰ (kwung) (Yale: kwung) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

Wikisource 穹 (eumhun 하늘 궁 (haneul gung))
* (literary) hanja form of 궁 (“sky; heaven”)
* (literary) hanja form of 궁 (“arched”)

#### Compounds

* 고궁 (高穹, gogung)
* 궁곡 (穹谷, gunggok)
* 궁교 (穹窖, gunggyo)
* 궁륭 (穹窿, gungnyung)
* 궁창 (穹蒼, gungchang)
* 창궁 (蒼穹, changgung)
* 천궁 (天穹, cheon'gung)
* 청궁 (靑穹, cheonggung)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

穹: Hán Việt readings: khung (去(khử)宮(cung)切(thiết)), khum
穹: Nôm readings: khum, khung, cùng
* chữ Hán form of khung (“sky”).
* chữ Nôm form of khung (“border; frame”).
* chữ Nôm form of khum (“curved; convex”).

#### Compounds

* 穹蒼 (khung thương)
* 穹靈 (khung linh)

### References

* 1 2 3 Nguyễn (2014).
* 1 2 3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* 1 2 3 Trần (2004).
* 1 2 Génibrel (1898).
* 1 2 Bonet (1899).
* ↑ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
* ↑ Hồ (1976).