# 膿

| 膿 | U+81BF, &#33215; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-81BF |
| ← 膾 [U+81BE] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 臀 → [U+81C0] |

## Translingual
### Han character

膿 (Kangxi radical 130, 肉+13, 17 strokes, cangjie input 月廿田女 (BTWV), four-corner 7523$_2$, composition ⿰⺼農)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 996, character 4
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29938
* Dae Jaweon: page 1447, character 4
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2116, character 7
* Unihan data for U+81BF

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 嶩 | *nuː |
| 噥 | *rnuːŋ, *nuːŋ |
| 鬞 | *rnuːŋ, *noŋ |
| 擃 | *rnuːŋʔ |
| 齈 | *noːŋs |
| 癑 | *noːŋs |
| 農 | *nuːŋ |
| 辳 | *nuːŋ |
| 憹 | *nuːŋ |
| 膿 | *nuːŋ |
| 儂 | *nuːŋ |
| 濃 | *noŋ |
| 醲 | *noŋ |
| 襛 | *noŋ, *njoŋ |
| 穠 | *noŋ, *njoŋ |
| 檂 | *noŋ |

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): nóng (nong$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄋㄨㄥˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): nung$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): nùng
    (Meixian, Guangdong): nung$^2$
* Eastern Min (BUC): nè̤ng / nùng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): lông / lâng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): long$^5$ / lang$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$non
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: nóng
*** Zhuyin: ㄋㄨㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: nóng
*** Wade–Giles: nung$^2$
*** Yale: núng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nong
*** Palladius: нун (nun)
*** Sinological IPA : /nʊŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: nung$^4$
*** Yale: nùhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: nung$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: nung$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /nʊŋ²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nùng
*** Hakka Romanization System: nung$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: nung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /nuŋ¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: nung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /nʊŋ¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: nè̤ng / nùng
*** Sinological IPA : /nˡøyŋ⁵³/, /nˡuŋ⁵³/
* nè̤ng - vernacular;
* nùng - literary.
* Middle Chinese: nowng
Rime :
| Character | 膿 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 泥 (8) |
| Final (韻) | 冬 (5) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 奴冬切 |
| Baxter | nowng |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /nuoŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /nuoŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /noŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /nawŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /noŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /nuoŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /nuoŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | nóng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | nung$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.nˤuŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*nuːŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 膿 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | nóng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ nowng › |
| Old Chinese | /*C.nˁuŋ/ |
| English | pus |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 膿 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 9575 |
| Phonetic component | 農 |
| Rime group | 終 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 農 |
| Old Chinese | /*nuːŋ/ |

### Definitions

膿
* pus
    From: 急救基本知识, Qingdao United Family Hospital (青岛和睦家医院)
    Liúyì gǎnrǎn de zhēngzhào, bǐrú fāshāo, fāhóng, zhǒngzhàng, zhuórè, téngtòng jiājù, liú nóng huò gēshāng bùwèi zhōuwéi yǒu hóngsè tiáowén děng. [Pinyin]
    Watch for signs of infection, which are fever, redness, swelling, warmth, increasing pain, pus, or red streaks around the cut area etc.

#### Compounds

* 信口捏膿 / 信口捏脓
* 化膿 / 化脓 (huànóng)
* 捏膿 / 捏脓
* 灌膿 / 灌脓
* 煨膿 / 煨脓
* 膿包 / 脓包 (nóngbāo)
* 膿包貨 / 脓包货
* 膿團 / 脓团
* 膿毒病 / 脓毒病
* 膿泡 / 脓泡
* 膿痂疹 / 脓痂疹
* 膿疱病
* 膿皰 / 脓疱 (nóngpào)
* 膿胸 / 脓胸 (nóngxiōng)
* 膿腫 / 脓肿 (nóngzhǒng)
* 膿血 / 脓血
* 膿血債 / 脓血债
* 貢膿 / 贡脓
* 軟膿包 / 软脓包

### Descendants

* → Proto-Katuic: *pnuŋ (“pus”)
* → Proto-Tai: *ʰnoːŋᴬ (“pus”)
** Thai: หนอง (nɔ̌ɔng)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: の (no)、のう (nō)
* Kan-on: どう (dō)
* Kun: うむ (umu, 膿む)、うみ (umi, 膿)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 膿
* うみ Hyōgai
* kun'yomi
⟨umi$_1$⟩ → */umʲi/ → /umi/
Possibly from Old Japanese.
Nominalization of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 膿む (umu, “to fester”).
First attested in the Nihonshoki of 720 CE.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) うみ [ùmíꜜ] (Odaka –)
* IPA: [ɯ̟mʲi]

#### Noun

膿(うみ) • (umi)
* pus

##### Derived terms

* 膿(うみ)汁(しる) (umishiru)
* 膿(うみ)吸(す)い石(いし) (umisui-ishi)
* 膿(うみ)血(ち) (umichi)
* 血(ち)膿(うみ) (chiumi)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 膿
* のう Hyōgai
* goon
From Middle Chinese 膿 (MC nowng).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) のー [nóꜜò] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [no̞ː]

#### Affix

膿(のう) • (nō)
* (medicine) pus

##### Derived terms

* 膿(のう)痂(か)疹(しん) (nōkashin)
* 膿(のう)胸(きょう) (nōkyō)
* 膿(のう)血(けつ) (nōketsu)
* 膿(のう)腫(しゅ) (nōshu)
* 膿(のう)汁(じゅう) (nōjū)
* 膿(のう)毒(どく)症(しょう) (nōdoku-shō)
* 膿(のう)尿(にょう) (nōnyō)
* 膿(のう)皮(ひ)症(しょう) (nōhi-shō)
* 膿(のう)疱(ほう) (nōhō)
* 膿(のう)盆(ぼん) (nōbon)
* 膿(のう)瘍(よう) (nōyō)
* 膿(のう)漏(ろう) (nōrō)
* 化(か)膿(のう) (kanō)
* 排(はい)膿(のう) (hainō)

#### Noun

膿(のう) • (nō)
* (medicine) pus

### References

* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

膿 (eumhun 고름 농 (goreum nong))
* hanja form of 농 (“pus”)