# 花

| 花 | U+82B1, &#33457; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-82B1 |
| ← 芰 [U+82B0] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 芲 → [U+82B2] |
| 花 | U+2F993, &#194963; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F993 |
| ← 劳 [U+2F992] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement | 芳 → [U+2F994] |

## Translingual
### Han character

花 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+4, 8 strokes in traditional Chinese and Korean, 7 strokes in simplified Chinese and Japanese, cangjie input 廿人心 (TOP), four-corner 4421$_4$, composition ⿱艹化)

#### Derived characters

* 埖, 婲, 㬸, 椛, 㳸, 硴, 糀, 誮, 錵, 蒊
* 𠵅, 𢯘, 𤦙, 𩋖, 𩤉, 𩸽, 𠝐, 𫈪, 𦷌, 𠎍, 𤰏
* 𫢮, 𮖏, 𬦷, 𬧧

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1020, character 21
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30734
* Dae Jaweon: page 1478, character 5
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3181, character 7
* Unihan data for U+82B1
* Unihan data for U+2F993

## Chinese

* 花 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 花 (Cantonese)
* 花 (Gan)
* fâ (Hakka)
* huă (Eastern Min)
* hoe (Southern Min)
* 花 (Wu)

### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 花 :
| Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 訛 | *ŋʷaːl |
| 吪 | *ŋʷaːl |
| 鈋 | *ŋʷaːl |
| 囮 | *lu, *ŋʷaːl |
| 魤 | *ŋʷaːl |
| 靴 | *hʷa |
| 貨 | *hŋʷaːls |
| 花 | *hʷraː |
| 化 | *hŋʷraːls |
| 杹 | *hŋʷraːls |
| 匕 | *pilʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *hʷraː): semantic 艹 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 化 (OC *hŋʷraːls). Originally 𠌶 or 華 before the Han dynasty.

### Etymology

Unclear. According to Schuessler (2007), either from:
* Proto-Sino-Tibetan *baːr (“bloom, flower”) and thus an example of possible *b ~ *w variation, with final -r moved to medial position. If so, cognate with 葩 (OC *pʰraː); outside Sinitic, compare Burmese ပန်း (pan:), Lepcha ᰓᰫᰲ (búr), Mizo páar. Sagart (2021) also connects it to 葩 (OC *pʰˤra), modifying Baxter and Sagart's (2014) reconstruction to *Cə-pʰˤra and proposing the sound changes *Cə-pʰ- > *Cə-ɸ- > *ɸ- > xw-.
* Or from Austroasiatic; compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *pkaaw ~ *pkaʔ (“flower, blossom”).
華 (OC *ɡʷraː, “to flower”) is a derivative.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): huā (hua$^1$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄚ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): hua$^1$
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): huǎ
    (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): huà
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): хуа (hua, I)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): faa$^1$
    (Dongguan, Jyutping++): faa$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): fa$^1$ / fa$^{1*}$
    (Yangjiang, Jyutping++): faa$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): fa$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): fâ
    (Hailu, HRS): fa$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): fa$^1$
    (Changting, Changting Pinyin): fa$^1$
* Jin (Wiktionary): hua$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): huá
* Eastern Min (BUC): huă
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hua$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hoe / hoa
    (Teochew, Peng'im): huê$^1$ / hua$^1$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): hue$^1$ / hua$^1$
* Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): waa$^1$
* Wu (Wugniu)
** (Northern): $^1$ho / $^1$hua / $^1$fa / $^1$huo
** (Jinhua): $^1$hua
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): fa$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: huā
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄚ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hua
*** Wade–Giles: hua$^1$
*** Yale: hwā
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hua
*** Palladius: хуа (xua)
*** Sinological IPA : /xu̯ä⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed) (花兒 / 花儿)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: huār
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄚㄦ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: huar
*** Wade–Giles: hua$^1$-ʼrh
*** Yale: hwār
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hual
*** Palladius: хуар (xuar)
*** Sinological IPA : /xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: hua$^1$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xua
*** Sinological IPA : /xua⁵⁵/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: huǎ
*** Sinological IPA : /xua²¹/
** (Nanjing)
*** Nanjing Pinyin: huà
*** Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): hua$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /xua³¹/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: хуа (hua, I)
*** Sinological IPA : /xua²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: faa$^1$
*** Yale: fā
*** Cantonese Pinyin: faa$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fa$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /faː⁵⁵/
** (Dongguan, Guancheng)
*** Jyutping++: faa$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /fa²¹³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: fa$^1$ / fa$^{1*}$
*** Sinological IPA : /fa³³/, /fa³³⁻³³⁵/
** (Yangjiang Yue, Jiangcheng)
*** Jyutping++: faa$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /fa³³/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: fa$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /fa⁴²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fâ
*** Hakka Romanization System: fa$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fa$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /fa²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: fa$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /fa⁵³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: fa$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /fa⁴⁴/
** (Changting)
*** Changting Pinyin: fa$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /fa³³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: hua$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /xua¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: huá
*** Sinological IPA : /xua⁵⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: huă
*** Sinological IPA : /hua⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hua$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /hua⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Yongchun, Zhangpu, General Taiwanese, Philippines, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoe
*** Tâi-lô: hue
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoef
*** IPA (Xiamen, Yongchun, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Singapore): /hue⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines): /hue³³/
*** IPA (Zhangpu): /huɛ⁵⁵/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese, Penang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoa
*** Tâi-lô: hua
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoaf
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Penang): /hua³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hua⁴⁴/
* Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taiwan:
** hoe - vernacular;
** hoa - literary.
* Middle Chinese: xwae
Rime :
| Character | 花 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 曉 (32) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (99) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 呼瓜切 |
| Baxter | xwae |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /hˠua/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /hʷᵚa/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /xua/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /hwaɨ/ |
| Li Rong | /xua/ |
| Wang Li | /xwa/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /xwa/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | huā |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | faa$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*qʷʰˤra/
    (Zhengzhang): /*hʷraː/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 花 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | huā |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ xwæ › |
| Old Chinese | /*qʷʰˁra/ |
| English | flower (n.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 花 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 5326 |
| Phonetic component | 化 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 華 |
| Old Chinese | /*hʷraː/ |
| Notes | 俗與華通用 |

### Definitions

花
* flower; blossom (Classifier: 朵 m c; 支 m c; 蕊 h mn; 束 m c; 把 m; 盆 m c; 簇 m; 紮／扎 c)
    太陽花／太阳花 ― tàiyánghuā ― sunflower
    開花／开花 ― kāihuā ― to blossom
* florid; flowery
    花花綠綠／花花绿绿 ― huāhualǜlǜ ― colorful
* pattern; design
    花紋／花纹 ― huāwén ― decorative pattern
* blurred
    眼花 ― yǎnhuā ― to have blurred vision
* fireworks
    煙花／烟花 ― yānhuā ― fireworks
* essence; cream
* wound; wounded
** 1998, Chiung Yao, 還珠格格, episode 13, 赵薇 (actor):
       Běnlái ya, wǒ kěyǐ hěnhēn de jiàoxùn tā yī dùn, dāng zhe suǒyǒu de tàijiān hé gōngnǚ miànqián, dǎ de tā liǎndàn kāi huā! [Pinyin]
       (please add an English translation of this quotation)
** 2001, Chiung Yao, 情深深雨濛濛, 49 episodes edition, episode 2, 蘇有朋 (actor):
       Nǐ méiyǒu duì rénjiā zěnmeyàng? Nǐ kàn nà gūniang liǎn dōu huā lei! [Pinyin]
       (please add an English translation of this quotation)
** 2004, 臧希, 臧里, “英雄气概（下）” (11:03 from the start), in 家有儿女, season 1, episode 34, 马书良 (actor):
       Yī jìn ménr a, wǒ xiān cèi tā ge mǎn liǎn huā. Ràng tā fúruǎnr. [Pinyin]
       (please add an English translation of this quotation)
* Short for 天花 (tiānhuā, “smallpox”).
    種花／种花 ― zhònghuā ― to vaccinate against smallpox
* courtesan; prostitute
* to spend (money, time, etc.); to cost
       zhè jiàn yīfú huā le bùdào yībǎi kuài [Pinyin]
       This clothing cost less than 100 yuan.
* profligate
* (slang) randy; lecherous
* (slang) to be horny; to womanize
       From: 2007, 上海话大词典, page 52
       $^6$non $^6$yeu $^5$iau $^5$chi $^1$ho $^6$non $^8$gheq $^6$gniu-ban-yeu $^0$leq $^6$zy-va [Wugniu]
       You're going to seduce your girlfriend again aren't you?
* false
* (Cantonese) scratched
       keoi$^5$ zoek$^3$ zo$^2$ ni$^1$ deoi$^3$ haai$^4$ loeng$^5$ go$^3$ jyut$^6$ zau$^6$ ji$^5$ ging$^1$ faa$^1$ saai$^3$ laa$^3$. [Jyutping]
       He's worn the shoes for only two months and they're already all scratched up.
    個底花嗮／个底花嗮 [Cantonese] ― go$^3$ dai$^2$ faa$^1$ saai$^3$ [Jyutping] ― to have a bad record
* (Cantonese, of images, drawings, patterns, etc.) over-colorful; chaotic; messy
* (Cantonese, card games) flush
* (Hong Kong) pip (insignia) (Classifier: 粒 c)
** 1991, Fight Back to School, spoken by Police Commissioner (Scissor Legs) (Barry Wong):
    naam$^4$ jan$^4$ po$^4$, tung$^4$ ngo$^5$ giu$^3$ saai$^3$ di$^1$ bok$^3$ tau$^4$ jau$^5$ faa$^1$ ge$^3$ zik$^1$ kaak$^1$ soeng$^5$ lei$^4$! [Jyutping]
    Tomboy, call everyone who has pips on their shoulder to here!
* (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to extinguish; to put out (of fire)
* (Quanzhou Hokkien) to disappear (of a scar)
* (dialectal Mandarin, Northern Wu) Clipping of 棉花 (“cotton”).
    From: , "Of whose family's this daughter, of whose family these blooms" (啥人家囡兒啥人家花), Southern Wuxi folklore tune
    $^1$tsan-ka$_1$-li$_0$ $^6$noe-gni$_2$-meq$_8$ $^1$tsan-ka$_1$-li$_0$ $^1$hu $^1$tsan-ka$_1$-li$_0$ $^6$noe-gni$_2$-meq$_8$ $^1$ten-leq$_8$ $^2$die-tson$_1$ $^5$sia $^2$mie-hu$_1$ [Wugniu]
    Of the Chang family is this daughter; for the Chang family this cotton blooms. It is a daughter of the Chang family, who unloads cotton here in these fields.
* (Shanghainese) to tease
       From: 2007, 上海话大词典, page 52
       $^6$non $^6$viau $^6$le $^1$ho-ngu$_6$-leq$_0$ $^6$ngu $^1$ken-pen$_5$ $^6$viau $^6$non $^8$geq-pen$_6$ $^1$sy [Wugniu]
       Stop teasing me, I didn't even want your book in the first place.
* a surname, Hua

#### Synonyms

* (flower):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 花, 華 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 花朵, 花 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 花兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 花 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Ulanhot | 花兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tongliao | 花兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 花兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 花兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 花 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 花 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 花 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 花 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 花兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 花兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 花兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 花 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 花兒, 花 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 花兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 花兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan) | 花 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 花 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Bayanhot | 花兒 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 花兒, 花 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 花 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 花 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 花 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 花 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 花 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 花 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 花 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 花 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 花 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 花 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 花 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 花 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 花 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 花 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 花 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 花 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 花 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 花 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 花 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 花 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 花 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 花 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 花 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 花 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 花 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 花 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 花 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 花 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 花 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 花 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 花 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 花 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 花 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 花 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 花 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 花 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 花 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 花 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan | 花 |
| Cantonese | Yunfu | 花 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 花 |
| Cantonese | Xinyi | 花 |
| Cantonese | Lianjiang | 花 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 花 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 花 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 花 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 花 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 花 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 花 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 花 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 花 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 花 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 花 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 花 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 花 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 花 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 花 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 花 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 花 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 花 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 花 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 花 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 花 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 花 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 花 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 花 |
| Hakka | Luchuan (Daqiao) | 花 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 花 |
| Hakka | Singkawang | 花 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 花 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 花兒 |
| Jin | Pingyao | 花 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 花兒 |
| Jin | Taibus (Baochang) | 花兒 |
| Jin | Linhe | 花 |
| Jin | Jining | 花兒 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 花兒 |
| Jin | Baotou | 花兒 |
| Jin | Dongsheng | 花兒 |
| Jin | Haibowan | 花兒 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 花 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 花 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 花 |
| Eastern Min | Matsu | 花 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 花, 花蕊 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 花, 花蕊 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 花, 花蕊 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 花, 花蕊 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 花 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 花 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 花 |
| Southern Min | Pingnan (Shangdu) | 花 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 花 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 花 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 花 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 花 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 花 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 花, 花朵 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Dahe) | 花 |
| Shehua | Fu'an | 花 |
| Shehua | Fuding | 花 |
| Shehua | Luoyuan | 花 |
| Shehua | Sanming | 花 |
| Shehua | Shunchang | 花 |
| Shehua | Hua'an | 花 |
| Shehua | Guixi (Zhangping) | 花 |
| Shehua | Cangnan | 花 |
| Shehua | Jingning (Hexi) | 花 |
| Shehua | Lishui | 花 |
| Shehua | Longyou | 花 |
| Shehua | Chaozhou | 花 |
| Shehua | Fengshun | 花 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 花 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 花 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 花 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 花 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 花 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 花 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 花 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 花 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 花 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 花 |
| Xiang | Quanzhou | 花 |
* (to spend time): (Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew) 使; (Hokkien, Teochew) 開／开
* (cotton):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 棉花 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 棉花 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 棉花 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 棉花 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 棉花 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 棉花 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 棉花, 花 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 棉花, 棉 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 棉花, 花 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 棉花 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 棉花 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 棉花 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 棉花 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 棉花 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 棉花 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 棉花 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 棉花 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 棉花 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 棉花 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 棉花 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 棉花 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 棉花, 棉 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 棉花 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 棉花 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 棉花 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 棉花 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 棉花 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 棉花 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 棉仔 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 棉仔 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 棉花, 棉仔 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 棉 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 棉仔 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Zhuolan; Raoping) | 棉仔 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 棉花 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 棉花 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 棉花 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 棉花 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 棉花 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 棉花, 棉 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 棉花 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 棉花 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 棉花 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 棉仔 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 棉花 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 棉 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 棉花 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 棉花 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 棉花, 花 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 棉花 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 棉花 |
| Wu | Danyang | 棉花 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 棉花 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 棉花, 花 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 棉花 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 棉花 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 棉花 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 棉花 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 棉花 |

### Compounds

* 串花
* 九花 (jiǔhuā)
* 乾花 / 干花
* 亂花 / 乱花
* 五花 (wǔhuā)
* 五花茶 (wǔhuāchá)
* 六花
* 冬花 (dōnghuā)
* 冰花 (bīnghuā)
* 加花 (jiāhuā)
* 印花 (yìnhuā)
* 名花 (mínghuā)
* 唐花 (tánghuā)
* 喜花
* 國花 / 国花 (guóhuā)
* 團花 / 团花
* 坐花廳 / 坐花厅
* 堆花
* 壁花
* 壓花 / 压花
* 夏花
* 多花
* 大花
* 大花筒
* 天花 (tiānhuā)
* 女花
* 好花
* 宮花 / 宫花
* 小五花
* 川蟬花 / 川蝉花
* 市花 (shìhuā)
* 帽花
* 心花 (xīnhuā)
* 扎花
* 打花
* 押花
* 拗花
* 挑花
* 拮花
* 拱花
* 捧花 (pěnghuā)
* 採花 / 采花 (cǎihuā)
* 掛花 / 挂花 (guàhuā)
* 探花 (tànhuā)
* 插花 (chāhuā)
* 揚花 / 扬花
* 提花
* 摘花
* 撲花 / 扑花
* 撒花 (sǎhuā)
* 攀枝花 (pānzhīhuā)
* 放花
* 旗花
* 昏花 (hūnhuā)
* 春花
* 曇花 / 昙花 (tánhuā)
* 杏花 (xìnghuā)
* 松花 (sōnghuā)
* 校花 (xiàohuā)
* 桂花 (guìhuā)
* 桃花 (táohuā)
* 桃花山 (Táohuāshān)
* 梅花 (méihuā)
* 棉花
* 棣花 (Dìhuā)
* 棉花糖 (miánhuātáng)
* 楊花 / 杨花 (yánghuā)
* 榴花
* 槐花 (huáihuā)
* 榜花
* 橙花
* 櫻花 / 樱花 (yīnghuā)
* 水翁花
* 水花 (shuǐhuā)
* 油花
* 浮花
* 浪花 (lànghuā)
* 淚花 / 泪花 (lèihuā)
* 渾花 / 浑花
* 澆花 / 浇花 (jiāohuā)
* 火花 (huǒhuā)
* 炙棉花
* 烙花 (làohuā)
* 煙花 / 烟花 (yānhuā)
* 燙花 / 烫花 (tànghuā)
* 燈花 / 灯花
* 燭花 / 烛花
* 牙花
* 獻花 / 献花 (xiànhuā)
* 珠花
* 球花
* 璇花
* 生花 (shēnghuā)
* 番紅花 / 番红花 (fānhónghuā)
* 當花 / 当花
* 發花 / 发花
* 白花 (báihuā)
* 百花 (bǎihuā)
* 皮花
* 盆花
* 眼花 (yǎnhuā)
* 石花 (shíhuā)
* 碎花
* 禮花 / 礼花
* 秋花
* 種花 / 种花 (zhònghuā)
* 穎花 / 颖花
* 空花
* 窗花 (chuānghuā)
* 簪花
* 紅花 / 红花 (hónghuā)
* 紅花套 / 红花套 (Hónghuātào)
* 紫花 (zǐhuā)
* 繡花 / 绣花 (xiùhuā)
* 羞花
* 群花 (qúnhuā)
* 翎花
* 翠花鋪 / 翠花铺 (Cuìhuāpù)
* 背花
* 胸花
* 腦花 / 脑花 (nǎohuā)
* 腰花 (yāohuā)
* 腿花
* 花不棱登 (huābulēngdēng)
* 花不起
* 花乳
* 花事
* 花令
* 花俏 (huāqiào)
* 花信
* 花假
* 花兒 / 花儿
* 花兒匠 / 花儿匠
* 花兒樣子 / 花儿样子
* 花兒洞子 / 花儿洞子
* 花兒針 / 花儿针
* 花冠 (huāguān)
* 花冰
* 花判
* 花利
* 花劍 / 花剑 (huājiàn)
* 花功
* 花勝 / 花胜
* 花匠 (huājiàng)
* 花卉 (huāhuì)
* 花叢 / 花丛 (huācóng)
* 花古 (Huāgǔ)
* 花史
* 花名 (huāmíng)
* 花名冊 / 花名册 (huāmíngcè)
* 花呢
* 花和尚 (huāhéshàng)
* 花哄
* 花品
* 花哨 (huāshào)
* 花器 (huāqì)
* 花圃 (huāpǔ)
* 花圈 (huāquān)
* 花國 / 花国
* 花園 / 花园 (huāyuán)
* 花團 / 花团
* 花團錦簇 / 花团锦簇 (huātuánjǐncù)
* 花坪 (Huāpíng)
* 花城 (Huāchéng)
* 花報 / 花报
* 花塢 / 花坞
* 花壇 / 花坛 (huātán)
* 花多眼亂 / 花多眼乱 (huāduōyǎnluàn)
* 花大姐 (huādàjiě)
* 花大著 / 花大着
* 花天酒地 (huātiānjiǔdì)
* 花好月圓 / 花好月圆 (huāhǎoyuèyuán)
* 花姑
* 花娘 (huāniáng)
* 花子
* 花字
* 花季
* 花容
* 花容月貌 (huāróngyuèmào)
* 花屋
* 花屋脊 (Huāwūjǐ)
* 花崗岩 / 花岗岩 (huāgāngyán)
* 花嶼 / 花屿 (Huāyǔ)
* 花巧
* 花市 (huāshì)
* 花布 (huābù)
* 花帳 / 花帐
* 花帽
* 花序 (huāxù)
* 花廠 / 花厂
* 花廳 / 花厅
* 花式 (huāshì)
* 花形
* 花彫 / 花雕
* 花徑 / 花径 (huājìng)
* 花心 (huāxīn)
* 花息
* 花戶 / 花户
* 花房 (huāfáng)
* 花打
* 花托 (huātuō)
* 花把勢 / 花把势
* 花招 (huāzhāo)
* 花押 (huāyā)
* 花拳
* 花拳繡腿 / 花拳绣腿 (huāquánxiùtuǐ)
* 花捐
* 花掉
* 花捲 / 花卷 (huājuǎn)
* 花描
* 花插
* 花教 (Huājiào)
* 花旗 (Huāqí)
* 花旦 (huādàn)
* 花星
* 花會 / 花会 (huāhuì)
* 花朝
* 花期 (huāqī)
* 花朝月夕
* 花木
* 花木蘭 / 花木兰
* 花朵 (huāduǒ)
* 花材
* 花束 (huāshù)
* 花果 (huāguǒ)
* 花枝 (huāzhī)
* 花林寺 (Huālínsì)
* 花枝招展 (huāzhīzhāozhǎn)
* 花架 (huājià)
* 花柄 (huābǐng)
* 花柳 (huāliǔ)
* 花柱
* 花根
* 花格
* 花梨
* 花梗 (huāgěng)
* 花棒
* 花棵
* 花椒 (huājiāo)
* 花楸
* 花椰菜 (huāyēcài)
* 花槍 / 花枪
* 花樣 / 花样 (huāyàng)
* 花樓 / 花楼 (Huālóu)
* 花機 / 花机
* 花櫚 / 花榈
* 花毽
* 花池子 (huāchízi)
* 花活 (huāhuó)
* 花海
* 花消
* 花湖 (Huāhú)
* 花炮 (huāpào)
* 花燈 / 花灯 (huādēng)
* 花燈戲 / 花灯戏
* 花燭 / 花烛 (huāzhú)
* 花牆 / 花墙
* 花片 (huāpiàn)
* 花牌 (huāpái)
* 花王 (huāwáng)
* 花環 / 花环 (huāhuán)
* 花瓜
* 花瓣 (huābàn)
* 花瓶 (huāpíng)
* 花生 (huāshēng)
* 花用
* 花田
* 花甲 (huājiǎ)
* 花界
* 花畦
* 花痴 (huāchī)
* 花白 (huābái)
* 花盆 (huāpén)
* 花盒
* 花盤 / 花盘 (huāpán)
* 花相
* 花眼 (huāyǎn)
* 花破
* 花磚 / 花砖 (huāzhuān)
* 花神
* 花稍
* 花童
* 花筒
* 花箋 / 花笺
* 花簇 (huācù)
* 花籃 / 花篮 (huālán)
* 花粉 (huāfěn)
* 花糊
* 花糕
* 花紅 / 花红 (huāhóng)
* 花約 / 花约
* 花紅柳綠 / 花红柳绿 (huāhóngliǔlǜ)
* 花紋 / 花纹 (huāwén)
* 花紗布 / 花纱布
* 花絮 (huāxù)
* 花絲 / 花丝 (huāsī)
* 花縣 / 花县 (Huāxiàn)
* 花繡 / 花绣
* 花罈 / 花坛
* 花翎
* 花翠
* 花肥
* 花脣 / 花唇
* 花腔 (huāqiāng)
* 花腿
* 花臉 / 花脸 (huāliǎn)
* 花臣
* 花臺 / 花台 (huātái)
* 花舌 (huāshé)
* 花船
* 花色 (huāsè)
* 芫花 (yuánhuā)
* 花芽
* 花花世界 (huāhuāshìjiè)
* 花花公子 (huāhuā gōngzǐ)
* 花花搭搭
* 花花綠綠 / 花花绿绿
* 花花腸子 / 花花肠子 (huāhua chángzi)
* 花苗 (huāmiáo)
* 花苞 (huābāo)
* 花茶 (huāchá)
* 花草 (huācǎo)
* 花莖 / 花茎 (huājīng)
* 花菜 (huācài)
* 花著 / 花着 (huāzhāo)
* 花萼 (huā'è)
* 花葯 / 花药 (huāyào)
* 花蓮 / 花莲 (Huālián, “Hualien”)
* 花蕊 (huāruǐ)
* 花蕩 / 花荡
* 花蕾 (huālěi)
* 花虻
* 花蚤
* 花蛤 (huāgé)
* 花蛢
* 花蜜 (huāmì)
* 花街 (huājiē)
* 花街柳巷
* 花衣
* 花衫
* 花被
* 花裀
* 花裡胡哨 / 花里胡哨 (huālihúshào)
* 花西 (Huāxī)
* 花言巧語 / 花言巧语 (huāyánqiǎoyǔ)
* 花語 / 花语 (huāyǔ)
* 花貓 / 花猫 (huāmāo)
* 花費 / 花费
* 花賊 / 花贼
* 花賬 / 花账
* 花車 / 花车 (huāchē)
* 花軸 / 花轴 (huāzhóu)
* 花轎 / 花轿 (huājiào)
* 花農 / 花农 (huānóng)
* 花道 (huādào)
* 花邊 / 花边 (huābiān)
* 花郎
* 花部
* 花都 (Huādū)
* 花酒 (huājiǔ)
* 花釵 / 花钗
* 花鈿 / 花钿 (huādiàn)
* 花銀 / 花银
* 花銷 / 花销 (huāxiao)
* 花錢 / 花钱 (huāqián)
* 花鎗 / 花枪
* 花鏟 / 花铲
* 花鏡 / 花镜 (huājìng)
* 花門 / 花门
* 花開堪折直須折 / 花开堪折直须折 (huā kāi kān zhé zhí xū zhé)
* 花院
* 花陰 / 花阴 (huāyīn)
* 花障
* 花雕 (huādiāo)
* 花雞坡 / 花鸡坡 (Huājīpō)
* 花露 (huālù)
* 花露水 (huālùshuǐ)
* 花青
* 花面
* 花面狸
* 花面貓 / 花面猫
* 花鞋
* 花項 / 花项
* 花頭 / 花头 (huātou)
* 花飾 / 花饰 (huāshì)
* 花香 (huāxiāng)
* 花香鳥語 / 花香鸟语
* 花骨朵 (huāgūduo)
* 花體 / 花体 (huātǐ)
* 花鬚 / 花须
* 花鬨 / 花哄
* 花魁 (huākuí)
* 花魚湖 / 花鱼湖 (Huāyúhú)
* 花鯽 / 花鲫
* 花鳥 / 花鸟 (huāniǎo)
* 花鹽 / 花盐
* 花黃 / 花黄
* 花點子 / 花点子
* 花鼓 (huāgǔ)
* 花鼓戲 / 花鼓戏 (huāgǔxì)
* 茉莉花 (mòlìhuā)
* 茉莉花茶 (mòlìhuā chá)
* 茶花 (cháhuā)
* 荷花 (héhuā)
* 荷花堰 (Héhuāyàn)
* 菊花 (júhuā)
* 著花
* 菱花
* 菜花 (càihuā)
* 菊花茶 (júhuā chá)
* 萱花
* 葵花 (kuíhuā)
* 落花 (luòhuā)
* 萼花
* 蒔花 / 莳花
* 蓼花 (liǎohuā)
* 蔥花 / 葱花 (cōnghuā)
* 蓮花 / 莲花 (liánhuā)
* 蕘花 / 荛花
* 藏紅花 / 藏红花 (zànghónghuā)
* 藕花 (ǒuhuā)
* 蘆花 / 芦花
* 蘭花 / 兰花 (lánhuā)
* 蘚花 / 藓花
* 蠟花 / 蜡花
* 蠶花 / 蚕花
* 血花
* 補花 / 补花 (bǔhuā)
* 裸花
* 謊花 / 谎花
* 豆花 (dòuhuā)
* 豆蔻花
* 貪花 / 贪花
* 貼花 / 贴花
* 賣花 / 卖花
* 賞花 / 赏花 (shǎnghuā)
* 蹄花
* 郵花 / 邮花
* 酒花 (jiǔhuā)
* 野花 (yěhuā)
* 金銀花 / 金银花 (jīnyínhuā)
* 鉋花 / 刨花
* 銀花 / 银花
* 鏡花 / 镜花
* 鏤花 / 镂花
* 鐵花 / 铁花
* 開花 / 开花 (kāihuā)
* 雄花 (xiónghuā)
* 雌花 (cíhuā)
* 雕花
* 雪花 (xuěhuā)
* 零花 (línghuā)
* 青花 (qīnghuā)
* 風花雪月 / 风花雪月 (fēnghuāxuěyuè)
* 飛花 / 飞花 (fēihuā)
* 香花 (xiānghuā)
* 馬刺花 / 马刺花 (mǎcìhuā)
* 鬧羊花 / 闹羊花
* 魚花 / 鱼花 (yúhuā)
* 鮮花 / 鲜花 (xiānhuā)
* 鳥語花香 / 鸟语花香 (niǎoyǔhuāxiāng)
* 鶯花 / 莺花
* 鹽花 / 盐花
* 麻花 (máhuā)
* 黃花 / 黄花 (huánghuā)
* 墨花

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 花(か) (ka)
* → Korean: 화(花) (hwa)
* → Vietnamese: hoa (花)
Others:
* → Ai-Cham: hwa¹
* → Zhuang: va

### References

* “花”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* “花”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 花 |
| Kyūjitai | 花󠄁 花+&#xE0101; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(First grade kyōiku kanji)
* flower
* beauty
* red-light district

#### Readings

* Go-on: け (ke)
* Kan-on: か (ka, Jōyō)
* Kun: はな (hana, 花, Jōyō)
* Nanori: あや (aya)、はる (haru)

#### Compounds

* 花鶏(あとり) (atori)
* 花魁(おいらん) (oiran)
* 花(きゃ)車(しゃ) (kyasha, “dainty, delicate, fragile”, literally “flower car”)
* 紫陽花(アジサイ) (ajisai, “Hydrangea macrophylla, bigleaf hydrangea”)
* 無花果(イチジク) (ichijiku, “fig (tree)”)
* 男郎花(オトコエシ) (otokoeshi)
* 女郎花(オミナエシ) (ominaeshi, “Patrinia scabiosifolia, golden lace”)
* 燕子花(カキツバタ) (kakitsubata, “Iris laevigata, rabbit-ear iris”)
* 金鳳花(きんぽうげ) (kinpōge)
* 石(シャク)楠(ナ)花(ゲ) (shakunage, “one of several species of rhododendron native to east Asia”)
* 沈丁花(ジンチョウゲ) (jinchōge)
* 浪花(なにわ) (Naniwa, “old name for Osaka”)
* 凌霄花(ノウゼンカズラ) (nōzenkazura, “Campsis grandiflora, Chinese trumpet vine”)
* 丁香花(ハシドイ) (hashidoi)
* 白丁花(ハクチョウゲ) (hakuchōge)
* 無窮花(ムグンファ) (mugunfa)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 花
* はな Grade: 1
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 華
/pana/ → /fana/ → /hana/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *pana.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) はな [hànáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])
* IPA: [ha̠na̠]
* Audio:(file)
* (Osaka) はな [háꜜnà] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ha̠na̠]

#### Noun

花(はな) • (hana)
* a flower
    花(はな)が咲(さ)く頃(ごろ)
       hana ga saku goro
       when the flowers bloom
** 1999 February 4, “火(か)炎(えん)草(そう) [Fire Grass]”, in Vol.1, Konami:
    火(か)山(ざん)の近(ちか)くに生(せい)息(そく)する草(くさ)。花(はな)から火(か)炎(えん)を吹(ふ)き攻(こう)撃(げき)する。
       Kazan no chikaku ni seisoku suru kusa. Hana kara kaen o fuki kōgeki suru.
       A grass that grows near volcanoes. It breathes fire from its flowers.
** 1999 March 1, “ダーク・プラント [Dark Plant]”, in BOOSTER 1, Konami:
    汚(お)染(せん)された土(つち)と闇(やみ)の力(ちから)で育(そだ)てられた花(はな)。とても凶(きょう)暴(ぼう)。
       Osen sareta tsuchi to yami no chikara de sodaterareta hana. Totemo kyōbō.
       A flower that grows from polluted soil and dark powers. It is very nasty.
** 1999 May 25, “深(しん)淵(えん)に咲(さ)く花(はな) [The Flower That Blooms in the Abyss]”, in BOOSTER 2, Konami:
    光(ひかり)の届(とど)かない深(しん)淵(えん)にひっそりと咲(さ)く、あまり見(み)かけない花(はな)。
       Hikari no todokanai shin'en ni hissori to saku, amari mikakenai hana.
       A rarely seen flower that silently blooms in the depths of the abyss where the sun never shines.
** 1999 July 5, “命(いのち)ある花(か)瓶(びん) [Living Vase]”, in BOOSTER 3, Konami:
    生(い)けてある花(はな)から、花(か)粉(ふん)を飛(と)ばし噛(か)みついてくる生(い)きている花(か)瓶(びん)。
       Iketearu hana kara, kafun o tobashi kamitsuitekuru ikiteiru kabin.
       A living vase that bites and releases pollen from its living flowers.
* Short for 生け花 (ikebana): flower arrangement
* Short for 花札 (hanafuda): Japanese playing cards
* the best days of one's life
* the best thing
* essence

##### Compounds

* 花(はな)暦(ごよみ) (hanagoyomi, “flower calendar”)
* 花(はな)園(ぞの) (hanazono, “flower garden”)
* 花(はな)束(たば) (hanataba, “bouquet”)
* 花(はな)茶(ちゃ) (hanacha, “flower tea”)
* 花(はな)火(び) (hanabi, “fireworks”)
* 花(はな)びら, 花(はな)弁(びら) (hanabira, “flower petal”)
* 花(はな)見(み) (hanami, “flower viewing”)
* 花道(はなみち) (hanamichi)
* 花(はな)婿(むこ) (hanamuko, “bridegroom”)
* 花(はな)屋(や) (hanaya, “florist; flower shop”)
* 花(はな)嫁(よめ) (hanayome, “bride”)
* 花(はな)輪(わ) (hanawa, “garland; wreath”)
* 生(い)け花(ばな) (ikebana), 生(いけ)花(ばな) (ikebana, “Japanese flower arranging”)
* 火(ひ)花(ばな) (hibana, “spark”, literally “fire flower”)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 花
* か Grade: 1
* on'yomi

#### Affix

花(か) • (ka)
* flower
* red-light district

##### Compounds

* 花街(かがい) (kagai)
* 花冠(かかん) (kakan)
* 花(か)期(き) (kaki, “flowering season”)
* 花(か)壇(だん) (kadan, “flowerbed”)
* 花鳥(かちょう) (kachō)
* 花被(かひ) (kahi, “perianth”)
* 花(か)瓶(びん) (kabin, “vase”)
* 花(か)粉(ふん) (kafun, “pollen”)
* 花(か)弁(べん) (kaben, “petal”)
* 花(か)蜜(みつ) (kamitsu, “nectar”)
* 花柳(かりゅう) (karyū)
* 花(カ)梨(リン) (karin, “Pseudocydonia sinensis, Chinese quince”)
* 花(カ)櫚(リン) (karin, “Pterocarpus indicus, Burmese rosewood”)
* 桜(おう)花(か) (ōka, “cherry blossom”)
* 開(かい)花(か) (kaika, “flowering; blooming”)
* 款冬花(かんとうか) (kantōka)
* 鏡(きょう)花(か)水(すい)月(げつ) (kyōka suigetsu, “metaphor for something that can be seen but not touched”, literally “flower in a mirror, moon in the water”)
* 金銀花(キンギンカ) (kinginka)
* 桂花(けいか) (keika)
* 芫花(げんか) (genka)
* 午時花(ゴジカ) (gojika)
* 山(サ)茶(ザン)花(カ) (sazanka, “Camellia sasanqua, sasanqua”)
* 雪花(せっか) (sekka)
* 天花(てんか) (tenka)
* 桃(とう)花(か) (tōka, “peach blossom”)
* 梅花(ばいか) (baika)
* 鳳仙花(ホウセンカ) (hōsenka)
* 梵天花(ボンテンカ) (bontenka)
* 茉莉花(マツリカ) (matsurika)
* 落(らっ)花(か) (rakka, “falling leaves”)

### Descendants

* → Amis: hana
* → Yami: hana

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Kikai
### Kanji

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Kun: ふぁな (fana, 花)

### Etymology

Cognate to Japanese 花 (はな, hana).

### Noun

花(ふぁな) (fana)
* flower

### References

* “ふぁな【花】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 花 (MC xwae).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 황 (Yale: hwà) | 황 (Yale: hwà) |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | 곳 (Yale: kwòs) | 화 (Yale: hwà) |

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ɸwa̠]
* Phonetic hangul: [화]

### Hanja

Wikisource 花 (eumhun 꽃 화 (kkot hwa))
* Hanja form of 화 (“flower”). [affix]

#### Compounds

* 개화 (開花, gaehwa)
* 국화 (國花, gukhwa)
* 매화 (梅花, maehwa)
* 무궁화 (無窮花, mugunghwa)
* 생화 (生花, saenghwa)
* 연화 (蓮花, yeonhwa)
* 화단 (花壇, hwadan)
* 화목 (花木, hwamok)
* 화원 (花園, hwawon)
* 화전 (花煎, hwajeon)
* 화초 (花草, hwacho)
* 화투 (花鬪, hwatu)
* 화향 (花香, hwahyang)
* 화환 (花環, hwahwan)
* 화훼 (花卉, hwahwe)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Kunigami
### Kanji

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Kun: ぱなー (panā, 花)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pʰanaː/

### Noun

花(ぱなー) (panā)
* flower

## Miyako
### Kanji

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Kun: ぱな (pana, 花)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pana/

### Noun

花(ぱな) (pana)
* flower

## Okinawan
### Kanji

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Kun: はな (hana, 花, Jōyō)、ふぁな (fana, 花)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 花
* はな Grade: 1
* kun'yomi

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /hana/

#### Noun

花(はな) (hana)
* (Shuri, Naha) flower

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 花
* ふぁな Grade: 1
* kun'yomi

#### Noun

花(ふぁな) (fana)
* (Tancha) flower

### References

* “ふぁな【花】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.

## Tày
### Noun

花 (hoa, hoà, và)
* Nôm form of hoa (“flower”).
    迕泣𫡱𫰇弍害花Ngộ chập soong noọng nhỉ hải hoaMeeting two beautiful girls picking flowers

### References

* Lục Văn Pảo, Hoàng Tuấn Nam (2003) Hoàng Triều Ân, editor, Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày [A Dictionary of (chữ) Nôm Tày]‎ (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội

## Vietnamese
### Han character

花: Hán Việt readings: hoa (呼(hô)瓜(qua)切(thiết)), huê
花: Nôm readings: hoa, huê, oa, ba
* Chữ Hán form of hoa (“flower”).

#### Compounds

* 炮花 (pháo hoa)

### References

* 1 2 3 4 Nguyễn (2014).
* 1 2 3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* 1 2 3 4 Trần (2004).
* 1 2 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).

## Yaeyama
### Kanji

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Kun: ぱな (pana, 花)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pana/

### Noun

花(ぱな) (pana)
* flower

## Yonaguni
### Kanji

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Kun: はな (hana, 花, Jōyō)

### Noun

花(はな) (hana)
* はな: flower