# 掔

| 掔 | U+6394, &#25492; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6394 |
| ← 掓 [U+6393] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 掕 → [U+6395] |

## Translingual
### Han character

掔 (Kangxi radical 64, 手+8, 12 strokes, cangjie input 尸水手 (SEQ), four-corner 7750$_2$, composition ⿱臤手)

#### Derived characters

* 𢴡

### Further reading

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 437, character 16
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 12259
* Dae Jaweon: page 787, character 6
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1889, character 1
* Unihan data for U+6394

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 臤 | *kʰaːn, *kʰriːn, *ɡiːn, *kʰins |
| 掔 | *kʰriːn, *kʰiːn |
| 慳 | *kʰriːn |
| 藖 | *ɡriːn, *ɡriːns |
| 堅 | *kiːn |
| 鋻 | *kiːn, *kiːns |
| 鰹 | *kiːn |
| 蜸 | *kʰiːnʔ |
| 菣 | *kʰiːns, *kʰins |
| 賢 | *ɡiːn |
| 礥 | *ɡiːn, *ɢrin |
| 臔 | *ɡiːnʔ |
| 挋 | *kiŋs |
| 臣 | *ɡiŋ |
| 茞 | *ɡiŋ |
| 腎 | *ɡjinʔ |
| 頣 | *hŋiŋʔ |
| 緊 | *kinʔ |
| 嚚 | *ŋɡriŋ |
| 鏗 | *kʰreːŋ |
| 摼 | *kʰreːŋ |
| 硻 | *kʰreːŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kʰriːn, *kʰiːn): phonetic 臤 (OC *kʰaːn, *kʰriːn, *ɡiːn, *kʰins) + semantic 手.

### Etymology 1

Kra-Dai origin according to Schuessler, 2003. Compare Proto-Tai *k.reːŋᴬ (“hard”). See also 堅.

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qiān (qian$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄢ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): haan$^1$ / hin$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qiān
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cian
*** Wade–Giles: chʻien$^1$
*** Yale: chyān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chian
*** Palladius: цянь (cjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: haan$^1$ / hin$^1$
*** Yale: hāan / hīn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: haan$^1$ / hin$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: han$^1$ / hin$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /haːn⁵⁵/, /hiːn⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: khean, khen
Rime :
| Character | 掔 | 掔 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 山 (73) | 先 (85) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | II | IV |
| Fanqie | 苦閑切 | 苦堅切 |
| Baxter | khean | khen |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰˠɛn/ | /kʰen/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰᵚæn/ | /kʰen/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰæn/ | /kʰɛn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰəɨn/ | /kʰɛn/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰɛn/ | /kʰen/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰæn/ | /kʰien/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kʰăn/ | /kʰien/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qiān | qiān |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | haan$^1$ | hin$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰriːn/, /*kʰiːn/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 掔 | 掔 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 1325 | 1334 |
| Phonetic component | 臣 | 臣 |
| Rime group | 眞 | 眞 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 慳 | 牽 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰriːn/ | /*kʰiːn/ |
| Notes | | 臤轉註字 |

#### Definitions

掔
* sturdy, strong, firm
* to strengthen, to reinforce
* to hit, to attack
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to lead, to tow

### Etymology 2
#### Definitions

* For pronunciation and definitions of 掔 – see 腕 (“wrist; arm”). (This character is an ancient form of 腕).

### References

* “掔”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): かん (kan)、けん (ken)
* Kun: かたい (katai)