# flamma
## Latin
### Etymology

From Proto-Italic *flagmā, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥-g-mh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥g- (“to shimmer, gleam, shine”). Compare flagrō (“to blaze”) and fulgō (“to flash, shine”) from the same root, as well as Ancient Greek φλογμός (phlogmós, “flame”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈflam.ma/, [ˈfɫ̪ämːä]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈflam.ma/, [ˈflämːä]

### Noun

flamma f (genitive flammae); first declension
* flame, fire
    Urbi ferrō flammāque minitatus est.He threatened the city with fire and sword.
* (figuratively) a fire or flame (of love or passion), love, passion, desire, heat, fury
** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 2.586–587:“‘[...] animumque explēsse iuvābit ultrīcis flammae, et cinerēs satiāsse meōrum.’”“‘And it will feel good to fill my soul [with] flames of vengeance, and [thus] to appease the ashes of my [people].’” (Aeneas recalls the fall of Troy, the city afire, and how he considered whether to kill Helen “in the heat of the moment”; i.e., extreme emotion feels like a fire within the body. Syncope: explevisse, satiavisse; substitution: ultricis for ultionis.)

#### Declension

First-declension noun.

#### Synonyms

* (flame, fire): ignis

#### Related terms

* flagrō
* flammeus
* flammifer
* flammō
* flammula
* īnflammō

#### Descendants

* Insular Romance:
** Sardinian: fiama, fiamma
* Balkano-Romance:
** Aromanian: fleamã
* Italo-Romance:
** Italian: fiamma
** Sicilian: ciamma
* Rhaeto-Romance:
** Friulian: flame
* Gallo-Romance:
** Catalan: flama
** Franco-Provençal: fllama
** >? Occitan: flamba
** Old French: flame
*** Middle French: flame
**** French: flame, flamme (latinized)
*** → Middle English: flawme
**** English: flame
* Ibero-Romance:
** Asturian: llama
** Old Galician-Portuguese: chama
*** Galician: chama
*** Portuguese: chama
** Spanish: llama
* ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *flammizāre (see there for further descendants)
* Borrowings:
** → German: Flamme
*** → Danish: flamme
*** → Norwegian Bokmål: flamme
*** → Norwegian Nynorsk: flamme
** → Greek: φλαμούρι (flamoúri), φλαμουριά (flamouriá)
** → Old Dutch: flamma
*** Middle Dutch: vlamme
**** Dutch: vlam
***** Afrikaans: vlam
***** Negerhollands: vlam
*** → Swedish: flamma
** → Portuguese: flama
** → Romanian: flamă
** → Spanish: flama
** → Welsh: fflam

### References

* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “flagrō, -āre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 224

### Further reading

* “flamma”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “flamma”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* flamma in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. to be devoured by the flames: flammis corripi
* “flamma”, in William Smith, editor (1848), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London: John Murray

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Verb

flamma
* simple past and past participle of flamme

#### Alternative forms

* flammet

## Old Dutch
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin flamma.

### Noun

flamma f
* flame

#### Descendants

* Middle Dutch: vlamme
** Dutch: vlam
*** Afrikaans: vlam
*** Negerhollands: vlam

#### References

* “flamma”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012

## Swedish
### Etymology

From Old French flame.

### Noun

flamma c
* a flame
* a woman, a romance

#### Derived terms

* flammig (“blotchy”)

### Verb

flamma (present flammar, preterite flammade, supine flammat, imperative flamma)
* to blaze, to flame
* (with "upp") flare up

#### Conjugation

$^1$ Archaic. $^2$ Dated. See the appendix on Swedish verbs.

### Further reading

* flamma in Svensk ordbok.