# 茂

| 茂 | U+8302, &#33538; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8302 |
| ← 茁 [U+8301] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 范 → [U+8303] |

## Translingual
### Han character

茂 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 廿戈竹 (TIH), four-corner 4425$_3$, composition ⿱艹戊)

#### Derived characters

* 𢰝, 𣸻, 𭸙, 𣕚, 𮵕, 𥠏, 𬫯, 𩹛, 𲃴, 蒧

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1025, character 20
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30833
* Dae Jaweon: page 1485, character 9
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3188, character 2
* Unihan data for U+8302

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 茂
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 茂 | *mus |
| 戊 | *mus |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *mus): semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 戊 (OC *mus).
Applying this character to mean “cyclopentadiene” in organic chemistry results from the decomposition of the character as an ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 艸 (“radical for aromatic compounds”) + 戊 (“five-carbon ring”), since the conjugate base of cyclopentadiene (cyclopentadienyl anion) is aromatic.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): mào, mòu (mao$^4$, mou$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄇㄠˋ, ㄇㄡˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): mong$^4$ / mao$^4$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): mau$^6$
* Gan (Wiktionary): meu$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): meu
    (Hailu, HRS): meu$^˖$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): miau$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): mau$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): mē
* Eastern Min (BUC): mâiu
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): bō͘ / biō
    (Teochew, Peng'im): mou$^6$ / mong$^6$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$meu
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): mou$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: mào
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄠˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: mào
*** Wade–Giles: mao$^4$
*** Yale: màu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: maw
*** Palladius: мао (mao)
*** Sinological IPA : /mɑʊ̯⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese, variant in Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: mòu
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄡˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: mòu
*** Wade–Giles: mou$^4$
*** Yale: mòu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mow
*** Palladius: моу (mou)
*** Sinological IPA : /moʊ̯⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: mong$^4$ / mao$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: mung / mao
*** Sinological IPA : /moŋ²¹³/, /mau²¹³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: mau$^6$
*** Yale: mauh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: mau$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: meo$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /mɐu̯²²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: meu$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /mɛu¹¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: meu
*** Hakka Romanization System: meu
*** Hagfa Pinyim: meu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /meu̯⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: meu$^˖$
*** Sinological IPA: /meu³³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: miau$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /miau⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: mau$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /mau⁴⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: mē
*** Sinological IPA : /me⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: mâiu
*** Sinological IPA : /mɑu²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bō͘
*** Tâi-lô: bōo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: bo
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /bɔ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /bɔ³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /bɔ²²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: biō
*** Tâi-lô: biō
*** Phofsit Daibuun: bioi
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /bio⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: mou$^6$ / mong$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: mŏu / mŏng
*** Sinological IPA : /mou³⁵/, /moŋ³⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$meu
*** MiniDict: meu$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$meu
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /mɤ²³/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: mou$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /məu̯⁴⁵/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit茂 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /mɑu⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /mau⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /mɑu⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /mɔ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /mɔ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /mau³¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /mau⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /mɔ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /mɔ¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /mɔ¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /mɔ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /mau³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /moŋ¹³/ /mau¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /moŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /mo²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /məi⁴⁴/ /mo⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /mɔ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /mau⁴⁵/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /mu³⁵/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /mɔ⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /mɤ²³/ /mɔ²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /mɤ³¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /mei¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /mɜ²²/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /mɔ²²/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | |
| Xiang | Changsha | /məu⁵⁵/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /maɯ⁵⁵/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /mɛu²¹/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /miau⁵³/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /meu⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /mɐu²²/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /mɐu²²/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /mɐu²²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /bɔ²²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /mɑu²⁴²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /me⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /mõu³⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /mɔu³⁵/ |
* Middle Chinese: muwH
Rime :
| Character | 茂 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 侯 (137) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 莫候切 |
| Baxter | muwH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /məu$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /məu$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /məu$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /məw$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /mu$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /məu$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /mə̯u$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | mòu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | mau$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*mus/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 茂 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 13225 |
| Phonetic component | 戊 |
| Rime group | 幽 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 茂 |
| Old Chinese | /*mus/ |

### Definitions

茂
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) lush; luxuriant; dense; thick
    茂盛 ― màoshèng ― luxuriant
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) excellent; splendid; talented
* (organic chemistry) cyclopentadiene
    二茂鐵／二茂铁 ― èrmàotiě ― ferrocene
* Alternative form of 懋 (“to encourage”)
* a surname

#### Synonyms

* (lush):
* 幽鬱 / 幽郁 (yōuyù) (archaic)
* 繁茂 (fánmào)
* 肥美 (féiměi)
* 芊綿 / 芊绵 (qiānmián) (literary, of vegetation)
* 茂盛 (màoshèng)
* 萋萋 (qīqī) (literary)
* 菶菶 (běngběng) (literary)
* 葳蕤 (wēiruí) (literary)
* 豐茂 / 丰茂 (fēngmào)
* 趒 (Hokkien)
* 軫軫 / 轸轸 (zhěnzhěn) (literary)

### Compounds

* 俊茂
* 圖文並茂 / 图文并茂 (túwénbìngmào)
* 姻族廣茂 / 姻族广茂
* 孳茂
* 弟茂德 (Dìmàodé)
* 德茂 (Démào)
* 情文並茂 / 情文并茂
* 文情並茂 / 文情并茂
* 暢茂 / 畅茂
* 朴茂
* 松柏之茂
* 枝繁葉茂 / 枝繁叶茂 (zhīfányèmào)
* 根壯葉茂 / 根壮叶茂
* 根深葉茂 / 根深叶茂
* 桐生茂豫
* 椿萱並茂 / 椿萱并茂
* 殊勛茂績 / 殊勋茂绩
* 源茂 (Yuánmào)
* 熾茂 / 炽茂
* 竹苞松茂 (zhúbāosōngmào)
* 繁茂 (fánmào)
* 聲情並茂 / 声情并茂 (shēngqíngbìngmào)
* 茂典
* 茂勛 / 茂勋
* 茂名 (Màomíng)
* 茂密 (màomì)
* 茂實英聲 / 茂实英声
* 茂年 (màonián)
* 茂德
* 茂才 (màocái)
* 茂才異等 / 茂才异等
* 茂松
* 茂林 (màolín)
* 茂林修竹 (màolínxiūzhú)
* 茂林深竹
* 茂樹 / 茂树 (màoshù)
* 茂發 / 茂发
* 茂盛 (màoshèng)
* 茂績 / 茂绩
* 英聲茂實 / 英声茂实
* 茂興 / 茂兴
* 茂草
* 茂行 (màoxíng)
* 茂親 / 茂亲
* 茂陵
* 蜚英騰茂 / 蜚英腾茂
* 豐茂 / 丰茂 (fēngmào)
* 風華正茂 / 风华正茂 (fēnghuázhèngmào)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* overgrown; luxuriant, thickly growing, lush

#### Readings

* Go-on: も (mo, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: ぼう (bō)
* Kun: しげい (shigei, 茂い)、しげし (shigeshi, 茂し)、しげる (shigeru, 茂る, Jōyō)、しげみ (shigemi, 茂み)、しげむ (shigemu, 茂む)、しみさぶ (shimisabu, 茂さぶ)、しみに (shimini, 茂に)、しみら (shimira, 茂ら)、もし (moshi, 茂し)
* Nanori: あり (ari)、いかし (ikashi)、し (shi)、しげ (shige)、しげい (shigei)、しげみ (shigemi)、たか (taka)、とお (tō)、とも (tomo)、とよ (toyo)、もち (mochi)、もと (moto)、ゆた (yuta)

#### Compounds

* 茂(しげ)り合(あ)う (shigeriau): to grow thickly together; to be copious in amount
* 茂枝(しげりえ) (shigerie): a thickly grown branch, thickly growing branches
* 茂(しげ)り立(た)つ (shigeritatsu): to grow thick and lush (as vegetation)
* 茂葉(しげりば) (shigeriba): lushly growing leaves
* 茂立(しみた)つ (shimitatsu): to grow thick and lush (as vegetation)
* 茂原(もばら) (Mobara): a place in central Chiba Prefecture
* 茂才(もさい) (mosai): a genius, a whiz, a brilliant person
* 茂山(もさん) (Mosan), 茂山(むさん) (Musan): Musan, North Korea
* 茂林寺(もりんじ) (Morinji): a temple in Gunma Prefecture
* 茂生(もせい) (mosei): thick and lush growth

### Proper noun

茂(しげる) • (Shigeru)
* a male given name

## Korean
### Hanja

茂 (eumhun 무성할 무 (museonghal mu))
* hanja form of 무 (“thick, lush, dense”)
* hanja form of 무 (“talented”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

茂: Hán Nôm readings: mậu, ngồng
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.