# 乾坤
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qiánkūn
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄎㄨㄣ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): kin$^4$ kwan$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): khièn-khûn / khiàn-khûn
    (Hailu, HRS): kien kun$^ˋ$
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): goeng$^2$ kong$^1$ / gyeng$^2$ kuong$^1$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khiân-khun / kiân-khun
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qiánkūn
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄎㄨㄣ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ciánkun
*** Wade–Giles: chʻien$^2$-kʻun$^1$
*** Yale: chyán-kwūn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyankuen
*** Palladius: цянькунь (cjanʹkunʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ kʰu̯ən⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: kin$^4$ kwan$^1$
*** Yale: kìhn kwān
*** Cantonese Pinyin: kin$^4$ kwan$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: kin$^4$ kuen$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰiːn²¹ kʷʰɐn⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khièn-khûn
*** Hakka Romanization System: kien$^ˇ$ kun$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kian$^2$ kun$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯en¹¹ kʰun²⁴/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiàn-khûn
*** Hakka Romanization System: kian$^ˇ$ kun$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kian$^2$ kun$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯an¹¹ kʰun²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: kien kun$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰien⁵⁵ kʰun⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: goeng$^2$ kong$^1$ [Phonetic: goeng$^5$ kong$^1$]
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: gé̤ng-keong
*** Sinological IPA : /kœŋ¹³⁻²¹ kʰɔŋ⁵³³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gyeng$^2$ kuong$^1$ [Phonetic: gyeng$^5$ kuong$^1$]
*** Sinological IPA : /kyøŋ¹³⁻²¹ kʰuoŋ⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiân-khun
*** Tâi-lô: khiân-khun
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qienqwn
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰiɛn¹³⁻²² kʰun⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰiɛn²⁴⁻²² kʰun⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰiɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰun⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰiɛn²³⁻³³ kʰun⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiân-khun
*** Tâi-lô: kiân-khun
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kienqwn
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɛn²⁴⁻²² kʰun³³/

### Noun

乾坤
* the ䷀ (qian) and ䷁ (kun) hexagrams from the I Ching
* heaven and earth
* the sun and the moon
* the nation

#### Synonyms

* (heaven and earth): 天地 (tiāndì)

#### Derived terms

* 乾坤一擲 / 乾坤一掷 (qiánkūnyīzhì)
* 乾坤再造 / 乾坤再造
* 壺裡乾坤 / 壶里乾坤
* 定乾坤 (dìng qiánkūn)
* 弄乾坤
* 扭轉乾坤 / 扭转乾坤 (niǔzhuǎnqiánkūn)
* 旋轉乾坤 / 旋转乾坤
* 浪蕩乾坤 / 浪荡乾坤
* 顛倒乾坤 / 颠倒乾坤

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 乾坤(けんこん) (kenkon)
* → Korean: 건곤(乾坤) (geon'gon)
* → Vietnamese: càn khôn (乾坤)

### References

* 小川尚義 (OGAWA Naoyoshi), editor (1931–1932), “乾坤”, in 臺日大辭典 [Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary]‎ (overall work in Hokkien and Japanese), Taihoku: Government-General of Taiwan, →OCLC
* “Entry #3185”, in 臺灣客語辭典 [Dictionary of Taiwan Hakka] (overall work in Chinese and Hakka), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2022.
* 莆田市政协文化文史和学习委员会 [Culture, History and Learning Committee of Putian CPPCC], editor (2021), “干坤”, in 莆仙方言大词典 [Comprehensive Dictionary of Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 209.

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 乾 | 坤 |
| けん Grade: S | こん Hyōgai |
| kan'on | on'yomi |

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) けんこん [kèńkóń] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) けんこん [kéꜜǹkòǹ] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [kẽ̞ŋkõ̞ɴ]

### Noun

乾(けん)坤(こん) • (kenkon)
* the |||||| (qian) and ¦¦¦¦¦¦ (kun) hexagrams from the I Ching
* heaven and earth
    Synonym: 天地 (tenchi)
* yin-yang
    Synonym: 陰陽 (in'yō)

#### Derived terms

* 乾(けん)坤(こん)一(いっ)擲(てき) (kenkon itteki)

### References

* 1 2 Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 乾 | 坤 |

### Noun

乾坤 • (geon'gon) (hangeul 건곤)
* hanja form of 건곤 (“the |||||| (qian) and ¦¦¦¦¦¦ (kun) hexagrams from the I Ching”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 乾 | 坤 |

### Noun

乾坤
* chữ Hán form of càn khôn (“the |||||| (qian) and ¦¦¦¦¦¦ (kun) hexagrams from the I Ching”).