# 凊

| 凊 | U+51CA, &#20938; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51CA |
| ← 凉 [U+51C9] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 凋 → [U+51CB] |

## Translingual
### Han character

凊 (Kangxi radical 15, 冫+8, 10 strokes, cangjie input 戈一手一月 (IMQMB), four-corner 3512$_7$, composition ⿰冫青(GHT) or ⿰冫靑(JK))

#### Derived characters

* 𠘒

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 132, character 42
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1666
* Dae Jaweon: page 296, character 30
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 298, character 1
* Unihan data for U+51CA

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 猜 | *sʰlɯː |
| 輤 | *sʰleːns |
| 綪 | *sʰleːns, *ʔsreːŋ |
| 倩 | *sʰleːns, *sʰleŋs |
| 棈 | *sʰleːns |
| 蒨 | *sʰeːns |
| 篟 | *sʰeːns |
| 生 | *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs |
| 牲 | *sreŋ |
| 笙 | *sreŋ |
| 甥 | *sreŋ |
| 鉎 | *sreŋ, *sleːŋ |
| 珄 | *sreŋ |
| 鼪 | *sreŋ, *sreŋs |
| 猩 | *sreŋ, *seːŋ |
| 狌 | *sreŋ |
| 眚 | *sreŋʔ |
| 貹 | *sreŋs |
| 崝 | *zreːŋ |
| 精 | *ʔsleŋ, *ʔsleŋs |
| 菁 | *ʔsleŋ |
| 鶄 | *ʔsleŋ, *sʰleːŋ |
| 蜻 | *ʔsleŋ, *sʰleːŋ |
| 鼱 | *ʔsleŋ |
| 婧 | *ʔsleŋ, *zleŋs, *zleŋʔ |
| 睛 | *ʔsleŋ, *sʰleŋʔ |
| 箐 | *ʔsleŋ |
| 聙 | *ʔsleŋ |
| 旌 | *ʔsleŋ |
| 清 | *sʰleŋ |
| 圊 | *sʰleŋ |
| 請 | *sʰleŋʔ, *zleŋs, *zleŋ |
| 凊 | *sʰleŋs |
| 䝼 | *zleŋs, *zleŋ |
| 靚 | *zleŋs |
| 情 | *zleŋ |
| 晴 | *zleŋ |
| 夝 | *zleŋ |
| 靜 | *zleŋʔ |
| 靖 | *zleŋʔ |
| 睲 | *seŋʔ, *seːŋs |
| 惺 | *seŋʔ, *seːŋ |
| 性 | *sleŋs |
| 姓 | *sleŋs |
| 靗 | *l̥ʰeŋs |
| 鯖 | *ʔljeŋ, *sʰleːŋ |
| 青 | *sʰleːŋ |
| 靘 | *sʰleːŋ, *sʰleːŋs |
| 掅 | *sʰleːŋs |
| 胜 | *sleːŋ |
| 曐 | *sleːŋ |
| 星 | *sleːŋ |
| 鮏 | *sleːŋ |
| 腥 | *seːŋ, *seːŋs |
| 鯹 | *seːŋ |
| 醒 | *seːŋ, *seːŋʔ, *seːŋs |
| 篂 | *seːŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *sʰleŋs): semantic 冫 (“ice”) + phonetic 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ).

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qìng (qing$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄥˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): cing$^3$ / zing$^6$
* Northern Min (KCR): che̿ng
* Eastern Min (BUC): chéng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): cing$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chhìn
    (Teochew, Peng'im): cing$^3$ / cêng$^3$
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): cin$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qìng
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄥˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cìng
*** Wade–Giles: chʻing$^4$
*** Yale: chìng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chinq
*** Palladius: цин (cin)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: cing$^3$ / zing$^6$
*** Yale: ching / jihng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsing$^3$ / dzing$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: qing$^3$ / jing$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɪŋ³³/, /t͡sɪŋ²²/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: che̿ng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰeiŋ³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: chéng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɛiŋ²¹³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: cing$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰiŋ⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhìn
*** Tâi-lô: tshìn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chixn
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰin⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰin¹¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung, Singapore): /t͡sʰin²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: cing$^3$ / cêng$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshìng / tshèng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰiŋ²¹³/, /t͡sʰeŋ²¹³/
* cing3 - Chaozhou, Shantou;
* cêng3 - Jieyang.
* Middle Chinese: tshjengH
Rime :
| Character | 凊 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 清 (14) |
| Final (韻) | 清 (121) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 七政切 |
| Baxter | tshjengH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡sʰiᴇŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡sʰiɛŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡sʰiæŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡sʰiajŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡sʰiɛŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡sʰĭɛŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡sʰi̯ɛŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qìng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | cing$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[tsʰ]eŋ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*sʰleŋs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 凊 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | qìng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tshjeng$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[tsʰ]eŋ-s/ |
| English | cold |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 凊 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 11343 |
| Phonetic component | 生 |
| Rime group | 耕 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 倩 |
| Old Chinese | /*sʰleŋs/ |

#### Definitions

凊
* (Classical, dialectal Mandarin, Xiang, Min, Chuqu Wu) cool, cold
    From: Mozi, c. 4th century BCE
    Dōng zé qīng nuǎn, xià zé qīng qìng, jiē yǐ jù yǐ. Bì hòu zuò liǎn yú bǎixìng, bào duó mín yīshí zhī cái. [Pinyin]
    Having what is warm and light in winter and what is light and cool in summer, they would yet heavily tax the people, robbing them of their means of livelihood.

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 冷, 寒冷 weather |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 冷 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 冷 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 冷 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 冷 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 冷 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 冷 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 冷 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 冷 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 冷 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 冷, 凊 very cold |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 冷, 冷凊 weather |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 冷 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 冷, 凊 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 冷 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 冷 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 凍, 冷 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 凍, 冷 weather |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 冷 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 凍, 冷 weather |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 凍 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 凍 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 凍 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 冷 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 冷 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 冷 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 冷, 寒 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 冷, 寒人 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 冷 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 冷, 寒 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 冷, 寒 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 冷, 寒 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 冷, 凍 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 冷 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 凊, 鎮 very cold |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 凊, 凍 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 冷, 凊, 寒 weather |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 冷, 凊, 寒 |
| Southern Min | Shishi | 寒 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 冷, 凊, 寒 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 寒 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 寒 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 冷, 凊, 寒 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 冷, 寒 weather, 凊 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 冷, 寒 weather |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 冷, 寒, 凊 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 凝, 寒 weather, 凊 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 凝, 寒, 凊, 冷 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 凝, 凊 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 凝 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 凝, 凊 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 凝 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 寒 |
| Southern Min | Qionghai | 寒 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 凊, 寒 weather |
| Wu | Shanghai | 冷 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 冷 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 冷, 凍 weather |
| Wu | Danyang | 冷 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 冷 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 冷 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 冷, 凍 |
| Wu | Lishui | 冷 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 冷 |
| Wu | Yushan | 凊 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 冷, 凊 very cold |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 冷, 凊 very cold |

##### Compounds

* cdo, cpx, nan-hbl, 凊飯 / 凊饭 (cing$^3$ bung$^7$) (Teochew)
* cdo, 凊天 (Teochew)
* cpx, mnp, nan-hbl, 凊水 (Teochew)
* cpx, nan-hbl, 凊彩 (chhìn-chhái) (Teochew)
* cpx, 秋凊 (Min Nan)
* nan-xia, 凊凊仔笑 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 冬溫夏凊 / 冬温夏凊
* 冰凊 (Sichuanese)
* 凊凹 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 凊心 (chhìn-sim) (Min Nan)
* 凊心 (Hokkien)
* 凊汗 (Min)
* 凊痺 / 凊痹 (chéng-bé) (Eastern Min)
* 凊糜 (Hokkien)
* 凊膜 (Quanzhou Hokkien)
* 凊膜凹 (Hokkien)
* 凊面 (Hokkien)
* 半燒凊 / 半烧凊 (Hokkien)

### Etymology 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 凊 – see 清 (“clear; limpid; clean; unstained; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 清).

### References

* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), B00210
* “凊”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: しょう (shō)
* On: せい (sei)
* Kun: さむい (samui, 凊い)、すずしい (suzushii, 凊しい)

## Korean
### Hanja

凊 (eumhun 서늘할 청 (seoneulhal cheong))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.