# 融

| 融 | U+878D, &#34701; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-878D |
| ← 螌 [U+878C] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 螎 → [U+878E] |

## Translingual
### Han character

融 (Kangxi radical 142, 虫+10, 16 strokes, cangjie input 一月中一戈 (MBLMI), four-corner 1523$_6$, composition ⿰鬲虫)

#### Derived characters

* 瀜 曧 𭂧

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1092, character 42
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 33384
* Dae Jaweon: page 1557, character 28
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2877, character 8
* Unihan data for U+878D

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 痋 | *l'uːŋ |
| 鉵 | *l'uːŋ |
| 赨 | *l'uːŋ |
| 爞 | *l'uːŋ, *l'uŋ |
| 蟲 | *l'uŋ, *l'uŋs |
| 融 | *luŋ |
| 瀜 | *luŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *luŋ): semantic 鬲 (“cauldron”) + phonetic 蟲 (OC *l'uŋ, *l'uŋs).

### Etymology

“Hot air; steam; heat” > “to melt” > “to blend”.
Sino-Tibetan; compare Burmese လောင် (laung, “to burn; to be burnt; to scorch”). Related to 蟲 (OC *l'uŋ, *l'uŋs, “hot; hot air; hot weather”) (as in 蟲蟲 (OC *l'uŋ/l'uŋs l'uŋ/l'uŋs)), 爞 (OC *l'uːŋ, *l'uŋ, “hot weather”) and possibly the word family of *lVm: 焰 (OC *loms, “fire”).
It belongs to a word family comprising characters meaning “to melt, to smelt, to fuse, to dissolve”. In modern times the various characters have taken on their specialised meanings:
* 融 (OC *luŋ, “to melt (at normal temperature); to blend”)
* 鎔 (OC *loŋ, “to smelt; to melt (at a high temperature)”)
* 熔 (OC *loŋ, “to smelt; to melt (at a high temperature)”)
* 溶 (OC *loŋ, *loŋʔ, “to dissolve (in a liquid)”)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): róng (rong$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄖㄨㄥˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): yong$^2$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jung$^4$
* Gan (Wiktionary): iung$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): yùng
    (Meixian, Guangdong): yung$^2$
* Jin (Wiktionary): yng$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): ě̤ng
* Eastern Min (BUC): hṳ̀ng / ṳ̀ng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): iông / hiông
    (Teochew, Peng'im): iong$^5$ / ion$^5$ / iên$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$yon
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): iong$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: róng
*** Zhuyin: ㄖㄨㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: róng
*** Wade–Giles: jung$^2$
*** Yale: rúng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: rong
*** Palladius: жун (žun)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʐʊŋ³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: yong$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: yng
*** Sinological IPA : /yoŋ²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jung$^4$
*** Yale: yùhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jung$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yung$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /jʊŋ²¹/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: iung$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /iuŋ³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yùng
*** Hakka Romanization System: iung$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /i̯uŋ¹¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yùng
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)iung$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯uŋ¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: yung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /iʊŋ¹¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: yng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /yŋ¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ě̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /œyŋ²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: hṳ̀ng / ṳ̀ng
*** Sinological IPA : /hyŋ⁵³/, /yŋ⁵³/
* hṳ̀ng - colloquial;
* ṳ̀ng - literary.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit融 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ʐuŋ³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ʐuŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /ʐuŋ⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /luŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /iŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ʐuŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /yŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /yə̃²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /yŋ⁵³/ /ʐuŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ỹn⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ʐuŋ⁵¹/ /vɤŋ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /ioŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /yoŋ³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /ioŋ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ioŋ³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /ioŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /iŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /yəŋ¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /yŋ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /ʐũŋ³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ɦioŋ²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ɦioŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ɦioŋ²¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /joŋ³¹/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /yʌ̃⁴⁴/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /in⁴⁴/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /ioŋ¹³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /in¹²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /iuŋ⁴⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /iuŋ¹¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /ʒuŋ¹¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /joŋ²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /juŋ²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /juŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /iɔŋ³⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /yŋ⁵³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /œyŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /ioŋ⁵⁵/ /iõ⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /zɔŋ³¹/ |
* Middle Chinese: yuwng
Rime :
| Character | 融 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 以 (36) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (2) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 以戎切 |
| Baxter | yuwng |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /jɨuŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /jiuŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /iuŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /juwŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /iuŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /jĭuŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /i̯uŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yóng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jung$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*luŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*luŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 融 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | róng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ yuwng › |
| Old Chinese | /*luŋ/ (? < *lum) |
| English | hot air, steam, heat |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 融 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 1509 |
| Phonetic component | 蟲 |
| Rime group | 終 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 融 |
| Old Chinese | /*luŋ/ |

### Definitions

融
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) hot air; steam (during cooking)
* to melt
* to mix; to blend; to fuse; to harmonise
* (economics) to circulate
* Short for 融城 (Róngchéng, “Fuqing, Fuzhou”).

### Compounds

* 乳水交融
* 交融 (jiāoróng)
* 六相圓融 / 六相圆融
* 其樂融融 / 其乐融融 (qílèróngróng)
* 包融
* 和氣融融 / 和气融融
* 圓融 / 圆融
* 圓融三諦 / 圆融三谛
* 孔融
* 孔融讓梨 / 孔融让梨
* 心融神會 / 心融神会
* 情景交融
* 春光融融
* 暖融融 (nuǎnróngróng)
* 核融合 (hérónghé)
* 樂融融 / 乐融融 (lèróngróng)
* 水乳交融 (shuǐrǔjiāoróng)
* 法融
* 消融 (xiāoróng)
* 熙熙融融
* 王融
* 祝融 (Zhùróng)
* 竇融 / 窦融
* 膠漆相融 / 胶漆相融
* 融丘
* 融冶
* 融券
* 融化 (rónghuà)
* 融匯 / 融汇 (rónghuì)
* 融合 (rónghé)
* 融和 (rónghé)
* 融會 / 融会 (rónghuì)
* 融會貫通 / 融会贯通 (rónghuìguàntōng)
* 融泄
* 融洽 (róngqià)
* 融為一體 / 融为一体 (róngwéiyītǐ)
* 融融 (róngróng)
* 融解 (róngjiě)
* 融解熱 / 融解热
* 融解點 / 融解点
* 融資 / 融资 (róngzī)
* 融通
* 融通物
* 融風 / 融风
* 通融 (tōngróng)
* 金融 (jīnróng)
* 金融公司 (jīnróng gōngsī)
* 金融卡 (jīnróngkǎ)
* 金融商品
* 金融市場 / 金融市场 (jīnróng shìchǎng)
* 金融業 / 金融业
* 金融機關 / 金融机关
* 金融赤字
* 鋁融接劑 / 铝融接剂
* 顯融 / 显融
* 馬融 / 马融

### References

* “融”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* dissolve
* melt

#### Readings

* Go-on: ゆ (yu)
* Kan-on: ゆう (yū, Jōyō)
* Kun: とおる (tōru, 融る)、とける (tokeru, 融ける)
* Nanori: あき (aki)、あきら (akira)、あきらか (akiraka)、すけ (suke)、とお (tō)、とおる (tōru)、なかし (nakashi)、ながし (nagashi)、みち (michi)、よし (yoshi)

#### Compounds

* 核(かく)融(ゆう)合(ごう) (kaku yūgō, “nuclear fusion, karyogamy”)
* 核(かく)融(ゆう)合(ごう)炉(ろ) (kakuyūgōro, “fusion reactor”)
* 金(きん)融(ゆう) (kin'yū, “finance”)
* 金(きん)融(ゆう)危(き)機(き) (kin'yū kiki, “financial crisis”)
* 金(きん)融(ゆう)市(し)場(じょう) (kin'yū shijō, “financial market”)
* 祝(しゅく)融(ゆう) (Shukuyū, “Zhurong, a Chinese god of fire and the south”)
* 常(じょう)温(おん)核(かく)融(ゆう)合(ごう) (jōon kaku yūgō, “cold (nuclear) fusion”)
* 闇(やみ)金(きん)融(ゆう) (yamikin'yū, “loan shark”)
* 融(ゆう)化(か) (yūka, “thaw”)
* 融(ゆう)解(かい) (yūkai, “melting; meltdown”)
* 融(ゆう)合(ごう) (yūgō, “fusion, blending, merger”)
* 融(ゆう)資(し) (yūshi, “financing, loan”)
* 融(ゆう)雪(せつ) (yūsetsu, “melting of snow”)
* 融(ゆう)点(てん) (yūten, “melting point”)
* 融(ゆう)和(わ) (yūwa, “harmony, reconciliation”)
* 溶(よう)融(ゆう) (yōyū, “melting; meltdown”)
** 熔(よう)融(ゆう) (yōyū, alternative form of above.)
* 炉(ろ)心(しん)熔(よう)融(ゆう) (roshin yōyū, “meltdown”)

## Korean
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [juŋ]
* Phonetic hangul: [융]

### Hanja

Wikisource 融 • (yung) (hangeul 융, revised yung, McCune–Reischauer yung, Yale yung)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

融: Hán Nôm readings: dung
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.