# 東北
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): dōngběi
    (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄥ ㄅㄟˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): dung$^1$ bak$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): tûng-pet
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tang-pak
    (Teochew, Peng'im): dang$^1$ bag$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dōngběi
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄥ ㄅㄟˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: dongběi
*** Wade–Giles: tung$^1$-pei$^3$
*** Yale: dūng-běi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: dongbeei
*** Palladius: дунбэй (dunbɛj)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʊŋ⁵⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: dung$^1$ bak$^1$
*** Yale: dūng bāk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dung$^1$ bak$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: dung$^1$ beg$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʊŋ⁵⁵ pɐk̚⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tûng-pet
*** Hakka Romanization System: dung$^ˊ$ bed$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: dung$^1$ bed$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /tuŋ²⁴ pet̚²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tang-pak
*** Tâi-lô: tang-pak
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dangpag
*** IPA (Xiamen): /taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /taŋ³³ pak̚⁵/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ pak̚³²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ pak̚³²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: dang$^1$ bag$^4$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tang pak
*** Sinological IPA : /taŋ³³⁻²³ pak̚²/
* Middle Chinese: tuwng pok
Rime :
| Character | 東 | 北 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 端 (5) | 幫 (1) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (1) | 德 (131) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 德紅切 | 博墨切 |
| Baxter | tuwng | pok |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tuŋ/ | /pək̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /tuŋ/ | /pək̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /tuŋ/ | /pək̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /təwŋ/ | /pək̚/ |
| Li Rong | /tuŋ/ | /pək̚/ |
| Wang Li | /tuŋ/ | /pək̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /tuŋ/ | /pək̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | dōng | bo |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | dung$^1$ | bak$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*tˤoŋ pˤək/
    (Zhengzhang): /*toːŋ pɯːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 東 | 北 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | dōng | běi |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tuwng › | ‹ pok › |
| Old Chinese | /*tˁoŋ/ (< *tˁoŋʔ ?) | /*pˁək/ |
| English | east | north |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 東 | 北 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 2435 | 414 |
| Phonetic component | 東 | 北 |
| Rime group | 東 | 職 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 東 | 北 |
| Old Chinese | /*toːŋ/ | /*pɯːɡ/ |
| Notes | 種（種籽）初文，甲金文象種皮甲坼萌生根芽， 參敕字陳字注 | |

### Noun

東北
* northeast
    From: I Ching, 11th – 8th century BCE
    Gèn, dōngběi zhī guà yě. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Coordinate terms

compass points: 方位 (fāngwèi):
| 西北 (xīběi) | 北 | 東北 / 东北 (dōngběi) |
| 西 (xī) | | 東 / 东 (dōng) |
| 西南 (xīnán) | 南 | 東南 / 东南 (dōngnán) |

#### Derived terms

* 東北亞 / 东北亚 (Dōngběiyà)
* 東北地區 / 东北地区 (Dōngběi Dìqū)
* 東北方 / 东北方
* 東北角 / 东北角
* 東北風 / 东北风 (dōngběifēng)

### Proper noun

東北
* (～地區) Northeast China (a region of China; consisting of Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang, and sometimes the northeast part of Inner Mongolia)
* (～大行政區, ～區) (historical) Northeast China (a former greater administrative region of China from 1949 to 1954, consisting of Liaodong, Liaoxi, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Songjiang, Rehe and Suiyuan, Shenyang, Lüda, Fushun, Anshan and Benxi)
* (historical) Manchuria
* (～地方) Tōhoku (a region of Japan)

#### Derived terms

* 外東北 / 外东北 (Wài Dōngběi)
* 東北三寶 / 东北三宝
* 東北三省 / 东北三省 (Dōngběi Sān Shěng)
* 東北九省 / 东北九省
* 東北大鼓 / 东北大鼓
* 東北官話 / 东北官话 (dōngběi guānhuà)
* 東北平原 / 东北平原 (Dōngběi Píngyuán)
* 東北易幟 / 东北易帜 (Dōngběi Yìzhì)
* 東北虎 / 东北虎 (dōngběihǔ)
* 東北話 / 东北话 (dōngběihuà)

#### Descendants

* → Korean: 둥베이 (dungbei)

#### See also

* 滿洲國／满洲国 (Mǎnzhōuguó)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 東 | 北 |
| とう Grade: 2 | ほく Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) とーほく [tòóhókú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [to̞ːho̞kɯ̟]

### Noun

東(とう)北(ほく) • (tōhoku)
* northeast

#### Coordinate terms

compass points: 方角 (hōgaku):
| 北西 (hokusei) 西北 (seihoku) | 北 (kita) | 北東 (hokutō) 東北 (tōhoku) |
| 西 (nishi) | | 東 (higashi) |
| 西南 (seinan) 南西 (nansei) | 南 (minami) | 東南 (tōnan) 南東 (nantō) |

### Proper noun

東(とう)北(ほく) • (Tōhoku)
* the northeast region of Japan, specifically the northernmost six prefectures in Honshu (clockwise from the northermost): 青森県 (​Aomori-ken), 岩手県 (​Iwate-ken), 宮城県 (​Miyagi-ken), 福島県 (​Fukushima-ken), 山形県 (​Yamagata-ken), 秋田県 (​Akita-ken).

#### Synonyms

* 東(とう)北(ほく)地(ち)方(ほう) (Tōhoku chihō, “the Tōhoku region”)
* 奥(おう)羽(う) (Ōu)

#### See also

* 東北地方 on the Japanese Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{ja}$
* Tōhoku region on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 東 | 北 |

### Noun

東北 • (dongbuk) (hangeul 동북)
* hanja form of 동북 (“northeast”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 東 | 北 |

### Noun

東北
* chữ Hán form of đông bắc (“northeast”).

#### Coordinate terms

compass points:
| tây bắc (西北) | bắc (北) | đông bắc (東北) |
| tây (西) | | đông (東) |
| tây nam (西南) | nam (南) | đông nam (東南) |