# 莖

| 莖 | U+8396, &#33686; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8396 |
| ← 莕 [U+8395] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 莗 → [U+8397] |

## Translingual

| Traditional | 莖 |
| Shinjitai | 茎 |
| Simplified | 茎 |

### Han character

莖 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+7, 13 strokes, cangjie input 廿一女一 (TMVM), four-corner 4410$_1$, composition ⿱艹巠)

#### Derived characters

* 𨖑, 𭿘, 𦎺, 𩐺, 𦳲

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1034, character 9
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 31052
* Dae Jaweon: page 1493, character 14
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3217, character 7
* Unihan data for U+8396

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 羥 | *kʰreːn, *kʰreːŋ |
| 俓 | *ŋɡeːn, *ŋɡreːŋ, *keːŋs |
| 牼 | *kʰreːŋ, *ɡreːŋ |
| 硁 |
| 誙 | *kʰreːŋ |
| 娙 | *ŋɡreːŋ, *ɡeːŋ |
| 莖 | *ɡreːŋ, *qreːŋ |
| 痙 | *ɡeŋʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡreːŋ, *qreːŋ): semantic 艹 + phonetic 巠 (OC *keːŋ).

### Etymology

Compare Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-kja-ŋ (“foot”) (STEDT), whence Tibetan རྐང་པ (rkang pa, “foot; leg; stem; stalk”).
脛 (OC *ɡeːŋs, “lower leg”) is also compared to the above Proto-Sino-Tibetan lemma.

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jīng, jìng (jing$^1$, jing$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄥ, ㄐㄧㄥˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ging$^3$ / ging$^1$ / hang$^4$ / kwaang$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kîn / kóang
    (Meixian, Guangdong): gin$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hûiⁿ / hoâiⁿ / hôaⁿ / keng / kèng / hêng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kêng$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jīng
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jing
*** Wade–Giles: ching$^1$
*** Yale: jīng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jing
*** Palladius: цзин (czin)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, nonstandard or dialectal)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jìng
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jìng
*** Wade–Giles: ching$^4$
*** Yale: jìng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jinq
*** Palladius: цзин (czin)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiŋ⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jìngr
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥˋㄦ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jìngr
*** Wade–Giles: ching$^4$-ʼrh
*** Yale: jìngr
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jienql
*** Palladius: цзинр (czinr)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiɤ̯̃ɻ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ging$^3$ / ging$^1$ / hang$^4$ / kwaang$^2$
*** Yale: ging / gīng / hàhng / kwáang
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ging$^3$ / ging$^1$ / hang$^4$ / kwaang$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ging$^3$ / ging$^1$ / heng$^4$ / kuang$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɪŋ³³/, /kɪŋ⁵⁵/, /hɐŋ²¹/, /kʷʰaːŋ³⁵/
* ging1, hang4, kwaang2 - variants;
* kwaang2 - also written as 梗.
* Middle Chinese: heang
Rime :
| Character | 莖 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 耕 (117) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 戸耕切 |
| Baxter | heang |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦˠɛŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦᵚæŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣɐŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦəɨjŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣɛŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣæŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣæŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | héng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hang$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*m-k-lˤ<r>eŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡreːŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 莖 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jīng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hɛng › |
| Old Chinese | /*m-k-lˁ<r>eŋ/ |
| English | stalk (n.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 莖 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 6786 |
| Phonetic component | 坙 |
| Rime group | 耕 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 莖 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡreːŋ/ |

#### Definitions

莖
* stem; stalk; something like a stalk
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) tall and straight
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) pillar
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, traditional Chinese medicine) penis
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) handle
* Classifier for strips or stalks of objects.

##### Synonyms

* (stem): (literary) 稿 (gǎo)

##### Compounds

* 六莖 / 六茎 (Liùjīng)
* 包莖 / 包茎
* 匍匐莖 / 匍匐茎 (púfújīng)
* 地下莖 / 地下茎
* 塊莖 / 块茎 (kuàijīng)
* 平臥莖 / 平卧茎
* 攀緣莖 / 攀缘茎
* 木質莖 / 木质茎
* 枯莖朽骨 / 枯茎朽骨 (kūjīngxiǔgǔ)
* 根莖 / 根茎 (gēnjīng)
* 玉莖 / 玉茎
* 球莖 / 球茎 (qiújīng)
* 直立莖 / 直立茎
* 纏繞莖 / 缠绕茎 (chánràojīng)
* 草質莖 / 草质茎 (cǎozhìjīng)
* 莖稈 / 茎秆 (jīnggǎn)
* 走莖 / 走茎
* 陰莖 / 阴茎
* 飛莖 / 飞茎
* 鱗莖 / 鳞茎 (línjīng)

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yīng (ying$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄥ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yīng
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ying
*** Wade–Giles: ying$^1$
*** Yale: yīng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ing
*** Palladius: ин (in)
*** Sinological IPA : /iŋ⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: 'eang
Rime :
| Character | 莖 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 耕 (117) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 烏莖切 |
| Baxter | 'eang |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʔˠɛŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʔᵚæŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʔɐŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʔəɨjŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /ʔɛŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /æŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʔæŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | ēng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ang$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*qreːŋ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 莖 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 6788 |
| Phonetic component | 坙 |
| Rime group | 耕 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 甖 |
| Old Chinese | /*qreːŋ/ |

#### Definitions

莖
* Only used in 姚莖／姚茎.

### References

* “莖”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 茎 |
| Kyūjitai | 莖 |

### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 茎)
* stem
* stalk

#### Readings

* Go-on: ぎょう (gyō)
* Kan-on: こう (kō)
* Kan’yō-on: けい (kei)
* Kun: くき (kuki, 莖)、くく (kuku, 莖)、なかご (nakago, 莖)

## Korean
### Hanja

莖 • (gyeong) (hangeul 경, revised gyeong, McCune–Reischauer kyŏng, Yale kyeng)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Compounds

* 男莖

## Vietnamese
### Han character

莖: Hán Nôm readings: hành, kinh
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.