# 磋

| 磋 | U+78CB, &#30923; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-78CB |
| ← 磊 [U+78CA] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 磌 → [U+78CC] |

## Translingual
### Han character

磋 (Kangxi radical 112, 石+10, 15 strokes, cangjie input 一口廿手一 (MRTQM), four-corner 1861$_1$, composition ⿰石差)

#### Derived characters

* 䕢

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 834, character 27
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24395
* Dae Jaweon: page 1252, character 1
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2445, character 4
* Unihan data for U+78CB

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 左 | *ʔsaːlʔ, *ʔsaːls |
| 佐 | *ʔsaːls |
| 袏 | *ʔslaːls |
| 蹉 | *sʰlaːl |
| 瑳 | *sʰlaːl, *sʰlaːlʔ |
| 搓 | *sʰlaːl |
| 磋 | *sʰlaːl |
| 溠 | *sʰlaːl, *sraːl, *ʔsraːls |
| 傞 | *sʰlaːl, *slaːl |
| 醝 | *zlaːl |
| 瘥 | *zlaːl, *ʔsljal, *sʰreːls |
| 鹺 | *zlaːl |
| 嵯 | *zlaːl, *sʰral |
| 嵳 | *zlaːl |
| 蒫 | *zlaːl, *ʔsljal, *ʔslɯl |
| 艖 | *zlaːl, *sʰraːl |
| 齹 | *zlaːl, *sʰral, *zral |
| 縒 | *slaːlʔ, *sʰral, *sʰlaːɡ |
| 褨 | *slaːlʔ |
| 嗟 | *ʔsljal |
| 差 | *sʰraːl, *sʰraːls, *sʰreːl, *sʰreːl, *sʰreːls, *sʰral |
| 鎈 | *sʰraːl |
| 槎 | *zraːl, *zraːlʔ |
| 髊 | *zlals |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *sʰlaːl): semantic 石 (“stone”) + phonetic 差 (OC *sʰraːl, *sʰraːls, *sʰreːl, *sʰreːl, *sʰreːls, *sʰral).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): cuō (cuo$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄘㄨㄛ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): co$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: cuō
*** Zhuyin: ㄘㄨㄛ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cuo
*** Wade–Giles: tsʻo$^1$
*** Yale: tswō
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tsuo
*** Palladius: цо (co)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: co$^1$
*** Yale: chō
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tso$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: co$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɔː⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: tsha, tshwaH
Rime :
| Character | 磋 | 磋 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 清 (14) | 清 (14) |
| Final (韻) | 歌 (94) | 戈 (95) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 七何切 | 七過切 |
| Baxter | tsha | tshwaH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡sʰɑ/ | /t͡sʰuɑ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡sʰɑ/ | /t͡sʰuɑ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡sʰɑ/ | /t͡sʰuɑ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡sʰa/ | /t͡sʰwa$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡sʰɑ/ | /t͡sʰuɑ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡sʰɑ/ | /t͡sʰuɑ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡sʰɑ/ | /t͡sʰuɑ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | cuō | cuò |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | co$^1$ | co$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[tsʰ]ˤaj/
    (Zhengzhang): /*sʰlaːl/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 磋 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | cuō |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsha › |
| Old Chinese | /*[tsʰ]ˁaj/ |
| English | file, polish (v.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 磋 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 18011 |
| Phonetic component | 左 |
| Rime group | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 蹉 |
| Old Chinese | /*sʰlaːl/ |

### Definitions

磋
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, literal) to polish
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, figurative) to deliberate

### Compounds

* 互切互磋
* 切磋 (qiēcuō)
* 切磋琢磨 (qiēcuōzhuómó)
* 如切如磋
* 磋商 (cuōshāng)
* 磋摩
* 磋磨
* 磋議 / 磋议 (cuōyì)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: さ (sa)
* Kan-on: さ (sa)
* Kun: みがく (migaku, 磋く)

## Korean
### Hanja

磋 • (cha) (hangeul 차, revised cha, McCune–Reischauer ch'a, Yale cha)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

磋: Hán Nôm readings: tha
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Nôm: tha, xây

#### References

* Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
* Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
* Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville