OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 栠

| 栠 | U+6820, &#26656; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6820 |
| ← 栟 [U+681F] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 校 → [U+6821] |

## Translingual
### Han character

栠 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+6, 10 strokes, cangjie input 人土木 (OGD) or 難人土木 (XOGD), four-corner 2290$_4$, composition ⿱任木)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 522, character 24
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14711
* Dae Jaweon: page 910, character 25
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1201, character 4
* Unihan data for U+6820

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 紝 | *nɯm, *njɯm, *njɯms |
| 鵀 | *nɯm, *njɯm, *njɯms |
| 拰 | *nɯmʔ |
| 賃 | *nɯms |
| 任 | *njɯm, *njɯms |
| 壬 | *l̥ʰeːŋʔ, *njɯm |
| 恁 | *njɯm, *njɯmʔ |
| 銋 | *njɯm, *njɯmʔ |
| 荏 | *njɯmʔ |
| 餁 | *njɯmʔ |
| 栠 | *njɯmʔ |
| 袵 | *njɯmʔ |
| 飪 | *njɯmʔ |
| 妊 | *njɯms |
| 衽 | *njɯms |

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): rěn (ren$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄖㄣˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jam$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: rěn
*** Zhuyin: ㄖㄣˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: rěn
*** Wade–Giles: jên$^3$
*** Yale: rěn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: reen
*** Palladius: жэнь (žɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʐən²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jam$^6$
*** Yale: yahm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jam$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yem$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɐm²²/
* Middle Chinese: nyimX
Rime :
| Character | 栠 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 日 (38) |
| Final (韻) | 侵 (139) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 如甚切 |
| Baxter | nyimX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ȵiɪm$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ȵim$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȵʑjem$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ȵim$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ȵiəm$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ȵʑĭĕm$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȵʑi̯əm$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | rěn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jam$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*njɯmʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 栠 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 10816 |
| Phonetic component | 壬 |
| Rime group | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 荏 |
| Old Chinese | /*njɯmʔ/ |

### Definitions

栠
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) weak. Given the same meaning as 荏 in modern Chinese.

#### References

* Jyutping Database (iso10646hk.net) - Cantonese Pronunciation List (Part 2), p. 127
# 有史以來
## Chinese

| | | to have; there is; there areto have; there is; there are; to exist; to be | history | since; for |
| trad. (有史以來) | trad. (有史以來) | 有 | 史 | 以來 |
| simp. (有史以来) | simp. (有史以来) | 有 | 史 | 以来 |

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yǒushǐyǐlái
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄡˇ ㄕˇ ㄧˇ ㄌㄞˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jau$^5$ si$^2$ ji$^5$ loi$^4$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): iú-sú í-lâi
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yǒushǐyǐlái [Phonetic: yóushǐyǐlái]
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄡˇ ㄕˇ ㄧˇ ㄌㄞˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yǒushǐhyǐlái
*** Wade–Giles: yu$^3$-shih$^3$-i$^3$-lai$^2$
*** Yale: yǒu-shř-yǐ-lái
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yeoushyyyiilai
*** Palladius: юшиилай (jušiilaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ i²¹⁴⁻²¹ laɪ̯³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jau$^5$ si$^2$ ji$^5$ loi$^4$
*** Yale: yáuh sí yíh lòih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jau$^5$ si$^2$ ji$^5$ loi$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yeo$^5$ xi$^2$ yi$^5$ loi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɐu̯¹³ siː³⁵ jiː¹³ lɔːi̯²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iú-sú í-lâi
*** Tâi-lô: iú-sú í-lâi
*** Phofsit Daibuun: iwsuo ylaai
*** IPA (Taipei): /iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /iu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ su⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ i⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lai²³/

### Adverb

有史以來
* since the beginning of history
# Z-RNA
## English
### Etymology

From Z +‎ RNA. Blend of Z-DNA +‎ RNA. From zigzagging of the zigzag configuration RNA, an RNA analogue of the previously discovered Z-DNA.

### Noun

Z-RNA (countable and uncountable, plural Z-RNAs)
* (uncountable) A configuration of RNA, left-hand twisting double helix, that takes up a zigzagging form due to the natural right-hand twisting tendency of double-stranded RNA.
* (countable) An RNA helix in such a configuration.

#### Related terms

* A-RNA
* RNA
* Z-DNA

### Anagrams

* Zarn
# Uršnik
## Slovene
### Proper noun

Uršnik m anim
* a surname

#### Declension
### References

* Keber, Janez (2021) Leksikon priimkov [Dictionary of Surnames] (in Slovene), Celje: Celjska Mohorjeva družba, →ISBN, page 792
# Rhamphocharis
## Translingual

* This entry needs a photograph or drawing for illustration. Please try to find a suitable image on Wikimedia Commons or upload one there yourself!

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Proper noun

Rhamphocharis f
* A taxonomic genus within the family Melanocharitidae – two species of berry peckers, from New Guinea.

#### Hyponyms

* (genus): Rhamphocharis crassirostris (thick-billed berrypecker), Rhamphocharis piperata (spotted berrypecker) - species

### References

* Rhamphocharis on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* Rhamphocharis on Wikispecies.Wikispecies
* Rhamphocharis on Wikimedia Commons.Wikimedia Commons
* Gill, F. and Wright, M. (2006) Birds of the World: Recommended English Names, Princeton University Press, →ISBN
# tezaurem
## Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈtɛzau̯rɛm]

### Noun

tezaurem
* instrumental singular of tezaurus
# բացի
## Armenian
### Etymology

From Old Armenian բաց ի (bacʻ i, “except, excepted, besides, save; without”).

### Pronunciation

* (Eastern Armenian) IPA: /bɑˈt͡sʰi/, [bɑt͡sʰí]
* (Western Armenian) IPA: /pɑˈt͡si/, [pʰɑt͡sʰí]
* Audio (Eastern Armenian):(file)
* Hyphenation: բա‧ցի

### Preposition

բացի • (bacʻi)
* besides, except, apart from
    Ոչ ոք չգիտեր հարցի պատասխանը, բացի Վահագնից։ ― Očʻ okʻ čʻgiter harcʻi patasxanə, bacʻi Vahagnicʻ. ― No one knew the answer apart from Vahagn.

### References

* Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1971) “բանալ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume I, Yerevan: University Press, pages 403–404
# rapieră
## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from French rapière.

### Noun

rapieră f (plural rapiere)
* rapier (sword)

#### Declension
### Further reading

* rapieră in DEX online—Dicționare ale limbii române (Dictionaries of the Romanian language)
# off-key
## English
### Adjective

off-key (comparative more off-key, superlative most off-key)
* (music) Above or below the correct note sequence; especially a vocalist out of sync with a separately recorded musical acccompaniment
* (by extension) Not harmonious, or out of accord.

### Adverb

off-key (comparative more off-key, superlative most off-key)
* An inaccurate note sequence that is either above or below where it is intended to be.
** 1937, “They Can't Take That Away from Me”, Ira Gershwin (lyrics), George Gershwin (music):The way your smile just beams / The way you sing off-key / The way you haunt my dreams / No, no—they can't take that away from me

#### Related terms

* offkey

### Anagrams

* key off
# ACE
## Translingual
### Symbol

ACE
* (international standards, aviation) IATA airport code for César Manrique-Lanzarote Airport, which serves Lanzarote, Las Palmas.

## English
### Pronunciation

* (some senses) enPR: ās, IPA: /eɪs/
** Rhymes: -eɪs

### Proper noun

ACE
* (US, education) Initialism of American Council on Education.
* (astronautics) Initialism of Advanced Composition Explorer, a NASA spacecraft.
* Initialism of American Cinema Editors.
* Initialism of Attempto Controlled English.
* (file format) A proprietary data compression archive file format.

### Noun

ACE (countable and uncountable, plural ACEs)
* (film) A member of American Cinema Editors
* (biochemistry, medicine) Initialism of angiotensin converting enzyme.
* (military, NATO) Initialism of air combat element.
* (military, USMC) Initialism of aviation combat element.
* Initialism of analysis and control element.
* (computing) Initialism of arbitrary code execution.
* (computing) Initialism of access control entry.
* (computing) Initialism of ASCII-compatible encoding.
** 2003, John Yunker, Beyond Borders: Web Globalization Strategies‎, New Riders, →ISBN:Because the DNS requires that a domain name be in an ACE format, IDNA proposes that client applications, such as a web browser, manage the character conversion internally.
* (psychology) Initialism of adverse childhood experience.
* (meteorology) Initialism of accumulated cyclone energy.

#### Derived terms

* ACE1 (“angiotensin-converting enzyme 1”)
* ACE2 (“angiotensin-converting enzyme 2”)
* hrsACE2 (“human recombinant soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2”)

### Anagrams

* AEC, CAE, CEA, Cea, EAC

## French
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /as/

### Noun

ACE m (plural ACEs)
* (medicine) Acronym of antigène carcino-embryonnaire (“carcinoembryonic antigen”): CEA

### Proper noun

ACE f
* (Canada) Acronym of allocation canadienne pour enfants (“Canada Child Benefit”): CCB

## German
### Etymology

From the vitamins A,C, and E.

### Noun

ACE
* Initialism of A+C+E,
    ACE-SaftA fruit juice mixture of orange, carrot, and lemon juice

## Italian
### Etymology

From the names of vitamins A, C and E, contained in the juice.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈa.t͡ʃe/
* Rhymes: -atʃe
* Hyphenation: À‧CE

### Noun

ACE m (uncountable)
* (cooking) a flavour/flavor of fruit juice, mainly formed by orange, carrot and lemon juice

## Vietnamese
### Pronunciation

* (Hà Nội) IPA: [ʔajŋ̟˧˧ t͡ɕi˧˨ʔ ʔɛm˧˧]
* (Huế) IPA: [ʔɛɲ˧˧ t͡ɕɪj˨˩ʔ ʔɛm˧˧]
* (Saigon) IPA: [ʔan˧˧ cɪj˨˩˨ ʔɛm˧˧]
* Phonetic spelling: anh chị em

### Pronoun

ACE
* Initialism of anh chị em.

#### Related terms

* ÔBACE
# vishnjat
## Albanian
### Noun

vishnjat
* definite nominative/accusative plural of vishnjë
# феодальний
## Ukrainian
### Alternative forms

* февдальний (fevdalʹnyj) (obsolete)

### Etymology

From феода́л (feodál) +‎ -льний (-lʹnyj). Compare Russian феода́льный (feodálʹnyj), Belarusian феада́льны (fjeadálʹny).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [feɔˈdalʲnei̯]
* Audio:(file)

### Adjective

феода́льний • (feodálʹnyj) (adverb феода́льно)
* feudal

#### Related terms

* фео́д m (feód)
* феода́л m (feodál), феода́лка f (feodálka)
* феодаліза́ція f (feodalizácija)
* феодалі́зм m (feodalízm)

### Further reading

* Bilodid, I. K., editor (1970–1980), “феодальний”, in Словник української мови: в 11 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 11 vols] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka
* “феодальний”, in Горох – Словозміна [Horokh – Inflection] (in Ukrainian)
* “феодальний”, in Kyiv Dictionary (in English)
* “феодальний”, in Словник.ua [Slovnyk.ua] (in Ukrainian)
# zhēngfēngchīcù
## Mandarin
### Romanization

zhēngfēngchīcù (Zhuyin ㄓㄥ ㄈㄥ ㄔ ㄘㄨˋ)
* Hanyu Pinyin reading of 爭風吃醋 / 争风吃醋
# 후유증
## Korean
### Etymology

Sino-Korean word from 後遺症/後遺證, with compound/genitive tensing applied.

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ˈɸʷu(ː)jut͡ɕ͈ɯŋ]
* Phonetic hangul: [후(ː)유쯩]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Noun

후유증 • (huyujeung) (hanja 後遺症/後遺證)
* (medicine) sequela, aftereffect
* (figurative) aftermath, consequence
# heathendom
## English
### Etymology

From Middle English hæthendom, from Old English hǣþendōm; equivalent to heathen +‎ -dom. OED records a single attestation in the period between 1230 and 1840, a (nonce?) occurrence in J. Law, Proposals and reasons for constituting a council of trade in Scotland (1701, p. 233). Otherwise replaced by Middle English hethenesse in the later Middle English period and heathenism in the 17th and 18th centuries. Cognate with Dutch heidendom, Old High German heidentuom (German Heidentum), Old Norse heiðindómr (Swedish hedendom).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈhiː.ðn̩.dəm/

### Noun

heathendom (usually uncountable, plural heathendoms)
* The state of being heathen.
    The priest argued to the king that unless clerics accompanied the colony ship, the colony would soon descend into heathendom and barbarity.
* From one religion's or creed's perspective, the rest of the world that does not follow that creed or religion.
    My aunt considered all of Europe to be heathendom, and refused to visit us in Amsterdam on religious grounds.
* (dated) Specifically, the non-Christian world; territories where Christianity is not the dominant religion.
    The Crusaders meant to wrest Jerusalem from heathendom, but they managed to pillage a number of lands in Christendom along the way.
* (Germanic paganism, sometimes capitalized) The collection of people who follow Heathenry, a modern pagan faith inspired by the pre-Abrahamic religions of Germanic tribes, Anglo-Saxons and Norse peoples.
** 2011, Urs App, The Birth of Orientalism, page 102:Ziegenbalg mentioned some major forms of heathendom (African, American, old European) […]

#### Synonyms

* paganism
* heathenism

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “non-Christian world”): Christendom

#### Translations

    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
# Tayla
## English
### Proper noun

Tayla
* A female given name, an invention based on Taylor from the 1990s.

### Anagrams

* Altay, Yalta
# Oceane Pacifice
## Latin
### Etymology

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /oːˈke.a.ne paːˈki.fi.ke/, [oːˈkeänɛ päːˈkɪfɪkɛ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /oˈt͡ʃe.a.ne paˈt͡ʃi.fi.t͡ʃe/, [oˈt͡ʃɛːäne päˈt͡ʃiːfit͡ʃe]

### Noun

Ōceane Pācifice m sg
* vocative singular of Ōceanus Pācificus
# Почайна
## Ukrainian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [pɔˈt͡ʃai̯nɐ]
* Rhymes: -ai̯nɐ
* Hyphenation: По‧чай‧на

### Proper noun

Поча́йна • (Počájna) f inan (genitive Поча́йни, uncountable)
* Pochaina (a river in Kyiv, Ukraine)
* Pochaina (a neighbourhood of Kyiv, Ukraine)
* Pochaina (a metro station in Kyiv, Ukraine)

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “Почайна”, in Горох – Словозміна [Horokh – Inflection] (in Ukrainian)
# фіскальний
## Ukrainian
### Etymology

From Latin fiscālis (Latin fiscālis) +‎ -льний (-lʹnyj). Compare Russian фиска́льный (fiskálʹnyj), Belarusian фіска́льны (fiskálʹny), Polish fiskalny.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [fʲiˈskalʲnei̯]
* Audio:(file)

### Adjective

фіска́льний • (fiskálʹnyj)
* (finance) fiscal

#### Derived terms

* фіска́льна полі́тика f (fiskálʹna polítyka, “fiscal policy”)

### Further reading

* Bilodid, I. K., editor (1970–1980), “фіскальний”, in Словник української мови: в 11 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 11 vols] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka
* “фіскальний”, in Горох – Словозміна [Horokh – Inflection] (in Ukrainian)
* “фіскальний”, in Kyiv Dictionary (in English)
* “фіскальний”, in Словник.ua [Slovnyk.ua] (in Ukrainian)
# շարժել
## Armenian
### Etymology

From Old Armenian շարժեմ (šaržem).

### Pronunciation

* (Eastern Armenian) IPA: /ʃɑɾˈʒel/, [ʃɑɾʒél]
* (Western Armenian) IPA: /ʃɑɾˈʒel/, [ʃɑɾʒél]
* Audio (Eastern Armenian):(file)

### Verb

շարժել • (šaržel)
* (transitive) to move
* (transitive) to set in motion, set going
* (transitive) to drive, guide, make act (in some way); to be the motive force (behind)

#### Inflection

*colloquial **dated
*colloquial **dated

#### Derived terms

* ծիծաղաշարժ (cicaġašarž)
* կարեկցաշարժ (karekcʻašarž)
* շարժասանդուղք (šaržasanduġkʻ)
* շոգեշարժ (šogešarž)
* սիրտը շարժել (sirtə šaržel)
* սրտաշարժ (srtašarž)
* տեղաշարժել (teġašaržel)

#### Related terms

* շարժում (šaržum)

## Old Armenian
### Verb

շարժել • (šaržel)
* infinitive of շարժեմ (šaržem)
* infinitive of շարժիմ (šaržim)
# aftereffect
## English
### Alternative forms

* after-effect

### Etymology

From after- +‎ effect.

### Pronunciation

* (UK) IPA: /ˈɑːftəɹ.ɪˌfɛkt/
* (US) IPA: /ˈæftəɹ.əˌfɛkt/

### Noun

aftereffect (plural aftereffects)
* Any delayed effect; an effect which is not immediately manifested.
** 2009, Kevin Glavin, “The Kali Club”, in Rock Star’s Rainbow, Irvine, Calif.: Kevin Glavin Publishing, →ISBN, pages 311–312:And then Rook snapped out of it and noticed (in this strange state he was in—an aftereffect of the soma?) as clear as day everything—almost as if a sixth sense had become acute and he was fully aware of his eminent and imminent death and he saw everything crystal clearly and noticed that Anatoli, usually calm as a cucumber on the set, was now sweating and not calm and perhaps claustrophobic?
** 2017, Nadia Valman, Laurence Roth, The Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Jewish Cultures‎, Routledge, →ISBN, page 130:Since the Holocaust, fantasies of Jewish power are no longer Salonfähig, no longer openly expressible in “polite” society—at least in Western Europe and North America—even if continuities also persist in antisemitic thinking as do traumatic aftereffects for Jews around the world.

#### Related terms

* afterglow, afterlight
* adverse effect, side effect

#### See also

* consequences, sequelae
# biết
## Vietnamese
### Etymology

Norman and Mei (1976), Schuessler (2007), Sagart (2008): Related to Min Chinese 捌 (bā, “to know”) (proto-Min: *pat). The direction of borrowing is debated; Norman and Mei, and Schuessler favour an Austroasiatic origin for this word, and regard Min as a loan. Sagart, on the other hand, proposes that the sense “to know; to recognise” in both Min and Vietnamese is an extension of the sense “to differentiate; to separate” of 別 (OC *N-pret) (B-S), and hence treats V. biết as a non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 別 (SV: biệt), a semantic development shared with Min.
The word has mostly displaced the use of hay, the more commonly seen word for "to know" in older literature.
Also compare Proto-Bahnaric *băt (“to know”) (Starling).
The Protestant biblical sense is a semantic loan from French connaître.

### Pronunciation

* (Hà Nội) IPA: [ʔɓiət̚˧˦]
* (Huế) IPA: [ʔɓiək̚˦˧˥]
* (Saigon) IPA: [ʔɓiək̚˦˥]
* Homophone: biếc (southern Vietnam)
* Audio (Saigon):(file)

### Verb

biết • (別)
* to know; to be aware of
** 1936, Trọng Phụng Vũ, Số đỏ [Dumb Luck]:Cụ Hồng lại nhăn mặt lần thứ mười mà khẽ gắt cũng lần thứ mười rằng: — Biết rồi ! Biết rồi ! Khổ lắm, nói mãi !Great-granddad Hồng groans for the 10th time as he grimaces also for the 10th time: "Oh I get it! I get it! Enough with the nagging already!"
* to learn about; to realize
* to know how to; to be able to
    biết đọc ― to be able to read
    biết viết ― to know how to write
* to have a taste for (an acquired taste)
    biết ăn mắm tôm ― to like to eat shrimp paste
* (biblical, Protestantism) to know (have sexual relations with)

#### Derived terms

* ăn vụng không biết chùi mép
* biết bao
* biết bao nhiêu
* biết chừng nào
* biết đâu
* biết đâu chừng
* biết đâu đấy
* biết điều
* biết mấy
* biết nghĩ
* biết người biết của
* biết người biết ta
* biết ơn
* biết tay
* biết thân
* biết thân biết phận
* biết thì thưa thốt không biết thì dựa cột mà nghe
* biết thỏm
* biết thóp
* biết tỏng
* biết tỏng tòng tong
* cảm biết
* chưa biết chừng
* hay biết
* hết biết
* hiểu biết
* không biết chừng
* nhận biết
* phải biết
* quen biết
* thuyết không thể biết
* thừa biết
* trải biết
# bn
## Translingual
### Symbol

bn
* (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Bengali.

## English
### Noun

bn
* (chiefly British, Commonwealth except Canada, Ireland) Abbreviation of billion.

#### Alternative forms

* bn.
* bln / bln.

#### Coordinate terms

* mn (million)
* tn (trillion)

### Adjective

bn
* Initialism of brand new.

### Anagrams

* N.B., NB, n.b., nB, nb

## Egyptian
### Etymology

Related to (and probably developed from) earlier nn (“not”). The spelling with b- may reflect a graphic phenomenon rather than a sound change. Compare the Late Egyptian development of bw from Earlier Egyptian nj.

### Pronunciation

* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /bɛn/
** Conventional anglicization: ben

### Particle

proclitic
* (Late Egyptian) not; negates the adverbial sentence/first present, the third future, and the optative
* (Late Egyptian) not; negates a nominal sentence
* (Late Egyptian, with a following noun or pronoun) without; there not being any …

#### Usage notes

The negative constructions with this particle are isomorphic to the corresponding positive constructions without it; they are formed by simply prepending bn to the start of the clause. In the negated adverbial and nominal sentences, occasionally another negation particle, jwnꜣ, is used with bn, discontinuously following the negated element. In higher linguistic registers nn (“not”) is sometimes used instead of bn.

### References

* Junge, Friedrich (2005) Late Egyptian Grammar: An Introduction, second English edition, Oxford: Griffith Institute, pages 113, 115, 117, 123–124, 140, 169–170
* ↑ Oréal, Elsa (2022) “The negative existential cycle in Ancient Egyptian” in Ljuba Veselinova & Arja Hamari (eds.), The Negative Existential Cycle, Berlin: Language Science Press, pages 197–230

## Latin
### Adverb

bn
* Abbreviation of bene.

## Romanian
### Adverb

bn
* (text messaging) Abbreviation of bine (“well”).

### Adjective

bn m or f or n (indeclinable)
* (text messaging) Abbreviation of bine (“good”).

## Spanish
### Adverb

bn
* (Internet slang, text messaging) Abbreviation of bien.

### Adjective

bn m or f (masculine and feminine plural bns)
* (Internet slang, text messaging) Abbreviation of bien.

### Noun

bn
* (Internet slang, text messaging) Abbreviation of bien.

## Vietnamese
### Phrase

bn
* Initialism of bao nhiêu.
# stratosphere
## English
### Etymology

From French stratosphère, a word coined by its discoverer, meteorologist Léon Teisserenc de Bort. See strato- +‎ -sphere.

### Pronunciation

* Audio (US):(file)
* Audio (UK):(file)

### Noun

stratosphere (plural stratospheres)
* (geology, obsolete) Collectively, those layers of the Earth’s crust which primarily comprise stratified deposits.
** 1908, Eduard Suess [aut.], Hertha Beatrice Coryn Sollas and William Johnson Sollas [trs.], The Face of the Earth (Oxford, at the Clarendon Press), volume 3, chapter 1, page 2
    So great is the part played by stratified deposits in the structure of the earth’s crust that we might be tempted to speak of the stratosphere of the earth in contradistinction to the scoriosphere of the moon.
** 1909, Eduard Suess [aut.], Hertha Beatrice Coryn Sollas and William Johnson Sollas [trs.], The Face of the Earth (Oxford, at the Clarendon Press), volume 4, chapter 15, page 546
    The stratosphere, or younger sedimentary envelope has been formed almost entirely at the expense of the Sal envelope.
* (meteorology) The region of the uppermost atmosphere where temperature increases along with the altitude due to the absorption of solar ultraviolet radiation by ozone. The stratosphere extends from the tropopause (10–15 kilometers) to approximately 50 kilometers, where it is succeeded by the mesosphere.
** 1909, Scientific Abstracts, A., volume 12, page 208 (heading)
    Variation in height of the stratosphere (isothermal layer).
** 2008, Kshudiram Saha, The Earth's Atmosphere: Its Physics and Dynamics, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 102:The mesosphere may be described as the earth's intermediate or middle atmosphere, which separates the thermosphere above from the ozonosphere (or stratosphere) below, both of which are responsible for absorption of most of the ultraviolet part of the solar radiation and preventing it from reaching the earth's surface.

#### Derived terms

* in the stratosphere, into the stratosphere

#### Translations
### Further reading

* stratosphere on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
# kurvat
## Albanian
### Noun

kurvat
* definite nominative/accusative plural of kurvë