# 海

| 海 | U+6D77, &#28023; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6D77 |
| ← 浶 [U+6D76] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 浸 → [U+6D78] |
| 海 | U+FA45, &#64069; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA45 |
| ← 梅 [U+FA44] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 渚 → [U+FA46] |
| 海 | U+2F901, &#194817; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F901 |
| ← 派 [U+2F900] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement | 流 → [U+2F902] |

## Translingual

| Japanese | 海 |
| Simplified | 海 |
| Traditional | 海 |

### Alternative forms

In Chinese, the bottom right component is 母 with 2 dots, yielding 海. In Japanese shinjitai, this component is simplified to 毋 (1 cross stroke), yielding 海 (氵+毎). Both forms are encoded under the same Unicode codepoint – see Han unification.

### Han character

海 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+7 in Chinese and Korean, 水+6 in Japanese, 10 strokes in Chinese and Korean, 9 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 水人田卜 (EOWY) or 水人田十 (EOWJ), four-corner 3815$_7$, composition ⿰氵每(GHTKV or U+FA45) or ⿰氵毎(J or U+2F901))

#### Derived characters

* 嗨, 𢲨, 𤍃, 𫗀, 𥉪, 𤀇, 𦷫, 𬕧, 𩘫, 塰

### Further reading

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 625, character 14
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17450
* Dae Jaweon: page 1023, character 11
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1627, character 1
* Unihan data for U+6D77
* Unihan data for U+FA45
* Unihan data for U+2F901

## Chinese

* 海 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 海姓 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 海 (Cantonese)
* 海 (Gan)
* Hāi (Hakka)
* Hái (Southern Min)
* 海 (Wu)

### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 海 :
| Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 脢 | *mɯːs, *mɯː, *mɯːs |
| 挴 | *mlɯːʔ, *mɯːʔ |
| 海 | *hmlɯːʔ |
| 毐 | *ʔmɯː, *ʔmɯːʔ |
| 呣 | *mɯ |
| 拇 | *mɯʔ |
| 母 | *mɯʔ |
| 胟 | *mɯʔ |
| 姆 | *mɯʔ, *mɯs, *maːʔ |
| 畮 | *mɯʔ |
| 踇 | *mɯʔ |
| 苺 | *mɯs, *mɯːʔ, *mɯːs |
| 莓 | *mɯs, *mɯː, *mɯːs |
| 敏 | *mrɯʔ, *mrɯŋʔ |
| 鰵 | *mrɯŋʔ |
| 慜 | *mrɯŋʔ |
| 毋 | *ma |
| 梅 | *mɯː |
| 酶 | *mɯː |
| 鋂 | *mɯː |
| 每 | *mɯːʔ |
| 毎 | *mɯːs |
| 痗 | *mɯːs, *hmɯːs |
| 晦 | *hmɯːs |
| 誨 | *hmɯːs |
| 悔 | *hmɯːʔ, *hmɯːs |
| 霉 | *mrɯl |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *hmlɯːʔ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 每 (OC *mɯːʔ).

### Etymology

Probably related to 晦 (OC *hmɯːs, “dark”); in numerous Zhou texts 海 is described as 晦 (Schuessler, 2007). Compare the parallelism in Chinese: 溟 (OC *meːŋ, *meːŋʔ, “ocean”) < 冥 (OC *meːŋ, “dark”).
STEDT compares 海 (OC *hmlɯːʔ) to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *muːŋ ~ r/s-muːk (“foggy; dark; sullen; menacing; thunder”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): hǎi (hai$^3$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄏㄞˇ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): hai$^3$
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): hài
    (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): hǎi
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): хэ (he, II)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): hoi$^2$
    (Dongguan, Jyutping++): fi$^2$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): hoi$^2$
    (Yangjiang, Jyutping++): hoi$^2$
* Gan (Wiktionary): hai$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): hói
    (Hailu, HRS): hoi$^ˊ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): hoi$^3$
* Jin (Wiktionary): hai$^2$
* Northern Min (KCR): huǒi
* Eastern Min (BUC): hāi
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hai$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hái
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hai$^2$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): hai$^2$
* Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): haai$^2$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^5$he / $^3$he
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): hai$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hǎi
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄞˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hǎi
*** Wade–Giles: hai$^3$
*** Yale: hǎi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hae
*** Palladius: хай (xaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /xaɪ̯²¹⁴/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: hai$^3$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xaai
*** Sinological IPA : /xai⁵³/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: hài
*** Sinological IPA : /xæ⁵³/
** (Nanjing)
*** Nanjing Pinyin: hǎi
*** Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): hai$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /xɛ¹¹/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: хэ (he, II)
*** Sinological IPA : /xɛ⁵¹/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hoi$^2$
*** Yale: hói
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hoi$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hoi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɔːi̯³⁵/
** (Dongguan, Guancheng)
*** Jyutping++: fi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /fi³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: hoi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /hᵘɔi⁵⁵/
** (Yangjiang Yue, Jiangcheng)
*** Jyutping++: hoi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɔi²¹/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: hai$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /hai²¹³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hói
*** Hakka Romanization System: hoi$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: hoi$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /hoi̯³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: hoi$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /hoi²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: hoi$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /hoɪ³¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: hai$^2$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /xai⁵³/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: huǒi
*** Sinological IPA : /xuɛ²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: hāi
*** Sinological IPA : /hai³³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hai$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /hai⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hai$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /hai³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Nan'an, Zhangpu, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hái
*** Tâi-lô: hái
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hae
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Zhangpu, Taipei): /hai⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Nan'an): /hai⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Singapore): /hai⁴²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hai⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: hai$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hái
*** Sinological IPA : /hai⁵²/
** (Leizhou)
*** Leizhou Pinyin: hai$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /hai³¹/
* Southern Pinghua
** (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
*** Jyutping++: haai$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /hai³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$he
*** MiniDict: he$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$he
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /he³⁴/
** (Northern: Suzhou, Hangzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^3$he
*** MiniDict: he$^上$
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /he⁵¹/
*** Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /hɛ⁵³/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: hai$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /xai̯⁴¹/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit海 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /xai²¹⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /xai²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /xai¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /xɛ⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /xɛ⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /xai⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /xai⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /xɛ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /xɛ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /xɛ⁴⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /xai⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /xai⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /xai⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /xai⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /xæ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /xae²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /xe̞²⁴/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /xai⁵³/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /xæ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /xɛ⁵³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /he³⁵/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /he̞⁵¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /he̞⁵³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /he³⁵/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /xɛ³⁵/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /xuə³¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /xai⁴¹/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /xai⁴²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /hai²¹³/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /hoi³¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /hoi³¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /hɔi³⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /hɔi³⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /hɔi³⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /hai⁵³/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /hai³²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /xuɛ²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /hai⁵³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /hai²¹³/ |
* Middle Chinese: xojX
Rime :
| Character | 海 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 曉 (32) |
| Final (韻) | 咍 (41) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 呼改切 |
| Baxter | xojX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /hʌi$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /həi$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /xɒi$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /həj$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /xᴀi$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /xɒi$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /xɑ̆i$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | hǎi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hoi$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*m̥ˤəʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*hmlɯːʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 海 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | hǎi |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ xoj$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*m̥ˁəʔ/ (dialect *m̥ˁ- > x-) |
| English | sea |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 海 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 9283 |
| Phonetic component | 母 |
| Rime group | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 海 |
| Old Chinese | /*hmlɯːʔ/ |

### Definitions

海
* sea; ocean
    好想去看海。 ― Hǎo xiǎng qù kàn hǎi. ― I really want to go and look at the sea.
* big lake
    洱海 ― Ěrhǎi ― Er Lake
    北京的北海 ― Běijīng de Běihǎi ― Beihai Lake, Beijing
* (Cantonese) wide river, especially the Pearl River
* (of containers, amount, etc.) big; large
    海碗 ― hǎiwǎn ― extra large bowl
    海量 ― hǎiliàng ― huge amount
    海投 ― hǎi tóu ― to send résumés to many companies; to use shotgun approach in job hunting
    海扁 ― hǎi biǎn ― (slang) to beat someone tremendously
    海咪咪 ― hǎi mīmī ― (slang) big boobs
* overseas; abroad
    海棗／海枣 ― hǎizǎo ― date palm
* (figurative) sea; abundance; infiniteness
    人海 ― rénhǎi ― huge crowd
    火海 ― huǒhǎi ― sea of flames
* (dialectal, colloquial) profuse; numerous
* (dialectal, colloquial) unrestrainedly; randomly; casually
* a surname, Hai (Mainland China, Taiwan) or Hoi (Hong Kong)
    海瑞 ― Hǎi Ruì ― Hai Rui (Chinese scholar-official of the Ming dynasty)

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 海 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 海 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 海 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 海 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 海 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 海 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 海 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 海 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 海 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 海 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 海 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 海 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 海 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 海 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 海 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 海 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 海 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 海 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 海 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 海 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 海 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 海 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 海 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 海 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 海 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 海 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 海 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 海 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 海 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 海 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang) | 海 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu) | 海 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 海 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Fengting) | 海 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Youyang) | 海 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 海 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 海 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 海 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 海 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 海 |

### Compounds

* 下海 (xiàhǎi)
* 三海 (Sānhǎi)
* 上海 (Shànghǎi)
* 上海灘 / 上海滩 (Shànghǎitān)
* 中南海 (Zhōngnánhǎi)
* 中國海 / 中国海 (Zhōngguóhǎi)
* 中海 (zhōnghǎi)
* 人海 (rénhǎi)
* 仙海
* 佛海 (fóhǎi)
* 內海 / 内海 (nèihǎi)
* 內陸海 / 内陆海
* 八仙過海，各顯神通 / 八仙过海，各显神通 (bāxiānguòhǎi, gèxiǎnshéntōng)
* 公海 (gōnghǎi)
* 出海 (chūhǎi)
* 制海
* 制海權 / 制海权
* 劉海 / 刘海 (liúhǎi)
* 劉海蟾 / 刘海蟾
* 北極海 / 北极海 (Běijíhǎi)
* 北海 (Běihǎi)
* 北海岸
* 北海道 (Běihǎidào)
* 南海 (Nánhǎi)
* 南海子
* 四海 (sìhǎi)
* 地中海 (Dìzhōnghǎi)
* 填海 (tiánhǎi)
* 外海 (wàihǎi)
* 大海 (dàhǎi)
* 大海撈針 / 大海捞针 (dàhǎilāozhēn)
* 大陸海 / 大陆海
* 威海 (Wēihǎi)
* 威海衛 / 威海卫 (Wēihǎiwèi)
* 學海 / 学海 (xuéhǎi)
* 宦海 (huànhǎi)
* 小上海 (Xiǎo Shànghǎi)
* 居延海 (Jūyánhǎi)
* 山海經 / 山海经 (Shānhǎijīng)
* 山海關 / 山海关 (Shānhǎiguān)
* 左海 (zuǒhǎi)
* 巨海
* 性海
* 恨海
* 情海
* 愁海
* 愛海 / 爱海
* 愛琴海 / 爱琴海 (Àiqín Hǎi)
* 慧海
* 排山倒海 (páishāndǎohǎi)
* 探海 (tànhǎi)
* 政海
* 日本海 (Rìběnhǎi)
* 星宿海
* 會海 / 会海
* 月海 (yuèhǎi)
* 果海
* 東海 / 东海 (Dōnghǎi)
* 東海岸 / 东海岸 (Dōnghǎi'àn)
* 桂海
* 業海 / 业海
* 欲海
* 死海 (Sǐhǎi)
* 氣海 / 气海
* 沿海 (yánhǎi)
* 河海
* 法海
* 洱海 (Ěrhǎi)
* 海上 (hǎishàng)
* 海上權 / 海上权
* 海上法
* 海不揚波 / 海不扬波 (hǎibùyángbō)
* 海事 (hǎishì)
* 海京
* 海侵 (hǎiqīn)
* 海倫 / 海伦 (Hǎilún)
* 海兔 (hǎitù)
* 海內 / 海内 (hǎinèi)
* 海凸
* 海匪
* 海區 / 海区 (hǎiqū)
* 海協會 / 海协会 (Hǎixiéhuì)
* 海南戲 / 海南戏
* 海參 / 海参 (hǎishēn)
* 海參崴 / 海参崴
* 海口 (hǎikǒu)
* 海味 (hǎiwèi)
* 海員 / 海员 (hǎiyuán)
* 海員節 / 海员节
* 海商
* 海商法 (hǎishāngfǎ)
* 海嘯 / 海啸 (hǎixiào)
* 海國 / 海国
* 海圖 / 海图
* 海地 (Hǎidì)
* 海地斯
* 海地角
* 海埔地
* 海埔姜
* 海域 (hǎiyù)
* 海基會 / 海基会 (Hǎijīhuì)
* 海報 / 海报 (hǎibào)
* 海堤 (hǎidī)
* 海塘
* 海塗 / 海涂 (hǎitú)
* 海壇 / 海坛 (Hǎitán)
* 海外 (hǎiwài)
* 海外版
* 海夫人
* 海女
* 海子 (hǎizi)
* 海安 (Hǎi'ān)
* 海宇 (hǎiyǔ)
* 海安集 (Hǎi'ānjí)
* 海客 (hǎikè)
* 海寇 (hǎikòu)
* 海寧 / 海宁 (Hǎiníng)
* 海岬 (hǎijiǎ)
* 海岱
* 海岸 (hǎi'àn)
* 海岸帶 / 海岸带
* 海岸流
* 海岸炮 (hǎi'ànpào)
* 海岸線 / 海岸线 (hǎi'ànxiàn)
* 海峽 / 海峡 (hǎixiá)
* 海島 / 海岛 (hǎidǎo)
* 海崖
* 海嶠 / 海峤
* 海嶺 / 海岭
* 海嶽 / 海岳
* 海市蜃樓 / 海市蜃楼 (hǎishìshènlóu)
* 海師 / 海师
* 海帶 / 海带 (hǎidài)
* 海帶卷 / 海带卷
* 海帶芽 / 海带芽 (hǎidàiyá)
* 海平階 / 海平阶
* 海床 (hǎichuáng)
* 海底 (hǎidǐ)
* 海底山
* 海底撈月 / 海底捞月 (hǎidǐ lāoyuè)
* 海底撈針 / 海底捞针 (hǎidǐlāozhēn)
* 海底眼
* 海建 (Hǎijiàn)
* 海得拉巴 (Hǎidélābā)
* 海德堡 (Hǎidébǎo)
* 海成層 / 海成层
* 海戰 / 海战 (hǎizhàn)
* 海扇
* 海拔 (hǎibá)
* 海拉爾 / 海拉尔 (Hǎilā'ěr)
* 海捕
* 海損 / 海损
* 海新 (Hǎixīn)
* 海昌藍 / 海昌蓝
* 海星 (hǎixīng)
* 海曲 (hǎiqū)
* 海月
* 海松
* 海東青 / 海东青 (hǎidōngqīng)
* 海柱
* 海枯石爛 / 海枯石烂 (hǎikūshílàn)
* 海核 (Hǎihé)
* 海桐科
* 海桐花
* 海棗 / 海枣 (hǎizǎo)
* 海棠 (hǎitáng)
* 海椒 (hǎijiāo)
* 海棠果
* 海樣 / 海样
* 海樓 / 海楼
* 海檬果
* 海氛
* 海水 (hǎishuǐ)
* 海水浴 (hǎishuǐyù)
* 海水面
* 海水鹽 / 海水盐
* 海法 (Hǎifǎ)
* 海況 / 海况 (hǎikuàng)
* 海河 (Hǎi Hé)
* 海沫
* 海波 (hǎibō)
* 海泡石
* 海流 (hǎiliú)
* 海派 (Hǎipài)
* 海洋 (hǎiyáng)
* 海洛因 (hǎiluòyīn)
* 海洋學 / 海洋学 (hǎiyángxué)
* 海洋權 / 海洋权
* 海洋線 / 海洋线
* 海洋能
* 海流計 / 海流计
* 海浪 (hǎilàng)
* 海涵 (hǎihán)
* 海港 (hǎigǎng)
* 海溝 / 海沟 (hǎigōu)
* 海漂杯
* 海潮 (hǎicháo)
* 海澄 (Hǎichéng)
* 海潮音
* 海濱 / 海滨 (hǎibīn)
* 海濤 / 海涛
* 海灘 / 海滩 (hǎitān)
* 海灣 / 海湾 (hǎiwān)
* 海烏 / 海乌
* 海熊
* 海燈 / 海灯
* 海燕 (hǎiyàn)
* 海牙 (Hǎiyá)
* 海牛 (hǎiniú)
* 海狗 (hǎigǒu)
* 海狶 (hǎixī)
* 海狸 (hǎilí)
* 海狸鼠
* 海獅 / 海狮 (hǎishī)
* 海獸 / 海兽 (hǎishòu)
* 海獺 / 海獭 (hǎitǎ)
* 海王星 (Hǎiwángxīng)
* 海產 / 海产 (hǎichǎn)
* 海疆
* 海病
* 海白菜
* 海百合
* 海盆
* 海盜 / 海盗 (hǎidào)
* 海監 / 海监
* 海盤車 / 海盘车 (hǎipánchē)
* 海砂屋
* 海碗 (hǎiwǎn)
* 海神 (hǎishén)
* 海禁 (hǎijìn)
* 海程 (hǎichéng)
* 海積 / 海积
* 海端 (Hǎiduān)
* 海筆 / 海笔
* 海米 (hǎimǐ)
* 海綿 / 海绵 (hǎimián)
* 海綿刷 / 海绵刷
* 海綿田 / 海绵田
* 海綠石 / 海绿石
* 海綿鐵 / 海绵铁
* 海綿體 / 海绵体 (hǎimiántǐ)
* 海線 / 海线
* 海罵 / 海骂
* 海脊
* 海膽 / 海胆 (hǎidǎn)
* 海臺 / 海台
* 海芋
* 海花石
* 海苔 (hǎitái)
* 海若
* 海英 (Hǎiyīng)
* 海草 (hǎicǎo)
* 海菜 (hǎicài)
* 海葬 (hǎizàng)
* 海葵 (hǎikuí)
* 海葡萄 (hǎipútáo)
* 海藍 / 海蓝
* 海藻 (hǎizǎo)
* 海藻蟲 / 海藻虫
* 海蛇 (hǎishé)
* 海蛆
* 海蜇 (hǎizhé)
* 海蜒
* 海蜇皮 (hǎizhépí)
* 海蛾魚 / 海蛾鱼
* 海蜘蛛 (hǎizhīzhū)
* 海蝦 / 海虾
* 海蝕 / 海蚀
* 海蝕崖 / 海蚀崖
* 海蝕柱 / 海蚀柱
* 海蝕門 / 海蚀门
* 海螄 / 海蛳
* 海螺 (hǎiluó)
* 海螵蛸 (hǎipiāoxiāo)
* 海蟹
* 海行
* 海表
* 海被
* 海西 (Hǎixī)
* 海西蒙古族藏族自治州
* 海角 (hǎijiǎo)
* 海角天涯
* 海話 / 海话
* 海谷
* 海豐 / 海丰 (Hǎifēng)
* 海豚 (hǎitún)
* 海豚座 (Hǎitúnzuò)
* 海豚泳
* 海象 (hǎixiàng)
* 海豬 / 海猪 (hǎizhū)
* 海豹 (hǎibào)
* 海貨 / 海货
* 海賊 / 海贼 (hǎizéi)
* 海路 (hǎilù)
* 海跡湖 / 海迹湖
* 海軍 / 海军 (hǎijūn)
* 海軍呢 / 海军呢
* 海軍岸防兵 / 海军岸防兵
* 海軍旗 / 海军旗
* 海軍航空兵 / 海军航空兵 (hǎijūn hángkōng bīng)
* 海軍陸戰隊 / 海军陆战队 (hǎijūn lùzhànduì)
* 海輕風 / 海轻风
* 海輪 / 海轮
* 海退
* 海進 / 海进
* 海運 / 海运 (hǎiyùn)
* 海道
* 海邊 / 海边 (hǎibiān)
* 海郎
* 海里 (hǎilǐ)
* 海量 (hǎiliàng)
* 海金沙 (hǎijīnshā)
* 海釣 / 海钓 (hǎidiào)
* 海錯 / 海错
* 海鏡 / 海镜
* 海門 / 海门 (hǎimén)
* 海闊天空 / 海阔天空 (hǎikuòtiānkōng)
* 海關 / 海关 (hǎiguān)
* 海防 (hǎifáng)
* 海防林
* 海陬
* 海陸 / 海陆 (hǎilù)
* 海隅 (hǎiyú)
* 海陽 / 海阳 (Hǎiyáng)
* 海難 / 海难 (hǎinàn)
* 海震 (hǎizhèn)
* 海霧 / 海雾
* 海靈 / 海灵 (hǎilíng)
* 海青 (hǎiqīng)
* 海面 (hǎimiàn)
* 海鞘 (hǎiqiào)
* 海風 / 海风 (hǎifēng)
* 海馬 / 海马 (hǎimǎ)
* 海魂衫
* 海魚 / 海鱼 (hǎiyú)
* 海鮮 / 海鲜 (hǎixiān)
* 海鯽 / 海鲫
* 海鰓 / 海鳃
* 海鰌 / 海䲡
* 海鰻 / 海鳗 (hǎimán)
* 海鳥 / 海鸟 (hǎiniǎo)
* 海鶻 / 海鹘
* 海鷗 / 海鸥 (hǎi'ōu)
* 海鹽 / 海盐
* 海鹽腔 / 海盐腔 (hǎiyánqiāng)
* 海龍 / 海龙 (hǎilóng)
* 海龍王 / 海龙王
* 海龜 / 海龟 (hǎiguī)
* 淺海 / 浅海 (qiǎnhǎi)
* 淵海 / 渊海
* 淺海區 / 浅海区
* 淮海戲 / 淮海戏
* 淺海波 / 浅海波
* 湖海 (húhǎi)
* 渡海 (dùhǎi)
* 渤海 (Bó Hǎi)
* 渤海國 / 渤海国 (Bóhǎiguó)
* 湖海氣 / 湖海气
* 滄海 / 沧海 (cānghǎi)
* 滄海一粟 / 沧海一粟 (cānghǎiyīsù)
* 滄海桑田 / 沧海桑田 (cānghǎisāngtián)
* 漲海 / 涨海
* 濱海 / 滨海 (bīnhǎi)
* 瀏海 / 浏海 (liúhǎi)
* 瀛海 (yínghǎi)
* 瀚海 (Hànhǎi)
* 火海 (huǒhǎi)
* 烏梁海 (Wūliánghǎi)
* 煙海 / 烟海 (yānhǎi)
* 熱海 / 热海 (Rèhǎi)
* 玄海
* 王海 (Wánghǎi)
* 玉海
* 珠海 (Zhūhǎi)
* 班達海 / 班达海
* 環海 / 环海
* 瓊海 / 琼海 (Qiónghǎi)
* 甌海 / 瓯海 (Ōuhǎi)
* 甜水海 (Tiánshuǐhǎi)
* 生死海
* 留海 (liúhǎi)
* 白令海 (Báilìng Hǎi)
* 白海 (Báihǎi)
* 瞞天過海 / 瞒天过海 (mántiānguòhǎi)
* 硯海 / 砚海
* 碧海 (bìhǎi)
* 福如東海 / 福如东海 (fúrúdōnghǎi)
* 秋海棠 (qiūhǎitáng)
* 稗海
* 筆海 / 笔海
* 篇海
* 紅海 / 红海 (Hónghǎi)
* 緣海 / 缘海
* 翰海
* 老海 (lǎohǎi)
* 胖大海 (pàngdàhǎi)
* 腦海 / 脑海 (nǎohǎi)
* 膨大海
* 臺海 / 台海 (Táihǎi)
* 航海 (hánghǎi)
* 航海家 (hánghǎijiā)
* 航海曆 / 航海历
* 航海節 / 航海节
* 花海
* 苦海 (kǔhǎi)
* 蒼海 / 苍海 (cānghǎi)
* 薄海 (bóhǎi)
* 血海 (xuèhǎi)
* 表海
* 裡海 / 里海 (Lǐ Hǎi)
* 裨海
* 西海 (Xīhǎi)
* 覺海 / 觉海
* 觀海 / 观海
* 討海 / 讨海 (tǎohǎi)
* 討海人 / 讨海人 (tǎohǎirén)
* 誇海口 / 夸海口
* 說海口 / 说海口
* 跑海
* 跨海 (kuàhǎi)
* 跳火海
* 蹈海
* 辭海 / 辞海 (Cíhǎi)
* 近海 (jìnhǎi)
* 通海口 (Tōnghǎikǒu)
* 鄂霍次克海 (Èhuòcìkè Hǎi)
* 銀海 / 银海
* 鎮海 / 镇海 (Zhènhǎi)
* 阿克托海 (Ākètuōhǎi)
* 陸海 / 陆海
* 陸緣海 / 陆缘海 (lùyuánhǎi)
* 陰陽海 / 阴阳海
* 隔海
* 雲海 / 云海 (yúnhǎi)
* 青海 (Qīnghǎi)
* 青海湖 (Qīnghǎi Hú)
* 領海 / 领海 (lǐnghǎi)
* 飛過海 / 飞过海
* 鬼海
* 鹹海 / 咸海 (Xiánhǎi)
* 黃海 / 黄海 (Huáng Hǎi)
* 黑海 (Hēihǎi)
* 墨海 (mòhǎi)
* 龍海 / 龙海 (Lónghǎi)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 海(かい) (kai)
* → Korean: 해(海) (hae)
* → Vietnamese: hải (海)
Others:
* → Bouyei: haaic
* → Zhuang: haij

### References

* “海”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 海 |
| Kyūjitai | 海 &#xFA45; or 海+&#xFE00; |
| Kyūjitai | 海󠄀 海+&#xE0100; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 海󠄃 海+&#xE0103; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Second grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 海)
* sea, ocean
* vastly gathered
* large, wide

#### Readings

* Go-on: かい (kai, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: かい (kai, Jōyō)
* Kun: うみ (umi, 海, Jōyō)、わた (wata, 海)、わだ (wada, 海)
* Nanori: あ (a)、あま (ama)、うな (una)、うみ (umi)、うん (un)、え (e)、か (ka)、た (ta)、ひろ (hiro)、ひろし (hiroshi)、ぶ (bu)、まち (machi)、まま (mama)、み (mi)、め (me)、わたる (wataru)

#### Compounds

* 海(かい)運(うん) (kaiun, “marine transportation”)
* 海(かい)外(がい) (kaigai, “abroad, foreign country”)
* 海(かい)岸(がん) (kaigan, “coast, seashore, seacoast”)
* 海(かい)峡(きょう) (kaikyō, “strait”)
* 海(かい)軍(ぐん) (kaigun, “navy”)
* 海(かい)獣(じゅう) (kaijū, “marine animal”)
* 海(かい)嘯(しょう) (kaishō, “tidal wave”)
* 海(かい)上(じょう) (kaijō, “on the sea, marine, maritime”)
* 海(かい)王(おう)星(せい) (Kaiōsei, “Neptune”)
* 海(かい)神(じん) (kaijin, “sea god/spirit”)
* 海(かい)図(ず) (kaizu, “sea chart, water map”)
* 海(かい)水(すい) (kaisui, “seawater”)
* 海(かい)鮮(せん) (kaisen, “seafood”)
* 海(かい)戦(せん) (kaisen, “naval battle”)
* 海(かい)草(そう) (kaisō, “seagrass”)
* 海(かい)藻(そう) (kaisō, “seaweed”)
* 海(かい)賊(ぞく) (kaizoku, “pirate”)
* 海(かい)中(ちゅう) (kaichū)
* 海(かい)底(てい) (kaitei, “seabed”)
* 海(かい)藤(どう) (kaidō)
* 海(かい)難(なん) (kainan, “marine”)
* 海(かい)馬(ば) (kaiba, “sea lion”)
* 海(かい)抜(ばつ) (kaibatsu, “above sea level”)
* 海(かい)錨(びょう) (kaibyō, “sea anchor”)
* 海(かい)辺(へん) (kaihen, “seaside”)
* 海(かい)洋(よう) (kaiyō, “marine”)
* 海(かい)流(りゅう) (kairyū, “sea current, ocean trend”)
* 海豹(アザラシ) (azarashi)
* 海驢(アシカ) (ashika)
* 熱海(あたみ) (Atami)
* 海人(あま), 海士(あま), 海女(あま) (ama, “diver”)
* 海参(いりこ), 煎海鼠(いりこ) (iriko)
* 海豚(イルカ) (iruka, “dolphin”)
* 海胆(ウニ) (uni)
* 海老(エビ) (ebi, “shrimp, prawn, lobster”)
* 淡海(おうみ) (ōmi)
* 海髪(オゴ) (ogo), 海髪(オゴノリ) (ogonori)
* 海月(クラゲ) (kurage, “jellyfish”)
* 海鼠腸(このわた) (konowata)
* 海象(セイウチ), 海馬(セイウチ) (seiuchi)
* 海鼠(ナマコ) (namako)
* 海苔(ノリ) (nori, “nori”)
* 海底(ハイテイ) (haitei), 海底(ハイテイ)摸月(ラオユエ) (haitei raoyue)
* 海星(ヒトデ), 海盤車(ヒトデ) (hitode, “starfish”)
* 海蘿(フノリ) (funori)
* 海鞘(ホヤ) (hoya, “sea squirt”)
* 海松(ミル) (miru)
* 海雲(モズク), 海蘊(モズク) (mozuku)
* 海人草(マクリ), 海仁草(マクリ) (makuri)
* 天(てん)空(くう)海(かい)闊(かつ) (tenkū kaikatsu)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 海
* うみ Grade: 2
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 海 (kyūjitai)
⟨umi$_1$⟩ → */umij/ → /umi/
From Old Japanese, theorized as descending from Proto-Japonic *omi.
Has been thought to have been derived from a compound. There are two leading theories regarding the ultimate derivation:
* Shift from 大 (ō-, “big, great”) + 水 (mi, “water”, combining form).
    This is problematic phonetically because there is no known term having a related shift from /opo/ → /oː/ → /o/ → /u/, and semantically as there already exists a compound 大水 (ōmizu, “flood”).
* From う (u-, stem indicating “ocean”) + 水 (mi, “water”, combining form). The u- stem is evident in 魚 (uo, “fish”) and 潮 (ushio, “salt water; tide”), and in the 海 (una) element in various ancient terms (see below).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) うみ [úꜜmì] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ɯ̟mʲi]

#### Noun

海(うみ) • (umi)
* a sea, an ocean
    Antonym: 陸 (oka, riku)
    海(うみ)の中(なか)にはいろんな生(い)き物(もの)が暮(く)らしています。
       Umi no naka ni wa ironna ikimono ga kurashiteimasu.
       There are all sorts of creatures living in the sea.
    海(うみ)に行(い)こうよ！
       Umi ni ikō yo!
       Let's go to the beach!
* a lake
    Synonym: 湖 (mizuumi)
* (figurative) an object covering over a large area, as in 血の海 (chi no umi, “pool of blood”) or 火の海 (hi no umi, “sea of fire”)
* (planetology) a mare (dark surface of a celestial body, thought to appear like a sea)
* (calligraphy) in a 硯 (suzuri, “inkstone”), a reservoir where water is stored
    Synonym: 池 (ike)

##### Usage notes

* This is the most common general term in modern Japanese for sea or ocean.

##### Derived terms

* 海牛(うみうし) (umiushi, “sea slug”)
* 海風(うみかぜ) (umikaze, “sea breeze”)
* 海亀(うみがめ) (umigame, “sea turtle”)
* 海草(うみぐさ) (umigusa, “seaweed”)
* 海幸(うみさち) (umisachi), 海(うみ)の幸(さち) (umi no sachi, “seafood”)
* 海(うみ)沿(ぞ)い (umizoi, “coastlands”)
* 海(うみ)狸(だぬき) (umidanuki, “beaver”)
* 海鳥(うみどり) (umidori, “sea bird”)
* 海鳴(うみな)り (uminari, “rumbling of the sea”)
* 海(うみ)の日(ひ) (Umi no Hi)
* 海(うみ)辺(べ) (umibe, “beach, seashore”)
* 海山(うみやま) (umiyama, “sea and mountains”)
* 海綿(うみわた) (umiwata, “sea sponge”)
* 海猫(ウミネコ) (umineko, “black-tailed gull”)
* 荒海(あらうみ) (araumi, “rough sea”)
* 淡海(あわうみ) (awaumi)
* 入海(いりうみ) (iriumi, “bay, inlet, gulf, creek”)
* 大(おお)海(うみ) (ōumi, “ocean, large sea”)
* 外(そと)海(うみ) (sotōmi, “open seas”)
* 血(ち)の海(うみ) (chi no umi, “pool of blood”)
* 泥(どろ)海(うみ) (dorōmi, “muddy sea”)
* 鳰(にお)の海(うみ) (Nio-no-umi)

##### Idioms

* 海(うみ)を渡(わた)る (umi o wataru, “cross over the ocean → go to a foreign country”)

#### Proper noun

海(うみ) • (Umi)
* a female given name

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 海
* うな Grade: 2
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 海 (kyūjitai)
From Old Japanese. Thought to be comprised of う (u-, stem indicating “ocean”) + な (na, ancient alternative form of the possessive particle の (no)). The u- stem is also evident in 魚 (uo, “fish”) and 潮 (ushio, “salt water; tide”).
First cited to the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɯ̟na̠]

#### Prefix

海(うな) • (una-)
* of the sea, of the ocean

##### Derived terms

* 海上(うなかみ) (unakami), 海上(うながみ) (unagami)
* 海境(うなさか), 海界(うなさか), 海坂(うなさか) (unasaka)
* 海(うな)路(じ) (unaji)
* 海底(うなぞこ) (unazoko)
* 海原(うなばら) (unabara, “wide ocean”)

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 海
* わた Grade: 2
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 海 (kyūjitai)
From Old Japanese.
Probably related to Korean 바다 (bada, “ocean, sea”); perhaps an ancient Koreanic borrowing into Japanese.
Also read as wada.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) わた [wàtá] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) わた [wàtáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])
* IPA: [β̞a̠ta̠]

#### Noun

海(わた) • (wata)
* (obsolete) sea, ocean

##### Derived terms

* 海(わたつ)神(み), 綿(わた)津(つ)見(み) (wata tsu mi, “sea god”)
* 海中(わたなか) (watanaka)
* 海主(わたぬし) (watanushi, “sea master, sea god”)
* 海(わた)の神(かみ) (wata no kami)
* 海(わた)の底(そこ) (wata no soko, pillow word)
* 海(わた)の原(はら) (wata no hara)

### Etymology 4

* Kanji in this term
* 海
* み Grade: 2
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 海 (kyūjitai)
Either cognate with 水 (mi, “water”), or an abbreviation of umi above.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [mʲi]

#### Noun

海(み) • (mi)
* (obsolete) sea, ocean

##### Derived terms

* 温(あつ)海(み) (Atsumi)

### Etymology 5

* Kanji in this term
* 海
* かい Grade: 2
* on'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 海 (kyūjitai)
From Middle Chinese 海 (MC xojX).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ka̠i]

#### Affix

海(かい) • (kai)
* sea; ocean

### References

* ↑ “海”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎ (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2025
* ↑ “海”, in 日本大百科全書：ニッポニカ (Nippon Dai Hyakka Zensho: Nipponica, “Encyclopedia Nipponica”)‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 1984
* ↑ “海／うみ”, in 語源由来辞典 (Gogen Yurai Jiten, “Etymology Derivation Dictionary”) (in Japanese), 2003–2025.
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 “わた 【海】”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 海 (MC xojX).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᄒᆡᆼ〯 (Yale: hǒy) | ᄒᆡᆼ〯 (Yale: hǒy) |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | 바다〮 (Yale: pàtá) | ᄒᆡ〯 (Yale: hǒy) |

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [hɛ(ː)] ~ [he̞(ː)]
* Phonetic hangul: [해(ː)/헤(ː)]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Hanja

Wikisource 海 (eumhun 바다 해 (bada hae))
* hanja form of 해 (“sea; ocean”) [affix]

#### Compounds

* 해군 (海軍, haegun)
* 해녀 (海女, haenyeo)
* 해도 (海圖, haedo)
* 해발 (海拔, haebal)
* 해일 (海溢, haeil)
* 해저 (海底, haejeo)
* 해외 (海外, hae'oe)
* 해양 (海洋, haeyang)
* 항해 (航海, hanghae)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

海: Hán Việt readings: hải (呼(hô)改(cải)切(thiết))
海: Nôm readings: hẩy, hải, hái, hơi, hãi, hỏi
* Chữ Hán form of hải (“sea; ocean”).
* Nôm form of hẩy (“to toss; to throw”).

#### Compounds

* 海狗 (hải cẩu)
* 海洋 (hải dương)
* 海狸 (hải ly)
* 海南 (Hải Nam)
* 海外 (hải ngoại)
* 海防 (Hải Phòng)
* 海關 (hải quan)
* 海軍 (hải quân)
* 海產 (hải sản)
* 海賊 (hải tặc)
* 渤海 (Bột Hải)
* 東海 (Đông Hải)
* 航海 (hàng hải)
* 黃海 (Hoàng Hải)
* 青海 (Thanh Hải)
* 上海 (Thượng Hải)
* 海洋學 (hải dương học)
* 海王星 (Hải Vương tinh)
* 地中海 (Địa Trung Hải)

### References

* 1 2 3 4 5 Nguyễn (2014).
* 1 2 3 4 5 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* 1 2 Trần (2004).
* 1 2 Bonet (1899).
* ↑ Génibrel (1898).
* ↑ Hồ (1976).
* ↑ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).