# 腍

| 腍 | U+814D, &#33101; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-814D |
| ← 腌 [U+814C] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 腎 → [U+814E] |

## Translingual
### Han character

腍 (Kangxi radical 130, 肉+8, 12 strokes, cangjie input 月人戈心 (BOIP), four-corner 7823$_2$, composition ⿰月念)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 986, character 31
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29619
* Dae Jaweon: page 1439, character 11
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2089, character 13
* Unihan data for U+814D

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 淰 | *rnɯːmʔ, *nɯːmʔ, *hnjɯmʔ |
| 唸 | *tɯːms, *tɯːns |
| 埝 | *tɯːms, *nɯːb |
| 趝 | *klɯːms, *n̥ʰɯːms |
| 諗 | *hnjɯmʔ |
| 稔 | *njɯːm |
| 棯 | *njɯmʔ |
| 腍 | *njɯmʔ |
| 捻 | *nɯːb |
| 錜 | *nɯːb |
| 敜 | *nɯːb |
| 惗 | *nɯːb, *sens |
| 菍 | *nɯːb, *nɯːd |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *njɯmʔ): semantic 肉 (“flesh; meat”) + phonetic 念 (OC *nɯːms).

### Etymology 1

Possibly related to the similar-shaped *nVm word family for “soft” (Schuessler, 2007); see 荏 (OC *njɯmʔ, “soft; weak”). Also compare 稔 (OC *njɯːm, “ripe”).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): rěn (ren$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄖㄣˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): nam$^5$ / jam$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: rěn
*** Zhuyin: ㄖㄣˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: rěn
*** Wade–Giles: jên$^3$
*** Yale: rěn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: reen
*** Palladius: жэнь (žɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʐən²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: nam$^5$ / jam$^6$
*** Yale: náhm / yahm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: nam$^5$ / jam$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: nem$^5$ / yem$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /nɐm¹³/, /jɐm²²/
* Middle Chinese: nyimX
Rime :
| Character | 腍 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 日 (38) |
| Final (韻) | 侵 (139) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 如甚切 |
| Baxter | nyimX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ȵiɪm$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ȵim$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȵʑjem$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ȵim$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ȵiəm$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ȵʑĭĕm$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȵʑi̯əm$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | rěn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jam$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*njɯmʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 腍 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 9498 |
| Phonetic component | 念 |
| Rime group | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 荏 |
| Old Chinese | /*njɯmʔ/ |
| Notes | 見禮記 |

#### Definitions

腍
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 飪 / 饪 (rèn, “cooked”)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) delicious; tasty
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) full (having eaten one's fill)

### Etymology 2

Possibly borrowed from one or several substrate languages; cf. Zhuang naemz (“soft; pulpy; thoroughly cooked”), Thai นุ่ม (nûm, “soft”) (Lian, 2001). Perhaps related to etymology 1.

#### Pronunciation

* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): nam$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): nem$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): nèm
    (Meixian, Guangdong): nêm$^2$
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: nam$^4$
*** Yale: nàhm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: nam$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: nem$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /nɐm²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: nem$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /ⁿdem²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nèm
*** Hakka Romanization System: nem$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: nem$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /nem¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: nêm$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /nɛm¹¹/

#### Definitions

腍
* (Cantonese, Hakka, Pinghua, Liuzhou Mandarin) soft; tender
       di$^1$ ngau$^4$ naam$^5$ man$^1$ dou$^3$ hou$^2$ nam$^4$. [Jyutping]
       The beef brisket has been simmered until it is really tender.
* (Cantonese) mushy; soggy; soft
       di$^1$ ceon$^1$ gyun$^2$ nam$^4$ saai$^3$ laa$^3$. [Jyutping]
       The spring rolls have become soggy.
* (Cantonese, of a person) kind; good-natured
* (Pinghua, of a person) physically weak

#### Compounds

* 腍佛
* 腍善
* 腍坺坺
* 腍柿
* 腍滋滋
* 腍鼻
* 軟腍腍 / 软腍腍

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): diàn (dian$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄉㄧㄢˋ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: diàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄧㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: diàn
*** Wade–Giles: tien$^4$
*** Yale: dyàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: diann
*** Palladius: дянь (djanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ti̯ɛn⁵¹/

#### Definitions

腍
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) beautiful