# ár
## Faroese
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɔaːɹ]
* Rhymes: -ɔaːɹ

### Etymology 1

From Old Norse ár (“year”), from Proto-Germanic *jērą, from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₁r-. Cognates include: Dutch jaar and Afrikaans jaar, English year, German Jahr, Danish år, Norwegian Bokmål år and Swedish år.

#### Noun

ár n (genitive singular árs, plural ár)
* year

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

From Old Norse ár, from Proto-Germanic *airō. Cognates include: Old English ār (“oar”) (English oar).

#### Noun

ár f (genitive singular árar, plural árar)
* oar

##### Declension
## Hungarian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈaːr]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -aːr
* Hyphenation: ár

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from a (likely Iranian) descendant of Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hargʰás (compare Sanskrit अर्घ (arghá, “worth, value”)), such as Alanic *arγa-. In the past assumed to have been inherited from Proto-Finno-Ugric *arwa which in turn would have been borrowed from Indo-Iranian, and thus cognate with Proto-Finnic *arvo (“worth, value”), but the Finnic word is more likely a parallel borrowing. Possibly also related to Erzya [script needed] (arśems).

#### Noun

ár (plural árak)
* price
    borsos ár ― an exorbitant price
    borsos ára van ― cost a pretty penny, cost an arm and a leg
* (figuratively) cost (a negative consequence or loss that occurs or is required to occur)

##### Derived terms

* áraz
* áros (archaic)
* árajánlat
* áralakulás
* árarány
* árbecslés
* árbevétel
* árcédula
* árcsökkenés, árcsökkentés
* árdrágítás, árdrágító
* árelemzés
* árellenőrzés
* áremelés, áremelkedés
* árengedmény
* áresés
* árérzékeny
* árfekvés
* árfelhajtás
* árfolyam
* árforma
* árhatóság
* árhivatal
* árindex
* árjegyzék
* árjelzés
* árkedvezmény
* árképzés
* árkülönbözet
* árlap
* árlejtés
* árleszállítás
* ármegállapítás
* ármegjelölés
* ármerevség
* árolló
* árpolitika
* árrendszer
* árrés
* árrobbanás
* árrögzítés
* ársapka
* árszabás
* árszámítás
* árszint
* árszínvonal
* ártámogatás
* árverés, árverez
* árvetés
* árviszonyok pl
* árzuhanás
* alapár
* átlagár
* darabár
* egységár
* élelmiszerár
* fazonár
* feketeár
* felár
* helyár
* irányár
* készpénzár
* limitár
* összár
* reklámár
* uzsoraár
* vételár
* borsos ár

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Ugric *ϑarɜ (“temporary lake coming into being during flood”).

#### Noun

ár (usually uncountable, plural árak)
* flood
    Synonyms: árvíz, áradás
* high tide, flow (as opposed to the ebb)
    Synonym: dagály

##### Derived terms

* árad → áradás, áradozik, áradat, áradmány
* áraszt
* árapály
* árhullám, árhullámzás
* ármentesítés
* árterület
* ártér
* árvédelem
* árvíz
* fényár
* illatár
* jégár
* könnyár
* szökőár
* tengerár
* zöldár

### Etymology 3

From the Proto-Finno-Ugric *ora (“awl”).

#### Noun

ár (plural árak)
* awl (pointed instrument for piercing small holes, as in leather or wood)

##### Derived terms

* árcsőrű

### Etymology 4

From German Ar (“are”) and French are (“are”), from Latin ārea (“threshing floor”).

#### Noun

ár (plural árak)
* are (accepted SI unit of area equal to 100 square metres)

##### Related terms

* hektár

### References

* ↑ Junttila, Santeri, Kallio, Petri, Holopainen, Sampsa, Kuokkala, Juha, Pystynen, Juho, editors (2020–), “arvo”, in Suomen vanhimman sanaston etymologinen verkkosanakirja‎ (in Finnish), retrieved 2024-01-01
* ↑ Entry #1747 in Uralonet, online Uralic etymological database of the Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics.
* ↑ Entry #676 in Uralonet, online Uralic etymological database of the Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics.
* ↑ ár in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)

### Further reading

* ár in Nóra Ittzés, editor, A magyar nyelv nagyszótára [A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (Nszt.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031 (work in progress; published a–ez as of 2024).
* (price): ár in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
* (flood/flow): ár in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
* (awl): ár in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
* (are [unit of area]): ár in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN

### Anagrams

* rá

## Icelandic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /auːr/, /auːr̥/
* Rhymes: -auːr

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Norse ár (“year”), from Proto-Germanic *jērą, from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₁r-. Cognates include: Dutch jaar and Afrikaans jaar, English year, German Jahr, Danish år, Norwegian Bokmål år and Swedish år.

#### Noun

ár n (genitive singular árs, nominative plural ár)
* year
* indefinite accusative singular of ár
* indefinite nominative plural of ár
* indefinite accusative plural of ár

##### Derived terms

* áramót
* árlegur
* ártíð
* gleðilegt ár
* gleðilegt nýtt ár
* hlaupár
* í ár
* nýár

### Etymology 2

From Old Norse ár, from Proto-Germanic *airō. Cognates include: Old English ār (“oar”) (English oar).

#### Noun

ár f (genitive singular árar, nominative plural árar)
* oar

##### Derived terms

* árabátur
* árinni kennir illur ræðari
* koma ár sinni vel fyrir borð (“to do well for oneself”)
* leggja árar í bát (“to give up”)
* róa öllum árum að (“to employ all available means towards getting something done”)
* taka djúpt í árinni (“to express oneself forcefully”)

### Etymology 3

Inherited from Old Norse ár, from Proto-Germanic *airi. Cognates include: Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂 (air, “early”), Old English ār and ærlice (English early).

#### Adverb

ár
* (rare, except in the phrase ár og síð) early
** 2005 May 27, Hvannadalshnjúkur mældur, RÚV:Þess vegna var ákveðið að beita fullkomnustu mælitæki sem völ er á til að skera úr um hversu ár Hvannadalshnjúkur er í raun.Therefore it was decided to use the most advanced measuring equipment available to determine how old Hvannadalshnjúkur really is.

##### Derived terms

* árla (“early in the day”)

### Etymology 4

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Noun

ár f
* inflection of á (“river”):
** indefinite genitive singular
** indefinite nominative plural
** indefinite accusative plural

### References

* 1 2 Alf Torp, "Nynorsk Etymologisk Ordbok", Oslo 1992 (reprint), →ISBN; aarlege, aar

## Irish
### Etymology 1

From Old Irish ar, from Proto-Celtic *anserom, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥serōm, from *nos (“we, us”); compare German unser.

#### Pronunciation

* (Connacht) IPA: /ɑːɾˠ/, /əɾˠ/, /ə/
* (Ulster) IPA: /ɛɾʲ/

#### Determiner

ár (triggers eclipsis)
* our
    ár dteach ― our house
    Ár nAthair ― Our Father

##### See also

| Number | Person (and gender) | Conjunctive (emphatic) | Disjunctive (emphatic) | Possessive determiner |
| Singular | First | mé (mise) | mé (mise) | mo $^L$ m' before vowel sounds |
| Singular | Second | tú (tusa)$^1$ | thú (thusa) | do $^L$ d' before vowel sounds |
| Singular | Third masculine | sé (seisean) | é (eisean) | a $^L$ |
| Singular | Third feminine | sí (sise) | í (ise) | a $^H$ |
| Singular | Third neuter | — | ea | — |
| Plural | First | muid, sinn (muidne, muide), (sinne) | muid, sinn (muidne, muide), (sinne) | ár $^E$ |
| Plural | Second | sibh (sibhse)$^1$ | sibh (sibhse)$^1$ | bhur $^E$ |
| Plural | Third | siad (siadsan) | iad (iadsan) | a $^E$ |
$^L$ Triggers lenition $^E$ Triggers eclipsis $^H$ Triggers h-prothesis
$^1$ Also used as the vocative

### Etymology 2

From Old Irish ár (“slaughter”), from Proto-Celtic *agros, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵro- (“hunt”); compare Ancient Greek ἄγρα (ágra, “hunt”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɑːɾˠ/
* (Ulster) IPA: /aːɾˠ/

#### Noun

ár m (genitive singular áir)
* slaughter, carnage
* havoc, destruction

##### Declension

bare forms
case
singular
nominative
ár
vocative
a áir
genitive
áir
dative
ár
forms with the definite article
case
singular
nominative
an t-ár
genitive
an áir
dative
leis an ár don ár :

##### Derived terms

* páirc an áir
* mucár

### Etymology 3

Borrowed from French are, from Latin area.

#### Pronunciation

* (Munster, Connacht) IPA: /ɑːɾˠ/
* (Ulster) IPA: /aːɾˠ/

#### Noun

ár m (genitive singular áir, nominative plural áir)
* are (unit of area equal to 100 square metres)

##### Declension

bare forms
case
singular
plural
nominative
ár
áir
vocative
a áir
a ára
genitive
áir
ár
dative
ár
áir
forms with the definite article
case
singular
plural
nominative
an t-ár
na háir
genitive
an áir
na n-ár
dative
leis an ár don ár
leis na háir :

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* ↑ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “5 ar (‘our’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* ↑ Finck, F. N. (1899) Die araner mundart [The Aran Dialect] (in German), volume II, Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 16
* ↑ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, page 86
* ↑ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “ár (‘slaughter’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “ár”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* Dinneen, Patrick S. (1904) “ar (‘our’)”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 1st edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 36
* Dinneen, Patrick S. (1904) “ár (‘slaughter’)”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 1st edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 36

## Mizo
### Etymology

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *ʔaar. Cognates include Khumi Chin ae and Zou ah.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /aːr˥/

### Noun

ár
* chicken

## Old Irish
### Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *agrom (“slaughter”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵro- (“hunt”); compare Ancient Greek ἄγρᾱ (ágrā, “hunt”), Avestan 𐬀𐬰𐬭𐬋𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬜𐬍 (azrōda$^i$δī, “hunt”).

### Noun

ár n (nominative plural ár or ára)
* slaughter, carnage
** c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 34$^a$19
    donaib araibglosses ad strages
* defeat, destruction
** c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 33$^d$4
    du árglosses ad cedem
** c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 113$^b$4
    etarcnae áir mo namatglosses de cede hostium

#### Inflection

* $^H$ = triggers aspiration
* $^L$ = triggers lenition
* $^N$ = triggers nasalization

#### Derived terms

* árchú
* ármag

#### Descendants

* Irish: ár
* Manx: haar
* Scottish Gaelic: àr

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “ár”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## Old Norse
### Pronunciation

* (9th century West Norse) IPA: /ˈɑːr/
* (13th century Icelandic) IPA: /ˈɒːr/

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Norse *ᛃᚨᚱᚨ (*jara, “year; plenty”), from Proto-Germanic *jērą (“year; plenty”). Cognate with Old English ġēar (English year), Old Frisian jār, Old Saxon jār, Old Dutch jār, Old High German jār, Gothic 𐌾𐌴𐍂 (jēr). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₁r- (“year”).

#### Noun

ár n (genitive árs, plural ár)
* a year
** Vǫluspá, verse 6, lines 9-10, in 1860, T. Möbius, Edda Sæmundar hins fróða: mit einem Anhang zum Theil bisher ungedruckter Gedichte. Leipzig, page 2:
    […] undorn ok aptan, / árum at telja.
    […] undern and evening, / years to count.
* plenty, abundance (especially of crops)
** Saga Sigurðar Jórsalafara 53, in 1832, R. Rask, Fornmanna sögur, Volume VII. Copenhagen, page 174:
    […] þvíat þá var bæði ár og friðr.
    […] since then there were both plenty and peace.
** (Runic alphabet) name of the rune ᛅ (a)

##### Derived terms

* ár ok friðr (“plenty and peace”)
* árangr (“season”)
* áratal (“number of years”)
* áratala (“calculation of years”)
* árbót (“bettereing of the season of produce”)
* árbýll (“dwelling in abundance”)
* árferð (“season”)
* árgallalauss (“fertile”)
* árgalli (“failure of crop”)
* árgangr (“year's course”)
* árguð (“Frey”)
* árlangt, árlengis (“for a year”)
* árliga (“yearly”)
* árligr (“annual, early”)
* ármaðr (“steward”)
* ármenning (“stewardship”)
* ársamr (“fertile”)
* árskyld (“yearly rent”)
* ársæli (“fact of having good seasons”)
* ársæll (“happy in having good seasons”)
* ártal (“reckoning by years”)
* ártekja (“yearly rent”)
* árvænligr, árvænn (“promising a good season”)
* árvíð (“anniversary of man's death”)

##### Descendants

* Icelandic: ár
* Faroese: ár
* Norwegian Nynorsk: år
** Russenorsk: aart
* Norwegian Bokmål: år
* Elfdalian: år
* Old Swedish: ār
** Swedish: år
* Old Danish: aar
** Danish: år

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Germanic *airi (“early”). Cognate with Old English ār, Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂 (air).

#### Adverb

ár (not comparable)
* early, anciently
* in early morning, at dawn

##### Derived terms

* árla
* árrisull (“inclined to rising early”)

##### Descendants

* Icelandic: ár, áður (áður may be from *airiz)
* Faroese: áður
* Norwegian Nynorsk: år
* Old Swedish: *ar
* ⇒ Old Norse: árla
** Icelandic: árla
** Faroese: árla
** Norwegian Nynorsk: årle; (dialectal) årla
** Old Swedish: aarla, arla
*** Swedish: arla
** Danish: årle
*** Norwegian Bokmål: årle

#### References

* ↑ arla in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

### Etymology 3

From Proto-Germanic *airō (“oar”). Cognate with Old English ār.

#### Noun

ár f (genitive árar, plural árar)
* oar

##### Descendants

* Icelandic: ár
* Faroese: ár
* Norwegian:
** Norwegian Bokmål: åre
** Norwegian Nynorsk: år, åre
* Old Swedish: ār, āra
** Swedish: åra
* Danish: åre
* → Kildin Sami: а̄ррьй (ārr’j)

### Etymology 4

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Noun

ár
* genitive singular of of á
* nominative plural of of á
* accusative plural of á

#### Further reading

* Richard Cleasby, Guðbrandur Vigfússon (1874) “ár”, in An Icelandic-English Dictionary, 1st edition, Oxford: Oxford Clarendon Press, page 44
* Zoëga, Geir T. (1910) “ár”, in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 35; also available at the [https://archive.org/stream/concisedictionar001857
* page/35 Internet Archive]
* ↑ Kildin Sami vocabulary. In: Haspelmath, M. & Tadmor, U. (eds.) World Loanword Database. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.