# 狂

| 狂 | U+72C2, &#29378; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-72C2 |
| ← 狁 [U+72C1] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 狃 → [U+72C3] |

## Translingual
### Han character

狂 (Kangxi radical 94, 犬+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 大竹一土 (KHMG), four-corner 4121$_4$, composition ⿰犭王)

#### Derived characters

* 俇 誑 (诳) 鵟 (𫛭) 逛 𩷗

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 707, character 20
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 20287
* Dae Jaweon: page 1120, character 3
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1334, character 4
* Unihan data for U+72C2

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 狂 :
| Shang | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Oracle bone script | Small seal script |
| | Old Chinese |
| 皇 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 惶 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 遑 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 堭 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 煌 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 餭 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 騜 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 艎 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 隍 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 湟 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 徨 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 篁 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 蝗 | *ɡʷaːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋs |
| 凰 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 偟 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 媓 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 韹 | *ɡʷaːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋ |
| 葟 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 皝 | *ɡʷaːŋʔ |
| 汪 | *qʷaːŋ, *qʷaːŋs, *qʷaŋʔ |
| 尪 | *qʷaːŋ |
| 迋 | *kʷaŋʔ, *kʰʷaŋ, *ɡʷaŋ, *ɢʷaŋs |
| 逛 | *kʷaŋʔ |
| 誑 | *kʷaŋs, *ɡʷaŋ, *kʷaŋs |
| 匡 | *kʰʷaŋ |
| 筐 | *kʰʷaŋ |
| 框 | *kʰʷaŋ |
| 眶 | *kʰʷaŋ |
| 誆 | *kʰʷaŋ, *ɡʷaŋs |
| 邼 | *kʰʷaŋ |
| 恇 | *kʰʷaŋ |
| 劻 | *kʰʷaŋ |
| 洭 | *kʰʷaŋ |
| 軭 | *kʰʷaŋ, *ɡʷaŋ |
| 狂 | *ɡʷaŋ, *ɡʷaŋs |
| 軖 | *ɡʷaŋ |
| 鵟 | *ɡʷaŋ |
| 俇 | *ɡʷaŋʔ |
| 王 | *ɢʷaŋ, *ɢʷaŋs |
| 蚟 | *ɢʷaŋ |
| 彺 | *ɢʷaŋ |
| 旺 | *ɢʷaŋs |
| 諻 | *qʰʷraːŋ |
| 喤 | *qʰʷraːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋ |
| 瑝 | *ɡʷraːŋ |
| 鍠 | *ɡʷraːŋ |
| 揘 | *ɡʷaŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡʷaŋ, *ɡʷaŋs): semantic 犭 (“dog”) + phonetic 㞷 (huáng). The latter is the ancient form of 往 (OC *ɢʷaŋ, “to go”).

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): kuáng (kuang$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄎㄨㄤˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): kuang$^2$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): kwong$^4$ / kong$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): kong$^3$
* Gan (Wiktionary): kuong$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): khòng
    (Meixian, Guangdong): kong$^2$
* Jin (Wiktionary): kuon$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): kuǎng
* Eastern Min (BUC): guòng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kông / kn̂g
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kuang$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$guaon; $^6$waon
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): guan$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kuáng
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄤˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kuáng
*** Wade–Giles: kʻuang$^2$
*** Yale: kwáng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kwang
*** Palladius: куан (kuan)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰu̯ɑŋ³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: kuang$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: kuong
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰuaŋ²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: kwong$^4$ / kong$^4$
*** Yale: kwòhng / kòhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: kwong$^4$ / kong$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: kuong$^4$ / kong$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʷʰɔːŋ²¹/, /kʰɔːŋ²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: kong$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɔŋ²²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: kuong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰuɔŋ²⁴/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khòng
*** Hakka Romanization System: kong$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰoŋ¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: kong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰɔŋ¹¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: kuon$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /kʰuɒ̃¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: kuǎng
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰuaŋ²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: guòng
*** Sinological IPA : /kuoŋ⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kông
*** Tâi-lô: kông
*** Phofsit Daibuun: koong
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔŋ²³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔŋ¹³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei): /kɔŋ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kn̂g
*** Tâi-lô: kn̂g
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kngg
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kŋ̍²⁴/
* kông - literary;
* kn̂g - vernacular.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit狂 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /kʰuɑŋ³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /kʰuaŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /kʰuɑŋ⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /kʰuaŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /kʰuaŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /kʰuaŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /kʰuaŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /kʰuɔ̃²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /kʰuɑŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /kʰuɑ̃⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /kʰuɑŋ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /kʰuaŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /kʰuaŋ³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /kʰuaŋ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /kʰuã̠¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /kʰuaŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /kʰuɑ̃⁵⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /kʰuɒ̃¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /kʰuɑŋ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /kʰuɑ̃³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /guɑ̃²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /guɑ̃¹³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /guɑŋ²¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /d͡ʑyɔ³¹/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /kʰo⁴⁴/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /kʰau⁴⁴/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /kuan¹³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /guɔn¹²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /kʰuɔŋ²⁴/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /kʰoŋ¹¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /kʰoŋ¹¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /kʰɔŋ²¹/ /kʰwɔŋ²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /kʰɔŋ²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /kʰwɔŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kɔŋ³⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kuoŋ⁵³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kʰuaŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /kʰuaŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /xuaŋ³¹/ |
* Middle Chinese: gjwang, gjwangH
Rime :
| Character | 狂 | 狂 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 群 (30) | 群 (30) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (106) | 陽 (106) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 巨王切 | 渠放切 |
| Baxter | gjwang | gjwangH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɡʉɐŋ/ | /ɡʉɐŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɡʷiɐŋ/ | /ɡʷiɐŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɡiuɑŋ/ | /ɡiuɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /guaŋ/ | /guaŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɡiuaŋ/ | /ɡiuaŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɡĭwaŋ/ | /ɡĭwaŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /giwaŋ/ | /giwaŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | kuáng | guàng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | kwong$^4$ | gwong$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k-ɢʷ]aŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡʷaŋ/, /*ɡʷaŋs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 狂 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | kuáng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ gjwang › |
| Old Chinese | /*[k-ɢʷ]aŋ/ |
| English | mad, reckless |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 狂 | 狂 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 12732 | 12740 |
| Phonetic component | 王 | 王 |
| Rime group | 陽 | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 狂 | 狂 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡʷaŋ/ | /*ɡʷaŋs/ |

### Definitions

狂
* (of dogs) to go crazy; to act aggressively
* mad; insane; crazy
* wildly arrogant; conceited; stiff-necked
* as one pleases; as one likes; whatever one wants; wildly
* (literary, or in compounds) violent; ferocious
* (literary, or in compounds) roaring; enormous
* (Southern Min) flustered; hurried
* (Eastern Min) to become angry
* (Southern Min) to be hot for; to be crazy about
* (Southern Min, of animal) to be in heat
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Original form of 誑／诳 (kuáng, “to cheat; to deceive”).
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 往 (“to go to”)

#### Synonyms

* (mad):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 痴, 狂, 癲 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 瘋, 狂, 瘋癲, 瘋狂 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 瘋 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 瘋 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 神經病, 有毛病 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 痴 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 瘋 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 瘋 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 瘋 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 八面威, 八面 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 瘋 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 癲 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 瘋 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 癲, 黐線, 黐筋, 黐孖筋, short |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 癲, 黐線, 黐筋, 黐孖筋, 黐膠花, short, 黐總掣, 黐大掣 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 癲, 黐線 |
| Cantonese | Penang (Guangfu) | 癲, 黐線 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 癲, 黐線 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 瘋 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 癲 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 癲, 癲脬 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 痟 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 痟 |
| Southern Min | Yongchun | 痟 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 痟, 魔 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 痟 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 痟 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 痟 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 痟 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 痟 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 痟 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 痟 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 痟 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 痟 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 痟 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 癲 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 痟 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 痟神 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 發痟 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 發痟 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 痟 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 痟 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 痴 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 痴 |
| Wu | Danyang | 瘋 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 瘋 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 癲 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 癲 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 瘋 |
* (arrogant):
* 傲慢 (àomàn)
* 兀傲 (wù'ào) (literary)
* 囂俳 / 嚣俳 (Taiwanese Hokkien)
* 囂張 / 嚣张 (xiāozhāng)
* 沙塵 / 沙尘 (saa$^1$ can$^4$) (Cantonese)
* 滿 / 满 (mǎn) (literary, or in compounds)
* 滿盈 / 满盈 (mǎnyíng) (literary)
* 牙擦 (Cantonese)
* 牛氣 / 牛气 (niúqi) (regional)
* 狂妄 (kuángwàng)
* 矜貴 / 矜贵 (jīnguì) (literary)
* 空歁 (Quanzhou Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien)
* 自大 (zìdà)
* 自恃 (zìshì)
* 自滿 / 自满 (zìmǎn)
* 自負 / 自负 (zìfù)
* 自高 (zìgāo)
* 起市 (hei$^2$ si$^{4*}$) (Taishanese)
* 起徛 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 驕傲 / 骄傲 (jiāo'ào)
* 驕橫 / 骄横 (jiāohèng)
* 驕矜 / 骄矜 (jiāojīn) (literary)
* 驕縱 / 骄纵 (jiāozòng)
* 高傲 (gāo'ào)
* 高慢 (gāomàn)
* (as one pleases):
* 亂 / 乱 (luàn)
* 任意 (rènyì)
* 恣意 (zìyì)
* 肆意 (sìyì)
* 胡亂 / 胡乱 (húluàn)
* (violent):
* 劇烈 / 剧烈 (jùliè)
* 厲害 / 厉害 (lìhài)
* 嚴 / 严 (yán)
* 尖銳 / 尖锐 (jiānruì)
* 強烈 / 强烈 (qiángliè)
* 急劇 / 急剧 (jíjù)
* 急驟 / 急骤 (jízhòu)
* 激
* 激烈 (jīliè)
* 火熱 / 火热 (huǒrè)
* 熾烈 / 炽烈 (chìliè) (figurative)
* 熾盛 / 炽盛 (chìshèng) (formal, of an emotion)
* 猛烈 (měngliè)

### Compounds

* 佯狂
* 力挽狂瀾 / 力挽狂澜 (lìwǎnkuánglán)
* 喪心病狂 / 丧心病狂 (sàngxīnbìngkuáng)
* 大喜若狂
* 如痴如狂
* 如醉如狂
* 孟浪輕狂 / 孟浪轻狂
* 工作狂 (gōngzuòkuáng)
* 張狂 / 张狂 (zhāngkuáng)
* 心狂火著 (sim-kông-hóe-to̍h) (Min Nan)
* 抓狂 (zhuākuáng)
* 放狂乖
* 暴露狂 (bàolùkuáng)
* 楚狂
* 欣喜若狂 (xīnxǐruòkuáng)
* 歡喜若狂 / 欢喜若狂 (huānxǐruòkuáng)
* 歡欣若狂 / 欢欣若狂
* 浪蝶狂蜂
* 清狂
* 狂三詐四 / 狂三诈四
* 狂且
* 狂乖
* 狂亂 / 狂乱 (kuángluàn)
* 狂人 (kuángrén)
* 狂傲
* 狂吠 (kuángfèi)
* 狂吟老監 / 狂吟老监
* 狂哮
* 狂喜 (kuángxǐ)
* 狂嗥 (kuángháo)
* 狂嘯 / 狂啸
* 狂士
* 狂夫
* 狂奔 (kuángbēn)
* 狂奴故態 / 狂奴故态
* 狂妄 (kuángwàng)
* 狂妄自大 (kuángwàngzìdà)
* 狂嫖濫賭 / 狂嫖滥赌
* 狂客
* 狂徒 (kuángtú)
* 狂恣
* 狂悖
* 狂想
* 狂想曲 (kuángxiǎngqǔ)
* 狂態 / 狂态
* 狂放 (kuángfàng)
* 狂暴 (kuángbào)
* 狂朋怪友
* 狂歌
* 狂歡 / 狂欢 (kuánghuān)
* 狂氣 / 狂气
* 狂潮 (kuángcháo)
* 狂濤 / 狂涛
* 狂濤巨浪 / 狂涛巨浪
* 狂濤駭浪 / 狂涛骇浪
* 狂瀉 / 狂泻
* 狂瀾 / 狂澜 (kuánglán)
* 狂熱 / 狂热 (kuángrè)
* 狂熱分子 / 狂热分子
* 狂犬病 (kuángquǎnbìng)
* 狂狗
* 狂狷 (kuángjuàn)
* 狂生
* 狂疾
* 狂相
* 狂瞽
* 狂童
* 狂笑 (kuángxiào)
* 狂簡 / 狂简 (kuángjiǎn)
* 狂花病葉 / 狂花病叶
* 狂草 (kuángcǎo)
* 狂華 / 狂华
* 狂蕩 / 狂荡
* 狂藥 / 狂药 (kuángyào)
* 狂蜂浪蝶 (kuángfēnglàngdié)
* 狂言 (kuángyán)
* 狂誕 / 狂诞
* 狂賊 / 狂贼
* 狂跌
* 狂迷
* 狂野 (kuángyě)
* 狂風 / 狂风 (kuángfēng)
* 狂風大作 / 狂风大作
* 狂風大浪 / 狂风大浪
* 狂風暴雨 / 狂风暴雨 (kuángfēngbàoyǔ)
* 狂風烈日 / 狂风烈日
* 狂風駭浪 / 狂风骇浪 (kuángfēnghàilàng)
* 狂風驟雨 / 狂风骤雨 (kuángfēngzhòuyǔ)
* 狂飆 / 狂飙 (kuángbiāo)
* 狂飲 / 狂饮 (kuángyǐn)
* 狂魂怨鬼
* 猖狂 (chāngkuáng)
* 猖猖狂狂
* 獝狂
* 疏狂
* 痴狂 (chīkuáng)
* 瘋狂 / 疯狂 (fēngkuáng)
* 癲狂 / 癫狂 (diānkuáng)
* 發狂 / 发狂 (fākuáng)
* 眼狂心熱 / 眼狂心热
* 舉國若狂 / 举国若狂
* 色情狂 (sèqíngkuáng)
* 荒狂
* 虐待狂 (nüèdàikuáng)
* 被虐待狂
* 被髮佯狂 / 被发佯狂
* 被髮陽狂 / 被发阳狂
* 解髮佯狂 / 解发佯狂
* 言狂意妄
* 誇大狂 / 夸大狂 (kuādàkuáng)
* 賣狂 / 卖狂
* 躁狂 (zàokuáng)
* 躍躍狂徒 / 跃跃狂徒
* 輕狂 / 轻狂 (qīngkuáng)
* 輕狂百勢 / 轻狂百势
* 醉舞狂歌
* 醒狂
* 陽狂 / 阳狂
* 陽狂自免 / 阳狂自免
* 驕矜狂妄 / 骄矜狂妄
* 驟雨狂風 / 骤雨狂风
* 高陽狂客 / 高阳狂客

### Descendants

* → Vietnamese: cuồng (狂)

### References

* “狂”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* crazy; insane; mad

#### Readings

* Go-on: ごう (gō)
* Kan-on: きょう (kyō, Jōyō)
* Kun: くるう (kuruu, 狂う, Jōyō)、くるおしい (kuruoshii, 狂おしい, Jōyō)、ふれる (fureru, 狂れる)

## Korean
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [kwa̠ŋ]
* Phonetic hangul: [광]

### Hanja

Wikisource 狂 (eumhun 미칠 광 (michil gwang))
* hanja form of 광 (“insane, violent, mad, wild”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

狂: Hán Nôm readings: cuồng
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.