# 啉

| 啉 | U+5549, &#21833; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5549 |
| ← 啈 [U+5548] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 啊 → [U+554A] |

## Translingual
### Han character

啉 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 口木木 (RDD), four-corner 6409, composition ⿰口林)

#### Derived characters

* 𪢇

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 195, character 3
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3806
* Dae Jaweon: page 416, character 3
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 637, character 7
* Unihan data for U+5549

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 婪 | *ɡ·ruːm |
| 惏 | *ɡ·ruːm |
| 啉 | *ɡ·ruːm |
| 漤 | *ɡ·ruːmʔ |
| 醂 | *ɡ·ruːmʔ |
| 林 | *ɡ·rɯm |
| 琳 | *ɡ·rɯm |
| 淋 | *ɡ·rɯm, *ɡ·rɯms |
| 痳 | *ɡ·rɯm |
| 箖 | *ɡ·rɯm |
| 霖 | *ɡ·rɯm |
| 菻 | *ɡ·rɯmʔ, *ɡ·rɯms |
| 罧 | *slɯmʔ, *srɯms |
| 棽 | *r̥ʰɯm, *srɯm |
| 綝 | *r̥ʰɯm |
| 郴 | *r̥ʰɯm |
| 禁 | *krɯm, *krɯms |
| 襟 | *krɯm |
| 僸 | *krɯms, *ŋɡrɯmʔ |
| 澿 | *ɡrɯm |
| 噤 | *ɡrɯmʔ, *ɡrɯms |
| 凚 | *ɡrɯmʔ, *ɡrɯms |
| 齽 | *ɡrɯms |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡ·ruːm): semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 林 (OC *ɡ·rɯm).

### Etymology 1

Related to Thai ดื่ม (dʉ̀ʉm, “to drink”) (Schuessler, 2007).
This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): lán (lan$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄢˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): laam$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): lîm
    (Hailu, HRS): lim$^ˋ$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): lim / lâm
    (Teochew, Peng'im): lim$^1$ / nim$^1$ / ning$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lán
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lán
*** Wade–Giles: lan$^2$
*** Yale: lán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lan
*** Palladius: лань (lanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /län³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: laam$^4$
*** Yale: làahm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: laam$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lam$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /laːm²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lîm
*** Hakka Romanization System: lim$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: lim$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /lim²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: lim$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /lim⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lim
*** Tâi-lô: lim
*** Phofsit Daibuun: lym
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /lim⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /lim³³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lâm
*** Tâi-lô: lâm
*** Phofsit Daibuun: laam
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /lam²⁴/
* lim - vernacular;
* lâm - literary.
* Middle Chinese: lom
Rime :
| Character | 啉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 覃 (159) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 盧含切 |
| Baxter | lom |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /lʌm/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ləm/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /lɒm/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ləm/ |
| Li Rong | /lᴀm/ |
| Wang Li | /lɒm/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /lăm/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | lán |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | laam$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡ·ruːm/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 啉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 8162 |
| Phonetic component | 林 |
| Rime group | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 婪 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡ·ruːm/ |

#### Definitions

啉
* (historical dictionaries only) to pour a round of alcoholic drink
* (historical dictionaries only) to finish drinking
* (Hakka, Southern Min) to drink
       Lí beh lim tê ia̍h-sī ka-pi? [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       Do you want to drink tea or coffee?
** 2001, 黃一飛 (馬來西亞歌手) [Freddie Huang Yi Fei] (lyrics and music), “一百萬 [One Million Dollars]”:
       góa beh iû sè-kài, Ì-tá-lì lim ko-pi, lō͘-piⁿ chia̍h Spaghetti [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       I want to travel the world / drink coffee in Italy / eat spaghetti on the roadside
* (Hokkien) to drink alcohol
    From: ~1986, 免失志, sung by 陳小雲 (Chen Hsiao-yun), lyrics by 王秀英, composed by 陳宏
    lim lo̍h-khì lim lo̍h-khì bô chùi ah góa bô chùi [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    Keep drinking, keep on boozing; [still] sober, oh, I'm [still] not drunk

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 飲 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 喝 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 喝 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 喝 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 喝 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 喝 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 喝 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Olginsky (Mikhaylovka) | 喝 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 喝 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 喝 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 喝 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 喝 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 喝 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 喝 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 喝, 吃 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 喝 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 喝 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 喝 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 吃, 喝 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 喝, 呵, 汩 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 吃, 喝, 汩 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 喝 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 吃, 喝 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 吃, 喝 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 吃, 喝 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 喝 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 飲, 呷 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 飲, 呷 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 飲 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 飲 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 飲 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 飲 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 飲 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 飲 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 飲 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 飲 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 飲 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 飲 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 飲 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 飲 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 飲 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 飲 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 飲 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 飲 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 飲 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 飲 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 飲 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 飲 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 飲 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 飲, 食$_1$, 呷 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 飲 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 呷, 吃 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 飲 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 吃 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Shatian) | 飲 |
| Cantonese | Qinzhou | 飲 |
| Cantonese | Qinzhou (Xiniujiao) | 飲 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 食$_1$ |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Nankang) | 飲 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Yingpan) | 飲 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 飲 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 飲 |
| Cantonese | Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 飲, 食$_1$ |
| Cantonese | Danzhou | 吃 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 飲 |
| Cantonese | Penang (Guangfu) | 飲 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 飲 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 飲 |
| Cantonese | Móng Cái | 飲 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 吃 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 吃 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 吃 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 食$_1$, 啉, 飲, 啜 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 食$_1$ |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 飲 |
| Hakka | Huiyang | 食$_1$ |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 食$_1$ |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 食$_1$ |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 食$_1$ |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 食$_1$, 飲 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 食$_1$ |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Meilin) | 食$_1$ |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 食$_1$ |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 食$_1$ |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 食$_1$ |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 飲 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 食$_1$ |
| Hakka | Changting | 食$_1$ |
| Hakka | Wuping | 食$_1$ |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 食$_1$ |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 食$_1$ |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 食$_1$ |
| Hakka | Yudu | 食$_1$ |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 食$_1$ |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 食$_1$ |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 食$_1$ |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 食$_1$, 啉, 飲 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 食$_1$, 啉, 飲 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 食$_1$, 啉, 飲 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 食$_1$, 啉, 飲 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 食$_1$, 啉, 飲 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 啉, 食$_1$ |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 食$_1$ |
| Hakka | Luchuan | 食$_1$ |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 食$_1$, 飲, 啉 |
| Hakka | Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa (Hepo) | 食$_1$ |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 吃 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 喝 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 喝 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 啜, 饁 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 啜, 食$_3$ |
| Eastern Min | Singapore (Fuqing) | 食$_3$ |
| Eastern Min | Sitiawan (Gutian) | 食$_3$ |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 啉, 食$_3$, 哈 alcohol, 啜 usually soup |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 啉 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 啉, 食$_3$, 哈 alcohol, 啜 usually soup |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 啉 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 啉, 食$_3$, 啜 usually soup |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 食$_3$, 啉 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 啉 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 啉 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 啉 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 啉, 哈, 食$_3$ |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 啉 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 啉 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 啉, 哈, 食$_3$, 灌 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 啉, 哈 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 啉 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 食$_3$, 啉 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 啉 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 啉 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 啉 |
| Southern Min | Medan (Hokkien) | 啉 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 食$_3$, 啉 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 食$_3$, 啉 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 食$_3$, 啉 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 食$_3$, 啉 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 食$_3$ |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 食$_3$ |
| Southern Min | Batam (Teochew) | 食$_3$ |
| Southern Min | Pontianak (Teochew) | 食$_3$, 啉 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 啜, 食$_3$ |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 啜, 食$_3$ |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 啜, 食$_3$ |
| Southern Min | Qionghai | 啜, 食$_3$ |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 食$_3$, 啜 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 飲 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Sanxiang) | 飲 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 飲, 吃, 呷 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 吃, 呷, 呼 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 吃 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 吃, 呷, 呼 |
| Wu | Danyang | 吃 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 吃 |
| Wu | Hangzhou (Yuhang) | 吃 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 吃 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 呷, 吃 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 吃, 呷 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 吃 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 吃 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 吃, 呵 |

#### Compounds

* 啉水
* 啉湯 / 啉汤
* 啉茶
* 啉酒
* 啉酒醉
* 啉食
* 食啉𨑨

### Etymology 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 啉 – see 婪 (“to covet; to be avaricious; to be greedy”). (This character is recorded in one or more historical dictionaries as a variant form of 婪).

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): lán (lan$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄢˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): laam$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lán
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lán
*** Wade–Giles: lan$^2$
*** Yale: lán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lan
*** Palladius: лань (lanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /län³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: laam$^4$
*** Yale: làahm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: laam$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lam$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /laːm²¹/
* Middle Chinese: lom
Rime :
| Character | 啉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 覃 (159) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 盧含切 |
| Baxter | lom |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /lʌm/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ləm/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /lɒm/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ləm/ |
| Li Rong | /lᴀm/ |
| Wang Li | /lɒm/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /lăm/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | lán |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | laam$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡ·ruːm/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 啉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 8162 |
| Phonetic component | 林 |
| Rime group | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 婪 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡ·ruːm/ |

#### Definitions

啉
* (historical dictionaries only) to be clamorous; to be noisy

### Etymology 4
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): lìn, làn, lèn (lin$^4$, lan$^4$, len$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄣˋ, ㄌㄢˋ, ㄌㄣˋ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lìn
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄣˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lìn
*** Wade–Giles: lin$^4$
*** Yale: lìn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: linn
*** Palladius: линь (linʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /lin⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: làn
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: làn
*** Wade–Giles: lan$^4$
*** Yale: làn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lann
*** Palladius: лань (lanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /län⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lèn
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄣˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lèn
*** Wade–Giles: lên$^4$
*** Yale: lèn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lenn
*** Palladius: лэнь (lɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /lən⁵¹/

#### Definitions

啉
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) stupid
    From: Wang Shifu, The Story of the Western Wing, 13th – 14th centuries CE
    Zúxià qíshí lìn, xiū zhuāng tǔn. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

### Etymology 5
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): lín (lin$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄣˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): lam$^4$
* Southern Min (Teochew, Peng'im): lim$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lín
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lín
*** Wade–Giles: lin$^2$
*** Yale: lín
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lin
*** Palladius: линь (linʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /lin³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lam$^4$
*** Yale: làhm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lam$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lem$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɐm²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: lim$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lîm
*** Sinological IPA : /lim⁵⁵/

#### Definitions

啉
* Used in transcription, especially of chemical names.

#### Compounds

* 卟啉 (bǔlín)
* 咔啉 (kǎlín)
* 咕啉 (gūlín)
* 喹唑啉 (kuízuòlín)
* 喹啉 (kuílín)
* 喹喔啉 (kuí'ōlín)
* 嗎啉 / 吗啉 (mǎlín)
* 噌啉 (cēnglín)

### References

* “啉”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: らん (ran)、りん (rin)
* Kan-on: らん (ran)、りん (rin)
* Kun: かまびすしい (kamabisushī)、むさぼる (musaboru)

## Korean
### Hanja

啉 • (ram) (hangeul 람, revised ram, McCune–Reischauer ram)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

啉: Hán Việt readings: lam, lâm
啉: Nôm readings: lâm, lùm, lăm, lảm, lầm, lẩm, lằm, rầm, rắm, rởm, trăm
* chữ Nôm form of rởm (“grotesque; ludicrous; ridiculous”).
* chữ Nôm form of trăm (“hundred”).