# शिक्षा
## Hindi
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit शिक्षा (śikṣā), from the root verb शिक्ष् (śikṣ, “to learn, study”).

### Pronunciation

* (Delhi) IPA: /ʃɪk.ʂɑː/, [ʃɪk.ʃäː]

### Noun

शिक्षा • (śikṣā) f (Urdu spelling شکشا)
* education
    इस देश में शिक्षा का स्तर गिर गया है।is deś mẽ śikṣā kā star gir gayā hai.In this country the standard of education has declined.
* lesson, moral
    इस कहानी की शिक्षा यह है।is kahānī kī śikṣā yah hai.This is the moral of the story.
    तुम्हें इससे शिक्षा लेनी चाहिये।tumhẽ isse śikṣā lenī cāhiye.This should be a lesson to you.

#### Synonyms

* (education): पढ़ाई (paṛhāī), तालीम (tālīm)
* (lesson): सबक़ (sabaq), सीख (sīkh)

#### Derived terms

* शिक्षापद्धति (śikṣāpaddhati, “system of education”)
* शिक्षापरिषद् (śikṣāpriṣad, “academic council”)
* शिक्षाशास्त्र (śikṣāśāstra, “pedagogy”)
* शिक्षित (śikṣit, “literate, educated”)
** अशिक्षित (aśikṣit, “illiterate”)

#### References

* Bahri, Hardev (1989) “शिक्षा”, in Siksarthi Hindi-Angrejhi Sabdakosa [Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary], Delhi: Rajpal & Sons.
* Caturvedi, Mahendra, Bhola Nath Tiwari (1970) “शिक्षा”, in A practical Hindi-English dictionary, Delhi: National Publishing House

## Marathi
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit शिक्षा (śikṣā). First attested as Old Marathi 𑘫𑘲𑘎 (śīka), 𑘭𑘲𑘏 (sīkha). Compare Hindi शिक्षा (śikṣā) and Kannada ಶಿಕ್ಷೆ (śikṣe).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɕik.ʂa/

### Noun

शिक्षा • (śikṣā) f
* punishment, chastisement
    Synonyms: दंड (daṇḍa), सजा (sajā)
    अशा गंभीर चुकीसाठी शिक्षा आवश्यक आहे.aśā gambhīr cukīsāṭhī śikṣā āvaśyak āhe.Punishment is necessary for such a serious mistake.

#### Declension
### References

* Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983) “शिक्षा”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies
* Shankar Gopal Tulpule, Anne Feldhaus (1999) “शिक”, in A Dictionary of Old Marathi, Mumbai: Popular Prakashan

## Nepali
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit शिक्षा (śikṣā).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sik̚t͡sʰjä]
* Phonetic Devanagari: सिछा
* IPA: [sit̚t͡sʰjä]
* Phonetic Devanagari: सिच्छ्या

### Noun

शिक्षा • (śikṣā)
* education
* lesson, moral

## Old Gujarati
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit शिक्षा (śikṣā).

### Noun

शिक्षा • (śikṣā) f
* knowledge

## Sanskrit
### Alternative scripts

* শিক্ষা (Assamese script)
* ᬰᬶᬓ᭄ᬱᬵ (Balinese script)
* শিক্ষা (Bengali script)
* 𑰫𑰰𑰎𑰿𑰬𑰯 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀰𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀸 (Brahmi script)
* ၐိက္ၑာ (Burmese script)
* શિક્ષા (Gujarati script)
* ਸ਼ਿਕ੍ਸ਼ਾ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌶𑌿𑌕𑍍𑌷𑌾 (Grantha script)
* ꦯꦶꦏ꧀ꦰꦴ (Javanese script)
* 𑂬𑂱𑂍𑂹𑂭𑂰 (Kaithi script)
* ಶಿಕ್ಷಾ (Kannada script)
* ឝិក្ឞា (Khmer script)
* ຨິກ຺ຩາ (Lao script)
* ശിക്ഷാ (Malayalam script)
* ᡧᡳᡬᢢᠠᢇ (Manchu script)
* 𑘫𑘱𑘎𑘿𑘬𑘰 (Modi script)
* ᠱᠢᢉᢔᠠ᠋᠎ᠠ (Mongolian script)
* 𑧋𑧒𑦮𑧠𑧌𑧑 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐱𑐶𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐵 (Newa script)
* ଶିକ୍ଷା (Odia script)
* ꢯꢶꢒ꣄ꢰꢵ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆯𑆴𑆑𑇀𑆰𑆳 (Sharada script)
* 𑖫𑖰𑖎𑖿𑖬𑖯 (Siddham script)
* ශික්‍ෂා (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩿𑩑𑩜 𑪙𑪀𑩛 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚧𑚮𑚊𑚶𑚭 (Takri script)
* ஶிக்ஷா (Tamil script)
* శిక్షా (Telugu script)
* ศิกฺษา (Thai script)
* ཤི་ཀྵཱ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒬𑒱𑒏𑓂𑒭𑒰 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨮𑨁𑨋𑩇𑨯𑨊 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćikš- (“to learn”) ,from Proto-Indo-European *ḱí-ḱ(e)k-se-ti, from *ḱek- (“to be able, capable”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬯𐬌𐬑𐬱𐬆𐬨𐬥𐬀 (sixšəmna, “learned”), 𐬯𐬌𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀 (sixšaiia, “to be learned”).

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /ɕik.ʂɑː/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /ɕik.ʂɑː/

### Noun

शिक्षा • (śikṣā) stem, f
* (originally) desire of being able to effect anything; a wish to accomplish
* learning, study
* knowledge, art, skill
* teaching, training
* chastisement, punishment
* the science which teaches proper articulation and pronunciation of Vedic texts

#### Declension

* ¹Vedic
* ²Brāhmaṇas

#### Descendants

* Assamese: শিক্ষা (xikha, “education”), সেকা (xeka, “retaliation”)
* Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀲𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀸 (sikkhā)
** Punjabi: ਸਿੱਖ (sikkha, “disciple of Sikhism”)
*** → Thai: ซิก (sík), ซิกข์, สิกข์, สิข (sìk)
** Pali: sikkhā
*** → Thai: สิกขา
* → Hindi: शिक्षा (śikṣā)
* → Khmer: សិក្សា (səksaa)
* → Lao: ສຶກສາ (sưk sā)
* → Nepali: शिक्षा (śikṣā)
* → Old Gujarati: शिक्षा (śikṣā)
* → Thai: ศึกษา (sʉ̀k-sǎa)
* → Northern Thai: ᩆᩧᨠ᩠ᩇᩣ

### References

* Monier Williams (1899) “शिक्षा”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1070/1.

### Further reading

* Hellwig, Oliver (2010–2025) “śikṣā”, in DCS - The Digital Corpus of Sanskrit, Berlin, Germany.