# 涼

| 涼 | U+6DBC, &#28092; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6DBC |
| ← 涻 [U+6DBB] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 涽 → [U+6DBD] |

## Translingual
### Han character

涼 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 水卜口火 (EYRF), four-corner 3019$_6$, composition ⿰氵京)

#### Derived characters

* 𡰏

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 628, character 24
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17606
* Dae Jaweon: page 1030, character 13
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1657, character 6
* Unihan data for U+6DBC

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 涼
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 涼 | *ɡ·raŋ, *ɡ·raŋs, *ɡ·raŋs |
| 凉 | *ɡ·raŋ |
| 椋 | *ɡ·raŋ |
| 綡 | *ɡ·raŋ |
| 輬 | *ɡ·raŋ |
| 諒 | *ɡ·raŋs |
| 掠 | *ɡ·raŋs, *ɡ·raɡ |
| 弶 | *ɡaŋs |
| 京 | *kraŋ |
| 麖 | *kraŋ |
| 鶁 | *kraŋ |
| 景 | *kraŋʔ |
| 鯨 | *ɡraŋ |
| 黥 | *ɡraŋ |
| 勍 | *ɡraŋ |
| 剠 | *ɡraŋ |
| 倞 | *ɡraŋs |
| 影 | *qraŋʔ |
| 璟 | *qraŋʔ, *kʷraŋʔ |
| 憬 | *kʷraŋʔ |
| 暻 | *kʷraŋʔ |
| 澋 | *ɡʷraːŋʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡ·raŋ, *ɡ·raŋs, *ɡ·raŋs): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 京 (OC *kraŋ).

### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-glak ~ m-glaŋ (“cold; freeze”). Cognate with 霜 (OC *sraŋ, “frost”), Tibetan གྲང་ (grang, “cold”). According to Schuessler (2007), this etymon seems to have a wider distribution: Compare Austroasiatic Kharia raŋga (“cold; freeze”), Khmer រងា (rɔngiə, “cold”).
A derivative is probably 凔 (OC *sʰaːŋ, “cold”). A vocalic variant is 冷 (OC *raːŋʔ, *reːŋ, *reːŋʔ, “cold”).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): liáng (liang$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄤˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): niang$^2$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): loeng$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): liòng
    (Hailu, HRS): liong
    (Meixian, Guangdong): liong$^2$
* Jin (Wiktionary): lion$^1$
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): nieo$^2$ / niu$^2$ / lyong$^2$ / lyeng$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): liâng / liông / niû / niô͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): liang$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$lian
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: liáng
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄤˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: liáng
*** Wade–Giles: liang$^2$
*** Yale: lyáng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: liang
*** Palladius: лян (ljan)
*** Sinological IPA : /li̯ɑŋ³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: niang$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: liang
*** Sinological IPA : /niaŋ²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: loeng$^4$
*** Yale: lèuhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: loeng$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lêng$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /lœːŋ²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: liòng
*** Hakka Romanization System: liong$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: liong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /li̯oŋ¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: liong
*** Sinological IPA: /lioŋ⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: liong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /liɔŋ¹¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: lion$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /liɒ̃¹¹/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: nieo$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /nieu¹³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: niu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /niu¹³/
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: lyong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /lyɒŋ¹³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: lyeng$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /lyøŋ¹³/
* nieo2/niu2 - vernacular;
* lyong2/lyeng2 - literary.
* Middle Chinese: ljang
Rime :
| Character | 涼 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (105) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 呂章切 |
| Baxter | ljang |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /lɨɐŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /liɐŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /liɑŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /lɨaŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /liaŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /lĭaŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /li̯aŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | liáng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | loeng$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.raŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡ·raŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 涼 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | liáng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ljang › |
| Old Chinese | /*C.raŋ/ |
| English | cold |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 涼 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| No. | 6818 |
| Phonetic component | 京 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡ·raŋ/ |

#### Definitions

涼
* cool; cold
* discouraged; disheartened
* forlorn
* (traditional Chinese medicine) heat-preventing
* (slang, neologism) be done for; be finished or destroyed; gone for the dogs; curtains (for someone)
       Dōu sàn le ba, Flash píngtái yǐ liáng! [Pinyin]
       [Let's] all go away; the Flash platform is already dead!
       Zuòwéi shǒujī xìtǒng de webOS zǎojiù liáng tòu le! [Pinyin]
       As a phone OS, webOS is long since thoroughly dead!
* (Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) free from worry; congenial
* (Cantonese) to get cool (from a fan or an aircon)

##### See also

* 冷 (lěng, “cold”)

#### Compounds

* 一斛涼州 / 一斛凉州
* 世態炎涼 / 世态炎凉 (shìtàiyánliáng)
* 乘涼 / 乘凉 (chéngliáng)
* 五涼 / 五凉
* 冒涼腔 / 冒凉腔
* 冬暖夏涼 / 冬暖夏凉 (dōngnuǎnxiàliáng)
* 冰涼 / 冰凉 (bīngliáng)
* 前涼 / 前凉 (Qiánliáng)
* 北涼 / 北凉 (Běiliáng)
* 南涼 / 南凉 (Nánliáng)
* 受涼 / 受凉 (shòuliáng)
* 天末涼風 / 天末凉风
* 嫩涼 / 嫩凉
* 寒涼 / 寒凉 (hánliáng)
* 後涼 / 后凉 (Hòuliáng)
* 心靜自然涼 / 心静自然凉 (xīn jìng zìrán liáng)
* 悲涼 / 悲凉 (bēiliáng)
* 悽涼 / 凄凉 (qīliáng)
* 扇涼翅兒 / 扇凉翅儿
* 招涼 / 招凉
* 搭涼篷 / 搭凉篷
* 新涼 / 新凉
* 暄涼 / 暄凉
* 樹涼兒 / 树凉儿
* 歇涼 / 歇凉 (xiēliáng)
* 沖涼 / 冲凉 (chōngliáng)
* 沁涼 / 沁凉
* 沁涼如水 / 沁凉如水
* 涼了 / 凉了
* 涼了半截 / 凉了半截
* 涼亭 / 凉亭 (liángtíng)
* 涼勢 / 凉势 (liâng-sè) (Min Nan)
* 涼友 / 凉友
* 涼夏 / 凉夏
* 涼帽 / 凉帽
* 涼德 / 凉德
* 涼快 / 凉快 (liángkuài)
* 涼意 / 凉意 (liángyì)
* 涼拌 / 凉拌 (liángbàn)
* 涼月 / 凉月
* 涼椅 / 凉椅
* 涼棚 / 凉棚 (liángpéng)
* 涼森森 / 凉森森
* 涼榻 / 凉榻
* 涼氣 / 凉气
* 涼水 / 凉水 (liángshuǐ)
* 涼水河 / 凉水河 (Liángshuǐhé)
* 涼涼 / 凉凉 (liángliáng)
* 清涼 / 清凉 (qīngliáng)
* 淒涼 / 凄凉 (qīliáng)
* 清涼油 / 清凉油
* 涼爽 / 凉爽 (liángshuǎng)
* 涼爽羊毛 / 凉爽羊毛
* 涼珊珊 / 凉珊珊
* 涼皮 / 凉皮 (liángpí)
* 涼碟 / 凉碟
* 涼篷 / 凉篷
* 涼篷船 / 凉篷船
* 涼粉 / 凉粉 (liángfěn)
* 涼絲絲 / 凉丝丝
* 涼臺 / 凉台 (liángtái)
* 涼茶 / 凉茶 (liángchá)
* 涼蓆 / 凉席 (liángxí)
* 涼薄 / 凉薄 (liángbó)
* 涼薯 / 凉薯 (liángshǔ)
* 涼藥 / 凉药
* 涼血 / 凉血 (liángxuè)
* 涼衫 / 凉衫
* 涼霧 / 凉雾 (Liángwù)
* 涼鞋 / 凉鞋 (liángxié)
* 涼風 / 凉风 (liángfēng)
* 涼颼颼 / 凉飕飕 (liángsōusōu)
* 涼麵 / 凉面 (liángmiàn)
* 滿心蒼涼 / 满心苍凉
* 滿目荒涼 / 满目荒凉
* 炎涼 / 炎凉 (yánliáng)
* 炎涼世態 / 炎凉世态
* 甘涼 / 甘凉
* 秋涼 / 秋凉 (qiūliáng)
* 納涼 / 纳凉 (nàliáng)
* 艮苦冰涼 / 艮苦冰凉
* 荒涼 / 荒凉 (huāngliáng)
* 著涼 / 着凉 (zháoliáng)
* 蒼涼 / 苍凉 (cāngliáng)
* 蔭涼 / 荫凉
* 西涼 / 西凉 (Xīliáng)
* 說風涼話 / 说风凉话
* 踽踽涼涼 / 踽踽凉凉
* 透心涼 / 透心凉 (tòuxīnliáng)
* 逐涼 / 逐凉
* 陰涼 / 阴凉 (yīnliáng)
* 風涼 / 风凉 (fēngliáng)
* 風涼話 / 风凉话 (fēngliánghuà)

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): liàng (liang$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄤˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): loeng$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: liàng
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄤˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: liàng
*** Wade–Giles: liang$^4$
*** Yale: lyàng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lianq
*** Palladius: лян (ljan)
*** Sinological IPA : /li̯ɑŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: loeng$^6$
*** Yale: leuhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: loeng$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lêng$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /lœːŋ²²/
* Middle Chinese: ljangH
Rime :
| Character | 涼 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (105) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 力讓切 |
| Baxter | ljangH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /lɨɐŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /liɐŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /liɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /lɨaŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /liaŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /lĭaŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /li̯aŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | liàng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | loeng$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡ·raŋs/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 涼 |
| Reading # | 2/3 |
| No. | 6824 |
| Phonetic component | 京 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 亮 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡ·raŋs/ |

#### Definitions

涼
* to allow (a hot object) to cool by letting it sit for a while
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to assist

### References

* “涼”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.

## Japanese
### Alternative forms

* Kanji in this term
* 涼
* りょう Grade: S
* on'yomi
* 凉

### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* cool, refreshing
* lonely, desolate

#### Readings

* Go-on: ろう (rō)
* Kan-on: りょう (ryō, Jōyō)
* Kun: すずしい (suzushii, 涼しい, Jōyō)、すずむ (suzumu, 涼む, Jōyō)、すずやか (suzuyaka, 涼やか)、うすい (usui, 涼い)、さがす (sagasu, 涼す)、ひやす (hiyasu, 涼す)、まことに (makotoni)
* Nanori: すけ (suke)、りょ (ryo)

#### Compounds

* 涼意(りょうい) (ryōi)
* 涼陰(りょういん), 涼蔭(りょういん) (ryōin)
* 涼雨(りょうう) (ryōu)
* 涼感(りょうかん) (ryōkan)
* 涼気(りょうき) (ryōki), 涼(すず)気(け) (suzuke)
* 涼月(りょうげつ) (ryōgetsu), 涼月(りょうげつ) (Ryōgetsu)
* 涼州(りょうしゅう) (Ryōshū, “Liang Province”)
* 涼袋(りょうたい) (Ryōtai)
* 涼亭(りょうてい) (ryōtei)
* 涼飇(りょうひょう) (ryōhyō)
* 涼風(りょうふう) (ryōfū), 涼風(すずかぜ) (suzukaze)
* 涼棚(りょうほう) (ryōhō)
* 涼味(りょうみ) (ryōmi)
* 炎涼(えんりょう) (enryō)
* 寒涼(かんりょう)性(せい) (kanryōsei)
* 後涼(こうりょう) (Kōryō), 後涼(ごりょう) (Goryō)
* 後涼(こうりょう)殿(でん) (Kōryōden)
* 荒涼(こうりょう) (kōryō)
* 秋涼(しゅうりょう) (shūryō)
* 初涼(しょりょう) (shoryō)
* 清涼(しょうりょう) (shōryō)
* 新涼(しんりょう) (shinryō)
* 凄涼(せいりょう) (seiryō)
* 清涼(せいりょう) (seiryō)
* 清涼(せいりょう)殿(でん) (Seiryōden)
* 西涼(せいりょう) (Seiryō)
* 前涼(ぜんりょう) (Zenryō)
* 爽涼(そうりょう) (sōryō)
* 南涼(なんりょう) (Nanryō)
* 納涼(のうりょう) (nōryō), 納涼(どうりょう) (dōryō)
* 曝涼(ばくりょう) (bakuryō)
* 晩涼(ばんりょう) (banryō)
* 微涼(びりょう) (biryō)
* 悲涼(ひりょう) (hiryō)
* 北涼(ほくりょう) (Hokuryō)
* 夜涼(やりょう) (yaryō)
* 冷涼(れいりょう) (reiryō)
* 涼暮(すずくれ)月(づき), 涼(すず)暮(く)れ月(づき) (Suzukure-zuki)
* 朝涼(あさすず) (asasuzu)
* 夕涼(ゆうすず) (yūsuzu)

### Etymology

/rɨau/ → /rjau/ → /rjɔː/ → /rjoː/
From Middle Chinese 涼 (MC ljang|ljangH).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) りょー [ryóꜜò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɾʲo̞ː]

### Noun

涼(りょう) • (ryō)
* cool breeze; refreshing coolness

#### Derived terms

* 涼(りょう)を取(と)る (ryō o toru, “cool off”)

### Proper noun

涼(りょう) • (Ryō)
* (historical) Liang, name of five of the Sixteen Kingdoms:
** 前涼 (Zenryō, “Former Liang”, 320–376 CE)
** 後涼 (Kōryō, Goryō, “Later Liang”, 386–403 CE)
** 南涼 (Nanryō, “Southern Liang”, 397–414 CE)
** 北涼 (Hokuryō, “Northern Liang”, 397–439 CE)
** 西涼 (Seiryō, “Western Liang”, 400–421 CE)
* a female given name

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

涼 (eumhun 서늘할 량 (seoneulhal ryang), word-initial (South Korea) 서늘할 양 (seoneulhal yang))
* hanja form of 량/양 (“cool, cold”)
* hanja form of 량/양 (“disheartened”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

涼: Hán Nôm readings: lương, ghềnh
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.