# 怨

| 怨 | U+6028, &#24616; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6028 |
| ← 性 [U+6027] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 怩 → [U+6029] |

## Translingual
### Han character

怨 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+5, 9 strokes, cangjie input 弓山心 (NUP), four-corner 2733$_1$, composition ⿱夗心)

#### Derived characters

* 𪝔, 𭝭, 𧩷, 㤪, 葾, 𢛪, 𥧉, 𰣸

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 382, character 1
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10479
* Dae Jaweon: page 711, character 1
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2281, character 7
* Unihan data for U+6028

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 涴 | *qoːls, *qoːn, *qonʔ |
| 埦 | *qoːn |
| 豌 | *qoːn |
| 剜 | *qoːn |
| 眢 | *qoːn, *qon |
| 蜿 | *qoːn, *qon, *qonʔ |
| 帵 | *qoːn |
| 碗 | *qoːnʔ |
| 椀 | *qoːnʔ |
| 盌 | *qoːnʔ |
| 腕 | *qoːns |
| 惋 | *qoːns |
| 捥 | *qoːns |
| 睕 | *qoːns, *qonʔ, *qoːd |
| 琬 | *qoːns, *qonʔ |
| 鴛 | *quːn, *qon |
| 鵷 | *qon |
| 惌 | *qon, *qonʔ |
| 宛 | *qon, *qonʔ |
| 怨 | *qon, *qons |
| 葾 | *qon |
| 夗 | *qonʔ |
| 婉 | *qonʔ |
| 菀 | *qonʔ, *qud |
| 苑 | *qonʔ, *qons |
| 踠 | *qonʔ |
| 畹 | *qonʔ, *qons |
| 倇 | *qonʔ |
| 晼 | *qonʔ |
| 黦 | *qod, *qod, *qud |
| 焥 | *qoːd |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *qon, *qons): phonetic 夗 (OC *qonʔ) + semantic 心 (“heart”).

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Possibly related to 冤?”)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yuàn (yuan$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄩㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jyun$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yen / yan
* Eastern Min (BUC): uóng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): oàn
    (Teochew, Peng'im): uang$^3$ / uêng$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yuàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄩㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yuàn
*** Wade–Giles: yüan$^4$
*** Yale: ywàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yuann
*** Palladius: юань (juanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɥɛn⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jyun$^3$
*** Yale: yun
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jyn$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yun$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /jyːn³³/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yen
*** Hakka Romanization System: ien
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yan$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /i̯en⁵⁵/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yan
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)ian
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yan$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯an⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: uóng
*** Sinological IPA : /uɔŋ²¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: oàn
*** Tâi-lô: uàn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: oaxn
*** IPA (Xiamen): /uan²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /uan⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /uan²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /uan¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /uan²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: uang$^3$ / uêng$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: uàng / uèng
*** Sinological IPA : /uaŋ²¹³/, /ueŋ²¹³/
* uang3 - Shantou;
* uêng3 - Chaozhou.
* Middle Chinese: 'jwon, 'jwonH
Rime :
| Character | 怨 | 怨 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 影 (34) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 元 (66) | 元 (66) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 於袁切 | 於願切 |
| Baxter | 'jwon | 'jwonH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʔʉɐn/ | /ʔʉɐn$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʔʷiɐn/ | /ʔʷiɐn$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʔiuɐn/ | /ʔiuɐn$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʔuan/ | /ʔuan$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ʔiuɐn/ | /ʔiuɐn$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ĭwɐn/ | /ĭwɐn$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʔi̯wɐn/ | /ʔi̯wɐn$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yuān | yuàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jyun$^1$ | jyun$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ʔ]o[r]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qon/, /*qons/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 怨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yuàn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ʔjwon$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ʔ]o[r]-s/ |
| English | resentment |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 怨 | 怨 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 16286 | 16305 |
| Phonetic component | 夗 | 夗 |
| Rime group | 元 | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 鴛 | 怨 |
| Old Chinese | /*qon/ | /*qons/ |

### Definitions

怨
* to resent; to hate
* hatred; enmity; resentment
* to complain; to grumble; to moan
* complaint; grievance

### Compounds

* 不怨
* 不怨不尤
* 不辭勞怨 / 不辞劳怨
* 中懷怨恨 / 中怀怨恨
* 交怨
* 人怨神怒
* 仇怨 (chóuyuàn)
* 以德報怨 / 以德报怨 (yǐdébàoyuàn)
* 以怨報德 / 以怨报德 (yǐyuànbàodé)
* 以直報怨 / 以直报怨 (yǐzhíbàoyuàn)
* 任勞任怨 / 任劳任怨
* 勇動多怨 / 勇动多怨
* 匿怨
* 含怨 (hányuàn)
* 哀怨 (āiyuàn)
* 嗟怨 (jiēyuàn)
* 埋天怨地
* 埋怨 (mányuàn)
* 報怨 / 报怨 (bàoyuàn)
* 夙怨 (sùyuàn)
* 大怨
* 天怒人怨 (tiānnùrényuàn)
* 媒怨
* 嫌怨
* 寄怨
* 宿怨 (sùyuàn)
* 帶怨 / 带怨
* 幽怨 (yōuyuàn)
* 彥倫鶴怨 / 彦伦鹤怨
* 德以報怨 / 德以报怨
* 怨不得 (yuànbude)
* 怨世罵時 / 怨世骂时
* 怨仇 (yuànchóu)
* 怨偶
* 怨入骨髓
* 怨咨
* 怨嘆 / 怨叹 (oàn-thàn)
* 怨天尤人 (yuàntiān-yóurén)
* 怨天怨地 (yuàntiānyuàndì)
* 怨女 (yuànnǚ)
* 怨女曠夫 / 怨女旷夫 (yuànnǚ kuàngfū)
* 怨家
* 怨尤
* 怨府
* 怨念 (yuànniàn)
* 急忿怨痛
* 怨思
* 怨恨 (yuànhèn)
* 怨悔
* 怨慕
* 怨憤 / 怨愤
* 怨憎會苦 / 怨憎会苦
* 怨懟 / 怨怼 (yuànduì)
* 怨懣 / 怨懑
* 怨抑
* 怨敵 / 怨敌
* 怨暢 / 怨畅
* 怨望 (yuànwàng)
* 怨歎 / 怨叹
* 怨毒 (yuàndú)
* 怨氣 / 怨气 (yuànqì)
* 怨氣沖天 / 怨气冲天
* 怨氣滿腹 / 怨气满腹
* 怨結 / 怨结
* 怨而不言
* 怨耦
* 怨聲 / 怨声 (yuànshēng)
* 怨聲滿道 / 怨声满道
* 怨聲盈路 / 怨声盈路
* 怨聲載路 / 怨声载路
* 怨聲載道 / 怨声载道 (yuànshēngzàidào)
* 怨艾 (yuànyì)
* 怨言 (yuànyán)
* 怨詈
* 怨謗 / 怨谤
* 怨讟 / 怨𮙋 (yuàndú)
* 怨骨
* 怨鼓
* 恩怨 (ēnyuàn)
* 恩怨分明
* 悔怨
* 悽怨 / 凄怨
* 懷怨 / 怀怨 (huáiyuàn)
* 招怨
* 抱怨 (bàoyuàn)
* 搆怨 / 构怨 (gòuyuàn)
* 斂怨 / 敛怨
* 斂怨求媚 / 敛怨求媚
* 昭君怨
* 曠夫怨女 / 旷夫怨女 (kuàngfū yuànnǚ)
* 東征西怨
* 柳啼花怨
* 構怨 / 构怨 (gòuyuàn)
* 構怨連兵 / 构怨连兵
* 樹怨 / 树怨
* 死而無怨 / 死而无怨
* 民怨 (mínyuàn)
* 民怨沸騰 / 民怨沸腾
* 民怨盈塗 / 民怨盈涂
* 無怨無悔 / 无怨无悔
* 狂魂怨鬼
* 玉階怨 / 玉阶怨
* 痴男怨女 (chīnányuànnǚ)
* 白華之怨 / 白华之怨
* 盜怨主人 / 盗怨主人
* 睚眥之怨 / 睚眦之怨
* 神怒人怨
* 神怒民怨
* 神怒鬼怨
* 私怨
* 積怨 / 积怨 (jīyuàn)
* 結怨 / 结怨 (jiéyuàn)
* 絲恩髮怨 / 丝恩发怨
* 自怨自歎 / 自怨自叹
* 自怨自艾 (zìyuànzìyì)
* 舊怨 / 旧怨 (jiùyuàn)
* 虛恭實怨 / 虚恭实怨
* 謈怨
* 賈怨 / 贾怨
* 資怨助禍 / 资怨助祸
* 載道怨聲 / 载道怨声
* 閨怨 / 闺怨 (guīyuàn)
* 閨怨詩 / 闺怨诗

### References

* “怨”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* grudge
* resentment
* jealous

#### Readings

* Go-on: おん (on, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: えん (en, Jōyō)
* Kun: うらむ (uramu, 怨む)、うらみ (urami, 怨み)、うらめしい (urameshii, 怨めしい)

#### Synonyms

* 恨

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 怨
* えん Grade: S
* kan'on
From Middle Chinese 怨 (MC 'jwon|'jwonH).
The kan'on pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ẽ̞ɴ]

#### Affix

怨(えん) • (en)
* hate; resent

##### Derived terms

* 怨(えん)言(げん) (engen)
* 怨(えん)恨(こん) (enkon)
* 怨(えん)色(しょく) (enshoku): grudging look
* 怨(えん)望(ぼう) (enbō)
* 私(し)怨(えん) (shien)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 怨
* おん Grade: S
* goon
From Middle Chinese 怨 (MC 'jwon|'jwonH).
The goon pronunciation, so likely the initial borrowing.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [õ̞ɴ]

#### Affix

怨(おん) • (on)
* hate; resent

##### Derived terms

* 怨(おん)敵(てき) (onteki)
* 怨(おん)念(ねん) (onnen)
* 怨(おん)霊(りょう) (onryō)

## Korean
### Hanja

怨 • (won) (hangeul 원, revised won, McCune–Reischauer wŏn, Yale wen)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

怨: Hán Nôm readings: oán
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.