# 含

| 含 | U+542B, &#21547; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-542B |
| ← 吪 [U+542A] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 听 → [U+542C] |

## Translingual
### Han character

含 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 人戈弓口 (OINR), four-corner 8060$_2$, composition ⿱今口)

#### Derived characters

* 唅, 浛, 娢, 㟏, 㤷, 𡌢, 𤞻, 晗, 焓, 琀, 梒, 𦛜, 𦎌, 𥆡, 蛿, 𤚥, 谽, 誝, 䣻, 𧳘, 鋡, 馠, 㓧, 㼨, 䎏, 頷 (颔), 𮜹, 𩩊, 莟, 㟔, 筨, 𡪁

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 178, character 14
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3350
* Dae Jaweon: page 395, character 19
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 592, character 1
* Unihan data for U+542B

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 含 :
| Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 貪 | *kʰl'uːm |
| 嗿 | *l̥ʰuːmʔ |
| 僋 | *l̥ʰuːms, *luːms |
| 酓 | *qʰɯːm, *qlamʔ, *qlɯːms |
| 馠 | *qʰɯːm |
| 谽 | *qʰɯːm |
| 唅 | *qʰɯːm, *ɡɯːms |
| 含 | *ɡɯːm |
| 肣 | *ɡɯːm, *ɡɯːmʔ |
| 頷 | *ɡɯːm, *ɡɯːmʔ |
| 筨 | *ɡɯːm |
| 梒 | *ɡɯːm |
| 鋡 | *ɡɯːm |
| 莟 | *ɡɯːmʔ, *ɡɯːms |
| 琀 | *ɡɯːms |
| 浛 | *ɡɯːms |
| 盦 | *qɯːm, *qaːb |
| 韽 | *qɯːm, *qrɯːms |
| 玪 | *krɯːm |
| 妗 | *qʰrɯːm, *kʰjam, *qʰlɯːm, *ɡrɯms |
| 欦 | *qʰrɯːmʔ, *qʰram, *kʰlam, *kʰlamʔ, *qʰlɯːm |
| 黔 | *ɡram, *ɡrɯm |
| 鈐 | *ɡram |
| 鳹 | *ɡram |
| 雂 | *ɡram, *ɡrɯm |
| 念 | *nɯːms |
| 梣 | *sɡɯm, *sɡrɯm |
| 枔 | *sɢrɯm |
| 岑 | *sɡrɯm |
| 笒 | *sɡrɯm, *ɡrɯms |
| 涔 | *sɡrɯm |
| 侺 | *ɡjɯms |
| 今 | *krɯm |
| 黅 | *krɯm |
| 衿 | *krɯm |
| 衾 | *kʰrɯm |
| 坅 | *kʰrɯmʔ |
| 搇 | *kʰrɯms |
| 琴 | *ɡrɯm |
| 禽 | *ɡrɯm |
| 芩 | *ɡrɯm |
| 庈 | *ɡrɯm |
| 耹 | *ɡrɯm |
| 靲 | *ɡrɯm |
| 擒 | *ɡrɯm |
| 檎 | *ɡrɯm |
| 紟 | *ɡrɯms |
| 吟 | *ŋɡrɯm, *ŋɡrɯms |
| 訡 | *ŋɡrɯm |
| 廞 | *qʰrɯm, *qʰrɯmʔ |
| 陰 | *qrɯm |
| 霠 |
| 飲 | *qrɯmʔ, *qrɯms |
| 蔭 | *qrɯms |
| 廕 | *qrɯms |
| 矜 | *ɡrɯn, *ɡɯn, *kɯŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡɯːm): phonetic 今 (OC *krɯm) + semantic 口 (“mouth”).

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gam (“to put into mouth; to seize with mouth”) (STEDT); cognate with Tibetan འགམ་པ ('gam pa, “to put into the mouth”), Proto-Tani *g(j)am (“bite”).
Within Chinese, cognate with 函 (OC *ɡuːm, *ɡruːm, “to contain; box; letter”) (Schuessler, 2007). 銜 (OC *ɡraːm, “to carry in the mouth; horse's bit”) is probably related. Bodman (1980) considers 頷 (OC *ɡɯːm, *ɡɯːmʔ) to be the endoactive of 含 (OC *ɡɯːm, “to hold in the mouth”), literally “the thing that holds something in the mouth”.

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): hán, hén (han$^2$, hen$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄢˊ, ㄏㄣˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ham$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hàm
* Eastern Min (BUC): gàng / hàng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kâm / kâⁿ / hâm
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gam$^5$ / ham$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$ghoe
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hán
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hán
*** Wade–Giles: han$^2$
*** Yale: hán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: harn
*** Palladius: хань (xanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /xän³⁵/
** (Beijing dialect)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hén
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hén
*** Wade–Giles: hên$^2$
*** Yale: hén
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hern
*** Palladius: хэнь (xɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /xən³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ham$^4$
*** Yale: hàhm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ham$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hem$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɐm²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hàm
*** Hakka Romanization System: ham$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ham$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /ham¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gàng / hàng
*** Sinological IPA : /kaŋ⁵³/, /haŋ⁵³/
* gàng - vernacular;
* hàng - literary.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit含 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /xan³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /xan²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /xan⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /xã⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /xã⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /xan⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /xã²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /xã²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /xan⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /xɛ̃n⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /xan⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /xan²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /xan³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /xan²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /xã̠³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /xaŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /xæ̃⁵⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /xæ̃¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /xɑŋ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /xæ̃³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ɦø²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ɦø¹³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ɦẽ̞²¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ɦø³¹/ /gaŋ³¹/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /xɛ⁴⁴/ /kʰɛ⁴⁴/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | |
| Xiang | Changsha | /xan¹³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ɦan¹²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /hɵn²⁴/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /ham¹¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /hɑm¹¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /hɐm²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /hɐm²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /hɐm²¹/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /ham³⁵/ /kam³⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kaŋ⁵³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /aŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /ham⁵⁵/ /kam⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /ham³¹/ /kam³¹/ |
* Middle Chinese: hom
Rime :
| Character | 含 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 覃 (159) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 胡男切 |
| Baxter | hom |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦʌm/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦəm/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣɒm/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦəm/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣᴀm/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣɒm/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣăm/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | hán |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ham$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*Cə-m-kˤ[ə]m/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡɯːm/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 含 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | hán |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hom › |
| Old Chinese | /*Cə-m-kˁ[ə]m/ |
| English | hold in the mouth |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 含 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 6560 |
| Phonetic component | 今 |
| Rime group | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 含 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡɯːm/ |

#### Definitions

含
* to hold or keep in the mouth
    含住支煙／含住支烟 [Cantonese] ― ham$^4$ zyu$^6$ zi$^1$ jin$^1$ [Jyutping] ― to hold a cigarette in the mouth
    From: 李晉緯 (Lee Chun-wai), lyrics by 謝立文 (Brian Tse), 麥兜與雞
    ham$^4$ zyu$^6$ go$^3$ gai$^1$ baau$^1$ zai$^2$, mong$^6$ zyu$^6$ sei$^3$ bou$^2$ gai$^1$ zaat$^3$ [Jyutping]
    holding a small chicken bun in the mouth, looking at the four-treasure chicken roll
* to contain inside; to comprise; to include
    含鉛油漆／含铅油漆 ― hánqiān yóuqī ― lead paint
    眼裡含著淚／眼里含着泪 ― yǎnlǐ hánzhe lèi ― tears in the eyes
    痰含血 [Hokkien] ― thâm kâⁿ hoeh [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― blood in phlegm
* (literary, or in compounds) to bear; to endure
* to harbor (emotion); to nurse; to endure; to hold back
    含恨 ― hánhèn ― to nurse hatred
* (Hong Kong Cantonese, euphemistic) Short for 含撚. (all senses)
       gam$^1$ pou$^1$ zan$^1$ hai$^6$ ham$^4$ laa$^3$! [Jyutping]
       We are really screwed this time
* a surname, Han

##### Synonyms

* (to hold in the mouth): 銜／衔 (xián)
* (to bear):
* 克服 (kèfú)
* 包容 (bāoróng)
* 受
* 容忍 (róngrěn)
* 忍 (rěn)
* 忍受 (rěnshòu)
* 忍耐 (rěnnài)
* 打限 (Malaysia, Singapore)
* 消受 (xiāoshòu)
* 耐
* (to include):
* 儲藏 / 储藏 (chǔcáng)
* 包 (literary, or in compounds)
* 包含 (bāohán)
* 包孕 (bāoyùn)
* 包容 (bāoróng)
* 包括 (bāokuò)
* 包羅 / 包罗 (bāoluó)
* 包舉 / 包举 (bāojǔ) (literary)
* 包蘊 / 包蕴 (bāoyùn)
* 含有 (hányǒu)
* 含蓄 (hánxù)
* 囊括 (nángkuò)
* 容納 / 容纳 (róngnà)
* 涵括 (hánkuò)
* 涵蓋 / 涵盖 (hángài)
* 蘊含 / 蕴含 (yùnhán)
* 蘊涵 / 蕴涵 (yùnhán)
* 蘊藏 / 蕴藏 (yùncáng)
* 貯藏 / 贮藏 (zhùcáng)
* 連 / 连
* (to harbor): 懷有／怀有 (huáiyǒu)

#### Compounds

* 不含糊
* 內含 / 内含 (nèihán)
* 包含 (bāohán)
* 含光
* 含冤 (hányuān)
* 含冤昭雪
* 含冤負屈 / 含冤负屈
* 吞吐含蓄
* 含含糊糊
* 含味
* 含哺鼓腹
* 含嚬 / 含𫫾
* 含囈 / 含呓 (hányì)
* 含垢
* 含垢忍恥 / 含垢忍耻
* 含垢忍辱
* 含垢納汙 / 含垢纳污
* 含垢藏疾
* 含宥
* 含弘
* 含怨 (hányuàn)
* 含怒 (hánnù)
* 含息
* 含恨 (hánhèn)
* 含悲 (hánbēi)
* 含情 (hánqíng)
* 含悲忍淚 / 含悲忍泪
* 含情脈脈 / 含情脉脉 (hánqíngmòmò)
* 含意 (hányì)
* 含括 (hánkuò)
* 含有 (hányǒu)
* 含殮 / 含殓
* 含毫
* 含水層 / 含水层 (hánshuǐcéng)
* 含水物
* 含水量 (hánshuǐliàng)
* 含沙射影 (hánshāshèyǐng)
* 含沙量
* 含涕
* 含淚 / 含泪 (hánlèi)
* 含混 (hánhùn)
* 含渾 / 含浑
* 含漱劑 / 含漱剂
* 含煙籠霧 / 含烟笼雾
* 含玉 (hányù)
* 含生
* 含秀
* 含笑 (hánxiào)
* 含笑入地
* 含笑花
* 含糊
* 含糊不清
* 含糊其辭 / 含糊其辞 (hánhúqící)
* 含羞 (hánxiū)
* 含羞忍辱
* 含羞草 (hánxiūcǎo)
* 含義 / 含义 (hányì)
* 含臉 / 含脸
* 含苞 (hánbāo)
* 含英
* 含英咀華 / 含英咀华 (hányīngjǔhuá)
* 含苞待放
* 含苞未放
* 含苞欲放
* 含荼
* 含葩
* 含蓄 (hánxù)
* 含蓄渾厚 / 含蓄浑厚
* 含蓼問疾 / 含蓼问疾
* 含蘊 / 含蕴
* 含血噴人 / 含血喷人 (hánxuèpēnrén)
* 含血噀人
* 含貝 / 含贝
* 含辛茹苦 (hánxīnrúkǔ)
* 含酸
* 含量 (hánliàng)
* 含霜
* 含章
* 含飯 / 含饭
* 含飴弄孫 / 含饴弄孙 (hányínòngsūn)
* 含齒戴髮 / 含齿戴发
* 大含細入 / 大含细入
* 忍尤含詬 / 忍尤含诟
* 忍恥含垢 / 忍耻含垢
* 忍恥含羞 / 忍耻含羞
* 忍辱含垢
* 忍辱含羞
* 戴髮含齒 / 戴发含齿
* 斯陀含
* 暗含 (ànhán)
* 百卉含英
* 羅含夢鳥 / 罗含梦鸟
* 茹苦含辛
* 薄面含嗔
* 蘊含 / 蕴含 (yùnhán)
* 蘊藉含蓄 / 蕴借含蓄
* 負屈含冤 / 负屈含冤
* 阿那含
* 隱含 / 隐含 (yǐnhán)
* 風木含悲 / 风木含悲
* 鼓腹含哺
* 齒如含貝 / 齿如含贝

### Etymology 2

Exoactive or causative of etymology 1 (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with 憾 (OC *ɡɯːms, “to resent”).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): hàn (han$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄢˋ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hàn
*** Wade–Giles: han$^4$
*** Yale: hàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hann
*** Palladius: хань (xanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /xän⁵¹/
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*Cə-m-[k]ˤ[ə]m-s/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 含 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | hán |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hom$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*Cə-m-[k]ˁ[ə]m-s/ |
| English | to put in the mouth |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||

#### Definitions

含
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Original form of 琀 (hán, “gems and pearls stuffed into a corpse's mouth”).
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to put gems and pearls into a corpse's mouth

### Etymology 3

Ultimately from Hebrew חָם.

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Hán (Han$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄢˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ham$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): Hàm
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): Hâm
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Hán
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Hán
*** Wade–Giles: Han$^2$
*** Yale: Hán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Harn
*** Palladius: Хань (Xanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /xän³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ham$^4$
*** Yale: hàhm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ham$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hem$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɐm²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Hàm
*** Hakka Romanization System: ham$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ham$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /ham¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hâm
*** Tâi-lô: Hâm
*** Phofsit Daibuun: haam
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ham²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ham²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ham¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ham²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ham²³/

#### Definitions

含
* (biblical) Ham
    閃含語系／闪含语系 ― Shǎn-Hán yǔxì ― Semito-Hamitic language family

#### Compounds

* 含族
* 閃含語系 / 闪含语系 (Shǎnhányǔxì)

### Etymology 4

* For pronunciation and definitions of 含 – see 攔 (“(Hokkien) to shield; to alibi; to protect”). (This character is a variant form of 攔).

### References

* “含”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* include, contain

#### Readings

* Go-on: ごん (gon)
* Kan-on: かん (kan)
* Kan’yō-on: がん (gan, Jōyō)
* Kun: ふくむ (fukumu, 含む, Jōyō)、ふくめる (fukumeru, 含める, Jōyō)

## Korean
### Hanja

含 (eumhun 머금을 함 (meogeumeul ham))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

含: Hán Nôm readings: hàm
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.