# 礱

| 礱 | U+7931, &#31025; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7931 |
| ← 礰 [U+7930] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 礲 → [U+7932] |

## Translingual
### Han character

礱 (Kangxi radical 112, 石+16, 21 strokes, cangjie input 難卜心一口 (XYPMR) or 卜心一口 (YPMR), four-corner 0160$_1$, composition ⿱龍石)
* grind, hull (rice)
* whetstone

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 838, character 35
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24586
* Dae Jaweon: page 1256, character 2
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2464, character 13
* Unihan data for U+7931

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 驡 | *ʔslaːŋʔ, *roŋ |
| 龐 | *broːŋ |
| 瀧 | *rroːŋ, *sroːŋ, *roːŋ |
| 籠 | *roːŋ, *roːŋʔ, *roŋ |
| 豅 | *roːŋ |
| 朧 | *roːŋ, *roŋs |
| 龓 | *roːŋ, *roːŋʔ |
| 聾 | *roːŋ |
| 礱 | *roːŋ, *roːŋs |
| 嚨 | *roːŋ |
| 蘢 | *roːŋ, *roŋ |
| 櫳 | *roːŋ |
| 襱 | *roːŋ, *roːŋʔ, *r'oŋʔ |
| 瓏 | *roːŋ |
| 曨 | *roːŋ, *roːŋʔ |
| 鸗 | *roːŋ, *roŋ |
| 蠪 | *roːŋ |
| 巃 | *roːŋʔ |
| 竉 | *roːŋʔ |
| 攏 | *roːŋʔ |
| 儱 | *roːŋʔ, *roŋs |
| 龍 | *b·roŋ, *mroːŋ |
| 躘 | *roŋ, *roŋs |
| 隴 | *roŋʔ |
| 壠 | *roŋʔ |
| 壟 | *roŋʔ |
| 寵 | *r̥ʰoŋʔ |
| 龏 | *kloŋ, *kloŋs, *qroːɡ |

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): lóng (long$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄨㄥˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): lung$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): lùng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): lang$^2$ / lorng$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): lâng / lông
    (Teochew, Peng'im): lang$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$lon
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lóng
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lóng
*** Wade–Giles: lung$^2$
*** Yale: lúng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: long
*** Palladius: лун (lun)
*** Sinological IPA : /lʊŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lung$^4$
*** Yale: lùhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lung$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lung$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /lʊŋ²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lùng
*** Hakka Romanization System: lung$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: lung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /luŋ¹¹/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: lang$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /laŋ¹³/
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: lorng$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɒŋ¹³/
* lang2 - vernacular;
* lorng2 - literary.
* Middle Chinese: luwng, luwngH
Rime :
| Character | 礱 | 礱 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (1) | 東 (1) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 盧紅切 | 盧貢切 |
| Baxter | luwng | luwngH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /luŋ/ | /luŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /luŋ/ | /luŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /luŋ/ | /luŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ləwŋ/ | /ləwŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /luŋ/ | /luŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /luŋ/ | /luŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /luŋ/ | /luŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | lóng | lòng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | lung$^4$ | lung$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*roːŋ/, /*roːŋs/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 礱 | 礱 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 8418 | 8435 |
| Phonetic component | 龍 | 龍 |
| Rime group | 東 | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 籠 | 弄 |
| Old Chinese | /*roːŋ/ | /*roːŋs/ |

### Definitions

礱
* to grind; to mill

#### Compounds

* 磨礱砥礪 / 磨砻砥砺
* 礱厲 / 砻厉
* 礱淬利器 / 砻淬利器
* 礱磨 / 砻磨
* 礱穀機 / 砻谷机
* 礱糠 / 砻糠

### References

* 小川尚義 (OGAWA Naoyoshi), editor (1931–1932), “礱”, in 臺日大辭典 [Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary]‎ (overall work in Hokkien and Japanese), Taihoku: Government-General of Taiwan, →OCLC
* William Campbell (1913) A dictionary of the Amoy vernacular spoken throughout the prefectures of Chin-Chiu, Chiang-Chiu and Formosa (in Hokkien), 8th edition, Tainan: Taiwan Church Press, published 1961, →OCLC, pages 424, 457, 479.
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “砻”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 144.
* “礱”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* grind
* sharpen
* mill

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): ろう (rō)、る (ru)
* Kun: とぐ (togu)

## Korean
### Hanja

礱 • (rong>nong) (hangeul 롱>농, revised rong>nong, McCune–Reischauer rong>nong, Yale long>nong)
* grind
* pound
* millstone