# îagûara
## Old Tupi
### Alternative forms

* îaûara

### Etymology

Derived from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *jawar.
Cognate with Guaraní jagua.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [jaˈɡʷa.ɾa]
* Rhymes: -aɾa
* Hyphenation: îa‧gûa‧ra

### Noun

îagûara (unpossessable)
* jaguar (Panthera onca)
    Synonyms: îagûarakangusu, îagûareté, îagûarusu
** 1557, Hans Staden, quoting Cunhambebe, chapter 44, in Warhaftige [Hiſtoria und] beſchꝛeibung eyner Landtſchafft der wilden nacketen/grimmigen menſchfreſſer leuthen/in der newenwelt America gelegen [True history and description of a land of wild, naked, fierce man-eating people located in the New World of America] (overall work in German), Marburg: Andreas Kolbe, unnumbered page:Jau ware ſche […][Îaûara xe […] ]I'm a jaguar.
** c. 1628, Luís Figueira, “De algũas dições, que ſos per ſi não ſignificão; mas juntas a outras parstes da oração, lhe dão ſentido differente”, in Arte da lingua Braſilica [Art of the Brasílica Language]‎ (overall work in Portuguese), Lisbon: Manuel da Silva, page 79v:Ajucancar iaguara Pedro çupe […][Aîukaukar îagûara Pedro supé […] ]I compelled Pedro to kill the jaguar.
* (Late Tupi) dog (Canis familiaris)
    Synonyms: îagûamimbaba, eŷmbaba îagûara
* (loosely) any carnivoran
    îagûapopeba ― river otter (literally, “flat-footed canivoran”)
* (hapax, astronomy) Mars

#### Usage notes

* With the advent of colonization, Tupians used the names of similar native animals to call the unknown species brought by the Europeans. Neologisms were then created by using eté (“true”) and eŷmbaba / mimbaba (“domestic animal”) as a form to differentiate the old and new species, respectively.
* By d'Abbeville's description of a bright red star that follows the Moon, it has been guessed he refered to Mars. Rodolfo Garcia sugests it was Venus in his translation to Portuguese, but his work has many omitted parts from the original and misunderstandings involving both Old Tupi and astronomy.

#### Coordinate terms

* canids: agûará/agûaragûasu · îagûapytanga · îagûara/îagûamimbaba/eŷmbaba îagûara
* (felids) îagûara (îagûarakangusu, îagûareté, *îagûaruna, îagûarusu), marakaîá (bixana, *îagûatyryka, marakaîaeté, marakaîagûasu, marakaîamimbaba, marakaîamirĩ), sûasuarana (îagûapytangusu)

#### Related terms

* îagûapopeba
* îagûapytanga
* îagûarakangusu
* îagûarana
* îagûarapeba
* îagûarema
* îagûaresá
* îagûareté
* *îagûaruna
* îagûarusu
* Îagûatinga

#### Descendants

* Nheengatu: yawara
* → Portuguese: jaguara

### References

* ↑ anonymous author (1622) “Onça, ou tigre”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica (overall work in Portuguese), Piratininga; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, volume 2, São Paulo: USP, 1953, page 56: “Iaguara [Îagûara]”
* ↑ anonymous author (1622) “Cão, animal”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica (overall work in Portuguese), Piratininga; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, volume 1, São Paulo: USP, 1953, page 65: “Jagoara [Îagûara]”
* ↑ Claude d'Abbeville (1614) chapter LI, in Hiſtoire de la Miſsion des Peres Capucins en L’Iſle de Maragnan et terres circonuoiſines [History of the Mission of the Capuchin Fathers in the Island of Maranhão and surrounding lands] (overall work in French), Paris: Imprimerie de François Huby, page 317: “Iaouare [Îaûara]”
* ↑ Flávia Pedroza Lima, Ildeu de Castro Moreira (2005) “Tradições astronômicas tupinambás na visão de Claude D’Abbeville”, in Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de História da Ciência‎ (in Portuguese), volume 3, number 1, Rio de Janeiro, page 11
* Eduardo de Almeida Navarro (2013) “îagûara”, in Dicionário de tupi antigo: a língua indígena clássica do Brasil [Dictionary of Old Tupi: The Classical Indigenous Language of Brazil] (overall work in Portuguese), São Paulo: Global, →ISBN, pages 153–154
* Nelson Papavero, Dante Martins Teixeira (2014) Zoonímia tupi nos escritos quinhentistas europeus [Tupian zoonymy in 16th century European writings] (Arquivos NEHiLP; 3) (in Portuguese), São Paulo: FFLCH-USP, →DOI, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 249