# 鼓

| 鼓 | U+9F13, &#40723; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F13 |
| ← 鼒 [U+9F12] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 鼔 → [U+9F14] |
| ⿎ | U+2FCE, &#12238; KANGXI RADICAL DRUM |
| ← ⿍ [U+2FCD] | Kangxi Radicals | ⿏ → [U+2FCF] |

## Translingual
### Han character

鼓 (Kangxi radical 207, 鼓+0, 13 strokes, cangjie input 土廿十水 (GTJE), four-corner 4414$_7$, composition ⿰壴支)
* Kangxi radical #207, ⿎.

#### Derived characters

* Appendix:Chinese radical/鼓
* 𠿤, 𫱺, 臌, 𭿢, 𨭸(𫔐), 𮨲, 𡽌, 瞽, 𦗺, 𨆊, 𮝪, 䥢, 𮩑, 𪇀, 𡽂, 薣, 𩰛

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1526, character 1
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 48330
* Dae Jaweon: page 2061, character 15
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4763, character 1
* Unihan data for U+9F13

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 鼓 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 皷 | *kʷaːʔ |
| 鼓 | *kʷaːʔ |
| 瞽 | *kʷaːʔ |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 壴 (“drum”) + 支 (“hand holding drumstick”). Compare 殸. See also the right component of 段.

### Etymology

Area word; compare Proto-Tai *klɔŋᴬ (“drum”), Saek [script needed] (tlɔɔŋᴬ¹), Proto-Hlai *laŋ¹ (“drum”), Proto-Wa (*kloʔ, "bronze-drum") (Schuessler, 2007).
瞽 (OC *kʷaːʔ, “blind man; musician”) is a derivative.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): gǔ (gu$^3$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨˇ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): gu$^3$
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): гў (gw, II)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gu$^2$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): gu$^2$
* Gan (Wiktionary): gu$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kú
    (Meixian, Guangdong): gu$^3$
* Jin (Wiktionary): gu$^2$
* Northern Min (KCR): gǔ
* Eastern Min (BUC): gū
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gou$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kó͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gou$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$ku
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): gu$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gǔ
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gǔ
*** Wade–Giles: ku$^3$
*** Yale: gǔ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guu
*** Palladius: гу (gu)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku²¹⁴/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: gu$^3$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gu
*** Sinological IPA : /ku⁵³/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: гў (gw, II)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku⁵¹/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gu$^2$
*** Yale: gú
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gu$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kuː³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: gu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /ku⁵⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: gu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /ku²¹³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kú
*** Hakka Romanization System: gu$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /ku³¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: gu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /ku³¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: gu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ku⁵³/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gǔ
*** Sinological IPA : /ku²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gū
*** Sinological IPA : /ku³³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gou$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɔu⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gou$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɔu³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Zhangpu, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kó͘
*** Tâi-lô: kóo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kor
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /kɔ⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangpu): /kɔu⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /kɔ⁵⁵⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gou$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kóu
*** Sinological IPA : /kou⁵²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$ku
*** MiniDict: ku$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$ku
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ku³⁴/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: gu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /ku⁴¹/
* Middle Chinese: kuX
Rime :
| Character | 鼓 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 公戸切 |
| Baxter | kuX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kuo$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kuo$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ko$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kɔ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ko$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ku$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kuo$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gǔ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gu$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ˤaʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʷaːʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 鼓 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gǔ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ku$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[k]ˁaʔ/ |
| English | drum (n. & v.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 鼓 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 4337 |
| Phonetic component | 鼓 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 古 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʷaːʔ/ |
| Notes | 亦同皷 |

### Definitions

鼓
* (music) drum (Classifier: 面 m)
    鼓手 ― gǔshǒu ― drummer
* to drum; to beat a drum
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
    Gōng jiāng gǔ zhī. Guì yuē: wèikě. Qí rén sān gǔ. Guì yuē: kě yǐ. [Pinyin]
    When the Duke was about to sound the drum for the attack, Tsao said, "Not yet." When the men of Qi had drummed thrice, Tsao said, "Now we can drum."
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Yúshì gǔ zhī yòu, fùrén dàxiào. Sūnzǐ yuē: “Yuēshù bùmíng, shēnlìng bù shú, jiāng zhī zuì yě.” Fù sānlìngwǔshēn ér gǔ zhī zuǒ, fùrén fù dàxiào. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (literary) to play; to perform; to sound (a musical instrument)
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Gǔ zhōng qīn qīn, gǔ sè gǔ qín. Shēng qìng tóngyīn. [Pinyin]
    His bells ring out k'in k'in; His lutes, large and small, give their notes; The tones of his organs and sounding stones are in unison.
* to beat; to clap
    鼓掌 ― gǔzhǎng ― to clap hands
    From: The Verses of Chu, 4th century BCE – 2nd century CE
    Lǚ wàng zhī gǔ dāo xī, zāo Zhōu wén ér dé jǔ. Níng qī zhī ōu gē xī, Qí Huán wén yǐ gāi fǔ. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to blast hot air for smelting
    From: The Book of Han, circa 1st century CE
    Yǎn jiǎozhì, shǐ Jiāodōng, Lǔguó gǔ zhù yán tiě. Hái, zòu shì, xǐ wèi tàicháng chéng. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* to incite; to encourage
    鼓勵／鼓励 ― gǔlì ― to encourage
* to protrude; to bulge
* a surname

#### Synonyms

* (drum): (Hakka) 鼓仔
* (to protrude):
* 凸
* 凸出 (tūchū)
* 凸起 (tūqǐ)
* 暴突
* 突出 (tūchū)
* 鐘腄 / 钟腄 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 高出 (gāochū)
* 鼓起 (gǔqǐ)

#### Hypernyms

* (drum): 打擊樂器／打击乐器 (dǎjī yuèqì)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 鼓(こ) (ko)
* → Korean: 고(鼓) (go)
* → Vietnamese: cổ (鼓)
(Others):
* Wutunhua: guu

### Compounds

* 一鼓一板
* 一鼓作氣 / 一鼓作气 (yīgǔzuòqì)
* 一鼓而下
* 三更四鼓
* 三鼓
* 不琅鼓
* 串鼓
* 京東大鼓 / 京东大鼓
* 京津大鼓
* 京韻大鼓 / 京韵大鼓
* 仙人拍鼓有時錯，跤步踏差啥人無 / 仙人拍鼓有时错，跤步踏差啥人无 (sian-jîn phah kó͘ iú sî chhò, kha-pō͘ ta̍h-chha siáⁿ-lâng bô) (Min Nan)
* 伐鼓
* 伯牙鼓琴
* 何鼓
* 信鼓
* 偃旗息鼓 (yǎnqíxīgǔ)
* 偃旗臥鼓 / 偃旗卧鼓
* 傳訊鼓 / 传讯鼓 (chuánxùngǔ)
* 傳鼓 / 传鼓
* 兩部鼓吹 / 两部鼓吹
* 八角鼓 (bājiǎogǔ)
* 勃浪鼓
* 博浪鼓
* 博郎鼓
* 卷旗息鼓
* 含哺鼓腹
* 君桴臣鼓
* 吹鼓手 (chuīgǔshǒu)
* 單皮鼓 / 单皮鼓 (dānpígǔ)
* 嚴鼓 / 严鼓
* 圓鼓鼓 / 圆鼓鼓
* 堂鼓 (tánggǔ)
* 堠鼓
* 夕陽簫鼓 / 夕阳箫鼓
* 大力鼓吹
* 大張旗鼓 / 大张旗鼓 (dàzhāngqígǔ)
* 大鑼大鼓 / 大锣大鼓
* 大鼓 (dàgǔ)
* 大鼓書 / 大鼓书
* 大鼓陣 / 大鼓阵 (dàgǔzhèn)
* 太公鼓刀
* 太平鼓
* 套鼓
* 定音鼓 (dìngyīngǔ)
* 密鑼緊鼓 / 密锣紧鼓 (mìluójǐngǔ)
* 小軍鼓 / 小军鼓 (xiǎojūngǔ)
* 小鼓 (xiǎogǔ)
* 山東大鼓 / 山东大鼓
* 巫毒鼓 (wūdúgǔ)
* 巴郎鼓
* 布鼓雷門 / 布鼓雷门
* 庸鼓
* 弄車鼓 / 弄车鼓
* 怨鼓
* 愛的鼓勵 / 爱的鼓励
* 戍鼓
* 戰鼓 / 战鼓 (zhàngǔ)
* 扁鼓 (biǎngǔ)
* 手鼓 (shǒugǔ)
* 打水鼓
* 打獵鼓 / 打猎鼓
* 打竄鼓 / 打窜鼓
* 打花鼓
* 打著竄鼓 / 打著窜鼓
* 打退堂鼓 (dǎ tuìtánggǔ)
* 打邊鼓 / 打边鼓
* 打鼓 (dǎgǔ)
* 打鼓兒的 / 打鼓儿的
* 打鼓津頭 / 打鼓津头
* 打鼓說書 / 打鼓说书
* 拋金棄鼓 / 抛金弃鼓
* 拊鼓
* 拍鼓
* 抬鼓弄
* 掩旗息鼓
* 掉舌鼓脣 / 掉舌鼓唇
* 掀風鼓浪 / 掀风鼓浪
* 排鼓 (páigǔ)
* 揚幡擂鼓 / 扬幡擂鼓
* 揚鈴打鼓 / 扬铃打鼓
* 揚鑼搗鼓 / 扬锣捣鼓
* 搖吻鼓舌 / 摇吻鼓舌
* 搖旗打鼓 / 摇旗打鼓
* 搖旗擂鼓 / 摇旗擂鼓 (yáo qí léigǔ)
* 搖旗鼓譟 / 摇旗鼓噪
* 搖脣鼓舌 / 摇唇鼓舌
* 搖鈴打鼓 / 摇铃打鼓
* 搗鼓 / 捣鼓 (dǎogu)
* 撥浪鼓 / 拨浪鼓
* 播郎鼓
* 撦鼓奪旗 / 撦鼓夺旗
* 擊壤鼓腹 / 击壤鼓腹
* 擊鼓 / 击鼓 (jīgǔ)
* 擂鼓 (léigǔ)
* 擂鼓三通
* 擊鼓申冤 / 击鼓申冤
* 擂鼓篩鑼 / 擂鼓筛锣
* 擊鼓罵曹 / 击鼓骂曹
* 擂鼓鳴金 / 擂鼓鸣金
* 攛鼓兒 / 撺鼓儿
* 敗鼓之皮 / 败鼓之皮
* 散堂鼓
* 敲邊鼓 / 敲边鼓
* 敲鑼打鼓 / 敲锣打鼓
* 敲鑼擊鼓 / 敲锣击鼓
* 旗鼓
* 旗鼓相望
* 旗鼓相當 / 旗鼓相当 (qígǔxiāngdāng)
* 晨鐘暮鼓 / 晨钟暮鼓 (chénzhōngmùgǔ)
* 暮鼓晨鐘 / 暮鼓晨钟 (mùgǔchénzhōng)
* 更鼓
* 更鼓敲盡 / 更鼓敲尽
* 書鼓 / 书鼓
* 會鼓 / 会鼓
* 朝歌鼓刀
* 朝鐘暮鼓 / 朝钟暮鼓
* 木板大鼓
* 東北大鼓 / 东北大鼓
* 板鼓 (bǎngǔ)
* 枹鼓
* 枹鼓相應 / 枹鼓相应
* 梨花大鼓
* 梅花大鼓
* 桴鼓
* 梆鼓
* 棋鼓
* 樂亭大鼓 / 乐亭大鼓
* 櫜弓臥鼓 / 櫜弓卧鼓
* 歡忻鼓舞 / 欢忻鼓舞
* 歡欣鼓舞 / 欢欣鼓舞 (huānxīngǔwǔ)
* 氣鼓 / 气鼓
* 氣鼓撓刀 / 气鼓挠刀
* 氣鼓鼓 / 气鼓鼓
* 波浪鼓 (bōlànggǔ)
* 河鼓
* 法鼓
* 津鼓
* 浴鼓
* 滑稽大鼓
* 漁陽鞞鼓 / 渔阳鞞鼓
* 漁鼓 / 渔鼓 (yúgǔ)
* 漏鼓
* 潑浪鼓 / 泼浪鼓
* 烽鼓
* 煤氣鼓 / 煤气鼓 (méiqìgǔ)
* 爭頭鼓腦 / 争头鼓脑
* 犁鏵大鼓 / 犁铧大鼓
* 畫鼓 / 画鼓 (huàgǔ)
* 登聞鼓 / 登闻鼓
* 石鼓 (shígǔ)
* 石鼓文 (shígǔwén)
* 社鼓
* 禁鼓
* 簧鼓
* 緊鑼密鼓 / 紧锣密鼓 (jǐnluómìgǔ)
* 羯鼓 (jiégǔ)
* 羯鼓催花
* 聽鼓 / 听鼓
* 腰鼓 (yāogǔ)
* 膠柱鼓瑟 / 胶柱鼓瑟 (jiāozhùgǔsè)
* 臘鼓 / 腊鼓
* 臘鼓頻催 / 腊鼓频催
* 臥旗息鼓 / 卧旗息鼓
* 臥鼓偃旗 / 卧鼓偃旗
* 花奴羯鼓
* 花盆鼓 (huāpéngǔ)
* 花鼓 (huāgǔ)
* 花鼓戲 / 花鼓戏 (huāgǔxì)
* 莊子鼓盆 / 庄子鼓盆
* 蒙在鼓裡 / 蒙在鼓里 (méngzàigǔlǐ)
* 藍鼓藻 / 蓝鼓藻
* 蛙鼓蟲吟 / 蛙鼓虫吟
* 街鼓
* 西河大鼓
* 訝鼓 / 讶鼓
* 設鼓懸鐘 / 设鼓悬钟
* 詩腸鼓吹 / 诗肠鼓吹
* 說鼓書 / 说鼓书
* 諫鼓 / 谏鼓
* 警鼓
* 象腳鼓 / 象脚鼓
* 貨郎鼓 / 货郎鼓
* 跨鼓
* 跨鼓舞
* 跳鼓陣 / 跳鼓阵
* 車鼓弄 / 车鼓弄
* 車鼓陣 / 车鼓阵
* 退堂鼓 (tuìtánggǔ)
* 邊鼓 / 边鼓
* 釁鼓 / 衅鼓
* 重振旗鼓
* 重整旗鼓 (chóngzhěng qígǔ)
* 金鼓 (jīngǔ)
* 金鼓喧天 (jīngǔxuāntiān)
* 金鼓連天 / 金鼓连天
* 金鼓雷鳴 / 金鼓雷鸣
* 金鼓齊鳴 / 金鼓齐鸣 (jīngǔ qí míng)
* 鈴鼓 / 铃鼓 (línggǔ)
* 鉦鼓 / 钲鼓 (zhēnggǔ)
* 銅鼓 / 铜鼓 (tónggǔ)
* 鐘鼓 / 钟鼓 (zhōnggǔ)
* 鐵板大鼓 / 铁板大鼓 (tiěbǎn dàgǔ)
* 鐵片大鼓 / 铁片大鼓
* 鑼鼓 / 锣鼓 (luógǔ)
* 鑼鼓喧天
* 鑼鼓經 / 锣鼓经
* 長鼓 / 长鼓 (chánggǔ)
* 陶鎔鼓鑄 / 陶镕鼓铸
* 雷鼓
* 非洲鼓
* 鞀鼓 / 鼗鼓 (táogǔ)
* 鞔鼓
* 頭手鼓 / 头手鼓
* 風鼓 / 风鼓
* 鬧喪鼓兒 / 闹丧鼓儿
* 魚鼓 / 鱼鼓 (yúgǔ)
* 魚鼓簡板 / 鱼鼓简板
* 魚鼓道情 / 鱼鼓道情
* 鳴天鼓 / 鸣天鼓
* 鳴金擊鼓 / 鸣金击鼓
* 鳳陽花鼓 / 凤阳花鼓
* 鳴鼓大噪 / 鸣鼓大噪
* 鳴鼓而攻 / 鸣鼓而攻
* 黃門鼓吹 / 黄门鼓吹
* 鼉皮鼓 / 鼍皮鼓
* 鼉鼓 / 鼍鼓 (tuógǔ)
* 鼓下
* 鼓令
* 鼓兒詞 / 鼓儿词
* 鼓刀
* 鼓勇直行
* 鼓動 / 鼓动 (gǔdòng)
* 鼓動風潮 / 鼓动风潮
* 鼓勵 / 鼓励 (gǔlì)
* 鼓吹
* 鼓吹弦
* 鼓吹樂 / 鼓吹乐
* 鼓吹鳴蛙 / 鼓吹鸣蛙
* 鼓噪 (gǔzào)
* 鼓姬
* 鼓子曲
* 鼓子詞 / 鼓子词
* 鼓室 (gǔshì)
* 鼓山 (Gǔshān)
* 鼓師 / 鼓师
* 鼓床
* 鼓惑 (gǔhuò)
* 鼓手 (gǔshǒu)
* 鼓掌 (gǔzhǎng)
* 鼓掌歡呼 / 鼓掌欢呼
* 鼓搗 / 鼓捣 (gǔdao)
* 鼓書 / 鼓书
* 鼓板 (gǔbǎn)
* 鼓枻
* 鼓棒 (gǔbàng)
* 鼓槌 (gǔchuí)
* 鼓樂 / 鼓乐
* 鼓樓 / 鼓楼 (gǔlóu)
* 鼓樂喧天
* 鼓浪嶼 / 鼓浪屿 (Gǔlàngyǔ)
* 鼓琴
* 鼓琴悲
* 鼓瑟 (gǔsè)
* 鼓瑟焚香
* 鼓盆 (gǔpén)
* 鼓盆之戚
* 鼓盆歌
* 鼓盆而歌
* 鼓笛
* 鼓篋 / 鼓箧
* 鼓簧
* 鼓翮
* 鼓翼
* 鼓聲 / 鼓声 (gǔshēng)
* 鼓脣搖舌 / 鼓唇摇舌
* 鼓脹 / 鼓胀 (gǔzhàng)
* 鼓腹 (gǔfù)
* 鼓腹含哺
* 鼓腦爭頭 / 鼓脑争头
* 鼓腹而遊 / 鼓腹而游
* 鼓膜 (gǔmó)
* 鼓膜炎
* 鼓興 / 鼓兴
* 鼓舌 (gǔshé)
* 鼓舌如簧 (gǔshérúhuáng)
* 鼓舌搖脣 / 鼓舌摇唇
* 鼓舞 (gǔwǔ)
* 鼓舞歡欣 / 鼓舞欢欣
* 鼓藻
* 鼓角
* 鼓詞 / 鼓词
* 鼓譟 / 鼓噪 (gǔzào)
* 鼓鈸 / 鼓钹
* 鼓錘 / 鼓锤
* 鼓鍾 / 鼓钟
* 鼓鑄 / 鼓铸
* 鼓風 / 鼓风
* 鼓風機 / 鼓风机 (gǔfēngjī)
* 鼓風爐 / 鼓风炉
* 鼓點子 / 鼓点子
* 鼓鼓囊囊 (gǔgunāngnāng)
* 鼓鼓的
* 鼓鼙 (gǔpí)
* 鼕鼕鼓 / 冬冬鼓
* 鼙鼓
* 鼙鼓雷鳴 / 鼙鼓雷鸣

### References

* “鼓”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* drum

#### Readings

* Go-on: く (ku)
* Kan-on: こ (ko, Jōyō)
* Kun: つづみ (tsuzumi, 鼓, Jōyō)

#### Compounds

* 鼓(こ)手(しゅ) (koshu, “drummer”)
* 鼓(こ)声(せい) (kosei, “sound of a drum”)
* 鼓(こ)膜(まく) (komaku, “eardrum”)
* 簫(しょう)鼓(こ) (shōko, “flutes and drums”)
* 太(たい)鼓(こ) (taiko, “taiko”)
* 鼓(つづみ)草(ぐさ) (tsuzumigusa, “dandelion”)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 鼓
* つづみ Grade: S
* kun'yomi
/tudumi$_1$/ → /tudumi/ → /t͡sud͡zumi/ → /t͡suzumi/
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE. From Proto-Japonic *tuntumi. Related to Okinawan 鼓 (chijin).

#### Alternative forms

* 皷

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) つづみ [tsùzúmíꜜ] (Odaka –)
* (Tokyo) つづみ [tsùzúmí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [t͡sɨzɨmʲi]

#### Noun

鼓(つづみ) • (tsuzumi)
* generic name for musical instruments with a leather head that can be struck.
* a tsuzumi, hand drum with leather heads at both ends, used in Japanese traditional performing arts:
** a 小鼓 (kotsuzumi)
** an 大鼓 (ōtsuzumi)
* a style of 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”), like the leather head of a tsuzumi

#### Proper noun

鼓(つずみ) • (Tsuzumi)
* a surname

#### Proper noun

鼓(つづみ) • (Tsuzumi)
* a female given name
* a surname

### Etymology 2

Various nanori readings.

#### Proper noun

鼓(つつみ) • (Tsutsumi)
* a surname

#### Proper noun

鼓(ひびき) • (Hibiki)
* a female given name
    from 響き (hibiki, “echo”)

### References

* ↑ “鼓”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ko̞]
* Phonetic hangul: [고]

### Hanja

Wikisource 鼓 (eumhun 북 고 (buk go))
* hanja form of 고 (“drum”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

鼓: Hán Nôm readings: cổ
* chữ Hán form of cổ (“drum”).

#### Compounds

* 鼓動 (cổ động)
* 鼓吹 (cổ xúy/cổ xuý)
* 鼓舞 (cổ vũ)