# 柴

| 柴 | U+67F4, &#26612; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-67F4 |
| ← 柳 [U+67F3] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 柵 → [U+67F5] |

## Translingual
### Han character

柴 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+6, 10 strokes, cangjie input 卜心木 (YPD), four-corner 2190$_4$, composition ⿱此木)

#### Derived characters

* 偨 喍 䠕 㾹 䓱 𡍥 𣖧 𭱨 𤠌 𥈐 𥓽 𪑽 𪘿 𪪀 𢉪

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 521, character 6
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14664
* Dae Jaweon: page 909, character 4
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1197, character 11
* Unihan data for U+67F4

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 柴 :
| Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 些 | *saːls, *sjaːl, *seːs |
| 跐 | *ʔsreːʔ, *ʔseʔ, *sʰeʔ, *ʔsreʔ |
| 柴 | *zreː |
| 祡 | *zreː |
| 茈 | *zreː, *ʔseʔ, *ze |
| 眦 | *zreːs |
| 砦 | *zraːds |
| 寨 | *zraːds, *slɯːɡ |
| 啙 | *ʔseː, *zeːʔ, *ʔseʔ |
| 泚 | *sʰeːʔ, *sʰeʔ |
| 玼 | *sʰeːʔ, *sʰeʔ, *ze |
| 皉 | *sʰeːʔ |
| 鮆 | *zeːʔ, *ʔse |
| 眥 | *zeːs, *zes |
| 貲 | *ʔse |
| 髭 | *ʔse |
| 頾 | *ʔse |
| 訾 | *ʔse, *ʔseʔ |
| 鴜 | *ʔse, *ze |
| 鈭 | *ʔse, *sʰe |
| 姕 | *ʔse, *sʰe, *ze |
| 觜 | *ʔse, *ʔse, *ʔseʔ |
| 紫 | *ʔseʔ |
| 訿 | *ʔseʔ |
| 呰 | *ʔseʔ |
| 嘴 | *ʔseʔ |
| 雌 | *sʰe |
| 此 | *sʰeʔ |
| 佌 | *sʰeʔ, *seʔ |
| 庛 | *sʰes |
| 疵 | *ze |
| 骴 | *ze, *zes |
| 胔 | *ze, *zes |
| 飺 | *ze |
| 齜 | *ʔsre |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *zreː): phonetic 此 (OC *sʰeʔ) + semantic 木.

### Etymology 1

Perhaps related to 槎 (OC *zraːl, *zraːlʔ, “to cut trees”) (Schuessler, 2007). Compare also Khmer ឈើ (chəə, “wood”) (ibid.).
On the other hand, the Min forms (e.g. Jian'ou châu, Fuzhou chà, Xiamen chhâ) are from 樵 (OC *zew).

#### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chái (chai$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄞˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): caai$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chhài
* Jin (Wiktionary): cai$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): châu
* Eastern Min (BUC): chà
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ca$^2$ / cor$^2$ / cai$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chhâ / chhâi
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ca$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$za
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chái
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄞˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chái
*** Wade–Giles: chʻai$^2$
*** Yale: chái
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chair
*** Palladius: чай (čaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰaɪ̯³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: caai$^4$
*** Yale: chàaih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsaai$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cai$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰaːi̯²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhài
*** Hakka Romanization System: cai$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: cai$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰai̯¹¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: cai$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡sʰai¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: châu
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰau³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: chà
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰa⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ca$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰa¹³/
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: cor$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɒ¹³/
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: cai$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰai¹³/
* ca2 - vernacular;
* cor2 - vernacular;
* cai2 - literary.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit柴 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ʈ͡ʂʰai³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /t͡sʰai²⁴/ /ʈ͡ʂʰai²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /t͡sʰai⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /ʈ͡ʂʰɛ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /ʈ͡ʂʰɛ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ʈ͡ʂʰai⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /t͡sʰai²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /t͡sʰɛ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ʈ͡ʂʰɛ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ʈ͡ʂʰɛ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /t͡sʰai⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /t͡sʰai²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /t͡sʰai³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /t͡sʰai²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ʈ͡ʂʰæ³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /ʈ͡ʂʰae²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /ʈ͡ʂʰe̞⁵⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡sʰai¹¹/ 片～ /t͡sʰai⁴⁵/ ～市巷 |
| Jin | Pingyao | /sæ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /t͡sʰɛ³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /za²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /zɑ¹³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /d͡ze̞²¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /za³¹/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /sa⁴⁴/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /sa⁴⁴/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /t͡sai¹³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /d͡zai¹²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /t͡sʰai²⁴/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /t͡sʰai¹¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /t͡sʰeu¹¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /t͡sʰai²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /t͡sʰai²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /t͡sʰai²¹/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /t͡sʰai³⁵/ /t͡sʰa³⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /t͡sʰa⁵³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /t͡sʰau³³/ 訓讀 |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /t͡sʰa⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /sai³¹/ /sa³¹/ |
* Middle Chinese: dzrea
Rime :
| Character | 柴 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 崇 (20) |
| Final (韻) | 佳 (31) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 士佳切 |
| Baxter | dzrea |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡ʒˠɛ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɖ͡ʐᵚæ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡ʒæi/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɖ͡ʐaɨj/ |
| Li Rong | /d͡ʒɛ/ |
| Wang Li | /d͡ʒai/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɖ͡ʐʱai/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | chái |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | caai$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[C.dz]ˤre(j)/
    (Zhengzhang): /*zreː/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 柴 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dzrɛ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[C.dz]ˁre(j)/ |
| English | firewood |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 柴 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 1688 |
| Phonetic component | 此 |
| Rime group | 支 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 柴 |
| Old Chinese | /*zreː/ |

##### Definitions

柴
* faggot; bundle of sticks bound together (as fuel)
* firewood; brushwood; wood
* (obsolete) to burn firewood and worship heaven
    From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
    Jì shì ér tuì, chái yú Shàngdì, qí yú shè, shè diàn yú Mù shì. [Pinyin]
    When he withdrew after the victory, he reared a burning pile to God; prayed at the altar of the earth; and set forth his offerings in the house of Mu.
* (dialectal) bony; skinny
* (dialectal, of food, particularly meat) tough and dry (as opposed to tender and succulent); stringy; hard to chew
* (dialectal) no good; poor; inferior
* (Min) slow and inarticulate; dull
* a surname
    柴榮／柴荣 ― Chái Róng ― Chai Rong (Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou)

###### Synonyms

* (wood):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 木頭 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 木頭 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 木頭 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 木頭 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 木頭 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 木頭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 木頭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 木頭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 木頭 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 木頭 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 木頭 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 木 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 木 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 木頭 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 木頭 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 樹料, 木頭 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 木頭 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 柴 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 柴 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 柴 |
| Southern Min | Taipei (Wanhua) | 柴 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 柴 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 柴 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 柴 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 柴 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 柴 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 柴 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 柴 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 柴 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 柴 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 柴 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 柴 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 木頭 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 木頭, 樹 log |
| Xiang | Changsha | 木頭 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 樹 |

##### Compounds

* 乾柴 / 干柴
* 乾柴烈火 / 干柴烈火
* 倒了柴
* 劈柴
* 如柴
* 安全火柴 (ānquán huǒchái)
* 引柴 (yǐnchái)
* 打柴 (dǎchái)
* 拉柴
* 撿柴 / 捡柴 (jiǎnchái)
* 木柴 (mùchái)
* 杜茅柴
* 柴刀 (cháidāo)
* 柴家廟 / 柴家庙 (Cháijiāmiào)
* 柴寮
* 柴市
* 柴心兒 / 柴心儿 (cháixīnr)
* 柴房
* 柴扉 (cháifēi)
* 柴望
* 柴木 (cháimù)
* 柴桑
* 柴棘
* 柴棍 (cháigùn)
* 柴榮 / 柴荣
* 柴毀 / 柴毁
* 柴毀滅性 / 柴毁灭性
* 柴毀骨立 / 柴毁骨立
* 柴水
* 柴油 (cháiyóu)
* 柴油機 / 柴油机 (cháiyóujī)
* 柴湖 (Cháihú)
* 柴溝堡 / 柴沟堡 (Cháigōubǔ)
* 柴火 (cháihuo)
* 柴瘠
* 柴禾 (cháihé)
* 柴窯 / 柴窑
* 柴立不阿
* 柴米 (cháimǐ)
* 柴米夫妻
* 柴米油鹽 / 柴米油盐 (cháimǐyóuyán)
* 柴米油鹽醬醋茶 / 柴米油盐酱醋茶 (chái mǐ yóu yán jiàng cù chá)
* 柴胡 (cháihú)
* 柴荊 / 柴荆
* 柴草 (cháicǎo)
* 柴荒米貴 / 柴荒米贵
* 柴薪 (cháixīn)
* 柴車 / 柴车
* 柴達木河 / 柴达木河
* 柴門 / 柴门 (cháimén)
* 柴門霍夫 / 柴门霍夫
* 柴雞 / 柴鸡 (cháijī)
* 柴頭 / 柴头
* 柴魚 / 柴鱼 (cháiyú)
* 滿口胡柴 / 满口胡柴
* 火柴 (huǒchái)
* 烈火乾柴 / 烈火干柴
* 燔柴 (fánchái)
* 瓜柴
* 瘦骨如柴
* 砍柴 (kǎnchái)
* 稱柴而爨 / 称柴而爨
* 老樹枯柴 / 老树枯柴
* 胡柴 (húchái)
* 胸中柴棘
* 茅柴
* 茅柴酒
* 荊柴 / 荆柴
* 骨瘦如柴 (gǔshòurúchái)

#### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhài (zhai$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄞˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zaai$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhài
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄞˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhài
*** Wade–Giles: chai$^4$
*** Yale: jài
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jay
*** Palladius: чжай (čžaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂaɪ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zaai$^6$
*** Yale: jaaih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzaai$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zai$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡saːi̯²²/

##### Definitions

柴
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to fence; to surround and protect with fence (made of wood)
    《鹿柴》 ― “Lùzhài” ― Deer Fence, a poem by Wang Wei
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to cover; to place something over
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to stop; to block; to obstruct
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 寨 (zhài, “defending fence”)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 寨 (zhài, “villa”)

##### Compounds

* 柴塞
* 柴柵 / 柴栅
* 柴楂
* 柴籬 / 柴篱
* 柴護 / 柴护
* 柴路
* 柴門 / 柴门 (cháimén)
* 鹿柴 (lùzhài)

### Etymology 2

From English chevron (Leung, 2018).

#### Pronunciation

* Cantonese (Jyutping): caai$^4$
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: caai$^4$
*** Yale: chàaih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsaai$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cai$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰaːi̯²¹/

#### Definitions

柴
* (Hong Kong) chevron (insignia); stripe (Classifier: 條／条 c)

#### Compounds

* 一柴 (Cantonese)
* 三柴 (saam$^1$ caai$^4$) (Cantonese)
* 二柴 (Cantonese)
* 傷心柴 / 伤心柴 (Cantonese)
* 打柴 (daa$^2$ caai$^4$) (Cantonese)
* 搣柴 (Cantonese)
* 朱柴 (Cantonese)
* 柴頭 / 柴头 (Cantonese)
* 雷柴 (Cantonese)
* 飛柴 / 飞柴 (Cantonese)

### Further reading

* “柴”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* brushwood
* firewood

#### Readings

* Go-on: ぜ (ze)
* Kan-on: さい (sai)
* Kun: しば (shiba, 柴)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 柴
* しば Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しば [shìbá] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɕiba̠]

### Noun

柴(しば) • (shiba)
* brushwood, firewood

### Proper noun

柴(しば) • (Shiba)
* a surname

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

柴 • (si, chae) (hangeul 시, 채, revised si, chae, McCune–Reischauer si, ch'ae, Yale si, chay)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

柴: Hán Nôm readings: sài, thầy, thài, thày, sầy, xầy
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.