# cog
## Translingual
### Symbol

cog
* (international standards) ISO 639-3 language code for Chong.

### See also

* Wiktionary's coverage of Chong terms

## English
### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) enPR: kŏg, IPA: /kɒɡ/
* (General American) enPR: kôg, IPA: /kɔɡ/
* (cot–caught merger) enPR: kŏg, IPA: /kɑɡ/
* Rhymes: -ɒɡ, -ɔːɡ
* Audio (Southern England):(file)

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Middle English cogge, from Old Norse [Term?] (compare Norwegian kugg (“cog”), Swedish kugg, kugge (“cog, tooth”)), from Proto-Germanic *kuggō (compare Dutch kogge (“cogboat”), German Kock), from Proto-Indo-European *gugā (“hump, ball”) (compare Lithuanian gugà (“pommel, hump, hill”)), from *gēw- (“to bend, arch”).
The meaning of “cog” in carpentry derives from association with a tooth on a cogwheel.

#### Noun

cog (plural cogs)
* A tooth on a gear.
* A gear; a cogwheel.
* An unimportant individual in a greater system.
** 1976, Norman Denny (English translation), Victor Hugo (original French), Les Misérables
    ‘There are twenty-five of us, but they don’t reckon I’m worth anything. I’m just a cog in the machine.’
** 1988, David Mamet, Speed-the-Plow
    Your boss tells you “take initiative,” you best guess right—and you do, then you get no credit. Day-in, … smiling, smiling, just a cog.
* (carpentry) A projection or tenon at the end of a beam designed to fit into a matching opening of another piece of wood to form a joint.
* (mining) One of the rough pillars of stone or coal left to support the roof of a mine.

##### Derived terms

* cog fog
* Cogger
* coggery
* coggle
* cog joint
* cogless
* coglike
* cog mill
* cograil
* cog railway
* cogset
* cogwheel
* cogwood
* cudgel
* hunting cog
* oxtercog

##### Translations
#### Verb

cog (third-person singular simple present cogs, present participle cogging, simple past and past participle cogged)
* To furnish with a cog or cogs.
* (intransitive) Of an electric motor or generator, to snap preferentially to certain positions when not energized.

### Etymology 2

From Middle English cogge, from Middle Dutch kogge, cogghe (modern kogge), from Proto-Germanic *kuggō, from Proto-Indo-European *gugā (“hump, ball”) (compare Lithuanian gugà (“pommel, hump, hill”)), from *gēw- (“to bend, arch”). See etymology 1 above.

#### Noun

cog (plural cogs)
* (historical) A partially clinker-built, flat-bottomed, square-rigged mediaeval ship of burden or war, with a round, bulky hull and a single mast, typically 15 to 25 meters in length, in use from ca. 1150 to 1500.
** 1952, C. S. Lewis, The Voyage of the Dawn Treader:The name of the ship was Dawn Treader. She was only a little bit of a thing compared with one of our ships, or even with the cogs, dromonds, carracks and galleons which Narnia had owned when Lucy and Edmund had reigned there under Peter as the High King, for nearly all navigation had died out in the reigns of Caspian's ancestors.
* (historical) The hypothetical precursor ship type of the above said to be in use during the early Middle Ages, variously alleged to be Frisian or Scandinavian.
* (by extension) A small fishing boat.

##### Translations
### Etymology 3

Uncertain. Both verb and noun appear first in 1532.

#### Noun

cog (plural cogs)
* A trick or deception; a falsehood.
** 1602, William Watson, Quodlibets Religious and State:False suggestions, shamelesse cogs, and impious forgeries.

##### Translations
#### Verb

cog (third-person singular simple present cogs, present participle cogging, simple past and past participle cogged)
* To load (a die) so that it can be used to cheat.
* To cheat; to play or gamble fraudulently.
** 1726, Jonathan Swift (debated), Molly Mog
    For guineas in other men's breeches, / Your gamesters will palm and will cog.
* To seduce, or draw away, by adulation, artifice, or falsehood; to wheedle; to cozen; to cheat.
** c. 1608–1609 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedy of Coriolanus”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii]:I'll mountebank their loves, Cog their hearts from them.
* To plagiarize.
** 1979, Tri-Quarterly, numbers 46-47, page 273:[…] his themes and exercises were in constant demand for what we called cogging and American students rather grandly called plagiarization. Shakespeare and Eliot plagiarized; we grimly cogged in the early morning-oh, […]
** 2006, Verve: The Spirit of Today's Woman, volume 14, numbers 4-6, page 51:Coming to journalism, how many of us have not been guilty at some stage of 'cogging' from other articles, […]
** 1879, Dennis O'Sullivan, The Stirring Adventures of Corp'l Morgan Rattler‎, F. Tousey, →OCLC, page 8:I wasn't able to translate two verses in Virgil or Homer , without “ cogging " from some fellow - student ; but I was eternally repeating passages from the poems of Byron , Moore , and Scott ; while I gloried in the soul - stirring ...
* To obtrude or thrust in, by falsehood or deception; to palm off.
    to cog in a word
** October 3, 1718, John Dennis, letter to S. T. , Esq; On the Deceitfulness of Rumour
    Fustian tragedies […] have […] been cogg'd upon the town for Master-pieces.

##### Translations
### Etymology 4
#### Noun

cog (plural cogs)
* Alternative form of cogue (“wooden vessel for milk”)

### Anagrams

* CGO, OGC

## Irish
### Etymology

Back-formation from cogadh (“war”).

### Verb

cog (present analytic cogann, future analytic cogfaidh, verbal noun cogadh, past participle cogtha)
* (rare or archaic) to war, wage war

#### Conjugation

| | | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural | relative | autonomous |
| | | first | second | third | first | second | third | relative | autonomous |
| indicative | present | cogaim | cogann tú; cogair$^†$ | cogann sé, sí | cogaimid | cogann sibh | cogann siad; cogaid$^†$ | a chogann; a chogas / a gcogann* | cogtar |
| indicative | past | chog mé; chogas | chog tú; chogais | chog sé, sí | chogamar; chog muid | chog sibh; chogabhair | chog siad; chogadar | a chog / ar chog* | cogadh |
| indicative | past habitual | chogainn / gcogainn‡‡ | chogtá / gcogtá‡‡ | chogadh sé, sí / gcogadh sé, sí‡‡ | chogaimis; chogadh muid / gcogaimis‡‡; gcogadh muid‡‡ | chogadh sibh / gcogadh sibh‡‡ | chogaidís; chogadh siad / gcogaidís‡‡; gcogadh siad‡‡ | a chogadh / a gcogadh* | chogtaí / gcogtaí‡‡ |
| future | future | cogfaidh mé; cogfad | cogfaidh tú; cogfair$^†$ | cogfaidh sé, sí | cogfaimid; cogfaidh muid | cogfaidh sibh | cogfaidh siad; cogfaid$^†$ | a chogfaidh; a chogfas / a gcogfaidh* | cogfar |
| conditional | conditional | chogfainn / gcogfainn‡‡ | chogfá / gcogfá‡‡ | chogfadh sé, sí / gcogfadh sé, sí‡‡ | chogfaimis; chogfadh muid / gcogfaimis‡‡; gcogfadh muid‡‡ | chogfadh sibh / gcogfadh sibh‡‡ | chogfaidís; chogfadh siad / gcogfaidís‡‡; gcogfadh siad‡‡ | a chogfadh / a gcogfadh* | chogfaí / gcogfaí‡‡ |
| subjunctive | present | go gcoga mé; go gcogad$^†$ | go gcoga tú; go gcogair$^†$ | go gcoga sé, sí | go gcogaimid; go gcoga muid | go gcoga sibh | go gcoga siad; go gcogaid$^†$ | — | go gcogtar |
| subjunctive | past | dá gcogainn | dá gcogtá | dá gcogadh sé, sí | dá gcogaimis; dá gcogadh muid | dá gcogadh sibh | dá gcogaidís; dá gcogadh siad | — | dá gcogtaí |
| imperative | imperative | cogaim | cog | cogadh sé, sí | cogaimis | cogaigí; cogaidh$^†$ | cogaidís | — | cogtar |
| verbal noun | verbal noun | cogadh | cogadh | cogadh | cogadh | cogadh | cogadh | cogadh | cogadh |
| past participle | past participle | cogtha | cogtha | cogtha | cogtha | cogtha | cogtha | cogtha | cogtha |
* indirect relative † archaic or dialect form ‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Dinneen, Patrick S. (1904) “cog”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 1st edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 158

## Middle English
### Etymology

From Old French cogue, itself from Middle Dutch kogge.

### Noun

cog
* a ship of burden, or war with a round, bulky hull
** 1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum iv”, in, book V, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:As the Kynge was in his cog and lay in his caban, he felle in a slumberyng […].(please add an English translation of this quotation)

### Further reading

* James A. H. Murray et al., editors (1884–1928), “Cog”, in A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (Oxford English Dictionary), London: Clarendon Press, →OCLC.

## Scottish Gaelic
### Etymology

Back-formation from cogadh (“war, fighting”).

### Verb

cog (past chog, future cogaidh, verbal noun cogadh, past participle cogte)
* fight

## Welsh
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /koːɡ/

### Etymology 1

From Middle Welsh coc, from Proto-Brythonic *kog, ultimately imitative, similar to Old High German kā (“crow, jackdaw”), Middle Low German kâ (“crow, jackdaw”).

#### Noun

cog f (plural cogau)
* cuckoo (Cuculidae)
** especially common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus)
    Synonyms: y gwcw, caethlydd, y gegid fechan, (Anglesey) gwcw llwydlas

##### Usage notes

* Cog is usually found preceded by the definite article, y gog.

### Etymology 2

From Middle Welsh coc, from Proto-Brythonic *kog, from Latin coquus.

#### Noun

cog m (plural cogau or cygod)
* cook
    Synonym: cogydd

##### Derived terms

* coginio

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “cog”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies