# jm
## Central Mazahua
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /m̥/

### Letter

jm (upper case Jm)
* A letter of the Mazahua alphabet.

#### See also

* (Latin-script letters) A a, Ⱥ ⱥ, A̱ a̱, B b, C c, Cꞌ cꞌ, Cj cj, Cu cu, Cꞌu cꞌu, Cju cju, Ch ch, Chꞌ chꞌ, Chj chj, D d, Dy dy, E e, Ɇ ɇ, E̱ e̱, G g, Gu gu, Hu hu, ꞌHu ꞌhu, I i, I̱ i̱, J j, Jꞌ jꞌ, Jm jm, Jn jn, Jñ jñ, Ju ju, Jy jy, L l, M m, Mꞌ mꞌ, N n, Nꞌ nꞌ, Ñ ñ, Ñꞌ ñꞌ, O o, Ø ø, O̱ o̱, P p, Pj pj, R r, S s, T t, Tꞌ tꞌ, Tj tj, Ts ts, Tsꞌ tsꞌ, Tsj tsj, U u, Ꞹ ꞹ, U̱ u̱, X x, Z z, Zh zh, ꞌ

## Egyptian
### Pronunciation

* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /im/
** Conventional anglicization: im

### Etymology 1

The adverbial form of m.

#### Adverb

* therein, in it, there
* (in reference to a period of time) during it, on it
* (with certain verbs of motion) thereto, into it, thither
* therefrom, thence, from within it, out of it, out
* (in reference to a quantity) thereof, out of it, of them
* therewith, by means of it
* regarding it, concerning it, thereto

##### Alternative forms

| jm | mjm | njm | jm | jm | jm |
| | [New Kingdom] | [21st Dynasty] | [Greco-Roman Period] | [Greco-Roman Period] | [Greco-Roman Period] |
| | in hieratic | in hieratic |

##### Derived terms

* bꜣk jm
* ntj jm
* ḥzy jm
* z jm

##### Descendants

* Demotic: n.jm, n.jm⸗, n.ꜣm⸗, jm⸗, ꜣm⸗
** ⇒ Demotic: n.jm⸗w
*** Akhmimic Coptic: ⲙⲟ (mo), ⲙ̄ⲙⲟ (m̄mo)
*** Bohairic Coptic: ⲙⲁⲩ (mau), ⲙ̀ⲙⲁⲩ (m̀mau)
*** Fayyumic Coptic: ⲙⲉⲩ (meu), ⲙⲉⲟⲩ (meou), ⲙ̄ⲙⲉⲩ (m̄meu)
*** Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲙⲉⲩ (meu), ⲙⲉⲟⲩ (meou), ⲙ̄ⲙⲉⲩ (m̄meu)
*** Old Coptic: ⲙⲁⲟⲩ (maou), ⲙⲉⲟⲩ (meou), ⲛⲙⲁⲟⲩ (nmaou), ⲛⲙⲉⲟⲩ (nmeou)
*** Sahidic Coptic: ⲙⲁⲩ (mau), ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲩ (m̄mau)

#### Preposition

* form of m (“in”) used when the object is a suffix pronoun

##### Alternative forms

See under the adverb above.

### Etymology 2
#### Adjective

* Abbreviation of jmj (“being (in), inherent (in)”).

### Etymology 3
#### Verb

2-lit.
* (intransitive) to moan, to groan, to wail, to lament (+ ḥr or m: over) [since Middle Kingdom literature]

##### Inflection

infinitival forms
imperative
infinitive
negatival complement
complementary infinitive$^1$
singular
plural
jm
jmw, jm
jmt
jm, j.jm
jm, j.jm
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem
periphrastic imperfective$^2$
periphrastic prospective$^2$
jm
ḥr jm
m jm
r jm
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood
active
contingent
aspect / mood
active
perfect
jm.n
consecutive
jm.jn
terminative
jmt
perfective$^3$
jm
obligative$^1$
jm.ḫr
imperfective
jm, j.jm$^1$
prospective$^3$
jm
potentialis$^1$
jm.kꜣ
subjunctive
jm, j.jm$^1$
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
participles
active
active
passive
perfect
jm.n
perfective
jm
jm
jmm, jmmj$^6$, jm$^2$, jmw$^{25}$, jmy$^{25}$
imperfective
j.jm$^1$, jm, jmy, jmw$^5$
j.jm$^1$, j.jmw$^{15}$, jm, jmj$^6$, jmy$^6$
jm, jmw$^5$
prospective
jm, jmtj$^7$
jmtj$^4$, jmt$^4$
$^1$ Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
$^2$ Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
$^3$ Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
$^4$ Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
$^5$ Only in the masculine singular.
$^6$ Only in the masculine.
$^7$ Only in the feminine. :

##### Alternative forms

| jm | jm | jm | jmjm |
| | [Coffin Texts] | [Greco-Roman Period] | [Greco-Roman Period] |

##### Derived terms

* jmw
* jmt
* jmtj

### Etymology 4
#### Noun

m
* side, side of ribs (as a body part or as food) [Old Kingdom and 19th Dynasty]
* form, shape [Pyramid Texts, Coffin Texts, and 18th Dynasty]

##### Alternative forms

| jmw | jmw | jm | jm | jm |
| [Old Kingdom] | [Old Kingdom] | [Coffin Texts] | [Coffin Texts] | [New Kingdom] |
| plural | plural |

### Etymology 5
#### Noun

m
* a material of which twt-images can consist, which can also be used for ‘filling’ walls; the meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include: [since the Middle Kingdom]
** a kind of plaster or similarly plastic material, possibly gesso
** abraded material (crumbs, fragments) from statuettes of protective deities and other sacred images

##### Usage notes

Formerly a meaning of ‘loam, clay’ was commonly suggested, but this is based on a Coptic etymology that is probably false—Coptic ⲟⲙⲉ (ome) is to be connected with ꜥmꜥt (“mud”), not jm. Further discussion is available at the Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae; see the commentary by Lutz Popko at “jm (Lemma ID 24690)”.

##### Alternative forms

| jm | jm |
| | [Late Period] |

##### Derived terms

* jm-n-twt

### References

* “jm (lemma ID 24640)”, “jm (lemma ID 24660)”, “jm (lemma ID 24670)”, and “jm (lemma ID 24690)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎, Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
* Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎, volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 72.4–72.10, 77.12–77.13, 77.16–78.3
* Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, pages 17–18
* James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 86, 106, 112.