# 冢

| 冢 | U+51A2, &#20898; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51A2 |
| ← 冡 [U+51A1] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 冣 → [U+51A3] |

## Translingual
### Han character

冢 (Kangxi radical 14, 冖+8, 10 strokes, cangjie input 月一一人 (BMMO) or 月一尸人 (BMSO) or 難月一尸人 (XBMSO), four-corner 3723$_2$, composition ⿱冖豖)

#### Derived characters

* 塚, 𡻑, 𣹞, 𬥥

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 130, character 25
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1585
* Dae Jaweon: page 293, character 5
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 304, character 9
* Unihan data for U+51A2

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 冢
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 冢 | *toŋʔ |
| 塚 | *toŋʔ |
| 涿 | *rtoːɡ |
| 琢 | *rtoːɡ |
| 啄 | *rtoːɡ, *toːɡ |
| 諑 | *rtoːɡ |
| 剢 | *toːɡ |
| 瘃 | *toɡ |
| 豖 | *tʰoɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *toŋʔ): semantic 勹 (“wrap”) + phonetic 豖 (OC *tʰoɡ) – wrapped in a burial shroud. Top component now simplified to 冖.

### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/r-duŋ (“mountain; hillock”) (STEDT). Cognate with Burmese တောင် (taung, “mountain”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhǒng (zhong$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄨㄥˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): cung$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): thióng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): tong$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$tson
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhǒng
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄥˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhǒng
*** Wade–Giles: chung$^3$
*** Yale: jǔng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: joong
*** Palladius: чжун (čžun)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: cung$^2$
*** Yale: chúng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsung$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰʊŋ³⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thióng
*** Tâi-lô: thióng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tiorng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tʰiɔŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰiɔŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tʰiɔŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰiɔŋ⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: tong$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thóng
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰoŋ⁵²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$tson
*** MiniDict: tson$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$tson
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡soŋ³⁴/
* Middle Chinese: trjowngX
Rime :
| Character | 冢 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 知 (9) |
| Final (韻) | 鍾 (7) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 知隴切 |
| Baxter | trjowngX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʈɨoŋ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʈioŋ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȶioŋ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʈuawŋ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ȶioŋ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ȶĭwoŋ$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȶi̯woŋ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhǒng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zung$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[t]roŋʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*toŋʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 冢 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zhǒng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ trjowng$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[t]roŋʔ/ (or *[t]<r>oŋʔ ?) |
| English | tomb mound |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 冢 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 1616 |
| Phonetic component | 豖 |
| Rime group | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 冢 |
| Old Chinese | /*toŋʔ/ |

### Definitions

冢
* Original form of 塚／冢 (zhǒng, “mausoleum; tomb; burial mound”).
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Xiàng Yǔ shāo Qín gōngshì, jué Shǐhuángdì zhǒng. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    From: Poem by Du Fu, 杜甫 · 詠懷古跡五首 · 其三
    Yī qù zǐtái lián shuòmò, dú liú qīngzhǒng xiàng huánghūn. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) mountain summit
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Bǎi chuān fèiténg, shān zhǒng zúbēng. Gāo'àn wèi gǔ, shēngǔ wèi líng. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (prefix) eldest, senior in rank

### Compounds

* 冢中枯骨 (zhǒngzhōngkūgǔ)
* 冢嗣
* 冢土
* 冢埌
* 冢墓
* 冢婦 / 冢妇
* 冢子 (zhǒngzǐ)
* 冢宰 (zhǒngzǎi)
* 冢息
* 冢藏
* 叢冢 / 丛冢 (cóngzhǒng)
* 喪冢 / 丧冢
* 垌冢 (Tóngzhǒng)
* 大冢宰
* 嶓冢 (Bōzhǒng)
* 汲冢古文
* 發冢 / 发冢
* 石冢 (shízhǒng)
* 筆冢 / 笔冢
* 衣冠冢 (yīguānzhǒng)
* 青冢
* 香冢

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): ちょう (chō)、ちゅ (chu)
* Kun: つか (tsuka)、おか (oka)、やしろ (yashiro)

## Korean
### Hanja

冢 • (chong) (hangeul 총, revised chong, McCune–Reischauer ch'ong)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

冢: Hán Việt readings: trủng
冢: Nôm readings: trũng, trổng
* chữ Hán form of trủng (“a grand grave or burial mound”).
* chữ Nôm form of trũng (“a deep hole in the ground”).
* chữ Nôm form of trổng (“vague, indiscriminate”).

### References

* 1 2 3 Trần (2004).
* ↑ Trần (1999).
* ↑ Nguyễn (1974).
* ↑ Thiều Chửu (1942).