# 種

| 種 | U+7A2E, &#31278; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7A2E |
| ← 稭 [U+7A2D] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 稯 → [U+7A2F] |

## Translingual
### Han character

種 (Kangxi radical 115, 禾+9, 14 strokes, cangjie input 竹木竹十土 (HDHJG), four-corner 2291$_4$, composition ⿰禾重)

#### Derived characters

* 𭢸, 𮃲, 𡽯, 𧀑, 𥵾, 㘒

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 856, character 16
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25174
* Dae Jaweon: page 1281, character 33
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2617, character 17
* Unihan data for U+7A2E

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 種
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 撞 | *rdoːŋ, *rdoːŋs |
| 幢 | *rdoːŋ, *rdoːŋs |
| 橦 | *rdoːŋ, *doːŋ, *tjoŋ |
| 噇 | *rdoːŋ |
| 𩪘 | *rdoːŋ |
| 艟 | *rdoːŋs, *tʰjoŋ |
| 憧 | *rdoːŋs, *tʰjoŋ |
| 畽 | *tʰoːnʔ, *tʰuːnʔ |
| 董 | *toːŋʔ |
| 蕫 | *toːŋʔ, *doːŋ |
| 箽 | *toːŋʔ |
| 懂 | *toːŋʔ |
| 湩 | *toːŋs, *tuːŋʔ, *toŋs |
| 曈 | *tʰoːŋ, *tʰoːŋʔ, *doːŋ |
| 童 | *doːŋ |
| 僮 | *doːŋ |
| 瞳 | *doːŋ |
| 罿 | *doːŋ, *tʰjoŋ |
| 犝 | *doːŋ |
| 潼 | *doːŋ, *tʰjoŋ |
| 穜 | *doːŋ, *doŋ |
| 動 | *doːŋʔ |
| 慟 | *doːŋs |
| 堹 | *toŋs |
| 諥 | *toŋs |
| 蹱 | *tʰoŋ, *tʰoŋs, *tjoŋ |
| 重 | *doŋ, *doŋʔ, *doŋs |
| 緟 | *doŋ, *doŋs |
| 蝩 | *doŋ |
| 褈 | *doŋ, *tʰjoŋ |
| 鐘 | *tjoŋ, *tjoŋ |
| 鍾 | *tjoŋ |
| 籦 | *tjoŋ |
| 種 | *tjoŋʔ, *tjoŋs |
| 腫 | *tjoŋʔ |
| 踵 | *tjoŋʔ |
| 歱 | *tjoŋʔ |
| 喠 | *tjoŋʔ, *tʰjoŋʔ |
| 偅 | *tjoŋs |
| 衝 | *tʰjoŋ |
| 揰 | *tʰjoŋs |
| 尰 | *djoŋʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *tjoŋʔ, *tjoŋs): semantic 禾 + phonetic 重 (OC *doŋ, *doŋʔ, *doŋs).

### Etymology

Perhaps Sino-Tibetan: Chepang [script needed] (tuŋʔ-, “to plant”), दुङ् (duŋ, “shoot; sprout”), दुङ्‌सा (duŋ-, “to sprout; to grow”). Compare 腫 (OC *tjoŋʔ, “to swell”) and 踵 (OC *tjoŋʔ, “heel”).
Related to Proto-Vietic *k-coːŋʔ (“seed”) (Vietnamese giống (“seed”)), which is likely a loanword from Chinese (Wang, 1948).
Pronunciation 2 (“to sow; to plant”) is the exoactive derivation of pronunciation 1 (“seed”).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): zhǒng (zhong$^3$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄓㄨㄥˇ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): җун (žun, III)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): zung$^2$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): zuung$^2$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chúng
* Eastern Min (BUC): cṳ̄ng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): zoeng$^3$ / zyeng$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chéng / chióng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zêng$^2$ / zong$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$tson
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhǒng
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄥˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhǒng
*** Wade–Giles: chung$^3$
*** Yale: jǔng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: joong
*** Palladius: чжун (čžun)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ²¹⁴/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: җун (žun, III)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂuŋ⁴⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zung$^2$
*** Yale: júng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzung$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʊŋ³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: zuung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɵŋ⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chúng
*** Hakka Romanization System: zung$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: zung$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡suŋ³¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: cṳ̄ng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡syŋ³³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: zoeng$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sœŋ⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: zyeng$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡syøŋ³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chéng
*** Tâi-lô: tsíng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zeang
*** IPA (Singapore): /t͡seŋ⁴²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡siɪŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡siɪŋ⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /t͡siɪŋ⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chióng
*** Tâi-lô: tsióng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ciorng
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡siɔŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Singapore): /t͡siɔŋ⁴²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡siɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /t͡siɔŋ⁵³/
* chéng - vernacular;
* chióng - literary.
* Middle Chinese: tsyowngX
Rime :
| Character | 種 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 章 (23) |
| Final (韻) | 鍾 (7) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 之隴切 |
| Baxter | tsyowngX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ɕɨoŋ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡ɕioŋ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ɕioŋ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /cuawŋ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ɕioŋ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ɕĭwoŋ$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡ɕi̯woŋ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhǒng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zung$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*k.toŋʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*tjoŋʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 種 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zhǒng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsyowng$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*k.toŋʔ/ |
| English | seed |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 種 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 17471 |
| Phonetic component | 重 |
| Rime group | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 腫 |
| Old Chinese | /*tjoŋʔ/ |

#### Definitions

種
* seed; kernel; cereal
    菜種／菜种 ― càizhǒng ― seed of vegetable
* clan; ethnic group; ethnicity; race
    人種／人种 ― rénzhǒng ― race
    種族／种族 ― zhǒngzú ― ethnicity
* (taxonomy) species; breed
* kind; sort; type
* Classifier for varieties: kind; sort; type ⇒ all nouns using this classifier
    各種／各种 ― gèzhǒng ― every kind
    Zhè zhǒng huà nǐ bié zài shuō le. [Pinyin]
    Don't talk about those types of things anymore.
* (colloquial) guts; grit
* a surname, Zhong

##### Synonyms

* (kind):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 種, 類 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 種 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 種 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 種 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 種, 隻 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 種, 隻 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 種, 款 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 種 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 種, 款 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 款 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 種, 隻 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 種, 樣 |
* (guts):
* 勇氣 / 勇气 (yǒngqì)
* 腰子 (yāozi) (colloquial, figurative)
* 膽 / 胆 (dǎn) (figurative)
* 膽子 / 胆子 (dǎnzi)
* 膽量 / 胆量 (dǎnliàng)
* 膽頭 / 胆头 (Hokkien)

#### Compounds

* 下種 / 下种
* 五種 / 五种
* 五種性 / 五种性
* 人種 / 人种 (rénzhǒng)
* 何種 / 何种
* 傳種 / 传种 (chuánzhǒng)
* 優勢種 / 优势种 (yōushìzhǒng)
* 六十種曲 / 六十种曲
* 兵種 / 兵种 (bīngzhǒng)
* 劇種 / 剧种 (jùzhǒng)
* 劣種 / 劣种 (lièzhǒng)
* 動物育種 / 动物育种
* 包種茶 / 包种茶 (bāozhòngchá)
* 原種 / 原种 (yuánzhǒng)
* 原種場 / 原种场 (yuánzhǒngchǎng)
* 同種 / 同种 (tóngzhǒng)
* 各種 / 各种 (gèzhǒng)
* 名種 / 名种
* 品種 / 品种 (pǐnzhǒng)
* 品種改良 / 品种改良
* 孬種 / 孬种 (nāozhǒng)
* 孽種 / 孽种
* 孽障種子 / 孽障种子
* 小業種 / 小业种
* 工種 / 工种 (gōngzhǒng)
* 引種 / 引种
* 役種 / 役种
* 情種 / 情种 (qíngzhǒng)
* 採樹種 / 采树种
* 採種 / 采种 (cǎizhǒng)
* 播種 / 播种
* 撒種 / 撒种 (sǎzhǒng)
* 播種機 / 播种机
* 擰種 / 拧种
* 斷根絕種 / 断根绝种
* 斷種 / 断种
* 書種 / 书种
* 有種 / 有种 (yǒuzhǒng)
* 棕色種 / 棕色种
* 業種 / 业种 (yèzhǒng)
* 浸種 / 浸种 (jìnzhǒng)
* 滅種 / 灭种 (mièzhǒng)
* 火種 / 火种 (huǒzhǒng)
* 物種 / 物种 (wùzhǒng)
* 特種 / 特种 (tèzhǒng)
* 特種作戰 / 特种作战
* 特種兵 / 特种兵 (tèzhǒngbīng)
* 特種工藝 / 特种工艺 (tèzhǒng gōngyì)
* 特種文書 / 特种文书
* 特種考試 / 特种考试
* 特種部隊 / 特种部队 (tèzhǒng bùduì)
* 特種鋼 / 特种钢
* 狗雜種 / 狗杂种 (gǒuzázhǒng)
* 獨根孤種 / 独根孤种
* 異種 / 异种 (yìzhǒng)
* 白種 / 白种 (báizhǒng)
* 白變種 / 白变种
* 禍種頭 / 祸种头
* 萬種 / 万种
* 萬種風情 / 万种风情
* 稅種 / 税种 (shuìzhǒng)
* 種人 / 种人
* 種仁 / 种仁
* 種切 / 种切
* 種別 / 种别 (zhǒngbié)
* 種名 / 种名
* 種姓 / 种姓 (zhǒngxìng)
* 種子 / 种子
* 種子球員 / 种子球员
* 種子網路 / 种子网路
* 種子隊 / 种子队
* 種性 / 种性
* 種族 / 种族 (zhǒngzú)
* 種族主義 / 种族主义 (zhǒngzúzhǔyì)
* 種族偏見 / 种族偏见
* 種族平等 / 种族平等
* 種族歧視 / 种族歧视 (zhǒngzú qíshì)
* 種族迫害 / 种族迫害
* 種族隔離 / 种族隔离 (zhǒngzú gélí)
* 種源中心 / 种源中心
* 種源論 / 种源论
* 種牛 / 种牛 (zhǒngniú)
* 種畜 / 种畜
* 種皮 / 种皮
* 種種 / 种种 (zhǒngzhǒng)
* 種間雜交 / 种间杂交
* 種類 / 种类 (zhǒnglèi)
* 種麻 / 种麻
* 稻種 / 稻种 (dàozhǒng)
* 純種 / 纯种 (chúnzhǒng)
* 絕種 / 绝种 (juézhǒng)
* 繆種流傳 / 缪种流传
* 育種 / 育种 (yùzhǒng)
* 胼胚種 / 胼胚种
* 良種 / 良种 (liángzhǒng)
* 謬種 / 谬种 (miùzhǒng)
* 讀書種子 / 读书种子
* 變種 / 变种 (biànzhǒng)
* 車種 / 车种 (chēzhǒng)
* 軍種 / 军种 (jūnzhǒng)
* 選種 / 选种
* 配種 / 配种 (pèizhǒng)
* 野種 / 野种 (yězhǒng)
* 鋼種 / 钢种
* 雜種 / 杂种 (zázhǒng)
* 雜種優勢 / 杂种优势
* 鹽水選種 / 盐水选种
* 麟種 / 麟种
* 黑種 / 黑种 (hēizhǒng)
* 龍種 / 龙种

#### See also

* 域 (yù)
* 界 (jiè)
* 門／门 (mén)
* 綱／纲 (gāng)
* 目 (mù)
* 科 (kē)
* 屬／属 (shǔ)
* 種／种 (zhǒng)

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhòng (zhong$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄨㄥˋ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): zung$^3$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): zuung$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chung
* Eastern Min (BUC): cé̤ṳng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): zoeng$^4$ / zyeng$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chèng / chiòng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zêng$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$tson
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhòng
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄥˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhòng
*** Wade–Giles: chung$^4$
*** Yale: jùng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jonq
*** Palladius: чжун (čžun)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zung$^3$
*** Yale: jung
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzung$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zung$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʊŋ³³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: zuung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɵŋ³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chung
*** Hakka Romanization System: zung
*** Hagfa Pinyim: zung$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡suŋ⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: cé̤ṳng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡søyŋ²¹³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: zoeng$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sœŋ⁴²/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: zyeng$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡syøŋ⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chèng / chiòng
*** Tâi-lô: tsìng / tsiòng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zexng, cioxng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡siɪŋ²¹/, /t͡siɔŋ²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡siɪŋ⁴¹/, /t͡siɔŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡siɪŋ²¹/, /t͡siɔŋ²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡siɪŋ¹¹/, /t͡siɔŋ¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡siɪŋ²¹/, /t͡siɔŋ²¹/
* chèng - vernacular;
* chiòng - literary.
* Middle Chinese: tsyowngH
Rime :
| Character | 種 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 章 (23) |
| Final (韻) | 鍾 (7) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 之用切 |
| Baxter | tsyowngH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ɕɨoŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡ɕioŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ɕioŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /cuawŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ɕioŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ɕĭwoŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡ɕi̯woŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhòng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zung$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*(mə-)toŋʔ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*tjoŋs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 種 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zhòng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsyowng$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*(mə-)toŋʔ-s/ |
| English | sow (v.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 種 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 17476 |
| Phonetic component | 重 |
| Rime group | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 種 |
| Old Chinese | /*tjoŋs/ |
| Notes | 重轉註字 |

#### Definitions

種
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to sow; to strew
* to grow; to plant; to cultivate
    種樹／种树 ― zhòng shù ― to plant a tree
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to breed; to bring up
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to foster; to train
* to transplant; to inoculate

##### Synonyms

* (to cultivate):
* 培植 (péizhí)
* 栽
* 栽培 (zāipéi)
* 栽植 (zāizhí) (chiefly to transplant)
* 栽種 / 栽种 (zāizhòng)
* 植 (zhí) (literary, or in compounds)
* 樹 / 树 (shù) (obsolete)
* 盤栽 / 盘栽 (Xiamen Hokkien, chiefly to transplant, Zhangzhou Hokkien, chiefly to transplant)
* 移栽 (yízāi) (chiefly to transplant)
* 種植 / 种植 (zhòngzhí)
* 種樹 / 种树 (zhòngshù) (Classical Chinese)

#### Compounds

* 伯雍種玉
* 刀耕火種 / 刀耕火种 (dāogēnghuǒzhòng)
* 套種 / 套种
* 家種 / 家种
* 接種 / 接种
* 搶種 / 抢种
* 栽種 / 栽种 (zāizhòng)
* 火耕水種 / 火耕水种
* 火耕流種 / 火耕流种
* 種因 / 种因
* 種地 / 种地 (zhòngdì)
* 種德 / 种德 (zhòngdé)
* 種植 / 种植 (zhòngzhí)
* 種牛痘 / 种牛痘 (zhòng niúdòu)
* 種玉 / 种玉
* 種瓜得瓜 / 种瓜得瓜 (zhòngguādéguā)
* 種生 / 种生
* 種田 / 种田 (zhòngtián)
* 種痘 / 种痘 (zhòngdòu)
* 種花 / 种花 (zhònghuā)
* 種莊稼 / 种庄稼
* 種豆得豆 / 种豆得豆
* 種麥得麥 / 种麦得麦
* 耕種 / 耕种 (gēngzhòng)
* 芒種 / 芒种 (mángzhòng)
* 藍田種玉 / 蓝田种玉
* 複種 / 复种
* 輪種 / 轮种
* 隴種 / 陇种

### Pronunciation 3

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chóng (chong$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄨㄥˊ
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): toeng$^2$ / tyeng$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chóng
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄨㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chóng
*** Wade–Giles: chʻung$^2$
*** Yale: chúng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chorng
*** Palladius: чун (čun)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: toeng$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰœŋ¹³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: tyeng$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰyøŋ¹³/

#### Definitions

種
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) cereal that is to plant early and to harvest lately
* a surname

### References

* “種”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “种”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 311.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)
* seed
* plant, sow
* class, kind, variety
* (taxonomy) species

#### Readings

* Go-on: しゅ (shu, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: しょう (shō)
* Kun: たね (tane, 種, Jōyō)、くさ (kusa, 種)、くさわい (kusawai, 種)
* Nanori: おさ (osa)、おい (oi)、かず (kazu)、ぐさ (gusa)、しげ (shige)、た (ta)、ふさ (fusa)、ほ (ho)

#### Compounds

* 種(しゅ)牛(ぎゅう) (shugyū)
* 種(しゅ)子(し) (shushi)
* 種(しゅ)馬(ば) (shuba)
* 種(しゅ)肥(ひ) (shuhi)
* 種(しゅ)卵(らん) (shuran)
* 種(しゅ)類(るい) (shurui)
* 人(じん)種(しゅ) (jinshu)
* 特(とく)種(しゅ) (tokushu)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 種
* たね Grade: 4
* kun'yomi
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *tanay.

#### Alternative forms

* (bloodline, lineage): 胤

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) たね [táꜜnè] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ta̠ne̞]

#### Noun

種(たね) or 種(タネ) • (tane)
* a seed
    Synonym: 種子 (shushi)
* a pit or stone in a fruit
    Synonym: 実 (sane)
* a gamete (reproductive cell such as a spermatozoan or egg)
* a lineage, bloodline
    Synonyms: 血統 (kettō), 血筋 (chisuji)
* an origin, cause
    Synonyms: 根源 (kongen), 原因 (gen'in)
* the materials or ingredients from which something is made
    Synonyms: 原料 (genryō), 材料 (zairyō)
* capital, funds, seed money
    Synonyms: 元金 (gankin, motokin), 元手 (motode)

##### Derived terms

* 種(たね)明(あ)かし (taneakashi)
* 種(たね)井(い) (tanei), 種(たな)井(い) (tanai)
* 種(たね)板(いた) (taneita)
* 種(たね)芋(いも) (taneimo)
* 種(たね)牛(うし) (taneushi)
* 種(たね)馬(うま) (taneuma)
* 種(たね)選(えら)び (tane erabi)
* 種(たね)下(お)ろし (tane-oroshi)
* 種(たね)案山子(かかし) (tane kakashi)
* 種(たね)貸(か)し (tanekashi)
* 種(たね)子(が)島(しま) (Tanegashima)
* 種(たね)紙(がみ) (tanegami)
* 種(たね)川(かわ) (Tanekawa)
* 種(たね)変(がわ)り, 種(たね)変(が)わり (tane-gawari)
* 種(たね)切(ぎ)れ (tanegire)
* 種(たね)菌(きん) (tanekin)
* 種(たね)麹(こうじ) (tane kōji)
* 種(たね)肥(ごえ) (tanegoe)
* 種(たね)差(さし) (Tanesashi)
* 種(たね)字(じ) (taneji)
* 種(たね)酢(ず) (tanezu)
* 種(たね)銭(せん) (tanesen)
* 種(たね)田(だ) (taneda)
* 種(たね)卵(たまご) (tane tamago)
* 種(たね)俵(だわら) (tane-dawara)
* 種(たね)違(ちが)い (tanechigai)
* 種(たね)付(つ)け (tanetsuke)
* 種(たね)付(つ)け (tanetsuke)
* 種(たね)漬(つけ), 種(たね)漬(つ)け (tanetsuke)
* 種(たね)土(つち) (tanetsuchi)
* 種(たね)壺(つぼ) (tanetsubo)
* 種(たね)取(と)り (tanetori)
* 種(たね)無(な)し (tanenashi)
* 種(タネ)蠅(バエ) (tanebae)
* 種子(たね)鋏(‐ばさみ) (tane‐basami)
* 種(たね)腹(はら) (tanehara)
* 種(たね)版(ばん), 種(たね)板(ばん) (taneban)
* 種(たね)火(び) (tanebi)
* 種(たね)浸(ひた)し (tane hitashi)
* 種(たね)瓢(ふくべ) (tane fukube)
* 種(たね)豚(ぶた) (tanebuta)
* 種(たね)本(ほん) (tanehon)
* 種(たね)蒔(ま)き, 種(たね)播(ま)き (tanemaki)
* 種(たね)繭(まゆ) (tanemayu)
* 種(たね)雌(めす)牛(うし) (tane mesuushi)
* 種(たね)物(もの) (tanemono)
* 種(たね)籾(もみ) (tanemomi)
* 種(たね)屋(や) (taneya)
* 種(たね)山(やま) (Taneyama)
* 種(たね)綿(わた) (tanewata)
* 煎(い)り種(だね), 炒(い)り種(だね) (iridane)
* 噂(うわさ)の種(たね) (uwasa no tane)
* 粔籹(おこし)種(だね) (okoshi-dane)
* 御(オ)種(タネ)人(ニン)参(ジン) (otane ninjin)
* 柿(かき)の種(たね) (kaki no tane)
* 菓子(かし)種(だね) (kashidane)
* ガラス種(だね) (garasu-dane)
* 変(かわ)り種(だね), 変(か)わり種(だね) (kawari-dane)
* 客(きゃく)種(だね) (kyaku-dane)
* 黒(くろ)種(だね) (kurodane)
* 黒(クロ)種子(タネ)草(ソウ) (kurotanesō)
* 子(こ)種(だね) (kodane)
* 零(こぼ)れ種(だね) (koboredane)
* 質(しち)種(だね) (shichidane)
* 癪(しゃく)の種(たね) (shaku no tane)
* 新(しん)聞(ぶん)種(だね) (shinbun-dane)
* 鮨(すし)種(だね) (sushidane)
* 頭(ず)痛(つう)の種(たね) (zutsū no tane)
* 西(せい)洋(よう)種(‐だね) (seiyō‐dane)
* 艶(つや)種(だね) (tsuyadane)
* 特(とく)種(だね) (tokudane)
* 菜(ナ)種(タネ) (natane)
* 生(なま)種(だね) (namadane)
* 話(はなし)の種(たね) (hanashi no tane)
* 花(はな)種(だね) (hanadane)
* パン種(だね) (pan-dane)
* 火(ひ)種(だね) (hidane)
* 人(ひと)種(だね) (hitodane)
* 一(ひと)粒(つぶ)種(だね) (hitotsubu-dane)
* 服(ぶく)種(だね) (bukudane)
* フシギダネ (Fushigidane)
* 混(ま)じり種(だね), 雑(ま)じり種(だね) (majiridane)
* 飯(めし)の種(たね) (meshi no tane)
* 元(もと)種(だね) (motodane)
* 物(もの)種(だね) (monodane)
* 籾(もみ)種(だね) (momidane)
* 矢(や)種(だね) (yadane)
* 斎(ゆ)種(だね) (yudane)
* 綿(わた)種(だね) (watadane)
* 椀(わん)種(だね) (wandane)

##### Idioms

* 種(たね)が割(わ)れる (tane ga wareru, “crack seeds → realize truth”)
* 種(たね)を蒔(ま)く (tane o maku, “sow seeds → make a cause”)
* 種(たね)を宿(やど)す (tane o yadosu, “plant a seed → conceive”)

##### Proverbs

* 種(たね)も仕掛(しか)けもない (tane mo shikake mo nai)
* 商(あきな)いは草(くさ)の種(たね) (akinai wa kusa no tane, “trade is a grass seed”)
* 苦(く)は楽(らく)の種(たね) (ku wa raku no tane, “pain is the seed of suffering → hardship leads to happiness”)
* 権(ごん)兵衛(べえ)が種(たね)まきゃ烏(からす)がほじくる (Gonbē ga tane makya karasu ga hojikuru)
* 品(しな)玉(だま)も種(たね)から (shinadama mo tane kara, “seeds from above → nothing is done without preparation”)
* 生(すぎ)業(わい)は草(くさ)の種(たね) (sugiwai wa kusa no tane, “livelihood is a seed of grass”)
* 貧(ひん)は菩(ぼ)提(だい)の種(たね)富(とみ)は輪(りん)廻(ね)の絆(きずな) (hin wa bodai no tane tomi wa rinne no kizuna, “poverty leads to awakening, wealth bonds to rebirth”)
* 蒔(ま)かぬ種(たね)は生(は)えぬ (makanu tane wa haenu, “unplanted seed does not grow → no merit without effort”)
* 楽(らく)は苦(く)の種(たね)苦(く)は楽(らく)の種(たね) (raku wa ku no tane ku wa raku no tane, “pleasure is the seed of pain, pain is the seed of pleasure → something must come from something”)

##### See also

* 精(せい)子(し) (seishi, “sperm”)
* 卵(らん)子(し) (ranshi, “egg”)

#### Proper noun

種(たね) • (Tane)
* a female given name
* a surname

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 種
* くさ Grade: 4
* kun'yomi
From Old Japanese.
Possibly derived from or cognate with 草(くさ) (kusa, “grass”), from the way grass grows from its base, hence origin.

#### Alternative forms

* (cause of something): 草

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) くさ [kùsáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])
* IPA: [kɯ̟sa̠]
* Pitch accent for counter unknown.

#### Noun

種(くさ) • (kusa)
* an origin, cause
* a type, class
    Synonyms: 種類 (shurui), 類い (tagui)

##### Derived terms

* 種(くさ)種(ぐさ), 種(くさ)々(ぐさ) (kusagusa)
* 遊(あそ)び種(ぐさ) (asobi-gusa)
* 扱(あつか)い種(ぐさ) (atsukaigusa)
* 言(い)い種(ぐさ) (iigusa)
* 思(おも)い種(ぐさ) (omoigusa)
* 託(かこ)ち種(ぐさ) (kakochigusa)
* 語(かた)り種(ぐさ) (katarigusa), 語(かた)らい種(ぐさ) (kataraigusa)
* 言(こと)種(ぐさ) (kotogusa)
* 言(こと)の葉(は)種(ぐさ) (kotonoha-gusa)
* 仕(し)種(ぐさ), 為(し)種(ぐさ) (shigusa)
* 質(しち)種(ぐさ) (shichigusa)
* 偲(しの)ぶ種(ぐさ) (shinobu-gusa)
* 謗(そし)り種(ぐさ) (soshirigusa)
* 染(そ)め種(くさ) (somekusa)
* 力(ちから)種(ぐさ) (chikaragusa)
* 千(ち)種(くさ) (chikusa), 千(ち)種(ぐさ) (chigusa)
* 茶(ちゃ)飲(の)み種(ぐさ) (chanomi-gusa)
* 手(て)種(ぐさ) (tegusa)
* 慰(なぐさ)み種(ぐさ) (nagusami-gusa)
* 慰(なぐさ)め種(‐ぐさ) (nagusame‐gusa)
* 七(なな)種(くさ) (nanakusa)
* 祓(はらえ)種(ぐさ) (harae-gusa)
* 燃(も)え種(くさ) (moekusa)
* 弄(もてあそ)び種(ぐさ), 玩(もてあそ)び種(ぐさ) (moteasobi-gusa)
* もて悩(なや)み種(ぐさ) (motenayami-gusa)
* 物(もの)種(ぐさ) (monogusa)
* 催(もよお)し種(ぐさ) (moyōshi-gusa)
* 焼(や)き種(くさ) (yakikusa)
* 忘(わす)れ種(ぐさ) (wasure-gusa)
* 笑(わら)い種(ぐさ) (waraigusa)
* 笑(わら)われ種(ぐさ) (waraware-gusa)

#### Counter

種(くさ) • (-kusa)
* counter for number of kinds or types

##### Derived terms

* 五(いつ)種(くさ) (itsukusa)
* 十(と)種(くさ) (tokusa)
* 一(ひと)種(くさ) (hitokusa)
* 三(み)種(くさ) (mikusa)
* 百(もも)種(くさ) (momokusa)
* 八(や)千(ち)種(くさ) (yachikusa)

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 種
* くさわい Grade: 4
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 種わい
⟨kusa papi$_1$⟩ → * /kusapapʲi/ → /kusafafi/ → /kusawawʲi/ → /kusawai/
Compound of 種(くさ) (kusa, “origin; type”) + 這(は)い (hai, “widely spread out”, the 連用形(れんようけい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of 這(は)う (hau, “to spread out widely”)).

#### Noun

種(くさわい) • (kusawai)
* an origin, cause
    Synonym: 原因 (gen'in)
* a type, class
    Synonyms: 種類 (shurui), 類い (tagui)
* an interest, appeal
    Synonyms: 趣 (omomuki), 面白み (omoshiromi)

### Etymology 4

* Kanji in this term
* 種
* しゅ Grade: 4
* on'yomi
/t͡ɕɨu/ → /ɕʲu/ → /ɕu/
From Middle Chinese 種 (MC tsyowngX).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しゅ [shúꜜ] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɕɨ]

#### Noun

種(しゅ) • (shu)
* a seed
    Synonym: 種子 (shushi)
* a kind, type, sort, class, or category
    Synonyms: 種類 (shurui), 類い (tagui)
* (taxonomy) a species

##### Coordinate terms

* ドメイン (domein)
* 界(かい) (kai)
* 門(もん) (mon)
* 綱(こう) (kō)
* 目(もく) (moku)
* 科(か) (ka)
* 属(ぞく) (zoku)
* 種(しゅ) (shu)

##### Derived terms

* 種(しゅ)種(しゅ) (shushu), 種(しゅ)種(じゅ) (shuju)
* 種(しゅ)概(がい)念(ねん) (shugainen)
* 種(しゅ)雄(ゆう)牛(ぎゅう) (shuyūgyū)
* 一(いっ)種(しゅ) (isshu)
* 五(ご)種(しゅ) (goshu)
* 三(さん)種(しゅ) (sanshu), 三(さん)種(じゅ) (sanju)
* 十(じっ)種(しゅ) (jisshu)
* 六(ろく)種(しゅ) (rokushu)

### References

* 1 2 3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 種 (MC tsyowngX, “seed”).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 죠ᇰ〯 (Yale: cyǒng) | 죠ᇰ〯 (Yale: cyǒng) |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | ᄡᅵ〮 (Yale: psí) | 죠ᇰ〯 (Yale: cyǒng) |

#### Pronunciation

* (seed; kernel):
** (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [t͡ɕo̞ŋ]
** Phonetic hangul: [종]
* (kind; sort; etc.):
** (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [t͡ɕo̞(ː)ŋ]
** Phonetic hangul: [종(ː)]
*** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

#### Hanja

Wikisource 種 (eumhun 씨 종 (ssi jong))
* hanja form of 종 (“seed; kernel”)
* hanja form of 종 (“kind; sort; type”)
* hanja form of 종 (“(taxonomy) species”)

#### Compounds

* 모종 (某種, mojong)
* 을종 (乙種, euljong)
* 아종 (亞種, ajong)
* 업종 (業種, eopjong)
* 각종 (各種, gakjong)
* 일종 (一種, iljong)
* 인종 (人種, injong)
* 종류 (種類, jongnyu)
* 특종 (特種, teukjong)
* 종목 (種目, jongmok)
* 변종 (變種, byeonjong)
* 직종 (職種, jikjong)
* 종자 (種子, jongja)
* 종족 (種族, jongjok)
* 멸종 (滅種, myeoljong)
* 토종 (土種, tojong)
* 동종 (同種, dongjong)
* 종종 (種種, jongjong)
* 품종 (品種, pumjong)
* 순종 (純種, sunjong)
* 신종 (新種, sinjong)
* 종묘 (種苗, jongmyo)
* 잡종 (雜種, japjong)
* 별종 (別種, byeoljong)
* 수종 (樹種, sujong)
* 갑종 (甲種, gapjong)
* 희종 (稀種, huijong)
* 어종 (魚種, eojong)
* 종별 (種別, jongbyeol)
* 차종 (車種, chajong)
* 채종 (採種, chaejong)
* 채종 (菜種, chaejong)
* 역종 (役種, yeokjong)
* 곡종 (穀種, gokjong)
* 과종 (果種, gwajong)
* 다종 (多種, dajong)
* 물종 (物種, muljong)
* 반종 (半種, banjong)
* 병종 (兵種, byeongjong)
* 본종 (本種, bonjong)
* 이종 (異種, ijong)
* 재종 (材種, jaejong)
* 절종 (絶種, jeoljong)
* 타종 (他種, tajong)
* 혈종 (血種, hyeoljong)
* 화종 (花種, hwajong)
* 양종 (良種, yangjong)
* 기종 (機種, gijong)
* 단종 (斷種, danjong)
* 독종 (毒種, dokjong)
* 묘종 (苗種, myojong)
* 범종 (犯種, beomjong)

### Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 種 (MC tsyowngH, “sow”).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 죠ᇰ〮 (Yale: cyóng) | 죠ᇰ〮 (Yale: cyóng) |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | 시믈 (Yale: sìmùl) | 죠ᇰ〮 (Yale: cyóng) |

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [t͡ɕo̞ŋ]
* Phonetic hangul: [종]

#### Hanja

種 (eumhun 심을 종 (simeul jong))
* hanja form of 종 (“to plant; to cultivate”)
* hanja form of 종 (“to transplant; to inoculate”)

#### Compounds

* 접종 (接種, jeopjong)
* 망종 (芒種, mangjong)
* 파종 (播種, pajong)
* 부종 (付種, bujong)
* 경종 (耕種, gyeongjong)
* 종식 (種植, jongsik)
* 종덕 (種德, jongdeok)
* 종두 (種痘, jongdu)
* 종과득과 (種瓜得瓜, jonggwadeukgwa)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

種: Hán Việt readings: chủng (主(chủ)勇(dũng)切(thiết)), chũng
種: Nôm readings: giống, chỏng, chõng, chủng, trồng, chổng, truồng, giuống
* chữ Hán form of chủng (“species; race; type; kind”).
* Nôm form of giống (“kind; race; breed”).
* Nôm form of trồng (“to plant”).

#### Compounds

* 芒種 (Mang chủng)

### References

* 1 2 3 4 5 Nguyễn (2014).
* 1 2 3 4 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* 1 2 3 4 5 Trần (2004).
* 1 2 3 4 Génibrel (1898).
* 1 2 3 4 Bonet (1899).
* 1 2 3 4 Hồ (1976).
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).