# 坦

| 坦 | U+5766, &#22374; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5766 |
| ← 坥 [U+5765] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 坧 → [U+5767] |

## Translingual
### Han character

坦 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 土日一 (GAM), four-corner 4611$_0$, composition ⿰土旦)

#### Derived characters

* 𢯟, 𥂯

### Further reading

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 226, character 18
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4971
* Dae Jaweon: page 461, character 30
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 431, character 3
* Unihan data for U+5766

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 皽 | *tjaʀ, *tanʔ, *tjanʔ |
| 担 | *taːnʔ |
| 胆 | *daːn, *daːn |
| 疸 | *taːnʔ, *taːns |
| 觛 | *taːnʔ, *taːns, *daːnʔ |
| 亶 | *taːnʔ |
| 嬗 | *taːnʔ, *tʰaːn, *djans |
| 笪 | *taːnʔ, *taːns, *taːd |
| 狚 | *taːnʔ, *taːns, *taːd |
| 旦 | *taːns |
| 鴠 | *taːns |
| 譠 | *tʰaːn, *rteːn |
| 坦 | *tʰaːnʔ |
| 但 | *daːn, *daːnʔ, *daːns |
| 檀 | *daːn |
| 壇 | *daːn |
| 儃 | *daːn, *djan |
| 驙 | *daːn, *tan |
| 袒 | *daːnʔ, *rdeːns |
| 襢 | *daːnʔ, *tanʔ, *tans |
| 繵 | *daːnʔ |
| 膻 | *daːnʔ |
| 澶 | *daːns, *djan |
| 邅 | *tan, *danʔ, *dans |
| 鱣 | *tan |
| 饘 | *tjan, *tjanʔ |
| 旜 | *tjan |
| 氈 | *tjan |
| 鸇 | *tjan |
| 顫 | *tjans |
| 蟺 | *djanʔ |
| 擅 | *djans |
| 羶 | *hljan |
| 呾 | *taːd, *ʔraːd |
| 怛 | *taːd |
| 妲 | *taːd |
| 靼 | *taːd, *tjad |
| 炟 | *taːd |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *tʰaːnʔ): semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 旦 (OC *taːns)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tǎn (tan$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄢˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): taan$^2$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thán
* Eastern Min (BUC): tāng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): thán / tháⁿ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): tang$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$the
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tǎn
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄢˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tǎn
*** Wade–Giles: tʻan$^3$
*** Yale: tǎn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: taan
*** Palladius: тань (tanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰän²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: taan$^2$
*** Yale: táan
*** Cantonese Pinyin: taan$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: tan$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰaːn³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thán
*** Hakka Romanization System: tan$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: tan$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰan³¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: tāng
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰaŋ³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thán
*** Tâi-lô: thán
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tarn
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /tʰan⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰan⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰan⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tháⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: thánn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tvar
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰã⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /tʰã⁵³/
* thán - literary;
* tháⁿ - vernacular.
* Middle Chinese: thanX
Rime :
| Character | 坦 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 透 (6) |
| Final (韻) | 寒 (61) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 他旦切 |
| Baxter | thanX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tʰɑn$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /tʰɑn$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /tʰɑn$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /tʰan$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /tʰɑn$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /tʰɑn$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /tʰɑn$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | tǎn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | taan$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[tʰ]ˤa[n]ʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*tʰaːnʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 坦 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | tǎn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ than$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[tʰ]ˁa[n]ʔ/ |
| English | level, at ease |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 坦 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 2059 |
| Phonetic component | 旦 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 坦 |
| Old Chinese | /*tʰaːnʔ/ |

### Definitions

坦
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) flat; level; wide
    平坦 ― píngtǎn ― level
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) calm; open-hearted; at ease
    坦然 ― tǎnrán ― calm
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Zǐ yuē: “Jūnzǐ tǎn dàngdàng, xiǎorén cháng qīqī.” [Pinyin]
    The Master said, "The superior man is satisfied and composed; the mean man is always full of distress."
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) honest; frank
    坦白 ― tǎnbái ― honest; candid
    Synonym: 直率 (zhíshuài)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to reveal; to expose
    From: 杜甫 (Du Fu) 《江亭》
    Tǎn fù jiāng tíng nuǎn, cháng yín yě wàng shí. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* a surname

### Compounds

* 不舒坦
* 令坦
* 伊斯坦堡 (Yīsītǎnbǎo)
* 伯恩斯坦 (Bó'ēnsītǎn)
* 佩斯坦
* 博斯坦 (Bósītǎn)
* 反坦克炮
* 坦克 (tǎnkè)
* 坦克兵
* 坦克車 / 坦克车 (tǎnkèchē)
* 坦坦
* 坦坦蕩蕩 / 坦坦荡荡
* 坦塗 / 坦涂
* 坦夜蛾 (tǎnyè'é)
* 坦夷
* 坦尚尼亞 / 坦尚尼亚 (Tǎnshàngníyà)
* 坦平 (tǎnpíng)
* 坦懷 / 坦怀
* 坦承 (tǎnchéng)
* 坦易
* 坦然 (tǎnrán)
* 坦率 (tǎnshuài)
* 坦白 (tǎnbái)
* 坦直
* 坦緩 / 坦缓
* 坦腹
* 坦腹東床 / 坦腹东床
* 坦蕩 / 坦荡 (tǎndàng)
* 坦蕩蕩 / 坦荡荡 (tǎndàngdàng)
* 坦言 (tǎnyán)
* 坦誠 / 坦诚 (tǎnchéng)
* 坦迤
* 坦途 (tǎntú)
* 坦露
* 墩闊坦 / 墩阔坦 (Dūnkuòtǎn)
* 小坦山 (Xiǎotǎnshān)
* 巴力斯坦 (Bālìsītǎn)
* 巴勒斯坦 (Bālèsītǎn)
* 巴基斯坦 (Bājīsītǎn)
* 平坦 (píngtǎn)
* 平坦大路
* 平坦寬闊 / 平坦宽阔
* 愛因斯坦 / 爱因斯坦 (Àiyīnsītǎn)
* 斯坦因
* 斯坦貝克 / 斯坦贝克
* 曼哈坦島 / 曼哈坦岛
* 東坦蕭然 / 东坦萧然
* 東床坦腹 / 东床坦腹
* 泰坦族
* 波茨坦 (Bōcítǎn)
* 興都斯坦 / 兴都斯坦 (Xīngdūsītǎn)
* 舒坦
* 襟懷坦白 / 襟怀坦白 (jīnhuáitǎnbái)

### References

* “坦”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* flat; level; even

#### Readings

* Go-on: たん (tan)
* Kan-on: たん (tan)
* Kun: たいら (taira, 坦ら)
* Nanori: しずか (shizuka)、ひろ (hiro)、ひろし (hiroshi)、ひろむ (hiromu)、やす (yasu)、ゆたか (yutaka)

#### Compounds

* 坦懐(たんかい) (tankai)
* 坦坦(たんたん), 坦々(たんたん) (tantan)

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 坦 (MC thanX).

### Hanja

Wikisource 坦 (eumhun 평평할 탄 (pyeongpyeonghal tan))
* hanja form of 탄 (“flat; level; even”)

#### Compounds

* 순탄 (順坦, suntan)
* 탄도 (坦道, tando)
* 탄회 (坦懷, tanhoe)
* 평탄 (平坦, pyeongtan)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

坦: Hán Việt readings: thản (儻(thảng)旱(hạn)切(thiết)), thán
坦: Nôm readings: đứt, đất, đắt, thản, đác, đởn, thán, đắn, đật, ngẩn, thưỡn

### Etymology 1
#### Affix

坦 (thản)
* chữ Hán form of thản (“flat; level; wide”).
* chữ Hán form of thản (“calm; pleasant”).

##### Derived terms

* 坦然 (thản nhiên)
* 平坦 (bình thản)

### Etymology 2
#### Glyph origin

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, đất): semantic 土 (“earth”) + abbreviated phonetic 怛 (đát). The 旦 element is a simplified form of 怛.

#### Noun

坦 • (đất)
* chữ Nôm form of đất (“earth; soil; dirt”).
* chữ Nôm form of đất (“land”).

##### Alternative forms

* 𡐙 (đất), 待 (đất)

##### Derived terms

* 動坦 (động đất)
* 坦墆 (đất đai)
* 𣛤坦 (Trái Đất)

### Etymology 3
#### Verb

坦 • (đứt)
* chữ Nôm form of đứt (“to break off; to be cut off”).

### References

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Nguyễn (2014).
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Trần (2004).
* 1 2 3 4 5 Bonet (1899).
* 1 2 3 4 5 Génibrel (1898).
* 1 2 3 Hồ (1976).
* 1 2 3 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).