# pauper
## English
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin pauper (“poor”). Originally a legal term. Doublet of poor.

### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈpɔː.pə/
* (US) IPA: /ˈpɔ.pɚ/
* (cot–caught merger) IPA: /ˈpɑ.pɚ/
** Audio (US):(file)
** Homophone: popper (cot–caught merger)
* (General Australian) IPA: /ˈpoː.pə/
* Rhymes: -ɔːpə(ɹ)

### Noun

pauper (plural paupers)
* One who is extremely poor.
    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:pauper
** 1991, Art Spiegelman, Maus I: My Father Bleeds History, New York: Pantheon Books, page 132:He has hundreds of thousands of dollars in the bank, and he lives like a pauper!
* One living on or eligible for public charity.

#### Derived terms

* pauperism
* pauperess
* pauperize
* pauper's funeral
* pauper's grave

#### Related terms

* pauci-

#### Translations

    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

### Verb

pauper (third-person singular simple present paupers, present participle paupering, simple past and past participle paupered)
* (transitive) To make a pauper of; to drive into poverty.
** 2017, Naomi Rawlings, Love's Christmas Hope:“There's no sense in you paupering yourself because you're too stubborn to take my money.”

### See also

* in forma pauperis

### References

* ↑ Douglas Harper (2001–2025) “pauper”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.

### Further reading

* Pauperism on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* Poverty threshold on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* Measuring poverty on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

## Dalmatian
### Alternative forms

* poper

### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin pauper.

### Adjective

pauper
* poor

## Dutch
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin pauper.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpɑu̯.pər/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: pau‧per

### Noun

pauper m (plural paupers, diminutive paupertje n)
* (informal, often derogatory) a pauper

#### Derived terms

* pauperbak

## Latin
### Etymology

From Proto-Italic *pawoparos (a thematic adjective, which was switched to the third declension in Latin analogically), from a compound beginning with Proto-Indo-European *peh₂w- (“few, small”) (compare English few). The origin of the second element, -per, is less certain, but probably *perh₃- (“to grant, bestow, provide”) (compare Ancient Greek ἔπορον (époron, “to supply, grant, pay”)), therefore the compound meant “providing little”.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈpau̯.per/, [ˈpäu̯pɛr]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈpau̯.per/, [ˈpäːu̯per]

### Adjective

pauper (genitive pauperis, comparative pauperior, superlative pauperrimus); third-declension one-termination adjective (non-i-stem)
* poor
    Synonyms: egens, inops, exiguus
    Antonyms: opulentus, dives, dis, ditis, opulens, locuples, pecuniosus

#### Declension

Third-declension one-termination adjective (non-i-stem).
* In Late or Vulgar Latin, this third declension adjective seems to have been regularized to first/second declension, like in the attested forms pauperus and paupera

#### Derived terms

* pauperculus
* pauperiēs
* paupertās

#### Related terms

* paucus

#### Descendants

* Asturian: probe
* Catalan: pobre
* Franco-Provençal: pouv(r)o
* Friulian: puar, pùar
* Istriot: puovari
* Italian: povero
* Lombard: pòor, pòr, pòver, pòvar, poret, poaret
* Occitan: paure
* Old French: povre
** → Middle English: povre
*** English: poor
*** Scots: puir
** French: pauvre
** Norman: pouôrre, pauvre
** Walloon: pôve
* Old Galician-Portuguese: pobre
** Fala: pobri
** Galician: pobre
** Portuguese: pobre
* Piedmontese: pòver, pòr, povr
* Romansch: pover
* Sardinian: poaru, pobaru, poberu
* Sicilian: pòviru, pòvuru, povru
* Spanish: pobre
* Venetan: pore, poro, poaro, povaro

##### Learned borrowings

* → Dalmatian: pauper
* → English: pauper
* → Polish: pauper
* → Romanian: pauper
* → Romansch: pauper

### References

* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pauper”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 451: “PIt. *pau(o)-pa/oro-; PIE *peh₂u-(o-)p(o)rh₃-o-”

### Further reading

* “pauper”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “pauper”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* pauper in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. to raise a man from poverty to wealth: aliquem ex paupere divitem facere

## Middle English
### Noun

pauper
* Alternative form of paper

## Polish
### Alternative forms

* paper (Przemyśl)

### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin pauper. First attested in the 19th century.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpaw.pɛr/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -awpɛr
* Syllabification: pau‧per

### Noun

pauper m pers
* (archaic) pauper (poor person)
    Synonym: biedak
* (archaic, figuratively) pauper (person in a difficult situation)
    Synonym: biedak
* (historical, Middle Ages) pauper (poor student who lives off services or alms)
* (obsolete, humorous) Synonym of ulicznik

#### Declension
### References

* ↑ Mirosław Bańko, Lidia Wiśniakowska (2021) “pauper”, in Wielki słownik wyrazów obcych, →ISBN
* ↑ Stanisław Dubisz, editor (2003), “pauper”, in Uniwersalny słownik języka polskiego [Universal dictionary of the Polish language]‎ (in Polish), volumes 1-4, Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN SA, →ISBN
* ↑ Halina Zgółkowa, editor (1994-2005), “pauper”, in Praktyczny słownik współczesnej polszczyzny, volumes 1-50, Poznań: Wydawnictwo Kurpisz, →ISBN
* ↑ Witold Doroszewski, editor (1958–1969), “pauper”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), Warszawa: PWN
* ↑ Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “pauper”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
* ↑ “pauper”, in Słownik gramatyczny języka polskiego [Grammatical Dictionary of Polish], 2022

### Further reading

* pauper in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1908), “pauper”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 4, Warsaw, page 93

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin pauper.

### Adjective

pauper m or n (feminine singular pauperă, masculine plural pauperi, feminine and neuter plural paupere)
* poor