# 每

| 每 | U+6BCF, &#27599; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6BCF |
| ← 毎 [U+6BCE] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 毐 → [U+6BD0] |

## Translingual

| Japanese | 毎 |
| Simplified | 每 |
| Traditional | 每 |

### Han character

每 (Kangxi radical 80, 毋+3, 7 strokes, cangjie input 人田卜戈 (OWYI), four-corner 8050$_7$, composition ⿱𠂉母)

#### Derived characters

* 𠳨, 㙁, 娒, 挴, 𤞦, 晦, 脢, 烸, 𤙩, 珻, 畮, 䀲, 𬑲, 𬒐, 䊈, 䋦(𫄩), 𧋟, 誨(诲), 踇, 酶, 鋂, 䩈, 𩊱, 䱕, 黣, 𠜮, 勄, 𠧩, 䋣, 毓, 緐, 莓, 䍙, 痗, 𫂂, 霉, 𫵾, 𢙽, 𣒫
* 侮, 悔, 海, 梅, 敏 (Note: For all regions except Japan. Japan character form contains 毎 as component for these characters)

#### Related characters

* 毎 (Japanese shinjitai)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 589, character 2
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 16725
* Dae Jaweon: page 981, character 3
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2381, character 2
* Unihan data for U+6BCF

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 每 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 脢 | *mɯːs, *mɯː, *mɯːs |
| 挴 | *mlɯːʔ, *mɯːʔ |
| 海 | *hmlɯːʔ |
| 毐 | *ʔmɯː, *ʔmɯːʔ |
| 呣 | *mɯ |
| 拇 | *mɯʔ |
| 母 | *mɯʔ |
| 胟 | *mɯʔ |
| 姆 | *mɯʔ, *mɯs, *maːʔ |
| 畮 | *mɯʔ |
| 踇 | *mɯʔ |
| 苺 | *mɯs, *mɯːʔ, *mɯːs |
| 莓 | *mɯs, *mɯː, *mɯːs |
| 敏 | *mrɯʔ, *mrɯŋʔ |
| 鰵 | *mrɯŋʔ |
| 慜 | *mrɯŋʔ |
| 毋 | *ma |
| 梅 | *mɯː |
| 酶 | *mɯː |
| 鋂 | *mɯː |
| 每 | *mɯːʔ |
| 毎 | *mɯːs |
| 痗 | *mɯːs, *hmɯːs |
| 晦 | *hmɯːs |
| 誨 | *hmɯːs |
| 悔 | *hmɯːʔ, *hmɯːs |
| 霉 | *mrɯl |
Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *mɯːʔ): semantic 屮 + phonetic 母 (OC *mɯʔ). Perhaps, in this character, the top component represents a hairpin (笄) made of bamboo to indicate that the woman was at least 15 years old.
Otherwise, partly in accordance to the interpretation of Xu Shen, the sprout indicates that the woman was considered adult and ready to be married and generate sons.
See the original form of 敖, in which the top component is the same. See also 毒.
The top component of the character is unrelated to 旅, 伤, 复, 乞 as well as 人.

### Etymology

Possibly from Proto-Mon-Khmer *muuj (“cardinal number one”) (Schuessler, 2007).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): měi (mei$^3$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄇㄟˇ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): мый (mɨy, II)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): mui$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): mî
    (Hailu, HRS): mui$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): mi$^1$
* Eastern Min (BUC): muōi
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): bue$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): múi / bóe
    (Teochew, Peng'im): muê$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$me; $^5$me
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: měi
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄟˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: měi
*** Wade–Giles: mei$^3$
*** Yale: měi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: meei
*** Palladius: мэй (mɛj)
*** Sinological IPA : /meɪ̯²¹⁴/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: мый (mɨy, II)
*** Sinological IPA : /mei⁵¹/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: mui$^5$
*** Yale: múih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: mui$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: mui$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /muːi̯¹³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mî
*** Hakka Romanization System: mi$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: mi$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /mi²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: mui$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /mui⁵³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: mi$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /mi⁴⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: muōi
*** Sinological IPA : /mui³³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: bue$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /puei⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: bue$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /puei³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: múi
*** Tâi-lô: muí
*** Phofsit Daibuun: muie
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /muĩ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /muĩ⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /muĩ⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bóe
*** Tâi-lô: bué
*** Phofsit Daibuun: boea
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /bue⁵³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: muê$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: mué
*** Sinological IPA : /mue⁵²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$me; $^5$me
*** MiniDict: me$^去$; 'me$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$me; $^2$'me
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /me²³/, /me³⁴/
* Middle Chinese: mwojX
Rime :
| Character | 每 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 灰 (42) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 武罪切 |
| Baxter | mwojX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /muʌi$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /muoi$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /muɒi$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /mwəj$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /muᴀi$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /muɒi$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /muɑ̆i$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | měi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | mui$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*mˤəʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*mɯːʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 每 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | měi |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ mwoj$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*mˁəʔ/ |
| English | each |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 每 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 9307 |
| Phonetic component | 母 |
| Rime group | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 浼 |
| Old Chinese | /*mɯːʔ/ |

### Definitions

每
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) lush
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
    Yuántián měiměi, shě qí jiù ér xīn shì móu. [Pinyin]
    Lush are the fields! The old are about to be discarded; the new are being planned (or "making a plan"). (Ominous song heard before the Battle of Chengpu, precise meaning debated.)
* every; each
    每日 ― měirì ― every day; daily
    每次 ― měicì ― every time
* every time; each time
* often; frequently
** 1900 July 24, 梁啟超 [Liang Qichao], chapter 31, in 和文漢讀法 [The Chinese Method of Reading Japanese]‎, Tokyo: 秀英舍, page 18:
       Dú Rìběn shū zhě, měi kǔyú bùnéng duànjù. [Pinyin]
       Those who read Japanese books often suffer from their inability to punctuate sentences.
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 們 / 们 (plural marker)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) flourishingly
* a surname

#### Synonyms

* (every): 各 (gè)

### Compounds

* 俺每
* 咱每
* 我每 (wǒměi)
* 每下愈況 / 每下愈况 (měixiàyùkuàng)
* 每事問 / 每事问 (měishìwèn)
* 每人 (měirén)
* 每位
* 每兩 / 每两 (měiliǎng)
* 每回 (měihuí)
* 每夜 (měiyè)
* 每天 (měitiān)
* 每常 (měicháng)
* 每常間 / 每常间
* 每年 (měinián)
* 每戰必勝 / 每战必胜
* 每戰皆北 / 每战皆北
* 每日 (měirì)
* 每日逐朝
* 每朝每日
* 每朝逐日
* 每次 (měicì)
* 每每 (měiměi)
* 每況愈下 / 每况愈下 (měikuàngyùxià)
* 每當 / 每当 (měidāng)
* 每逢 (měiféng)
* 每隔 (měigé)
* 每飯不忘 / 每饭不忘
* 逐朝每日

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 每(まい) (mai)
* → Korean: 매(每) (mae)
* → Vietnamese: mỗi (每)
Others:
* → Vietnamese: mọi

### References

* “每”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* “每”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 毎 |
| Kyūjitai | 每 |

### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 毎)
* every
* each

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): まい (mai)、ばい (bai)
* Kun: つね (tsune, 每)

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 每 (MC mwojX).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᄆᆡᆼ〯 (Yale: mǒy) | ᄆᆡᆼ〯 (Yale: mǒy) |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | 니ᅀᅳᆯ〮 (Yale: nìzúl) | ᄆᆡ〯 (Yale: mǒy) |

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [mɛ(ː)] ~ [me̞(ː)]
* Phonetic hangul: [매(ː)/메(ː)]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Hanja

Wikisource 每 (eumhun 매양 매 (maeyang mae))
* hanja form of 매 (“always; every”) [determiner]

#### Compounds

* 매년 (每年, maenyeon)
* 매매 (每每, maemae)
* 매번 (每番, maebeon)
* 매분 (每分, maebun)
* 매사 (每事, maesa)
* 매상 (每常, maesang)
* 매세 (每歲, maese)
* 매시 (每時, maesi)
* 매양 (每樣, maeyang)
* 매월 (每月, maewol)
* 매일 (每日, maeil)
* 매주 (每週, maeju)
* 매차 (每次, maecha)
* 매초 (每秒, maecho)
* 매회 (每回, maehoe)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

每: Hán Nôm readings: mỗi, mọi, mủi
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.