# 倡

| 倡 | U+5021, &#20513; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5021 |
| ← 倠 [U+5020] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 倢 → [U+5022] |

## Translingual
### Han character

倡 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+8, 10 strokes, cangjie input 人日日 (OAA), four-corner 2626$_0$, composition ⿰亻昌)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 108, character 12
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 783
* Dae Jaweon: page 231, character 2
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 177, character 5
* Unihan data for U+5021

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 倡 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| Small seal scripts05852Transcribed ancient scriptsL24011L24012L24013L24010 ||
| References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script). ||
| | Old Chinese |
| 昌 | *tʰjaŋ |
| 倡 | *tʰjaŋ, *tʰjaŋs |
| 猖 | *tʰjaŋ |
| 菖 | *tʰjaŋ |
| 閶 | *tʰjaŋ |
| 鯧 | *tʰjaŋ |
| 裮 | *tʰjaŋ |
| 琩 | *tʰjaŋ |
| 唱 | *tʰjaŋs |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *tʰjaŋ, *tʰjaŋs): semantic 亻 + phonetic 昌 (OC *tʰjaŋ).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chàng (chang$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄤˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): coeng$^3$ / coeng$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chhong
    (Hailu, HRS): chong$^ˇ$
* Eastern Min (BUC): chióng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): cyong$^4$ / cyeng$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chhiòng / chhiàng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ciang$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$tshaon
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chàng
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄤˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chàng
*** Wade–Giles: chʻang$^4$
*** Yale: chàng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chanq
*** Palladius: чан (čan)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: coeng$^3$ / coeng$^1$
*** Yale: cheung / chēung
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsoeng$^3$ / tsoeng$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cêng$^3$ / cêng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰœːŋ³³/, /t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhong
*** Hakka Romanization System: cong
*** Hagfa Pinyim: cong$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰoŋ⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: chong$^ˇ$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡ʃʰoŋ¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: chióng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰuɔŋ²¹³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: cyong$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰyɒŋ⁴²/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: cyeng$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰyøŋ⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiòng
*** Tâi-lô: tshiòng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chioxng
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰiɔŋ¹¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰiɔŋ²¹/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiàng
*** Tâi-lô: tshiàng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chiaxng
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰiaŋ²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰiaŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰiaŋ¹¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ciang$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshiàng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰiaŋ²¹³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$tshaon
*** MiniDict: tshaon$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$tshaan
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡sʰɑ̃³⁴/
* Middle Chinese: tsyhangH
Rime :
| Character | 倡 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 昌 (24) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (105) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 尺亮切 |
| Baxter | tsyhangH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ɕʰɨɐŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡ɕʰiɐŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ɕʰiɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /cʰɨaŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ɕʰiaŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ɕʰĭaŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡ɕʰi̯aŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | chàng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | coeng$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*mə-tʰaŋ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*tʰjaŋs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 倡 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | chàng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsyhang$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*mə-tʰaŋ-s/ |
| English | to lead (in singing) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 倡 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 1258 |
| Phonetic component | 昌 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 唱 |
| Old Chinese | /*tʰjaŋs/ |

#### Definitions

倡
* to lead (a chorus); to introduce
* to sing
* to advocate; to recommend; to encourage; to promote; to propagate

#### Compounds

* 一倡三歎 / 一倡三叹
* 一倡百和 (yīchàngbǎihè)
* 倡優 / 倡优 (chāngyōu)
* 倡和
* 倡始
* 倡導 / 倡导 (chàngdǎo)
* 倡導者 / 倡导者
* 倡廉 (chànglián)
* 倡義 / 倡义
* 倡言 (chàngyán)
* 倡議 / 倡议 (chàngyì)
* 倡議書 / 倡议书
* 倡隨 / 倡随
* 倡首 (chàngshǒu)
* 反腐倡廉 (fǎnfǔchànglián)
* 夫倡婦隨 / 夫倡妇随
* 彼倡此和
* 提倡 (tíchàng)
* 為主作倡 / 为主作倡
* 首倡 (shǒuchàng)
* 首倡義舉 / 首倡义举

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chāng (chang$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄤ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): coeng$^1$
* Eastern Min (BUC): chiŏng
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chhiong
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chāng
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄤ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chang
*** Wade–Giles: chʻang$^1$
*** Yale: chāng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chang
*** Palladius: чан (čan)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: coeng$^1$
*** Yale: chēung
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsoeng$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cêng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: chiŏng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰuoŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiong
*** Tâi-lô: tshiong
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chiofng
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: tsyhang
Rime :
| Character | 倡 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 昌 (24) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (105) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 尺良切 |
| Baxter | tsyhang |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ɕʰɨɐŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡ɕʰiɐŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ɕʰiɑŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /cʰɨaŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ɕʰiaŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ɕʰĭaŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡ɕʰi̯aŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | chāng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | coeng$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*tʰjaŋ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 倡 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 1250 |
| Phonetic component | 昌 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 昌 |
| Old Chinese | /*tʰjaŋ/ |

#### Definitions

倡
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) professional singer and dancer
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) musician; actor; entertainer; performer
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 娼 (chāng, “prostitute”)

#### Compounds

* 俳倡
* 倡優 / 倡优 (chāngyōu)
* 倡女
* 倡家
* 倡寮
* 倡揚 / 倡扬 (chāngyáng)
* 倡條 / 倡条
* 倡條冶葉 / 倡条冶叶
* 冶葉倡條 / 冶叶倡条
* 妍倡
* 幸倡

### References

* “倡”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “倡”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 26.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* prostitute

#### Readings

* Go-on: しょう (shō)
* Kan-on: しょう (shō)
* Kun: あそびめ (asobime, 倡)、となえる (tonaeru, 倡える)、わざおぎ (wazaogi, 倡)

## Korean
### Hanja

倡 (eum 창 (chang))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

倡: Hán Nôm readings: xướng
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.