# 酷

| 酷 | U+9177, &#37239; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9177 |
| ← 酶 [U+9176] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 酸 → [U+9178] |

## Translingual
### Han character

酷 (Kangxi radical 164, 酉+7, 14 strokes, cangjie input 一田竹土口 (MWHGR), four-corner 1466$_1$, composition ⿰酉告)

#### Derived characters

* 𤐿

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1283, character 14
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 39870
* Dae Jaweon: page 1783, character 10
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3583, character 10
* Unihan data for U+9177

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 造 | *skʰuːɡs, *sɡuːʔ |
| 慥 | *skʰuːɡs |
| 艁 | *skʰuːɡs, *sɡuːʔ |
| 糙 | *skʰuːɡs |
| 告 | *kuːɡs, *kuːɡ |
| 誥 | *kuːɡs |
| 郜 | *kuːɡs, *kuːɡ |
| 祰 | *kʰuːʔ, *kuːɡ |
| 靠 | *kʰuːɡs |
| 浩 | *ɡuːʔ, *kuːb |
| 晧 | *ɡuːʔ |
| 皓 | *ɡuːʔ |
| 窖 | *kruːɡs |
| 簉 | *skʰruɡs |
| 梏 | *kruːɡ, *kuːɡ |
| 硞 | *kʰruːɡ, *kʰuːɡ |
| 牿 | *kuːɡ |
| 鵠 | *kuːɡ, *ɡuːɡ |
| 酷 | *kʰuːɡ |
| 焅 | *kʰuːɡ |
| 嚳 | *kʰuːɡ |
| 頶 | *ɡuːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kʰuːɡ): semantic 酉 (“alcoholic drink vessel”) + phonetic 告 (OC *kuːɡs, *kuːɡ).

### Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): kù (ku$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄎㄨˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ku$^2$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): huk$^6$ / hou$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): huuk$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): khu̍k
    (Hailu, HRS): kug$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): kug$^5$
* Jin (Wiktionary): kueh$^4$
* Northern Min (KCR): kŭ / kṳ̆
* Eastern Min (BUC): gók
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): korh$^6$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): khok
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kog$^4$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^7$khoq
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ku$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kù
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄨˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kù
*** Wade–Giles: kʻu$^4$
*** Yale: kù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuh
*** Palladius: ку (ku)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰu⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: ku$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ku
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰu²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: huk$^6$ / hou$^6$
*** Yale: huhk / houh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: huk$^9$ / hou$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hug$^6$ / hou$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /hʊk̚²/, /hou̯²²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: huuk$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɵk̚³²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khu̍k
*** Hakka Romanization System: kug
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kug$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰuk̚⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: kug$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰuk²/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: kug$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰʊk̚¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: kueh$^4$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /kʰuəʔ²/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: kŭ / kṳ̆
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰu²⁴/, /kʰy²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gók
*** Sinological IPA : /kouʔ²⁴/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: korh$^6$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ko̤h
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɒʔ¹/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: korh$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɒʔ²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khok
*** Tâi-lô: khok
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qog
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰɔk̚³²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰɔk̚⁵/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰɔk̚³²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰɔk̚³²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰɔk̚³²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: kog$^4$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khok
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰok̚²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai, Suzhou, Hangzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^7$khoq
*** MiniDict: khoh$^入$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^4$khoq
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰoʔ⁵⁵/
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /kʰoʔ⁴³/
*** Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /kʰoʔ⁵⁵/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: ku$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰu²⁴/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit酷 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /kʰu⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /kʰu⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /kʰu⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /kʰu²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /kʰu⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /kʰu⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /kʰu²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /kʰv̩⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /kʰu⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /kʰu¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /kʰu²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /kʰu²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /kʰu³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /kʰu²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /kʰu³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /kʰuʔ⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /kʰuəʔ⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /kʰuəʔ²/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /kʰuʌʔ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /kʰuəʔ⁴³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /kʰoʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /kʰoʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /kʰoʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /kʰu²¹³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /kʰuʔ²¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /kʰu⁵/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /kʰu²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /kʰu²⁴/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | |
| Hakka | Meixian | /kʰuk̚¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /hok̚²/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /kʰuk̚⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /huk̚²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kʰɔk̚³²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kouʔ²³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kʰu²⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /kʰok̚²/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /xau³⁵/ |
* Middle Chinese: khowk
Rime :
| Character | 酷 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 沃 (6) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 苦沃切 |
| Baxter | khowk |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰuok̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰuok̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰok̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰawk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰok̚/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰuok̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kʰuok̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | ku |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | huk$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kʰˤuk/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰuːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 酷 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | kù |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ khowk › |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰˁuk/ |
| English | cruel |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 酷 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 3824 |
| Phonetic component | 告 |
| Rime group | 覺 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 酷 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰuːɡ/ |

#### Definitions

酷
* (literary, of alcohol) strong; intense
* cruel; brutal; savage
    殘酷／残酷 ― cánkù ― cruel
* extremely; to an extreme degree
    酷愛／酷爱 ― kù'ài ― to have a passion for; to ardently love

### Compounds

* 冷酷 (lěngkù)
* 嚴酷 / 严酷 (yánkù)
* 峻酷
* 慘酷 / 惨酷 (cǎnkù)
* 殘酷 / 残酷 (cánkù)
* 苟弟轉酷 / 苟弟转酷
* 貪殘酷烈 / 贪残酷烈
* 貪酷 / 贪酷
* 酷似 (kùsì)
* 酷刑 (kùxíng)
* 酷吏 (kùlì)
* 酷嗜
* 酷好 (kùhào)
* 酷寒
* 酷彩 (Kùcǎi, “Le Creuset”)
* 酷愛 / 酷爱 (kù'ài)
* 酷暑 (kùshǔ)
* 酷烈 (kùliè)
* 酷熱 / 酷热 (kùrè)
* 酷肖
* 酷虐
* 酷鵬 / 酷鹏

### Etymology 2

Phono-semantic matching of English cool.

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kù (ku$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄨˋ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kù
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄨˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kù
*** Wade–Giles: kʻu$^4$
*** Yale: kù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuh
*** Palladius: ку (ku)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰu⁵¹/

#### Definitions

酷
* (Mandarin, slang) cool; awesome

##### Usage notes

Whilst English "cool" may be used in a wide variety of contexts, 酷 (and, by extension, 酷斃／酷毙 (kùbì)) is usually only used to describe something fashionable or extraordinary.

#### See also

* 牛 (niú)
* 強／强 (qiáng)
* 絕／绝 (jué)

### Compounds

* 酷哥
* 酷妹
* 酷斃 / 酷毙 (kùbì)
* 酷斃了 / 酷毙了

### Etymology 3

* This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Related to 啄 (tok)? as per Douglas (1873), Campbell (1913), Tōhō (1931), Ogawa (1932), etc.”

#### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khok
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khok
*** Tâi-lô: khok
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qog
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Philippines): /kʰɔk̚⁵/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kʰɔk̚³²/

#### Definitions

酷
* (Hokkien, business) to drive a hard bargain; to economically take advantage of; to exploit economically; to penny-pinch; to profiteer; to swindle; to cheat; to be stingy/miserly with (such as overpricing to favor sellers or undervaluing to favor buyers)

##### Synonyms

* 啄 (tok, top)

### References

* Embree, Bernard L.M. (1973) “khok”, in A Dictionary of Southern Min (overall work in Hokkien, English, and Mandarin), Hong Kong: Hong Kong Language Institute, page 160.
* 小川尚義 (OGAWA Naoyoshi), editor (1931–1932), “酷”, in 臺日大辭典 [Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary]‎ (overall work in Hokkien and Japanese), Taihoku: Government-General of Taiwan, →OCLC, page 491
* 小川尚義 (OGAWA Naoyoshi), editor (1931–1932), “酷”, in 臺日大辭典 [Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary]‎ (overall work in Hokkien and Japanese), Taihoku: Government-General of Taiwan, →OCLC, page 475
* 東方孝義 (TŌHŌ Takayoshi) (1931) “酷”, in 臺日新辭書 [New Taiwanese–Japanese dictionary] (overall work in Hokkien and Japanese), Taihoku: 臺灣警察協會, page 265
* 東方孝義 (TŌHŌ Takayoshi) (1931) “酷”, in 臺日新辭書 [New Taiwanese–Japanese dictionary] (overall work in Hokkien and Japanese), Taihoku: 臺灣警察協會, page 673
* William Campbell (1913) “tok (酷 Khok)”, in A dictionary of the Amoy vernacular spoken throughout the prefectures of Chin-Chiu, Chiang-Chiu and Formosa (in Hokkien), 8th edition, Tainan: Taiwan Church Press, published 1961, →OCLC, page 720.
* Douglas, Carstairs (1873) “tok”, in Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy, With the Principal Variations of the Chang-chew and Chin-chew Dialects. (overall work in Hokkien and English), London: Trübner & Co., page 526; New Edition, With Corrections by the Author., Thomas Barclay, Lîm Iàn-sîn 林燕臣, London: Publishing Office of the Presbyterian Church of England, 1899, page 526
* Douglas, Carstairs (1873) “khok”, in Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy, With the Principal Variations of the Chang-chew and Chin-chew Dialects. (overall work in Hokkien and English), London: Trübner & Co., page 283; New Edition, With Corrections by the Author., Thomas Barclay, Lîm Iàn-sîn 林燕臣, London: Publishing Office of the Presbyterian Church of England, 1899, page 283

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 酷 |
| Kyūjitai | 酷󠄁 酷+&#xE0101; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 酷󠄃 酷+&#xE0103; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* cruel, severe
* extremely

#### Readings

* Go-on: こく (koku, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: こく (koku, Jōyō)
* Kun: きびしい (kibishii, 酷しい)、はなはだ (hanahada, 酷だ)、はなはだしい (hanahadashii, 酷だしい)、ひどい (hidoi, 酷い)、むごい (mugoi, 酷い)
* Nanori: あつ (atsu)

#### Compounds

* 酷寒
* 酷刑
* 酷使
* 酷似
* 酷暑
* 酷評
* 酷吏
* 苛酷
* 過酷
* 厳酷
* 残酷
* 冷酷

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 酷
* こく Grade: S
* on'yomi
Ultimately from Middle Chinese 酷 (MC khowk). First cited in Japanese as a standalone term in 1754.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こく [kóꜜkù] (Atamadaka – [1])
* (Tokyo) こく [kòkúꜜ] (Odaka – [2])
* IPA: [ko̞kɯ̟]

### Adjective

酷(こく) • (koku) -na (adnominal 酷(こく)な (koku na), adverbial 酷(こく)に (koku ni))
* [from 1754] cruel, severe, harsh, merciless
    Synonyms: むごい (mugoi), 厳しい (kibishii)
* [from 1878] extremely, excessively
    Synonym: 甚だしい (hanahadashii)

#### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Imperfective (未然形) | 酷だろ | こくだろ | koku daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 酷で | こくで | koku de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 酷だ | こくだ | koku da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 酷な | こくな | koku na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 酷なら | こくなら | koku nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 酷であれ | こくであれ | koku de are |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 酷ではない 酷じゃない | こくではない こくじゃない | koku de wa nai koku ja nai |
| Informal past | 酷だった | こくだった | koku datta |
| Informal negative past | 酷ではなかった 酷じゃなかった | こくではなかった こくじゃなかった | koku de wa nakatta koku ja nakatta |
| Formal | 酷です | こくです | koku desu |
| Formal negative | 酷ではありません 酷じゃありません | こくではありません こくじゃありません | koku de wa arimasen koku ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 酷でした | こくでした | koku deshita |
| Formal negative past | 酷ではありませんでした 酷じゃありませんでした | こくではありませんでした こくじゃありませんでした | koku de wa arimasen deshita koku ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 酷で | こくで | koku de |
| Conditional | 酷なら（ば） | こくなら（ば） | koku nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 酷だったら | こくだったら | koku dattara |
| Volitional | 酷だろう | こくだろう | koku darō |
| Adverbial | 酷に | こくに | koku ni |
| Degree | 酷さ | こくさ | kokusa |
Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 酷なら | こくなら | kokunara |
| Continuative (連用形) | 酷に$^{[1]}$ 酷なり$^{[2]}$ | こくに こくなり | kokuni kokunari |
| Terminal (終止形) | 酷なり | こくなり | kokunari |
| Attributive (連体形) | 酷なる | こくなる | kokunaru |
| Realis (已然形) | 酷なれ | こくなれ | kokunare |
| Imperative (命令形) | 酷なれ | こくなれ | kokunare |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 酷ならず | こくならず | kokunarazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 酷なれど | こくなれど | kokunaredo |
| Causal conjunction | 酷なれば | こくなれば | kokunareba |
| Conditional conjunction | 酷ならば | こくならば | kokunaraba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 酷なりき | こくなりき | kokunariki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 酷なりけり | こくなりけり | kokunarikeri |
| Adverbial | 酷に | こくに | kokuni |
| $^{[1]}$Without auxiliary verb. $^{[2]}$With auxiliary verb. ||||

### Noun

酷(こく) • (koku)
* [from 1754] cruelty, severity, harshness, mercilessness

### References

* ↑ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 2155 (paper), page 1129 (digital)
* ↑ “酷”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 酷 (MC khowk).

### Hanja

Wikisource 酷 (eumhun 심할 혹 (simhal hok))
* hanja form of 혹 (“cruel”)

#### Compounds

* 냉혹 (冷酷, naenghok, “cruelty, severity”)
* 잔혹 (殘酷, janhok, “cruelty”)
* 참혹 (慘酷, chamhok, “extreme cruelty”)
* 혹독 (酷毒, hokdok, “harsh”)
* 혹렬 (酷烈, hongnyeol, “cruelty”)
* 혹박 (酷薄, hokbak, “cruelty, callousness”)
* 혹사 (酷似, hoksa, “striking resemblance”)
* 혹사 (酷使, hoksa, “exploitation”)
* 혹평 (酷評, hokpyeong, “censure”)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

酷: Hán Nôm readings: khốc
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.