# 厄

| 厄 | U+5384, &#21380; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5384 |
| ← 厃 [U+5383] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 厅 → [U+5385] |

## Translingual
### Han character

厄 (Kangxi radical 27, 厂+2, 4 strokes, cangjie input 一尸山 (MSU), four-corner 7121$_2$, composition ⿸厂㔾)

#### Derived characters

* 伌, 呃, 𡛖, 𭜒, 扼, 𤜸, 阨, 𦙜, 枙, 砈, 𬡉, 蚅, 𭅻, 𮛊, 𮜯, 軛(轭), 鈪, 𩚚(𬲩), 𥝂, 𬪾, 𦷖, 𩵡, 𧠏, 頋(顾), 危, 𭖆, 苊, 𣐃

### Further reading

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 160, character 18
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2893
* Dae Jaweon: page 367, character 3
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 68, character 5
* Unihan data for U+5384

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 厄
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 呃 | *qreːɡs, *qreːɡ |
| 阸 | *qreːɡs, *qreːɡ |
| 厄 | *qreːɡ |
| 蚅 | *qreːɡ |
| 扼 | *qreːɡ |
| 軛 | *qreːɡ |
| 戹 | *qreːɡ |
| 豟 | *qreːɡ |
| 呝 | *qreːɡ |
| 軶 | *qreːɡ |
Possibly an ideogram (指事) of a person kneeling (卩), and a small stroke to accentuate the knee (now 厂). Not cognate with 戹 (“yoke”) but eventually they shared meanings.
Shuowen Jiezi interprets it as phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *qreːɡ): phonetic 厂 (OC *hŋaːnʔ, *hŋaːns) + semantic 卪 (“joint; node”) – wood knot.
* ↑ 季旭昇，2002《說文新證.下冊》，台北：藝文印書館，2002年10月第1版。p.72

### Etymology 1

Probably related to 嗌 (OC *qleɡ, “throat”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Or borrowed from Tocharian B räk- and Tocharian A räk- (“to stretch, to spread”).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): è (e$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄜˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): nge$^2$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): aak$^1$ / ak$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ak$^2$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ak
* Eastern Min (BUC): áik
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): eh / ek / iak
    (Teochew, Peng'im): êh$^4$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^8$ngeq
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): nge$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: è
*** Zhuyin: ㄜˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: è
*** Wade–Giles: o$^4$
*** Yale: è
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: eh
*** Palladius: э (e)
*** Sinological IPA : /ˀɤ⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: nge$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: nge
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋɛ²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: aak$^1$ / ak$^1$
*** Yale: āak / āk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: aak$^7$ / ak$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ag$^1$ / eg$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /aːk̚⁵/, /ɐk̚⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ak$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /ak̚⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ak
*** Hakka Romanization System: ag$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ag$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /ak̚²/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: áik
*** Sinological IPA : /aiʔ²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: eh
*** Tâi-lô: eh
*** Phofsit Daibuun: eq
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /eʔ⁵/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /eʔ³²/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ek
*** Tâi-lô: ik
*** Phofsit Daibuun: eg
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /iɪk̚³²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iak
*** Tâi-lô: iak
*** Phofsit Daibuun: iag
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /iak̚⁵/
* eh - vernacular;
* iak/ek - literary.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit厄 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ɤ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ɤ⁴⁴/ /nɤ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /nɤ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /ŋə⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /ɣə⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ɛ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /ŋɤ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /ȵi⁴⁴/ /nɛ⁴⁴/ 新 |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ə¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ɛ¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /kɤ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /ŋɤ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /ŋe³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /ŋɛ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ə³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /əʔ⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /ʐɐʔ⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /ɣaʔ²/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | |
| Jin | Hohhot | /ŋaʔ⁴³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ŋəʔ¹/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ŋəʔ³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ʔɑʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /a²¹³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /ŋɛʔ²¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | |
| Xiang | Changsha | /ŋə²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ŋæ²⁴/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | |
| Hakka | Meixian | /ak̚¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /ɑk̚²²/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /ak̚⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /ŋɐk̚⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /ak̚⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /ik̚³²/ /eʔ³²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /aiʔ²³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /ŋɛ⁴²/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /eʔ²/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /ŋɔk̚⁵/ |
* Middle Chinese: 'eak
Rime :
| Character | 厄 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 麥 (119) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 於革切 |
| Baxter | 'eak |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʔˠɛk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʔᵚæk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʔɐk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʔəɨjk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /ʔɛk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /æk̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʔæk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | e |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ak$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*qˤ<r>[i]k/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qreːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 厄 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | è |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ʔɛk › |
| Old Chinese | /*qˁ<r>[i]k/ |
| English | part of a yoke |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 厄 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 2707 |
| Phonetic component | 戹 |
| Rime group | 錫 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 戹 |
| Old Chinese | /*qreːɡ/ |
| Notes | 同戹 |

#### Definitions

厄
* harrowing; miserable
* disaster; calamity; catastrophe
* adversity; difficulty; distress
* to be stranded
* strategic point
* Alternative form of 軛 / 轭 (è, “yoke”)

##### Synonyms

* (harrowing):
* 困乏 (kùnfá) (formal)
* 困窘 (kùnjiǒng)
* 困窮 / 困穷 (kùnqióng)
* 困苦 (kùnkǔ)
* 困難 / 困难
* 困頓 / 困顿 (kùndùn)
* 宋凶 (Hokkien)
* 散 (Hokkien)
* 散凶 (Hokkien)
* 散赤 (Hokkien)
* 清苦 (qīngkǔ) (especially of scholars and intellectuals)
* 淡薄 (dànbó) (literary)
* 清貧 / 清贫 (qīngpín) (especially of scholars and intellectuals)
* 㾪赤 (Hokkien)
* 磽 / 硗 (Teochew)
* 䆀康 (Hokkien)
* 空乏 (kòngfá) (literary)
* 窄
* 窘促 (jiǒngcù) (literary)
* 窘困 (jiǒngkùn)
* 窘迫 (jiǒngpò)
* 窮 / 穷 (qióng)
* 窮乏 / 穷乏 (qióngfá) (literary)
* 窮困 / 穷困 (qióngkùn)
* 窮㾪 / 穷㾪 (Hokkien)
* 窮苦 / 穷苦 (qióngkǔ)
* 窮赤 / 穷赤 (Hokkien)
* 艱苦 / 艰苦 (Hokkien)
* 苦寒 (kǔhán)
* 貧乏 / 贫乏 (pínfá)
* 貧困 / 贫困 (pínkùn)
* 貧寒 / 贫寒 (pínhán)
* 貧瘠 / 贫瘠 (pínjí) (literary)
* 貧窮 / 贫穷 (pínqióng)
* 貧苦 / 贫苦 (pínkǔ)
* (disaster):
* 亂兒 / 乱儿 (luànr) (dialectal)
* 人禍 / 人祸 (rénhuò) (man-made disaster)
* 劫 (jié) (Buddhism)
* 劫煞 (Hokkien)
* 劫難 / 劫难 (jiénàn)
* 大禍 / 大祸 (dàhuò) (major catastrophe)
* 大難 / 大难 (dànàn) (major catastrophe)
* 天災 / 天灾 (tiānzāi) (natural disaster)
* 央厄 (yāng'è) (literary)
* 奇禍 / 奇祸 (qíhuò) (literary, unexpected disaster)
* 巨禍 / 巨祸 (jùhuò) (literary)
* 患 (huàn) (literary, or in compounds)
* 慘事 / 惨事 (cǎnshì)
* 慘劇 / 惨剧 (cǎnjù)
* 慘禍 / 惨祸 (cǎnhuò) (tragic accident)
* 沙𧐔 (sua$^1$ sab$^4$) (Teochew)
* 浩劫 (hàojié)
* 災 / 灾 (zāi) (literary, or in compounds)
* 災劫 / 灾劫 (zāijié) (literary)
* 災厄 / 灾厄 (zāi'è) (literary)
* 災害 / 灾害 (zāihài)
* 災殃 / 灾殃 (zāiyāng)
* 災禍 / 灾祸 (zāihuò)
* 災變 / 灾变 (zāibiàn) (literary, natural disaster)
* 災難 / 灾难 (zāinàn)
* 癰疽 / 痈疽 (yōngjū) (figurative)
* 眚沴 (shěnglì) (literary)
* 禍 / 祸 (huò) (literary, or in compounds)
* 禍事 / 祸事 (huòshì)
* 禍害 / 祸害 (huòhài)
* 禍息 / 祸息 (ho$^5$ si$^6$) (Xiang)
* 禍患 / 祸患 (huòhuàn)
* 禍殃 / 祸殃 (huòyāng)
* (adversity):
* 危境 (wēijìng)
* 困厄 (kùn'è) (literary)
* 困境 (kùnjìng)
* 地步 (dìbù)
* 時艱 / 时艰 (shíjiān) (difficult times at present)
* 溝壑 / 沟壑 (gōuhè) (literary)
* 畏景 (wèijǐng) (literary, figurative)
* 處境 / 处境 (chǔjìng)
* 逆境 (nìjìng)

#### Compounds

* 乘人之厄
* 兵厄 (bīng'è)
* 厄利垂亞 / 厄利垂亚 (Èlìchuíyà)
* 厄會 / 厄会
* 厄爾巴島 / 厄尔巴岛
* 厄瓜多 (Èguāduō)
* 厄臺 / 厄台
* 厄運 / 厄运 (èyùn)
* 厄難 / 厄难 (ènàn)
* 厄魯特族 / 厄鲁特族
* 困厄 (kùn'è)
* 在陳之厄 / 在陈之厄
* 央厄 (yāng'è)
* 水厄
* 消災解厄 / 消灾解厄
* 災厄 / 灾厄 (zāi'è)
* 矜貧救厄 / 矜贫救厄
* 解厄
* 陳蔡之厄 / 陈蔡之厄
* 黃楊厄閏 / 黄杨厄闰

#### References

* ↑ Alexander Lubotsky (1998) “Tocharian Loan Words in Old Chinese: Chariots, Chariot Gear, and Town Building”, in The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age peoples of Eastern Central Asia, pages 379-390

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): ě, è (e$^3$, e$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄜˇ, ㄜˋ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: ě
*** Zhuyin: ㄜˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ě
*** Wade–Giles: o$^3$
*** Yale: ě
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ee
*** Palladius: э (e)
*** Sinological IPA : /ˀɤ²¹⁴/
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: è
*** Zhuyin: ㄜˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: è
*** Wade–Giles: o$^4$
*** Yale: è
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: eh
*** Palladius: э (e)
*** Sinological IPA : /ˀɤ⁵¹/

#### Definitions

厄
* (historical dictionaries only) Used in 科厄.

### Etymology 3

From 惡／恶.

#### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Teochew, Peng'im): oh$^4$
* Southern Min
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: oh$^4$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: oh
*** Sinological IPA : /oʔ²/

#### Definitions

厄
* (Teochew) hard; difficult; challenging

#### Synonyms

* 不容易 (bùróngyì)
* 勤 (qín) (literary, or in compounds)
* 困難 / 困难
* 疑難 / 疑难 (yínán)
* 良苦 (liángkǔ) (literary)
* 艱巨 / 艰巨 (jiānjù)
* 艱苦 / 艰苦 (jiānkǔ)
* 艱辛 / 艰辛 (jiānxīn)
* 艱難 / 艰难 (jiānnán)
* 苦難 / 苦难 (kǔnàn)
* 辛勞 / 辛劳 (xīnláo)
* 辛苦 (xīnkǔ)
* 難 / 难

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* unlucky
* misfortune
* bad luck
* disaster

#### Readings

* Go-on: やく (yaku, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: あく (aku)
* On: が (ga)
* Kun: やくしむ (yakushimu, 厄しむ)、わざわい (wazawai, 厄い)、くるしむ (kurushimu, 厄しむ)

### Noun

* Kanji in this term
* 厄
* やく Grade: S
* on'yomi
厄(やく) • (yaku)
* bad luck, evil

## Korean
### Hanja

厄 (eumhun 재앙 액 (jaeang aek))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

### References

* Naver Hanja Dictionary: 厄

## Vietnamese
### Han character

厄: Hán Việt readings: ách
厄: Nôm readings: ách, ạch, ịch
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

### References

* Nom Foundation