# 亡

| 亡 | U+4EA1, &#20129; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EA1 |
| ← 亠 [U+4EA0] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 亢 → [U+4EA2] |

## Translingual
### Han character

亡 (Kangxi radical 8, 亠+1, 3 strokes, cangjie input 卜女 (YV), four-corner 0071$_0$, composition ⿱亠𠃊(GV) or ⿱亠㇄(HTJK) or ⿱丶匸 or ⿱丨匸)

#### Derived characters

* 吂, 杗, 杧, 芒, 忙, 衁, 邙, 𢇜, 𡦽, 𥤩, 牤, 虻, 䖟, 蝱, 䰶, 𨑑, 𥝕, 笀, 𰫘, 𪢷, 甿, 𤰡, 𡵀, 𥐞, 㠵, 𢁣, 𠺯, 釯, 𰶲, 汒, 巟, 妄

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 88, character 3
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 287
* Dae Jaweon: page 184, character 13
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 279, character 5
* Unihan data for U+4EA1

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 亡 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| Oracle bone scriptj27316j27317j27318j27319j27320j27321j27322j27323j27324j27325j27326j27327j27328j27329j27330j27331j27332j27333j27334j27335j27336j27337j27338j27339j27340j27341j27342j27343j27344j27345j27346j27347j27348j27349j27350j27351j27352j27353j27354j27355j27356j27357j27358j27359j27360j27361j27362j27363j27364j27365j27366j27367j27368j27369j27370j27371j27372j27373j27374j27375j27376j27377j27378j27379j27380j27381j27382j27383j27384j27385j27386j27387j27388j27389j27390j27391j27392j27393j27394j27395j27396j27397j27398j27399j27400j27401j27402j27403j27404j27405j27406j27407j27408j27409j27410j27411j27412j27413j27414j27415j27416j27417j27418j27419j27420j27421j27422j27423j27424j27425j27426j27427j27428j27429j27430j27431j27432j27433j27434j27435j27436j27437j27438j27439j27440j27441j27442j27443j27444j27445j27446j27447j27448j27449j27450j27451j27452j27453j27454j27455j27456j27457j27458j27459j27460j27461j27462j27463j27464j27465j27466j27467j27468j27469j27470Bronze inscriptionsb17680b17681b17682b17683b17684b17685b17686b17687b17688b17689b17690b17691b17692b17693b17694b17695b17696b17697b17698b17699b17700b17701b17702b17703b17704b17705b17706b17707b17708b17709b17710b17711b17712b17713Small seal scripts09433Transcribed ancient scriptsL32570L32571L09148L09149 |||||
| References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script). |||||
| | Old Chinese |
| 忙 | *maːŋ |
| 芒 | *maːŋ, *maŋ |
| 茫 | *maːŋ |
| 恾 | *maːŋ |
| 吂 | *maːŋ, *maːŋs |
| 汒 | *maːŋ, *maŋs |
| 朚 | *maːŋ, *hmaːŋ, *maŋ, *mraːŋ, *mraːŋs |
| 邙 | *maːŋ, *maŋ |
| 杗 | *maːŋ, *maŋ |
| 荒 | *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋs |
| 肓 | *hmaːŋ |
| 衁 | *hmaːŋ |
| 巟 | *hmaːŋ |
| 詤 | *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋʔ, *hmaŋʔ |
| 慌 | *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋʔ |
| 謊 | *hmaːŋʔ |
| 喪 | *smaːŋs, *smaːŋ |
| 亡 | *maŋ |
| 望 | *maŋ, *maŋs |
| 莣 | *maŋ |
| 朢 | *maŋ, *maŋs |
| 鋩 | *maŋ |
| 硭 | *maŋ |
| 忘 | *maŋ, *maŋs |
| 网 | *mlaŋʔ |
| 罔 | *mlaŋʔ |
| 蛧 | *maŋʔ |
| 網 | *mlaŋʔ |
| 輞 | *maŋʔ |
| 棢 | *maŋʔ |
| 惘 | *maŋʔ |
| 菵 | *maŋʔ |
| 誷 | *maŋʔ |
| 魍 | *maŋʔ |
| 妄 | *maŋs |
| 盲 | *mraːŋ |
| 蝱 | *mraːŋ |
| 虻 | *mraːŋ |
| 氓 | *mraːŋ |
| 甿 | *mraːŋ |
Ideogram (指事): a line on 刀 – cutting edge of a knife; the original form of 芒 (OC *maːŋ, *maŋ, “edge of a knife”).

### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma (“not”) + Proto-Sino-Tibetan terminative suffix *-ŋ. Cognate with 忘 (OC *maŋ, *maŋs, “to forget”), 罔 (OC *mlaŋʔ, “to not have”), 荒 (OC *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋs, “to waste (land, time)”) and 喪 (OC *smaːŋs, *smaːŋ, “to lose”).
The meaning of Pronunciation 2 is attested by the Oracle bone script. It is traditionally considered to be a variant of 無 (OC *ma), and its reading is thus semantically applied. However, evidence shows that its meaning was more similar to "無之" ("to not have it, to have none"), and Shijing rhymes suggests that it originally was read like Pronunciation 1, which suggests that it was ultimately also from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma (“not”) + Proto-Sino-Tibetan terminative suffix *-ŋ (Pulleyblank, 1995).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): wáng (wang$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄨㄤˊ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): mong$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): mong$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): mòng
    (Hailu, HRS): mong
    (Meixian, Guangdong): mong$^2$
* Eastern Min (BUC): uòng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): morng$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): bông
    (Teochew, Peng'im): bhuang$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$vaon; $^6$maon
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wáng
*** Zhuyin: ㄨㄤˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wáng
*** Wade–Giles: wang$^2$
*** Yale: wáng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wang
*** Palladius: ван (van)
*** Sinological IPA : /wɑŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: mong$^4$
*** Yale: mòhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: mong$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: mong$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /mɔːŋ²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: mong$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /ᵐbɔŋ²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mòng
*** Hakka Romanization System: mong$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: mong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /moŋ¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: mong
*** Sinological IPA: /moŋ⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: mong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /mɔŋ¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: uòng
*** Sinological IPA : /uoŋ⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: morng$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /mɒŋ¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bông
*** Tâi-lô: bông
*** Phofsit Daibuun: boong
*** IPA (Xiamen): /bɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /bɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /bɔŋ¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /bɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /bɔŋ²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: bhuang$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: buâng
*** Sinological IPA : /buaŋ⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$vaon; $^6$maon
*** MiniDict: vaon$^去$; maon$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$vaan; $^3$maan
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /vɑ̃²³/, /mɑ̃²³/
* 3maan - vernacular;
* 3vaan - literary.
* Middle Chinese: mjang
Rime :
| Character | 亡 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (106) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 武方切 |
| Baxter | mjang |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /mʉɐŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /mʷiɐŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /miuɑŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /muaŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /miuaŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /mĭwaŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /miwaŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | wáng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | mong$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*maŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*maŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 亡 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | wáng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ mjang › |
| Old Chinese | /*maŋ/ |
| English | flee; disappear; die |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 亡 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 12662 |
| Phonetic component | 亡 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 亡 |
| Old Chinese | /*maŋ/ |

#### Definitions

亡
* to run away; to flee; to escape
    逃亡 ― táowáng ― to flee
    From: Guoyu, circa 4th century BCE
    Jìn gōngzǐ shēng shíqī nián ér wáng. [Pinyin]
    The scion of the royal house of Jin fled when he was seventeen.
* to lose
    亡佚 ― wángyì ― to be lost
    亡羊補牢／亡羊补牢 ― wángyángbǔláo ― to repair the pen after sheep is lost
* (intransitive) to be destroyed; to become extinct; to die out
    From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
    Guójiā jiāng wáng, bì yǒu yāoniè. [Pinyin]
    [and] when it is about to perish, there are sure to be unlucky omens.
    滅亡／灭亡 ― mièwáng ― to perish
* (transitive) to destroy; to annihilate; to exterminate
    dìguózhǔyì wáng wǒ zhī xīn bù sǐ [Pinyin]
    the imperialists have not given up on the desire to subjugate our country
* to die
    死亡 ― sǐwáng ― to die
    亡妻 ― wángqī ― deceased wife
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 忘 (wàng, “to forget”)

##### Synonyms

* (to run away):
* 出逃 (chūtáo)
* 奔逃 (bēntáo) (formal)
* 脫逃 / 脱逃 (tuōtáo)
* 落跑 (chiefly Taiwan)
* 逃 (táo)
* 逃奔 (táobèn)
* 逃走 (táozǒu)
* 逃跑 (táopǎo)
* 逃逸 (táoyì) (literary)
* 逃離 / 逃离 (táolí)
* (to lose):
* 丟失 / 丢失 (diūshī)
* 丟掉 / 丢掉 (diūdiào)
* 失去 (shīqù)
* 失落 (shīluò)
* 拍交落 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien, Taiwanese Hokkien)
* 拍毋見 / 拍毋见 (Hokkien)
* 拍無 / 拍无 (Hokkien, Eastern Min)
* 拍無去 / 拍无去 (Hokkien, Eastern Min)
* 拍逿 / 拍𰺲 (páh-dâung) (Eastern Min)
* 拍逿去 / 拍𰺲去 (páh-dâung kó̤$^{→ó̤}$) (Eastern Min)
* 紡見 / 纺见 (Hokkien)
* 落落 (Hokkien)
* 遺失 / 遗失 (yíshī)
* 遺落 / 遗落 (yíluò)
* (to be destroyed):
* 湮沒 / 湮没 (yānmò)
* 滅亡 / 灭亡 (mièwáng)
* 覆亡 (fùwáng) (literary)
* 覆沒 / 覆没 (fùmò)
* 覆滅 / 覆灭 (fùmiè)
* (to destroy):
* 剪除 (jiǎnchú)
* 埋葬 (máizàng) (literary, figuratively)
* 打掉 (dǎdiào)
* 撲滅 / 扑灭 (pūmiè)
* 收拾 (colloquial)
* 根除 (gēnchú)
* 殲滅 / 歼灭 (jiānmiè)
* 殺滅 / 杀灭 (shāmiè)
* 毀滅 / 毁灭 (huǐmiè)
* 泯絕 / 泯绝 (mǐnjué) (literary)
* 消滅 / 消灭 (xiāomiè)
* 滅亡 / 灭亡 (mièwáng)
* 滅殺 / 灭杀 (mièshā)
* 滅絕 / 灭绝 (mièjué)
* 絕滅 / 绝灭 (juémiè)
* 翦除 (jiǎnchú) (literary)
* 解決 / 解决 (jiějué)
* 討滅 / 讨灭 (tǎomiè) (literary)
* (to die):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 死, 亡, 歿, 卒 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 死, 死亡, 亡故, 喪生, 喪命, 去世 †, 過世 †, 逝世 †, 離世 †, 下世 †, 不在 †, 過去 †, 仙逝 †, 歸天 †, 歸西 †, 升天 †, 作古 †, 長眠 †, 閉眼 †, 故去 †, ‡, 故世 †, ‡, 一命嗚呼, 謝世, 離開人間 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 死, 撂, 撂條, 故去 †, 吹燈 †, 吹燈拔蠟 †, 吹臺 †, 老 †, ‡, 踹腿 ¤, 踹腿兒 ¤, 踹 ¤, 回姥姥家 ¤, 彎回去 †, 毛兒提 Hui |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 死, 過世 † |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 死, 老 †, ‡, 伸腿兒 ¤, 伸腿 ¤, 蹬腿兒 ¤, 奔兒咕 ¤, 桿兒屁 §, 桿兒細 §, 吹燈拔蠟 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 死, 死掉, 死翹翹, 過世 †, 去世 †, 上天堂 †, 賣鹹鴨蛋 † |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 死, 歿, 過去 †, 老 †, ‡, 不在 †, ‡, 王八 §, 完蛋, 完錢, 完活, 無常 Hui, 歸主 Hui, 歸真 Hui |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 死, 老 †, ‡, 上西天 § |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 死, 過去, 過世, 下世, 亡故, 不在, 升天, 去世 †, 老 †, ‡, 擱那兒 ¤ |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 死, 歿, 老 †, ‡ |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 死, 不在 †, 老 †, ‡, 無常 Hui |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 歿 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 死, 走 †, 歿 Hui, 歸真 Hui, 冒提 Hui, 口喚 Hui, 無常 Hui, 完 Hui |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 死, 過世 †, 緩下 †, 躺下 † |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 死, 過世 †, 不在 † |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 死, 過去 †, 不在 †, 去 †, 過世 †, 老 †, ‡, 撬桿兒 §, 撬桿 §, 翹辮子 §, 見馬克思, 歸天, 去陰國, 爬高煙囪, 落氣, 冰凊, 沒脈 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 死, 過身 †, 去 †, 老 †, ‡, 去回 ¤, 翹辮子 ¤, 翹 ¤, 瓜碼子 ¤, 瓜 ¤, 西皮 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 死, 過世 †, 成神 †, ‡, 百年歸天 †, ‡, 嗚呼 ¤ |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 死 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 死, 沒得脈, 過世 †, 過身 †, 沒在 †, 哦嚄 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 死, 過世 †, 歸天 †, ‡, 不在 †, 嗝兒得 ¤, 翹辮子 ¤ |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 死, 不在 †, 走 †, 家去吃去 ¤, 家去 ¤, 翹辮子 ¤, 翹 ¤, 駝條 § |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 死, 不在 †, 老 † |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 死, 過身 †, 過世 †, 老 †, ‡, 百年歸老 †, ‡, 去別有天 †, ¤, 去大煙筒 †, ¤, 瓜 ¤, 瓜老襯 ¤, 收檔 ¤, 攞竇 ¤, 進竇 §, 瓜竇, 直, 瓜直, 死直, 攤直, 雙腳撐直, 伸直腳, 拉柴, 瓜柴, 褸席, 歸西, 歸天, 食黃泥, 入黃泥窿, 入窿, 玩完, 嫌米貴, 瞇埋眼, 一 argot, 唔食廣東米 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 死, 過身 †, 走 †, 香 †, 去 †, 唔喺度 †, 百年歸老 †, 賣鹹鴨蛋 †, 兩腳一伸 †, 仙遊 †, 拜拜 †, 去閻羅王處報到 †, 瓜 ¤, 瓜老襯 ¤, 拉柴, 瓜柴, 釘蓋, 釘, 直, 歸西, 玩完, ham |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 過身 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 過身 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 過身, 死 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 過身 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 過身, 去 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 過身, 死 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 死 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 過身, 死 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 去歸, 過身 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 過身, 死 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 死, 過身 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 過身 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 過身 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 死 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 過身 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 死 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 過身, 死 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 死, 過身 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 過身, 死 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 死, 過身 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 死, 善, 去 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 死, 登仙 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 過身, 死 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 死 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 死, 老 †, 去返 †, 去舊時嗰處 †, 視埋眼 †, 伸直腳 †, 入罌 †, 拉柴 §, 去大煙筒 § |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 死, 過身 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 死, 過輩 †, 老 †, ‡, 老大 †, ‡ |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 死, 過身 † |
| Gan | Nanchang | 死, 過世 †, 老 † |
| Gan | Lichuan | 死 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 死, 過 †, 走路 †, 老 †, ‡, 去 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 死, 老, 過身 †, 消 †, 老壽 †, ‡ |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 過身, 香 † |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 過身, 死 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 死, 過身 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 死 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 死, 過身 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 死, 過世 †, 過套 †, 過身 †, 轉去 †, 轉該背 †, 歸仙 †, 轉老外婆裡 ¤ |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 死, 消, 過身 †, 往生 †, 上神桌 †, 轉長山賣鴨卵 † |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 死, 消, 過身 †, 往生 †, 上神桌 †, 轉長山賣鴨卵 † |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 死, 消, 過身 †, 往生 †, 上神桌 †, 轉長山賣鴨卵 † |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 死, 消, 過身 †, 往生 †, 上神桌 †, 轉長山賣鴨卵 † |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 死, 消, 過身 †, 往生 †, 上神桌 †, 轉長山賣鴨卵 † |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Zhuolan; Raoping) | 消 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 死, 過身 †, 上神桌 †, 轉長山賣鴨卵 † |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 過身, 老 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 死, 過世 †, 過輩 †, 過身 †, 不在 †, 過老 §, 過邊 §, 進棺材 §, 進風水 §, 翹扁 §, ¤ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 死, 沒啦 †, 走 †, 過去 †, 老 †, ‡, 老客 †, ‡ |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 死, 回老家 †, 硬 §, 㞗朝天 of a man, vulgar, 倒蕎麥皮 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 死, 過身 †, 老 †, ‡ |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 死, 過去 †, 過世 †, 過後 †, 歸西 †, 百歲 †, 老去 †, ‡, 堯街去 ¤, 堯生去 ¤, 溜翹 ¤, 殂 ¤, 去算米數 ¤, 去外媽食齋 ¤, 去外媽 ¤, 去䁐廬山 ¤, 去厝去 ¤, 睏長暝眠 ¤, 翹齋 ¤, 揭兜去 ¤, 拔直去 ¤, 上天去 ¤, 生去 ¤, 𣪟去 ¤, 䁐松柏樹 ¤, 䁐松柏 ¤, 轉祖 § |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 死, 過身 †, 過氣 †, 百歲 †, 百年 †, 百歲年老 †, 行去 †, 無去 †, 㾀 †, 去塗州賣鴨卵 †, 老去 †, ‡, 老咯 †, ‡, 蟯 ¤, 蟯歹 ¤, 蟯癱 ¤, 行雞 ¤, 馬滴 § |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 死, 過身 †, 過氣 †, 百歲 †, 百年 †, 無去 †, 去塗州賣鴨卵 †, 老去 †, ‡, 老咯 †, ‡, 行雞 ¤, 馬滴 § |
| Southern Min | Yongchun | 死, 過身 †, 老去 † |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 死, 過身 †, 過氣 †, 百歲 †, 百年 †, 百歲年老 †, 行去 †, 無去 †, 起身 †, 去塗州賣鴨卵 †, 老去 †, ‡, 老咯 †, ‡, 蟯 ¤, 蟯歹 ¤, 蟯癱 ¤, 行雞 ¤, 誆牽 §, 㾀 §, 㾀歹 §, 馬滴 § |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 死去, 老 †, 過身 † |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 死去, 老去 †, 往生 †, 過身 † |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 死去, 老去 †, 行去 †, 往生 †, 無佇咧 †, 過身 †, 轉去 † |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 死去, 老去 †, 往生 †, 無佇咧 †, 過身 †, 過往 † |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 死去, 老 †, 無去 †, 過身 †, 轉去 † |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 死去, 往生 †, 過身 † |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 死去, 老去 †, 行去 †, 往生 †, 無佇咧 †, 過身 †, 轉去 †, 去塗州賣鴨卵 †, 去蘇州賣鴨卵 †, 轉去塗州賣鴨卵 †, 轉去蘇州賣鴨卵 † |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 曲去, 去咯 †, 往生 †, 過身 †, 老去 † |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 死去, 往生 †, 過身 †, 行去 † |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 死去, 往生 †, 過身 †, 老去 † |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 死, 馬滴, 死翹翹, 過身 †, 百年 †, 百歲 †, 過氣 †, 起車 †, 老去 †, 老咯 †, 行去 †, 蟯去 †, 吭跤翹 †, 交登記 † |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 死, 死去, 過面 †, 過身 †, 老去 † |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 死, 過身 †, 過世 † |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 過身, 吭跤翹, 吭翹 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 死, 過身 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 死, 過世 †, 過輩 †, 過目焗 ¤, 直筒 §, 刮薯減米 § |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 死, 過層 †, ‡, 老 †, ‡, 貓使 § |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 死 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 死 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 死, 瓜老襯, 過世, 歸西 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 死, 故 †, 過世 †, 嘸沒 †, 一腳去 †, 翹辮子 §, ¤, 彈老三 §, 翹老三 § |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 死, 老 †, 故 †, 翹辮子 ¤ |
| Wu | Suzhou | 死, 壞, 去, 過世 †, 翹辮子 § |
| Wu | Danyang | 死 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 死, 故 †, 過世 †, 翹辮兒 ¤, 到龍駒塢去 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 死, 翹辮子 §, 過世 †, 嘸沒 †, 死脫 §, 燂茶, 山裡去, 吃豆腐羹, 嘸沒來的 †, 老 † |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 死, 冇 †, 過輩 †, ‡, 蹻 ¤ |
| Wu | Jinhua | 死, 過世 †, 過輩 †, 弗在 †, 老 †, ‡ |
| Xiang | Changsha | 死, 過 †, 去 †, 瓜, 彈, 彈四郎 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 死, 過世 †, 故 †, 上岸 † |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 死, 過世 †, 故 † |
| Xiang | Hengyang | 死 |
| Note | † - euphemistic; ‡ - usually of the elderly; ¤ - humorous; § - derogatory/disrespectful | † - euphemistic; ‡ - usually of the elderly; ¤ - humorous; § - derogatory/disrespectful |
* 下世 (xiàshì) (formal)
* 上天 (shàngtiān) (euphemistic)
* 上路 (shànglù) (euphemistic)
* 不在 (bùzài) (euphemistic)
* 不幸 (bùxìng) (Classical Chinese, euphemistic)
* 不祿 / 不禄 (bùlù) (archaic, euphemistic, of military officers)
* 亡故 (wánggù) (literary)
* 仙逝 (xiānshì) (euphemistic)
* 仙遊 / 仙游 (xiānyóu) (euphemistic)
* 作古 (zuògǔ) (literary, euphemistic)
* 做鬼 (zuòguǐ) (colloquial)
* 傾世 / 倾世 (qīngshì) (literary)
* 傾亡 / 倾亡 (qīngwáng) (literary)
* 入寂 (rùjì) (Buddhism, of Buddhist monks)
* 凋謝 / 凋谢 (diāoxiè) (to die of old age)
* 化去 (huàqù) (euphemistic)
* 升天 (shēngtiān) (euphemistic)
* 即世 (jíshì) (literary)
* 去世 (qùshì)
* 合眼 (héyǎn) (euphemistic)
* 喪亡 / 丧亡 (sàngwáng) (literary)
* 喪命 / 丧命 (sàngmìng) (euphemistic)
* 喪生 / 丧生 (sàngshēng) (euphemistic)
* 嗚呼 / 呜呼 (wūhū) (euphemistic)
* 嗝屁 (gěpì) (Mandarin, vulgar, dysphemistic)
* 嚥氣 / 咽气 (yànqì) (colloquial)
* 回老家 (huí lǎojiā) (euphemistic, humorous)
* 圓寂 / 圆寂 (yuánjì) (of Buddhist monks or nuns)
* 壽終正寢 / 寿终正寝 (shòuzhōngzhèngqǐn) (euphemistic)
* 失氣 / 失气 (shīqì) (literary)
* 安息 (ānxī) (euphemistic)
* 安眠 (ānmián) (euphemistic)
* 小喇叭兒吹了 / 小喇叭儿吹了 (xiǎo lǎbār chuī le) (Beijing Mandarin)
* 就義 / 就义 (jiùyì) (to die a martyr)
* 崩 (bēng) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
* 崩殂 (bēngcú) (Classical, of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
* 彈老三 / 弹老三 (Northern Wu, informal, humorous)
* 往生 (wǎngshēng) (euphemistic)
* 忽然 (hūrán) (Classical Chinese, euphemistic)
* 掛 / 挂 (guà) (slang, humorous)
* 故 (gù)
* 故世 (gùshì) (euphemistic, chiefly of one's elders)
* 故去 (gùqù) (euphemistic, chiefly of one's elders)
* 斃命 / 毙命 (bìmìng) (pejorative)
* 早死 (zǎosǐ)
* 晏駕 / 晏驾 (yànjià) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
* 枯死 (kūsǐ) (literary, figurative)
* 棄世 / 弃世 (qìshì) (literary)
* 歸天 / 归天 (guītiān) (euphemistic)
* 歸西 / 归西 (guīxī) (euphemistic)
* 歸道山 / 归道山 (guī dàoshān) (literary, euphemistic)
* 死 (sǐ)
* 死亡 (sǐwáng) (formal)
* 死人 (sǐrén)
* 死去 (sǐqù) (informal)
* 死掉 (sǐdiào) (informal)
* 死翹翹 / 死翘翘 (sǐqiàoqiào) (informal, humorous)
* 死脫 / 死脱 ($^5$shi-theq) (Wu)
* 殞 / 殒 (yǔn) (archaic)
* 氣絕 / 气绝 (qìjué) (literary)
* 永眠 (yǒngmián) (euphemistic, honorific)
* 沒世 / 没世 (mòshì) (literary)
* 沉眠 (chénmián) (euphemistic)
* 消忒 (Hakka, euphemistic)
* 物化 (wùhuà) (literary)
* 狗帶 / 狗带 (gǒudài) (slang, neologism)
* 畢命 / 毕命 (bìmìng) (formal, euphemistic)
* 病亡 (bìngwáng) (to die of illness)
* 病故 (bìnggù) (to die of illness)
* 病死 (bìngsǐ) (to die of illness)
* 病逝 (bìngshì) (to die of illness)
* 瘐死 (yǔsǐ) (of deaths in prison)
* 百年歸老 / 百年归老 (bǎiniánguīlǎo) (euphemistic, of the elderly)
* 盡命 / 尽命 (jìnmìng) (literary, euphemistic)
* 終 / 终 (zhōng) (literary, or in compounds, euphemistic)
* 絕 / 绝 (jué) (literary, or in compounds)
* 翹辮子 / 翘辫子 (qiào biànzi) (informal, humorous)
* 老了 (lǎo le) (euphemistic, of the elderly)
* 蒙主寵召 / 蒙主宠召 (méngzhǔchǒngzhào) (Christianity, euphemistic)
* 薨 (hōng) (Classical Chinese, of feudal lords or high officials)
* 薨逝 (hōngshì) (of feudal lords)
* 被難 / 被难 (bèinàn) (to be killed in a disaster, political incident, etc.)
* 見背 / 见背 (jiànbèi) (literary, of one's parents or elders)
* 見閻王 / 见阎王 (jiàn Yánwáng) (figurative)
* 見馬克思 / 见马克思 (jiàn Mǎkèsī) (communism, euphemistic)
* 謝世 / 谢世 (xièshì) (literary)
* 賓天 / 宾天 (bīntiān) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
* 走 (zǒu) (euphemistic)
* 走去踮 (Hokkien, euphemistic)
* 身亡 (shēnwáng) (formal, usually from unnatural causes)
* 辭世 / 辞世 (císhì) (literary)
* 辭塵 / 辞尘 (cíchén) (literary, euphemistic)
* 逝世 (shìshì)
* 進棺材 / 进棺材 (jìn guāncái)
* 過世 / 过世 (guòshì)
* 過去 / 过去 (guòqù) (euphemistic)
* 過往 / 过往 (Hokkien, euphemistic, Teochew, euphemistic)
* 過身 / 过身 (guòshēn) (literary)
* 過面 / 过面 (Hokkien)
* 長山賣鴨卵 / 长山卖鸭卵 (Hakka, euphemistic)
* 長眠 / 长眠 (chángmián) (euphemistic, honorific)
* 閉眼 / 闭眼 (bìyǎn) (euphemistic)
* 隕落 / 陨落 (yǔnluò) (euphemistic)
* 離世 / 离世 (líshì) (euphemistic)
* 駕崩 / 驾崩 (jiàbēng) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
* 駕鶴西去 / 驾鹤西去 (jiàhèxīqù) (euphemistic)
* 駕鶴西遊 / 驾鹤西游 (jiàhèxīyóu) (euphemistic)
* 龍馭上賓 / 龙驭上宾 (lóngyùshàngbīn) (of an emperor)

##### Compounds

* 三戶亡秦 / 三户亡秦
* 不學亡術 / 不学亡术
* 亡人 (wángrén)
* 亡人自存
* 亡化
* 亡命 (wángmìng)
* 亡命之徒 (wángmìngzhītú)
* 亡國 / 亡国 (wángguó)
* 亡國之音 / 亡国之音 (wángguó zhī yīn)
* 亡國奴 / 亡国奴 (wángguónú)
* 亡失
* 亡戟得矛
* 亡故 (wánggù)
* 亡是公
* 亡歿 / 亡殁
* 亡母 (wángmǔ)
* 亡父 (wángfù)
* 亡羊
* 亡羊得牛
* 亡羊補牢 / 亡羊补牢 (wángyángbǔláo)
* 亡者 (wángzhě)
* 亡血家
* 亡身短命
* 亡逝
* 亡鄉失土 / 亡乡失土
* 亡靈 / 亡灵 (wánglíng)
* 亡魂 (wánghún)
* 亡魂喪膽 / 亡魂丧胆
* 亡魂喪魄 / 亡魂丧魄
* 亡魂失魄
* 人亡家破
* 人亡政息 (rénwángzhèngxī)
* 人亡物在
* 人琴俱亡
* 傷亡 / 伤亡 (shāngwáng)
* 傾亡 / 倾亡 (qīngwáng)
* 傷亡枕藉 / 伤亡枕借
* 兵敗將亡 / 兵败将亡
* 凋亡 (diāowáng)
* 出亡 (chūwáng)
* 危亡 (wēiwáng)
* 名存實亡 / 名存实亡 (míngcúnshíwáng)
* 喪亡 / 丧亡 (sàngwáng)
* 喪膽亡魂 / 丧胆亡魂
* 國破家亡 / 国破家亡 (guópòjiāwáng)
* 多歧亡羊
* 多藏厚亡
* 大逃亡
* 夭亡
* 失馬亡羊 / 失马亡羊
* 存亡 (cúnwáng)
* 存亡未卜
* 存亡絕續 / 存亡绝续
* 存亡繼絕 / 存亡继绝
* 宣告死亡
* 家敗人亡 / 家败人亡
* 家破人亡 (jiāpòrénwáng)
* 家破身亡
* 悔之亡及
* 悼亡
* 悼亡詩 / 悼亡诗
* 招亡納叛 / 招亡纳叛
* 推亡固存
* 救亡 (jiùwáng)
* 敗亡 / 败亡 (bàiwáng)
* 救亡圖存 / 救亡图存 (jiùwángtúcún)
* 敗國亡家 / 败国亡家
* 日飲亡何 / 日饮亡何
* 暴病身亡
* 有名亡實 / 有名亡实
* 未亡人 (wèiwángrén)
* 梏亡
* 橫亡 / 横亡
* 歧路亡羊 (qílùwángyáng)
* 死亡 (sǐwáng)
* 死亡學 / 死亡学 (sǐwángxué)
* 死亡宣告
* 死亡無日 / 死亡无日
* 死亡率 (sǐwánglǜ)
* 死亡登記 / 死亡登记
* 死亡約會 / 死亡约会
* 死亡給付 / 死亡给付
* 死亡證明 / 死亡证明
* 死生存亡
* 殫亡 / 殚亡
* 治亂存亡 / 治乱存亡
* 治亂興亡 / 治乱兴亡
* 流亡 (liúwáng)
* 流亡政府 (liúwáng zhèngfǔ)
* 流亡曲
* 流連荒亡 / 流连荒亡
* 淪亡 / 沦亡 (lúnwáng)
* 滅亡 / 灭亡 (mièwáng)
* 溺亡 (nìwáng)
* 烏龜亡八 / 乌龟亡八
* 父母雙亡 / 父母双亡
* 牽亡 / 牵亡 (qiānwáng)
* 牽亡歌 / 牵亡歌
* 牽亡陣 / 牵亡阵
* 生死存亡 (shēngsǐcúnwáng)
* 病亡 (bìngwáng)
* 瞰亡
* 祭亡如在
* 空亡
* 繼絕存亡 / 继绝存亡
* 繼絕興亡 / 继绝兴亡
* 脣亡齒寒 / 唇亡齿寒 (chúnwángchǐhán)
* 臧穀亡羊 / 臧谷亡羊
* 自取滅亡 / 自取灭亡 (zìqǔmièwáng)
* 興亡 / 兴亡 (xīngwáng)
* 興亡繼絕 / 兴亡继绝
* 興廢存亡 / 兴废存亡
* 若存若亡
* 若有所亡
* 荒亡
* 虢滅虞亡 / 虢灭虞亡
* 衰亡 (shuāiwáng)
* 覆亡 (fùwáng)
* 身亡 (shēnwáng)
* 車毀人亡 / 车毁人亡 (chēhuǐrénwáng)
* 逃亡 (táowáng)
* 逃亡潮
* 逃亡者 (táowángzhě)
* 追亡逐北 (zhuīwángzhúběi)
* 進退存亡 / 进退存亡
* 關亡 / 关亡
* 陣亡 / 阵亡 (zhènwáng)
* 雙亡 / 双亡 (shuāngwáng)
* 魂亡膽落 / 魂亡胆落
* 魚爛而亡 / 鱼烂而亡
* 齒亡舌存 / 齿亡舌存

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): wú (wu$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄨˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): mou$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wú
*** Zhuyin: ㄨˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wú
*** Wade–Giles: wu$^2$
*** Yale: wú
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wu
*** Palladius: у (u)
*** Sinological IPA : /u³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: mou$^4$
*** Yale: mòuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: mou$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: mou$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /mou̯²¹/
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*maŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*maŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 亡 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | wáng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ mjang › |
| Old Chinese | /*maŋ/ |
| English | flee; disappear; die |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 亡 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 12662 |
| Phonetic component | 亡 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 亡 |
| Old Chinese | /*maŋ/ |

#### Definitions

亡
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 無 / 无 (“not have”)
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Hé yǒu hé wú, mǐn miǎn qiú zhī. [Pinyin]
    Whether we had plenty or not, I exerted myself to be getting.
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Yídí zhī yǒu jūn, bùrú zhūxià zhī wú yě. [Pinyin]
    The rude tribes of the east and north have their princes, and are not like the States of our great land which are without them.
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Sīmǎ Niú yōu yuē: “Rén jiē yǒu xiōngdì, wǒ dú wú.” [Pinyin]
    Sima Niu, full of anxiety, said, "Other men all have their brothers, I only have not."
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 毋 (wú, “don't”)

### References

* 諸橋轍次 (Morohashi Tetsuji), chief ed. 大漢和辞典 (Dai Kan-Wa Jiten, “Comprehensive Chinese–Japanese Dictionary”). 13 vols. 1955–1960. Revised and enlarged ed. 1984–1986. Tokyo: Taishukan.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)
* destroy
* fall; collapse
* not exist; nonexistent
* run away

#### Readings

* Go-on: もう (mō, Jōyō $^†$)
* Kan-on: ぼう (bō, Jōyō)
* Kun: ない (nai, 亡い, Jōyō)、なき (naki, 亡き)、ほろぶ (horobu, 亡ぶ)、ほろびる (horobiru, 亡びる)、ほろぼす (horobosu, 亡ぼす)
As an alternative form of 無 (“not”):
* Go-on: む (mu)
* Kan-on: ぶ (bu)
* Kun: ない (nai, 亡い, Jōyō)、なき (naki, 亡き)

#### Compounds
##### Common

* 死(し)亡(ぼう) (shibō)
* 亡(ぼう)夫(ふ) (bōfu)
* 亡(ぼう)父(ふ) (bōfu)
* 存(そん)亡(ぼう) (sonbō)
* 逃(とう)亡(ぼう) (tōbō)
* 亡(なき)骸(がら) (nakigara)
* 亡(ぼう)命(めい) (bōmei)
* 亡(ぼう)霊(れい) (bōrei)
* 滅(めつ)亡(ぼう) (metsubō)
* 死(し)亡(ぼう)者(しゃ) (shibōsha)
* 死(し)亡(ぼう)率(りつ) (shibōritsu)
* 未(み)亡(ぼう)人(じん) (mibōjin)
* 亡(な)くなる (nakunaru)

##### Uncommon

* 亡(ぼう)柿(し) (bōshi)
* 亡(ぼう)子(し) (bōshi)
* 亡(ぼう)児(じ) (bōji)
* 亡(ぼう)婦(ふ) (bōfu)
* 亡(ぼう)母(ぼ) (bōbo)
* 興(こう)亡(ぼう) (kōbō)
* 衰(すい)亡(ぼう) (suibō)
* 損(そん)亡(ぼう) (sonbō)
* 敗(はい)亡(ぼう) (haibō)
* 亡(ぼう)君(くん) (bōkun)
* 亡(ぼう)兄(けい) (bōkei)
* 亡(ぼう)国(こく) (bōkoku)
* 亡(ぼう)魂(こん) (bōkon)
* 亡(ぼう)妻(さい) (bōsai)
* 亡(ぼう)失(しつ) (bōshitsu)
* 亡(ぼう)親(しん) (bōshin)
* 亡(ぼう)弟(てい) (bōtei)
* 亡(ぼう)八(はち) (bōhachi)
* 亡(ぼう)妹(まい) (bōmai)
* 亡(ぼう)友(ゆう) (bōyū)
* 死(し)亡(ぼう)地(ち) (shibōchi)
* 亡(な)き後(あと) (nakiato)
* 亡(な)き人(ひと) (nakihito)
* 亡(な)き者(もの) (nakimono)
* 亡(ぼう)状(じょう) (bōjō)
* 流(りゅう)亡(ぼう) (ryūbō)
* 死(し)亡(ぼう)記(き)事(じ) (shibōkiji)
* 逃(とう)亡(ぼう)者(しゃ) (tōbōsha)
* 逃(とう)亡(ぼう)犯(はん) (tōbōhan)
* 亡(ぼう)命(めい)者(しゃ) (bōmeisha)
* 死(し)亡(ぼう)時(じ)刻(こく) (shibōjikoku)
* 死(し)亡(ぼう)届(とどけ) (shibōtodoke)
* 死(し)亡(ぼう)保(ほ)険(けん) (shibōhoken)
* 胎(たい)児(じ)死(し)亡(ぼう) (taijishibō)
* 多(た)岐(き)亡(ぼう)羊(よう) (takibōyō)
* 逃(とう)亡(ぼう)中(ちゅう) (tōbōchū)
* 死(し)亡(ぼう)広(こう)告(こく) (shibōkōkoku)

##### Rare

* 陰(おん)亡(ぼう) (onbō)
* 亡(な)き魂(たま) (nakitama)

## Korean
### Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 亡 (MC mjang).

#### Hanja

Wikisource 亡 (eumhun 망할 망 (manghal mang))
* hanja form of 망 (“destroy; collapse”)

#### Compounds

* 도망 (逃亡, domang)
* 망국 (亡國, mangguk)
* 망덕 (亡德, mangdeok)
* 망령 (亡靈, mangnyeong)
* 망명 (亡命, mangmyeong, “exile; asylum”)
* 망신 (亡身, mangsin)
* 망종 (亡終, mangjong)
* 망혼 (亡魂, manghon)
* 멸망 (滅亡, myeolmang)
* 사망 (死亡, samang)
* 상망 (喪亡, sangmang)
* 소망 (消亡, somang)
* 존망 (存亡, jonmang)
* 패망 (敗亡, paemang)
* 흥망 (興亡, heungmang)

### Etymology 2

Related to Middle Chinese 無 (MC mju).

#### Hanja

亡 (eumhun 없을 무 (eopseul mu))
* Alternative form of 無 (“hanja form of 무 (“not”)”)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

亡: Hán Nôm readings: vong, vô

### Compound part

亡
chữ Hán form of vong (“(only in compounds) to perish”).

#### References

* Nom Foundation