# gwema
## Zulu
### Pronunciation

IPA: /ɡwéːma/

### Verb

-gwéma
* (transitive) to avoid

#### Inflection

Tone H :
| Infinitive | ukugwema |
| | Positive | Negative |
| Infinitive | ukugwema | ukungagwemi |
| | Imperative | Imperative |
| | Simple | + object concord |
| Singular | gwema | -gweme |
| Plural | gwemani | -gwemeni |
| | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyagwema, ngigwema | engigwemayo, engigwema | ngigwema | angigwemi | engingagwemi | ngingagwemi |
| 2nd singular | uyagwema, ugwema | ogwemayo, ogwema | ugwema | awugwemi | ongagwemi | ungagwemi |
| 1st plural | siyagwema, sigwema | esigwemayo, esigwema | sigwema | asigwemi | esingagwemi | singagwemi |
| 2nd plural | niyagwema, nigwema | enigwemayo, enigwema | nigwema | anigwemi | eningagwemi | ningagwemi |
| Class 1 | uyagwema, ugwema | ogwemayo, ogwema | egwema | akagwemi | ongagwemi | engagwemi |
| Class 2 | bayagwema, bagwema | abagwemayo, abagwema | begwema | abagwemi | abangagwemi | bengagwemi |
| Class 3 | uyagwema, ugwema | ogwemayo, ogwema | ugwema | awugwemi | ongagwemi | ungagwemi |
| Class 4 | iyagwema, igwema | egwemayo, egwema | igwema | ayigwemi | engagwemi | ingagwemi |
| Class 5 | liyagwema, ligwema | eligwemayo, eligwema | ligwema | aligwemi | elingagwemi | lingagwemi |
| Class 6 | ayagwema, agwema | agwemayo, agwema | egwema | awagwemi | angagwemi | engagwemi |
| Class 7 | siyagwema, sigwema | esigwemayo, esigwema | sigwema | asigwemi | esingagwemi | singagwemi |
| Class 8 | ziyagwema, zigwema | ezigwemayo, ezigwema | zigwema | azigwemi | ezingagwemi | zingagwemi |
| Class 9 | iyagwema, igwema | egwemayo, egwema | igwema | ayigwemi | engagwemi | ingagwemi |
| Class 10 | ziyagwema, zigwema | ezigwemayo, ezigwema | zigwema | azigwemi | ezingagwemi | zingagwemi |
| Class 11 | luyagwema, lugwema | olugwemayo, olugwema | lugwema | alugwemi | olungagwemi | lungagwemi |
| Class 14 | buyagwema, bugwema | obugwemayo, obugwema | bugwema | abugwemi | obungagwemi | bungagwemi |
| Class 15 | kuyagwema, kugwema | okugwemayo, okugwema | kugwema | akugwemi | okungagwemi | kungagwemi |
| Class 17 | kuyagwema, kugwema | okugwemayo, okugwema | kugwema | akugwemi | okungagwemi | kungagwemi |
| | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngigwemile, ngigwemē | engigwemile, engigwemē | ngigwemile, ngigwemē | angigwemanga | engingagwemanga | ngingagwemanga |
| 2nd singular | ugwemile, ugwemē | ogwemile, ogwemē | ugwemile, ugwemē | awugwemanga | ongagwemanga | ungagwemanga |
| 1st plural | sigwemile, sigwemē | esigwemile, esigwemē | sigwemile, sigwemē | asigwemanga | esingagwemanga | singagwemanga |
| 2nd plural | nigwemile, nigwemē | enigwemile, enigwemē | nigwemile, nigwemē | anigwemanga | eningagwemanga | ningagwemanga |
| Class 1 | ugwemile, ugwemē | ogwemile, ogwemē | egwemile, egwemē | akagwemanga | ongagwemanga | engagwemanga |
| Class 2 | bagwemile, bagwemē | abagwemile, abagwemē | begwemile, begwemē | abagwemanga | abangagwemanga | bengagwemanga |
| Class 3 | ugwemile, ugwemē | ogwemile, ogwemē | ugwemile, ugwemē | awugwemanga | ongagwemanga | ungagwemanga |
| Class 4 | igwemile, igwemē | egwemile, egwemē | igwemile, igwemē | ayigwemanga | engagwemanga | ingagwemanga |
| Class 5 | ligwemile, ligwemē | eligwemile, eligwemē | ligwemile, ligwemē | aligwemanga | elingagwemanga | lingagwemanga |
| Class 6 | agwemile, agwemē | agwemile, agwemē | egwemile, egwemē | awagwemanga | angagwemanga | engagwemanga |
| Class 7 | sigwemile, sigwemē | esigwemile, esigwemē | sigwemile, sigwemē | asigwemanga | esingagwemanga | singagwemanga |
| Class 8 | zigwemile, zigwemē | ezigwemile, ezigwemē | zigwemile, zigwemē | azigwemanga | ezingagwemanga | zingagwemanga |
| Class 9 | igwemile, igwemē | egwemile, egwemē | igwemile, igwemē | ayigwemanga | engagwemanga | ingagwemanga |
| Class 10 | zigwemile, zigwemē | ezigwemile, ezigwemē | zigwemile, zigwemē | azigwemanga | ezingagwemanga | zingagwemanga |
| Class 11 | lugwemile, lugwemē | olugwemile, olugwemē | lugwemile, lugwemē | alugwemanga | olungagwemanga | lungagwemanga |
| Class 14 | bugwemile, bugwemē | obugwemile, obugwemē | bugwemile, bugwemē | abugwemanga | obungagwemanga | bungagwemanga |
| Class 15 | kugwemile, kugwemē | okugwemile, okugwemē | kugwemile, kugwemē | akugwemanga | okungagwemanga | kungagwemanga |
| Class 17 | kugwemile, kugwemē | okugwemile, okugwemē | kugwemile, kugwemē | akugwemanga | okungagwemanga | kungagwemanga |
| | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngāgwema | engāgwema | ngāgwema | angigwemanga | engingagwemanga | ngingagwemanga |
| 2nd singular | wāgwema | owāgwema | wāgwema | awugwemanga | ongagwemanga | ungagwemanga |
| 1st plural | sāgwema | esāgwema | sāgwema | asigwemanga | esingagwemanga | singagwemanga |
| 2nd plural | nāgwema | enāgwema | nāgwema | anigwemanga | eningagwemanga | ningagwemanga |
| Class 1 | wāgwema | owāgwema | āgwema | akagwemanga | ongagwemanga | engagwemanga |
| Class 2 | bāgwema | abāgwema | bāgwema | abagwemanga | abangagwemanga | bengagwemanga |
| Class 3 | wāgwema | owāgwema | wāgwema | awugwemanga | ongagwemanga | ungagwemanga |
| Class 4 | yāgwema | eyāgwema | yāgwema | ayigwemanga | engagwemanga | ingagwemanga |
| Class 5 | lāgwema | elāgwema | lāgwema | aligwemanga | elingagwemanga | lingagwemanga |
| Class 6 | āgwema | āgwema | āgwema | awagwemanga | angagwemanga | engagwemanga |
| Class 7 | sāgwema | esāgwema | sāgwema | asigwemanga | esingagwemanga | singagwemanga |
| Class 8 | zāgwema | ezāgwema | zāgwema | azigwemanga | ezingagwemanga | zingagwemanga |
| Class 9 | yāgwema | eyāgwema | yāgwema | ayigwemanga | engagwemanga | ingagwemanga |
| Class 10 | zāgwema | ezāgwema | zāgwema | azigwemanga | ezingagwemanga | zingagwemanga |
| Class 11 | lwāgwema | olwāgwema | lwāgwema | alugwemanga | olungagwemanga | lungagwemanga |
| Class 14 | bāgwema | obāgwema | bāgwema | abugwemanga | obungagwemanga | bungagwemanga |
| Class 15 | kwāgwema | okwāgwema | kwāgwema | akugwemanga | okungagwemanga | kungagwemanga |
| Class 17 | kwāgwema | okwāgwema | kwāgwema | akugwemanga | okungagwemanga | kungagwemanga |
| | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngingagwema | — | ngingagwema | ngingegweme | — | ngingegweme |
| 2nd singular | ungagwema | — | ungagwema | ungegweme | — | ungegweme |
| 1st plural | singagwema | — | singagwema | singegweme | — | singegweme |
| 2nd plural | ningagwema | — | ningagwema | ningegweme | — | ningegweme |
| Class 1 | angagwema | — | engagwema | angegweme | — | engegweme |
| Class 2 | bangagwema | — | bengagwema | bangegweme | — | bengegweme |
| Class 3 | ungagwema | — | ungagwema | ungegweme | — | ungegweme |
| Class 4 | ingagwema | — | ingagwema | ingegweme | — | ingegweme |
| Class 5 | lingagwema | — | lingagwema | lingegweme | — | lingegweme |
| Class 6 | angagwema | — | engagwema | angegweme | — | engegweme |
| Class 7 | singagwema | — | singagwema | singegweme | — | singegweme |
| Class 8 | zingagwema | — | zingagwema | zingegweme | — | zingegweme |
| Class 9 | ingagwema | — | ingagwema | ingegweme | — | ingegweme |
| Class 10 | zingagwema | — | zingagwema | zingegweme | — | zingegweme |
| Class 11 | lungagwema | — | lungagwema | lungegweme | — | lungegweme |
| Class 14 | bungagwema | — | bungagwema | bungegweme | — | bungegweme |
| Class 15 | kungagwema | — | kungagwema | kungegweme | — | kungegweme |
| Class 17 | kungagwema | — | kungagwema | kungegweme | — | kungegweme |
| | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngizogwema | engizogwema | ngizogwema | angizugwema | engingezugwema | ngingezugwema |
| 2nd singular | uzogwema | ozogwema | uzogwema | awuzugwema | ongezugwema | ungezugwema |
| 1st plural | sizogwema | esizogwema | sizogwema | asizugwema | esingezugwema | singezugwema |
| 2nd plural | nizogwema | enizogwema | nizogwema | anizugwema | eningezugwema | ningezugwema |
| Class 1 | uzogwema | ozogwema | ezogwema | akazugwema | ongezugwema | engezugwema |
| Class 2 | bazogwema | abazogwema | bezogwema | abazugwema | abangezugwema | bengezugwema |
| Class 3 | uzogwema | ozogwema | uzogwema | awuzugwema | ongezugwema | ungezugwema |
| Class 4 | izogwema | ezogwema | izogwema | ayizugwema | engezugwema | ingezugwema |
| Class 5 | lizogwema | elizogwema | lizogwema | alizugwema | elingezugwema | lingezugwema |
| Class 6 | azogwema | azogwema | ezogwema | awazugwema | angezugwema | engezugwema |
| Class 7 | sizogwema | esizogwema | sizogwema | asizugwema | esingezugwema | singezugwema |
| Class 8 | zizogwema | ezizogwema | zizogwema | azizugwema | ezingezugwema | zingezugwema |
| Class 9 | izogwema | ezogwema | izogwema | ayizugwema | engezugwema | ingezugwema |
| Class 10 | zizogwema | ezizogwema | zizogwema | azizugwema | ezingezugwema | zingezugwema |
| Class 11 | luzogwema | oluzogwema | luzogwema | aluzugwema | olungezugwema | lungezugwema |
| Class 14 | buzogwema | obuzogwema | buzogwema | abuzugwema | obungezugwema | bungezugwema |
| Class 15 | kuzogwema | okuzogwema | kuzogwema | akuzugwema | okungezugwema | kungezugwema |
| Class 17 | kuzogwema | okuzogwema | kuzogwema | akuzugwema | okungezugwema | kungezugwema |
| | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyogwema | engiyogwema | ngiyogwema | angiyugwema | engingeyugwema | ngingeyugwema |
| 2nd singular | uyogwema | oyogwema | uyogwema | awuyugwema | ongeyugwema | ungeyugwema |
| 1st plural | siyogwema | esiyogwema | siyogwema | asiyugwema | esingeyugwema | singeyugwema |
| 2nd plural | niyogwema | eniyogwema | niyogwema | aniyugwema | eningeyugwema | ningeyugwema |
| Class 1 | uyogwema | oyogwema | eyogwema | akayugwema | ongeyugwema | engeyugwema |
| Class 2 | bayogwema | abayogwema | beyogwema | abayugwema | abangeyugwema | bengeyugwema |
| Class 3 | uyogwema | oyogwema | uyogwema | awuyugwema | ongeyugwema | ungeyugwema |
| Class 4 | iyogwema | eyogwema | iyogwema | ayiyugwema | engeyugwema | ingeyugwema |
| Class 5 | liyogwema | eliyogwema | liyogwema | aliyugwema | elingeyugwema | lingeyugwema |
| Class 6 | ayogwema | ayogwema | eyogwema | awayugwema | angeyugwema | engeyugwema |
| Class 7 | siyogwema | esiyogwema | siyogwema | asiyugwema | esingeyugwema | singeyugwema |
| Class 8 | ziyogwema | eziyogwema | ziyogwema | aziyugwema | ezingeyugwema | zingeyugwema |
| Class 9 | iyogwema | eyogwema | iyogwema | ayiyugwema | engeyugwema | ingeyugwema |
| Class 10 | ziyogwema | eziyogwema | ziyogwema | aziyugwema | ezingeyugwema | zingeyugwema |
| Class 11 | luyogwema | oluyogwema | luyogwema | aluyugwema | olungeyugwema | lungeyugwema |
| Class 14 | buyogwema | obuyogwema | buyogwema | abuyugwema | obungeyugwema | bungeyugwema |
| Class 15 | kuyogwema | okuyogwema | kuyogwema | akuyugwema | okungeyugwema | kungeyugwema |
| Class 17 | kuyogwema | okuyogwema | kuyogwema | akuyugwema | okungeyugwema | kungeyugwema |
| | Present subjunctive | Present subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngigweme | ngingagwemi |
| 2nd singular | ugweme | ungagwemi |
| 1st plural | sigweme | singagwemi |
| 2nd plural | nigweme | ningagwemi |
| Class 1 | agweme | angagwemi |
| Class 2 | bagweme | bangagwemi |
| Class 3 | ugweme | ungagwemi |
| Class 4 | igweme | ingagwemi |
| Class 5 | ligweme | lingagwemi |
| Class 6 | agweme | angagwemi |
| Class 7 | sigweme | singagwemi |
| Class 8 | zigweme | zingagwemi |
| Class 9 | igweme | ingagwemi |
| Class 10 | zigweme | zingagwemi |
| Class 11 | lugweme | lungagwemi |
| Class 14 | bugweme | bungagwemi |
| Class 15 | kugweme | kungagwemi |
| Class 17 | kugweme | kungagwemi |
| | Past subjunctive | Past subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngagwema | ngangagwema, angagwema, angangagwema |
| 2nd singular | wagwema | wangagwema, awagwema, awangagwema |
| 1st plural | sagwema | sangagwema, asagwema, asangagwema |
| 2nd plural | nagwema | nangagwema, anagwema, anangagwema |
| Class 1 | wagwema | wangagwema, akagwema, akangagwema |
| Class 2 | bagwema | bangagwema, abagwema, abangagwema |
| Class 3 | wagwema | wangagwema, awagwema, awangagwema |
| Class 4 | yagwema | yangagwema, ayagwema, ayangagwema |
| Class 5 | lagwema | langagwema, alagwema, alangagwema |
| Class 6 | agwema | angagwema, awagwema, awangagwema |
| Class 7 | sagwema | sangagwema, asagwema, asangagwema |
| Class 8 | zagwema | zangagwema, azagwema, azangagwema |
| Class 9 | yagwema | yangagwema, ayagwema, ayangagwema |
| Class 10 | zagwema | zangagwema, azagwema, azangagwema |
| Class 11 | lwagwema | lwangagwema, alwagwema, alwangagwema |
| Class 14 | bagwema | bangagwema, abagwema, abangagwema |
| Class 15 | kwagwema | kwangagwema, akwagwema, akwangagwema |
| Class 17 | kwagwema | kwangagwema, akwagwema, akwangagwema |

### References

* C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “gwema”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “gwema (6-3.9)”