# los
## Translingual
### Symbol

los
* (international standards) ISO 639-3 language code for Loniu.

### See also

* Wiktionary's coverage of Loniu terms

## English
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Middle English lusk, from Old English lox, from Proto-West Germanic *luhs, from Proto-Germanic *luhsaz. Cognate with Scots los, Saterland Frisian Luks, Low German Luks, Dutch los, German Luchs, Luxembourgish Luuss.

#### Alternative forms

* losse

#### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /lɒs/
* (General American) IPA: /lɑs/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɒs
* Homophone: loss

#### Noun

los (plural loses)
* (obsolete) A medium-sized wildcat, most of them part of the genus Lynx.
    Synonym: lynx
    The los had been brought from a northern part of the United States.
** 1592, Thomas Thomasius, Thomae Thomasii Dictionarium tertio ... emendatum ... et longe auctius ... redditum.:A beaſt like unto a wolfe having many ſpottes, and being exceeding quicke of ſight: a wolfe like an hart, a Los or Lynx.

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Middle English los, from Old English los, from Proto-Germanic *lusą, from Proto-Indo-European *lews-.

#### Noun

los (plural loses)
* Obsolete form of loss.
** 1673,, The Interest Of theſe United Provinces. Being a Defence of the Zeelanders Choice […], Middelburg: Printed by Thomas Berry, page [75]:If we come under France, we have not onely Spaine our enimie by Sea and Land (as we have ſhewne) but the los of our Spaniſh Trade, and the hazarding of our whole Levant Traffick: And if we rightly calculate, that amounts to no ſmall part of our Commerce.

### Etymology 3
#### Noun

los (uncountable)
* Alternative form of loos (“praise; fame; reputation”).

### Anagrams

* LOS, LSO, sol, SOL, SLO, OSL, OLS

## Afrikaans
### Etymology

Inherited from Dutch lossen.

### Verb

los (present los, present participle losende, past participle gelos)
* to leave, abandon

## Aragonese
### Etymology

Derived from Latin illos (“those ones”).

### Pronoun

los
* them (masculine direct object)

#### Synonyms

* es

## Asturian
### Alternative forms

* llos (archaic)

### Etymology

Inherited from Latin illōs, from ille.

### Article

los m pl (masculine sg el, feminine sg la, neuter sg lo, feminine plural les)
* (definite) the

## Catalan
### Pronunciation

* (Central) IPA: /lus/
* (Valencia) IPA: /los/

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Latin illōs; cf. els.

#### Pronoun

los (enclitic, contracted 'ls, proclitic els)
* them (masculine, direct or indirect object)
    perdoneu-los ― forgive them
    doneu-los una moneda ― give them a coin
* them (feminine, indirect object only)
    digueu-los la veritat ― tell them the truth

##### Usage notes

* -los is the full (plena) form of the pronoun. It is normally used after verbs ending with a consonant or ⟨u⟩.

##### Declension

$^1$ Behaves grammatically as plural.   $^2$ Behaves grammatically as third person. $^3$ Only as object of a preposition.   $^4$ Not before unstressed (h)i-, (h)u-.

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Latin illōs, from ille.

#### Article

los m pl
* masculine plural of lo

## Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈlos]
* Rhymes: -os

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ȏlsь. Cognate with English elk, German Elch.

#### Noun

los m anim
* elk (British), moose (U.S.)

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

Borrowed from German Los, from Middle High German lōz, from Old High German hlōz, from Proto-West Germanic *hlaut, from Proto-Germanic *hlautaz, ablaut variant of *hlutą.

#### Noun

los m inan
* lottery ticket

##### Declension
### References

* ↑ Jiří Rejzek (2007) “los¹”, in Český etymologický slovník (in Czech), Leda
* ↑ Václav Machek (1968) “los 1°”, in Etymologický slovník jazyka českého [Etymological Dictionary of the Czech Language], 2nd edition, Prague: Academia
* ↑ Jiří Rejzek (2007) “los²”, in Český etymologický slovník (in Czech), Leda
* ↑ Václav Machek (1968) “los 2°”, in Etymologický slovník jazyka českého [Etymological Dictionary of the Czech Language], 2nd edition, Prague: Academia

### Further reading

* “los”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “los”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989

## Danish
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Norse lauss.

#### Adjective

los
* loose

### Etymology 2

Derived from Middle Low German los, from Old Saxon lohs, from Proto-West Germanic *luhs.

#### Noun

los c (singular definite lossen, plural indefinite losser)
* lynx

##### Inflection
### Etymology 3

Deverbal from losse, itself from Low German lossen, from Middle Low German lossen, from the adjective los (“loose”) and thus related to Etymology 1 above.

#### Noun

los n (singular definite losset, plural indefinite los)
* to unload something
* kick

##### Inflection
## Dutch
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /lɔs/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: los
* Rhymes: -ɔs

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Middle Dutch los, from Old Dutch *los, from Proto-West Germanic *lus (a-stem), from Proto-Germanic *lusaz, related to *lausaz.
Cognate with Ripuarian Central Franconian loss, Luxembourgish lass, lues. Related with Dutch loos, the cognate of German los, lose, English loose.

#### Adjective

los (comparative losser, superlative meest los or lost)
* loose
    De losse kleding zat comfortabel.The loose clothing was comfortable.
    Zorg ervoor dat de schroeven goed vastzitten en niet los zijn.Make sure the screws are tightly fastened and not loose.
    Het kind hield de ballon stevig vast zodat hij niet los zou vliegen.The child held the balloon tightly so that it wouldn't fly loose.
* separate, individual
    Dit product is niet bestemd voor losse verkoop.This product is not intended to be sold individually.

##### Derived terms

* losjes
* loslaten
* losmaken
* lossen
* van God los

##### Descendants

* Berbice Creole Dutch: losi
* → Papiamentu: lòs, los

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Middle Dutch los, from Old Dutch *los, from Proto-Germanic *luhsuz, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *lewk- (“light, to shine”) or from a substrate language. Doublet of lynx.
Cognate with Old Saxon lohs, Old High German luhs, Old English lox, from a similar Germanic form also Swedish lodjur. Cognates outside Germanic include Ancient Greek λύγξ (lúnx), Lithuanian lūšis, Old Church Slavonic рꙑсь (rysĭ), Old Irish lug, Old Armenian լուսանունք (lusanunkʻ).

#### Noun

los m (plural lossen, diminutive losje n)
* (dated) lynx (specifically the Eurasian lynx, Lynx lynx)
    Synonym: lynx

##### Alternative forms

* losch (obsolete)

##### Derived terms

* pardellos

### Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

los
* inflection of lossen:
** first-person singular present indicative
** (in case of inversion) second-person singular present indicative
** imperative

### References

* ↑ Philippa, Marlies, Debrabandere, Frans, Quak, Arend, Schoonheim, Tanneke, van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009) “lynx”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands‎ (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press

### Anagrams

* sol

## Dutch Low Saxon
### Etymology

Inherited from Middle Low German and Old Saxon lōs, from Proto-West Germanic *laus, cognate with Dutch los and English loose.

### Pronunciation

* Rhymes: -ɔs

### Adjective

los
* open

## Franco-Provençal
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Latin illōs.

#### Alternative forms

* les

#### Determiner

los m pl
* masculine plural of lo (“the”)

#### Pronoun

los m pl (ORB, broad)
* them (third-person plural masculine accusative)

##### See also

| singular | nominative | accusative | dative | tonic$^1$ | possessive$^2$ |
| 1st person | jo | mè | mè | mè | min |
| 2nd person | te | tè | tè | tè | tin |
| 3rd person masculine | il | lo / le | lui | lui | sin |
| 3rd person feminine | el | la | lyé | lyé | | sin |
| 3rd person neuter | o | o | y | — | sin |
| 3rd person reflexive | — | sè | sè | sè | | | sin |
| plural | nominative | accusative | dative | tonic$^1$ | possessive$^2$ |
| 1st person | nos | nos | nos | nos | noutro |
| 2nd person | vos | vos | vos | vos | voutro |
| 3rd person masculine | ils | los / les | lor | lor | lor |
| 3rd person feminine | els | les | lor / lyés | lor / lyés | | lor |
| 3rd person reflexive | — | sè | sè | sè | | | lor |
| $^1$ Disjunctive or object of a preposition. | $^1$ Disjunctive or object of a preposition. | $^2$ Generally preceded by a definite article. | $^2$ Generally preceded by a definite article. | $^2$ Generally preceded by a definite article. | $^2$ Generally preceded by a definite article. |

#### References

* les in DicoFranPro: Dictionnaire Français/Francoprovençal – on dicofranpro.llm.umontreal.ca
* los in Lo trèsor Arpitan – on arpitan.eu

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

los (Old Dauphinois)
* Alternative form of lèc (“lake”)

#### References

* Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “lacus”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume 5: J L, page 126

## French
### Etymology

Inherited from Old French los, from Latin laus, probably via the nominative singular form.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /lo/
* Audio:(file)
* Homophones: lods (general), lot, lots (except regionally)

### Noun

los m (plural los)
* (obsolete) praise; acclaim
    Synonym: (modern) louange

#### Related terms

* louer

### References

* “los”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
* ↑ Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “laus”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume 5: J L, page 211

## German
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /loːs/ (standard)
* IPA: /lɔs/ (regionally; chiefly as interjection or when meaning “going on”)

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Middle High German and Old High German lōs. Compare English loose.

#### Adjective

los (strong nominative masculine singular loser, comparative loser, superlative am losesten)
* (colloquial or dated) Alternative form of lose (“loose”)

#### Adverb

los (only used in combination with a verb)
* rid of, free of
    Ich bin meine Erkältung los. ― I've gotten rid of my cold.
* off, out, used to indicate leaving motion.
    Morgen fahren wir los. ― Tomorrow we head out.
    Ich muss los. ― I have to go.
* going on
    Hier ist einiges los. ― There's a lot going on here.
    Was ist los? ― What's going on? / What's up? / What's wrong?
* (colloquial, regional, Westphalia, Lower Saxony) open
    Die Tür stand los. ― The door stood open.

#### Interjection

los
* come on!, let's go!
    Los! An die Arbeit! ― Come on! Let's get to work!
* (motor racing) Go!

##### Derived terms

* -los
* los sein
* losfahren
* losgehen
* loslassen
* loslegen
* loslösen
* losmachen
* losreißen
* loswerden

##### Related terms

* gelosen

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

los
* singular imperative of losen

## Indonesian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈlɔs]
* Hyphenation: los

### Etymology 1

Shortening from losmen (“hostel”).

#### Noun

los (plural los-los)
* hostel
* longhouse

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Dutch loods (“pilot”).

#### Noun

los (plural los-los)
* (navigation) pilot boat

### Etymology 3

Borrowed from Dutch los (“loose”).

#### Adjective

los
* (colloquial) loose, free
    Synonyms: lepas, bebas

### Further reading

* “los” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Interlingua
### Pronoun

los
* (accusative, dative) them, those

## Ladino
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Spanish los (“the; them”), from Latin illōs accusative plural masculine of ille.

### Pronunciation

* Audio (Paris):(file)

### Article

los m pl (Hebrew spelling לוס, singular el, feminine las)
* masculine plural of el (“the”) [ca. 1510]
** 1991, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Djoha ke dize? Kuentos populares djudeo‐espanyoles‎, כנה:En los kuentos djidiós Djohá es el furbo ke embrolia el no‐Djidió, komo en los kuentos árabos el Djohá árabo aparese komo el ke riushe a “azersela” al Djidió¹¹.In the Jewish accounts Djohá is the cunning one who confuses the gentile, as in the Arab accounts Djohá seems like he succeeds at ‘becoming’ the Jew.

### Pronoun

los (Hebrew spelling לוס)
* accusative of eyos; them [ca. 1510]
** 1910, Reuben Eliyahu Israel, Traducsion libera de las poezias ebraicas de Roş Aşana i Kipur‎, Craiova: Institutul Grafic, I. Samitca şi D. Baraş, Socieatate in Comandita, →OCLC, page 12:Tu sos envestido i envelupado de giustidad, a ti solo apartiene la sopirioridad Si no ai en nozotros ovras ⁴) boenas, acodrate de noestros padres i de sus santedad. Siempre los tengas en tu memoria i apiada a tu comunidadYou are dressed and enveloped with justice, only to you does superiority belong; were good deeds absent from us, remind yourself of our fathers and their holiness. You always have them in memory; rescue your people.

### References

* 1 2 Dov Cohen and Ora (Rodrigue) Schwarzwald (2019 June 19) “Coṃpendio delas šeḥiṭót (Constantinople ca. 1510): The First Judeo-Spanish Printed Publication”, in Journal of Jewish Languages, volume 7, number 1, Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 46–51
* ↑ “los”, in Trezoro de la Lengua Djudeoespanyola.

## Mauritian Creole
### Etymology

Derived from French loche (dialectal).

### Noun

los
* slug

### References

* Baker, Philip & Hookoomsing, Vinesh Y. (1987). Dictionnaire de créole mauricien. Morisyen – English – Français

## Middle Dutch
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Dutch *los, from Proto-West Germanic *laus (“loose, free”).

### Adjective

los
* loose, free
* free, not encumbered
* having lost, robbed

#### Descendants

* Dutch: los
* Limburgish: lósj

### Further reading

* “los”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
* Verwijs, E., Verdam, J. (1885–1929) “los (I)”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN, page I

## Middle English
### Alternative forms

* lose, losse

### Etymology

Inherited from Old English los.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /lɔs/, /lɔːs/

### Noun

los (uncountable)
* loss

#### Descendants

* English: loss
* Scots: los, lose, lois
* Yola: lass

#### References

* “lō̆s, n.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

## Middle Scots
### Alternative forms

* loz

### Etymology

Inherited from Middle English losse, from Old English lox, from Proto-West Germanic *luhs, from Proto-Germanic *luhsaz. Cognate with English los, Saterland Frisian Luks, Low German Luks, Dutch los, German Luchs, Luxembourgish Luuss.

### Noun

los
* lynx

### References

* “los, n.”, in The Dictionary of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Scottish Language Dictionaries, 2004–present, →OCLC.

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

Borrowed from Low German lots (short form of lotsman); compare with German Lotse.

### Noun

los m (definite singular losen, indefinite plural loser, definite plural losene)
* (nautical) a pilot (person who guides ships in and out of a harbour)

### References

* “los” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology 1
#### Noun

los m (definite singular losen, indefinite plural losar, definite plural losane)
* Alternative spelling of lós

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Homophones: lòs, lås

#### Noun

los n (definite singular loset, indefinite plural los, definite plural losa)
* Alternative spelling of lòs

## Occitan
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin illōs, from ille.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Article

los (singular lo, feminine la, feminine plural las)
* the; masculine plural definite article

## Old English
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *lusą (“loss”), from Proto-Indo-European *lewHs- (“to cut loose; sever; lose”). Cognate with Old Norse los (“looseness; breaking up”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /los/

### Noun

los n (nominative plural los)
* loss
* destruction

#### Declension

Strong a-stem:

#### Derived terms

* losian

#### Descendants

* Middle English: los, lose, losse
** English: loss
** Scots: los, lose, lois
** Yola: lass

## Old French
### Etymology

See the verb loer (“to laud”).

### Noun

los oblique singular, m (oblique plural los, nominative singular los, nominative plural los)
* glory; positive reputation

#### Descendants

* French: los

## Old High German
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *laus, see also Old English lēas, Old Norse lauss.

### Adjective

lōs
* loose

## Old Polish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Old High German hlōz, from Proto-West Germanic *hlaut. First attested in the 14th century.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (10th–15th CE) /lʲɔs/
* IPA: (15th CE) /lʲɔs/

### Noun

los m inan (related adjective losowy)
* (attested in Lesser Poland) lot (thing used for determining chances)
** 1930 [c. 1455], “Num”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka)‎, 33, 54:Wyøczsim daycze szirsze a mnyeysim wøssze, wszitkim iakos los przipadnye (ut sors ceciderit)[Więcszym dajcie szyrsze a mniejszym węższe. Wszytkim jakoż los przypadnie (ut sors ceciderit)]
** 1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter]‎, Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 21, 19:Rozdzelili sobe odzene moie y na odzew moy pusczili loos (super vestem meam miserunt sortem)[Rozdzielili sobie odzienie moje i na odziew moj puścili los (super vestem meam miserunt sortem)]
* (attested in Lesser Poland) drawing lots (act of determining using lots)
** 1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter]‎, Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 77, 60:Y wirzuczil od oblicza gich pogani, y losem rozdzelil gim zemø (sorte divisit eis terram)[Y wyrzucił od oblicza jich pogany, i losem rozdzielił jim ziemię (sorte divisit eis terram)]

#### Descendants

* Polish: los
* Silesian: los

### References

* Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “los”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
* Sławski, Franciszek (1958-1965) “los”, in Jan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego
* Mańczak, Witold (2017) “los”, in Polski słownik etymologiczny (in Polish), Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, →ISBN
* Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “los”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
* B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “los”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN

## Old Spanish
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin illōs accusative plural masculine of ille.

### Article

los m pl (singular el, feminine las)
* masculine plural of el (“the”)
** c. 1250, Alfonso X, Lapidario, f. 118v:Et dixieron los ſabios en el libro de las piedras que la uerde atal uirtut. que quien la engaſtonare en ſortija. la traxiere conſigo. nõ aura la enfermedat a que dizen ydropiſia.And in the Book of Stones the wise men claimed that the green stone possesses such virtue that he who mounts it on a ring and has it with him will not suffer from the illness they call dropsy.

### Pronoun

los
* accusative of ellos; them
** c. 1140 to 1207, anonymous, Poem of the Cid 1263-1266:Mando los venir ala corth ⁊ a todos loᷤ iuntar Qͣndo los fallo por cuenta fizo los nonbrar Tres mill & ſeys çientos auie myo çid el de biuar Alegras le el coraçon ⁊ tornos aſonrriſarHe ordered them to come to the court and to assemble, and when he found them there, he had them counted and recorded. My Cid of Vivar had 3600 men, his heart was pleased, and he began to smile.

#### Descendants

* Ladino: los, לוס
* Spanish: los

## Polish
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish los. Doublet of lotto.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈlɔs/
* (Middle Polish) IPA: /ˈlɔs/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔs
* Syllabification: los

### Noun

los m inan (related adjective losowy)
* (uncountable) fate (presumed cause, force, principle, or divine will that predetermines events)
* (countable) fate (effect, consequence, outcome, or inevitable events predetermined by this cause)
    Synonym: dola
* (countable) fate (event or a situation which is inevitable in the fullness of time; destiny)
    Synonym: przeznaczenie
* (countable) lot (slip of paper, or less often a die or ball, used in determining a question by chance, or without human choice or will)
** lottery ticket
** (Middle Polish) gambling
    Synonym: hazard
** (Middle Polish, figuratively) trick, ploy, ruse (action intended to deceive or swindle)
    Synonym: sztuczka
* (Middle Polish) cut, inheritance, property received by lot
* (Middle Polish) person of dialogue

#### Derived terms

* zdany na łaskę losu
* (obsolete) losem
* na los szczęścia
* ironia losu
* los szczęścia
* ofiara losu
* pełny los
* pusty los
* uśmiech losu
* wolny los
* wybraniec losu
* każdy jest kowalem własnego losu
* losować impf
* kusić los impf
* los zadrwił pf, los drwi impf
* pozostawić własnemu losowi pf, pozostawiać własnemu losowi impf
* wygrać los na loterii pf, wygrywać los na loterii impf
* wyzwać los pf, wyzywać los impf
* zostać na łasce losu pf, zostawać na łasce losu impf
* zostawić na pastwę losu pf, zostawiać na pastwę losu impf

#### Descendants

* → Belarusian: лёс (ljos)

### Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), los is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 11 times in scientific texts, 7 times in news, 16 times in essays, 22 times in fiction, and 15 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 71 times, making it the 907th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.

### References

* ↑ Ida Kurcz (1990) “los”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 222

### Further reading

* los in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* los in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “los”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
* Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “los”, in Słownik języka polskiego
* Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “los”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
* J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1902), “los”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 2, Warsaw, page 764

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /lus/
* (Brazil) IPA: /lus/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /luʃ/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /los/
* (Portugal) IPA: /luʃ/

### Pronoun

los
* Alternative form of os (third-person masculine plural objective pronoun) used as an enclitic and mesoclitic following a verb form ending in a consonant (-z, -r and -s, but not -m); the consonant is elided and the preceding vowel takes an accent if necessary

## Scottish Gaelic
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Irish los, from Proto-Celtic *lustā, from the Proto-Indo-European root *lew- (“to divide, to split”). Cognate with Welsh llost.

#### Noun

los m (genitive singular lois)
* purpose, intention
* control
* (obsolete) tail, end

##### Derived terms

* a los (“in order to”)
* air los (“for the purpose of; in search of”)
* an los (“in the intention of; bent on”)
* d' aon los (“intentional”)
* fo los (“under the control of”)
* los-leathann (“beaver”)

### Etymology 2

Shortening of a los.

#### Conjunction

los
* in order to

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ȏlsь.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /lôs/

### Noun

lȍs m (Cyrillic spelling ло̏с)
* moose
* elk

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “los”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025

## Silesian
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish los.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈlɔs/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔs
* Syllabification: los

### Noun

los m inan
* fate (presumed cause, force, principle, or divine will that predetermines events)
* lot (slip of paper used in determining a question by chance, or without human choice or will)

#### Declension
### Further reading

* los in silling.org
* Henryk Jaroszewicz (2022) “los”, in Zasady pisowni języka śląskiego (in Polish), Siedlce: Wydawnictwo Naukowe IKR[i]BL, page 93

## Slovene
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *olsь.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /lóːs/

### Noun

lọ̑s m anim
* elk, moose

#### Inflection
### Further reading

* “los”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU (in Slovene), 2014–2025

## Spanish
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Spanish los (“the; them”), from Latin illōs accusative plural masculine of ille.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /los/ [los]
* Audio (Colombia):(file)
* Rhymes: -os
* Syllabification: los

### Article

los m pl (singular el, feminine las)
* masculine plural of el (“the”)
    ¿Qué hacen los muchachos?What do the boys do?

#### Related terms

* el m
* la f
* las f pl
* lxs

### Pronoun

los
* accusative of ellos; them
* accusative of ustedes (when referring to more than one man); you all (formal or (Latin America) informal)
* plural masculine or neuter pronoun
    los que no hablanthose who do not speak

### See also

| | | | | nominative | dative | accusative | disjunctive |
| first person | singular | singular | singular | yo | me | me | mí$^1$ |
| first person | plural | masculine$^2$ | masculine$^2$ | nosotros | nos | nos | nosotros |
| first person | plural | feminine | feminine | nosotras | nos | nos | nosotras |
| second person | singular | tuteo | tuteo | tú | te | te | ti$^1$ |
| second person | singular | voseo | voseo | vos | te | te | vos |
| second person | singular | formal$^3$ | formal$^3$ | usted | le, se$^4$ | lo/la$^5$ | usted |
| second person | plural | familiar$^6$ | masculine$^2$ | vosotros | os | os | vosotros |
| second person | plural | familiar$^6$ | feminine | vosotras | os | os | vosotras |
| second person | plural | formal/general$^3$ | formal/general$^3$ | ustedes | les, se$^4$ | los/las$^5$ | ustedes |
| third person | singular | masculine$^2$ | masculine$^2$ | él | le, se$^4$ | lo | él |
| third person | singular | feminine | feminine | ella | le, se$^4$ | la | ella |
| third person | singular | neuter | neuter | ello$^7$ | le, se$^4$ | lo | ello |
| third person | plural | masculine$^2$ | masculine$^2$ | ellos | les, se$^4$ | los | ellos |
| third person | plural | feminine | feminine | ellas | les, se$^4$ | las | ellas |
| third person | reflexive | reflexive | reflexive | — | se | se | sí$^1$ |
* Not used with con; conmigo, contigo, and consigo are used instead, respectively
* Like other masculine Spanish words, masculine Spanish pronouns can be used when the gender of the subject is unknown or when the subject is plural and of mixed gender.
* Treated as if it were third-person for purposes of conjugation and reflexivity
* If le or les precedes lo, la, los, or las in a clause, it is replaced with se (e.g., Se lo dije instead of Le lo dije)
* Depending on the implicit gender of the object being referred to
* Used primarily in Spain
* Used only in rare circumstances

### Anagrams

* sol

## Swedish
### Noun

los
* indefinite genitive singular of lo

### Anagrams

* Sol, sol

## White Hmong
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Hmong-Mien *ləwX (“to come back”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /lɒ˩/

### Verb

los
* to come, return (to one's home or to a place where one resides)
    Synonym: tuaj

#### Derived terms

* los nag (“to rain”, literally “come rain”)

### References

* Heimbach, Ernest E. (1979) White Hmong — English Dictionary‎, SEAP Publications, →ISBN.
* ↑ Ratliff, Martha (2010) Hmong-Mien language history (Studies in Language Change; 8), Camberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics, →ISBN, page 276.

## Zazaki
### Etymology

Compare Armenian լոշ (loš).

### Noun

los (genitive singular losi)
* lavash