OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# etmää
## Gagauz
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /jetˈmæː/
* Hyphenation: et‧mää

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Anatolian Turkish ایتمك (etmäk), from Proto-Turkic *ēt-, a later form of *ērt- a derivation from Proto-Turkic *ẹ̄r- (“to be”). Compare Turkish etmek, Azerbaijani etmək.

#### Verb

etmää (third-person singular simple present edär)
* (ditransitive) to do, to commit
    Synonym: yapmaa
    iilik etmää ― to do a favor
* (ditransitive) forms compound verbs when used with nouns
    af etmää ― to forgive (literally, “to do forgiveness”)

##### Derived terms

* afetmää
* etki
* kaybetmää

#### Further reading

* Kopuşçu M. İ. , Todorova S. A. , Kiräkova T.İ., editors (2019), Gagauzça-rusça sözlük: klaslar 5-12, Komrat: Gagauziya M.V. Maruneviç adına Bilim-Aaraştırma merkezi, →ISBN, page 64
* N. A Baskakov, editor (1972), “etmää”, in Gagauzsko-Russko-Moldavskij Slovarʹ [Gagauz-Russian-Moldovan Dictionary], Moskva: Izdatelʹstvo Sovetskaja Enciklopedija, →ISBN, page 180

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Old Anatolian Turkish [script needed] (yetmäk), from Proto-Turkic *yẹt-.Compare Turkish yetmek, Azerbaijani yetmək.

#### Verb

etmää (third-person singular simple present etär)
* (intransitive) to be enough, to suffice
    bu bizä etmäzthis isn't enough for us
* (intransitive) to cost
    kiyat eder on kapeykathe book costs ten kopeks

##### Derived terms

* etär
* etişmää

#### Further reading

* Kopuşçu M. İ. , Todorova S. A. , Kiräkova T.İ., editors (2019), Gagauzça-rusça sözlük: klaslar 5-12, Komrat: Gagauziya M.V. Maruneviç adına Bilim-Aaraştırma merkezi, →ISBN, page 64
* N. A Baskakov, editor (1972), “etmää”, in Gagauzsko-Russko-Moldavskij Slovarʹ [Gagauz-Russian-Moldovan Dictionary], Moskva: Izdatelʹstvo Sovetskaja Enciklopedija, →ISBN, page 180

### References

* ↑ Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “etmek”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
* ↑ Clauson, Gerard (1972) “ert-”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 202
* ↑ Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “yetmek”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
# 사이비
## Korean
### Etymology

Sino-Korean word from 似而非 (“pseudo”). Second sense from clipping of 사이비 종교 (saibi jonggyo, “religious cult”).

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ˈs͈a̠(ː)ibi]
* Phonetic hangul: [싸(ː)이비]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Noun

사이비 • (saibi) (hanja 似而非)
* pseudo
* (derogatory) religious cult

#### Derived terms

* 사이비 종교 (似而非宗敎, saibi jonggyo, “religious cult”)
# Անդրեաս
## Armenian
### Etymology

From Old Armenian Անդրէաս (Andrēas).

### Pronunciation

* (Eastern Armenian) IPA: /ɑndɾeˈɑs/, [ɑndɾe(j)ɑ́s], /ɑndˈɾjɑs/, [ɑndɾjɑ́s]
* (Western Armenian) IPA: /ɑntɾeˈɑs/, [ɑntʰɾe(j)ɑ́s], /ɑntˈɾjɑs/, [ɑntʰɾjɑ́s]

### Proper noun

Անդրեաս • (Andreas) (traditional orthography spelling Անդրէաս)
* (biblical) Andrew, one of the Apostles
* a male given name, Andreas, equivalent to English Andrew

#### Derived terms

* Անդրեասյան (Andreasyan)
# 輕侮
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qīngwǔ
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄥ ㄨˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hing$^1$ mou$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qīngwǔ
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄥ ㄨˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cingwǔ
*** Wade–Giles: chʻing$^1$-wu$^3$
*** Yale: chīng-wǔ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chingwuu
*** Palladius: цинъу (cinʺu)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hing$^1$ mou$^5$
*** Yale: hīng móuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hing$^1$ mou$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hing$^1$ mou$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɪŋ⁵⁵ mou̯¹³/

### Verb

輕侮
* to treat with disrespect

#### Synonyms

* 侮慢 (wǔmàn) (literary)
* 冷淡 (lěngdàn)
* 冷落 (lěngluò)
* 怠慢 (dàimàn)
* 慢待 (màndài)
* 晾 (liàng)
* 簡 / 简 (jiǎn) (literary, or in compounds)
* 簡慢 / 简慢 (jiǎnmàn)
* 陵暴 (língbào) (literary)
# white-flippered penguins
## English
### Noun

white-flippered penguins
* plural of white-flippered penguin
# minyak parafin
## Indonesian
### Etymology

Compound of minyak (“oil”) +‎ parafin (“paraffin”).

### Noun

minyak parafin (plural minyak-minyak parafin)
* (petrology) paraffin, liquid paraffin, paraffin oil, kerosene: a combustible hydrocarbon liquid that's burned as a fuel.

### Further reading

* “minyak parafin” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.
# harmoszko
## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /xarˈmɔʂ.kɔ/
* Rhymes: -ɔʂkɔ
* Syllabification: har‧mosz‧ko

### Noun

harmoszko
* vocative singular of harmoszka
# fading
## English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈfeɪdɪŋ/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -eɪdɪŋ

### Verb

fading
* present participle and gerund of fade.
    fading light; fading memory; fading reputation
** 2013 October 19, Banyan, “The meaning of Sachin”, in The Economist, volume 409, number 8858:With fading eyesight and reactions, the runs have dried up. That Mr Tendulkar has nonetheless kept his place in the national [cricket] side is a more dismal exemplum: of the impunity enjoyed by all India’s rich and powerful.

### Noun

fading (plural fadings)
* The process by which something fades; gradual diminishment.
** 1854, Herman Melville, Israel Potter:[…] the rude earth of the wall had no painted lustre to shed off all fadings and tarnish […]
* (obsolete) An Irish dance.
** 1607 (first performance), Francis Beaumont, “The Knight of the Burning Pestle”, in Comedies and Tragedies […], London: […] Humphrey Robinson, […], and for Humphrey Moseley […], published 1679, →OCLC, Act III, scene v:Fading is a fine jig.
* (obsolete) The burden of a song.
** c. 1610–1611 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Winters Tale”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene iv]:He has the prettiest love songs for maids, so without bawdry, which is strange with such delicate burdens of dildos and fadings

#### Derived terms

* antifading
* fadingness
* fading time
* nonfading
* photofading
* Ricean fading
* Rician fading
* Troxler fading
* Troxler's fading
* unfading

### References

* 1 2 “fading”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
# sǎngǔ
## Mandarin
### Romanization

sǎngǔ (Zhuyin ㄙㄢˇ ㄍㄨˇ)
* Hanyu Pinyin reading of 傘骨 / 伞骨
# 헉

| 헉 | U+D5C9, &#54729; HANGUL SYLLABLE HEOG |
| Composition: | ㅎ + ㅓ + ㄱ |
| ← 허 [U+D5C8] | Hangul Syllables | 헊 → [U+D5CA] |

## Korean

허헉헊헋헌헍헎 헏헐헑헒헓헔헕 헖헗험헙헚헛헜 헝헞헟헠헡헢헣 :
| 햬 ← | → 헤 |

### Alternative forms

* 허걱 (heogeok)

### Etymology

Onomatopoeic.

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [hʌ̹k̚]
* Phonetic hangul: [헉]

### Adverb

헉 • (heok)
* (informal) with a gasp

### Interjection

헉 • (heok)
* (informal) Expresses a gasp

#### Related terms

* 헐 (heol)
# տեսիլ
## Armenian
### Etymology

From Old Armenian տեսիլ (tesil).

### Pronunciation

* (Eastern Armenian) IPA: /teˈsil/, [tesíl]
* (Western Armenian) IPA: /deˈsil/, [desíl]

### Noun

տեսիլ • (tesil)
* vision, apparition, phantom, spectre

#### Derived terms

* հեռատեսիլ (heṙatesil)

## Old Armenian
### Etymology

տես (tes) +‎ -իլ (-il)

### Noun

տեսիլ • (tesil)
* aspect; appearance, look, sight, view; air, mien, visage, image
    գեղեցիկ տեսիլ, տեսիլ գեղոյ ― gełecʻik tesil, tesil gełoy ― beauty, loveliness
    գեղեցիկ տեսլեամբ ― gełecʻik tesleamb ― handsome, beautiful, charming
    տեսիլ դիմաց ― tesil dimacʻ ― figure, physiognomy
    ի տեսիլ ամենեցուն ― i tesil amenecʻun ― before all men, or all eyes
    տեսիլ աչացն է հաւատարիմ եւ ոչ լուր ականջացն ― tesil ačʻacʻn ē hawatarim ew očʻ lur akanǰacʻn ― hearing is believing but seeing has no fellow
* spectacle, representation
    ի տեսիլ ածել ― i tesil acel ― to represent, to perform, to put upon the stage
    տեսիլ լինել աշխարհի ― tesil linel ašxarhi ― to be made a spectacle unto the world
    արար տօն տեսլեան, խաղու ― arar tōn teslean, xału ― he held a festival with public games
* vision, apparition, phantom, spectre, dream
    երկնային տեսիլ ― erknayin tesil ― celestial vision
    տեսիլ տեսանել ― tesil tesanel ― to have a vision
    եղեւ բան Տեառն առ Աբրամ ի տեսլեան ― ełew ban Teaṙn aṙ Abram i teslean ― God spoke in a dream to Abram
* phenomenon
* contemplation
    տեսլեամբ բնութեան պարապեալ ― tesleamb bnutʻean parapeal ― given to the contemplation of nature
* theory, idea

#### Descendants

* Armenian: տեսիլ (tesil), տեսիլք (tesilkʻ)

### References

* Petrosean, Matatʻeay (1879) “տեսիլ”, in Nor Baṙagirkʻ Hay-Angliarēn [New Dictionary Armenian–English], Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
# հյուսն
## Armenian
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Old Armenian հիւսն (hiwsn).

### Pronunciation

* (Eastern Armenian) IPA: /hjusən/, [hjúsən]
* (Western Armenian) IPA: /hʏsən/, [hʏ́sən]
* Audio (Eastern Armenian):(file)

### Noun

հյուսն • (hyusn) (traditional orthography spelling հիւսն)
* carpenter, joiner
    Synonyms: ատաղձագործ (ataġjagorc), դուրգար (durgar)

#### Derived terms

* Հյուսնյան (Hyusnyan)
# ठरक
## Hindi
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

(Delhi) IPA: /ʈʰə.ɾək/, [ʈʰɐ.ɾɐk]

### Noun

ठरक • (ṭharak) ? (Urdu spelling ٹھرک)
* lust, desire
    Synonyms: हवस (havas), ख़्वाहिश (xvāhiś)

#### Declension

This entry needs an inflection-table template.

### References

* Parekh, Rauf (2015) Awwaleen Urdu Slang Lughat, Karachi, page 97
# 早過稻
## Chinese

(This form in the hanzi box does not have a page created for it yet: "早过稻".)

### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Teochew, Peng'im): za$^2$ guê$^3$ diu$^6$
* Southern Min
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: za$^2$ guê$^3$ diu$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsá kuè tiŭ
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sa⁵²⁻³⁵ kue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tiu³⁵/

### Noun

早過稻
* (Teochew) early season paddy; early season unhusked rice

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 早稻 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 早稻 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 早稻 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 早稻 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 早穀 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 早稻 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 早稻 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 早禾, 早造禾 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 早造禾, 頭路禾 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 早禾 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 早禾 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 早禾 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 早禾, 早仔 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 早禾 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 早稻 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 早冬 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 早冬 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 早冬 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 早稻, 早田 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 早田, 早過稻 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 早稻 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 早粟, 早季, 早季釉, 六月早 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 早粟, 早季, 早季釉, 六月早 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 早穀 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 早稻 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 早稻 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 早稻 |
| Wu | Danyang | 早稻 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 早稻 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 早稻 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 早稻, 早穀 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 早稻, 早穀 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 早稻, 早禾 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 早禾子 |
# commuter
## English
### Etymology

From commute +‎ -er.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kəˈmjuːtɚ/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Rhymes: -uːtə(ɹ)

### Noun

commuter (plural commuters)
* One who commutes (etymology 1).
* (transport) A person who regularly travels between two places.
** (US, UK, Canada) To and from work and home.
*** 2024 October 2, Philip Haigh, “Different types of passengers require different types of fare”, in RAIL, number 1019, page 54:How can an operator be, at the same time, top for overall satisfaction and bottom for value for money? I turned to Anthony Smith for the answer, leaning on his 20 years running Transport Focus and its predecessors. It's commuters, he explained. "You can't please commuters, you can only not displease them."
** (Philippines) Using public transport.
* (transport) Normally a short form of commuter rail, commuter train or commuter bus; A transport system or a vehicle in such systems used to transport commuters (#2)
    He takes the commuter to headquarters at least once a week.

#### Derived terms

* commuter belt
* commuter bus
* commuterdom
* commuterliner
* commuter marriage
* commuter rail
* commuter town
* cybercommuter
* megacommuter
* noncommuter
* reverse commuter
* supercommuter
* telecommuter
* uncommuted

#### See also

* commuting (noun)

## French
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin commūtāre.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kɔ.my.te/
* Audio:(file)

### Verb

commuter
* (mathematics) to commute
* (electronics) to switch

#### Derived terms

* commutation
* commutatif

### Further reading

* “commuter”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Latin
### Verb

commūter
* first-person singular present passive subjunctive of commūtō
# シネペサニウ
## Ainu
### Noun

シネペサニウ • (sinepesaniw)
* 9 people

### References

   * 単語リスト（アイヌ語・日本語）―石狩川― (Tango List Ainu-go Nihon-go - Ishikari River, “Word List (Ainu / Japanese) - Ishikari River”)‎ (in Japanese), Sapporo, Hokkaidō: 公益財団法人アイヌ文化振興・研究推進機構 (Zaidan Hōjin Ainu Bunka Shinkō / Kenkyū Suishin Kikō, “Foundation for the Advancement, Research, and Promotion of Ainu Culture”), 2014
# բաժ
## Armenian
### Etymology

From Old Armenian բաժ (baž).

### Pronunciation

* (Eastern Armenian) IPA: /bɑʒ/, [bɑʒ]
* (Western Armenian) IPA: /pɑʒ/, [pʰɑʒ]
* Audio (Eastern Armenian):(file)

### Noun

բաժ • (baž)
* (historical) a kind of indirect tax

#### Declension
### References

* “բաժ”, in Žamanakakicʻ hayocʻ lezvi bacʻatrakan baṙaran [Explanatory Dictionary of Contemporary Armenian] (in Armenian), Yerevan: Academy Press, 1969–1980

## Old Armenian
### Etymology

From Iranian. Compare Middle Persian bʾc (bāǰ, “tribute, tax”), from Old Persian 𐎲𐎠𐎪𐎶 (b-a-ji-m /⁠bāji⁠/, “tribute, toll”); see there for more. Etymologically related to other Iranian borrowings: բաժանեմ (bažanem, “to divide”) and բաժակ (bažak, “cup”).

### Noun

բաժ • (baž)
* impost, duty, tax, contribution, levy, custom
    բաժ անցից ― baž ancʻicʻ ― toll
* ransom

#### Synonyms

* (tax, duty): տուրք (turkʻ), հարկ (hark), մաքս (makʻs)

#### Derived terms

* բաժապան (bažapan)
* բաժապետ (bažapet)
* բաժեմ (bažem)
* բաժտուն (bažtun)
* բաժրար (bažrar)

#### Descendants

* Armenian: բաժ (baž)

### References

* Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1971–1979) “բաժ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, Yerevan: University Press
* Petrosean, Matatʻeay (1879) “բաժ”, in Nor Baṙagirkʻ Hay-Angliarēn [New Dictionary Armenian–English], Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
# λούτσος
## Greek
### Noun

λούτσος • (loútsos) m (plural λούτσοι)
* pike, luce (fish)

#### Synonyms

* ζαργάνα f (zargána)
* γουβλί n (gouvlí)
* έσοξ m (ésox)

#### Further reading

* Λούτσος των ποταμών on the Greek Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{el}$
# two-legged mares
## English
### Noun

two-legged mares
* plural of two-legged mare
# Repák
## Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈrɛpaːk]

### Proper noun

Repák m anim (female equivalent Repáková)
* a male surname

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “Repák”, in Příjmení.cz (in Czech)
# 早过
## Chinese

* For pronunciation and definitions of 早过 – see 早過 (“early season paddy; early season unhusked rice”). (This term is the simplified form of 早過).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
# idziechą
## Old Polish
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *jьděaxǫ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (10th–15th CE) /id͡ʑɛxɑ̃/
* IPA: (15th CE) /id͡ʑɛxɑ̃/

### Verb

idziechą
* third-person plural aorist of ić
# панщина
## Pannonian Rusyn
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Slovak panština, panščizna (“corvee”). Semantic shift due to re-analysis as a calque of Serbo-Croatian госпоштина / gospoština. Compare Polish pańszczyzna (“serfdom”) and Ukrainian па́нщина (pánščyna, “corvee”). By surface analysis, пан (pan) +‎ -щина (-ščina).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [panˈʃt͡ʃina]
* Rhymes: -ina
* Hyphenation: пан‧щи‧на

### Noun

панщина (panščina) f
* (collective, derogatory, uncountable) gentlemen
* (countable) manorial estate (estate owned by the nobility)
    Hypernym: маєток (majetok)

#### Declension
### References

* Medʹeši, H., Fejsa, M., Timko-Djitko, O. (2010) “панщина”, in Ramač, Ju., editor, Руско-сербски словнїк [Rusyn-Serbian Dictionary] (in Pannonian Rusyn), Novi Sad: Faculty of Philosophy
# скуф
## Russian
### Etymology

Clipping of the surname of the 2ch moderator Алексей Скуфьин (Aleksej Skufʹin), to whose countenance people were compared.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [skuf]

### Noun

скуф • (skuf) m anim (genitive ску́фа, nominative plural ску́фы, genitive plural ску́фов, feminine скуфы́ня or ску́фша, relational adjective ску́фский)
* (slang, neologism) an adult man, typically in his 30s or older, often balding and overweight, with poor hygiene and fashion sense, who spends the majority of his free time online, watching TV, or playing video games
** 2023 August 4, “Обоссаные Дыни [Pissed Melons]”, Слава КПСС (lyrics)‎:А я не скуф, я просто на массе творожной отрастил ляжкиA ja ne skuf, ja prosto na masse tvorožnoj otrastil ljažkiI’m not a fatso, I just grew thighs with cheese dough

#### Derived terms

* оскуфе́ть (oskufétʹ)
* оску́фиться (oskúfitʹsja)
* Скуфенду́й (Skufendúj)
* Скуфидо́н (Skufidón)
* скуфиза́ция (skufizácija)
* скуфи́ня (skufínja)
# ծորան
## Armenian
### Etymology

From Old Armenian ծորան (coran).

### Pronunciation

* (Eastern Armenian) IPA: /t͡soˈɾɑn/, [t͡soɾɑ́n]
* (Western Armenian) IPA: /d͡zoˈɾɑn/, [d͡zoɾɑ́n]

### Noun

ծորան • (coran)
* (anatomy) duct

#### Derived terms

* միզածորան (mizacoran)
* սերմնածորան (sermnacoran)

#### Related terms

* ծորալ (coral)
# 同輝
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tónghuī
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨㄥˊ ㄏㄨㄟ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tónghuī
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄨㄥˊ ㄏㄨㄟ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tónghuei
*** Wade–Giles: tʻung$^2$-hui$^1$
*** Yale: túng-hwēi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tornghuei
*** Palladius: тунхуэй (tunxuej)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰʊŋ³⁵ xu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

### Verb

同輝
* (literary, literal or figurative) to emit the same radiance; to radiate the same light
# Ptiliogonatidae
## Translingual

* This entry needs a photograph or drawing for illustration. Please try to find a suitable image on Wikimedia Commons or upload one there yourself!

### Etymology

Ptiliogonys +‎ -idae

### Proper noun

Ptiliogonatidae
* A taxonomic family within the order Passeriformes – silky-flycatchers, birds of Central America.

#### Hypernyms

* (family): Eukaryota – superkingdom; Animalia – kingdom; Bilateria – subkingdom; Deuterostomia – infrakingdom; Chordata – phylum; Vertebrata – subphylum; Gnathostomata – infraphylum; Reptilia – class; Aves – subclass; Neognathae – infraclass; Neoaves – superorder; Passeriformes – order

#### Hyponyms

* (family): Phainopepla, Phainoptila, Ptiliogonys – genera

### References

* Ptiliogonatidae on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* Ptiliogonatidae on Wikispecies.Wikispecies
* Category:Ptiliogonatidae on Wikimedia Commons.Wikimedia Commons
* Gill, F. and Wright, M. (2006) Birds of the World: Recommended English Names, Princeton University Press, →ISBN
# 敗家
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): bàijiā
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄞˋ ㄐㄧㄚ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): baai$^6$ gaa$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): phai-kâ
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): pāi-ke / pāi-ka
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bàijiā
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄞˋ ㄐㄧㄚ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bàijia
*** Wade–Giles: pai$^4$-chia$^1$
*** Yale: bài-jyā
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bayjia
*** Palladius: байцзя (bajczja)
*** Sinological IPA : /paɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: baai$^6$ gaa$^1$
*** Yale: baaih gā
*** Cantonese Pinyin: baai$^6$ gaa$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: bai$^6$ ga$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /paːi̯²² kaː⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: phai-kâ
*** Hakka Romanization System: pai ga$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: pai$^4$ ga$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /pʰai̯⁵⁵ ka²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pāi-ke
*** Tâi-lô: pāi-ke
*** Phofsit Daibuun: paixkef
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /pai³³⁻²¹ ke⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /pai³³⁻¹¹ ke⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pāi-ka
*** Tâi-lô: pāi-ka
*** Phofsit Daibuun: paixkaf
*** IPA (Taipei): /pai³³⁻¹¹ ka⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /pai³³⁻²¹ ka⁴⁴/

### Verb

敗⫽家 (verb-object) (intransitive)
* to make the family fall into reduced circumstances (financially or morally); to dissipate the family fortune
       Yī nián huàn yī bù shǒujī? Zhēn bàijiā! [Pinyin]
       Change your phone once a year? What a squanderer!

#### Derived terms

* 敗家仔 / 败家仔
* 敗家子 / 败家子 (bàijiāzǐ)
* 敗家相 / 败家相
* 敗家精 / 败家精
# 早冬
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chá-tang
    (Teochew, Peng'im): za$^2$ dang$^1$
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chá-tang
*** Tâi-lô: tsá-tang
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zafdafng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sa⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sa⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ taŋ³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sa⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sa⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sa⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: za$^2$ dang$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsá tang
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sa⁵²⁻³⁵ taŋ³³/

### Noun

早冬
* (Hokkien) early harvesting season for rice (usually referring to spring and summer)
* (Mainland China Hokkien) early season rice
* (Teochew) summer harvest; summer crops

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 早稻 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 早稻 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 早稻 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 早稻 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 早穀 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 早稻 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 早稻 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 早禾, 早造禾 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 早造禾, 頭路禾 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 早禾 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 早禾 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 早禾 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 早禾, 早仔 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 早禾 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 早稻 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 早冬 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 早冬 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 早冬 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 早稻, 早田 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 早田, 早過, 早過稻 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 早稻 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 早粟, 早季, 早季釉, 六月早 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 早粟, 早季, 早季釉, 六月早 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 早穀 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 早稻 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 早稻 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 早稻 |
| Wu | Danyang | 早稻 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 早稻 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 早稻 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 早稻, 早穀 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 早稻, 早穀 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 早稻, 早禾 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 早禾子 |
* (summer harvest): 夏收 (xiàshōu); (Hokkien) 六月冬

#### Derived terms

* 早冬米
# rhedyn y gwelydd
## Welsh
### Etymology

* This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Second element may be gwelydd (“lineage, descent”), which makes sense given the royal/holy associations of this plant, but could also be the plural of gwal (“wall”), as many ferns are characterised as growing on walls”

### Noun

rhedyn y gwelydd f (collective, singulative rhedynen y gwelydd)
* spleenwort, ferns in genus Asplenium, particularly:
    Synonym: duegredyn
** wall-rue (Asplenium ruta-muraria)
    Synonym: duegredyn y muriau
** hart's-tongue ferns (Asplenium scolopendrium)
    Synonym: tafodau'r hydd

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* 1 2 3 R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “rhedyn”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies