# 毅

| 毅 | U+6BC5, &#27589; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6BC5 |
| ← 毄 [U+6BC4] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 毆 → [U+6BC6] |

## Translingual
### Han character

毅 (Kangxi radical 79, 殳+11, 15 strokes, cangjie input 卜人竹弓水 (YOHNE), four-corner 0724$_7$, composition ⿰豙殳)

#### Derived characters

* 𡃀, 𫻗, 藙, 䉨

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 587, character 14
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 16673
* Dae Jaweon: page 979, character 17
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2165, character 5
* Unihan data for U+6BC5

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 毅
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 豙 | *ŋɯs, *ŋɯds |
| 藙 | *ŋɯds |
| 顡 | *ŋɯds, *ŋuːlʔ, *tŋruːls, *tŋ̊ʰruːls |
| 毅 | *ŋɯds |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ŋɯds): phonetic 豙 (OC *ŋɯs, *ŋɯds) + semantic 殳 (“an ancient Chinese weapon”)

### Etymology

Semantically extended from 豙 (yì, “enraged pig”) (Schuessler, 2007). See there for further etymology.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yì (yi$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄧˋ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ngai$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ngai$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ngi
    (Hailu, HRS): ngi$^˖$
* Eastern Min (BUC): ngiê
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gi$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): gē / gī
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ngi$^5$ / ngi$^6$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$gni
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yì
*** Zhuyin: ㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yì
*** Wade–Giles: i$^4$
*** Yale: yì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yih
*** Palladius: и (i)
*** Sinological IPA : /i⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ngai$^6$
*** Yale: ngaih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ngai$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ngei$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋɐi̯²²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ngai$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ᵑɡai³²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngi
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngi
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋi⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngi$^˖$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋi³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ngiê
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋiɛ²⁴²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gi$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ki²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gē
*** Tâi-lô: gē
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ge
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡe⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ɡe²²/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɡe³³/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gī
*** Tâi-lô: gī
*** Phofsit Daibuun: gi
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɡi³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ngi$^5$ / ngi$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngî / ngĭ
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋi⁵⁵/, /ŋi³⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$gni
*** MiniDict: nyi$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$nyi
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /n̠ʲi²³/
* Middle Chinese: ngj+jH
Rime :
| Character | 毅 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 微 (20) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 魚旣切 |
| Baxter | ngj+jH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ŋɨi$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ŋɨi$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ŋiəi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ŋɨj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ŋiəi$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ŋĭəi$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ŋe̯i$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ji$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ]ə[t]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋɯds/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 毅 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ngjɨj$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ŋ]ə[t]-s/ |
| English | bold |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 毅 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 15115 |
| Phonetic component | 豙 |
| Rime group | 隊 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋɯds/ |

### Definitions

毅
* resolute; decisive; firm; staunch
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Zēngzǐ yuē: “Shì bù kěyǐ bù hóng yì, rèn zhòng ér dào yuǎn. Rén yǐ wèi jǐ rèn, bù yì zhòng hū? Sǐ ér hòu yǐ, bù yì yuǎn hū?” [Pinyin]
    The philosopher Zeng said, "The officer may not be without breadth of mind and vigorous endurance. His burden is heavy and his course is long. Perfect virtue is the burden which he considers it is his to sustain - is it not heavy? Only with death does his course stop - is it not long?"
    From: The Book of Documents, circa 7th – 4th centuries BCE
    Kuān ér lì, róu ér lì, yuàn ér gōng, luàn ér jìng, rǎo ér yì, zhí ér wēn, jiǎn ér lián, gāng ér sè, qiáng ér yì. Zhāng jué yǒu cháng, jí zāi! [Pinyin]
    Tolerant yet firm; mild yet steadfast; ingenuous yet respectful; gubernatorial yet reverent; permissive yet resolute; straightforward yet gracious; terse yet incorruptible; stern yet sincere; and stalwart yet just. Whoever displays those qualities consistently, is [a] good [official] indeed!
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE, translation from Zuozhuan: Commentary on the "Spring and Autumn Annals" (2017), by Stephen Durrant, Wai-yee Li and David Schaberg
    Jūnzǐ yuē: “Shīlǐ wéimìng, yí qí wéiqín yě. Róng, zhāo guǒyì yǐ tīng zhī, zhī wèi lǐ. Shādí wéi guǒ, zhìguǒ wéi yì. Yì zhī, lù yě.” [Pinyin]
    The noble man said, “He deviated from ritual propriety and disobeyed commands. It is fitting that he became a captive. In martial affairs, to manifest decisiveness and determination in obeying commands is ritual propriety. To kill the enemy is decisiveness; to sustain decisiveness is determination. To change this is to incur punishment and execution.”
* (literary) ruthless; cruel; unrelenting
* 30th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "bold resolution" (𝌣)

### Compounds

* 剛毅 / 刚毅 (gāngyì)
* 剛毅木訥 / 刚毅木讷
* 剛毅果決 / 刚毅果决
* 嚴毅 / 严毅
* 堅毅 / 坚毅 (jiānyì)
* 堅毅不拔 / 坚毅不拔
* 堅毅不撓 / 坚毅不挠
* 弘毅
* 果毅 (guǒyì)
* 柳毅傳 / 柳毅传
* 柳毅傳書 / 柳毅传书
* 樂毅論 / 乐毅论
* 毅力 (yìlì)
* 毅勇
* 毅然 (yìrán)
* 毅然決然 / 毅然决然 (yìránjuérán)
* 沉毅 (chényì)
* 英毅

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* strong

#### Readings

* Go-on: げ (ge)
* Kan-on: ぎ (gi)
* Kan’yō-on: き (ki)
* Kun: つよい (tsuyoi, 毅い)、たけし (takeshi, 毅し)

### Proper noun

毅(たけし) • (Takeshi)
* a male given name

### Proper noun

毅(つよし) • (Tsuyoshi)
* a male given name
    犬養(いぬかい)毅(つよし)
       Inukai Tsuyoshi
       Inukai Tsuyoshi

## Korean
### Hanja

毅 • (ui) (hangeul 의, revised ui, McCune–Reischauer ŭi, Yale uy)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

毅: Hán Nôm readings: nghị
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.