# 副

| 副 | U+526F, &#21103; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-526F |
| ← 剮 [U+526E] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 剰 → [U+5270] |

## Translingual
### Han character

副 (Kangxi radical 18, 刀+9, 11 strokes, cangjie input 一田中弓 (MWLN), four-corner 1260$_0$, composition ⿰畐刂)

#### Derived characters

* 㨽, 𫋖, 𨄩, 𠠦, 𦸕

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 142, character 23
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2097
* Dae Jaweon: page 322, character 8
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 347, character 16
* Unihan data for U+526F

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 副 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 富 | *pɯɡs |
| 輻 | *pɯɡs, *pɯɡ |
| 副 | *pʰɯɡs, *pʰrɯɡ, *pʰɯɡ |
| 褔 | *pʰɯɡs |
| 蔔 | *bɯːɡ |
| 匐 | *bɯːɡ, *bɯɡ |
| 逼 | *prɯɡ |
| 偪 | *prɯɡ, *pɯɡ |
| 幅 | *prɯɡ, *pɯɡ |
| 楅 | *prɯɡ, *pɯɡ |
| 湢 | *prɯɡ |
| 堛 | *pʰrɯɡ |
| 愊 | *pʰrɯɡ |
| 踾 | *pʰrɯɡ, *brɯɡ, *pɯɡ |
| 揊 | *pʰrɯɡ |
| 稫 | *pʰrɯɡ |
| 畐 | *pʰrɯɡ, *bɯɡ |
| 疈 | *pʰrɯɡ |
| 腷 | *brɯɡ |
| 鶝 | *brɯɡ, *pɯɡ |
| 福 | *pɯɡ |
| 蝠 | *pɯɡ |
| 葍 | *pɯɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *pʰɯɡs, *pʰrɯɡ, *pʰɯɡ): phonetic 畐 (OC *pʰrɯɡ, *bɯɡ) + semantic 刂 (“knife”).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): fù (fu$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄈㄨˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): fu$^3$
* Gan (Wiktionary): fu$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): fu
    (Hailu, HRS): fu$^ˇ$
* Eastern Min (BUC): hó
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hu$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hù
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hu$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: fù
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄨˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: fù
*** Wade–Giles: fu$^4$
*** Yale: fù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fuh
*** Palladius: фу (fu)
*** Sinological IPA : /fu⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fu$^3$
*** Yale: fu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fu$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /fuː³³/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: fu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /fu³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fu
*** Hakka Romanization System: fu
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /fu⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: fu$^ˇ$
*** Sinological IPA: /fu¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: hó
*** Sinological IPA : /hou²¹³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hu$^4$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: hu̍
*** Sinological IPA : /hu⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hù
*** Tâi-lô: hù
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hux
*** IPA (Taipei): /hu¹¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /hu⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /hu²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: hu$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hù
*** Sinological IPA : /hu²¹³/
* Middle Chinese: phjuwH
Rime :
| Character | 副 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 滂 (2) |
| Final (韻) | 尤 (136) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 敷救切 |
| Baxter | phjuwH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /pʰɨu$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /pʰiu$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /pʰiəu$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /pʰuw$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /pʰiu$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /pʰĭəu$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /pʰi̯ə̯u$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | fòu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | fau$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*pʰək-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*pʰɯɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 副 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | fù |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ phjuw$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*pʰək-s/ |
| English | secondary |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 副 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| No. | 3404 |
| Phonetic component | 畐 |
| Rime group | 職 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 蝮 |
| Old Chinese | /*pʰɯɡ/ |

#### Definitions

副
* secondary; auxiliary
    副產物／副产物 ― fùchǎnwù ― byproduct
    副作用 ― fùzuòyòng ― side effect
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Qín Huángdì dōng yóu, Liáng yǔ kè jūjī Qín Huángdì Bólàng shā zhōng, wù zhòng fù chē. [Pinyin]
    Zhang Liang and his hire were lying in wait in the dunes of Bolang to attack the Emperor of Qin who was on his eastward tour. However, they hit his auxiliary carriage by mistake.
* duplicate
    副本 ― fùběn ― duplicate; copy
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Cáng zhī míngshān, fù zài Jīngshī, sì hòushì shèngrén jūnzǐ. [Pinyin]
    I will induct them into the monumentous archives of the state while the copies circulate in our capital. By this, I await the future generations of wisdom and virtue.
* (grammar) Short for 副詞／副词 (fùcí, “adverb”).
* Classifier for pairs, sets of things, medical prescriptions, facial expressions, etc..
    一副手套 ― yī fù shǒutào ― a pair of gloves
    一副小人嘴臉／一副小人嘴脸 ― yī fù xiǎorén zuǐliǎn ― a face (roughly, "a set of looks") with "villain" written all over it
* assistant; deputy
    副手 ― fùshǒu ― assistant
** (nautical) mate (an officer of the ship)
    大副 ― dàfù ― first mate
* sub-; vice- (subsidiary, secondary)
    副省級／副省级 ― fùxǐngjí ― sub-provincial level
    副總統／副总统 ― fùzǒngtǒng ― vice-president
* (literary) to match; to agree; to be concordant; to be congruent
    名不副實／名不副实 ― míngbùfùshí ― in name only; the name/reputation fails to match the reality
    From: Yang Xiong, Fa Yan (Exemplary Sayings), 9 CE, translated based on Jeffrey S. Bullock's version
    Huá shí fù zé lǐ. [Pinyin]
    If ornamentation and substance are paired, then it is li.
* (obsolete) name of an ornamental headdress
    From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Fūrén fù yī lì yú fáng zhōng. [Pinyin]
    [A]nd his wife, in her head-dress and embroidered robe, stood in her room.

#### Compounds

* 一副
* 三副 (sānfù)
* 二副 (èrfù)
* 全副 (quánfù)
* 副主席 (fùzhǔxí)
* 副作用 (fùzuòyòng)
* 副冊 / 副册
* 副刊 (fùkān)
* 副官 (fùguān)
* 副室
* 副將 / 副将 (fùjiàng)
* 副性徵 / 副性征 (fùxìngzhēng)
* 副手 (fùshǒu)
* 副控室 (fùkòngshì)
* 副啟 / 副启
* 副教授 (fùjiàoshòu)
* 副文化
* 副曲
* 副會長 / 副会长
* 副本 (fùběn)
* 副末
* 副東 / 副东
* 副業 / 副业 (fùyè)
* 副榜
* 副標題 / 副标题 (fùbiāotí)
* 副歌 (fùgē)
* 副淨 / 副净
* 副理
* 副產品 / 副产品 (fùchǎnpǐn)
* 副甲狀腺 / 副甲状腺 (fùjiǎzhuàngxiàn)
* 副省級 / 副省级 (fùshěngjí)
* 副睪丸 / 副睾丸
* 副程式 (fùchéngshì)
* 副笄
* 副經理 / 副经理
* 副線 / 副线
* 副總理 / 副总理 (fùzǒnglǐ)
* 副總統 / 副总统 (fùzǒngtǒng)
* 副總裁 / 副总裁 (fùzǒngcái)
* 副署 (fùshǔ)
* 副翼 (fùyì)
* 副職 / 副职 (fùzhí)
* 副能
* 副虹
* 副角
* 副詞 / 副词 (fùcí)
* 副語言 / 副语言
* 副議長 / 副议长
* 副貢 / 副贡
* 副貳 / 副贰
* 副車 / 副车
* 副靖
* 副領事 / 副领事
* 副題 / 副题 (fùtí)
* 副食 (fùshí)
* 副食物
* 副鼻腔炎 (fùbíqiāngyán)
* 力不副心
* 名不副實 / 名不副实 (míngbùfùshí)
* 名副其實 / 名副其实 (míngfùqíshí)
* 名實不副 / 名实不副
* 名實俱副 / 名实俱副
* 名實相副 / 名实相副 (míngshíxiāngfù)
* 名高難副 / 名高难副
* 坼副 (chèpì)
* 大副 (dàfù)
* 家庭副業 / 家庭副业
* 對副 / 对副
* 成副兒 / 成副儿
* 盛名難副 / 盛名难副

#### Usage notes

As classifier, it should not be confused with 幅 (fú).

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 副 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 副 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 雙 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 副 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 雙, 副 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 雙, 副 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 副, 雙 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 副 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 雙 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 對 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 對 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 對 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 雙 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 雙 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 副 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 副, 雙 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 副 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 副 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 對 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 雙 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 副 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 副 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 副, 雙 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 副, 雙 |
* The dial-syn page 「副-2」 does not yet exist. Create the data page and the map!

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): pì (pi$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄆㄧˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): pik$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: pì
*** Zhuyin: ㄆㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: pì
*** Wade–Giles: pʻi$^4$
*** Yale: pì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: pih
*** Palladius: пи (pi)
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰi⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: pik$^1$
*** Yale: pīk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: pik$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: pig$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰɪk̚⁵/
* Middle Chinese: phjuwk, phik
Rime :
| Character | 副 | 副 |
| Reading # | 2/3 | 3/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 滂 (2) | 滂 (2) |
| Final (韻) | 屋 (4) | 職 (134) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 芳福切 | 芳逼切 |
| Baxter | phjuwk | phik |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /pʰɨuk̚/ | /pʰɨk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /pʰiuk̚/ | /pʰɨk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /pʰiuk̚/ | /pʰiek̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /pʰuwk̚/ | /pʰik̚/ |
| Li Rong | /pʰiuk̚/ | /pʰiək̚/ |
| Wang Li | /pʰĭuk̚/ | /pʰĭək̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /pʰi̯uk̚/ | /pʰi̯ək̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | fu | pi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | fuk$^1$ | pik$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*pʰrək/
    (Zhengzhang): /*pʰɯɡs/, /*pʰrɯɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 副 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | fù |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ phik › |
| Old Chinese | /*pʰrək/ |
| English | split, cut open, cleave |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 副 | 副 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 |
| No. | 3374 | 3388 |
| Phonetic component | 畐 | 畐 |
| Rime group | 代 | 職 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 副 | 堛 |
| Old Chinese | /*pʰɯɡs/ | /*pʰrɯɡ/ |

#### Definitions

副
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to split open

### References

* “副”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “副”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 70.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: ふく (fuku, Jōyō)、ふ (fu)
* Kan-on: ふく (fuku, Jōyō)、ふう (fū)
* Kun: そう (sou, 副う)、そえ (soe)

#### Compounds

* 介(かい)副(ぞえ) (kaizoe)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 副
* ふく Grade: 4
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 副 (MC phjuwH).

### Pronunciation

(noun sense only)
* (Tokyo) ふく [fùkúꜜ] (Odaka – [2])
* IPA: [ɸɯ̟kɯ̟]

### Noun

副(ふく) • (fuku)
* copy
* Short for 副詞 (fukushi, “adverb”).

### Prefix

副(ふく) • (fuku-)
* assistant, sub-, vice-, auxiliary, supplemental

### Derived terms

* 副(ふく)王(おう) (fukuō)
* 副(ふく)官(かん) (fukukan), 副(ふっ)官(かん) (fukkan)
* 副(ふく)業(ぎょう) (fukugyō)
* 副(ふく)署(しょ) (fukusho)
* 副(ふく)将(しょう) (fukushō)
* 副(ふく)賞(しょう) (fukushō)
* 副(ふく)食(しょく) (fukushoku)
* 副(ふく)審(しん) (fukushin)
* 副(ふく)腎(じん) (fukujin)
* 副(ふく)層(そう) (fukusō)
* 副(ふく)題(だい) (fukudai)
* 副(ふく)本(ほん) (fukuhon)
* 関(かん)副(ふく) (kanfuku)
* 正(せい)副(ふく) (seifuku)
* 大(たい)副(ふ) (taifu)
* 副(ふく)詞(し) (fukushi)
* 副(ふく)意(い)識(しき) (fukuishiki)
* 副(ふく)音(おん)声(せい) (fukuonsei)
* 副(ふく)会(かい)長(ちょう) (fukukaichō)
* 副(ふく)監(かん)督(とく) (fukukantoku)
* 副(ふく)作(さ)用(よう) (fukusayō)
* 副(ふく)産(さん)物(ぶつ) (fukusanbutsu)
* 副(ふく)詞(し)節(せつ) (fukushisetsu)
* 副(ふく)次(じ)的(てき) (fukujiteki)
* 副(ふく)社(しゃ)長(ちょう) (fukushachō)
* 副(ふく)首(しゅ)相(しょう) (fukushushō)
* 副(ふく)収(しゅう)入(にゅう) (fukushūnyū)
* 副(ふく)助(じょ)詞(し) (fukujoshi)
* 副(ふく)食(しょく)物(ぶつ) (fukushokubutsu)
* 副(ふく)神(しん)経(けい) (fukushinkei)
* 副(ふく)振(しん)動(どう) (fukushindō)
* 副(ふく)葬(そう)品(ひん) (fukusōhin)
* 副(ふく)知(ち)事(じ) (fukuchiji)
* 副(ふく)鼻(び)腔(こう) (fukubikō), 副(ふく)鼻(び)腔(くう) (fukubikū)
* 副(ふく)甲(こう)状(じょう)腺(せん) (fukukōjōsen)
* 副(ふく)操(そう)縦(じゅう)士(し) (fukusōjūshi)
* 副(ふく)大(だい)統(とう)領(りょう) (fukudaitōryō)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 副 (MC phjuwH). Recorded as Middle Korean 부〯 (pwǔ) (Yale: pwu) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

Wikisource 副 (eumhun 버금 부 (beogeum bu))
* hanja form of 부 (“secondary; auxiliary”)

#### Compounds

* 부사 (副詞, busa, “adverb”)
* 부작용 (副作用, bujagyong, “side effect”)
* 부통령 (副統領, butongnyeong, “vice president”)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

副: Hán Nôm readings: phó, pho
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.