# 功德
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gōngdé
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄥ ㄉㄜˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gung$^1$ dak$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kûng-tet
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kong-tek / kong-tiak / kong-tit
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gong$^1$ dêg$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gōngdé
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥ ㄉㄜˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gongdé
*** Wade–Giles: kung$^1$-tê$^2$
*** Yale: gūng-dé
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gongder
*** Palladius: гундэ (gundɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʊŋ⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$公德 功德
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gung$^1$ dak$^1$
*** Yale: gūng dāk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gung$^1$ dak$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gung$^1$ deg$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʊŋ⁵⁵ tɐk̚⁵/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$公德 功德
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kûng-tet
*** Hakka Romanization System: gung$^ˊ$ ded$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gung$^1$ ded$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /kuŋ²⁴ tet̚²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Yongchun, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kong-tek
*** Tâi-lô: kong-tik
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kongdeg
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Yongchun): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚³²/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪk̚³²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kong-tiak
*** Tâi-lô: kong-tiak
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kongdiag
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Philippines): /kɔŋ³³ tiak̚⁵/
** (Hokkien: Longyan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kong-tit
*** Tâi-lô: kong-tit
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kongdid
*** IPA (Longyan): /koŋ³³⁴ tit̚⁵/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gong$^1$ dêg$^4$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kong tek
*** Sinological IPA : /koŋ³³⁻²³ tek̚²/
* Middle Chinese: kuwng tok
Rime :
| Character | 功 | 德 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 端 (5) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (1) | 德 (131) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 古紅切 | 多則切 |
| Baxter | kuwng | tok |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kuŋ/ | /tək̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kuŋ/ | /tək̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kuŋ/ | /tək̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kəwŋ/ | /tək̚/ |
| Li Rong | /kuŋ/ | /tək̚/ |
| Wang Li | /kuŋ/ | /tək̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kuŋ/ | /tək̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gōng | de |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gung$^1$ | dak$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤoŋ tˤək/
    (Zhengzhang): /*koːŋ tɯːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 功 | 德 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gōng | dé |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kuwng › | ‹ tok › |
| Old Chinese | /*kˁoŋ/ | /*tˁək/ |
| English | work, effort | virtue |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 功 | 德 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 4021 | 17266 |
| Phonetic component | 工 | 直 |
| Rime group | 東 | 職 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 公 | 德 |
| Old Chinese | /*koːŋ/ | /*tɯːɡ/ |

### Noun

功德
* merits and virtues
* (Buddhism) charitable and pious deeds; benefaction; beneficence; works

#### Derived terms

* 做功德 (zuògōngdé)
* 功德主
* 功德使
* 功德叢林 / 功德丛林
* 功德品
* 功德圓滿 / 功德圆满 (gōngdéyuánmǎn)
* 功德施論 / 功德施论
* 功德水
* 功德池
* 功德法身
* 功德海
* 功德無量 / 功德无量 (gōngdéwúliàng)
* 功德田
* 功德衣
* 功德遊 / 功德游

### References

* 郭启熹 [Guo, Qixi], editor (2016), “功德”, in 龙岩方言词典 LONGYAN FANGYAN CIDIAN [Dictionary of Longyan dialect] (overall work in Min Nan and Mandarin), Xiamen: 鷺江出版社 [Lujiang Publishing House], →ISBN, page 486.

### Further reading

* Ding, Fubao (丁福保) (1922), “功德” in 佛學大辭典 [A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms].

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 功 | 德 |
| く Grade: 4 | とく > どく Jinmeiyō |
| on'yomi ||
Kanji in this term :
| 功 | 德 |
| こう Grade: 4 | とく Jinmeiyō |
| on'yomi ||
For pronunciation and definitions of 功德 – see the following entry. :
| 【功徳くどく】 | [noun] (Buddhism) virtuous deed |
| 【功徳こうとく】 | [noun] This term needs a translation to English. |
(This term, 功德, is the kyūjitai of the above term.) :

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 功 | 德 |

### Noun

功德 • (gongdeok) (hangeul 공덕)
* hanja form of 공덕 (“good deed”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 功 | 德 |

### Noun

功德
* chữ Hán form of công đức (“merit”).