# princeps
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin prī̆nceps (“first, foremost”). Doublet of prince and principe.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈprɪn.sɛps/, /ˈprɪŋ.kɛps/
* Rhymes: -ɪnsɛps, -ɪŋkɛps

### Noun

princeps (plural principes)
* (Ancient Rome) Title of the Roman emperor during the principate.
** 1984, Karl Christ, The Romans: An Introduction to Their History and Civilisation, University of California Press, →ISBN, page 126:Its special characteristics were that the princeps was not governed by any law of procedure or confined to a particular place of judgment and, moreover, had complete freedom in the composition of his consilium.
* One who, or that which, is foremost, original, etc.
* (printing) The editio princeps, or first edition of a book.

#### Related terms

* prince
* principate
* principicide

#### Translations
### Anagrams

* Crippens

## Dutch
### Etymology

From Latin princeps. Doublet of prins.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Noun

princeps m (uncountable)
* princeps; Roman emperor

#### Related terms

* principaat
* prins, prinses

## Latin
### Etymology

From Proto-Italic *priisemokaps by syncope. By surface analysis, prīmus (“first”) +‎ -ceps (“catcher”). Compare Old English fruma (“chief, prince, ruler”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈpriːn.keps/, [ˈpriːŋkɛps̠] or IPA: /ˈprin.keps/, [ˈprɪŋkɛps̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈprin.t͡ʃeps/, [ˈprin̠ʲt͡ʃeps]
* The length of the first vowel might have varied, being subject to one or more rounds of Osthoff's Law which shortened vowels before an /n/ in the same syllable. Ancient Greek πρῖγκιψ (prînkips) shows there was a pronunciation prīnceps with long /iː/, which must have been maintained by analogy with prīmus. On the other hand, a pronunciation prĭnceps with short /i/ in the first syllable is implied by statements made by the late Latin grammarians Servius and Pompeius (Servius wrote in the late fourth century or early fifth century; Pompeius wrote in the fifth century and used Servius as a resource). A short vowel in the first syllable is also implied by archaic Italian prence and prencipe (alternative forms of principe) assuming that these are inherited forms: Grandgent 1927 instead explains prence as a borrowing from French, where nasalized vowels came to be phonetically lowered, and suggests prencipe is a hybrid between this borrowed form and principe.

### Adjective

prī̆nceps (genitive prī̆ncipis); third-declension one-termination adjective
* first, foremost
** c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 1.12:Ita sive casu sive consilio deorum immortalium quae pars civitatis Helvetiae insignem calamitatem populo Romano intulerat, ea princeps poenam persolvit.Thus, whether by chance or by the design of the immortal gods, that part of the Helvetian state which had brought a signal calamity upon the Roman people, was the first to pay the penalty.
* chief, distinguished

#### Declension

Third-declension one-termination adjective.

#### Synonyms

* (first): prīmus

#### Derived terms

* prī̆nceps cīvitātis (“first citizen”) (a title of the Roman Emperors, beginning with Caesar Augustus)
* prī̆nceps senātūs (“first among senators”) (a title of the leader of the Roman Senate, ending with the Roman Empire)

### Noun

prī̆nceps m or f (genitive prī̆ncipis); third declension
* a leader, first man or woman, head
** The official Style of the British sovereign :Carolus III, Deī Grātiā Britanniārum Rēgnōrumque Suōrum Cēterōrum Rēx, Cōnsortiōnis Populōrum Prīnceps, Fideī DēfēnsorCharles III, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain <and Northern Ireland> and of His other Realms and Territories King, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith
* a principal person
* an author, originator, founder
* a chief, director
* a prince, sovereign
* (military, in the plural) company or division of the second line of soldiers

#### Declension

Third-declension noun.

#### Synonyms

* (prince): prīncipissa f

#### Derived terms

* Prī̆nceps
* prī̆ncipālis
* prī̆ncipātus
* prī̆ncipiō
* prī̆ncipissa
* prī̆ncipium
* prī̆ncipor

#### Descendants

* → Albanian: pringj
* → Ancient Greek: πρῖγκιψ (prînkips)
** Byzantine Greek: πρῖγκιψ (prînkips)
*** → Greek: πρίγκιπας (prígkipas)
* → Basque: printze
* Catalan: príncep
* Italian: principe
* → Old French: prince (semi-learned)
** Middle French: prince
*** French: prince
**** → Ottoman Turkish: پرَنْس (prens)
***** Turkish: prens
**** → Persian: پرَنس (perans)
** → English: prince
*** → Manx: prinse
*** → Japanese: プリンス (purinsu)
** → Dutch: prins
** → Danish: prins
** → Swedish: prins
*** → Finnish: prinssi
** → Middle High German: prinze
*** German: Prinz
**** → Russian: принц (princ)
**** → Serbo-Croatian: princ
**** → Esperanto: princo
**** → Icelandic: prins
**** → Faroese: prinsur
*** → Luxembourgish: Prënz
** → Irish: prionsa
** → Romanian: prinț
** → Latvian: princis
* Old Occitan: prince
* → Portuguese: príncipe
* Sicilian: prìncipi
* → Spanish: príncipe
** → Cebuano: prinsipe
** → Tagalog: prinsipe
* → German: Fürst (calque)
** → Danish: fyrste
** → Estonian: vürst
** → Icelandic: fursti
** → Latvian: firsts
** → Polish: firc
** → Silesian: fyszt
** → Swedish: furste
* → Dutch: vorst (calque)
* → English: princeps

### References

* ↑ W. Sidney Allen (1978) Vox Latina, 2nd edition, page 73
* ↑ Servius ((Can we date this quote?)) Heinrich Keil, editor, Grammatici Latini / Vol. 4 Probi Donati Servii..., volume 4, published 1864, page 426
* ↑ Pompeius ((Can we date this quote?)) Heinrich Keil, editor, Grammatici Latini / Vol. 5 Artium Scriptores Minores..., volume 5, published 1857, page 130
* ↑ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, page 78
* ↑ Sayeed, Ollie (01 Jan 2017) "Osthoff’s Law in Latin", in Indo-European Linguistics, Volume 5, Issue 1, page 158
* ↑ Grandgent, Charles H. (1927) From Latin to Italian: An Historical Outline of the Phonology and Morphology of the Italian Language, Harvard University Press, page 28

### Further reading

* “princeps”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “princeps”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "princeps", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* princeps in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. to be considered the foremost orator: primum or principem inter oratores locum obtinere to be considered the foremost orator: oratorum principem esse to be the chief man in the state: principem civitatis esse to hold the first position in the state: principem in re publica locum obtinere statesmen: principes rem publicam administrantes or simply principes to occupy the first, second position in the state: principem (primum), secundum locum dignitatis obtinere the aristocracy (as a leading class in government): principes or primores
* “princeps”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
* princeps in Ramminger, Johann (2016 July 16 (last accessed)) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎, pre-publication website, 2005-2016
* “princeps”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin

## Romanian
### Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from Latin princeps.

### Adjective

princeps m or f or n (indeclinable)
* princeps

#### Declension
### Noun

princeps m (uncountable)
* princeps