# 蕩蕩
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): dàngdàng
    (Zhuyin): ㄉㄤˋ ㄉㄤˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): dong$^6$ dong$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dàngdàng
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄤˋ ㄉㄤˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: dàngdàng
*** Wade–Giles: tang$^4$-tang$^4$
*** Yale: dàng-dàng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: danqdanq
*** Palladius: дандан (dandan)
*** Sinological IPA : /tɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ tɑŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: dong$^6$ dong$^6$
*** Yale: dohng dohng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dong$^6$ dong$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: dong$^6$ dong$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /tɔːŋ²² tɔːŋ²²/
* Middle Chinese: dangX dangX
Rime :
| Character | 蕩 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 定 (7) |
| Final (韻) | 唐 (101) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 徒朗切 |
| Baxter | dangX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /dɑŋ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /dɑŋ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /dɑŋ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /daŋ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /dɑŋ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /dɑŋ$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /dʱɑŋ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | dàng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | dong$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*N.rˤaŋʔ N.rˤaŋʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*l'aːŋʔ l'aːŋʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 蕩 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | dàng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dang$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*N.rˁaŋʔ/ |
| English | beat furiously (of the heart) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 蕩 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 14569 |
| Phonetic component | 昜 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 蕩 |
| Old Chinese | /*l'aːŋʔ/ |

### Adjective

蕩蕩
* (literary, ideophonic) vast; broad; spacious (and empty)
* (literary, ideophonic) generous; magnanimous
* (literary, ideophonic, of water) gushing; surging; rushing
* (literary, ideophonic) unrestrained; unconstrained
* (literary, ideophonic) floating; drifting; swaying
* (literary, ideophonic) bright and clean; luminous

#### Derived terms

* 光光蕩蕩 / 光光荡荡 (guāngguāng dàngdàng)
* 君子坦蕩蕩，小人長戚戚 / 君子坦荡荡，小人长戚戚
* 坦坦蕩蕩 / 坦坦荡荡
* 坦蕩蕩 / 坦荡荡 (tǎndàngdàng)
* 巍巍蕩蕩 / 巍巍荡荡
* 恍恍蕩蕩 / 恍恍荡荡
* 悠悠蕩蕩 / 悠悠荡荡
* 明蕩蕩 / 明荡荡
* 晃晃蕩蕩 / 晃晃荡荡
* 浩浩蕩蕩 / 浩浩荡荡 (hàohàodàngdàng)
* 淨蕩蕩 / 净荡荡
* 湯湯蕩蕩 / 汤汤荡荡
* 溶溶蕩蕩 / 溶溶荡荡
* 漫蕩蕩 / 漫荡荡
* 濟濟蕩蕩 / 济济荡荡
* 直蕩蕩 / 直荡荡
* 空空蕩蕩 / 空空荡荡
* 空蕩蕩 / 空荡荡 (kōngdàngdàng)
* 茫茫蕩蕩 / 茫茫荡荡
* 莽莽蕩蕩 / 莽莽荡荡
* 莽蕩蕩 / 莽荡荡
* 蕩蕩悠悠 / 荡荡悠悠
* 詄蕩蕩 / 𰵙荡荡
* 踢蕩蕩 / 踢荡荡
* 迷迷蕩蕩 / 迷迷荡荡
* 靜蕩蕩 / 静荡荡
* 飄飄蕩蕩 / 飘飘荡荡

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 蕩 | 蕩 |
| とう Hyōgai | とう Hyōgai |
| on'yomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 湯湯

### Etymology

/tautau/ → /tɔːtɔː/ → /toːtoː/
From Middle Chinese 蕩蕩 (MC dangX dangX).
Due to some similarity in meaning in the source Chinese and further conflation in Japanese, this term is variously spelled either 蕩蕩 or 湯湯. Note that the difference is the presence or absence of the radical 艹 at the top of each character.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) とーとー [tòótóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [to̞ːto̞ː]

### Adjective

蕩(とう)蕩(とう) • (tōtō) $^†$-tari (adnominal 蕩(とう)蕩(とう)とした (tōtō to shita) or 蕩(とう)蕩(とう)たる (tōtō taru), adverbial 蕩(とう)蕩(とう)と (tōtō to) or 蕩(とう)蕩(とう)として (tōtō to shite))
* (uncommon, literary) spacious, grandiose
* (uncommon, literary) level and peaceful
* (uncommon, literary) gushing, surging, rushing
* (uncommon, literary) gentle
* (uncommon, literary) disordered, unconstrained

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
   * Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN