# 爰

| 爰 | U+7230, &#29232; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7230 |
| ← 爯 [U+722F] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 爱 → [U+7231] |

## Translingual
### Han character

爰 (Kangxi radical 87, 爪+5, 9 strokes, cangjie input 月一大水 (BMKE), four-corner 2044$_7$, composition ⿳爫一友)
* to lead on to
* therefore, consequently
* a surname

#### Derived characters

* 𠋠, 喛, 𫮊, 媛, 嵈, 㣪, 愋, 援, 湲, 猨, 𫕉, 𭤿, 暖, 䐘, 楥, 煖, 瑗, 禐, 𤲫, 䁔, 𥔛, 褑, 𭶵, 緩(缓), 𦑛, 𦖵, 𦩮, 蝯, 諼(谖), 𧳭, 𬥢, 𫏖, 𫏺, 𮠹, 𫣰, 鍰(锾), 𩋫, 𩏅, 𦅻, 鰀, 𦇻, 𬋫, 𬁆, 𦫦, 𧡩, 𩔃, 鶢, 萲, 䈠
* 㬊 (Exception: Only for Chinese character form. Japanese character form contains ⿳爫土夂 instead)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 689, character 5
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 19672
* Dae Jaweon: page 1102, character 8
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2032, character 1
* Unihan data for U+7230

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 爰 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 暖 | *noːnʔ |
| 煖 | *noːnʔ, *qʰʷan |
| 喛 | *qʰʷaːns, *qʰʷan |
| 緩 | *ɢʷaːnʔ |
| 鰀 | *ɢʷaːnʔ |
| 嵈 | *ɢʷaːnʔ |
| 鍰 | *ɢʷraːn |
| 湲 | *ɢʷan |
| 媛 | *ɢʷans, *ɢʷan |
| 瑗 | *ɢʷans |
| 援 | *ɢʷans, *ɢʷan |
| 褑 | *ɢʷans |
| 諼 | *qʰʷan, *qʰʷanʔ |
| 愋 | *qʰʷan |
| 楥 | *qʰʷans |
| 爰 | *ɢʷan |
| 鶢 | *ɢʷan |
| 蝯 | *ɢʷan |
| 猨 | *ɢʷan |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 爫 (“hand, claw”) + 又 (“hand”) – the middle component has taken various forms.

### Etymology

Contraction of 于時 (OC *ɢʷa djɯ) or 于是 (OC *ɢʷa djeʔ) (Smith, 2012).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yuán (yuan$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄩㄢˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): wun$^4$ / jyun$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yuán
*** Zhuyin: ㄩㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yuán
*** Wade–Giles: yüan$^2$
*** Yale: ywán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yuan
*** Palladius: юань (juanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɥɛn³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: wun$^4$ / jyun$^4$
*** Yale: wùhn / yùhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: wun$^4$ / jyn$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: wun$^4$ / yun$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /wuːn²¹/, /jyːn²¹/
* Middle Chinese: hjwon
Rime :
| Character | 爰 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 云 (35) |
| Final (韻) | 元 (66) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 雨元切 |
| Baxter | hjwon |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦʉɐn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦʷiɐn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣiuɐn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦuan/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣiuɐn/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣĭwɐn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /i̯wɐn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yuán |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jyun$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ɢʷa[n]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɢʷan/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 爰 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yuán |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hjwon › |
| Old Chinese | /*ɢʷa[n]/ |
| English | there, then, thereupon |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 爰 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 16176 |
| Phonetic component | 爰 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 袁 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɢʷan/ |

### Definitions

爰
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) therefore, consequently
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Yuán cǎi mài yǐ, Mèi zhī běi yǐ. Yún shéi zhī sī, měi mèng Yì yǐ. [Pinyin]
    I am going to gather the wheat, In the north of Mei. But of whom are my thoughts? Of that beauty, the eldest of the Yi.
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) A sentence-initial particle
    From: Xunzi, c. 3rd century BCE
    Yuán yǒu dà wù, fēi sī fēi bó, wén lǐ chéng zhāng. [Pinyin]
    There exists this tremendous entity, made of neither silk nor other fabrics, yet structures and order manifest in its pattern and texture.

#### Compounds

* 兔爰
* 爰居
* 爰書 / 爰书 (yuánshū)
* 爰歷篇 / 爰历篇
* 爰爰
* 爰田
* 爰金 (yuánjīn)
* 郢爰

### References

* “爰”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* lead on to
* therefore
* then

#### Readings

* Go-on: おん (on)
* Kan-on: えん (en)
* Kun: ここ (koko, 爰)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 爰
* ここ Hyōgai
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 爰 – see the following entry. :
| 【こここゝ】 | [pronoun] (deictically) this place, area, or part (near the speaker). Can be juxtaposed with a phrase with で (de) or に (ni). [pronoun] (deictically) this organization or team (near the speaker). Can be juxtaposed with a phrase with で (de) or に (ni). [pronoun] (anaphorically) this place, area, or part I am talking about (only the speaker knows). [pronoun] (anaphorically) this organization or team I am talking about (only the speaker knows). Alternative spellings 此処, 此所, 是, 茲 |
(This term, 爰, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

## Korean
### Hanja

爰 • (won) (hangeul 원, revised won, McCune–Reischauer wŏn, Yale wen)
* lead on to
* therefore
* then

## Vietnamese
### Han character

爰: Hán Nôm readings: viên, vươn
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.