# bosta
## Basque
### Numeral

bosta
* absolutive singular of bost

## Galician
### Etymology

Attested since 1671. From Celtic, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷew- (“excrement; dung”) + the suffix *-st-; Compare German Kot (“feces”), Welsh budr (“filthy”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈbɔsta/ [ˈbɔs̺.t̪ɐ]
* Rhymes: -ɔsta

### Noun

bosta f (plural bostas)
* (uncountable) dung; manure (of cattle)
** 1671, Gabriel Feijoo, Contenda dos labradores de Caldelas:bou correndo pola posta, s'acho jantar que comer, qu'ainda a tarde ei de esparjer unha gran pilla de bostaI'm running for the loaf, if I find food to eat, because yet this afternoon I ought to spread a large pile of manure
** 1927, X. Lesta Meis, Estebo, A Coruña: Lar, page 106:O Carpulla andaba á bosta. Cun cesto de aro colgado debaixo do brazo, iba e viña por camiños e carreiros recollendo canta alcontraba para facer estercoCarpulla ("Hunger") used to search for dung. With a hoop basked under the arm, he came and went along the roads and ways, picking up as much as he could find to make manure
* platter, an individual cow dung

#### Synonyms

* bula, buleira

#### Derived terms

* bostarega (“dung”)
* bosteira (“dung”)
* embostar (“to cover a surface with manure”)

#### Related terms

* bouta (a mixture of cow feces and water once used as a sealant).

### References

* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “bosta”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “bosta”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “bosta”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN
* ↑ Julián Santano Moreno, "Celtibérico boustom, iberorromance busto, “pastizal, vacada” y bosta “boñiga”", Nouvelle Revue d’Onomastique, n° 56, 2014, p. 227-262.

## Maltese
### Etymology

From Arabic بَسْطة (basṭa, “width, ampleness, increase, excellence”), rarer also بُسْطة (busṭa). Additionally, Maltese bosta is the regular outcome of Arabic بُسَطاء (busaṭāʔ, “the common people, the uneducated crowd”); it is possible, though not necessary, that this etymon also contributed to the Maltese word.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈbɔs.ta/

### Adjective

bosta
* much, many
    Synonym: ħafna

## Portuguese
### Etymology

Attested since 1621. From Celtic, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷew- (“excrement; dung”) + the suffix *-st-; Compare German Kot (“feces”), Welsh budr (“filthy”).
Back-formation from bostal (“corral: cattle pen”), from Late Latin bōstar, būstar, from bōs (“bull”) and stāre (“to stand, remain; a standing, habitation”).

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈbɔs.tɐ/
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈbɔs.tɐ/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /ˈbɔʃ.tɐ/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˈbɔs.ta/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈbɔʃ.tɐ/
* Rhymes: (Brazil) -ɔstɐ, (Portugal) -ɔʃtɐ
* Hyphenation: bos‧ta

### Noun

bosta f (plural bostas)
* dung; manure (of cattle)
* (vulgar) shit
    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:fezes

#### Derived terms

* bostejar

### References

* ↑ Hernán Núñez, "Refranes o provervios en romance".
* ↑ Julián Santano Moreno, "Celtibérico boustom, iberorromance busto, “pastizal, vacada” y bosta “boñiga”", Nouvelle Revue d’Onomastique, n° 56, 2014, p. 227-262.
* ↑ José Pedro Machado, Dicionário Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa, 1995

## Slovene
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bóːsta/

### Verb

bọ̑sta
* second/third-person dual future of bíti

## Spanish
### Noun

bosta f (plural bostas)
* manure
* cowpat

### Further reading

* “bosta”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10