# ruch
## Czech
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech ruch, from Proto-Slavic *rȗxъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈrux]
* Hyphenation: ruch

### Noun

ruch m inan
* movement, especially brisk, quick movement of many people
* traffic
* Onomatopoeia for a striking or cracking sound; bang

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “ruch”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “ruch”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* “ruch”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech), 2008–2025

## Kashubian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈrux/
* Rhymes: -ux
* Syllabification: ruch

### Noun

ruch m inan
* Alternative form of rëch.

#### Declension
### Further reading

* Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011) “ruch”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi‎

## Old Czech
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *rȗxъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (13th CE) /ˈrux/
* IPA: (15th CE) /ˈrux/

### Noun

ruch m inan
* movement (physical motion between points in space)

#### Descendants

* Czech: ruch

### References

* Jan Gebauer (1903–1916) “ruch”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění

## Plautdietsch
### Adjective

ruch
* rough, uneven
* gruff, harsh

## Polish
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *rȗxъ. First attested in 1579.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈrux/
* (Middle Polish) IPA: /ˈrux/
* (Masovia):
** (Far Masovian) IPA: /ˈrux/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ux
* Syllabification: ruch

### Noun

ruch m inan
* movement (physical motion between points in space)
    Synonym: przemieszczanie się
* movement (movement of the whole body or any part of it, intentionally or involuntarily)
* movement, exercise (physical activity, the purpose of which is to keep the body in the best condition)
* traffic (moving pedestrians or vehicles, or the flux or passage thereof)
* movement, action, bustle, liveliness (situation characterized by the fact that in a place there are many people who move and perform various activities at the same time)
* movement (a trend in various fields or social categories, a group of people with a common ideology who try together to achieve certain general goals)
* (games) move (turn, act of taking action in a game)
    Synonym: posunięcie
* act (deliberate action by a person to achieve an intended goal)
* (literary) change, shift (exchange of someone or something for someone or something else)
* (mining) coal mine that has been merged with another and incorporated into a larger mining enterprise, but retains relative independence as part of that enterprise's structure (Is there an English equivalent to this definition?)
* (military) maneuver (large training exercise of military troops)
    Synonym: manewr
* (obsolete or dialectal, Far Masovian) tin button with an eyelet
* (obsolete or dialectal, Far Masovian) taciturn person

#### Derived terms

* dyżurny ruchu
* ruch frykcyjny
* ruch jednostajnie opóźniony
* ruch jednostajnie przyspieszony
* ruch jednostajnie zmienny
* ruch kołowy
* ruch robaczkowy
* ruch w interesie
* ruchy kadrowe
* ruchy tektoniczne
* pójść w ruch pf, iść w ruch impf

#### Related terms

* ruchliwy
* ruchomy
* ruchowy
* bezruch
* rozruch
* ruch społeczny
* ruchomość
* ruchać impf
* runąć impf
* ruszyć pf, ruszać impf

### Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), ruch is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 90 times in scientific texts, 58 times in news, 76 times in essays, 37 times in fiction, and 8 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 269 times, making it the 186th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.

### References

* ↑ Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “ruch”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
* ↑ Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “ruch”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
* ↑ Ida Kurcz (1990) “ruch”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), volume 2, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 510

### Further reading

* ruch in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* ruch in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “ruch”, in Słownik języka polskiego
* Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “ruch”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
* J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1912), “ruch”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 5, Warsaw, page 761
* Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “ruch”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
* Wojciech Grzegorzewicz (1894) “ruch”, in “O języku ludowym w powiecie przasnyskim”, in Sprawozdania Komisji Językowej Akademii Umiejętności (in Polish), volume 5, Krakow: Akademia Umiejętności, page 120

## Silesian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *rȗxъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈrux/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ux
* Syllabification: ruch

### Noun

ruch m inan
* movement (physical motion between points in space)
* movement (act of moving a body part)
* movement (a trend in various fields or social categories, a group of people with a common ideology who try together to achieve certain general goals)
    Synonyms: akcyjŏ, partyjŏ, stŏwarziszynie
* (games) move (turn, act of taking action in a game)
* movement (manner of moving)
* traffic (moving pedestrians or vehicles, or the flux or passage thereof)

#### Declension
### Further reading

* ruch in silling.org

## Slovak
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *rȗxъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [rux]

### Noun

ruch m inan
* commotion, bustle (situation in which there are many people moving and performing various activities at the same time)
* diligent action

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “ruch”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2025