# 土地
## Chinese
### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): tǔdì
       (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨˇ ㄉㄧˋ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): тўди (twdi, II-III)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): tou$^2$ dei$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): hu$^2$ ei$^5$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thú-thi
* Eastern Min (BUC): tù-dê
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): thó͘-tōe / thó͘-tē
    (Teochew, Peng'im): tou$^2$ di$^7$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$thu-di$_6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tǔdì
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄨˇ ㄉㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tǔdì
*** Wade–Giles: tʻu$^3$-ti$^4$
*** Yale: tǔ-dì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tuudih
*** Palladius: туди (tudi)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ti⁵¹/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: тўди (twdi, II-III)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰu⁵¹ ti⁴⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: tou$^2$ dei$^6$
*** Yale: tóu deih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tou$^2$ dei$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: tou$^2$ déi$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰou̯³⁵ tei̯²²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: hu$^2$ ei$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /hu⁵⁵ ei³²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thú-thi
*** Hakka Romanization System: tu$^ˋ$ ti
*** Hagfa Pinyim: tu$^3$ ti$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰu³¹ tʰi⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: tù-dê
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰu⁵³⁻²¹ $^{(t-)}$lɛi²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thó͘-tōe
*** Tâi-lô: thóo-tuē
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tofdoe
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tue²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tue³³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tue⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Quanzhou, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thó͘-tē
*** Tâi-lô: thóo-tē
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tofde
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ te⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /tʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te²²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ te³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: tou$^2$ di$^7$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thóu tī
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰou⁵²⁻³⁵ ti¹¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$thu-di$_6$
*** MiniDict: thu$^去$ di$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$thu-di$_3$
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /tʰu³³ di⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: thuX dijH
Rime :
| Character | 土 | 地 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 透 (6) | 定 (7) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) | 脂 (15) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 他魯切 | 徒四切 |
| Baxter | thuX | dijH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tʰuo$^X$/ | /diɪ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /tʰuo$^X$/ | /di$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /tʰo$^X$/ | /djɪ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /tʰɔ$^X$/ | /di$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /tʰo$^X$/ | /di$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /tʰu$^X$/ | /di$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /tʰuo$^X$/ | /dʱi$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | tǔ | dì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | tou$^2$ | dei$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*tʰˤaʔ [l]ˤej-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*l̥ʰaːʔ l'els/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 土 | 地 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | tǔ | dì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ thu$^X$ › | ‹ dij$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*tʰˁaʔ/ | /*[l]ˁej-s/ |
| English | earth | earth, ground |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 土 | 地 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 12499 | 14808 |
| Phonetic component | 土 | 也 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 土 | 地 |
| Old Chinese | /*l̥ʰaːʔ/ | /*l'els/ |

#### Noun

土地
* ground; soil; land
    土地制度 ― tǔdì zhìdù ― land system
    土地政策 ― tǔdì zhèngcè ― land policy
    土地私有制度 ― tǔdì sīyǒu zhìdù ― system of private land ownership
       yuánzhùmín tǔdì suǒyǒuquán [Pinyin]
       native title
    霸佔土地／霸占土地 ― bàzhàn tǔdì ― to occupy land
    From: The Book of Han, circa 1st century CE
    Shěn qí tǔdì zhī yí. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* territory

##### Synonyms

* (land): 土 (tǔ)
* (territory):
* 區宇 / 区宇 (qūyǔ) (literary)
* 國土 / 国土 (guótǔ) (of a country)
* 國界 / 国界 (guójiè) (national boundary)
* 境界 (jìngjiè)
* 幅員 / 幅员 (fúyuán)
* 提封 (tífēng) (literary)
* 版圖 / 版图 (bǎntú)
* 版籍 (bǎnjí) (literary)
* 疆土 (jiāngtǔ) (of a country)
* 疆域 (jiāngyù)
* 疆理 (jiānglǐ) (literary)
* 疆界 (jiāngjiè)
* 領土 / 领土 (lǐngtǔ)
* 領地 / 领地 (lǐngdì)

##### Derived terms

* 土地增值稅 / 土地增值税
* 土地改革 (tǔdì gǎigé)
* 土地稅 / 土地税 (tǔdìshuì)
* 土地證 / 土地证
* 土地退化 (tǔdì tuìhuà)
* 土改 (tǔgǎi)

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Tǔdi, Tǔdì
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨˇ ˙ㄉㄧ, ㄊㄨˇ ㄉㄧˋ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): tou$^2$ dei$^{6-2}$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): hu$^2$ ei$^{5*}$
* Eastern Min (BUC): Tū-dê
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$thu-di
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Tǔdi
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄨˇ ˙ㄉㄧ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Tǔdi̊
*** Wade–Giles: Tʻu$^3$-ti$^5$
*** Yale: Tǔ-di
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Tuu.di
*** Palladius: Туди (Tudi)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰu²¹⁴ d̥i⁴/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Tǔdì
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄨˇ ㄉㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Tǔdì
*** Wade–Giles: Tʻu$^3$-ti$^4$
*** Yale: Tǔ-dì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Tuudih
*** Palladius: Туди (Tudi)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ti⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: tou$^2$ dei$^{6-2}$
*** Yale: tóu déi
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tou$^2$ dei$^{6-2}$
*** Guangdong Romanization: tou$^2$ déi$^{6-2}$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰou̯³⁵ tei̯²²⁻³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: hu$^2$ ei$^{5*}$
*** Sinological IPA : /hu⁵⁵ ei³²⁻³²⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: Tū-dê
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰu³³⁻⁵⁵ $^{(t-)}$lɛi²⁴²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$thu-di
*** MiniDict: thu$^去$ di
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$thu-di
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /tʰu³³ di⁴⁴/

#### Proper noun

土地
* Alternative name for 土地公 (Tǔdìgōng, “Tudigong”).

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 福德正神, 土地, 土地神 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 土地公 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Ulanhot | 土地老 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tongliao | 土地老 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 土地爺 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 土地老 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 土地老兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 大伯公 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 土地公, 大伯公 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 土地爺爺, 土地 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 土老爺兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 土地爺 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 土地爺 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 土地老爺 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Bayanhot | 土地爺 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 土主爺 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 土地爺 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 社王公 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 土地爺爺, 土地公公 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 土地, 土地公 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 土地, 土地公 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 土地菩薩 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 土地, 土地公公 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 伯公, 土地伯公, 土神 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 土地伯公 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 土地公公 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 土地老太 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 伯公, 土地伯公 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 伯公, 土地伯公 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 伯公, 土地伯公 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 伯公, 土地伯公 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 伯公, 土地伯公 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 伯公, 土地伯公 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 土地老爺, 土地菩薩 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 土地爺 |
| Jin | Taibus (Baochang) | 土地爺 |
| Jin | Linhe | 土地爺 |
| Jin | Jining | 土地爺 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 土地爺 |
| Jin | Baotou | 土地爺 |
| Jin | Dongsheng | 土地爺 |
| Jin | Haibowan | 土神爺 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 土地公 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 土地公 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 土地公, 大伯公 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 土地公 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 土地公, 大伯公 |
| Southern Min | Yunxiao | 伯公 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 土地公 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 土地公 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 土地公 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 土地公 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 土地公 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 土地公 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 土地公, 福德正神 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 土地公 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 土地公 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 土地公 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 大伯公 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 大伯公, 土地公 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 土地公, 福德正神 |
| Southern Min | Longyan | 土地公 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 地主爺 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 地主爺, 土地爺伯, 伯公 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 土地伯, 伯公 |
| Southern Min | Nan'ao (Houzhai) | 地主爺, 土地爺伯, 伯公 |
| Southern Min | Nan'ao (Yun'ao) | 地主公 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 伯公, 福德老爺 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 土地公 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 土地公 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 土地公 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 土地公, 土地 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 土地, 土地菩薩 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 土地爺 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 土地老倌 |

##### Derived terms

* 土地廟 / 土地庙 (tǔdìmiào)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 土 | 地 |
| と Grade: 1 | ち Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) とち [tòchí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [to̞t͡ɕi]

### Noun

土(と)地(ち) • (tochi)
* ground; land
* area; region

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 土 | 地 |

### Noun

土地 • (toji) (hangeul 토지)
* hanja form of 토지 (“land; ground”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 土 | 地 |

### Adjective

土地
* chữ Hán form of thổ địa.