# -um-
## Esperanto
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [um]
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: um

### Suffix

-um-
* related in an unspecified way. A lexical suffix with no fixed meaning or part of speech.
    ‎brako (“arm”) + ‎-um- → ‎brakumi (“to hug”)
    ‎dekstra (“right”) + ‎-um- → ‎dekstruma (“clockwise”)
    ‎komuna (“common”) + ‎-um- → ‎komunumo (“community”)
    ‎mondo (“world”) + ‎-um- → ‎mondumo (“high society”)
    ‎proksima (“near”) + ‎-um- → ‎proksimume (“approximately”)
    ‎kruco (“cross”) + ‎-um- → ‎krucumi (“to crucify”)
    ‎kolo (“neck”) + ‎-um- → ‎kolumo (“collar”)

#### Usage notes

Because meanings of words derived with this suffix cannot be predicted, each derivation requires a separate dictionary entry. The part of speech is specific to each coining, and not inherent in either the suffix or the stem to which it is attached.
Among other uses:
* With body parts, -um- may signify a related piece of clothing: kolumo, manumo, plandumo, nazumo, hufumo. Or it may signify an action using that body part: brakumi, palpebrumi, okulumi.
* With things used to kill people, -um- may signify a method of execution: gasumi, ŝtonumi, krucumi.
* With numbers, -um- may signify a numeric base: duuma, okuma, dekuma.
* With things enjoyed at leisure, -um- may signify a leisure activity: butikumi, fumumi, bierumi, esperantumi.
This suffix should be used with care when wanting to create new words, because they would likely not be understood by most speakers because of its unpredictable meaning.

#### Derived terms
### References

* ↑ Wennergren, Bertilo (2011 June 2) “UM”, in Plena Manlibro de Esperanta Gramatiko (in Esperanto), retrieved 2010-11-20

## Hiligaynon
### Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-um-, from Proto-Austronesian *-um-.

### Infix

-um-
* an agent trigger infix

## Ido
### Etymology

From Esperanto -um-.

### Suffix

-um-
* suffix to be used only in specific cases where the meaning is also specified
    honoro (“honor”) → honorumala (“honorary”)
    kruco (“cross”) → krucumar (“to cross (another road etc.)”)
    orelo (“ear”) → orelumo (“ear-covering, earlap”)

#### Usage notes

The suffix -um- has an indeterminate meaning. The derivations of this suffix is only made by the Language Committee of Ido. It forms derivation, of which the meaning has an indefinite relation with the idea expressed by the prime root. The link which remain between them helps with the memorization, but, when one doesn't know the meaning of the derivation, only the lexicon can surely provide it. There exists only a total of 30 words with this suffix in Ido.

#### Derived terms
### References

* ↑ “KGD”, in Kompleta gramatiko detaloza‎ (in Ido), 2015 December 23 (last accessed), archived from the original on 27 January 2012

## Indonesian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Javanese -um-.

### Infix

-um-
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    sinar → suminar

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* “-um-” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Nias
### Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-um-, from Proto-Austronesian *-um-.

### Infix

-um-
* intransitive verb affix
* (southern) inflectional affix marking irrealis mood with transitive verbs

## Old Javanese
### Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-um-, from Proto-Austronesian *-um-.

### Infix

-um-
* active verb

#### Synonyms

* a-
* ma-

#### Derived terms
## Tagalog
### Alternative forms

* um- — prefix
* -im- — when first vowel is /i/, obsolete

### Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-um-, from Proto-Austronesian *-um-.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /um/ [ʊm]
* Syllabification: -um-

### Infix

-um- (Baybayin spelling ᜓᜋ᜔)
* actor trigger: to do something
    Kumain ako.I ate. (I is focused.)
* no trigger: expresses natural phenomena
    Lumindol kanina.An earthquake occurred a while ago. (Nothing is focused.)
* actor trigger: to become or get
    Parang pumayat si Gloria.It looks like Gloria got thinner. (Gloria is focused.)
* actor trigger: (with root word reduplication) to do something occasionally, at random, a little, a bit, now and then or here and there
    Kumakain-kain ako pag wala akong magagawa.I eat a little bit when I have nothing to do. (I is focused.)

#### Usage notes

* The affix mag- is usually used for verbs which involve an exterior object, whereas um- is used for verbs which don't.
    Nagtanong ako sa guro. ― I asked the teacher.
    Umalis na ako. ― I already left.
* Mag- is also used for deliberate actions, while um- can be used for involuntary actions.
    Lumalaki ang bata. ― The child grew.
* Some words can also change meaning if either one of them is used.
    Root word: alis = to go
       mag-alis = to remove
       umalis = to leave
    Root word: sakay = riding
       magsakay = to load
       sumakay = to ride
* In ancient times, the affix had a variant -im- when the first vowel is an /i/. The variant is no longer used in modern Tagalog.
    ‎linaw + ‎-im- → ‎liminaw
    ‎inom + ‎im- → ‎iminom
* Tagalog also used to have a separate infix -ungm- (and variant -ingm- before /i/) for the complete aspect and progressive aspects in the active trigger. The affixes fallen out of use in modern Tagalog in favor of -um-, which only served before as the infinitive form of the active trigger.

#### Related terms

* -ingm-
* -ungm-