# sod
## English
### Pronunciation

* (UK) IPA: /sɒd/
* (US) IPA: /sɑd/
* (General Australian) IPA: /sɔd/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Audio (General Australian):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɒd
* Homophone: sawed (cot–caught merger)

### Etymology 1

From Middle English sod, sodde first attested in the mid-15th century, from Middle Dutch zoden (“turf”) or Middle Low German sôde, soede (“turf”), both related to Dutch zode (“turf”), German Sode (“turf”), Old Frisian sātha (“sod”), all being of uncertain ultimate origin.

#### Noun

sod (plural sods)
* (uncountable) The stratum of the surface of the soil which is filled with the roots of grass, or any portion of that surface; turf; sward.
** 1746, William Collins, Ode written in the year 1746:She there shall dress a sweeter sod / Than Fancy's feet have ever trod.
* (uncountable) Turf grown and cut specifically for the establishment of lawns.
    The landscapers rolled sod onto the bare earth and made a presentable lawn by nightfall.
* (countable) A piece of this.
** 1890, James George Frazer, The Golden Bough, volume 2, page 338:In Walachia, green sods are laid on the window-sills and on the lintels of the doors to avert the uncanny crew [i.e. witches].

##### Related terms

* soddie
* sodless

##### Translations
#### Verb

sod (third-person singular simple present sods, present participle sodding, simple past and past participle sodded)
* To cover with sod.
    He sodded the worn areas twice a year.
** 2006, Paul Vela, Sealed with a Kiss, page 97:The innermore walls were sod inlayed with roots from trees, plants and weeds.

##### Translations
### Etymology 2

Clipping of sodomite or sodomize.

#### Noun

sod (plural sods)
* (UK, Ireland, vulgar, dated) Sodomite; bugger.
** 1998, Sarah Waters, Tipping the Velvet, Virago (2018), page 207:The Empire, in particular, was always thick with sods: they strolled side-by-side with the gay girls of the promenade, or stood, in little knots, exchanging gossip, comparing fortunes, greeting one another with flapping hands and high, extravagant voices.
* (UK, Ireland, slang, mildly derogatory, formerly considered vulgar) A person; often qualified with an adjective.
    You mean old sod!
    poor sod
    unlucky sod
    You silly sod
* (UK, Ireland, mildly vulgar) Any trifling amount, a bugger, a damn, a jot.
    I don’t care a sod.

##### Derived terms

* old sod
* sod all
* Sod’s law

##### Translations
#### Interjection

sod
* (UK, Ireland, vulgar) expression of surprise, contempt, outrage, disgust, boredom, frustration.

#### Verb

sod (third-person singular simple present sods, present participle sodding, simple past and past participle sodded)
* (transitive, UK, Ireland, slang, vulgar) Bugger; sodomize.
* (transitive, UK, Ireland, slang, vulgar) Damn, curse, confound.
    Sod him!, Sod it!, Sod that bastard!

##### Derived terms

* sod a dog
* sod it
* sod off
* sod that for a game of soldiers
* sod this for a game of soldiers
* sod this for a lark

### Etymology 3

From the Old English plural past tense, or a back-formation from the past participle sodden.

#### Verb

sod
* (obsolete) simple past of seethe
** 1530 January 27 (Gregorian calendar), W[illiam] T[yndale], transl., [The Pentateuch] (Tyndale Bible), Malborow [Marburg], Hesse: […] Hans Luft [actually Antwerp: Johan Hoochstraten], →OCLC, Genesis xxv:[29], folio xxxiiij, verso:Iacob ſod potage ⁊ Eſau came from the feld ⁊ was faine […]

#### Adjective

sod (comparative more sod, superlative most sod)
* (obsolete) Boiled.
** 1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC:, New York, 2001, p.223:
    Beer, if it be over-new, or over-stale, over-strong, or not sod, […] is most unwholesome, frets, and galls, etc.
* (Australia, of bread) Sodden; incompletely risen.
    sod damper

#### Noun

sod (plural sods)
* (Australia, colloquial) A damper (bread) which has failed to rise, remaining a flat lump.
** 1954, Tom Ronan, Vision Splendid; quoted in Tom Burton, Words in Your Ear, Wakefield Press, 1999, →ISBN, page 120:And Mart the cook the shovel took / And swung the damper to and fro. / 'Another sod, so help me God, / That's fourteen in a flamin' row.

### Etymology 4
#### Noun

sod (plural sods)
* The rock dove.

### Anagrams

* ods, OD's, ODS, DoS, dso, OS&D, 'dos, DOS, OSD, ODs, dos, do's, SDO, DSO

## Breton
### Noun

sod m
* imbecile

## Danish
### Etymology

From Old Norse sót (“soot”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /soːd/, [soðˀ]
* Rhymes: -oð

### Noun

sod c (singular definite soden, not used in plural form)
* soot

### Verb

sod
* imperative of sode

## Maltese
### Etymology

Borrowed from Italian sodo, from Latin solidus. Doublet of solidu.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sɔːt/

### Adjective

sod (feminine singular soda, plural sodi)
* firm; steadfast

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

From Old Norse soð. Doublet of sodd.

### Noun

sod n (definite singular sodet, indefinite plural sod, definite plural soda)
* boiling, bubbling
* broth
* meat soup

### References

* “sod” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Slovene
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *sǫdъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sóːt/

### Noun

sọ̑d m inan
* barrel

#### Inflection
### Further reading

* “sod”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU (in Slovene), 2014–2025

## Uzbek
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic صَاد (ṣād).

### Noun

sod (plural sodlar)
* the Arabic letter ص

#### Declension
## Volapük
### Noun

sod (nominative plural sods)
* sauce

#### Declension

$^1$ status as a case is disputed $^2$ in later, non-classical Volapük only