# -esco
## Italian
### Etymology

From Late Latin, Vulgar Latin -iscus. Cognates: see Proto-Germanic *-iskaz.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈe.sko/
* Rhymes: -esko
* Hyphenation: -é‧sco

### Suffix

-esco
* forms adjectives (sometimes used as nouns) that indicate relationship, membership, quality
    ‎Dante (“the poet Dante Alighieri”) + ‎-esco → ‎dantesco (“Dantesque”)

#### Descendants

* French: -esque
** English: -esque
** German: -esk

### References

* ↑ “-esco” in: Alberto Nocentini, Alessandro Parenti, “l'Etimologico — Vocabolario della lingua italiana”, Le Monnier, 2010, →ISBN

### Anagrams

* Cose, OCSE, cose, seco, secò

## Latin
### Etymology

From -eō +‎ -scō.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈeːs.koː/, [ˈeːs̠koː]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈes.ko/, [ˈɛsko]

### Suffix

-ēscō (present infinitive -ēscere, perfect active -ī, supine -um); third conjugation
* Forms verbs from adjectives meaning "become (adjective)".

#### Usage notes

Many verbs ending in -ēscō are inchoatives in -scō formed from statives in -eō. However, some verbs exist that are derived directly from the adjective, with no "intermediate" stative verb existing, e.g.:
* amārus > amārēscō (but no *amāreō)
* celeber > celebrēscō (but no *celebreō)

#### Conjugation

Conjugation varies with verb; only first principal part shown here for illustration.

#### Descendants

* Aromanian: -esc- (-escu, -eshti, -eashti, -escu), -ãsc-
* Catalan: -eix- (-eixo, -eixes, -eix, -eixen), -isc- (-ixes, -ix, -ixen)
* → English: -esce; -ise, -ish (via Old French)
* Franco-Provençal: -éss-: -éss- (-ésso, -és, -ét, -éssens, -ésséds, -éssont)
* French: -iss- (-is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent)
* Friulian: -is- (-ìs, -issis, -ìs, -issin)
* Italian: -isc- (-isco, -isci, -isce, -iscono)
* Occitan: -iss- (-issi, -isses, -ís)
* Portuguese: -ecer, → -escer
* Romanian: -esc- (-esc, -ești, -ește, -esc), -ăsc-
* Romansch: -esch- (-eschel, -eschas, -escha)
* Spanish: -ecer
* Venetan: -is- (-iso, -isi, -ise, -ise)

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈes.ku/
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈes.ku/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /ˈeʃ.ku/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˈes.ko/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈeʃ.ku/

### Suffix

-esco (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -esca, masculine plural -escos, feminine plural -escas)
* Forms adjectives that signify comparison, relation or resemblance to the word stem (-like, -esque)
    ‎animal (“animal”) + ‎-esco → ‎animalesco (“animalesque, animal-like”)
    ‎livro (“book”) + ‎-esco → ‎livresco (“related to books”)

## Spanish
### Suffix

-esco (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -esca, masculine plural -escos, feminine plural -escas)
* Alternative form of -sco; forms adjectives that signify "relation" to the word stem; sometimes pejorative
    ‎libro (“book”) + ‎-esco → ‎libresco (“related to books”)

### Suffix

-esco m (noun-forming suffix, plural -escos)
* Alternative form of -sco; forms augmentative nouns
* Alternative form of -sco; forms collective nouns

### Further reading

* “-esco”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10