# бе
## Bulgarian
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Church Slavonic бѣ (bě), from Proto-Slavic *bě.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [bɛ]
* Audio:(file)

#### Verb

бе • (be)
* second/third-person singular imperfect/aorist indicative of съм (sǎm)

### Etymology 2

Combines:
* An emphatic particle derived from Proto-Slavic *ba, *bo, coordinate to де (de), же (že), ле (le).
* A form of address borrowed from Ottoman Turkish به, from Byzantine Greek βρέ (bré), probably a colloquial form of Ancient Greek μωρέ (mōré), the vocative of μωρός (mōrós, “dull”).

#### Alternative forms

* ве (ve), уе (ue)

#### Interjection

бе • (be) (colloquial)
* (emphatic particle): Alternative form of ба (ba): used as an expression of disbelief, surprise, irritation, or eagerness
    Да, бе, да!Da, be, da!Really! / Well, I never!
    Какво ме гледаш, бе?Kakvo me gledaš, be?What the hell are you looking at?
    Бе, писна ми от всички!Be, pisna mi ot vsički!I am so fed up with everything!
* (form of address): Alternative form of бре (bre): used for emphasis after vocative expressions
    Иванчо, бе, млъкни за малко, та и аз да кажа нещо!Ivančo, be, mlǎkni za malko, ta i az da kaža nešto!Oh, Ivancho, shut up for a moment, so I can also say something!

#### Conjunction

бе • (be) (colloquial)
* used for emphasis in enumeration of entries
    бе това, бе оноваbe tova, be onovaand this, and that
    бе туй било, бе онуй билоbe tuj bilo, be onuj biloboth this happened, and that happened

#### References

* “бе”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
* “бе”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Chitanka, 2010
* Nayden Gerov (1895) “бе!”, in Рѣчникъ на Блъгарскꙑй язꙑкъ. Съ тлъкувание рѣчи-тꙑ на Блъгарскꙑ и на Русскꙑ. [Dictionary of the Bulgarian language]‎ (in Bulgarian), volume 1, Plovdiv: Дружествена печꙗтница "Съгласие.", page 30
* Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1971), “бе”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1 (А – З), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 39

## Macedonian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish به, from Byzantine Greek βρέ (bré), from Ancient Greek μωρέ (mōré), which is the vocative form of μωρός (mōrós). Cognate with Serbo-Croatian bre, Greek ρε (re), and Turkish bre.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [bɛ]
* Hyphenation: бе

### Particle

бе • (be)
* A particle expressing anger, frustration, or surprise.
    До́јди ва́му, бе!Dójdi vámu, be!Come here (at once)!
    Што се́ дереш, бе?Što sé dereš, be?What (the hell) are you yelling about?
    Ка́ко ве надму́дрија, бе?Káko ve nadmúdrija, be?How (on earth) did they outwit you?

#### Related terms

* мо́ре (móre)
* мо́ри (móri)

#### See also

* де (de)

### References

* “бе” in Дигитален речник на македонскиот јазик (Digitalen rečnik na makedonskiot jazik) [Digital dictionary of the Macedonian language] − drmj.eu

## Tajik
### Etymology

From Classical Persian بی (bē), from اَبی (abē), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /be/, [be]

### Preposition

бе • (be) (Persian spelling بی)
* without
* sans

## Tuvan
### Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *-mi (“interrogative particle”). Cognate to Mongolian бэ (be), Kazakh бе (be), Turkish mi.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /be̞/

### Particle

бе • (be)
* Particle for forming yes-or-no questions.
    Сен шай ижиксей-дир сен бе? ― Sen şay ijiksey-dir sen be? ― Do you want to drink tea?

## Ukrainian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [bɛ]

### Noun

бе • (be) n inan (indeclinable)
* The letter б (b), the 2nd letter of the Ukrainian alphabet.