# 春日
## Chinese

* 春日市

### Etymology
#### “Kasuga”

    Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 春日 (Kasuga).
* This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “apparently the Taiwanese place name is also derived from Japanese antics? the zh.wp and ja.wp pages do not seem to agree on the finer details though ("Kasuga"? "Kasugagu"? "Kasugaku"? "Kasuvongan"?)”

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chūnrì
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄨㄣ ㄖˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ceon$^1$ jat$^6$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chhun-ji̍t
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chūnrì
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄨㄣ ㄖˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chunrìh
*** Wade–Giles: chʻun$^1$-jih$^4$
*** Yale: chwūn-r̀
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chuenryh
*** Palladius: чуньжи (čunʹži)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ceon$^1$ jat$^6$
*** Yale: chēun yaht
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsoen$^1$ jat$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cên$^1$ yed$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɵn⁵⁵ jɐt̚²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhun-ji̍t
*** Tâi-lô: tshun-ji̍t
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhunjit
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰun⁴⁴⁻²² d͡zit̚⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰun³³ d͡zit̚²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰun⁴⁴⁻²² d͡zit̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ d͡zit̚⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ zit̚⁴/
* Middle Chinese: tsyhwin nyit
Rime :
| Character | 春 | 日 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 昌 (24) | 日 (38) |
| Final (韻) | 諄 (47) | 質 (48) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 昌脣切 | 人質切 |
| Baxter | tsyhwin | nyit |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ɕʰiuɪn/ | /ȵiɪt̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡ɕʰʷin/ | /ȵit̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ɕʰjuen/ | /ȵʑjet̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /cʰwin/ | /ȵit̚/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ɕʰiuĕn/ | /ȵiĕt̚/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ɕʰĭuĕn/ | /ȵʑĭĕt̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡ɕʰi̯uĕn/ | /ȵʑi̯ĕt̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | chūn | rì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ceon$^1$ | jat$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*tʰun C.nik/
    (Zhengzhang): /*tʰjun njiɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 春 | 日 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | chūn | rì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsyhwin › | ‹ nyit › |
| Old Chinese | /*tʰun/ | /*C.nik/ |
| English | springtime | sun; day |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 春 | 日 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 12573 | 10845 |
| Phonetic component | 屯 | 日 |
| Rime group | 文 | 質 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 春 | 日 |
| Old Chinese | /*tʰjun/ | /*njiɡ/ |
| Notes | 說文從艸從日屯聲， 實屯繁化轉註字 | |

### Noun

春日
* (literary) spring; spring days
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Chūnrì zǎi yáng, yǒu míng cānggēng. [Pinyin]
    With the spring days the warmth begins, And the oriole utters its song.
* (Classical) spring sun

#### Derived terms

* 春日遲遲 / 春日迟迟

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 春日(しゅんじつ) (shunjitsu)
* → Korean: 춘일(春日) (chunil)

### Proper noun

春日
* (～鄉) Chunri (a mountain indigenous township in Pingtung County, Taiwan)
* (～市) Kasuga (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 春 | 日 |
| しゅん Grade: 2 | じつ Grade: 1 |
| kan'on ||
From Middle Chinese compound 春日 (MC tsyhwin nyit).
Compare Min Nan 春日 (chhun-ji̍t).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しゅんじつ [shùńjítsú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɕɨ̃ɲ̟d͡ʑit͡sɨ]

#### Noun

春(しゅん)日(じつ) • (shunjitsu)
* the spring sun; a day in springtime

##### Derived terms

* 春日(しゅんじつ)遅遅(ちち), 春日(しゅんじつ)遅々(ちち) (shunjitsu chichi, “serene spring day”)

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 春 | 日 |
| はる Grade: 2 | ひ Grade: 1 |
| kun'yomi ||
Kanji in this term :
| 春 | 日 |
| はる Grade: 2 | ひ > び Grade: 1 |
| kun'yomi ||
From Old Japanese.
Compound of 春 (haru, “spring, springtime”) +‎ 日 (hi, “sun, sunlight, daylight, day”).
Sometimes pronounced with rendaku (連濁), as harubi.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) はるひ [hàrúhí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ha̠ɾɯ̟çi]

#### Noun

春(はる)日(ひ) or 春(はる)日(び) • (haruhi or harubi)
* (archaic) the spring sun; a day in springtime
** c. 1005–07, Shūi Wakashū (book 1, poem 57)
    ちりぬべき花(はな)見(み)る時(とき)はすがのねのながきはる日(ひ)もみじかかりける
       chirinu beki hana miru toki wa suga no ne no nagaki haruhi mo mijikakarikeru
       (please add an English translation of this example)

#### Proper noun

春(はる)日(ひ) • (Haruhi)
* a placename, especially within Kiyosu city in northwestern Aichi Prefecture
* a surname
* a female given name

### Etymology 3

Kanji in this term :
| 春 | 日 |
| かすが ||
| Grade: 2 | Grade: 1 |
| jukujikun ||
From Old Japanese. The kanji spelling comes from the pillow word 春日(はるひ) (haruhi) used to introduce the place name Kasuga.
Compare 飛鳥 (Asuka).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ka̠sɨɡa̠]

#### Proper noun

春日(かすが) • (Kasuga)
* a placename, especially:
** Short for 春日市 (Kasuga-shi): A city in Fukuoka Prefecture
** an ancient placename in the vicinity that is today part of city of Nara in Nara Prefecture; site of 春日大社 (Kasuga-taisha, “Kasuga Grand Shrine”)
* a surname
* a female given name

##### Derived terms

* 春日(かすが)井(い) (Kasugai)
* 春日(かすが)形(がた) (Kasuga-gata)
* 春日(かすが)権現(ごんげん) (Kasuga Gongen)
* 春日(かすが)市(‐し) (Kasuga‐shi)
* 春日(かすが)杉(すぎ) (Kasuga Sugi)
* 春日(かすが)大社(たいしゃ) (Kasuga-taisha)
* 春日(かすが)造(づく)り (Kasuga-zukuri)
* 春日(かすが)灯籠(どうろう) (Kasuga-dōrō)
* 春日(かすが)通(どお)り (Kasuga-dōri)
* 春日(かすが)鳥(どり)居(い) (Kasuga-dorī)
* 春日(かすが)版(ばん) (Kasuga-ban)
* 春日(かすが)信仰(しんこう) (Kasuga Shinkō)
* 春日(かすが)大(だい)明神(みょうじん) (Kasuga Daimyōjin)
* 春日(かすが)野(の) (Kasugano)
* 春日(かすが)の神木(しんぼく) (Kasuga no Shinboku)
* 春日(かすが)の使(つかい) (Kasuga no Tsukai)
* 春日(かすが)藤織(ふじおり) (Kasuga fujiori)
* 春日(かすが)盆(ぼん) (Kasuga-bon)
* 春日(かすが)舞(まい) (Kasuga-mai)
* カスガマイシン (kasugamaishin, “kasugamycin”)
* 春日(かすが)祭(まつり) (Kasuga Matsuri)
* 春日(かすが)曼荼羅(まんだら) (Kasuga Mandara)
* 春日(かすが)明神(みょうじん) (Kasuga Myōjin)
* 春日(かすが)山(やま) (Kasuga-yama)
* 春日(かすが)竜神(りゅうじん) (Kasuga Ryūjin)

### Etymology 4

Kanji in this term :
| 春 | 日 |
| Grade: 2 | Grade: 1 |
| irregular ||
Other various nanori readings.

#### Proper noun

春日(かすか) • (Kasuka)
* a surname

#### Proper noun

春日(かずか) • (Kazuka)
* a placename

#### Proper noun

春日(しゅんにち) • (Shunnichi)
* a surname

#### Proper noun

春日(はるか) • (Haruka)
* a female given name
* a surname

#### Proper noun

春日(はるま) • (Haruma)
* a surname

### See also

* 春日(かすか)部(べ) (Kasukabe)

### References

* 1 2 3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN

## Old Japanese
### Etymology 1

From 春 (paru, “spring, springtime”) +‎ 日 (pi$_1$, “sun, sunlight, daylight, day”).

#### Noun

春日 (parupi$_1$) (kana はるひ)
* the spring sun; a day in springtime
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 5, poem 846:, text here
    可須美多都那我岐波流卑乎可謝勢例杼伊野那都可子岐烏梅能波那可毛kasumi$_1$ tatu nagaki$_1$ parupi$_1$ wo kazaseredo$_2$ iya natukasiki$_1$ ume$_2$ no$_2$ pana ka moThrough the long spring day, hazy with its rising mist, we keep our brows decked with blossoms of the plum, but only grow the fonder.
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 19, poem 4292:, text here
    宇良宇良爾照流春日爾比婆理安我里情悲毛比登里志於母倍婆uraura ni tereru parupi$_1$ ni pi$_1$bari agari ko$_2$ko$_2$ro$_2$ kanasi mo pi$_1$to$_2$ri si omope$_2$baInto the soft light of a tranquil day in spring a lark rises high―leaving my heart saddened as I muse on all alone.
** For more quotations using this term, see Citations:春日.
* a misty day (or sun) in spring, allusion to 春日 (Kasuga, a placename, see below)
** 720, Nihon Shoki, poem 94:謂須能箇瀰賦屡鳴須擬底擧慕摩矩羅柁箇播志須擬慕能娑播爾於褒野該須擬播屡比箇須我鳴須擬逗摩御慕屡鳴佐褒鳴須擬...Isuno$_2$kami$_1$ Puru wo sugi$_2$te ko$_2$momakura Takapasi sugi$_2$ mono$_2$sapa ni Opoyake$_2$ sugi$_2$ parupi$_1$ Kasuga wo sugi$_2$ tuma-go$_2$moru Wosapo wo sugi$_2$...(please add an English translation of this quotation)

##### Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:春日.

##### Derived terms

* 春日の (parupi$_1$ no$_2$, pillow word)
* 春日を (parupi$_1$ wo, pillow word)

##### Descendants

* Japanese: 春日 (haruhi, harubi)

### Etymology 2

* This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Kasu- cognate with 霞む (kasumu, “grow hazy, be misty”), -ga is either from 日 (-ka, “days”) or 処 (-ga, suffix indicating a place)?”
Compare 明日香 (Asuka), from pillow word 飛ぶ鳥の (to$_2$bu to$_2$ri no$_2$).

#### Proper noun

春日 (Kasuga) (kana かすが)
* a placename in the vicinity that is today part of the city of Nara in Nara Prefecture
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 3, poem 407:, text here
    千磐破神之社四無有世伐春日之野邊粟種益乎tipayaburu kami$_2$ no$_2$ yasiro$_2$ si nakariseba Kasuga-no$_2$-no$_1$pe$_1$ ni apa makamasi woThousand-rock-smashing, a fierce deity abides in the godly shrine: but for her I'd be well pleased to sow our millet in Kasuga fields.
** For more quotations using this term, see Citations:春日.

##### Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:春日.

##### Derived terms

* 春日野 (Kasuga-no$_1$)
* 春日山 (Kasuga-yama)

##### Descendants

* Japanese: 春日 (Kasuga)

##### See also

* 春霞 (parukasumi$_1$, pillow word that can allude to Kasuga)

### References

* ↑ Edwin A. Cranston (1998) The Gem-Glistening Cup, Stanford University Press, →ISBN, page 548
* ↑ Steven D. Carter (1991) Traditional Japanese Poetry: An Anthology, illustrated edition, Stanford University Press, →ISBN, page 70
* ↑ Minoru Sonoda (2013) “Shinto and the natural environment”, in John Breen, Mark Teeuwen, editors, Shinto in History: Ways of the Kami (Routledge Studies in Asian Religion), Routledge, →ISBN