# ḫpr
## Egyptian
### Pronunciation

* (reconstructed) IPA: /ˈχaːpaɾ/ → /ˈχaːpaʔ/ → /ˈχaːpa/ → /ˈχoːpə/
* (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA: /ˈχaːpaɾ/
* (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA: /ˈχaːpaʔ/
* (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA: /ˈχaːpa/
* (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA: /ˈχoːpə/
* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /xɛpɛr/
** Conventional anglicization: kheper

### Verb

3-lit.
* (intransitive) to come into being, to start to exist [since the Pyramid Texts]
** c. 1401 BCE, Amduat of Amenhotep II (tomb of Amenhotep II, KV35) First Hour, closing text, lines 1–2: st n.j jrw.n.j sšm wj ḫprw m ḥꜥw.jIlluminate for me, those whom I made! Lead me, those who came into being through my flesh!
* (intransitive) to come to exist or take place (in the currently relevant context); to occur, to happen, to appear, to arise (+ m-ꜥ: to happen to) [since the Pyramid Texts]
** c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 21–23: sḏd.j r.f n.k mjtt jrj ḫpr(.w) m-ꜥ.j ḏs.jEven so, let me recount to you something similar to this that happened to me myself.
** c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) line 2.2: nj rḫ.n.tw ḫprt jrrt nṯr ḫft ḫsf.fOne cannot know what might come to be or what the god might do when he punishes.
** c. 1600 BCE, Westcar Papyrus, column 4, line 18:
    ḏj.j sḏm ḥm.k bjꜣyt ḫprt […]I will let Your Majesty hear a wonder that happened […]
* (intransitive) to evolve, to develop, to transform (+ m: to turn into, to become) [since the Pyramid Texts]
** c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 67–73: jw wp.n.f r(ꜣ).f r.j jw.j ḥr ẖt.j m bꜣḥ.f ḏd.f n.j (j)n-mj jn tw zpwj snwj nḏs (j)n-mj jn tw jr wdf.k m ḏd n.j jn tw r jw pn rdj.j rḫ.k tw jw.k m ss⟨f⟩ ḫpr.t(j) m ntj nj mꜣ.t(w).fHe opened his mouth at me while I was on my belly before him, saying to me: ―Who brought you, who brought you, little man? Who brought you? If you delay in telling me who brought you to this island, I will make you know yourself as ashes, transformed into that which cannot be seen.
** c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 149–150: ꜥḥꜥ.n sbt.n.f jm.j m nn ḏd.n.j m nf m jb.f ḏd.f n.j (j)n wr n.k ꜥntjw ḫpr.t(j) ⟨m⟩ nb sntrThen he laughed at me – and at this that I’d said – as being wrong to his mind, saying to me: Are you abundant in myrrh, turned into a lord of incense?
* (intransitive, of time) to come, to arrive

#### Inflection

infinitival forms
imperative
infinitive
negatival complement
complementary infinitive$^1$
singular
plural
ḫpr
ḫprw, ḫpr
ḫprt
ḫpr
ḫpr
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem
periphrastic imperfective$^2$
periphrastic prospective$^2$
ḫpr
ḥr ḫpr
m ḫpr
r ḫpr
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood
active
contingent
aspect / mood
active
perfect
ḫpr.n
consecutive
ḫpr.jn
terminative
ḫprt
perfective$^3$
ḫpr
obligative$^1$
ḫpr.ḫr
imperfective
ḫpr
prospective$^3$
ḫpr
potentialis$^1$
ḫpr.kꜣ
subjunctive
ḫpr
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
participles
active
active
passive
perfect
ḫpr.n
perfective
ḫpr
ḫpr
ḫpr, ḫprw$^5$, ḫpry$^5$
imperfective
ḫpr, ḫpry, ḫprw$^5$
ḫpr, ḫprj$^6$, ḫpry$^6$
ḫpr, ḫprw$^5$
prospective
ḫpr, ḫprtj$^7$
ḫprtj$^4$, ḫprt$^4$
$^1$ Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
$^2$ Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
$^3$ Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
$^4$ Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
$^5$ Only in the masculine singular.
$^6$ Only in the masculine.
$^7$ Only in the feminine. :

#### Alternative forms

| ḫpr | ḫpr |

#### Derived terms

* mn-ḫpr-rꜥ
* ḫprj
* ḫprw
* ḫpr-kꜣ-rꜥ
* ḫpr-ḏs.f
* sḫpr

#### Descendants

* Bohairic Coptic: ϣⲱⲡⲓ (šōpi)
* Sahidic Coptic: ϣⲱⲡⲉ (šōpe)
* Fayyumic Coptic: ϣⲱⲡⲓ (šōpi)
* Lycopolitan Coptic: ϣⲱⲡⲉ (šōpe)
* Proto-Lycopolitan Coptic: ⳃⲱⲡⲉ (çōpe)
* Coptic Dialect P: ⳋⲱⲡⲉ (çōpe)
* Akhmimic Coptic: ⳉⲱⲡⲉ (xōpe)

### Proper noun

m
* a serekh name notably borne by Djedefre, a pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty

### References

* Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926–1961) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN
* von Beckerath, Jürgen (1995) “Ḫpr/ḫpr(w)/ḫpr(w)w in den Königsnamen des Neuen Reiches nach griechischer Überlieferung” in Divitiae aegypti: Koptologische und verwandte Studien zu Ehren von Martin Krause, edited by Cäcilia Fluck, Lucia Langener, Siegfried Richter, Sofia Schaten, and Gregor Wurst. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. 15–18.
* Atiya, Aziz Suryal, editor (1991), “Protodialect”, in The Coptic Encyclopedia‎, New York: Macmillan, →ISBN
* Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 84
* Leprohon, Ronald (2013) Denise Doxey, editor, The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary, Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, →ISBN, page 35
* von Beckerath, Jürgen (1984) Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen, München: Deutscher Kunstverlag, →ISBN, pages 52, 179
* ↑ Loprieno, Antonio (2001) “From Ancient Egyptian to Coptic” in Haspelmath, Martin et al. (eds.), Language Typology and Language Universals.
* ↑ Nederhof, Mark-Jan, Papyrus Westcar, page 14
* ↑ Or ‘You aren’t abundant in myrrh …’, if the initial particle is read as negative nj instead of interrogative jn. The expected negative particle for such a clause would be nn, so an interrogative is more plausible. For a detailed discussion see Scalf, Foy (2009) “Is That a Rhetorical Question? Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage 1115) 150 Reconsidered” in Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, volume 136, issue 2, pages 155–159.