# 讒

| 讒 | U+8B92, &#35730; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8B92 |
| ← 讑 [U+8B91] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 讓 → [U+8B93] |

## Translingual
### Han character

讒 (Kangxi radical 149, 言+17, 24 strokes, cangjie input 卜口弓口戈 (YRNRI), four-corner 0761$_6$, composition ⿰訁毚)

#### Derived characters

* 𡆙, 𡿣

#### Related characters

* 谗 (Simplified Chinese)

### Further reading

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1187, character 9
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 36137
* Dae Jaweon: page 1651, character 12
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4032, character 6
* Unihan data for U+8B92

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 纔 | *zlɯː, *zlɯːs, *sraːm |
| 讒 | *zrɯːm, *zraːms |
| 饞 | *zrɯːm |
| 毚 | *zrɯːm, *zraːm |
| 欃 | *zrɯːm, *zraːms |
| 攙 | *zrɯːm, *sʰraːm |
| 儳 | *zrɯːm, *zrɯːms, *sʰraːms |
| 酁 | *zrɯːm |
| 瀺 | *zrɯːmʔ |
| 嚵 | *sʰraːms, *zraːm, *zlamʔ |
| 巉 | *zraːm, *zraːmʔ |
| 劖 | *zraːm |
| 艬 | *zraːm, *zraːms |
| 鑱 | *zraːm, *zraːms |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *zrɯːm, *zraːms): semantic 言 (“speech”) + phonetic 毚 (OC *zrɯːm, *zraːm)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chán (chan$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄢˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): caam$^4$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chhâm / châm
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chán
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chán
*** Wade–Giles: chʻan$^2$
*** Yale: chán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: charn
*** Palladius: чань (čanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰän³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: caam$^4$
*** Yale: chàahm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsaam$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cam$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰaːm²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhâm / châm
*** Tâi-lô: tshâm / tsâm
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhaam, zaam
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰam²⁴/, /t͡sam²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰam²⁴/, /t͡sam²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰam¹³/, /t͡sam¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰam²⁴/, /t͡sam²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰam²³/, /t͡sam²³/
* Middle Chinese: dzream, dzraemH
Rime :
| Character | 讒 | 讒 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 崇 (20) | 崇 (20) |
| Final (韻) | 咸 (151) | 銜 (149) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | II | II |
| Fanqie | 士咸切 | 士懺切 |
| Baxter | dzream | dzraemH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡ʒˠɛm/ | /d͡ʒˠam$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɖ͡ʐᵚæm/ | /ɖ͡ʐᵚam$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡ʒɐm/ | /d͡ʒam$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɖ͡ʐəɨm/ | /ɖ͡ʐaɨm$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /d͡ʒɐm/ | /d͡ʒam$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /d͡ʒɐm/ | /d͡ʒam$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɖ͡ʐʱăm/ | /ɖ͡ʐʱam$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | chán | zhàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | caam$^4$ | zaam$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*zrɯːm/, /*zraːms/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 讒 | 讒 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 1221 | 1242 |
| Phonetic component | 毚 | 毚 |
| Rime group | 侵 | 談 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 讒 | 鑱 |
| Old Chinese | /*zrɯːm/ | /*zraːms/ |

### Definitions

讒
* to slander; to defame; to vilify; to speak maliciously of others
    From: Cao Xueqin, Dream of the Red Chamber, mid-18th century CE
    “wǒ de xīngān, nǐ shuōdeshì, zánmen chán tā liǎng ge.” [Pinyin]
    "My dear, you are right indeed, let's slander them both."
* slander; defamation; libel
    From: 青蓮室主人, 《後水滸傳》 (The Later Story of Water Margin), 17th century CE
    Zhǐ shuō zhè Wángmó bèi sì ge dìxiōng xiàn chán gǎnzhú, yīshí fènqì, bēn xiàshān lái. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    From: The Verses of Chu, 4th century BCE – 2nd century CE
    Chán rén gāo zhāng, xiánshì wúmíng. [Pinyin]
    The people who commit slander loudly prevail, the virtuous hide in obscurity.
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Jūnzǐ xìn chán, rú huò shòu zhī. Jūnzǐ bù huì, bù shū jiū zhī. [Pinyin]
    Our sovereign believes slanders, as readily as he joins in the pledge cup. Our sovereign is unkind, And does not leisurely examine into things.
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) slanderer
    From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Qù chán yuǎn sè, jiàn huò ér guì dé, suǒ yǐ quàn xián yě. [Pinyin]
    Discarding slanderers, and keeping himself from the seductions of beauty; making light of riches, and giving honour to virtue — this is the way for him to encourage men of worth and talents.
    From: Guanzi, 5th century BCE to 220 CE
    Shì yǐ zhōngwài bùtōng, chán tè bù shēng, fù yán bùjí guān zhōng zhī shì. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 讒(ざん) (zan)
* → Korean: 참(讒) (cham)
* → Vietnamese: sàm (讒)

### Compounds

* 聽讒 / 听谗
* 聽讒惑亂 / 听谗惑乱
* 讒人 / 谗人
* 讒佞 / 谗佞 (chánnìng)
* 讒口 / 谗口
* 讒害 / 谗害 (chánhài)
* 讒慝 / 谗慝
* 讒構 / 谗构
* 讒臣 / 谗臣
* 讒言 / 谗言 (chányán)
* 讒言佞語 / 谗言佞语
* 讒諂 / 谗谄
* 讒譖 / 谗谮
* 讒間 / 谗间
* 讒隙 / 谗隙
* 讒鼎 / 谗鼎
* 進讒 / 进谗 (jìnchán)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: ぜん (zen)
* Kan-on: さん (san)
* Kan’yō-on: ざん (zan)
* Kun: そしる (soshiru, 讒る)、いつわる (itsuwaru)、よこしま (yokoshima)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 讒
* ざん Hyōgai
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 讒 (MC dzream|dzraemH).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ざん [záꜜǹ] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [d͡zã̠ɴ]

### Noun

讒(ざん) • (zan)
* false charge; slander; defamation

#### Derived terms

* 讒陥(ざんかん) (zankan)
* 讒言(ざんげん) (zangen)
* 讒口(ざんこう) (zankō)
* 讒構(ざんこう) (zankō)
* 讒者(ざんしゃ) (zansha)
* 讒臣(ざんしん) (zanshin)
* 讒(ざん)訴(そ) (zanso)
* 讒奏(ざんそう) (zansō)
* 讒佞(ざんねい) (zannei)
* 讒(ざん)誣(ぶ) (zanbu)
* 讒謗(ざんぼう) (zanbō)
* 讒(ざん)する (zansuru)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 讒 (MC dzream|dzraemH). Recorded as Middle Korean 참 (cham) (Yale: cham) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

讒 (eumhun 참소할 참 (chamsohal cham))
* hanja form of 참 (“to slander”)

#### Compounds

* 기참 (譏讒, gicham)
* 무참 (誣讒, mucham)
* 참구 (讒口, chamgu)
* 참구 (讒構, chamgu)
* 참기 (讒譏, chamgi)
* 참녕 (讒佞, chamnyeong)
* 참무 (讒誣, chammu)
* 참방 (讒謗, chambang)
* 참부 (讒夫, chambu)
* 참설 (讒舌, chamseol)
* 참설 (讒說, chamseol)
* 참소 (讒訴, chamso)
* 참신 (讒臣, chamsin)
* 참언 (讒言, chameon)
* 참인 (讒人, chamin)
* 참자 (讒者, chamja)
* 참주 (讒奏, chamju)
* 참질 (讒嫉, chamjil)
* 참첨 (讒諂, chamcheom)
* 참투 (讒妬, chamtu)
* 참함 (讒陷, chamham)
* 참훼 (讒毁, chamhwe)
* 청참 (聽讒, cheongcham)
* 훼참 (毁讒, hwecham)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

讒: Hán Việt readings: sàm (士(sĩ)咸(hàm)切(thiết)), gièm
讒: Nôm readings: gièm, sàm, xàm, sòm, sờm, sồm, sóm
* chữ Hán form of sàm (“to slander”).
* chữ Nôm form of gièm (“to slander”).
* chữ Nôm form of xàm (“to chatter; to prattle”).

#### Compounds

* 讒謗 (sàm báng)

### References

* 1 2 3 4 Nguyễn (2014).
* 1 2 3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Trần (2004).
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bonet (1899).
* 1 2 3 Génibrel (1898).
* 1 2 3 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
* 1 2 Hồ (1976).