# alam
## Estonian
### Etymology

Ultimately derived from ala (“area”).

### Noun

alam (genitive alama, partitive alama)
* inferior, something or someone that is of a lower standing

#### Derived terms

* alam-

## Hanunoo
### Etymology

Borrowed from Malay alam, from Arabic عَالَم (ʕālam).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈʔalam/ [ˈʔa.lɐm]
* Rhymes: -alam
* Syllabification: a‧lam

### Noun

alam (Hanunoo spelling ᜠᜮᜫ᜴)
* knowledge; understanding; comprehension
    Magkaalaman yi niko.I know.

#### Derived terms

* maalaman

### Further reading

* Conklin, Harold C. (1953) Hanunóo-English Vocabulary (University of California Publications in Linguistics), volume 9, London, England: University of California Press, →OCLC, page 24

## Hiligaynon
### Etymology

Borrowed from Malay alam, from Arabic عَالَم (ʕālam).

### Pronunciation

* Hyphenation: a‧lam
* IPA: /ˈʔalam/ [ˈʔa.lam]

### Noun

álam
* knowledge, learning

#### Derived terms

* kaalam
* maalam
* mag-alam
* paalam

## Indonesian
### Pronunciation

* (Standard Indonesian) IPA: /ˈalam/ [ˈa.lam]
* Rhymes: -alam
* Syllabification: a‧lam

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Malay alam, from Classical Malay عالم (alam), from Arabic عَالَم (ʕālam).

#### Noun

alam (plural alam-alam)
* universe: the sum of everything that exists in the cosmos, including time and space itself.
* nature: the natural world; that which consists of all things unaffected by or predating human technology, production, and design.
* world
    Synonym: dunia
* realm: a territory or state, as ruled by a specific power, especially by a king.
    Synonyms: daerah, kerajaan, negeri

##### Derived terms

* alami
* beralam
* kealaman
* alam akhirat
* alam arwah
* alam astral
* alam baka
* alam barzakh
* alam besar
* alam fana
* alam gaib
* alam kabir
* alam kecil
* alam kekal
* alam kelanggengan
* alam kubur
* alam malakut
* alam misal
* alam nabati
* alam pikiran
* alam rahim
* alam raya
* alam sagir
* alam samar
* alam semesta
* alam semesta datar
* alam semesta terbuka
* alam semesta tertutup
* gas alam
* ilmu alam
* ilmu pengetahuan alam

### Etymology 2

From Arabic عَلَم (ʕalam, “flag, banner; authority, distinguished man”).

#### Noun

alam
* banner, standard
    Synonyms: bendera, panji
* an official of religious affairs in Banten and Madura

##### Derived terms

* berpengalaman
* mengalami
* pengalam
* pengalaman

### References

* ↑ Erwina Burhanuddin, Abdul Gaffar Ruskhan, R.B. Chrismanto (1993) Penelitian kosakata bahasa Arab dalam bahasa Indonesia [Research on Arabic vocabulary in Indonesian]‎, Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, →ISBN, →OCLC
* ↑ Erwina Burhanuddin, Abdul Gaffar Ruskhan, R.B. Chrismanto (1993) Penelitian kosakata bahasa Arab dalam bahasa Indonesia [Research on Arabic vocabulary in Indonesian]‎, Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, →ISBN, →OCLC

### Further reading

* “alam” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Kavalan
### Noun

alam
* bird

## Lacandon
### Adverb

alam
* down

## Latin
### Pronunciation

* ālam: (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈaː.lam/, [ˈäːɫ̪ä̃ˑ]
* ālam: (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈa.lam/, [ˈäːläm]
* alam: (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈa.lam/, [ˈäɫ̪ä̃ˑ]
* alam: (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈa.lam/, [ˈäːläm]

### Noun

ālam f
* accusative singular of āla

### Verb

alam
* inflection of alō:
** first-person singular future active indicative
** first-person singular present active subjunctive

## Malay
### Etymology

From Arabic عَالَم (ʕālam).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈalam/ [ˈa.lam]
* Rhymes: -am
* Hyphenation: a‧lam

### Noun

alam (Jawi spelling عالم, plural alam-alam, informal 1st possessive alamku, 2nd possessive alammu, 3rd possessive alamnya)
* realm, world
* field (of interest)
* (biology, taxonomy) kingdom: A rank in the classification of organisms, below domain and above phylum; a taxon at that rank (e.g. the plant kingdom, the animal kingdom).
    Synonym: kerajaan (Indonesian)

#### Derived terms

* alam baqa (“afterlife”)
* alam barzakh (“Islamic afterlife”)
* alam maya (“social media”)
* alam semesta (“universe”)

#### Descendants

* → Hanunoo: alam
* → Hiligaynon: alam
* → Indonesian: alam
* → Tagalog: alam

### Further reading

* “alam” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.

## Old Irish
### Noun

alam
* herd, flock

## Portuguese
### Verb

alam
* third-person plural present indicative of alar

## Tagalog
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Malay alam, from Arabic عَالَم (ʕālam, “world, universe”), from Aramaic עָלְמָא / ܥܳܠܡܳܐ (ʿāləmā) or Hebrew עוֹלָם (ʿōlām), possibly from Akkadian 𒂖𒆷𒈬𒌋𒀀 (/⁠ellamu, illamu⁠/). Compare Bikol Central aram.

#### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog)
** IPA: /ʔaˈlam/ [ʔɐˈlam] (noun; adjective)
*** Rhymes: -am
** IPA: /ˈʔalam/ [ˈʔaː.lɐm] (now uncommon) (noun)
*** Rhymes: -alam
* Syllabification: a‧lam

#### Noun

alám or alam (Baybayin spelling ᜀᜎᜋ᜔)
* knowledge; learning; wisdom
    Synonyms: talino, dunong
* understanding; sense
    Synonym: unawa
* involvement; participation
* (obsolete) goodwill; kindheartedness
    Synonyms: bait, mabuting-loob
    Malaking lubha ang alam ng loob mo.The kindness of your heart is too great.
* (obsolete) gentleness; meekness
    Synonym: amo
* (obsolete) affability

#### Adjective

alám (Baybayin spelling ᜀᜎᜋ᜔)
* known; familiar
    Synonyms: batid, lantad
* aware; conscious; cognizant; sensible
    Synonyms: batid, tukoy
* clear; understood
    Synonym: maliwanag

##### Derived terms

* alaman
* alamin
* bigay-alam
* dalub-alaman
* hindi alam
* hindi ko alam
* ipaalam
* ipagbigay-alam
* kaalam
* kaalam-alam
* kaalaman
* kawalang-alam
* kinalaman
* maalam
* magbigay-alam
* magkaalaman
* makaalam
* makialam
* makipag-alam
* malaman
* mapag-alaman
* mapakialam
* nakaaalam
* nakakaalam
* pagbibigay-alam
* pagbigay-alaman
* pagbigyang-alam
* pagkaalam
* pagkakaalam
* pagmaalaman
* pagmamaalam
* pakialam
* pakialaman
* pakialamera
* pakialamero
* pakikipag-alam
* umalam
* walang-kinalaman
* walang-nalalaman

##### Related terms

* ulama

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ˈʔalam/ [ˈʔaː.lɐm]
* Rhymes: -alam
* Syllabification: a‧lam

#### Noun

alam (Baybayin spelling ᜀᜎᜋ᜔) (obsolete)
* notification or request asking permission to proceed

##### Usage notes

* The sense is now only used in derived terms.

##### Derived terms

* magpaalam
* magpaalaman
* makapagpaalam
* mamaalam
* paalam
* pagkapagpaalam
* pagpaalaman
* pagpapaalam
* pagpapaalaman
* pamamaalam

### Further reading

* “alam”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018
* Noceda, Fr. Juan José de, Sanlucar, Fr. Pedro de (1860) Vocabulario de la lengua tagala, compuesto por varios religiosos doctos y graves‎ (in Spanish), Manila: Ramirez y Giraudier
* San Buena Ventura, Fr. Pedro de (1613) Juan de Silva, editor, Vocabulario de lengua tagala: El romance castellano puesto primero‎, La Noble Villa de Pila
** page 27: “Afabilidad) Alam (pp) y buena cõdiciõ”
** page 96: “Auiſar) Alam (pc) haçiendo ſaver algo a alguno”
** page 108: “Benignidad) Alam (pp) de coraçon”
** page 108: “Benigno) Alam (pp) y manſo de coraçon”
** page 110: “Bienacondicionado) Alam (pp) benigno y manſo”
** page 124: “Buena condiçion) Alam (pp) y afable”
** page 180: “Condiçion) Alam (pp) buena”
** page 183: “Consorte) Alam (pp) en lo que hiço alguno, caalam, el tal conſorte”
** page 214: “Dar) Alam [(pp)] licençia al que la pide”
** page 244: “Deſpedirſe) Alam (pp) pidiendo licençia”
** page 389: “Liçençia) Alam (pp) [pedir a] alguno para irſe”
** page 406: “Manſedumbre) Alam (pp) interior y exterior”
** page 406: “Manſo) Alam (pp) que de nada ſe altera”
** page 444: “Noble) Alam (pp) de condiçion y bondad”
** page 446: “Noſe) Alam (pp) loque [ſe me] pregunta”
** page 472: “Pedir) Alam (pp) liçençia para irſe”
** page 538: “Saber) Alam (pp) alguna coſa”
** page 538: “Sabiduria) Alam [(pp)]”
** page 602: “Voluntad) Alam (pp) buena”

### Anagrams

* alma, Alma

## Ternate
### Etymology

Ultimately from Arabic عَالَم (ʕālam).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈa.lam]

### Noun

alam
* world, universe

### References

* Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

## Tok Pisin
### Etymology

From English alarm.

### Noun

alam
* alarm

## Uzbek
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic عَلَم (ʕalam).

### Noun

alam (plural alamlar)
* flag