# ʻ

| ʻ | U+02BB, &#699; MODIFIER LETTER TURNED COMMA |
| ← ʺ [U+02BA] | Spacing Modifier Letters | ʼ → [U+02BC] |
| ՙ | U+0559, &#1369; ARMENIAN MODIFIER LETTER LEFT HALF RING |
* [unassigned: U+0557–U+0558]
| ← Ֆ [U+0556] | Armenian | ՚ → [U+055A] |
* Alternative form used for the Tahitian ʻeta.

## Translingual
### Symbol

ʻ
* Spiritus asper used in Wade-Giles romanization of Mandarin Chinese.
    Tʻai-pei or Taipei, capital of Taiwan (ROC)
** 1898, Harlan P. Beach, Dawn on the Hills of Tʻang‎ (in English), New York, →OCLC, page 154:Chiang-su was the main centre of the great Tʻai Pʻing rebellion, Nanking being the rebel capital from 1853 to 1864.
** 1904, C. D. Tenney, Geography of Asia‎ (in English), New York: MacMillan and Co, →OCLC, page 6:Chʻing-wang-tao (秦皇島) is a deep water port on the Gulf of Pechili, and is important as a port for the shipping of coal, and also as the winter port for the exports and imports of Tientsin.
** 1913, Kinosuke Inouye, “The Coal Resources of Manchuria”, in The Coal Resources of the World‎, volume 1 (in English), Morang & Co. Limited, →OCLC, page 256:Coal is found in several places along the Hun-chiang on the north-east of Tʻung-hua.
** For more quotations using this term, see Citations:ʻ.
* (UPA, NAPA) aspiration.
* (IPA, obsolete) (light) aspiration.
* (ALA-LC romanization) transliteration of the Semitic letter ayin.
    Synonyms: ʿ, ʽ, ᶜ
* (international standards) Transliterates Perso-Arabic letter ع in Indic languages.

#### Usage notes

* The spiritus asper was added to the IPA for light aspiration in 1929, with a full letter ⟨h⟩ used for heavy aspiration. Sometime in the 1970s the superscript ⟨ʰ⟩ was approved as an alternative to the spiritus asper, and in 1979 the other two options were withdrawn.

### Further reading
## Armenian
### Diacritical mark

ʻ
* In dialectological notation, used to indicate the aspiration of բ (b), դ (d), գ (g), ձ (j) and ջ (ǰ) in some dialects: բʻ (bʻ), դʻ (dʻ), գʻ (gʻ), ձʻ (jʻ), ջʻ (ǰʻ).

#### Usage notes

According to the Unicode Standard, there is no left half ring in Armenian. Unicode character U+0559 is not used. It appears that this character is a duplicate character, which was encoded to represent U+02BB MODIFIER LETTER TURNED COMMA, used in Armenian transliteration. U+02BB is preferred for this purpose.

### See also

* (The Armenian script): Աա Բբ Գգ Դդ Եե Զզ Էէ Ըը Թթ Ժժ Իի Լլ Խխ Ծծ Կկ Հհ Ձձ Ղղ Ճճ Մմ Յյ Նն Շշ Ոո Չչ Պպ Ջջ Ռռ Սս Վվ Տտ Րր Ցց Ււ Փփ Քք Օօ Ֆֆ
* (Letter combinations): ու և ﬔ ﬕ ﬓ ﬗ ﬖ
* (Dialectological): ՠ / ա̈ ա̊ ա̄ ը̂ է̀ էօ / օ̈ էօ̀ / օ̈̀ իւ / ո̈ւ գ$^յ$ կ$^յ$ ք$^յ$ հ$^յ$ բՙ դՙ գՙ ձՙ ջՙ ղՙ ֈ ʔ
* (Punctuation):  ՙ  ՚ ՛ ՜ ՝ ՞ ՟ ․ ։ ֊
* (Symbols): ֏ ֎ ֍

### References

* ↑ The Unicode Standard 15.0, page 322

### Further reading

* Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1911) Hay barbaṙagitutʻiwn. Uruagic ew dasaworutʻiwn hay barbaṙneri (barbaṙagitakan kʻartēsov) [Armenian dialectology: A sketch and classification of Armenian dialects (with a dialect map)] (Ēminean azgagrakan žoġovacu; 8) (in Armenian), Moscow and Nor Nakhichevan: Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages, page 10
* Ovsepjan, L. S., Gevorkjan, G. G. (2013) “Армянские диалекты (общий обзор) [Armenian dialects (general overview)]”, in Yuri B.Koryakov and Andrej A. Kibrik, editors, Языки мира: Реликтовые индоевропейские языки Передней и Центральной Азии [Languages of the World: Relict Indo-European languages of Western and Central Asia]‎ (in Russian), Moscow: Academia, page 324

## Hawaiian
### Pronunciation

* (phoneme) IPA: /ʔ/

### Letter

ʻ (no case)
* The thirteenth letter of the Hawaiian alphabet, called ʻokina and written in the Latin script.

### See also

* (Latin-script letters) A a (Ā ā), E e (Ē ē), I i (Ī ī), O o (Ō ō), U u (Ū ū), H h, K k, L l, M m, N n, P p, W w, ʻ

## Khoekhoe
### Letter

ʻ (no case)
* (obsolete) the alveolar clicks, modern ⟨ǃ⟩. (Besides the plain letter ⟨ʻ⟩, this is used for the alveolar click consonants ⟨ʻk ʻg ʻn ʻh ʻkh⟩.)
    See also ꞏ, ʼ, ꞉.

## Tahitian
### Alternative forms

* ⟨ʼ⟩

### Pronunciation

* (phoneme) IPA: /ʔ/
* (letter) IPA: /ʔeta/

### Letter

ʻ (no case)
* A letter of the Tahitian alphabet, the ʻeta.

#### Usage notes

In formal typesetting, the ʻeta is rotated 90 degrees. This does not have a separate Unicode character.

## Tongan
### Pronunciation

* (phoneme) IPA: /ʔ/

### Letter

ʻ (no case)
* The seventeenth letter of the Tongan alphabet, called fakauʻa and written in the Latin script.

### See also

* (Latin-script letters) A a, E e, F f, H h, I i, K k, L l, M m, N n, Ng ng, O o, P p, S s, T t, U u, V v, ʻ

## Uzbek
### Diacritical mark

ʻ
* A component of the Latin-script letters ⟨gʻ⟩ and ⟨oʻ⟩.