# 商

| 商 | U+5546, &#21830; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5546 |
| ← 啅 [U+5545] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 啇 → [U+5547] |

## Translingual
### Han character

商 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 卜金月口 (YCBR), four-corner 0022$_7$, composition ⿳亠丷冏)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 194, character 32
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3803
* Dae Jaweon: page 415, character 9
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 288, character 6
* Unihan data for U+5546

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 商 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 商 | *hljaŋ |
| 蔏 | *hljaŋ |
| 螪 | *hljaŋ |
Many theories around the origin of this character exist.
* Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *hljaŋ): semantic 㕯 (“to speak slowly”) + phonetic 章 (OC *kjaŋ)， according to Xu Shen. The phonetic component is contracted. It originally conveyed the meaning of "to estimate the inside from outside." Later, it came to mean "to trade" or "to engage in commerce."
* Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) depicting placing and burning firewood (辛, here used as an abbreviation of 薪 (“firewood”)) on a pedestal (丙) to worship Antares. 口 was added later when this character started being used for the name of a dynasty.
The interpretation of a wine vessel on sale on a table is folk etymology.

#### References

* ↑ Digital Shinjigen 2017

### Etymology

Traditionally it is considered that 商人 (shāngrén) is so named because this term originally refers to people from Shang dynasty, who tend to do business.
From 賒 (OC *hljaː) plus terminative suffix *-ŋ (Schuessler, 2007). See there for further etymology.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): shāng (shang$^1$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄕㄤ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): sang$^1$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): soeng$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): siang$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): sông
    (Meixian, Guangdong): song$^1$
* Jin (Wiktionary): son$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): sióng
* Eastern Min (BUC): siŏng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): syong$^1$ / syeng$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): siong / siang
    (Teochew, Peng'im): siang$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$saon
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): san$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shāng
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄤ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shang
*** Wade–Giles: shang$^1$
*** Yale: shāng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shang
*** Palladius: шан (šan)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂɑŋ⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: sang$^1$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: sang
*** Sinological IPA : /saŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: soeng$^1$
*** Yale: sēung
*** Cantonese Pinyin: soeng$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sêng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sœːŋ⁵⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: siang$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /siaŋ³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sông
*** Hakka Romanization System: song$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: song$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /soŋ²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: song$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /sɔŋ⁴⁴/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: son$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /sɒ̃¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: sióng
*** Sinological IPA : /siɔŋ⁵⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: siŏng
*** Sinological IPA : /suoŋ⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: syong$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬyɒŋ⁵³³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: syeng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬyøŋ⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Nan'an, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siong
*** Tâi-lô: siong
*** Phofsit Daibuun: siofng
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /siɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Nan'an): /siɔŋ³³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Zhangpu)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siang
*** Tâi-lô: siang
*** Phofsit Daibuun: siafng
*** IPA (Zhangpu): /siaŋ⁵⁵/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /siaŋ⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: siang$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: siang
*** Sinological IPA : /siaŋ³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$saon
*** MiniDict: saon$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$saan
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /sɑ̃⁵³/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: san$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /san³³/
* Middle Chinese: syang
Rime :
| Character | 商 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 書 (26) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (105) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 式羊切 |
| Baxter | syang |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɕɨɐŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɕiɐŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɕiɑŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɕɨaŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /ɕiaŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /ɕĭaŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɕi̯aŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shāng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | soeng$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-taŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*hljaŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 商 | 商 | 商 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | shāng | shāng | shāng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ syang › | ‹ syang › | ‹ syang › |
| Old Chinese | /*s-taŋ/ | /*s-taŋ/ | /*s-taŋ/ |
| English | musical note | (place name) | estimate; business; trader |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 商 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 11097 |
| Phonetic component | 商 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 商 |
| Old Chinese | /*hljaŋ/ |

### Definitions

商
* trade; commerce; business
    From: Wang Chong, Lun Heng (Discussive Weighing), 80 CE, translated based on Alfred Forke's version
    Shāng zé yǒu jū shàn jí shòu zhī huò. [Pinyin]
    In commerce those sort of people manage to get excellent merchandise, which sells without delay.
* businessman; dealer; trader; merchant
    From: The Book of Lord Shang, circa 3rd century BCE, translated based on J.J.L. Duyvendak's version
    Shǐ shāng wúdé dí, nóng wúdé tiào. [Pinyin]
    Do not allow merchants to buy grain nor farmers to sell grain.
    From: Wang Chong, Lun Heng (Discussive Weighing), 80 CE, translated based on Alfred Forke's version
    Fùjiā zhī shāng, bì duó pínshì zhī cái. [Pinyin]
    Merchants of wealthy houses will certainly snatch away the property of poor families.
* (mathematics) quotient
    6除以2的商是3。 ― 6 chúyǐ 2 de shāng shì 3. ― The quotient of 6 divided by 2 is 3.
* (music) the second note in the Chinese pentatonic scale
    From: Ban Gu, The Comprehensive Discussions in the White Tiger Hall, 79 CE, translated based on Tjan Tjoe Som's version
    Shāng zhě, zhāng yě, yīnqì kāi zhāng, yángqì shǐ jiàng yě;....... [Pinyin]
    Shāng means zhāng 'to expand'; the yin-fluid begins to expand [while] the yang-fuild begins to contract; [...].
* (～朝) Shang Dynasty
* to discuss; to consult
* (～宿) (Chinese astronomy) Alternative name for 心 (xīn, “Heart mansion (one of the Twenty-Eight Mansions)”).

#### Coordinate terms

* (Chinese pentatonic scale) 宮 / 宫 (gōng), 商 (shāng), 角, 徵 / 征, 羽

#### See also

Dynasties (朝代) in Chinese history :
| Name | Time period | Divisions | Divisions |
| Xia 夏 (～朝, ～代) | 2070 – 1600 BCE | | |
| Shang 商 (～朝, ～代) 殷 (～朝, ～代) | 1600 – 1046 BCE | | |
| Zhou 周 (～朝, ～代) | 1046 – 256 BCE | Western Zhou 西周 | |
| Zhou 周 (～朝, ～代) | 1046 – 256 BCE | Eastern Zhou 東周 / 东周 | Spring and Autumn period 春秋 |
| Zhou 周 (～朝, ～代) | 1046 – 256 BCE | Eastern Zhou 東周 / 东周 | Warring States period 戰國 / 战国 |
| Qin 秦 (～朝, ～代) | 221 – 206 BCE | | |
| Han 漢 / 汉 (～朝, ～代) | 206 BCE – 220 C.E. | Western Han 西漢 / 西汉 | Western Han 西漢 / 西汉 |
| Xin 新 (～朝) ||
| Eastern Han 東漢 / 东汉 ||
| Three Kingdoms 三國 / 三国 | 220 – 280 C.E. | Wei 魏 | Wei 魏 |
| Shu Han 蜀漢 / 蜀汉 ||
| Wu 吳 / 吴 ||
| Jin 晉 / 晋 (～朝, ～代) | 265 – 420 C.E. | Western Jin 西晉 / 西晋 | Western Jin 西晉 / 西晋 |
| Eastern Jin 東晉 / 东晋 ||
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Northern dynasties 北朝 | Northern Wei 北魏 |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Northern dynasties 北朝 | Western Wei 西魏 |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Northern dynasties 北朝 | Eastern Wei 東魏 / 东魏 |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Northern dynasties 北朝 | Northern Zhou 北周 |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Northern dynasties 北朝 | Northern Qi 北齊 / 北齐 |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Southern dynasties 南朝 | Liu Song 劉宋 / 刘宋 |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Southern dynasties 南朝 | Southern Qi 南齊 / 南齐 |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Southern dynasties 南朝 | Liang 梁 (～朝, ～代) |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Southern dynasties 南朝 | Chen 陳 / 陈 (～朝, ～代) |
| Sui 隋 (～朝, ～代) | 581 – 618 C.E. | | |
| Tang 唐 (～朝, ～代) | 618 – 907 C.E. | | |
| Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 五代十國 / 五代十国 | 907 – 960 C.E. | | |
| Liao 遼 / 辽 (～朝, ～代) | 907 – 1125 C.E. | | |
| Song 宋 (～朝, ～代) | 960 – 1279 C.E. | Northern Song 北宋 | Northern Song 北宋 |
| Southern Song 南宋 ||
| Western Xia 西夏 | 1038 – 1227 C.E. | | |
| Jin 金 (～朝, ～代) | 1115 – 1234 C.E. | | |
| Western Liao 西遼 / 西辽 | 1124 – 1218 C.E. | | |
| Yuan 元 (～朝, ～代) | 1271 – 1368 C.E. | | |
| Ming 明 (～朝, ～代) | 1368 – 1644 C.E. | | |
| Qing 清 (～朝, ～代) | 1636 – 1912 C.E. | | |

### Compounds

* 一片宮商 / 一片宫商
* 中心商品
* 中盤商 / 中盘商
* 中華商場 / 中华商场
* 中間商 / 中间商 (zhōngjiānshāng)
* 五口通商
* 代理商 (dàilǐshāng)
* 代銷商 / 代销商
* 供應商 / 供应商 (gōngyìngshāng)
* 便利商店 (biànlì shāngdiàn)
* 僑商 / 侨商 (qiáoshāng)
* 免稅商店 / 免税商店
* 共商大計 / 共商大计 (gòngshāngdàjì)
* 券商 (quànshāng)
* 動如參商 / 动如参商
* 包商
* 協商 / 协商 (xiéshāng)
* 參商 / 参商 (shēnshāng)
* 友誼商店 / 友谊商店 (yǒuyì shāngdiàn)
* 古董商
* 商丘 (Shāngqiū)
* 商事 (shāngshì)
* 商亭 (shāngtíng)
* 商人 (shāngrén)
* 商借 (shāngjiè)
* 商儈 / 商侩
* 商兌 / 商兑 (shāngduì)
* 商功
* 商務 / 商务 (shāngwù)
* 商務仲裁 / 商务仲裁
* 商君書 / 商君书 (Shāngjūnshū)
* 商品 (shāngpǐn)
* 商品情報 / 商品情报
* 商品條碼 / 商品条码
* 商品檢驗 / 商品检验
* 商圈 (shāngquān)
* 商埠 (shāngbù)
* 商場 / 商场 (shāngchǎng)
* 商女 (shāngnǚ)
* 商定 (shāngdìng)
* 商家 (shāngjiā)
* 商展
* 商山四皓
* 商店 (shāngdiàn)
* 商情 (shāngqíng)
* 商戰 / 商战
* 商數 / 商数 (shāngshù)
* 商旅 (shānglǚ)
* 商旅店
* 商書 / 商书
* 商會 / 商会 (shānghuì)
* 商朝 (Shāngcháo)
* 商業 / 商业 (shāngyè)
* 商業區 / 商业区 (shāngyèqū)
* 商業影片 / 商业影片
* 商業設計 / 商业设计
* 商業銀行 / 商业银行 (shāngyè yínháng)
* 商榷 (shāngquè)
* 商標 / 商标 (shāngbiāo)
* 商標法 / 商标法
* 商檢 / 商检
* 商歌
* 商法 (shāngfǎ)
* 商洛 (Shāngluò)
* 商洽 (shāngqià)
* 商港 (shānggǎng)
* 商湯 / 商汤
* 商用 (shāngyòng)
* 商略
* 商秋
* 商科 (shāngkē)
* 商約 / 商约
* 商紂 / 商纣
* 商股
* 商船 (shāngchuán)
* 商號 / 商号 (shānghào)
* 商蚷
* 商行 (shāngháng)
* 商訂 / 商订
* 商計 / 商计
* 商討 / 商讨 (shāngtǎo)
* 商談 / 商谈 (shāngtán)
* 商調 / 商调
* 商謎 / 商谜
* 商議 / 商议 (shāngyì)
* 商譽 / 商誉 (shāngyù)
* 商販 / 商贩 (shāngfàn)
* 商賈 / 商贾 (shānggǔ)
* 商購 / 商购
* 商酌 (shāngzhuó)
* 商量
* 商隊 / 商队 (shāngduì)
* 商頌 / 商颂
* 商風 / 商风 (shāngfēng)
* 商飆 / 商飙
* 國際商展 / 国际商展
* 在商言商
* 士農工商 / 士农工商 (shìnónggōngshāng)
* 外商 (wàishāng)
* 大邑商 (Dàyìshāng)
* 奸商 (jiānshāng)
* 婉商
* 官商 (guānshāng)
* 官商勾結 / 官商勾结 (guānshānggōujié)
* 官商合辦 / 官商合办
* 官督商辦 / 官督商办
* 客商 (kèshāng)
* 家商
* 宮商 / 宫商
* 密商 (mìshāng)
* 富商 (fùshāng)
* 富商大賈 / 富商大贾 (fùshāngdàgǔ)
* 少商
* 工商業 / 工商业 (gōngshāngyè)
* 工商社會 / 工商社会
* 工商階級 / 工商阶级
* 工商黃頁 / 工商黄页
* 巨商
* 平價商店 / 平价商店
* 廠商 / 厂商 (chǎngshāng)
* 建商
* 引商刻羽
* 從商 / 从商 (cóngshāng)
* 情商 (qíngshāng)
* 情緒智商 / 情绪智商
* 情趣商店 (qíngqù shāngdiàn)
* 承包商 (chéngbāoshāng)
* 批發商 / 批发商 (pīfāshāng)
* 承銷商 / 承销商
* 招商局
* 招商店
* 教育商數 / 教育商数
* 智力商數 / 智力商数
* 智商 (zhìshāng)
* 書商 / 书商 (shūshāng)
* 會商 / 会商 (huìshāng)
* 殷商 (Yīnshāng)
* 水商
* 沒商量 / 没商量
* 洽商 (qiàshāng)
* 洋商陸 / 洋商陆
* 海商
* 海商法 (hǎishāngfǎ)
* 清商 (qīngshāng)
* 清商樂 / 清商乐 (qīngshāngyuè)
* 無商不尖 / 无商不尖
* 熟商量
* 營商 / 营商 (yíngshāng)
* 片商 (piànshāng)
* 特約商店 / 特约商店
* 王商 (Wángshāng)
* 略無參商 / 略无参商
* 相商 (xiāngshāng)
* 研商 (yánshāng)
* 磋商 (cuōshāng)
* 私商
* 管商
* 籌商 / 筹商
* 紅頂商人 / 红顶商人 (hóngdǐng shāngrén)
* 紳商 / 绅商
* 經商 / 经商 (jīngshāng)
* 經銷商 / 经销商 (jīngxiāoshāng)
* 網路商場 / 网路商场
* 網路商機 / 网路商机
* 美商 (měishāng)
* 臺商 / 台商 (táishāng)
* 舶商
* 茶商 (cháshāng)
* 藥商 / 药商 (yàoshāng)
* 行口商
* 行商 (xíngshāng)
* 補助商業 / 补助商业
* 製造商 / 制造商 (zhìzàoshāng)
* 註冊商標 / 注册商标 (zhùcè shāngbiāo)
* 諮商 / 谘商 (zīshāng)
* 費商量 / 费商量
* 貿易商 / 贸易商
* 賈儒商秀 / 贾儒商秀
* 巡商
* 通商 (tōngshāng)
* 通商口岸 (tōngshāng kǒu'àn)
* 通商條約 / 通商条约
* 通商港 (tōngshānggǎng)
* 連鎖商店 / 连锁商店 (liánsuǒ shāngdiàn)
* 郵購商店 / 邮购商店
* 金融商品
* 零售商 (língshòushāng)
* 青年商店
* 高商
* 鹽商 / 盐商 (yánshāng)

### References

* “商”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00600
* ↑ Du Yu《春秋經傳集解》(Spring & Autumn Annals and Zuo Traditions - Collected Explanations) Vol. 2

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: しょう (shō, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: しょう (shō, Jōyō)
* Kun: あきなう (akinau, 商う, Jōyō)
* Nanori: あき (aki)

#### Compounds

* 農(のう)商(しょう) (nōshō): agriculture and commerce

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 商
* しょう Grade: 3
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 商 (syang, “commerce”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しょー [shóꜜò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɕo̞ː]

#### Noun

商(しょう) • (shō)
* dealing, dealer, merchant
* (arithmetic) quotient

#### See also

* 被(ひ)除(じょ)数(すう) (hijosū); 除(じょ)数(すう) (josū); 剰(じょう)余(よ) (jōyo)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 商
* あき Grade: 3
15th century (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Noun

商(あき) • (aki)
* (often in compounds) trade, the exchange of goods for goods, barter
    あきひと ― akihito ― a trader, person who trades

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 商 (MC syang). Recorded as Middle Korean 샤ᇰ (syang) (Yale: syang) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

Wikisource 商 (eumhun 장사 상 (jangsa sang))
* hanja form of 상 (“trade; commerce”)

#### Compounds

* 노점상 (露店商, nojeomsang)
* 도매상 (都賣商, domaesang)
* 상가 (商街, sangga)
* 상거래 (商去來, sanggeorae)
* 상공업 (商工業, sanggong'eop)
* 상권 (商權, sanggwon)
* 상법 (商法, sangbeop)
* 상선 (商船, sangseon)
* 상술 (商術, sangsul)
* 상업 (商業, sang'eop)
* 상인 (商人, sang'in)
* 상점 (商店, sangjeom)
* 상표 (商標, sangpyo)
* 상품 (商品, sangpum)
* 상호 (商號, sangho)
* 통상 (通商, tongsang)
* 행상 (行商, haengsang)
* 협상 (協商, hyeopsang)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

商: Hán Nôm readings: thương
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.