# 虔

| 虔 | U+8654, &#34388; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8654 |
| ← 虓 [U+8653] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 處 → [U+8655] |

## Translingual
### Han character

虔 (Kangxi radical 141, 虍+4, 10 strokes, cangjie input 卜心卜大 (YPYK), four-corner 2124$_0$, composition ⿸虍文)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1073, character 17
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 32686
* Dae Jaweon: page 1540, character 13
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2821, character 2
* Unihan data for U+8654

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 虔 :
| Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 虔 | *ɡren |
| 鰬 | *ɡren |
| 榩 | *ɡren |
According to the Shuowen Jiezi, Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡren): phonetic 文 (OC *mɯn) + semantic 虍. According to Li Xueqin (2012), the phonetic component is instead 虍 (OC *qʰaː).

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qián (qian$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄢˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): kin$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): khièn / khiàn
    (Hailu, HRS): kien
* Eastern Min (BUC): gièng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): geng$^2$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khiân
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qián
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cián
*** Wade–Giles: chʻien$^2$
*** Yale: chyán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyan
*** Palladius: цянь (cjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: kin$^4$
*** Yale: kìhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: kin$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: kin$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰiːn²¹/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khièn
*** Hakka Romanization System: kien$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kian$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯en¹¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiàn
*** Hakka Romanization System: kian$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kian$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯an¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: kien
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰien⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gièng
*** Sinological IPA : /kieŋ⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: geng$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɛŋ¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiân
*** Tâi-lô: khiân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qieen
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰiɛn²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiɛn²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰiɛn¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰiɛn²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰiɛn²³/
* Middle Chinese: gjen
Rime :
| Character | 虔 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 群 (30) |
| Final (韻) | 仙 (79) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 渠焉切 |
| Baxter | gjen |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɡˠiᴇn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɡᵚiɛn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɡiæn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /gian/ |
| Li Rong | /ɡjɛn/ |
| Wang Li | /ɡĭɛn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /gi̯ɛn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qián |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | kin$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ra[n]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡren/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 虔 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | qián |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ gjen › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɡ]ra[n]/ |
| English | kill; cut (v.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 虔 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 10260 |
| Phonetic component | 虔 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 乾 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡren/ |
| Notes | 讀若矜 |

#### Definitions

虔
* reverent; devout; pious; respectful; sincere
* (obsolete) looking like a tiger walking; strong; powerful
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to kill; to slaughter; to murder
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to plunder; to loot; to seize
* a surname

#### Compounds

* 乾虔 / 干虔
* 展子虔
* 心虔志誠 / 心虔志诚
* 敬虔主義 / 敬虔主义 (jìngqiánzhǔyì)
* 村虔
* 矯虔 / 矫虔
* 老虔婆
* 虔劉 / 虔刘
* 虔婆 (qiánpó)
* 虔婆勢 / 虔婆势
* 虔心 (qiánxīn)
* 虔恪 (qiánkè)
* 虔敬 (qiánjìng)
* 虔虔
* 虔誠 / 虔诚 (qiánchéng)
* 鄭虔 / 郑虔
* 風虔 / 风虔

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kiân / kian
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiân
*** Tâi-lô: kiân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kieen
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /kiɛn²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kian
*** Tâi-lô: kian
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kiefn
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kiɛn⁴⁴/

#### Definitions

虔
* (chiefly Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) Alternative form of 堅 / 坚 (“to congeal; to encrust”)

#### Compounds

* 虔凍 / 虔冻
* 虔巴
* 虔疕

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* respect

#### Readings

* Go-on: げん (gen)
* Kan-on: けん (ken)
* Kun: かたい (katai, 虔い)、しいる (shiiru, 虔いる)、つつしむ (tsutsushimu, 虔む)
* Nanori: たかし (takashi)、ただし (tadashi)、まさ (masa)、まさし (masashi)

#### Compounds

* 格(かっ)虔(けん) (kakken)
* 恭(きょう)虔(けん) (kyōken)
* 敬(けい)虔(けん) (keiken)

## Korean
### Hanja

虔 (eumhun 공경할 건 (gonggyeonghal geon))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Compounds

* 경건 (敬虔, gyeonggeon)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

虔: Hán Nôm readings: kiền
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.