# 榎

| 榎 | U+698E, &#27022; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-698E |
| ← 榍 [U+698D] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 榏 → [U+698F] |

## Translingual
### Han character

榎 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+10, 14 strokes, cangjie input 木一山水 (DMUE), four-corner 4194$_7$, composition ⿰木夏)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 542, character 21
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 15219
* Dae Jaweon: page 930, character 28
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1263, character 2
* Unihan data for U+698E

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 榎 | *kraːʔ |
| 廈 | *sraːs, *ɡraːʔ |
| 嗄 | *sqʰraːs, *qraːds |
| 夏 | *ɡraːʔ, *ɡraːs |

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jiǎ (jia$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄚˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gaa$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiǎ
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄚˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jiǎ
*** Wade–Giles: chia$^3$
*** Yale: jyǎ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jea
*** Palladius: цзя (czja)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gaa$^2$
*** Yale: gá
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gaa$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ga$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kaː³⁵/
* Middle Chinese: kaeX
Rime :
| Character | 榎 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (98) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 古疋切 |
| Baxter | kaeX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠa$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kᵚa$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ka$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kaɨ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ka$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ka$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ka$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiǎ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gaa$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*kraːʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 榎 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 13449 |
| Phonetic component | 夏 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 檟 |
| Old Chinese | /*kraːʔ/ |
| Notes | 同檟見爾雅 |

### Definitions

榎
* Manchurian catalpa (Catalpa bungei)
    Synonym: 楸 (qiū)

### Compounds

* 榎楚

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: け (ke)
* Kan-on: か (ka)
* Kun: え (e, 榎)、えのき (enoki, 榎)

#### Compounds

* 榎草(えのきぐさ) (enokigusa)
* 榎茸(えのきたけ) (enokitake): enokitake
* 榎寺(えのきでら) (enokidera)
* 榎(え)の実(み) (enomi)
* 榎本(えのもと) (Enomoto): A surname.
* 椋榎(むくえのき) (mukuenoki)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 榎
* え Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
From Old Japanese. Found in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.
There are various theories regarding the ultimate derivation of this e. Some of these include:
* From 枝 (e, eda, “branch”), from the many branches
* From 餌 (e, esa, “food for animals”), from the multitude of berries eaten by birds
* From 柄 (e, “handle”), from the way the wood was used for tool handles

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [e̞]

#### Noun

榎(え) • (e)
* Celtis sinensis, the Chinese hackberry tree
    Synonym: (see below) 榎 (enoki)
* (rare) the Chinese hackberry fruit
    Synonym: 榎の実 (e no mi, enoki no mi)

##### Usage notes

This reading is generally not used in isolation in modern Japanese.

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 榎
* えのき Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spellings
* 朴 𪱻
Compound of 榎 (e, “Chinese hackberry”) +‎ の (no, possessive particle) +‎ 木 (ki, “tree”). Compare the similar formation of various other tree names, such as 楠 (kusu, “camphor; camphor tree”) and 楠 (kusunoki, “camphor tree”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) えのき [ènókí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [e̞no̞kʲi]

#### Noun

榎(えのき) or 榎(エノキ) • (enoki)
* Celtis sinensis, the Chinese hackberry tree

##### Usage notes

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as エノキ.

#### Proper noun

榎(えのき) • (Enoki)
* a surname

### References

* ↑ c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 16, poem 3872:, text here
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

### Further reading

Etymology at Nihonjiten (in Japanese)

## Korean
### Hanja

榎 • (ga) (hangeul 가, revised ga, McCune–Reischauer ka, Yale ka)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.