OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 정보학
## Korean
### Etymology

Sino-Korean word from 정보(情報) (jeongbo) + 학(學) (hak).

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [t͡ɕʌ̹ŋbo̞ɦa̠k̚]
* Phonetic hangul: [정보학]

### Noun

정보학 • (jeongbohak) (hanja 情報學)
* informatics
    Synonym: 인포메틱스 (inpometikseu)
# limitation
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin limitatio. Morphologically limit +‎ -ation.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /lɪmɪˈteɪʃən/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -eɪʃən

### Noun

limitation (countable and uncountable, plural limitations)
* The act of limiting or the state of being limited.
* A restriction; a boundary, real or metaphorical, caused by some thing or some circumstance.
    Getting into his wheelchair after his amputation, it felt like a limitation you could roll in.
    He understood the exam material, but his fear was a limitation he could not overcome.
** 1962 December, “The Oxted Line diesel-electric multiple-units”, in Modern Railways, page 383:The coaches are similar to those of the Hampshire diesel-electric units, which went into service in September, 1957, but have 8ft 6in wide bodies, instead of 9ft, because of loading gauge limitations on the South Eastern Division.
* An imperfection or shortcoming that limits something's use or value.
** 2018, Clarence Green, James Lambert, “Position vectors, homologous chromosomes and gamma rays: Promoting disciplinary literacy through Secondary Phrase Lists”, in English for Specific Purposes, →DOI, page 5:Both the MI score and the t-score have their limitations. MI computes a logarithm representing the number of co-occurrences of words compared to their occurrences apart in the corpus, which can highlight rare collocations if the components tend not to occur with other words. The t-score formula is less susceptible to this but its numerical result cannot be meaningfully compared across corpora of different sizes.
* (law) A time period after which some legal action may no longer be brought.
    The lawyer obtained impunity by dragging his obviously guilty client's case beyond the ten-year limitation.

#### Synonyms

* (time period): prescription

#### Antonyms

* limitlessness

#### Derived terms

* fee simple subject to executory limitation
* limitational
* self-limitation
* statute of limitations

#### Related terms

* limitative

#### Translations

    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

### References

* “limitation”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.

### Anagrams

* militation

## French
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin līmitātiōnem. By surface analysis, limiter +‎ -ation.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /li.mi.ta.sjɔ̃/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

limitation f (plural limitations)
* limitation (action of limiting) [from 1304]
    Antonym: illimitation
    traité de limitation des armements ― arms limitation treaty
    Il a obtenu un congé sans aucune limitation de temps. ― He obtained leave without any time limit.

#### See also

* délimitation
* restriction

### Further reading

* “limitation”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
# Lump
## German
### Etymology

Originally the same as Lumpen (“rag, tatter”), later distinguished in form.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /lʊmp/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

(more standard) Lump m (weak or strong, genitive (more standard) Lumpen or (more common in general usage) Lumps, plural (more standard) Lumpen or (more common in general usage) Lumpe)
* (colloquial, derogatory, chiefly Southern Germany or Austria) cad, scoundrel (mean, ignoble, or dirty male person)
** a. 1872, Friedrich Gerstäcker, Eine Mutter‎:»Mein lieber Herr Rebe!« Wie der Lump freundlich sein kann, wenn's ihm auf den Nägeln brennt.“My dear Mister Rebe!” How friendly this scoundrel can be when it is pressing.

#### Usage notes

* Lump may be declined according to the strong or weak pattern. The former is more originally standard, the latter more common in general usage.

#### Declension

$^1$More standard. $^2$More common in general usage.

#### Related terms

* Lumpen

#### Descendants

* → Czech: lump
* → Polish: lump

### Further reading

* “Lump” in Duden online
* “Lump” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
# cyflawni
## Welsh
### Etymology

cyflawn +‎ -i

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kəvˈlau̯ni/

### Verb

cyflawni (first-person singular present cyflawnaf)
* (transitive) to accomplish, to fulfil

#### Conjugation

| | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural | impersonal | impersonal |
| | first | second | third | first | second | third | impersonal | impersonal |
| present indicative/future | cyflawnaf | cyflawni | cyflawna | cyflawnwn | cyflawnwch | cyflawnant | cyflawnir |
| imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/ conditional | cyflawnwn | cyflawnit | cyflawnai | cyflawnem | cyflawnech | cyflawnent | cyflawnid |
| preterite | cyflawnais | cyflawnaist | cyflawnodd | cyflawnasom | cyflawnasoch | cyflawnasant | cyflawnwyd |
| pluperfect | cyflawnaswn | cyflawnasit | cyflawnasai | cyflawnasem | cyflawnasech | cyflawnasent | cyflawnasid, cyflawnesid |
| present subjunctive | cyflawnwyf | cyflawnych | cyflawno | cyflawnom | cyflawnoch | cyflawnont | cyflawner |
| imperative | — | cyflawna | cyflawned | cyflawnwn | cyflawnwch | cyflawnent | cyflawner |
| verbal noun | cyflawni | cyflawni | cyflawni | cyflawni | cyflawni | cyflawni | cyflawni |
| verbal adjectives | cyflawnedig cyflawnadwy | cyflawnedig cyflawnadwy | cyflawnedig cyflawnadwy | cyflawnedig cyflawnadwy | cyflawnedig cyflawnadwy | cyflawnedig cyflawnadwy | cyflawnedig cyflawnadwy |
| Inflected colloquial forms | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural |
| Inflected colloquial forms | first | second | third | first | second | third |
| future | cyflawna i, cyflawnaf i | cyflawni di | cyflawnith o/e/hi, cyflawniff e/hi | cyflawnwn ni | cyflawnwch chi | cyflawnan nhw |
| conditional | cyflawnwn i, cyflawnswn i | cyflawnet ti, cyflawnset ti | cyflawnai fo/fe/hi, cyflawnsai fo/fe/hi | cyflawnen ni, cyflawnsen ni | cyflawnech chi, cyflawnsech chi | cyflawnen nhw, cyflawnsen nhw |
| preterite | cyflawnais i, cyflawnes i | cyflawnaist ti, cyflawnest ti | cyflawnodd o/e/hi | cyflawnon ni | cyflawnoch chi | cyflawnon nhw |
| imperative | — | cyflawna | — | — | cyflawnwch | — |
| Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh. |||||||

#### Derived terms

* cyflawniad
* cyflawnwr
* hapusgyflawni

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.
# 卢塞恩
## Chinese

* For pronunciation and definitions of 卢塞恩 – see 盧塞恩. (This term is the simplified form of 盧塞恩).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
# Jannat
## English
### Alternative forms

* Jannah
* Zannat (South Asia)

### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic جَنَّةْ (jannat, literally “paradise”).

### Proper noun

Jannat
* (Islam) Paradise.

## Finnish
### Proper noun

Jannat
* nominative plural of Janna
# Dren
## Albanian
### Proper noun

Dren m
* a male given name

#### Declension
### References

* Dražić, Marina, Antić, Ivana, editors (2019), Каталог најчешћих албанских имена и презимена‎ (in Serbo-Croatian), page 20
# onucka
## Polish
### Alternative forms

* onycka (Przemyśl)
* ônucka (Biecz)

### Etymology

From onuca +‎ -ka.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɔˈnut͡s.ka/
* (Lesser Poland):
** (Przemyśl) IPA: [ɔˈnut͡s.ka]
* Rhymes: -ut͡ska
* Syllabification: o‧nuc‧ka

### Noun

onucka f
* diminutive of onuca

#### Declension
### Further reading

* onucka in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* onucka in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* Aleksander Saloni (1908) “onucka”, in “Lud rzeszowski”, in Materyały Antropologiczno-Archeologiczne i Etnograficzne (in Polish), volume 10, Kraków: Akademia Umiejętności, page 338

## Slovak
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈɔnut͡ska]

### Noun

onucka f
* diminutive of onuca

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “onucka”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2025
# zaganiac
## Polish
### Pronunciation

* (Lesser Poland):
** (Podegrodzie) IPA: /zaˈɡa.ɲat͡s/

### Noun

zaganiac m inan
* (Sącz Lach, humorous) Alternative form of zaganicz (“cattle's tail”)

### Further reading

* Karol Mátyás (1891) “zaganiac”, in “Słowniczek gwary ludu zamieszkującego wschodnio-południową najbliższą okolicę Nowego Sącza”, in Sprawozdania Komisyi Językowej Akademii Umiejętności (in Polish), volume 4, Kraków: Drukarnia Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, page 332
# atakanar
## Ladino
### Etymology

From a- + Hebrew תָּקַן (takán) + -ar, or from a clipping of Hebrew לְתַקֵּן (letakén), infinitive of תִּקֵּן (tikén), with assimilation of e to a.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /at̪akaˈnar/

### Verb

atakanar
* to fix, repair
** 2018 August 8, Rav Yeuda ADONİ, “Ree”, in Şalom:El haragan si ve en su kaza ke ay de atakanar alguna koza i lo desha de atakanarlo kavza munchos danyos a si i a su famiya.The lazy person who sees in their house that something has to be repaired and fails to repair it causes much harm to themselves and their family.
* (reflexive) to dress up
** 2014 August 27, Coya DELEVİ, “ESTAMBOL... (Sivdad de Mil Fachas)”, in Şalom:Asentada esto delantre de un panorama sin igual, ampesando de la Torre “Kız Kulesi”, indo al Ponte de Bosfor ke se atakano por la noche, kon kolyes de rubi, safir o esmeraldas.I'm sitting in front of a panorama without equal, beginning with the tower "Kız Kulesi", going to the Bosfor Bridge which has dressed itself up for the night with necklaces of ruby, sapphire or emeralds.

#### See also

* atakanear

### Further reading

* Aitor García Moreno, editor (2013–), “atacanar”, in Diccionario Histórico Judeoespañol (in Spanish), CSIC
* Joseph Nehama, Jesús Cantera (1977) “atakanár, atakanéar”, in Dictionnaire du Judéo-Espagnol (in French), Madrid: CSIC, →ISBN, page 66
* Recuero, Pascual (1977) “atakanar”, in Diccionario Básico Ladino-Español (in Spanish), 2nd edition, Barcelona: Riopiedras Ediciones, →ISBN, page 20
* Elli Kohen & Dahlia Kohen-Gordon (2000) “atakanádo”, in Ladino–English Concise Encyclopedic Dictionary, Hippocrene Books, →ISBN, page 47
# vanry
## Danish
### Etymology

Compound of van- (“mis-, mal-”) and ry (“reputation”)

### Noun

vanry n (singular definite vanryet, not used in plural form)
* disrepute

#### Synonyms

* vanære
* miskredit

### References

* “vanry” in Den Danske Ordbog
# martel
## English
### Etymology

From Middle English martel, from Old French martel m (modern French marteau m), from Late Latin martellus m, from Latin martulus m, a variant of marculus m (“small hammer”).

### Pronunciation

* (UK) IPA: /ˈmɑːtəl/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)

### Noun

martel (plural martels)
* A hammer, especially a war hammer.

#### Synonyms

* (medieval hammer-like weapon): pole hammer, war hammer

#### Related terms

* martel de fer

### Verb

martel (third-person singular simple present martels, present participle martelling, simple past and past participle martelled)
* (obsolete) To strike a blow with, or as with, a hammer.
** 1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book III, Canto VII”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:Her dreadfull weapon she to him addrest, Which on his helmet martelled so hard That made him low incline his lofty crest, And bowd his battred visour to his brest

### See also

* Martel (surname)

### Anagrams

* Tramel, armlet, malter, tramel

## Dutch
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɑrtəl

### Verb

martel
* inflection of martelen:
** first-person singular present indicative
** (in case of inversion) second-person singular present indicative
** imperative

## French
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Noun

martel m (plural martels)
* Archaic form of marteau.

#### Derived terms

* se mettre martel en tête

### Further reading

* “martel”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Maltese

* Root
* m-r-t-l
* 1 term

### Etymology

Denominal verb of martell.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈmar.tɛl/

### Verb

martel (imperfect jmartel, verbal noun tmartil)
* Alternative form of mmartella: to hammer

#### Related terms

* martell
* martellata
* martellatur
* martellina
* mmartella

## Norman
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Noun

martel m (plural martels)
* (Jersey) cognac

#### Synonyms

* couongnac

## Old French
### Etymology

From Late Latin martellus m, from Latin martulus m, variant of Latin marculus m.

### Noun

martel oblique singular, m (oblique plural marteaus or marteax or martiaus or martiax or martels, nominative singular marteaus or marteax or martiaus or martiax or martels, nominative plural martel)
* hammer (tool)

#### Derived terms

* marteler

#### Descendants

* Middle French: marteau m
** French: marteau m
*** → Algerian Arabic: مارطو m (marṭu)
* Norman: marté m (Jersey)
* Walloon: mårtea m
* → Middle English: martel
** English: martel
* → Dutch: martel
# sous-équiper
## French
### Verb

sous-équiper
* to underequip
# omranden
## Dutch
### Verb

omranden
* to border, rim
# ônucka
## Polish
### Pronunciation

* (Lesser Poland):
** (Biecz) IPA: /wɔˈnut͡s.ka/

### Noun

ônucka f
* (Biecz) Alternative form of onucka

### Further reading

* Roman Zawiliński (1880) “ᵘonucka”, in “Gwara brzezińska w pow. ropczyckim”, in Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności (I) (in Polish), volume 8, Krakow: Akademia Umiejętności, page 230
# zakil
## Basque
### Etymology

From Proto-Basque *zakiL, further etymology unknown.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)
* IPA: /s̻akil/ [s̻a.kil]
* IPA: (most dialects) /s̻akil/ [s̻a.kil]
* IPA: (Biscayan) /s̺akil/ [s̺a.kil]
* Rhymes: -akil, -il
* Hyphenation: za‧kil

### Noun

zakil inan
* penis
    Synonyms: buztan (vulgar), pitxo (Northern, colloquial), pitilin (Southern, colloquial)

#### Derived terms

* zakil-zorro (“loincloth”)
* zakilkada

### References

* ↑ “zakil” in Etymological Dictionary of Basque by R. L. Trask, sussex.ac.uk

### Further reading

* “zakil”, in Euskaltzaindiaren Hiztegia [Dictionary of the Basque Academy] (in Basque), Euskaltzaindia [Royal Academy of the Basque Language]
* “zakil”, in Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia [General Basque Dictionary], Euskaltzaindia, 1987–2005

## Polish
### Etymology

Univerbation of za +‎ póki.

### Pronunciation

* (Lesser Poland):
** (Podegrodzie) IPA: /ˈza.kil/

### Conjunction

zakil
* (Sącz Lach) Synonym of dopóki

### Further reading

* Karol Mátyás (1891) “zakil”, in “Słowniczek gwary ludu zamieszkującego wschodnio-południową najbliższą okolicę Nowego Sącza”, in Sprawozdania Komisyi Językowej Akademii Umiejętności (in Polish), volume 4, Kraków: Drukarnia Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, page 332
# carettochelyid
## English
### Noun

carettochelyid (plural carettochelyids)
* (zoology) Any turtle in the family Carettochelyidae.
** 2012, Donald B. Brinkman, editor, Morphology and Evolution of Turtles:Loss of scutes (and corresponding loss of sucli on the underlying shell plates) is widely regarded as a derived condition that has occurred independently in trionychids, advanced carettochelyids (Carettochelyidae), and derived sea turtles such as dermochelyids and protostegids (e.g., Meylan 1988; Hirayama and Chitoku 1996).
# braîment
## French
### Etymology

From braire (“to bray”) +‎ -ment.

### Noun

braîment m (plural braîments)
* Dated spelling of braiment.

### Further reading

* “braîment”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
# As-Sirat
## English
### Alternative forms

* Al-Sirat

### Proper noun

As-Sirat
* (Islam) A narrow, dangerous bridge that a person must cross to enter Jannat; sinners fall from the bridge into everlasting punishment.
# self-limited
## English
### Etymology

From self- +‎ limited.

### Adjective

self-limited (not comparable)
* (of a disease or condition) Tending toward recovery after a certain course.

#### Related terms

* self-limitation
* self-limiting
# ymër
## Albanian
### Alternative forms

* umër, ymbër — dialectal

### Etymology

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish عمر (ʼümr, ʼömür).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈyməɾ/
* Rhymes: -yməɾ

### Noun

ymër m (definite ymri) (colloquial)
* lifespan, life (of humans)
    Synonyms: jetë, të jetuar

#### Derived terms

* ymërgjatë
* ymërshkurtër

### References

* “ým/ër,~ri”, in FGJSSH: Fjalor i gjuhës së sotme shqipe [Dictionary of the modern Albanian language]‎, 1980, page 2204b
* Bufli, G., Rocchi, L. (2021) “ymër”, in A historical-etymological dictionary of Turkisms in Albanian (1555–1954), Trieste: Edizioni Università di Trieste, page 519
* Meyer, G. (1891) “umɛr”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch der albanesischen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the Albanian Language] (in German), Strasbourg: Karl J. Trübner, →DOI, page 457
# laevis
## Latin
### Adjective

laevis
* Alternative form of lēvis

#### Derived terms

* laeviceps
* laevicollis
* laevifrons
* laevigatum
* laevipennis
laevīs
* dative/ablative masculine/feminine/neuter plural of laevus

### References

* “laevis”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “laevis”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* laevis in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
# ser de
## Spanish
### Etymology

Literally, “to be of”.

### Verb

ser de (impersonal, third-person singular present es de, third-person singular preterite fue de, past participle sido de)
* (impersonal, colloquial, El Salvador, Ecuador) Synonym of hay que: to be necessary, to have got to, have to, gotta [with de (+ infinitive) ‘to do something’]
    Es de ir por un café, ¿qué dices?We gotta go for a coffee, what do you say?

#### Conjugation

$^1$Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.
# nuement
## French
### Etymology

From nue +‎ -ment.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ny.mɑ̃/
* Audio:(file)

### Adverb

nuement
* Alternative spelling of nûment
# Calliope
## Translingual
### Etymology

From Ancient Greek Καλλιόπη (Kalliópē), the Muse of eloquence and poetry, in turn of κᾰλλῐ- (kăllĭ-) + ὄψ (óps) “beautiful voice”. Introduced by English ornithologist John Gould in 1836.

### Proper noun

Calliope f
* A taxonomic genus within the family Muscicapidae – rubythroats and close relatives.

#### Hypernyms

* (genus): Eukaryota – superkingdom; Animalia – kingdom; Bilateria – subkingdom; Deuterostomia – infrakingdom; Chordata – phylum; Vertebrata – subphylum; Gnathostomata – infraphylum; Reptilia – class; Aves – subclass; Neognathae – infraclass; Neoaves – superorder; Passeriformes – order; Passeri – suborder; Passerida – infraorder; Muscicapoidea – superfamily; Muscicapidae – family

#### Hyponyms

* (genus): Calliope calliope (Siberian rubythroat) – type species; Calliope obscura (blackthroat), Calliope pectardens (firethroat), Calliope pectoralis (Himalayan rubythroat), Calliope tschebaiewi (Chinese rubythroat) – other species

### References

* Calliope (genus) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* Calliope on Wikispecies.Wikispecies
* Calliope on Wikimedia Commons.Wikimedia Commons
* Gould, John (1836) The Birds of Europe. Volume 2‎

## English
### Etymology

From Latin Calliope, from Ancient Greek Καλλιόπη (Kalliópē), from κᾰλλῐ- (kăllĭ-, “beautiful”) + ὄψ (óps, “voice”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kəˈlaɪ.ə.pi/, /kəˈliː.ə.pi/

### Proper noun

Calliope
* (Greek mythology) The Muse of eloquence and epic or heroic poetry; the mother of Orpheus with Apollo.
* (astronomy) 22 Kalliope, a main belt asteroid.
* A female given name.

#### Derived terms

* calliope
* Calliopean

#### See also

* (Greek mythology Muses) Muse; Calliope, Clio, Erato, Euterpe, Melpomene, Polyhymnia, Terpsichore, Thalia, Urania

## Cebuano
### Etymology

From English Calliope, from Ancient Greek Καλλιόπη (Kalliópē).

### Proper noun

Calliope
* a female given name from English [in turn from Ancient Greek]
* (Greek mythology) the Muse of eloquence and epic or heroic poetry; the mother of Orpheus with Apollo
* (astronomy) 22 Kalliope

## Italian
### Etymology

From Latin Calliopē, from Ancient Greek Καλλιόπη (Kalliópē).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kalˈli.o.pe/
* Rhymes: -iope
* Hyphenation: Cal‧lì‧o‧pe

### Proper noun

Calliope f
* (Greek mythology) Calliope, the Muse of eloquence and epic or heroic poetry
* a female given name from Ancient Greek

#### Hypernyms

* musa

#### Derived terms

* calliope

### Further reading

* Calliope on the Italian Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{it}$

## Latin
### Alternative forms

* Calliopēa

### Etymology

From Ancient Greek Καλλιόπη (Kalliópē).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /kalˈli.o.peː/, [kälˈlʲiɔpeː]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /kalˈli.o.pe/, [kälˈliːope]

### Proper noun

Calliopē f sg (genitive Calliopēs); first declension
* (Greek mythology) The Muse Calliope, goddess and muse of epic poetry, or of poetry in general
** See Calliopea for an alternative spelling and quotation from Ovid’s Fasti.

#### Declension

First-declension noun (Greek-type), singular only.

#### Descendants

* Italian: Calliope
# -штина
## Serbo-Croatian
### Pronunciation

* Does not take stress.
* The stress falls on the antepenultimate syllable of the derived word.

### Suffix

-штина (Latin spelling -ština)
* Appended to noun and adjective roots to create an uncountable feminine noun.
    зби̑р → зби́рштина
    не́мати → нема́штина
    не̏подобан → неподо́бштина
    по̏треба → потре́пштина
    пр̏љав → прља́вштина
* Appended to ethnonyms, oikonyms and similar nouns to create an uncountable feminine noun denoting the language / dialect / vernacular and/or ways of said group.
    Боса́нац → боса́нштина
    Бу̏гарин → буга́рштина
    Bùnjevac → буње́вштина
    Во̀јвођанин → војвођа́нштина
    Гр̏к → гр́штина
    Далмати́нац → далмати́нштина
    Жи̏дов → жидо́вштина
    Ла̀тӣн → лати́нштина
    Ма̀ђа̄р → мађа́рштина
    Не́мац → не́мштина
    Славо́нац → славо́нштина
    Ср̏бин → ср́пштина
    Талѝја̄н → талија́нштина
    Хѐрцеговац → херцего́вштина
    Хр̀ва̄т → хрва́штина
    Црно̀горац → црного́рштина
    ка̀јкавац → кајка́вштина
    ча́кавац → чака́вштина
    што́кавац → штока́вштина
    гра̏ђанин → грађа́нштина
* Appended to Istrian and some Slavonian placenames to create an uncountable feminine noun denoting the geographical microregion.
    Гро̀жња̄н → Грожња́нштина
    Жми̑њ → Жми́њштина
    Ла̀бӣн → Лаби́нштина
    Мо̏товӯн → Мотову́нштина
    Ро̀вӣњ → Рови́њштина
    Ђа̏ково → Ђако́вштина
# ôskárb
## Polish
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* (Lesser Poland):
** (Biecz) IPA: /ˈwɔs.kɒrp/

### Noun

ôskárb m inan
* (Biecz, milling) millstone chopper (iron tool for chopping millstones and grindstones)

### Further reading

* Roman Zawiliński (1880) “ᵘoskárb”, in “Gwara brzezińska w pow. ropczyckim”, in Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności (I) (in Polish), volume 8, Krakow: Akademia Umiejętności, page 231