# tempus
## Finnish
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin tempus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈtempus/, [ˈt̪e̞mpus̠]
* Rhymes: -empus
* Hyphenation: tem‧pus

### Noun

tempus (dated)
* (linguistics) tense

#### Declension

Possessive forms of tempus (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
tempukseni
tempukseni
accusative
nom.
tempukseni
tempukseni
gen.
tempukseni
genitive
tempukseni
tempusteni tempuksieni
partitive
tempustani
tempuksiani
inessive
tempuksessani
tempuksissani
elative
tempuksestani
tempuksistani
illative
tempukseeni
tempuksiini
adessive
tempuksellani
tempuksillani
ablative
tempukseltani
tempuksiltani
allative
tempukselleni
tempuksilleni
essive
tempuksenani
tempuksinani
translative
tempuksekseni
tempuksikseni
abessive
tempuksettani
tempuksittani
instructive
comitative
—tempuksineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
tempuksesi
tempuksesi
accusative
nom.
tempuksesi
tempuksesi
gen.
tempuksesi
genitive
tempuksesi
tempustesi tempuksiesi
partitive
tempustasi
tempuksiasi
inessive
tempuksessasi
tempuksissasi
elative
tempuksestasi
tempuksistasi
illative
tempukseesi
tempuksiisi
adessive
tempuksellasi
tempuksillasi
ablative
tempukseltasi
tempuksiltasi
allative
tempuksellesi
tempuksillesi
essive
tempuksenasi
tempuksinasi
translative
tempukseksesi
tempuksiksesi
abessive
tempuksettasi
tempuksittasi
instructive
comitative
—tempuksinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
tempuksemme
tempuksemme
accusative
nom.
tempuksemme
tempuksemme
gen.
tempuksemme
genitive
tempuksemme
tempustemme tempuksiemme
partitive
tempustamme
tempuksiamme
inessive
tempuksessamme
tempuksissamme
elative
tempuksestamme
tempuksistamme
illative
tempukseemme
tempuksiimme
adessive
tempuksellamme
tempuksillamme
ablative
tempukseltamme
tempuksiltamme
allative
tempuksellemme
tempuksillemme
essive
tempuksenamme
tempuksinamme
translative
tempukseksemme
tempuksiksemme
abessive
tempuksettamme
tempuksittamme
instructive
comitative
—tempuksinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
tempuksenne
tempuksenne
accusative
nom.
tempuksenne
tempuksenne
gen.
tempuksenne
genitive
tempuksenne
tempustenne tempuksienne
partitive
tempustanne
tempuksianne
inessive
tempuksessanne
tempuksissanne
elative
tempuksestanne
tempuksistanne
illative
tempukseenne
tempuksiinne
adessive
tempuksellanne
tempuksillanne
ablative
tempukseltanne
tempuksiltanne
allative
tempuksellenne
tempuksillenne
essive
tempuksenanne
tempuksinanne
translative
tempukseksenne
tempuksiksenne
abessive
tempuksettanne
tempuksittanne
instructive
comitative
—tempuksinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
tempuksensa
tempuksensa
accusative
nom.
tempuksensa
tempuksensa
gen.
tempuksensa
genitive
tempuksensa
tempustensa tempuksiensa
partitive
tempustaan tempustansa
tempuksiaan tempuksiansa
inessive
tempuksessaan tempuksessansa
tempuksissaan tempuksissansa
elative
tempuksestaan tempuksestansa
tempuksistaan tempuksistansa
illative
tempukseensa
tempuksiinsa
adessive
tempuksellaan tempuksellansa
tempuksillaan tempuksillansa
ablative
tempukseltaan tempukseltansa
tempuksiltaan tempuksiltansa
allative
tempukselleen tempuksellensa
tempuksilleen tempuksillensa
essive
tempuksenaan tempuksenansa
tempuksinaan tempuksinansa
translative
tempuksekseen tempukseksensa
tempuksikseen tempuksiksensa
abessive
tempuksettaan tempuksettansa
tempuksittaan tempuksittansa
instructive
comitative
—tempuksineen tempuksinensa :

#### Synonyms

* aikamuoto

#### Derived terms

* liittotempus

### Further reading

* “tempus”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

## Latin

Picture dictionary :
tempus
calvāria
cerebrum
oculus
labium
nāsus
ōs
mentum
māxilla
auris
tempus
collum :

### Etymology

From Proto-Italic *tempos. Two ultimate roots/origins have been proposed:
* From Proto-Indo-European *tempos (“stretch”), from the extension *temp- of the root *ten- (“to stretch, string”), with meaning development "what is stretched, stretching" → "stretch (of time)" → "time, occasion".
* From Proto-Indo-European *temh₁- (“to cut”), thus "a section (of time)", this root also giving Latin temnō, tondeō, Ancient Greek τέμνω (témnō); compare the etymology of English time. templum is a possible cognate that has also been assigned to both roots. (Can this etymology be sourced?)
Sense 2 is a semantic loan from Ancient Greek τὰ καίρῐᾰ (tà kaírĭă, “the vital or fatal place (on the body)”), from καιρός (kairós, “time, opportunity, etc.”), and is less frequent in singular form. Compare Old English þunwang (“temple of the head”), Middle High German tinne, tinge (“forehead, temples”).
As seen from the adverb temperī, the noun would originally have declined like genus.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈtem.pus/, [ˈt̪ɛmpʊs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈtem.pus/, [ˈt̪ɛmpus]

### Noun

tempus n (genitive temporis); third declension
* (literally):
** a time (a portion or period of time)
    ad/in tempus ― temporarily; for a time
    tempus diurnum ― daytime
*** c. 37 BCE – 30 BCE, Virgil, Georgics III.284:sed fvgit intereā fvgit inreparābile tempvsBut it flees, meanwhile, it flees... irretrievable time.
*** c. 99 BCE – 55 BCE, Lucretius, De rerum natura 5.220:Cur anni tempora morbos adportant?Why do the seasons of the year bring maladies?
*** (especially) an interval, period (the time intervening between two events)
**** 397 CE – 401 CE, Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis, Confessions 4:per īdem tempus annōrum novem, ab ūndēvīcēnsimō annō aetātis meae ūsque ad duodētrīcēnsimum, sēdūcēbāmur et sēdūcēbāmusDuring this period of nine years, from my nineteenth year to my twenty-eighth, I went astray and led others astray.
** (in general) time
** (in particular) the kairos, right time, due season, due time, proper time, appointed time, opportune time, opportunity
    in tempore ― at the appropriate time; in due season
    ad tempus venīre ― to come at the right time
    ante tempus ― too soon (literally, “before the right time”)
* (anatomy):
** (in the plural) the temples (sides of the head)
** (poetic, transferred sense) (in general) the face, visage; the head
* (other transferred senses):
** the state of the times, position, state, condition; (in the plural) the times, circumstances (the time or age in its moral aspects)
    prō tempore ― according to the circumstances
*** 63 BCE, Cicero, Catiline Orations Oratio in Catilinam Prima in Senatu Habita.II:Ō tempora, ō mōrēs! Senātus haec intellegit, cōnsul videt; hic tamen vīvit. Vīvit?Shame on the age and on its principles! The senate is aware of these things; the consul sees them; and yet this man lives. Lives!
** (poetry, rhetoric) time; measure, quantity
** (grammar) a tense (property of a verb that indicates the point in time at which an action or state of being occurs)
** (Medieval Latin, rare) the weather

#### Declension

Third-declension noun (neuter, imparisyllabic non-i-stem), with locative.
Locative used in the sense "in time".

#### Derived terms

* ex tempore
* prō tempore
* temperī
* temperō
* tempestās
* temporālis
* temporāneus
* temporārius
* temporātim
* temporī
* tempus fugit

#### Descendants

* Eastern Romance:
** Megleno-Romanian: timp
** Romanian: timp
* Italo-Dalmatian:
** Corsican: tempu
** Dalmatian: tiamp
** Istriot: tenpo
** Italian: tempo (see there for further descendants)
** Neapolitan: tiempo
** Sicilian: tempu
** Venetan: tenpo, tempo, tènp
* Rhaeto-Romance:
** Friulian: timp
** Ladin: tëmp
** Romansch: temp, taimp, tains
* Gallo-Italic:
** Ligurian: tempo
** Lombard: temp
** Piedmontese: temp
* Gallo-Romance:
** Franco-Provençal: temps
** Old French: temps (see there for further descendants)
* Occitano-Romance:
** Old Catalan: temps
*** Catalan: temps
** Old Occitan: tems
*** Occitan: tèms, tems, temps
* Ibero-Romance:
** Asturian: tiempu
** Old Galician-Portuguese: tempo
*** Galician: tempo
*** Portuguese: tempo
** Spanish: tiempo
* Borrowings:
** → Finnish: tempus
** → Middle Welsh: tymhor
*** Welsh: tymor
** → Norwegian Bokmål: tempus
** → Russian: темп (temp)
** → Sardinian: tempus
** → Swedish: tempus
From tempora (plural):
* ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *tempula, *templa
** Catalan: templa
** Italian: tempia
** Old French: temple
*** French: tempe
*** → Middle English: temple
**** English: temple
** Romanian: tâmplă
** ⇒ Asturian: tenllera
** ⇒ Galician: tempas
* → Basque: denbora
* → Italian: tempora
* → Portuguese: têmpora
* → Sicilian: tèmpura
* → Spanish: témpora

### References

* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “tempus, -oris”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 611

### Further reading

* “tempus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “tempus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "tempus", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* tempus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. to be separated by an immense interval of space and time: intervallo locorum et temporum disiunctum esse time passes: tempus praeterit, transit to have time for a thing: tempus habere alicui rei I have no time to do something: tempus mihi deest ad aliquid faciendum to pass one's time in doing something: tempus consumere in aliqua re to waste time on something: tempus terere, conterere (in) aliqua re to employ one's time in..: tempus conferre ad aliquid to devote time to anything: tempus tribuere alicui rei to lose no time: tempus non amittere, perdere to devote every spare moment to...; to work without intermission at a thing: nullum tempus intermittere, quin (also ab opere, or ad opus) to spend time: tempus ducere to put off till another time; to postpone: aliquid in aliud tempus, in posterum differre to require, give, take time for deliberation: tempus (spatium) deliberandi or ad deliberandum postulare, dare, sibi sumere to accommodate oneself to circumstances: tempori servire, cedere since the time that, since (at the beginning of a sentence): ex quo tempore or simply ex quo at the same moment that, precisely when: eo ipso tempore, cum; tum ipsum, cum occasions arise for..: incidunt tempora, cum circumstances demand: tempus (ita) fert (not secum) it is high time that..: tempus maximum est, ut the present day: haec tempora, nostra haec aetas, memoria in our time; in our days: his temporibus, nostra (hac) aetate, nostra memoria, his (not nostris) diebus in the time of Pericles: aetate (temporibus) Periclis in old days, in the olden time: antiquis temporibus the imperial epoch: tempora Caesariana a man of considerable learning for those times: vir ut temporibus illis doctus in process of time: tempore progrediente at the first opportunity: primo quoque tempore at this moment: hoc tempore in an instant: puncto temporis at the important moment: momento temporis just at the critical moment: in ipso discrimine (articulo) temporis on the spur of the moment: temporis causa to be there at a given time: ad tempus adesse for a short time: ad exiguum tempus for a short time: brevis or exigui temporis after some time: spatio temporis intermisso at present; for the moment: in praesentia, in praesens (tempus) the spirit of the times, the fashion: saeculi consuetudo or ratio atque inclinatio temporis (temporum) the succession of the four seasons: commutationes temporum quadripartitae in spring, summer, autumn, winter time: verno, aestivo, auctumnali, hiberno tempore the charms of spring: suavitas verni temporis morning, noon, evening, night: tempus matutīnum, meridianum, vespertinum, nocturnum the morning hours: tempora matutina to live (all) one's life (honourably, in the country, as a man of learning): vitam, aetatem (omnem aetatem, omne aetatis tempus) agere (honeste, ruri, in litteris), degere, traducere the last stage of life, one's last days: extremum tempus aetatis under such unfavourable circumstances: in tanta rerum (temporum) iniquitate according to circumstances: pro re (nata), pro tempore according to circumstances: pro tempore et pro re not to leave off work for an instant: nullum tempus a labore intermittere to spend one's leisure hours on an object: otiosum tempus consumere in aliqua re to devote all one's leisure moments to study: omne (otiosum) tempus in litteris consumere the history of our own times; contemporary history: memoria huius aetatis (horum temporum) universal history: omnis memoria, omnis memoria aetatum, temporum, civitatum or omnium rerum, gentium, temporum, saeculorum memoria to consult history: memoriam annalium or temporum replicare the mythical period, the heroic age: tempora heroica (N. D. 3. 21. 54) to go back to the remote ages: repetere ab ultima (extrema, prisca) antiquitate (vetustate), ab heroicis temporibus chronology: temporum ratio, descriptio, ordo to observe the chronological order of events: temporum ordinem servare to observe the chronological order of events: servare et notare tempora to narrate events in the order of their occurrence: res temporum ordine servato narrare to make a chronological mistake: temporibus errare (Phil. 2. 9. 23) to calculate the date of an event: ad temporum rationem aliquid revocare to be exact in calculating dates: diligentem esse in exquirendis temporibus to speak extempore: subito, ex tempore (opp. ex praeparato) dicere

## Latvian
### Noun

tempus m
* accusative plural of temps

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

From Latin tempus (“time”). Doublet of tempo.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈtɛmpʉs/

### Noun

tempus n (definite singular tempuset, indefinite plural tempus, definite plural tempusa)
* (linguistics, grammar) tense

#### Inflection

* Forms in italics are currently considered non-standard.
* Forms in [brackets] were official, but considered second-tier.

### References

* “tempus” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Sardinian
### Etymology

From Latin tempus

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈtempus/

### Noun

tempus m (plural tempos)
* (countable and uncountable) time
* (uncountable) weather

## Swedish
### Noun

tempus n
* (grammar) tense; a grammatical category that provides information about at which point in time a mentioned event takes place.
    Coordinate terms: aspekt, modus