# 穆

| 穆 | U+7A46, &#31302; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7A46 |
| ← 穅 [U+7A45] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 穇 → [U+7A47] |

## Translingual
### Han character

穆 (Kangxi radical 115, 禾+11, 16 strokes, cangjie input 竹木竹日竹 (HDHAH), four-corner 2692$_2$, composition ⿰禾㣎)

#### Derived characters

* 𭐇, 𫖜

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 859, character 4
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25251
* Dae Jaweon: page 1284, character 23
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2628, character 20
* Unihan data for U+7A46

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 穆 :
| Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *muɡ): semantic 禾 (“grain”) + phonetic 㣎 (mù) – standing grain.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): mù (mu$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄇㄨˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): muk$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): mu̍k
* Eastern Min (BUC): mŭk
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): borh$^7$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): bo̍k
    (Teochew, Peng'im): mog$^8$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^8$moq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: mù
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄨˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: mù
*** Wade–Giles: mu$^4$
*** Yale: mù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: muh
*** Palladius: му (mu)
*** Sinological IPA : /mu⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: muk$^6$
*** Yale: muhk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: muk$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: mug$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /mʊk̚²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mu̍k
*** Hakka Romanization System: mug
*** Hagfa Pinyim: mug$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /muk̚⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: mŭk
*** Sinological IPA : /muʔ⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: borh$^7$
*** Sinological IPA : /pɒʔ⁴/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: borh$^7$
*** Sinological IPA : /pɒʔ²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bo̍k
*** Tâi-lô: bo̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: bok
*** IPA (Xiamen): /bɔk̚⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /bɔk̚²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /bɔk̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /bɔk̚⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /bɔk̚⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: mog$^8$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: mo̍k
*** Sinological IPA : /mok̚⁴/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^8$moq
*** MiniDict: moh$^入$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^5$moq
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /moʔ¹²/
* Middle Chinese: mjuwk
Rime :
| Character | 穆 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 屋 (4) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 莫六切 |
| Baxter | mjuwk |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /mɨuk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /miuk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /miuk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /muwk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /miuk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /mĭuk̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /mi̯uk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | mù |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | muk$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*m(r)iwk/
    (Zhengzhang): /*muɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 穆 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | mù |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ mjuwk › |
| Old Chinese | /*m(r)iwk/ |
| English | harmonious |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 穆 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 9336 |
| Phonetic component | 穆 |
| Rime group | 覺 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 目 |
| Old Chinese | /*muɡ/ |

### Definitions

穆
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) standing grain
* (historical) the right side position of tablets in ancestral shrines
    Antonym: 昭 (zhāo)
* (figurative) right side
* reverent; respectful
* magnificent and beautiful; majestic
* solemn; solemnly silent
* calm; mild; gentle
* harmonious; peaceful
* pure; honest
* profound and lasting; far-reaching
* Short for 穆罕默德 (Mùhǎnmòdé, “Muhammad”).
* Short for 穆斯林 (mùsīlín, “Muslim”).
* a surname

### Compounds

* 卡土穆
* 宓穆
* 庫穆塔格 / 库穆塔格
* 於穆 / 于穆
* 昭穆
* 沕穆
* 珠穆朗瑪 / 珠穆朗玛 (Zhūmùlǎngmǎ)
* 穆如清風 / 穆如清风
* 穆忞
* 穆思林
* 穆斯林 (mùsīlín)
* 穆棱 (Mùlíng)
* 穆民 (mùmín)
* 穆清
* 穆然
* 穆穆
* 穆聖 / 穆圣 (Mùshèng, “Prophet Muhammad”)
* 緝穆 / 缉穆 (qìmù)
* 肅穆 / 肃穆 (sùmù)
* 落落穆穆
* 輯穆 / 辑穆
* 郁穆
* 雍穆
* 靜穆 / 静穆 (jìngmù)

### References

* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “穆”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 161.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: もく (moku)
* Kan-on: ぼく (boku)
* Kun: やわらぐ (yawaragu, 穆らぐ)

## Korean
### Hanja

穆 • (mok) (hangeul 목, revised mok, McCune–Reischauer mok, Yale mok)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

穆: Hán Nôm readings: mục
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nôm Foundation