# 害

| 害 | U+5BB3, &#23475; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5BB3 |
| ← 宲 [U+5BB2] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 宴 → [U+5BB4] |

## Translingual
### Han character

害 (Kangxi radical 40, 宀+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 十手十口 (JQJR) or 十手一口 (JQMR), four-corner 3060$_1$, composition ⿳宀丰口)

#### Derived characters

* 嗐 搳 㮫 犗 瞎 磍 縖(𬘻) 螛 轄(辖) 鎋(𬭪) 割 㪡 㲅 豁 鶷 㝬
* 𡟲 𢞐 𥎆 𦎱 𦟈 𦧮 𧜅 𧯆 𩝛 𩡔 𩥌 𩪃 𪙏(𫜯) 𦤬 𠢆 𢻜 𣣶 𨝃 𩏓 𡮞 𡫲 𡫴 𥰶 𦵯 𩮝 𢞩
* 𬣁 𰃫 𫳶 𫴓 𭔛 𭔠

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 286, character 12
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7165
* Dae Jaweon: page 565, character 9
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 929, character 5
* Unihan data for U+5BB3

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 害 :
| Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script |
| | Old Chinese |
| 轄 | *kʰaːds, *ɡraːd |
| 害 | *ɡaːds |
| 犗 | *kraːds |
| 幰 | *qʰanʔ |
| 攇 | *qʰanʔ |
| 憲 | *hŋans |
| 瀗 | *qʰans |
| 割 | *kaːd |
| 磍 | *kreːd, *kʰraːd |
| 瞎 | *qʰraːd |
| 鎋 | *ɡraːd |
| 鶷 | *ɡraːd |
| 縖 | *ɡraːd |
| 豁 | *qʰʷaːd |
Multiple theories:
* He Linyi (何琳儀): Ideogram (指事): a spear 𫲸 (now 𥎆) + a distinguishing mark 口.
* Li Xueqin (2012): Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声). The phonetic component is 𡩜 (xiàn).
* Guo Moruo (郭沫若), Dai Jiaxiang (戴家祥): Pictogram (象形), ancient form of 蓋 ("lid; cover").
* Gao Hongying (高鴻纓): Jiajie (假借), original character of 桷, borrowed for sound, which was a pictogram (象形) of a house's rafters (see 舍).
* Chen Bingxin (陳秉新): Original form of 𠤳, written as ⿷𠥓⿴害五 in bronze inscriptions, which itself is an ancient way of writing the 胡 in 胡簋.
* Shuowen Jiezi: Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡaːds): semantic 宀 + semantic 口 + phonetic 丯 (OC *kreːds).
* 1 2 3 4 季旭昇，2004《說文新證》，台北：藝文印書館印行，2014年9月第二版。p.601-602
* 1 2 3 漢語多功能字庫 - 字頭 「害」
* ↑ 李學勤，2012《字源》，天津：天津古籍出版社，2013年7月2次印刷。p.662

### Etymology

Cognate with 割 (OC *kaːd, “to cut”). See there for more.

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): hài (hai$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄏㄞˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): hai$^4$
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): hāi
    (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): hāi
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): хэ (he, III)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hoi$^6$
* Gan (Wiktionary): hai$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): hoi
    (Hailu, HRS): hoi$^˖$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): hoi$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): hai$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): huōi
* Eastern Min (BUC): hâi
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hai$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hāi
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hai$^7$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$ghe
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): hai$^5$ / hai$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hài
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄞˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hài
*** Wade–Giles: hai$^4$
*** Yale: hài
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hay
*** Palladius: хай (xaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /xaɪ̯⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: hai$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xai
*** Sinological IPA : /xai²¹³/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: hāi
*** Sinological IPA : /xæ⁵⁵/
** (Nanjing)
*** Nanjing Pinyin: hāi
*** Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): hai$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /xɛ⁴⁴/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: хэ (he, III)
*** Sinological IPA : /xɛ⁴⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hoi$^6$
*** Yale: hoih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hoi$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hoi$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɔːi̯²²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: hai$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /hai¹¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hoi
*** Hakka Romanization System: hoi
*** Hagfa Pinyim: hoi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /hoi̯⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: hoi$^˖$
*** Sinological IPA: /hoi³³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: hoi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /hoɪ⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: hai$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /xai⁴⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: huōi
*** Sinological IPA : /xuɛ⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: hâi
*** Sinological IPA : /hɑi²⁴²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hai$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /hai²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hāi
*** Tâi-lô: hāi
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hai
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hai²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hai⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hai²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /hai³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hai³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: hai$^7$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hāi
*** Sinological IPA : /hai¹¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$ghe
*** MiniDict: ghe$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$hhe
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦe²³/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: hai$^5$ / hai$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /xai̯²¹/, /xai̯⁴⁵/
* hai5 - vernacular;
* hai4 - literary.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit害 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /xai⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /xai⁵³/ /xai²¹³/ ～怕 |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /xai⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /xɛ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /xɛ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /xai³¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /xai⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /xɛ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /xɛ¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /xɛ¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /xai²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /xai³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /xai¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /xai²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /xæ²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /xae⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /xe̞⁵³/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /xai⁴⁵/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /xæ³⁵/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /xɛ⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ɦe²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ɦe̞³¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ɦe̞¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ɦe²²/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /xɛ²²/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /xuə¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /xai⁵⁵/ /xai¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ɦai²¹/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /hai²¹/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /hoi⁵³/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /hoi⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /hɔi²²/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /hɔi²²/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /hɔi²²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /hai²²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /hɑi²⁴²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /xuɛ⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /hai³¹/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /hai³³/ |
* Middle Chinese: hajH
Rime :
| Character | 害 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 泰 (25) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 胡蓋切 |
| Baxter | hajH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦɑi$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦɑi$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣɑi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦaj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣɑi$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣɑi$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣɑi$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | hài |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hoi$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-kˤat-s/, /*m-kˤat-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡaːds/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 害 | 害 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | hài | hài |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ haj$^H$ › | ‹ haj$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*N-kˁat-s/ | /*m-kˁat-s/ |
| English | be hurt (v.i.); injury (n.) | hurt (v.t.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 害 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 4845 |
| Phonetic component | 害 |
| Rime group | 祭 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 害 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡaːds/ |
| Notes | 金文非丯聲，似𥎆初文加古聲， 㝬通胡 |

#### Definitions

害
* to harm; to maim; to injure
    Dè̤ng săng cĭng, hâi cê̤ṳ-sĭng. / [tøyŋ⁵³ saŋ⁵⁵ t͡siŋ⁵⁵ hɑi²⁴² t͡sy²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ $^{(s-)}$liŋ⁵⁵] [Bàng-uâ-cê / IPA]
    Harm oneself (just like copper rusting).
* to cause to do; to result in (something unfavourable)
    Hángbān wǎndiǎn le, hài wǒ duō děng le liǎng ge xiǎoshí. [Pinyin]
    The flight was delayed, causing me to wait for another two hours.
* to kill; to murder
* to suffer from
* to feel (an adverse sentiment)
* harm; disaster; calamity
* crucial point; vital point
* harmful; injurious
* (Southern Min) broken

##### Antonyms

* 益 (yì, “benefit”)
* 利 (lì, “benefit”)

#### Compounds

* 三害
* 不害 (bùhài)
* 不害事
* 不知利害
* 不計利害 / 不计利害
* 以文害辭 / 以文害辞
* 侵害 (qīnhài)
* 傷天害理 / 伤天害理 (shāngtiānhàilǐ)
* 傷害 / 伤害 (shānghài)
* 傷害保險 / 伤害保险
* 傷害罪 / 伤害罪
* 光害 (guānghài)
* 全身遠害 / 全身远害
* 公害 (gōnghài)
* 公害病
* 冷害 (lěnghài)
* 凍害 / 冻害 (dònghài)
* 利害得失
* 利害關係 / 利害关系
* 加害 (jiāhài)
* 加害人
* 危害 (wēihài)
* 厲害 / 厉害 (lìhài)
* 受害 (shòuhài)
* 喪天害理 / 丧天害理
* 噤害
* 圖害 / 图害 (túhài)
* 圖財害命 / 图财害命
* 坑害 (kēnghài)
* 墊害 / 垫害
* 大害
* 天然災害 / 天然灾害
* 妨功害能
* 妨害 (fánghài)
* 妨害治安
* 妨害自由
* 妨害風化 / 妨害风化
* 妒能害賢 / 妒能害贤
* 定害
* 害乏
* 害事
* 害人不淺 / 害人不浅 (hàirénbùqiǎn)
* 害人利己
* 害人害己 (hàirénhàijǐ)
* 害人精
* 害人蟲 / 害人虫
* 害冷
* 害口
* 害命
* 害喜 (hàixǐ)
* 害夏
* 害天災 / 害天灾
* 害心 (hàixīn)
* 害怕 (hàipà)
* 害慌
* 害死 (hàisǐ)
* 害死人
* 害民 (hàimín)
* 害熱 / 害热
* 害獸 / 害兽 (hàishòu)
* 害病 (hàibìng)
* 害發 / 害发
* 害眼
* 害羞 (hàixiū)
* 害群之馬 / 害群之马 (hàiqúnzhīmǎ)
* 害肚子
* 害臊 (hàisào)
* 害苦
* 害處 / 害处 (hàichù)
* 害蟲 / 害虫 (hàichóng)
* 害酒
* 害頭疼 / 害头疼
* 害馬 / 害马
* 害鳥 / 害鸟 (hàiniǎo)
* 寒害
* 弊害 (bìhài)
* 患害
* 戕害 (qiānghài)
* 戕害不辜 (qiānghàibùgū)
* 扳害
* 排害
* 損害 / 损害 (sǔnhài)
* 損害賠償 / 损害赔偿
* 暗害 (ànhài)
* 有害 (yǒuhài)
* 有害無利 / 有害无利
* 殘害 / 残害 (cánhài)
* 殘民害物 / 残民害物
* 殘賢害善 / 残贤害善
* 殺害 / 杀害 (shāhài)
* 毒害 (dúhài)
* 民害
* 求生害義 / 求生害义
* 災害 / 灾害 (zāihài)
* 災害救濟 / 灾害救济
* 為害 / 为害 (wéihài)
* 為民除害 / 为民除害
* 無害 / 无害 (wúhài)
* 病害 (bìnghài)
* 病蟲害 / 病虫害 (bìngchónghài)
* 盛衰利害
* 禁害
* 禍害 / 祸害 (huòhài)
* 種族迫害 / 种族迫害
* 自然災害 / 自然灾害 (zìrán zāihài)
* 自相殘害 / 自相残害 (zìxiāngcánhài)
* 興利除害 / 兴利除害
* 藥害 / 药害
* 螟害
* 蟲害 / 虫害 (chónghài)
* 蠹國害民 / 蠹国害民
* 蠹害
* 被害人 (bèihàirén)
* 要害 (yàohài)
* 誤國害民 / 误国害民
* 誣害 / 诬害 (wūhài)
* 謀害 / 谋害 (móuhài)
* 謀財害命 / 谋财害命 (móucáihàimìng)
* 譖害 / 谮害
* 讒害 / 谗害 (chánhài)
* 貪生害義 / 贪生害义
* 貽害 / 贻害 (yíhài)
* 賊害 / 贼害
* 趨利避害 / 趋利避害 (qūlìbìhài)
* 迫害 (pòhài)
* 運動傷害 / 运动伤害
* 違天害理 / 违天害理
* 過失傷害 / 过失伤害
* 遇害 (yùhài)
* 違害就利 / 违害就利
* 遠害全身 / 远害全身
* 遺害 / 遗害 (yíhài)
* 防弊除害
* 除凶去害
* 除害 (chúhài)
* 陰害 / 阴害
* 陷害 (xiànhài)
* 陰柔害物 / 阴柔害物
* 隘害
* 雷害
* 霜害 (shuānghài)
* 風害 / 风害 (fēnghài)
* 養癰貽害 / 养痈贻害
* 鴆害 / 鸩害
* 鹽害 / 盐害

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): hé (he$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄜˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hot$^3$ / hot$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hé
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄜˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hé
*** Wade–Giles: ho$^2$
*** Yale: hé
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: her
*** Palladius: хэ (xɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /xɤ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hot$^3$ / hot$^6$
*** Yale: hot / hoht
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hot$^8$ / hot$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hod$^3$ / hod$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɔːt̚³/, /hɔːt̚²/

#### Definitions

害
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 曷 (hé, “why”)

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 害 |
| Kyūjitai | 害󠄂 害+&#xE0102; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 害󠄆 害+&#xE0106; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)
* (そこなう) damage, harm, injure
* (あやめる) kill
* (わざわい) disaster

#### Readings

* Go-on: がい (gai, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: かい (kai)
* Kun: そこなう (sokonau, 害なう)、そこなう (sokonau, 害う)、そこねる (sokoneru, 害ねる)、あやめる (ayameru, 害める)、わざわい (wazawai, 害い)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 害
* がい Grade: 4
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 害 (haj$^H$, “injury”).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) がい [gáꜜì] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ɡa̠i]

### Noun

害(がい) • (gai)
* injury, harm, damage

#### Antonyms

* 益(えき) (eki, “benefit”)
* 利(り) (ri, “benefit”)

#### Derived terms

* 害(がい)悪(あく) (gaiaku)
* 害(がい)獣(じゅう) (gaijū, “harmful animal”)
* 害(がい)虫(ちゅう) (gaichū, “harmful insect”)
* 害(がい)鳥(ちょう) (gaichō, “harmful bird”)
* 害(がい)毒(どく) (gaidoku)
* 危(き)害(がい) (kigai)
* 災(さい)害(がい) (saigai)
* 殺(さつ)害(がい) (satsugai)
* 残(ざん)害(がい) (zangai)
* 自(じ)害(がい) (jigai)
* 水(すい)害(がい) (suigai)
* 損(そん)害(がい) (songai)
* 被(ひ)害(がい) (higai)
* 風(ふう)害(がい) (fūgai)
* 無(む)害(がい) (mugai)
* 有(ゆう)害(がい) (yūgai)
* 利(り)害(がい) (rigai)

### References

* ↑ “害”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎ (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2025
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

害 (eumhun 해칠 해 (haechil hae))
* hanja form of 해 (“harm”)

#### Compounds

* 해충 (害蟲, haechung, “insect pest”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

害: Hán Nôm readings: hại
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.