# r

| r | U+0072, &#114; LATIN SMALL LETTER R |
| ← q [U+0071] | Basic Latin | s → [U+0073] |
| ʳ | U+02B3, &#691; MODIFIER LETTER SMALL R |
| ← ʲ [U+02B2] | Spacing Modifier Letters | ʴ → [U+02B4] |
| ｒ | U+FF52, &#65362; FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER R |
| ← ｑ [U+FF51] | Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms | ｓ → [U+FF53] |
| 𝆌 | U+1D18C, &#119180; MUSICAL SYMBOL RINFORZANDO |
| ← ◌𝆋 [U+1D18B] | Musical Symbols | 𝆍 → [U+1D18D] |

## Translingual
### Etymology 1

Modification of capital letter R by not closing the bottom of the loop but continuing into the leg to save a pen stroke, later shortening the right leg into a simple arc.

#### Alternative forms

* ꝛ (archaic)

#### Letter

r (upper case R)
* The eighteenth letter of the basic modern Latin alphabet.

##### See also

* (Latin script): Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Sſs Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz
* (Variations of letter R): Ŕŕ Řř Ṙṙ Ŗŗ Ȑȑ Ȓȓ Ṛṛ Ṝṝ Ṟṟ Ɍɍ Ɽɽ ᵲ ᶉ ɼ ɾ ᵳ Ʀʀ Ｒｒ
* (select symbols) ® ℝ ɻ r̃
* (other scripts) Cyrillic р (r) я (ja), Greek ρ (r, “rho”), Hebrew ר (r, “resh”), Hangeul ㄹ (r, “rieul”)
* dog's letter

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Pronunciation of IPA [rɑː, ɑrrɑː] with the sound [r]:(file)

#### Symbol

r
* Abbreviation of ronto-.
* (engineering, geometry) radius
* (IPA) (a) an alveolar trill.
    (b) Used in broad transcription for any rhotic consonant, e.g. in English, French or Japanese where the ⟨r⟩ is not a trill [r].
    (c) (superscript ⟨ʳ⟩) an [r]-trill release (of a plosive); a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [r].
    (d) (superscript, obsolete) a non-trilled rhotic coloration or offglide of a vowel; a rhotic vowel, now formed with ⟨◌˞⟩ or a more-precise transcription such as ⟨ʴ⟩ – see ⟨ʳ⟩.
* (transcription) used in several romanization systems of non-Latin scripts to represent various rhotic sounds:
** Romanization of the Hebrew ר (“reish”, “resh”, “rēš”) in the Common Israeli, Hebrew Academy (1953 and 2006), and ISO 259 transliteration schemes
** Romanization of the Hebrew רּ (“reish”, “resh”, “rēš ḥāzāq”) in the Common Israeli transliteration scheme
* (chemistry) of a tactic diad, having structural units in opposition.
* (physics) relative. E.g. vr or v$_r$ for relative velocity.

##### Synonyms

* (Romanization of רּ, “reish”, “resh”, “rēš ḥāzāq”): rr (in the Hebrew Academy (1953 and 2006) and ISO 259 transliteration schemes)

### Gallery

* Letter styles
* Uppercase and lowercase versions of R, in normal and italic type
* Uppercase and lowercase R in Fraktur

### See also

Other representations of R:
| NATO phonetic: Romeo Morse code: ·–· Braille: ⠗ ASL Manual: R | Signal flag: | Semaphore: |

## English
### Etymology 1

Old English lower case letter r, from 7th century replacement by Latin lower case r of the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc letter ᚱ.

#### Pronunciation

* (letter name):
    (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ɑː(ɹ)/
* Audio (London):(file)
    (General American) IPA: /ɑɹ/
* Audio (US):(file)
    (Ireland) IPA: /ɔːɹ/
    (African-American Vernacular) IPA: /ˈɑɹə/
    Rhymes: -ɑː(ɹ)
* (phoneme):
    (non-rhotic) IPA: /ɹ/ or a lengthening of the previous vowel, (rhotic) IPA: /ɹ/

#### Letter

r (lower case, upper case R, plural rs or r's)
* The eighteenth letter of the English alphabet, called ar and written in the Latin script.

##### See also

* (Latin-script letters) letter; A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

#### Number

r (lower case, upper case R)
* The ordinal number eighteenth, derived from this letter of the English alphabet, called ar and written in the Latin script.

### Etymology 2

From are and our, pronounced like the name of the letter r.

#### Verb

r
* (Internet slang, text messaging) Abbreviation of are.
    How r u ― How are you?
** 2018, Tommy Orange, “Jacquie Red Feather”, in There There, New York, N.Y.: Vintage Books, →ISBN, page 100:What r u doing? Jacquie texted Opal. She put her phone on the bed and went to her suitcase to get her swimsuit.

##### Translations
#### Determiner

r
* (Internet slang, text messaging) Abbreviation of our.
** 2013, Jessica Burkhart, Home for Christmas (Canterwood Crest; Super Special), New York, NY: Aladdin M!X, →ISBN, page 44:This was supposed 2 be a SURPRISE, but the girls got it out of me. ☺ I wanted all of us 2 spend Xmas 2gether. By all, I mean r horses 2. Sooo . . . B, C, G, Z, & D, you have guests waiting @ BC. Zane, Valentino, Scout, Nero, & Polo r there! Now we can ride r horses when we r not volunteering & spend Xmas w them. ☺

### Etymology 3

Abbreviations.
r
* (stenoscript) the sound sequence /ɑr/, including the verb are
* (stenoscript) Abbreviation of her and inflection hers.
* (stenoscript) Abbreviation of our, inflection ours, and homophone hour.

### See also

* bossy r
* hard r
* intrusive r
* linking r
* r-dropping
* r-less
* r-process
* r rotunda
* r-selection
* r-slur
* r-slurred
* r-tard
* r-value
* r-word
* small r republican
* small-r republican
* straight r

## Azerbaijani
### Pronunciation

* (phoneme) IPA: /r/

### Letter

r lower case (upper case R)
* The twenty-fourth letter of the Azerbaijani alphabet, written in the Latin script.

#### See also

* (Latin-script letters) hərf; A a, B b, C c, Ç ç, D d, E e, Ə ə, F f, G g, Ğ ğ, H h, X x, I ı, İ i, J j, K k, Q q, L l, M m, N n, O o, Ö ö, P p, R r, S s, Ş ş, T t, U u, Ü ü, V v, Y y, Z z

## Basque
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ere/, [e̞.re̞]

### Letter

r (lower case, upper case R)
* The nineteenth letter of the Basque alphabet, called erre and written in the Latin script.

#### See also

* (Latin-script letters) A a, B b, C c (Ç ç), D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, Ñ ñ, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u (Ü ü), V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

## Catalan
### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [ˈe.rə]
* IPA: (Valencia) [ˈe.re], [ˈer]

### Letter

r (lower case, upper case R)
* The eighteenth letter of the Catalan alphabet, called erra, erre, or er and written in the Latin script.

#### See also

* (Latin-script letters) lletres; A a (À à), B b, C c (Ç ç), D d, E e (É é, È è), F f, G g, H h, I i (Í í, Ï ï), J j, K k, L l (L·L l·l), M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò), P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u (Ú ú, Ü ü), V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

## Central Mazahua
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /r/

### Letter

r (upper case R)
* A letter of the Mazahua alphabet.

#### See also

* (Latin-script letters) A a, Ⱥ ⱥ, A̱ a̱, B b, C c, Cꞌ cꞌ, Cj cj, Cu cu, Cꞌu cꞌu, Cju cju, Ch ch, Chꞌ chꞌ, Chj chj, D d, Dy dy, E e, Ɇ ɇ, E̱ e̱, G g, Gu gu, Hu hu, ꞌHu ꞌhu, I i, I̱ i̱, J j, Jꞌ jꞌ, Jm jm, Jn jn, Jñ jñ, Ju ju, Jy jy, L l, M m, Mꞌ mꞌ, N n, Nꞌ nꞌ, Ñ ñ, Ñꞌ ñꞌ, O o, Ø ø, O̱ o̱, P p, Pj pj, R r, S s, T t, Tꞌ tꞌ, Tj tj, Ts ts, Tsꞌ tsꞌ, Tsj tsj, U u, Ꞹ ꞹ, U̱ u̱, X x, Z z, Zh zh, ꞌ

## Czech
### Letter

r (lower case, upper case R)
* The twenty-sixth letter of the Czech alphabet, written in the Latin script.

### See also

* (Latin-script letters) písmeno; A a, Á á, B b, C c, Č č, D d, Ď ď, E e, É é, Ě ě, F f, G g, H h, Ch ch, I i, Í í, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, Ň ň, O o, Ó ó, P p, Q q, R r, Ř ř, S s, Š š, T t, Ť ť, U u, Ú ú, Ů ů, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Ý ý, Z z, Ž ž

## Dutch
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛr
* (letter name): IPA: /ɛr/

### Letter

r (lower case, upper case R)
* The eighteenth letter of the Dutch alphabet, written in the Latin script.

#### Derived terms

* bekakte r

### See also

* Previous letter: q
* Next letter: s

### See also

* 'r

## Egyptian
### Etymology 1

The actual reading of this word is uncertain, as it is always written as an ideogram, but evidence from Coptic suggests the original was rꜣ. The extension in meaning to ‘part, piece, fraction’ might be either by way of a mouthful being used as a standard share in some distribution of food or goods, or else extended from its meaning of ‘opening’ > ‘division’.

#### Pronunciation

* (reconstructed) IPA: /ɾaʀ/ → /ɾaʀ/ → /ɾaʔ/ → /ɾaʔ/
* (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA: /ɾaʀ/ (singular); IPA: /ˈɾaːʀaw/ (plural)
* (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA: /ɾaʀ/ (singular); IPA: /ˈɾaːʀaw/ (plural)
* (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA: /ɾaʔ/ (singular); IPA: /ˈɾaːwə/ (plural)
* (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA: /ɾaʔ/ (singular); IPA: /ˈɾoːw/ (plural)
* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /ɛr/
** Conventional anglicization: er
* (modern Egyptological, as pronounced by Americans) IPA: /ɝ/

#### Noun

m
* mouth (of humans or animals)
** Reign of Amenemhat II or Senusret II, c. 1929–1878 BCE, Stela of Hekaib (Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, AP 78):
    jnk nḏs jqr ḏd m r(ꜣ).fI was an excellent individual, one who spoke with his own mouth.
* (figuratively, chiefly in titles) speaker, mouthpiece
* utterance, statement
* especially, ritual utterance, spell
* (rare) language, manner of speech
* opening, hole
* bodily orifice, opening of the human body in general, including eyes, ears, nostrils, the vulva, and open wounds
* entrance to a building or other enclosed structure, doorway
** c. 1401 BCE, Amduat of Amenhotep II (tomb of Amenhotep II, KV35) First Hour, closing text, lines 8–9: jw hy n rꜥ r r(ꜣ) ꜥꜣwj tꜣ hnw n.k srq ꜣḫw ꜥq.k sbꜣ n(j) wrtMay there be cries of joy for Ra at the opening of the double doors of the earth, and acclaim for you who make the akh-spirits breathe when you enter the door of the Great (i.e. the afterworld).
* entrance to a land or place in general
* mouth of a river
* water’s edge, waterline
* (especially in compounds) place or thing seen as an opening from one point to another, passage, thoroughfare
* a measure of volume equivalent to $^1$⁄$_{32}$ of a hnw or $^1$⁄$_{320}$ of a ḥqꜣt (about 15 millilitres); mouthful
* part, piece, fraction
* (mathematics) used as a numerator of 1 in fractions, literally “piece of (the denominator)”.
** 12th Dynasty, Siut Tomb I, 285, published in Griffith, Francis Llewellyn, The inscriptions of Siûṭ and Dêr Rîfeh:
    r(ꜣ) ḫmtw-št sjsjw$^1$⁄$_{360}$

##### Inflection

In the sense of ‘mouth’ the plural is rare, as the singular is usually used even in reference to the mouths of multiple people.

##### Alternative forms

| r | r | jr | r |
| | [New Kingdom] | [21st Dynasty] | [Greco-Roman Period] |
| rare | | in hieratic |
The senses relating to ‘opening, doorway’ sometimes carry different determinatives:
| r | r |
| [Old and Middle Kingdoms and Greco-Roman Period] | [Old and Middle Kingdoms and Greco-Roman Period] |
| in senses relating to ‘opening, doorway’ | in senses relating to ‘opening, doorway’ |
The sense ‘water’s edge’ is similarly sometimes found with a different determinative:
r :

##### Derived terms

* jꜥw-r
* jmj-r
* jmt-r
* ꜥšꜣ-r
* wpt-r
* m r wꜥ
* nḏ r
* r-jb
* rwj
* rwj wꜥ
* rw nw prt m hrw
* r-pr
* r n kmt
* r-sṯꜣw
* rḏj r
* ḫmt-rw
* tp-r

##### Descendants

* Demotic: rꜣ
** Akhmimic Coptic: ⲣⲟ (ro), ⲣⲱ⸗ (rō⸗)
** Bohairic Coptic: ⲣⲟ (ro), ⲣⲉ- (re-), ⲣⲱ⸗ (rō⸗)
** Fayyumic Coptic: ⲗⲁ (la), ⲗⲉ- (le-), ⲗⲱ⸗ (lō⸗)
** Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲣⲟ (ro), ⲣⲱ⸗ (rō⸗)
** Old Coptic: ⲣⲱ⸗ (rō⸗)
** Sahidic Coptic: ⲣⲟ (ro), ⲣⲁ- (ra-), ⲣⲉ- (re-), ⲣⲱ⸗ (rō⸗)

### Etymology 2

Possibly cognate to Hebrew אֶל (ʾel, “to, at”), Arabic إِلَى (ʔilā, “to, until, near”).

#### Pronunciation

* (reconstructed) IPA: /jiɾ/ → /jiʔ/ → /ʔə/ → /ʔə/
* (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA: /jiɾ/
* (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA: /jiʔ/
* (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA: /ʔə/
* (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA: /ʔə/
* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /ɛr/
** Conventional anglicization: er
* (modern Egyptological, US) IPA: /ɝ/

#### Preposition

* regarding, with respect to, concerning, according to
* in order to, for (the purpose of)
* (with following infinitive) forms the periphrastic prospective of a verb
* (with verbs of motion, of places) to, towards
* (in adverbial sentences, of places, roles, or functions) headed for, destined for, bound for
* (of time) at, in, on
* against, in opposition to
* from, apart from (ablative)
* (after an adjective or adverb, forming the comparative) than, by comparison to
* (generally in sentence-initial form jr) introduces the protasis of a conditional sentence; if, when, as
* (with a verb in the terminative as object) until

##### Inflection

| jrj | jr |

##### Alternative forms

| jr | jw |
| [since the Old Kingdom] | [Late Period] |
| at the beginning of a sentence, and occasionally before pronouns; in wider usage in the Old Kingdom |

##### Derived terms

* ꜣd jb r
* jrj
* jrj ꜣ r gs
* wšd r mdwt
* m ꜣt r ꜣt
* mḏd-r-nbtj
* r ꜣw
* r ꜣbb
* r jwd
* r-jmjtw
* r-jmjtw-nj
* r jmntt
* r jqr
* r ꜥ
* r ꜥꜣt
* r-pw
* r mj
* r mḏdw n jb n
* r nḥḥ
* r ntt
* r ḥꜣt
* r ẖnw
* r sꜣ
* r šꜣꜥ
* r gs
* rḏj mꜣꜥ r
* r ḏbꜣ
* r ḏr
* r ḏd
* ḥrw r
* spr r dmj
* st-r-mḏd
* šꜣꜥ r

##### Descendants

* Demotic: r, jw, jr⸗, r.r⸗, r.ḥr⸗, r.jr⸗, r.j.jr⸗
** Akhmimic Coptic: ⲁ- (a-), ⲁⲣⲁ⸗ (ara⸗)
** Bohairic Coptic: ⲉ- (e-), ⲉⲣⲟ⸗ (ero⸗)
** Fayyumic Coptic: ⲉ- (e-), ⲉⲗⲁ⸗ (ela⸗)
** Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲁ- (a-)
** Old Coptic: ⲁ- (a-), ⲁⲣⲁ⸗ (ara⸗)
** Sahidic Coptic: ⲉ- (e-), ⲉⲣⲟ⸗ (ero⸗)

#### Particle

enclitic
* (with attached suffix pronoun) so, regarding (that, you, me, etc.), as for (that, you, me, etc.)

##### Usage notes

This usage is distinguished from the preposition by the fact that it occurs as the enclitic second element in a clause instead of at the end of a clause, as is otherwise the case with prepositional phrases.

##### Alternative forms

jr :

### See also

* 𓂋

### References

* “rʾ (lemma ID 92560)”, “r (lemma ID 91900)”, and “jr (lemma ID 28170)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎, Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
* Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎, volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 103.6–103.9
* Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1928) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎, volume 2, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 386.6–388.10, 389.1–392.10
* Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, pages 145–146
* James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 65, 71, 87, 118, 170, 179–180, 196, 410–411.
* Gardiner, Alan (1957) Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs, third edition, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 429
* Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 42
* ↑ Palma, Helena Lopez (2015) “Egyptian Fractional Numerals: The grammar of Egyptian NPs and statements with fractional number expressions” in Lingua Aegyptia, volume 23, page 199
* ↑ Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 58
* ↑ Sethe, Kurt (1916) Von Zahlen und Zahlworten bei den alten Ägyptern, page 82–83
* ↑ Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 15

## Esperanto
### Pronunciation

* (letter name): IPA: /ro/
* (phoneme): IPA: /r/
* Audio:(file)

### Letter

r (lower case, upper case R)
* The twenty-first letter of the Esperanto alphabet, called ro and written in the Latin script.

#### See also

* (Latin-script letters) litero; A a, B b, C c, Ĉ ĉ, D d, E e, F f, G g, Ĝ ĝ, H h, Ĥ ĥ, I i, J j, Ĵ ĵ, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, R r, S s, Ŝ ŝ, T t, U u, Ŭ ŭ, V v, Z z

## Estonian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈerː/

### Letter

r (lower case, upper case R)
* The eighteenth letter of the Estonian alphabet, called err and written in the Latin script.

#### See also

* (Latin-script letters) täht; A a, B b (C c), D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p (Q q), R r, S s, Š š, Z z, Ž ž, T t, U u, V v (W w), Õ õ, Ä ä, Ö ö, Ü ü (X x, Y y)

## Faroese
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɹ/

### Letter

r (upper case R)
* The twentieth letter of the Faroese alphabet, written in the Latin script.

#### See also

* (Latin-script letters) bókstavur; A a, Á á, B b, D d, Ð ð, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, Í í, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, Ó ó, P p, R r, S s, T t, U u, Ú ú, V v, Y y, Ý ý, Æ æ, Ø ø

## Finnish
### Etymology

The Finnish orthography using the Latin script was based on those of Swedish, German and Latin, and was first used in the mid-16th century. No earlier script is known. See the Wikipedia article on Finnish for more information, and r for information on the development of the glyph itself.

### Pronunciation

* Audio; “är, kärrynpyörä, särky, är”:(file)

### Letter

r (lower case, upper case R)
* The eighteenth letter of the Finnish alphabet, called är or er and written in the Latin script.

#### Derived terms

* r-värinen
* sora-r

#### See also

* (Latin-script letters) kirjain; A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s (Š š), T t, U u, V v (W w), X x, Y y, Z z (Ž ž), Å å, Ä ä, Ö ö

## French
### Pronunciation

* (letter name) IPA: /ɛʁ/

### Letter

r (lower case, upper case R)
* The eighteenth letter of the French alphabet, written in the Latin script.

## Fula
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɾ/

### Letter

r (lower case, upper case R)
* A letter of the Fula alphabet, written in the Latin script.

#### Usage notes

* Common to all varieties of Fula (Fulfulde / Pulaar / Pular).

#### See also

* (Latin-script letters) karfeeje; ', A a, B b, Mb mb, Ɓ ɓ, C c, D d, Nd nd, Ɗ ɗ, E e, F f, G g, Ng ng, Ɠ ɠ, H h, I i, J j, Nj nj, K k, L l, M m, N n, Ŋ ŋ, Ñ ñ, Ɲ ɲ, O o, P p, R r, S s, T t, U u, W w, Y y, Ƴ ƴ

## Gothic
### Romanization

r
* Romanization of 𐍂

## Hungarian
### Pronunciation

* (phoneme): IPA: [ˈr]
* (letter name): IPA: [ˈɛrː]

### Letter

r (lower case, upper case R)
* The twenty-ninth letter of the Hungarian alphabet, called err and written in the Latin script.

#### Declension
### See also

* (Latin-script letters) betű; A a, Á á, B b, C c, Cs cs, D d, Dz dz, Dzs dzs, E e, É é, F f, G g, Gy gy, H h, I i, Í í, J j, K k, L l, Ly ly, M m, N n, Ny ny, O o, Ó ó, Ö ö, Ő ő, P p, R r, S s, Sz sz, T t, Ty ty, U u, Ú ú, Ü ü, Ű ű, V v, Z z, Zs zs. Only in the extended alphabet: Q q W w X x Y y. Commonly used: ch. Also defined: à ë. In surnames (selection): ä aa cz ds eé eö ew oe oó th ts ÿ.

### Further reading

* r in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN

## Icelandic
### Letter

r (upper case R)
* The twenty-first letter of the Icelandic alphabet, written in the Latin script.

### See also

* (Latin-script letters) bókstafur; A a, Á á, B b, D d, Ð ð, E e, É é, F f, G g, H h, I i, Í í, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, Ó ó, P p, R r, S s, T t, U u, Ú ú, V v, X x, Y y, Ý ý, Þ þ, Æ æ, Ö ö

## Ido
### Pronunciation

* (context pronunciation) IPA: /ɾ/
* (letter name) IPA: /ɾe/

### Letter

r (upper case R)
* The eighteenth letter of the Ido alphabet, written in the Latin script.

#### See also

* (Latin-script letters) litero; A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

## Irish
### Letter

r (lower case, upper case R)
* The fifteenth letter of the Irish alphabet, written in the Latin script.

#### See also

* (Latin-script letters) litir; A a (Á á), B b (Bh bh, bhF bhf, bP bp), C c (Ch ch), D d (Dh dh, dT dt), E e (É é), F f (Fh fh), G g (gC gc, Gh gh), H h, I i (Í í), L l, M m (mB mb, Mh mh), N n (nD nd, nG ng), O o (Ó ó), P p (Ph ph), R r, S s (Sh sh), T t (Th th, tS ts), U u (Ú ú), V v
* (diacritics) ◌́ ◌̇
* (dotted letters used chiefly in Gaelic type) Ḃ ḃ, Ċ ċ, Ḋ ḋ, Ḟ ḟ, Ġ ġ, Ṁ ṁ, Ṗ ṗ, Ṡ ẛ ṡ, Ṫ ṫ

## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɛr.re/
* Rhymes: -ɛrre
* (Rome) IPA: /ɛɾe/

### Letter

r f or m (invariable, lower case, upper case R)
* The sixteenth letter of the Italian alphabet, called erre and written in the Latin script.

### Pronunciation

* (Rome) IPA: /ɾ/

### Article

Alternative spelling of er.

## Kankanaey
### Etymology

Borrowed from Tagalog r. Letter pronunciation is influenced by English r.

### Pronunciation

* (letter name) IPA: /ʔaɾ/ [ʔʌɾ]
** Rhymes: -aɾ
* (phoneme) IPA: /ɾ/ [ɾ]

### Letter

r (lower case, upper case R)
* The twentieth letter of the Kankanaey alphabet, called ar and written in the Latin script.

#### See also

* (Latin-script letters) letra; A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, Ñ ñ, Ng ng, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

### References

* Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino (2016) Ortograpiya di Kankanaëy [Kankanaey Orthography]‎ (in Kankanaey and Tagalog), →ISBN, pages 10-11

## Kashubian
### Etymology

The Kashubian orthography is based on the Latin alphabet. No earlier script is known. See the Kashubian alphabet article on Wikipedia for more, and r for development of the glyph itself.

### Letter

r (lower case, upper case R)
* The twenty-fifth letter of the Kashubian alphabet, written in the Latin script.

#### See also

* (Latin-script letters) A a, Ą ą, Ã ã, B b, C c, D d, E e, É é, Ë ë, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, Ł ł, M m, N n, O o, Ò ò, Ó ó, Ô ô, P p, R r, S s, T t, U u, Ù ù, W w, Y y, Z z, Ż ż

## Latin
### Letter

r (lower case, upper case R)
* A letter in the Latin alphabet, representing the sound /r/

#### See also

* (Latin-script letters) A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, V v, X x, Y y, Z z

## Latvian
### Etymology

Proposed in 1908 as part of the new Latvian spelling by the scientific commission headed by K. Mīlenbahs, which was accepted and began to be taught in schools in 1909. Prior to that, Latvian had been written in German Fraktur, and sporadically in Cyrillic.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɾ]
* This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.

### Letter

r (lower case, upper case R)
* The twenty-fifth letter of the Latvian alphabet, called er and written in the Latin script.

#### See also

* Letters of the Latvian alphabet:
    burti: Aa, Āā, Bb, Cc, Čč, Dd, Ee, Ēē, Ff, Gg, Ģģ, Hh, Ii, Īī, Jj, Kk, Ķķ, Ll, Ļļ, Mm, Nn, Ņņ, Oo, Pp, Rr, Ss, Šš, Tt, Uu, Ūū, Vv, Zz, Žž

## Livonian
### Pronunciation

* (phoneme) IPA: /r/

### Letter

r (upper case R)
* The twenty-ninth letter of the Livonian alphabet, written in the Latin script.

### See also

* (Latin-script letters) kēratēd̦; A a, Ā ā, Ä ä, Ǟ ǟ, B b, D d, D̦ d̦, E e, Ē ē, F f, G g, H h, I i, Ī ī, J j, K k, L l, Ļ ļ, M m, N n, Ņ ņ, O o, Ō ō, Ȯ ȯ, Ȱ ȱ, Õ õ, Ȭ ȭ, P p, R r, Ŗ ŗ, S s, Š š, T t, Ț ț, U u, Ū ū, V v, Z z, Ž ž

## Malay
### Letter

r (lower case, upper case R)
* The eighteenth letter of the Malay alphabet, written in the Latin script.

#### See also

* (Latin-script letters) A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

## Maltese
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /r/

### Letter

r (lower case, upper case R)
* The twenty-second letter of the Maltese alphabet, written in the Latin script.

### See also

* (Latin-script letters) ittra; A a, B b, Ċ ċ, D d, E e, F f, Ġ ġ, G g, Għ għ, H h, Ħ ħ, I i, Ie ie, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Ż ż, Z z

## Mandarin
### Romanization

r (r$^5$ / r$^0$, Zhuyin ˙ㄖ)
* Hanyu Pinyin reading of 兒 / 儿

### References

* Wenlin Pinyin dictionary
* erhua on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

## North Frisian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [r], (more recently among some speakers) [ʁ]

### Letter

r (lower case, upper case R)
* A letter of the North Frisian alphabet, written in the Latin script.

#### Usage notes

* In the syllable coda, ⟨r⟩ is vowelized to [ɐ̯], creating diphthongs (similarly to German and non-rhotic English). After ⟨ia, ua⟩, insofar as they have [ɐ̯] to begin with, it may be lost entirely.
* In Sylt and Föhr-Amrum Frisian, ⟨r⟩ before a voiceless stop is frequently not vowelized, but becomes [x] instead. This development is not related (or at least not directly so) to the use of uvular R, since it happens equally in those speakers who say [r].

### See also

* (North Frisian letters): a, ä, å, ā, b, c, d, đ, e, ē, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, ö, p, r, s, t, u, ü, v, w (q, x, y, z)

## Norwegian
### Pronunciation

* (letter name): IPA: /ærː/, /æɾː/
* (phoneme): IPA: /r/, /ɾ/, /ʁ/
* Audio:(file)

### Letter

r
* The eighteenth letter of the Norwegian alphabet, written in the Latin script.

#### Usage notes

* /ʁ/ is the pronunciation of r usually found in southern and southeastern dialects of Norway. Bergen has the dialect best known for this sound. Said to come from Danish and/or German, originally from French.
* Dialects with /ʁ/ do not have retroflex consonants.
* Silent before l in many dialects, such as [ˈdɔːlɪ] or [ˈdɔrlɪ] (dårlig/dårleg).

## Nupe
### Pronunciation

* (phoneme): IPA: /ɾ/

### Letter

r (lower case, upper case R)
* The twentieth letter of the Nupe alphabet, written in the Latin script.

#### See also

* (Latin-script letters) banki; A a (Á á, À à), B b, C c, D d, Dz dz, E e (É é, È è), F f, G g, Gb gb, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì), J j, K k, Kp kp, L l, M m (Ḿ ḿ, M̀ m̀, M̄ m̄), N n (Ń ń, Ǹ ǹ, N̄ n̄), O o (Ó ó, Ò ò), P p, R r, S s, Sh sh, T t, Ts ts, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù), V v, W w, Y y, Z z, Zh zh

## Polish
### Etymology

The Polish orthography is based on the Latin alphabet. No earlier script is known. See the history of Polish orthography article on Wikipedia for more, and r for development of the glyph itself.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɛr/

### Letter

r (upper case R, lower case)
* The twenty-third letter of the Polish alphabet, called er and written in the Latin script.

#### See also

* (Latin-script letters) A a, Ą ą, B b, C c, Ć ć, D d, E e, Ę ę, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, Ł ł, M m, N n, Ń ń, O o, Ó ó, P p (Q q), R r, S s, Ś ś, T t, U u (V v), W w (X x), Y y, Z z, Ź ź, Ż ż

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* Audio (Brazil):(file)

### Letter

r (lower case, upper case R)
* The eighteenth letter of the Portuguese alphabet, written in the Latin script.

#### See also

* (Latin-script letters) letra; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ã ã), B b, C c (Ç ç), D d, E e (É é, Ê ê), F f, G g, H h, I i (Í í), J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ô ô, Õ õ), P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u (Ú ú), V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

## Romani
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /r/

### Letter

r (lower case, upper case R)
* (International Standard) The twenty-second letter of the Romani alphabet, written in the Latin script.
* (Pan-Vlax) The twenty-third letter of the Romani alphabet, written in the Latin script.

#### See also

* (Latin-script letters) A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, X x, I i, J j, K k, Kh kh, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Ph ph, R r, S s, T t, Th th, U u, V v, Z z International Standard: (À à, Ä ä, Ǎ ǎ), Ć ć, Ćh ćh, (È è, Ë ë, Ě ě), (Ì ì, Ï ï, Ǐ ǐ), (Ò ò, Ö ö, Ǒ ǒ), Rr rr, Ś ś, (Ù ù, Ü ü, Ǔ ǔ), Ź ź, Ʒ ʒ, Q q, Ç ç, ϴ θ. Pan-Vlax: Č č, Čh čh, Dž dž, (Dź dź), Ř ř, Š š, (Ś ś), Ž ž, (Ź ź).

### References

* Yūsuke Sumi (2018) “R, r”, in ニューエクスプレスプラス　ロマ（ジプシー）語 [New Express Plus Romani (Gypsy)] (in Japanese), Tokyo: Hakusuisha, published 2021, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 14

## Romanian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /r/

### Letter

r (lower case, upper case R)
* The twenty-first letter of the Romanian alphabet, called er, re, or rî and written in the Latin script.

#### See also

* (Latin-script letters) A a, Ă ă, Â â, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, Î î, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, Ș ș, T t, Ț ț, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

## Scottish Gaelic
### Letter

r (lower case, upper case R)
* The fifteenth letter of the Scottish Gaelic alphabet, written in the Latin script. It is preceded by p and followed by s. Its traditional name is ruis (“elder”).

#### See also

* (Latin-script letters) litir; A a (À à), B b (Bh bh), C c (Ch ch), D d (Dh dh), E e (È è), F f (Fh fh), G g (Gh gh), H h, I i (Ì ì), L l, M m (Mh mh), N n, O o (Ò ò), P p (Ph ph), R r, S s (Sh sh), T t (Th th), U u (Ù ù)
* (diacritics) ◌̀
* (obsolete vowels) Á á É é Ó ó

## Serbo-Croatian
### Alternative forms

* R (uppercase)

### Pronunciation

* (phoneme) IPA: /r/

### Letter

r (Cyrillic spelling р)
* The 23rd letter of the Serbo-Croatian Latin alphabet (gajica), preceded by p and followed by s.

## Silesian
### Etymology

The Silesian orthography is based on the Latin alphabet. No earlier script is known. See the Silesian language article on Wikipedia for more, and r for development of the glyph itself.

### Letter

r (lower case, upper case R)
* The twenty-fifth letter of the Silesian alphabet, written in the Latin script.

#### See also

* (Latin-script letters) A a, Ã ã, B b, C c, Ć ć, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, Ł ł, M m, N n, Ń ń, O o, Ŏ ŏ, Ō ō, Ô ô, Õ õ, P p, R r, S s, Ś ś, T t, U u, W w, Y y, Z z, Ź ź, Ż ż

## Skolt Sami
### Pronunciation

* (phoneme) IPA: /r/

### Letter

r (upper case R)
* The twenty-seventh letter of the Skolt Sami alphabet, written in the Latin script.

### See also

* (Latin-script letters) bukva; A a, Â â, B b, C c, Č č, Ʒ ʒ, Ǯ ǯ, D d, Đ đ, E e, F f, G g, Ǧ ǧ, Ǥ ǥ, H h, I i, J j, K k, Ǩ ǩ, L l, M m, N n, Ŋ ŋ, O o, Õ õ, P p, R r, S s, Š š, T t, U u, V v, Z z, Ž ž, Å å, Ä ä, ʹ

## Slovak
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [r]

### Letter

r (upper case R)
* The thirty-first letter of the Slovak alphabet, written in the Latin script.

### See also

* (Latin-script letters) písmeno; A a, Á á, Ä ä, B b, C c, Č č, D d, Ď ď, Dz dz, Dž dž, E e, É é, F f, G g, H h, Ch ch, I i, Í í, J j, K k, L l, Ĺ ĺ, Ľ ľ, M m, N n, Ň ň, O o, Ó ó, Ô ô, P p, Q q, R r, Ŕ ŕ, S s, Š š, T t, Ť ť, U u, Ú ú, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Ý ý, Z z, Ž ž

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: (phoneme) /ɾ/, /r/
* IPA: (letter name) /ˈere/ [ˈe.re]
** Audio (Spain):(file)
** Rhymes: -ere

### Letter

r (lower case, upper case R)
* The nineteenth letter of the Spanish alphabet, written in the Latin script.
** 1915, Julio Vicuña Cifuentes, Mitos y Supersticiones Recogidos de la Tradición Oral Chilena, page 270:Las ostras deben comerse sólo en los meses que no llevan r: Mayo, Junio, Julio y Agosto(please add an English translation of this quotation)

#### Derived terms

* media r

#### See also

* (Latin-script letters) letra; A a (Á á), B b, C c, D d, E e (É é), F f, G g, H h, I i (Í í), J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, Ñ ñ, O o (Ó ó), P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u (Ú ú, Ü ü), V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

## Swedish
### Letter

r (lower case, upper case R)
* The eighteenth letter of the Swedish alphabet, written in the Latin script.

#### See also

* (Latin-script letters) bokstav; A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z, Å å, Ä ä, Ö ö

## Tagalog
### Etymology

Borrowed from Spanish r. Each pronunciation has a different source:
* Filipino alphabet pronunciation is influenced by English r.
* Abakada alphabet pronunciation is influenced by Baybayin character ᜇ (da/ra).
* Abecedario pronunciation is from Spanish r.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog)
** IPA: /ˈʔaɾ/ [ˈʔaɾ] (letter name, Filipino alphabet)
*** Rhymes: -aɾ
** IPA: /ˈɾa/ [ˈɾa] (letter name, Abakada alphabet)
*** Rhymes: -a
** IPA: /ˈʔeɾe/ [ˈʔɛː.ɾɛ] (letter name, Abecedario)
*** Rhymes: -eɾe
** IPA: /ɾ/ [ɾ] (phoneme)

### Letter

r (lower case, upper case R, Baybayin spelling ᜀᜇ᜔)
* The twentieth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Filipino alphabet), called ar and written in the Latin script.

#### See also

* (Latin-script letters) titik; A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, Ñ ñ, Ng ng, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

### Letter

r (lower case, upper case R, Baybayin spelling ᜇ)
* The fifteenth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abakada alphabet), called ra and written in the Latin script.

### Letter

r (lower case, upper case R, Baybayin spelling ᜁᜇᜒ)
* (historical) The twenty-first letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abecedario), called ere and written in the Latin script.

### Further reading

* “r”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018

## Turkish
### Pronunciation

* (phoneme) IPA: /ɾ/

### Letter

r (lower case, upper case R)
* The twenty-first letter of the Turkish alphabet, called re and written in the Latin script.

#### See also

* (Latin-script letters) harf; A a (Â â), B b, C c, Ç ç, D d, E e, F f, G g, Ğ ğ, H h, I ı, İ i (Î î), J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, Ö ö, P p, R r, S s, Ş ş, T t, U u (Û û), Ü ü, V v, Y y, Z z

## Turkmen
### Pronunciation

* (phoneme) IPA: /r/

### Letter

r (upper case R)
* The twenty-first letter of the Turkmen alphabet, called er and written in the Latin script.

### See also

* (Latin-script letters) harp; A a, B b, Ç ç, D d, E e, Ä ä, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, Ž ž, K k, L l, M m, N n, Ň ň, O o, Ö ö, P p, R r, S s, Ş ş, T t, U u, Ü ü, W w, Y y, Ý ý, Z z

## Welsh
### Pronunciation

* (standard) IPA: /ɛr/
** (informal) IPA: /r/

### Letter

r (lower case, upper case R)
* The twenty-third letter of the Welsh alphabet, called er and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by ph and followed by rh.

### See also

* (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)

### Further reading

* R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “r”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

## Yoruba
### Pronunciation

* (phoneme): IPA: /ɾ/
* (letter name): IPA: /ɾí/

### Letter

r (lower case, upper case R)
* The nineteenth letter of the Yoruba alphabet, called rí and written in the Latin script.

#### See also

* (Latin-script letters) lẹ́tà; A a (Á á, À à, Ā ā), B b, D d, E e (É é, È è, Ē ē), Ẹ ẹ (Ẹ́ ẹ́, Ẹ̀ ẹ̀, Ẹ̄ ẹ̄), F f, G g, Gb gb, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Ī ī), J j, K k, L l, M m (Ḿ ḿ, M̀ m̀, M̄ m̄), N n (Ń ń, Ǹ ǹ, N̄ n̄), O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ō ō), Ọ ọ (Ọ́ ọ́, Ọ̀ ọ̀, Ọ̄ ọ̄), P p, R r, S s, Ṣ ṣ, T t, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Ū ū), W w, Y y
* (Benin)
* (Latin-script letters) lɛ́tà; A a, B b, D d, E e, Ɛ ɛ, F f, G g, Gb gb, H h, I i, J j, K k, Kp kp, L l, M m, N n, O o, Ɔ ɔ, P p, R r, S s, Sh sh, T t, U u, W w, Y y

## Zulu
### Letter

r (lower case, upper case R)
* The eighteenth letter of the Zulu alphabet, written in the Latin script.

#### See also

* (Latin-script letters) A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z
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