# अपर
## Hindi
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit अपर (apara).

### Pronunciation

* (Delhi) IPA: /ə.pəɾ/, [ɐ.pɐɾ]

### Noun

अपर • (apar) (indeclinable)
* additional

## Sanskrit
### Etymology 1

From अ- (a-) +‎ पर (pára).

#### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /ɐ́.pɐ.ɾɐ/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /ˈɐ.pɐ.ɾɐ/

#### Adjective

अपर • (a-para)
* having nothing beyond or after, having no rival or superior, unsurpassed

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂epero-, itself a comparative of *h₂epo that gave Sanskrit अप (ápa). Cognate with Albanian afër (“close, nearby”), Gothic 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 (afar, “after”), Old Persian 𐎠𐎱𐎼 (apara, “later, after”), Avestan 𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀 (apara, “more behind, later”).

#### Adjective

अपर • (ápara)
* posterior, later, latter (as opposed to पूर्व (pū́rva); often in compounds)
** RV 1.145.2
    तमित्पृच्छन्ति न सिमो वि पृच्छति स्वेनेव धीरो मनसा यदग्रभीत्।
    न मृष्यते प्रथमं नापरं वचोऽस्य क्रत्वा सचते अप्रदृपितः॥
       tamitpṛcchanti na simo vi pṛcchati sveneva dhīro manasā yadaghrabhīt |
       na mṛṣyate prathamaṃ nāparaṃ vaco'sya kratvā sacate apradṛpitaḥ ||
          They ask of him (Agni): not all learn by their questioning what he, the Sage, hath grasped, as ’twere, with his own mind.
          Forgetting not the former nor the later word, he goeth on, not careless, in his mental power.
* following
* western
** RV 1.31.4
    त्वमग्ने मनवे द्यामवाशयः पुरूरवसे सुकृते सुकृत्तरः।
    श्वात्रेण यत्पित्रोर्मुच्यसे पर्या त्वा पूर्वमनयन्नापरं पुनः॥
       tvamagne manave dyāmavāśayaḥ purūravase sukṛte sukṛttaraḥ |
       śvātreṇa yatpitrormucyase paryā tvā pūrvamanayannāparaṃ punaḥ ||
          Agni thou madest heaven to thunder for mankind; thou, yet more pious, for pious Purūravas.
          When thou art rapidly freed from thy parents, first eastward they bear thee round, and, after, to the west.
* inferior, lower (as opposed to पर (pára))
* other, another (as opposed to स्व (svá))
* different (with ablative)
* being in the west of
* distant, opposite

##### Usage notes

Sometimes अपर (apara) is used as a conjunction to connect words or sentences e.g. अपरञ्च (aparañca, “moreover”).

##### Descendants

* Magadhi Prakrit: *𑀅𑀯𑀭 (*avara)
** Assamese: আৰু (aru)
** Bengali: আর (ar), ও (ō)
** Bhojpuri: 𑂄 (ā)
** Magahi: 𑂄𑂇 (āu), 𑂄 (ā)
* Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀅𑀯𑀭 (avara)
** Old Hindi: अरु (aru, “and”)
*** Hindi: और (aur, “and”)
** Romani: aver
* Marathi: अपर (apar)
* Nepali: अरू (arū)
* Punjabi: ਹੋਰ (hor)
* → Assamese: অপৰ (opor)
* → Kannada: ಅಪರ (apara)
* → Tamil: அபரம் (aparam)
* → Telugu: అపరము (aparamu)

#### Noun

अपर • (ápara) stem, m
* the hind foot of an elephant

##### Declension
#### Noun

अपर • (ápara) stem, n
* the future
** RV 6.33.5
    नूनं न इन्द्रापराय च सया भवा मर्ळीक उत नो अभिष्टौ |
    इत्था गर्णन्तो महिनस्य शर्मन दिवि षयाम पार्ये गोषतमाः ||
       nūnaṃ na indrāparāya ca syā bhavā mṛḷīka uta no abhiṣṭau |
       itthā ghṛṇanto mahinasya śarman divi ṣyāma pārye ghoṣatamāḥ ||
          Be ours, O Indra, now and for the future, be graciously inclined and near to help us.
          Thus may we, singing, sheltered by the Mighty, win many cattle on the day of trial.

##### Declension
#### References

* Monier Williams (1899) “अपर”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, pages 50/2-3.
* Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 83-84
* Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “अपर”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 1