# kerajaan
## Brunei Malay
### Etymology

From raja +‎ ke- -an. Either cognate with or derived from Malay kerajaan.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kə.ra.d͡ʒa.ʔan/
* (contraction) IPA: /kra.d͡ʒa.ʔan/

### Noun

kerajaan
* government of a country or state

## Indonesian
### Alternative forms

* keradjaan (1947–1972)

### Etymology

Affixed raja +‎ ke- -an, from Malay kerajaan, from Classical Malay kerajaan (“royal, become king”).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Indonesian) IPA: /kəraˈd͡ʒaan/ [kə.raˈd͡ʒa.an]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -aan
* Syllabification: ke‧ra‧ja‧an

### Noun

kêrajaan (plural kerajaan-kerajaan)
* kingdom
** A realm having a king and/or queen as its actual or nominal sovereign.
    Synonym: keajian
** (taxonomy) A rank in the classification of organisms, below domain and above phylum; a taxon at that rank.
    Synonym: alam (Standard Malay)
* monarchy: a government in which sovereignty is embodied within a single, today usually hereditary head of state (whether as a figurehead or as a powerful ruler).
    Synonyms: monarki, keberajaan
* (obsolete) kingship

#### Coordinate terms

* kedaton
* kedatuan
* kekaisaran (“empire”)
* kekhalifahan (“caliphate”)
* kesultanan (“sultanate”)

#### Derived terms

* kerajaan absolut
* kerajaan konstitusional
* kerajaan mutlak
* kerajaan parlementer

### Adjective

kêrajaan
* royal: of or relating to a monarch or their family.
    Synonym: diraja (Standard Malay)

### Verb

kêrajaan
* (obsolete) to become a king
    Jika ia kerajaan, tiada akan sempurna negeri ini. ― If he becomes a king, this nation will never be perfect.

### Usage notes

The word is part of false friends between Standard Malay and Indonesian due to shared etymology. The Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore usage can be seen in Malay kerajaan.

### Further reading

* “kerajaan” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Malay
### Etymology

Affixation of raja +‎ ke- -an.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kərad͡ʒaʔan]
* Rhymes: -an

### Noun

kerajaan (Jawi spelling کراجاءن, plural kerajaan-kerajaan, informal 1st possessive kerajaanku, 2nd possessive kerajaanmu, 3rd possessive kerajaannya)
* (Brunei, Malaysia) government (an organisation which has the power to enact and legislate laws within its area of jurisdiction)
    Synonym: pemerintah
* kingdom

#### Usage notes

This word is part of false friends between Standard Malay and Indonesian due to shared etymology. The Indonesian usage can be seen in Indonesian kerajaan.
* The government sense prevails in Malaysia and Brunei due to the two countries' monarchic governments, even if the government referred by the term is a republic.
* In Singapore, foreign governments can be referred as either kerajaan or pemerintah depending on their form of government. The Singaporean government being a republic is always referred to as pemerintah, which has no monarchic connotations.
* In Indonesia, kerajaan is used in the sense of a kingdom only. Governments are always translated as pemerintah, which has no monarchic connotations.

#### Descendants

* Indonesian: kerajaan

### Further reading

* “kerajaan” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.