# 歹

| 歹 | U+6B79, &#27513; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6B79 |
| ← 歸 [U+6B78] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 歺 → [U+6B7A] |
| ⽍ | U+2F4D, &#12109; KANGXI RADICAL DEATH |
| ← ⽌ [U+2F4C] | Kangxi Radicals | ⽎ → [U+2F4E] |
| 歹 | U+FA95, &#64149; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA95 |
| ← 杖 [U+FA94] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 殺 → [U+FA96] |

## Translingual
### Han character

歹 (Kangxi radical 78, 歹+0, 4 strokes, cangjie input 一弓戈 (MNI), four-corner 1020$_7$, composition ⿱一夕)
* Kangxi radical #78, ⽍.

#### Derived characters

* Appendix:Chinese radical/歹
* 𠯪, 𡛃, 𢗚, 𢪰, 𣲠, 𨑰, 𧺰, 𪞧, 𬳜, 列, 𭅵, 𨚌, 𭣤, 𦍙, 肂, 𩐁, 飱, 𪚗, 㱛
* 𢁳, 𡧒, 𪽨, 夙, 𣱚, 𪗈, 䬸, 薚, 𡂍

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 578, character 15
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 16359
* Dae Jaweon: page 969, character 7
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1379, character 14
* Unihan data for U+6B79
* Unihan data for U+FA95

## Chinese
### Glyph origin 1

Historical forms of the character 歹 :
| Shang | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
Pictogram (象形) - human remains. The top component of 餐 still preserves the intermediate variant 歺.

### Etymology 1

* This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “From Mongolian? ”

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): dǎi (dai$^3$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄉㄞˇ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): дэ (de, II)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): daai$^2$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): tái
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tái
    (Teochew, Peng'im): dai$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$te
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dǎi
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄞˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: dǎi
*** Wade–Giles: tai$^3$
*** Yale: dǎi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: dae
*** Palladius: дай (daj)
*** Sinological IPA : /taɪ̯²¹⁴/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: дэ (de, II)
*** Sinological IPA : /tɛ⁵¹/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: daai$^2$
*** Yale: dáai
*** Cantonese Pinyin: daai$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: dai$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /taːi̯³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tái
*** Hakka Romanization System: dai$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: dai$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /tai̯³¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tái
*** Tâi-lô: tái
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dae
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tai⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tai⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tai⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tai⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tai⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: dai$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tái
*** Sinological IPA : /tai⁵²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$te
*** MiniDict: te$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$te
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /te³⁴/

#### Definitions

歹
* bad; wicked; evil
    歹意 ― dǎiyì ― malicious intent
* misdeed; something evil
    為非作歹／为非作歹 ― wéifēizuòdǎi ― to do evil

#### Compounds

* 三好兩歹 / 三好两歹
* 不分好歹
* 不知好歹 (bùzhīhǎodǎi)
* 不識好歹 / 不识好歹 (bùshíhǎodǎi)
* 作好作歹
* 作歹 (zuòdǎi)
* 低歹
* 作歹為非 / 作歹为非
* 做好做歹
* 口歹
* 好共歹
* 好歹 (hǎodǎi)
* 好說歹說 / 好说歹说
* 心歹
* 忙古歹
* 惡歹子 / 恶歹子
* 放歹
* 有個好歹 / 有个好歹
* 杭好杭歹
* 歹不中
* 歹事 (dǎishì)
* 歹事頭 / 歹事头
* 歹人 (dǎirén)
* 歹做出
* 歹口
* 歹命
* 歹婆娘
* 歹徒 (dǎitú)
* 歹徒橫行 / 歹徒横行
* 歹心 (dǎixīn)
* 歹意 (dǎiyì)
* 歹戲拖棚 / 歹戏拖棚
* 歹毒 (dǎidú)
* 歹生活
* 歹話 / 歹话
* 歹鬥 / 歹斗
* 歹鬥毛 / 歹斗毛
* 沒好沒歹 / 没好没歹
* 為非作歹 / 为非作歹 (wéifēizuòdǎi)
* 無道歹 / 无道歹
* 生非作歹
* 知好歹
* 莽古歹
* 詭歹 / 诡歹
* 說好嫌歹 / 说好嫌歹
* 說好說歹 / 说好说歹
* 賴歹 / 赖歹

### Etymology 2

Unclear. It has been suggested that it could be related to 否 (pǐ, “evil”) or 痞 (pǐ, “rascal; evil”).(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “also compare Hakka 敗 (phài)”)

#### Pronunciation

* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): pháiⁿ / phái
    (Teochew, Peng'im): pai$^2$
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pháiⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: pháinn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: phvae
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /pʰãi⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /pʰãi⁴¹/
*** IPA (Singapore): /pʰãi⁴²/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phái
*** Tâi-lô: phái
*** Phofsit Daibuun: phae
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /pʰai⁵³/
*** IPA (Singapore): /pʰai⁴²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines): /pʰai⁵⁵⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: pai$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: phái
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰai⁵²/

#### Definitions

歹
* (Hokkien, Teochew) bad; wicked; evil
    歹勢／歹势 [Hokkien] ― pháiⁿ-sè [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― excuse me (lit. bad feeling)
* (Hokkien) to become bad; to break down
       Léng-khì pháiⁿ--khì--ah! [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       The air conditioner broke down!
* (Hokkien) to be fierce
       Lí bô-tāi-bô-chì pháiⁿ góa chhòng siáⁿ? [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       Why are you being fierce to me for no reason?
* (Hokkien) to cause something to be harmed or damaged
       Góa chia̍h-pháiⁿ pak-tó͘, só͘-í ē-po͘ tio̍h chhéng-ká. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       I became sick because of bad food, so I have to take my afternoon off.
* (Hokkien) difficult; hard (to do something)
       Lo̍h-hō͘ ê sî-chūn, chit tiâu lō͘ tō piàn kah chin pháiⁿ kiâⁿ. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       When it rains, the road becomes really difficult to walk on.

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 惡 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 壞 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 壞, 賴 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 壞 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 壞 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 壞 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 壞, 孬, 賴 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 瞎, 壞 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 壞 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 壞, 拐 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 壞 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 壞 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 壞, 弊, 衰 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 壞, 衰 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 衰 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 壞 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 衰 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 衰 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 壞 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 壞 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Meilin) | 衰 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 賴, 壞 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 壞, 獰 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 呆, 否 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 歹, 䆀 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 歹 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 歹 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 歹 |
| Southern Min | Nan'an | 歹 |
| Southern Min | Shishi | 歹 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 䆀 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 䆀, 孬 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 歹 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 䆀, 歹 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 歹 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 歹 |
| Southern Min | Datian | 歹 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 孬 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 孬 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 孬, 歹 |
| Southern Min | Puning | 孬 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 歹, 孬 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 㾀 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 㾀 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 㾀 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 㾀 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 壞, 恘 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 壞, 恘 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 歪, 推扳, 嘸做 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 毛 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 壞, 拐 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 壞, 拐 |
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 壞 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 壞 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 壞 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 壞 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 壞 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 壞 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 壞 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 壞 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 壞 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 壞 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 壞 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 壞 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 歹 GT |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 歹 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 歹 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 壞, 嘸做 |
| Note | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) |
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 難, 困難, 艱難 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 難, 困難, 艱難 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 難 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 難 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 難 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 難 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 難 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 難 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 難 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 難 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 難 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 難 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 難, 惡 † |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 難, 惡 † |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 難 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 難, 惡 † |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 難, 惡 † |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 難 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 難 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 難 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 難 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 難 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 難 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 難 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 難 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 難 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 難 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 難 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 艱難, 難 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 惡, 艱苦, 歹 † |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 難 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 惡, 䆀 † |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 惡 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 惡, 歹 † |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 艱苦, 歹 † |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 惡, 艱苦, 歹 † |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 艱苦, 惡, 歹 † |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 難, 惡 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 惡, 艱苦 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 惡, 歹 † |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 惡 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 惡 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 惡 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 難 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 難 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 難 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 難 |
| Note | † - only used with a verbal complement | † - only used with a verbal complement |

#### Compounds

* 做歹
* 好歹 (hó-pháiⁿ) (Min Nan)
* 拍歹
* 𣍐歹 / 𫧃歹
* 歹人 (pháiⁿ-lâng) (Min Nan)
* 歹代
* 歹價 / 歹价
* 歹剃頭 / 歹剃头
* 歹勢 / 歹势 (pháiⁿ-sè) (Min Nan)
* 歹吉兆
* 歹命
* 歹命人
* 歹喙
* 歹喙斗
* 歹囝
* 歹天
* 歹年冬
* 歹徒 (pháiⁿ-tô͘) (Min Nan)
* 歹心 (dǎixīn)
* 歹性地
* 歹意 (dǎiyì)
* 歹手爪
* 歹扭搦
* 歹日
* 歹款
* 歹死
* 歹𤆬頭 / 歹𤆬头
* 歹物
* 歹物仔
* 歹症頭 / 歹症头
* 歹癖
* 歹看
* 歹看相
* 歹看面
* 歹睏 / 歹困
* 歹積德 / 歹积德
* 歹空
* 歹竹出好筍 / 歹竹出好笋 (pháiⁿ tek chhut hó sún) (Min Nan)
* 歹紡 / 歹纺
* 歹聲嗽 / 歹声嗽
* 歹聽 / 歹听
* 歹育飼 / 歹育饲
* 歹腹肚
* 歹話 / 歹话
* 歹講 / 歹讲
* 歹路
* 歹運 / 歹运
* 歹銅舊錫 / 歹铜旧锡
* 歹面
* 歹面相看
* 歹食 (pháiⁿ-chia̍h) (Min Nan)

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): è (e$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄜˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ngaat$^6$ / aat$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: è
*** Zhuyin: ㄜˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: è
*** Wade–Giles: o$^4$
*** Yale: è
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: eh
*** Palladius: э (e)
*** Sinological IPA : /ˀɤ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ngaat$^6$ / aat$^3$
*** Yale: ngaaht / aat
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ngaat$^9$ / aat$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ngad$^6$ / ad$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋaːt̚²/, /aːt̚³/
* Middle Chinese: ngat
Rime :
| Character | 歹 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 曷 (63) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 五割切 |
| Baxter | ngat |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ŋɑt̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ŋɑt̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ŋɑt̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ŋat̚/ |
| Li Rong | /ŋɑt̚/ |
| Wang Li | /ŋɑt̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ŋɑt̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | è |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ngot$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋaːd/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 歹 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 2717 |
| Phonetic component | 歺 |
| Rime group | 月 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 嶭 |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋaːd/ |

#### Definitions

歹
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) bone remnants

### Etymology 4
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jīng (jing$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄥ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jīng
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jing
*** Wade–Giles: ching$^1$
*** Yale: jīng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jing
*** Palladius: цзин (czin)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

#### Definitions

歹
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) bone remains

### Glyph origin 2

Disputed:
* From Tibetan letter ཏ (徐復《歹字源出藏文說》)
* Abbreviated from 殆 (楊琳《古漢語外來詞研究中存在的問題》)

### Etymology 5
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): dāi (dai$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄉㄞ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dāi
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄞ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: dai
*** Wade–Giles: tai$^1$
*** Yale: dāi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: dai
*** Palladius: дай (daj)
*** Sinological IPA : /taɪ̯⁵⁵/

#### Definitions

歹
* Alternative form of 待 (“to stay”)

### Etymology 6
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): dǎi (dai$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄉㄞˇ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dǎi
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄞˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: dǎi
*** Wade–Giles: tai$^3$
*** Yale: dǎi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: dae
*** Palladius: дай (daj)
*** Sinological IPA : /taɪ̯²¹⁴/

#### Definitions

歹
* (used by Miao people) I, you

### References

* “歹”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.
* “(#)”, in 臺灣閩南語按呢寫‎, Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2013.
* Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary
* Chinese Linguipedia

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): がつ (gatsu)、あつ (atsu)、がち (gachi)
* Kun: わるい (warui)、かばねへん (kabanehen)

## Korean
### Hanja

歹 • (al, dae) (hangeul 알, 대, revised al, dae, McCune–Reischauer al, tae, Yale al, tay)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

歹: Hán Nôm readings: ngạt, đãi, ngặt
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.