# ᄒᆞ다
## Jeju
### Etymology

Of native Jeju origin, from Middle Korean ᄒᆞ다〮 (Yale: hò-tá), from Old Korean 爲 (*HO(Y)-). Cognate with Korean 하다 (hada).

### Pronunciation

* (Morphophonemic) IPA: ⫽hɒta⫽
* (Jeju City) IPA: [hɒda̠]
* Phonetic hangul: [ᄒᆞ다]

### Verb

ᄒᆞ다 (hawda) (infinitive 헨 or 헹 or ᄒᆞ연 or ᄒᆞ영, sequential ᄒᆞ난)
* (transitive) to do; used to vaguely refer to almost any action.
    오널 무신거 헨? — ᄉᆞ답 ᄒᆞ엿어마씸. ― Oneol musin'geo hen? - sawdap hawyeoseo-massim. ― What did you do today? — I did the laundry.
    느가 헤사주게! ― neu-ga hesa-ju-ge! ― You should do it!
    ᄋᆞ, 나 막 잘 ᄒᆞ여졋다. ― Aw, na mak jal hawyeojeotda. ― Yes, I could do it very well.
** 2017, 양창용 [yangchang'yong, Yang Changyong], 윌리암 오그레디 [william ogeuredi, William O'Grady], 양세종 [yangsejong, Yang Sejung], 제주어 1 [jejueo 1, Jeju 1], 퍼플 [peopeul], →ISBN, page 61:공찰락 ᄒᆞ여지는야? — 아니게, 나 못 ᄒᆞ여.Gongchallak hawyeojineunya? - ani-ge, na mot hawyeo.Are you able to play gongchallak? — No, I can't play it.
* to say, tell:
    하르방이 나ᄀᆞ라 "바당이 ᄒᆞᆫ디 글라" 헨게.Hareubang-i na-gawra badang-i hawndi geulla hen'ge.Grandpa told me, "Let's go to the beach together."
** 2015 December, ^고동호 [Godongho], ^송상조 [Songsangjo], ^오창명 [Ochangmyeong], ^문순덕 [Munsundeok], ^오승훈 [Oseunghun], “제4장 문장: 2. 문장의 확대 [je4jang munjang: 2. munjang'ui hwakdae]”, in 제줏말의 이해 [jejunmarui ihae, Understanding Jeju] (overall work in Korean), 제주특별자치도 [jejuteukbyeoljachido]: 제주발전연구원 제주학연구센터 [jejubaljeonyeon'guwon jejuhagyeon'gusenteo], 2.2.5 인용절을 안은 문장: ① 직접 인용 [2.2.5 inyongjeoreul aneun munjang: ① jikjeop inyong], page 153:아바지가 “아이고, ᄇᆞ름 하영 불어ᇝ고나!” ᄒᆞ여고.Abaji-ga “aigo, bawreum hayeong bureomgona!” hawyeogo.Father said, "Oh my, the wind is very strong!"
** (after an indirect quotation) to say (that); to ask; to tell
    Synonym: ᄀᆞᆮ다 (gawtda)
    아시가 하르방 닐 서월이 간덴 ᄒᆞᆸ디다. ― Asi-ga hareubang nil seowor-i ganden hawpdida. ― My younger brother said that grandpa is going to Seoul tomorrow.
    어멍 집이 오렌 헤고. ― Eomeong jib-i oren hego. ― Mom said to come home.
    느네 성이 미나 ᄀᆞ세 ᄎᆞᆽ아봐렌 ᄒᆞ연게마씸. ― Neu-ne seong-i mina gawse chawjabwaren hawyeon'ge-massim. ― Your older brother said that he saw Mina looking for the scissors.
    벗이 어디서 유 ᄋᆢᄃᆞᆸ 뒈 ᄋᆞᆽ안 와ᇝ수겐 ᄒᆞ엿수다예. ― Beos-i eodi-seo yu yawdawp dwe awjan wamsugen hawyeotsuda-ye. ― My friend asked where you're coming from carrying eight dwe of perilla seeds.
    고모신디 ᄎᆞᆯ레 멩글아ᇝ입셍 ᄒᆞ라. ― Gomo-sindi chawlle menggeuramsipseng hawra. ― Tell (your) aunt to start making side dishes.
    물꾸럭 ᄀᆞ찌 먹우겐 헷저. ― Mulkkureok gawjji meogugen hetjeo. ― I suggested that we eat octopus together.
*** 2015 December, ^고동호 [Godongho], ^송상조 [Songsangjo], ^오창명 [Ochangmyeong], ^문순덕 [Munsundeok], ^오승훈 [Oseunghun], “제4장 문장: 2. 문장의 확대 [je4jang munjang: 2. munjang'ui hwakdae]”, in 제줏말의 이해 [jejunmarui ihae, Understanding Jeju] (overall work in Korean), 제주특별자치도 [jejuteukbyeoljachido]: 제주발전연구원 제주학연구센터 [jejubaljeonyeon'guwon jejuhagyeon'gusenteo], 2.2.5 인용절을 안은 문장: ② 간접 인용 [2.2.5 inyongjeoreul aneun munjang: ② ganjeop inyong], pages 156-157:우리 아시가 나안티 이제랑 ᄒᆞᄊᆞᆯ 쉽센 ᄒᆞ여라. [⋯] 삼춘이 나신디 제주도 마농은 멥넨 ᄒᆞᆸ디다.My younger sibling told me to rest a bit now. […] My uncle told me that Jeju garlic is spicy.
*** 2017 March 31, 만우절(萬愚節) [manujeol], “거짓말 [geojinmal, Lies]”, in 제주어보전회 양전형의 제주어로 읽는 세상사 31 [jejueobojeonhoe - yangjeonhyeong'ui jejueoro ingneun sesangsa 31, Jeju Preservation Society]‎:ᄉᆞ랑ᄒᆞᆫ덴 ᄒᆞᆫ 그말도 그짓갈, 돌아오켄 ᄒᆞᆫ 그말도 그짓갈, 시상에 잇인 기짓말 ᄆᆞᆫ딱 ᄒᆞ여놓고.Sawranghawnden hawn geumal-do geujitgal, doraoken hawn geumal-do geujitgal, sisang-e isin gijinmal mawnttak hawyeonoko.The "I love you" a lie, the "I will come back" too a lie, you told every lie in the world.
*** 2020, Changyong Yang, Sejung Yang, William O'Grady, Jejueo : the language of Korea’s Jeju Island, Honolulu, USA: University of Hawai‘i Press, →DOI, →ISBN, →JSTOR, page 244:만수만 쉐 질루노렌 헤라.Mansu-man swe jillunoren hera.Mansu said that only he raises cows.
** (transitive) to call, name
    그거 ᄎᆞ마귀옝 ᄒᆞ는디. ― Geugeo chawmagwi-yeng hawneundi. ― That's called chawmagyi.
*** 2020, Changyong Yang, Sejung Yang, William O'Grady, Jejueo : the language of Korea’s Jeju Island, Honolulu, USA: University of Hawai‘i Press, →DOI, →ISBN, →JSTOR, page 246:것ᄀᆞ라 재열이옌 ᄒᆞ는디.Geot-gawra jaeyeori-yen hawneundi.Talking about that, it’s called a cicada.
** (after an ideophone or onomatopoeia) to go; to act according to the ideophone; to make the sound of the onomatopoeia
    가이 손꼬락이 와직와직ᄒᆞ덴. ― Gai sonkkorag-i wajigwajik-hawden. ― He said his fingers feel "prickly".
    강생이가 앙앙 ᄒᆞ엿다. ― Gangsaeng'i-ga ang'ang hawyeotda. ― The puppy said "arf".
*** 2012 September 25, 김창집 [gimchangjip], “의성어와 의태어(2) [uiseong'eowa uitaeeo(2)]”, in 김창집의 오름 이야기 [gimchangjibui oreum iyagi]‎:이디 모영 앙앙작작ᄒᆞ지 말앙 ᄒᆞᆫ저 집이덜 가라.Idi moyeong ang'angjakjak-hawji marang hawnjeo jib-i-deol gara.Don't gather here and be rambunctious, go home quickly.
*** 2017, 양창용 [yangchang'yong, Yang Changyong], 윌리암 오그레디 [william ogeuredi, William O'Grady], 양세종 [yangsejong, Yang Sejung], 제주어 1 [jejueo 1, Jeju 1], 퍼플 [peopeul], →ISBN, page 25:꽝이 복삭ᄒᆞ다.Kkwang-'i boksak-hawda.My bones feel like they're about to "crumble".
*** 2020, Changyong Yang, Sejung Yang, William O'Grady, Jejueo : the language of Korea’s Jeju Island, Honolulu, USA: University of Hawai‘i Press, →DOI, →ISBN, →JSTOR, page 115:막 ᄂᆞᆯ싹ᄒᆞᆫ게.Mak nawlssak-hawnge.(I) am very tired.
* Used as a light verb to allow nouns and noun-like forms to function as active verbs. The verb itself has little to no real meaning. The noun functions as a direct object of the verb, being able to take particles such as the accusative case marker 을 or the topic marker 은.
    ‎공븨 (gongbui, “study”) + ‎ᄒᆞ다 (hawda) → ‎공븨ᄒᆞ다 (gongbuihawda, “to study”)
    ‎부름씨 (bureumssi, “errands”) + ‎ᄒᆞ다 (hawda) → ‎부름씨ᄒᆞ다 (bureumssihawda, “to do errands”)
    ‎이왁 (iwak, “conversation, story”) + ‎ᄒᆞ다 (hawda) → ‎이왁ᄒᆞ다 (iwakhawda, “to have a conversation, tell a story”)
    ‎전놔 (jeonnwa, “phone, call”) + ‎ᄒᆞ다 (hawda) → ‎전놔ᄒᆞ다 (jeonnwahawda, “to call”)
** 2017, 양창용 [yangchang'yong, Yang Changyong], 윌리암 오그레디 [william ogeuredi, William O'Grady], 양세종 [yangsejong, Yang Sejung], 제주어 1 [jejueo 1, Jeju 1], 퍼플 [peopeul], →ISBN, page 35:우리 아신 간세다리우다, 메날 부름씰 간세ᄒᆞ여마씸.Uri asin gansedari-uda, menal bureumssil ganse-hawyeo-massim.My younger sibling is a couch potato; every day they neglect their chores.
* Used as a light verb to allow nouns and noun-like forms to function as adjectives. The verb itself has little to no real meaning. The noun can be separated by the topic marker 은.
    ‎곱닥 (gopdak) + ‎ᄒᆞ다 (hawda) → ‎곱닥ᄒᆞ다 (gopdakhawda, “to be pretty”)
    ‎노고록 (nogorok) + ‎ᄒᆞ다 (hawda) → ‎노고록ᄒᆞ다 (nogorokhawda, “to be satisfied, relaxed, composed”)
    ‎퍼렁 (peoreong) + ‎ᄒᆞ다 (hawda) → ‎퍼렁ᄒᆞ다 (peoreonghawda, “to be deep blue”)
    곱닥은 ᄒᆞᆫ디 착ᄒᆞ진 아니ᄒᆞ우다.Gopdag-eun hawndi chakhawjin anihawuda.She's pretty, but she's not nice.
** 2018 May 25, 양전형 [yangjeonhyeong], “장미꼿 이왁 [jangmikkot iwak, The story of the rose]”, in 제주어보전회 제주어의 세상여행 35 [jejueobojeonhoe - jejueoui sesang'yeohaeng 35, Jeju Preservation Society]‎:그 ᄄᆞᆯ은 곱닥만 ᄒᆞᆫ게 아니고 불쌍ᄒᆞᆫ 사름덜신딘 손도 하영 페우곡 말도 사불사불ᄒᆞ게 ᄒᆞ여뎅겨노난 ᄆᆞ을 사름덜이 ᄆᆞᆫ 좋아라 ᄒᆞ여십주.Geu ttawr-eun gopdang-man hawn'ge anigo bulssanghawn sareum-deol-sindin son-do hayeong pe'ugok mal-do sabulsabulhawge hawyeo-denggyeononan maweul sareum-deor-i mawn joara hawyeosipju.That daughter was not just pretty, but also gave lots of help to those who needed it and spoke brilliantly, so everyone in the village spoke highly of her.
* After certain roots, fully suffixed to form an inseparable verb or adjective.
    ‎망(亡) (mang, “ruin, destruction”) + ‎ᄒᆞ다 (hawda) → ‎망(亡)ᄒᆞ다 (manghawda, “to be brought to ruin”)
    ‎ᄉᆞᆨᄉᆞᆷ (sawksawm) + ‎ᄒᆞ다 (hawda) → ‎ᄉᆞᆨᄉᆞᆷᄒᆞ다 (sawksawmhawda, “to keep one's mouth shut”)
    ‎착 (chak, of unknown etymology; from Manchu ᠴᠠᡴ (cak)?) + ‎ᄒᆞ다 (hawda) → ‎착ᄒᆞ다 (chakhawda, “to be nice”)
** 2009, 제주 문화 예술 재단 [jeju munhwa yesul jaedan], 개정 증보 제주어 사전 [gaejeong jeungbo jejueo sajeon], 제주 특별 자치도 [jeju teukbyeol jachido], →ISBN, page 804:경ᄒᆞ여도 전읜 착ᄒᆞᆫ 사름이라낫지.Gyeonghawyeodo jeonuin chakhawn sareumi-ra-nat-ji.Nevertheless, they were a nice person before.
* Used as a neutral verb after suffixes expressing intent or that something is about to happen.
    ᄌᆞᆷ자젠 헤ᇝ저. ― Jawmja-jen hemjeo. ― I'm about to sleep.
** 2020, Changyong Yang, Sejung Yang, William O'Grady, Jejueo : the language of Korea’s Jeju Island, Honolulu, USA: University of Hawai‘i Press, →DOI, →ISBN, →JSTOR, page 242:할망 몸 ᄀᆞᆷ(우)젠 ᄒᆞ멘.Halmang mom gawm-(u)jen hawmen.Grandmother is about to have a bath.
* Various idiomatic usages:
** See 게 ᄒᆞ다 (-ge hawda, “to make; to cause to do; (forms the causative)”).
** See 게시리 ᄒᆞ다 (-gesiri hawda, “to make; to cause to do; (forms the causative)”).
** See 으렌 ᄒᆞ다 (-euren hawda, “to make; to cause to do; (forms the causative)”).
** See 어사 ᄒᆞ다 (-eosa hawda, “have to; must; should”).
** See 엇어사 ᄒᆞ다 (-eoseosa hawda, “should have; (shows regret)”).
** see ᄒᆞ고 (-hawgo, “and, with”).
** see ᄒᆞ곡 (-hawgok, “and, with”).

### Adjective

ᄒᆞ다 (hawda) (infinitive 헨 or 헹 or ᄒᆞ연 or ᄒᆞ영, sequential ᄒᆞ난)
* used after 구정 (-gujeong) to want, be desirous of
    드론 놀리구정 ᄒᆞ다게! ― deuron nolli-gujeong hawdage! ― I want to fly the drone!
** 2020, Changyong Yang, Sejung Yang, William O'Grady, Jejueo : the language of Korea’s Jeju Island, Honolulu, USA: University of Hawai‘i Press, →DOI, →ISBN, →JSTOR, page 154:도레기 둥그리구정 ᄒᆞ다.Doregi dunggeuri-gujeong hawda.(I) want to roll the top.

### Usage notes

(compounds)
* As Jeju verbs and adjectives are a fully closed class, all newly borrowed or coined verbs and adjectives must be formed by ᄒᆞ다 (hawda).
* In less formal language, the infinitive ᄒᆞ여 (hawyeo) is often contracted to 헤 (he).

### Alternative forms

* 허다 (heoda) (proscribed)

### References

* Changyong Yang, Sejung Yang, William O'Grady (2020) Jejueo: The Language of Korea’s Jeju Island, Honolulu, USA: University of Hawai‘i Press, →DOI, →ISBN, →JSTOR
* Yang Changyong, 양창용, William O'Grady, 윌리암 오그레디, Yang Sejung, 양세종 (2017) 제주어 1 [jejueo 1, Jeju 1] (in Jeju), 퍼플 [peopeul], →ISBN
* 제주문화예술재단 [jejumunhwayesuljaedan] (2009) “ᄒᆞ다”, in 개정증보 제주어사전 [gaejeongjeungbo jejueosajeon]‎, 제주특별자치도 [jejuteukbyeoljachido], →ISBN, page 895

## Middle Korean
### Etymology

From Old Korean 爲 (*HO(Y)-).

### Pronunciation

* (Morphophonemic) IPA: ⫽hʌ$^{H!}$tá⫽

### Verb

ᄒᆞ〮다〮 (hótá) (infinitive ᄒᆞ〮야〮 (hóyá), sequential ᄒᆞ니〮 (hòní))
* to do
* to say
* A light verb attached to various non-verbs to derive verbs and adjectives.

#### Descendants

* Jeju: ᄒᆞ다 (hawda)
* Early Modern Korean: ᄒᆞ다 (hota)
** Korean: 하다 (hada)