# شمال
## Arabic

* Root
* ش م ل (š m l)
* 7 terms

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Semitic *śimāl-. Cognate with Hebrew שְׂמֹאל (s'mól, “left”), Akkadian 𒆏 (šumēlum, “left side”), Aramaic סְמָלָא (səmālā) / ܣܡܠܐ (semmālā, “left side”), Ugaritic 𐎌𐎎𐎀𐎍 (šmảl). The north sense derives from the left-hand side facing the sunrise, also attested in Sabaean 𐩠𐩦𐩱𐩣𐩡 (hs²ʾml, “to be northward”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃi.maːl/

#### Noun

شِمَال • (šimāl) f (plural أَشْمُل (ʔašmul) or شَمَائِل (šamāʔil) or شُمُل (šumul))
* left hand
* left side
* bad omen
* handful of ears

##### Synonyms

* يَسَار (yasār)

##### Antonyms

* يَمِين (yamīn)

##### References

* Lane, Edward William (1863) “شمال”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate
* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “شمال”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen
* “Proto-Semitic Root: *ŝimaʔl-; Number 2218” in Georgiy Starostin, Tower of Babel, Copyright 1998-2003 by S. Starostin.

### Etymology 2

From the root ش م ل (š m l) meaning “to bundle, “to wrap”, “to huddle”, “to be cold” – such senses are influenced by the cold-dry northerly wind necessitating wrapping up with clothes.

#### Noun

شِمَال • (šimāl) m (plural شَمَائِل (šamāʔil))
* case, sheath, wrapping

##### References

* Lane, Edward William (1863) “شمال”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate
* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “شمال”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen

### Etymology 3

From the root ش م ل (š m l) meaning “to be leftward” – the north direction being the left-hand side facing the sunrise; constrast with اَلْيَمَن (al-yaman), originally denoting one's right-hand side, before developing the sense of "the south". Additionally it is relatable to the root meaning “to bundle” or “to wrap”, as the cold northern wind necessitated wrapping up with clothes, contrasting with جَنُوب (janūb, “south”) from the root ج ن ب (j n b) meaning “changing”, “laying aside” clothes, the warm southern wind allowing to put off clothes.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃa.maːl/
* Audio:(file)

#### Noun

شَمَال • (šamāl) m
* north

##### Coordinate terms

* (compass points) اِتِّجَاهَات الْبَوْصَلَةِ (ittijāhāt al-bawṣalati);
| شَمَال غَرْبِيّ (šamāl ḡarbiyy) | شَمَال (šamāl) | شَمَال شَرْقِيّ (šamāl šarqiyy) |
| غَرْب (ḡarb) | | شَرْق (šarq) |
| جَنُوب غَرْبِيّ (janūb ḡarbiyy) | جَنُوب (janūb) | جَنُوب شَرْقِيّ (janūb šarqiyy) |

#### Noun

شَمَال • (šamāl) f (plural شَمَالَات (šamālāt))
* north wind

##### References

* Lane, Edward William (1863) “شمال”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate
* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “شمال”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen
* Wehr, Hans (1979) “شمل”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN

## Chagatai
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic شَمَال (šamāl).

### Noun

شمال (šimal)
* north

#### Descendants

* Uyghur: شىمال (shimal, “north”)
* Uzbek: shimol (“north”)

### Noun

شمال (šämal)
* wind

#### Descendants

* Uyghur: شامال (shamal, “wind”)
* Uzbek: shamol (“wind”)

## Hijazi Arabic

* Root
* ش م ل
* 1 term

### Etymology 1

From Arabic شَمَال (šamāl).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃa.maːl/

#### Noun

شمال • (šamāl) m
* north

##### Coordinate terms

* (compass points) اِتِّجَاهَات الْبوصَلَة (ittijāhāt al-būṣala);
| شَمَال غَرْب (šamāl ḡarb) | شَمَال (šamāl) | شَمَال شَرْق (šamāl šarg) |
| غَرْب (ḡarb) | | شَرْق (šarg) |
| جَنُوب غَرْب (janūb ḡarb) | جَنُوب (janūb) | جَنُوب شَرْق (janūb šarg) |

##### Derived terms

* شَمالي (šamāli, “northern”)

### Etymology 2

From Arabic شِمَال (šimāl).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃu.maːl/, [ʃʊ.maːl]

#### Noun

شمال • (šumāl) m
* (rare) left
    Synonym: يَسار (yasār)

## Moroccan Arabic

* Root
* ش م ل
* 1 term

### Etymology 1

From Arabic شَمَال (šamāl).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃa.maːl/

#### Noun

شمال • (šamāl) m
* north

##### Derived terms

* شمالي (šamāli, “northern”)

##### See also

* (compass points)
| | شمال (šamāl) | |
| غرب (ḡarb) | | شرق (šarq) |
| | جنوب (janūb) | |

### Etymology 2

From Arabic شِمَال (šimāl).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃmaːl/

#### Noun

شمال • (šmāl) m
* left

##### Derived terms

* شمالي (šmāli, “left-handed”)

## Pashto
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic شَمَال (šamāl).

### Pronunciation

IPA: /ʃɪˈmɑl, ʃaˈmɑl/

### Noun

شمال • (šimāl) m
* north

#### Coordinate terms

* (compass points)
| شمال لوېديځ | شمال | شمال ختيځ |
| لوېديځ | | ختيځ |
| جنوب لوېديځ | جنوب | جنوب ختيځ |

#### Derived terms

* شمالي

### References

Pashtoon, Zeeya A. (2009) “شمال”, in Pashto–English Dictionary, Hyattsville: Dunwoody Press

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic شَمَال (šamāl).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ʃa.ˈmɑːl], [ʃu.ˈmɑːl], [ʃi.ˈmɑːl]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʃä.mɑ́ːl]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʃä.mɑ́ːl]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [ʃä.mɑ́ːl]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [ʃä.mɔ́ːl̥]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [ʃo.mɒ́ːl̥]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [ʃi.mɔ́l], [ʃä.mɔ́l]

### Noun

| Dari | شمال |
| Iranian Persian | شمال |
| Tajik | шимол, шамол |
شمال • (šomâl)
* north
    Synonym: اپاختر (apaxtar)
* north wind
    Synonym: باد شمال (bâd-e šomâl)
* (Iran, colloquial) Northern Iran
    Synonym: شمال ایران (šomâl-e irân)
* (Tajik) wind
    Synonym: باد (bâd)

#### Usage notes

* In Tajik Persian, шимол (šimol) (شِمال) refers to "north", while шамол (šamol) (شَمال) refers to "wind". These are etymologically doublets, and not phonetically or orthographically distinguished in Iranian Persian.

#### Derived terms

* شمالی (šomâli)

## South Levantine Arabic

* Root
* ش م ل
* 1 term

### Etymology 1

From Arabic شِمَال (šimāl).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃmaːl/, [ʃmæːl]
* Audio (Jerusalem):(file)

#### Noun

شمال • (šmāl) m
* left
    Antonym: يمين (yamīn)

### Etymology 2

From Arabic شَمَال (šamāl).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃa.maːl/, [ʃaˈmæːl]
* Audio (Ramallah):(file)

#### Noun

شمال • (šamāl) m
* north

##### Derived terms

* شمالي (šamāli, “northern”)

##### See also

* (compass points)
| | شمال (šamāl) | |
| غرب (ḡarb) | | شرق (šarq) |
| | جنوب (janūb) | |

## Urdu
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian شُمَال (šumāl)

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /ʃʊ.mɑːl/, /ʃɪ.mɑːl/
* Audio (Pakistan):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɑːl

### Noun

شُمال or شِمال • (śumāl or śimāl) m (Hindi spelling शुमाल or शिमाल)
* north

### See also

* (compass points)
| شمال مغربی | شمال | شمال مشرقی |
| مغرب | | مشرق |
| جنوب مغربی | جنوب | جنوب مشرقی |

### References

* “شمال”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
* “شمال”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.

## Ushojo
### Noun

شمال (šmāl)
* light spray