# 小康
## Chinese

* 小康

### Etymology

From the Book of Rites, Book 9 (《禮記·禮運》):
    ……如有不由此者，在埶者去，衆以為殃，是謂小康。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]……如有不由此者，在埶者去，众以为殃，是谓小康。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version...... Rú yǒu bù yóu cǐ zhě, zài shì zhě qù, zhòng yǐ wéi yāng, shì wèi xiǎokāng. [Pinyin] […] Any rulers who did not follow this course were driven away by those who possessed power and position, and all regarded them as pests. This is the period of what we call Small Tranquillity.
Alternatively, from the Classic of Poetry, Poem 253 《詩經•大雅•民勞》:
    民亦勞止，汔可小康。惠此中國，以綏四方。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]民亦劳止，汔可小康。惠此中国，以绥四方。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's versionMín yì láo zhǐ, qì kě xiǎokāng. Huì cǐ zhōngguó, yǐ suí sìfāng. [Pinyin]The people indeed are heavily burdened, But perhaps a little ease may be got for them. Let us cherish this centre of the kingdom, To secure the repose of the four quarters of it.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xiǎokāng
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄠˇ ㄎㄤ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): siu$^2$ hong$^1$
* Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): xiau$^3$ kong$^1$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): sió-khong / siáu-khong
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiǎokāng
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄠˇ ㄎㄤ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: siǎokang
*** Wade–Giles: hsiao$^3$-kʻang$^1$
*** Yale: syǎu-kāng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sheaukang
*** Palladius: сяокан (sjaokan)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʰɑŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: siu$^2$ hong$^1$
*** Yale: síu hōng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: siu$^2$ hong$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: xiu$^2$ hong$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /siːu̯³⁵ hɔːŋ⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: xiau$^3$ kong$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /siau³¹ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sió-khong
*** Tâi-lô: sió-khong
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sioy'qofng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰɔŋ³³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siáu-khong
*** Tâi-lô: siáu-khong
*** Phofsit Daibuun: siaw'qofng
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /siau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: sjewX khang
Rime :
| Character | 小 | 康 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 心 (16) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 宵 (91) | 唐 (101) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 私兆切 | 苦岡切 |
| Baxter | sjewX | khang |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /siᴇu$^X$/ | /kʰɑŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /siɛu$^X$/ | /kʰɑŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /sjæu$^X$/ | /kʰɑŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /siaw$^X$/ | /kʰaŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /siɛu$^X$/ | /kʰɑŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /sĭɛu$^X$/ | /kʰɑŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /si̯ɛu$^X$/ | /kʰɑŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xiǎo | kāng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | siu$^2$ | hong$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[s]ewʔ k-r̥ˤaŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*smewʔ kʰlaːŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 小 | 康 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xiǎo | kāng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ sjew$^X$ › | ‹ khang › |
| Old Chinese | /*[s]ewʔ/ | /*k-r̥ˁaŋ/ |
| English | small | tranquil; at ease |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 小 | 康 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 13705 | 3981 |
| Phonetic component | 小 | 庚 |
| Rime group | 宵 | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 小 | 康 |
| Old Chinese | /*smewʔ/ | /*kʰlaːŋ/ |
| Notes | 甲金文象沙而指小， 指事字 | |

### Noun

小康
* (Chinese philosophy) Confucian near-ideal state of society; period of peace and prosperity
* (modern uses) comparatively good living standards; moderate affluence

#### Derived terms

* 奔小康
* 小康社會 / 小康社会 (xiǎokāng shèhuì)
* 小康計畫 / 小康计画

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 小 | 康 |
| しょう Grade: 1 | こう Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||

### Etymology

/seukau/ → /ɕeukau/ → /ɕeukɔː/ → /ɕoːkoː/
From Middle Chinese compound 小康 (sjew$^X$ khang, literally “small + tranquil”). Compare modern Cantonese siu$^2$ hong$^1$ or Mandarin xiǎokāng.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しょーこー [shòókóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɕo̞ːko̞ː]

### Noun

小(しょう)康(こう) • (shōkō)
* a lull, a respite, a breathing spell, a short time of peace

#### Derived terms

* 小康状態(しょうこうじょうたい) (shōkō jōtai): a state of reduced activity

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN