# 仕

| 仕 | U+4ED5, &#20181; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4ED5 |
| ← 仔 [U+4ED4] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 他 → [U+4ED6] |

## Translingual
### Han character

仕 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+3, 5 strokes, cangjie input 人土 (OG), four-corner 2421$_0$, composition ⿰亻士)

#### Derived characters

* 茌, 𪐾, 𤵴, 𦚘, 𫎔, 𪀆, 𠱊, 𢫟, 𱦁, 𣐴, 𤇧, 𦙰, 𥿥, 𫪣, 𪧸, 𨀋, 𨦁

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 92, character 7
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 368
* Dae Jaweon: page 195, character 10
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 112, character 3
* Unihan data for U+4ED5

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 仕
* Bronze inscriptionsb12243Small seal scripts05662Transcribed ancient scriptsL34132L34133
* References:
* Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:
* Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
* Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
* Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
* Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
| | Old Chinese |
| 茌 | *zrɯ |
| 士 | *zrɯʔ |
| 仕 | *zrɯʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *zrɯʔ) and ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): semantic ⺅ (“person”) + phonetic 士 (OC *zrɯʔ, “a person engaged in an official position”). It is mainly used as a verb meaning "to serve."

#### References

* ↑ Digital Shinjigen 2017

### Etymology 1

See 士 "servant, retainer, officer, scholar, gentleman"

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shì (shi$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄕˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): si$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shì
*** Zhuyin: ㄕˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shìh
*** Wade–Giles: shih$^4$
*** Yale: shr̀
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyh
*** Palladius: ши (ši)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: si$^6$
*** Yale: sih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: si$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: xi$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /siː²²/
* Middle Chinese: dzriX
Rime :
| Character | 仕 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 崇 (20) |
| Final (韻) | 之 (19) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 鉏里切 |
| Baxter | dzriX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡ʒɨ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɖ͡ʐɨ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡ʒie$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɖ͡ʐɨ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /d͡ʒiə$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /d͡ʒĭə$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɖ͡ʐʱi$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zi$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[m-s-]rəʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*zrɯʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 仕 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | shì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dzri$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[m-s-]rəʔ/ |
| English | serve |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 仕 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 11512 |
| Phonetic component | 士 |
| Rime group | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 士 |
| Old Chinese | /*zrɯʔ/ |

#### Definitions

仕
* scholar; official; guardian
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Yǒu shì yú cǐ, ér zǐ yuè zhī, bùgào yú wáng ér sī yǔ zhī wúzǐ zhī lùjué; fú shì yě, yì wú wángmìng ér sī shòu zhī yú zǐ, zé kě hū? [Pinyin]
    Suppose there were an officer here, with whom you, Sir, were pleased, and that, without informing the king, you were privately to give to him your salary and rank; and suppose that this officer, also without the king's orders, were privately to receive them from you - would such a transaction be allowable?
* to serve in the government
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Shì zhī shì yě, yóu nóngfū zhī gēng yě. [Pinyin]
    An officer's being in office is like the ploughing of a husbandman.
* (xiangqi) adviser; guard; minister: 🩡 (on the red side)
* a surname

#### Coordinate terms

* (Chinese chess pieces) 帥 / 帅 (shuài) / 將 / 将 (jiàng), 仕 (shì) / 士 (shì), 相 / 象 (xiàng), 俥 / 伡 / 車 / 车 (jū), 傌 / 㐷 / 馬 / 马 (mǎ), 炮 / 砲 / 炮, 兵 (bīng) / 卒 (zú)

#### Compounds

* 不仕 (bùshì)
* 仕女 (shìnǚ)
* 仕宦 (shìhuàn)
* 仕版
* 仕紳 / 仕绅
* 仕譯 / 仕译
* 仕途 (shìtú)
* 仕進 / 仕进
* 出仕 (chūshì)
* 學優而仕 / 学优而仕 (xuéyōu'érshì)
* 將仕郎 / 将仕郎
* 干仕
* 強仕 / 强仕
* 懸車致仕 / 悬车致仕
* 求仕 (qiúshì)
* 筮仕 (shìshì)
* 膴仕 / 𰮇仕
* 致仕 (zhìshì)
* 貴仕 / 贵仕

### Etymology 2

From 亻 (denoting one octave lower in Cantonese opera) + 士 (si$^6$).

#### Pronunciation

* Cantonese (Jyutping): si$^6$
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: si$^6$
*** Yale: sih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: si$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: xi$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /siː²²/

#### Definitions

仕
* (music) Cantonese opera gongche notation for the note an octave below low la (6̣̣).
    Synonym: 𪛘 (sì) (Kunqu)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: じ (ji, Jōyō $^†$)
* Kan-on: し (shi, Jōyō)
* Kun: つかえる (tsukaeru, 仕える, Jōyō)、つかまつる (tsukamatsuru, 仕る)、つこうまつる (tsukōmatsuru, 仕る)
* Nanori: つこう (tsukō)

#### Compounds

* 仕(し)上(あ)がり (shiagari, “finish, end, completion”)
* 仕(し)上(あ)げ (shiage, “end, finishing touches”)
* 仕(し)上(あ)げる (shiageru, “finish up, complete”)
* 仕(し)入(い)れ (shīre, “stocking, buying up”)
* 仕(し)入(い)れる (shīreru, “lay in stock, replenish stock”)
* 仕(し)打(う)ち (shiuchi, “treatment, behavior, action”)
* 仕(し)置(お)き (shioki, “punishment”)
* 仕(し)送(おく)り (shiokuri, “allowance, remittance”)
* 仕(し)掛(か)け (shikake, “device, contrivance, trick”)
* 仕(し)掛(か)ける (shikakeru, “commence, lay, set”)
* 仕(し)方(かた) (shikata, “way, method, means”)
* 仕(し)方(かた)がない (shikata ga nai), 仕(し)方(かた)ない (shikata nai, “it can't be helped”)
* 仕(し)切(き)り (shikiri, “partition, division, boundary”)
* 仕(し)切(き)る (shikiru, “partition, divide, mark off”)
* 仕(し)草(ぐさ) (shigusa, “action, acting, gesture”)
* 仕(し)組(く)み (shikumi, “structure, construction, arrangement”)
* 仕(し)事(ごと) (shigoto, “work, job, business”)
* 仕(し)事(ごと)中(ちゅう) (shigotochū, “at work, working”)
* 仕(し)事(ごと)始(はじ)め (shigotohajime, “resuming work after New Year's vacation”)
* 仕(し)事(ごと)場(ば) (shigotoba, “place where one works”)
* 仕(し)込(こ)み (shikomi, “training, stocking up”)
* 仕(し)立(た)て (shitate, “tailoring, dressmaking, sewing”)
* 仕(し)立(た)てる (shitateru, “tailor, make, prepare”)
* 仕(し)手(て) (shite, “doer, performer”)
* お仕(し)舞(ま)い (oshimai, “the end, closing”)
* 仕(し)舞(ま)う (shimau, “finish, do something completely”)
* 仕(し)様(よう) (shiyō, “way, method, means”)
* 仕(し)様(よう)がない (shiyō ga nai), しょうがない (shō ga nai, “it's no use”)
* 仕(し)業(わざ) (shiwaza, “deed, act, action”)
* 仕(つか)える (tsukaeru, “serve, work for, attend”)
* 奉(ほう)仕(し) (hōshi, “attendance, service, ministry”)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 仕
* し Grade: 3
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 仕 (MC dzriX).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) し [shíꜜ] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɕi]

#### Noun

仕(し) • (shi)
* official, civil service
    仕(し)を致(いた)す
       shi o itasu
       to resign from public office

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 仕
* し Grade: 3 (ateji)
* on'yomi

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɕi]

#### Verb

仕(し) • (shi)
* Alternative spelling of し (shi, continuative of する (suru))

##### Usage notes

* Used primarily as the first element in verb-verb and verb-noun compounds.

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

仕 (eumhun 섬길 사 (seomgil sa))
* hanja form of 사 (“serve; official”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

仕: Hán Nôm readings: sĩ, sải, sảy, sãi, sẻ, sễ, sẽ, sì, sẩy, sè, sõi, sỡi, xảy
* chữ Hán form of sẽ (“will be; going to be”).

#### References

* Nom Foundation