OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# ać
## Ladin
### Noun

ać m (invariable)
* act

## Old Polish
### Etymology

From a +‎ -ć. First attested in c. 1270.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (10th–15th CE) /at͡ɕ/
* IPA: (15th CE) /at͡ɕ/

### Particle

ać
* (attested in Silesia) introduces a wish; let, may
** 1949 [c. 1270], Roman Grodecki, transl., Księga Henrykowska‎, Silesia, page 24r:Day, ut ia pobrusa, a ti poziwai![Daj, ać ja pobruszę, a ty poczywaj!]
** 1930 [c. 1455], “Ex”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka)‎, 20, 19:Acz nye mowy nam pan, abichom snacz nye smarly[Ać nie mowi nam Pan, abychom snadź nie smarli]
** 1451-1455, Legenda o świętym Aleksym‎, line 114:Othemkny mv koszczol boszy, acz na thim mrosze nye leszy[Otemkni mu kościoł boży, ać na tym mrozie nie leży]

### Conjunction

ać
* in order to
** 1930 [c. 1455], “Gen”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka)‎, 24, 49:Przeto gdisz raczysz myloszcz a prawdø panu memu vczynycz, day my to wyedzecz..., powyecz my to, acz poydø gynødi na prawo albo na lewo[Przeto gdyż raczysz miłość a prawdę panu memu uczynić, daj mi to wiedzieć..., powiedz mi to, ać pojdę jinędy na prawo albo na lewo]
* introduces a subordinate clause; to, that
** 1874-1891 [15th century], Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności‎, volume XXIV, page 74:P[rze]puscy, acy virzvcą sine eiciam[P[rze]puści, ać wyrzucę sine eiciam]
* The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:
** until
*** 1930 [c. 1455], “Num”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka)‎, 23, 3:Postoy malvczko podle obyati swey zapaloney, acz odydø[Postoj maluczko podle obiaty swej zapalonej, ać odydę]

#### Derived terms

* aćby

#### Descendants

* Silesian: ać

### References

* B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “ać”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN

## Silesian
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish ać. By surface analysis, a +‎ -ć.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈat͡ɕ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -at͡ɕ
* Syllabification: ać

### Particle

ać
* (optative) let, may

### Further reading

* Bogdan Kallus (2020) “ać”, in Słownik Gōrnoślōnskij Gŏdki, IV edition, Chorzów: Pro Loquela Silesiana, →ISBN, page 228
* Aleksandra Wencel (2023) “ać”, in Dykcjůnôrz ślų̊sko-polski, page 8
# ohjailla
## Finnish
### Etymology

From ohjata +‎ -illa.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈohjɑi̯lːɑˣ/, [ˈo̞xjɑ̝i̯lːɑ̝(ʔ)]
* Rhymes: -ohjɑilːɑ
* Hyphenation: oh‧jail‧la

### Verb

ohjailla
* to steer (around)

#### Derived terms

* ohjailu

### Further reading

* “ohjailla”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

### Anagrams

* hajoilla
# римлянином
## Russian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈrʲimlʲɪnʲɪnəm]

### Noun

ри́млянином • (rímljaninom) m anim
* instrumental singular of ри́млянин (rímljanin)

## Ukrainian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈrɪmlʲɐnenɔm]

### Noun

ри́млянином • (rýmljanynom) m anim
* instrumental singular of ри́млянин (rýmljanyn)
# խցան
## Armenian
### Etymology

խցել (xcʻel) +‎ -ան (-an)

### Pronunciation

* (Eastern Armenian) IPA: /χəˈt͡sʰɑn/, [χət͡sʰɑ́n]
* (Western Armenian) IPA: /χəˈt͡sɑn/, [χət͡sʰɑ́n]

### Noun

խցան • (xcʻan)
* cork
    Synonym: (colloquial) պռոբկա (pṙobka)

#### Derived terms

* խցանակաղնի (xcʻanakaġni)
* խցանահան (xcʻanahan)
# skarpiel
## Polish
### Etymology

From skarpa +‎ -el.

### Pronunciation

* (Lesser Poland):
** (Kielce) IPA: /ˈskar.pjɛl/

### Noun

skarpiel m inan
* (Kielce) cliff; jagged shore
    Synonym: skarpa

### Further reading

* Zygmunt Wasilewski (1895) “skarpiele”, in “Słowniczek wyrazów ludowych we wsi Jaksicach”, in Prace Filologiczne (in Polish), volume 5, Warsaw: skł. gł. w Księgarni E. Wende i Ska, page 95
# ընտրանք
## Armenian
### Etymology

From ընտրել (əntrel) +‎ -անք (-ankʻ).

### Pronunciation

* (Eastern Armenian) IPA: /əntˈɾɑnkʰ/, [əntɾɑ́ŋkʰ]
* (Western Armenian) IPA: /əndˈɾɑnk/, [əndɾɑ́ŋkʰ]

### Noun

ընտրանք • (əntrankʻ)
* choice, selection, sampling

#### Derived terms

* այլընտրանք (ayləntrankʻ)
* երկընտրանք (erkəntrankʻ)
# Trumptards
## English
### Noun

Trumptards
* plural of Trumptard
# scák
## Polish
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “apparent alternative forms of szczak”)

### Pronunciation

* (Lesser Poland):
** (Kielce) IPA: /st͡sɒk/

### Noun

scák m inan
* (Kielce) cut stump; stalk from a cut grain

#### Derived terms

* scakowaty

### Further reading

* Zygmunt Wasilewski (1895) “scák”, in “Słowniczek wyrazów ludowych we wsi Jaksicach”, in Prace Filologiczne (in Polish), volume 5, Warsaw: skł. gł. w Księgarni E. Wende i Ska, page 95
# гигиена
## Kazakh

Alternative scripts :
| Arabic | گيگيەنا |
| Cyrillic | гигиена |
| Latin | gigiena |

### Etymology

Borrowed from Russian гигие́на (gigijéna), from French hygiène, from Ancient Greek ὑγιεινή (τέχνη) (hugieinḗ (tékhnē), literally “art of health”), from ὑγιεινός (hugieinós, “of health, good for the health, wholesome, sound, healthy”), from ὑγιής (hugiḗs, “healthy, sound”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɡʲɪɡʲɪˈjenə]

### Noun

гигиена • (gigiena)
* hygiene (conditions and practices that promote and preserve health)

#### Derived terms

* гигиеналық (gigienalyq)

## Russian
### Alternative forms

* гигіе́на (gigijéna) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɡʲɪɡʲɪˈjenə]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

гигие́на • (gigijéna) f inan (genitive гигие́ны, uncountable, relational adjective гигиени́ческий)
* hygiene (conditions and practices that promote and preserve health)

#### Descendants

* → Armenian: հիգիենա (higiena)
* → Azerbaijani: gigiyena
* → Kazakh: гигиена (gigiena)
* → Kyrgyz: гигиена (gigiyena)
* → Tajik: гигиена (gigiyena)
* → Tatar: гигиена (gigiyena)
* → Turkmen: gigiýena
* → Uzbek: gigiyena
# dugó
## Hungarian
### Etymology

dug (“to stick, to insert”) +‎ -ó (present-participle suffix)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈduɡoː]
* Hyphenation: du‧gó
* Rhymes: -ɡoː

### Participle

dugó
* present participle of dug

### Noun

dugó (plural dugók)
* plug, stopper (cylindrical piece of rubber, metal or other substance used to fill a hole)
** 2012, Dóra Bezdán, Adrienn Tóth, “ZölDiák – zöld hírek diákszemmel”, in Algyői Hírmondó‎, volume 21, number 10:Használjunk egy edény vizet, vagy tegyünk dugót a lefolyóba a mosogatáshoz és az öblítéshez is!We should use a tub of water, or put the plug in the sink when washing and rinsing dishes.
* cork (bottle stopper made from the bark of the cork oak, or from plastic)
** 2011, József Menyhei, “Búcsúzik az ősz a nyártól”, in Parasztmonológ‎:Kivágódott a pezsgősüveg dugója és habozva folyt az ital a poharakba.The champagne bottle cork shot out, and the drink flowed bubbling into the glasses.
* electrical plug (pronged connecting device which fits into a mating socket)
    Coordinate term: konnektor (“power socket”)
** 2014, István Kerékgyártó, chapter VI, in Hurok:A nő a távkapcsolót kereste, s mivel nem találta, kirántotta a dugót a konnektorból.She looked for the remote, and since she couldn’t find it, she yanked the plug from the socket.
* traffic jam (situation in which road traffic accumulates until it is very slow)
** 2000, Ryszard Kapuściński, chapter XII, in Erzsébet Szenyán, transl., Ében:Egyelőre azonban teherautók közé szorítva álltunk a hosszú dugóban.But for now, we were standing still in the long traffic jam, stuck in between trucks.
* (derogatory) shorty (person of small stature)
** 1970, Iván Mándy, “Vera dolgai”, in Mi van Verával?‎:Úgy indult, hogy Vera egy kis dugó lesz. És volt egy év, amikor nem nőtt semmit.Vera started out to be a little shorty. And there was a year when she never grew at all.

#### Derived terms

* banándugó
* dugódíj
* villásdugó
* forgalmi dugó
* parafa dugó

### Further reading

* dugó in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
* dugó in Nóra Ittzés, editor, A magyar nyelv nagyszótára [A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (Nszt.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031 (work in progress; published a–ez as of 2024).
# hattuilla
## Finnish
### Etymology

From vittuilla, with a euphemistic replacement of vulgar vittu with similar-sounding hattu.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈhɑtːui̯lːɑˣ/, [ˈhɑ̝t̪ːui̯lːɑ̝(ʔ)]
* Rhymes: -ɑtːuilːɑ
* Hyphenation: hat‧tuil‧la

### Verb

hattuilla (informal)
* (euphemistic, intransitive) to tease [with allative]
# ślipie
## Polish
### Pronunciation

* (Lesser Poland):
** (Kielce) IPA: /ˈɕli.pjɛ/

### Noun

ślipie n
* (Kielce) Alternative form of ślepie

### Further reading

* Zygmunt Wasilewski (1895) “ślipia”, in “Słowniczek wyrazów ludowych we wsi Jaksicach”, in Prace Filologiczne (in Polish), volume 5, Warsaw: skł. gł. w Księgarni E. Wende i Ska, page 95
# outflank
## English
### Alternative forms

* out-flank

### Etymology

From out- +‎ flank.

### Verb

outflank (third-person singular simple present outflanks, present participle outflanking, simple past and past participle outflanked)
* (transitive) To maneuver around and behind the flank of (an opposing force).
* (transitive) To gain a tactical advantage over (a competitor, for example).
** 1977, Desmond Christopher Martin Platt, Business Imperialism, 1840-1930, page 148:Unscrupulous members offered special discounts, illegal rebates, and unauthorized underquotations to outflank their conference partners, and blamed their agents or 'invented' competition to justify these tactics.

#### Translations
### Anagrams

* Faulkton
# pukul rata
## Indonesian
### Etymology

Compound of pukul +‎ rata, inherited from Malay pukul rata.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpukʊl ˈrata/

### Noun

pukul rata (plural pukul-pukul rata)
* average:
** (rare) the arithmetic mean
    Synonyms: rata-rata, rerata
** equitable distribution

#### Alternative forms

* purata

#### Derived terms

* memukul rata
* memukulratakan
* pemukulrataan

### Further reading

* “pukul rata” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Malay
### Etymology

Compound of pukul +‎ rata.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pukul rata/, [pukol-]
** (Johor-Riau) IPA: [pukol ratə]
* Rhymes: -ta, -a

### Noun

pukul rata (Jawi spelling ڤوکول رات, plural pukul-pukul rata, informal 1st possessive pukul rataku, 2nd possessive pukul ratamu, 3rd possessive pukul ratanya)
* Alternative form of purata.

#### Descendants

* → Indonesian: pukul rata

### Further reading

* “pukul rata” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.
# devaluation
## English
### Etymology

From de- +‎ valuation.

### Pronunciation

* Rhymes: -eɪʃən

### Noun

devaluation (countable and uncountable, plural devaluations)
* The removal or lessening of something's value.
** 2016, Lorraine Giordano, Beyond Taylorism, page 28:According to Braverman's thesis, Taylorism, or scientific management, has been the key feature in the devaluation and dequalification of work.
* (economics) The intentional or deliberate lowering of a currency's value compared to another country's currency or a standard value (e.g. the price of gold).
* Depreciation.

#### Derived terms

* postdevaluation
* predevaluation
# киямыс
## Udmurt
### Etymology

From Proto-Permic *kjamis. Cognates include Komi-Yazva ямөс (jamås).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kijäˈmɯ̈s]
* Rhymes: -ɯ̈s
* Hyphenation: ки‧я‧мыс

### Numeral

киямыс • (kijamys)
* (obsolete) eight

#### Synonyms

* тямыс (ťamys), кыкъямыс (kykjamys) (obsolete)

#### Derived terms

* киямыстас (kijamystas)

### References

* L. E. Kirillova, L. L. Karpova, editors (2008), “киямыс”, in Удмурт-ӟуч кыллюкам [Udmurt-Russian dictionary], Izhevsk: Удмуртский институт истории, языка и литературы УрО РАН, →ISBN, page 307
# Scotch mist
## English
### Pronunciation

* Audio (General Australian):(file)

### Noun

Scotch mist (countable and uncountable, plural Scotch mists)
* (UK) A cold and penetrating mist, verging on rain.
* (UK, dialect, chiefly Lancashire and Yorkshire, idiomatic) Something that is hard to find or does not exist.
** (World War II) Something imaginary, nonexistent, or overlooked.
** 1945, Eric H Partridge, “Words Get Their Wings”, in College English‎, volume 7, number 1, page 29:Scotch mist, the R.A.F. term for something imaginary. […] The joke of it is that Scotch mist is as wetting as English rain.
* A drink of Scotch whisky served with ice and lemon peel.
* The perennial flowering plant Galium sylvaticum.
    Synonym: wood bedstraw
# Ọsẹ
## Yoruba
### Alternative forms

* Ọ̀ṣẹ́

### Etymology

Possibly from ọ̀- (“nominalizing prefix”) +‎ sẹ́ (“to snap, to break, to deny”), cognate with Idoma Oche

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɔ̀.sɛ́/

### Proper noun

Ọ̀sẹ́
* The fifteenth principal sign of the Ifa divination system
* The fifteenth of the àpólà or sixteen categories in the Odù Ifá, consisting of the fifteenth principal chapter, (Ọ̀sẹ́ méjì) and the other fifteen chapters of Ọ̀sẹ́.
    Synonym: àpólà Ọ̀sẹ́
* The fifteenth chapter of the Odù Ifá corpus, and one of the major ojú odù
    Synonym: Ọ̀sẹ́ méjì
* The spirit and divinity associated with the Ọ̀sẹ́ divination sign

#### See also

* (principal signs of the Ifa divination system) ojú odù; Ogbè, Ọ̀yẹ̀kú, Ìwòrì, Òdí, Ìrosùn, Ọ̀wọ́nrín, Ọ̀bàrà, Ọ̀kànràn, Ògúndá, Ọ̀sá, Ìká, Òtúúrúpọ̀n, Òtúrá, Ìrẹtẹ̀, Ọ̀sẹ́, Òfún
# 迌

| 迌 | U+8FCC, &#36812; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8FCC |
| ← 迋 [U+8FCB] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 迍 → [U+8FCD] |

## Translingual
### Han character

迌 (Kangxi radical 162, 辵+4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 卜月 (YB), composition ⿺辶月)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1254, character 1
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 38746
* Dae Jaweon: page 1736, character 11
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3821, character 5
* Unihan data for U+8FCC

## Chinese
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tù (tu$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): teot$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tù
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄨˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tù
*** Wade–Giles: tʻu$^4$
*** Yale: tù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tuh
*** Palladius: ту (tu)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰu⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: teot$^1$
*** Yale: tēut
*** Cantonese Pinyin: toet$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: têd$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰɵt̚⁵/

#### Definitions

迌
* (historical dictionaries only) crafty

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): thô
    (Teochew, Peng'im): to$^5$
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thô
*** Tâi-lô: thô
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tooi
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tʰo²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰo²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰo¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tʰo²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰɤ²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: to$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thô
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰo⁵⁵/

#### Definitions

迌 (Southern Min)
* Only used in 𨑨迌 (chhit-thô).

### Etymology 3

* For pronunciation and definitions of 迌 – see 越 (“to pass over; to cross; to cross over; to go over; to climb over; to jump over; etc.”). (This character is the second-round simplified form of 越).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
# -сы
## Bashkir
### Alternative forms

* -се (-se), -со (-so), -сө (-sö)

### Etymology

From Old Turkic -čï (agent noun suffix).
Cognate with exactly analogous suffixes in other Turkic languages: Kazakh -шы (-şy), Uzbek -chi, Turkish -çı, -cı, etc.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [-ˈsɯ̞]

### Suffix

-сы • (-sı)
* (added to verbs and nouns) person who does an action indicated by the root verb or noun; used to form agent nouns, terms for professions or occupations
# samdi
## Gallo
### Etymology

Inherited from Old French samedi, from Vulgar Latin *sambatī diēs, from Latin Sabbatī diēs < diēs Sabbatī (“day of the Sabbath, Sabbath day”).

### Noun

samdi m (plural samdis)
* Saturday

## Haitian Creole
### Etymology

Derived from French samedi (“Saturday”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /samdi/

### Noun

samdi
* Saturday

### See also

* days of the week: jou nan semèn nan (appendix): lendi · madi · mèkredi · jedi · vandredi · samdi · dimanch

## Icelandic
### Verb

samdi (weak)
* first-person singular past indicative of semja
* third-person singular past indicative of semja

## Mauritian Creole
### Etymology

Derived from French samedi (“Saturday”).

### Noun

samdi
* Saturday

## Norman
### Alternative forms

* Sanm'di (Jersey)
* sammedi (continental Norman)
* samedi (Guernsey)
* somedi (Guernsey)

### Etymology

Inherited from Old French samedi, from Vulgar Latin *sambatī diēs, from Latin Sabbatī diēs < diēs Sabbatī (“day of the Sabbath, Sabbath day”).

### Noun

samdi m (plural samdis)
* (Sark) Saturday

## Old Norse
### Participle

samdi
* weak masculine nominative singular of samdr

### Verb

samdi
* third-person singular active past indicative of sama
* third-person singular active past indicative of semja
# ຜົນລະຄຸນ
## Lao
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit फाल्गुन (phālguna). Doublet of ຜະລະຄຸນີ (pha la khu nī). Doublet of ຜາລະຄຸນ (phā la khun).

### Pronunciation

* (Vientiane) IPA: [pʰon˩(˧).la(ʔ˧).kʰun˧˥]
* (Luang Prabang) IPA: [pʰon˥˧˧.la(ʔ˧˨).kʰun˩˨]
* Hyphenation: ຜົນ-ລະ-ຄຸນ
* Rhymes: -un

### Noun

ຜົນລະຄຸນ • (phon la khun)
* fourth month of the traditional Lao lunar calendar

#### Related terms

* ກັດຕິກາ (kat ti kā)
* ຈິດຕະຣະ (chit ta ra)
* ເຊດ (sēt)
* ບຸດສະຍາ (but sa nyā)
* ຜະລະຄຸນີ (pha la khu nī) ~ ຜາລະຄຸນ (phā la khun) ~ ຜົນລະຄຸນ (phon la khun)
* ພັດທະບົດ (phat tha bot)
* ມາຄະ (mā kha)
* ມາຄະສິຣະ (mā kha si ra)
* ວິສາຂະ (wi sā kha)
* ສາວະນະ (sā wa na)
* ອັດສະວະຍຸດ (ʼat sa wa nyut)
* ອາສານຫະ (ʼā sān ha)
# postcursory
## English
### Adjective

postcursory (not comparable)
* Being or relating to a postcursor.
# tamasha
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Marathi तमाशा (tamāśā), from Classical Persian تماشا (tamāšā), ultimately from Arabic مَشَى (mašā, “to walk”).

### Noun

tamasha (countable and uncountable, plural tamashas)
* A visual art form from Maharashtra, India, involving singing and dancing.
** c.1885, A.L.O.E. The Wondrous Sickle
    We had fine clothes, and feasting, and drum-beating, and fireworks let off in our village. It was a grand tamasha!
* (colonial India, historical) Any traditional indigenous public ceremony.
** 1915, Valentine Williams, With Our Army in Flanders, page 287:I went to a Tamasha, as the Indian troops call these affairs, one fine Sunday afternoon in May. A broad plateau in the middle of the fields had been selected for the sports, and when I arrived an enormous crowd, as picturesque as any I have ever seen, was thronging round the ropes.
** 2014, James Lambert, “A Much Tortured Expression: A New Look At `Hobson-Jobson'”, in International Journal of Lexicography, volume 27, number 1, page 60:This superficial description is all the information the text has on the subject of the Muharram, and it is clear that to the author such activity was to be regarded as a tamasha, an outlandish ceremony of value to the foreign visitor only as a spectacle.

#### Alternative forms

* tomasha, tumasha

### Anagrams

* Samatha, shamata

## Swahili
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian تماشا (tamāšā).

### Pronunciation

* Audio (Kenya):(file)

### Noun

tamasha class V or IX (plural matamasha class VI or tamasha class X)
* festival, show, spectacle
# encliticality
## English
### Etymology

From enclitical +‎ -ity.

### Noun

encliticality (uncountable)
* (linguistics) The quality of being enclitical.
# thibitisho
## Swahili
### Etymology

From -thibitisha (“to establish, to prove”).

### Pronunciation

* Audio (Kenya):(file)

### Noun

thibitisho class V or IX (plural mathibitisho class VI or thibitisho class X)
* proof
* confirmation
# winnow
## English
### Etymology

From Middle English winewen, windewen, windwen, from Old English windwian (“to winnow, fan, ventilate”), from Proto-West Germanic *windwōn, from Proto-Germanic *windwōną, *winþijaną (“to throw about, winnow”), from Proto-Indo-European *wē- (“to winnow, thresh”). Cognate with Middle High German winden (“to winnow”), Icelandic vinsa (“to pick out, weed”), Latin vannus (“a winnowing basket”). See fan, van.

### Pronunciation

* (US) IPA: /ˈwɪnoʊ/
* (UK) IPA: /ˈwɪnəʊ/
* Rhymes: -ɪnəʊ
* Audio (US):(file)

### Verb

winnow (third-person singular simple present winnows, present participle winnowing, simple past and past participle winnowed)
* (transitive, agriculture, literal) To subject (granular material, especially food grain) to a current of air separating heavier and lighter components, as grain from chaff.
    Synonym: wind
** 1998 January 3, Sid Perkins, “Thin Skin”, in Science News, volume 165, number 1, page 11:[W]ind began to winnow the river delta's dried sediments.
* (transitive, figuratively) To separate, sift, analyse, or test by separating items having different values.
    Synonym: comb out
    They winnowed the field to twelve.
    They winnowed the winners from the losers.
    They winnowed the losers from the winners.
* (transitive, literary) To blow upon or toss about by blowing; to set in motion as with a fan or wings.
** 1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter XVIII, in Francesca Carrara. […], volume II, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC, page 206:The light snow lay on the narrow and winding path before them, pure as if just fresh winnowed by the wind.
** 1872, Elliott Coues, Key to North American Birds:Gulls average much larger than terns, with stouter build; the feet are larger and more ambulatorial, the wings are shorter and not so thin; the birds winnow the air in a steady course unlike the buoyant dashing flight of their relatives.
* (intransitive, literary, dated) To move about with a flapping motion, as of wings; to flutter.

#### Usage notes

* Used with adverb or preposition "down"; see also winnow down.
* Used with adverbs or prepositions "through", "away", and "out".

#### Hyponyms

* winnow down

#### Derived terms

* winnower
* winnow grain from chaff
* winnowing basket
* winnowing fan
* winnowing fork
* winnowing machine
* winnowing shovel
* winnow sheet
* winnow the wheat from the chaff
* winnow up

#### Translations
### Noun

winnow (plural winnows)
* That which winnows or which is used in winnowing; a contrivance for fanning or winnowing grain.
* The act of winnowing

#### Translations
### References

* “winnow”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911, →OCLC.
* “winnow”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
* “winnow”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
# dawa ya mapenzi
## Swahili
### Pronunciation

* Audio (Kenya):(file)

### Noun

dawa ya mapenzi class IX (plural dawa za mapenzi class X or madawa ya mapenzi class VI)
* love potion
# preclitic
## English
### Noun

preclitic (plural preclitics)
* (linguistics) A clitic that precedes its host word; proclitic.