# baca
## Aragonese
### Etymology

From Latin vacca.

### Noun

baca f (plural bacas)
* Superseded spelling of vaca (“cow”).

## Azerbaijani
### Etymology 1

From Persian باجه.

#### Noun

baca (definite accusative bacanı, plural bacalar)
* chimney
* smokehole or a hole the ceiling through which air and light can enter a countryside building
* a hatchway (e.g. leading to a sewer)
* (Bilasuvar, Tabriz, Yardimli) window
    Synonym: pəncərə
* (Julfa) niche
    Synonym: taxça

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

baca (definite accusative bacanı, plural bacalar)
* (Balakan) synonym of bacanaq

### Further reading

* “baca” in Obastan.com.

## Catalan
### Etymology

Borrowed from French bâche (“tarpaulin”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [ˈba.kə]
* IPA: (Valencia) [ˈba.ka]
* Rhymes: -aka
* Hyphenation: ba‧ca
* Homophone: vaca (Central Catalan)

### Noun

baca f (plural baques)
* luggage rack, roof rack (of a car)
* Synonym of lona

### Further reading

* “baca” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
* “baca” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “baca”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025

## Cia-Cia
### Etymology

Borrowed from Indonesian baca.

### Verb

baca (Hangul spelling 바짜)
* to read

## Dalmatian
### Noun

baca f
* Alternative form of vaca

## Fijian
### Etymology

From Proto-Oceanic *bayan (cognate with Tongan pā, Maori pā and Hawaiian pā) from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bayan (“bait”).

### Noun

baca
* bait (both of literal fishing sense & metaphorical i.e. enticement)

### References

* Gatty, Ronald (2009) “baca”, in Fijian-English Dictionary, Suva, Fiji: Ronald Gatty, →ISBN, page 10
* Ross Clark and Simon J. Greenhill, editors (2011), “paa.3a”, in POLLEX-Online: The Polynesian Lexicon Project Online

## Indonesian
### Etymology

From Malay baca, from Sanskrit वाचा (vācā, “speech, word”).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Indonesian) IPA: /ˈbat͡ʃa/ [ˈba.t͡ʃa]
* Rhymes: -at͡ʃa
* Syllabification: ba‧ca

### Verb

baca (active membaca, passive dibaca)
* to read (to look at and interpret letters or other information)
    Dia sedang membaca koran di teras.He is reading a newspaper on the terrace.
* to read (to speak aloud words or other information that is written)
    Synonym: bacakan
    Setiap hari di kelas akan disuruh bergiliran membaca.Every day in class we will be asked to take turns reading.

#### Derived terms

* baca-baca (“to read repeatedly; to read unseriously”)
* bacaan (“reading, reading material”)
* (uncommon) bacai (“to read repeatedly; to learn; to make fun of”)
* (colloquial) bacain (“to read, speak aloud; to read (for)”)
* bacakan (“to read, speak aloud; to read (for)”)
* (informal) kebaca (“having been read; readable; predictable”)
* kepembacaan (“readership”)
* keterbacaan (“readability”)
* pembaca (“reader”)
* pembacaan (“reading”)
* terbaca (“having been read; readable; predictable”)

#### Descendants

* → Cia-Cia: baca

### Further reading

* “baca” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Interlingua
### Noun

baca (plural bacas)
* berry

## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈba.ka/
* Rhymes: -aka
* Hyphenation: bà‧ca

### Verb

baca
* inflection of bacare:
** third-person singular present indicative
** second-person singular imperative

## Latin
### Alternative forms

* bacca

### Etymology

Unknown. Possibly:
* If from Proto-Indo-European, it may be connected to Lithuanian bapkas (“berry, laurel”), which renders a sound-symbolic root *bab- (“to be round; small fruit”), evolving into *bab-ca and finally bā̆(c)ca (with compensatory lengthening or gemination). This etymology suffers from phonological problems as well as the paucity of cognates, but for the alternation compare the pairs cippus : cīpus and littera : lītera.
* Somehow related to Ancient Greek Βάκχος (Bákkhos, “Bacchus; twig used as a symbol of Bacchus?”), which cannot be inherited and may be Pre-Greek or Anatolian in origin.
* More likely, from a local substrate source perhaps shared with Proto-Berber *bqā (“blackberry, mulberry, shrub berry”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈbaː.ka/, [ˈbäːkä]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈba.ka/, [ˈbäːkä]

### Noun

bāca f (genitive bācae); first declension
* various small fruit of trees and shrubs: a berry, stone fruit (including olives, cherries)
** 23 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis historia 16.219:Et hāctenus sint speciēs ac genera pōmōrum: nātūrās artius colligī pār est. alia siliquīs distinguntur, ipsīs dulcibus sēmenque conplexīs amārum, cum in plūribus sēmina placeant, in siliquā damnentur; alia bācīs, quārum intus lignum et extrā carō, ut olīvīs, cerasīs; aliquōrum intus bācae, forīs lignum, ut iīs quae in Aegyptō dīximus gignī. quae bācīs nātūra, eadem et pōmīs.
* an olive fruit in particular, an olive-berry
    Synonyms: olīva, olea
* a pearl
    Synonyms: margarīta, margarītum
* a coral bead or piece

#### Declension

First-declension noun.

#### Derived terms

* bācālis
* bacar
* bācātus
* baccalaureus
* bacciballum
* bācifer
* bacriō
* bacula
* quadribaccium
* tribacca

#### Descendants

* Italian: bacca, vago (Romanesco)
** → Romanian: bacă
* Old French: baie
** French: baie
** → Catalan: baia
** → Middle English: baye, baie
*** English: bay (leaf)
** → Middle Dutch: baye
*** Dutch: bei
** → Spanish: baya
* Ibero-Romance:
** Asturian: baga
** Old Galician-Portuguese:
*** Galician: baga
*** Portuguese: baga
** Spanish: baca

### References

* ↑ Transactions of the Philological Society, p. 340
* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “bāca”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 67

### Further reading

* “baca”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “baca”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "baca", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* baca in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.

## Malay
### Etymology

From Sanskrit वाचा (vācā).

### Pronunciation

* (Johor-Selangor) IPA: /bat͡ʃə/
* (Riau-Lingga) IPA: /bat͡ʃa/
* Rhymes: -at͡ʃə, -t͡ʃə, -ə
* Audio (Malaysia, Johor-Selangor):(file)

### Verb

baca (Jawi spelling باچ)
* to read

#### Derived terms

* bacaan
* membaca
* membacakan
* pembaca

#### Descendants

* Indonesian: baca
* → Cebuano: basa
* → Hiligaynon: bása
* → Ilocano: bása
* → Minangkabau: baco
* → Sundanese: baca
* → Tagalog: basa
* → Urak Lawoi': บาจา (baca)

### Further reading

* “baca” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.

## Old English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈbɑkɑ/

### Noun

baca
* genitive plural of bæc
* genitive plural of bæċ

## Polish
### Alternative forms

* bacza (archaic)

### Etymology

Borrowed from Romanian baci, further etymology disputed. Originally bacza, but was changed to the current form due to mazurzenie.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈba.t͡sa/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -at͡sa
* Syllabification: ba‧ca

### Noun

baca m pers
* an elder shepherd from Karpaty
    Hypernym: pasterz
    Coordinate term: juhas

#### Derived terms

* bacowski
* bacówka
* bacować

### Further reading

* baca in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* baca in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Romanian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈbaka]

### Noun

baca f
* definite nominative/accusative singular of bacă

## Salar
### Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *bāča.

### Pronunciation

* (Jiezi, Gaizi, Xunhua, Qinghai, Ili, Yining, Xinjiang) IPA: [pɑʝɑ]

### Noun

baca (3rd person possessive [please provide], plural [please provide])
* brother-in-law

### References

* Ma, Chengjun, Han, Lianye, Ma, Weisheng (December 2010) “baca”, in 米娜瓦尔 艾比布拉 (Minavar Abibra), editor, 撒维汉词典 (Sāwéihàncídiǎn) [Salar-Uyghur-Chinese dictionary] (in Chinese), 1st edition, Beijing, →ISBN, page 31
* Tenishev, Edhem (1976) “paǰa”, in Stroj salárskovo jazyká [Grammar of Salar], Moscow, page 435
* Yakup, Abdurishid (2002) “bɑʝɑ”, in An Ili Salar Vocabulary: Introduction and a Provisional Salar-English Lexicon‎, Tokyo: University of Tokyo, →ISBN, page 53

## Scottish Gaelic
### Noun

baca m
* genitive singular of bac

## Serbo-Croatian
### Verb

baca (Cyrillic spelling баца)
* third-person singular present of bacati

## Slavomolisano
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bǎːtsḁ/

### Noun

baca m
* older brother

#### Declension
### References

* Walter Breu and Giovanni Piccoli (2000), Dizionario croato molisano di Acquaviva Collecroce: Dizionario plurilingue della lingua slava della minoranza di provenienza dalmata di Acquaviva Collecroce in Provincia di Campobasso (Parte grammaticale).

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈbaka/ [ˈba.ka]
* Rhymes: -aka
* Syllabification: ba‧ca
* Homophone: vaca

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from French bâche (“tarpaulin”).

#### Noun

baca f (plural bacas)
* (Spain) luggage rack
    Synonyms: portaequipajes, parrilla

### Etymology 2

From Latin bacca, variant of bāca.

#### Noun

baca f (plural bacas)
* laurel berry

### Further reading

* “baca”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

## Sundanese
### Etymology

From Malay baca, from Sanskrit वाचा (vācā, “speech, voice”).

### Verb

baca (Sundanese script ᮘᮎ)
* to read

## Ternate
### Etymology

From Malay baca.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈba.t͡ʃa]

### Verb

baca
* (transitive) to read

#### Conjugation
### References

* Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

## Turkish
### Etymology

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish باجه, borrowed from Persian باجه (bâje).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /badʒa/

### Noun

baca (definite accusative bacayı, plural bacalar)
* chimney

#### Declension

singular
plural
nominative
baca
bacalar
definite accusative
bacayı
bacaları
dative
bacaya
bacalara
locative
bacada
bacalarda
ablative
bacadan
bacalardan
genitive
bacanın
bacaların
Possessive forms
nominative
singular
plural
1st singular
bacam
bacalarım
2nd singular
bacan
bacaların
3rd singular
bacası
bacaları
1st plural
bacamız
bacalarımız
2nd plural
bacanız
bacalarınız
3rd plural
bacaları
bacaları
definite accusative
singular
plural
1st singular
bacamı
bacalarımı
2nd singular
bacanı
bacalarını
3rd singular
bacasını
bacalarını
1st plural
bacamızı
bacalarımızı
2nd plural
bacanızı
bacalarınızı
3rd plural
bacalarını
bacalarını
dative
singular
plural
1st singular
bacama
bacalarıma
2nd singular
bacana
bacalarına
3rd singular
bacasına
bacalarına
1st plural
bacamıza
bacalarımıza
2nd plural
bacanıza
bacalarınıza
3rd plural
bacalarına
bacalarına
locative
singular
plural
1st singular
bacamda
bacalarımda
2nd singular
bacanda
bacalarında
3rd singular
bacasında
bacalarında
1st plural
bacamızda
bacalarımızda
2nd plural
bacanızda
bacalarınızda
3rd plural
bacalarında
bacalarında
ablative
singular
plural
1st singular
bacamdan
bacalarımdan
2nd singular
bacandan
bacalarından
3rd singular
bacasından
bacalarından
1st plural
bacamızdan
bacalarımızdan
2nd plural
bacanızdan
bacalarınızdan
3rd plural
bacalarından
bacalarından
genitive
singular
plural
1st singular
bacamın
bacalarımın
2nd singular
bacanın
bacalarının
3rd singular
bacasının
bacalarının
1st plural
bacamızın
bacalarımızın
2nd plural
bacanızın
bacalarınızın
3rd plural
bacalarının
bacalarının :