# gairm
## Irish
### Pronunciation

* (Munster) IPA: /ˈɡaɾʲəmʲ/
* (Connacht) IPA: /ˈɡeɾʲəmʲ/ (corresponding to the form goirm)
* (Ulster) IPA: /ˈɡɪɾʲəmʲ/ (corresponding to the form goirm)
* Homophone: gairim

### Etymology 1

From Old Irish gairm, from Proto-Celtic *garsman, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵeh₂r- (“to shout, cry”); see gair for more.

#### Alternative forms

* goirm (Connacht, Ulster)

#### Noun

gairm f (genitive singular as substantive gairme, genitive as verbal noun gairthe, nominative plural gairmeacha)
* verbal noun of gair
* call, summons
* calling, vocation
* acclaim

##### Declension

(as verbal noun):
bare forms
case
singular
nominative
gairm
vocative
a ghairm
genitive
gairthe
dative
gairm
forms with the definite article
case
singular
nominative
an ghairm
genitive
na gairthe
dative
leis an ngairm don ghairm :
(as substantive):
bare forms
case
singular
plural
nominative
gairm
gairmeacha
vocative
a ghairm
a ghairmeacha
genitive
gairme
gairmeacha
dative
gairm
gairmeacha
forms with the definite article
case
singular
plural
nominative
an ghairm
na gairmeacha
genitive
na gairme
na ngairmeacha
dative
leis an ngairm don ghairm
leis na gairmeacha :

##### Derived terms

* aisghairm
* athghairm (“restoration; encore; replay; recall”)
* comhairleoir gairme (“vocational counsellor”)
* comhghairm (“convocation; to convene”)
* cúirtghairm
* cúlghairm (“revocation”)
* cumann gairme (“professional association”)
* forbairt ghairme (“career development”)
* forghairm (“interpellation”)
* gairm chun fianachta (“calling to witness”)
* gairm chun urnaí (“call to prayer”)
* gairm ghrianghraf (“photocall”)
* gairm na múinteoireachta (“teaching profession”)
* gairm scoile
* gairmchomhairliú (“vocational counseling”)
* gairmeach
* gairmí
* gairmiúil
* gairmoideachas (“vocational education”)
* gairmoiliúint (“vocational training”)
* gairmscoil
* gairmthreoir (“career guidance, vocational guidance”)
* gairmuimhir
* gradam gairme (“occupational prestige”)
* oiliúint ghairme (“vocational training”)
* pleanáil ghairme (“career planning”)
* sluaghairm (“slogan”)
* so-aistritheacht ghairme (“occupational mobility”)
* sos gairme (“career break”)
* toghairm (“summons”)

#### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “gairm”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “gairm”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

### Etymology 2
#### Verb

gairm (present analytic gairmeann, future analytic gairmfidh, verbal noun gairm, past participle gairmthe)
* (transitive, intransitive) Alternative form of gair (“call; invoke; acclaim”)

##### Conjugation

| | | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural | relative | autonomous |
| | | first | second | third | first | second | third | relative | autonomous |
| indicative | present | gairmim | gairmeann tú; gairmir$^†$ | gairmeann sé, sí | gairmimid | gairmeann sibh | gairmeann siad; gairmid$^†$ | a ghairmeann; a ghairmeas / a ngairmeann* | gairmtear |
| indicative | past | ghairm mé; ghairmeas | ghairm tú; ghairmis | ghairm sé, sí | ghairmeamar; ghairm muid | ghairm sibh; ghairmeabhair | ghairm siad; ghairmeadar | a ghairm / ar ghairm* | gairmeadh |
| indicative | past habitual | ghairminn / ngairminn‡‡ | ghairmteá / ngairmteá‡‡ | ghairmeadh sé, sí / ngairmeadh sé, sí‡‡ | ghairmimis; ghairmeadh muid / ngairmimis‡‡; ngairmeadh muid‡‡ | ghairmeadh sibh / ngairmeadh sibh‡‡ | ghairmidís; ghairmeadh siad / ngairmidís‡‡; ngairmeadh siad‡‡ | a ghairmeadh / a ngairmeadh* | ghairmtí / ngairmtí‡‡ |
| future | future | gairmfidh mé; gairmfead | gairmfidh tú; gairmfir$^†$ | gairmfidh sé, sí | gairmfimid; gairmfidh muid | gairmfidh sibh | gairmfidh siad; gairmfid$^†$ | a ghairmfidh; a ghairmfeas / a ngairmfidh* | gairmfear |
| conditional | conditional | ghairmfinn / ngairmfinn‡‡ | ghairmfeá / ngairmfeá‡‡ | ghairmfeadh sé, sí / ngairmfeadh sé, sí‡‡ | ghairmfimis; ghairmfeadh muid / ngairmfimis‡‡; ngairmfeadh muid‡‡ | ghairmfeadh sibh / ngairmfeadh sibh‡‡ | ghairmfidís; ghairmfeadh siad / ngairmfidís‡‡; ngairmfeadh siad‡‡ | a ghairmfeadh / a ngairmfeadh* | ghairmfí / ngairmfí‡‡ |
| subjunctive | present | go ngairme mé; go ngairmead$^†$ | go ngairme tú; go ngairmir$^†$ | go ngairme sé, sí | go ngairmimid; go ngairme muid | go ngairme sibh | go ngairme siad; go ngairmid$^†$ | — | go ngairmtear |
| subjunctive | past | dá ngairminn | dá ngairmteá | dá ngairmeadh sé, sí | dá ngairmimis; dá ngairmeadh muid | dá ngairmeadh sibh | dá ngairmidís; dá ngairmeadh siad | — | dá ngairmtí |
| imperative | imperative | gairmim | gairm | gairmeadh sé, sí | gairmimis | gairmigí; gairmidh$^†$ | gairmidís | — | gairmtear |
| verbal noun | verbal noun | gairm | gairm | gairm | gairm | gairm | gairm | gairm | gairm |
| past participle | past participle | gairmthe | gairmthe | gairmthe | gairmthe | gairmthe | gairmthe | gairmthe | gairmthe |
* indirect relative † archaic or dialect form ‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* ↑ “gairm”, in Irish Pronunciation Database, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013–2025
* ↑ Finck, F. N. (1899) Die araner mundart [The Aran Dialect] (in German), volume II, Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 123
* ↑ de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1977) Gaeilge Chois Fhairrge: An Deilbhíocht [The Irish of Cois Fharraige: Accidence] (in Irish), 2nd edition, Institiúid Ard-Léinn Bhaile Átha Cliath [Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies], section 32, page 14
* ↑ Mhac an Fhailigh, Éamonn (1968) The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo: A Phonemic Study, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, section 475, page 168
* ↑ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 110, page 43

## Old Irish
### Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *garsman, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵeh₂r- (“to shout, cry”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈɡarʲmʲ]

### Noun

gairm n (genitive garma)
* verbal noun of gairid
* call, summons
* calling, profession

#### Declension

* $^H$ = triggers aspiration
* $^L$ = triggers lenition
* $^N$ = triggers nasalization

#### Derived terms

* togairm

#### Descendants

* Irish: gairm
* Scottish Gaelic: gairm

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “gairm”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## Scottish Gaelic
### Etymology

From Old Irish gairm, from Proto-Celtic *garsman, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵh₂r̥-smn̥, from *ǵeh₂r- (“to shout, cry”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɡ̊ɤɾʲəm/
* (Lewis) IPA: /ˈɡ̊ɤðɤm/

### Verb

gairm (past ghairm, future gairmidh, verbal noun gairm, past participle gairmte)
* call, cry
* crow (cock, etc.)
* declare (war, ceasefire, etc.)
* draft (into armed forces)

### Noun

gairm f (genitive singular gairme, plural gairmean or gairmeannan)
* verbal noun of gairm
* cry, call
* crow (cock's)
* proclamation
    Synonym: glaodhadh

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Scottish Gaelic. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* Edward Dwelly (1911) “gairm”, in Faclair Gàidhlig gu Beurla le Dealbhan [The Illustrated Gaelic–English Dictionary]‎, 10th edition, Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited, →ISBN
* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “gairm”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* ↑ Rev. C. M. Robertson (1902) “Skye Gaelic”, in Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness, Volume XXIII: 1898-99‎, Gaelic Society of Inverness, pages 54-88
* ↑ Oftedal, M. (1956) A linguistic survey of the Gaelic dialects of Scotland, Vol. III: The Gaelic of Leurbost, Isle of Lewis, Oslo: Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap