# 熬

| 熬 | U+71AC, &#29100; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-71AC |
| ← 熫 [U+71AB] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 熭 → [U+71AD] |

## Translingual
### Han character

熬 (Kangxi radical 86, 火+11, 15 strokes, cangjie input 土大火 (GKF) or 手大火 (QKF) or 難手大火 (XQKF), four-corner 5833$_4$, composition ⿱敖灬)

#### Derived characters

* 𭋣, 𮜡

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 680, character 41
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 19352
* Dae Jaweon: page 1092, character 17
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2226, character 4
* Unihan data for U+71AC

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 熬 :
| Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 熬 | *ŋaːw, *qaːw |
| 敖 | *ŋaːw |
| 嗷 | *ŋaːw |
| 螯 | *ŋaːw |
| 聱 | *ŋaːw, *ŋraːw, *ŋrɯw |
| 驁 | *ŋaːw, *ŋaːws |
| 鰲 | *ŋaːw |
| 遨 | *ŋaːw |
| 獒 | *ŋaːw |
| 滶 | *ŋaːw |
| 蔜 | *ŋaːw |
| 鷔 | *ŋaːw, *ŋaːws |
| 鼇 | *ŋaːw |
| 謷 | *ŋaːw, *ŋaːws, *ŋraːw |
| 嶅 | *ŋaːw |
| 嗸 | *ŋaːw |
| 摮 | *ŋaːw |
| 嫯 | *ŋaːw, *ŋaːws |
| 鏊 | *ŋaːw, *ŋaːws |
| 傲 | *ŋaːws |
| 磝 | *ŋraːw |

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-ŋaw (“to fry; to roast”); cognate with Tibetan རྔོ (rngo, “to fry”), Chepang ङाव्‌सा (ŋaw, “to fry; to parch; to roast”), Tangut 𗲔 (*ŋur¹, “pancake”) (STEDT; Benedict, 1972; Coblin, 1986; Schuessler, 2007; Jacques, 2014).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): áo (ao$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄠˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ngou$^4$ / ngaau$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ngàu
* Eastern Min (BUC): ngò̤
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): go$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): ngâu / gô / gô͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ngao$^5$ / hao$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$ngau
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: áo
*** Zhuyin: ㄠˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: áo
*** Wade–Giles: ao$^2$
*** Yale: áu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: aur
*** Palladius: ао (ao)
*** Sinological IPA : /ˀɑʊ̯³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ngou$^4$ / ngaau$^4$
*** Yale: ngòuh / ngàauh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ngou$^4$ / ngaau$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ngou$^4$ / ngao$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋou̯²¹/, /ŋaːu̯²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngàu
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngau$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngau$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋau̯¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ngò̤
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋo⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: go$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /ko¹³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: go$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɵ¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngâu
*** Tâi-lô: ngâu
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ngaau
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /ŋãu²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ŋãu²³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ŋãu¹³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gô
*** Tâi-lô: gô
*** Phofsit Daibuun: gooi
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /ɡo²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡɤ²³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡo¹³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gô͘
*** Tâi-lô: gôo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: goo
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡɔ²⁴/
* ngâu - vernacular;
* gô/gô͘ - literary.
* Middle Chinese: ngaw
Rime :
| Character | 熬 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 豪 (89) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 五勞切 |
| Baxter | ngaw |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ŋɑu/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ŋɑu/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ŋɑu/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ŋaw/ |
| Li Rong | /ŋɑu/ |
| Wang Li | /ŋɑu/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ŋɑu/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | áo |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ngou$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ŋˤaw/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋaːw/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 熬 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | áo |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ngaw › |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋˁaw/ |
| English | fry, roast (v.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 熬 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 38 |
| Phonetic component | 敖 |
| Rime group | 宵 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 敖 |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋaːw/ |

#### Definitions

熬
* to cook something on slow fire; to extract something using heat
* (figurative) to endure
* a surname, Ao

##### Synonyms

* (to cook something on slow fire): (Hokkien) 液

#### Compounds

* 乾熬 / 干熬
* 心癢難熬 / 心痒难熬
* 打熬
* 焦熬投石
* 煎熬 (jiān'áo)
* 熬不住
* 熬不過 / 熬不过
* 熬出頭 / 熬出头
* 熬刑
* 熬夜 (áoyè)
* 熬審 / 熬审
* 熬心血
* 熬枯受淡
* 熬油
* 熬清守淡
* 熬煮
* 熬煉 / 熬炼
* 熬煎 (áojiān)
* 熬熬
* 熬磨 (áomó)
* 熬糖
* 熬膏
* 熬藥 / 熬药 (áoyào)
* 熬頭 / 熬头 (áotou)
* 熬頭兒 / 熬头儿
* 熬鷹 / 熬鹰
* 苦熬
* 難熬 / 难熬 (nán'áo)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): āo, áo
    (Zhuyin): ㄠ, ㄠˊ
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): ngāu
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: āo
*** Zhuyin: ㄠ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ao
*** Wade–Giles: ao$^1$
*** Yale: āu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: au
*** Palladius: ао (ao)
*** Sinological IPA : /ˀɑʊ̯⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: áo
*** Zhuyin: ㄠˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: áo
*** Wade–Giles: ao$^2$
*** Yale: áu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: aur
*** Palladius: ао (ao)
*** Sinological IPA : /ˀɑʊ̯³⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngāu
*** Tâi-lô: ngāu
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ngau
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ŋãu²²/
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*qaːw/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 熬 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 57 |
| Phonetic component | 敖 |
| Rime group | 宵 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 𤏶 |
| Old Chinese | /*qaːw/ |
| Notes | 𤏶今字 |

#### Definitions

熬
* to stew (vegetables, etc.) in water; to boil; to simmer

#### Compounds

* 熬心 (āoxīn)
* 熬惱 / 熬恼
* 熬碴兒 / 熬碴儿
* 熬膩 / 熬腻
* 熬菜
* 熬頭 / 熬头 (āotou)

### References

* “熬”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市政协文化文史和学习委员会 [Culture, History and Learning Committee of Putian CPPCC], editor (2021), “熬”, in 莆仙方言大词典 [Comprehensive Dictionary of Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 221.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* parch
* roast

#### Readings

* Go-on: ごう (gō)
* Kan-on: ごう (gō)
* Kun: いる (iru, 熬る)

## Korean
### Hanja

熬 (eum 오 (o))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

熬: Hán Nôm readings: ngao
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.