# 省

| 省 | U+7701, &#30465; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7701 |
| ← 眀 [U+7700] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 眂 → [U+7702] |
| 省 | U+F96D, &#63853; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F96D |
| ← 塞 [U+F96C] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 葉 → [U+F96E] |

## Translingual
### Han character

省 (Kangxi radical 109, 目+4, 9 strokes, cangjie input 火竹月山 (FHBU), four-corner 9060$_2$, composition ⿱少目)

#### Derived characters

* 偗, 㗂, 㨘, 渻, 㮐, 𨩠, 㼳, 䚇, 㾪, 箵

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 802, character 5
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 23179
* Dae Jaweon: page 1218, character 11
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2473, character 1
* Unihan data for U+7701
* Unihan data for U+F96D

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 省 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 省 | *sreŋʔ, *sleŋʔ |
| 渻 | *saːl, *sreŋʔ, *seŋʔ |
| 箵 | *sleːŋʔ |
Originally 眚. In oracle bone script, an ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *sreŋʔ, *sleŋʔ): phonetic 生 (OC *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs, “sprout”) + 目 (“eye”) – "to inspect plants". In Shuowen Jiezi, 眚 and 省 became separate characters. 生 corrupted over time into 少.

### Etymology 1
#### verb senses

    Related to 㾪 (MC srjaengX, “thin; skinny”) (Wang, 1982).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): shěng (sheng$^3$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄕㄥˇ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): сын (sɨn, II)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): saang$^2$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): sang$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): sén / sáng
    (Hailu, HRS): sen$^ˊ$ / sang$^ˊ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): sên$^3$ / sang$^3$
* Jin (Wiktionary): seng$^2$
* Eastern Min (BUC): sēng / sāng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): sa$^3$ / saⁿ$^3$ / seng$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): séng / séⁿ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): sên$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$san
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shěng
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄥˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shěng
*** Wade–Giles: shêng$^3$
*** Yale: shěng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sheeng
*** Palladius: шэн (šɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂɤŋ²¹⁴/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: сын (sɨn, II)
*** Sinological IPA : /səŋ⁵¹/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: saang$^2$
*** Yale: sáang
*** Cantonese Pinyin: saang$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sang$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /saːŋ³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: sang$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /saŋ⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sén / sáng
*** Hakka Romanization System: sen$^ˋ$ / sang$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: sen$^3$ / sang$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /sen³¹/, /saŋ³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: sen$^ˊ$ / sang$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /sen²⁴/, /saŋ²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: sên$^3$ / sang$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /sɛn³¹/, /saŋ³¹/
* sén/senˊ - “province”;
* sáng/sangˊ - “to save”.
* Middle Chinese: srjaengX
Rime :
| Character | 省 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 生 (21) |
| Final (韻) | 庚 (111) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 所景切 |
| Baxter | srjaengX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʃˠiæŋ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʃᵚiaŋ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʃiaŋ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʂiajŋ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ʃiɐŋ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ʃĭɐŋ$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʂi̯ɐŋ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shěng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | sang$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*sreŋʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 省 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 11384 |
| Phonetic component | 省 |
| Rime group | 耕 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 省 |
| Old Chinese | /*sreŋʔ/ |
| Notes | 甲金文生省聲 |

#### Definitions

省
* to omit; to leave out
* to reduce; to simplify
    From: Shuowen Jiezi, circa 2nd century CE
    Chuán: zhōu yě. Cóng zhōu, qiān shěng shēng. [Pinyin]
    船 (chuán): boat. From 舟 (zhōu), and a reduced form of 鉛 / 铅 used as the phonetic component.
* (colloquial, by extension) to have less strange, potentially genius but generally lousy ideas for the sake of others to save worry
       Nǐ háishì shěng shěng ba. [Pinyin]
       You'd better give it up.
* to save; to economize
    省電／省电 ― shěngdiàn ― to conserve electricity
    省錢／省钱 ― shěngqián ― to save money
* (literary) palace
    From: 2nd century, Cai Yong, 《獨斷》
    Jìnzhōng zhě, ménhù yǒu jìn, fēi shìyù zhě bùdé rù, gù yuē jìnzhōng. Xiàoyuán Huánghòu fù dàsīmǎ Yángpíng Hóu míng Jìn, dāngshí bì zhī, gù yuē shěngzhōng. [Pinyin]
    As for the Restricted Central Area [of the Imperial Palace] (禁中 jìnzhōng): those who were not [imperial] servants might not enter the restricted gateways, hence it was called the Restricted Central Area [of the Imperial Palace] (禁中 jìnzhōng). Empress Xiaoyuan's father - the Grand Marshal and Marquis of Yinping - was named Jìn (禁), so people at that time avoided that and said Palace’s Central Area.
    From: Romance of the Three Kingdoms, circa 14th century CE
    Zhōngguān tǒnglǐng jìnshěng, Hànjiā gùshì. [Pinyin]
    That eunuchs manage the restricted palaces is a Han dynasty's old practice.
* (historical, by extension) department (of a government)
    中書省／中书省 ― Zhōngshūshěng ― the Central Secretariat
    From: The Old Book of Tang, 945 CE
    Shàngshū, Ménxià, Zhōngshū, Mìshū, Diànzhōng, Nèishì wéi liù shěng. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
** ministry of the Japanese or North Korean government
    外務省／外务省 ― wàiwùshěng ― Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
    社會安全省／社会安全省 ― shèhuì ānquán shěng ― Ministry of Social Security
* province; (originally) Short for 行省 (xíngshěng). (Classifier: 個／个 m c)
    福建省 ― Fújiàn Shěng ― Fujian Province
* provincial capital
** (chiefly Guangdong, especially) Guangzhou
    省港澳 ― Shěng-Gǎng-Ào ― Guangzhou, Hong Kong, and Macau
* a surname

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 省 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 省 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 省 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 省 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 慳 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 慳 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 慳 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 慳 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 慳 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 省 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 慳 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 省 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 省 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 省 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 省 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 省 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 省 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 省 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 省 GT |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 省 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 省, 儉 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 省 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 儉 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 儉, 省 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 儉 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 儉 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 儉 |
| Southern Min | Pontianak (Teochew) | 儉 |
| Note | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) |
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 廣州, 穗 short |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 廣州 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 廣州 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 廣州, 廣府, 省城, 省 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 廣州, 省城, 大圈 slang |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 廣州, 省城 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 省 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 廣州, 省城 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 廣州 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 廣州 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 省 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 廣州 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 廣州 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 廣州 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 廣州 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 廣州 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 廣州 |

##### Usage notes

* Historically used as a suffix for many foreign major administrative divisions (states of the US, etc.), such usage is now generally obsolete (outside of fossilized instances like 麻省 (“Massachusetts”)) and replaced with 州 (zhōu, “state”).

#### Compounds

* 三省
* 中書省 / 中书省 (Zhōngshūshěng)
* 儉省 / 俭省 (jiǎnshěng)
* 內省 / 内省
* 凍省 / 冻省 (dòng shěng)
* 刪省 / 删省
* 到省
* 副省級 / 副省级 (fùshěngjí)
* 北省
* 南省
* 各省
* 外省 (wàishěng)
* 多一事不如省一事
* 宮省 / 宫省
* 寬刑省法 / 宽刑省法
* 尚書省 / 尚书省
* 掖省
* 撙省
* 本省 (běnshěng)
* 東三省 / 东三省 (Dōngsānshěng)
* 清心省事
* 減省 / 减省 (jiǎnshěng)
* 畫省 / 画省
* 省下
* 省中 (shěngzhōng)
* 省主席
* 省事
* 省令
* 省份 (shěngfèn)
* 省便
* 省儉 / 省俭 (shěngjiǎn)
* 省元
* 省分 (shěngfèn)
* 省刑薄斂 / 省刑薄敛
* 省力 (shěnglì)
* 省卻 / 省却 (shěngquè)
* 省可
* 省可裡 / 省可里
* 省喙
* 省喫儉用 / 省吃俭用 (shěngchījiǎnyòng)
* 省城 (shěngchéng)
* 省垣
* 省家 (shěngjiā)
* 省工
* 省府 (shěngfǔ)
* 省形
* 省得 (shěngde)
* 省心 (shěngxīn)
* 省慾去奢 / 省欲去奢
* 省政
* 省政府 (shěngzhèngfǔ)
* 省政建設 / 省政建设
* 省時 / 省时
* 省會 / 省会 (shěnghuì)
* 省治 (shěngzhì)
* 省油燈 / 省油灯
* 省油的燈 / 省油的灯 (shěngyóu de dēng)
* 省減 / 省减
* 省港大罷工 / 省港大罢工 (Shěng-Gǎng Dàbàgōng)
* 省煤器
* 省煩從簡 / 省烦从简
* 省用足財 / 省用足财
* 省略 (shěnglüè)
* 省略號 / 省略号 (shěnglüèhào)
* 省視學 / 省视学
* 省立 (shěnglì)
* 省籍 (shěngjí)
* 省聲 / 省声
* 省議會 / 省议会
* 省轄市 / 省辖市 (shěngxiáshì)
* 省農科院 / 省农科院 (Shěngnóngkēyuàn)
* 省道 (shěngdào)
* 省錢 / 省钱 (shěngqián)
* 省長 / 省长 (shěngzhǎng)
* 省陌
* 祕書省 / 秘书省
* 禁省 (jìnshěng)
* 節省 / 节省 (jiéshěng)
* 精省 (jīng shěng)
* 腹省
* 臺省 / 台省
* 行省 (xíngshěng)
* 輕省 / 轻省
* 門下省 / 门下省 (Ménxiàshěng)
* 麻省 (Máshěng)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 省(しょう) (shō)
* → Korean: 성(省) (seong)
* → Vietnamese: tỉnh (省)
Others:
* → Bouyei: senj
* → Lü: ᦵᦌᦲᧃ (soen)
* → Zhuang: sengj

#### See also

* 縣／县 (xiàn, “Japanese prefecture”)
* 州 (zhōu, “state”)

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xǐng (xing$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄥˇ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): sing$^2$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): lhen$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): siáng
    (Hailu, HRS): siang$^ˊ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): sên$^3$
* Eastern Min (BUC): sīng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): sing$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): séng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): sên$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$shin
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xǐng
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄥˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sǐng
*** Wade–Giles: hsing$^3$
*** Yale: syǐng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiing
*** Palladius: син (sin)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕiŋ²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: sing$^2$
*** Yale: síng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sing$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: xing$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɪŋ³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: lhen$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬen⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: siáng
*** Hakka Romanization System: xiang$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: xiang$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /si̯aŋ³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: siang$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /siaŋ²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: sên$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /sɛn³¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: sīng
*** Sinological IPA : /siŋ³³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: sing$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬiŋ⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: sing$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬiŋ³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: séng
*** Tâi-lô: síng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: seang
*** IPA (Xiamen): /siɪŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /siɪŋ⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /siɪŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /siɪŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /siɪŋ⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: sên$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: séⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /sẽ⁵²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$shin
*** MiniDict: shin$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$xin
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɕin³⁴/
* Middle Chinese: sjengX
Rime :
| Character | 省 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 心 (16) |
| Final (韻) | 清 (121) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 息井切 |
| Baxter | sjengX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /siᴇŋ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /siɛŋ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /siæŋ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /siajŋ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /siɛŋ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /sĭɛŋ$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /si̯ɛŋ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xǐng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | sing$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[s]eŋʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*sleŋʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 省 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xǐng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ sjeng$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[s]eŋʔ/ |
| English | inspect |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 省 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 11386 |
| Phonetic component | 省 |
| Rime group | 耕 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 省 |
| Old Chinese | /*sleŋʔ/ |

#### Definitions

省
* to examine; to inspect
* to greet; to visit
* to understand; to comprehend

#### Compounds

* 三省
* 不省
* 不省事
* 不省人事 (bùxǐngrénshì)
* 不省得
* 不記省 / 不记省
* 人事不省
* 修省
* 內省 / 内省
* 內省不疚 / 内省不疚
* 反省 (fǎnxǐng)
* 反躬自省 (fǎngōngzìxǐng)
* 存省
* 定省
* 思省
* 提省
* 日省月試 / 日省月试
* 日省月課 / 日省月课
* 昏定晨省
* 晨參暮省 / 晨参暮省
* 晨昏定省
* 未省
* 歸省 / 归省
* 深省 (shēnxǐng)
* 猛省 (měngxǐng)
* 發人深省 / 发人深省 (fārénshēnxǐng)
* 省事
* 省俗觀風 / 省俗观风
* 省問 / 省问
* 省墓 (xǐngmù)
* 省察 (xǐngchá)
* 省得 (shěngde)
* 省思 (xǐngsī)
* 省悟 (xǐngwù)
* 省戒
* 省方觀俗 / 省方观俗
* 省方觀民 / 省方观民
* 省視 / 省视 (xǐngshì)
* 省見 / 省见
* 省親 / 省亲 (xǐngqīn)
* 省記 / 省记
* 省諭 / 省谕
* 省識 / 省识
* 省風 / 省风
* 臨危自省 / 临危自省
* 自我反省 (zìwǒ fǎnxǐng)
* 自省 (zìxǐng)
* 觀省 / 观省
* 記省 / 记省
* 豁然省悟
* 責躬省過 / 责躬省过
* 返躬內省 / 返躬内省
* 退省 (tuìxǐng)

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): siáⁿ
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siáⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: siánn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sviar
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /siã⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /siã⁵³/

#### Definitions

省
* (Hokkien) Alternative form of 啥 (siáⁿ, “what”)
** 1914, 《最新父子狀元歌下本》‎, 厦門 [Amoy]: 會文堂:
       góa taⁿ chhut-hú tán-chih i, thài-īⁿ sian-siⁿ kàu hú piⁿ, chiū mn̄g tāi-jîn tit siáⁿ pīⁿ, Lí--sī hu-jîn chiū ìn i [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       (please add an English translation of this quotation)
** 1987, “內山姑娘要出嫁”, 謝麗燕 (lyrics)‎performed by 葉啟田 [Yeh Chi-tien]:
       pēng bô lâi tùi góa kóng-chhut tàu-té siáⁿ goân-in [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       (please add an English translation of this quotation)

### References

* (Cantonese)
** “省”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* (Hakka)
** “Entry #14317”, in 臺灣客語辭典 [Dictionary of Taiwan Hakka] (overall work in Chinese and Hakka), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2022.
** “Entry #14426”, in 臺灣客語辭典 [Dictionary of Taiwan Hakka] (overall work in Chinese and Hakka), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2022.
** “Entry #16275”, in 臺灣客語辭典 [Dictionary of Taiwan Hakka] (overall work in Chinese and Hakka), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2022.
* (Hokkien)
** William Campbell (1913) A dictionary of the Amoy vernacular spoken throughout the prefectures of Chin-Chiu, Chiang-Chiu and Formosa (in Hokkien), 8th edition, Tainan: Taiwan Church Press, published 1961, →OCLC.
** 小川尚義 (OGAWA Naoyoshi), editor (1931–1932), “省”, in 臺日大辭典 [Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary]‎ (overall work in Hokkien and Japanese), Taihoku: Government-General of Taiwan, →OCLC
** 小川尚義 (OGAWA Naoyoshi), editor (1931–1932), “省”, in 臺日大辭典 [Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary]‎ (overall work in Hokkien and Japanese), Taihoku: Government-General of Taiwan, →OCLC
** “Entry #5304”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.
* (Puxian Min)
** 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “省”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 209.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)
* government ministry
* Chinese province

#### Readings

* Go-on: しょう (shō, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: せい (sei, Jōyō)
* Kun: かえりみる (kaerimiru, 省みる, Jōyō)、はぶく (habuku, 省く, Jōyō)、みる (miru, 省る)、つかさ (tsukasa, 省)
* Nanori: さとし (satoshi)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 省
* しょう Grade: 4
* goon
From Middle Chinese 省 (MC srjaengX|sjengX).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しょー [shóꜜò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɕo̞ː]

#### Noun

省(しょう) • (shō)
* ministry, government department, office
    法務省(ほうむしょう)
       hōmu shō
       Ministry of Justice
* Chinese province
    広東省(カントンしょう)
       kanton shō
       Guangdong Province

#### Prefix

省(しょう) • (shō-)
* -saving, conservation
    省(しょう)エネルギー ― shōenerugī ― energy conservation, energy efficiency
    省(しょう)時(じ)間(かん) ― shōjikan ― time conservation, time efficiency

#### Suffix

省(しょう) • (-shō)
* ministry

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 省
* つかさ Grade: 4
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 省 – see the following entry. :
| 【長つかさ】2 | [noun] a manager, a headman, a foreman [noun] an official [noun] government service [proper noun] a surname [proper noun] a unisex given name Alternative spellings 官, 司, 首, 宰 |
(This term, 省, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 省 (MC sjengX).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | Recorded as Middle Korean 셔ᇰ〯 (Yale: syěng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. | Recorded as Middle Korean 셔ᇰ〯 (Yale: syěng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | ᄉᆞᆯ필 셩 | Recorded as Middle Korean 셩 (syeng) (Yale: syeng) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576. |
| Early Modern Korean |||
| Text | Final (韻) | Reading |
| Samun Seonghwi, 1751 | ᄉᆞᆯ필 셩 | Recorded as Early Modern Korean 셩 (Yale: syeng) in Juhae Cheonjamun (註解千字文 / 주해천자문), 1804. |

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [sʰʌ̹ŋ]
* Phonetic hangul: [성]

#### Hanja

Wikisource 省 (eumhun 살필 성 (salpil seong))
* hanja form of 성 (“to examine; to inspect”)
* hanja form of 성 (“Chinese province”)
* hanja form of 성 (“ministry; department”)

#### Compounds

* 귀성 (歸省, gwiseong)
* 내성 (內省, naeseong)
* 반성 (反省, banseong, “self-reflection”)
* 성도 (省都, seongdo)
* 성묘 (省墓, seongmyo)
* 성찰 (省察, seongchal)

### Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 省 (MC srjaengX).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | Recorded as Middle Korean ᄉᆡᇰ〯 (Yale: sǒyng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. | Recorded as Middle Korean ᄉᆡᇰ〯 (Yale: sǒyng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | 조릴 ᄉᆡᆼ | Recorded as Middle Korean ᄉᆡᆼ (soyng) (Yale: soyng) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576. |
| Early Modern Korean |||
| Text | Final (韻) | Reading |
| Samun Seonghwi, 1751 | 덜 ᄉᆡᆼ | Recorded as Early Modern Korean ᄉᆡᆼ (Yale: soyng) in Juhae Cheonjamun (註解千字文 / 주해천자문), 1804. |

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [sʰɛŋ] ~ [sʰe̞ŋ]
* Phonetic hangul: [생/셍]

#### Hanja

省 (eumhun 덜 생 (deol saeng))
* hanja form of 생 (“to reduce; to omit”)
* hanja form of 생 (“saving; conservation”)

#### Compounds

* 관생 (冠省, gwansaeng)
* 생략 (省略, saengnyak, “omission”)
* 생력 (省力, saengnyeok)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

省: Hán Nôm readings: tỉnh, xển, xỉnh, xĩnh, tểnh, tễnh
* chữ Hán form of tỉnh (“province; prefecture”).