# 𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇
## Prakrit
### Etymology

Denominal verb from Sanskrit कृष्ट (kṛṣṭa, “drawn, ploughed”) + Prakrit -𑀅𑀇 (-aï). Cognate with Pali kaḍḍhati, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit कट्टति (kaṭṭati), Gandhari 𐨀𐨂𐨬𐨐𐨝𐨡𐨁 (uvakaḍhadi, “to drag along”). This verb has almost wholly displaced Sanskrit कर्षति (karṣati, “to pull”) in Middle Indo-Aryan.
Bloch and Hoernlé already note that the cluster -ḍḍh- has seemingly undergone irregular voicing; the expected form is *kaṭṭhaï. Other examples of such unexpected voicing are Prakrit 𑀤𑀸𑀠𑀸 (dāḍhā, “beard”), Ashokan Prakrit 𑀘𑀖𑀢𑀺 (caghati, “to be able to”); among Pali scholars this phenomenon has usually been thought of as a dialectal feature restricted to the East (while in this case it is universal), leading to Lüders and Turner rejecting the etymology. Tedesco pushes back and argues for generalisation of a dialectal development citing parallels like Prakrit 𑀧𑀠𑀫 (paḍhama, “first”) (but note that this is actually expected voicing), and is supported by von Hinüber and Oberlies.
Some scholars attempt to sidestep Sanskrit and trace the word directly to Proto-Indo-European. Gray claims derivation from an extension of Proto-Indo-European *kelH- (“to rise, be tall; hill”), with cognates such as English hale (“to pull, drag”), but this etymology seems unjustified given the lack of any cognates with the same extension. Bloomfield suggests -d- extension of some Indo-European root which gives a retroflex in Sanskrit when preceded by a sibilant (as in Proto-Indo-European *h₂eys-d- (“to laud”) > Sanskrit ईड् (īḍ)), but no semantically plausible root is to be found.
Compare also Kalami [script needed] (gaḍh, “pull!”), Phalura gaḍíi (“to pull”), Mahasu Pahari गढ़नों (gaṛhnõ), गड़नों (gaṛnõ, “to take out”). Tedesco supposes these are later developments and not indicative of a substrate source.

### Verb

𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇 (kaḍḍhaï) (Devanagari कड्ढइ, Kannada ಕಡ್ಢಇ) (transitive) (Māhārāṣṭrī)
* to pull
    Synonyms: 𑀔𑀁𑀘𑀇 (khaṃcaï), 𑀅𑀁𑀘𑀇 (aṃcaï)
** c. 400 CE, Pravarasena II, Rāvaṇavadha 13.58:𑀡𑀺𑀯𑁆𑀯𑀸𑀮𑁂𑀊𑀡 𑀡𑀳𑁂 𑀕𑀅𑀲𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀺𑀅𑀯𑀮𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀥𑀅𑀯𑀟𑀢𑀡𑀼𑀇𑀁 𑀧𑀯𑀡𑁄 𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇 𑀯𑀺𑀲𑀫𑀁 𑀙𑀸𑀆𑀯𑀳𑀧𑀝𑁆𑀞𑀥𑀽𑀲𑀭𑀁 𑀭𑀅𑀮𑁂𑀳𑀁ṇivvāleūṇa ṇahe gaasukkāriavalantadhaavaḍataṇuiṃ pavaṇo kaḍḍhaï visamaṃ chāāvahapaṭṭhadhūsaraṃ raalehaṃ

#### Derived terms

* 𑀆𑀬𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇 (āyaḍḍhaï, “to pull”)
* 𑀉𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇 (ukkaḍḍhaï)
* 𑀑𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠 (okaḍḍha)
* 𑀑𑀬𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇 (oyaḍḍhaï, “to drag”)
* 𑀧𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠 (pakaḍḍha, “dragged”)
* 𑀧𑀕𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀺𑀚𑁆𑀚𑀫𑀸𑀡 (pagaḍḍhijjamāṇa, “being dragged”)
* 𑀧𑀬𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀡𑀻 (payaḍḍhaṇī)
* *𑀉𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇 (*ukkaḍḍhaï) (with उद्- (ud-))
** Bengali: উখড়ানো (ukhṛanō)
* *𑀑𑀅𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇 (*oaḍḍhaï) < *𑀑𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇 (*okaḍḍhaï) (with अव- (ava-))
** Marathi: ओढणे (oḍhṇe)
** Gujarati: ઓડવું (oḍavũ)

#### Descendants

* Central Indo-Aryan:
** Old Hindi: काढना (kāḍhanā)
*** Hindustani:
**** Hindi: काढ़ना (kāṛhnā)
**** Urdu: کَاڑْھنَا (kāṛhnā)
* Eastern Indo-Aryan:
** Bengali–Assamese:
*** Assamese: কঢ়া (korha)
*** Bengali: কাড়া (kaṛa)
*** Sylheti: ꠇꠣꠠꠣ (xaṛa)
** Bihari:
*** Maithili:
    Devanagari script: काढ़ब (kāṛhab)
    Tirhuta script: 𑒏𑒰𑒜𑓃𑒥 (kāṛhaba)
* Northern Indo-Aryan:
** Nepali: काढ्नु (kāḍhnu)
** >? Mahasu Pahari: गढ़नों (gaṛhnõ, “to take out”), गड़नों (gaṛnõ)
* Northwestern Indo-Aryan:
** Old Punjabi: ਕਢਿ (kaḍhi /⁠kaḍḍhi⁠/)
*** Punjabi:
    Gurmukhi script: ਕੱਢਣਾ (kaḍḍhaṇā)
    Shahmukhi script: کَڈّھݨا (kaḍḍhṇā)
** Sindhi:
    Arabic script: ڪَڍَڻُ (kaḍhaṇu)
    Devanagari script: कढणु (kaḍhaṇu)
    Khudabadi script: 𑊺𑋋𑋌𑋣 (kaḍhaṇu)
* Southern Indo-Aryan:
** Old Marathi:
    Devanagari script: काढणे (kāḍhaṇe), काहाडणे (kāhāḍaṇe)
    Modi script: 𑘎𑘰𑘛𑘜𑘹 (kāḍhaṇe), 𑘎𑘰𑘮𑘰𑘚𑘜𑘹 (kāhāḍaṇe)
*** Marathi:
    Devanagari script: काढणे (kāḍhṇe)
    Modi script: 𑘎𑘰𑘛𑘜𑘹 (kāḍhṇe)
* Western Indo-Aryan:
** Old Gujarati: काढी (kāḍhī, “taken out”, past participle, nominative singular feminine)
*** Gujarati: કાઢવું (kāḍhvũ)
* →? Dardic:
** Phalura: gaḍíi (“to pull”)
** Kalami: [script needed] (gaḍh, “pull!”, imperative)

### References

* ↑ Bloch, Jules (1915/1920) La formation de la langue marathe (in French), Paris: Édouard Champion; republished as Dev Raj Chanana, transl., The Formation of the Marathi Language‎, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1970, pages 125, 239
* ↑ Hoernlé, A. F. Rudolf (1880) “काढ़्”, in “A Collection of Hindi Roots, with Remarks on their Derivation and Classification”, in Journal of The Asiatic Society of Bengal‎, volume 49, page 64
* ↑ Karashima, Seishi, von Hinüber, Oskar (2012) “kaḍḍha-”, in Die Abhisamācārikā Dharmāḥ Verhaltensregeln für buddhistische Mönche der Mahāsāṃghika-Lokottaravādins [The Abhisamācārikā Dharmāḥ Rules of Conduct for Buddhist Monks of the Mahāsāṃghika-Lokottaravādins]‎, volume III: Grammatik, Glossar und Nachträge, Tokyo: The International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology, Soka University, page 183
* ↑ Baums, Stefan, Glass, Andrew (2002–) “uvakaḍhadi”, in A Dictionary of Gandhari‎
* ↑ Lüders, Heinrich (1954) Ernst Waldschmidt, editor, Beobachtungen Über Die Sprache Des Buddhistischen Urkanons [Observations on the Language of the Buddhist Canon] (Abhandlungen der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Klasse für Sprachen, Literatur und Kunst)‎, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, page 125
* ↑ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “*KAḌḌH”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 133
* ↑ Tedesco, P[aul Maximilian] (1965) “Review: Turner's Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages”, in Journal of the American Oriental Society‎, volume 85, number 3, American Oriental Society, page 374 of 368–383
* ↑ Thomas Oberlies (2001) Pāli: A Grammar of the Language of the Theravāda Tipiṭaka (Indian philology and South Asian studies; 3), Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 251
* ↑ Gray, Louis H[erbert] (1940) “Fifteen Prākrit-Indo-European Etymologies”, in Journal of the American Oriental Society‎, volume 16, number 3, page 361 of 361–369
* ↑ Bloomfield, Maurice (1921) “On a Possible Pre-Vedic Form in Pāli and Prākrit”, in Journal of the American Oriental Society‎, volume 41, pages 465–466
* ↑ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “*gaḍḍhati”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 213
* ↑ Sheth, Hargovind Das T[rikamcand] (1923–1928) “कड्‍ढ”, in पाइअ-सद्द-महण्णवो [pāia-sadda-mahaṇṇavo, Ocean of Prakrit words] (in Hindi), Calcutta: [Published by the Author], page 217.
* ↑ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “*kaḍḍhati”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 133