# hof
## English
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from German Hof. Doublet of howff.

#### Noun

hof (plural hofs)
* Enclosure, court, dwelling, building, house.
** 1993 May, Trevor William, “Jake's Castle”, in Harper's Magazine:Ulrike lived in a farm hof, and all around me were the dark blank fields punctuated by a few disparate lights.
** 2009, Chloe Aridjis, Book of Clouds, 1st edition, New York: Black Cat:Like many old houses, this one had a front section, where I lived, and at the back an interior courtyard, the Hof, enclosed on all three sides by more apartments.

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Old Norse hof or Old English hof, reinforced in modern (post-1990, chiefly neopagan) use by Icelandic hof (“shrine, temple”).

#### Pronunciation

* enPR: hōf, IPA: /hoʊf/
** Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Rhymes: -oʊf

#### Noun

hof (plural hofs)
* (Germanic paganism) temple, sanctuary, hall.
** 1996, Varg Vikernes, cited after Gardell, Gods of the Blood, published 2003, page 307:For each ten churches burned to ashes, one heathen hof is avenged.
** 2005, Michael Strmiska, Modern Paganism In World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives, page 170:Asatruarfelagid lacks a central religious temple, or hof in Icelandic. Constructing a hof has been high on the members' wish list for many years.
** 2014 November 18, Stubba, The Book of Blots‎, page 102:The Candidate for membership of Hof, Garth or Hearth shall hold an Armill, or he may touch an unsheathed Sword throughout the ceremony.

##### Synonyms

* garth

### Etymology 3

Borrowed from Korean 호프 (hopeu), in turn from German Hofbräuhaus. In English, the spelling has been re-aligned with the Korean term's etymon.

#### Noun

hof (plural hofs)
* A Korean-style bar or pub.
** 2009 January 4, Adam B. Ellick, “In Queens: A Melting Pot, and a Closed Book”, in New York Times‎:To the south are Korean spas, Korean barbecue joints and hofs, or Korean pubs.

### Anagrams

* FOH, foh

## Cimbrian
### Alternative forms

* hoff (Sette Comuni)

### Etymology

From Middle High German and Old High German hof, from Proto-West Germanic *hof, from Proto-Germanic *hufą. Cognate with German Hof.

### Noun

hof m
* (Luserna) garden

### Further reading

* Patuzzi, Umberto, ed., (2013) Luserna / Lusérn: Le nostre parole / Ünsarne börtar / Unsere Wörter [Our Words], Luserna, Italy: Comitato unitario delle isole linguistiche storiche germaniche in Italia / Einheitskomitee der historischen deutschen Sprachinseln in Italien

## Danish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /hɔf/, [ˈhʌf]

### Etymology 1

From Middle Low German hof, from Old Saxon hof, from Proto-West Germanic *hof, from Proto-Germanic *hufą, cognate with German Hof (“yard, court, farmyard”), Dutch hof (“yard, court, garden”), Old Norse hof (“shrine; court”). Doublet of hov (“shrine, temple”).

#### Noun

hof n (singular definite hoffet, plural indefinite hoffer)
* court (family and society of a sovereign)
* admirers

##### Declension
#### References

* “hof” in Den Danske Ordbog
* “Hof,1” in Ordbog over det danske Sprog

### Etymology 2

Clipping of hofpilsner, from hof (“court”) +‎ pilsner (“lager beer”).

#### Noun

hof c (singular definite hoffen, plural indefinite hof)
* Carlsberg beer

##### Declension
#### References

* “Hof,2” in Ordbog over det danske Sprog

## Dutch
### Etymology

From Middle Dutch hof, from Old Dutch *hof, from Proto-West Germanic *hof, from Proto-Germanic *hufą.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɦɔf/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: hof
* Rhymes: -ɔf
* Homophone: Hof

### Noun

hof n or m (plural hoven, diminutive hofje n)
* court, residence of a monarch or other high-placed person
* court, entourage of a monarch or other high-placed person
* court of law; short form of gerechtshof
* court, yard
* (Belgium) garden

#### Derived terms

* arbitragehof
* begijnhof
* gerechtshof
* hof van beroep
* hof van cassatie
* hoffelijk
* hofleverancier
* Hofstad
* hoveling
* kerkhof
* lusthof
* rekenhof
* tepelhof

#### Descendants

* Afrikaans: hof
* Negerhollands: hofje, hofi, hoffie (from the diminutive)
* → Papiamentu: hòfi, hoffie (from the diminutive)

## Icelandic
### Etymology

From Old Norse hof, from Proto-Germanic *hufą.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /hɔːv/
* Rhymes: -ɔːv

### Noun

hof n (genitive singular hofs, nominative plural hof)
* shrine, typically in a home on farm; by extension a temple

#### Declension
## Middle Dutch
### Etymology

From Old Dutch *hof.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /hɔf/

### Noun

hof n or m
* court, enclosed space
* garden
* farmstead
* castle (court of the nobility)

#### Derived terms

* hōvesch

#### Descendants

* Dutch: hof
** Afrikaans: hof
** Negerhollands: hofje, hofi, hoffie (from the diminutive)
** → Papiamentu: hòfi, hoffie (from the diminutive)
* Limburgish: haof, hoof
* → Scots: howf, hauf, houf, houff, houffe, hooff, howff
** → English: howf

### Further reading

* “hof”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
* Verwijs, E., Verdam, J. (1885–1929) “hof (II)”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN, page II

## Old English
### Etymology 1

From Proto-West Germanic *hof, from Proto-Germanic *hufą.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /xof/, [hof]

#### Noun

hof n (nominative plural hofu)
* court, hall
* house, building

##### Declension

Strong a-stem:

##### Descendants

* Middle English: *hof, *hove
** Scots: hoff, howf, hoif, hoiff
** ⇒ Middle English: hovel, hovil, hovylle (diminutive)
*** English: hovel

##### See also

* ærn n
* hūs n

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Germanic *hōfaz.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /xoːf/, [hoːf]

#### Noun

hōf m
* a hoof

##### Declension

Strong a-stem:

##### Descendants

* English: hoof

## Old Frisian
### Etymology 1

From Proto-West Germanic *hof, from Proto-Germanic *hufą, from Proto-Indo-European *kewp- (“to bend”). Cognates include Old English hof, Old Saxon hof and Old Dutch *hof.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈhof/

#### Noun

hof n
* court

##### Descendants

* North Frisian: hof
* Saterland Frisian: Hoaf
* West Frisian: hôf

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Germanic *hōfaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱoph₂ós. Cognates include Old English hōf, Old Saxon hōf and Old Dutch *huof.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈhoːf/

#### Noun

hōf m
* hoof

##### Descendants

* Saterland Frisian: Houf, Houch
* West Frisian: hoef

### References

* Bremmer, Rolf H. (2009) An Introduction to Old Frisian: History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN

## Old Norse
### Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *hufą (“hill, house, temple”).

### Pronunciation

* (12th century Icelandic) IPA: /ˈhov/

### Noun

hof n (genitive hofs, plural hof)
* (Germanic paganism) shrine, typically in a home of a farm
** Vǫluspá, verse 7, lines 3-4, in 1860, T. Möbius, Edda Sæmundar hins fróða: mit einem Anhang zum Theil bisher ungedruckter Gedichte. Leipzig, page 2:
    […] þeir er hörg ok hof / hátimbruðu, […]
    […] they who shrines and temples / high timbered, […]
* (rare) hall, house
** Hymiskviða, verse 33, lines 3-4, in 1860, T. Möbius, Edda Sæmundar hins fróða: mit einem Anhang zum Theil bisher ungedruckter Gedichte. Leipzig, page 48:
    […] út or óru / ölkjól hofi. […]
    […] the ale-ship [CAULDRON] out from our house […]
* (late) a royal court

#### Usage notes

Old Norse makes the distinction between hof "a hall, a sanctuary with a roof" and hǫrgr (“an altar, any cult site without a roof”). The prevalent meaning of hof in Old Norse literature is “temple, sanctuary”. Cleasby and Vigfússon (1874) note the generic meaning "a hall (as in German and Saxon)" in Hymiskviða 33 as a hapax legomenon. The meaning of “court” follows Middle High German and appears only from the 14th century and almost exclusively in compounds such as hof-ferð (“pride, pomp”), hof-garðr (“lordly mansion”), hof-folk (“courtiers”).

#### Coordinate terms

* hǫrgr
* vé

#### Derived terms

* blóthof (“heathen temple”)
* hofferð (“pride, pomp”)
* hofferðugr (“proud”)
* hoffrakt (“pomp”)
* hoffólk (“courtiers”)
* hofgarðr (“lordly mansion”)
* hofgoði (“temple-priest”)
* hofgrið (“asylum in a sanctuary”)
* hofgyðja (“priestess”)
* hofhelgr (“temple-feast”)
* hoflist (“pomp”)
* hoflýðr (“courtiers”)
* hofmaðr (“courtier”)
* hofmóðugr (“haughty”)
* hofprestr (“temple-priest”)
* hofsdyrr (“temple-doors”)
* hofseiðr (“temple-oath”)
* hofsgoði (“temple-priest”)
* hofshelgi (“sanctity of a temple”)
* hofshurð (“temple-door”)
* hofshǫfðingi (“temple-lord”)
* hofsmold (“temple mold, holy mold”)
* hofstaðr (“sanctuary”)
* hofsteigr (“strip of temple-land”)
* hoftollr (“temple-toll, rate”)
* hoftyft (“urbanity”)
* hofvaerk (“great feat”)
* hofþénari (“court servant”)

#### Descendants

* Icelandic: hof
* Faroese: hov
* Norwegian Nynorsk: hov, hov
* Danish: hov
* Swedish: hov
* → English: hof

### Further reading

* Zoëga, Geir T. (1910) “hof”, in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 206; also available at the [https://archive.org/stream/concisedictionar001857
* page/206 Internet Archive]
* Richard Cleasby, Guðbrandur Vigfússon (1874) “hof”, in An Icelandic-English Dictionary, 1st edition, Oxford: Oxford Clarendon Press, page 277

## Old Saxon
### Etymology 1

From Proto-West Germanic *hof, from Proto-Germanic *hufą.

#### Noun

hof n
* dwelling, hovel, house
* court, hall

##### Descendants

* Middle Low German: hof
** German Low German: Hoff
** Plautdietsch: Hoff
** → Danish: hof
** → Estonian: hoov
** → Norwegian: hoff
** → Old Swedish: hof
*** Swedish: hov, hof (up until the 1906 spelling reform)
**** → Finnish: hovi
**** → Finnish: huovi
*** → Finnish: hovi

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Germanic *hōfaz.

#### Noun

hōf m
* a hoof

## Swedish
### Etymology 1
#### Noun

hof n
* Obsolete spelling of hov (“royal court”).

##### Declension
### Etymology 2
#### Noun

hof c
* Obsolete spelling of hov (“hoof”).