# 舵

| 舵 | U+8235, &#33333; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8235 |
| ← 舴 [U+8234] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 舶 → [U+8236] |

## Translingual
### Han character

舵 (Kangxi radical 137, 舟+5, 11 strokes, cangjie input 竹卜十心 (HYJP), four-corner 2341$_1$, composition ⿰舟它)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1010, character 10
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30400
* Dae Jaweon: page 1468, character 8
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3060, character 6
* Unihan data for U+8235

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 佗 | *l̥ʰaːl, *l'aːl |
| 拕 | *l̥ʰaːl, *l'aːlʔ |
| 它 | *l̥ʰaːl |
| 蛇 | *l̥ʰaːl, *ɦljaːl, *lal |
| 袉 | *l̥ʰaːlʔ, *l'aːl, *l'aːlʔ |
| 鴕 | *l'aːl |
| 駝 | *l'aːl |
| 紽 | *l'aːl |
| 鮀 | *l'aːl |
| 陀 | *l'aːl |
| 沱 | *l'aːl, *l'aːlʔ |
| 跎 | *l'aːl |
| 詑 | *l'aːl, *l'aːlʔ, *hlel, *lal, *l̥ʰoːl |
| 酡 | *l'aːl |
| 迱 | *l'aːl |
| 舵 | *l'aːlʔ |
| 柁 | *l'aːlʔ |
| 鉈 | *ɦljaːl, *hljal |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *l'aːlʔ): semantic 舟 (“boat”) + phonetic 它 (OC *l̥ʰaːl).

### Etymology

Attested late, in Shiming as 柂 and Guangyun as 舵.
Shiming connects it to 拖 (OC *l̥ˤaj, “to drag, to pull, to haul”). Meanwhile, Schuessler (2007) considers it an areal word; compare Vietnamese lái (“to drive (a wheeled vehicle), to steer (a vessel), etc.”) and Thai ท้าย (táai, “stern; back; rear end”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): duò (duo$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄛˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): do$^4$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): to$^4$ / to$^5$ / taai$^5$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ho$^3$
* Gan (Wiktionary): to$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): to
    (Meixian, Guangdong): to$^2$
* Jin (Wiktionary): due$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): duòi
* Eastern Min (BUC): duâi / dò̤
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tō / tǒ / tǒ͘ / tōa / tǒa / tǒaⁿ / tāi / tǎi
    (Teochew, Peng'im): dua$^6$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$du
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): do$^4$ / do$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: duò
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄛˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: duò
*** Wade–Giles: to$^4$
*** Yale: dwò
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duoh
*** Palladius: до (do)
*** Sinological IPA : /tu̯ɔ⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: do$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: do
*** Sinological IPA : /to²¹³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: to$^4$ / to$^5$ / taai$^5$
*** Yale: tòh / tóh / táaih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: to$^4$ / to$^5$ / taai$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: to$^4$ / to$^5$ / tai$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰɔː²¹/, /tʰɔː¹³/, /tʰaːi̯¹³/
* to5 - literary;
* to4 - vernacular (read as 砣, usually in compounds in the sense of “rudder”);
* taai5 - vernacular (“rudder; steering”).
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit舵 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /tuo⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /tuo⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /tuo⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /tuə²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /tuə⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /tuo³¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /tʰuo²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /tu²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /tʰuə⁵³/ /tuə¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /tʰuə⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /tuɤ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /tuo³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /to¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /to²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /to²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /to⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /tʊ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /tuɤ⁴⁵/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /tuə⁵³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /tuɤ⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /du²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /dəu³¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /do¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /dɤu³⁵/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /to³⁵/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /to²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /to⁵⁵/ /to¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /do²¹/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /tʰo²¹/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /tʰo¹¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /tʰo¹¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /tʰɔ²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /tʰɔ²⁴/ /tʰɔ²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /tʰɔ²¹/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /to²²/ /tua²²/ 捍～ /tai²²/ ～公 |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /tuɑi²⁴²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /tuɛ⁴²/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /tua³⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /ʔdua³³/ /ʔdai³³/ /ʔdo⁵⁵/ 俗 |
* Middle Chinese: daX
Rime :
| Character | 舵 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 定 (7) |
| Final (韻) | 歌 (94) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 徒可切 |
| Baxter | daX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /dɑ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /dɑ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /dɑ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /da$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /dɑ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /dɑ$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /dʱɑ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | duò |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | do$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*lˤajʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*l'aːlʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 舵 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | duò |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ da$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*lˁajʔ/ (~ *C.lˁajʔ) |
| English | rudder; helm |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 舵 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 12225 |
| Phonetic component | 它 |
| Rime group | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 爹 |
| Old Chinese | /*l'aːlʔ/ |
| Notes | 同柁 |

### Definitions

舵
* (nautical, aeronautics) rudder; helm
* (Cantonese) steering (of a vehicle)
    Alternative form: (Cantonese) 軚 / 𮷗 (taai$^5$)

### Compounds

* 升降舵 (shēngjiàngduò)
* 右舵 (yòuduò)
* 回船轉舵 / 回船转舵
* 左舵 (zuǒduò)
* 把舵 (bǎduò)
* 掌舵 (zhǎngduò)
* 方向舵 (fāngxiàngduò)
* 當艄拿舵 / 当艄拿舵
* 看風使舵 / 看风使舵 (kànfēngshǐduò)
* 看風轉舵 / 看风转舵
* 舵公 (duògōng)
* 舵工 (duògōng)
* 舵手 (duòshǒu)
* 見風使舵 / 见风使舵 (jiànfēngshǐduò)
* 見風轉舵 / 见风转舵 (jiànfēngzhuǎnduò)
* 轉舵 / 转舵
* 隨風倒舵 / 随风倒舵
* 隨風轉舵 / 随风转舵
* 順風轉舵 / 顺风转舵
* 飄翼舵 / 飘翼舵

### References

* “舵”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 廣東俗語考・釋器具（下）: main, notes

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* rudder, tiller, helm

#### Readings

* Go-on: だ (da)
* Kan-on: た (ta)
* Kun: かじ (kaji, 舵)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 舵
* かじ Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 櫂
/kadi/ → /kad͡ʑi/
From Old Japanese. This originally referred to a single oar-like device attached to the back of a small boat and swept from side to side to propel the boat forward. This was also used for steering, and over time, the “single back oar” sense was largely superseded by the “steering device” sense.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かじ [káꜜjì] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ka̠ʑi]

### Noun

舵(かじ) • (kaji)
* (nautical) the rudder of a boat or ship
* (nautical, aeronautics) the helm, tiller, or wheel of a boat or ship, or of an aircraft
* (figurative) a position of leadership or control
* (nautical) a single oar-like device attached to the back of a small boat and swept from side to side to propel the boat forward

#### Synonyms

* (rudder): 舵(かじ)板(ばん) (kajiban, literally “rudder board”)

#### Derived terms

* 舵(かじ)取(と)り (kajitori): steering, leadership
* 舵(かじ)板(ばん) (kajiban): the rudder, the rudder board or blade

### References

* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

舵 (eumhun 키 타 (ki ta))
* hanja form of 타 (“rudder, tiller, helm”)

#### Compounds

* 조타 (操舵, jota, “steerage”)
* 조타수 (操舵手, jotasu, “helmsman; steersman; wheelman”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

舵: Hán Việt readings: đà

#### References

* Nom Foundation