# 亢

| 亢 | U+4EA2, &#20130; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EA2 |
| ← 亡 [U+4EA1] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 亣 → [U+4EA3] |

## Translingual
### Han character

亢 (Kangxi radical 8, 亠+2, 4 strokes, cangjie input 卜竹弓 (YHN), four-corner 0021$_7$, composition ⿱亠几)
* Shuowen Jiezi radical №399

#### Derived characters

* 伉, 吭, 坑, 妔, 𡵻, 𰏔, 忼, 抗, 沆, 犺, 阬, 𣃚, 𭥙, 杭, 炕, 牨, 𪻑, 肮, 㽘, 𥄦, 砊, 秔, 粇, 䋁, 航, 蚢, 𪜎, 𧦑, 𧲪, 貥, 䟘, 𨈢, 䡉, 𨟼, 𡕬, 鈧(钪), 𥒳, 𭉥, 𫆥, 䭺, 骯, 髚, 魧(𱇘), 䴚(𮭰), 𪎵, 𪐦, 𠿕, 𧇠, 𪕇, 𪗜(𬹽), 𤒀, 䶳
* 迒, 劥, 邟, 㰠, 㼚, 𦐄, 𡕧, 𨾒, 𡮎, 頏(颃), 𩲋, 䲳, 𠅣, 苀, 笐, 閌(闶), 匟, 囥, 䘕

### Further reading

* Kangxi Dictionary: 亠部/二畫 on the Chinese Wikisource.
* Kangxi Dictionary: page 88, character 4
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 288
* Dae Jaweon: page 185, character 1
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 280, character 1
* Unihan data for U+4EA2

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 亢 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| Bronze inscriptionsb15195b15196b15197b15198b15199b15200b15201b15202Small seal scripts07527Transcribed ancient scriptsL10045L10046 ||||
| References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script). ||||
| | Old Chinese |
| 笐 | *kaːŋ, *ɡaːŋs |
| 亢 | *kaːŋ, *kʰaːŋs |
| 牨 | *kaːŋ |
| 苀 | *kaːŋ, *ɡaːŋ |
| 魧 | *kaːŋ, *ɡaːŋ |
| 迒 | *kaːŋ, *ɡaːŋ |
| 邟 | *kʰaːŋ, *kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ |
| 忼 | *kʰaːŋʔ, *qʰaːŋ |
| 骯 | *kʰaːŋʔ, *ɡaːŋʔ, *qaːŋ |
| 抗 | *kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ |
| 炕 | *kʰaːŋs, *qʰaːŋ |
| 伉 | *kʰaːŋs |
| 閌 | *kʰaːŋs |
| 犺 | *kʰaːŋs |
| 蚢 | *kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ, *ɡaːŋʔ |
| 砊 | *kʰaːŋs, *kʰraːŋ |
| 阬 | *kʰaːŋs, *kʰraːŋ |
| 頏 | *kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ |
| 航 | *ɡaːŋ |
| 杭 | *ɡaːŋ |
| 沆 | *ɡaːŋ, *ɡaːŋʔ |
| 肮 | *ɡaːŋ |
| 吭 | *ɡaːŋ, *ɡaːŋʔ, *ɡaːŋs |
| 秔 | *kraːŋ |
| 坑 | *kʰraːŋ |
| 劥 | *kʰraːŋ |

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kàng (kang$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄤˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): kong$^3$
* Southern Min (Teochew, Peng'im): kang$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kàng
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄤˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kàng
*** Wade–Giles: kʻang$^4$
*** Yale: kàng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kanq
*** Palladius: кан (kan)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɑŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: kong$^3$
*** Yale: kong
*** Cantonese Pinyin: kong$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: kong$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɔːŋ³³/
* Southern Min
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: kang$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khàng
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰaŋ²¹³/
* Middle Chinese: khangH
Rime :
| Character | 亢 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 唐 (101) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 苦浪切 |
| Baxter | khangH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰaŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kʰɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | kàng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hong$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰaːŋs/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 亢 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 7367 |
| Phonetic component | 亢 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 抗 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰaːŋs/ |

#### Definitions

亢
* high; arrogant; haughty
    高亢 ― gāokàng ― (of sound) loud and sonorous; excited; high spirits; (of appearance) haughty
    不卑不亢 ― bùbēibùkàng ― neither obsequious nor supercilious
* firm; resolute
    亢直 ― kàngzhí ― upright and outspoken
* dry; arid; drought
    亢旱 ― kànghàn ― severe drought
* extreme; too much
* exceed; excessive
* ridge of a roof
* (～宿) (Chinese astronomy) Neck (one of Twenty-Eight Mansions)
* a surname

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gāng (gang$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄤ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gong$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gāng
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄤ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gang
*** Wade–Giles: kang$^1$
*** Yale: gāng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gang
*** Palladius: ган (gan)
*** Sinological IPA : /kɑŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gong$^1$
*** Yale: gōng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gong$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gong$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɔːŋ⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: kang
Rime :
| Character | 亢 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 唐 (101) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 古郎切 |
| Baxter | kang |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɑŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kɑŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kɑŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kaŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /kɑŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /kɑŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kɑŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gāng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gong$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*k-ŋˤaŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kaːŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 亢 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gāng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kang › |
| Old Chinese | /*k-ŋˁaŋ/ |
| English | lift high |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 亢 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 7357 |
| Phonetic component | 亢 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 岡 |
| Old Chinese | /*kaːŋ/ |

##### Definitions

亢
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) neck
    alt. forms: 頏 / 颃 (hāng), 肮
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) throat
    alt. forms: 頏 / 颃 (hāng), 肮

#### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): háng (hang$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄤˊ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: háng
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄤˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: háng
*** Wade–Giles: hang$^2$
*** Yale: háng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: harng
*** Palladius: хан (xan)
*** Sinological IPA : /xɑŋ³⁵/

##### Definitions

亢
* Variant pronunciation of sense “neck” above.
* Variant pronunciation of sense “throat” above.
    alt. forms: 吭
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) carotid artery
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) footprint, mark, trace
    alt. forms: 迒 (háng)

### Compounds

* 不亢不卑 (bùkàngbùbēi)
* 不卑不亢 (bùbēibùkàng)
* 亢奮 / 亢奋 (kàngfèn)
* 亢宗
* 亢旱 (kànghàn)
* 亢直 (kàngzhí)
* 亢禮 / 亢礼
* 亢身
* 亢進 / 亢进 (kàngjìn)
* 亢陽 / 亢阳
* 亢龍有悔 / 亢龙有悔
* 批亢擣虛 / 批亢捣虚
* 矯亢 / 矫亢
* 藏頭亢腦 / 藏头亢脑
* 高亢 (gāokàng)

### References

* 諸橋轍次 (Morohashi Tetsuji), chief ed. 大漢和辞典 (Dai Kan-Wa Jiten, “Comprehensive Chinese–Japanese Dictionary”). 13 vols. 1955–1960. Revised and enlarged ed. 1984–1986. Tokyo: Taishukan.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): こう (kō)
* Kun: たかぶる (takaburu, 亢る)

## Korean
### Hanja

亢 (eum 항 (hang))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

亢: Hán Nôm readings: cang, khảng
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation