# 吞

| 吞 | U+541E, &#21534; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-541E |
| ← 吝 [U+541D] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 吟 → [U+541F] |

## Translingual
### Han character

吞 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 一大口 (MKR), four-corner 2060$_3$, composition ⿱天口)
* swallow
* absorb, annex, engulf

#### Derived characters

* 㖔, 𭎝, 𢚺, 㧷, 𣵞, 𨹙, 𭪇, 㶺, 𬚻, 𬨦, 𮀙, 𮖂, 𧌀, 𰴑, 𨁇, 𭊝, 𨧐(𰾇), 𮄐, 𩷵
* 𰈟, 𰈩, 𫫹, 𤶕, 𩳝, 𢞋, 𪤵

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 177, character 18
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3329
* Dae Jaweon: page 395, character 2
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 585, character 4
* Unihan data for U+541E

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 吞
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 添 | *tʰiːm |
| 忝 | *l̥ʰiːmʔ, *l̥ʰiːms |
| 悿 | *tʰiːmʔ |
| 舔 | *l̥ʰiːmʔ |
| 菾 | *diːm |
| 天 | *qʰl'iːn |
| 吞 | *qʰl'iːn, *qʰl'ɯːn |
| 祆 | *qʰliːn |
| 蚕 | *zluːm, *hl'iːnʔ |

### Etymology 1

Attested somewhat late (in Warring States period's texts).
Starostin reconstructs 吞 (OC *tʰən) derives it from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *dʱɨ̄n/ŋ (“to swallow, to drink”), whence also Tibetan འཐུང ('thung, “to drink”) & Lepcha ᰋᰩᰵ (thóng, “to drink”), which STEDT derives from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-tuŋ (“to drink, to suckle”); however, STEDT does not derive 吞 from or compare it to *m/s-tuŋ.
Schuessler (2007) compares it to several Kam-Tai words: Thai กลืน (glʉʉn), Ahom 𑜀𑜢𑜤𑜃 (k(l)en), Saek [script needed] (tlɯɯn$^{A1}$), Proto-Kam-Sui *ʔdun, etc.

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): tūn (tun$^1$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨㄣ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ten$^1$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): tan$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): thûn
    (Hailu, HRS): tun$^ˋ$
* Eastern Min (BUC): tŏng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): tong$^1$ / tuong$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): thun
    (Teochew, Peng'im): tung$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tūn
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄨㄣ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tun
*** Wade–Giles: tʻun$^1$
*** Yale: twūn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tuen
*** Palladius: тунь (tunʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰu̯ən⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: ten$^1$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ten
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰən⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: tan$^1$
*** Yale: tān
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tan$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ten$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰɐn⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thûn
*** Hakka Romanization System: tun$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: tun$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰun²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: tun$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰun⁵³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: tŏng
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰouŋ⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: tong$^1$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: teong
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰɔŋ⁵³³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: tuong$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰuoŋ⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thun
*** Tâi-lô: thun
*** Phofsit Daibuun: twn
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tʰun⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰun³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰun⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tʰun⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰun⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: tung$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thung
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰuŋ³³/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit吞 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /tʰuən⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /tʰuən⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /tʰuən²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /tʰuẽ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /tʰuə̃²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /tʰən²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /tʰəŋ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /tʰə̃⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /tʰuŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /tʰũn³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /tʰɤŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /tʰən⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /tʰən⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /tʰen⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /tʰuə̃⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /tʰən³¹/ ～下去 /tʰun³¹/ 溫～水 |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /tʰən²¹/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /tʰuəŋ¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /tʰəŋ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /tʰə̃ŋ³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /tʰəŋ⁵³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /tʰən⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /tʰen³³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /tʰø³³/ /tʰaŋ³³/ 慢～～ |
| Hui | Shexian | /tʰʌ̃³¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /tʰin¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /tʰən³³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /tʰən³³/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /tʰɛn⁴²/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /tʰun⁴⁴/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /tʰun²⁴/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /tʰɐn⁵³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /tʰɐn⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /tʰɐn⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /tʰun⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /tʰouŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /tʰɔŋ⁵⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /tʰuŋ³³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /hun²³/ |
* Middle Chinese: thon
Rime :
| Character | 吞 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 透 (6) |
| Final (韻) | 痕 (53) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 吐根切 |
| Baxter | thon |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tʰən/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /tʰən/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /tʰən/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /tʰən/ |
| Li Rong | /tʰən/ |
| Wang Li | /tʰən/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /tʰən/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | tūn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | tan$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*l̥ˤən/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qʰl'ɯːn/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 吞 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | tūn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ thon › |
| Old Chinese | /*l̥ˁən/ |
| English | to swallow |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 吞 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 12391 |
| Phonetic component | 天 |
| Rime group | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 吞 |
| Old Chinese | /*qʰl'ɯːn/ |

#### Definitions

吞
* to swallow (to cause food, drink, etc. to pass from the mouth into the stomach)
    囫圇吞棗／囫囵吞枣 ― húlúntūnzǎo ― Literally, “to swallow a jujube whole” > figuratively, "to accept without thinking; to read without understanding"
    From: Han Feizi, circa 2nd century BCE
    Zǐxū chūzǒu, biānhòu dé zhī. Zǐxū yuē: “Shàng suǒ wǒ zhě, yǐ wǒ yǒu měizhū yě. Jīn wǒ yǐ wáng zhī yǐ. Wǒ qiě yuē zǐ qǔ tūn zhī.” Hòu yīn shì zhī. [Pinyin]
    When Tzŭ-hsü was making his escape, a frontier patrol caught him. Tzŭ-hsü said: "The authorities want me because they think I have a beautiful pearl. Now I have already lost it. But I will say that you have seized and swallowed it." Thereupon the patrol released him.
    From: The Verses of Chu, 4th century BCE – 2nd century CE
    Yī shé tūn xiàng, jué dà hérú? [Pinyin]
    The snake that can swallow elephants — How big must it be?
    From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Tūnzhōu zhī yú, dàng ér shīshuǐ, zé yǐ néng kǔ zhī. [Pinyin]
    If a fish that can swallow a boat be left dry by the flowing away of the water, then (even) the ants can trouble it.
* to annex (territory, a country, etc.)
    From: Guanzi, 5th century BCE to 220 CE
    Chǔ yù tūn Sòng Zhèng ér wèi Qí. [Pinyin]
    Chu wanted to swallow / annex Song and Cheng yet feared Qi.
    From: Zhanguo Ce, circa 5th – 3rd centuries BCE
    Jīn Qín zhě, hǔláng zhī guó yě, jiān yǒu tūn Zhōu zhī yì;...... [Pinyin]
    Now Qin, a state of tigers and wolves, is united around the idea of swallowing / annexing Zhou; [...]

##### Synonyms

* (to swallow): 吞吃 (tūnchī); (Hokkien) 嗒
* (to annex):
* 併吞 / 并吞 (bìngtūn)
* 侵吞 (qīntūn)
* 兼併 / 兼并 (jiānbìng)
* 包舉 / 包举 (bāojǔ) (literary)
* 吞併 / 吞并 (tūnbìng)
* 吞噬 (tūnshì) (figurative)

#### Compounds

* 併吞 / 并吞 (bìngtūn)
* 依吞布拉克 (Yītūnbùlākè)
* 侵吞 (qīntūn)
* 半吐半吞
* 半吞半吐
* 吞佔 / 吞占
* 吞併 / 吞并 (tūnbìng)
* 吞刀刮腸 / 吞刀刮肠
* 吞刀吐火
* 吞剝 / 吞剥 (tūnbō)
* 吞劍 / 吞剑
* 吞吐 (tūntǔ)
* 吞吃 (tūnchī)
* 吞吐其辭 / 吞吐其辞
* 吞吐含蓄
* 吞吐量 (tūntǔliàng)
* 吞吞吐吐 (tūntūntǔtǔ)
* 吞噬 (tūnshì)
* 吞噬細胞 / 吞噬细胞 (tūnshì xìbāo)
* 吞嚥 / 吞咽 (tūnyàn)
* 吞恨
* 吞服
* 吞氣 / 吞气
* 吞沒 / 吞没 (tūnmò)
* 吞滅 / 吞灭
* 吞炭
* 吞炭漆身
* 吞煙 / 吞烟
* 吞牛
* 吞聲 / 吞声 (tūnshēng)
* 吞聲屏氣 / 吞声屏气
* 吞聲忍氣 / 吞声忍气
* 吞聲忍讓 / 吞声忍让
* 吞聲飲氣 / 吞声饮气
* 吞聲飲泣 / 吞声饮泣
* 吞舌
* 吞舟
* 吞舟之魚 / 吞舟之鱼
* 吞花臥酒 / 吞花卧酒
* 吞蝕 / 吞蚀
* 吞金
* 吞雲吐霧 / 吞云吐雾 (tūnyúntǔwù)
* 吞食 (tūnshí)
* 嚥苦吞甘 / 咽苦吞甘
* 囫圇吞棗 / 囫囵吞枣 (húlúntūnzǎo)
* 壯氣吞牛 / 壮气吞牛
* 天狗吞月
* 巴蛇吞象
* 布立吞族
* 并吞 (bìngtūn)
* 忍氣吞聲 / 忍气吞声 (rěnqìtūnshēng)
* 急吞
* 慢吞吞 (màntūntūn)
* 慢慢吞吞
* 打一個吞 / 打一个吞
* 服氣吞露 / 服气吞露
* 杜口吞聲 / 杜口吞声
* 氣吞山河 / 气吞山河
* 氣吞牛斗
* 氣忍聲吞 / 气忍声吞
* 活剝生吞 / 活剥生吞
* 溫吞吞 / 温吞吞
* 漆身吞炭
* 狼吞虎咽 (lángtūnhǔyàn)
* 狼吞虎噬
* 狼吞虎嚥 / 狼吞虎咽 (lángtūnhǔyàn)
* 獨吞 / 独吞 (dútūn)
* 生吞活剝 / 生吞活剥 (shēngtūnhuóbō)
* 私吞 (sītūn)
* 網漏吞舟 / 网漏吞舟
* 聲吞氣忍 / 声吞气忍
* 臥雪吞氈 / 卧雪吞毡
* 茹泣吞悲
* 虎咽狼吞
* 虎踞鯨吞 / 虎踞鲸吞
* 蛇吞象
* 蠶食鯨吞 / 蚕食鲸吞 (cánshíjīngtūn)
* 輕吞慢吐 / 轻吞慢吐
* 鉗口吞舌 / 钳口吞舌
* 雲吞 / 云吞 (yúntūn)
* 飲恨吞聲 / 饮恨吞声
* 飲氣吞聲 / 饮气吞声
* 飲泣吞聲 / 饮泣吞声
* 餓虎吞羊 / 饿虎吞羊
* 鯨吞 / 鲸吞 (jīngtūn)
* 鯨吞虎噬 / 鲸吞虎噬
* 鶻崙吞棗 / 鹘仑吞枣
* 齧蘗吞針 / 啮蘗吞针
* 齧雪吞氈 / 啮雪吞毡

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Tiān, Tūn (Tian$^1$, Tun$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄧㄢ, ㄊㄨㄣ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Tiān
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄧㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Tian
*** Wade–Giles: Tʻien$^1$
*** Yale: Tyān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Tian
*** Palladius: Тянь (Tjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Tūn
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄨㄣ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Tun
*** Wade–Giles: Tʻun$^1$
*** Yale: Twūn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Tuen
*** Palladius: Тунь (Tunʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰu̯ən⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: then
Rime :
| Character | 吞 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 透 (6) |
| Final (韻) | 先 (85) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | IV |
| Fanqie | 他前切 |
| Baxter | then |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tʰen/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /tʰen/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /tʰɛn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /tʰɛn/ |
| Li Rong | /tʰen/ |
| Wang Li | /tʰien/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /tʰien/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | tiān |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | tin$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*l̥ˤən/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qʰl'iːn/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 吞 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | tiān |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ then › |
| Old Chinese | /*l̥ˁən/ |
| English | (surname) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 吞 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 12388 |
| Phonetic component | 天 |
| Rime group | 眞 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 天 |
| Old Chinese | /*qʰl'iːn/ |

#### Definitions

吞
* a surname

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): どん (don)、とん (ton)、てん (ten)
* Kun: のむ (nomu, 吞む)

## Korean
### Hanja

吞 • (tan) (hangeul 탄, revised tan, McCune–Reischauer t'an)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

吞: Hán Nôm readings: thôn, xôn
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.