# 渣

| 渣 | U+6E23, &#28195; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6E23 |
| ← 渢 [U+6E22] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 渤 → [U+6E24] |

## Translingual
### Han character

渣 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 水木日一 (EDAM), four-corner 3411$_6$, composition ⿰氵查 or ⿰氵査)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 634, character 3
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17767
* Dae Jaweon: page 1041, character 1
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1670, character 5
* Unihan data for U+6E23

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 虘 | *zaːl, *zaː |
| 蔖 | *zlaːl, *sʰaːʔ |
| 摣 | *rnaː, *ʔsraː |
| 袓 | *ʔsjaː, *zaʔ |
| 怚 | *ʔsjaː, *ʔsas, *zaʔ |
| 罝 | *ʔsjaː |
| 謯 | *ʔslja, *ʔsraːʔ |
| 姐 | *ʔsjaːʔ |
| 抯 | *ʔsljaːʔ, *ljaːʔ, *ʔsraː |
| 飷 | *ʔsjaːʔ |
| 且 | *sʰjaːʔ, *ʔsa |
| 趄 | *sʰjaːs, *sʰa |
| 笡 | *sʰjaːs |
| 查 | *ʔsraː, *zraː, *zraː |
| 柤 | *ʔsraː |
| 樝 | *ʔsraː |
| 皻 | *ʔsraː |
| 渣 | *ʔsraː |
| 楂 | *zraː |
| 苴 | *zraː, *ʔsa, *ʔsaʔ, *sʰa |
| 駔 | *ʔslaːŋʔ, *zaːʔ |
| 租 | *ʔsaː |
| 蒩 | *ʔsaː, *ʔsaːʔ, *sʰa |
| 祖 | *ʔsaːʔ |
| 組 | *ʔsaːʔ |
| 珇 | *ʔsaːʔ |
| 靻 | *ʔsaːʔ |
| 粗 | *sʰaː, *zaːʔ |
| 徂 | *zaː |
| 殂 | *zaː |
| 麆 | *zaːʔ, *zras |
| 伹 | *zaːʔ, *sʰa |
| 蛆 | *ʔsa, *sʰa |
| 沮 | *ʔsa, *ʔsas, *sʰa, *zaʔ, *ʔsra |
| 咀 | *ʔsaʔ, *zaʔ |
| 疽 | *sʰa |
| 雎 | *sʰa |
| 狙 | *sʰa, *sʰas |
| 岨 | *sʰa |
| 砠 | *sʰa |
| 坥 | *sʰa, *sʰas |
| 刞 | *sʰas |
| 覰 | *sʰas |
| 覷 | *sʰas |
| 跙 | *zaʔ |
| 筯 | *das |
| 菹 | *ʔsra |
| 葅 | *ʔsra |
| 阻 | *ʔsraʔ, *ʔsras |
| 俎 | *ʔsraʔ |
| 詛 | *ʔsraʔ, *ʔsras |
| 鉏 | *zra, *zraʔ |
| 豠 | *zra |
| 鋤 | *zra |
| 耡 | *zra, *zras |
| 齟 | *zraʔ |
| 助 | *zras |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ʔsraː): semantic 氵 + phonetic 查 (OC *ʔsraː, *zraː, *zraː).

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): zhā (zha$^1$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄓㄚ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): za$^1$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zaa$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): châ
* Eastern Min (BUC): că
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): che / chee / cha
    (Teochew, Peng'im): za$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhā
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄚ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jha
*** Wade–Giles: cha$^1$
*** Yale: jā
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ja
*** Palladius: чжа (čža)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂä⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhār
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄚㄦ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhar
*** Wade–Giles: cha$^1$-ʼrh
*** Yale: jār
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jal
*** Palladius: чжар (čžar)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂɑɻ⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: za$^1$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: za
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sa⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zaa$^1$
*** Yale: jā
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzaa$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: za$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡saː⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: châ
*** Hakka Romanization System: za$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: za$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sa²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: că
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sa⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: che
*** Tâi-lô: tse
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zef
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡se⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /t͡se³³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chee
*** Tâi-lô: tsee
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sɛ⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: cha
*** Tâi-lô: tsa
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zaf
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /t͡sa³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡sa⁴⁴/
* che/chee - vernacular;
* cha - literary.
* Middle Chinese: tsrae
Rime :
| Character | 渣 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 莊 (18) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (98) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 側加切 |
| Baxter | tsrae |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ʃˠa/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʈ͡ʂᵚa/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ʃa/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʈ͡ʂaɨ/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ʃa/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ʃa/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʈ͡ʂa/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhā |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zaa$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ʔsraː/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 渣 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 10388 |
| Phonetic component | 且 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 樝 |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔsraː/ |
| Notes | 同溠水名又柤滓今字 |

#### Definitions

渣
* dregs; lees; sediment
* fragment; particle; piece; scrap; crumb
       sik$^6$ dou$^3$ lin$^4$ zaa$^1$ dou$^1$ mou$^5$ [Jyutping]
       Coroded so much that not even a fragment is left.
* Alternative form of 喳
* Used in transcription of foreign names in Cantonese.
    渣打銀行／渣打银行 [Cantonese] ― zaa$^1$ daa$^2$ ngan$^4$ hong$^4$ [Jyutping] ― Standard Chartered Bank
    渣華道／渣华道 [Cantonese] ― zaa$^1$ waa$^4$ dou$^6$ [Jyutping] ― Java Road
* a surname, Zha

##### Synonyms

* (dregs): 渣滓 (zhāzǐ)
* (fragment):
* 碎屑 (suìxiè)
* 碎末 (suìmò)

#### Compounds

* 人渣 (rénzhā)
* 嘎嘎渣渣
* 嘎渣兒 / 嘎渣儿
* 奶渣
* 學渣 / 学渣 (xuézhā)
* 廢渣 / 废渣 (fèizhā)
* 掉渣 (diàozhā)
* 殘渣 / 残渣 (cánzhā)
* 殘渣餘孽 / 残渣余孽 (cánzhāyúniè)
* 沉渣 (chénzhā)
* 油渣 (yóuzhā)
* 油渣子
* 渣兒 / 渣儿
* 渣女 (zhānǚ)
* 渣子
* 渣滓 (zhāzǐ)
* 渣男 (zhānán)
* 滤渣
* 火山渣 (huǒshānzhā)
* 煤渣 (méizhā)
* 熔渣
* 爐渣 / 炉渣 (lúzhā)
* 疙渣兒 / 疙渣儿
* 石渣
* 礦渣 / 矿渣 (kuàngzhā)
* 蔗渣 (zhèzhā)
* 藥渣 / 药渣 (yàozhā)
* 蠟渣 / 蜡渣
* 豆渣 (dòuzhā)
* 豆渣腦筋 / 豆渣脑筋
* 豆腐渣工程 (dòufuzhā gōngchéng)
* 酒渣
* 酒渣鼻 (jiǔzhābí)
* 鍋渣 / 锅渣
* 麵包渣 / 面包渣
* 麻渣

### Etymology 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 渣 – see 鮓 (“of poor quality”). (This character is a variant form of 鮓).

### References

* “渣”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* dregs

#### Readings

* Go-on: しゃ (sha)
* Kan-on: さ (sa)
* Kun: おり (ori)、かす (kasu)

## Korean
### Hanja

渣 (eum 사 (sa))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

渣: Hán Nôm readings: tra
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.