# ґ

| ґ | U+0491, &#1169; CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER GHE WITH UPTURN |
| ← Ґ [U+0490] | Cyrillic | Ғ → [U+0492] |

## Translingual
### Letter

ґ (upper case Ґ)
* A letter of the Cyrillic script.

### Gallery

* Regular.
* Italics.

## Belarusian
### Letter

ґ • (g) (uppercase Ґ) (italics: Ґ, ґ)
* An alternative rare letter of the Belarusian Cyrillic alphabet. Its name is ґе (ge /ɡɛ/) and it has the sound of /g/ - voiced velar plosive. If included, it is preceded by Г and followed by Д. In modern Belarusian this letter is rarely included.

#### Usage notes

* The sound /ɡ/ is very uncommon in Belarusian, even in loanwords. It is common to pronounce /ɣ/ (or /x/ in devoiced positions) regardless of etymology.

## Carpathian Rusyn
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡ/

### Letter

ґ • (g) (uppercase Ґ) (italics: Ґ, ґ)
* The fifth letter of the Carpathian Rusyn alphabet, called ґе (ge), and written in the Cyrillic script.

### See also

* (Cyrillic-script letters) А а, Б б, В в, Г г, Ґ ґ, Д д, Е е, Є є, Ё ё, Ж ж, З з, И и, І і, Ы ы, Ї ї, Й й, К к, Л л, М м, Н н, О о, П п, Р р, С с, Т т, У у, Ф ф, Х х, Ц ц, Ч ч, Ш ш, Щ щ, Ю ю, Я я, Ь ь, Ъ ъ

## Old Ruthenian
### Letter

ґ • (g) (lower case, upper case Ґ)
* The fifth letter of the Old Ruthenian alphabet, written in the Old Cyrillic script.
    Пра́вила орѳографіи… // …Четвєртоє… ни Г, вⸯмѣсто Ґ, ни вⸯпротивⸯ: яко, одиґітрїа, а не одигітрїѧ. гора а не ґора и проч. ― Právila orfohrafij… // …Četvjertoje… ni H, vměsto G, ni vprotiv: jako, odigitria, a ne odihitrija. hora a ne gora i proč. ― Orthographic rules… // …Fourth… not “Г” instead of “Ґ”, not vice versa: like “одиґітрїа”, not “одигітрїа”; “гора”, not “ґора” etc.

#### Usage notes

* The letter ґ (g) conveys the sound /ɡ/, which was also transmitted by the Cyrillic digraph кг (g) or less often by the letters g or ɣ. First used in the Peresopnytsia Gospels (1556-1561), properly introduced into the Slavic alphabet in 1619 by Meletius Smotrytsky in his “Slavonic Grammar”.

### See also

* (Old Cyrillic-script letters) А а, Б б, В в, Г г (Ґ ґ), Д д, Е е, Ж ж, Ѕ ѕ, З з, Ї ї, И и (Й й), К к, Л л, М м, Н н, О о, П п, Р р, С с, Т т, У у, Ꙋ ꙋ, Ф ф, Х х, Ѡ ѡ, Ѿ ѿ, Ц ц, Ч ч, Ш ш, Щ щ, Ъ ъ, Ы ы, Ь ь, Ѣ ѣ, Є є, Ю ю, Ꙗ ꙗ, Ѧ ѧ, Ѫ ѫ, Ѯ ѯ, Ѱ ѱ, Ѳ ѳ, Ѵ ѵ

### Further reading

* Hrynchyshyn, D. H., editor (2000), “ґ”, in Словник української мови XVI – 1-ї пол. XVII ст. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language of 16ᵗʰ – 1ˢᵗ half of 17ᵗʰ c.] (in Ukrainian), numbers 7 (головнѣйший – десѧтина), Lviv: KIUS, →ISBN, page 125

## Pannonian Rusyn
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɡ]

### Letter

ґ (g) (lower case, upper case Ґ)
* The fifth letter of the Pannonian Rusyn alphabet, written in the Cyrillic script.

#### See also

* (Cyrillic-script letters) А а, Б б, В в, Г г, Ґ ґ, Д д, Е е, Є є, Ж ж, З з, И и, Ї ї, Й й, К к, Л л, М м, Н н, О о, П п, Р р, С с, Т т, У у, Ф ф, Х х, Ц ц, Ч ч, Ш ш, Щ щ, Ю ю, Я я, Ь ь

## Ukrainian
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɡ]

#### Letter

ґ • (g) (lower case, upper case Ґ)
* The fifth letter of the Ukrainian alphabet, called ґе (ge), and written in the Cyrillic script.

##### Usage notes

* This letter was absent from official Soviet orthographies during 1933–1990, with г (h) being a substitute. It remained in use outside the Soviet Union.

#### See also

* (Cyrillic-script letters) А а, Б б, В в, Г г, Ґ ґ, Д д, Е е, Є є, Ж ж, З з, И и, І і, Ї ї, Й й, К к, Л л, М м, Н н, О о, П п, Р р, С с, Т т, У у, Ф ф, Х х, Ц ц, Ч ч, Ш ш, Щ щ, Ь ь, Ю ю, Я я

#### Further reading

* Hrynchyshyn, D. H., editor (2000), “ґ”, in Словник української мови XVI – 1-ї пол. XVII ст. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language of 16ᵗʰ – 1ˢᵗ half of 17ᵗʰ c.] (in Ukrainian), numbers 7 (головнѣйший – десѧтина), Lviv: KIUS, →ISBN, page 125
* Rusanivskyi, V. M., editor (2012), “ґ”, in Словник української мови: у 20 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 20 vols] (in Ukrainian), volumes 3 (відстава́ння – ґура́льня), Kyiv: Ukrainian Lingua-Information Fund, →ISBN

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Old Ruthenian кг (g), voiced counterpart of Proto-Slavic *kъ(n).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɡ]

#### Preposition

ґ • (g) (+ dative case) (dated)
* Alternative form of к (k)

#### Further reading

* Hrynchyshyn, D. H., editor (1977), “кг”, in Словник староукраїнської мови XIV–XV ст. [Dictionary of the Old Ukrainian Language of the 14ᵗʰ–15ᵗʰ cc.] (in Ukrainian), volume 1 (А – М), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, page 271
* Hrinchenko, Borys, editor (1907–1909), “ґ”, in Словарь украинского языка [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Russian), Kyiv: Kievskaya starina