# 罪

| 罪 | U+7F6A, &#32618; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7F6A |
| ← 罩 [U+7F69] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 罫 → [U+7F6B] |

## Translingual
### Han character

罪 (Kangxi radical 122, 网+8, 13 strokes, cangjie input 田中中一卜 (WLLMY), four-corner 6011$_1$, composition ⿱罒非)

#### Derived characters

* 嶵 檌 䊫 㠑 𭋈 𢶀 𣿓 𣋖 𬠯 𨗻

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 948, character 13
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 28293
* Dae Jaweon: page 1389, character 12
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2920, character 7
* Unihan data for U+7F6A

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 罪 | *zuːlʔ |
| 辠 | *zuːlʔ |
| 𢶀 | *zruːl |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 罒 (“net”) + 非 (“mistake”). The original version is 𦋛 and its original meaning was a net for fishing, then used instead of 辠 due to the similarity of the latter character to 皇, which represents the Emperor.

### Etymology

Unclear. Possibly of Sino-Tibetan origin and cognate with Mizo sual (“(adj.) bad, evil, vile, corrupt; (v. tr.) (to attempt) to criminally assault, to rape (a woman)”) (Schuessler, 2007).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): zuì (zui$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄗㄨㄟˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): zui$^4$
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): zuī
    (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): zuī
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): зуй (zuy, III)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): zeoi$^6$
    (Dongguan, Jyutping++): zui$^3$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): dui$^5$
* Gan (Wiktionary): cui$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chhui
    (Hailu, HRS): cui$^˖$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): cui$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): zui$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): cò
* Eastern Min (BUC): cô̤i
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): zue$^5$ / zoe$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chǒe / chōe / chěr / chē
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zuê$^6$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): zui$^6$
* Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): zui$^6$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^6$zoe / $^6$ze / $^6$dzuei / $^6$zei
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): zei$^5$ / zei$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zuì
*** Zhuyin: ㄗㄨㄟˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: zuèi
*** Wade–Giles: tsui$^4$
*** Yale: dzwèi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzuey
*** Palladius: цзуй (czuj)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡su̯eɪ̯⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: zui$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: zui
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡suei²¹³/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: zuī
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡suei⁵⁵/
** (Nanjing)
*** Nanjing Pinyin: zuī
*** Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): zui$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡suəi⁴⁴/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: зуй (zuy, III)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡suei⁴⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zeoi$^6$
*** Yale: jeuih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzoey$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zêu$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɵy̯²²/
** (Dongguan, Guancheng)
*** Jyutping++: zui$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sui³²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: dui$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /tui³²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: cui$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰui¹¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhui
*** Hakka Romanization System: cui
*** Hagfa Pinyim: cui$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰu̯i⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: cui$^˖$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰui³³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: cui$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰuɪ⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: zui$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡suei⁴⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cò
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡so⁴²/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: cô̤i
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɔy²⁴²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: zue$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡suei²¹/
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: zoe$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sø²¹/
* zue5 - literary;
* zoe5 - vernacular.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit罪 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /t͡suei⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /t͡suei⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /t͡suei⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /t͡suei²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /t͡sue⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /t͡suei³¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /t͡suei⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /t͡suɨ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /t͡suei¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /t͡suei¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /t͡suei²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /t͡sei³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /t͡suei¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /t͡suei²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /t͡suei²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /t͡suəi⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /t͡se⁵³/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡suei⁴⁵/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /t͡suæ³⁵/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /t͡suei⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ze²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ze̞³¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /d͡zz̩ʷei¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /zai³⁵/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /t͡ɕʰye²²/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /t͡sʰə²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /t͡sei⁵⁵/ /t͡sei¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /d͡zəi²¹/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /t͡sʰui²¹/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /t͡sʰui⁵³/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /t͡sʰui⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /t͡søy²²/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /t͡sui²²/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /t͡søy²²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /t͡sue²²/ /t͡se²²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /t͡sɔy²⁴²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /t͡so⁴²/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /t͡sue³⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /tui³³/ |
* Middle Chinese: dzwojX
Rime :
| Character | 罪 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 從 (15) |
| Final (韻) | 灰 (42) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 徂賄切 |
| Baxter | dzwojX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡zuʌi$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡zuoi$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡zuɒi$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡zwəj$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /d͡zuᴀi$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /d͡zuɒi$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /d͡zʱuɑ̆i$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zuì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zeoi$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[dz]ˤujʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*zuːlʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 罪 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zuì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dzwoj$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[dz]ˁujʔ/ |
| English | crime, offense |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 罪 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 17981 |
| Phonetic component | 罪 |
| Rime group | 微 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 辠 |
| Old Chinese | /*zuːlʔ/ |
| Notes | 同辠 |

### Definitions

罪
* crime; vice
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Wànfāng yǒuzuì, zuì zài zhèngōng. [Pinyin]
    If you in the myriad regions commit offenses, these offenses must rest on my person.
* (theology) sin
* hardship; suffering
* fault

### Compounds

* 七大死罪
* 下車泣罪 / 下车泣罪
* 不知不罪
* 五逆罪 (wǔnìzuì)
* 以功贖罪 / 以功赎罪
* 代罪羔羊 (dàizuì gāoyáng)
* 伏罪 (fúzuì)
* 伐罪
* 伐罪弔民 / 伐罪吊民
* 何罪之有 (hézuìzhīyǒu)
* 併贓治罪 / 并赃治罪
* 侵占罪
* 俯首認罪 / 俯首认罪
* 傷害罪 / 伤害罪
* 免罪 (miǎnzuì)
* 入罪
* 內亂罪 / 内乱罪
* 公罪 (gōngzuì)
* 共犯罪
* 判罪 (pànzuì)
* 功罪
* 千古罪人 (qiāngǔzuìrén)
* 原罪 (yuánzuì)
* 受罪 (shòuzuì)
* 叛亂罪 / 叛乱罪
* 可罪
* 同罪 (tóngzuì)
* 吃罪 (chīzuì)
* 告罪 (gàozuì)
* 和誘罪 / 和诱罪
* 問罪 / 问罪 (wènzuì)
* 問罪之師 / 问罪之师
* 坐罪
* 奉辭伐罪 / 奉辞伐罪
* 委罪
* 定罪 (dìngzuì)
* 將功折罪 / 将功折罪
* 將功贖罪 / 将功赎罪
* 少年犯罪 (shàonián fànzuì)
* 帶罪徵收 / 带罪征收
* 帶罪立功 / 带罪立功 (dàizuìlìgōng)
* 弔民伐罪 / 吊民伐罪
* 強制罪 / 强制罪
* 彌天大罪 / 弥天大罪 (mítiāndàzuì)
* 待罪 (dàizuì)
* 待罪羔羊
* 得罪 (dézuì)
* 性犯罪 (xìngfànzuì)
* 怪罪 (guàizuì)
* 恕罪 (shùzuì)
* 悔罪自新
* 惡稔罪盈 / 恶稔罪盈
* 惹罪招愆
* 懷璧其罪 / 怀璧其罪 (huáibìqízuì)
* 懼罪 / 惧罪
* 戴罪圖功 / 戴罪图功
* 戴罪立功 (dàizuìlìgōng)
* 抵罪 (dǐzuì)
* 抱罪
* 掩罪藏惡 / 掩罪藏恶
* 掩罪飾非 / 掩罪饰非
* 搶奪罪 / 抢夺罪
* 教唆罪
* 數罪併罰 / 数罪并罚 (shùzuì bìngfá)
* 智能犯罪
* 暴力犯罪
* 替罪羊 (tìzuìyáng)
* 替罪羔羊
* 有罪 (yǒuzuì)
* 服罪 (fúzuì)
* 歸罪 / 归罪 (guīzuì)
* 死有餘罪 / 死有余罪
* 死罪 (sǐzuì)
* 殺人罪 / 杀人罪
* 毀損罪 / 毁损罪
* 法獄治罪 / 法狱治罪
* 泣罪
* 治罪 (zhìzuì)
* 活受罪 (huóshòuzuì)
* 洋罪
* 涅槃罪度
* 滔天之罪
* 滔天大罪 (tāotiāndàzuì)
* 滅罪修因 / 灭罪修因
* 無罪 / 无罪 (wúzuì)
* 無罪開釋 / 无罪开释
* 無頭罪 / 无头罪
* 犯罪 (fànzuì)
* 犯罪率 (fànzuìlǜ)
* 犯罪現場 / 犯罪现场 (fànzuì xiànchǎng)
* 獲罪 / 获罪 (huòzuì)
* 畏罪 (wèizuì)
* 畏罪潛逃 / 畏罪潜逃
* 畏罪自殺 / 畏罪自杀
* 白領犯罪 / 白领犯罪 (báilǐng fànzuì)
* 禍首罪魁 / 祸首罪魁
* 科罪
* 竊占罪
* 立功贖罪 / 立功赎罪
* 經濟犯罪 / 经济犯罪
* 罪上加罪
* 罪不可赦 (zuìbùkěshè)
* 罪不容誅 / 罪不容诛 (zuìbùróngzhū)
* 罪人 (zuìrén)
* 罪人不孥
* 罪人不帑
* 罪以功除
* 罪刑 (zuìxíng)
* 罪加一等
* 罪名 (zuìmíng)
* 罪因
* 罪大惡極 / 罪大恶极 (zuìdà'èjí)
* 罪嫌 (zuìxián)
* 罪孽 (zuìniè)
* 罪孽深重 (zuìniè shēnzhòng)
* 罪己 (zuìjǐ)
* 罪己詔 / 罪己诏 (zuìjǐzhào)
* 罪性
* 罪惡 / 罪恶 (zuì'è)
* 罪情
* 罪惡如山 / 罪恶如山
* 罪惡感 / 罪恶感 (zuì'ègǎn)
* 罪惡昭著 / 罪恶昭著 (zuì'èzhāozhù)
* 罪惡深重 / 罪恶深重
* 罪惡滔天 / 罪恶滔天
* 罪惡貫盈 / 罪恶贯盈 (zuì'è guànyíng)
* 罪愆 (zuìqiān)
* 罪戾 (zuìlì)
* 罪有應得 / 罪有应得 (zuìyǒuyīngdé)
* 罪有攸歸 / 罪有攸归
* 罪案 (zuì'àn)
* 罪案總數 / 罪案总数
* 罪案記錄 / 罪案记录
* 罪業 / 罪业 (zuìyè)
* 罪業深重 / 罪业深重
* 罪無可逭 / 罪无可逭
* 罪犯 (zuìfàn)
* 罪狀 / 罪状 (zuìzhuàng)
* 罪當萬死 / 罪当万死
* 罪與罰 / 罪与罚
* 罪莫大焉
* 罪行 (zuìxíng)
* 罪該萬死 / 罪该万死 (zuìgāiwànsǐ)
* 罪證 / 罪证 (zuìzhèng)
* 罪責 / 罪责 (zuìzé)
* 罪跡 / 罪迹
* 罪逆深重
* 罪過 / 罪过 (zuìguò)
* 罪障
* 罪隸 / 罪隶
* 罪魁 (zuìkuí)
* 罪魁禍首 / 罪魁祸首 (zuìkuíhuòshǒu)
* 罰不當罪 / 罚不当罪 (fábùdāngzuì)
* 背信罪
* 脫罪 / 脱罪 (tuōzuì)
* 自找罪受
* 興師問罪 / 兴师问罪
* 興師見罪 / 兴师见罪
* 被罪 (bèizuì)
* 見罪 / 见罪 (jiànzuì)
* 親告罪 / 亲告罪
* 觳觫伏罪
* 詐欺罪 / 诈欺罪
* 該當何罪 / 该当何罪
* 認罪 / 认罪 (rènzuì)
* 請罪 / 请罪 (qǐngzuì)
* 論罪 / 论罪 (lùnzuì)
* 誹謗罪 / 诽谤罪 (fěibàngzuì)
* 謝罪 / 谢罪 (xièzuì)
* 負罪 / 负罪 (fùzuì)
* 負荊請罪 / 负荆请罪 (fùjīngqǐngzuì)
* 賞功罰罪 / 赏功罚罪 (shǎng gōng fá zuì)
* 賠罪 / 赔罪 (péizuì)
* 賭博罪 / 赌博罪
* 贓物罪 / 赃物罪
* 贖罪 / 赎罪 (shúzuì)
* 赦罪 (shèzuì)
* 迷天大罪
* 逃罪 (táozuì)
* 造罪
* 遭罪 (zāozuì)
* 遷善遠罪 / 迁善远罪
* 遺棄罪 / 遗弃罪
* 郭華情罪 / 郭华情罪
* 重傷罪 / 重伤罪
* 重罪 (zhòngzuì)
* 開罪 / 开罪 (kāizuì)
* 降罪
* 除罪
* 陪罪 (péizuì)
* 頂罪 / 顶罪 (dǐngzuì)
* 領罪 / 领罪
* 風流罪 / 风流罪
* 風流罪過 / 风流罪过
* 鴉片罪 / 鸦片罪

### References

* “罪”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: ざい (zai, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: さい (sai)
* Kun: つみ (tsumi, 罪, Jōyō)

#### Compounds

* 罪悪感(ざいあくかん) (zaiakukan)
* 罪状(ざいじょう) (zaijō)
* 罪人(ざいにん) (zainin), 罪人(つみびと) (tsumibito)
* 犯罪(はんざい) (hanzai)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 罪
* つみ Grade: 5
* kun'yomi

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) つみ [tsúꜜmì] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [t͡sɨmʲi]

#### Noun

罪(つみ) • (tsumi)
* guilt
* sin
* offence

#### Adjective

罪(つみ) • (tsumi) -na (adnominal 罪(つみ)な (tsumi na), adverbial 罪(つみ)に (tsumi ni))
* sinful

##### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Imperfective (未然形) | 罪だろ | つみだろ | tsumi daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 罪で | つみで | tsumi de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 罪だ | つみだ | tsumi da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 罪な | つみな | tsumi na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 罪なら | つみなら | tsumi nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 罪であれ | つみであれ | tsumi de are |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 罪ではない 罪じゃない | つみではない つみじゃない | tsumi de wa nai tsumi ja nai |
| Informal past | 罪だった | つみだった | tsumi datta |
| Informal negative past | 罪ではなかった 罪じゃなかった | つみではなかった つみじゃなかった | tsumi de wa nakatta tsumi ja nakatta |
| Formal | 罪です | つみです | tsumi desu |
| Formal negative | 罪ではありません 罪じゃありません | つみではありません つみじゃありません | tsumi de wa arimasen tsumi ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 罪でした | つみでした | tsumi deshita |
| Formal negative past | 罪ではありませんでした 罪じゃありませんでした | つみではありませんでした つみじゃありませんでした | tsumi de wa arimasen deshita tsumi ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 罪で | つみで | tsumi de |
| Conditional | 罪なら（ば） | つみなら（ば） | tsumi nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 罪だったら | つみだったら | tsumi dattara |
| Volitional | 罪だろう | つみだろう | tsumi darō |
| Adverbial | 罪に | つみに | tsumi ni |
| Degree | 罪さ | つみさ | tsumisa |

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 罪
* ざい Grade: 5
* on'yomi

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [d͡za̠i]

#### Suffix

罪(ざい) • (-zai)
* (law) Used after the name of an action, to form the name of a criminal charge
    殺(さつ)人(じん)罪(ざい) ― satsujin-zai ― murder (as a crime)
    堕(だ)胎(たい)罪(ざい) ― datai-zai ― unlawful abortion

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

罪 (eumhun 허물 죄 (heomul joe))
* hanja form of 죄 (“sin; crime; fault”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

罪: Hán Nôm readings: tội, tụi
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.