# ka-
## English
### Prefix

ka-
* Alternative form of ker-

#### Derived terms
### Anagrams

* AK, Ak

## Bikol Central
### Etymology

Compare kaka and ka.

### Prefix

ka-
* Forms a noun that denotes partnership or companionship; co-
    ‎ka- + ‎kawat (“play”) → ‎kakawat (“playmate”)
    ‎ka- + ‎iwal (“fight”) → ‎kaiwal (“enemy”)

#### Derived terms
## Cebuano
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ka/ [kɐ]

### Etymology 1

Compare Tagalog ka-.

#### Prefix

ka- (Badlit spelling ᜃ)
* (added to adjectives) denotes a state of being; -ness
    Synonyms: pagka-, ka- -an
    ‎ka- + ‎linaw (“calm”) → ‎kalinaw (“calmness”)
    ‎ka- + ‎bugnaw (“cold”) → ‎kabugnaw (“coldness”)
* (added to an adjective) used in exclamations; how...
    Synonyms: -a, ka- -a
    ‎ka- + ‎init (“hot”) → ‎kainit! (“how hot!”)
* (added to nouns or verbs) denotes partnership or companionship; co-
    Synonym: isigka-
    ‎ka- + ‎klase (“class”) → ‎kaklase (“classmate”)
    ‎ka- + ‎away (“to fight”) → ‎kaaway (“enemy”)

##### Related terms

* ika-
* ka- -an
* ka- -anan
* ka- -on
* ka- -onon
* kina- -an

### Etymology 2
#### Prefix

ka- (Badlit spelling ᜃ)
* Short for maka-.

## Japanese
### Romanization

ka-
* Rōmaji transcription of か

## Javanese
### Romanization

ka-
* Romanization of ꦏ-

## Kangean
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ka/

### Prefix

ka- (verb base)
* accidental aspect of the passive intransitive verb
    ‎ka- + ‎gibe (“bring”) → ‎kagibe (“(accidentally) taken along”)

## Kapampangan
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Prefix

ka-
* implies companionship or partnership when prefixed to a root
    ‎ka- + ‎abe (“to accompany”) → ‎kayabe (“partner”)
    ‎ka- + ‎lagyu (“name”) → ‎kalagyu (“namesake”)
* implies similarity or interaction when prefixed to a root noun
    ‎ka- + ‎lupa (“face”) → ‎kalupa (“someone/something similar; look-alike”)
    ‎ka- + ‎pate (“fight”) → ‎kapate (“enemy”)
* implies repeated action when prefixed to a root that repeats the first syllable
    ‎ka- + ‎gulisak (“shout”) → ‎kagugulisak (“repeatedly shouting”)
    ‎ka- + ‎isip (“mind, thought”) → ‎kaiisip (“thinking a lot”)
* implies causing or producing something in an extreme degree when prefixed to a root that repeats the first two syllables
    ‎ka- + ‎dapat (“should”) → ‎karapat-dapat (“deserving”)
    ‎ka- + ‎santing (“handsome”) → ‎kasanting-santing (“wonderful”)
* implies recent action when prefixed to a root that repeats the first syllable and followed by pamu
    ‎ka- + ‎datang (“come”) → ‎kadaratang (“recently arrived”)
    ‎ka- + ‎punta (“go”) → ‎kapupunta (“recently went”)
* implies emphatic, before an adjective, non-productive and followed by na, da or ta
    ‎ka- + ‎timyas (“cute”) → ‎katimyas (“so cute”)
    ‎ka- + ‎yumi (“innocence; pure”) → ‎kayumi (“how pretty”)

#### Derived terms
### See also

* kaka-

## Kimbundu
### Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *kà-.

### Prefix

ka- (plural tu-)
* noun class prefix, used with a diminutive meaning

#### Derived terms
## Minangkabau
### Prefix

ka-
* Used to form ordinal numbers

## Mohawk
### Prefix

ka-
* third person feminine/neuter agent pronominal prefix

#### Alternative forms

| - | Initial consonant | Initial consonant | Initial consonant | Initial consonant | Initial consonant | Initial consonant | Initial consonant |
| Environment | t/s/h/k | n/r/w/’ | a | e/en | o/on | i | y |
| Word-Initial | ka- | ka- | w- | w- | i- | ken- | ka- |

### Prefix

ka-
* noun prefix

### References

* Gunther Michelson (1973) A thousand words of Mohawk, University of Ottawa Press, page 9
* Nora Deering, Helga H. Delisle (1976) Mohawk: A teaching grammar (preliminary version), Quebec: Manitou College, page 173

## Mokilese
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈka-/

### Etymology 1
#### Prefix

ka-
* Used to form causative verbs

##### Usage notes

This prefix sometimes takes the forms koa-, ke- and ko-.

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2
#### Prefix

ka-
* Used to form ordinal numbers

## Northern Ndebele
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Prefix

ka-
* he, she, it; class 1 subject concord; form of u- used when another prefix precedes.

## Old High German
### Prefix

ka-
* (Bavaria) Alternative form of gi-

## Old Javanese
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ka/

### Prefix

ka-
* passive verb-forming prefix

#### Descendants

* Javanese: k-, ꦏ- (ka-), ꦏꦼ- (ke-)

## Phuthi
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Prefix

ka-
* -ly; forms adverbs of manner from adjectives and relatives.

#### Derived terms
## South Efate
### Etymology

Probably related to South Efate go

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ka/

### Prefix

ka-
* and (forms dependent verbs)

## Southern Ndebele
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Prefix

ka-
* he, she, it; class 1 subject concord; form of u- used when another prefix precedes.

## Sundanese
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka-.

#### Prefix

ka- (Sundanese script ᮊ-)
* verb-forming prefix
** accidental aspect of the passive transitive verb
    ‎ka- + ‎tijek (“to step on”) → ‎katijek (“(accidentally) stepped on”)
    ‎ka- + ‎bedil (“gun”) → ‎kabedil (“(accidentally) shot”)
** perfective aspect of the passive transitive verb
    ‎ka- + ‎déngé (“to hear”) → ‎kadéngé (“to be heard”)
    ‎ka- + ‎baca (“to read”) → ‎kabaca (“to be read”)
** implies that the action can be done
    ‎ka- + ‎harti (“meaning”) → ‎kaharti (“(can be) understood”)
* noun-forming prefix
** abstract noun-forming prefix
    ‎ka- + ‎rugi (“loss”) → ‎karugi (“loss”)
    ‎ka- + ‎hayang (“to want”) → ‎kahayang (“desire, want”)

##### Usage notes

* Not all roots can be prefixed with ka- only. Some verbs, due to semantic reasons, must feature the suffix -an. For example:
    ‎ka- + ‎merdika (“free, independent”) + ‎-an → ‎kamerdikaan (“independence”)
    ‎ka- + ‎kalangkang (“shadow”) + ‎-an → ‎kakalangkangan (“to become overshadowed”)

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ika-, from Proto-Austronesian *Sika-. Compare Malay ke-, Tagalog ika-

#### Prefix

ka-
* numeral-forming prefix
** ordinal number forming prefix; -th
    ‎ka- + ‎hiji (“one”) → ‎kahiji (“first”)
    ‎ka- + ‎sapuluh (“ten”) → ‎kasapuluh (“tenth”)

### References

* ↑ Prof. Dr. T. Fatimah Djajasudarma (2013) Fonologi dan Gramatika Sunda [Sundanese Phonology and Grammar] (in Indonesian), Bandung: PT Refika Aditama, →ISBN

### Further reading

* Maman Sumantri, et al. (1985) Kamus Sunda-Indonesia [Sundanese-Indonesian Dictionary] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Department of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia

## Swahili
### Pronunciation

* Audio (Kenya):(file)

### Etymology 1
#### Prefix

ka-
* third-person singular animate (m class$_{(I)}$) recent-past perfective marker
    Near-synonyms: ali-, ame-
** 1973, Mohammed S. Abdulla, Duniani kuna watu, page 5:Nimefanya jitihada mwenyewe na Mungu kanisaidia, […]I have worked hard on my own and God has helped me, […]
** 2013, “Rais Obama kaondoka, tusirudie maisha ya aibu”, in Mwananchi‎:Rais Obama kaondoka, tusirudie maisha ya aibuPresident Obama has left, let us not return to a life of shame

##### See also

* Initial
** Positive infinitive: ku-/kw-$^1$
** Negative infinitive: kuto-
** Habitual: hu-$^1$
** Telegrammic: ka-$^1$
* Final
** General (positive indicative): -a
** Positive subjunctive: -e
** Negative present: -i
** Second person plural: -ni
* Infix position positive subject concord
** Positive past: -li-
** Positive present: -na-
** Positive future: -ta-
** Negative subjunctive: -si-$^1$
** Positive present conditional: -nge-
** Negative present conditional: -singe-
** Positive past conditional: -ngali-
** Negative past conditional: -singali-
** Gnomic: -a-$^1$
** Perfect: -me-
** "Already" past: -lisha-
** "Already" present: -mesha-/-sha-
** "If/When": -ki-$^1$
** "If not": -sipo-
** Consecutive: -ka-$^1$
* Infix position negative subject concord
** Negative past: -ku-$^1$
** Negative future: -ta-
** "Not yet": -ja-$^1$
** Negative present conditional: -nge-
** Negative past conditional: -ngali-
* Relative
** Past: -li-
** Present: -na-
** Future: -taka-
** Negative: -si-
$^1$ Can take stress and therefore does not require -ku-/-kw- in monosyllabic verbs.

### Etymology 2

Ultimately from Proto-Bantu *kà-.

#### Prefix

ka-
* (colloquial or dialect, nonstandard) noun class 12 prefix, used with a diminutive or depreciative meaning

## Swazi
### Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Prefix

ka-
* -ly; forms adverbs of manner from adjectives and relatives.

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Prefix

ka-
* he, she, it; class 1 subject concord; form of u- used when another prefix precedes.

## Tagalog
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Prefix

ka- (Baybayin spelling ᜃ)
* implies companionship or partnership
    ‎ka- + ‎sama (“to accompany”) → ‎kasama (“partner”)
    ‎ka- + ‎opisina (“office”) → ‎kaopisina (“coworker”)
* implies similarity or interaction
    ‎ka- + ‎mukha (“face”) → ‎kamukha (“someone/something similar; look-alike”)
    ‎ka- + ‎away (“fight”) → ‎kaaway (“enemy”)
* (with initial syllable repetition) implies repeated action
    ‎ka- + ‎sigaw (“shout”) → ‎kasisigaw (“repeatedly shouting”)
    ‎ka- + ‎isip (“mind, thought”) → ‎kaiisip (“thinking a lot”)
* (with initial syllable repetition, followed by lang or lamang) implies recent action
    ‎ka- + ‎punta (“going”) → ‎kapupunta (“recently went”)
    ‎ka- + ‎luto (“cooking, cuisine”) → ‎kaluluto (“recently cooked”)
* (with initial two syllables repetition) implies causing or producing something in an extreme degree
    ‎ka- + ‎galang (“respect”) → ‎kagalang-galang (“inspiring great respect”)
    ‎ka- + ‎paniwala (“belief”) → ‎kapani-paniwala (“very plausible”)

#### Derived terms
### See also

* kaka-

## Tooro
### Alternative forms

* (before /e/) ke-
* (before /o/) ko-

### Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *ká-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ka-/

### Prefix

ka-
* class 12 pronominal concord
    ‎ka- + ‎-nu (“this, these”) → ‎kanu (“this (class 12)”)
* they; class 12 subject concord
    ‎ka- + ‎-kora (“to do”) → ‎kakora (“it (class 12) does”)
* positive imperative form of -ka- (“it; class 12 object concord”)
    ‎ka- + ‎-ha (“to give”) → ‎kaha (“give it (class 12)”)

#### See also

| Class | Person | Independent | Possessive | Subject concord | Object concord | Combined forms | Combined forms |
| Class | Person | Independent | Possessive | Subject concord | Object concord | na | ni |
| Class 1 | First | nyowe, nye | -ange | n- | -n- | nanyowe, nanye | ninyowe, ninye |
| Class 1 | Second | iwe | -awe | o- | -ku- | naiwe | niiwe |
| Class 1 | Third | uwe | -e | a- | -mu- | nawe | nuwe |
| Class 2 | First | itwe | -aitu | tu- | -tu- | naitwe | niitwe |
| Class 2 | Second | inywe | -anyu | mu- | -ba- | nainywe | niinywe |
| Class 2 | Third | abo | -abo | ba- | -ba- | nabo | nubo |
| Class 3 | Class 3 | gwo | -agwo | gu- | -gu- | nagwo | nugwo |
| Class 4 | Class 4 | yo | -ayo | e- | -gi- | nayo | niyo |
| Class 5 | Class 5 | lyo | -alyo | li- | -li- | nalyo | niryo |
| Class 6 | Class 6 | go | -ago | ga- | -ga- | nago | nugo |
| Class 7 | Class 7 | kyo | -akyo | ki- | -ki- | nakyo | nikyo |
| Class 8 | Class 8 | byo | -abyo | bi- | -bi- | nabyo | nibyo |
| Class 9 | Class 9 | yo | -ayo | e- | -gi- | nayo | niyo |
| Class 10 | Class 10 | zo | -azo | zi- | -zi- | nazo | nizo |
| Class 11 | Class 11 | rwo | -arwo | ru- | -ru- | narwo | nurwo |
| Class 12 | Class 12 | ko | -ako | ka- | -ka- | nako | nuko |
| Class 13 | Class 13 | two | -atwo | tu- | -tu- | natwo | nutwo |
| Class 14 | Class 14 | bwo | -abwo | bu- | -bu- | nabwo | nubwo |
| Class 15 | Class 15 | kwo | -akwo | ku- | -ku- | nakwo | nukwo |
| Class 16 | Class 16 | ho | -aho | ha- | -ha- | naho | nuho |
| Class 17 | Class 17 | (kwo) | N/A | ha- (...-yo) | -ha- | N/A | nukwo |
| Class 18 | Class 18 | (mwo) | -amwo | ha- (...-mu) | -ha- | N/A | numwo |
| Reflexive | Reflexive | -enyini, -onyini | — | — | -e- | — | — |

### References

* Kaji, Shigeki (2007) A Rutooro Vocabulary‎, Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, page 414

## Xhosa
### Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Prefix

ka-
* -ly; forms adverbs of manner from adjectives and relatives.

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Prefix

ka-
* he, she, it; class 1 subject concord; form of u- used when another prefix precedes.

## Zulu
### Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Prefix

ka-
* -ly; forms adverbs of manner from adjectives and relatives.

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Prefix

ká-
* he, she, it; class 1 subject concord; form of u- used when another prefix precedes.

### Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Prefix

ka-
* Alternative form of ma- (hortative)

### References

* C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “ka-”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “ka-”