OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# sat on death's doorstep
## English
### Verb

sat on death's doorstep
* simple past and past participle of sit on death's doorstep
# нео-
## Macedonian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈnɛɔ]

### Prefix

нео- • (neo-)
* neo- (new)
    Synonym: ново- (novo-)

#### Derived terms
## Russian
### Prefix

нео- • (neo-)
* neo- (new)

#### Descendants

* → Armenian: նեո- (neo-)
# alible
## English
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin alibilis, from alō (“feed, nourish”) + -ibilis (“-ible”). First attested in c. 1650.

### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈæ.lɪ.bəl/

### Adjective

alible (comparative more alible, superlative most alible)
* Nourishing.
** 1827, F. J. V. Broussais, M.D., “A Treatise on Physiology applied to Pathology”, in John Bell, M.D. & René La Roche, M.D., transl., The North American Medical and Surgical Journal — “Analytical Reviews”‎, volume 3, J. Dobson, page 338: […] Alible substances, of the most healthy kind, may then generate the same evils as would follow from a deficiency of food.
** 1847, William Harvey, On Generation‎, Sydenham Society, Of the primigenial moisture, page 514; republished as The works of William Harvey, (Please provide a date or year):For in the same way as this dew, by ulterior condensation and adhesion, becomes alible gluten and cambium, whence the parts of the body are constituted […]

#### References

* “alible”, in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 5th edition, Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016, →ISBN.
* “alible”, in Dictionary.com Unabridged, Dictionary.com, LLC, 1995–present.

### Anagrams

* Belial, Biella, labile, liable
# baoh
## Eastern Cham
### Etymology

From Proto-Chamic *bɔh, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *buaq, from Proto-Austronesian *buaq. Cognate with Western Cham boh.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bɔh/

### Noun

baoh (Akhar Thrah spelling ꨝꨯꨱꩍ)
* fruit (part of plant)
* fruit (food)

### Classifier

baoh
* Classifier for anything generally concretely big that has volume.

### References

* Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*buaq”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI
# Tanygnathus sumatranus
## Translingual

Wikispecies

### Proper noun

Tanygnathus sumatranus m
* A taxonomic species within the family Psittaculidae – the blue-backed parrot.

### References

* Gill, F. and Wright, M. (2006) Birds of the World: Recommended English Names, Princeton University Press, →ISBN
# ǃnais
## Khoekhoe
### Noun

ǃnais
* camel

### References

* Sands, Bonny & Jones, Kerry & Esau, Katrina & Collins, Chris & Witzlack-Makarevich, Alena & Job, Sylvanus & Miller, Amanda & Steyn, Betta & Zaanen, Menno & Namaseb, Levi & Berg, Dietloff & Mantzel, Dotty & Damarah, Willem & Snyman, Claudia & Wyk, David & Brugman, Johanna & Exter, Mats & Vaalbooi, Antjie & Westhuizen, Mietjie. (2022). Nǀuuki Namagowab Afrikaans English ǂXoakiǂxanisi/Mîdi di ǂKhanis/Woordeboek/Dictionary

## Korana
### Noun

ǃnais
* kidney

### References

* "Kora - English" Retrieved January 31, 2025.
# dudac
## Gagauz
### Noun

dudac (definite accusative dudaa, plural dudaclar)
* Obsolete spelling of dudak.

### Further reading

* Ciachir, Mihail (1938) “dudac”, in Dicționar gagauzo (tiurco)–român pentru gagauzii din Basarabia (in Romanian), Chișinău, page 44
# Shoni
## English
### Etymology

From French Shoni.

### Proper noun

Shoni
* diminutive of Shaughnessy Village

#### Translations
### Anagrams

* NIOSH, Shion, noshi

## French
### Etymology

Abbreviation of Shaughnessy, from Village Shaughnessy, from English Shaughnessy, named after Thomas George Shaughnessy, 1st Baron Shaughnessy, president of the Canadian Pacific Railroad (CPR, CP Rail).

### Proper noun

Shoni ?
* Shoni; diminutive of Village Shaughnessy: A district of Ville-Marie borough, Montreal, Montreal Island, Montreal county, Region of Montreal, Quebec, Canada

#### Synonyms

* Village Shaughnessy

#### Hypernyms

* Arrondissement Ville-Marie
* Centre-Ville Ouest
* Montréal Centre-Ville

#### Hyponyms

* Deuxième Quartier Chinois
* Ghetto Concordia
* Nouveau Quartier Chinois
* Quartier Forum

#### Coordinate terms

* Quartier Concordia

#### Descendants

* English: Shoni
# Shahjahanpur
## English
### Proper noun

Shahjahanpur
* A city and district of Bareilly division, Uttar Pradesh, India.
# урағай
## Bashkir

* This entry needs a photograph or drawing for illustration. Please try to find a suitable image on Wikimedia Commons or upload one there yourself!
Months of the year :
| Previous: | майай (mayay) |
| Next: | һарысай (harısay) |

### Etymology

From ураҡ "sickle" + ай "month"

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /u.rɑˈʁɑj/
* This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.

### Noun

урағай • (urağay)
* August
    (please add the primary text of this usage example)(please add an English translation of this usage example)
# starched
## English
### Verb

starched
* simple past and past participle of starch

### Adjective

starched (comparative more starched, superlative most starched)
* Of a garment: having had starch applied.
** 1951 October, R. S. McNaught, “Lines of Approach”, in Railway Magazine, pages 703-704:I recall the height of comfort attained by the green-cushioned "first" with starched white antimacassars and a pretentious grey floor mat on which it seemed a sacrilege to stand, as it was embellished with the North Western conception of Britannia, complete with trident.
** 2024 June 3, Caitlin Chatterton, “‘Becoming Karl Lagerfeld:’ A flattering sketch of a controversial designer”, in CNN‎:And while his signature starched collar and fingerless gloves are yet to make an appearance, his looks are already topped off with another of his soon-to-be trademarks: a pair of dark aviator sunglasses.
* Stiff, formal, rigid; prim and proper.
** 1712, Jonathan Swift, “An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity”, in The Works of Jonathan Swift‎, volume 1, Dublin: George Faulkner, published 1751, pages 102-103:Does the Gospel any where prescribe a starched squeezed Countenance, a stiff formal Gait, a Singularity of Manners and Habit, or any affected Modes of Speech, different from the reasonable Part of Mankind?
** 1791 (date written), Mary Wollstonecraft, “Animadversions on Some of the Writers who have Rendered Women Objects of Pity, Bordering on Contempt”, in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: With Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects, London: […] J[oseph] Johnson, […], published 1792, →OCLC, page 217:A cultivated understanding, and an affectionate heart, will never want starched rules of decorum—something more substantial than seemliness will be the result; and, without understanding the behaviour here recommended, would be rank affectation.
** 1817 December 31 (indicated as 1818), [Walter Scott], chapter XII, in Rob Roy. […], volume II, Edinburgh: […] James Ballantyne and Co. for Archibald Constable and Co. […]; London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, →OCLC, page 245:I was not a little startled at recognising in his companions that very Morris on whose account I had been summoned before Justice Inglewood, and Mr MacVittie the merchant, at whose starched and severe aspect I had recoiled on the preceding day.
** 1961, Bernard Malamud, A New Life‎, Penguin, published 1968, page 107:‘ […] CD is a fair-enough scholar but starched like my grand-daddy’s collar.’

#### Quotations

* For quotations using this term, see Citations:starched.

#### Derived terms

* starchedness

#### Related terms

* cornstarched

### Anagrams

* cartshed, destarch, herd cats
# 英雄歌
## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 英 | 雄 | 歌 |

### Alternative forms

* 雄歌 (hùng ca)

### Noun

英雄歌
* chữ Hán form of anh hùng ca (“an epic about a hero or heroes”).
    Hypernyms: 史詩 (sử thi), 長歌 (trường ca)
# video games
## English
### Noun

video games
* plural of video game

### Verb

video games
* third-person singular simple present indicative of video game
# city slicker
## English
### Noun

city slicker (plural city slickers)
* (colloquial) One accustomed to a city or urban lifestyle or unsuited to life in the country.
    Synonyms: urbanite, urban dweller, townie
    Look at the city slicker pulling up in his fancy German car.
** 1989, “Car Thief”, in Paul's Boutique, performed by Beastie Boys:See, I'm a city slicker, I, I ain't no townie / Right now, I wish I had another hash brownie

#### Translations
### Further reading

* “city slicker”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.
* “city slicker”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
* “city slicker”, in Collins English Dictionary.
* “city slicker”, in Cambridge English Dictionary, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, 1999–present.
# bum-bum
## English
### Etymology

Reduplication of bum.

### Pronunciation

* Audio (US):(file)

### Noun

bum-bum (plural bum-bums)
* (childish or belittling) The buttocks or anus.
** 2016, Jussi Adler-Olsen, The Alphabet House‎, page 86:Kröner sat down heavily, staring at Petra's retreating bottom with its fluttering white bow as she finally continued her rounds, “Lovely bumbum, isn't it, Herr Standartenführer?” he said, addressing James.
** 2022, Charles Dennis, “No More Lugosi”, in There's a Body in the Window Seat‎, page 45:Jonathan lies atop Mortimer, who falls backward to the floor. (Martha asks: "Did you hurt your bum-bum, dear?")
** 2023 April 4 (last accessed), Flying Alone, MMORPG: Rebirth of the Legendary Guardian 7 Anthology‎:"Little Yan Er. It's no good sitting on a boney dragon. You will hurt your little flat bum bum!"
# Aligarh
## English
### Proper noun

Aligarh
* A city, district, and division of Uttar Pradesh, India.

#### Derived terms

* Aligarh Division

### Anagrams

* gharial
# шаҡай
## Bashkir

* This entry needs a photograph or drawing for illustration. Please try to find a suitable image on Wikimedia Commons or upload one there yourself!
Months of the year :
| Previous: | һыуығай (hıwığay) |
| Next: | буранай (buranay) |

### Etymology

From шаҡ "knock" + ай "month"

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃɑˈqɑj/
* This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.

### Noun

шаҡай • (şaqay)
* February
    (please add the primary text of this usage example)(please add an English translation of this usage example)
# Scotch tape
## English
### Etymology

Genericized trademark from Scotch Tape. Reportedly a reference to the stereotypical tendency of the Scottish towards thrift, due to cutting of corners with the product initially produced. Compare Dutch oven for similar sense of origin.

### Noun

Scotch tape (uncountable)
* (US, Philippines, Singapore, Canada) Transparent or translucent pressure-sensitive adhesive tape, used for sealing items together, especially paper.
    Synonyms: (Britain, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand) sellotape, (Britain, Australia) sticky tape

#### Descendants

* → Romanian: scoci
* → Russian: скотч (skotč)

#### Translations
### See also

* adhesive tape
* Durex
* sticky tape
* tape

### References

* “Scotch tape”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
# ближен
## Macedonian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *bližьnъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈbliʒɛn]

### Adjective

ближен • (bližen) (not comparable)
* close, nearby
* intimate, amical

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “ближен” in Дигитален речник на македонскиот јазик (Digitalen rečnik na makedonskiot jazik) [Digital dictionary of the Macedonian language] − drmj.eu
# Solidaritätssteuern
## German
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [zolidaʁiˈtɛːt͡sˌʃtɔʏ̯.ɐn]
* Hyphenation: So‧li‧da‧ri‧täts‧steu‧ern

### Noun

Solidaritätssteuern
* plural of Solidaritätssteuer
# садываларга
## Northern Altai
### Etymology

From садарга (sadarga) + аларга (alarga). Compare to Shor садып алған небе (sadïp alɣan nebe, “purchase”), Tuvan садып алыр (sadıp alır, “to buy, purchase”), etc.

### Verb

садываларга • (sadïvalarga)
* to buy

### References

* N. A Baskakov, editor (1972), “садывал-”, in Severnyje dialekty Altajskovo (Ojrotskovo Jazyka- Dialekt kumandincev(Kumandin Kiži) [Northern Dialect of Altai -Kumandin Dialect(Kumandin kiži)], Moskva: glavnaja redakcija vostočnoja literatury, →ISBN, page 244
# Shula
## English
### Etymology

Clipping of Shulamith, Shulamit, Shulamis, diminutives of Hebrew שולמית \ שׁוּלַמִּית (shulamít).

### Proper noun

Shula (plural Shulas)
* A diminutive of the female given name Shulamith, from Hebrew.

#### Related terms

* Salome
* shalom
* Shalom
* Shloime
* Shlomit
* Shlomo
* Shulamit
* Solomon
# Agra
## English
### Etymology

From Sanskrit अग्रेवण (agrevaṇa, “forest border”), from अग्र (agra, “border, in front of”) + वन (vana, “forest”).

### Proper noun

Agra
* A large city, district, and division of Uttar Pradesh, India.

#### Translations
### Anagrams

* raag, agar, Raga, raga, Agar, Gara

## Latvian
### Etymology

First recorded as a given name of Latvians in early 20th century. From agrs (“early”).

### Proper noun

Agra f
* a female given name

#### Related terms

* Agris
* Agrita

### References

* Klāvs Siliņš: Latviešu personvārdu vārdnīca. Riga "Zinātne" 1990, →ISBN
* Population Register of Latvia: Agra was the only given name of 345 persons in Latvia on May 21st 2010.

## Polish
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अग्रेवण (agrevaṇa), from अग्र (agra) + वन (vana).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈa.ɡra/
* Rhymes: -aɡra
* Syllabification: A‧gra

### Proper noun

Agra f
* Agra (a city in Uttar Pradesh, India)

#### Derived terms

* agryjski

### Further reading

* Agra in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Portuguese
### Etymology

From Sanskrit अग्रेवण (agrevaṇa, “forest border”), from अग्र (agra, “border, in front of”) + वन (vana, “forest”).

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈa.ɡɾɐ/
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈa.ɡɾɐ/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˈa.ɡɾa/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈa.ɡɾɐ/ [ˈa.ɣɾɐ]
* Rhymes: -aɡɾɐ
* Hyphenation: A‧gra

### Proper noun

Agra f
* Agra (a city in Uttar Pradesh, India)

## Spanish
### Etymology

From Sanskrit अग्रेवण (agrevaṇa, “forest border”), from अग्र (agra, “border, in front of”) + वन (vana, “forest”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈaɡɾa/ [ˈa.ɣ̞ɾa]
* Rhymes: -aɡɾa
* Syllabification: A‧gra

### Proper noun

Agra f
* Agra (a city in India)
# պակաս
## Armenian
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Armenian պակաս (pakas).

### Pronunciation

* (Eastern Armenian) IPA: /pɑˈkɑs/, [pɑkɑ́s]
* (Western Armenian) IPA: /bɑˈɡɑs/, [bɑɡɑ́s]
* Audio (Eastern Armenian):(file)

### Adjective

պակաս • (pakas) (superlative ամենապակաս)
* incomplete; missing; insufficient
    պակաս մասեր ― pakas maser ― missing parts
* less; worse
    ինձնից ինչո՞վ ես պակաս ― injnicʻ inčʻo$^?$v es pakas ― in what respect are you inferior to me?
* crazy, batty, cracked

#### Declension
### Noun

պակաս • (pakas)
* lack, want; shortage, deficit; absence
    պակասը լրացնել ― pakasə lracʻnel ― to make up a deficiency, meet a lack, fill a want

#### Declension
### Derived terms

* պակասուրդ (pakasurd)

### Descendants

* → Turkish: bagas

## Old Armenian
### Etymology

The origin is uncertain.

### Adjective

պակաս • (pakas)
* defective, imperfect
    ի՞ւ իւիք պակաս իցեմ, զի՞նչ եւս պակաս իցեմ ― i$^?$w iwikʻ pakas icʻem, zi$^?$nčʻ ews pakas icʻem ― what do I still want for?
    զի՞նչ պակաս է քեզ ― zi$^?$nčʻ pakas ē kʻez ― what do yon want for?
    պակաս առնել ― pakas aṙnel ― to do without, to dispense with; to diminish; to deprive of; to destroy, to kill

#### Declension

post-classical

### Adverb

պակաս • (pakas)
* less

#### Derived terms

* ամսապակաս (amsapakas)
* անպակաս (anpakas)
* անպակասաբար (anpakasabar)
* անպակասաբուղխ (anpakasabułx)
* անպակասագիր (anpakasagir)
* անպակասելի (anpakaseli)
* անպակասութիւն (anpakasutʻiwn)
* գրպակաս (grpakas)
* հացապակաս (hacʻapakas)
* պակասաբար (pakasabar)
* պակասագոյն (pakasagoyn)
* պակասաժամանակեայ (pakasažamanakeay)
* պակասական (pakasakan)
* պակասակողմն (pakasakołmn)
* պակասահող (pakasahoł)
* պակասաձեռն (pakasajeṙn)
* պակասամասնութիւն (pakasamasnutʻiwn)
* պակասամիտ (pakasamit)
* պակասամտութիւն (pakasamtutʻiwn)
* պակասամօրու (pakasamōru)
* պակասամօրուս (pakasamōrus)
* պակասապէտ (pakasapēt)
* պակասաւոր (pakasawor)
* պակասեմ (pakasem)
* պակասեցուցանեմ (pakasecʻucʻanem)
* պակասընթաց (pakasəntʻacʻ)
* պակասիմ (pakasim)
* պակասորդ (pakasord)
* պակասութիւն (pakasutʻiwn)
* պակասումն (pakasumn)
* օրապակաս (ōrapakas)

#### Descendants

* Armenian: պակաս (pakas)
** Turkish: bagas

### References

* Petrosean, Matatʻeay (1879) “պակաս”, in Nor Baṙagirkʻ Hay-Angliarēn [New Dictionary Armenian–English], Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
* Awetikʻean, G., Siwrmēlean, X., Awgerean, M. (1836–1837) “պակաս”, in Nor baṙgirkʻ haykazean lezui [New Dictionary of the Armenian Language] (in Old Armenian), Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
* Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1971–1979) “պակաս”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, Yerevan: University Press
# resinous
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Middle French résineux; cf. Latin resinosus. By surface analysis, resin +‎ -ous.

### Pronunciation

* Audio (Southern England):(file)

### Adjective

resinous (comparative more resinous, superlative most resinous)
* Of or relating to resin.
    Synonym: resinaceous
** 1855, William Somerville Orr, Orr's Circle of the Sciences, page 205:Resin, pitch, sealing-wax, caoutchouc, sulphur, gutta-percha, and generally all bodies commonly termed resinous, besides a great variety of others, will be found to acquire, after friction, the power of attracting light bodies, and hence will be said, according to a limitation of terms already accepted, to be in an electrized or electrified state .
* (physics, dated) Negative (of electric charge).
    Antonym: vitreous

#### Derived terms

* resinously
* resinousness

#### Translations
### Anagrams

* neurosis, seniours
# gayumpaman
## Tagalog
### Etymology

From univerbation of gayon pa man. The /n/ turns to /m/ before /p/ due to sandhi.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ɡaˌjumpaˈman/ [ɡɐˌjum.pɐˈman̪]
* Rhymes: -an
* Syllabification: ga‧yum‧pa‧man

### Adverb

gayúmpamán (Baybayin spelling ᜄᜌᜓᜋ᜔ᜉᜋᜈ᜔)
* nevertheless; notwithstanding
    Synonym: gayunman
# motte and bailey
## English
### Alternative forms

* motte-and-bailey

### Etymology

(form of argument): Coined by philosopher Nicholas Shackel.

### Noun

motte and bailey (plural mottes and baileys)
* The predecessor of the European castle, having a raised earth mound (the motte) topped with a tower (or donjon), and a wooden ring fortification surrounding a courtyard (the bailey).
** 1939, H. Lawlor, “Mote, Moat, or Motte?”, in Ulster Journal of Archaeology, 2, 208-210, p. 210:Should an inquiring stranger ask an Irish countryman if there were any "mottes" in the neighbourhood he might be met with unexpected but none the less unrestrained laughter, as in semi-slang the word has another meaning very far from that of a castle mound!
** 2011, George R. R. Martin, A Dance with Dragons, page 231:Deepwood is a motte-and-bailey castle in the midst of thick forest, easy to creep up on unawares. A wooden castle, defended by an earthen dike and a palisade of logs.
* A form of argument and an informal fallacy where an arguer conflates two similar positions, one modest and easier to defend (the "motte") and one much more controversial (the "bailey"), by advancing the controversial position, but when challenged, insisting that they are only advancing the more modest position.
# discous
## English
### Etymology

From Latin discus (“disk”). See disk.

### Adjective

discous (comparative more discous, superlative most discous)
* Like a disk/disc
* (botany) discoid.

### References

* “discous”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
# disapprobatory
## English
### Etymology

From dis- +‎ approbatory.

### Adjective

disapprobatory (comparative more disapprobatory, superlative most disapprobatory)
* Containing or showing disapprobation; that disapproves.
    Synonym: disapproving
    disapprobatory adjectives
    disapprobatory nickname
    disapprobatory remarks

### References

* “disapprobatory”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
# 鳩摩
## Chinese
### Etymology

Clipping of 鳩摩羅炎 / 鸠摩罗炎 (“Kumārāyana”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Jiūmó
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄡ ㄇㄛˊ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Jiūmó
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄡ ㄇㄛˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Jioumó
*** Wade–Giles: Chiu$^1$-mo$^2$
*** Yale: Jyōu-mwó
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Jioumo
*** Palladius: Цзюмо (Czjumo)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵ mu̯ɔ³⁵/

### Proper noun

鳩摩
* a surname
# harses
## English
### Noun

harses
* plural of harse

### Anagrams

* Shares, Shears, ashers, rashes, sehras, shares, shears

## Dutch
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɦɑr.səs/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: har‧ses

### Noun

harses pl (plural only)
* (dialectal, informal) Alternative form of hersenen
* (dialectal, informal) noggin, bonce
    Synonyms: hoofd, kop
# اسب
## Laki
### Etymology

From Proto-Iranian *Hácwah (compare Northern Kurdish hesp, esp, Avestan 𐬀𐬯𐬞𐬀 (aspa), Persian اسب), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háćwas (compare Sanskrit अश्व (áśva)), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos.

### Noun

اسب (asb)
* horse

## Persian
### Alternative forms

* اَسْپ (asp)
* عَسْپ (ʿasp) (dialectal, Kulob)
* عَسْب (ʿasb) (dialectal, Shushtar, Khansar)

### Etymology

* PIE word
* *h1éḱwos
From earlier اسپ (asp), from Middle Persian [script needed] (ʾsp̄ /⁠asp⁠/), from Old Persian 𐎠𐎿𐎱 (aspa), from Old Median *aspah (compare Old Persian 𐎠𐎿 (asa)), from Proto-Iranian *Hácwah (compare Avestan 𐬀𐬯𐬞𐬀 (aspa), Northern Kurdish hesp, esp, Pashto آس (ās), Ossetian ефс (efs)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háćwas (compare Sanskrit अश्व (áśva)), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos (compare Ancient Greek ἵππος (híppos), Armenian էշ (ēš, “donkey”), Lithuanian ašva (“mare”), Latin equus).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ʔasβ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʔäsb]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʔäsb]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [ʔäsb]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [ʔäsb̥]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [ʔæsb̥]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [ʔäsb]
* (Kulob) IPA: /ʕäsp/
* (Shushtar, Khansar) IPA: /ʕæsb/
* Audio (Iran):(file)

### Noun

| Dari | اسپ |
| Iranian Persian | اسب |
| Tajik | асп |
اسب • (asb) (plural اسب‌ها (asb-hâ) or اسبان (asbân))
* horse
* (chess) knight

#### Derived terms

* اَسبی (asbi)

#### Related terms

* آرِیاسب (âriyâsb)
* اَسپبُد (aspbod)
* اَسپِست (aspest)
* طهماسب (tahmâsb)

#### Descendants

* → Judeo-Tat: ⱨəsb

#### See also

Chess pieces in Persian · مهره‌های شطرنج (mohre-hâye šatranj) (layout · text) :
| شاه (šâh) | وزیر (vazir), فرزین (farzin) | رخ (rox), قلعه (qal'e) | فیل (fil) | اسب (asb) | پیاده (piyâde), سرباز (sarbâz) |

### References

* ↑ Habib Borjian (2021) “Traces of Pharyngeal Consonants in Isfahani Persian: A Case of Language Contact”, in Iranian Studies‎, volume 54, numbers 1-2, →DOI, pages 281-295:Interestingly, the pharyngealized form for “horse” occurs far and wide in three corners of the Iranian linguistic domain. These are ʿasp in Kulabi and ʿasb in Šuštari, Xwānsāri, and Judeo-Tat. (Cf. Kurmanji hasp, with an un-etymological initial /h/.) Considering that “horse” is among just a few pharyngealized native words in each of these languages, mere coincidence is improbable. The distribution suggests an early pharyngealized form. Could the word carry its original Proto-Indo-European laryngeal consonant (h₁éḱwos)? Not if we subscribe to the consensus that laryngeals had already ceased to exist in Old Iranian.

### Further reading

* اسب on the Persian Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{fa}$