# 蓳

| 蓳 | U+84F3, &#34035; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-84F3 |
| ← 蓲 [U+84F2] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 蓴 → [U+84F4] |
| 蓳 | U+2F9A9, &#194985; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9A9 |
| ← 蓱 [U+2F9A8] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement | 蔖 → [U+2F9AA] |

## Translingual

| Japanese | 菫 |
| Simplified | 堇 |
| Traditional | 蓳/菫/堇 |

### Han character

蓳 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+11, 17 strokes, cangjie input 廿廿中一 (TTLM), four-corner 4410$_4$, composition ⿱艹堇)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1052, character 27
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 31732
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3275, character 10
* Unihan data for U+84F3
* Unihan data for U+2F9A9

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 堇 :
| Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 囏 | *krɯːn |
| 螼 | *kʰrɯnʔ, *kʰrɯns |
| 堇 | *ɡrɯn, *kɯnʔ |
| 墐 | *ɡrɯn, *ɡrɯns |
| 𥎊 | *ɡrɯn |
| 僅 | *ɡrɯns |
| 瑾 | *ɡrɯns |
| 覲 | *ɡrɯns |
| 殣 | *ɡrɯns |
| 饉 | *ɡrɯns |
| 廑 | *ɡrɯns |
| 瘽 | *ɡrɯns, *ɡɯn, *ɡɯnʔ |
| 歏 | *ɡrɯns |
| 鄞 | *ŋɡrɯn, *ŋɡɯn |
| 謹 | *kɯnʔ |
| 槿 | *kɯnʔ |
| 漌 | *kɯnʔ |
| 慬 | *kɯnʔ, *ɡɯn |
| 勤 | *ɡɯn |
| 懃 | *ɡɯn |
| 懄 | *ɡɯn |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kɯnʔ): semantic 艸 + phonetic 堇 (OC *ɡrɯn, *kɯnʔ).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jǐn (jin$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄣˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gan$^2$
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ging$^3$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kín
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jǐn
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄣˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jǐn
*** Wade–Giles: chin$^3$
*** Yale: jǐn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiin
*** Palladius: цзинь (czinʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕin²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gan$^2$
*** Yale: gán
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gan$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gen$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɐn³⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ging$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kiŋ⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ging$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kiŋ³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kín
*** Tâi-lô: kín
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kien
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kin⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kin⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kin⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kin⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kin⁴¹/
* Middle Chinese: kj+nX
Rime :
| Character | 蓳 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 欣 (57) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 居隱切 |
| Baxter | kj+nX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɨn$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kɨn$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kiən$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kɨn$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /kiən$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /kĭən$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ki̯ən$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jǐn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gan$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kə[r]ʔ/, /*kə[r]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kɯnʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 蓳 | 蓳 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jìn | jìn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kjɨn$^X$ › | ‹ kjɨn$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*kə[r]ʔ/ | /*kə[r]-s/ |
| English | (kind of vegetable) | aconite |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 蓳 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 6746 |
| Phonetic component | 堇 |
| Rime group | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 謹 |
| Old Chinese | /*kɯnʔ/ |

### Definitions

蓳
* Viola verecunda, a kind of violet.

#### Compounds

* 三色蓳 / 三色堇 (sānsèjǐn)

### References

* William Campbell (1913) A dictionary of the Amoy vernacular spoken throughout the prefectures of Chin-Chiu, Chiang-Chiu and Formosa (in Hokkien), 8th edition, Tainan: Taiwan Church Press, published 1961, →OCLC, page 328.
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “堇”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 111.
* “蓳”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Vietnamese
### Han character

蓳: Hán Nôm readings: thẽnh
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.