# 令和

| ㋿ | U+32FF, &#13055; SQUARE ERA NAME REIWA |
| ← ㋾ [U+32FE] | Enclosed CJK Letters and Months | ㌀ → [U+3300] |

## Chinese

* 令和 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 令和 (Classical)
* 令和 (Cantonese)
* Lēng-hô (Southern Min)
* Lêng-huò (Eastern Min)

### Etymology

From Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 令和 (Reiwa).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Lìnghé
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄥˋ ㄏㄜˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ling$^6$ wo$^4$
* Eastern Min (BUC): Lêng-huò
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): Lēng-hô
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Lìnghé
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄥˋ ㄏㄜˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Lìnghé
*** Wade–Giles: Ling$^4$-ho$^2$
*** Yale: Lìng-hé
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Linqher
*** Palladius: Линхэ (Linxɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /liŋ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ling$^6$ wo$^4$
*** Yale: lihng wòh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ling$^6$ wo$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ling$^6$ wo$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɪŋ²² wɔː²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: Lêng-huò
*** Sinological IPA : /l̃iŋ²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ $^{(h-)}$ŋuo⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lēng-hô
*** Tâi-lô: Līng-hô
*** Phofsit Daibuun: lexnghooi
*** IPA (Xiamen): /liɪŋ²²⁻²¹ ho²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /liɪŋ⁴¹⁻²² ho²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /liɪŋ²²⁻²¹ ho¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /liɪŋ³³⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /liɪŋ³³⁻²¹ hɤ²³/

### Proper noun

令和
* Reiwa era of Japanese history

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 令 | 和 |
| れい Grade: 4 | わ Grade: 3 |
| kan'on | goon |
* Alternative spellings
* ㋿ R (abbreviation)

### Etymology

From the Literary Chinese foreword by Ōtomo no Tabito to poems 815-846 in the fifth book of the Man'yōshū (c. 759 CE). Relevant part of the foreword:
    于時、初春令月、氣淑風和、梅披鏡前之粉、蘭薫珮後之香。（初春の令月にして、気淑く風和らぎ、梅は鏡前の粉を披き、蘭は珮後の香を薫す。）It was in new spring, in a fair month, When the air was clear and the wind a gentle breeze. Plum flowers blossomed a beauty's charming white And the fragrance of the orchids was their sweet perfume.
The Man'yōshū passage alludes in turn to a rhapsody written in 138 CE by the Han polymath and statesman Zhang Heng, titled 歸田賦 / 归田赋 (Guītián Fù, “Return to the Field”). Below is the relevant part of the rhapsody with translation by Liu Wu-chi (1990), with slightly different choices of English for the same Chinese words:
    於是仲春令月，時和氣清；原隰鬱茂，百草滋榮。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]于是仲春令月，时和气清；原隰郁茂，百草滋荣。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]From: Return to the Field, by Zhang Heng, 138 CEYúshì zhòng chūn lìngyuè, shí hé qì qīng; yuán xí yù mào, bǎicǎo zī róng. [Pinyin]Then comes young spring, in a fine month, When the wind is mild and the air clear. Plains and swamps are overgrown with verdure And the hundred grasses become rank and thick.
With reference to both contexts, a general understanding of this kanji compound is thus along the lines of "good harmony", though it should be noted that this sense of "good" of the common character 令 (rei) is otherwise very rare.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) れーわ [réꜜèwà] (Atamadaka – [1])
* (Tokyo) れーわ [rèéwá] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɾe̞ːβ̞a̠]
* Audio:(file)

### Proper noun

令(れい)和(わ) • (Reiwa)
* the Reiwa era, 2019-present

#### Descendants

* → English: Reiwa
* → Chinese:
** Mandarin: 令和 (Lìnghé)
* → Korean: 레이와 (Reiwa)
* → Vietnamese: Reiwa, Lệnh Hoà, Lệnh Hòa

#### See also

* 平(へい)成(せい) (Heisei) (era preceding Reiwa)

### References

* ↑ Akihiro Sadake, Hideo Yamada, Isao Kudo, Masao Otani, Yoshiyuki Yamazaki (2017 November 10) “Man'yōshū, part 1”, in Shin Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei [The New Compendium of Classical Japanese Literature] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 令 | 和 |

### Proper noun

令和
* chữ Hán form of Lệnh Hoà/Lệnh Hòa (“Reiwa era of Japanese history”).