# 鳩

| 鳩 | U+9CE9, &#40169; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9CE9 |
| ← 鳨 [U+9CE8] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 鳪 → [U+9CEA] |

## Translingual
### Han character

鳩 (Kangxi radical 196, 鳥+2, 13 strokes, cangjie input 大弓竹日火 (KNHAF), four-corner 4702$_7$, composition ⿰九鳥)

#### Derived characters

* 𤄄

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1481, character 10
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 46648
* Dae Jaweon: page 2013, character 12
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4613, character 13
* Unihan data for U+9CE9

## Chinese

* 鳩鴿科 (Written Standard Chinese)
* Columbidae (English)

### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 鳩 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 尻 | *kʰuː |
| 訄 | *kʰuː, *kʰu, *ɡu |
| 艽 | *krɯːw, *qʰrɯːw, *ɡu, *ɡʷrɯw |
| 虓 | *qʰruː |
| 鳩 | *ku |
| 勼 | *ku |
| 九 | *kuʔ |
| 究 | *kus |
| 仇 | *ɡu |
| 鼽 | *ɡu |
| 犰 | *ɡu |
| 叴 | *ɡu |
| 厹 | *ɡu |
| 頄 | *ɡu, *ɡʷrɯw |
| 朹 | *ɡu, *kʷrɯwʔ |
| 馗 | *ɡu, *ɡʷrɯw |
| 扏 | *ɡu |
| 訅 | *ɡu |
| 釚 | *ɡu |
| 肍 | *ɡu |
| 軌 | *kʷrɯwʔ |
| 宄 | *kʷrɯwʔ |
| 氿 | *kʷrɯwʔ |
| 匭 | *kʷrɯwʔ |
| 泦 | *kuɡ |
| 旭 | *qʰʷoɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ku): phonetic 九 (OC *kuʔ) + semantic 鳥 (“bird”).

### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-k(r)əw (“dove, pigeon”) (Benedict, 1974; Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). Compare Tibetan འང་གུ ('ang gu, “pigeon”), Proto-Loloish *m-krəw², Burmese ချိုး (hkyui:), Proto-Kuki-Chin *khruu.
In some southern Chinese dialects, 鳩 / 鸠 is pronounced with aspirated initial /kʰ/ due to taboo considerations.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): jiū (jiu$^1$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄡ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): jiu$^1$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): kau$^1$ / gau$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): geu$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kiêu
    (Hailu, HRS): gieu$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): gêu$^1$
* Jin (Wiktionary): jiou$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): kiú
* Eastern Min (BUC): kiŭ
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): giu$^1$ / kiu$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kiu / khiu
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kiu$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$cieu
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): jy$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiū
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄡ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jiou
*** Wade–Giles: chiu$^1$
*** Yale: jyōu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiou
*** Palladius: цзю (czju)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: jiu$^1$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: giu
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiəu⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: kau$^1$ / gau$^1$
*** Yale: kāu / gāu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: kau$^1$ / gau$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: keo$^1$ / geo$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɐu̯⁵⁵/, /kɐu̯⁵⁵/
* kau1 - common for non-vulgar senses;
* gau1 - common for vulgar senses.
* Middle Chinese: kjuw
Rime :
| Character | 鳩 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 尤 (136) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 居求切 |
| Baxter | kjuw |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɨu/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kiu/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kiəu/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kuw/ |
| Li Rong | /kiu/ |
| Wang Li | /kĭəu/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ki̯ə̯u/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiū |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gau$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k](r)u/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ku/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 鳩 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jiū |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kjuw › |
| Old Chinese | /*[k](r)u/ |
| English | (a kind of bird) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 鳩 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 6939 |
| Phonetic component | 九 |
| Rime group | 幽 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 鳩 |
| Old Chinese | /*ku/ |

### Definitions

鳩
* pigeon; dove (family Columbidae)
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Wéi què yǒu cháo, wéi jiū jū zhī. Zhīzǐ yú guī, bǎi liàng yù zhī. [Pinyin]
    The nest is the magpie's; the dove dwells in it. This young lady is going to her future home; a hundred carriages are meeting her.
* (literary) to gather; to assemble
* (Cantonese, Pingnan Min, vulgar) penis (sometimes especially erect) (Classifier: 轆／辘 c; 條／条 c)
    含鳩／含鸠 [Cantonese] ― ham$^4$ gau$^1$ [Jyutping] ― to suck a dick
* (Cantonese, vulgar) fucking (intensifier)
       mat$^1$ gau$^1$ si$^6$ aa$^3$ nei$^5$? [Jyutping]
       What the fuck is wrong with you?
* (Cantonese, vulgar) Negates the meaning of the sentence.
    sor鳩ry呀！／sor鸠ry呀！ [Cantonese] ― so$^1$ gau$^1$ li$^4$ aa$^3$! [Jyutping] ― so fucking sorry! (sarcastic)
* (Cantonese, vulgar) stupid; dumb
       ni$^1$ tou$^3$ hei$^3$ zan$^1$ hai$^6$ hou$^2$ gau$^1$. [Jyutping]
       This movie is so fucking dumb.
* (Cantonese, vulgar) recklessly
    鳩噏／鸠噏 [Cantonese] ― gau$^1$ ngap$^1$ [Jyutping] ― to talk shit
* (Cantonese, vulgar) unseriously
    鳩做份功課／鸠做份功课 [Cantonese] ― gau$^1$ zou$^6$ fan$^6$ gung$^1$ fo$^3$ [Jyutping] ― to do a piece of homework unseriously
* (Cantonese, vulgar) without aim or plan
    鳩行咗成日／鸠行咗成日 [Cantonese] ― gau$^1$ haang$^4$ zo$^2$ seng$^4$ jat$^6$ [Jyutping] ― to walk around aimlessly for the entire day
* (Cantonese, vulgar) thoughtlessly
    鳩撳粒掣／鸠揿粒掣 [Cantonese] ― gau$^1$ gam$^6$ lap$^1$ zai$^3$ [Jyutping] ― to press a button repeatedly and thoughtlessly
* (Cantonese, vulgar) unreasonably; lacking in reason
    一味鳩反／一味鸠反 [Cantonese] ― jat$^1$ mei$^{6-2}$ gau$^1$ faan$^2$ [Jyutping] ― to indiscriminately oppose without reason

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 玉莖, 陽具, 陽物, 陰體, 人道, 身根 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 陰莖, 陽具, 男根 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 雞巴, 卵子, 家伙, 帽兒, 大帽兒, 雀子 †, 小雞兒 †, 小蟲兒 † |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 雞雞, 屌, 肉棒, 老二, 命根, 命根子, 小弟弟, 小鳥 †, 小雞雞 † |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 雞巴, 雞巴嘚兒, 雞巴頭子, 嘚兒, 牛子, 老二, 二哥, 腿兒, 牛牛兒 †, 小牛子 †, 家雀兒 † |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 小鳥 † |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 屌, 小雞兒 †, 小雞雞 † |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 鴨子, 雞子, 雞巴, 屌, 小鴨兒 † |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 雞巴, 屌, 膀, 雞巴兒 †, 小雞兒雞兒 † |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 鴨子, 鴨兒 † |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 㞗, 錘子, 牛牛兒 † |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 雞巴, 㞗, 錘子, 雞雞 † |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 屌, 雞巴, 雞尜尜, 屌頭子, 老二, 二哥, 一家人兒, 打種的 dated, 小雞兒 †, 雞兒 †, 尜尜 †, 小老雀兒 †, 老雀兒 † |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 㞗 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 㞗, 雞巴, 雞雞 † |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 㞗, 牛牛子 † |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 㞗, 㞗把子, 錘子, 雞雞 †, 㞗㞗 † |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Jimsar | 㞗 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 錘子, 雞巴, 雞棍兒, 雞兒, 雀雀兒, 雀雀, 麻雀兒, 毛鰱魚, 老二, 㞗, 雞雞 †, 小雞兒 †, 小麻雀兒 †, 小雀雀兒 † |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 錘子, 卵, 鷄兒, 鴨兒, 雀雀兒, 鷄巴, 㞗, 牙刷兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 鴨蒂, 雞巴, 卵, 雀雀 †, 鴨鴨 †, 雞雞 † |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 雞巴, 大雞巴, 乾雞巴, 馬雞巴, 卵子, 㞗, 屌, 下二哥, 二哥, 甩甩, 錘錘 dated, 錘子 dated, 雞雞 †, 小雞兒 †, 雞兒 †, 麻雀 †, 小麻雀 †, 雀雀 † |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 鳥, 卵, 二老爺, 大頭蟲, 鳥崽 † |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 雞巴, 屌, 麻雀, 小麻雀兒 † |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 雞巴, 屌子, 屌, 卵子, 麻雀子 † |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 屌兒, 屌 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 屌, 雞巴, 尕尕雞 †, 尕雞 † |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Huanggang | 卵, 雞巴 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 鳩, 𨳍, 𡳞, 賓周, 小便, 祠堂, 脧 †, 脧脧 †, 鳩脧 †, 脧仔 †, 咕咕 †, 雀仔 †, 慈姑椗 † |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 鳩, 𨳍, 𡳞, 賓周, 周, 周周, 雀, 弟弟, 細佬, 何B仔, 子孫根, 祠堂, 第三隻腳, 第五肢, 是非根, J slang, 丁 slang, 丁丁 slang, 腸 slang, 腸仔 slang, 嘢 euphemistic, 脧 †, 脧脧 †, 脧脧仔 †, 咕咕 †, 雀仔 †, 慈姑椗 † |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 𡳞, 鵝仔 † |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 鵝仔, 𡳞 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 𡳞, 𡳞仔 † |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 𡳞 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 鳩 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 鳩, 𨳍 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 鳩 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 鳩 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 鳩 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 鳩 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 鳩 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 鳩 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 鳩, 𨳍 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 鳩 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 鳩, 𨳍 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 𨳍 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 鳩脧, 𨳍 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 𨳍, 鳩 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 雀, 𡳞 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 𡳞, 鳩 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 𡳞, 雀 †, 雀仔 † |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 𡳞, 𨳍 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 𡳞, 𨳍 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 𨳍 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 𡳞, 鵝必 † |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 𡳞 |
| Cantonese | Qingyuan | 鳩 |
| Cantonese | Fogang | 𨳍 |
| Cantonese | Yingde (Hanguang) | 鳩 |
| Cantonese | Yangshan | 巧 |
| Cantonese | Lianzhou (Qingshui; Sihui) | 巧 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan | 𨳍 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 鳩 |
| Cantonese | Renhua | 𡳞子 |
| Cantonese | Lechang | 雞巴, 𨳍 |
| Cantonese | Zhaoqing (Gaoyao) | 鳩 |
| Cantonese | Sihui | 巧, 鳩, 𨳍 |
| Cantonese | Guangning | 巧 |
| Cantonese | Deqing | 屌, 𨳍 |
| Cantonese | Huaiji | 鳩 |
| Cantonese | Fengkai (Nanfeng) | 鳩 |
| Cantonese | Yunfu | 𨳍 |
| Cantonese | Xinxing | 𨳍 |
| Cantonese | Luoding | 𨳍 |
| Cantonese | Yunan (Pingtai) | 鳩 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 鳩, 𨳍 |
| Cantonese | Xinyi | 𨳍 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 𨳍 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 咪, 鳩, 𨳍 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 鳩脧 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 𡳞, 鳩, 𨳍 |
| Cantonese | Ipoh (Guangfu) | 屌, 𨳍, 𡳞, 咕咕, 雀仔, 水喉, 大鵰, 賓周, 慈姑椗 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 𡳞, 鳩, 𨳍 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 賓周 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 卵, 卵雞子 †, 卵雞 † |
| Gan | Lichuan | 卵, 老二 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 卵, 卵仔 †, 雞仔 † |
| Hakka | Meixian | 𡳞棍, 𡳞仔, 𡳞, 脧, 脧仔 † |
| Hakka | Xingning | 脧哩, 𡳞棍 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 𡳞, 𡳞棍, 脧 †, 咕咕 † |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 𡳞棍, 脧仔 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 脧 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 脧 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Wuguishan) | 𡳞, 脧 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 𨳍 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Shuizhai) | 脧哩, 𡳞棍 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 脧哩, 脧, 𡳞棍 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Changbu) | 脧 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Mianyang) | 脧哩, 𡳞棍 |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 𡳞 |
| Hakka | Wengyuan | 𡳞子 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 𡳞棍 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 𡳞棍, 脧 |
| Hakka | Liannan | 脧子 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 𨳍 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 脧 |
| Hakka | Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) | 𡳞 |
| Hakka | Changting | 𡳞子, 𡳞 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 𡳞 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Yanqian) | 𡳞子 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 𡳞 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 𡳞, 脧 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 脧 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 卵, 卵子 †, 尒卵子 † |
| Hakka | Ningdu | 卵 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 卵陀 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 卵梗 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 卵 |
| Hakka | Tonggu (Sandu) | 卵子 |
| Hakka | Ganzhou (Panlong) | 卵 |
| Hakka | Dayu | 卵 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 𡳞, 脧, 脧仔 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Zaoqiao; N. Sixian) | 脧仔 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Touwu; N. Sixian) | 脧仔 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Nanzhuang; N. Sixian) | 𡳞棍 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Shitan; N. Sixian) | 𡳞棍 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Sanwan; N. Sixian) | 𡳞棍 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Toufen; N. Sixian) | 𡳞棍 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Gongguan; N. Sixian) | 𡳞, 𡳞棍, 脧仔 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Zhuolan; N. Sixian) | 𡳞棍, 脧仔 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 𡳞 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian) | 𡳞 |
| Hakka | Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian) | 𡳞, 脧仔 |
| Hakka | Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian) | 𡳞 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 𡳞棍 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 𡳞棍 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 𡳞棍 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Zhuolan; Raoping) | 脧 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 脧子 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 𡳞, 脧 † |
| Hakka | Mengshan (Xihe) | 𡳞 |
| Hakka | Luchuan | 脧 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Bao'an) | 𡳞棍, 𡳞 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Longchuan) | 脧仔 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 𡳞棍 |
| Hakka | Singkawang | 脧 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 鳥, 老八鳥, 八鳥 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 鳥 |
| Huizhou | Huangshan (Tunxi) | 雞兒, 鳥兒 |
| Huizhou | Xiuning | 鳥, 卵, 雞兒, 雞雞 †, 下身 euphemistic |
| Huizhou | Yixian | 卵 |
| Huizhou | Qimen | 屌兒 |
| Huizhou | Wuyuan | 菩蒂 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 㞗, 雞巴, 雀兒, 雞雞 †, 狗雞兒 † |
| Jin | Taiyuan (Jiancaoping) | 雞巴, 㞗 |
| Jin | Pingyao | 㞗兒, 秤桿, 狗雞兒 †, 雞兒 †, 狗雞雞 † |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 㞗, 雞巴, 雞雞, 二掌櫃, 小腹, 雞溜子 †, 雞溜 †, 毛㞗 of an adult |
| Jin | Shenmu | 㞗, 屌子, 雞溜子, 雞雞 †, 沙奶奶 † |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 𫵓, 𫵓仔, 𫵓𫵓仔 † |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou (Dikou) | 𫵓 |
| Northern Min | Songxi | 𫵓 |
| Northern Min | Zhenghe | 𫵓 |
| Northern Min | Zhenghe (Zhenqian) | 𫵓牯 |
| Northern Min | Jianyang | 𫵓 |
| Northern Min | Wuyishan | 脧 |
| Northern Min | Pucheng (Shibei) | 脧 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 欛欛, 䐯鳥, 欛欛囝 †, 鳥鳥囝 †, 䐯鳥囝 † |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou (Changle) | 欛欛囝 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 䐯, 鳥 † |
| Eastern Min | Yongtai | 䐯鳥 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 䐯鳥 |
| Eastern Min | Fu'an | 䐯鳥 |
| Eastern Min | Ningde | 䐯 |
| Eastern Min | Shouning | 䐯鳥 |
| Eastern Min | Zhouning | 䐯鳥 |
| Eastern Min | Fuding | 䐯䐯, 䐯鳥 |
| Eastern Min | Matsu | 欛欛 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 𡳞鳥, 𡳞𦉎, 𡳞, 鳥仔 † |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 𡳞鳥 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 𡳞鳥, 𡳞𦉎, 𡳞, 鳥仔 † |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 𡳞鳥 |
| Southern Min | Anxi | 𡳞鳥 |
| Southern Min | Yongchun | 𡳞鳥 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 𡳞鳥, 𡳞𦉎, 𡳞, 鳥仔 † |
| Southern Min | Zhangpu | 𡳞 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 𡳞鳥 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 𡳞鳥, 𡳞鳥仔 † |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 𡳞鳥 |
| Southern Min | Taipei (Wanhua) | 𡳞鳥 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Tamsui) | 𡳞鳥 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 𡳞鳥 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Pingxi) | 𡳞鳥 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 𡳞鳥 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Cijin) | 𡳞鳥 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang) | 𡳞鳥 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang) | 𡳞鳥 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Tianliao) | 𡳞鳥 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 𡳞鳥 |
| Southern Min | Yilan (Luodong) | 𡳞鳥 |
| Southern Min | Yilan (Toucheng) | 𡳞鳥 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 𡳞鳥 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 𡳞鳥 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 𡳞鳥 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 𡳞鳥, 戛, 訶 |
| Southern Min | Tainan (Anping) | 𡳞鳥 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 𡳞鳥 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 𡳞鳥 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 𡳞鳥 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 𡳞鳥 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Xiyu) | 𡳞鳥 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 𡳞鳥, 𡳞, 小弟, 咕咕鳥, 咕咕 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 𡳞鳥, 𡳞, 弟弟, 小弟, 咕咕鳥 †, childish |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 𡳞鳥 |
| Southern Min | Zhangping (Yongfu) | 𡳞, 𡳞公仔 † |
| Southern Min | Datian | 𡳞鳥 |
| Southern Min | Pingnan (Shangdu) | 鳩 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 𡳞鳥, 𡳞 |
| Southern Min | Raoping | 𡳞鳥, 𡳞 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 𡳞鳥, 𡳞 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 𡳞 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 𡳞鳥 |
| Southern Min | Nan'ao (Houzhai) | 𡳞 |
| Southern Min | Nan'ao (Yun'ao) | 𡳞 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 𡳞鳥, 𡳞, 鳥 †, 龜鳥 † |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 𡳞鳥 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 鳥, 𡳞, 𡳞鳥囝 † |
| Southern Min | Chiang Mai (Teochew) | 𡳞 |
| Southern Min | Hat Yai (Teochew) | 𡳞, 𡳞鳥囝 † |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 𡳞 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 𡳞鳥, 𡳞 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 𡳞, 鳥, 殼車, 家私, 尻川柄 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 頹 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 頹, 鳥 † |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 𡳞, 𡳞囝 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang) | 𡳞, 𡳞鳥, 𡳞鳥囝 † |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang) | 𡳞, 𡳞囝 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu) | 𡳞, 𡳞囝, 𡳞鳥 †, 𡳞鳥囝 † |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 𡳞, 𡳞鳥, 𡳞鳥囝 † |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Fengting) | 𡳞, 𡳞鳥, 𡳞鳥囝 † |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Youyang) | 𡳞, 𡳞鳥, 𡳞鳥囝 † |
| Central Min | Yong'an | 脧 |
| Central Min | Sanming (Sanyuan) | 脧 |
| Central Min | Sanming (Shaxian) | 脧仔 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Sanxiang) | 卵, 卵脬 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 𨳍, 麻鳥, 二老弟, 慈姑椗 † |
| Shehua | Fu'an | 𡳞仔 |
| Shehua | Fuding | 𡳞仔 |
| Shehua | Luoyuan | 𡳞仔 |
| Shehua | Sanming | 𡳞仔 |
| Shehua | Shunchang | 𡳞仔 |
| Shehua | Hua'an | 𡳞仔 |
| Shehua | Guixi (Zhangping) | 𡳞仔 |
| Shehua | Cangnan | 𡳞仔 |
| Shehua | Jingning (Hexi) | 𡳞 |
| Shehua | Lishui | 𡳞 |
| Shehua | Longyou | 𡳞鳥 |
| Shehua | Chaozhou | 𡳞仔 |
| Shehua | Fengshun | 𡳞仔 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 卵, 屌屌 †, 屌屌頭 †, 小雞雞 †, 麻鳥 † |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 卵, 卵子, 卵卵 †, 小尿螺 † |
| Wu | Suzhou | 卵, 鳥, 雞雞 †, 小卵 †, 長生果 † |
| Wu | Wuxi | 卵 |
| Wu | Danyang | 卵, 卵子, 屌子, 屌, 雞巴, 雞雞 †, 小雀雀 †, 雀雀 †, 八八 †, 八雞 † |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 雀兒, 八屌, 卵脬, 小八屌 †, 麻雀兒 †, 麻油壺兒 † |
| Wu | Ningbo | 卵, 卵子, 卵瓜瓜 †, 瓜瓜 † |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 頹, 卵脬, 卵脬兒, 臀卵脬, 脬兒 †, 脬脬兒 †, 奶哥鳥兒 † |
| Wu | Jinhua | 老八兒, 聊子, 雀, 雞巴, 八兒八兒 † |
| Xiang | Changsha | 卵, 雞巴, 掉它, 太鬍子, 雞雞 †, 鳥鳥 †, 鳥 †, 梗梗 † |
| Xiang | Loudi | 雞巴, 卵, 勺欛腦殼, 雞雞 †, 雞崽唧 † |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 卵子, 雞蓀子 † |
| Xiang | Quanzhou | 屌把 |
| Note | † - of a boy | † - of a boy |

### Compounds

* 尸鳩之仁 (shījiū zhī rén)
* 尸鳩之平 (shījiū zhī píng)
* 山鳩 / 山鸠
* 戇鳩 / 戆鸠
* 戇鳩鳩 / 戆鸠鸠
* 斑頸鳩 / 斑颈鸠
* 斑鳩 / 斑鸠 (bānjiū, “turtledove”)
* 斑鳩跌彈 / 斑鸠跌弹
* 森鳩 / 森鸠
* 班鳩跌彈 / 班鸠跌弹
* 皇鳩 / 皇鸠 (huángjiū)
* 關……鳩事 / 关……鸠事
* 雎鳩 / 雎鸠 (jūjiū)
* 雉鳩 / 雉鸠 (zhìjiū)
* 鳩佔鵲巢 / 鸠占鹊巢 (jiūzhànquècháo)
* 鳩僭鵲巢 / 鸠僭鹊巢 (jiūjiànquècháo)
* 鳩占鵲巢 / 鸠占鹊巢 (jiūzhànquècháo)
* 鳩合 / 鸠合 (jiūhé)
* 鳩嗚 / 鸠呜
* 鳩噏 / 鸠噏
* 鳩奪鵲巢 / 鸠夺鹊巢 (jiūduóquècháo)
* 鳩居 / 鸠居
* 鳩居鵲巢 / 鸠居鹊巢 (jiūjūquècháo)
* 鳩屎 / 鸠屎
* 鳩工 / 鸠工
* 鳩工庀材 / 鸠工庀材
* 鳩形鵠面 / 鸠形鹄面
* 鳩拙 / 鸠拙 (jiūzhuó)
* 鳩斂 / 鸠敛
* 鳩杖 / 鸠杖
* 鳩槃荼 / 鸠槃荼 (jiūpántú)
* 鳩率 / 鸠率
* 鳩集 / 鸠集 (jiūjí)
* 鳲鳩 / 鸤鸠 (shījiū)
* 鳴鳩 / 鸣鸠 (míngjiū)
* 鵠面鳩形 / 鹄面鸠形
* 鵲巢鳩占 / 鹊巢鸠占 (quècháojiūzhàn)
* 鵲笑鳩舞 / 鹊笑鸠舞
* 鶻鳩 / 鹘鸠 (gǔjiū)
* 鷽鳩笑鵬 / 鸴鸠笑鹏 (xuéjiūxiàopéng)

### Descendants

* →? Proto-Hmong: *ɴquᴬ (“pigeon”)

### References

* “鳩”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: く (ku)
* Kan-on: きゅう (kyū)
* Kun: はと (hato, 鳩)、あつめる (atsumeru, 鳩める)
* Nanori: やす (yasu)

#### Compounds

* 鳩尾(みぞおち) (mizoochi)
* 斑鳩(いかる) (ikaru), 斑鳩(いかるが) (ikaruga)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 鳩
* はと Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 鴿
⟨pato$_1$⟩ → */patʷo/ → /ɸato/ → /hato/
From Old Japanese, appears in the Kojiki of 712 CE. In turn, from Proto-Japonic *pato.
Possibly ultimately from はたはた (hatahata), an onomatopoeia for the sound of a dove or pigeon's wings in flight.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) はと [háꜜtò] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ha̠to̞]
* This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.

#### Noun

鳩(はと) or 鳩(ハト) • (hato)
* pigeon, dove (bird of genus Columba)

##### Usage notes

* As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as ハト.

##### Derived terms

* 鳩(はと)車(ぐるま) (hatoguruma, “pigeon cart”)
* 鳩(はと)小(ご)屋(や) (hatogoya, “dovecote”)
* 鳩(はと)根(こん)性(じょう) (hato konjō): “pigeon-spirited” → appearing composed while harboring resentment
* はと座(ざ) (Hato-za): the Dove or Columba constellation
* 鳩(はと)酒(ざけ) (hatozake): an old kind of medicine, wherein a pigeon would be tenderized and the bones broken, then the whole carcass would be covered in sake and miso and stewed, purportedly used to treat back pain and poor circulation in the extremities
* 鳩(はと)染(ぞ)め (hatozome): “pigeon dyeing” → dyeing, or something dyed, in the colors of the turtledove or Japanese green pigeon
* 鳩時計(はととけい) (hato tokei)
* 鳩(はと)派(は) (hatoha): (politics) the doves (proponents of peace; as opposed to the hawks, proponents of war)
* 鳩(はと)羽(ば)色(いろ) (hatobairo, “pigeon-wing color → a dark blue-gray”)
* 鳩(はと)笛(ぶえ) (hatobue, “pigeon flute”)
* 鳩(はと)吹(ふ)く (hatofuku, “to make a dove call”, such as by blowing a kind of whistle formed by one's cupped hands)
* 鳩麦(ハトムギ) (hatomugi, “pigeon barley → Job's tears, tear grass”)
* 鳩(はと)胸(むね) (hatomune)
* 烏鳩(カラスバト) (karasubato)
* 河原鳩(カワラバト) (kawarabato)
* 雉鳩(キジバト) (kijibato)
* 小鳩(こばと) (kobato)
* 数珠掛鳩(ジュズカケバト) (juzukakebato)
* 蓑鳩(ミノバト) (minobato)
* 森鳩(モリバト) (moribato)
* 山鳩(やまばと) (yamabato)
* 旅行鳩(リョコウバト) (ryokōbato)

##### Idioms

* 鳩(はと)が豆(まめ)鉄(てっ)砲(ぽう)を食(く)ったよう (hato ga mameteppō o kutta yō, “like a pigeon that ate a peashooter → dumbfounded, taken by surprise”)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 鳩
* きゅう Jinmeiyō
* kan'on
/kiu/ → /kʲuː/
From Middle Chinese 鳩 (MC kjuw).

#### Affix

鳩(きゅう) • (kyū)
* pigeon, dove
* (by extension) gather together (from the way that pigeons flock together)

##### Derived terms

* 鳩(きゅう)居(きょ) (kyūkyo, “pigeon in a magpie's nest; living in a rented house or apartment”)
* 鳩(きゅう)合(ごう) (kyūgō)
* 鳩(きゅう)舎(しゃ) (kyūsha)
* 鳩(きゅう)車(しゃ) (kyūsha, “pigeon cart”)
* 鳩(きゅう)首(しゅ) (kyūshu, “putting heads together, consulting in a group”)

### References

* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ “ハト・鳩”, in 日本辞典 (Nihon Jiten, “Japan Dictionary”) (in Japanese), 2007–2017.
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

鳩 • (gu) (hangeul 구, revised gu, McCune–Reischauer ku, Yale kwu)
* pigeon, dove
* collect, assemble

## Vietnamese
### Han character

鳩: Hán Nôm readings: cưu
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.