# ad-
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin ad-. Doublet of at-.

### Prefix

ad-
* (no longer productive) Doing, enacting, forming a verb.
    accouple, admarginate, admixture, attune
* Near, close to, adjacent.
    adaxonal, addental, admedial
* Towards in direction or movement. (anatomy) Towards the midline of the body.
    adapical, adfluvial, adgerminal
* (no longer productive) Intensifying, additionally.
    acclaim, adsignification, adspection
* Along, alongside.
    admarginal, adnervular, adstratum
* Appending and/or prepending. Adding from either side.
    adfix, adposition, affix
* Modifying.
    adnominal, adverb, assoil
* Atop or above in position.
    adatom, adcumulate, aggrade

#### Derived terms

* accident
* acclaim
* accouple
* accrue
* acculturation
* adjust
* admarginate
* admix
* admixture
* adopt
* affix
* append
* arrest
* attrap
* attune
* adambulacral
* adanal
* adaxial
* adaxonal
* adcloacal
* addental
* adepithelial
* adessive
* admaxillary
* admedial
* admedially
* admedian
* admesal
* adneural
* adoral
* adrectal
* adrenal
* adrostral
* adsymphysial
* appropinquity
* adapical
* adaxial
* adbasal
* adcauline
* adfluvial
* adfreeze
* adgerminal
* adluminal
* adluminally
* admesial
* accend
* acclaim
* adsignification
* adspection
* admarginal
* adnervular
* adstratal
* adstratum
* adfix
* adposition
* affix
* adnominal
* adverb
* assoil
* adatom
* adcumulate
* aggrade

#### Translations
### References

* “ad-”, in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th edition, Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 2000, →ISBN.
* “ad-”, in Dictionary.com Unabridged, Dictionary.com, LLC, 1995–present.

### Anagrams

* D. A., D.A., DA, Da, da

## Catalan
### Prefix

ad-
* ad-

## Ido
### Etymology

Prefix form of ad. Also based on Latin ad-.

### Prefix

ad-
* to (indicating that to which there is movement, tendency or position, with or without arrival)
    portar (“carry, bear”) → adportar (“bring, carry (to a person or place)”)
    ube (“where”) → adube (“where to (with motion), whither”)

#### Derived terms
## Latin
### Alternative forms

(forms assimilated to a following consonant, in descending order of frequency)
* ap-, at-, ac-
* al-, ar-
* ag-, as-, af-
** a- (before /ɡn/ or /sC/; cf. agnoscō, astō)
* am-, an- (uncommon)
* ab- (very rare)

### Etymology

Prefixed form of the preposition ad (“to, towards”). This prefix also appears in other Italic languages, entailing the reconstruction of Proto-Italic *ad- as a prefix.

### Prefix

ad-
* to
* usually prefixed to verbs, in which cases it often has the effect of intensifying the verbal action

### References

* ↑ Pages 170‒1 of Cser, András (2020). The phonology of Classical Latin. Transactions of the Philological Society. 118: 1–218.

## Lushootseed
### Prefix

ad-
* your (singular)

## Luwian
### Alternative forms

* az-, at-, ad-(ti)

### Etymology

From Proto-Anatolian *h₁(é)d-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ed- (“to eat”).

### Root

ad-
* to eat

#### Forms

* (participle) 𒀀𒁕𒄠𒈪𒅔𒍣 (a-da-am-mi-in-zi)
* (3rd person plural imperative) 𒀀𒁕𒀭𒁺 (a-da-an-du, “they eat!”)
* (infinitive) 𒀀𒁺𒈾 (a-du-na, “to eat”)
* (2nd person singular present) 𒊍𒍝𒀸𒋾𒅖 (az-za-aš-ti-iš, “you eat”)

## Old Irish
### Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *ad-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd (“near, at”). Cognates include Latin ad and English at.

### Prefix

ad-
* to, towards
* in many compounds, it has a purely intensive sense
* augment infix used instead of ro- on verbs whose first prefix is com- and the stressed syllable starts with a consonant
    ‎con·birt (“you conceived”) + ‎ad- → ‎con·abairt (“you have conceived”) (forms of con·beir)
    ‎con·melt (“(s)he rubbed”) + ‎ad- → ‎con·amailt (“(s)he had rubbed”) (forms of con·meil)
    ‎·coscrad (“not destroyed”) + ‎ad- → ‎·comscarad (“had not destroyed”) (past subjunctive prototonic forms of con·scara)
    ‎con·gab (“it contained”) + ‎ad- → ‎con·acab (“it had contained”) (forms of con·gaib)
    ‎*·cotla + ‎ad- → ‎·comthala (subjunctive forms of con·tuili (“to sleep”))

#### Usage notes

* ad-, when used as an augment affix, vanishes in prototonic forms due to syncope. However, its presence may be detected via the different syncope patterns between forms augmented with ad- and those that were not.
* In deuterotonic verbs where ad- is the first prefix and the next sound is /t/, the d in the prefix may be dropped in its spelling.

#### Descendants

* Irish: a- (no longer productive)

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “ad-”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## Portuguese
### Alternative forms

* a-

### Prefix

ad-
* ad- (near; at)

## Welsh
### Alternative forms

* at-

### Etymology

From Proto-Brythonic *ate-, from Proto-Celtic *ati-. from Proto-Indo-European *éti. Cognate with Cornish as-, English ed-, Latin et (“and”), Sanskrit अति (ati, “over-”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ad/

### Prefix

ad-
* again, back, re-
    Synonym: ail-
    ‎ad- + ‎llais (“voice”) → ‎adlais (“echo”)
    ‎ad- + ‎talu (“to pay”) → ‎ad-dalu (“to refund”)
    ‎ad- + ‎blas (“taste”) → ‎adflas (“aftertaste”)
* affirmative prefix, emphasises prefixed word
    ‎ad- + ‎cas (“hated, nasty”) → ‎atgas (“hateful, detestable”)

#### Derived terms
### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* ↑ Morris Jones, John (1913) A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, § 156 i (1)
* ↑ Morris Jones, John (1913) A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, § 222 i (3)

## Ye'kwana
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ad-]

### Prefix

ad-
* (Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of adh-