# 司馬
## Chinese

* 司馬 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 司馬 (Cantonese)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): sīmǎ
    (Zhuyin): ㄙ ㄇㄚˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): si$^1$ maa$^5$
* Jin (Wiktionary): si$^1$ ma$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): su-má / sir-má
    (Teochew, Peng'im): se$^1$ bhê$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: sīmǎ
*** Zhuyin: ㄙ ㄇㄚˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sihmǎ
*** Wade–Giles: ssŭ$^1$-ma$^3$
*** Yale: sz̄-mǎ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: symaa
*** Palladius: сыма (syma)
*** Sinological IPA : /sz̩⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: si$^1$ maa$^5$
*** Yale: sī máh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: si$^1$ maa$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: xi$^1$ ma$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /siː⁵⁵ maː¹³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: si$^1$ ma$^2$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /sz̩¹¹ ma⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: su-má
*** Tâi-lô: su-má
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sumar
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /su⁴⁴⁻²² mã⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /su⁴⁴⁻³³ mã⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /su⁴⁴⁻³³ mã⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sir-má
*** Tâi-lô: sir-má
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /sɯ³³ mã⁵⁵⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: se$^1$ bhê$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sṳ bé
*** Sinological IPA : /sɯ³³⁻²³ be⁵²/
* Middle Chinese: si maeX
Rime :
| Character | 司 | 馬 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 心 (16) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 之 (19) | 麻 (98) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | II |
| Fanqie | 息兹切 | 莫下切 |
| Baxter | si | maeX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /sɨ/ | /mˠa$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /sɨ/ | /mᵚa$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /sie/ | /ma$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /sɨ/ | /maɨ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /siə/ | /ma$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /sĭə/ | /ma$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /si/ | /ma$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | sī | mǎ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | si$^1$ | maa$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-lə mˤraʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*slɯ mraːʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 司 | 馬 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | sī | mǎ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ si › | ‹ mæ$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*s-lə/ | /*mˁraʔ/ |
| English | superintend | horse |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 司 | 馬 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 11951 | 8715 |
| Phonetic component | 司 | 馬 |
| Rime group | 之 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 思 | 馬 |
| Old Chinese | /*slɯ/ | /*mraːʔ/ |

### Noun

司馬
* (archaic) Grand Marshal (an important official post during the Han Dynasty)
* (archaic) Major (a low-level position within a commandery; the person in this position handled military affairs within the commandery)

#### Synonyms

* 典午 (diǎnwǔ)

#### Derived terms

* 司馬昭之心 / 司马昭之心 (Sīmǎ Zhāo zhī xīn)
* 司馬晉 / 司马晋 (Sīmǎ Jìn)
* 司馬法 / 司马法
* 司馬門 / 司马门
* 司馬青衫 / 司马青衫
* 大司馬 / 大司马 (dàsīmǎ)
* 文君司馬 / 文君司马
* 江州司馬 / 江州司马

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 司馬(しば) (shiba)
* → Korean: 사마(司馬) (sama)
(Others)
* → Tocharian B: simā

### Proper noun

司馬
* a surname, Sima
    司馬遷／司马迁 ― Sīmǎ Qiān ― Sima Qian (author of the Records of the Grand Historian)
    司馬懿／司马懿 ― Sīmǎ Yì ― Sima Yi (politician during the Three Kingdoms period)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 司馬(しば) (Shiba)
* → Korean: 사마(司馬) (Sama)
* → Vietnamese: Tư Mã (司馬)
Others:
* → Bouyei: Siymaj
* → English: Sima, Szema
* → Zhuang: Swhmaj

### Adjective

司馬
* (Mandarin, Internet slang, vulgar) Alternative form of 死媽 / 死妈 (sǐmā) (see 你媽死了／你妈死了 for details)

### References

* Government of the Han Dynasty on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* Sima (surname) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 司 | 馬 |
| し Grade: 4 | ば Grade: 2 |
| kan'on ||

### Etymology

Literary Chinese 司馬 (sīmǎ)

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しば [shíꜜbà] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ɕiba̠]

### Noun

司(し)馬(ば) • (shiba)
* (historical, government, religion, military) a position in feudal China, responsible for certain bureaucratic, religious and military affairs
    Holonym: 三公
    Coordinate terms: 司空, 司徒
* (historical, government) Synonym of 掾 (jō, “third-in-command of a 国司 (kokushi, “governorship”)”) (唐名 (karana, “Chinese designation”))

### Proper noun

司(し)馬(ば) • (Shiba)
* a surname from Chinese
    司(し)馬(ば)遷(せん)
       Shiba Sen
       Sima Qian
    司(し)馬(ば)懿(い)
       Shiba I
       Sima Yi
    司(し)馬(ば)江(こう)漢(かん)
       Shiba Kōkan
       (please add an English translation of this example)
    司(し)馬(ば)凌(りょう)海(かい)
       Shiba Ryōkai
       (please add an English translation of this example)

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 司 | 馬 |

### Proper noun

司馬 • (Sama) (hangeul 사마)
* hanja form of 사마