# -n
## English
### Etymology 1

From Middle English -n, from Old English -n, rare alternative form of Old English -en (“-en”). More at -en.

#### Suffix

-n
* Alternative form of -en
    ‎silver + ‎-n → ‎silvern

### Etymology 2
#### Suffix

-n
* Alternative form of -an, adjective or noun suffix meaning "of or pertaining to", used with words which already end in a.
    ‎Java + ‎-n → ‎Javan
    ‎Burma + ‎-n → ‎Burman
    ‎Minnesota + ‎-n → ‎Minnesotan
    ‎Russia + ‎-n → ‎Russian

### Etymology 3

From Middle English -n, -en, from Old English -n, -en and Old Norse -inn, both from Proto-Germanic *-anaz, *-inaz, past participle ending of strong verbs. Cognate with Dutch -en, German -en, Swedish -en, Icelandic -inn.

#### Suffix

-n
* Alternative form of -en (past participle ending)
    ‎grow + ‎-n → ‎grown
    ‎show + ‎-n → ‎shown
    ‎slow + ‎-n → ‎slown

##### Derived terms
## Azerbaijani
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [n]

### Suffix

-n
* Postvocalic form of -il.

#### Derived terms

See -il.

## Basque
### Alternative forms

* -en (see usage notes)

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Pronoun

-n
* what, which, that
    Eman didazun liburua irakurtzen ari naiz. ― I'm reading the book that you gave me.
    Esaten dizudana egia da. ― What I'm telling you is true.
* Used to form indirect questions.
    Ez dakit nor zaren. ― I don't know who you are.

#### Usage notes

The form taken by this clitic depends on the ending of the verbal form to which it is attached.
* In verb forms ending with -ke, the result is -keen.
    ‎naiteke (“I can be”) + ‎-n → ‎naitekeen (“which I can be”).
* In verb forms ending with -n (excluding second-person singular informal feminine forms, see below), the ending doesn't change.
    ‎nintzen (“I was”) + ‎-n → ‎nintzen (“which I was”).
* In verb forms ending with -t, the result is -dan.
    ‎dakit (“I know it”) + ‎-n → ‎dakidan (“which I know”).
* In second-person singular informal forms, the endings in -k or -n become -an and -nan respectively.
    ‎duk (“you (masculine) have it”) + ‎-n → ‎duan (“which you (masculine) have”).
    ‎dun (“you (feminine) have it”) + ‎-n → ‎dunan (“which you (feminine) have”).
* In verb forms ending in -u where the ending is not related to the -gu, -zu person markers, the result is -uen.
    ‎ditu (“he has them”) + ‎-n → ‎dituen (“which he has”).
* In auxiliary forms ending in -a the ending becomes -en.
    ‎dira (“they are”) + ‎-n → ‎diren (“which they are”).
* All other forms ending in a vowel take the suffix -n and those ending in -z the variant -en.
    ‎naiz (“I am”) + ‎-n → ‎naizen (“which I am”).
    ‎zarete (“you are”) + ‎-n → ‎zareten (“which you are”).
    ‎dakartza (“he carries them”) + ‎-n → ‎dakartzan (“which he carries”).

#### Declension

This pronoun needs an inflection-table template.

#### Derived terms

* -nean (“when”)
* -nez (“as”)
* -nik

### Further reading

* “adizkiaren forma-aldaketak, aditz laguntzailea + menderagailuak (-(e)n, -(e)la, -(e)lako...) elartzean”, in Euskara Batuaren Eskuliburua [Handbook of Standard Basque], Euskaltzaindia, 2023

## Bavarian
### Etymology

From Middle High German -en, a merger of various infinitive forms in Old High German. Cognates include German -en, -n and Luxembourgish -en.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-n/, /-n̩/

### Suffix

-n
* Used to form verbs.

#### Derived terms
## Chuukese
### Suffix

-n
* Alternative form of -en

## Emilian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /n/

### Pronoun

-n (adverbial)
* (enclitic, after a vowel) Alternative form of in
    Manjēn un pōk! ― Eat some of it! (imperative, plural)

## Esperanto
### Etymology

From Ancient Greek -ν (-n) (masculine and feminine accusative ending) and/or German -en (masculine accusative ending).

### Suffix

-n
* accusative ending
    ŝtono / li ĵetas la ŝtononstone / he throws the stone
    afabla / mi renkontis la afablajn virinojnkind / I met the kind women
* ending indicating destination: in the direction of, and arriving at
    tablo / la kato saltis sur tablontable / the cat jumped on(to) a table
    fridujo / ŝi metos la botelojn da lakto en la fridujonrefrigerator / she will put the bottles of milk in(to) the refrigerator

## Finnish
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *-n, conflated from Proto-Uralic *-n (genitive suffix) and from Proto-Uralic *-m (accusative suffix).

#### Suffix

-n
* Used to form the genitive case.
    talon ovi (talo (“house”)) ― the house's door
    tytön takki (tyttö (“girl”)) ― the girl's coat
    käden sormet (käsi (“hand”)) ― the hand's fingers
* Used to form the accusative case in the singular.
    Näin tytön. ― I saw a/the girl.
    Tapasin poikani eilen. ― I met my son yesterday.

##### Usage notes

* (genitive):
** See the appendix on Finnish nominal cases for more information on how the genitive case is used.
** Attached to the weak stem (the stem with the weak grade, except for words with inverse gradation).
** When possessive suffixes are used, the genitive suffix is replaced by the possessive suffix, but the genitive stem is used nonetheless.
    taloni ― my house, tyttösi ― your daughter, kätensä ― his/her hand
* (accusative):
** See the appendix on Finnish nominal cases for more information on how the accusative case is used.
** The genitive singular and accusative singular have become identical in modern Finnish (they have undergone syncretism), but from a diachronic standpoint they are distinct suffixes. The object of a transitive verb may look also like the nominative but is still called the accusative in traditional grammars (see also Appendix:Finnish nominal cases#Accusative). There's also the partial object, which uses the partitive case. For the accusative forms of personal pronouns and the interrogative pronoun ken, see -t.
** -t is used for the accusative plural, which is always identical in form to the nominative plural.

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Finnic *-n, probably of the same origin as the genitive suffix (see -n, etymology 1). The instructive singular only exists for a few nouns in modern Finnish (such as jalan from jalka); the case is usually used in the plural (-in).

#### Suffix

-n
* Used to form the instructive case, usually only in the plural.
    Pääsin ojan yli kuivin jaloin.I could cross the ditch with dry feet.

##### Usage notes

* See the appendix on Finnish nominal cases for more information on how the instructive case is used.
* The only occasion (in Standard Finnish) where this suffix is used with a possessive suffix — without being to be translated — is the idiom käydä päinsä (“to be acceptable”) (the instructive plural of pää + possessive suffix -nsa).

### Etymology 3

From Proto-Finnic *-n, from Proto-Uralic *-m, probably conneced to the first-person singular personal pronoun minä.

#### Suffix

-n
* (personal) the first-person singular suffix for verbs
    luen ― I read
    kadotin ― I lost/misplaced
    en mene ― I will not go

##### See also

* -t
* -mme
* -tte
* -vat

##### Further reading

* Wikipedia article on Finnish grammar

### Etymology 4
#### Suffix

-n
* Alternative form of -ne (diminutive nominal suffix)

## Garo
### Suffix

-n
* emphasis marker
    Uan re·angahaHe did go away
    Napbabo, da·on!Come in, right now!

## German
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [n]
* Audio:(file)

### Suffix

-n
* Alternative form of -en

#### Usage notes

* Used after -er, -el except in adjectives, where it is uncommon. Also used after vowels and vowel + -r, -l, but chiefly restricted to dated, poetic, or colloquial usage (except in Herrn, sein, tun).
* The use after reduced -e (as in Affe → Affen) is more often interpreted in such a way that -e is deleted before the suffix -en, because the same happens before other suffixes (cf. Äffin, Äffchen). However, it may also be interpreted as -e + -n.

## Hungarian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [n]

### Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Suffix

-n (superessive case suffix)
* on. Forms the superessive case from nouns, adjectives, participles, and certain pronouns.
    ‎hajó (“ship”) + ‎-n → ‎hajón (“on [the] ship”)

##### Usage notes

* (superessive case suffix) Variants:
    -n is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.
    -on is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -en is added to unrounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -ön is added to rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant
| Case | Back vowel a, á, o, ó, u, ú | Front vowel | Front vowel |
| Case | Back vowel a, á, o, ó, u, ú | unrounded e, é, i, í | rounded ö, ő, ü, ű |
| nominative | — | — | — |
| accusative | -t | -t | -t |
| accusative | -ot / -at | -et | -öt |
| dative | -nak | -nek | -nek |
| instrumental | -val | -vel | -vel |
| causal-final | -ért | -ért | -ért |
| translative | -vá | -vé | -vé |
| terminative | -ig | -ig | -ig |
| essive-formal | -ként | -ként | -ként |
| essive-modal | -ul | -ül | -ül |
| inessive | -ban | -ben | -ben |
| superessive | -n | -n | -n |
| superessive | -on | -en | -ön |
| adessive | -nál | -nél | -nél |
| illative | -ba | -be | -be |
| sublative | -ra | -re | -re |
| allative | -hoz | -hez | -höz |
| elative | -ból | -ből | -ből |
| delative | -ról | -ről | -ről |
| ablative | -tól | -től | -től |
| Note for all endings: Stem-final -a/-e changes to -á-/-é-, respectively, except before -ként.  alma — almában, but almaként  zene ― zenében, but zeneként ||||

#### See also

* Category:Hungarian terms taking -n/-on/-en/-ön
* Category:Hungarian noun forms
$^1$Ő and őt refer to human beings; the forms below them might be construed likewise. Forms in parentheses are uncommon. All Hungarian pronouns /

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Suffix

-n
* (deadjectival adverb-forming suffix) Added to an adjective to form an adverb.
    ‎ritka (“rare”) + ‎-n → ‎ritkán (“rarely”)
* (denumeral and depronominal adverb-forming suffix) Added to a numeral to form an adverb.
    mindnyája (“all of us/you/them”, obsolete) → mindnyájan (“all of us/you/them”, as an adverb, compare “in full”)

##### Usage notes

* (deadjectival adverb-forming suffix) Variants:
    -n is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.
    -an is added to most back-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -on is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -en is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant, as well as some front-vowel words ending in a vowel. Their original word-final vowel may be lost (e.g. könnyű) or supplemented with a consonant (e.g. bő, hű).
* (denumeral and depronominal adverb-forming suffix) Variants:
    -n is added to some (very few) words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.
    -an is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -en is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant, as well as some front-vowel words ending in a vowel. Their original word-final vowel may be lost (e.g. kettő).

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 3
#### Suffix

-n
* (personal suffix, chiefly dialectal or archaic) Forms the indefinite third-person singular suffix (currently only in the imperative mood as part of -jen, formerly also occurring in the indicative).
    jön (“he/she/it comes / is coming”)
    lőn (“he/she/it became or came into being”, archaic)

##### Usage notes

* (personal suffix) Variants:
    -n is added to certain irregular stems
    -on is added to back-vowel words
    -en is added to unrounded front-vowel words
    -ön is added to rounded front-vowel words

#### See also

* Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

## Ido
### Etymology

From Esperanto -n, from German -en, Ancient Greek -ν (-n).

### Suffix

-n
* suffix forming accusative

#### Usage notes

The accusative ending in Ido is only required if the speaker breaks the subject–object word order in Ido, one can not use the accusative ending if the word order is followed. E.g.
* La hundo chasas la skurelo. ― The dog chases the squirrel.
* La skurelon chasas la hundo. ― The dog chases the squirrel.

## Ingrian
### Suffix

-n
* Alternative spelling of -nna

#### Usage notes

* May trigger vowel elongation of the preceding vowel.

#### Inflection
### References

* V. I. Junus (1936) Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka‎, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 44

## Japanese
### Romanization

-n
* Rōmaji transcription of ん
* Rōmaji transcription of ン

## Mokilese
### Etymology

From Proto-Oceanic *-ña (used to mark third person singular inalienable possession)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-n/

### Suffix

-n
* used to form the construct state of inalienably possessed nouns
* marks a third person singular possessor of inalienably possessed nouns

#### See also

| singular possessor | first person | first person | -i, -ioa |
| singular possessor | second person | second person | -mw, -mwen |
| singular possessor | third person | third person | -a, -n, -∅ |
| dual possessors | first person inclusive | first person inclusive | -sa |
| dual possessors | first person exclusive | first person exclusive | -ma |
| dual possessors | second person | second person | -mwa |
| dual possessors | third person | third person | -ra |
| plural possessors | first person inclusive | first person inclusive | -sai |
| plural possessors | first person exclusive | first person exclusive | -mai |
| plural possessors | second person | second person | -mwai |
| plural possessors | third person | third person | -rai |
| remote plural possessors | first person inclusive | first person inclusive | -hs |
| remote plural possessors | first person exclusive | first person exclusive | -mi |
| remote plural possessors | second person | second person | -mwi |
| remote plural possessors | third person | third person | -hr |
| construct form | | | -n |

## Northern Sami
### Pronunciation

* This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Samic *-mē, from Proto-Uralic *-ma. Cognate with Finnish -ma.

#### Suffix

-n (with odd-syllable stems -eapmi)
* Forms verbal nouns from verbs.

##### Usage notes

* This suffix triggers the strong grade on a preceding stressed syllable.

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

From Proto-Samic *-një.

#### Suffix

-n
* Forms instrument nouns from verbs.

##### Usage notes

* This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable.

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 3

From Proto-Samic *-nē, from Proto-Uralic *-na. Cognate with Finnish -na.

#### Suffix

-n
* The ending of the essive case.

##### Usage notes

* This suffix triggers the strong grade on a preceding stressed syllable.

### Etymology 4

From Proto-Samic *-më. Cognate with the first element of the Finnish fourth infinitive -mi-nen ~ -mi-se-.

#### Suffix

-n
* The ending of the past participle.

##### Usage notes

* This suffix triggers the strong grade on a preceding stressed syllable.

## Ojibwe
### Final

-n
* nominalizer

#### Derived terms

* atoobaan (“large container for liquid”)

#### See also

* -aagan
* -gan
* -win

### Suffix

-n
* A suffix denoting the plural of an inanimate noun
* A suffix denoting the obviative of an animate noun
* A suffix denoting the second-person singular imperative of an animate intransitive verb (vai)
* A suffix denoting the first-, second- or third-person singular to singular object form of an animate intransitive verb with an object (vai+o)
* A suffix denoting the first-, second- or third-person singular to singular object form of a Type 3 transitive inanimate verb (vti3)
* A suffix denoting the second-person singular to singular or plural object imperative of a Type 3 transitive inanimate verb (vti3)
* A suffix denoting the first-, second- or third-person singular to singular object form of a Type 4 transitive inanimate verb (vti4)
* A suffix denoting the first-person singular to second-person singular form of a transitive animate verb (vta) with an -aw or Cw ending

### See also

* -aan
* -an
* -iin
* -in
* -oon
* -wan
* -yan

### References

* The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/n-final

## Pitjantjatjara
### Pronoun

-n (second person singular nominative, bound form of nyuntu)
* you (singular)

#### Usage notes

Bound pronouns can be used instead of the regular "long form" pronouns. They act as clitics that attach to the last word of the first noun phrase in the sentence, or the conjunctions ka or munu if present.

#### Related terms

Pitjantjatjara personal pronouns (nominative case) :
| | Singular | Dual | Plural |
| First person | ngayulu (I) Bound form: -ṉa | ngali (we two) Bound form: -li | nganaṉa (we, more than two) Bound form: -la |
| Second person | nyuntu (you) Bound form: -n | nyupali (you two) | nyura (you, more than two) |
| Third person | paluṟu (he/she/it) | pula (they two) | tjana (they, more than two) Bound form: -ya |

## Quechua
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-n/, [-ŋ]

### Suffix

-n
* Indicates third-person singular possessive.
    wasi (“house”) → wasin (“his/her/its house”)
* Third-person singular subject.
    rimay (“to speak”) → pay riman (“he/she/it speaks”)
* (Cuzco-Collao) Alternative spelling of -m

#### See also

* -nku

## Somali
### Suffix

-n
* Added to nouns to denote a specific or particular example

## Swedish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /n/

### Suffix

-n
* Suffix for singular definite form of common nouns, especially those ending with a vowel or with an unstressed -el, -er or -or. See also -en
* Suffix for plural indefinite form of neuter nouns, if they end in a vowel. See also -t, -en.
* A version of the -en of the fourth conjugation past participles. This allomorph is used only before the suffix -a, which marks for plural or definiteness. The -na of these participle forms may also be seen described as one morpheme.
* Suffix which creates nouns out of certain verbs, usually denoting a result of an action. See also -an

## Tlingit
### Etymology

From Proto-Na-Dene *-ł, which sonorantized to pre-Tlingit *-l before nasalizing.

### Noun

-n
* A progressive suffix.

### References

* Jeff Leer (2010) “The palatal series in Athabascan-Eyak-Tlingit, with an overview of the basic sound correspondences”, in Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska: The Dene-Yeniseian, Fairbanks, Alaska: University of Alaska Press, page 176

## Turkish
### Suffix

-n
* Postvocalic Form of -il
    ‎elemek (“to sift”) + ‎-n → ‎elenmek (“to be sifted”)

## Zazaki
### Suffix

-n
* Suffix which creates nouns out of certain verbs, usually denoting a result of an action. See also -an