# 堯

| 堯 | U+582F, &#22575; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-582F |
| ← 堮 [U+582E] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 堰 → [U+5830] |

## Translingual

| Traditional | 堯 |
| Shinjitai (extended) | 尭 |
| Simplified | 尧 |

### Han character

堯 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 土土土山 (GGGU), four-corner 4021$_1$, composition ⿱垚兀)

#### Derived characters

* 僥, 嘵, 墝, 嬈, 嶢, 徺, 憢, 撓, 曉, 橈, 澆, 燒, 㹓, 獟, 皢, 䁱, 磽, 穘, 繞, 膮, 蟯, 襓, 譊, 蹺, 鐃, 隢, 饒, 驍, 髐, 鱙, 䶧, 趬, 遶, 䰫, 顤, 䴃, 翹, 㚁, 嶤, 蕘
* 𪞭, 𢴽, 𣩦, 𤩊, 𥪯, 𦉗, 𦒒, 𦪛, 𨊅, 𨎬, 𬴝, 𣦥, 𠨪, 𡗊, 𣍕, 𫤦, 𣠎, 𫊐, 𤴀, 𪸊, 𬇆, 𬩱, 𠟋, 𢿣, 𢿲, 𣫁, 𫶺, 𡓖, 𧹅, 𧢬, 𠢩, 𡭄, 𫾤, 𥋈, 𧑣, 𭐆, 𩀸, 𡗉, 𫤣, 𠓘, 𡽧, 𨷁, 𡈦, 𡪩, 𬁕, 𦒏, 𩯆

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 234, character 1
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5272
* Dae Jaweon: page 471, character 10
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 459, character 14
* Unihan data for U+582F

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 堯 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Ancient script | Small seal script |
| | Old Chinese |
| 撓 | *hŋaːw, *rŋaːw, *rnaːwʔ |
| 鐃 | *rŋaːw |
| 譊 | *rŋaːw |
| 橈 | *rŋaːws, *ŋjew |
| 磽 | *ŋ̊ʰreːw, *ŋreːws, *ŋ̊ʰeːwʔ |
| 墝 | *ŋ̊ʰreːw |
| 穘 | *hŋreːw |
| 顤 | *hŋreːw, *ŋeːws |
| 燒 | *hŋjew, *hŋjaws |
| 饒 | *ŋjew, *ŋjaws |
| 蟯 | *ŋjew, *ʔŋew |
| 蕘 | *ŋjew |
| 襓 | *ŋjew |
| 繞 | *ŋjewʔ, *ŋjaws |
| 遶 | *ŋjewʔ |
| 嬈 | *njewʔ, *neːwʔ, *hŋeːws |
| 趬 | *ŋ̊ʰew, *ŋ̊ʰews |
| 蹺 | *ŋ̊ʰew |
| 翹 | *ɡew, *ɡews |
| 澆 | *ŋkeːw, *ŋeːws |
| 驍 | *ŋkeːw |
| 僥 | *kŋeːwʔ, *ŋeːw |
| 堯 | *ŋeːw |
| 垚 | *ŋeːw |
| 嶢 | *ŋeːw |
| 獟 | *ŋeːws |
| 膮 | *hŋeːw, *hŋeːwʔ |
| 嘵 | *hŋeːw |
| 憢 | *hŋeːw |
| 曉 | *hŋeːwʔ |
| 皢 | *hŋeːwʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ŋeːw): phonetic 垚 (OC *ŋeːw) + semantic 兀 (“towering and bald”). Also an ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 垚 (“tall (of earth)”) + 兀 (“towering and bald”).
The oracle bone script consists of two 土 (“soil; earth”) at the top and a kneeling man stylized as 兀 at the bottom.

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yáo (yao$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄠˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jiu$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ngièu
    (Hailu, HRS): ngiau
* Eastern Min (BUC): ngièu
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gieo$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): giâu
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ngiao$^5$ / ngiou$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yáo
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄠˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yáo
*** Wade–Giles: yao$^2$
*** Yale: yáu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yau
*** Palladius: яо (jao)
*** Sinological IPA : /jɑʊ̯³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jiu$^4$
*** Yale: yìuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jiu$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yiu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /jiːu̯²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngièu
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngieu$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngieu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯eu̯¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngiau
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋiau⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ngièu
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋieu⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gieo$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kieu¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: giâu
*** Tâi-lô: giâu
*** Phofsit Daibuun: giaau
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ɡiau²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡiau²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡiau¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ɡiau²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡiau²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ngiao$^5$ / ngiou$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngiâu / ngiôu
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋiau⁵⁵/, /ŋiou⁵⁵/
* ngiao5 - Shantou;
* ngiou5 - Chaozhou.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit堯 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /iau³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /iau²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /iɑu⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /iɔ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /iɔ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /iau⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /iau²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /iɔ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /iɔ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /iɔ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ʐɔ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /iau²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /iau³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /iao²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /iɔ³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /iɔo²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /iɔ⁵⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /iau¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | |
| Jin | Hohhot | /iɔ³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ɦiɔ²³/ /ȵiɔ²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ɦiæ¹³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ȵiɔ²¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ȵa³¹/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /niɔ⁴⁴/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /io⁴⁴/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /iau¹³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /iaɯ¹²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | |
| Hakka | Meixian | /ŋiau¹¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /ŋieu²²/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /jiu²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /jiu²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /jiu²¹/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /giau³⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /ŋieu⁵³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /iau²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /ŋiãu⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /zau³¹/ |
* Middle Chinese: ngew
Rime :
| Character | 堯 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 蕭 (93) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | IV |
| Fanqie | 五聊切 |
| Baxter | ngew |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ŋeu/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ŋeu/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ŋeu/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ŋɛw/ |
| Li Rong | /ŋeu/ |
| Wang Li | /ŋieu/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ŋieu/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yáo |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jiu$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ]ˤew/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋeːw/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 堯 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yáo |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ngew › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ŋ]ˁew/ |
| English | high |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 堯 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 14689 |
| Phonetic component | 垚 |
| Rime group | 宵 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 堯 |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋeːw/ |

### Definitions

堯
* (historical dictionaries only) lofty; high
* Emperor Yao, legendary ruler of ancient China
* a surname
* (Mainland China) yotta- (SI unit prefix)
    Synonym: 佑 (yòu) (Taiwan)

### Compounds

* 堯天舜日 / 尧天舜日
* 堯舜 / 尧舜 (Yáo-Shùn)

### References

* “堯”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00786

## Japanese

| Shinjitai (extended) | 尭 |
| Kyūjitai | 堯 |

### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 尭)
* high
* far

#### Readings

* Go-on: ぎょう (gyō)
* Kan-on: ぎょう (gyō)
* Kun: たかい (takai, 堯い)

## Korean
### Hanja

堯 • (yo) (hangeul 요, revised yo, McCune–Reischauer yo)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

堯: Hán Nôm readings: nghiêu, nghẻo, nghễu, nhao, nhiều
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.