# zima
## Czech
### Alternative forms

* zejma (dialectal)

### Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech zima, from Proto-Slavic *zima, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *źeimā́ˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰéyōm.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈzɪma]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

zima f
* winter
    Antonym: léto
* cold
    Synonyms: chlad, chladno, kosa, kláda, klendra
    Antonym: teplo

#### Derived terms

* přezimovat
* zazimovat
* zima jako v psírně
* zimnice
* zimní
* zimomřivý

### See also

Seasons in Czech · roční období (layout · text) · category :
| jaro (“spring”) | léto (“summer”) | podzim (“autumn”) | zima (“winter”) |

### Further reading

* “zima”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “zima”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* “zima”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech), 2008–2025

## Kituba
### Verb

zima
* to extinguish

## Old Czech
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *zima.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (13th CE) /ˈzima/
* IPA: (15th CE) /ˈzima/

### Noun

zima f (relational adjective zimní or zimný)
* winter (season)
    zimě ― in winter
* cold

#### Descendants

* Czech: zima

### See also

Seasons in Old Czech · roční časové (layout · text) · category :
| vesna, jěř, podletie (“spring”) | léto (“summer”) | podjesen, podzimie, podzim (“autumn”) | zima (“winter”) |

### Further reading

* Jan Gebauer (1903–1916) “zima”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění

## Polish
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish zima.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈʑi.ma/
* (Lesser Poland):
** (Goral):
*** (Żywiec) IPA: /ˈʑi.ma/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ima
* Syllabification: zi‧ma
* Homophone: Zima

### Noun

zima f (related adjective zimowy)
* winter

#### Derived terms

* zimny

### See also

Seasons in Polish · pory roku (layout · text) · category :
| wiosna (“spring”) | lato (“summer”) | jesień (“autumn”) | zima (“winter”) |

### Adverb

zima (not comparable)
* (Żywiec) Synonym of zimno

### Further reading

* zima in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* zima in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* Leon Rzeszowski (1891) “zima”, in “Spis wyrazów ludowych z okolic Żywca”, in Sprawozdania Komisyi Językowej Akademii Umiejętności, volume 4, Krakow: Drukarnia Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, page 361

## Prasuni
### Etymology

From Proto-Nuristani *dzima, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰimás, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰéyōm.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈzima/ (tone class B)

### Noun

zima (Pronz)
* snow

### References

* ↑ Strand, Richard F. (2016) “z′imâ”, in Nûristânî Etymological Lexicon‎

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *zima, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *źeimā́ˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰéyōm.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /zǐːma/
* Hyphenation: zi‧ma

### Noun

zíma f (Cyrillic spelling зи́ма)
* winter
* cold, coldness (of weather or temperature)

#### Derived terms

* zimnica

### See also

Seasons in Serbo-Croatian · godišnja doba / годишња доба (layout · text) · category :
| spring: proleće, proljeće пролеће, прољеће | summer: leto, ljeto лето, љето | autumn: jesen јесен | winter: zima зима |

### References

* “zima”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025

## Slovak
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *zima.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈzima]

### Noun

zima f (genitive singular zimy, nominative plural zimy, genitive plural zím, declension pattern of žena)
* winter
* very cold weather (regardless of the season)

#### Derived terms

* zimný

### See also

* seasons: ročné obdobia: jar · leto · jeseň · zima

### Further reading

* “zima”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2025

## Slovene
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *zima, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *źeimā́ˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰéyōm.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /zìːma/

### Noun

zíma f
* winter

#### Inflection
### See also

Seasons in Slovene · létni čàs (layout · text) · category :
| pomlád (“spring”) | polétje (“summer”) | jesén (“autumn”) | zíma (“winter”) |

### Further reading

* “zima”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran
* “zima”, in Termania, Amebis
* See also the general references

## Swahili
### Pronunciation

* Audio (Kenya):(file)

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu [Term?].

#### Adjective

-zima (declinable)
* whole; entire; full
* mature; fully grown
* (in greetings) well
    U mzima ― Are you well?

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu [Term?].

#### Verb

-zima (infinitive kuzima)
* to turn off, extinguish, quell

##### Conjugation

Conjugation of -zima :
| Positive present | -nazima |
| Subjunctive | -zime |
| Negative | -zimi |
| Imperative singular | zima |
Infinitives :
| Positive | kuzima |
| Negative | kutozima |
Imperatives :
| Singular | zima |
| Plural | zimeni |
Tensed forms :
| Habitual | huzima |
| Positive past | positive subject concord + -lizima |
| Negative past | negative subject concord + -kuzima |
| Positive future | positive subject concord + -tazima |
| Negative future | negative subject concord + -tazima |
| Negative subjunctive | positive subject concord + -sizime |
| Positive present conditional | positive subject concord + -ngezima |
| Negative present conditional | positive subject concord + -singezima |
| Positive past conditional | positive subject concord + -ngalizima |
| Negative past conditional | positive subject concord + -singalizima |
| Perfect | positive subject concord + -mezima |
| "Already" | positive subject concord + -meshazima |
| "Not yet" | negative subject concord + -jazima |
| "If/When" | positive subject concord + -kizima |
| "If not" | positive subject concord + -sipozima |
| Consecutive | kazima / positive subject concord + -kazima |
| Consecutive subjunctive | positive subject concord + -kazime |
Relative forms :
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information. :

##### Derived terms

* Verbal derivations:
** Applicative: -zimia (“to faint”)
** Causative: -zimisha
** Passive: -zimwa
** Stative: -zimika (“to go out”)