# قوم
## Arabic
### Etymology 1

* Root
* ق و م (q w m)
* 27 terms
Compare قَامَ (qāma, “to rise”).

#### Verb

قَوَّمَ • (qawwama) II (non-past يُقَوِّمُ (yuqawwimu), verbal noun تَقْوِيم (taqwīm))
* (transitive) to raise
* (transitive) to evaluate
* (transitive) to adjust

##### References

* Mace, John (2007) “قوم”, in Arabic Verbs, New York: Hippocrene Books, Inc., →ISBN

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /qawm/

#### Noun

قَوْم • (qawm) m
* verbal noun of قَامَ (qāma, “to get up”) (form I)
* standing up, rising, placing upright, remaining, abiding
* state, polity

##### References

* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “قوم”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen

#### Noun

قَوْم • (qawm) m (plural أَقْوَام (ʔaqwām))
* people, nation, tribe, folk
* some people, someone, a certain
** 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 28:21:فَخَرَجَ مِنْهَا خَائِفًا يَتَرَقَّبُ قَالَ رَبِّ نَجِّنِي مِنَ الْقَوْمِ الظَّالِمِينَfaḵaraja minhā ḵāʔifan yataraqqabu qāla rabbi najjinī mina l-qawmi ẓ-ẓālimīna(please add an English translation of this quotation)
* (group of) men
** 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 49:11:يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَا يَسْخَرْ قَوْمٌ مِّن قَوْمٍ عَسَىٰ أَن يَكُونُوا خَيْرًا مِّنْهُمْ وَلَا نِسَاءٌ مِّن نِّسَاءٍ عَسَىٰ أَن يَكُنَّ خَيْرًا مِّنْهُنَّyā ʔayyuhā llaḏīna ʔāmanū lā yasḵar qawmun min qawmin ʕasā ʔan yakūnū ḵayran minhum walā nisāʔun min nisāʔin ʕasā ʔan yakunna ḵayran minhunna(please add an English translation of this quotation)
* family
* sect

##### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: qövm, qohum
* → Kazakh: қауым (qauym)
* → Persian: قوم
** → Punjabi:
    Gurmukhi script: ਕੌਮ (kaum)
    Shahmukhi script: قوم (kaum)
* → Ottoman Turkish: قوم
** Turkish: kum
** → Armenian: խում (xum), ղում (ġum)
** → Serbo-Croatian:
    Cyrillic script: ку̏м
    Latin script: kȕm
* → Uyghur: قوۋم (qowm)

##### References

* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “قوم”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen

#### Adjective

قُوَّم • (quwwam)
* inflection of قَائِم (qāʔim):
** masculine plural
** feminine plural

## Azerbaijani
### Noun

قۇم
* Arabic spelling of qum (“sand”)

#### Declension
## Hijazi Arabic

* Root
* ق و م
* 8 terms

### Etymology 1

From Arabic قَوَّم (qawwam).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡawwam/

#### Verb

قوم • (gawwam) II (non-past يِقَوِّم (yimawwit), verbal noun تَقْويم (tagwīm))
* to awaken
    Synonym: صَحَّى (ṣaḥḥa)
* to rise up
* to erect

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡuːm/

#### Verb

قوم • (gūm)
* second-person masculine singular imperative of قام (gām)

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡawwim/

#### Verb

قوم • (gawwim)
* second-person masculine singular imperative of قَوِّم (gawwam)

## Moroccan Arabic
### Etymology 1

* Root
* ق و م
* 2 terms
From Arabic قَوَّمَ (qawwama).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /qaw.wam/

#### Verb

قوم • (qawwam) II (non-past يقوم (yqawwam))
* (transitive) to evaluate

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2

From Arabic قَوْم (qawm).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /qawm/, /quːm/

#### Noun

قَوْم or قُوم • (qawm or qūm) m (plural أقوام (ʔaqwām))
* people, nation

## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kum (“sand”); cognate with Azerbaijani qum, Bashkir ҡом (qom), Kazakh құм (qūm), Kyrgyz кум (kum), Turkmen gum, Uyghur قۇم (qum) and Uzbek qum.

### Noun

قوم • (kum)
* sand, finely ground rock which forms beaches and deserts
    Synonyms: رمل (reml), ریگ (rig)
* gravel, chisel, small fragments of rock
    Synonym: چاقل (çakıl)
* (medicine) kidney stones, a calculus in the kidney
* (figuratively) anything that is as numerous as grains of sand

#### Derived terms

* قوم اوتی (kum otu, “sedge”)
* قوم اینجو (kum inci, “seed pearl”)
* قوم بالغی (kum balığı, “skink”)
* قوم ساعتی (kum saʼati, “hourglass”)
* قوم گبی قاینامق (kum gibi kaynamak, “to swarm”)
* قومجی (kumcu, “sand merchant”)
* قومسال (kumsal, “sandy place; sand bar”)
* قوملق (kumluk, “sandy place”)
* قوملو (kumlu, “sandy, arenose”)

#### Descendants

* Turkish: kum
* → Armenian: խում (xum), ղում (ġum)
* → Serbo-Croatian:
    Cyrillic script: ку̏м
    Latin script: kȕm

### Further reading

* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “kum1”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 2833
* Hindoglu, Artin (1838) “قوم”, in Hazine-i lûgat ou dictionnaire abrégé turc-français‎, Vienna: F. Beck, page 377a
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “قوم”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 990
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Arena”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎, Vienna, column 81
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “قوم”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, columns 3805–3806
* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “kum”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “قوم”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1496

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic قَوْم (qawm).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [qawm]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [qäwm]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [qäwm]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [qäwm]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [qäwm]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [qowm]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [qäwm]

### Noun

| Dari | قوم |
| Iranian Persian | قوم |
| Tajik | қавм |
قُوْم • (qowm) (plural اقوام (aqvâm))
* people, nation, tribe
** 1048-1131, Omar Khayyám, Rubáiyát
    قومی متفکرند اندر ره دین ― qowm-i motefakker-and andar rah-e din ― (please add an English translation of this quotation)
    قومی به گمان فتاده در راه یقین ― qowm-i be-gamân fetâde dar râh-e yaqin ― (please add an English translation of this quotation)
    می‌ترسم از آنکه بانگ آید روزی ― mi-tarsam az ân-ke bâng âyad ruzi ― (please add an English translation of this quotation)
    کای بی‌خبران راه نه آنست و نه این ― key bi-xabarân! râh na ân-ast o na in ― (please add an English translation of this quotation)
* ethnic group

#### Derived terms

* قوم و خویش (qowm o xiš, “family, relatives”)

#### Descendants

* → Punjabi:
    Gurmukhi script: ਕੌਮ (kaum)
    Shahmukhi script: قوم (kaum)

## Punjabi
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic قَوْم (qawm).

### Noun

قَوم • (qaum) f (Gurmukhi spelling ਕੌਮ)
* nation, people

#### Synonyms

* (people): نسل (nasal)

## Urdu
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic قَوْم (qawm).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /qɔːm/
* Audio (India):(file)

### Noun

قَوم • (qaum) f (formal plural اقوام, Hindi spelling क़ौम)
* nation
    بابائے قَوم ― bābāe qaum ― father of the nation
* people, community
    قَومِ لُوط ― qaum-i lūt ― people of Lot
* race

#### Synonyms

* (people, community): سَمُدائے (samudāe), سَمْپَرْدائے (sampardāe), سَن٘گَت (saṅgat), گِروہ (giroh), سَماج (samāj), مُعاشِرَہ (mu'āśira), بَرادرِی (barādrī), اُمَّت (ummat)
* (race): نسل (nasl), جاتی (jātī)

#### Derived terms

* قَومی (qaumī, “national”)
* قَومِیَت (qaumiyat, “nationality”)
* اَقْوامِ مُتَّحِدَہ (aqvām-i muttahida, “United Nations”)
* بَینَ الَاقْوامی (bainal-aqvāmī, “international”)
* قَوم پَرَسْتی (qaum parastī, “nationalism”)

#### References

* Platts, John T. (1884) “قوم”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.
* “قوم”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.
* John Shakespear (1834) “قوم”, in A dictionary, Hindustani and English: with a copious index, fitting the work to serve, also, as a dictionary of English and Hindustani, 3rd edition, London: J.L. Cox and Son, →OCLC