# -os
## English
### Etymology

From the traditional Ashkenazi pronunciation of Hebrew ־וֹת (“-ót”), and its descendant, Yiddish ־ות (-es).

### Suffix

-os
* Used to form plurals of some Hebrew and Yiddish loanwords, usually ending in -a or -ah.

#### Synonyms

* (forming plurals of Hebrew loanwords): -as, -ahs, -ot, -oth

#### Derived terms

* halachos, Halachos
* matzos

### Anagrams

* SO, S/O, s.o., so, So, So., S&O, s/o, S.O.

## Aromanian
### Alternative forms

* -osu

### Etymology

From Latin -ōsus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /os/

### Suffix

-os m (feminine singular -oasã, masculine plural -osh, feminine plural -oasi or -oase) or (feminine -ose , feminine plural -osi)
* -ous; used to form adjectives

#### Derived terms
## Esperanto
### Etymology

The Esperanto suffixes -as, -is, -os, -us are related, and appear to have been inspired by previous language projects:
    This play of vowels is not an original idea of Zamenhof's: -as, -is, -os are found for the three tenses of the infinitive in Faiguet's system of 1765; -a, -i, -o without a consonant are used like Z's -as, -is, -os by Rudelle (1858); Courtonne in 1885 had -am, -im, -om in the same values, and the similarity with Esperanto is here even more perfect than in the other projects, as -um corresponds to Z's -us. —An International Language (1928)

### Suffix

-os
* will; ending of future tense in verbs.
    Mi iros al la vendejo. ― I will go to the store.

## Finnish
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *-os. Equivalent to -o +‎ -s, or re-extracted from verbs with stems ending in o.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-os/, [-o̞s̠]

### Suffix

-os (front vowel harmony variant -ös, linguistic notation -Os)
* Forms nouns denoting the result of the action of a verb.
    ‎liittää (“to join”) + ‎-os → ‎liitos (“joining, joint”)
    ‎muuntaa (“to change, convert”) + ‎-os → ‎muunnos (“conversion”)

#### Usage notes

Roots with the neutral front vowels -e-, -i- take the back-vocalic allomorph -os (e.g. pettää (“to deceive, to betray”) → petos (“betrayal, fraud”), piirtää (“to draw”) → piirros (“drawing”)). The form -ös is only used when the first syllable of the root contains what is considered a front vowel under harmony, i.e. -ä-, -ö- or -y- (e.g. kääntää (“to turn; to translate”) → käännös (“turn; translation”), kytkeä (“to connect”) → kytkös (“connection”), näyttää (“to show”) → näytös (“act”)).

#### Declension

Possessive forms of -os (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-okseni
-okseni
accusative
nom.
-okseni
-okseni
gen.
-okseni
genitive
-okseni
-osteni -oksieni
partitive
-ostani
-oksiani
inessive
-oksessani
-oksissani
elative
-oksestani
-oksistani
illative
-okseeni
-oksiini
adessive
-oksellani
-oksillani
ablative
-okseltani
-oksiltani
allative
-okselleni
-oksilleni
essive
-oksenani
-oksinani
translative
-oksekseni
-oksikseni
abessive
-oksettani
-oksittani
instructive
comitative
—-oksineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-oksesi
-oksesi
accusative
nom.
-oksesi
-oksesi
gen.
-oksesi
genitive
-oksesi
-ostesi -oksiesi
partitive
-ostasi
-oksiasi
inessive
-oksessasi
-oksissasi
elative
-oksestasi
-oksistasi
illative
-okseesi
-oksiisi
adessive
-oksellasi
-oksillasi
ablative
-okseltasi
-oksiltasi
allative
-oksellesi
-oksillesi
essive
-oksenasi
-oksinasi
translative
-okseksesi
-oksiksesi
abessive
-oksettasi
-oksittasi
instructive
comitative
—-oksinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-oksemme
-oksemme
accusative
nom.
-oksemme
-oksemme
gen.
-oksemme
genitive
-oksemme
-ostemme -oksiemme
partitive
-ostamme
-oksiamme
inessive
-oksessamme
-oksissamme
elative
-oksestamme
-oksistamme
illative
-okseemme
-oksiimme
adessive
-oksellamme
-oksillamme
ablative
-okseltamme
-oksiltamme
allative
-oksellemme
-oksillemme
essive
-oksenamme
-oksinamme
translative
-okseksemme
-oksiksemme
abessive
-oksettamme
-oksittamme
instructive
comitative
—-oksinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-oksenne
-oksenne
accusative
nom.
-oksenne
-oksenne
gen.
-oksenne
genitive
-oksenne
-ostenne -oksienne
partitive
-ostanne
-oksianne
inessive
-oksessanne
-oksissanne
elative
-oksestanne
-oksistanne
illative
-okseenne
-oksiinne
adessive
-oksellanne
-oksillanne
ablative
-okseltanne
-oksiltanne
allative
-oksellenne
-oksillenne
essive
-oksenanne
-oksinanne
translative
-okseksenne
-oksiksenne
abessive
-oksettanne
-oksittanne
instructive
comitative
—-oksinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-oksensa
-oksensa
accusative
nom.
-oksensa
-oksensa
gen.
-oksensa
genitive
-oksensa
-ostensa -oksiensa
partitive
-ostaan -ostansa
-oksiaan -oksiansa
inessive
-oksessaan -oksessansa
-oksissaan -oksissansa
elative
-oksestaan -oksestansa
-oksistaan -oksistansa
illative
-okseensa
-oksiinsa
adessive
-oksellaan -oksellansa
-oksillaan -oksillansa
ablative
-okseltaan -okseltansa
-oksiltaan -oksiltansa
allative
-okselleen -oksellensa
-oksilleen -oksillensa
essive
-oksenaan -oksenansa
-oksinaan -oksinansa
translative
-oksekseen -okseksensa
-oksikseen -oksiksensa
abessive
-oksettaan -oksettansa
-oksittaan -oksittansa
instructive
comitative
—-oksineen -oksinensa :

#### Derived terms
### Anagrams

* so.

## French
### Etymology

Variant of -o

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /os/
* Audio:(file)

### Suffix

-os
* (slang) Slang ending of nouns, adjectives and adverbs (without changing the meaning)

#### Derived terms

Nouns :
* calendos
* chiantos
* matos
* musicos
Adjectives :
* chicos
* chouettos
* coolos
* craignos
* débilos
* gratos
* rupinos
* tristos
Adverbs :
* rapidos
* tranquillos

## Hungarian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [oʃ]
* Rhymes: -oʃ

### Suffix

-os
* (adjective-forming suffix) Added to a noun to form an adjective meaning "having something"; sometimes referred to as ornative.
    ‎kar (“arm”) + ‎-os → ‎karos (“something with an arm”), for example karosszék (“armchair, a chair with an arm”)
* (noun-forming suffix) Added to a noun to form a noun, for example an occupation or a collective noun.
    ‎asztal (“table”) + ‎-os → ‎asztalos (“carpenter”)
    ‎akác (“acacia”) + ‎-os → ‎akácos (“acacia grove”)
* (number-forming suffix) Added to an ordinal number to form a digit or figure, cf. the relevant template.
    ‎hat (“six”) + ‎-os → ‎hatos (“the digit or figure six”)
* (frequentative suffix) Added to a verb to form a new verb expressing repetitive action. No longer productive in this sense.
    ‎fut (“to run”) + ‎-os → ‎futos (“to run back and forth”) (dated, modern version futkos)

#### Usage notes

* (all senses) Variants:
    -s is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.
    -os is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -as is added to other back-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -es is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -ös is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant

#### Descendants

* → Pannonian Rusyn: -ош (-oš)

### See also

* Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

## Ido
### Etymology

Borrowed from Esperanto -os, back-formation from -as.

### Suffix

-os
* desinence of the future tense in verbs

### See also

* -as
* -is
* -ar
* -ir
* -or

## Ingrian
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *-os. Cognates include Finnish -os.

#### Pronunciation

* (Ala-Laukaa) IPA: /-os/, [-o̞z̠]
* (Soikkola) IPA: /-os/, [-o̞ʒ̥]

#### Suffix

-os (front vowel variant -ös)
* Forms nouns denoting the result of the action of a verb.
    ‎pettää (“to betray”) + ‎-os → ‎petos (“betrayal”)
    ‎kirjuttaa (“to write”) + ‎-os → ‎kirjutos (“writing”)

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Pronunciation

* (Ala-Laukaa) IPA: /-os/, [-o̞z̠]
* (Soikkola) IPA: /-os/, [-o̞ʒ̥]

#### Suffix

-os
* inessive singular of -o

### Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Pronunciation

* (Ala-Laukaa) IPA: /-os/, [-o̞z̠]
* (Soikkola) IPA: /-oi̯s/, [-o̞i̯ʒ̥]

#### Suffix

-os
* inessive singular of -o

### References

* V. I. Junus (1936) Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka‎, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 56

## Latin
### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /oːs/, [oːs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /os/, [ɔs]

### Suffix

-ōs
* accusative masculine plural of -us

## Middle English
### Suffix

-os
* Alternative form of -ous

## Old French
### Suffix

-os
* Alternative form of -us

## Portuguese
### Suffix

-os m
* plural of -o
** 2007, J. K. Rowling, translated by Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e as Relíquias da Morte [Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows] (Harry Potter; 7), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 308:Você notou os cabelos dela, são negros e brilhantes e macios...You noticed her hair, it's dark and brilliant and soft...

## Romanian
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin -ōsus (“full (of)”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /os/

### Suffix

-os m or n (feminine singular -oasă, masculine plural -oși, feminine and neuter plural -oase)
* Forms adjectives; -ous

#### Derived terms

* bărbos
* frumos
* gustos
* osos
* păros
* sănătos, etc.

#### Related terms

* -icios

## Welsh
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɔs/

### Suffix

-os
* diminutive suffix, usually indicating an element of endearment
    ‎plant (“children”) + ‎-os → ‎plantos (“kiddies”)
    ‎merched (“girls”) + ‎-os → ‎merchetos (“little girls”)
    ‎tai (“houses”) + ‎-os → ‎teios (“small houses”)
* area characterised by a particular plant
    ‎bedw (“birch”) + ‎-os → ‎bedwos (“birch grove, place where birch grow”)
    ‎grug (“heather”) + ‎-os → ‎grugos (“heath”)
    ‎brwyn (“rushes”) + ‎-os → ‎brwynos (“brwynos”)

#### Usage notes

-os can only be added to plural or collective nouns.

#### Derived terms
### References

R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “-os”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies