# menos
## Asturian
### Etymology

From Latin minus.

### Adverb

menos
* less
    Antonym: más
    Esti pueblu ye menos guapu que'l to. ― This town is less nice than that one.

## Galician
### Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese menos, which displaced the semi-learned form mẽos, learned borrowing from Latin minus comparative of parum.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈmenʊs]

### Adverb

menos
* less
    Antonym: máis

### Preposition

menos
* except, but
    Vinche todos eses filmes menos o último ― I saw all that movies, except the last one

### Noun

menos m (invariable)
* (mathematics) minus
* less

### Noun

menos m pl (plural only)
* the minority of a collective

### References

* Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “menos”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “menos”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “menos”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “menos”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “menos”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

### Further reading

* “menos”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2025

## Ladino
### Alternative forms

* meno

### Etymology

Inherited from Old Spanish menos (“less”), inherited from Latin minus, comparative of parum.

### Adverb

menos (Latin spelling, Hebrew spelling מינוס)
* less
    Synonym: manko
    Antonym: mas
** (Can we date this quote?), Folkmasa‎:esta ropa es menos buena ke la ke vites ayerThis clothing is less good than what you saw yesterday.
* (often with definite article) least
    Synonym: manko
    Antonym: mas
** 1995, Aki Yerushalayim: revista de las emisiones de Israel en djudeo-espaniol‎, numbers 49-52, page 62:Uno de los menos konosidos de entre estos livros, el Seder Eliyau Zuta de Rabi Eliyau Kapsali, viene de ser reeditado agora kon el titolo Chronique de l'Expulsion en una traduksion al fransez de Simone Sultan-Bohbot.One of the least known among these books, el Seder Eliyau Zuta, by Rabbi Eliyau Kapsali, is now going to be reedited with the title Chronique de l'Expulsion in a French translation by Simone Sultan-Bohbot.

### Preposition

menos (Latin spelling, Hebrew spelling מינוס)
* (mathematics) minus
** (Can we date this quote?), Folkmasa‎:Sinko menos dos le aze tresFive minus two equals three.

### References

* 1 2 “menos”, in Trezoro de la Lengua Djudeoespanyola.

## Old Spanish
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin minus, comparative of parum.

### Adverb

menos (diminutive comparative)
* less

#### Descendants

* Ladino: meno, menos, מינוס, מינו
* Spanish: menos

### References

* Ralph Steele Boggs et al. (1946) “menos”, in Tentative Dictionary of Medieval Spanish, volume II, Chapel Hill, page 336

## Portuguese
### Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese menos, displacing collateral form mẽos, from Latin minus, neuter of minor (“lesser; smaller”), comparative of parvus (“small”).

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈmẽ.nus/
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈmẽ.nus/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /ˈmẽ.nuʃ/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˈme.nos/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈme.nuʃ/
* Hyphenation: me‧nos

### Adverb

menos (not comparable)
* less (in lower degree)
    Antonym: mais
    Aqui é menos frio. ― Here is less cold.
    Se trabalhares menos, cansarás menos. ― If you work less, you will tire less.

#### Derived terms

* de menos
* mais ou menos

### Preposition

menos
* except; but
    Synonyms: exceto, fora
    Li todos, menos o último. ― I read all, except the last one.
* (mathematics) minus (indicates subtraction)
    Três menos dois é um. ― Three minus two is one.

### Pronoun

menos m or f (plural menos)
* fewer (a smaller number of), less (a smaller size or significance of)
    Antonym: mais
    Menos pessoas correm. ― Fewer people run.
    Atirou com menos precisão. ― He shot with less precision.

#### Usage notes

* Some use the feminine plural menas. It is only used in Brazil. Such usage is non-standard and highly proscribed.

### Noun

menos m (invariable)
* minus sign (the symbol −)
    Synonym: sinal de menos

## Spanish
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Spanish menos, inherited from Latin minus, comparative of parum.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈmenos/ [ˈme.nos]
* Rhymes: -enos
* Syllabification: me‧nos

### Adverb

menos
* less
    Antonym: más
    Camina menos rápido, por favor.Walk less quickly, please.
* (often with definite article) least
    Antonym: más
    Él come el menos de todos en la familia.He eats the least of everyone in the family.

#### Usage notes

* Used in forming the comparative of adjectives.
* With the definite article, used in forming the superlative of adjectives.

### Determiner

menos (plural menos)
* less, fewer
    Antonym: más
* least, fewest
    Antonym: más

### Preposition

menos
* minus
    Dos menos uno son uno.Two minus one is one.
* except, besides
    Synonyms: excepto, salvo
    Antonym: incluido
    Todos menos Juan vinieron a la fiesta.Everyone except Juan came to the party.

### Noun

menos m (plural menos)
* minus sign

#### Derived terms

* a menos que
* al menos
* andar a tres menos cuartillo
* caso de menos valer
* cuanto menos, cuando menos
* echar de menos
* el día menos pensado
* ir a menos
* más o menos
* menos da una piedra
* menos de la cuenta
* menos lobos, Caperucita
* menos mal
* menospreciar
* nada más y nada menos
* nada menos
* nada y menos
* ni más ni menos
* ni mucho menos
* no poder menos
* no ser para menos
* poco más o menos
* por carta de menos
* por lo menos
* quien más, quien menos
* tanto menos que
* tener sus más y sus menos
* un día más un día menos
* venir a menos

### Further reading

* “menos”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

## Tagalog
### Alternative forms

* minos

### Etymology

Borrowed from Spanish menos.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ˈmenos/ [ˈmɛː.n̪os]
* Rhymes: -enos
* Syllabification: me‧nos

### Adjective

menos (Baybayin spelling ᜋᜒᜈᜓᜐ᜔)
* less; lacking; of less value
    Synonym: kulang

#### Derived terms

* imenos
* magmenos
* menos-gastos
* menos-menos
* menusin

### References

* “menos”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018