# 慘

| 慘 | U+6158, &#24920; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6158 |
| ← 慗 [U+6157] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 慙 → [U+6159] |

## Translingual
### Han character

慘 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+11, 14 strokes, cangjie input 心戈戈竹 (PIIH), four-corner 9302$_2$, composition ⿰忄參)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 398, character 38
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11094
* Dae Jaweon: page 738, character 3
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2348, character 11
* Unihan data for U+6158

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 慘
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 篸 | *ʔsluːm, *ʔsluːms |
| 參 | *sʰluːm, *sʰluːms, *sloːm, *sʰrum, *srum |
| 驂 | *sʰluːm |
| 傪 | *sʰluːm, *sʰluːmʔ |
| 慘 | *sʰluːmʔ |
| 黲 | *sʰluːmʔ, *sʰloːmʔ |
| 謲 | *sʰluːms |
| 毿 | *sluːm |
| 蔘 | *sluːm, *srum |
| 犙 | *sluːm, *sru, *srɯu |
| 糝 | *sluːmʔ |
| 槮 | *sluːmʔ, *sʰrum, *srum, *srumʔ |
| 鬖 | *sloːm |
| 摻 | *sruːm, *sruːmʔ |
| 醦 | *sruːmʔ, *sʰrumʔ |
| 縿 | *sroːm |
| 穇 | *sroːm |
| 嵾 | *sʰrum |
| 磣 | *sʰrumʔ |
| 墋 | *sʰrumʔ |
| 曑 | *srum |
| 瘮 | *srumʔ |
| 滲 | *srums |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *sʰluːmʔ): semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 參 (OC *sʰluːm, *sʰluːms, *sloːm, *sʰrum, *srum)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): cǎn (can$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄘㄢˇ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): caam$^2$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): tam$^2$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chhám
* Northern Min (KCR): chǎng
* Eastern Min (BUC): chāng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): cang$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chhám
    (Teochew, Peng'im): cam$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$tshoe
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: cǎn
*** Zhuyin: ㄘㄢˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cǎn
*** Wade–Giles: tsʻan$^3$
*** Yale: tsǎn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tsaan
*** Palladius: цань (canʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰän²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: caam$^2$
*** Yale: cháam
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsaam$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cam$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰaːm³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: tam$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰam⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhám
*** Hakka Romanization System: cam$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: cam$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰam³¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: chǎng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰaŋ²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: chāng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰaŋ³³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: cang$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰaŋ⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: cang$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰaŋ³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhám
*** Tâi-lô: tshám
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zharm
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰam⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰam⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰam⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰam⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰam⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: cam$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshám
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰam⁵²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$tshoe
*** MiniDict: tshoe$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$tshoe
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡sʰø³⁴/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit慘 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /t͡sʰan²¹⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /t͡sʰan⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /t͡sʰan¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /t͡sʰã⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /t͡sʰã⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /t͡sʰan²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /t͡sʰã⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /t͡sʰã⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /t͡sʰan⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /t͡sʰɛ̃n⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /t͡sʰan⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /t͡sʰan⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /t͡sʰan⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /t͡sʰan⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /t͡sʰã̠⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /t͡sʰaŋ²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /t͡sʰæ̃²⁴/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡sʰæ̃⁵³/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /t͡sʰɑŋ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /t͡sʰæ̃⁵³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /t͡sʰø³⁵/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /t͡sʰø⁵¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /t͡sʰẽ̞⁵³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /t͡sʰø³⁵/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /t͡sʰɛ³⁵/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /t͡sʰɔ³¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /t͡sʰan⁴¹/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /t͡sʰan⁴²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /t͡sʰan²¹³/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /t͡sʰam³¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /t͡sʰɑm³¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /t͡sʰam³⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /t͡sʰam³⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /t͡sʰam³⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /t͡sʰam⁵³/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /t͡sʰaŋ³²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /t͡sʰaŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /t͡sʰam⁵³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /sam²¹³/ |
* Middle Chinese: tshomX
Rime :
| Character | 慘 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 清 (14) |
| Final (韻) | 覃 (159) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 七感切 |
| Baxter | tshomX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡sʰʌm$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡sʰəm$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡sʰɒm$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡sʰəm$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡sʰᴀm$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡sʰɒm$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡sʰăm$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | cǎn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | caam$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*sʰluːmʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 慘 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 1084 |
| Phonetic component | 參 |
| Rime group | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 慘 |
| Old Chinese | /*sʰluːmʔ/ |

### Definitions

慘
* (literary, or in compounds) cruel; vicious; malicious
* (of losses, defeats, etc.) severe; crushing; heavy
* miserable; pitiful; wretched
* (literary, or in compounds) gloomy; dim; dismal

#### Synonyms

* (cruel):
* 兇惡 / 凶恶 (xiōng'è)
* 兇殘 / 凶残 (xiōngcán)
* 兇狠 / 凶狠 (xiōnghěn)
* 兇猛 / 凶猛 (xiōngměng)
* 兇險 / 凶险 (xiōngxiǎn)
* 凶暴 (xiōngbào)
* 厲害 / 厉害 (lìhài)
* 嚴酷 / 严酷 (yánkù)
* 強暴 / 强暴 (qiángbào)
* 忍 (rěn) (literary)
* 惡勢 / 恶势 (Xiamen Hokkien)
* 惡毒 / 恶毒 (èdú)
* 惡狠狠 / 恶狠狠 (èhěnhěn)
* 暴力 (bàolì)
* 暴戾 (bàolì) (literary)
* 暴虐 (bàonüè)
* 暴躁 (bàozào)
* 橫逆 / 横逆 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien, Taiwanese Hokkien)
* 殘 / 残 (cán) (literary, or in compounds)
* 殘忍 / 残忍 (cánrěn)
* 殘暴 / 残暴 (cánbào)
* 殘酷 / 残酷 (cánkù)
* 毒辣 (dúlà)
* 烏心 / 乌心 (Min Nan)
* 狠心 (hěnxīn)
* 狠毒 (hěndú)
* 狠狠 (hěnhěn)
* 猙獰 / 狰狞 (zhēngníng)
* 粗殘 / 粗残 (Xiamen Hokkien)
* 辣 (là)
* 酷烈 (kùliè)
* 野蠻 / 野蛮 (yěmán)
* 陰功 / 阴功 (jam$^1$ gung$^1$) (Cantonese)
* 險惡 / 险恶 (xiǎn'è)
* 黑心 (hēixīn)
* (severe):
* 不得了 (bùdéliǎo)
* 了不得 (colloquial)
* 勿得了 (Wu)
* 嚴峻 / 严峻 (yánjùn)
* 嚴重 / 严重 (yánzhòng)
* 慘重 / 惨重 (cǎnzhòng)
* 深重 (shēnzhòng)
* 礙事 / 碍事 (àishì) (often in the negative)
* 腬身 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 要緊 / 要紧 (yàojǐn)
* 重大
* (miserable):
* 京京 (jīngjīng) (literary)
* 傷心 / 伤心 (shāngxīn)
* 傷悲 / 伤悲 (shāngbēi) (literary)
* 傷感 / 伤感 (shānggǎn)
* 傷懷 / 伤怀 (shānghuái) (literary)
* 傷痛 / 伤痛 (shāngtòng)
* 傷神 / 伤神 (shāngshén) (literary)
* 刺心 (cìxīn)
* 哀傷 / 哀伤 (āishāng)
* 哀切 (āiqiè)
* 哀怨 (āiyuàn)
* 哀悽 / 哀凄 (āiqī)
* 哀慟 / 哀恸 (āitòng)
* 哀戚 (āiqī) (literary)
* 哀痛 (āitòng)
* 哀苦 (āikǔ)
* 心酸 (xīnsuān)
* 怛傷 / 怛伤 (dáshāng) (literary)
* 悄然 (qiǎorán) (literary)
* 情傷 / 情伤 (qíngshāng) (literary)
* 悲催 (bēicuī) (neologism, jocular)
* 悲傷 / 悲伤 (bēishāng)
* 悲切 (bēiqiè) (literary)
* 悲哀 (bēi'āi)
* 悲悽 / 悲凄 (bēiqī)
* 悱惻 / 悱恻 (fěicè) (literary)
* 悽惶 / 凄惶 (qīhuáng) (literary)
* 悽愴 / 凄怆 (qīchuàng) (literary)
* 悲愴 / 悲怆 (bēichuàng) (literary)
* 悲慘 / 悲惨 (bēicǎn)
* 悲慟 / 悲恸 (bēitòng)
* 悲戚 (bēiqī)
* 悽戚 / 凄戚 (qīqī) (literary)
* 悲摧 (bēicuī) (literary)
* 悲楚 (bēichǔ) (literary)
* 悲涼 / 悲凉 (bēiliáng)
* 悲痛 (bēitòng)
* 悲苦 (bēikǔ)
* 感傷 / 感伤 (gǎnshāng)
* 愀愴 / 愀怆 (qiǎochuàng)
* 愁楚 (chóuchǔ) (literary)
* 惻然 / 恻然 (cèrán) (literary)
* 愴然 / 怆然 (chuàngrán) (literary)
* 憂傷 / 忧伤 (yōushāng)
* 慘悽 / 惨凄 (cǎnqī)
* 憂愁 / 忧愁 (yōuchóu)
* 憂戚 / 忧戚 (yōuqī) (literary)
* 慘淡 / 惨淡 (cǎndàn)
* 憯懍 / 憯懔 (cǎnlǐn)
* 懤懤 / 㤽㤽 (chóuchóu)
* 沉痛 (chéntòng)
* 淒切 / 凄切 (qīqiè)
* 淒惻 / 凄恻 (qīcè) (literary)
* 淒慘 / 凄惨 (qīcǎn)
* 淒楚 / 凄楚 (qīchǔ)
* 淒涼 / 凄凉 (qīliáng)
* 淒然 / 凄然 (qīrán) (literary)
* 痛心 (tòngxīn)
* 艱苦心 / 艰苦心 (Hokkien)
* 蒼涼 / 苍凉 (cāngliáng)
* 酸心 (suānxīn)
* 難受 / 难受 (nánshòu)
* 難過 / 难过 (nánguò)
* 青凊 (Hokkien)
* 黯然 (ànrán)
* (gloomy):
* 冥冥 (míngmíng) (literary)
* 慘淡 / 惨淡 (cǎndàn)
* 慘白 / 惨白 (cǎnbái)
* 昏暗 (hūn'àn)
* 昏沉 (hūnchén)
* 昏黑 (hūnhēi)
* 晦冥 (huìmíng) (literary, used both literally and figuratively)
* 晦暗 (huì'àn) (literary)
* 暗淡 (àndàn) (used both literally and figuratively)
* 烏暗 / 乌暗 (Hokkien, Teochew)
* 陰幽 / 阴幽 (yīnyōu) (literary)
* 黑暗 (hēi'àn)

### Compounds

* 五三慘案 / 五三惨案 (Wǔ-Sān Cǎn'àn)
* 五卅慘案 / 五卅惨案 (Wǔ-Sà Cǎn'àn)
* 傷心慘目 / 伤心惨目
* 六四慘案 / 六四惨案 (Liù-Sì Cǎn'àn)
* 共慘黨 / 共惨党 (gòngcǎndǎng)
* 前景慘淡 / 前景惨淡
* 天倫之慘 / 天伦之惨
* 天愁地慘 / 天愁地惨
* 天昏地慘 / 天昏地惨
* 寒慘慘 / 寒惨惨
* 恓慘 / 恓惨
* 悽悽慘慘 / 凄凄惨惨
* 悲慘 / 悲惨 (bēicǎn)
* 悽慘 / 凄惨 (qīcǎn)
* 愁紅慘綠 / 愁红惨绿
* 愁雲慘霧 / 愁云惨雾
* 慘不人道 / 惨不人道
* 慘不忍睹 / 惨不忍睹 (cǎnbùrěndǔ)
* 慘不忍聞 / 惨不忍闻
* 慘事 / 惨事 (cǎnshì)
* 慘兮兮 / 惨兮兮 (cǎnxīxī)
* 慘切 / 惨切
* 慘劇 / 惨剧 (cǎnjù)
* 慘厲 / 惨厉 (cǎnlì)
* 慘叫 / 惨叫 (cǎnjiào)
* 慘境 / 惨境 (cǎnjìng)
* 慘急 / 惨急
* 慘怛 / 惨怛 (cǎndá)
* 慘悽 / 惨凄 (cǎnqī)
* 慘惻 / 惨恻
* 慘慄 / 惨栗
* 慘愴 / 惨怆
* 慘慘 / 惨惨
* 慘慼 / 惨戚
* 慘慘戚戚 / 惨惨戚戚
* 慘戚 / 惨戚
* 慘敗 / 惨败 (cǎnbài)
* 慘景 / 惨景 (cǎnjǐng)
* 慘案 / 惨案 (cǎn'àn)
* 慘死 / 惨死 (cǎnsǐ)
* 慘毒 / 惨毒 (cǎndú)
* 慘淡 / 惨淡 (cǎndàn)
* 慘澹 / 惨澹 (cǎndàn)
* 慘澹經營 / 惨澹经营
* 慘烈 / 惨烈 (cǎnliè)
* 慘然 / 惨然 (cǎnrán)
* 慘然不樂 / 惨然不乐
* 慘無人道 / 惨无人道 (cǎnwúréndào)
* 慘狀 / 惨状 (cǎnzhuàng)
* 慘痛 / 惨痛 (cǎntòng)
* 慘白 / 惨白 (cǎnbái)
* 慘相 / 惨相
* 慘礉 / 惨礉
* 慘禍 / 惨祸 (cǎnhuò)
* 慘笑 / 惨笑 (cǎnxiào)
* 慘絕人寰 / 惨绝人寰 (cǎnjuérénhuán)
* 慘綠 / 惨绿
* 慘綠少年 / 惨绿少年
* 慘綠愁紅 / 惨绿愁红
* 慘腹 / 惨腹
* 慘變 / 惨变 (cǎnbiàn)
* 慘象 / 惨象 (cǎnxiàng)
* 慘遭 / 惨遭 (cǎnzāo)
* 慘酷 / 惨酷 (cǎnkù)
* 慘重 / 惨重 (cǎnzhòng)
* 打慘 / 打惨
* 昏慘慘 / 昏惨惨
* 梏慘 / 梏惨
* 沙基慘案 / 沙基惨案 (Shājī Cǎn'àn)
* 淒慘 / 凄惨 (qīcǎn)
* 淒淒慘慘 / 凄凄惨惨
* 濟南慘案 / 济南惨案 (Jǐnán Cǎn'àn)
* 疾痛慘怛 / 疾痛惨怛
* 紅愁綠慘 / 红愁绿惨
* 累慘 / 累惨
* 綠慘紅愁 / 绿惨红愁
* 綠慘雙蛾 / 绿惨双蛾
* 黯慘 / 黯惨

### References

* “慘”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “惨”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 22.

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 惨 |
| Kyūjitai | 慘 |

### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 惨)
* Kyūjitai form of 惨: wretched

#### Readings

* Go-on: そん (son)
* Kan-on: さん (san)
* Kan’yō-on: ざん (zan)
* Kun: みじめ (mijime, 慘め)、いたむ (itamu, 慘む)

## Korean
### Hanja

慘 • (cham, chim) (hangeul 참, 침, revised cham, chim, McCune–Reischauer ch'am, ch'im, Yale cham, chim)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

慘: Hán Nôm readings: thảm, thom, thỏm
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.