# twr
## Egyptian
### Pronunciation

* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /tuːr/
** Conventional anglicization: tur

### Verb

3-lit.
* (transitive) to show respect to (people or statues of the dead), to treat reverently [since the Pyramid Texts]
* (intransitive) to act respectful, to show respect (+ ḥr: to)
* (transitive) to worship, to honor (a god)
* (transitive, of a priest or son of the dead) to honor (the dead)
* (transitive, of the king) to honor, to magnify, to bestow honors on (one’s officials)
* (transitive) to hail, to greet respectfully
** c. 1859 BCE – 1840 BCE, The Story of Sinuhe, version B (pBerlin 3022 and pAmherst n-q) lines 10–11: ḫp.n.j z ꜥḥꜥ(.w) m r(ꜣ)-wꜣt t(w)r.n.f wj snḏ(.j) n.fI crossed a man standing on the road and he saluted me, but I feared him.
* (intransitive, with r) to keep one’s distance from or respect (someone’s possessions), to not violate (someone’s property) [21st Dynasty]

#### Inflection

infinitival forms
imperative
infinitive
negatival complement
complementary infinitive$^1$
singular
plural
twr
twrw, twr
twrt
twr
twr
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem
periphrastic imperfective$^2$
periphrastic prospective$^2$
twr
ḥr twr
m twr
r twr
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood
active
passive
contingent
aspect / mood
active
passive
perfect
twr.n
twrw, twr
consecutive
twr.jn
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
terminative
twrt
perfective$^3$
twr
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
obligative$^1$
twr.ḫr
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
imperfective
twr
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
prospective$^3$
twr
twrr
potentialis$^1$
twr.kꜣ
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
subjunctive
twr
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
participles
active
passive
active
passive
perfect
twr.n
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
perfective
twr
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
twr
twr, twrw$^5$, twry$^5$
imperfective
twr, twry, twrw$^5$
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
twr, twrj$^6$, twry$^6$
twr, twrw$^5$
prospective
twr, twrtj$^7$
twrtj$^4$, twrt$^4$
$^1$ Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
$^2$ Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
$^3$ Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
$^4$ Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
$^5$ Only in the masculine singular.
$^6$ Only in the masculine.
$^7$ Only in the feminine. :

#### Alternative forms

| tr | trj | trj | twr | twrj |
| [Middle Kingdom literature] | [since the Middle Kingdom] | [since the Middle Kingdom] | [since the Middle Kingdom] | [New Kingdom] |
| tr | tr | ṯr | tjwr |
| [since the New Kingdom] | [since the New Kingdom] | [18th Dynasty] | [21st Dynasty] |
| | | | only attested in the Instruction of Amenemope |
By the Middle Kingdom, the r in this word is often supplemented or replaced by j, reflecting the phonetic weakening or loss of r at the end of a syllable; further, the middle consonant w becomes commonly omitted.

### Verb

3-lit.
* (transitive) to turn away, to reject (someone unwanted as a companion, something unwanted to drink, etc.) [Pyramid Texts and archaizing texts of the Middle and New Kingdoms]

#### Inflection

infinitival forms
imperative
infinitive
negatival complement
complementary infinitive$^1$
singular
plural
twr
twrw, twr
twrt
twr
twr
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem
periphrastic imperfective$^2$
periphrastic prospective$^2$
twr
ḥr twr
m twr
r twr
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood
active
passive
contingent
aspect / mood
active
passive
perfect
twr.n
twrw, twr
consecutive
twr.jn
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
terminative
twrt
perfective$^3$
twr
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
obligative$^1$
twr.ḫr
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
imperfective
twr
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
prospective$^3$
twr
twrr
potentialis$^1$
twr.kꜣ
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
subjunctive
twr
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
participles
active
passive
active
passive
perfect
twr.n
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
perfective
twr
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
twr
twr, twrw$^5$, twry$^5$
imperfective
twr, twry, twrw$^5$
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
twr, twrj$^6$, twry$^6$
twr, twrw$^5$
prospective
twr, twrtj$^7$
twrtj$^4$, twrt$^4$
$^1$ Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
$^2$ Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
$^3$ Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
$^4$ Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
$^5$ Only in the masculine singular.
$^6$ Only in the masculine.
$^7$ Only in the feminine. :

#### Alternative forms

| twr | twr | twr | twr | twr | twr | twr | ṯwr | twrj | trj |
| [Pyramid Texts] | [Pyramid Texts] | [Pyramid Texts] | [Pyramid Texts] | [Pyramid Texts] | [Middle Kingdom] | [Middle Kingdom] | [Middle Kingdom] | [New Kingdom] | [New Kingdom] |
By the New Kingdom, the r in this word is often supplemented or replaced by j, reflecting the phonetic weakening or loss of r at the end of a syllable; further, the middle consonant w becomes occasionally omitted.

### Verb

3-lit.
* (transitive) to make (something sacred) ritually clean with water, natron, or incense; to cleanse, to purify (+ r: of (evil, pollution, etc.)) [since the Middle Kingdom]
* (intransitive) to be(come) ritually pure or clean [since the Middle Kingdom]
* (intransitive, of the sky) to be(come) clear (+ r: of (clouds))

#### Inflection

infinitival forms
imperative
infinitive
negatival complement
complementary infinitive$^1$
singular
plural
twr
twrw, twr
twrt
twr
twr
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem
periphrastic imperfective$^2$
periphrastic prospective$^2$
twr
ḥr twr
m twr
r twr
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood
active
passive
contingent
aspect / mood
active
passive
perfect
twr.n
twrw, twr
consecutive
twr.jn
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
terminative
twrt
perfective$^3$
twr
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
obligative$^1$
twr.ḫr
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
imperfective
twr
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
prospective$^3$
twr
twrr
potentialis$^1$
twr.kꜣ
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
subjunctive
twr
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
participles
active
passive
active
passive
perfect
twr.n
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
perfective
twr
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
twr
twr, twrw$^5$, twry$^5$
imperfective
twr, twry, twrw$^5$
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
twr, twrj$^6$, twry$^6$
twr, twrw$^5$
prospective
twr, twrtj$^7$
twrtj$^4$, twrt$^4$
$^1$ Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
$^2$ Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
$^3$ Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
$^4$ Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
$^5$ Only in the masculine singular.
$^6$ Only in the masculine.
$^7$ Only in the feminine. :

#### Alternative forms

| twrj | twrj | ṯwrj | tjwr | dwr | dwr | dwr |
| [New Kingdom] | [New Kingdom] | [New Kingdom] | [Late Period] | [Greco-Roman Period] | [Greco-Roman Period] | [Greco-Roman Period] |
By the New Kingdom, the r in this word is often supplemented or replaced by j, reflecting the phonetic weakening or loss of r at the end of a syllable. The middle consonant w is generally not omitted.

### Noun

m
* ritual purity or cleanliness [since the New Kingdom]

### Noun

m
* cleaner-priest [Greco-Roman Period]
* epithet of the king or the god Horus [Greco-Roman Period]

#### Alternative forms

dwr :

### Noun

m
* a kind of plant, possibly a kind of reed, used medicinally and said to be given to the dead in the afterworld

#### Alternative forms

| twrj | trj | twrj |
| | [Middle Kingdom literature] | [19th Dynasty] |
| | | in hieratic |
By the Middle Kingdom, the r in this word is often supplemented or replaced by j, reflecting the phonetic weakening or loss of r at the end of a syllable; further, the middle consonant w becomes commonly omitted.

### Proper noun

m
* a body of water in the afterworld [Book of the Dead]

### References

* “twr (lemma ID 854576)”, “twr (lemma ID 170380)”, “twr (lemma ID 170390)”, “twr (lemma ID 170320)”, and “twr (lemma ID 170400)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎, Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
* Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1931) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎, volume 5, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 252.3–252.5, 252.10–255.4, 318.1–318.8, 318.12–318.13
* Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, pages 295, 300

## Welsh
### Etymology

From Middle Welsh twrr, from Proto-Brythonic *turr (Cornish tor, Scottish Gaelic tòrr), from Latin turris (“tower”) (compare Old English torr (“a high rock, tower”)). Doublet of tŵr.
More at English tor and w:Tor (rock formation) § Etymology. Also compare Latin Taurini.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tʊr/
* Rhymes: -ʊr

### Noun

twr m (plural tyrrau)
* crowd, group
* heap, pile

#### Derived terms

* tyrru

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* A Book of Dartmoor (1900), p. 15
* Crossing's Guide to Dartmoor, 1912 Edition, 1965 Reprint (David & Charles, Newton Abbot)