# خشم
## Gulf Arabic
### Etymology

* Root
* خ ش م
* 1 term
From Arabic خَشَم (ḵašam). Cognate with Hijazi Arabic خشم (ḵušum).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈχə.ʃɪm/

### Noun

خَشِم • (ḵašim) m (plural خْشُوم (ḵšūm))
* nose

## Hijazi Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic خَشَم (ḵašam). Cognate with Gulf Arabic خشم (ḵašim).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /xu.ʃum/, [xʊ.ʃʊm]

### Noun

خشم • (ḵušum) m (construct state خُشْم (ḵušm), plural أخشام (ʔaḵšām))
* nose

## Persian
### Etymology

From Middle Persian ʾyšm, xyšm (xēšm, “anger”), from Old Persian *aišima (compare Avestan 𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬆𐬨𐬀 (aēšəma), 𐬀𐬉𐬴𐬨𐬀 (aēṣ̌ma)), from Proto-Iranian *HayšHmah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *HayšHmas, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁oysh₂-mo-s, from *h₁eysh₂-.
Cognate with Parthian 𐫙𐫢𐫖𐫃 (ʿšmg /⁠išmag⁠/, “wrath, the demon wrath”), Northern Kurdish hov (“savage”) and more distantly Latin īra. Akin to Old Armenian հեշմակապաշտ (hešmakapašt), Old Georgian ჰეშმაკი (hešmaḳi), ეშმაკი (ešmaḳi), Middle Georgian შმაგი (šmagi), Iranian borrowings.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [xaʃm], [xiʃm]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [xäʃm]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [xäʃm]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [xäʃm]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [xi.ʃim]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [xæʃm]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [χäʃm]

### Noun

| Dari | خشم |
| Iranian Persian | خشم |
| Tajik | хашм |
خشم • (xašm)
* anger, wrath, rage
    Synonyms: عصبانیت ('asabâniyat), غضب (ğazab), تندخویی (tondxuyi)
** c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume I, verse 3799:خشم بر شاهان شه و ما را غلام خشم را هم بسته‌‌ام زیر لگامxišm bar šāhān šah u mā rā ğulām xišm rā ham basta-am zēr-i lagāmAnger is king over kings, and to me it is a slave: even anger I have bound under the bridle.
** 1021-1077, Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi, Tarikh-i Bayhaqi
    چون حسنک بیامد، خواجه بر پای خاست. چون او این مَکرُمت بکرد، همه – اگر خواستند یا نه – بر پای خاستند. بو سهل زوزنی بر خشم خود طاقت نداشت؛ برخاست، نه تمام و بر خویشتن می ژکید. احمد او را گفت: در همه کارها ناتمامی. وی نیک از جای بشد.Čūn Hasanak biyāmad, Xwāja bar pāy xāst. Čūn ō īn makrumat bikard, hama – agar xwāstand yā na – bar pāy xāstand. Bū Sahl Zawzanī bar xašm-i xwad tāqat nadāšt; bar-xāst, na tamām, wa bar xwēštan mē-žakīd. Ahmad ō rā guft: "dar hama-i kār-hā nā-tamāmī". Way nēk az jāy bišud.When Hasanak [the Vizier] arrived, Khwaja [Ahmad Maymandi] rose to his feet. Since he displayed this act of respect, everyone – whether they wanted or not – rose to their feet.. Bu Sahl Zawzani couldn't contain his irritation; he rose, [but] not completely, while muttering under his breath. Ahmad said to him: "In all [your] undertakings, you lack thoroughness." He [Bu Sahl] became extremely angered.

#### Derived terms

* خشمگین (xašmgin, “angry”)

#### Descendants

* → Hindi: ख़श्म (xaśma)
* → Turkish: hışım

## Urdu
### Etymology

From Classical Persian خشم (xašm, “anger, rage”).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /xəʃm/

### Noun

خشم • (xaśm) m (Hindi spelling ख़श्म)
* anger; rage, fury, wrath
* indignation; ire
* passion

### References

* “خشم”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
* Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971) “خشم”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary‎, Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co.
* Platts, John T. (1884) “خشم”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.
* “خشم”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.