# 故

| 故 | U+6545, &#25925; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6545 |
| ← 敄 [U+6544] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 敆 → [U+6546] |

## Translingual
### Han character

故 (Kangxi radical 66, 攴+5, 9 strokes, cangjie input 十口人大 (JROK), four-corner 4864$_0$, composition ⿰古攵)

#### Derived characters

* 做 𡟁 𢰴 𫮆

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 469, character 25
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13161
* Dae Jaweon: page 820, character 5
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1453, character 5
* Unihan data for U+6545

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 故 :
| Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 箇 | *kaːls |
| 個 | *kaːls |
| 居 | *kɯ, *kas |
| 橭 | *kaː, *kʰaː |
| 嫴 | *kaː |
| 姑 | *kaː |
| 辜 | *kaː |
| 酤 | *kaː, *kaːs, *ɡaːʔ |
| 蛄 | *kaː |
| 鴣 | *kaː |
| 沽 | *kaː, *kaːʔ, *kaːs |
| 盬 | *kaː, *kaːʔ |
| 古 | *kaːʔ |
| 罟 | *kaːʔ |
| 估 | *kaːʔ |
| 鈷 | *kaːʔ |
| 詁 | *kaːʔ |
| 牯 | *kaːʔ |
| 故 | *kaːs |
| 固 | *kaːs |
| 稒 | *kaːɡs |
| 痼 | *kaːɡs |
| 錮 | *kaːɡs |
| 鯝 | *kaːɡs |
| 棝 | *kaːɡs |
| 凅 | *kaːɡs |
| 枯 | *kʰaː |
| 軲 | *kʰaː |
| 跍 | *kʰaː |
| 骷 | *kʰaː |
| 苦 | *kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs |
| 葫 | *qʰaː, *ɡaː |
| 餬 | *ɡaː |
| 瑚 | *ɡaː |
| 湖 | *ɡaː |
| 鶘 | *ɡaː |
| 猢 | *ɡaː |
| 醐 | *ɡaː |
| 糊 | *ɡaː |
| 箶 | *ɡaː |
| 蝴 | *ɡaː |
| 胡 | *ɡaː |
| 瓳 | *ɡaː |
| 怙 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 祜 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 岵 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 婟 | *ɡaːʔ, *ɡaːɡs |
| 楛 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 据 | *ka |
| 裾 | *ka |
| 琚 | *ka |
| 椐 | *ka, *kas, *kʰa |
| 鶋 | *ka |
| 蜛 | *ka |
| 崌 | *ka |
| 涺 | *ka |
| 腒 | *ka, *ɡa |
| 鋸 | *kas |
| 倨 | *kas |
| 踞 | *kas |
| 涸 | *ɡaːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kaːs) : phonetic 古 (OC *kaːʔ) + semantic 攵.

### Etymology 1

Derivative of 古 (OC *kaːʔ, “old”). The sense “cause, reason” may be related to (“thing or person of former times”), or the same word as 固 (OC *kaːs, “solid, secure, sure”) (Schuessler 2007, apud Pulleyblank 1989).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gù (gu$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gu$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ku
    (Hailu, HRS): gu$^ˇ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): gu$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): gu$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): gu̿
* Eastern Min (BUC): gó
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gou$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kò͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gu$^3$ / gu$^7$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^5$ku / $^5$kou
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gù
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gù
*** Wade–Giles: ku$^4$
*** Yale: gù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guh
*** Palladius: гу (gu)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gu$^3$
*** Yale: gu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gu$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kuː³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ku
*** Hakka Romanization System: gu
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ku⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: gu$^ˇ$
*** Sinological IPA: /ku¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: gu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ku⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: gu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ku⁴⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gu̿
*** Sinological IPA : /ku³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gó
*** Sinological IPA : /kou²¹³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gou$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɔu⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kò͘
*** Tâi-lô: kòo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kox
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /kɔ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kɔ¹¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /kɔ²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gu$^3$ / gu$^7$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kù / kū
*** Sinological IPA : /ku²¹³/, /ku¹¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$ku
*** MiniDict: ku$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$ku
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ku³⁴/
** (Northern: Suzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^5$kou
*** MiniDict: kou$^去$
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /kəu⁵²³/
* Middle Chinese: kuH
Rime :
| Character | 故 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 古暮切 |
| Baxter | kuH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kuo$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kuo$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ko$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kɔ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ko$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ku$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kuo$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gù |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gu$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤa(ʔ)-s/, /*kˤaʔ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kaːs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 故 | 故 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gù | gù |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ku$^H$ › | ‹ ku$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*kˁa(ʔ)-s/ | /*kˁaʔ-s/ |
| English | fact; reason | old (not new) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 故 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 4228 |
| Phonetic component | 古 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 顧 |
| Old Chinese | /*kaːs/ |

#### Definitions

故
* old; of the past
* cause; reason
    緣故／缘故 ― yuángù ― reason
* accident; misfortune; unexpected event
* past things; antiquity
* old friend; good friend; close friend
    From: The School Sayings of Confucius, c. 206 BCE– 220 CE
    Kǒngzǐ yuē: “Wú wén zhī, qīnzhě bùshī qí wéiqīn yě, gùzhě bùshī qí wéigù yě.” [Pinyin]
    Confucius said: "I have heard that kinfolk lose not what makes them kinfolk and old friends lose not what makes them old friends."
* to die; to pass away
    已故 ― yǐgù ― deceased [lit. has passed away]
* deceased; dead
* formerly; originally
* intentionally; deliberately
* still; as before
* therefore; so
    我思故我在 ― wǒ sī gù wǒ zài ― I think, therefore I am
    故名「北京」 ― gù míng “běijīng” ― hence the name "Northern Capital"
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Shēng yì wǒ suǒ yù, suǒ yù yǒu shèn yú shēng zhě, gù bù wéi gǒudé yě; sǐ yì wǒ suǒ wù, suǒ wù yǒu shèn yú sǐ zhě, gù huàn yǒusuǒ bù bì yě. [Pinyin]
    like life indeed, but there is that which I like more than life, and therefore, I will not seek to possess it by any improper ways. I dislike death indeed, but there is that which I dislike more than death, and therefore there are occasions when I will not avoid danger.

##### Synonyms

* (to die):
* 下世 (xiàshì) (formal)
* 上天 (shàngtiān) (euphemistic)
* 上路 (shànglù) (euphemistic)
* 不在 (bùzài) (euphemistic)
* 不幸 (bùxìng) (Classical Chinese, euphemistic)
* 不祿 / 不禄 (bùlù) (archaic, euphemistic, of military officers)
* 亡
* 亡故 (wánggù) (literary)
* 仙逝 (xiānshì) (euphemistic)
* 仙遊 / 仙游 (xiānyóu) (euphemistic)
* 作古 (zuògǔ) (literary, euphemistic)
* 做鬼 (zuòguǐ) (colloquial)
* 傾世 / 倾世 (qīngshì) (literary)
* 傾亡 / 倾亡 (qīngwáng) (literary)
* 入寂 (rùjì) (Buddhism, of Buddhist monks)
* 凋謝 / 凋谢 (diāoxiè) (to die of old age)
* 化去 (huàqù) (euphemistic)
* 升天 (shēngtiān) (euphemistic)
* 即世 (jíshì) (literary)
* 去世 (qùshì)
* 合眼 (héyǎn) (euphemistic)
* 喪亡 / 丧亡 (sàngwáng) (literary)
* 喪命 / 丧命 (sàngmìng) (euphemistic)
* 喪生 / 丧生 (sàngshēng) (euphemistic)
* 嗚呼 / 呜呼 (wūhū) (euphemistic)
* 嗝屁 (gěpì) (Mandarin, vulgar, dysphemistic)
* 嚥氣 / 咽气 (yànqì) (colloquial)
* 回老家 (huí lǎojiā) (euphemistic, humorous)
* 圓寂 / 圆寂 (yuánjì) (of Buddhist monks or nuns)
* 壽終正寢 / 寿终正寝 (shòuzhōngzhèngqǐn) (euphemistic)
* 失氣 / 失气 (shīqì) (literary)
* 安息 (ānxī) (euphemistic)
* 安眠 (ānmián) (euphemistic)
* 小喇叭兒吹了 / 小喇叭儿吹了 (xiǎo lǎbār chuī le) (Beijing Mandarin)
* 就義 / 就义 (jiùyì) (to die a martyr)
* 崩 (bēng) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
* 崩殂 (bēngcú) (Classical, of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
* 彈老三 / 弹老三 (Northern Wu, informal, humorous)
* 往生 (wǎngshēng) (euphemistic)
* 忽然 (hūrán) (Classical Chinese, euphemistic)
* 掛 / 挂 (guà) (slang, humorous)
* 故世 (gùshì) (euphemistic, chiefly of one's elders)
* 故去 (gùqù) (euphemistic, chiefly of one's elders)
* 斃命 / 毙命 (bìmìng) (pejorative)
* 早死 (zǎosǐ)
* 晏駕 / 晏驾 (yànjià) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
* 枯死 (kūsǐ) (literary, figurative)
* 棄世 / 弃世 (qìshì) (literary)
* 歸天 / 归天 (guītiān) (euphemistic)
* 歸西 / 归西 (guīxī) (euphemistic)
* 歸道山 / 归道山 (guī dàoshān) (literary, euphemistic)
* 死 (sǐ)
* 死亡 (sǐwáng) (formal)
* 死人 (sǐrén)
* 死去 (sǐqù) (informal)
* 死掉 (sǐdiào) (informal)
* 死翹翹 / 死翘翘 (sǐqiàoqiào) (informal, humorous)
* 死脫 / 死脱 ($^5$shi-theq) (Wu)
* 殞 / 殒 (yǔn) (archaic)
* 氣絕 / 气绝 (qìjué) (literary)
* 永眠 (yǒngmián) (euphemistic, honorific)
* 沒世 / 没世 (mòshì) (literary)
* 沉眠 (chénmián) (euphemistic)
* 消忒 (Hakka, euphemistic)
* 物化 (wùhuà) (literary)
* 狗帶 / 狗带 (gǒudài) (slang, neologism)
* 畢命 / 毕命 (bìmìng) (formal, euphemistic)
* 病亡 (bìngwáng) (to die of illness)
* 病故 (bìnggù) (to die of illness)
* 病死 (bìngsǐ) (to die of illness)
* 病逝 (bìngshì) (to die of illness)
* 瘐死 (yǔsǐ) (of deaths in prison)
* 百年歸老 / 百年归老 (bǎiniánguīlǎo) (euphemistic, of the elderly)
* 盡命 / 尽命 (jìnmìng) (literary, euphemistic)
* 終 / 终 (zhōng) (literary, or in compounds, euphemistic)
* 絕 / 绝 (jué) (literary, or in compounds)
* 翹辮子 / 翘辫子 (qiào biànzi) (informal, humorous)
* 老了 (lǎo le) (euphemistic, of the elderly)
* 蒙主寵召 / 蒙主宠召 (méngzhǔchǒngzhào) (Christianity, euphemistic)
* 薨 (hōng) (Classical Chinese, of feudal lords or high officials)
* 薨逝 (hōngshì) (of feudal lords)
* 被難 / 被难 (bèinàn) (to be killed in a disaster, political incident, etc.)
* 見背 / 见背 (jiànbèi) (literary, of one's parents or elders)
* 見閻王 / 见阎王 (jiàn Yánwáng) (figurative)
* 見馬克思 / 见马克思 (jiàn Mǎkèsī) (communism, euphemistic)
* 謝世 / 谢世 (xièshì) (literary)
* 賓天 / 宾天 (bīntiān) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
* 走 (zǒu) (euphemistic)
* 走去踮 (Hokkien, euphemistic)
* 身亡 (shēnwáng) (formal, usually from unnatural causes)
* 辭世 / 辞世 (císhì) (literary)
* 辭塵 / 辞尘 (cíchén) (literary, euphemistic)
* 逝世 (shìshì)
* 進棺材 / 进棺材 (jìn guāncái)
* 過世 / 过世 (guòshì)
* 過去 / 过去 (guòqù) (euphemistic)
* 過往 / 过往 (Hokkien, euphemistic, Teochew, euphemistic)
* 過身 / 过身 (guòshēn) (literary)
* 過面 / 过面 (Hokkien)
* 長山賣鴨卵 / 长山卖鸭卵 (Hakka, euphemistic)
* 長眠 / 长眠 (chángmián) (euphemistic, honorific)
* 閉眼 / 闭眼 (bìyǎn) (euphemistic)
* 隕落 / 陨落 (yǔnluò) (euphemistic)
* 離世 / 离世 (líshì) (euphemistic)
* 駕崩 / 驾崩 (jiàbēng) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
* 駕鶴西去 / 驾鹤西去 (jiàhèxīqù) (euphemistic)
* 駕鶴西遊 / 驾鹤西游 (jiàhèxīyóu) (euphemistic)
* 龍馭上賓 / 龙驭上宾 (lóngyùshàngbīn) (of an emperor)
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 死, 亡, 歿, 卒 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 死, 死亡, 亡故, 喪生, 喪命, 去世 †, 過世 †, 逝世 †, 離世 †, 下世 †, 不在 †, 過去 †, 仙逝 †, 歸天 †, 歸西 †, 升天 †, 作古 †, 長眠 †, 閉眼 †, 故去 †, ‡, 故世 †, ‡, 一命嗚呼, 謝世, 離開人間 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 死, 撂, 撂條, 故去 †, 吹燈 †, 吹燈拔蠟 †, 吹臺 †, 老 †, ‡, 踹腿 ¤, 踹腿兒 ¤, 踹 ¤, 回姥姥家 ¤, 彎回去 †, 毛兒提 Hui |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 死, 過世 † |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 死, 老 †, ‡, 伸腿兒 ¤, 伸腿 ¤, 蹬腿兒 ¤, 奔兒咕 ¤, 桿兒屁 §, 桿兒細 §, 吹燈拔蠟 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 死, 死掉, 死翹翹, 過世 †, 去世 †, 上天堂 †, 賣鹹鴨蛋 † |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 死, 歿, 過去 †, 老 †, ‡, 不在 †, ‡, 王八 §, 完蛋, 完錢, 完活, 無常 Hui, 歸主 Hui, 歸真 Hui |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 死, 老 †, ‡, 上西天 § |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 死, 過去, 過世, 下世, 亡故, 不在, 升天, 去世 †, 老 †, ‡, 擱那兒 ¤ |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 死, 歿, 老 †, ‡ |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 死, 不在 †, 老 †, ‡, 無常 Hui |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 歿 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 死, 走 †, 歿 Hui, 歸真 Hui, 冒提 Hui, 口喚 Hui, 無常 Hui, 完 Hui |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 死, 過世 †, 緩下 †, 躺下 † |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 死, 過世 †, 不在 † |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 死, 過去 †, 不在 †, 去 †, 過世 †, 老 †, ‡, 撬桿兒 §, 撬桿 §, 翹辮子 §, 見馬克思, 歸天, 去陰國, 爬高煙囪, 落氣, 冰凊, 沒脈 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 死, 過身 †, 去 †, 老 †, ‡, 去回 ¤, 翹辮子 ¤, 翹 ¤, 瓜碼子 ¤, 瓜 ¤, 西皮 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 死, 過世 †, 成神 †, ‡, 百年歸天 †, ‡, 嗚呼 ¤ |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 死, 沒得脈, 過世 †, 過身 †, 沒在 †, 哦嚄 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 死, 過世 †, 歸天 †, ‡, 不在 †, 嗝兒得 ¤, 翹辮子 ¤ |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 死, 不在 †, 走 †, 家去吃去 ¤, 家去 ¤, 翹辮子 ¤, 翹 ¤, 駝條 § |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 死, 不在 †, 老 † |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 死, 過身 †, 過世 †, 老 †, ‡, 百年歸老 †, ‡, 去別有天 †, ¤, 去大煙筒 †, ¤, 瓜 ¤, 瓜老襯 ¤, 收檔 ¤, 攞竇 ¤, 進竇 §, 瓜竇, 直, 瓜直, 死直, 攤直, 雙腳撐直, 伸直腳, 拉柴, 瓜柴, 褸席, 歸西, 歸天, 食黃泥, 入黃泥窿, 入窿, 玩完, 嫌米貴, 瞇埋眼, 一 argot, 唔食廣東米 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 死, 過身 †, 走 †, 香 †, 去 †, 唔喺度 †, 百年歸老 †, 賣鹹鴨蛋 †, 兩腳一伸 †, 仙遊 †, 拜拜 †, 去閻羅王處報到 †, 瓜 ¤, 瓜老襯 ¤, 拉柴, 瓜柴, 釘蓋, 釘, 直, 歸西, 玩完, ham |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 過身 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 過身 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 過身, 死 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 過身 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 過身, 去 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 過身, 死 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 死 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 過身, 死 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 去歸, 過身 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 過身, 死 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 死, 過身 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 過身 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 過身 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 死 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 過身 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 死 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 過身, 死 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 死, 過身 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 過身, 死 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 死, 過身 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 死, 善, 去 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 死, 登仙 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 過身, 死 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 死 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 死, 老 †, 去返 †, 去舊時嗰處 †, 視埋眼 †, 伸直腳 †, 入罌 †, 拉柴 §, 去大煙筒 § |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 死, 過身 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 死, 過輩 †, 老 †, ‡, 老大 †, ‡ |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 死, 過身 † |
| Gan | Nanchang | 死, 過世 †, 老 † |
| Gan | Lichuan | 死 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 死, 過 †, 走路 †, 老 †, ‡, 去 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 死, 老, 過身 †, 消 †, 老壽 †, ‡ |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 過身, 香 † |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 過身, 死 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 死, 過身 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 死 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 死, 過身 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 死, 過世 †, 過套 †, 過身 †, 轉去 †, 轉該背 †, 歸仙 †, 轉老外婆裡 ¤ |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 死, 過身 †, 往生 †, 上神桌 † |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 死, 過身 †, 往生 †, 上神桌 † |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 死, 過身 †, 往生 †, 上神桌 † |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 死, 過身 †, 往生 †, 上神桌 † |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 死, 過身 †, 往生 †, 上神桌 † |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 死, 過身 †, 上神桌 † |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 過身, 老 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 死, 過世 †, 過輩 †, 過身 †, 不在 †, 過老 §, 過邊 §, 進棺材 §, 進風水 §, 翹扁 §, ¤ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 死, 沒啦 †, 走 †, 過去 †, 老 †, ‡, 老客 †, ‡ |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 死, 回老家 †, 硬 §, 㞗朝天 of a man, vulgar, 倒蕎麥皮 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 死, 過身 †, 老 †, ‡ |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 死, 過去 †, 過世 †, 過後 †, 歸西 †, 百歲 †, 老去 †, ‡, 堯街去 ¤, 堯生去 ¤, 溜翹 ¤, 殂 ¤, 去算米數 ¤, 去外媽食齋 ¤, 去外媽 ¤, 去䁐廬山 ¤, 去厝去 ¤, 睏長暝眠 ¤, 翹齋 ¤, 揭兜去 ¤, 拔直去 ¤, 上天去 ¤, 生去 ¤, 𣪟去 ¤, 䁐松柏樹 ¤, 䁐松柏 ¤, 轉祖 § |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 死, 過身 †, 過氣 †, 百歲 †, 百年 †, 百歲年老 †, 行去 †, 無去 †, 㾀 †, 老去 †, ‡, 老咯 †, ‡, 蟯 ¤, 蟯歹 ¤, 蟯癱 ¤, 行雞 ¤, 馬滴 § |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 死, 過身 †, 過氣 †, 百歲 †, 百年 †, 無去 †, 老去 †, ‡, 老咯 †, ‡, 行雞 ¤, 馬滴 § |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 死, 過身 †, 過氣 †, 百歲 †, 百年 †, 百歲年老 †, 行去 †, 無去 †, 起身 †, 老去 †, ‡, 老咯 †, ‡, 蟯 ¤, 蟯歹 ¤, 蟯癱 ¤, 行雞 ¤, 誆牽 §, 㾀 §, 㾀歹 §, 馬滴 § |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 死去, 老 †, 過身 † |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 死去, 老去 †, 往生 †, 過身 † |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 死去, 老去 †, 行去 †, 往生 †, 無佇咧 †, 過身 †, 轉去 † |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 死去, 老去 †, 往生 †, 無佇咧 †, 過身 †, 過往 † |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 死去, 老 †, 無去 †, 過身 †, 轉去 † |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 死去, 往生 †, 過身 † |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 死去, 老去 †, 行去 †, 往生 †, 無佇咧 †, 過身 †, 轉去 † |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 曲去, 去咯 †, 往生 †, 過身 †, 老去 † |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 死去, 往生 †, 過身 †, 行去 † |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 死去, 往生 †, 過身 †, 老去 † |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 死, 馬滴, 死翹翹, 過身 †, 百年 †, 百歲 †, 過氣 †, 起車 †, 老去 †, 老咯 †, 行去 †, 蟯去 †, 吭跤翹 †, 交登記 † |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 死, 死去, 過面 †, 過身 † |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 死, 過身 †, 過世 † |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 過身, 吭跤翹, 吭翹 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 死, 過身 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 死, 過世 †, 過輩 †, 過目焗 ¤, 直筒 §, 刮薯減米 § |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 死, 過層 †, ‡, 老 †, ‡, 貓使 § |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 死 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 死 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 死, 瓜老襯, 過世, 歸西 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 死, 故 †, 過世 †, 嘸沒 †, 一腳去 †, 翹辮子 §, ¤, 彈老三 §, 翹老三 § |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 死, 老 †, 故 †, 翹辮子 ¤ |
| Wu | Suzhou | 死, 壞, 去, 過世 †, 翹辮子 § |
| Wu | Danyang | 死 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 死, 故 †, 過世 †, 翹辮兒 ¤, 到龍駒塢去 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 死, 翹辮子 §, 過世 †, 嘸沒 †, 死脫 §, 燂茶, 山裡去, 吃豆腐羹, 嘸沒來的 †, 老 † |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 死, 冇 †, 過輩 †, ‡, 蹻 ¤ |
| Wu | Jinhua | 死, 過世 †, 過輩 †, 弗在 †, 老 †, ‡ |
| Xiang | Changsha | 死, 過 †, 去 †, 瓜, 彈, 彈四郎 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 死, 過世 †, 故 †, 上岸 † |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 死, 過世 †, 故 † |
| Note | † - euphemistic; ‡ - usually of the elderly; ¤ - humorous; § - derogatory/disrespectful | † - euphemistic; ‡ - usually of the elderly; ¤ - humorous; § - derogatory/disrespectful |
* (therefore; so):
* 乃末 (Shanghainese)
* 以故 (yǐgù) (Classical Chinese)
* 以是 (yǐshì) (Classical Chinese)
* 因此 (yīncǐ)
* 因而 (yīn'ér)
* 從而 / 从而 (cóng'ér)
* 所以
* 故此 (gùcǐ)
* 故而 (gù'ér)
* 於是 / 于是 (yúshì)
* 於是乎 / 于是乎 (yúshìhū) (literary)
* 是以 (shìyǐ) (literary)
* 是故 (shìgù) (literary)
* 此以 (cǐyǐ) (literary)
* 為此 / 为此 (wèicǐ)
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 是以, 是故, 故, 以, 以是, 以故 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 所以, 因此, 因而, 故, 故此, 故而 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 所以 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 所以 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 所以 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 所以 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 所以, 故此 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 所以 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 所以 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 故是 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 所以, 故此 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 故所, 所以 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 故所, 所以, 故所以 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 所以 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 所以 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 所以, 故所 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 所以 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 所以上 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 故此 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 故此 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 所以 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 所以 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 所以 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 所以 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 所以 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 所以 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 所以 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 所以 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 所以, 咾, 葛咾, 因此, 故所以 dated, 故而 dated, 所以緣故 dated, 為此緣故 dated, 因此緣故 dated |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 故所以 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 故所以 |

##### Compounds

* 一見如故 / 一见如故 (yījiànrúgù)
* 不主故常
* 不知何故
* 不解其故
* 世故 (shìgù)
* 九故十親 / 九故十亲
* 事故 (shìgù)
* 亡故 (wánggù)
* 交通事故 (jiāotōng shìgù)
* 人情世故 (rénqíngshìgù)
* 他故
* 何故 (hégù)
* 依然如故
* 依然故我 (yīrángùwǒ)
* 借故 (jiègù)
* 傳奇故事 / 传奇故事
* 典故 (diǎngù)
* 出故典
* 則故 / 则故
* 北平故宮 / 北平故宫
* 十親九故 / 十亲九故
* 原故 (yuángù)
* 吐故納新 / 吐故纳新 (tǔgùnàxīn)
* 喜新厭故 / 喜新厌故
* 國故 / 国故 (guógù)
* 多故
* 大故
* 天下多故
* 奉行故事
* 如故 (rúgù)
* 姻故
* 安堵如故
* 小故
* 巧故
* 已故 (yǐgù)
* 平白無故 / 平白无故 (píngbáiwúgù)
* 并州故鄉
* 循常習故 / 循常习故
* 意故
* 慈故能勇
* 扮故事
* 持之有故 (chízhīyǒugù)
* 按堵如故
* 指親托故 / 指亲托故
* 掌故 (zhǎnggù)
* 推故
* 故世 (gùshì)
* 故且 (gùqiě)
* 故主
* 故事
* 故事書 / 故事书 (gùshishū)
* 故事片
* 故事詩 / 故事诗
* 故交 (gùjiāo)
* 故人 (gùrén)
* 故以
* 故伎重演
* 故侯
* 故侯瓜
* 故入
* 故典
* 故出
* 故劍 / 故剑 (gùjiàn)
* 故劍情深 / 故剑情深
* 故去 (gùqù)
* 故友 (gùyǒu)
* 故吏 (gùlì)
* 故吾
* 故國 / 故国 (gùguó)
* 故園 / 故园 (gùyuán)
* 故園心眼 / 故园心眼
* 故土 (gùtǔ)
* 故土難移 / 故土难移
* 故地 (gùdì)
* 故址 (gùzhǐ)
* 故城 (gùchéng)
* 故壘 / 故垒
* 故夫
* 故失
* 故套
* 故宅
* 故宇
* 故家 (gùjiā)
* 故宮 / 故宫 (gùgōng)
* 故家喬木 / 故家乔木
* 故家子
* 故家子弟
* 故宮禾黍 / 故宫禾黍
* 故家遺俗 / 故家遗俗
* 故實 / 故实
* 故將軍 / 故将军
* 故居 (gùjū)
* 故山
* 故常
* 故弄玄虛 / 故弄玄虚 (gùnòngxuánxū)
* 故意 (gùyì)
* 故態 / 故态
* 故態復萌 / 故态复萌 (gùtàifùméng)
* 故我
* 故所 (gùsuǒ)
* 故技 (gùjì)
* 故技重施 (gùjìchóngshī)
* 故故
* 故故由兒 / 故故由儿
* 故智
* 故書 / 故书
* 故有
* 故林
* 故歇
* 故此 (gùcǐ)
* 故步
* 故步自封 (gùbùzìfēng)
* 故殺 / 故杀 (gùshā)
* 故淹珠玉
* 故物
* 故犯 (gùfàn)
* 故生枝節 / 故生枝节
* 故當 / 故当
* 故疏
* 故知 (gùzhī)
* 故紙 / 故纸
* 故紙堆 / 故纸堆 (gùzhǐduī)
* 故絮
* 故縣 / 故县 (Gùxiàn)
* 故縱 / 故纵
* 故老
* 故而 (gù'ér)
* 故自
* 故自傷殘 / 故自伤残
* 故舊 / 故旧 (gùjiù)
* 故舊不棄 / 故旧不弃 (gùjiùbùqì)
* 故舍
* 故記 / 故记
* 故轍 / 故辙
* 故退
* 故道 (gùdào)
* 故都 (gùdū)
* 故鄉 / 故乡 (gùxiāng)
* 故里 (gùlǐ)
* 故障 (gùzhàng)
* 敷衍故事
* 明知故問 / 明知故问 (míngzhīgùwèn)
* 明知故犯 (míngzhīgùfàn)
* 是故 (shìgù)
* 更故
* 有故
* 欲擒故縱 / 欲擒故纵 (yùqíngùzòng)
* 毛舉細故 / 毛举细故
* 江山如故
* 沒緣沒故 / 没缘没故
* 沾親帶故 / 沾亲带故
* 溫故知新 / 温故知新 (wēngùzhīxīn)
* 滌故更新 / 涤故更新
* 漢武故事 / 汉武故事
* 無故 / 无故 (wúgù)
* 無緣無故 / 无缘无故 (wúyuánwúgù)
* 物故 (wùgù)
* 特故
* 狂奴故態 / 狂奴故态
* 班荊道故 / 班荆道故
* 病故 (bìnggù)
* 白憑無故 / 白凭无故
* 皮故
* 確定故意 / 确定故意
* 細故 / 细故 (xìgù)
* 緣故 / 缘故 (yuángù)
* 羌無故實 / 羌无故实
* 義故 / 义故
* 習故守常 / 习故守常
* 老於世故 / 老于世故 (lǎoyúshìgù)
* 自我作故
* 舊故 / 旧故 (jiùgù)
* 蒙故業 / 蒙故业
* 薄物細故 / 薄物细故 (bówùxìgù)
* 藉故 / 借故 (jiègù)
* 虛應故事 / 虚应故事
* 衣錦故鄉 / 衣锦故乡
* 襲人故智 / 袭人故智
* 親故 / 亲故 (qīngù)
* 解故
* 託故 / 托故 (tuōgù)
* 詐故 / 诈故
* 詭故 / 诡故
* 變故 / 变故 (biàngù)
* 變故易常 / 变故易常
* 責任事故 / 责任事故
* 蹈常襲故 / 蹈常袭故 (dǎochángxígù)
* 蹈襲故常 / 蹈袭故常 (dǎoxígùcháng)
* 身故 (shēngù)
* 迎新送故
* 送故
* 退故
* 送故迎新
* 道故
* 鄉故 / 乡故
* 釁故 / 衅故
* 鑽故紙 / 钻故纸
* 門生故吏 / 门生故吏 (ménshēng gùlì)
* 雅故
* 雖故 / 虽故
* 非親非故 / 非亲非故 (fēiqīnfēigù)
* 革故鼎新
* 風月故事 / 风月故事
* 飽經世故 / 饱经世故
* 高朋故戚
* 鬼故事
* 鼎新革故

##### Descendants

* → Japanese: 故(こ) (ko)
* → Korean: 고(故) (go)
* → Vietnamese: cố (故)
Others:
* → Proto-Tai: *kawᴮ (“old”)
** Ahom: 𑜀𑜧 (kaw)
** Lao: ເກົ່າ (kao)
** Lü: ᦂᧁᧈ (k̇aw¹)
** Tai Dam: ꪹꪀ꪿ꪱ
** Shan: ၵဝ်ႇ (kào)
** Thai: เก่า (gào)
** Zhuang: gaeuq

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Cantonese (Jyutping): gu$^2$
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gu$^2$
*** Yale: gú
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gu$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kuː³⁵/

#### Definitions

故
* (Cantonese) Alternative form of 古 (gu$^2$, “story”)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)
* happenstance
* old, past
* therefore
* late (deceased)

#### Readings

* Go-on: く (ku)
* Kan-on: こ (ko, Jōyō)
* Kun: ゆえ (yue, 故, Jōyō)、こと (koto)、ことさら (kotosara, 故)、ふるい (furui, 故い)

#### Compounds

* 故意(こい) (koi)
* 故人(こじん) (kojin)
* 故事(こじ) (koji)
* 温故知新(おんこちしん) (onkochishin)
* 故事成語(こじせいご) (kojiseigo)
* 故意犯(こいはん) (koihan)
* 物故(ぶっこ) (bukko)
* 病故(びょうこ) (byōko)
* 吐故納新(とこのうしん) (tokonōshin)
* 故障(こしょう) (koshō)
* 故郷(こきょう) (kokyō)
* 縁故(えんこ) (enko)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 故
* こ Grade: 5
* kan'on

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ko̞]

#### Prefix

故(こ) • (ko-)
* the deceased, late

#### Affix

故(こ) • (ko)
* old; past; former

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 故
* ゆえ Grade: 5
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 故 – see the following entry. :
| 【ゆえ】 | [noun] reason, cause |
(This term, 故, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 故
* ことさら Grade: 5
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 故 – see the following entry. :
| 【殊更ことさら】 | [adverb] intentionally; deliberately; on purpose [adverb] particularly; especially; specially [adjective] intentional; deliberate [adjective] particular |
(This term, 故, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### References
## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 故 (MC kuH). Recorded as Middle Korean 고 (kwo) (Yale: kwo) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

### Pronunciation

* (in 고향 (故鄕, gohyang)):
** (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ko̞]
** Phonetic hangul: [고]
* (old; cause; accident; etc.):
** (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ko̞(ː)]
** Phonetic hangul: [고(ː)]
*** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Hanja

Wikisource 故 (eumhun 옛 고 (yet go))
* hanja form of 고 (“old; ancient”)
* hanja form of 고 (“cause; reason”)
* hanja form of 고 (“accident; unexpected event”)
* hanja form of 고 (“late (deceased)”)
    故 노태우, 내일 국가장go No-tae'u, naeil gukgajangThe state funeral for the late Roh Tae-woo will be tomorrow

#### Compounds

* 가고 (家故, gago)
* 고국 (故國, goguk)
* 고사 (故事, gosa)
* 고살 (故殺, gosal)
* 고우 (故友, gou)
* 고의 (故意, goui)
* 고인 (故人, goin)
* 고장 (故障, gojang)
* 고향 (故鄕, gohyang)
* 무고 (無故, mugo)
* 변고 (變故, byeon'go)
* 사고 (事故, sago)
* 연고 (緣故, yeon'go)
* 유고 (有故, yugo)
* 작고 (作故, jakgo)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

故: Hán Nôm readings: cố, cớ
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.