# 荊棘
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jīngjí
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄥ ㄐㄧˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ging$^1$ gik$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kîn-kit
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): keng-kek / keng-kiak
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gêng$^1$ gêg$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jīngjí
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥ ㄐㄧˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jingjí
*** Wade–Giles: ching$^1$-chi$^2$
*** Yale: jīng-jí
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jingjyi
*** Palladius: цзинцзи (czinczi)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$經籍 / 经籍 荊棘 / 荆棘
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ging$^1$ gik$^1$
*** Yale: gīng gīk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ging$^1$ gik$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ging$^1$ gig$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɪŋ⁵⁵ kɪk̚⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kîn-kit
*** Hakka Romanization System: gin$^ˊ$ gid$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gin$^1$ gid$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /kin²⁴ kit̚²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: keng-kek
*** Tâi-lô: king-kik
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kengkeg
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiɪk̚³²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: keng-kiak
*** Tâi-lô: king-kiak
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kengkiag
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɪŋ³³ kiak̚⁵/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gêng$^1$ gêg$^4$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: keng kek
*** Sinological IPA : /keŋ³³⁻²³ kek̚²/
* Middle Chinese: kjaeng kik
Rime :
| Character | 荊 | 棘 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 庚 (111) | 職 (134) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 舉卿切 | 紀力切 |
| Baxter | kjaeng | kik |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠiæŋ/ | /kɨk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kᵚiaŋ/ | /kɨk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kiaŋ/ | /kiek̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kiajŋ/ | /kik̚/ |
| Li Rong | /kiɐŋ/ | /kiək̚/ |
| Wang Li | /kĭɐŋ/ | /kĭək̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ki̯ɐŋ/ | /ki̯ək̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jīng | ji |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ging$^1$ | gik$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]reŋ krək/
    (Zhengzhang): /*keŋ krɯɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 荊 | 棘 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jīng | jí |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kjæng › | ‹ kik › |
| Old Chinese | /*[k]reŋ/ | /*krək/ |
| English | briar | thorns |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 荊 | 棘 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 6851 | 5745 |
| Phonetic component | 井 | 棘 |
| Rime group | 耕 | 職 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 驚 | 殛 |
| Old Chinese | /*keŋ/ | /*krɯɡ/ |

### Noun

荊棘
* (literally, botany) thistles and thorns; brambles; thorny undergrowth
    From: Tao Te Ching, 4th century BCE
    Shī zhī suǒ chǔ, jīngjí shēng yān. [Pinyin]
    Wherever a host is stationed, briars and thorns spring up.
* (literary, figurative) difficult situation; dangerous circumstances
* (literary, figurative) scheming sycophant
* (literary, figurative) animosity; hostility; ill will; grudge

#### Synonyms

* (scheming sycophant): (literary) 姦佞／奸佞 (jiānnìng)
* (animosity):
* 嫌隙 (xiánxì)
* 碴兒 / 碴儿 (chár) (colloquial)
* 芥蒂 (jièdì) (literary, figurative)

### Adjective

荊棘
* (literary, figurative) chaotic; disorderly

#### Synonyms

* 一塌糊塗 / 一塌糊涂
* 亂 / 乱 (luàn)
* 亂七八糟 / 乱七八糟 (luànqībāzāo)
* 亂雜 / 乱杂 (luànzá) (literary)
* 凌亂 (língluàn)
* 嘈亂 / 嘈乱 (cáoluàn) (literary, of sound)
* 大鼎炒狗蟻 / 大鼎炒狗蚁 (Hokkien)
* 挐亂 / 挐乱 (Hokkien)
* 擾擾 / 扰扰 (rǎorǎo)
* 散亂 / 散乱 (sǎnluàn)
* 有七無八 / 有七无八 (Hokkien)
* 殽亂 / 淆乱 (xiáoluàn) (literary)
* 混亂 / 混乱 (hùnluàn)
* 烏七八糟 / 乌七八糟 (wūqībāzāo)
* 烏哩單刀 / 乌哩单刀 (Cantonese)
* 無序 / 无序 (wúxù)
* 狼戾 (Hakka, literary)
* 狼狼戾戾 (Hakka)
* 狼藉 (lángjí)
* 立立亂 / 立立乱 (lap$^6$ lap$^{6-2}$ lyun$^6$) (Cantonese)
* 糊塗 / 糊涂
* 糾紛 / 纠纷 (jiūfēn) (literary)
* 紊 (wěn) (literary, or in compounds)
* 紛亂 / 纷乱 (fēnluàn)
* 紊亂 / 紊乱 (wěnluàn)
* 紛雜 / 纷杂 (fēnzá) (literary)
* 繚亂 / 缭乱 (liáoluàn) (formal)
* 肆亂 / 肆乱 (sìluàn) (literary)
* 蕪雜 / 芜杂 (wúzá)
* 雜亂 / 杂乱 (záluàn)
* 雜醪膏 / 杂醪膏 (Xiamen Hokkien, Quanzhou Hokkien)
* 鬼打樣 / 鬼打样 (Hakka)

### Derived terms

* 披荊棘 / 披荆棘
* 滿地荊棘 / 满地荆棘
* 燃燒的荊棘 / 燃烧的荆棘 (ránshāo de jīngjí)
* 舉動荊棘 / 举动荆棘 (jǔdòngjīngjí)
* 荊棘律 / 荆棘律
* 荊棘銅駝 / 荆棘铜驼
* 銅駝荊棘 / 铜驼荆棘

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 荊棘(けいきょく) (keikyoku)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 荊 | 棘 |
| けい Hyōgai | きょく Hyōgai |
| on'yomi ||

### Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) けーきょく [kèékyókú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ke̞ːkʲo̞kɯ̟]

#### Noun

荊(けい)棘(きょく) • (keikyoku)
* thorns (thorny plants)
* hardships, difficulties
** 2007, 新時代日漢辭典 / 新时代日汉辞典 (Xīn Shídài Rì-hàn Cídiǎn), 1st edition, 大新書局 / 大新书局 (Dàxīn Shūjú), →ISBN:
    荊棘(けいきょく)の道(みち)
       keikyoku no michi
       The path of hardships

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 荊 | 棘 |
| ばら ||
| Hyōgai | Hyōgai |
| jukujikun ||
For pronunciation and definitions of 荊棘 – see the following entry. :
| 【薔薇ばら】 | [noun] any shrub with thorns: a bramble, a briar [noun] a thorny flower of the genus Rosa: a rose Alternative spelling バラ |
(This term, 荊棘, is an alternative spelling ("bramble") of the above term.) :

### See also

* Appendix:Gikun_Usage_in_Meiji_Version_of_Japanese_Bible/荊棘