OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 中央電視臺
## Chinese

| | | centre; middle; central authorities | television station |
| trad. (中央電視臺) | trad. (中央電視臺) | 中央 | 電視臺 |
| simp. (中央电视台) | simp. (中央电视台) | 中央 | 电视台 |
* 中国中央电视台

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Zhōngyāng Diànshìtái
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄨㄥ ㄧㄤ ㄉㄧㄢˋ ㄕˋ ㄊㄞˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zung$^1$ joeng$^1$ din$^6$ si$^6$ toi$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Zhōngyāng Diànshìtái
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄥ ㄧㄤ ㄉㄧㄢˋ ㄕˋ ㄊㄞˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Jhongyang Diànshìhtái
*** Wade–Giles: Chung$^1$-yang$^1$ Tien$^4$-shih$^4$-tʻai$^2$
*** Yale: Jūng-yāng Dyàn-shr̀-tái
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Jongiang Diannshyhtair
*** Palladius: Чжунъян Дяньшитай (Čžunʺjan Djanʹšitaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ jɑŋ⁵⁵ ti̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹ tʰaɪ̯³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zung$^1$ joeng$^1$ din$^6$ si$^6$ toi$^4$
*** Yale: jūng yēung dihn sih tòih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzung$^1$ joeng$^1$ din$^6$ si$^6$ toi$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zung$^1$ yêng$^1$ din$^6$ xi$^6$ toi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ jœːŋ⁵⁵ tiːn²² siː²² tʰɔːi̯²¹/

### Proper noun

中央電視臺
* CCTV (China Central Television)

#### Synonyms

* (short form) 央視／央视 (Yāngshì)
# しやうび
## Japanese

For pronunciation and definitions of しやうび – see the following entry. :
| 【薔薇しょうび】 | [noun] a thorny flower of the genus Rosa: a rose [noun] a color scheme for 襲 (kasane, literally “layering”, a traditional style of layering robes or kimono), with crimson for the outer layer and purple for the inner layer |
(This term, しやうび (syaubi), is a historical kana spelling of the above term.) :
# あやおり
## Japanese

For pronunciation and definitions of あやおり – see the following entry. :
| 【綾織】 | [noun] a twill weave [noun] a twill weaver |
(This term, あやおり (ayaori), is the hiragana spelling of the above term.) :
# mandalika
## Indonesian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [mand̪aˈlika]
* Hyphenation: man‧da‧li‧ka

### Etymology 1

From Sanskrit माण्डलिक (māṇḍalika, “governor of a province”).

#### Noun

mandalika (plural mandalika-mandalika)
* (obsolete) governor.
    Synonyms: adipati, gubernur

### Etymology 2

From Sanskrit मण्डलिका (maṇḍalikā, “group”).

#### Noun

mandalika (plural mandalika-mandalika)
* breadfruit (Artocarpus rigida).
    Synonym: tempunai

### Further reading

* “mandalika” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Sundanese
### Alternative forms

* manalika

### Etymology

From Malay mandalika, from Sanskrit माण्डलिक (māṇḍalika).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /man.da.li.ka/, [ˈma.na.lɪ.ka]

### Noun

mandalika (Sundanese script ᮙᮔ᮪ᮓᮜᮤᮊ)
* soursop

### Further reading

* "MANDALIKA", in Coolsma, S (1913) Soendaneesch-Hollandsch Woordenboek (in Dutch), Leiden: A.W. Sijthoff's Uitgeversmaatschappij
# きゅうきゅう
## Japanese

For pronunciation and definitions of きゅうきゅう – see the following entry. :
| 【汲々】 | [adjective] (ideophonic, literary) intent Alternative spelling 汲汲 |
(This term, きゅうきゅう (kyūkyū), is the hiragana spelling of the above term.) :
# saré
## Javanese
### Romanization

saré
* Romanization of ꦱꦫꦺ

## Piedmontese
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /saˈre/

### Verb

saré
* to close

### Further reading

* https://www.piemonteis.com/dizionario-piemontese-italiano.php?parola=sar%C3%A9

## Sundanese

Sundanese register set :
| lemes | kulem |
| lemes ka sorangan | {{{les}}} |
| lemes ka batur | {{{leb}}} |
| loma | saré |
| cohag | {{{co}}} |

### Noun

saré (Sundanese script ᮞᮛᮦ)
* sleep

#### Derived terms

* pasaréan (“tomb”)
# butarga
## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Italian bottarga.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bǔtaːrɡa/

### Noun

bùtārga f (Cyrillic spelling бу̀та̄рга)
* (regional) bottarga

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “butarga”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025
# choda
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Hindi चोदा (codā, abusive term for “son”), from चोदना (codnā, “to copulate”), from Ashokan Prakrit *𑀘𑁄𑀤𑁆𑀤𑀢𑀺 (*coddati), from Sanskrit चोदति (codati). Doublet of choad and chudai.

### Pronunciation

* (US) IPA: /ˈtʃoʊdə/
* (UK) IPA: /ˈtʃəʊdə/
* Rhymes: -əʊdə

### Noun

choda (plural chodas)
* (vulgar, slang) Bastard, son of a bitch.
* (vulgar, slang) Penis.
    Synonyms: choad, chode, dick
** 2001, Especially when a fashion editor wants to see sunken 11-year-old children wearing small scraps of cloth and wishing that was a choda instead of a pussy under there. alt.slack
** 2004, Why don't you go lick your choda in the corner and stay off our newsgroup. alt.atheism

### References

* 1879, Fallon, S. W. A New Hindustani-English Dictionary: with Illustrations from Hindustani Literature and Folk-lore. Banaras: E.J. Lazarus and, 1879. Print.

### Anagrams

* ad hoc, ad-hoc, choad, Chado-

## Irish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈxɔd̪ˠə]

### Noun

choda
* Lenited form of coda.

## Ye'kwana
### Etymology

Borrowed from Venezuelan Spanish chola.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [t͡ʃoɾ̠a]

### Noun

choda
* sandal, flip-flop

### References

* Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “choda”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎, Lyon
# Mireille
## French
### Etymology

From Provençal Mirèio, presumably from mirar (“to admire”), invented by the poet Frédéric Mistral for his novel of that title (1859).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /mi.ʁɛj/

### Proper noun

Mireille f
* a female given name
# артишок
## Bulgarian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɐrtiˈʃɔk]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

артишо́к • (artišók) m
* artichoke

#### Declension
### References

* “артишок”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
* “артишок”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Chitanka, 2010

## Russian
### Etymology

From Northern Italian articiocco, from Provençal archichaut, arquichaut, from Old Spanish alcarchofa, from Andalusian Arabic الْخَرْشُوف (al-ḵaršūf), from Arabic الْخُرْشُوف (al-ḵuršūf).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɐrtʲɪˈʂok]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

артишо́к • (artišók) m inan (genitive артишо́ка, nominative plural артишо́ки, genitive plural артишо́ков)
* artichoke
** 1952, “Овощи и грибы. Ревень, спаржа, артишоки”, in Книга о вкусной и здоровой пище, Москва: Пищепромиздат; English translation from The Book of Tasty and Healthy Food, (Please provide a date or year):Спа́ржа и артишо́ки – огоро́дные о́вощи десе́ртного ти́па.Spárža i artišóki – ogoródnyje óvošči desértnovo típa.Asparagus and artichokes are garden vegetables of dessert kind.

#### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: artişok
* → Georgian: არტიშოკი (arṭišoḳi)
* → Uzbek: artishok
* → Yiddish: אַרטישאָק (artishok)

### References

* ↑ Elcock, W. D. (1960) The Romance Languages‎, page 282: "Borrowed directly from the Qairawān–Sicily region, without the article, the same Arabic word appears in Italian as carciofo; the Spanish form penetrated, however, into Provence, where it became archichaut, arquichaut, and thence into northern Italy as articiocco".
* ↑ “alcachofa”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

## Ukrainian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɐrteˈʃɔk]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

артишо́к • (artyšók) m inan (genitive артишо́ку, nominative plural артишо́ки, genitive plural артишо́ків)
* artichoke

#### Declension
### References

* Bilodid, I. K., editor (1970–1980), “артишок”, in Словник української мови: в 11 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 11 vols] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka
* “артишок”, in Горох – Словозміна [Horokh – Inflection] (in Ukrainian)
# scernere
## Italian
### Etymology

From Latin secernō (“to distinguish, to discern”), related to Provençal eissernir.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: $^*$/ˈʃɛr.ne.re/
* Rhymes: -ɛrnere
* Hyphenation: scèr‧ne‧re

### Verb

scèrnere (first-person singular present scèrno, first-person singular past historic scèrsi, past participle (rare) scernìto, auxiliary avére)
* (transitive) to see, notice or discern

#### Conjugation

* Some dictionaries (e.g. Treccani, Hoepli) list a past historic secernéi or secernétti/secernètti, but it appears not to exist.
$^1$Rare.
# Morgellons
## English
### Etymology

Coined in 2004 by Mary Leitao after a description of an illness in Thomas Browne's A Letter to a Friend (c. 1656, pub. 1690), “that Endemial Distemper of little Children in Languedock, called the Morgellons, wherein they critically break out with harsh Hairs on their Backs”, apparently a corruption of Masquelons, from Provençal masclous (“little flies”).

### Pronunciation

* (UK) IPA: /mɔː(ɹ)ˈd͡ʒɛlənz/
* (US) IPA: /mɔɹˈd͡ʒɛlənz/, /mɔɹˈɡɛlənz/

### Noun

Morgellons (uncountable)
* (pathology) An unproven skin disorder, usually thought to be delusional parasitosis, characterized by skin lesions in which fibers are found.
* (obsolete) A disease causing hairs to grow on the backs of children.
** 1690, Thomas Browne, A Letter to a Friend:But Hairs make fallible Predictions, and many Temples early gray have out-lived the Psalmist's Period. Hairs which have most amused me have not been in the Face or Head, but on the Back, and not in Men but Children, as I long ago observed in that Endemial Distemper of little Children in Languedock, called the Morgellons, wherein they critically break out with harsh Hairs on their Backs, which takes off the Unquiet Symptomes of the Disease, and delivers them from Coughs and Convulsions.

#### Synonyms

* (skin disorder with fibers): Morgellons disease, Morgellons syndrome

### References

* ↑ 2007, Elizabeth DeVita-Raeburn, “The Morgellons Mystery”, in Psychology Today‎, numbers March–April, archived from the original on 2024-04-09:
# puritas
## Latin
### Etymology

From pūrus +‎ -tās. Attested from the 3rd century CE.

### Noun

pūritās f (genitive pūritātis); third declension (Late Latin)
* freedom from pollution, purity
    Synonyms: munditia, pūritia
* (metonymically) moral purity (freedom from mental or spiritual corruption, from sin)
** per animī nitōrem ac vītae pūritātemthrough the shining dignity of their soul and the purity of their life
** chastity, innocence
** honesty, openness
    Synonyms: pudīcitia, castitās, innocentia, simplicitās, sincēritās
* (rhetoric) correctness and elegance of speech

#### Declension

Third-declension noun.

#### Descendants

* Old French: purté
** French: pureté
* Provençal: purdà
* Old Galician-Portuguese: puredad
* Old Spanish: poredad
* → English: purity
* → Italian: purità
* → Portuguese: puridade
* → Romanian: puritate
* → Spanish: puridad

### References

* “pūritas” in the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae (TLL Open Access), Berlin (formerly Leipzig): De Gruyter (formerly Teubner), 1900–present
* Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1911) “pūritas”, in Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), page 514

### Further reading

* “puritas”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* puritas in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* puritas in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. purity of style: integritas, sinceritas orationis (not puritas)
# artisjokk
## Norwegian Bokmål
### Alternative forms

* artiskokk

### Etymology

From Northern Italian articiocco, from Provençal archichaut, arquichaut, from Old Spanish alcarchofa, from Andalusian Arabic الْخَرْشُوف (al-ḵaršūf), from Arabic الْخُرْشُوف (al-ḵuršūf).

### Noun

artisjokk m (definite singular artisjokken, indefinite plural artisjokker, definite plural artisjokkene)
* an artichoke

### References

* ↑ Elcock, W. D. (1960) The Romance Languages‎, page 282: "Borrowed directly from the Qairawān–Sicily region, without the article, the same Arabic word appears in Italian as carciofo; the Spanish form penetrated, however, into Provence, where it became archichaut, arquichaut, and thence into northern Italy as articiocco".
* ↑ “alcachofa”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
* “artisjokk” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Alternative forms

* artiskokk

### Etymology

From Northern Italian articiocco, from Provençal archichaut, arquichaut, from Old Spanish alcarchofa, from Andalusian Arabic اَلْخَرْشُوف (al-ḵaršūf), from Arabic اَلْخُرْشُوف (al-ḵuršūf), definite form of خُرْشُوف (ḵuršūf).

### Noun

artisjokk m (definite singular artisjokken, indefinite plural artisjokkar, definite plural artisjokkane)
* an artichoke

### References

* ↑ Elcock, W. D. (1960) The Romance Languages‎, page 282: "Borrowed directly from the Qairawān–Sicily region, without the article, the same Arabic word appears in Italian as carciofo; the Spanish form penetrated, however, into Provence, where it became archichaut, arquichaut, and thence into northern Italy as articiocco".
* ↑ “alcachofa”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
* “artisjokk” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
# whale on
## English
### Etymology

See whale (“to beat vigorously or soundly”).

### Pronunciation

* Audio (General Australian):(file)

### Verb

whale on (third-person singular simple present whales on, present participle whaling on, simple past and past participle whaled on)
* (slang) To strike an opponent heavily and repeatedly in a fight.
** 1962, Norman Mailer, The Death of Benny Paret:If he had been able to break loose from his handlers and the referee, he would have jumped Paret to the floor and whaled on him there.
** 2000, Joseph Di Prisco, Confessions of Brother Eli‎, page 320:Philip was whaling on O, who was whaling on Slater, who was whaling on Genesius, who was whaling on Philip. Blood, spittle, and curses were flying.
** 2014, Jack Hart, Skookum Summer: A Novel of the Pacific Northwest‎, page 278:“Big sumbitch,” Don Dykes said. “Took a fuckin' ax handle to me. Just whaled on my fuckin' ass.”
* (slang) To beat heavily on anything.
    The wrench wouldn’t budge, even though Tony was just whaling on it with a big old sledge hammer.
** 1999, Stephen King, Bag of Bones‎:Standing at the front, wearing a guitar and whaling on it as she sang, was Sara Tidwell.
** 2012, Nora Roberts, The Last Boyfriend‎, page 71:Jaw tight, Ryder picked up his hammer, set a framing nail, and whaled on it.
** 2014, Chris Fabry, The Song‎:Now he couldn't get enough of playing his father's music on a CD and whaling on the drum set Jed had bought him at one of those warehouse club stores

#### Alternative forms

* wale on
* wail on

#### Translations
### References

* “whale on”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
# Nihilist
## German
### Etymology

From Latin nihil 'nothing'

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /nihiˈlɪst/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

Nihilist m (weak, genitive Nihilisten, plural Nihilisten, feminine Nihilistin)
* nihilist (person)
** 1888, Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, Der Antichrist, § 58:Nihilist und Christ: das reimt sich, das reimt sich nicht bloss.Nihilist and Christian: they rhyme, and do not merely rhyme…

#### Related terms

* Nihilismus

### Further reading

* “Nihilist” in Duden online
# nihilisme
## Catalan
### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [ni.iˈliz.mə]
* IPA: (Valencia) [ni.iˈliz.me]

### Noun

nihilisme m (plural nihilismes)
* nihilism

#### Related terms

* nihilista

### Further reading

* “nihilisme” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “nihilisme”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025
* “nihilisme” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
* “nihilisme” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

## Danish
### Etymology

From German Nihilismus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /nihiˈlismə/

### Noun

nihilisme c (singular definite nihilismen, not used in plural form)
* nihilism

#### Related terms

* nihilist
* nihilistisk

## Dutch
### Etymology

From German Nihilismus, itself from Latin nihil (“nil, nothing”) + German -ismus '-ism', coined in 1817 by German philosopher Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, but repeatedly 'reinvented'.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Noun

nihilisme n (plural nihilismes, diminutive nihilismethe n)
* nihilism
* (also capitalized: Nihilisme) Nihilism

#### Derived terms

* nihilist m
* nihilistisch

## French
### Etymology

From German Nihilismus, itself from Latin nihil (“nil, nothing”) + German -ismus '-ism', coined in 1817 by German philosopher Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, but repeatedly 'reinvented'.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ni.i.lism/ ~ /ni.i.lizm/
* Audio:(file)
* Homophone: nihilismes

### Noun

nihilisme m (plural nihilismes)
* nihilism

#### Derived terms

* nihiliste

#### Descendants

* → Turkish: nihilizm

### Further reading

* “nihilisme”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
# chīdāi
## Mandarin
### Romanization

chīdāi (Zhuyin ㄔ ㄉㄞ)
* Hanyu Pinyin reading of 痴呆
* Hanyu Pinyin reading of 癡呆 / 痴呆
* Hanyu Pinyin reading of 痴獃 / 痴呆, 痴呆
* Hanyu Pinyin reading of 痴騃 / 痴𫘤, 痴呆
# ورزشگاه
## Persian
### Etymology

From ورزش (varzeš, “sport”) +‎ ـگاه (-gâh, “place of”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [waɾ.ziʃ.ˈɡɑːh]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [wäɾ.zɪʃ.ɡɑ́ːʱ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [wäɾ.zɪʃ.ɡɑ́ːʱ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [wäɾ.zɪʃ.ɡɑ́ː]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [wäɾ.ziʃ.ɡɔ́ː]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [væɹ.zeʃ.ɡɒ́ːʰ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [väɾ.ziʃ.ɡɔ́ʱ]

### Noun

ورزشگاه • (varzešgâh) (plural ورزشگاه‌ها (varzešgâh-hâ))
* stadium
* gymnasium

#### Synonyms

* استادیوم (estâdyom)

#### Descendants

* → Urdu: وَرْزِش گاہ (varziś gāh, “gymnasium, place of exercise”)
# だんちょう
## Japanese

For pronunciation and definitions of だんちょう – see the following entries. :
| 【団長】 | [noun] leader of a group |
(This term, だんちょう (danchō), is the hiragana spelling of the above term.) :
(The following entries are uncreated: 断腸, 段町.)
# pylsa
## Faroese
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈpʰɪlsa]

### Noun

pylsa f (genitive singular pylsu, plural pylsur)
* sausage

#### Declension
## Icelandic
### Alternative forms

* pulsa

### Etymology

Probably from Danish pølse.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpʰɪlsa/

### Noun

pylsa f (genitive singular pylsu, nominative plural pylsur)
* sausage
* hot dog

#### Declension
## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Noun

pylsa f (definite singular pylsa, indefinite plural pylser or pylsor, definite plural pylsene or pylsone)
* (pre-1938) alternative form of pølse
# redneck
## English
### Etymology

Bahuvrīhi compound of red +‎ neck. Compare rooinek. The term originally characterized farmers that had a red neck, caused by sunburn from long hours working in the fields.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɹɛdnɛk/
* Audio (General Australian):(file)

### Noun

redneck (plural rednecks)
* (slang, usually derogatory, offensive, ethnic slur) A poor, rural, usually white, person from the Southern United States or parts of the Midwest and Northeast, especially one whose beliefs are seen as unsophisticated and backward; sometimes with additional connotations of being bigoted.
    Synonyms: (Australia) bogan, cracker, hick, hillbilly, peckerwood, white trash; see also Thesaurus:chav, Thesaurus:country bumpkin
** 1989, “Fight the Power”, in Fear of a Black Planet, performed by Public Enemy:Sample a look back you look and find / Nothing but rednecks for 400 years if you check
* (historical, slang, US) Any of the miners who wore red bandanas for identification during the West Virginia mine war of 1921.
* (historical, slang, US) A member of a certain Baltimore street gang, active in 1859.
* (UK, archaic, 19th and 20th centuries, religious slur) A Roman Catholic.

#### Derived terms

* leftneck
* redneckian
* redneckish
* redneckism
* rednecky

#### Translations
### References

* ↑ “West Virginia Division of Culture and History”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name)‎, 2008 March 30 (last accessed), archived from the original on 4 June 2013
* ↑ The New York Times (New York, New York), 3 November 1859, Thu • Page 4
* ↑ The Raleigh Register, (Raleigh, North Carolina), 19 March 1841, Fri • Page 2
# naturalism
## English
### Etymology

From natural +‎ -ism. Compare French naturalisme.

### Pronunciation

* Audio (US):(file)

### Noun

naturalism (countable and uncountable, plural naturalisms)
* A state of nature; conformity to nature.
* The doctrine that denies a supernatural agency in the miracles and revelations recorded in religious texts and in spiritual influences.
* (philosophy) Any system of philosophy which refers the phenomena of nature as a blind force or forces acting necessarily or according to fixed laws, excluding origination or direction by a will.
* (philosophy) A doctrine which denies a strong separation between scientific and philosophic methodologies and/or topics
* (art) A movement in theatre, film, and literature that seeks to replicate a believable everyday reality, as opposed to such movements as romanticism, surrealism, or abstract art, in which subjects may receive highly symbolic or idealistic treatment.
** 1907, Ronald M. Burrows, The Discoveries In Crete, page 21:More perfect than all in design and technique is a relief of a goat suckling her young, characterised, as it is, not only by naturalism, but also, as Mr. Evans claims, "by a certain ideal dignity and balance."
* (nonstandard) naturism, nudism, social nudity.
** 2002, Ishvara, Oneness in Living: Kundalini Yoga, the Spiritual Path, and the Intentional Community, page 133:In most of the world nudity is prohibited. Where it is not, such as where "Nudism" and "Naturalism" prevails, it is usually the main thing going on.
** 3 December 2002, Corey Michaels, “Area 51 Shocker”, in Weekly World News:"In the early 1950s, naturalism was seriously studied by the U.S. military, the concept being that exercising in the nude, as the ancient Greek generals did, was good for both the body and the mind," Seacrest reveals.
** 2013, Yunxiang Gao, Sporting Gender: Women Athletes and Celebrity-Making during China's National Crisis, 1931–45:Besides progressive trends from the West, defenders of naturalism also called attention to "primitive" minorities who, like innocent children, were construed as effortless practitioners of naturalism with physical strength and beauty.
* (politics, law) The belief in natural law.

#### Usage notes

* Referring to nudism or naturism as naturalism has been considered an error for several decades.

#### Derived terms

* metaphysical naturalism
* religious naturalism
* spiritual naturalism

#### Related terms

* naturalist

#### Translations
### References

* “naturalism”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.

### Further reading

* "naturalism" in Raymond Williams, Keywords (revised), 1983, Fontana Press, page 216.

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from French naturalisme. By surface analysis, natural +‎ -ism.

### Noun

naturalism n (uncountable)
* naturalism

#### Related terms

* naturalist

### Further reading

* naturalism in DEX online—Dicționare ale limbii române (Dictionaries of the Romanian language)
# hymenophore
## English
### Etymology

From Ancient Greek ὑμήν (humḗn, “membrane”) +‎ -o- +‎ -phore.

### Noun

hymenophore (plural hymenophores)
* (mycology) The part of a fungus fruiting body which produces spore-bearing cells.
** 1965, C. G. Ainsworth, Frederick K[roeber] Sparrow, Alfred S. Sussman, editors, The Fungi: An Advanced Treatise, volume IVB (A Taxonomic Review with Keys: Basidomycetes and Lower Fungi), New York, N.Y., London: Academic Press, →ISBN, page 422:The Agaricales have basidiocarps which are fleshy to subfleshy or rarely, almost leathery (but if the latter then the hymenophore is not poroid).
# terifică
## Romanian
### Adjective

terifică f sg
* feminine singular of terific