# 鞄

| 鞄 | U+9784, &#38788; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9784 |
| ← 鞃 [U+9783] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 鞅 → [U+9785] |

## Translingual
### Han character

鞄 (Kangxi radical 177, 革+5, 14 strokes, cangjie input 廿十心口山 (TJPRU), four-corner 4751$_2$, composition ⿰革包)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1386, character 38
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 42781
* Dae Jaweon: page 1901, character 14
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4331, character 12
* Unihan data for U+9784

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 鞄 :
| Spring and Autumn | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script |
| | Old Chinese |
| 袍 | *buː |
| 袌 | *buː, *buːs |
| 軳 | *buː |
| 抱 | *buːʔ |
| 勽 | *buːs, *mɯnʔ |
| 菢 | *buːs |
| 勹 | *pruː |
| 包 | *pruː |
| 胞 | *pruː, *pʰruː |
| 苞 | *pruː |
| 枹 | *pruː, *bu, *bu |
| 飽 | *pruːʔ |
| 泡 | *pʰruː, *m̥ʰruːs, *bruː |
| 炮 | *pʰruːs, *bruː |
| 皰 | *pʰruːs, *bruːs |
| 疱 | *pʰruːs, *bruːs |
| 跑 | *bruː, *bruːɡ |
| 咆 | *bruː |
| 庖 | *bruː |
| 匏 | *bruː |
| 刨 | *bruː |
| 狍 | *bruː |
| 炰 | *bruː |
| 鉋 | *bruː, *bruːs |
| 瓟 | *bruː, *bruːɡ |
| 颮 | *bruː, *pʰruːɡ |
| 鞄 | *bruː, *bruːʔ, *bruːs, *pʰruːɡ |
| 鮑 | *bruːʔ |
| 骲 | *bruːʔ, *bruːs, *bruːɡ, *pʰoːɡ |
| 玸 | *bu |
| 雹 | *bruːɡ |
| 窇 | *bruːɡ |
革 (“leather”) + 包.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): páo (pao$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄆㄠˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): paai$^4$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): phauh
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: páo
*** Zhuyin: ㄆㄠˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: páo
*** Wade–Giles: pʻao$^2$
*** Yale: páu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: paur
*** Palladius: пао (pao)
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰɑʊ̯³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: paai$^4$
*** Yale: pàaih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: paai$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: pai$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰaːi̯²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phauh
*** Tâi-lô: phauh
*** Phofsit Daibuun: phauq
*** IPA (Xiamen): /pʰauʔ³²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /pʰauʔ⁵/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /pʰauʔ³²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /pʰauʔ³²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /pʰauʔ³²/
* Middle Chinese: baew, baewX, baewH, phaewk
Rime :
| Character | 鞄 | 鞄 | 鞄 | 鞄 |
| Reading # | 1/4 | 2/4 | 3/4 | 4/4 |
| Initial (聲) | 並 (3) | 並 (3) | 並 (3) | 滂 (2) |
| Final (韻) | 肴 (90) | 肴 (90) | 肴 (90) | 覺 (10) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) | Departing (H) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | II | II | II | II |
| Fanqie | 薄交切 | 薄巧切 | 防敎切 | 匹角切 |
| Baxter | baew | baewX | baewH | phaewk |
| Reconstructions |||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /bˠau/ | /bˠau$^X$/ | /bˠau$^H$/ | /pʰˠʌk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /bᵚau/ | /bᵚau$^X$/ | /bᵚau$^H$/ | /pʰᵚɔk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /bau/ | /bau$^X$/ | /bau$^H$/ | /pʰɔk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /baɨw/ | /baɨw$^X$/ | /baɨw$^H$/ | /pʰaɨwk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /bau/ | /bau$^X$/ | /bau$^H$/ | /pʰɔk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /bau/ | /bau$^X$/ | /bau$^H$/ | /pʰɔk̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /bʱau/ | /bʱau$^X$/ | /bʱau$^H$/ | /pʰɔk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | páo | bào | bào | po |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | paau$^4$ | baau$^6$ | baau$^6$ | pok$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*bruː/, /*bruːʔ/, /*bruːs/, /*pʰruːɡ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 鞄 | 鞄 | 鞄 | 鞄 |
| Reading # | 1/4 | 2/4 | 3/4 | 4/4 |
| No. | 295 | 299 | 302 | 309 |
| Phonetic component | 勹 | 勹 | 勹 | 勹 |
| Rime group | 幽 | 幽 | 幽 | 覺 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 庖 | 鮑 | 靤 | 璞 |
| Old Chinese | /*bruː/ | /*bruːʔ/ | /*bruːs/ | /*pʰruːɡ/ |

### Definitions

鞄
* to work hides
* leather bag

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: びょう (byō)
* Kan-on: ほう (hō)
* Kun: かばん (kaban, 鞄)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 鞄
* かばん Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
Possibly derived from Chinese 夾板 / 夹板 (jiābǎn) or 夾槾 / 夹槾 (jiāmàn, “boards for pressing or holding things together”), modern Min Nan reading kiap-pán.
Some references mention a possible borrowing from Belgian Dutch kabas with an ostensible meaning of bag. However, this is problematic on both semantic grounds, as Dutch sources indicate that the word does not mean not bag but rather basket, in keeping with its apparent derivation from French cabas (“basket”); and on phonological grounds, as there is no clear mechanism for converting the final /s/ in the Dutch into the final /n/ in the Japanese, especially considering how relatively recently the Japanese word kaban first appears.
The original meaning of the kanji 鞄 referred to tanned leather or a tanner who produces such material. The native reading (kun'yomi) kaban only appears from the Meiji period (1868–1912).
First attested with this reading to a work from 1877; over the period of roughly 1877–1887, this word grew in popularity and displaced the previous term 胴乱 (dōran, “satchel”).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かばん [kàbáń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ka̠bã̠ɴ]

### Noun

鞄(かばん) • (kaban)
* [from 1877] a bag, satchel, briefcase, or handbag (often made of leather or canvas)
    Synonym: (archaic) 胴乱 (dōran)
** 1986, “Kimi o Nosete [Carrying You]”, Hayao Miyazaki (lyrics), Joe Hisaishi (music), performed by Azumi Inoue:
    さあ　でかけよう　ひときれのパン　ナイフ　ランプ　かばんにつめこんで
       Sā, dekakeyō, hitokire no pan, naifu, ranpu, kaban ni tsumekonde
       Let’s set out [on a journey with] a slice of bread, knife, [and] lamp, [all] stuffed in your bag.

#### Derived terms

* 鞄(かばん)語(ご) (kabango)
* 鞄(かばん)持(も)ち (kabanmochi)
* 折(お)り鞄(かばん) (orikaban)
* 提(さ)げ鞄(かばん) (sagekaban)
* 支(し)那(な)鞄(かばん) (Shina kaban)
* 通(つう)学(がく)鞄(かばん) (tsūgaku kaban)
* 手(て)鞄(かばん) (tekaban)
* 手(て)提(さ)げ鞄(かばん) (tesage kaban)
* 中(なか)折(お)れ鞄(かばん) (nakaore kaban)

#### Descendants

* → Hokkien: kha-báng
* → Korean: 가방 (gabang)

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 4 5 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 “鞄”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen]‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
* ↑ From the search results for "kabas" at the Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal website: 1, 2
* ↑ “鞄”, in 日本大百科全書：ニッポニカ (Nippon Dai Hyakka Zensho: Nipponica, “Encyclopedia Nipponica”)‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 1984
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

鞄 (eum 포 (po))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

鞄: Hán Việt readings: bào, bạc
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.