# 食物
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shíwù
    (Zhuyin): ㄕˊ ㄨˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): sik$^6$ mat$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): sṳ̍t-vu̍t
    (Meixian, Guangdong): sed$^6$ vud$^6$
* Jin (Wiktionary): seh$^5$ veh$^4$
* Eastern Min (BUC): sĭk-ŭk
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chia̍h-mi̍h / chia̍h-mn̍gh / si̍t-bu̍t
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ziah$^8$ muêh$^8$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^8$zeq-veq$_8$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shíwù → shíwu (toneless final syllable variant)
*** Zhuyin: ㄕˊ ㄨˋ → ㄕˊ ˙ㄨ (toneless final syllable variant)
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shíhwů
*** Wade–Giles: shih$^2$-wu$^5$
*** Yale: shŕ-wu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyr.wuh
*** Palladius: шиу (šiu)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂʐ̩³⁵ u⁵¹/ → /ʂʐ̩³⁵ u³/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$什物 實務 / 实务 實物 / 实物 拾物 時務 / 时务 食物
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: sik$^6$ mat$^6$
*** Yale: sihk maht
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sik$^9$ mat$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: xig$^6$ med$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɪk̚² mɐt̚²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sṳ̍t-vu̍t
*** Hakka Romanization System: siid vud
*** Hagfa Pinyim: sid$^6$ vud$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /sɨt̚⁵ vut̚⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: sed$^6$ vud$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /sət̚⁵ ʋut̚⁵/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: seh$^5$ veh$^4$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /səʔ⁵⁴ vəʔ²/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: sĭk-ŭk
*** Sinological IPA : /siʔ⁵⁻³³ uʔ⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Philippines, variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chia̍h-mi̍h
*** Tâi-lô: tsia̍h-mi̍h
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ciaqmih
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sia(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ mĩʔ¹²¹/
*** IPA (Philippines): /t͡sia(ʔ)²⁴⁻² miʔ²⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Kaohsiung): /t͡sia(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ mĩʔ⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chia̍h-mn̍gh
*** Tâi-lô: tsia̍h-mn̍gh
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ciaqmngh
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sia(ʔ)²⁴⁻² mŋ̍ʔ²⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sia(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ mŋ̍ʔ⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Kinmen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: si̍t-bu̍t
*** Tâi-lô: si̍t-bu̍t
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sidbut
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /sit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ but̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /sit̚⁴⁻³² but̚⁴/
*** IPA (Kinmen): /sit̚⁵⁴⁻³² but̚⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /sit̚²⁴⁻² but̚²⁴/
* chia̍h-mn̍gh/chia̍h-mi̍h - colloquial;
* si̍t-bu̍t - literary.
* Middle Chinese: zyik mjut
Rime :
| Character | 食 | 物 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 船 (27) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 職 (134) | 物 (60) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 乗力切 | 文弗切 |
| Baxter | zyik | mjut |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʑɨk̚/ | /mɨut̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʑɨk̚/ | /miut̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʑiek̚/ | /miuət̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʑik̚/ | /mut̚/ |
| Li Rong | /d͡ʑiək̚/ | /miuət̚/ |
| Wang Li | /d͡ʑĭək̚/ | /mĭuət̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /d͡ʑʰi̯ək̚/ | /mi̯uət̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shí | wù |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | sik$^6$ | mat$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*mə-lək C.mut/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɦljɯɡ mɯd/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 食 | 物 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | shí | wù |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ zyik › | ‹ mjut › |
| Old Chinese | /*mə-lək/ | /*C.mut/ |
| English | eat | thing |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 食 | 物 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 11477 | 13218 |
| Phonetic component | 食 | 勿 |
| Rime group | 職 | 物 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | | 物 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɦljɯɡ/ | /*mɯd/ |

### Noun

食物
* food

#### Usage notes

There is no exact equivalent for English food in Chinese. The most generic term for food is 食物 (shíwù). Use 食品 (shípǐn) for food products, 菜餚／菜肴 (càiyáo) for dishes of food, 美食 (měishí) when the taste of the food is emphasised and 吃的 (chīde) in colloquial contexts. For food as in cuisine, consider 菜 (cài) or 料理 (liàolǐ).

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 食物 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 食物 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 吃食, 吃兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 食物 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 食物 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 食物 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 食物, 食品 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 吃的 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 吃的 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 吃食 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 吃食 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 吃的, 吃頭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 吃的, 吃貨 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 吃食 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 吃的 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 吃的 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 吃的東西, 食物 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 嘢食, 食物 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 吃食 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 食物 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 食物 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 食物 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 食物 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 食物 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 食物 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 食物 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 食品 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 食物 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 食其乇 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 食物, 物食, 食食 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 食物, 食食 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 食物, 物食, 食食 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 食物, 物食 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 食食, 物食 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 食物, 食食 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 物食 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 物食 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 食物 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 食物 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 吃個物事 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 吃食物事 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 吃個 |

#### Derived terms

* 保護食物 / 保护食物
* 副食物
* 原型食物 (yuánxíng shíwù)
* 垃圾食物 (lājī shíwù)
* 太空食物
* 科技食物
* 食物中毒 (shíwù zhòngdú)
* 食物療法 / 食物疗法
* 食物網 / 食物网 (shíwùwǎng)
* 食物里程 (shíwù lǐchéng)
* 食物鏈 / 食物链 (shíwùliàn)
* 鹽漬食物 / 盐渍食物

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 食物(しょくもつ) (shokumotsu)
* → Korean: 식물(食物) (singmul)

#### See also

* 食料 (shíliào)
* 食品 (shípǐn)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 食 | 物 |
| しょく Grade: 2 | もつ Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||
From Middle Chinese 食物 (zyik mjut, literally “eat + thing”). Possible alteration from strict goon reading jikimotsu, changing goon jiki for kan'on shoku.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しょくもつ [shòkúꜜmòtsù] (Nakadaka –)
* IPA: [ɕo̞kɯ̟mo̞t͡sɨ]

#### Noun

食(しょく)物(もつ) • (shokumotsu)
* food, foodstuff
* (more broadly) food and drink

##### Synonyms

* 食品(しょくひん) (shokuhin)
* 食(た)べ物(もの) (tabemono)

##### Derived terms

* 食物繊維(しょくもつせんい) (shokumotsu sen'i): dietary fiber
* 食物連鎖(しょくもつれんさ) (shokumotsu rensa): a food chain

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 食 | 物 |
| じき Grade: 2 | もつ Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||
From Middle Chinese 食物 (zyik mjut, literally “eat + thing”). Possible original reading.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) じきもつ [jìkíꜜmòtsù] (Nakadaka – [2])
* IPA: [d͡ʑikʲimo̞t͡sɨ]

#### Noun

食(じき)物(もつ) • (jikimotsu)
* (rare) food, foodstuff

##### Usage notes

The shokumotsu reading is more common.

### Etymology 3

Kanji in this term :
| 食 | 物 |
| しょく Grade: 2 | ぶつ Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||
From Chinese 食物 (shíwù). Possible reborrowing, or change influenced by later contact with China after borrowing of earlier goon reading jikimotsu.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しょくぶつ [shòkúꜜbùtsù] (Nakadaka – [2])
* IPA: [ɕo̞kɯ̟bɯ̟t͡sɨ]

#### Noun

食(しょく)物(ぶつ) • (shokubutsu)
* (rare) food, foodstuff

##### Usage notes

The shokumotsu reading is more common. The shokubutsu reading is generally avoided, due to the potential for confusion with the more-common term 植物 (shokubutsu, “plant, plant life”).

### Etymology 4

Kanji in this term :
| 食 | 物 |
| た(べ) Grade: 2 | もの Grade: 3 |
| kun'yomi ||
Compound of 食べ (tabe, “stem noun form of verb 食べる (taberu, “to eat”): eating”) +‎ 物 (mono, “thing”).
For disambiguation, this is more commonly written with the okurigana べ in the middle as 食べ物.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) たべもの [tàbémóꜜnò] (Nakadaka –)
* (Tokyo) たべもの [tàbéꜜmònò] (Nakadaka –)
* IPA: [ta̠be̞mo̞no̞]

#### Noun

食(たべ)物(もの) • (tabemono)
* 食べ物: food in general; a specific food; one's diet
    See 食べ物 for more detail.

### Etymology 5

Kanji in this term :
| 食 | 物 |
| く(い) Grade: 2 | もの Grade: 3 |
| kun'yomi ||
Compound of 食い (kui, “stem noun form of informal verb 食う (kuu, “to eat”): eating”) +‎ 物 (mono, “thing”).
For disambiguation, this is more commonly written with the okurigana い in the middle as 食い物.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) くいもの [kùímóꜜnò] (Nakadaka –)
* (Tokyo) くいもの [kùímónóꜜ] (Odaka – [4])
* IPA: [kɯ̟imo̞no̞]

#### Noun

食(くい)物(もの) • (kuimono)
* 食い物: food; a sexual partner; a patsy, someone tricked into being used for someone else's gain
    See 食い物 for more detail.

#### Verb

食(くい)物(もの)する • (kuimono suru) suru (stem 食(くい)物(もの)し (kuimono shi), past 食(くい)物(もの)した (kuimono shita))
* 食い物: to cook, to prepare food
    See 食い物 for more detail.

### Etymology 6

Kanji in this term :
| 食 | 物 |
| く(らい) Grade: 2 | もの Grade: 3 |
| kun'yomi ||
Compound of 食らい (kurai, “stem noun form of informal verb 食らう (kurau, “to eat, to drink”): eating, drinking”) +‎ 物 (mono, “thing”).
For disambiguation, this is more commonly written with the okurigana らい in the middle as 食らい物.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kɯ̟ɾa̠imo̞no̞]

#### Noun

食(くらい)物(もの) • (kuraimono)
* (rare, possibly obsolete) 食らい物: food and beverage

### Etymology 7

Kanji in this term :
| 食 | 物 |
| は(み) Grade: 2 | もの Grade: 3 |
| kun'yomi ||
Compound of 食み (hami, “stem noun form of verb 食む (hamu, “to chew; to eat; to suck down; to incur a loss”): eating”) +‎ 物 (mono, “thing”).
For disambiguation, this is written with the okurigana み in the middle as 食み物.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ha̠mʲimo̞no̞]

#### Noun

食(はみ)物(もの) • (hamimono)
* (rare, possibly obsolete) 食み物: food; more specifically, fodder or feed for animals

##### Synonyms

* (fodder, animal food): 餌(えさ) (esa)

### Etymology 8

Kanji in this term :
| 食 | 物 |
| お(し) Grade: 2 | もの Grade: 3 |
| kun'yomi ||
Compound of 食し (oshi, “stem noun form of honorific verb 食す (osu, “to eat, to drink”, honorific): eating, drinking”) +‎ 物 (mono, “thing”).
For disambiguation, this is written with the okurigana し in the middle as 食し物.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [o̞ɕimo̞no̞]

#### Noun

食(おし)物(もの) • (oshimono)
* (rare, possibly obsolete, formal honorific) 食し物: (rare) food and beverage

### References

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 4 5 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* 1 2 3 4 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 4 5 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN