# 猿

| 猿 | U+733F, &#29503; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-733F |
| ← 猾 [U+733E] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 獀 → [U+7340] |

## Translingual
### Han character

猿 (Kangxi radical 94, 犬+10, 13 strokes, cangjie input 大竹土口女 (KHGRV), four-corner 4423$_2$, composition ⿰犭袁)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 716, character 19
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 20584
* Dae Jaweon: page 1128, character 9
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1361, character 15
* Unihan data for U+733F

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 薳 | *ɢʷalʔ |
| 袁 | *ɢʷan |
| 園 | *ɢʷan |
| 轅 | *ɢʷan |
| 猿 | *ɢʷan |
| 榬 | *ɢʷan |
| 溒 | *ɢʷan |
| 遠 | *ɢʷanʔ, *ɢʷans |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɢʷan) : semantic 犭 + phonetic 袁 (OC *ɢʷan).

### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b/g-woj-n (“monkey”).
Alternatively, the root may be Austroasiatic; compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *swaaʔ (“monkey”) (Schuessler, 2007); compare also Proto-Mon-Khmer *kwaɲ ~ kwaaɲʔ.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yuán (yuan$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄩㄢˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jyun$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yèn / yàn
* Eastern Min (BUC): uòng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): oân
    (Teochew, Peng'im): uang$^5$ / uêng$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$yoe
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yuán
*** Zhuyin: ㄩㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yuán
*** Wade–Giles: yüan$^2$
*** Yale: ywán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yuan
*** Palladius: юань (juanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɥɛn³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jyun$^4$
*** Yale: yùhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jyn$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yun$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /jyːn²¹/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yèn
*** Hakka Romanization System: ien$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yan$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /i̯en¹¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yàn
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)ian$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yan$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯an¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: uòng
*** Sinological IPA : /uoŋ⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: oân
*** Tâi-lô: uân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: oaan
*** IPA (Xiamen): /uan²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /uan²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /uan¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /uan²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /uan²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: uang$^5$ / uêng$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: uâng / uêng
*** Sinological IPA : /uaŋ⁵⁵/, /ueŋ⁵⁵/
* uang5 - Shantou;
* uêng5 - Chaozhou.
* Middle Chinese: hjwon
Rime :
| Character | 猿 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 云 (35) |
| Final (韻) | 元 (66) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 雨元切 |
| Baxter | hjwon |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦʉɐn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦʷiɐn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣiuɐn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦuan/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣiuɐn/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣĭwɐn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /i̯wɐn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yuán |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jyun$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɢʷan/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 猿 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 16223 |
| Phonetic component | 袁 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 袁 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɢʷan/ |
| Notes | 俗猨字見山海經 |

### Definitions

猿
* ape

### Compounds

* 人猿
* 人猿泰山
* 人猿科
* 元謀猿人 / 元谋猿人
* 吼猿
* 巨猿
* 心猿意馬 / 心猿意马 (xīnyuányìmǎ)
* 意馬心猿 / 意马心猿
* 拉瑪猿 / 拉玛猿
* 檻猿籠鳥 / 槛猿笼鸟
* 狐媚猿攀
* 猿人 (yuánrén)
* 猿狖
* 猿猴 (yuánhóu)
* 猿猴取月
* 猿科
* 猿穴壞山 / 猿穴坏山
* 猿腸寸斷 / 猿肠寸断
* 猿臂
* 猿鶴沙蟲 / 猿鹤沙虫
* 猿鶴蟲沙 / 猿鹤虫沙
* 白猿
* 白猿傳 / 白猿传
* 窮猿失木 / 穷猿失木
* 窮猿奔林 / 穷猿奔林
* 窮猿投林 / 穷猿投林
* 籠鳥檻猿 / 笼鸟槛猿
* 縱放心猿 / 纵放心猿
* 藍田猿人 / 蓝田猿人
* 虎體猿臂 / 虎体猿臂 (hǔ tǐ yuán bì)
* 虛引猿泣 / 虚引猿泣
* 蟲沙猿鶴 / 虫沙猿鹤
* 調弓號猿 / 调弓号猿
* 豹頭猿臂 / 豹头猿臂 (bàotóuyuánbì)
* 長臂猿 / 长臂猿 (chángbìyuán)
* 類人猿 / 类人猿 (lèirényuán)

### See also

* 猴 (hóu)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* monkey

#### Readings

* Go-on: おん (on)
* Kan-on: えん (en, Jōyō)
* Kun: さる (saru, 猿, Jōyō)、まし (mashi, 猿)、ましら (mashira, 猿ら)
* Nanori: さ (sa)、さる (saru)、さわ (sawa)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 猿
* さる Grade: S
* kun'yomi
From Old Japanese. Appears in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.
Ultimate derivation possibly borrowed from Ainu サロ (saro, “monkey”, from サㇻ (sar, “a tail”) + オ (o, “to bear, to wear, to carry”)).
The kanji is from Chinese 猿 (yuán, “ape”). Compare Japanese 猪 (inoshishi, “boar”) from Chinese 猪 (zhū, “pig”) and Japanese 豚 (buta, “pig”) from Chinese 豚 (tún, “suckling pig”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) さる [sáꜜrù] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [sa̠ɾɯ̟]

#### Noun

猿(さる) or 猿(サル) • (saru) (counter 匹)
* a monkey (primate)
** 1079, Konkōmyō Saishōōkyō Ongi, page 10 (back):猕猴 二字合訓佐流(please add an English translation of this quotation)
* Short for 日本猿 (Nihonzaru, “Japanese macaque”).
* (loosely) an ape (animal)
** 1988 July 30 [1984 July 25], Fujiko F. Fujio, “世(せ)界(かい)名(めい)作(さく)童(どう)話(わ)第(だい)３(さん)巻(かん) うらしま太(た)郎(ろう) [World’s Renowned Fairy Tales Book 3: Urashima Tarō]”, in ポストの中の明日 [Post-Mid-Tomorrow] (藤子不二雄少年SF短編集; 2), 10th edition, volume 2 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 117:
    地(ち)球(きゅう)は、サルのわく星(せい)になっていましたとさ。
       Chikyū wa, saru no wakusei ni natte imashita to sa.
       Meanwhile, Earth became the Planet of the Apes.

##### Usage notes

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as サル.

##### Derived terms

* 日(ニ)本(ホン)猿(ザル) (Nihonzaru)
* 狐(キツネ)猿(ザル) (kitsunezaru)
* 猿(さる)も木(き)から落(お)ちる (saru mo ki kara ochiru)
* 申(さる) (saru)

##### Descendants

* → Yami: sazo

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 猿
* まし Grade: S
* kun'yomi
From Old Japanese. Appears in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE, used phonetically to spell the sound /masi/.
Ultimate derivation unknown.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) まし [máꜜshì] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ma̠ɕi]

#### Noun

猿(まし) • (mashi)
* (archaic, possibly obsolete) a monkey

##### Usage notes

This form seems to be used less often than mashira below.

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 猿
* ましら Grade: S
* kun'yomi
Derived from earlier mashi form above. Found in texts from the early 1900s, possibly earlier. Appears to be mashi + the pluralizing and genericizing suffix ら (ra).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ましら [màshírá] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) ましら [máꜜshìrà] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ma̠ɕiɾa̠]

#### Noun

猿(ましら) • (mashira)
* (archaic) a monkey

### Etymology 4

* Kanji in this term
* 猿
* えん Grade: S
* kan'on
From Middle Chinese 猿 (MC hjwon).
The kan'on pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ẽ̞ɴ]

#### Affix

猿(えん) • (en)
* monkey

##### Derived terms

* 猿(えん)臂(ぴ) (enpi): a monkey's elbow; someone skilled at archery
* 類(るい)人(じん)猿(えん) (ruijin'en): an anthropoid

### References

* ↑ John Batchelor (1905) An Ainu-English-Japanese dictionary (including a grammar of the Ainu language)‎, Tokyo, London: Methodist Publishing House; Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner Co.
* 1 2 3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
   * Tsukishima, Hiroshi (1079) Kojisho Ongi Shūsei 12: Konkōmyō Saishōōkyō Ongi (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Kyūko Shoin, published 1979, →ISBN.

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 猿 (MC hjwon). Recorded as Middle Korean 𫞤/원 (wen) (Yale: wen) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

Wikisource 猿 (eumhun 원숭이 원 (wonsung'i won))
* hanja form of 원 (“ape”)

#### Compounds

* 견원 (犬猿, gyeonwon)
* 원인 (猿人, wonin, “apeman; prehistoric man”)
* 유인원 (類人猿, yuinwon, “anthropoid”)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

猿: Hán Nôm readings: viên, vượn, ươi
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Nôm: viên, vượn

#### References

* Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
* Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
* Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville