# ocus
## Middle Irish
### Alternative forms

* acus

### Etymology

From Old Irish ocus, see there for more.

### Pronunciation

* (earlier) IPA: /ˈoɡus/
* (later) IPA: /ˈoɡəs/

### Conjunction

ocus (abbreviated ⁊)
* and

#### Descendants

* Irish: agus
* Manx: as
* Scottish Gaelic: agus

### Adverb

ocus
* also
** c. 1000, “The Tale of Mac Da Thó's Pig”, in Ernst Windisch, editor, Irische Texte, volume 1, published 1800, section 1:I n‑oen uair dana tancatar ocus techta Conchobair mic Nessa do chungid in chon chetna.At the same time, then, messengers came also from Conchobar Mac Nessa to ask for the same dog.

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Middle Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “2 ocus”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## Old Irish
### Etymology

The adjective, at least, is from Proto-Celtic *adgostus (“near”), with the initial o- arising under the influence of oc (“at”). Cognate to Welsh agos.
Griffith separates the origins of the adjective and the conjunction, proposing that the conjunction is instead indeed a derivative of oc (“at”), more specifically as a contraction of occa as (literally “at it which is”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈoɡus/

### Conjunction

ocus (abbreviated ⁊)
* and

#### Descendants

* Middle Irish: ocus, acus
** Irish: agus
** Manx: as
** Scottish Gaelic: agus

### Adjective

ocus (comparative nessa, superlative nessam)
* near
** c. 845, St Gall Glosses on Priscian, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1975, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. II, pp. 49–224, Sg. 138$^a$2, 3
    écndairc cian ... ecṅdairc ocus
       (glosses personae absenti vel quasi absenti; lit. “absent near”, i.e. though present regarded as absent)
** c. 895–901, Vita tripartita Sancti Patricii, published in Bethu Phátraic: The tripartite life of Patrick (1939, Hodges, Figgis), edited and with translations by Kathleen Mulchrone, line 2047
    "Fot·uigeb-sa dano," ol Pátraic, "hi cill napa ro-ocus arnapa dimicnithi: nípa ró-chian dano co róastar immathigid etronn.""I will leave you, then," said Patrick, "in a church that shall not be very near lest you be despised [???], and shall not be very far, so that mutual visiting between us may be continued.
* close (of a relationship)
** c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 9$^c$32
    is acus a coibdelagnear is their kinship
** c. 808, Félire Oengusso, Epilogue, line 229; republished as Whitley Stokes, transl., Félire Óengusso Céli Dé: The Martyrology of Oengus the Culdee, Harrison & Sons, 1905:Ind rígrad do·ruirmius, is ocus ar cundu, iar tuirim a féle do·rimiub a ndrungu.The kingsfolk I have recounted, close is our friendship; after reckoning their feasts, I will number their troops.

#### Usage notes

Often followed by preposition do.

#### Inflection

u-stem :
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | ocus | ocus | ocus |
| Vocative | ocus | ocus | ocus |
| Accusative | ocus | ocuis | ocus |
| Genitive | ocuis | oicse | ocuis |
| Dative | ocus | ocuis | ocus |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine/neuter | Feminine/neuter |
| Nominative | oicsi | oicsi | oicsi |
| Vocative | oicsi | oicsi | oicsi |
| Accusative | oicsi | oicsi | oicsi |
| Genitive | * | * | * |
| Dative | oicsib | oicsib | oicsib |
| Notes | *not attested in Old Irish; same as nominative singular masculine in Middle Irish | *not attested in Old Irish; same as nominative singular masculine in Middle Irish | *not attested in Old Irish; same as nominative singular masculine in Middle Irish |

#### Descendants

* Middle Irish: focus
** Irish: fogas
** Scottish Gaelic: fagas, faisg
** Manx: faggys

### Noun

ocus ?
* nearness, proximity
** c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 23$^b$41
    imb i céin fa i n-accus beo-sawhether I be far or near

#### Inflection

Only the dative singular ocus is used due to generally requiring the preposition i (“in”).

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* ↑ Hamp, Eric (1981) “Varia III”, in Ériu‎, volume 32, Royal Irish Academy, →ISSN, →JSTOR, retrieved February 9, 2024, pages 158–162
* ↑ Griffith, Aaron (2024) “Grammaticalization and the etymology of Old Irish ocus 'and'”, in Studia Celtica Posnaniensia, volume 9, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 162–188

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 ocus, acus “near””, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “2 ocus “and””, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940) D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, § 373, page 235; reprinted 2017