# consul
## English
### Etymology

From Middle English consul, from Old English consul, from Latin cōnsul.

### Pronunciation

* (UK) enPR: kŏnʹsəl, IPA: /ˈkɒn.səl/
* (General American) enPR: kŏnʹsəl, IPA: /ˈkɑn.səl/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɒnsəl
* Hyphenation: con‧sul

### Noun

consul (plural consuls)
* (historical) Either of the two heads of government and state of the Roman Republic or the equivalent nominal post under the Roman and Byzantine Empires.
* (historical) Any of the three heads of government and state of France between 1799 and 1804.
* (obsolete) A count or earl.
* (obsolete or historical) A councillor, particularly:
** (historical) A member of early modern city councils in southern France and Catalonia.
** (historical) An officer of the trading and merchant companies of early modern England.
** (historical) An official in various early modern port and trading towns, elected by resident foreign merchants to settle disputes among themselves and to represent them to the local authorities.
* (by extension) An official residing in major foreign towns to represent and protect the interests of the merchants and citizens of their country.
* (obsolete) A high government official, generally either a coruler himself or a counsellor directly under the ruler.
** c. 1587–1588, [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], 2nd edition, part 1, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire, London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act I, scene ii:Both we will raigne as Conſuls of the earth, And mightie kings ſhall be our Senators.
** c. 1603–1604 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii], page 312, column 1:And many of the Conſuls, rais'd and met, Are at the Dukes already.
** 1609, The Holie Bible, […] (Douay–Rheims Bible), Doway: Lavrence Kellam, […], →OCLC, Iob 3:14, page 1065:With kinges and conſules of the earth, which build themſelves ſolitarie places:

#### Synonyms

* (count): See count
* (councillor): See councillor
* (early modern councilmen of southern France and Catalonia): capitoul (Toulouse)
* (counsellor): See counsellor

#### Derived terms

* coconsul
* consulacy
* consulage
* consuless
* consul general, consul-general
* consuling
* consulship
* first consul
* honorary consul, honourary consul
* vice-consul

#### Related terms

* consular
* consularity
* consulary
* consulate

#### See also

* ambassador

### Anagrams

* UNCLOS, clonus, cluons

## Dutch
### Etymology

From Middle Dutch consul, from Latin cōnsul.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkɔnzʏl/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: con‧sul

### Noun

consul m (plural consuls)
* consul (official in foreign country)
* (historical) consul (of the Roman Republic)

#### Derived terms

* consulaat

#### Descendants

* → Papiamentu: kònsùl

## French
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin cōnsul.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kɔ̃.syl/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

consul m (plural consuls, feminine consule)
* consul, in its various senses

#### Synonyms

* (early modern councilmen of southern France and Catalonia): échevin; capitoul (Toulouse)

#### Related terms

* consulaire
* consulat

#### Descendants

* → Khmer: កុងស៊ុល (kongsul)
* → Romanian: consul
* → Thai: กงสุล (gong-sǔn)
* → Turkish: konsül
* → Persian: کنسول (konsul)

### Further reading

* “consul”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

### Anagrams

* culons

## Latin
### Alternative forms

* cōnsul., cos, COS

### Etymology

From earlier consol. Root noun to cōnsulō.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈkon.sul/, [ˈkõːs̠ʊɫ̪]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈkon.sul/, [ˈkɔnsul]

### Noun

cōnsul m (genitive cōnsulis); third declension
* consul: either of the two highest-ranking officials of the Roman republic, elected annually
** 63 BCE, Cicero, Catiline Orations‎:O tempora, o mores! Senatus haec intellegit, consul videt; hic tamen vivit. Vivit?"Shame on the age and on its principles! The senate is aware of these things; the consul sees them; and yet this man lives. Lives? "
* a proconsul
* the highest magistrate in other states
* an epithet of the god Jupiter
* (Medieval Latin) a municipal official.

#### Declension

Third-declension noun.

#### Derived terms

* cōnsulāris
* cōnsulāritās
* cōnsulāriter
* cōnsulārius
* cōnsulātus
* prōcōnsul
* prōcōnsulāris
* prōcōnsulātus

#### Related terms

* cōnsulō
* cōnsultātiō
* cōnsultātor
* cōnsultātum
* cōnsultē
* cōnsultō
* cōnsultum
* cōnsultus

#### Descendants

* → Czech: konšel
* → Old English: consul
** Middle English: consul, consoul
*** English: consul
*** Scots: consul
* Old Francoprovençal: cóssel, cóssol, cossiel
** Franco-Provençal: coússol, coússel
* → French: consul
** → Khmer: កុងស៊ុល (kongsul)
** → Romanian: consul
** → Thai: กงสุล (gong-sǔn)
** → Turkish: konsül
** → Persian: کنسول (konsul)
* → German: Konsul
* → Italian: console
* Old Occitan: cossel
** Occitan: cossèl
* → Portuguese: cônsul
* → Russian: ко́нсул (kónsul), ко́нсулъ (kónsul) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
** → Azerbaijani: konsul
** → Belarusian: ко́нсул (kónsul)
** → Crimean Tatar: konsul
** → Estonian: konsul
** → Georgian: კონსული (ḳonsuli)
** → Kazakh: консул (konsul)
** → Kyrgyz: консул (konsul)
** → Latvian: konsuls
** → Lithuanian: konsulas
** → Mongolian: консул (konsul)
** → Tajik: консул (konsul)
** → Turkmen: konsul
** → Ukrainian: ко́нсул (kónsul)
** → Uzbek: konsul
* → Sicilian: cùnzuli, cùnzulu
* → Spanish: cónsul
* → Swedish: konsul

### References

* “consul”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “consul”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* consul in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* consul in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. to be chosen consul at the elections: comitiis consulem creari to elect a consul: consulem creare to declare a person consul-elect: aliquem consulem declarare (Leg. Agr. 2. 2. 4) to officially proclaim (by the praeco, herald) a man elected consul; to return a man consul: aliquem consulem renuntiare (De Or. 2. 64. 260) twice consul: bis consul consul for the second, third time: iterum, tertium consul consul for the sixth, seventh time: sextum (Pis. 9. 20), septimum consul (ambiguous) the augurs announce an unfavourable sign: augures obnuntiant (consuli) (Phil. 2. 33. 83) (ambiguous) let the consuls take measures for the protection of the state: videant or dent operam consules, ne quid res publica detrimenti capiat (Catil. 1. 2. 4) (ambiguous) to go to Cilicia as pro-consul: pro consule in Ciliciam proficisci
* consul in Ramminger, Johann (2016 July 16 (last accessed)) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎, pre-publication website, 2005-2016
* “consul”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin
* “console” in: Alberto Nocentini, Alessandro Parenti, “l'Etimologico — Vocabolario della lingua italiana”, Le Monnier, 2010, →ISBN
* De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “consulo”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 131

## Middle English
### Alternative forms

* consoul

### Etymology

From Old English consul, from Latin cōnsul.

### Noun

consul (plural consules)
* Roman consul
* governor

#### Related terms

* consular

#### Descendants

* English: consul
* Scots: consul

#### References

* “consol, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 25 November 2022.

## Norman
### Etymology

From Latin cōnsul (“consul”).

### Noun

consul m (plural consuls)
* (Jersey) consul

#### Related terms

* consulat (“consulate”)

## Old English
### Etymology

From Latin cōnsul.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkon.sul/, [ˈkon.zul]

### Noun

consul m (nominative plural consulas)
* Roman consul
** late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
    Fiaminius sē consul forsēah þā sæġene þe þā hlyttan him sædon...The consul Flaminius rejected the predictions that the diviners had told him...

#### Declension

Strong a-stem:

#### Descendants

* Middle English: consul, consoul
** English: consul
** Scots: consul

### References

* Angus Cameron, Ashley Crandell Amos, Antonette diPaolo Healey, editors (2018), “consul”, in Dictionary of Old English: A to Le ⁠, Toronto: University of Toronto, →OCLC.

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from French consul.

### Noun

consul m (plural consuli)
* consul

#### Declension
## Scots
### Alternative forms

* consule, consol

### Etymology

From Middle English consul, from Old English consul, from Latin cōnsul.

### Noun

consul (plural consules)
* consul (official residing in major foreign towns to represent and protect the interests of the merchants and citizens of their country)
* Roman consul

### References

* “consul”, in The Dictionary of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Scottish Language Dictionaries, 2004–present, →OCLC.