# 健

| 健 | U+5065, &#20581; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5065 |
| ← 偤 [U+5064] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 偦 → [U+5066] |

## Translingual
### Han character

健 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+9, 11 strokes, cangjie input 人弓大手 (ONKQ), four-corner 2524$_0$, composition ⿰亻建)

#### Derived characters

* 𮧨, 𨫡, 𮅿, 𩅋

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 111, character 11
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 875
* Dae Jaweon: page 237, character 10
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 184, character 9
* Unihan data for U+5065

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 健
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
* Small seal scripts05709
* References:
* Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:
* Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
* Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
* Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
* Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
| | Old Chinese |
| 犍 | *ɡran, *kan |
| 騝 | *ɡran, *kan |
| 鍵 | *ɡran, *ɡranʔ, *ɡanʔ |
| 揵 | *ɡran, *kanʔ |
| 鞬 | *kan |
| 腱 | *kan, *ɡans |
| 湕 | *kanʔ |
| 建 | *kans |
| 旔 | *kans |
| 楗 | *ɡanʔ |
| 健 | *ɡans |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡans): semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 建 (OC *kans).

### Etymology

Perhaps from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)aː(r/l) (“solid, congealed, frozen, viscous, strong”), and cognate with Burmese ခဲ (hkai:, “to freeze”) (STEDT).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): jiàn (jian$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): jian$^4$
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): jiān
    (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): jiēn
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gin$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): gen$^5$
* Gan (Wiktionary): qien$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): khien / khian
    (Meixian, Guangdong): kian$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): jie$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): gṳ̿ing
* Eastern Min (BUC): giâng / giông
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gyo$^5$ / gyaⁿ$^5$ / goeng$^5$ / gyeng$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kiāⁿ / kiān
    (Teochew, Peng'im): giang$^6$ / giêng$^6$ / gian$^7$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$ci
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): jienn$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jiàn
*** Wade–Giles: chien$^4$
*** Yale: jyàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiann
*** Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: jian$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gian
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiɛn²¹³/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: jiān
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiã⁵⁵/
** (Nanjing)
*** Nanjing Pinyin: jiēn
*** Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): jien$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiẽ⁴⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gin$^6$
*** Yale: gihn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gin$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gin$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /kiːn²²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: gen$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ken³²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: qien$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰiɛn⁴²/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khien
*** Hakka Romanization System: kien
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kian$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯en⁵⁵/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khian
*** Hakka Romanization System: kian
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kian$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯an⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: kian$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰian⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: jie$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕie¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gṳ̿ing
*** Sinological IPA : /kyiŋ³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: giâng / giông
*** Sinological IPA : /kiɑŋ²⁴²/, /kyɔŋ²⁴²/
* giâng - vernacular;
* giông - literary.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit健 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /t͡ɕian⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /t͡ɕian⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /t͡ɕian⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /t͡ɕiã²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /t͡ɕiã⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /t͡ɕian³¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /t͡ɕiã⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /t͡ɕiã²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /t͡ɕian¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /t͡ɕiɛ̃n¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /t͡ɕian²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /t͡ɕiɛn³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /t͡ɕian¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /t͡ɕian²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /t͡ɕʰiɛ̃⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /t͡ɕien⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /t͡ɕiĩ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡ɕie⁴⁵/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /t͡ɕie̞³⁵/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /t͡ɕie⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /t͡ɕi³⁵/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /d͡ʑiɪ³¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /d͡ʑiẽ̞¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /d͡ʑi²²/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /t͡ɕʰie²²/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /t͡ɕiɛ⁴²/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /t͡ɕiẽ⁵⁵/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /t͡ɕiẽ⁵⁵/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /t͡ɕʰiɛn²¹/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /kʰian⁵³/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /kʰien⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /kin²²/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /kin²²/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /kin²²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kian²²/ /kiã²²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kyɔŋ²⁴²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kyiŋ³³/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /kiaŋ³⁵/ /kiã³¹/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /kin³⁵/ |
* Middle Chinese: gjonH
Rime :
| Character | 健 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 群 (30) |
| Final (韻) | 元 (65) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 渠建切 |
| Baxter | gjonH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɡɨɐn$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɡiɐn$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɡiɐn$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /gɨan$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɡiɐn$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɡĭɐn$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /gɨ̯ɐn$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gin$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡans/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 健 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 6224 |
| Phonetic component | 建 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 健 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡans/ |

### Definitions

健
* strong; robust; vigorous
* healthy; in good health
    健康 ― jiànkāng ― health; healthy; sound
* adeptly; energetically
* a surname

### Compounds

* 伉健
* 保健 (bǎojiàn)
* 保健操 (bǎojiàncāo)
* 保健物理
* 保健粉筆 / 保健粉笔
* 健仰
* 健保 (jiànbǎo)
* 健保卡
* 健兒 / 健儿 (jiàn'ér)
* 健兒門診 / 健儿门诊
* 健全 (jiànquán)
* 健力
* 健力舞
* 健力運動 / 健力运动
* 健吏
* 健在 (jiànzài)
* 健壯 / 健壮 (jiànzhuàng)
* 健婦 / 健妇
* 健存
* 健實 / 健实
* 健將 / 健将 (jiànjiàng)
* 健康 (jiànkāng)
* 健康保險 / 健康保险 (jiànkāng bǎoxiǎn)
* 健康教育
* 健康檢查 / 健康检查
* 健康襪 / 健康袜
* 健康醋
* 健康食品 (jiànkāng shípǐn)
* 健忘 (jiànwàng)
* 健忘症 (jiànwàngzhèng)
* 健捷
* 健旺 (jiànwàng)
* 健朗 (jiànlǎng)
* 健檢 / 健检 (jiànjiǎn)
* 健步 (jiànbù)
* 健步如飛 / 健步如飞 (jiànbùrúfēi)
* 健水
* 健浪
* 健碩 / 健硕 (jiànshuò)
* 健筆 / 健笔
* 健美 (jiànměi)
* 健美操
* 健美褲 / 健美裤
* 健美運動 / 健美运动 (jiànměi yùndòng)
* 健羨 / 健羡
* 健胃
* 健胃劑 / 健胃剂
* 健胸
* 健舞
* 健行 (jiànxíng)
* 健訟 / 健讼
* 健談 / 健谈 (jiàntán)
* 健起
* 健身 (jiànshēn)
* 健身房 (jiànshēnfáng)
* 健身院
* 優生保健 / 优生保健
* 全民健保
* 凌雲健筆 / 凌云健笔
* 刁健訟棍 / 刁健讼棍
* 剛健 / 刚健 (gāngjiàn)
* 勇健 (yǒngjiàn)
* 四健會 / 四健会
* 壯健 / 壮健 (zhuàngjiàn)
* 官健
* 尖齊圓健 / 尖齐圆健
* 康健 (kāngjiàn)
* 強健 / 强健 (qiángjiàn)
* 復健 / 复健 (fùjiàn)
* 復健中心 / 复健中心
* 復健醫學 / 复健医学
* 心理健康 (xīnlǐ jiànkāng)
* 爽健 (shuǎngjiàn)
* 矯健 / 矫健 (jiǎojiàn)
* 神爽體健 / 神爽体健
* 積健為雄 / 积健为雄
* 穩健 / 稳健 (wěnjiàn)
* 身輕體健 / 身轻体健
* 輕健 / 轻健 (qīngjiàn)
* 雅健
* 雄健 (xióngjiàn)
* 頑健 / 顽健
* 馬前健 / 马前健

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)
* strong, robust, healthy
* strength

#### Readings

* Go-on: ごん (gon)
* Kan-on: けん (ken, Jōyō)
* Kun: すこやか (sukoyaka, 健やか, Jōyō)、たけし (takeshi, 健し)、したたか (shitataka, 健か)

#### Compounds

* 健康(けんこう) (kenkō): health
* 健全(けんぜん) (kenzen)
* 健闘(けんとう) (kentō): good fight, strenuous effort

### Proper noun

健(けん) • (Ken)
* a male given name

### Proper noun

健(たけし) • (Takeshi)
* a male given name

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 健 (MC gjonH).
* Recorded as Middle Korean 껀〮 (Yale: kkén) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 건 (ken) (Yale: ken) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [kɘ(ː)n]
* Phonetic hangul: [건(ː)]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Hanja

Wikisource 健 (eumhun 굳셀 건 (gutsel geon)) 健 (eumhun 건강할 건 (geon'ganghal geon))
* hanja form of 건 (“strong; firm”)
* hanja form of 건 (“used to form nouns related to health”)

#### Compounds

* 강건 (剛健, ganggeon)
* 강건 (康健, ganggeon)
* 건각 (健脚, geon'gak)
* 건강 (健康, geon'gang)
* 건경 (健勁, geon'gyeong)
* 건담 (健啖, geondam)
* 건담가 (健啖家, geondamga)
* 건망 (健忘, geonmang)
* 건망실어증 (健忘失語症, geonmangsireojeung)
* 건망증 (健忘症, geonmangjeung)
* 건보 (健步, geonbo)
* 건부 (健夫, geonbu)
* 건부 (健婦, geonbu)
* 건상 (健爽, geonsang)
* 건선 (健羨, geonseon)
* 건승 (健勝, geonseung)
* 건식 (健食, geonsik)
* 건실 (健實, geonsil)
* 건아 (健兒, geona)
* 건완 (健腕, geonwan)
* 건위 (健胃, geonwi)
* 건장 (健壯, geonjang)
* 건재 (健在, geonjae)
* 건전 (健全, geonjeon)
* 건첩 (健捷, geoncheop)
* 건투 (健鬪, geontu)
* 건필 (健筆, geonpil)
* 경건 (勁健, gyeonggeon)
* 권건 (權健, gwon'geon)
* 보건 (保健, bogeon)
* 필건 (筆健, pilgeon)
* 항건 (伉健, hanggeon)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

健: Hán Nôm readings: kiện, kẹn, lương
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.