# 懺悔
## Chinese
### Etymology

Combination of abbreviated Sanskrit क्षमा (kṣamā, “pardon, forgiveness”) 懺 + native Chinese 悔 (“regret”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chànhuǐ
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄢˋ ㄏㄨㄟˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): caam$^3$ fui$^3$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chhàm-hóe
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$tshe-hue
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chànhuǐ
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄢˋ ㄏㄨㄟˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chànhuěi
*** Wade–Giles: chʻan$^4$-hui$^3$
*** Yale: chàn-hwěi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: channhoei
*** Palladius: чаньхуэй (čanʹxuej)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰän⁵¹ xu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: caam$^3$ fui$^3$
*** Yale: chaam fui
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsaam$^3$ fui$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cam$^3$ fui$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰaːm³³ fuːi̯³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhàm-hóe
*** Tâi-lô: tshàm-hué
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zharmhoea
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰam²¹⁻⁵³ hue⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰam⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hue⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰam²¹⁻⁵³ hue⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰam¹¹⁻⁵³ hue⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰam²¹⁻⁴¹ hue⁴¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$tshe-hue
*** MiniDict: tshe$^去$ hue
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$tshe-hue
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡sʰe³³ hue⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: tsrhaemH xwojX|xwojH
Rime :
| Character | 懺 | 悔 | 悔 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 初 (19) | 曉 (32) | 曉 (32) |
| Final (韻) | 銜 (149) | 灰 (42) | 灰 (42) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Rising (X) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed | Closed |
| Division (等) | II | I | I |
| Fanqie | 楚鑑切 | 呼罪切 | 荒内切 |
| Baxter | tsrhaemH | xwojX | xwojH |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ʃʰˠam$^H$/ | /huʌi$^X$/ | /huʌi$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʈ͡ʂʰᵚam$^H$/ | /huoi$^X$/ | /huoi$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ʃʰam$^H$/ | /xuɒi$^X$/ | /xuɒi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʈ͡ʂʰaɨm$^H$/ | /hwəj$^X$/ | /hwəj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ʃʰam$^H$/ | /xuᴀi$^X$/ | /xuᴀi$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ʃʰam$^H$/ | /xuɒi$^X$/ | /xuɒi$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʈ͡ʂʰam$^H$/ | /xuɑ̆i$^X$/ | /xuɑ̆i$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | chàn | huǐ | huì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | caam$^3$ | fui$^2$ | fui$^3$ |

### Verb

懺悔
* to make confession
* to repent one's sins

#### Usage notes

懺悔／忏悔 (chànhuǐ) can be used to refer to both the Buddhist and Catholic tradition of confession and repentance.

#### Derived terms

* 懺悔室 / 忏悔室 (chànhuǐshì)
* 懺悔星期二 / 忏悔星期二
* 懺悔錄 / 忏悔录

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 懺悔(さんげ) (sange); 懺悔(ざんげ) (zange)
* → Korean: 참회(懺悔) (chamhoe)
* → Vietnamese: sám hối (懺悔)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 懺 | 悔 |
| さん Hyōgai | け > げ Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||
* Alternative spellings
* 懺悔 (kyūjitai) 懴悔
Kanji in this term :
| 懺 | 悔 |
| ざん Hyōgai | け > げ Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||
* Alternative spellings
* 懺悔 (kyūjitai) 懴悔

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) さんげ [sáꜜǹgè] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [sã̠ŋɡe̞]
* (Tokyo) ざんげ [záꜜǹgè] (Atamadaka –)
* (Tokyo) ざんげ [zàńgéꜜ] (Odaka – [3])
* IPA: [d͡zã̠ŋɡe̞]

### Noun

懺(さん)悔(げ) or 懺悔(せんげ) • (sange or senge)
* (Buddhism) repentance

### Noun

懺(ざん)悔(げ) • (zange)
* confession and repentance in Christianity and other religions
* confession to another person

### Verb

懺(さん)悔(げ)する or 懺悔(せんげ)する • (sange suru or senge suru) suru (stem 懺(さん)悔(げ)し (sange shi), past 懺(さん)悔(げ)した (sange shita))
* (Buddhism) confess
懺(ざん)悔(げ)する • (zange suru) suru (stem 懺(ざん)悔(げ)し (zange shi), past 懺(ざん)悔(げ)した (zange shita))
* confess and repent in Christianity and other religions
* confess to another person

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 懺悔し | さんげし | sange shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 懺悔し | さんげし | sange shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 懺悔する | さんげする | sange suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 懺悔する | さんげする | sange suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 懺悔すれ | さんげすれ | sange sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 懺悔せよ¹ 懺悔しろ² | さんげせよ¹ さんげしろ² | sange seyo¹ sange shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 懺悔される | さんげされる | sange sareru |
| Causative | 懺悔させる 懺悔さす | さんげさせる さんげさす | sange saseru sange sasu |
| Potential | 懺悔できる | さんげできる | sange dekiru |
| Volitional | 懺悔しよう | さんげしよう | sange shiyō |
| Negative | 懺悔しない | さんげしない | sange shinai |
| Negative continuative | 懺悔せず | さんげせず | sange sezu |
| Formal | 懺悔します | さんげします | sange shimasu |
| Perfective | 懺悔した | さんげした | sange shita |
| Conjunctive | 懺悔して | さんげして | sange shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 懺悔すれば | さんげすれば | sange sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* 1 2 3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 懺 | 悔 |

### Noun

懺悔 • (chamhoe) (hangeul 참회)
* hanja form of 참회 (“confession, repentance”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 懺 | 悔 |

### Noun

懺悔
* chữ Hán form of sám hối (“to repent [in Sanskrit is Kṣamayati (क्षमयति)], to show repentance”).