# 敦煌
## Chinese

* 敦煌市 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 敦煌 (Cantonese)
* Dŭng-huòng (Eastern Min)
* Tun-hông-chhī (Southern Min)
* 敦煌市 (Wu)
* Dunhuang (English)

### Etymology

Likely from a historical Iranian language, with first known records in Chinese in the 2nd century BCE; likely cognate to the later Sogdian 𐼌𐼘𐼇𐼀𐼀𐼏 (δrwʾʾn /⁠*θurwān, θruwān⁠/) – name of Dunhuang known to the Sogdians – attested in the "Sogdian Ancient Letters" [early 4th century] (Gharib, 1995); possibly related to the Θροάνα (Throána) in Greek (Ptolemy, Geographia, Book VI, chap. 16) and Bactrian sources (Pulleyblank, 1962, 1966; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Dūnhuáng
    (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄣ ㄏㄨㄤˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): deon$^1$ wong$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): Tun-hông
    (Teochew, Peng'im): dung$^1$ huang$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$ten-uaon
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Dūnhuáng
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄣ ㄏㄨㄤˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Dunhuáng
*** Wade–Giles: Tun$^1$-huang$^2$
*** Yale: Dwūn-hwáng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Duenhwang
*** Palladius: Дуньхуан (Dunʹxuan)
*** Sinological IPA : /tu̯ən⁵⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: deon$^1$ wong$^4$
*** Yale: dēun wòhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: doen$^1$ wong$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: dên$^1$ wong$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /tɵn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tun-hông
*** Tâi-lô: Tun-hông
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dunhoong
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tun³³ hɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: dung$^1$ huang$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tung huâng
*** Sinological IPA : /tuŋ³³⁻²³ huaŋ⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$ten-uaon
*** MiniDict: ten$^平$ uaon
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$ten-uaan
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /tən⁵⁵ uɑ̃²¹/
* Middle Chinese: twon hwang
Rime :
| Character | 敦 | 煌 |
| Reading # | 2/4 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 端 (5) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 魂 (55) | 唐 (102) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Closed |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 都昆切 | 胡光切 |
| Baxter | twon | hwang |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tuən/ | /ɦwɑŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /tuon/ | /ɦʷɑŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /tuən/ | /ɣuɑŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /twən/ | /ɦwaŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /tuən/ | /ɣuɑŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /tuən/ | /ɣuɑŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /tuən/ | /ɣwɑŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | dūn | huáng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | deon$^1$ | wong$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*tˤur [ɢ]ʷˤaŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*doːn ɡʷaːŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 敦 | 煌 |
| Reading # | 3/3 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | dūn | huáng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ twon › | ‹ hwang › |
| Old Chinese | /*tˁur/ | /*[ɢ]ʷˁaŋ/ |
| English | 敦煌 ~ 燉煌 Dūnhuáng | 敦煌 Dūnhuáng |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 敦 | 煌 |
| Reading # | 2/4 | 1/1 |
| No. | 2594 | 12700 |
| Phonetic component | 敦 | 王 |
| Rime group | 元 | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 團 | 黃 |
| Old Chinese | /*doːn/ | /*ɡʷaːŋ/ |

### Proper noun

敦煌
* (～市) Dunhuang (a county-level city in Jiuquan, Gansu, China)
* (historical) (～郡) Dunhuang (an ancient commandery in modern Gansu, China)
* (～縣) (historical) Dunhuang (a county of Jiuquan, Gansu, China)

#### Synonyms

* 沙州 (Shāzhōu)

#### Derived terms

* 敦煌學 / 敦煌学 (Dūnhuángxué)

#### Descendants

* → English: Dunhuang, Tun-huang, Tunhuang, Tunhwang