# ملک
## Pahari-Potwari
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian ملک (mulk), from Arabic مُلْك (mulk).

### Pronunciation

* (phr) IPA: /mʊ.ləkə̆/

### Noun

مُلَک (mulak) m
* country

## Pashto
### Etymology

From Arabic مَلِك (malik, “king”). From Proto-Semitic *malk-. Cognate to Hebrew מֶלֶךְ (mélekh, “king”) and מָלַךְ (malákh, “to rule”), and Aramaic מַלְכָּא (malkā, “king”) and מְלַךְ (m'laḵ, “to rule”).

### Noun

ملک • (malik) m (plural ملکان (malikân))
* king

#### Related terms

* ملکه (malika, “queen”)

#### References

* Makkan

## Persian
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Arabic مَلَك (malak, “angel”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ma.ˈlak]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [mä.lǽk]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [mä.lǽk]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [mä.lǽk]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [mä.lǽk]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [mæ.lǽkʲ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [mä.lǽk]

#### Noun

ملک • (malak) (plural ملائک (malâ'ek))
* angel
    Synonym: فرشته (ferešte)
** c. 1520, Selim I of the Ottoman Empire, edited by Benedek Péri, The Persian Dīvān of Yavuz Sulṭān Selīm, Budapest, Hungary: Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, →ISBN, page 226:روز چرا چو آید کاعمال من بپرسد گرید ملک بصد درد از سوزهای هویمrōz čirā čū āyad k-a'māl-i man bipursad giryad malak ba-sad dard az sōzhā-yi hōyamWhen the Day [of Judgment] when he inquires my deeds arrives, why Does the angel weep from my laments' anguish with a hundredfold pain?(Classical Persian transliteration)

##### Derived terms

* ملک‌الموت (malak-ol-mowt)

#### References

* Benzing, Johannes (1983) “mlk”, in Chwaresmischer Wortindex, Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz, page 410

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Arabic مَلِك (malik, “king”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ma.ˈlik]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [mä.lɪ́k]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [mä.lɪ́k]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [mä.lɪ́k]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [mä.lík]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [mæ.lékʲ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [mä.lík]

#### Noun

ملک • (malek) (plural ملوک (moluk))
* king

##### Derived terms

* ملوکانه (molukâne)
* ملوک‌الطوائفی (moluk-ot-tavâ'efi)
* ملکی (maleki)
* ملک‌زاده (malek-zâde)

##### Related terms

* ملکه (maleke)
* ملکوت (malakut)

### Etymology 3

Borrowed from Arabic مِلْك (milk, “property, estate”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [milk]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [mɪlk]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [mɪlk]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [mɪlk]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [milk]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [melkʲ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [milk]

#### Noun

ملک • (melk) (plural املاک (amlâk))
* estate
* property

##### Derived terms

* ملکدار (melkdâr)
* ملکی (melki)
* ملکیت (melkiyat)

##### Related terms

* تملک (tamallok)
* مالک (mâlek)
* مملوک (mamluk)

### Etymology 4

Borrowed from Arabic مُلْك (mulk, “kingship, royalty, monarchy”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [mulk]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [mʊlk]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [mʊlk]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [mʊlk]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [mulk]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [molkʲ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [mulk]

#### Noun

ملک • (molk)
* kingship
* kingdom
* dominion

##### Derived terms

* ملکی (molki)

##### Descendants

* → Assamese: মুলুক (muluk)
* → Bengali: মুলুক (muluk)
* → Gujarati: મુલક (mulak)
* → Old Hindi: मुलक (mulaka)
** Hindustani:
    Hindi: मुल्क (mulk)
    Urdu: مُلْک (mulk)
* → Maithili
    Devanagari script: मुलुक (muluk)
    Tirhuta script: 𑒧𑒳𑒪𑒳𑒏 (muluk)
* → Marathi: मुलूख (mulūkh)
* → Marwari: मुलक (mulak)
* → Nepali: मुलुक (muluk)
* → Odia: ମୁଲକ (mulaka)
* → Punjabi:
    Gurmukhi script: ਮੁਲਕ (mulak)
    Shahmukhi script: مُلَک (mulak)
* → Sindhi:
    Arabic script: مُلْڪُ (mulku)
    Devanagari script: मुल्कु (mulku)

### Etymology 5

Borrowed from Hindustani مونگ / मूँग (mūṅg)

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [mulk]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [mʊlk]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [mʊlk]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [mʊlk]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [mulk]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [molkʲ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [mulk]

#### Noun

ملک • (molk)
* (Khorasan) a kind of pea

#### References

* Monchi-Zadeh, Davoud (1990) Wörter aus Xurāsān und ihre Herkunft (Acta Iranica; 29)‎ (in German), Leiden: E. J. Brill, pages 125–126 Nr. 366

## Punjabi
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian ملک (mulk), from Arabic مُلْك (mulk).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Punjabi) IPA: /mʊ.ləkə̆/

### Noun

مُلَک • (mulak) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਮੁਲਕ)
* country
    Synonym: دیش (deś)

### References

* “مُلک”, in Punjabi-English Dictionary, Patiala: Punjabi University, 2025
* Iqbal, Salah ud-Din (2002) “مُلک”, in vaḍḍī panjābī lughat‎ (in Punjabi), Lahore: ʻAzīz Pablisharz

## Urdu
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian مُلْک (mulk), from Arabic مُلْك (mulk). First attested as Middle Hindi ملک (mulk).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /mʊlk/
* (Punjabic Urdu) IPA: /mʊ.lək/

### Noun

مُلْک • (mulk) m (formal plural مَمالِک (mamālik), Hindi spelling मुल्क)
* country, land
    Synonyms: دیس (des), وَطَن (vatan)
    نِیُوزی لَین٘ڈ اَور بَرْطانیَہ بَہُت خوش حال مَمالِک ہَیں۔niyūzī-laiṇḍ aur bartānya bahot xuś-hāl mamālik ha͠i.New Zealand and Britain are very prosperous countries.
    کَئی مُلْکوں میں مَذْہَب کی آزادی فَراہِم نَہِیں ہَے۔kaī mulkõ mẽ mazhab kī āzādī farāhim nahī̃ hai.In some countries, there is no freedom of religion.
* (Sufism) realm
    مُلْکِ فَنا ― mulk-i fanā ― mortal realm
    ہَم کو مُلْکِ عَدَم مِلا ہَمْدَمham ko mulk-i 'adam milā hamdamWe got the realm of oblivion, pal.

#### Derived terms

* مُلْکی (mulkī, “local, national, indigenous”)
* اَندَرُونِ مُلْک (andarūn-i mulk, “inland”)
* بَیرُونِ مُلْک (bairūn-i mulk, “overseas”)
* بَینُ المُلْکی (bain-ul-mulkī, “intranational, inland”)
* مُلْک دُشْمَن (mulk duśman, “traitor”)
* مُلْک گِیر (mulk gīr, “nationwide, countrywide”)
* مَمالِکِ غَیر (mamālik-i ġair, “foreign countries”)

### References

* “ملک”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
* Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971) “ملک”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary‎, Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co., page 606
* “مُلْک”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.
* Platts, John T. (1884) “ملك”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co., page 1065