# 寒天
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): hántiān
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄢˊ ㄊㄧㄢ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hon$^4$ tin$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): hòn-thiên
    (Hailu, HRS): hon tien$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): hon$^2$ tiên$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kôaⁿ-thiⁿ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): guan$^5$ tin$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hántiān
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄢˊ ㄊㄧㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hántian
*** Wade–Giles: han$^2$-tʻien$^1$
*** Yale: hán-tyān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: harntian
*** Palladius: ханьтянь (xanʹtjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /xän³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hántiānr
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄢˊ ㄊㄧㄢㄦ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hántianr
*** Wade–Giles: han$^2$-tʻien$^1$-ʼrh
*** Yale: hán-tyānr
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: harntial
*** Palladius: ханьтяньр (xanʹtjanʹr)
*** Sinological IPA : /xän³⁵ tʰi̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hon$^4$ tin$^1$
*** Yale: hòhn tīn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hon$^4$ tin$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hon$^4$ tin$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɔːn²¹ tʰiːn⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hòn-thiên
*** Hakka Romanization System: hon$^ˇ$ tien$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: hon$^2$ tian$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /hon¹¹ tʰi̯en²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: hon tien$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /hon⁵⁵ tʰien⁵³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: hon$^2$ tiên$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /hɔn¹¹ tʰiɛn⁴⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kôaⁿ-thiⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: kuânn-thinn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kvoa'tvy
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kuã²⁴⁻²² tʰĩ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kuã²⁴⁻²² tʰĩ³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kuã¹³⁻²² tʰĩ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kuã²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰĩ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kuã²³⁻³³ tʰĩ⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: guan$^5$ tin$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kuâⁿ thiⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /kũã⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰĩ³³/

### Noun

寒天
* chilly weather; cold weather
* (Hakka, Eastern Min, Southern Min, Puxian Min, Wu) winter
* Alternative name for 洋菜 (yángcài, “agar; agar-agar: vegetable gelatine”).

#### Usage notes

* This is a more colloquial way to say “winter” than 冬天 (tang-thiⁿ) in Min Nan.

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 冬, 冬日 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 冬天, 冬季, 冬日 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 冬天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 冬天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chengde | 冬天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 冬天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 冬天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Heihe | 冬天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Qiqihar | 冬天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 冬天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Wuchang (Yingchengzi) | 冬天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jiamusi | 冬天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Baicheng | 冬天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Changchun | 冬天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tonghua | 冬天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 冬天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jinzhou | 冬天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 冬天 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 冬天, 冬底下 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 冬天 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 冬天 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Xianxian (Xiaoying) | 冬天 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 冬天 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 冬天 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Lijin | 冬天 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 冬天 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dalian | 冬天, 冬季天兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dandong | 冬天 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai | 冬天 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 冬天, 冬季天兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 冬天, 臘月天兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 冬天 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Lingbao | 冬天 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Jining | 冬天 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Daming | 冬天 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 冬間 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Linfen | 冬天 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Shangqiu | 冬天 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yuanyang | 冬天 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 冬天 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xinyang | 冬天 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baihe | 冬天, 九天, 九裡頭 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 冬天, 冬裡 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Dingbian | 冬天, 冬裡 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baoji | 冬天, 寒天, 冬上 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Tianshui | 冬天 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 冬天 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 冷天, 冬天, 寒裡 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Fuyang | 冬天 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 冬天 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan) | 冬天 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 冬天 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yongning (Najiahu) | 冬天, 冷天 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 冬天, 冬月天, 冷月天 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Dunhuang | 冬天, 冬裡 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Hami | 冬天 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 冬天 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi (Xigou) | 冬天 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi (Changshanzi) | 冬天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 冬天, 冬天家 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanchong | 冬天, 寒天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dazhou | 冷天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanyuan | 冬天, 冷天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xichang | 冬天, 寒天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zigong | 冬天, 冷天, 冬辰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 冬天, 冷天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 冬季, 冬天, 冷天, 冷季 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yichang | 冷天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangyang | 冬天, 冷天裡 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianmen | 冬天, 寒天, 冷天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 冬天, 冬天家, 寒天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zunyi | 冬天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Bijie | 冷天家 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liping | 冬天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zhaotong | 冬天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dali | 冬天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 冬天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mengzi | 冬天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 冬天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Pingle | 寒天, 寒冷天, 冬月天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 冬天, 冷天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanning (Wuming) | 冬天, 冷天, 北風天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hechi (Yizhou) | 冬天, 冷天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Luocheng (Dongmen) | 冬天, 冷天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianlin (Langping) | 冬天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jishou | 冬天, 冷天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Changde | 冬天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanzhong | 冬天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Salong (Lancang) | 冷天 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 冷天, 冬天 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 冷天, 冬寒天, 冬天, 寒裡 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianyungang | 冬天, 寒天, 寒裡 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianshui | 冬天, 寒裡頭 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 寒天 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Anqing | 冬天, 冷天 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Wuhu | 冬天 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 冬天 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hong'an | 冬天道, 冷天道 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 冬天, 冷天 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 冬天, 凍天 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 冷天 |
| Cantonese | Taishan (Guanghai) | 冬天 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 冷天 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 冬天 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 冷天 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 冷天 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 天冷天 |
| Cantonese | Guiping (Jiangkou) | 冷天, 冬天 |
| Cantonese | Guiping (Madong) | 冬天, 北風天 |
| Cantonese | Baise | 冷天 |
| Cantonese | Mandalay (Taishan) | 冬天 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 冬天 |
| Gan | Pengze | 冬下天 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 冷天 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 冷天, 冬下裡 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 冬天, 冬下, 冬下頭, 寒天, 冷天 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Shuizhai) | 冷天 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 冷天 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Changbu) | 冬下晨 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Mianyang) | 冷天 |
| Hakka | Liancheng (Peitian) | 冬下 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 冬下 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 寒天, 冷天, 冬下頭 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 寒天, 冷天, 冬下頭 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 寒天, 冷天, 冬下頭, 冬下時 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 寒天, 冬下頭 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 寒天, 冬下頭, 冬下時 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 寒天, 冬天 |
| Hakka | Bobai (Shahe) | 冬天 |
| Hakka | Bobai (Longtan) | 冬天 |
| Hakka | Bobai (Lingping) | 冷天 |
| Hakka | Beiliu (Gonghe, Xilang) | 冬天 |
| Hakka | Xingye (Gaofeng) | 冬下天 |
| Hakka | Guilin (Xiaojiang, Lingui) | 冬天 |
| Hakka | Pingle (Tong'an) | 冬天 |
| Hakka | Yangshuo (Jinbao) | 冬天, 冬下 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Longchuan) | 冬天, 冬季 |
| Hakka | Pontianak (Meixian) | 冷天 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 下冬, 冬場子, 冬場下 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 冬天 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 冬天 |
| Jin | Yangyuan | 冬天, 冬末寒天 |
| Jin | Datong (Xicetian, Yunzhou) | 冬天, 冬哩 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 冬天, 冬金天, 冬兒, 冬景天 |
| Jin | Lüliang (Lishi) | 冬天 |
| Jin | Changzhi | 冬天 |
| Jin | Linhe | 冬天, 冬天裡 |
| Jin | Jining | 冬天 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 冬天 |
| Jin | Erenhot | 冬天 |
| Jin | Pingshan | 冬天 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 冬天 |
| Jin | Handan | 冬天 |
| Jin | Linzhou | 冬天 |
| Jin | Suide | 冬裡 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 冬天 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 凊天, 冬天 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou (Changle) | 凊天 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 凊天, 冬天 |
| Eastern Min | Yongtai | 凊天 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 寒天 |
| Eastern Min | Fu'an | 寒天 |
| Eastern Min | Ningde | 寒天 |
| Eastern Min | Shouning | 寒天 |
| Eastern Min | Zhouning | 寒天 |
| Eastern Min | Fuding | 寒天 |
| Eastern Min | Matsu | 冬天 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 冬天, 寒天, 寒冬, 寒儂 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 冬天, 寒天, 寒儂 |
| Southern Min | Yongchun | 寒天, 冬天 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 冬天, 寒天, 寒冬 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 寒天, 冬天 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 寒天, 冬天 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 冬天, 寒儂, 寒天 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 冬仔, 寒天 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 冬天, 寒儂, 寒天 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 冬天, 寒儂, 寒天 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 冬天, 寒儂, 寒天 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 冬天, 寒天 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 冬天, 寒儂, 寒天 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 冬天, 寒天儂 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 冬天, 寒天 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 冬天, 寒天 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 冬天 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 寒天 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 寒儂 |
| Southern Min | Zhangping (Yongfu) | 寒天, 在冬 |
| Southern Min | Guilin (Biyange) | 冬天 |
| Southern Min | Pingle (Zhoutang) | 寒天, 冷天, 冬月天 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 冬天時, 凝天時 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 凝天時, 凊天時, 凊天 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 冬天時, 凝天時, 寒天時 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 凝天時, 凊天時, 冬天時 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 冬天 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 冬季 |
| Southern Min | Qionghai | 寒天 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 寒天, 冬天 |
| Central Min | Yong'an | 冬天 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 冬季 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Wutong, Lingui) | 冬天, 冷天 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Liutang, Lingui) | 冬天 |
| Northern Pinghua | Lingchuan (Sanjie) | 冷天, 冬天 |
| Northern Pinghua | Lingchuan (Shuangzhou) | 冬天 |
| Waxiang | Guzhang (Gaofeng) | 冬天 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 冬天, 冷天, 冬場裡, 寒場裡 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 寒天, 寒場裡, 寒裡 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 冬天, 冷天, 寒天 |
| Wu | Danyang | 冬天, 冬天頭, 冬季 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 冬天 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 冬天價, 冬天 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 天色冷, 十二月 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 冬天 |
| Wu | Jinhua (Tangxi) | 冬裡 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 冬天, 冷天 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 冬天 |
| Xiang | Quanzhou | 冬天 |

#### Derived terms

* 寒天衫

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 寒 | 天 |
| かん Grade: 3 | てん Grade: 1 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かんてん [kàńtéꜜǹ] (Nakadaka – [3])
* (Tokyo) かんてん [kàńtéń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [kã̠ntẽ̞ɴ]

### Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese compound 寒天 (MC han then). Compare the modern Hakka hòn-thiên or Min Nan kôaⁿ-thiⁿ.

#### Noun

寒(かん)天(てん) • (kanten)
* cold weather
* a wintry sky

##### Synonyms

* 寒空(さむぞら) (samuzora)

### Etymology 2

Kanten was discovered in roughly 1658 by innkeeper 美濃太郎左衛門 (Mino Tarōzaemon) after discarding some 心太 (tokoroten, “a kind of jelly-like noodle made from boiled seaweed extract”) outside, and noticing that it had gelled overnight in the winter weather and then dried to a white powder over the next few days. According to various sources, the substance was called 寒天 by taking the first and last elements of the phrase 寒晒(し)心太 (kan-zarashi tokoroten), literally “cold-exposed tokoroten”.

#### Noun

寒(かん)天(てん) • (kanten)
* agar, agar-agar: vegetable gelatine

##### Derived terms

* 寒天紙(かんてんがみ) (kantengami): a thin sheet of dried kanten, used to add gloss to woven textiles and as decoration for women's braided hairstyles
* 寒天草(かんてんぐさ) (kantengusa): alternate name for 天草(てんぐさ) (tengusa), a sea vegetable from which kanten is made
* 寒天織(かんてんしき) (kanten shiki): gelatinous connective tissue, a type of connective tissue found in invertebrate animals and in the early stages of vertebrate animal development
* 寒天培養基(かんてんばいようき) (kanten baiyōki): agar culture medium
* 寒天版(かんてんばん) (kantenban): an agar printing plate used for printmaking, basically identical to a gelatin printing plate

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ 2014, 女性におすすめのダイエット食と健康食 (Josei ni Osusume no Daietto Shoku to Kenkō Shoku, “Diet and Health Foods Recommended for Women”) (in Japanese), All About staff editors, Tōkyō: All About. Text may be viewable at Google Books here.
* ↑ 2006, 日本料理事物起源 (Nihon Ryōri Jibutsu Kigen, “The Origins of Japanese Cuisine Items”) (in Japanese), Kōzō Kawakami and Masahiro Koide, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten. A text snippet may be viewable at Google Books here.
   * Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
   * 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.