# 勉強
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): miǎnqiǎng, miǎnqiáng
    (Zhuyin): ㄇㄧㄢˇ ㄑㄧㄤˇ, ㄇㄧㄢˇ ㄑㄧㄤˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): min$^5$ koeng$^5$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): miên-khiòng / miên-khióng
* Eastern Min (BUC): miēng-*giōng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): bián-kióng / bián-kiáng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): miêng$^2$ giang$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$mi-chian
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: miǎnqiǎng [Phonetic: miánqiǎng]
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄧㄢˇ ㄑㄧㄤˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: miǎnciǎng
*** Wade–Giles: mien$^3$-chʻiang$^3$
*** Yale: myǎn-chyǎng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: meancheang
*** Palladius: мяньцян (mjanʹcjan)
*** Sinological IPA : /mi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
** (Standard Chinese, variant in Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: miǎnqiáng
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄧㄢˇ ㄑㄧㄤˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: miǎnciáng
*** Wade–Giles: mien$^3$-chʻiang$^2$
*** Yale: myǎn-chyáng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: meanchyang
*** Palladius: мяньцян (mjanʹcjan)
*** Sinological IPA : /mi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: min$^5$ koeng$^5$
*** Yale: míhn kéuhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: min$^5$ koeng$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: min$^5$ kêng$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /miːn¹³ kʰœːŋ¹³/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: miên-khiòng
*** Hakka Romanization System: mien$^ˊ$ kiong$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: mian$^1$ kiong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /mi̯en²⁴ kʰi̯oŋ¹¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: miên-khióng
*** Hakka Romanization System: mien$^ˊ$ kiong$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: mian$^1$ kiong$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /mi̯en²⁴ kʰi̯oŋ³¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: miēng-*giōng
*** Sinological IPA : /mieŋ³³⁻³⁵ kyoŋ³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Jinjiang, Philippines, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bián-kióng
*** Tâi-lô: bián-kióng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: biefnkiorng
*** IPA (Singapore): /biɛn⁴²⁻²⁴ kiɔŋ⁴²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines): /biɛn⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /biɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiɔŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /biɛn⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kiɔŋ⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bián-kiáng
*** Tâi-lô: bián-kiáng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: biefnkiarng
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /biɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiaŋ⁵³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: miêng$^2$ giang$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: miéng kiáng
*** Sinological IPA : /mieŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ kiaŋ⁵²⁻²¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$mi-chian
*** MiniDict: mi$^去$ chian
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$mi-qian
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /mi²² t͡ɕʰiã⁴⁴/

### Adjective

勉強
* forced; inadequate; grudging; reluctant
* passable; barely acceptable

#### Synonyms

* (passable):
* 一般 (yībān)
* 不大離 / 不大离 (bùdàlí) (regional)
* 巴巴結結 / 巴巴结结 (bāba-jiējiē) (regional)
* 平常 (píngcháng) (euphemistic)
* 湊合 / 凑合 (colloquial)
* 說得過去 / 说得过去 (shuōdeguòqù)
* 過得去 / 过得去 (guòdeqù)
* 還可以 / 还可以 (háikěyǐ)
* 還好 / 还好 (háihǎo)
* 馬馬虎虎 / 马马虎虎 (mǎmǎhūhū)

### Adverb

勉強
* reluctantly; in a forced manner; grudgingly

### Verb

勉強
* to force somebody to do something
* to make do; to do with difficulty

#### Synonyms

* (to make do):
* 好賴 / 好赖 (hǎolài)
* 委曲 (wěiqū)
* 將就 / 将就 (jiāngjiù)
* 湊合 / 凑合 (colloquial)
* 糊弄 (hùnong) (colloquial)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 勉(べん)強(きょう) (benkyō, “study”)
* → Vietnamese: miễn cưỡng (勉強)

### References

* 羅竹風 [Luo, Zhufeng], editor (1986–1994), “勉强”, in 漢語大詞典 [Hanyu Da Cidian] (in Chinese), 1st edition, Shanghai: Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House, →ISBN

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 勉 | 強 |
| べん Grade: 3 | きょう Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 勉強 (kyūjitai)

### Alternative forms

* (honorific) お勉強(べんきょう) (o-benkyō)

### Etymology

From Sinitic 勉強 / 勉强.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) べんきょー [bèńkyóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [bẽ̞ŋʲkʲo̞ː]
* (Kyoto) べんきょー [béńkyóó] (Kōki – [0])

### Noun

勉(べん)強(きょう) • (benkyō)
* studying, studies, study
    成績(せいせき)のためだけの勉強(べんきょう)
       seiseki no tame dake no benkyō
       studying for the sole purpose of getting good grades
    ここは部活(ぶかつ)などよりも勉強(べんきょう)に熱心(ねっしん)な学校(がっこう)だ。
       Koko wa bukatsu nado yori mo benkyō ni nesshin na gakkō da.
       This high school is more serious about studies than clubs or sports.

### Verb

勉(べん)強(きょう)する • (benkyō suru) transitive or intransitive suru (stem 勉(べん)強(きょう)し (benkyō shi), past 勉(べん)強(きょう)した (benkyō shita))
* to study
    英語(えいご)を勉強(べんきょう)する
       eigo o benkyō suru
       to study English
* to discount, to reduce the price of something
    勉強(べんきょう)させてもらいます。
       Benkyō sasete moraimasu.
       Let me discount / I'll give you a discount.

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 勉強し | べんきょうし | benkyō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 勉強し | べんきょうし | benkyō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 勉強する | べんきょうする | benkyō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 勉強する | べんきょうする | benkyō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 勉強すれ | べんきょうすれ | benkyō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 勉強せよ¹ 勉強しろ² | べんきょうせよ¹ べんきょうしろ² | benkyō seyo¹ benkyō shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 勉強される | べんきょうされる | benkyō sareru |
| Causative | 勉強させる 勉強さす | べんきょうさせる べんきょうさす | benkyō saseru benkyō sasu |
| Potential | 勉強できる | べんきょうできる | benkyō dekiru |
| Volitional | 勉強しよう | べんきょうしよう | benkyō shiyō |
| Negative | 勉強しない | べんきょうしない | benkyō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 勉強せず | べんきょうせず | benkyō sezu |
| Formal | 勉強します | べんきょうします | benkyō shimasu |
| Perfective | 勉強した | べんきょうした | benkyō shita |
| Conjunctive | 勉強して | べんきょうして | benkyō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 勉強すれば | べんきょうすれば | benkyō sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

#### Derived terms

* 勉強家(べんきょうか) (benkyōka): a studious person

#### See also

* 学修(がくしゅう) (gakushū), 学習: learning, study
* 学(まな)ぶ (manabu): study
* 割引(わりびき) (waribiki): discount (noun)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 “べん‐きょう［‥キャウ］ 【勉強】”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 勉 | 強 |

### Adverb

勉強
* chữ Hán form of miễn cưỡng (“reluctantly”).

### Adjective

勉強
* chữ Hán form of miễn cưỡng (“reluctant”).