# 憯

| 憯 | U+61AF, &#25007; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-61AF |
| ← 憮 [U+61AE] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 憰 → [U+61B0] |
| 憯 | U+2F8AE, &#194734; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F8AE |
| ← 憤 [U+2F8AD] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement | 懞 → [U+2F8AF] |

## Translingual
### Han character

憯 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+12, 15 strokes, cangjie input 心一山日 (PMUA), four-corner 9106$_1$, composition ⿰忄朁)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 404, character 2
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11261
* Dae Jaweon: page 744, character 10
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2353, character 14
* Unihan data for U+61AF
* Unihan data for U+2F8AE

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 憯
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 簪 | *ʔsɯːm, *ʔsrɯm |
| 撍 | *ʔsluːm, *ʔsluːmʔ, *ʔsluːms, *ʔsrum |
| 鐕 | *ʔsluːm |
| 憯 | *sʰluːmʔ, *sʰlɯːmʔ |
| 噆 | *sʰluːmʔ, *ʔsluːb |
| 朁 | *sʰlɯːmʔ, *zlam |
| 蠶 | *zluːm |
| 蚕 | *zluːm, *hl'iːnʔ |
| 糣 | *sluːmʔ |
| 熸 | *ʔslom |
| 鬵 | *zlam, *zɯm, *ljɯm |
| 灊 | *zlam, *zɯm, *ljɯm |
| 潛 | *zlom, *zloms |
| 僭 | *ʔslɯːms |
| 兓 | *sl'ɯm |
| 嶜 | *zlum |
| 兂 | *ʔsrɯm |
| 譖 | *ʔsrums |

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): cǎn (can$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄘㄢˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): caam$^2$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chhám
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: cǎn
*** Zhuyin: ㄘㄢˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cǎn
*** Wade–Giles: tsʻan$^3$
*** Yale: tsǎn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tsaan
*** Palladius: цань (canʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰän²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: caam$^2$
*** Yale: cháam
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsaam$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cam$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰaːm³⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhám
*** Tâi-lô: tshám
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zharm
*** IPA (Taipei, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰam⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰam⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰam⁴¹/
* Middle Chinese: tshomX, tshemX
Rime :
| Character | 憯 | 憯 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 清 (14) | 清 (14) |
| Final (韻) | 覃 (159) | 添 (157) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | IV |
| Fanqie | 七感切 | 青忝切 |
| Baxter | tshomX | tshemX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡sʰʌm$^X$/ | /t͡sʰem$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡sʰəm$^X$/ | /t͡sʰem$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡sʰɒm$^X$/ | /t͡sʰɛm$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡sʰəm$^X$/ | /t͡sʰɛm$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡sʰᴀm$^X$/ | /t͡sʰem$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡sʰɒm$^X$/ | /t͡sʰiem$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡sʰăm$^X$/ | /t͡sʰiem$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | cǎn | qiǎn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | caam$^2$ | cim$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*sʰluːmʔ/, /*sʰlɯːmʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 憯 | 憯 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 6699 | 6712 |
| Phonetic component | 兓 | 兓 |
| Rime group | 侵 | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 慘 | 憯 |
| Old Chinese | /*sʰluːmʔ/ | /*sʰlɯːmʔ/ |

### Definitions

憯
* Alternative form of 慘 / 惨 (cǎn)
* sorrowful, sad
* already, nevertheless

#### Compounds

* 憯悽 / 憯凄
* 憯惻 / 憯恻
* 憯懍 / 憯懔 (cǎnlǐn)

## Korean
### Hanja

憯 (eum 참 (cham))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.