# 下野
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xiàyě
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄧㄝˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): haa$^6$ je$^5$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hǎ-iá / hā-iá / hēe-iá
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiàyě
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄧㄝˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: siàyě
*** Wade–Giles: hsia$^4$-yeh$^3$
*** Yale: syà-yě
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiahyee
*** Palladius: сяе (sjaje)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ä⁵¹ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: haa$^6$ je$^5$
*** Yale: hah yéh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: haa$^6$ je$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ha$^6$ yé$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /haː²² jɛː¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hǎ-iá
*** Tâi-lô: hǎ-iá
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ha²² ia⁵⁵⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hā-iá
*** Tâi-lô: hā-iá
*** Phofsit Daibuun: haxiar
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ha²²⁻²¹ ia⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ha³³⁻²¹ ia⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ha³³⁻¹¹ ia⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hēe-iá
*** Tâi-lô: hēe-iá
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɛ²²⁻²¹ ia⁵³/

### Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Verb

下野
* (politics) to be forced to step down

### Etymology 2

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 下野 (Shimotsuke).

#### Proper noun

下野
* (～市) Shimotsuke (a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 下 | 野 |
| げ Grade: 1 | や Grade: 2 |
| goon ||
First attested around the early 1930s.
Appears to be coined in Japan from Middle Chinese-derived elements 下 (ge, “below, lower”) +‎ 野 (ya, “field”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) げや [géꜜyà] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ɡe̞ja̠]

#### Noun

下(げ)野(や) • (geya)
* (of a public servant) retirement from public office
* (politics, of a political party) going into the opposition

#### Verb

下(げ)野(や)する • (geya suru) suru (stem 下(げ)野(や)し (geya shi), past 下(げ)野(や)した (geya shita))
* (of a public servant) to retire from public office
    Synonym: 野に下る (ya ni kudaru)
* (politics, of a political party) to go into the opposition

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 下野し | げやし | geya shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 下野し | げやし | geya shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 下野する | げやする | geya suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 下野する | げやする | geya suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 下野すれ | げやすれ | geya sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 下野せよ¹ 下野しろ² | げやせよ¹ げやしろ² | geya seyo¹ geya shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 下野される | げやされる | geya sareru |
| Causative | 下野させる 下野さす | げやさせる げやさす | geya saseru geya sasu |
| Potential | 下野できる | げやできる | geya dekiru |
| Volitional | 下野しよう | げやしよう | geya shiyō |
| Negative | 下野しない | げやしない | geya shinai |
| Negative continuative | 下野せず | げやせず | geya sezu |
| Formal | 下野します | げやします | geya shimasu |
| Perfective | 下野した | げやした | geya shita |
| Conjunctive | 下野して | げやして | geya shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 下野すれば | げやすれば | geya sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

##### See also

* 野(や)党(とう) (yatō, “opposition party”)

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 下 | 野 |
| しも Grade: 1 | Grade: 2 |
| kun'yomi | irregular |
* Alternative spelling
* 繍線菊 (meadowsweet)
⟨simo$_1$tuke$_2$⟩ → */simʷotukei̯/ → /ɕimot͡suke/
Originally a clipping of Old Japanese 下毛野 (Simo$_1$tuke$_2$no$_1$ → Shimotsukeno, literally “Lower Keno”).
The meadowsweet sense was first attested in The Pillow Book (1002), from the province where the flower was first discovered.

#### Proper noun

下野(しもつけ) • (Shimotsuke)
* a placename, such as that of:
** (historical) Short for 下野国 (Shimotsuke-no-kuni): Shimotsuke Province, an old province of Japan, now part of Tochigi Prefecture
    Synonym: 野州 (Yashū)
** Short for 下野市 (Shimotsuke-shi): Shimotsuke (a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan) [2006–]
* a surname

##### Derived terms

* 下野(しもつけ)薬(やく)師寺(しじ)址(あと) (Shimotsuke Yakushiji Ato)
* 木(き)下野(しもつけ) (kishimotsuke)

##### See also

* 上野(こうずけ) (Kōzuke)

#### Noun

下野(しもつけ) or 下野(シモツケ) • (shimotsuke)
* the Japanese meadowsweet, Spiraea japonica
    Synonym: 木下野 (kishimotsuke)
    Hypernym: 薔薇 (bara)

##### Derived terms

* 下野(シモツケ)科(か) (shimotsuke-ka)
* 下野(シモツケ)草(ソウ) (shimotsukesō, “Filipendula multijuga”)
* 赤沼(アカヌマ)下野(シモツケ) (akanuma shimotsuke)
* 岩(イワ)下野(シモツケ) (iwa shimotsuke, “Spiraea nipponica”)
* 蝦夷(エゾ)下野(シモツケ) (Ezo shimotsuke, “Spiraea media subsp. media var. sericea”)
* 草(クサ)下野(シモツケ) (kusa shimotsuke)
* 小(こ)葉(ば)の下野(しもつけ) (koba no shimotsuke)
* 穂(ホ)咲(ザキ)下(シモ)野(ツケ) (hozaki shimotsuke, “Spiraea salicifolia”)
* 丸(マル)葉(バ)下野(シモツケ) (maruba shimotsuke, “Spiraea betulifolia”)

### Etymology 3

Kanji in this term :
| 下 | 野 |
| しも Grade: 1 | の Grade: 2 |
| kun'yomi ||
From 下 (shimo, “lower”) +‎ 野 (no, “field”).

#### Proper noun

下(しも)野(の) • (Shimono)
* a placename
* a surname

### Etymology 4

Kanji in this term :
| 下 | 野 |
| した Grade: 1 | の Grade: 2 |
| kun'yomi ||
From 下 (shita, “below”) +‎ 野 (no, “field”).

#### Proper noun

下(した)野(の) • (Shitano)
* a placename
* a surname

### References

* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 下 | 野 |

### Noun

下野 • (haya) (hangeul 하야)
* hanja form of 하야 (“withdrawal from politics, e.g. being forced to step down”)