# 雁

| 雁 | U+96C1, &#38593; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-96C1 |
| ← 雀 [U+96C0] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 雂 → [U+96C2] |

## Translingual
### Han character

雁 (Kangxi radical 172, 隹+4, 12 strokes, cangjie input 一人人土 (MOOG), four-corner 7121$_4$, composition ⿸厂倠)

#### Derived characters

* 贋/赝, 㷳, 𮘻, 𤎝, 𤏚, 𬒡, 軅, 𪆒

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1364, character 24
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41960
* Dae Jaweon: page 1868, character 22
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4093, character 2
* Unihan data for U+96C1

## Chinese

* 雁 (Written Standard Chinese)
* Anser (bird) (English)

### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 雁
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 雁 | *ŋraːns |
| 鳫 | *ŋraːns |
| 鴈 | *ŋraːns |
| 贗 | *ŋraːns |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ŋraːns): phonetic 厂 (OC *hŋaːnʔ, *hŋaːns) + semantic 人 + semantic 隹.

### Etymology

Ultimately from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋa-n (“goose”) (tentatively reconstructed); cognate with Tibetan ངང་པ (ngang pa), Burmese ငန်း (ngan:).
Related to 鵝 (OC *ŋaːl, “domestic goose”); both 鵝 and 雁 likely reflect an earlier liquid final (Schuessler, 2007; cf. Baxter and Sagart's reconstruction). Alternatively, it may derive from 鵝 with nominalizing suffix *-n, but this Chinese-internal derivation is problematic in light of the cognates in Tibeto-Burman (Schuessler, 2007; Alves, 2015b); but see Hill (2019) also, as noted in the etymology of 鵝.
Possible relationship with Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂éns (“goose”) has been noted by some (Mayrhofer, 1976; Alves, 2015b).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): yàn (yan$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄧㄢˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): yan$^4$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ngaan$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ngan$^5$
* Gan (Wiktionary): ngang$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ngien / ngian
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ngian$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): ie$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): ngāing
* Eastern Min (BUC): ngâng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): gān
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ngang$^6$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$nge; $^5$i
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ngan$^4$ / ngai$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yàn
*** Wade–Giles: yen$^4$
*** Yale: yàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yann
*** Palladius: янь (janʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /jɛn⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: yan$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ian
*** Sinological IPA : /iɛn²¹³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ngaan$^6$
*** Yale: ngaahn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ngaan$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ngan$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋaːn²²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ngan$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ᵑɡan³²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: ngang$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋaŋ¹¹/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngien
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngien
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngian$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯en⁵⁵/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngian
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngian
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngian$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯an⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: ngian$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋian⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: ie$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ie⁴⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ngāing
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋaiŋ⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ngâng
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋɑŋ²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gān
*** Tâi-lô: gān
*** Phofsit Daibuun: gan
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ɡan²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡan⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡan²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ɡan³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡan³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ngang$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngăng
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋaŋ³⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$nge; $^5$i
*** MiniDict: nge$^去$; i$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$nge; $^2$i
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ŋe²³/, /i³⁴/
* 3nge - vernacular;
* 2i - literary.
* Middle Chinese: ngaenH
Rime :
| Character | 雁 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 刪 (69) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 五晏切 |
| Baxter | ngaenH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ŋˠan$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ŋᵚan$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ŋɐn$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ŋaɨn$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ŋan$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ŋan$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ŋan$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ngaan$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.[ŋ]ˤrar-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋraːns/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 雁 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yàn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ngæn$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*C.[ŋ]ˁrar-s/ |
| English | wild goose |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 雁 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 14436 |
| Phonetic component | 雁 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 鴈 |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋraːns/ |
| Notes | 說文廠聲 |

### Definitions

雁
* wild goose (as opposed to a domesticated goose – 鵝／鹅 (é)) (Classifier: 隻／只 m c)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Synonym of 鵝 / 鹅 (é)
    From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
    Gùrén xǐ, mìng shùzǐ shā yàn ér pēng zhī. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 贗 / 赝 (yàn, “fake; false”)

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 鴻雁, 鴻 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 雁, 大雁, 鴻雁 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 大雁 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chengde | 大雁 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 大雁 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 大雁 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Heihe | 大雁, 雁 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Qiqihar | 大雁 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 大雁, 雁 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jiamusi | 大雁 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Baicheng | 大雁 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Changchun | 大雁 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tonghua | 大雁 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 大雁, 雁 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jinzhou | 大雁, 雁 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 大雁 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 大雁 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 大雁 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 大雁 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 大雁 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Lijin | 大雁, 雁 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 大雁, 雁 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dalian | 大雁 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dandong | 大雁, 雁 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai | 大雁 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 老雁 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 雁 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Zhucheng | 大雁 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 大雁, 雁 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Lingbao | 雁 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Jining | 大雁, 雁 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 雁 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Linfen | 大雁, 雁 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Shangqiu | 大雁 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yuanyang | 大雁, 雁 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 雁 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xinyang | 大雁 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baihe | 大雁 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 大雁 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baoji | 大雁 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Tianshui | 大雁 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 咕嚕雁, 雁兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 大雁 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Fuyang | 大雁, 雁 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 大雁, 雁 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 雁 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Dunhuang | 咕嚕雁 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Hami | 雁 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 大雁, 雁 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 大雁, 雁鵝 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanchong | 雁 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dazhou | 雁鵝 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanyuan | 雁鵝 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xichang | 雁鵝, 雁 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zigong | 雁鵝 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 雁鵝 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 大雁, 雁 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yichang | 大雁, 雁 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangyang | 大雁, 雁 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianmen | 大雁, 雁 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 雁鵝, 大雁 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zunyi | 雁鵝, 大雁 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Bijie | 雁鵝 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liping | 大雁 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zhaotong | 雁鵝 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dali | 大雁 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 大雁, 雁 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mengzi | 大雁 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 大雁, 雁鵝 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 大雁 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jishou | 大雁 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Changde | 雁鵝 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanzhong | 大雁, 雁 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Salong (Lancang) | 大雁 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Sai (Tengchong) | 大雁 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 雁子, 大雁子, 大雁 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 大雁 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianyungang | 大雁 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianshui | 雁 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 雁 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Anqing | 雁 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Wuhu | 雁 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 大雁 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hong'an | 雁鵝, 雁 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 雁 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 雁鵝, 雁 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 雁 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 大雁 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 大雁 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 雁 |
| Cantonese | Móng Cái | 雁鵝 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 雁鵝 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 雁 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 雁鵝 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 雁鵝 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 雁鵝 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 雁 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 雁 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 雁 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 雁 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 雁 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 雁 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 雁 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 雁 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 大雁, 雁 |
| Jin | Yangyuan | 大雁, 雁 |
| Jin | Datong | 大雁, 雁 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 雁兒 |
| Jin | Lüliang (Lishi) | 雁 |
| Jin | Changzhi | 大雁, 雁 |
| Jin | Linhe | 大雁 |
| Jin | Jining | 大雁 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 大雁, 雁 |
| Jin | Erenhot | 大雁 |
| Jin | Pingshan | 大雁, 雁 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 大雁 |
| Jin | Handan | 大雁, 雁 |
| Jin | Linzhou | 大雁 |
| Jin | Suide | 雁 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 雁 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 雁鵝 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 雁鳥, 鵠鶴 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 雁鳥, 雁 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 雁 |
| Waxiang | Guzhang (Gaofeng) | 鵝娘子 |
| Waxiang | Yuanling (Shaojiwan) | 天鵝 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 大雁, 雁鵝 |
| Wu | Danyang | 雁 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 雁鵝 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 雁鵝 |
| Wu | Zhoushan | 雁鵝 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 雁子, 雁鵝 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 雁, 雁阿 |
| Xiang | Hengyang | 雁鵝 |
| Xiangnan Tuhua | Jiangyong | 雁鳥, 天鵝鳥 |
| Xiangnan Tuhua | Dong'an | 雁鵝 |
| Yuebei Tuhua | Shaoguan (Dacun, Baitu, Qujiang) | 大雁 |
| Yuebei Tuhua | Shaoguan (Xiangyang, Xihe, Wujiang) | 雁 |
| Yuebei Tuhua | Shaoguan (Shibei, Xinshao, Zhenjiang) | 湖鴨 |
| Yuebei Tuhua | Renhua (Zhoutian) | 大雁 |
| Yuebei Tuhua | Renhua (Shitang) | 大雁 |
| Yuebei Tuhua | Ruyuan (Songwei, Guitou) | 雁 |
| Yuebei Tuhua | Lechang (Changlai) | 天鵝 |
| Yuebei Tuhua | Lechang (Beixiang) | 白康 |
| Yuebei Tuhua | Lechang (Huangpu) | 天鵝 |
| Yuebei Tuhua | Lechang (Guitang, Pingshi) | 天鵝 |
| Yuebei Tuhua | Lechang (Sanxi) | 天鵝 |

### Compounds

* 名標雁塔 / 名标雁塔
* 大雁 (dàyàn)
* 大雁塔
* 奠雁
* 孔雁
* 平沙落雁
* 指雁為羹 / 指雁为羹
* 斷雁孤鴻 / 断雁孤鸿
* 木雁
* 沉魚落雁 / 沉鱼落雁 (chényúluòyàn)
* 燕雁代飛 / 燕雁代飞
* 白額雁 / 白额雁
* 空弦落雁
* 落雁沉魚 / 落雁沉鱼
* 蠶頭雁尾 / 蚕头雁尾
* 衡陽雁去 / 衡阳雁去
* 豆雁
* 雁來紅 / 雁来红 (yànláihóng)
* 雁去魚來 / 雁去鱼来
* 雁塔
* 雁塔題名 / 雁塔题名
* 雁奴
* 雁字
* 雁帛
* 雁幣 / 雁币
* 雁序
* 雁形目
* 雁影分飛 / 雁影分飞
* 雁戶 / 雁户
* 雁書 / 雁书
* 雁杳魚沉 / 雁杳鱼沉 (yànyǎoyúchén)
* 雁柱
* 雁皮
* 雁翅
* 雁翎刀 (yànlíngdāo)
* 雁蕩山 / 雁荡山 (Yàndàngshān)
* 雁行
* 雁行折翼
* 雁足
* 雁足傳書 / 雁足传书
* 雁門關 / 雁门关 (Yànménguān)
* 雁陣 / 雁阵 (yànzhèn)
* 雁鴨科 / 雁鸭科
* 雁齒 / 雁齿
* 頭雁 / 头雁
* 魚沉雁杳 / 鱼沉雁杳 (yúchényànyǎo)
* 魚沉雁渺 / 鱼沉雁渺
* 魚沉雁落 / 鱼沉雁落
* 魚雁 / 鱼雁
* 魚雁不絕 / 鱼雁不绝
* 魚雁沉沉 / 鱼雁沉沉
* 鳧雁 / 凫雁
* 鴻雁 / 鸿雁 (hóngyàn)
* 鴻雁傳書 / 鸿雁传书 (hóngyànchuánshū)
* 鴻雁哀鳴 / 鸿雁哀鸣 (hóngyàn'āimíng)
* 鴻雁河 / 鸿雁河 (Hóngyànhé)
* 鵰心雁爪 / 雕心雁爪

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 雁(がん) (gan)
* → Vietnamese: nhạn (雁)
Others:
* → Vietnamese: ngan (鴳)

### References

* “雁”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* wild goose

#### Readings

* Go-on: げん (gen)
* Kan-on: がん (gan)
* Kun: かり (kari, 雁)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 雁
* がん Jinmeiyō
* on'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 鴈
From Middle Chinese 雁 (ngæn$^H$, “wild goose”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) がん [gáꜜǹ] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɡã̠ɴ]

#### Noun

雁(がん) or 雁(ガン) • (gan)
* wild goose

##### Usage notes

* As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary).

##### Derived terms

* 雁甲蠃(ガンガゼ) (gangaze)
* 雁首(がんくび) (gankubi) bowl (part of a pipe); human neck or head
* 雁足(がんそく) (gansoku)
* 雁皮(ガンピ) (ganpi)
* 雁擬(がんもど)き (ganmodoki)
* 鵲雁(カササギガン) (kasasagigan)
* カナダ雁(ガン) (kanadagan)
* 鴻雁(こうがん) (kōgan)
* 孤雁(こがん) (kogan)
* 黒雁(ククガン) (kukugan)
* 酒面雁(サカツラガン) (sakatsuragan)
* 四十雀雁(シジュウカラガン) (shijūkaragan)
* 灰色雁(ハイイロガン) (haīrogan)
* 白雁(ハクガン) (hakugan)
* ハワイ雁(ガン) (hawaigan)
* 真雁(マガン) (magan)
* 落雁(らくがん) (rakugan)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 雁
* かり Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
Said to be from the cry of a wild goose.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かり [káꜜrì] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ka̠ɾʲi]

#### Noun

雁(かり) • (kari)
* wild goose
* cry of a wild goose
* (colloquial) glans penis

##### Derived terms

* 雁(かり)が音(ね) (karigane)
* 雁首(かりくび) (karikubi) goose's neck, something resembling a goose's neck; corona (circumference of the base of the glans penis in human males)

### References

* 1 2 3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

雁 (eumhun 기러기 안 (gireogi an))
* wild goose, whose skein flies in wedge or cuneiform, in contrast with 鵝 (거위 아, geowi-a), the domestic goose that would not fly at all.

#### Compounds

* 家雁 (가안, ga-an) domestic goose, literally, house goose.

#### See also

* 鵝 (거위 아, geowi-a) domesticated goose ^
* 鵠 (고니 곡, goni-gok) swan
* 鳧 (물오리 부, mur-ori-bu) mallard
* 鷺 (해오리 로, hae-ori-ro) heron, egret
* 鶴 (두루미 학, durumi-hak) crane
* 鸛 (한새 관, han-sae-gwan) stork, literally, "big bird"
* 鸛 (황새 관, hwang-sae-gwan) stork, literally, "big bird"

## Vietnamese
### Han character

雁: Hán Nôm readings: nhạn
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.