# 鈍

| 鈍 | U+920D, &#37389; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-920D |
| ← 鈌 [U+920C] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 鈎 → [U+920E] |

## Translingual
### Han character

鈍 (Kangxi radical 167, 金+4, 12 strokes, cangjie input 金心山 (CPU), four-corner 8511$_7$, composition ⿰釒屯)

#### Derived characters

* 𢵶 𡚃 𫫲

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1298, character 13
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 40219
* Dae Jaweon: page 1801, character 6
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4175, character 3
* Unihan data for U+920D

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 鈍
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *duːns): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 屯 (OC *duːn, *tun).

### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-t(u/i)l (“dull; blunt”). Compare Tibetan རྟུལ (rtul, “dull; blunt”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): dùn (dun$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄣˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): den$^4$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): deon$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thun
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): dong$^5$ / duong$^5$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): tūn / tǔn / tun / tùn
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^6$den / $^2$den
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dùn
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄣˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: dùn
*** Wade–Giles: tun$^4$
*** Yale: dwùn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duenn
*** Palladius: дунь (dunʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /tu̯ən⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: den$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: den
*** Sinological IPA : /tən²¹³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: deon$^6$
*** Yale: deuhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: doen$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: dên$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /tɵn²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thun
*** Hakka Romanization System: tun
*** Hagfa Pinyim: tun$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰun⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: dong$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /tɔŋ²¹/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: duong$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /tuoŋ²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tūn
*** Tâi-lô: tūn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dun
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tun⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tun³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /tun²²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tǔn
*** Tâi-lô: tǔn
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tun²²/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tun
*** Tâi-lô: tun
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dwn
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tun⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tùn
*** Tâi-lô: tùn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: duxn
*** IPA (Taipei): /tun¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tun²¹/
* Xiamen, Zhangzhou:
** tun/tūn - “not sharp”;
** tūn - “stupid”.
* Quanzhou:
** tūn - literary;
** tǔn - vernacular.
* Taiwan:
** tun/tūn - “not sharp”;
** tùn/tūn - “stupid”.
* Middle Chinese: dwonH
Rime :
| Character | 鈍 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 定 (7) |
| Final (韻) | 魂 (55) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 徒困切 |
| Baxter | dwonH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /duən$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /duon$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /duən$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /dwən$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /duən$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /duən$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /dʱuən$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | dùn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | deon$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*duːns/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 鈍 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Phonetic component | 屯 |
| Rime group | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 鈍 |
| Old Chinese | /*duːns/ |

### Definitions

鈍
* dull; blunt; not sharp
    Antonym: 尖 (jiān)
* dull-witted; dim-witted; slow-witted; stupid
* a surname
* (Northern Wu) to satirise; to mock; to disparage
       From: 1996, Tang Zhenzhu, Wu Xinmin and Wu Xinxian, 寧波方言詞典, page 254
       $^7$kiq $^2$ghae-wo$_6$ $^6$zy $^6$le-tiq$_7$ $^6$den-ji$_6$ $^0$la $^6$ji $^2$gha $^1$thin-vaq$_8$-tshyuq$_7$ [Wugniu]
       All this stuff that's said is supposed to be mocking him, and he doesn't even realise it!
    From: 1958, 三毛學生意 "Sanmao's Apprenticeship", said by 范哈哈 (Fan Haha) as character 王先生 (Mr Wang)
    $^5$pen-zy$_6$ $^5$tau $^8$meq-yeu$_2$ $^8$yaq-wei$_6$ $^0$a $^6$den $^1$sy-vu$_6$-tiq$_7$ $^5$pen-zy$_6$ $^5$tau $^7$peq-tsho$_5$-meq$_8$ [Wugniu]
    Let's see, you haven't learned one honest skill yet, but I see you've become very masterful at making fun of your Sifu now, haven't you?

### Compounds

* 刓鈍 / 刓钝
* 利鈍 / 利钝
* 厭鈍 / 厌钝
* 厲世摩鈍 / 厉世摩钝
* 厲世磨鈍 / 厉世磨钝
* 口呆目鈍 / 口呆目钝
* 口舌呆鈍 / 口舌呆钝
* 口鈍 / 口钝
* 呐鈍
* 吶鈍 / 呐钝
* 呆鈍 / 呆钝
* 嘴鈍 / 嘴钝
* 嬾鈍 / 懒钝
* 孱鈍 / 孱钝
* 屈鈍 / 屈钝
* 屯鈍 / 屯钝
* 平鈍 / 平钝
* 庸鈍 / 庸钝
* 怯鈍 / 怯钝
* 愚鈍 / 愚钝 (yúdùn)
* 懦鈍 / 懦钝
* 戇鈍 / 戆钝
* 成敗利鈍 / 成败利钝 (chéngbàilìdùn)
* 拙口鈍腮 / 拙口钝腮
* 拙口鈍辭 / 拙口钝辞
* 拙手鈍腳 / 拙手钝脚
* 拙鈍 / 拙钝
* 搦朽磨鈍 / 搦朽磨钝
* 昏鈍 / 昏钝
* 暗鈍 / 暗钝
* 朽戈鈍甲 / 朽戈钝甲
* 朽鈍 / 朽钝
* 朴鈍
* 柔鈍 / 柔钝
* 根鈍 / 根钝
* 棗膏昏鈍 / 枣膏昏钝
* 椎鈍 / 椎钝
* 椎魯樸鈍 / 椎鲁朴钝
* 樸鈍 / 朴钝
* 淺鈍 / 浅钝
* 滯鈍 / 滞钝
* 疏慵愚鈍 / 疏慵愚钝
* 疲鈍 / 疲钝
* 痴鈍 / 痴钝
* 癡眉鈍眼 / 痴眉钝眼
* 癡鈍 / 痴钝
* 眼鈍 / 眼钝
* 砥鈍 / 砥钝
* 磨鈍 / 磨钝
* 礪世摩鈍 / 砺世摩钝
* 礪世磨鈍 / 砺世磨钝
* 笨鈍 / 笨钝
* 策頑磨鈍 / 策顽磨钝
* 策駑礪鈍 / 策驽砺钝
* 羸鈍 / 羸钝
* 老鈍 / 老钝
* 肥鈍 / 肥钝
* 蒙鈍 / 蒙钝
* 衰鈍 / 衰钝
* 訥鈍 / 讷钝
* 謹鈍 / 谨钝
* 財門鈍驢 / 财门钝驴
* 蹇鈍 / 蹇钝
* 辭鈍 / 辞钝
* 迂鈍 / 迂钝
* 遲眉鈍眼 / 迟眉钝眼
* 遲鈍 / 迟钝 (chídùn)
* 鄙鈍 / 鄙钝
* 鈍丞 / 钝丞
* 鈍公子 / 钝公子
* 鈍兵 / 钝兵
* 鈍冥 / 钝冥
* 鈍刀慢剮 / 钝刀慢剐
* 鈍劣 / 钝劣
* 鈍勁眉眼 / 钝劲眉眼
* 鈍卵 / 钝卵
* 鈍口拙腮 / 钝口拙腮
* 鈍器 / 钝器 (dùnqì)
* 鈍夫 / 钝夫
* 鈍學 / 钝学
* 鈍屯 / 钝屯
* 鈍廢 / 钝废
* 鈍弊 / 钝弊
* 鈍悶 / 钝闷
* 鈍才 / 钝才
* 鈍折 / 钝折
* 鈍拙 / 钝拙
* 鈍擬 / 钝拟
* 鈍敝 / 钝敝
* 鈍根 / 钝根
* 鈍根苗 / 钝根苗
* 鈍椎 / 钝椎
* 鈍槌 / 钝槌
* 鈍樸 / 钝朴
* 鈍漢 / 钝汉
* 鈍滯 / 钝滞
* 鈍濁 / 钝浊
* 鈍獘 / 钝毙
* 鈍直 / 钝直
* 鈍眊 / 钝眊
* 鈍磔 / 钝磔
* 鈍置 / 钝置
* 鈍聞 / 钝闻
* 鈍致 / 钝致
* 鈍蒙 / 钝蒙
* 鈍衰 / 钝衰
* 鈍角 / 钝角 (dùnjiǎo)
* 鈍語 / 钝语
* 鈍賊 / 钝贼
* 鈍遲 / 钝迟
* 鈍重 / 钝重
* 鈍金 / 钝金
* 鈋鈍 / 𨱂钝
* 鈍鉤 / 钝钩
* 鈍鎚 / 钝锤
* 鈍閔 / 钝闵
* 鈍響 / 钝响
* 鈍頑 / 钝顽
* 鈍頭 / 钝头
* 鈍顏 / 钝颜
* 鈍騃 / 钝𫘤
* 鈍魯 / 钝鲁
* 鉛鈍 / 铅钝
* 銖鈍 / 铢钝
* 銷鈍 / 销钝
* 闇鈍 / 暗钝
* 靜鈍 / 静钝
* 頑鈍 / 顽钝 (wándùn)
* 駑鈍 / 驽钝
* 騃童鈍夫 / 𫘤童钝夫
* 騃鈍 / 𫘤钝
* 魯鈍 / 鲁钝
* 鹵鈍 / 卤钝
* 齒落舌鈍 / 齿落舌钝

### References

* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “钝”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 57.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* dull, blunt (of edge)
* dull, stupid, slow, slow-witted (of senses)

#### Readings

* Go-on: どん (don, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: とん (ton)
* Kun: にぶい (nibui, 鈍い, Jōyō)、にぶる (niburu, 鈍る, Jōyō)、のろい (noroi, 鈍い)、なまる (namaru, 鈍る)、なまくら (namakura, 鈍)

#### Compounds

* 鈍角(どんかく) (donkaku)
* 鈍感(どんかん) (donkan)
* 鈍麻(どんま) (donma)
* 鈍磨(どんま) (donma)
* 愚鈍(ぐどん) (gudon)
* 遅鈍(ちどん) (chidon)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 鈍
* にび Grade: S
* kun'yomi
The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of classical verb 鈍ぶ (nibu, “to become dark gray”). In modern Japanese, reanalyzed as a shortening of compound term 鈍色 (nibiiro, “dark gray”).
First cited to the late 900s.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) にび [nìbíꜜ] (Odaka –)
* IPA: [ɲ̟ibʲi]

#### Noun

鈍(にび) • (nibi)
* short for 鈍色 (nibiiro): dark gray

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 鈍
* なまくら Grade: S
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 鈍ら
The first portion nama is from 生 (nama). This usually has a sense of raw but also has overtones of unprocessed, unready and thus some semantic overlap with, and is cognate with, 鈍る (namaru, “to become dull, especially due to lack of proper tempering”).
The second portion kura is of uncertain derivation.
The term is first cited to 1711.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) なまくら [nàmákúrá] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [na̠ma̠kɯ̟ɾa̠]

#### Adjective

鈍(なまくら) • (namakura) -na (adnominal 鈍(なまくら)な (namakura na), adverbial 鈍(なまくら)に (namakura ni))
* (uncommon) dull of edge, unable to cut well
* (uncommon) dull of mind, lazy, insipid

#### Noun

鈍(なまくら) • (namakura)
* a blunt blade
* a lazy person, a dullard
    Synonym: 怠け者 (namakemono)

##### Derived terms

* 鈍(なまくら)刀(がたな) (namakura-gatana, “a dull sword”)
* 鈍(なまくら)武(ぶ)士(し) (namakura bushi, “a warrior with a dull sword; a warrior with no ambition”)
* 鈍(なまくら)物(もの) (namakuramono, “a dull blade”)
* 鈍(なまくら)者(もの) (namakuramono, “a lazy person”)

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 鈍
* Grade: S
Shift in usage, repurposing the stem of 形容詞 (keiyōshi, “-i adjective”) 鈍い (noroi, “slow of thought or action”) as a 形容動詞 (keiyō dōshi, “-na adjective”).
First cited to a work from 1891.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) のろ [nóꜜrò] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [no̞ɾo̞]

#### Adjective

鈍(のろ) • (noro) -na (adnominal 鈍(のろ)な (noro na), adverbial 鈍(のろ)に (noro ni))
* [1891] mentally slow, dull-witted, stupid
* [1891] physically slow, slow of action

##### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Imperfective (未然形) | 鈍だろ | のろだろ | noro daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 鈍で | のろで | noro de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 鈍だ | のろだ | noro da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 鈍な | のろな | noro na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 鈍なら | のろなら | noro nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 鈍であれ | のろであれ | noro de are |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 鈍ではない 鈍じゃない | のろではない のろじゃない | noro de wa nai noro ja nai |
| Informal past | 鈍だった | のろだった | noro datta |
| Informal negative past | 鈍ではなかった 鈍じゃなかった | のろではなかった のろじゃなかった | noro de wa nakatta noro ja nakatta |
| Formal | 鈍です | のろです | noro desu |
| Formal negative | 鈍ではありません 鈍じゃありません | のろではありません のろじゃありません | noro de wa arimasen noro ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 鈍でした | のろでした | noro deshita |
| Formal negative past | 鈍ではありませんでした 鈍じゃありませんでした | のろではありませんでした のろじゃありませんでした | noro de wa arimasen deshita noro ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 鈍で | のろで | noro de |
| Conditional | 鈍なら（ば） | のろなら（ば） | noro nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 鈍だったら | のろだったら | noro dattara |
| Volitional | 鈍だろう | のろだろう | noro darō |
| Adverbial | 鈍に | のろに | noro ni |
| Degree | 鈍さ | のろさ | norosa |

#### Noun

鈍(のろ) • (noro)
* dullard, dimwit

### References

* 1 2 3 4 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 4 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ “鈍”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen]‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
* 1 2 “鈍”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

## Korean
### Hanja

鈍 (eumhun 무딜 둔 (mudil dun))
* hanja form of 둔 (“blunt, obtuse”)
* hanja form of 둔 (“dull”)
* hanja form of 둔 (“flat”)
* hanja form of 둔 (“dull-witted”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

鈍: Hán Nôm readings: độn
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.