# シナ
## Japanese
### Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 支那 (MC tsye na), a phonetic transcription of Sanskrit चीन (cīna), itself likely deriving from Old Chinese 秦 (*dzin), the name of the Qin Dynasty and the Qin state.

#### Alternative forms

* 支那

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) シナ [shíꜜnà] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɕina̠]

#### Proper noun

シナ or しな • (Shina)
* Alternative spelling of 支那: China (prewar; often considered derogatory in modern speech)

##### Usage notes

The kanji spelling 支那 was more common historically, and is still encountered with some frequency when this word is used. However, this term as a whole is used less frequently than in the past, due to changes in geopolitics and the use of this word as an ethnic slur.
The katakana spelling is used to censor the term due to its offensive use.

##### Derived terms

* 東(ひがし)シナ海(かい) (Higashi Shina Kai): East China Sea
* シナ蕎麦(そば) (Shina soba): Chinese noodles, ramen
* シナ竹(ちく) (Shina chiku): menma (cooked bamboo sprout, a kind of ramen topping)

### Etymology 2

* Alternative spelling
* 支奈
From Latin cina, variously given as short for Artemisia cina ("Chinese artemisia"), or Semen cina ("Chinese seed"). The kanji used are ateji.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) シナ [shíꜜnà] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ɕina̠]

#### Noun

シナ or しな • (shina)
* Seriphidium cinum, syn. Artemisia cina: also known as santonica, Levant wormseed, and wormseed; an herbaceous perennial of the daisy family, historically used as a vermifugic anthelmintic (a drug to rid the body of parasitic worms)

##### Synonyms

* シナヨモギ (shina yomogi)
* セメンシナ (semen shina)

### Etymology 3

* Alternative spellings
* 品 科
Appears to be a shift in sense from 科 (shina, “one's appearance and impression on others”), in turn from 品 (shina, “goods; type, quality”). First attested in a text from 1775.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しな [shìná] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) しな [shìnáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])
* (Tokyo) しな [shíꜜnà] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ɕina̠]

#### Noun

シナ • (shina)
* [from 1775] (said mainly of a woman) coquettishness, flattery: a pretense of pleasantness, often in an attempt to gain favor or affection
** 1904, 木下尚江, 火の柱:
    一(いち)同(どう)シナを作(つく)って「ほんとうに長谷川(はせがわ)の奥(おく)様(さん)の仰(お)っしゃいます通(とお)りで御(ご)座(ざ)いますよ、オホホホホホホホ」
       Ichidō shina o tsukutte “hontō ni Hasegawa no okusan no osshaimasu tōri de gozaimasu yo, ohohohohohohoho”
       Everyone, with a pretense of pleasantness: "Exactly, you are absolutely correct, Lady Hasegawa, ho ho ho ho ho ho."

##### Usage notes

Often found in the constructions 科を作る (shina o tsukuru) and 科をする (shina o suru, “to behave coquettishly”).

### References

* ↑ “しな 【支那】”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
* ↑ “The guiding symptoms of our materia medica, Volume 4”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name)‎, University of California, 1884, retrieved 2012-05-29
* ↑ “シナ 【支奈】”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
* 1 2 3 4 “しな 【品・科・階】”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* 1 2 3 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ “品”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen]‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
* ↑ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN