OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 枸櫞
## Chinese

* 枸櫞

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jǔyuán
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄩˇ ㄩㄢˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): geoi$^2$ jyun$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kiéu-yèn / kiéu-yàn
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kú-iân
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jǔyuán
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄩˇ ㄩㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jyǔyuán
*** Wade–Giles: chü$^3$-yüan$^2$
*** Yale: jyǔ-ywán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jeuyuan
*** Palladius: цзюйюань (czjujjuanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕy²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛn³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: geoi$^2$ jyun$^4$
*** Yale: géui yùhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: goey$^2$ jyn$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gêu$^2$ yun$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɵy̯³⁵ jyːn²¹/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiéu-yèn
*** Hakka Romanization System: gieu$^ˋ$ ien$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gieu$^3$ yan$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki̯eu̯³¹ i̯en¹¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiéu-yàn
*** Hakka Romanization System: gieu$^ˋ$ (r)ian$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gieu$^3$ yan$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki̯eu̯³¹ (j)i̯an¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kú-iân
*** Tâi-lô: kú-iân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kwieen
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ku⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iɛn²⁴/

### Noun

枸櫞
* citron

#### Synonyms

* 香櫞／香橼 (xiāngyuán)
* 香水檸檬／香水柠檬
* (Hokkien) 佛手

#### Derived terms

* 枸櫞酸 / 枸橼酸 (jǔyuánsuān)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 枸 | 櫞 |
| く Hyōgai | えん Hyōgai |
| on'yomi ||

### Noun

枸(く)櫞(えん) or 枸櫞(クエン) • (kuen)
* citron, Citrus medica

#### Derived terms

* 枸櫞酸(くえんさん) (kuensan, “citric acid”)
# cymling
## English
### Alternative forms

* cimblin, cymbling, cymlin

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Noun

cymling (plural cymlings)
* A scalloped or pattypan variety of summer squash.
Part or all of this entry has been imported from the 1913 edition of Webster’s Dictionary, which is now free of copyright and hence in the public domain. The imported definitions may be significantly out of date, and any more recent senses may be completely missing. (See the entry for “cymling”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.)
# ilgā
## Latvian
### Adjective

ilgā
* locative singular masculine/feminine of ilgs

### Adjective

ilgā
* inflection of ilgais:
** genitive singular masculine
** nominative/vocative singular feminine
# neatrodošā
## Latvian
### Participle

neatrodošā
* locative singular masculine/feminine of neatrodošs

### Participle

neatrodošā
* inflection of neatrodošais:
** genitive singular masculine
** nominative/vocative singular feminine
# scoprire
## Italian
### Etymology

From s- +‎ coprire.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /skoˈpri.re/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ire
* Hyphenation: sco‧prì‧re

### Verb

scoprìre (first-person singular present scòpro, first-person singular past historic scoprìi or scopèrsi, past participle scopèrto, auxiliary avére)
* (transitive) to uncover
* (transitive) to discover, find out
* (transitive) to sight; to spot

#### Derived terms

* riscoprire
* scoperta
* scoperto
* scopribile
* scoprimento
* scopritore, scopritrice
* scopritura

#### Related terms

* discoprire
* scoprirsi

### Further reading

* scoprire in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

### Anagrams

* percorsi, precorsi, riscopre
# I'm asexual
## English

* This entry is part of the phrasebook project, which presents criteria for inclusion based on utility, simplicity and commonness.For other English entries on this topic, see Love or Sex.

### Phrase

I'm asexual
* Indicates that the speaker is asexual.

#### See also

* I'm straight
* I'm bisexual
* I'm gay
* I'm aromantic
# izteicamā
## Latvian
### Participle

izteicamā
* locative singular masculine/feminine of izteicams

### Participle

izteicamā
* inflection of izteicamais:
** genitive singular masculine
** nominative/vocative singular feminine
# biobibliografi
## Indonesian
### Etymology

Internationalism

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bi.o.bib.li.oɡˈra.fi/, [bi.o.bip̚.li.ok̚ˈra.fi]

### Noun

biobibliografi (plural biobibliografi-biobibliografi)
* (publishing) biobibliography

### Further reading

* “biobibliografi” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.
# imperiālistiskākās
## Latvian
### Adjective

imperiālistiskākās
* locative plural feminine of imperiālistiskāks

### Adjective

imperiālistiskākās
* inflection of imperiālistiskākais:
** genitive singular feminine
** nominative/vocative/accusative plural feminine
# niúyǐn
## Mandarin
### Romanization

niúyǐn (Zhuyin ㄋㄧㄡˊ ㄧㄣˇ)
* Hanyu Pinyin reading of 牛飲 / 牛饮
# تاريخ
## Arabic
### Etymology

Likely a borrowing from (the broken plural of) a corresponding form II verbal noun formation of Old South Arabian 𐩥𐩧𐩭 (wrḫ /⁠warḫ⁠/, “month; date”) from Proto-Semitic *warḫ- (“moon; month”) not retained in Arabic.
Less common أَرَّخَ (ʔarraḵa, “to date, to write the date”) and its verbal noun تَأْرِيخ (taʔrīḵ) were then formed secondarily.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /taː.riːx/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

تَارِيخ • (tārīḵ) m (plural تَوَارِيخ (tawārīḵ))
* date, time
* history
* chronicles, annals

#### Derived terms

* تَارِيخِيّ (tārīḵiyy)
* تَأْرِيخ (taʔrīḵ)
* أَرَّخَ (ʔarraḵa)
* مُؤَرِّخ (muʔarriḵ)

#### Descendants

* → Amharic: ታሪክ (tarik)
* → Armenian: թարեխ (tʻarex), թարեղ (tʻareġ), թարըղ (tʻarəġ), թարիղ (tʻariġ)
* → Bashkir: тарих (tarix)
* → Georgian: თარიღი (tariɣi)
* → Hausa: tār̃īhī̀
* → Hebrew: תַּאֲרִיךְ (ta'aríkh)
* → Kumyk: тарих (tarix)
* → Kyrgyz: тарых (tarıh)
* → Malay: tarikh
** Indonesian: tarikh
* → Old Anatolian Turkish: تارِیخ (tarix)
** Azerbaijani: tarix
** Ottoman Turkish: تارِیخ (tarih)
*** Turkish: tarih
*** → Albanian: tarih
** → Crimean Tatar: tarih
* → Persian: تارِیخ (târix), تأریخ (ta'rix) (archaic or Tajik)
** → Assamese: তাৰিখ (tarikh)
** → Bengali: তারিখ (tarikh)
** → Gujarati: તારીખ (tārīkh)
** → Hindustani:
    Hindi: तारीख़ (tārīx)
    Urdu: تارِیخ (tārīx)
**   * → Phalura: taaríx
** → Kyrgyz: тарых (tarıh)
** → Marathi: तारीख (tārīkh)
** → Nogai: тарых (tarıx)
** → Southern Altai: тарых (tarïh)
** → Punjabi:
    Gurmukhi script: ਤਾਰੀਖ਼ (tārīx)
    Shahmukhi script: تارِیخ (tārīx)
** → Telugu: తారీఖు (tārīkhu)
* → Somali: taariikh
* → Southern Altai: тарых (tarïh)
* → Swahili: tarehe
* → Tatar: тарих (tarix)
* → Tigrinya: ታሪኽ (tarix)
* → Turkmen: taryh
* → Uyghur: تارىخ (tarix)
* → Uzbek: tarix
* → Wolof: taariix

### References

* Lane, Edward William (1863) “تاريخ”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate, page 46b
* Wehr, Hans (1979) “ءرخ”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN, page 15b
* Weninger, Stefan (2009) “Der Jemen als lexikalisches Ausstrahlungszentrum in der Antike”, in Philologisches und Historisches zwischen Anatolien und Sokotra. Analecta Semitica in memoriam Alexander Sima‎ (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrasowitz, →ISBN, page 399 Nr. 2

## South Levantine Arabic

* Root
* ء ر خ
* 1 term

### Etymology

From Arabic تَارِيخ (tārīḵ).

### Pronunciation

IPA: /taː.riːx/, [tæːˈriːx]
* Audio (al-Lidd):(file)

### Noun

تاريخ • (tārīḵ) m (plural تواريخ (tawārīḵ))
* history
* date
# khrushchevkas
## English
### Noun

khrushchevkas
* plural of khrushchevka
# izteicošās
## Latvian
### Participle

izteicošās
* locative plural feminine of izteicošs

### Participle

izteicošās
* inflection of izteicošais:
** genitive singular feminine
** nominative/vocative/accusative plural feminine
# Nada
## Romanian
### Etymology

From nadă.

### Proper noun

Nada m (genitive/dative lui Nada)
* a surname

### References

* Iordan, Iorgu (1983) Dicționar al numelor de familie românești [A Dictionary of Romanian Family Names]‎, Bucharest: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

From náda (“hope”). Related to English Nadia.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /nǎːda/

### Proper noun

Náda f (Cyrillic spelling На́да)
* a female given name

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “Nada”, in Portal suvremenih hrvatskih osobnih imena [Portal of contemporary Croatian personal names] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2018–2025

## Slovene
### Proper noun

Nada f
* a female given name
# 楓仔樹
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): png-á-chhiū
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: png-á-chhiū
*** Tâi-lô: png-á-tshiū
*** Phofsit Daibuun: png'afchiu
*** IPA (Taipei): /pŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiu³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /pŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiu³³/

### Noun

楓仔樹
* (Taiwanese Hokkien) maple tree

#### Synonyms

* 楓樹／枫树 (fēngshù)
* 槭樹／槭树 (qìshù)
* (Hokkien) 楓仔／枫仔
# indebita
## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /inˈde.bi.ta/, /inˈdɛ.bi.ta/
* Rhymes: -ebita, -ɛbita
* Hyphenation: in‧dé‧bi‧ta, in‧dè‧bi‧ta

### Etymology 1
#### Adjective

indebita
* feminine singular of indebito

### Etymology 2
#### Verb

indebita
* inflection of indebitare:
** third-person singular present
** second-person singular imperative

### References

* ↑ indebito in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)

### Anagrams

* adibenti

## Latin
### Adjective

indēbita
* inflection of indēbitus:
** feminine singular nominative/vocative
** nominative/accusative/vocative neuter plural

### Adjective

indēbitā
* ablative feminine singular of indēbitus

### Noun

indēbita n
* nominative/accusative/vocative plural of indēbitum
# neatstāstījušos
## Latvian
### Participle

neatstāstījušos
* locative plural masculine of neatstāstījis

### Participle

neatstāstījušos
* accusative plural masculine of neatstāstījušais
# бусифікація
## Ukrainian
### Etymology

бус (bus) +‎ -ифікація (-yfikacija)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [bʊsefʲiˈkat͡sʲijɐ]

### Noun

бусифіка́ція • (busyfikácija) f inan (genitive бусифіка́ції, uncountable)
* (neologism) "busification", a form of conscription involving sending men to a bus.
# subcategorize
## English
### Alternative forms

* subcategorise

### Etymology

From sub- +‎ categorize.

### Verb

subcategorize (third-person singular simple present subcategorizes, present participle subcategorizing, simple past and past participle subcategorized)
* (transitive) To categorize more specifically by placing in a subcategory.
* (grammar) To practice subcategorization.
** 1988, Andrew Radford, chapter 8, in Transformational grammar: a first course, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, page 421:As we see from the examples in (55): (55) (a) John will put [$_{NP}$ the car] [$_{PP}$ in the garage] (55) (b) $^✽$John will put [$_{NP}$ the car] (55) (c) $^✽$John will put [$_{PP}$ in the garage] (55) (d) $^✽$John will put the Verb put subcategorizes (i.e. ‘takesʼ) obligatory NP and PP complements (to simplify exposition here, we ignore the fact that the subcategorization properties of put may be predictable from its thematic properties, and from general word-order principles such as the STRICT ADJACENCY CONDITION).

#### Derived terms

* subcategorizable
* subcategorizand
* subcategorizer
# iztulkojošās
## Latvian
### Participle

iztulkojošās
* locative plural feminine of iztulkojošs

### Participle

iztulkojošās
* inflection of iztulkojošais:
** genitive singular feminine
** nominative/vocative/accusative plural feminine
# νόηση
## Greek
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek νόησις (nóēsis) with -ση (-si) suffix.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈno.i.si/
* Hyphenation: νό‧η‧ση

### Noun

νόηση • (nóisi) f
* cognition, noesis, intellect (the process of knowing, of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought and through the senses; the cognitive faculty)

#### Declension

Older or formal genitive singular: νοήσεως (noḯseos)

#### Related terms

* νόημα n (nóima)
* νοημοσύνη f (noïmosýni)
* νοήμων (noḯmon)
* νους m (nous)

### References

* ↑ νόηση, in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998 at the Centre for the Greek language

### Further reading

* νόηση on the Greek Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{el}$
# chūkara
## Japanese
### Romanization

chūkara
* Rōmaji transcription of ちゅうから
# indiskās
## Latvian
### Adjective

indiskās
* locative plural feminine of indisks

### Adjective

indiskās
* inflection of indiskais:
** genitive singular feminine
** nominative/vocative/accusative plural feminine
# neatstāstījušā
## Latvian
### Participle

neatstāstījušā
* locative singular masculine/feminine of neatstāstījis

### Participle

neatstāstījušā
* genitive singular masculine of neatstāstījušais
# ichthyology
## English
### Etymology

From ichthyo- +‎ -logy.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˌɪkθiˈɒləd͡ʒi/
* Audio (US):(file)

### Noun

ichthyology (uncountable)
* A branch of zoology that studies fish.
    Synonyms: fishlore, fish science, fish sciences, (abbreviation) ichth., (abbreviation) ichthol.

#### Derived terms

* ichthyologic
* ichthyological
* ichthyologically
* ichthyologist

#### Related terms

* ichthammol
* ichthus, ichthys (ἰχθύς (ikhthús, “fish”))
* ichthyic
* ichthy-, ichthyo-
* ichthyocentaur
* ichthyofauna
* ichthyofaunal
* ichthyofaunally
* ichthyoid
* ichthyoidal
* Ichthyol
* ichthyolite
* ichthyolitic
* ichthyophagist
* ichthyophagous
* ichthyophagy
* ichthyophthirius
* ichthyophthirius disease
* ichthyornis, Ichthyornis ("fish bird")
* ichthyosarcotoxin
* ichthyosaur
* ichthyosaurian
* ichthyosaurioid
* ichthyosaurus, Ichthyosaurus ("fish lizard")
* ichthyosis
* ichthyotic
* -logy, -ology
# არა
## Georgian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [aɾa]
* Hyphenation: არა

### Interjection

არა • (ara)
* no

### Particle

არა • (ara)
* Alternative form of არ (ar)

### Usage notes

* The particles არა (ara) and არ (ar) are used interchangeably.
* The adverb არა (ara) is a negating adverb, and is used when answering questions.

### See also

* არ (ar)
* არც (arc)
* ვერ (ver)
* ნუ (nu)

## Laz
### Etymology 1
#### Noun

არა • (ara) (Latin spelling ara, plural არაფე) (Atina, Vizha, Artasheni)
* branch
    Synonyms: ნდალი (ndali), ტოტი (ťoťi), ყა (qa)
    წო ომრი არაფე ვარობღუნǯo omri arape varobğunThis year the plum branches are not blooming

### Etymology 2

Probably Reduplication of არ (ar, “one”).

#### Noun

არა • (ara) (Latin spelling ara) (Chanapeti)
* in backgammon, when both dice fall with one
    Synonyms: ტუბი არ (ťubi ar), ჟურარი (jurari)
    არა ქომოხთაზნა ჰამ თავლი ბოჩოდინამara komoxtazna ham tavli boçodinamIf all-one comes, I'm finishing this game of backgammon

### Etymology 3

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish آرا (ara).

#### Noun

არა • (ara) (Latin spelling ara) (Vitse–Arkabi, Khopa–Batumi, Chkhala)
* between
    ჟურ მცხულიშ არაზ ანტამა ვაირდენ. ეშიქაჩენ.jur mʒxuliş araz anťama vairden. eşikaçen.A peach does not grow between two pears, it gets stuck.

### Further reading

* Kojima, Gôichi (2012–) “ara[1]”, in Temel Lazca-Türkçe Sözlük Taslağı‎ (in Turkish)
* Kojima, Gôichi (2012–) “ara[2]”, in Temel Lazca-Türkçe Sözlük Taslağı‎ (in Turkish)
* Kojima, Gôichi (2012–) “ara[3]”, in Temel Lazca-Türkçe Sözlük Taslağı‎ (in Turkish)
* Tandilava, Ali (2013) “არა1”, in Merab Čuxua, Natela Kutelia, Lile Tandilava, Lali Ezugbaia, editors, Lazuri leksiḳoni [Laz Dictionary]‎, online version prepared by Levan Vašaḳiʒe, Tbilisi
* Tandilava, Ali (2013) “არა2”, in Merab Čuxua, Natela Kutelia, Lile Tandilava, Lali Ezugbaia, editors, Lazuri leksiḳoni [Laz Dictionary]‎, online version prepared by Levan Vašaḳiʒe, Tbilisi
* Tandilava, Ali (2013) “არა3”, in Merab Čuxua, Natela Kutelia, Lile Tandilava, Lali Ezugbaia, editors, Lazuri leksiḳoni [Laz Dictionary]‎, online version prepared by Levan Vašaḳiʒe, Tbilisi

## Svan
### Etymology

From Proto-Kartvelian *arwa-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [aɾa]
* Hyphenation: ა‧რა

### Numeral

არა • (ara)
* eight

### References

* Topuria, Varlam, Kaldani, Maksime (1994) “არა”, in Svanuri leksiḳoni [Svan Dictionary] (in Georgian), Tbilisi: Merani-3 Publishing, page 94
* Liṗarṭeliani, Aslan (1994) “არა”, in Svanuri leksiḳoni (čoluruli ḳilo) [Svan-Georgian dictionary (Cholur dialect)], Tbilisi, page 28
# japāniskos
## Latvian
### Adjective

japāniskos
* locative plural masculine of japānisks

### Adjective

japāniskos
* accusative plural masculine of japāniskais
# кринолини
## Macedonian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [krinɔˈlini]
* Hyphenation: кри‧но‧ли‧ни

### Noun

криноли́ни • (krinolíni)
* inflection of криноли́н m (krinolín):
** indefinite plural
** vocative plural
* inflection of криноли́на f (krinolína):
** indefinite plural
** vocative plural
# おおから
## Japanese

For pronunciation and definitions of おおから – see the following entry. :
| 【大辛】 | [noun] very hot (in terms of spiciness) Alternative spelling おおがら |
(This term, おおから (ōkara), is the hiragana spelling of the above term.) :
# indējušās
## Latvian
### Participle

indējušās
* locative plural feminine of indējis

### Participle

indējušās
* inflection of indējušais:
** genitive singular feminine
** nominative/vocative/accusative plural feminine
# neatvainojošā
## Latvian
### Participle

neatvainojošā
* locative singular masculine/feminine of neatvainojošs

### Participle

neatvainojošā
* inflection of neatvainojošais:
** genitive singular masculine
** nominative/vocative singular feminine
# jsem z
## Czech

* This entry is part of the phrasebook project, which presents criteria for inclusion based on utility, simplicity and commonness.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [jsɛm s]

### Phrase

Jsem z... (+ genitive)
* I am from..

#### See also

* odkud jste?
# japāniskā
## Latvian
### Adjective

japāniskā
* locative singular masculine/feminine of japānisks

### Adjective

japāniskā
* inflection of japāniskais:
** genitive singular masculine
** nominative/vocative singular feminine
# feut
## Dutch
### Etymology

From Medical Latin foetus.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -øːt

### Noun

feut m (plural feuten, diminutive feutje n)
* freshman

#### See also

* sjaars

## Middle French
### Verb

feut
* third-person singular indicative past historic of estre
# おおがら
## Japanese

For pronunciation and definitions of おおがら – see the following entries. :
| 【大柄】 | [adjective] large, big-boned [adjective] with a large pattern [noun] a large build [noun] a large pattern |
| 【大辛おおから】 | [noun] very hot (in terms of spiciness) |
(This term, おおがら (ōgara), is the hiragana spelling of the above terms.) :
# inspirējošās
## Latvian
### Participle

inspirējošās
* locative plural feminine of inspirējošs

### Participle

inspirējošās
* inflection of inspirējošais:
** genitive singular feminine
** nominative/vocative/accusative plural feminine
# neatvainojošos
## Latvian
### Participle

neatvainojošos
* locative plural masculine of neatvainojošs

### Participle

neatvainojošos
* accusative plural masculine of neatvainojošais
# aquo
## Ido
### Etymology

Borrowed from Esperanto akvo, Italian acqua, Spanish agua, ultimately from Latin aqua.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈa.kwo/

### Noun

aquo (plural aqui)
* water

#### Derived terms

* aqua
* aquala
* aquatra
* aquizar (“to water, shower, besprinkle, slake”)
* aquoza
* aquuyo (“cistern, water tank”)

#### Compounds

* aquobarilo
* aquofluo

### See also

* aquarelo
* aquario
* aquedukto

### Further reading

* aqu-o in Ido-English Dictionary by L. H. Dyer, 1924
# Аристотел
## Azerbaijani
### Proper noun

Аристотел (definite accusative Аристотели, plural Аристотелләр)
* Cyrillic spelling of Aristotel

## Bulgarian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Ἀριστοτέλης (Aristotélēs).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɐriˈstɔtɛɫ]
* Audio:(file)

### Proper noun

Аристо́тел • (Aristótel)
* Aristotle

## Macedonian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Ἀριστοτέλης (Aristotélēs).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [aɾisˈtɔtɛɫ]

### Proper noun

Аристо́тел • (Aristótel) m
* Aristotle

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Ἀριστοτέλης (Aristotélēs).

### Proper noun

Аристо̀тел m (Latin spelling Aristòtel)
* Aristotle

#### Declension

This entry needs an inflection-table template.
# jaskra
## Old Polish
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ěskra (“spark”). First attested in c. 1500. Doublet of iskra. Displaced by Polish chrabąszcz

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (10th–15th CE) /jaskra/
* IPA: (15th CE) /jaskra/

### Noun

jaskra f
* (attested in Greater Poland) cockchafer, May bug (Melolontha melolontha)
** 1908 [c. 1500], Bolesław Erzepki, editor, Przyczynki do średniowiecznego słownictwa polskiego. I. Glosy polskie wpisane do łacińsko-niemieckiego słownika drukowanego w roku 1490‎, Lubiń, page 23:Yąskrą poples[Jaskra poples]

#### Descendants

* Polish: jaskra

### Further reading

* B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “jaskra”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈjas.kra/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -askra
* Syllabification: jas‧kra
* Homophone: Jaskra

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Polish jaskra, from Proto-Slavic *ěskra (“spark”). Doublet of jaskier, iskra, and skra.

#### Noun

jaskra f
* (pathology) glaucoma [from 19th c.]

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Noun

jaskra m inan
* genitive singular of jaskier

#### Noun

jaskra m animal
* genitive/accusative singular of jaskier

### Further reading

* jaskra in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* jaskra in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# Софії
## Ukrainian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [soˈfʲiji]

### Proper noun

Софі́ї • (Sofíji) f
* genitive/dative/locative singular of Софі́я (Sofíja)
* nominative/vocative plural of Софі́я (Sofíja)
# Hammel
## German
### Etymology

From Middle High German hamel, from Old High German hamal (“wether”, also an adjective “castrated”), from Proto-Germanic *hamalaz (“mutilated”). Cognate with Dutch hamel.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈhaməl/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

Hammel m (strong, genitive Hammels, plural Hammel or Hämmel)
* wether (castrated ram)
* Short for Hammelfleisch: the meat of a wether used for food; mutton
* jackass (person)

#### Usage notes

* The plural is usually unchanged. The form Hämmel was fairly common in the 19th century, but is now rare.

#### Synonyms

* (wether): kastrierter / verschnittener Schafbock (Schafsbock); Schöps (Austria; eastern Germany)
* (Hammelfleisch): Schöpsernes (Austrian); Schöpsenfleisch (Austria; eastern Germany)

#### Derived terms

* Blödhammel
* Dreckhammel
* Hammelbein
* Hammelbraten
* Hammelbrust
* Hammeleintopf
* Hammelfett
* Hammelfettjade
* Hammelfleisch
* Hammelgedärm
* Hammelgeld
* Hammelherde
* Hammelkeule
* Hammelkotelett
* Hammelragout
* Hammelrippchen
* Hammelrücken
* Hammelschenkel
* Hammelschlegel
* Hammelschulter
* Hammelsprung
* Hammelsteak
* Hammeltalg
* Leithammel
* Leithammelstaat
* Neidhammel
* Streithammel

#### Related terms

* Hämling

### Further reading

* “Hammel” in Duden online
* “Hammel” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

## Luxembourgish
### Etymology

Probably inherited from Old High German hamal, though the modern Luxembourgish form is based on German Hammel; the native equivalent would be *Hummel. The word was rare because the area has very little tradition in sheep farming.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈhɑməl/

### Noun

Hammel m (plural Hämmel)
* wether, castrated ram
* (slang, derogatory) fathead, fool

#### Derived terms

* Hämmelfleesch

## Pennsylvania German
### Etymology

Compare German Hammel, Dutch hamel.

### Noun

Hammel m (plural Hammel)
* wether, castrated ram

## Slovak
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈɦamel]

### Proper noun

Hammel m pers (female equivalent Hammelová)
* a male surname

### Further reading

* “Hammel”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2025