# 勢

| 勢 | U+52E2, &#21218; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-52E2 |
| ← 勡 [U+52E1] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 勣 → [U+52E3] |

## Translingual
### Han character

勢 (Kangxi radical 19, 力+11, 13 strokes, cangjie input 土戈大尸 (GIKS), four-corner 4542$_7$, composition ⿱埶力)

#### Derived characters

* 𫸾, 𫉥

#### Related characters

* 势 (Simplified Chinese)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 149, character 4
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2422
* Dae Jaweon: page 336, character 11
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 377, character 3
* Unihan data for U+52E2

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 褹 | *ŋr'eːds, *ŋeds |
| 勢 | *hŋjeds |
| 藝 | *ŋeds |
| 囈 | *ŋeds |
| 埶 | *ŋeds |
| 蓺 | *ŋeds |
| 槸 | *ŋeds |
| 爇 | *ŋʷjed |
| 褻 | *sŋed |
| 暬 | *sŋed |
| 熱 | *ŋjed |
| 槷 | *ŋeːd |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *hŋjeds) : phonetic 埶 (OC *ŋeds) + semantic 力 (“power”).

### Etymology

Nominalisation of 設 (OC *ŋ̊et, “to set up”), i.e. “that which is set up” (Schuessler, 2007; Baxter and Sagart, 2014). Compare the following quote from Han Feizi:
    吾所為言勢者，言人之所設也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]吾所为言势者，言人之所设也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]From: Han Feizi, circa 2nd century BCEWú suǒ wéi yán shì zhě, yán rén zhī suǒ shè yě. [Pinyin]The setup (*ŋ̊et-s) of which I am speaking refers to what is set up (*ŋ̊et) by men.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shì (shi$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄕˋ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): sai$^3$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): sai$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): sṳ / se
    (Hailu, HRS): shi$^ˇ$ / she$^ˇ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): si$^4$
* Eastern Min (BUC): sié
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): se$^4$ / si$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): sè / sì
    (Teochew, Peng'im): si$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$sy
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shì
*** Zhuyin: ㄕˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shìh
*** Wade–Giles: shih$^4$
*** Yale: shr̀
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyh
*** Palladius: ши (ši)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: sai$^3$
*** Yale: sai
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sai$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sei$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɐi̯³³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: sai$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sai³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sṳ / se
*** Hakka Romanization System: sii / se
*** Hagfa Pinyim: si$^4$ / se$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /sɨ⁵⁵/, /se⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: shi$^ˇ$ / she$^ˇ$
*** Sinological IPA: /ʃi¹¹/, /ʃe¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: si$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /sz̩⁵³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: sié
*** Sinological IPA : /siɛ²¹³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: se$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬe⁴²/
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: si$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬi⁴²/
* se4 - literary;
* si4 - vernacular.
* Middle Chinese: syejH
Rime :
| Character | 勢 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 書 (26) |
| Final (韻) | 祭 (35) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 舒制切 |
| Baxter | syejH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɕiᴇi$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɕiɛi$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɕjæi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɕiaj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɕiɛi$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɕĭɛi$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɕi̯ɛi$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | sai$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ŋ̊et-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*hŋjeds/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 勢 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | shì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ syej$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋ̊et-s/ |
| English | circumstances, setting |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 勢 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 15089 |
| Phonetic component | 埶 |
| Rime group | 祭 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 丗 |
| Old Chinese | /*hŋjeds/ |

### Definitions

勢
* power; force; momentum; influence; authority
* outward appearance of something
* posture; position; pose; bearing
* situation; circumstances; conditions
* tendency; trend
* male genitals
    去勢／去势 ― qùshì ― to castrate
* (set theory, of a set) cardinality
* (physics, mathematics) potential
* (Eastern Min, Southern Min) Suffix for locality noun.
* (Cantonese) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    勢估唔到／势估唔到 [Cantonese] ― sai$^3$ gu$^2$ m$^4$ dou$^3$ [Jyutping] ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

### Compounds

* 不是頭勢 / 不是头势
* 乘勢 / 乘势 (chéngshì)
* 九勢 / 九势
* 事勢 / 事势 (shìshì)
* 人多勢眾 / 人多势众 (rénduōshìzhòng)
* 人孤勢單 / 人孤势单
* 仗勢 / 仗势 (zhàngshì)
* 仗勢凌人
* 仗勢欺人 / 仗势欺人 (zhàngshìqīrén)
* 作勢 / 作势 (zuòshì)
* 低姿勢 / 低姿势
* 位尊勢重 / 位尊势重
* 來勢 / 来势 (láishì)
* 來勢洶洶 / 来势汹汹 (láishìxiōngxiōng)
* 依官仗勢 / 依官仗势
* 倚勢 / 倚势 (yǐshì)
* 借勢 / 借势
* 倚勢挾權 / 倚势挟权
* 倚官仗勢 / 倚官仗势
* 倚官託勢 / 倚官托势
* 倚財仗勢 / 倚财仗势
* 做張做勢 / 做张做势
* 做腔作勢 / 做腔作势
* 傷勢 / 伤势 (shāngshì)
* 優勢 / 优势 (yōushì)
* 優勢種 / 优势种 (yōushìzhǒng)
* 兩勢 / 两势
* 兩勢下 / 两势下
* 八勢 / 八势 (Bāshì)
* 兵勢 / 兵势 (bīngshì)
* 其勢洶洶 / 其势汹汹 (qíshìxiōngxiōng)
* 冒冒勢勢 / 冒冒势势
* 凌厲攻勢 / 凌厉攻势
* 凡勢 / 凡势 (hoān-sè) (Min Nan)
* 割勢 / 割势
* 力分勢弱 / 力分势弱
* 力均勢敵 / 力均势敌
* 力屈勢窮 / 力屈势穷
* 力敵勢均 / 力敌势均
* 力蹙勢窮 / 力蹙势穷
* 劣勢 / 劣势 (lièshì)
* 助勢 / 助势
* 動勢 / 动势
* 勢不並立 / 势不并立
* 勢不兩存 / 势不两存
* 勢不兩立 / 势不两立 (shìbùliǎnglì)
* 勢不可當 / 势不可当
* 勢不得已 / 势不得已
* 勢交 / 势交
* 勢任 / 势任
* 勢傾朝野 / 势倾朝野
* 勢利 / 势利
* 勢利之交 / 势利之交
* 勢利眼 / 势利眼
* 勢利鬼 / 势利鬼
* 勢劍 / 势剑
* 勢力 / 势力 (shìlì)
* 勢力並行 / 势力并行
* 勢合形離 / 势合形离
* 勢同水火 / 势同水火
* 勢單力薄 / 势单力薄 (shìdānlìbó)
* 勢在必行 / 势在必行 (shìzàibìxíng)
* 勢均力敵 / 势均力敌 (shìjūnlìdí)
* 勢如劈竹 / 势如劈竹
* 勢如奔馬 / 势如奔马 (shì rú bēnmǎ)
* 勢如山倒 / 势如山倒
* 勢如摧山 / 势如摧山
* 勢如破竹 / 势如破竹 (shìrúpòzhú)
* 勢如騎虎 / 势如骑虎
* 勢家 / 势家
* 勢必 / 势必 (shìbì)
* 勢成水火 / 势成水火
* 勢成騎虎 / 势成骑虎
* 勢所必然 / 势所必然
* 勢族 / 势族
* 勢沙 / 势沙
* 勢況 / 势况
* 勢派 / 势派
* 勢焰 / 势焰 (shìyàn)
* 勢煞 / 势煞
* 勢窮力孤 / 势穷力孤
* 勢窮力極 / 势穷力极
* 勢窮力竭 / 势穷力竭
* 勢能 / 势能 (shìnéng)
* 勢若摧枯 / 势若摧枯
* 勢要 / 势要 (shìyào)
* 勢豪 / 势豪 (shìháo)
* 勢頭 / 势头 (shìtóu)
* 南勢 / 南势 (Nánshì)
* 去勢 / 去势 (qùshì)
* 名勢 / 名势
* 吐勢 / 吐势
* 因勢利導 / 因势利导 (yīnshìlìdǎo)
* 國勢 / 国势 (guóshì)
* 地勢 / 地势 (dìshì)
* 均勢 / 均势 (jūnshì)
* 大勢 / 大势 (dàshì)
* 大勢已去 / 大势已去 (dàshìyǐqù)
* 大勢已定 / 大势已定
* 大勢所趨 / 大势所趋 (dàshìsuǒqū)
* 大張聲勢 / 大张声势
* 天下大勢 / 天下大势
* 失勢 / 失势 (shīshì)
* 失張冒勢 / 失张冒势
* 好勢 / 好势 (hó-sè)
* 威勢 / 威势 (wēishì)
* 姿勢 / 姿势 (zīshì)
* 媒體造勢 / 媒体造势
* 字勢 / 字势
* 守勢 / 守势 (shǒushì)
* 定勢 / 定势
* 審時定勢 / 审时定势
* 審時度勢 / 审时度势 (shěnshíduóshì)
* 審曲面勢 / 审曲面势
* 就勢 / 就势 (jiùshì)
* 局勢 / 局势 (júshì)
* 山勢 / 山势 (shānshì)
* 常山蛇勢 / 常山蛇势
* 弱勢 / 弱势 (ruòshì)
* 強勢 / 强势 (qiángshì)
* 強勢貨幣 / 强势货币
* 彈性勢能 / 弹性势能 (tánxìng shìnéng)
* 形勢 / 形势 (xíngshì)
* 形格勢禁 / 形格势禁 (xínggéshìjìn)
* 得勢 / 得势 (déshì)
* 復勢 / 复势 (Fùshì)
* 怕勢勢 / 怕势势
* 恃勢凌人
* 情勢 / 情势 (qíngshì)
* 惡勢力 / 恶势力
* 情見勢屈 / 情见势屈
* 情見勢竭 / 情见势竭
* 愛勢貪財 / 爱势贪财
* 態勢 / 态势 (tàishì)
* 慌張勢煞 / 慌张势煞
* 慕勢 / 慕势
* 慣勢 / 惯势
* 手勢 / 手势 (shǒushì)
* 打手勢 / 打手势
* 打把勢 / 打把势
* 把勢 / 把势 (bǎshì)
* 扭轉頹勢 / 扭转颓势
* 拿板弄勢 / 拿板弄势
* 拿班作勢 / 拿班作势
* 拿腔作勢 / 拿腔作势
* 挾勢 / 挟势 (xiéshì)
* 挾勢弄權 / 挟势弄权
* 挾權倚勢 / 挟权倚势
* 捉班做勢 / 捉班做势
* 挾貴倚勢 / 挟贵倚势
* 掎角之勢 / 掎角之势 (jījiǎo zhī shì)
* 擺姿勢 / 摆姿势
* 擺開陣勢 / 摆开阵势
* 攝威擅勢 / 摄威擅势
* 攻勢 / 攻势 (gōngshì)
* 攻勢作戰 / 攻势作战
* 斗杓轉勢 / 斗杓转势
* 時勢 / 时势 (shíshì)
* 時勢所迫 / 时势所迫 (shíshìsuǒpò)
* 時異勢殊 / 时异势殊
* 有財有勢 / 有财有势
* 有錢有勢 / 有钱有势
* 村村勢勢 / 村村势势
* 村沙樣勢 / 村沙样势
* 東勢 / 东势 (Dōngshì)
* 架勢 / 架势
* 樣勢 / 样势
* 權勢 / 权势 (quánshì)
* 權豪勢要 / 权豪势要
* 歡勢 / 欢势
* 歹勢 / 歹势 (dǎishì)
* 比勢 / 比势
* 比手勢 / 比手势
* 氣勢 / 气势 (qìshì)
* 氣勢如虹 / 气势如虹 (qìshìrúhóng)
* 氣勢洶洶 / 气势汹汹
* 氣勢熏灼 / 气势熏灼
* 氣勢磅礴 / 气势磅礴 (qìshìpángbó)
* 氣勢雄偉 / 气势雄伟
* 水勢 / 水势 (shuǐshì)
* 涼勢 / 凉势 (liâng-sè) (Min Nan)
* 漲勢 / 涨势 (zhǎngshì)
* 潛勢 / 潜势
* 火勢 / 火势 (huǒshì)
* 無勢可乘 / 无势可乘
* 犄角之勢 / 犄角之势 (jījiǎo zhī shì)
* 狗仗人勢 / 狗仗人势
* 狗仗官勢 / 狗仗官势
* 現勢 / 现势 (xiànshì)
* 病勢 / 病势 (bìngshì)
* 病已成勢 / 病已成势
* 眉勢 / 眉势
* 眾寡勢殊 / 众寡势殊
* 破竹之勢 / 破竹之势
* 神龍失勢 / 神龙失势 (shénlóng shīshì)
* 笑臉攻勢 / 笑脸攻势
* 筆勢 / 笔势 (bǐshì)
* 範勢 / 范势 (pān-sè) (Min Nan)
* 老把勢 / 老把势 (lǎobǎshi)
* 聲勢 / 声势 (shēngshì)
* 聲勢浩大 / 声势浩大 (shēngshìhàodà)
* 聲勢赫赫 / 声势赫赫
* 蓄勢待發 / 蓄势待发
* 虎勢 / 虎势 (hǔshì)
* 虔婆勢 / 虔婆势
* 虛張聲勢 / 虚张声势 (xūzhāngshēngshì)
* 裝腔作勢 / 装腔作势 (zhuāngqiāngzuòshì)
* 計窮勢蹙 / 计穷势蹙
* 語勢 / 语势
* 財勢 / 财势 (cáishì)
* 財多勢重 / 财多势重
* 貪財慕勢 / 贪财慕势
* 貴勢炎炎 / 贵势炎炎
* 走勢 / 走势 (zǒushì)
* 走勢圖 / 走势图 (zǒushìtú)
* 趁勢 / 趁势 (chènshì)
* 趁勢落篷 / 趁势落篷
* 趁風勢 / 趁风势
* 趕勢利 / 赶势利
* 趨勢 / 趋势 (qūshì)
* 趨時捧勢 / 趋时捧势
* 趨權附勢 / 趋权附势
* 趨炎奉勢 / 趋炎奉势
* 趨炎附勢 / 趋炎附势 (qūyánfùshì)
* 趨財慕勢 / 趋财慕势
* 跛手太監——無拳無勢 / 跛手太监——无拳无势
* 軍勢 / 军势 (jūnshì)
* 輕狂百勢 / 轻狂百势
* 逆勢 / 逆势
* 逐勢 / 逐势
* 造勢 / 造势 (zàoshì)
* 逞勢 / 逞势
* 都把勢 / 都把势
* 銷勢 / 销势
* 長期趨勢 / 长期趋势
* 陣勢 / 阵势 (zhènshì)
* 隨時度勢 / 随时度势
* 雜種優勢 / 杂种优势
* 雨勢 / 雨势
* 音勢 / 音势
* 順勢 / 顺势 (shùnshì)
* 頭勢 / 头势
* 頹勢 / 颓势 (tuíshì)
* 風勢 / 风势 (fēngshì)
* 風風勢勢 / 风风势势
* 飛馳之勢 / 飞驰之势
* 騁兇騁勢 / 骋凶骋势
* 騎虎之勢 / 骑虎之势
* 體勢 / 体势 (tǐshì)
* 鼎足之勢 / 鼎足之势 (dǐngzú zhī shì)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)
* forces
* energy
* military strength

#### Readings

* Go-on: せ (se)
* Kan-on: せい (sei, Jōyō)
* Kan’yō-on: ぜい (zei)
* Kun: いきおい (ikioi, 勢い, Jōyō)、はずみ (hazumi, 勢み)
* Nanori: きおい (kioi)、ちから (chikara)、ひろむ (hiromu)

#### Compounds

* 趨(すう)勢(せい) (sūsei)
* 衰(すい)勢(せい) (suisei)
* 姿(し)勢(せい) (shisei)
* 形(けい)勢(せい) (keisei)
* 村(そん)勢(せい) (sonsei)
* 町(ちょう)勢(せい) (chōsei)
* 区(く)勢(せい) (kusei)
* 市(し)勢(せい) (shisei)
* 水(すい)勢(せい) (suisei)
* 手(て)勢(ぜい) (tezei)
* 中(ちゅう)勢(せい) (chūsei)
* 病(びょう)勢(せい) (byōsei)
* 落(らく)勢(せい) (rakusei)
* 騰(とう)勢(せい) (tōsei)
* 勢(せい)力(りょく)伯(はく)仲(ちゅう) (seiryokuhakuchū)
* 党(とう)勢(せい) (tōsei)
* 破(は)竹(ちく)の勢(いきお)い (hachiku no ikioi)
* 海(かい)外(がい)勢(ぜい) (kaigaizei)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 勢
* せい Grade: 5
* on'yomi
Derived from Middle Chinese 勢 (MC syejH).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) せー [séꜜè] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [se̞ː]

### Noun

勢(せい) • (sei)
* force

### Suffix

勢(せい) • (-sei)
* group of people with a common trait
    海(かい)外(がい)勢(ぜい) ― kaigai-zei ― overseas fanbase
    C(シー)D(ディー)勢(ぜい) ― shīdī-zei ― the type of person who prefers to purchase CDs
    音(おと)ゲーガチ勢(ぜい) ― otogē gachizei ― hardcore rhythm gamer

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

勢 (eumhun 형세 세 (hyeongse se))
* hanja form of 세 (“force”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

勢: Hán Nôm readings: thế, thể
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.