# κάμπτω
## Ancient Greek
### Alternative forms

* γνάμπτω (gnámptō) — Homeric, only in compounds in tmesis
* καμπύλλω (kampúllō) — Ionic

### Etymology

From Proto-Hellenic *kámptō, *kamptos, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂emp- (“to bend, curve”), possibly related to Latin campus and Lithuanian kampas, kumpas. Beekes argues for a Pre-Greek or European substrate origin for the root. Compare Latin cambiāre, Italian cambiare, Portuguese cambiar, Spanish cambiar, Occitan cambiar, Catalan canviar, Norman changier, Sicilian cangiari, French changer, and English change.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kámp.tɔː/ → /ˈkamp.to/ → /ˈkamb.to/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /kámp.tɔː/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /ˈkamp.to/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /ˈkamp.to/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /ˈkamp.to/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /ˈkamb.to/

### Verb

κάμπτω • (kámptō)
* to bend, curve
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.486:ὄφρα ἴτυν κάμψῃ περικαλλέϊ δίφρῳóphra ítun kámpsēi perikalléï díphrōiin order that he might bend himself a felloe for a beauteous chariot
** (figuratively)
*** 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 2.51:θεός, ὃ […] καὶ ὑψιφρόνων τιν’ ἔκαμψε βροτῶνtheós, hò […] kaì hupsiphrónōn tin’ ékampse brotônthe gods, who […] bend down many a man who is overly ambitious
*** 366 BCE – 348 BCE, Plato, Theaetetus 173b:τρεπόμενοι πολλὰ κάμπτονται καὶ συγκλῶνταιtrepómenoi pollà kámptontai kaì sunklôntaiso that they become greatly bent and stunted
* (transitive, intransitive) to turn
** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 744:ἔπειτα λύων ἡνίαν ἀριστερὰν κάμπτοντος ἵππουépeita lúōn hēnían aristeràn kámptontos híppouBut then he slackened his left rein while the horse was turning
** (figuratively)
*** 406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 91:ἐνταῦθα κάμψειν τὸν ταλαίπωρον βίονentaûtha kámpsein tòn talaípōron bíonthere I should close my weary life
*** 423 BCE, Euripides, The Suppliants 748:ἔχουσαι διὰ λόγου κάμψαι κακάékhousai dià lógou kámpsai kakáthough you might by parley end your ills
*** 5th century BC, Pherecrates, Fragmenta 145.15
* (nautical) to double (sail around)
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.42.4:τρίτῳ ἔτεϊ κάμψαντες Ἡρακλέας στήλας ἀπίκοντο ἐς Αἴγυπτονtrítōi éteï kámpsantes Hērakléas stḗlas apíkonto es Aíguptonit was in the third [year] that they doubled the pillars of Heracles and came to Egypt

#### Derived terms

* ᾰ̓καμπής (ăkampḗs)
* ᾰ̓́καμπτος (ắkamptos)
* ᾰ̓νᾰκάμπτω (ănăkámptō)
* ᾰ̓ποκάμπτω (ăpokámptō)
* ᾀσμᾰτοκάμπτης (āismătokámptēs)
* βᾰθῠκαμπής (băthŭkampḗs)
* γόνῠ κάμπτω (gónŭ kámptō)
* δῐᾰκάμπτω (dĭăkámptō)
* δῐκαμπής (dĭkampḗs)
* δῠσκαμπής (dŭskampḗs)
* δύσκαμπτος (dúskamptos)
* δυσκολόκαμπτος (duskolókamptos)
* ἐγκάμπτω (enkámptō)
* ἐπῐκαμπής (epĭkampḗs)
* ἐπῐκάμπτω (epĭkámptō)
* εὐκαμπής (eukampḗs)
* εὔκαμπτος (eúkamptos)
* Ἰωνοκάμπτης (Iōnokámptēs)
* κᾰτᾰκάμπτω (kătăkámptō)
* μεγᾰλοκαμπής (megălokampḗs)
* μικροκαμπής (mikrokampḗs)
* μονόκαμπτος (monókamptos)
* ὀξῠκαμπής (oxŭkampḗs)
* πᾰρᾰκάμπτω (părăkámptō)
* περικαμπής (perikampḗs)
* περικάμπτω (perikámptō)
* πῐτῠοκάμπτης (pĭtŭokámptēs)
* πολῠκαμπής (polŭkampḗs)
* πολῠ́καμπτος (polŭ́kamptos)
* συγκαμπτός (sunkamptós)
* συγκάμπτω (sunkámptō)
* ῠ̔ποκάμπτω (hŭpokámptō)
* φῐλοκαμπής (phĭlokampḗs)

#### Related terms

* κάμμᾰ (kámmă)
* καμμᾰτῐ́δες (kammătĭ́des)
* κάμπη (kámpē)
* καμπή (kampḗ)
* καμπτήρ (kamptḗr)
* καμπτηρῐ́ᾱ (kamptērĭ́ā)
* καμπτῐκός (kamptĭkós)
* καμπτός (kamptós)
* κάμπτρον (kámptron)
* καμπῠ́λος (kampŭ́los)
* κάμψῐς (kámpsĭs)
* καμψός (kampsós)

### References

* ↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κάμπτω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 632-3

### Further reading

* “κάμπτω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “κάμπτω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “κάμπτω”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
* κάμπτω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
* κάμπτω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
* “κάμπτω”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
* G2578 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible

## Greek
### Etymology

From Ancient Greek κάμπτω

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkam.pto/, /ˈkam.to/
* Hyphenation: κάμ‧πτω

### Verb

κάμπτω • (kámpto) (past έκαμψα, passive κάμπτομαι)
* (transitive) to bend, to curve
* (transitive, figuratively) to bend, to cause to yield (to force to submit)

#### Synonyms

* λυγίζω (lygízo)

#### Related terms

* άκαμπτος (ákamptos, “inflexible, rigid”)
* ακαμψία f (akampsía, “rigidity”)
* δύσκαμπτος (dýskamptos)
* δυσκαμψία f (dyskampsía)
* εύκαμπτος (éfkamptos)
* ευκαμψία f (efkampsía)
* καμπτήρας (kamptíras)
* καμπύλος (kampýlos)
* καμπύλη f (kampýli, “curve”)
* καμπυλώνω (kampylóno, “to curve”)
* καμπυλωτός (kampylotós)
* κάμψη f (kámpsi)
* κεκαμμένος (kekamménos, “curved”, learned participle)
* οσφυοκάμπτης m (osfyokámptis)
* παρακαμπτήριος (parakamptírios)
Verb-compounds (and see their derivatives)
* ανακάμπτω (anakámpto, “reappear, recover”)
* επανακάμπτω (epanakámpto, “return, reappear again”)
* παρακάμπτω (parakámpto, “bypass, override”)