OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# ܢܓܪܐ
## Assyrian Neo-Aramaic

* Root
* ܢ ܓ ܪ (n g r)
* 2 terms

### Etymology

From Aramaic [Term?], from Akkadian 𒉄 (NAGAR /⁠naggāru⁠/), from Sumerian 𒉄 (nagar). Compare Arabic نَجَّار (najjār) and Hebrew נַגָּר (naggār).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard) IPA: [naɡɡaːraː]

### Noun

ܢܲܓܵܪܵܐ • (naggārā) m (plural ܢܲܓܵܪܹ̈ܐ (naggārē), feminine ܢܲܓܵܪܬܵܐ (naggārtā))
* carpenter

### Proper noun

ܢܲܓܵܪܵܐ • (naggārā) ?
* a surname originating as an occupation

## Classical Syriac
### Etymology 1

From Akkadian 𒉄 (NAGAR /⁠naggāru⁠/), from Sumerian 𒉄 (nagar). Compare Arabic نَجَّار (najjār) and Hebrew נַגָּר (naggār).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [naɡɡɑrɑ] (singular)
* IPA: [naɡɡɑre] (plural)

#### Noun

ܢܲܓܵܪܵܐ • (naggārā) m (plural ܢܲܓܵܪܹܐ (naggārē))
* carpenter
** c. 400 CE, funerary mosaic; published in Alain Desreumaux, Pierre-Louis Gatier, “Inscription bilingue grecque et syriaque d'une mosaïque paléo-chrétienne [Bilingual Greek-Syriac inscription on an Early Christian mosaic]”, in Semitica, volumes 51–52, Paris, 1993, pages 173–181:ܕܘܟܪܢܐ ܕܡܪܝ ܦܣܘܠܐ [ܘܝܘܚܢܢ] ܢܓܪܐ ܘܟܠܗܘܢ ܐܡ̈ܢܐduḵrānā də-Mārī pāsōlā [wə-Yōḥannān] naggārā wə-ḵulhōn ʾummānēIn memory of Mari the mason, [Yohanan] the carpenter and all the artisans.

##### Derived terms

* ܢܲܓܵܪܘܼܬ݂ܵܐ (naggārūṯā)

##### Descendants

* Arabic: نَجّار (najjār)
** Maltese: naġġar (“stonemason”)
** → Armenian: նաջար (naǰar)
** → Persian: نجار (najjâr)
*** → Hindustani:
    Urdu: نجار (najjār)
** → Uzbek: najjor

### Etymology 2

From the root ܢ ܓ ܪ related to prolonging.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [nɑɣarrɑ] (singular)
* IPA: [nɑɣarre] (plural)

#### Noun

ܢܵܓܲܪܵܐ • (nāgarrā) m (plural ܢܵܓܲܪܹܐ (nāgarrē))
* prolonger

##### Derived terms

* ܢܵܓ݂ܲܪ ܪܘܼܚܵܐ (nāḡar rūḥā)

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [nɛɣrɑ] (singular)
* IPA: [nɛɣre], [nɛɣrɑθɑ] (plural)

#### Noun

ܢܸܓ݂ܪܵܐ • (neḡrā) f (plural ܢܸܓ݂ܪܵܬܵܐ (negrāṯā) or ܢܸܓ݂ܪܹܐ (neḡrē))
* Rare form of ܪܸܓ݂ܠܵܐ (reḡlā).

##### Inflection
### References

* “ngr”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–, retrieved 2011-11-21
* “ngr$^6$”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* Costaz, Louis (2002) Dictionnaire syriaque-français ∙ Syriac–English Dictionary ∙ قاموس سرياني-عربي, 3rd edition, Beirut: Dar El-Machreq, page 197a, b
* Payne Smith, Jessie (1903) A Compendious Syriac Dictionary Founded Upon the Thesaurus Syriacus of R. Payne Smith, D.D., Oxford: Clarendon Press, pages 327b–328a
* Sokoloff, Michael (2009) A Syriac Lexicon: A Translation from the Latin, Correction, Expansion, and Update of C. Brockelmann's Lexicon Syriacum, Winona Lake, Indiana, Piscataway, New Jersey: Eisenbrauns; Gorgias Press, page 890a

### Anagrams

* ܢܪܓܐ
# ܢܝܚܬܐ
## Classical Syriac
### Etymology

From the root ܢ ܘ ܚ related to resting.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [n(ə)jɑħtɑ] (singular)
* IPA: [n(ə)jɑħɑθɑ] (plural)

### Noun

ܢܝܚܬܐ • (nəyāḥtā) f (plural ܢܝܚܬܐ (nəyāḥātā))
* quietness, repose, rest
* sleep, falling asleep
* resting place
* death
* wake, funeral repast
* leisure, recreation
* pleasure, joy
* (Christianity) agape, love feast
* gift

#### Descendants

* → Arabic: نِياحة (niyāḥa)

### References

* “nyḥh”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–, retrieved 2011-11-22
* Costaz, Louis (2002) Dictionnaire syriaque-français ∙ Syriac–English Dictionary ∙ قاموس سرياني-عربي, 3rd edition, Beirut: Dar El-Machreq, page 199b
* Payne Smith, Jessie (1903) A Compendious Syriac Dictionary Founded Upon the Thesaurus Syriacus of R. Payne Smith, D.D., Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 338b
* Sokoloff, Michael (2009) A Syriac Lexicon: A Translation from the Latin, Correction, Expansion, and Update of C. Brockelmann's Lexicon Syriacum, Winona Lake, Indiana, Piscataway, New Jersey: Eisenbrauns; Gorgias Press, page 915a
# ܣܕܝܢܐ
## Classical Syriac
### Alternative forms

* ܣܢܕܝܢܐ (senḏyānā)

### Etymology

Possibly from the Middle Persian ancestor of Persian سندیان (sendiyân, “kind of oak”), potentially related to the term behind ܣܕܢܐ (saddānā, “anvil”), otherwise from the Semitic root ܣ ܢ ܕ related to firmness and staying up. Compare Arabic سِندِيَان (sindiyān), Akkadian 𒄑𒋛𒅔𒁕𒀀 (sindu, “a tree”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sɛðjɑnɑ] (singular)
* IPA: [sɛðjɑne] (plural)

### Noun

ܣܕܝܢܐ • (seḏyānā) m (plural ܣܕܝܢܐ (seḏyānē))
* oak, holm oak

#### Inflection
### References

* “sdyn”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* Costaz, Louis (2002) Dictionnaire syriaque-français ∙ Syriac–English Dictionary ∙ قاموس سرياني-عربي, 3rd edition, Beirut: Dar El-Machreq, page 220b
* Löw, Immanuel (1928) Die Flora der Juden‎ (in German), volume 1, Wien und Leipzig: R. Löwit, page 625
* Löw, Immanuel (1909) “Lexikalische Miszellen”, in Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und verwandte Gebiete (in German), volumes 22–23, pages 286–290
* Löw, Immanuel (1881) Aramæische Pflanzennamen‎ (in German), Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann, pages 72–73 Nr. 51
* Payne Smith, Robert (1879–1901) “ܣܢܕܝܢܐ”, in Thesaurus Syriacus (in Latin), Oxford: Clarendon Press, column 2673
* Payne Smith, Jessie (1903) A Compendious Syriac Dictionary Founded Upon the Thesaurus Syriacus of R. Payne Smith, D.D., Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 361b
* Sokoloff, Michael (2009) A Syriac Lexicon: A Translation from the Latin, Correction, Expansion, and Update of C. Brockelmann's Lexicon Syriacum, Winona Lake, Indiana, Piscataway, New Jersey: Eisenbrauns; Gorgias Press, page 970b
# ܦܪܚܬܐ
## Classical Syriac
### Etymology

From the root ܦ ܪ ܚ related to flying. Compare Arabic فَرْخَة (farḵa).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [pɑraħ(ə)θɑ] (singular)
* IPA: [pɑrħɑθɑ] (plural)

### Noun

ܦܪܚܬܐ • (pāraḥtā) f (plural ܦܪܚܬܐ (pārḥātā))
* any flying creature; bird, insect
* (collectively) birds, Aves
* (dialectal) dove
* (architecture) top plate

#### Inflection
### References

* “prḥh”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* Costaz, Louis (2002) Dictionnaire syriaque-français ∙ Syriac–English Dictionary ∙ قاموس سرياني-عربي, 3rd edition, Beirut: Dar El-Machreq, page 287b
* Payne Smith, Jessie (1903) A Compendious Syriac Dictionary Founded Upon the Thesaurus Syriacus of R. Payne Smith, D.D., Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 460a
* Sokoloff, Michael (2009) A Syriac Lexicon: A Translation from the Latin, Correction, Expansion, and Update of C. Brockelmann's Lexicon Syriacum, Winona Lake, Indiana, Piscataway, New Jersey: Eisenbrauns; Gorgias Press, page 1236b
# ܪܚܫܐ
## Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
### Etymology

* Root
* ܪ ܚ ܫ (r ḥ š)
* 2 terms
Compare Arabic حَشَرَة (ḥašara), Hebrew רַחַשׁ (ráḥaš).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard) IPA: [raħʃaː]
* (Nineveh Plains) IPA: [rɪxʃa]

### Noun

ܪܲܚܫܵܐ • (raḥšā) m (plural ܪ̈ܲܚܫܹܐ (raḥšē))
* any creeping thing: insect, bug, vermin, reptile, etc.; a creeper

## Classical Syriac
### Etymology 1

From the root ܪ ܚ ܫ related to creeping; compare Arabic حَشَرَة (ḥašara), Hebrew רַחַשׁ (ráḥaš).

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Edessan) IPA: [ˈraħ.ʃɑ] (singular and plural)
* (Eastern Syriac) IPA: [ˈrax.ʃɑ] (singular and plural)
* (Western Syriac) IPA: [ˈrɑħ.ʃo] (singular and plural)

#### Noun

ܪܚܫܐ • (raḥšā) m (plural ܪܚܫܐ (raḥšā))
* (collectively) any creeping thing: insects (especially ants), vermin, reptiles, etc.; a creeper
* (pathology, in the plural) hoarseness, sore throat
* (medicine) gangrene
* (botany) hard plant skin
* (footwear) sandal

##### Inflection
### Etymology 2

From the root ܪ ܚ ܫ related to creeping.

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Edessan) IPA: [r(ə.)ˈħɑ.ʃɑ]
* (Eastern Syriac) IPA: [ˈrxɑ.ʃɑ]
* (Western Syriac) IPA: [ˈrħo.ʃo]

#### Noun

ܪܚܫܐ • (rəḥāšā) m (plural ܪܚܫܐ (rəḥāšē))
* decay
* (oncology) malignant tumor/tumour

##### Inflection
### References

* “rḥš”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–, retrieved 2012-10-29
* “rḥš$^2$”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–, retrieved 2012-10-29
* Costaz, Louis (2002) Dictionnaire syriaque-français ∙ Syriac–English Dictionary ∙ قاموس سرياني-عربي, 3rd edition, Beirut: Dar El-Machreq, page 344b
* Payne Smith, Jessie (1903) A Compendious Syriac Dictionary Founded Upon the Thesaurus Syriacus of R. Payne Smith, D.D., Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 538b
* Sokoloff, Michael (2009) A Syriac Lexicon: A Translation from the Latin, Correction, Expansion, and Update of C. Brockelmann's Lexicon Syriacum, Winona Lake, Indiana, Piscataway, New Jersey: Eisenbrauns; Gorgias Press, page 1459a
# ܫܘܛܐ
## Classical Syriac
### Etymology

Perchance from Old Georgian შოლტი (šolṭi, “whip”). Note that, to say that this term is not old in Semitic, supposed occurrences of Hebrew שׁוֹט (šōṭ) in the meaning “whip, scourge” in the Tanakh are all transferred for acts of God and thus can be a mere verbal noun formation from the root ש־ו־ט (š-w-ṭ) / ܫ ܘ ܛ related to “scorning, warrying” meaning “curse”, “an evil brought forth by a godly speech act”; and some are also posited to mean a “spate”, “flood”, meanings correlating to Arabic سَوْط (sawṭ, “water restagnating in a waterhole”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ʃawtˤɑ] (singular)
* IPA: [ʃawtˤe] (plural)

### Noun

ܫܘܛܐ • (šawṭā) m (plural ܫܘܛܐ (šawṭē))
* whip, lash, scourge

#### Inflection
### References

* “šwṭ”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* Costaz, Louis (2002) Dictionnaire syriaque-français ∙ Syriac–English Dictionary ∙ قاموس سرياني-عربي, 3rd edition, Beirut: Dar El-Machreq, page 362b
* Payne Smith, Jessie (1903) A Compendious Syriac Dictionary Founded Upon the Thesaurus Syriacus of R. Payne Smith, D.D., Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 564b
* Sokoloff, Michael (2009) A Syriac Lexicon: A Translation from the Latin, Correction, Expansion, and Update of C. Brockelmann's Lexicon Syriacum, Winona Lake, Indiana, Piscataway, New Jersey: Eisenbrauns; Gorgias Press, page 1524b
* Марр, Н. Я. (1910) “Надпись Епифания, католикоса Грузии (Из раскопок в Ани 1910 г.) [The inscription of Epiphanius, the catholicos of Georgia (From excavations of Ani in 1910)]”, in Известия Императорской Академии наук‎ (in Russian), volume XIV, Saint Petersburg: Academy Press, page 1436 of 1433–1442
# ד־ר־ג
## Hebrew
### Etymology

Compare Arabic د ر ج (d r j), Classical Syriac ܕ ܪ ܓ.
The second sense is a semantic extension of the first, denominated from מַדְרֵגָה (madregá, “step”).
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Root

ד־ר־ג • (d-r-g)
* Related to walking.
* Related to steps, grades, ranks.

#### See also

* ד־ר־ך (d-r-k)
* ד־ל־ג (d-l-g) (possibly)

### Further reading

* “ד־ר־ג” in the Hebrew Terms Database of the Academy of Hebrew Language
* “ד־ר־ג”, in Hebrew dictionary and conjugation tables, Pealim.com
* Klein, Ernest (1987) “דרג”, in A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Hebrew Language for Readers of English‎, Jerusalem: Carta, →ISBN, page 131
* A. Murtonen (1989) “DRG”, in Hebrew in Its West Semitic Setting, Part I, Section Bb, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 153
# מ־ו־ת
## Hebrew
### Etymology

From Proto-Semitic *mawut-. Compare Classical Syriac ܡ ܘ ܬ, Arabic م و ت (m w t), Akkadian m-w-t.

### Root

מ־ו־ת • (m-w-t)
* Related to death.

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* “מ־ו־ת” in the Hebrew Terms Database of the Academy of Hebrew Language
* “מ־ו־ת”, in Hebrew dictionary and conjugation tables, Pealim.com
* Klein, Ernest (1987) “מות”, in A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Hebrew Language for Readers of English‎, Jerusalem: Carta, →ISBN, page 329a
* A. Murtonen (1989) “MWT”, in Hebrew in Its West Semitic Setting, Part I, Section Bb, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 255–256
# شفلح
## Arabic
### Etymology

While the shape suggests a Hurrian plant name, the ending is rather part of an Aramaic root פ־ל־ח / ܦ ܠ ܚ (as in فَلَّاح (fallāḥ)) or פ־ר־ח / ܦ ܪ ܚ, which have been used for plant capsules bursting open such as the developing caperberry does; Aramaic פׅרְחָא (pirḥā) / ܦܲܪܚܵܐ (parḥā) is specifically attested as meaning caper. Compare parallel developments in لَصَف (laṣaf, “caper”); and indeed عِتْر (ʕitr, “caper; Glossonema varians”) is from a root used for slit offerings. The leading syllable in the present Arabic word is the Proto-Semitic causative prefix *ša-.

### Noun

شَفَلَّح • (šafallaḥ) m
* caper (Capparis spinosa and its produce)
    Synonyms: كَبَر (kabar), عِتْر (ʕitr), لَصَف (laṣaf)

#### Declension
### References

* Löw, Immanuel (1928) Die Flora der Juden‎ (in German), volume 1, Wien und Leipzig: R. Löwit, pages 322–331
* Löw, Immanuel (1881) Aramæische Pflanzennamen‎ (in German), Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann, pages 262–265, especially 264
* Mandaville, James Paul (2011) Bedouin Ethnobotany. Plant Concepts and Uses in a Desert Pastoral World, Tuscon: University of Arizona Press, →ISBN, page 277
# ܣܛܘܪܐ
## Classical Syriac
### Etymology

From the root ܣ ܛ ܪ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sɑtˤoɾɑ] (singular)
* IPA: [sɑtˤoɾe] (plural)

### Noun

ܣܛܘܪܐ • (sāṭōrā) m
* cleaver, butchers' knife

#### Descendants

* → Arabic: سَاطُور (sāṭūr)
** → Persian: ساطور (sâtur)
** → Ottoman Turkish: ساطور (satur, satır)
*** Turkish: satır
*** → Albanian: satër
*** → Armenian: սաթր (satʻr)
*** → Aromanian: satrã, sãtãri, sãtãre
*** → Bulgarian: сатъ́р (satǎ́r), сътъ́р (sǎtǎ́r), съте́р (sǎtér), сате́р (satér)
*** → Macedonian: сатар (satar)
*** → Romanian: satâr, satîr
*** → Serbo-Croatian: са̏тар, са́тара, сатура

### References

* “sṭwr”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* Brockelmann, Carl (1928) Lexicon Syriacum (in Latin), 2nd edition, Halle: Max Niemeyer, published 1995, page 469a
* Payne Margoliouth, Jessie (1927) Supplement to the Thesaurus Syriacus of R. Payne Smith, S.T.P., Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 229b
# ܫܩܦܐ
## Classical Syriac
### Etymology

From the root ܫ ܩ ܦ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ʃɛqpɑ]

### Noun

ܫܩܦܐ • (šeqpā) m
* beating, bace
* thinness, tenuity

#### Inflection
### References

* “šqp$^2$”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* Brockelmann, Carl (1928) Lexicon Syriacum (in Latin), 2nd edition, Halle: Max Niemeyer, published 1995, page 801
# לכלך
## Hebrew

* Root
* ל־כ־ל־ך (l-k-l-k)
* 4 terms

### Verb

לִכְלֵךְ • (likhlékh) (pi'el construction)
* (transitive) To dirty, soil, get dirty: to cause (someone or something) to become dirty.
    לכלכתי את המכנסיים. ― likhlákhti et hamikhnasáyim. ― I got my pants dirty.

#### Related terms

* התלכלך (hitlakhlékh)
* לכלוך (likhlúkh)
# 安い
## Japanese

* Kanji in this term
* 安
* やす Grade: 3
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 廉い

### Etymology

From Old Japanese. First appears in the Kojiki of 712 CE as 夜須（久） (yasu(ku)). In turn from Proto-Japonic *yasu. Cognate with 休む (yasumu, “to rest”).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) やすい [yàsúꜜì] (Nakadaka – [2])
* IPA: [ja̠sɨi]
* Tokyo pitch accent of inflected forms of 「安い」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary :
| Stem forms ||||
| Continuative (連用形) | 安く | やすく やすく | [yáꜜsùkù] [yàsúꜜkù] |
| Terminal (終止形) | 安い | やすい | [yàsúꜜì] |
| Attributive (連体形) | 安い | やすい | [yàsúꜜì] |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 安くない | やすくない やすくない | [yáꜜsùkùnàì] [yàsúꜜkùnàì] |
| Informal past | 安かった | やすかった やすかった | [yáꜜsùkàttà] [yàsúꜜkàttà] |
| Informal negative past | 安くなかった | やすくなかった やすくなかった | [yáꜜsùkùnàkàttà] [yàsúꜜkùnàkàttà] |
| Formal | 安いです | やすいです | [yàsúꜜìdèsù] |
| Conjunctive | 安くて | やすくて やすくて | [yáꜜsùkùtè] [yàsúꜜkùtè] |
| Conditional | 安ければ | やすければ やすければ | [yáꜜsùkèrèbà] [yàsúꜜkèrèbà] |

### Adjective

安(やす)い • (yasui) -i (adverbial 安(やす)く (yasuku))
* inexpensive
* cheap

#### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Imperfective (未然形) | 安かろ | やすかろ | yasukaro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 安く | やすく | yasuku |
| Terminal (終止形) | 安い | やすい | yasui |
| Attributive (連体形) | 安い | やすい | yasui |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 安けれ | やすけれ | yasukere |
| Imperative (命令形) | 安かれ | やすかれ | yasukare |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 安くない | やすくない | yasuku nai |
| Informal past | 安かった | やすかった | yasukatta |
| Informal negative past | 安くなかった | やすくなかった | yasuku nakatta |
| Formal | 安いです | やすいです | yasui desu |
| Formal negative | 安くないです | やすくないです | yasuku nai desu |
| Formal past | 安かったです | やすかったです | yasukatta desu |
| Formal negative past | 安くなかったです | やすくなかったです | yasuku nakatta desu |
| Conjunctive | 安くて | やすくて | yasukute |
| Conditional | 安ければ | やすければ | yasukereba |
| Provisional | 安かったら | やすかったら | yasukattara |
| Volitional | 安かろう | やすかろう | yasukarō |
| Adverbial | 安く | やすく | yasuku |
| Degree | 安さ | やすさ | yasusa |

#### Synonyms

* (inexpensive): 手頃(てごろ) (tegoro)
* (cheap): 安(やす)っぽい (yasuppoi)

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “expensive”): 高(たか)い (takai)

#### See also

* 安(やす)らか (yasuraka, “secure”)
* 安価(あんか) (anka, “inexpensiveness”)

### References

* ↑ Omodaka, Hisataka (1967) 時代別国語大辞典 上代編 [The dictionary of historical Japanese: Old Japanese] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 “やす・い 【安・易】”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
# wodzić rej
## Polish
### Etymology

Literally, “to lead the row”.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈvɔ.d͡ʑit͡ɕ ˈrɛj/
* Audio:(file)
* Syllabification: wo‧dzić rej

### Verb

wodzić rej impf (indeterminate, imperfective determinate wieść rej)
* (intransitive, idiomatic) Alternative form of wodzić prym

#### Derived terms

* wodzirej
# gaffer
## English
### Etymology 1

From gaff (“hook”) +‎ -er.
* (cinema): The natural lighting on early film sets was adjusted by opening and closing flaps in the tent cloths, called gaff cloths or gaff flaps.
* (glass): (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* (General American) IPA: /ɡæfɚ/
* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ɡæfə/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Rhymes: -æfə(ɹ)

#### Noun

gaffer (plural gaffers)
* (film) A chief lighting technician for a motion-picture or television production.
* A glassblower.
** 2003, Jennifer Bosveld, Glass Works, page 18:The apprentice carries a gather of glass on the blowpipe to the gaffer's bench […]
* Someone aboard a boat whose duty is to gaff a (large) fish once the angler has reeled it in.

##### Derived terms

* gaffer grip
* gaffer tape

##### Translations

    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

### Etymology 2

Likely a contraction of godfather, but with the vowels influenced by grandfather. Compare French compère, German Gevatter.

#### Noun

gaffer (plural gaffers)
* (colloquial) An old person, usually a man.
** 1845, Thomas Cooper, The Purgatory of Suicides, Book the Fourth, Stanza IX:If thou return not, Gammer o'er her pail Will sing in sorrow, 'neath the brinded cow, And Gaffer sigh over his nut-brown ale […]
* (UK, informal) The leader of a group or team, such as a boss, foreman, coach, or publican.
** 2022, Liam McIlvanney, The Heretic, page 117:And you're here to tell me what's what. Just like your bloody gaffer promised.
* A sailor.
* (Canada) The baby in the house.

##### Synonyms

* See also Thesaurus:old man

##### Related terms

* gammer

##### Translations
### References

* “gaffer”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.

### Anagrams

* Graeff

## French
### Etymology

From gaffe +‎ -er. Sense of gaffer-taping from English gaffer tape.

### Pronunciation

* (verb): IPA: /ɡa.fe/, Audio:(file)
* (noun): IPA: /ɡa.fœʁ/

### Verb

gaffer
* to make a gaffe; to mess up; botch up
* to gaffer tape

#### Conjugation
### Noun

gaffer m (plural gaffers)
* gaffer tape
    Alternative form: gaffeur

### Further reading

* “gaffer”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Norman
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* Audio (Jersey):(file)

### Verb

gaffer
* (Jersey) to grasp

## Welsh
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɡafɛr/

### Verb

gaffer
* Soft mutation of caffer.

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.
# Freon
## English
### Noun

Freon (uncountable)
* Alternative letter-case form of freon

### Anagrams

* forne, orfen
# Fochesato
## Italian
### Etymology

From Cimbrian vuks (“fox”) + the typical Venetan cognominal suffix -ato.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /fo.keˈza.to/
* Rhymes: -ato
* Hyphenation: Fo‧che‧sà‧to

### Proper noun

Fochesato m or f by sense
* a surname from Cimbrian

### References

* ↑ Giulia Mastrelli Anzilotti, I toponimi e i cognomi cimbri di Noriglio nel roveretano, p. 160

### Further reading

* Stefano Ravara, Mappa dei Cognomi, 2015–2025
# ground plan
## English
### Noun

ground plan (plural ground plans)
* Alternative form of groundplan
** (theater) A diagram showing set layout.
*** 1992, Daniel Ionazzi, The Stage Management Handbook, →ISBN, page 47:You will need the ground plan of the set, a scale rule, a fifty-foot tape measure, a shorter tape measure, spike tape, chalk, chalk line, and pencils.
** A floorplan.
*** 1835 April-September, James Whitelaw, “Perspective Made Easy”, in Iron: The Mechanics' Magazine, Museum, Register, Journal, and Gazette, volume XXIII:If in the ground plan, or the elevation, one part keeps another out of sight, the part hid must be drawn, before its perspective can be made.
** A framework or pattern.
*** 1988, Treating Problem Children: Issues, Methods and Practice, →ISBN, page 51:In our ground plan, treatment follows management, care and assessment of the child.
** The hypothetical ancestor of a clade.
*** 2013, Daniel E. Sonenshine, R. Michael Roe, Biology of Ticks - Volume 1, →ISBN, page 74:The arthropod ground plan, including that for ticks, is of a multisegmented organism; the basic ground plan for an individual segment is shown in Fig. 4.1.