# 劫

| 劫 | U+52AB, &#21163; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-52AB |
| ← 努 [U+52AA] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 劬 → [U+52AC] |

## Translingual
### Han character

劫 (Kangxi radical 19, 力+5, 7 strokes, cangjie input 土戈大尸 (GIKS) or 難土戈大尸 (XGIKS), four-corner 4772$_0$, composition ⿰去力)

#### Derived characters

* 𬾆, 𠲵, 㤼, 𢬱, 𦛕, 䀷, 𦀖, 𫄦, 蜐, 𱘺, 𨦲, 𬐼, 𪘖, 𠄳, 𡝔, 䂲, 𪁍

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 146, character 30
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2316
* Dae Jaweon: page 331, character 3
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 367, character 12
* Unihan data for U+52AB

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 劫 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 佉 | *kʰal |
| 呿 | *kʰal, *kʰas, *kʰab |
| 抾 | *kʰɯ, *kʰɯ, *kʰab |
| 弆 | *kaʔ, *kʰaʔ |
| 祛 | *kʰa |
| 袪 | *kʰa |
| 阹 | *kʰa |
| 胠 | *kʰa, *kʰas, *kʰab |
| 魼 | *kʰa, *kʰl'aːb |
| 去 | *kʰaʔ, *kʰas |
| 麮 | *kʰaʔ, *kʰas |
| 鼁 | *kʰas |
| 砝 | *kaːb, *kab |
| 劫 | *kab, *kab |
| 鉣 | *kab |
| 蜐 | *kab, *kab |
| 怯 | *kʰab |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kab, *kab): phonetic 去 (OC *kʰaʔ, *kʰas) + semantic 力 (“power, force”)

### Etymology
#### “(Buddhism) disaster”

    Short for 劫波 (jiébō), from Sanskrit कल्प (kalpa).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jié (jie$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄝˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gip$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kiap
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kiap
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jié
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄝˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jié
*** Wade–Giles: chieh$^2$
*** Yale: jyé
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jye
*** Palladius: цзе (cze)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gip$^3$
*** Yale: gip
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gip$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gib$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kiːp̚³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiap
*** Hakka Romanization System: giab$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: giab$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki̯ap̚²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiap
*** Tâi-lô: kiap
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kiab
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kiap̚³²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kiap̚⁵/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiap̚³²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kiap̚³²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiap̚³²/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit劫 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /t͡ɕiɛ³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /t͡ɕiɛ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /t͡ɕie⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /t͡ɕiə⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /t͡ɕiə⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /t͡ɕiɛ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /t͡ɕiɛ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /t͡ɕi²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /t͡ɕie¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /t͡ɕiə¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /t͡ɕiɤ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /t͡ɕie²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /t͡ɕʰie³¹/ /t͡ɕie³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /t͡ɕʰie²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /t͡ɕiɛ³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /t͡ɕieʔ⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /t͡ɕiɐʔ⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡ɕʰiəʔ²/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /t͡ɕʰiʌʔ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /t͡ɕʰiaʔ⁴³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /t͡ɕiɪʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /t͡ɕiəʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /t͡ɕiəʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /t͡ɕi²¹³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /t͡ɕieʔ²¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /t͡ɕia⁵/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /t͡ɕie²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /t͡ɕie²⁴/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /t͡ɕiɛʔ⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /kiap̚¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /kiɑp̚²²/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /kip̚³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /kip̚³³/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /kip̚³/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kiap̚³²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kiɛʔ²³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kiɛ²⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /kiap̚²/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /kiap̚⁵/ |
* Middle Chinese: kjaep
Rime :
| Character | 劫 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 業 (147) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 居怯切 |
| Baxter | kjaep |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɨɐp̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kiɐp̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kiɐp̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kɨap̚/ |
| Li Rong | /kiap̚/ |
| Wang Li | /kĭɐp̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ki̯ɐp̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jie |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gip$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*k(r)ap/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kab/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 劫 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jié |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kjæp › |
| Old Chinese | /*k(r)ap/ |
| English | rob |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 劫 | 劫 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 6438 | 10694 |
| Phonetic component | 劫 | 去 |
| Rime group | 盍 | 盍 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 劫 | 劫 |
| Old Chinese | /*kab/ | /*kab/ |
| Notes | 荀子從刀，又譯kalpa | 荀子從刀，又梵譯kalpa |

### Definitions

劫
* to coerce; to compel; to threaten
* to rob; to plunder; to take by force
* (Buddhism) Short for 劫波 (jiébō, “kalpa”).
** (hyperbolic) extremely long time
** (figurative, by extension) disaster; calamity; catastrophe

#### Synonyms

* (to coerce):
* 勒
* 勒逼 (lèbī)
* 強制 / 强制 (qiángzhì)
* 強迫 / 强迫
* 強逼 / 强逼 (qiǎngbī)
* 押 (Hokkien, Teochew)
* 緊逼 / 紧逼 (jǐnbī)
* 脅迫 / 胁迫 (xiépò)
* 迫
* 迫使 (pòshǐ)
* 逼
* 逼迫 (bīpò)
* (disaster):
* 亂兒 / 乱儿 (luànr) (dialectal)
* 人禍 / 人祸 (rénhuò) (man-made disaster)
* 劫煞 (Hokkien)
* 劫難 / 劫难 (jiénàn)
* 厄 (literary, or in compounds)
* 大禍 / 大祸 (dàhuò) (major catastrophe)
* 大難 / 大难 (dànàn) (major catastrophe)
* 天災 / 天灾 (tiānzāi) (natural disaster)
* 央厄 (yāng'è) (literary)
* 奇禍 / 奇祸 (qíhuò) (literary, unexpected disaster)
* 巨禍 / 巨祸 (jùhuò) (literary)
* 患 (huàn) (literary, or in compounds)
* 慘事 / 惨事 (cǎnshì)
* 慘劇 / 惨剧 (cǎnjù)
* 慘禍 / 惨祸 (cǎnhuò) (tragic accident)
* 沙𧐔 (sua$^1$ sab$^4$) (Teochew)
* 浩劫 (hàojié)
* 災 / 灾 (zāi) (literary, or in compounds)
* 災劫 / 灾劫 (zāijié) (literary)
* 災厄 / 灾厄 (zāi'è) (literary)
* 災害 / 灾害 (zāihài)
* 災殃 / 灾殃 (zāiyāng)
* 災禍 / 灾祸 (zāihuò)
* 災變 / 灾变 (zāibiàn) (literary, natural disaster)
* 災難 / 灾难 (zāinàn)
* 癰疽 / 痈疽 (yōngjū) (figurative)
* 眚沴 (shěnglì) (literary)
* 禍 / 祸 (huò) (literary, or in compounds)
* 禍事 / 祸事 (huòshì)
* 禍害 / 祸害 (huòhài)
* 禍息 / 祸息 (ho$^5$ si$^6$) (Xiang)
* 禍患 / 祸患 (huòhuàn)
* 禍殃 / 祸殃 (huòyāng)

### Compounds

* 一劫
* 中劫
* 乘火打劫 (chénghuǒdǎjié)
* 偷營劫寨 / 偷营劫寨
* 剽劫
* 劫制
* 劫劫
* 劫匪 (jiéfěi)
* 劫囚 (jiéqiú)
* 劫奪 / 劫夺 (jiéduó)
* 劫婚
* 劫富濟貧 / 劫富济贫 (jiéfùjìpín)
* 劫寨 (jiézhài)
* 劫後餘燼 / 劫后余烬
* 劫後餘生 / 劫后余生 (jiéhòuyúshēng)
* 劫持 (jiéchí)
* 劫掠 (jiélüè)
* 劫數 / 劫数 (jiéshù)
* 劫機 / 劫机 (jiéjī)
* 劫殺 / 劫杀
* 劫波 (jiébō)
* 劫法場 / 劫法场
* 劫灰
* 劫營 / 劫营 (jiéyíng)
* 劫牢
* 劫獄 / 劫狱 (jiéyù)
* 劫略
* 劫盜 / 劫盗 (jiédào)
* 劫盟
* 劫簸
* 劫財 / 劫财
* 劫運 / 劫运
* 劫難 / 劫难 (jiénàn)
* 劫餘 / 劫余
* 在劫難逃 / 在劫难逃 (zàijiénántáo)
* 塵劫 / 尘劫
* 大劫
* 小劫
* 巴劫 (bājié)
* 巴巴劫劫
* 忙劫
* 忙劫劫
* 忙忙劫劫
* 打劫 (dǎjié)
* 打家劫盜 / 打家劫盗
* 打家劫舍 (dǎjiājiéshè)
* 搜劫
* 換劫 / 换劫
* 搶劫 / 抢劫 (qiǎngjié)
* 攔劫 / 拦劫 (lánjié)
* 昆池劫灰
* 桃花劫 (táohuājié)
* 歷劫 / 历劫
* 歷劫歸來 / 历劫归来
* 永劫 (yǒngjié)
* 波波劫劫
* 洗劫 (xǐjié)
* 浩劫 (hàojié)
* 火劫
* 焚劫
* 生關死劫 / 生关死劫
* 盜劫 / 盗劫
* 萬劫 / 万劫 (wànjié)
* 萬劫不復 / 万劫不复 (wànjiébùfù)
* 空劫
* 行劫 (xíngjié)
* 要劫
* 賢劫 / 贤劫
* 趁哄打劫
* 趁火打劫 (chènhuǒdǎjié)
* 趁火搶劫 / 趁火抢劫
* 路劫
* 遭劫
* 邀劫

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 劫(こう) (kō)
* → Korean: 겁(劫) (geop)
* → Vietnamese: kiếp (劫)
Others:
* → Vietnamese: cướp

### References

* “劫”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* intimidate
* aeon, eon

#### Readings

* Go-on: こう (kō)
* Kan-on: きょう (kyō)
* Kan’yō-on: ごう (gō)
* Kun: おびやかす (obiyakasu, 劫かす)

#### Compounds

* 劫(こう)火(か) (kōka)
* 曠(こう)劫(ごう) (kōgō)
* 劫(こう)濁(じょく) (kōjoku)
* 劫(こう)奪(だつ) (kōdatsu)
* 劫(ごう)初(しょ) (gōsho)
* 劫(ごう)盗(とう) (gōtō)
* 劫(ごう)末(まつ) (gōmatsu)
* 劫(ごう)掠(りゃく), 劫(ごう)略(りゃく) (gōryaku)
* 永(えい)劫(ごう) (eigō)
* 壊(え)劫(こう) (ekō)
* 億(おっ)劫(こう) (okkō), 億(おっ)劫(くう) (okkū)
* 空(くう)劫(こう) (kūkō)
* 久(く)遠(おん)劫(ごう) (kuongō)
* 倶(く)胝(てい)劫(こう) (kuteikō)
* 減(げん)劫(こう) (genkō)
* 賢(けん)劫(ごう) (kengō), 賢(げん)劫(ごう) (gengō)
* 五(ご)劫(こう)思(し)惟(ゆい) (gokō shiyui)
* 三(さん)阿(あ)僧(そう)祇(ぎ)劫(こう) (san a sōgi kō)
* 四(し)劫(こう) (shikō)
* 住(じゅう)劫(こう) (jūkō)
* 小(しょう)劫(こう) (shōkō)
* 成(じょう)劫(こう) (jōkō), 成(じょう)劫(ごう) (jōgō)
* 塵(じん)劫(こう) (jinkō), 塵(じん)劫(ごう) (jingō), 塵(じん)点(でん)劫(ごう) (jindengō)
* 増(ぞう)劫(こう) (zōkō)
* 多(た)生(しょう)劫(ごう) (tashōgō)
* 万(まん)劫(ごう) (mangō), 万(ばん)劫(ごう) (bangō)
* 無(む)量(りょう)劫(ごう) (muryōgō)
* 歴(りゃっ)劫(こう) (ryakkō)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 劫
* こう Jinmeiyō
* on'yomi
/kopu/ → /kofu/ → */kowu/ → /koː/
From Middle Chinese 劫 (MC kjaep), short form of 劫波 (MC kjaep pa), itself a transliteration of Sanskrit कल्प (kalpa, “aeon”).

#### Pronunciation 1

* (Tokyo) こー [kóꜜò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ko̞ː]

##### Noun

劫(こう) • (kō)
* (Buddhism) kalpa: a unit of time in Buddhist cosmology

###### Derived terms

* 劫(こう)を経(へ)る (kō o heru)
* 劫(こう)﨟(ろう), 劫(こう)臘(ろう) (kōrō)
* 億(おく)万(まん)劫(ごう) (okumangō)
* 時(じ)劫(こう) (jikō)

###### Proverbs

* 烏(い)賊(か)の甲(こう)より年(とし)の劫(こう) (ika no kō yori toshi no kō)
* 亀(かめ)の甲(こう)より年(とし)の劫(こう) (kame no kō yori toshi no kō)

#### Pronunciation 2

* (Tokyo) こー [kòó] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) こー [kóꜜò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ko̞ː]

##### Noun

劫(こう) • (kō)
* (go) a position in which two alternating stones can be captured and recaptured indefinitely

###### Derived terms

* 劫(こう)材(ざい) (kōzai)
* 劫(こう)立(だ)て (kōdate)
* 劫(こう)種(だね) (kōdane)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 劫
* ごう Jinmeiyō
* on'yomi
/ɡopu/ → /ɡofu/ → */ɡowu/ → /ɡoː/
Possibly a shift from kō above. (Can this etymology be sourced?)

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ごー [góꜜò] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ɡo̞ː]

#### Noun

劫(ごう) • (gō)
* (Buddhism) kalpa: a unit of time in Buddhist cosmology

##### Derived terms

* 劫(ごう)罰(ばつ) (gōbatsu)
* 時(じ)劫(ごう) (jigō)
* 多(た)劫(ごう) (tagō)

### References

* 1 2 3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 劫 (MC kjaep). Recorded as Middle Korean 刼/겁〮 (kép) (Yale: kep) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

Wikisource 劫 (eumhun 위협할 겁 (wihyeophal geop))
* hanja form of 겁 (“coerce; threaten”) [affix]
* hanja form of 겁 (“kalpa”) [noun]

#### Compounds

* 겁략 (劫掠, geomnyak)
* 겁박 (劫縛, geopbak)
* 겁박 (劫迫, geopbak)
* 겁탈 (劫奪, geoptal)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

劫: Hán Nôm readings: kiếp
* (Buddhism) kalpa