# dus
## Translingual
### Symbol

dus
* (international standards) ISO 639-3 language code for Dumi.

### See also

* Wiktionary's coverage of Dumi terms

## Catalan
### Verb

dus
* second-person singular present indicative of dur

## Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈdus]

### Verb

dus
* second-person singular imperative of dusit

## Danish
### Etymology

From the pronoun du, under the influence of the obsolete verb duse (“to address informally”), which was borrowed from German duzen.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈd̥us]

### Adjective

dus (uninflected)
* (largely historical) in a relationship that would warrant use of the informal du, as opposed to the formal De
* (by extension) familiar with
** 2016, Gustav Wied, Livsens ondskab, Lindhardt og Ringhof, →ISBN:Men Landbruget? spurgte Degnen, der jo havde været Dus med Vorherre i femogtyve Aar, baade Hellig og Søgn og derfor tog ham med forholdsvis RoBut the farming? the deacon asked, who, as is known, has been intimate with our lord in twenty-five years, on the holidays as on the everydays, and who therefore took him with relative calm
** 2016, Lars Daneskov, Far på færde, Politikens Forlag, →ISBN:Jeg kender mænd, der i perioder har kunnet samtlige tilbud i TV-Shop udenad og været dus med hovedpersonerne i enhver australsk sitcom sendt på en kabelkanal om natten.I know men who, in periods, have known all offers in TV-Shop by rote and been highly familiar with the protagonists in each Australian sitcom sent on a cable-channel in the night.
** 1982, Det Danske bogmarked:De fleste af vore seriøse forlag er eller har været mere end dus med begrebet.Most of our serious publishers are or have been more than familiar with the concept.
** 2011, Jesper Kaae, Gratis CMS med Joomla (2. udg), Libris Media A/S, →ISBN, page 81:Og faktisk skal du også helst være dus med et billedredigeringsprogram som f. eks. Photoshop.And in fact, you should, preferably, be familiar with an image editor like Photoshop.

#### Usage notes

The formal De is all but abandoned outside of certain very impersonal contexts, and using du is never rude.

### Adverb

dus
* in the phrase drikke dus, "to introduce an informal relationship".

#### Coordinate terms

* Des

## Dutch
### Etymology

From Middle Dutch dos, dus, from Old Dutch thus, from Proto-West Germanic *þus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dʏs/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: dus
* Rhymes: -ʏs

### Adverb

dus
* so, therefore, thus, ergo

#### Usage notes

Dus is an unusual adverb in that it does not trigger mandatory inversion when it is placed at the front of a clause, instead inversion is optional: dus zij is beter and dus is zij beter are both correct as fronted variants of zij is dus beter.

#### Derived terms

* dusdanig
* dusver

#### Descendants

* Afrikaans: dus
* → Indonesian: dus
* → Sranan Tongo: dùs
** → Caribbean Javanese: dhes

## Fala
### Etymology 1

From Old Galician-Portuguese dos, equivalent to de (“of”) +‎ us (masculine plural definite article).

#### Alternative forms

* dos (Mañegu)

#### Contraction

dus m pl (singular du, feminine da, feminine plural das)
* (Lagarteiru, Valverdeñu) of the

### Etymology 2
#### Numeral

dus f (masculine dois)
* (Lagarteiru) Apocopic form of dúas (“two”)

##### Usage notes

* In Lagarteiru, this apocopic form is used in place of dúas when preceding a feminine plural noun as part of a noun phrase.

### References

* Valeš, Miroslav (2021) Diccionariu de A Fala: lagarteiru, mañegu, valverdeñu (web)‎, 2nd edition, Minde, Portugal: CIDLeS, published 2022, →ISBN
* Valeš, Miroslav (2021) Diccionariu de A Fala: lagarteiru, mañegu, valverdeñu (web)‎, 2nd edition, Minde, Portugal: CIDLeS, published 2022, →ISBN

## French
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dy/
* Audio:(file)

### Verb

dus
* first/second-person singular past historic of devoir

### Participle

dus m pl
* masculine plural of dû

### Anagrams

* sud

## German
### Alternative forms

* du's

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /duːs/
* Hyphenation: dus

### Contraction

dus
* Contraction of du es.
** 1843, Brothers Grimm, “Der Froschkönig oder der eiserne Heinrich”, in Kinder- und Haus-Märchen, Band 1‎, 5th edition, pages 3–4:„Königstochter, jüngste, mach mir auf, weißt du nicht was gestern du zu mir gesagt bei dem kühlen Brunnenwasser? Königstochter, jüngste, mach mir auf.“ Da sagte der König „hast dus versprochen, so mußt dus auch halten; geh nur und mach ihm auf.“(please add an English translation of this quotation)

## Guinea-Bissau Creole
### Etymology

From Portuguese dois. Cognate with Kabuverdianu dos.

### Numeral

dus
* two (2)

## Indonesian
### Pronunciation

* (Standard Indonesian) IPA: /ˈdus/ [ˈdʊs]
* Rhymes: -us
* Syllabification: dus

### Etymology 1

From Dutch doos. Doublet of dosis.

#### Alternative forms

* dos (colloquial)

#### Noun

dus
* box (a cuboid container and its contents; as much as fills such a container)
    Synonym: kardus

### Etymology 2

From Dutch dus (“thus”).

#### Particle

dus
* (old-fashioned, now rare) thus, so

### Etymology 3

From Dutch douche. Doublet of douche.

#### Noun

dus
* (colloquial, rare) shower (a device for bathing by which water is made to fall on the body from a height)

### Further reading

* “dus” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Javanese
### Romanization

dus
* Romanization of ꦢꦸꦱ꧀

## Latvian
### Verb

dus
* third-person singular/plural present indicative of dusēt
* (with the particle lai) third-person singular imperative of dusēt
* (with the particle lai) third-person plural imperative of dusēt

## Middle Dutch
### Etymology

From Old Dutch thus, from Proto-Germanic *þus.

### Adverb

dus
* thus, in this way
* therefore

#### Alternative forms

* dos

#### Derived terms

* aldus

#### Descendants

* Dutch: dus
* Limburgish: dös

### Further reading

* “dus”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
* Verwijs, E., Verdam, J. (1885–1929) “dus”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN

## Miskito
### Noun

dus
* tree

## Norman
### Verb

dus
* first-person singular preterite of d'ver

## Northern Sami
### Pronunciation

* (Kautokeino) IPA: /ˈtuːs/

### Pronoun

dūs
* locative of don

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

From du (“you (singular)”), influenced by dus (Etymology 2).

### Adjective

dus (singular and plural dus)
* having sufficient lack of formal distance (of interpersonal relationships)
** (originally) Being on terms where one may address each other with the 2nd person pronoun du, as opposed to the historically more formal De.
** Familiar, intimate
** Informal

#### Antonyms

* dis

## Old French
### Noun

dus m
* inflection of duc:
** oblique plural
** nominative singular

## Old Javanese
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ziuq (“bathe”), from Proto-Austronesian *diRus (“bathe”). Doublet of dyus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dus/

### Noun

dus
* bath

#### Derived terms

* adus
* dinus
* dinusan
* makadus
* pinakadus

#### Descendants

* > Javanese: ꦢꦸꦱ꧀ (dus) (inherited)

### Further reading

* "dus" in P.J. Zoetmulder with the collaboration of S.O. Robson, Old Javanese-English Dictionary. 's-Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff, 1982.

## Pali
### Etymology

Inherited from Sanskrit दुष् (duṣ).

### Root

dus (Pali name dusa)
* to be bad, to vex

#### Derived terms

* dussati
* dūseti
* dosa

### References

* ↑ Charles Duroiselle (1921) A Practical Grammar of the Pali Language (overall work in English), Rangoon, section 374: “√dus, to vex. √dus+ya (76, i)=dussa.”

## Romanian
### Etymology

Past participle of duce.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [dus]

### Noun

dus n (uncountable)
* departure

#### Declension
### Adjective

dus m or n (feminine singular dusă, masculine plural duși, feminine and neuter plural duse)
* someone who has left and will not come back
* dead
* absent-minded
* crazy

#### Declension
### Verb

dus (past participle of duce)
* past participle of duce

## Romansch
### Alternative forms

* duos (Puter, Vallader)

### Etymology

From Latin duōs, masculine accusative of duo.

### Numeral

dus m (feminine duas)
* (Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan, Sutsilvan, Surmiran) two

#### Usage notes

Only Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan, and Sutsilvan have a separate feminine form; in Surmiran, dus is epicene.