# 肴

| 肴 | U+80B4, &#32948; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-80B4 |
| ← 肳 [U+80B3] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 肵 → [U+80B5] |

## Translingual
### Han character

肴 (Kangxi radical 130, 肉+4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 大大月 (KKB), four-corner 4022$_7$, composition ⿱㐅有)
* cooked or prepared meat

#### Derived characters

* 倄, 崤, 𢯎, 淆, 𤉶, 餚(𬳁)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 976, character 18
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29322
* Dae Jaweon: page 1427, character 31
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2049, character 17
* Unihan data for U+80B4

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 崤 | *ɢaːw, *ɢraːw |
| 郩 | *qaːwʔ |
| 敎 | *kraːw, *kraːws |
| 較 | *kreːwɢs, *kreːwɢ |
| 肴 | *ɢraːw |
| 淆 | *ɢraːw |
| 倄 | *ɢraːw, *ɢʷɯːʔ |
| 爻 | *ɢraːw |
| 餚 | *ɢraːw |
| 殽 | *ɢraːw |
| 笅 | *ɢraːw |
| 駁 | *praːwɢ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɢraːw) : phonetic 爻 (OC *ɢraːw) + semantic ⺼ (“meat”) – meat dishes.
Current form resembles 乂 + 有 – the lower 乂 of 爻 has moved to the side and down.

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yáo (yao$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄠˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ngaau$^4$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hâu / gâu / ngâu
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yáo
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄠˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yáo
*** Wade–Giles: yao$^2$
*** Yale: yáu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yau
*** Palladius: яо (jao)
*** Sinological IPA : /jɑʊ̯³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ngaau$^4$
*** Yale: ngàauh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ngaau$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ngao$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋaːu̯²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hâu
*** Tâi-lô: hâu
*** Phofsit Daibuun: haau
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /hau²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hau¹³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gâu
*** Tâi-lô: gâu
*** Phofsit Daibuun: gaau
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡau²⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngâu
*** Tâi-lô: ngâu
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ngaau
*** IPA (Taipei, Xiamen): /ŋãu²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ŋãu²³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ŋãu¹³/
* hâu - literary;
* gâu/ngâu - vernacular (俗).
* Middle Chinese: haew
Rime :
| Character | 肴 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 肴 (90) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 胡茅切 |
| Baxter | haew |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦˠau/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦᵚau/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣau/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦaɨw/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣau/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣau/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣau/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xiáo |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | haau$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤraw/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɢraːw/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 肴 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yáo |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hæw › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɡ]ˁraw/ |
| English | food |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 肴 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 14645 |
| Phonetic component | 爻 |
| Rime group | 宵 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 肴 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɢraːw/ |

#### Definitions

肴
* prepared meat

##### Compounds

* 佳肴 (jiāyáo)
* 嘉肴 (jiāyáo)
* 山肴野蔌
* 旨酒嘉肴
* 溷肴
* 美酒佳肴
* 肴蔌
* 肴覈
* 肴饌 (yáozhuàn)
* 酒肴 (jiǔyáo)

### Etymology 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 肴 – see 餚 (“meat dish”). (This character is the simplified form of 餚).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: ぎょう (gyō)
* Kan-on: こう (kō)
* Kun: さかな (sakana, 肴)、な (na)

#### Compounds

* 佳肴(かこう) (kakō), 嘉肴(かこう) (kakō)
* 口取(くちと)り肴(ざかな) (kuchitorizakana)
* 組(く)み肴(ざかな) (kumizakana)
* 下戸(げこ)の肴荒(さかなあら)し (geko no sakanaarashi)
* 下肴(げざかな) (gezakana): inferior fish, cheap fish
* 肴核(こうかく) (kōkaku)
* 小肴(こざかな) (kozakana): small fish
* 肴荒(さかなあ)らし (sakanaarashi)
* 肴奉行(さかなぶぎょう) (sakanabugyō)
* 肴札(さかなふだ) (sakanafuda)
* 肴舞(さかなまい) (sakanamai)
* 酒肴(さけさかな) (sakesakana)
* 残肴(ざんこう) (zankō)
* 強(し)い肴(ざかな) (shiizakana)
* 酒肴(しゅこう) (shukō)
* 酢肴(すざかな) (suzakana)
* 進(すす)め肴(ざかな) (susumezakana)
* 粗肴(そこう) (sokō)
* 珍肴(ちんこう) (chinkō)
* 取(と)り肴(ざかな) (torizakana)
* 直(なお)し肴(ざかな) (naoshizakana)
* 生肴(なまざかな) (namazakana): raw fish
* 熨斗肴(のしざかな) (noshizakana)
* 箱肴(はこざかな) (hakozakana)
* 鉢肴(はちざかな) (hachizakana)
* 引(ひ)き肴(ざかな) (hikizakana)
* 美肴(びこう) (bikō)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 肴
* さかな Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
Compound of Old Japanese elements 酒 (saka, “sake, rice wine”, old combining form of modern sake reading) +‎ 菜 (na, “side dish”). Likely source of Okinawan さかな (sakana).

#### Alternative forms

* 魚

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) さかな [sàkáná] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [sa̠ka̠na̠]

#### Noun

肴(さかな) • (sakana)
* fish
* a side dish served with alcoholic beverages: not necessarily fish, may be a vegetable or other meat
* entertainment at a drinking party

##### Usage notes

The fish sense is more commonly spelled 魚.

##### Idioms

* 肴(さかな)にする (sakana ni suru): to belittle someone, to make fun of someone

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 肴
* な Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
From Old Japanese. Also spelled variously in kanji in modern Japanese as 肴 (for meat or fish), 菜 (for vegetables), 魚 (for fish).
This reading appears to be obsolete in modern Japanese.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [na̠]

#### Noun

肴(な) • (na)
* a side dish, be it meat or fish or greens

##### Derived terms

* 肴(さかな) (sakana) (see above)
* 魚(さかな) (sakana) (see above)

### References

* 1 2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

肴 • (hyo) (hangeul 효, revised hyo, McCune–Reischauer hyo, Yale hyo)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.