# 膽

| 膽 | U+81BD, &#33213; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-81BD |
| ← 膼 [U+81BC] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 膾 → [U+81BE] |

## Translingual

| Japanese | 胆 |
| Simplified | 胆 |
| Traditional | 膽 |

### Han character

膽 (Kangxi radical 130, 肉+13, 17 strokes, cangjie input 月弓金口 (BNCR), four-corner 7726$_1$, composition ⿰月詹)

#### Descendants

* 胆 (Variant form, Japanese shinjitai and Simplified Chinese)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 995, character 23
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29933
* Dae Jaweon: page 1446, character 34
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2117, character 7
* Unihan data for U+81BD

## Chinese

* 膽 (臟腑) (Written Standard Chinese)
* Gallbladder (English)

### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 膽
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 甔 | *toːm, *taːm, *taːms |
| 擔 | *taːm, *taːms |
| 儋 | *ʔl'aːm |
| 聸 | *taːm |
| 膽 | *taːmʔ |
| 黵 | *taːmʔ, *tjamʔ |
| 澹 | *daːm, *daːmʔ, *daːms |
| 憺 | *daːmʔ, *daːms |
| 瞻 | *tjam |
| 詹 | *tjam |
| 蟾 | *tjam, *djam |
| 噡 | *tjam |
| 譫 | *tjam, *daːb, *tjaːb |
| 幨 | *tʰjam, *tʰjams |
| 襜 | *tʰjam, *tʰjams |
| 韂 | *tʰjams |
| 贍 | *djams |
| 檐 | *lam |
| 簷 | *lam |
| 舚 | *tʰeːm, *tʰeːms |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *taːmʔ) : semantic ⺼ (“body part”) + phonetic 詹 (OC *tjam).

### Etymology

Austroasiatic (Schuessler, 2007); compare Proto-Vietic *lɔːm, Proto-Katuic *lɔɔm, Proto-Bahnaric *kləːm, etc. from Proto-Mon-Khmer *t₁ləəm ~ *t₁luəm "liver".

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): dǎn (dan$^3$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄉㄢˇ
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): dàn
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): daam$^2$
    (Dongguan, Jyutping++): daang$^2$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): am$^2$
* Gan (Wiktionary): dan$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): tám
    (Hailu, HRS): dam$^ˊ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): dam$^3$
* Jin (Wiktionary): dan$^2$
* Northern Min (KCR): dǎng
* Eastern Min (BUC): dāng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): dor$^3$ / dorⁿ$^3$ / dang$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): táⁿ / tám
    (Teochew, Peng'im): dan$^2$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): da$^2$ / dam$^2$
* Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): daam$^2$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^5$te / $^3$te / $^3$taen / $^3$tae
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): dan$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dǎn
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄢˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: dǎn
*** Wade–Giles: tan$^3$
*** Yale: dǎn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: daan
*** Palladius: дань (danʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /tän²¹⁴/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: dàn
*** Sinological IPA : /tã⁵³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: daam$^2$
*** Yale: dáam
*** Cantonese Pinyin: daam$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: dam$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /taːm³⁵/
** (Dongguan, Guancheng)
*** Jyutping++: daang$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /taŋ³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: am$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /am⁵⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: dan$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /tan²¹³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tám
*** Hakka Romanization System: dam$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: dam$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /tam³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: dam$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /tam²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: dam$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /tam³¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: dan$^2$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /tæ̃⁵³/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: dǎng
*** Sinological IPA : /taŋ²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: dāng
*** Sinological IPA : /taŋ³³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: dor$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /tɒ⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: dorⁿ$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /tɒ̃³³²/
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: dang$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /taŋ⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: dang$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /taŋ³³²/
* dor3/dorⁿ3 - vernacular;
* dang3 - literary.
* Middle Chinese: tamX
Rime :
| Character | 膽 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 端 (5) |
| Final (韻) | 談 (143) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 都敢切 |
| Baxter | tamX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tɑm$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /tɑm$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /tɑm$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /tam$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /tɑm$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /tɑm$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /tɑm$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | dǎn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | daam$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[t]ˤamʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*taːmʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 膽 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | dǎn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tam$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[t]ˁamʔ/ |
| English | gall |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 膽 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 16751 |
| Phonetic component | 詹 |
| Rime group | 談 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 膽 |
| Old Chinese | /*taːmʔ/ |

### Definitions

膽
* (anatomy) gallbladder
    From: Romance of the Three Kingdoms, circa 14th century CE
    Wèibīng zhēng yù bàochóu, gòng pōu Wéi fù, qí dǎn dà rú jīluǎn. [Pinyin]
    The Wei soldiers, craving vengeance, competed [to wreak it], and they sliced open [Jiang] Wei's belly; his gallbladder was as big as a hen's egg.
    膽囊／胆囊 ― dǎnnáng ― gall bladder
* (figurative) guts; courage; bravery; strength; nerve
    From: Pei Songzhi, Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms, circa 5th century CE
    Xiānzhǔ míngdàn zì lái zhì Yún yíng wéi shì zuó zhàn chù, yuē: “Zǐlóng yīshēn dōu shì dǎn yě.” [Pinyin]
    The next day, the Former Master himself came to [Zhao] Yun's camp and surveyed the battlefield from the day before; he said: "Zilong is truly courage all over."
    大膽／大胆 ― dàdǎn ― bold
    冇膽鬼／冇胆鬼 [Cantonese] ― mou$^5$ daam$^2$ gwai$^2$ [Jyutping] ― coward
* inner container; liner (of a thermos); bladder (of a ball)
* vacuum tube
* (gambling) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    膽拖／胆拖 [Cantonese] ― daam$^2$ to$^1$ [Jyutping] ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Synonyms

* (guts):
* 勇氣 / 勇气 (yǒngqì)
* 種 / 种 (colloquial)
* 腰子 (yāozi) (colloquial, figurative)
* 膽子 / 胆子 (dǎnzi)
* 膽量 / 胆量 (dǎnliàng)
* 膽頭 / 胆头 (Hokkien)

### Compounds

* 一身是膽 / 一身是胆 (yīshēnshìdǎn)
* 乍著膽子 / 乍著胆子
* 互託肝膽 / 互托肝胆
* 亡魂喪膽 / 亡魂丧胆
* 仗膽兒 / 仗胆儿
* 傾心吐膽 / 倾心吐胆
* 剖肝瀝膽 / 剖肝沥胆
* 劍膽琴心 / 剑胆琴心 (jiàndǎnqínxīn)
* 吐膽 / 吐胆
* 吐膽傾心 / 吐胆倾心
* 喪膽 / 丧胆 (sàngdǎn)
* 喪膽亡魂 / 丧胆亡魂
* 喪膽銷魂 / 丧胆销魂
* 喫虎膽 / 吃虎胆
* 嘔心吐膽 / 呕心吐胆
* 嘗膽 / 尝胆
* 嘗膽臥薪 / 尝胆卧薪
* 坐薪嘗膽 / 坐薪尝胆
* 坐薪懸膽 / 坐薪悬胆
* 壯膽 / 壮胆 (zhuàngdǎn)
* 大膽 / 大胆 (dàdǎn)
* 大膽妄為 / 大胆妄为
* 天膽 / 天胆
* 奓著膽子 / 奓著胆子
* 好大膽 / 好大胆
* 孤膽 / 孤胆
* 心寒膽戰 / 心寒胆战
* 心寒膽碎 / 心寒胆碎
* 心寒膽落 / 心寒胆落
* 心慌膽戰 / 心慌胆战
* 心殞膽破 / 心殒胆破
* 心殞膽落 / 心殒胆落
* 心粗膽大 / 心粗胆大
* 心膽 / 心胆
* 心膽俱寒 / 心胆俱寒
* 心膽俱碎 / 心胆俱碎
* 心膽俱裂 / 心胆俱裂 (xīndǎnjùliè)
* 心膽墮地 / 心胆堕地
* 心驚膽喪 / 心惊胆丧
* 心驚膽寒 / 心惊胆寒
* 心驚膽怕 / 心惊胆怕
* 心驚膽懾 / 心惊胆慑
* 心驚膽戰 / 心惊胆战 (xīnjīngdǎnzhàn)
* 心驚膽落 / 心惊胆落
* 心驚膽跳 / 心惊胆跳 (xīnjīngdǎntiào)
* 心驚膽顫 / 心惊胆颤
* 心麤膽壯 / 心粗胆壮
* 志堅膽壯 / 志坚胆壮
* 忠心赤膽 / 忠心赤胆
* 忠肝義膽 / 忠肝义胆 (zhōnggānyìdǎn)
* 懸心吊膽 / 悬心吊胆 (xuánxīndiàodǎn)
* 懸膽 / 悬胆
* 托膽 / 托胆
* 拖地膽 / 拖地胆
* 披瀝肝膽 / 披沥肝胆
* 披肝掛膽 / 披肝挂胆
* 披肝瀝膽 / 披肝沥胆 (pīgānlìdǎn)
* 披露肝膽 / 披露肝胆
* 挖心搜膽 / 挖心搜胆
* 掛腸懸膽 / 挂肠悬胆
* 提心吊膽 / 提心吊胆 (tíxīndiàodǎn)
* 提心弔膽 / 提心吊胆 (tíxīndiàodǎn)
* 摳心挖膽 / 抠心挖胆
* 摘膽剜心 / 摘胆剜心 (zhāi dǎn wān xīn)
* 放膽 / 放胆 (fàngdǎn)
* 斗膽 (dǒudǎn)
* 明目張膽 / 明目张胆 (míngmùzhāngdǎn)
* 書膽 / 书胆
* 有肝膽 / 有肝胆
* 有膽有識 / 有胆有识
* 枕戈嘗膽 / 枕戈尝胆
* 枕戈飲膽 / 枕戈饮胆
* 氣消膽奪 / 气消胆夺
* 海膽 / 海胆 (hǎidǎn)
* 湊膽子 / 凑胆子
* 渾身是膽 / 浑身是胆
* 潑出膽子 / 泼出胆子
* 潑天大膽 / 泼天大胆
* 瀝膽 / 沥胆
* 瀝膽墮肝 / 沥胆堕肝
* 瀝膽披肝 / 沥胆披肝
* 瀝膽抽腸 / 沥胆抽肠
* 照膽鏡 / 照胆镜
* 熊心豹膽 / 熊心豹胆
* 熊膽 / 熊胆 (xióngdǎn)
* 燈膽 / 灯胆 (dēngdǎn)
* 球膽 / 球胆 (qiúdǎn)
* 琴心劍膽 / 琴心剑胆
* 瓶膽 / 瓶胆 (píngdǎn)
* 瞋膽 / 瞋胆
* 破膽 / 破胆
* 破膽喪魂 / 破胆丧魂
* 破膽寒心 / 破胆寒心
* 稍長膽壯 / 稍长胆壮
* 筆龍膽 / 笔龙胆
* 聞風喪膽 / 闻风丧胆 (wénfēngsàngdǎn)
* 肝橫膽乍 / 肝横胆乍
* 肝膽 / 肝胆 (gāndǎn)
* 肝膽塗地 / 肝胆涂地
* 肝膽楚越 / 肝胆楚越
* 肝膽照人 / 肝胆照人
* 肝膽相照 / 肝胆相照 (gāndǎnxiāngzhào)
* 肝膽胡越 / 肝胆胡越
* 膽喪心驚 / 胆丧心惊
* 膽囊 / 胆囊 (dǎnnáng)
* 膽囊管 / 胆囊管 (dǎnnángguǎn)
* 膽固醇 / 胆固醇 (dǎngùchún)
* 膽壯 / 胆壮
* 膽大包天 / 胆大包天
* 膽大如斗
* 膽大妄為 / 胆大妄为
* 膽大心小 / 胆大心小
* 膽大心細 / 胆大心细
* 膽大於天 / 胆大于天
* 膽子 / 胆子 (dǎnzi)
* 膽寒 / 胆寒 (dǎnhán)
* 膽小 / 胆小 (dǎnxiǎo)
* 膽小如鼠 / 胆小如鼠 (dǎnxiǎorúshǔ)
* 膽小管 / 胆小管 (dǎnxiǎoguǎn)
* 膽小鬼 / 胆小鬼 (dǎnxiǎoguǐ)
* 膽怯 / 胆怯 (dǎnqiè)
* 膽懾 / 胆慑
* 膽戰 / 胆战
* 膽戰心寒 / 胆战心寒
* 膽戰心搖 / 胆战心摇
* 膽戰心驚 / 胆战心惊 (dǎnzhànxīnjīng)
* 膽敢 / 胆敢 (dǎngǎn)
* 膽氣 / 胆气 (dǎnqì)
* 膽汁 / 胆汁 (dǎnzhī)
* 膽瓶 / 胆瓶
* 膽略 / 胆略 (dǎnlüè)
* 膽石 / 胆石 (dǎnshí)
* 膽破 / 胆破
* 膽破心寒 / 胆破心寒
* 膽管 / 胆管 (dǎnguǎn)
* 膽結石 / 胆结石 (dǎnjiéshí)
* 膽落 / 胆落
* 膽虛 / 胆虚
* 膽裂魂飛 / 胆裂魂飞
* 膽識 / 胆识 (dǎnshí)
* 膽識俱優 / 胆识俱优
* 膽邊生毛 / 胆边生毛
* 膽量 / 胆量 (dǎnliàng)
* 膽顫心寒 / 胆颤心寒
* 膽顫心驚 / 胆颤心惊
* 膽驚心顫 / 胆惊心颤
* 膽鹼 / 胆碱 (dǎnjiǎn)
* 臥薪嘗膽 / 卧薪尝胆 (wòxīnchángdǎn)
* 色膽 / 色胆
* 色膽包天 / 色胆包天
* 色膽如天 / 色胆如天
* 色膽迷天 / 色胆迷天
* 落膽 / 落胆 (luòdǎn)
* 裂膽 / 裂胆
* 賊人膽虛 / 贼人胆虚
* 赤心忠膽 / 赤心忠胆
* 赤膽 / 赤胆
* 赤膽忠心 / 赤胆忠心 (chìdǎnzhōngxīn)
* 赤膽忠肝 / 赤胆忠肝
* 輸肝剖膽 / 输肝剖胆
* 輸肝瀝膽 / 输肝沥胆
* 鐵心銅膽 / 铁心铜胆
* 鐵膽銅心 / 铁胆铜心
* 開心見膽 / 开心见胆
* 隳肝瀝膽 / 隳肝沥胆
* 露膽披肝 / 露胆披肝
* 魂亡膽落 / 魂亡胆落
* 鴉膽子 / 鸦胆子 (yādǎnzǐ)
* 麻著膽子 / 麻著胆子
* 龍膽 / 龙胆 (lóngdǎn)
* 龍膽紫 / 龙胆紫

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 胆 |
| Kyūjitai | 膽 |

### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 胆)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: たん (tan)
* Kan-on: たん (tan)
* Kun: きも (kimo, 膽)

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 膽 (MC tamX).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 담〯 (Yale: tǎm) | 담〯 (Yale: tǎm) |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | ᄡᅳᆯ게 (Yale: psùlkèy) | 담 (Yale: tàm) |

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ta̠(ː)m]
* Phonetic hangul: [담(ː)]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Hanja

Wikisource 膽 (eumhun 쓸개 담 (sseulgae dam))
* hanja form of 담 (“gall bladder”)
* hanja form of 담 (“courage; nerve”)

#### Compounds

* 간담 (肝膽, gandam)
* 낙담 (落膽, nakdam)
* 담관 (膽管, damgwan)
* 담력 (膽力, damnyeok)
* 대담 (大膽, daedam)
* 웅담 (熊膽, ungdam)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

膽: Hán Nôm readings: đảm
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.