# 錮

| 錮 | U+932E, &#37678; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-932E |
| ← 錭 [U+932D] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 錯 → [U+932F] |

## Translingual
### Han character

錮 (Kangxi radical 167, 金+8, 16 strokes, cangjie input 金田十口 (CWJR), four-corner 8610$_0$, composition ⿰釒固)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1312, character 11
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 40578
* Dae Jaweon: page 1813, character 7
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4219, character 6
* Unihan data for U+932E

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 錮
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 箇 | *kaːls |
| 個 | *kaːls |
| 居 | *kɯ, *kas |
| 橭 | *kaː, *kʰaː |
| 嫴 | *kaː |
| 姑 | *kaː |
| 辜 | *kaː |
| 酤 | *kaː, *kaːs, *ɡaːʔ |
| 蛄 | *kaː |
| 鴣 | *kaː |
| 沽 | *kaː, *kaːʔ, *kaːs |
| 盬 | *kaː, *kaːʔ |
| 古 | *kaːʔ |
| 罟 | *kaːʔ |
| 估 | *kaːʔ |
| 鈷 | *kaːʔ |
| 詁 | *kaːʔ |
| 牯 | *kaːʔ |
| 故 | *kaːs |
| 固 | *kaːs |
| 稒 | *kaːɡs |
| 痼 | *kaːɡs |
| 錮 | *kaːɡs |
| 鯝 | *kaːɡs |
| 棝 | *kaːɡs |
| 凅 | *kaːɡs |
| 枯 | *kʰaː |
| 軲 | *kʰaː |
| 跍 | *kʰaː |
| 骷 | *kʰaː |
| 苦 | *kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs |
| 葫 | *qʰaː, *ɡaː |
| 餬 | *ɡaː |
| 瑚 | *ɡaː |
| 湖 | *ɡaː |
| 鶘 | *ɡaː |
| 猢 | *ɡaː |
| 醐 | *ɡaː |
| 糊 | *ɡaː |
| 箶 | *ɡaː |
| 蝴 | *ɡaː |
| 胡 | *ɡaː |
| 瓳 | *ɡaː |
| 怙 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 祜 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 岵 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 婟 | *ɡaːʔ, *ɡaːɡs |
| 楛 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 据 | *ka |
| 裾 | *ka |
| 琚 | *ka |
| 椐 | *ka, *kas, *kʰa |
| 鶋 | *ka |
| 蜛 | *ka |
| 崌 | *ka |
| 涺 | *ka |
| 腒 | *ka, *ɡa |
| 鋸 | *kas |
| 倨 | *kas |
| 踞 | *kas |
| 涸 | *ɡaːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kaːɡs) : semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 固 (OC *kaːs).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gù (gu$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gu$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gù
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gù
*** Wade–Giles: ku$^4$
*** Yale: gù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guh
*** Palladius: гу (gu)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gu$^3$
*** Yale: gu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gu$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kuː³³/
* Middle Chinese: kuH
Rime :
| Character | 錮 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 古暮切 |
| Baxter | kuH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kuo$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kuo$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ko$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kɔ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ko$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ku$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kuo$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gù |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gu$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ˤaʔ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kaːɡs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 錮 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gù |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ku$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[k]ˁaʔ-s/ |
| English | chronic (of illness) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 錮 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 4233 |
| Phonetic component | 古 |
| Rime group | 暮 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 顧 |
| Old Chinese | /*kaːɡs/ |

### Definitions

錮
* to run metal into cracks
* to confine; to imprison
* to hire someone for a job

### Compounds

* 久錮 / 久锢
* 囚錮鋒 / 囚锢锋
* 廢錮 / 废锢
* 禁錮 / 禁锢 (jìngù)
* 錮漏 / 锢漏
* 錮疾 / 锢疾 (gùjí)
* 錮蔽 / 锢蔽
* 錮身 / 锢身
* 黨錮 / 党锢 (dǎnggù)
* 黨錮之禍 / 党锢之祸

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* to tie; confine

#### Readings

* Go-on: く (ku)
* Kan-on: こ (ko, Jōyō)
* Kun: ふさぐ (fusagu, 錮ぐ)

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 錮 (MC kuH). Recorded as Middle Korean 고〯 (kwǒ) (Yale: kwo) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

Wikisource 錮 (eumhun 막을 고 (mageul go))
* hanja form of 고 (“to confine”)

#### Compounds

* 금고 (禁錮, geumgo)
* 금고형 (禁錮刑, geumgohyeong)
* 당고 (黨錮, danggo)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

錮: Hán Nôm readings: cố
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.