# extern
## English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɛkˌstɜː(ɹ)n/

### Etymology 1

From Middle French externe or its etymon Latin externus.

#### Noun

extern (plural externs)
* A person affiliated with an institution in a lesser capacity, for example, as a non-resident or as a part-time affiliate.
** A day-scholar.
* Outward form or part; exterior.

#### Adjective

extern
* (obsolete, rare) External; outward; not inherent
** c. 1603–1604 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i]:Heaven is my judge, not I for love and duty, / But seeming so, for my particular end, / For when my outward action doth demonstrate / The native act and figure of my heart / In complement extern, 'tis not long after / But I will wear my heart upon my sleeve / For daws to peck at.
** 1663, Edward Waterhous [i.e., Edward Waterhouse], chapter XIV, in Fortescutus Illustratus; or A Commentary on that Nervous Treatise De Laudibus Legum Angliæ, Written by Sir John Fortescue Knight, […], London: […] Tho[mas] Roycroft for Thomas Dicas […], →OCLC, page 214:For if the ſoul of man vvere emancipated by virtue, it vvould not need any regulation or monition, beſides that of its invvard Tribunal; vvhich becauſe ſin does uſurp upon, has ſome relief from thoſe extern adjuments.

#### Derived terms

* externment

#### References

* John A. Simpson and Edmund S. C. Weiner, editors (1989), “extern”, in The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN.
* William Shakespeare (1603) The Tragedy of Othello the Moor of Venice, Penguin Books, published 2001

### Etymology 2

Short for external; used as a keyword in these programming languages.

#### Noun

extern (plural externs)
* (programming) In the C and C++ programming languages, a variable that can be separately declared in many places, all of them referring to the same variable.
** 1995, Martin L. Rinehart, Learn C++ Today!, page 552:Finally, get rid of the two function declarations and two externs that we added at the top of TEFIL.CPP so that we could support file_open.
** 2018, Brian Beuken, The Fundamentals of C/C++ Game Programming:This is probably the big thing with C++, the more you can avoid global concepts and nasty externs the better, an object/class should be totally self-contained.

## Catalan
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin externus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [əksˈtɛrn]
* IPA: (Valencia) [eksˈtɛɾn]

### Adjective

extern (feminine externa, masculine plural externs, feminine plural externes)
* external
    Antonym: intern
* inessential
    Synonym: inessencial
    Antonyms: intern, essencial
* (education) off-campus (pertaining to a student who is at a school only during classes)
    Antonym: intern
* (geology) Pertaining to foreland, the zone where material eroded from a mountain chain is deposited

#### Hyponyms

* (external): aliè (“external to a social group”)

#### Derived terms

* externament

#### See also

* avantpaís (“foreland”)

### Noun

extern m (plural externs, feminine externa)
* (education) off-campus student
    Antonym: intern

### Further reading

* “extern” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “extern”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025
* “extern” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
* “extern” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

## Dutch
### Etymology

Borrowed from French externe, from Latin externus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛksˈtɛrn/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: ex‧tern
* Rhymes: -ɛrn

### Adjective

extern (not comparable)
* external
    Synonym: uitwendig
* exterior

#### Declension
## German
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛʁn

### Adjective

extern (strong nominative masculine singular externer, not comparable)
* external

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “extern” in Duden online
* “extern” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from French externe, from Latin externus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [eksˈtern]

### Adjective

extern m or n (feminine singular externă, masculine plural externi, feminine and neuter plural externe)
* external
    Antonym: intern

#### Declension
### Further reading

* extern in DEX online—Dicționare ale limbii române (Dictionaries of the Romanian language)

## Swedish
### Adjective

extern
* external

#### Declension

$^1$ The indefinite superlative forms are only used in the predicative. $^2$ Dated or archaic. $^3$ Only used, optionally, to refer to things whose natural gender is masculine.