# 屈

| 屈 | U+5C48, &#23624; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5C48 |
| ← 屇 [U+5C47] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 屉 → [U+5C49] |

## Translingual
### Han character

屈 (Kangxi radical 44, 尸+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 尸山山 (SUU), four-corner 7727$_2$, composition ⿸尸出)

#### Derived characters

* 倔, 堀, 掘, 啒, 崛, 淈, 煀, 镼, 誳 (𫍮), 鶌 (𫛵), 崫, 窟

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 301, character 7
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7669
* Dae Jaweon: page 597, character 14
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 970, character 11
* Unihan data for U+5C48

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 屈 :
| Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 聉 | *r̥ʰuːlʔ, *ŋrɯd, *ʔr'uːd, *ŋruːd |
| 贅 | *kljods |
| 祟 | *sqʰluds |
| 出 | *kʰljuds, *kʰljud |
| 茁 | *ʔl'ɯd, *skruːd, *skrod, *skrud |
| 欪 | *qʰlɯd, *l̥ʰud |
| 貀 | *ŋr'uːd |
| 袦 | *ŋr'oːd |
| 咄 | *ʔl'oːd, *ʔl'uːd |
| 柮 | *sɡloːd, *ʔl'uːd |
| 拙 | *kljod |
| 炪 | *kljod, *l̥ʰud |
| 掘 | *ɡlod, *ɡlud |
| 鈯 | *l'uːd |
| 啒 | *kluːd, *qʰluːd |
| 淈 | *kluːd, *ɡluːd |
| 窟 | *kʰluːd |
| 泏 | *kʰluːd, *ʔl'ud |
| 堀 | *kʰluːd, *ɡlud |
| 胐 | *kʰluːd |
| 窋 | *ʔl'ud |
| 絀 | *ʔl'ud |
| 黜 | *l̥ʰud |
| 屈 | *klud, *kʰlud |
| 趉 | *klud |
| 鶌 | *klud |
| 詘 | *kʰlud |
| 倔 | *ɡlud |
| 崛 | *ɡlud, *ŋɡlud |
Originally 𡲶. Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *klud, *kʰlud): phonetic 出 (OC *kʰljuds, *kʰljud) + semantic 尾 (“tail”). 尾 became 尸 in clerical script.

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): qū (qu$^1$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄑㄩ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): quo$^2$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): wat$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): kut$^2$ / vut$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): khut / khiut
    (Meixian, Guangdong): kiud$^5$
* Jin (Wiktionary): qyeh$^4$
* Northern Min (KCR): kṳ̆
* Eastern Min (BUC): kók
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): khut
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kug$^4$ / kuh$^4$ / kug$^8$ / kuh$^8$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^7$chioq; $^7$chiuq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qū
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄩ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cyu
*** Wade–Giles: chʻü$^1$
*** Yale: chyū
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiu
*** Palladius: цюй (cjuj)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: quo$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: kiuo
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰyo²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: wat$^1$
*** Yale: wāt
*** Cantonese Pinyin: wat$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: wed$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /wɐt̚⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: kut$^2$ / vut$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰut̚⁵⁵/, /vut̚⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khut / khiut
*** Hakka Romanization System: kud$^ˋ$ / kiud$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kud$^5$ / kiud$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰut̚²/, /kʰi̯ut̚²/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: kiud$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰiut̚¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: qyeh$^4$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕʰyəʔ²/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: kṳ̆
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰy²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: kók
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰouʔ²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khut
*** Tâi-lô: khut
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qud
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰut̚³²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰut̚⁵/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰut̚³²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰut̚³²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰut̚³²/
* “to bend; to restrict”.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit屈 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /t͡ɕʰy⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /t͡ɕʰy²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /t͡ɕʰy²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /t͡ɕʰy²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /t͡ɕʰy²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /t͡ɕʰy⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /t͡ɕʰy¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /t͡ɕʰy³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /t͡ɕʰy⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /t͡ɕʰy²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /t͡ɕʰyo³¹/ /t͡ɕʰy³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /t͡ɕʰiu²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /t͡ɕʰiu³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /t͡ɕʰyʔ⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /t͡ɕʰyəʔ⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡ɕʰyəʔ²/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /t͡ɕʰyʌʔ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /t͡ɕʰyəʔ⁴³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /t͡ɕʰioʔ⁵/ /t͡ɕʰyɪʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /t͡ɕʰyəʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /t͡ɕʰioʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /t͡ɕʰy²¹³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /t͡ɕʰyeʔ²¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /t͡ɕʰy⁵/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /t͡ɕʰy²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /t͡ɕʰy²⁴/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /t͡ɕʰyʔ⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /kʰiut̚¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /kʰut̚²²/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /wɐt̚⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /wɐt̚⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /wɐt̚⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kʰut̚³²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kʰouʔ²³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kʰy²⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /kʰuk̚²/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /xut̚⁵/ |
* Middle Chinese: kjut, khjut
Rime :
| Character | 屈 | 屈 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 物 (60) | 物 (60) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 九勿切 | 區勿切 |
| Baxter | kjut | khjut |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɨut̚/ | /kʰɨut̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kiut̚/ | /kʰiut̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kiuət̚/ | /kʰiuət̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kut̚/ | /kʰut̚/ |
| Li Rong | /kiuət̚/ | /kʰiuət̚/ |
| Wang Li | /kĭuət̚/ | /kʰĭuət̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ki̯uət̚/ | /kʰi̯uət̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | ju | qu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gwat$^1$ | fat$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*Nə-[kʰ]ut/, /*[kʰ]ut/
    (Zhengzhang): /*klud/, /*kʰlud/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 屈 | 屈 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | qū | qū |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ khjut › | ‹ khjut › |
| Old Chinese | /*Nə-[kʰ]ut/ | /*[kʰ]ut/ |
| English | bent | bend, subdue |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 屈 | 屈 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 1579 | 1583 |
| Phonetic component | 出 | 出 |
| Rime group | 物 | 物 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 𠀔 | 屈 |
| Old Chinese | /*klud/ | /*kʰlud/ |

#### Definitions

屈
* to bend; to flex
* bent; crooked
* to condescend
* to submit; to yield
* to subdue; to cause to submit
* to treat unjustly; to wrong
* to be in the wrong
* (Cantonese) to frame; to accuse
       nei$^5$ m$^4$ hou$^2$ wat$^1$ dak$^1$ zau$^6$ wat$^1$ wo$^3$! [Jyutping]
       Don't frame [me] as long as there's an opportunity to do so!
* (Hong Kong Cantonese) Short for 屈機／屈机.
* (Mainland China Hokkien) to restrict; to restrain; to constrain
* a surname
    屈原 ― Qū Yuán ― Qu Yuan (Chinese politician and poet of the state of Chu during the last years of the Warring States period)

#### Compounds

* 不屈 (bùqū)
* 不屈不撓 / 不屈不挠 (bùqūbùnáo)
* 不戰而屈人之兵 / 不战而屈人之兵 (bù zhàn ér qū rén zhī bīng)
* 交臂屈膝
* 以屈求伸
* 低頭屈膝 / 低头屈膝
* 佶屈聱牙 (jíqū'áoyá)
* 傷屈 / 伤屈
* 冤天屈地
* 冤屈 (yuānqū)
* 力屈勢窮 / 力屈势穷
* 力屈計窮 / 力屈计穷
* 力屈道窮 / 力屈道穷
* 卑躬屈節 / 卑躬屈节 (bēigōng-qūjié)
* 卑躬屈膝 (bēigōng-qūxī)
* 受委屈
* 受屈 (shòuqū)
* 口屈
* 叫屈 (jiàoqū)
* 含冤負屈 / 含冤负屈
* 喊冤叫屈
* 堅貞不屈 / 坚贞不屈 (jiānzhēnbùqū)
* 大屈
* 大直若屈
* 委屈
* 威武不屈
* 寧死不屈 / 宁死不屈 (níngsǐbùqū)
* 小屈大伸
* 尺蠖之屈
* 屈一伸萬 / 屈一伸万
* 屈伸 (qūshēn)
* 屈光度
* 屈原 (Qūyuán)
* 屈奇
* 屈宋
* 屈尊 (qūzūn)
* 屈尊敬賢 / 屈尊敬贤
* 屈就 (qūjiù)
* 屈己待人 (qūjǐ dàirén)
* 屈己從人 / 屈己从人
* 屈座
* 屈從 / 屈从 (qūcóng)
* 屈心
* 屈志
* 屈意奉承
* 屈戌
* 屈才 (qūcái)
* 屈打成招 (qūdǎchéngzhāo)
* 屈折 (qūzhé)
* 屈折語 / 屈折语 (qūzhéyǔ)
* 屈招
* 屈指 (qūzhǐ)
* 屈指一算 (qūzhǐyīsuàn)
* 屈指可數 / 屈指可数 (qūzhǐkěshǔ)
* 屈撓 / 屈挠 (qūnáo)
* 屈曲 (qūqū)
* 屈服 (qūfú)
* 屈枉
* 屈死
* 屈死鬼
* 屈沉
* 屈滯 / 屈滞
* 屈漾
* 屈節 / 屈节 (qūjié)
* 屈膝 (qūxī)
* 屈蛇
* 屈蟠
* 屈豔班香 / 屈艳班香
* 屈身 (qūshēn)
* 屈身下士
* 屈辱 (qūrǔ)
* 屈量
* 屈駕 / 屈驾 (qūjià)
* 情見力屈 / 情见力屈
* 情見勢屈 / 情见势屈
* 懷冤抱屈 / 怀冤抱屈 (huáiyuānbàoqū)
* 才過屈宋 / 才过屈宋
* 抱屈 (bàoqū)
* 指不勝屈 / 指不胜屈
* 摧志屈道
* 撞天屈
* 有屈無伸 / 有屈无伸
* 枉屈
* 理屈 (lǐqū)
* 理屈事窮 / 理屈事穷
* 理屈詞窮 / 理屈词穷 (lǐqūcíqióng)
* 白屈菜 (báiqūcài)
* 絕不屈服 / 绝不屈服
* 老屈
* 能屈能伸
* 臨難不屈 / 临难不屈
* 至死不屈
* 蜷屈
* 蠖屈
* 蠖屈求伸
* 衙官屈宋
* 計窮力屈 / 计穷力屈
* 詞窮理屈 / 词穷理屈 (cíqiónglǐqū)
* 詰屈 / 诘屈 (jiéqū)
* 詰屈聱牙 / 诘屈聱牙 (jíqū'áoyá)
* 誓死不屈 (shìsǐbùqū)
* 負屈 / 负屈
* 負屈含冤 / 负屈含冤
* 負屈銜冤 / 负屈衔冤
* 銜冤負屈 / 衔冤负屈
* 頑強不屈 / 顽强不屈
* 首屈一指 (shǒuqūyīzhǐ)
* 鳴冤叫屈 / 鸣冤叫屈
* 龔勝不屈 / 龚胜不屈

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jué (jue$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄩㄝˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gwat$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jué
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄩㄝˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jyué
*** Wade–Giles: chüeh$^2$
*** Yale: jywé
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jyue
*** Palladius: цзюэ (czjue)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gwat$^6$
*** Yale: gwaht
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gwat$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gued$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʷɐt̚²/

#### Definitions

屈
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) short
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to use up; to exhaust
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 倔 (“stubborn; obstinate”)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 崛 (jué, “exotic”)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 崛 (jué, “to rise abruptly”)

#### Compounds

* 屈奇
* 屈強 / 屈强
* 屈起 (juéqǐ)

### Pronunciation 3

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): què (que$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄩㄝˋ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: què
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄩㄝˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cyuè
*** Wade–Giles: chʻüeh$^4$
*** Yale: chywè
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiueh
*** Palladius: цюэ (cjue)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰy̯ɛ⁵¹/

#### Definitions

屈
* Only used in 屈狄 (quèdí, “a kind of noblewomen's clothing in ancient China”).

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* to bend
* to submit, to yield

#### Readings

* Go-on: くち (kuchi)、ごち (gochi)
* Kan-on: くつ (kutsu, Jōyō)
* Kun: かがむ (kagamu, 屈む)、かがまる (kagamaru, 屈まる)、かがめる (kagameru, 屈める)

## Korean
### Hanja

屈 (eumhun 굽을 굴 (gubeul gul))
* hanja form of 굴 (“bend, flex”)
* hanja form of 굴 (“bent, crooked”)
* hanja form of 굴 (“crouch”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

屈: Hán Nôm readings: khuất, quất
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.