# 夏

| 夏 | U+590F, &#22799; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-590F |
| ← 夎 [U+590E] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 夐 → [U+5910] |

## Translingual
### Han character

夏 (Kangxi radical 35, 夊+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 一山竹水 (MUHE), four-corner 1024$_7$, composition ⿱𦣻夂(GJK) or ⿱𦣻夊(HT))

#### Derived characters

* 𠌘, 嗄, 𡏘, 𡟺, 𡺷, 𭡲, 𭱣, 榎, 𤌤, 𤧶, 𥔹, 𦥍, 𧏡, 𥜂, 𮢩, 𧈄, 𩡘, 𮬆, 𥫏, 𢥭, 𣣺, 𡕵, 𥻴, 𪄂, 𭐲, 𡙣, 𭔆, 𦷜, 𥧜, 厦, 𭕥, 廈, 𤹉, 𢟜, 𡖃

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 245, character 12
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5720
* Dae Jaweon: page 485, character 29
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 869, character 10
* Unihan data for U+590F

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 夏 :
| Shang | Shang | Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Warring States | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Ancient script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 榎 | *kraːʔ |
| 廈 | *sraːs, *ɡraːʔ |
| 嗄 | *sqʰraːs, *qraːds |
| 夏 | *ɡraːʔ, *ɡraːs |
In the oracle bone script, it was an ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 日 (“sun”) + 頁 (“head; man”) – man under the scorching sun; summer.
Various variants were seen in the bronze inscriptions from the Spring and Autumn period. 止 (“foot”) was often added to the bottom of the man. Additionally, in the form shown above, the 日 was removed and 𦥑 (“two hands”) was added. The seal script inherits its form from this form, with 止 replaced with the related 夊.
Various forms were also seen from the Warring States period. The bamboo and silk script above shows a common form: 日 + 止 + 頁. The “ancient script” (古文) from Shuowen (labelled as the large seal script) has deviated significantly, with 止 becoming the related 足. The top part may be a corruption of 頁.
The current form is simplified from the seal script, with the removal of 𦥑 and the legs from 頁. Unrelated to 复.

### Etymology 1
#### “great; Xia Dynasty; China; Chinese”

    Possibly related to 假 (OC *kraːʔ, *kraːs, “great”), 嘏 (OC *kraːʔ, “great”) and 廈 (OC *sraːs, *ɡraːʔ, “big house”) (Wang, 1980). Shi (2000) and Mair (2013) relate this word to Tibetan རྒྱ (rgya, “great; wide; width; size; expanse; China”).

#### “magnificent colours; variegated”

    The sense “variegated” may be of a different origin. Compare Proto-Sino-Tibetan *Krā(H) (“variegated”) (Starostin), whence Tibetan བཀྲ (bkra, “variegated; bright; radiant; splendid”), Tibetan ཁྲ (khra, “many-coloured; variegated; mottled; striped”) and Burmese ကျား (kya:, “variegated; striped; chequered”). Possibly related to 騢 (OC *ɡraː, “horse with mixed red and white colour”).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xià, Xià (xia$^4$, Xia$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄚˋ, ㄒㄧㄚˋ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): haa$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ha$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ha
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ha$^4$
* Eastern Min (BUC): hâ
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ha$^5$ / or$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hā / hēe
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hê$^7$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$gho; $^6$ya
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): xia$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xià
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄚˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sià
*** Wade–Giles: hsia$^4$
*** Yale: syà
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiah
*** Palladius: ся (sja)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ä⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Xià
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄚˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Sià
*** Wade–Giles: Hsia$^4$
*** Yale: Syà
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Shiah
*** Palladius: Ся (Sja)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ä⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: haa$^6$
*** Yale: hah
*** Cantonese Pinyin: haa$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ha$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /haː²²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ha$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ha³²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ha
*** Hakka Romanization System: ha
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ha$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ha⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: ha$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ha⁵³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: hâ
*** Sinological IPA : /hɑ²⁴²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ha$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ha²¹/
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: or$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɒ²¹/
* or5 - vernacular;
* ha5 - literary.
* Middle Chinese: haeX
Rime :
| Character | 夏 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (98) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 胡雅切 |
| Baxter | haeX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦˠa$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦᵚa$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣa$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦaɨ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣa$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣa$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣa$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xià |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | haa$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ˤraʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡraːʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 夏 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xià |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hæ$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɢ]ˁraʔ/ |
| English | great; pertaining to Chinese civilization |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 夏 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 13452 |
| Phonetic component | 夏 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 下 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡraːʔ/ |

#### Definitions

夏
* (～朝) (historical) the Xia dynasty (2070 BCE – 1600 BCE)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, by extension) China; Chinese
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) great; grand; magnificent
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) magnificent colours; resplendent colours; variegated
    From: The Book of Documents, circa 7th – 4th centuries BCE
    yǔquǎn xiàdí [Pinyin]
    variegated long-tailed pheasants from the ravines of Feather Mountain
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 廈 / 厦 (“big house”)
* a surname
    夏志清 ― Xià Zhìqīng ― Hsia Chih-tsing (Chinese literary critic)

##### Synonyms

* (the Xia dynasty):
* 夏代 (Xiàdài)
* 夏后 (Xiàhòu)
* 夏后氏 (Xiàhòushì)
* 夏朝 (Xiàcháo)
* 夏氏 (Xiàshì)
* 夏王朝 (Xià Wángcháo)

##### Descendants

* → English: Hsia, Xia

##### See also

Dynasties (朝代) in Chinese history :
| Name | Time period | Divisions | Divisions |
| Xia 夏 (～朝, ～代) | 2070 – 1600 BCE | | |
| Shang 商 (～朝, ～代) 殷 (～朝, ～代) | 1600 – 1046 BCE | | |
| Zhou 周 (～朝, ～代) | 1046 – 256 BCE | Western Zhou 西周 | |
| Zhou 周 (～朝, ～代) | 1046 – 256 BCE | Eastern Zhou 東周 / 东周 | Spring and Autumn period 春秋 |
| Zhou 周 (～朝, ～代) | 1046 – 256 BCE | Eastern Zhou 東周 / 东周 | Warring States period 戰國 / 战国 |
| Qin 秦 (～朝, ～代) | 221 – 206 BCE | | |
| Han 漢 / 汉 (～朝, ～代) | 206 BCE – 220 C.E. | Western Han 西漢 / 西汉 | Western Han 西漢 / 西汉 |
| Xin 新 (～朝) ||
| Eastern Han 東漢 / 东汉 ||
| Three Kingdoms 三國 / 三国 | 220 – 280 C.E. | Wei 魏 | Wei 魏 |
| Shu Han 蜀漢 / 蜀汉 ||
| Wu 吳 / 吴 ||
| Jin 晉 / 晋 (～朝, ～代) | 265 – 420 C.E. | Western Jin 西晉 / 西晋 | Western Jin 西晉 / 西晋 |
| Eastern Jin 東晉 / 东晋 ||
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Northern dynasties 北朝 | Northern Wei 北魏 |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Northern dynasties 北朝 | Western Wei 西魏 |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Northern dynasties 北朝 | Eastern Wei 東魏 / 东魏 |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Northern dynasties 北朝 | Northern Zhou 北周 |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Northern dynasties 北朝 | Northern Qi 北齊 / 北齐 |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Southern dynasties 南朝 | Liu Song 劉宋 / 刘宋 |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Southern dynasties 南朝 | Southern Qi 南齊 / 南齐 |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Southern dynasties 南朝 | Liang 梁 (～朝, ～代) |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Southern dynasties 南朝 | Chen 陳 / 陈 (～朝, ～代) |
| Sui 隋 (～朝, ～代) | 581 – 618 C.E. | | |
| Tang 唐 (～朝, ～代) | 618 – 907 C.E. | | |
| Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 五代十國 / 五代十国 | 907 – 960 C.E. | | |
| Liao 遼 / 辽 (～朝, ～代) | 907 – 1125 C.E. | | |
| Song 宋 (～朝, ～代) | 960 – 1279 C.E. | Northern Song 北宋 | Northern Song 北宋 |
| Southern Song 南宋 ||
| Western Xia 西夏 | 1038 – 1227 C.E. | | |
| Jin 金 (～朝, ～代) | 1115 – 1234 C.E. | | |
| Western Liao 西遼 / 西辽 | 1124 – 1218 C.E. | | |
| Yuan 元 (～朝, ～代) | 1271 – 1368 C.E. | | |
| Ming 明 (～朝, ～代) | 1368 – 1644 C.E. | | |
| Qing 清 (～朝, ～代) | 1636 – 1912 C.E. | | |

#### Compounds

* 中夏 (Zhōngxià)
* 佛卡夏 (fókǎxià)
* 函夏
* 區夏 / 区夏
* 夏侯 (Xiàhóu)
* 夏后氏 (Xiàhòushì)
* 夏威夷
* 夏官
* 夏屋
* 夏庭
* 夏新莊 / 夏新庄 (Xiàxīnzhuāng)
* 夏時 / 夏时
* 夏普吐勒 (Xiàpǔtǔlè)
* 夏曆 / 夏历 (xiàlì)
* 夏書 / 夏书 (Xià Shū)
* 夏朝 (Xiàcháo)
* 夏桀 (Xiàjié)
* 夏正 (xiàzhēng)
* 夏津 (Xiàjīn)
* 夏禮 / 夏礼
* 夏禹
* 夏馬勒巴格 / 夏马勒巴格 (Xiàmǎlèbāgé)
* 夏鼎
* 大夏 (dàxià)
* 子夏懸鶉 / 子夏悬鹑
* 子夏肥
* 寧夏 / 宁夏 (Níngxià)
* 廣夏細旃 / 广夏细旃
* 方夏
* 旌夏
* 有夏
* 李劉馬夏 / 李刘马夏
* 江夏 (Jiāngxià)
* 烏夏巴什 / 乌夏巴什 (Wūxiàbāshí)
* 猾夏
* 用夏變夷 / 用夏变夷
* 華夏 / 华夏 (Huáxià)
* 西夏 (Xīxià)
* 諴夏 / 𫍯夏
* 諸夏 / 诸夏 (Zhūxià)
* 那瑪夏 / 那玛夏 (Nàmǎxià)

### Etymology 2

Sagart (2023b) relates it to 暇 (OC *[g]ˤra-s, “leisure”) and Burmese အား (a:, “to be free (not in use; without obligations)”), the latter of which STEDT derives from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-ra (“strength; to win; classifier for people”) but does not compare to 夏. See 暇 for more.

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): xià (xia$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄚˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): xia$^4$
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): щя (xi͡a, II)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): haa$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ha$^5$
* Gan (Wiktionary): ha$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ha
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ha$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): xia$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): hā
* Eastern Min (BUC): hâ
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hē / hā / hēe
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hê$^7$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$gho; $^6$ya
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): xia$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xià
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄚˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sià
*** Wade–Giles: hsia$^4$
*** Yale: syà
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiah
*** Palladius: ся (sja)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ä⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: xia$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xia
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕia²¹³/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: щя (xi͡a, II)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕia⁵¹/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: haa$^6$
*** Yale: hah
*** Cantonese Pinyin: haa$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ha$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /haː²²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ha$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ha³²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: ha$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ha¹¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ha
*** Hakka Romanization System: ha
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ha$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ha⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: ha$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ha⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: xia$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕia⁴⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hā
*** Sinological IPA : /xa⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: hâ
*** Sinological IPA : /hɑ²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hē
*** Tâi-lô: hē
*** Phofsit Daibuun: he
*** IPA (Xiamen): /he²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /he⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /he³³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hā
*** Tâi-lô: hā
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ha
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ha³³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ha⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ha²²/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hēe
*** Tâi-lô: hēe
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɛ²²/
* hē/hēe - vernacular;
* hā/hēe - literary.
* Middle Chinese: haeH
Rime :
| Character | 夏 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (98) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 胡駕切 |
| Baxter | haeH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦˠa$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦᵚa$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣa$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦaɨ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣa$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣa$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣa$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xià |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | haa$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤraʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡraːs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 夏 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xià |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hæ$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɡ]ˁraʔ/ (~ *[ɡ]ˁraʔ-s) |
| English | summer |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 夏 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 13454 |
| Phonetic component | 夏 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 暇 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡraːs/ |

#### Definitions

夏
* summer (season)

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 夏, 夏日, 夏時, 畏景 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 夏天, 夏季, 夏日 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 夏天, 夏景天兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 夏天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chengde | 夏天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 夏天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 夏天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Heihe | 夏天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Qiqihar | 夏天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 夏天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Wuchang (Yingchengzi) | 夏天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jiamusi | 夏天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Baicheng | 夏天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Changchun | 夏天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tonghua | 夏天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 夏天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jinzhou | 夏天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 夏天 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 夏天, 熱天, 夏景天兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 夏天 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 夏天, 熱天, 伏天 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Xianxian (Xiaoying) | 熱天 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 夏天 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 夏天 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Lijin | 夏天 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 夏天 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dalian | 夏天, 夏季天兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dandong | 夏天 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai | 夏天, 伏天 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 伏天, 六月兒天 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 夏天, 伏天 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 夏天, 熱天 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Lingbao | 夏天 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Jining | 夏天 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 熱天, 熱月天, 熱月時候 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Shangqiu | 夏天 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yuanyang | 夏天 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 夏天 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xinyang | 夏天 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baihe | 夏天, 熱天 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 夏天, 夏裡 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Dingbian | 夏天, 夏裡 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baoji | 夏天, 熱天 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Tianshui | 夏天 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 夏天, 夏月天 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 夏天, 熱天 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Fuyang | 夏天 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 夏天 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yongning (Najiahu) | 夏天, 熱天 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 夏天, 夏月天 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Dunhuang | 夏天 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Hami | 夏天 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 夏天 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi (Xigou) | 夏天 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi (Changshanzi) | 夏天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 夏天, 夏天家 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanchong | 夏天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dazhou | 夏天, 熱天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanyuan | 夏天, 熱天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xichang | 夏天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zigong | 夏天, 熱天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Muli | 夏天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 夏天兒, 熱天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 夏天, 熱天, 夏季, 熱季 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yichang | 夏天, 熱天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangyang | 夏天, 熱天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianmen | 夏天, 熱天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 夏天, 熱天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zunyi | 夏天, 夏天家 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Bijie | 熱天家 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liping | 夏天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zhaotong | 夏天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dali | 熱天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 夏天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mengzi | 夏天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 夏天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 熱天, 夏天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanning (Wuming) | 熱天, 夏天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hechi (Yizhou) | 熱天, 夏天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Luocheng (Dongmen) | 熱天, 夏天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianlin (Langping) | 夏天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jishou | 夏天, 熱天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Changde | 夏天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanzhong | 夏天, 熱天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Salong (Lancang) | 熱天, 雨水天 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 夏天, 熱天 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 夏天 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianyungang | 夏天 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianshui | 夏天 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 夏天 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Anqing | 夏天, 熱天 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Wuhu | 夏天 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 夏天 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hong'an | 夏天, 熱天道, 熱季 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 熱天, 夏天 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 夏天, 熱天 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 熱天 |
| Cantonese | Taishan (Guanghai) | 夏天 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 夏天 |
| Cantonese | Guiping (Jiangkou) | 熱天, 夏天 |
| Cantonese | Guiping (Madong) | 熱天, 夏天 |
| Cantonese | Baise | 熱天 |
| Cantonese | Mandalay (Taishan) | 夏天 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 夏天, 熱天 |
| Gan | Pengze | 熱天 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 熱天 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 熱天 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 熱天, 夏天 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 熱天 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 熱天 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 熱天 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 天熱 |
| Hakka | Changting | 暍天 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 熱天頭 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 熱天頭 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 夏天 |
| Hakka | Liancheng (Peitian) | 夏天 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 熱天 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 夏天, 熱天 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 熱天 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 熱天 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 熱天 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 熱天 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 熱天 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 熱天 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 熱天 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 熱天 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 熱天 |
| Hakka | Bobai (Shahe) | 夏天 |
| Hakka | Bobai (Longtan) | 夏天 |
| Hakka | Bobai (Lingping) | 熱天 |
| Hakka | Beiliu (Gonghe, Xilang) | 夏天 |
| Hakka | Xingye (Gaofeng) | 天熱天 |
| Hakka | Guilin (Xiaojiang, Lingui) | 夏天 |
| Hakka | Pingle (Tong'an) | 夏天 |
| Hakka | Yangshuo (Jinbao) | 夏天 |
| Hakka | Pontianak (Meixian) | 熱天 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 夏場子 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 夏天 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 夏天, 夏景天 |
| Jin | Taiyuan (Jiancaoping) | 夏裡 |
| Jin | Taiyuan (Jinyuan) | 夏天 |
| Jin | Pingyao | 夏景天 |
| Jin | Yangyuan | 夏天, 夏裡 |
| Jin | Datong | 夏天 |
| Jin | Datong (Xicetian, Yunzhou) | 夏天, 夏哩 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 夏兒, 夏金天, 夏天, 夏景天 |
| Jin | Lüliang (Lishi) | 夏天 |
| Jin | Changzhi | 夏天 |
| Jin | Linhe | 夏天, 夏天上 |
| Jin | Jining | 夏天 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 夏天 |
| Jin | Erenhot | 夏天 |
| Jin | Pingshan | 夏天 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 夏天 |
| Jin | Handan | 夏天 |
| Jin | Linzhou | 夏天 |
| Jin | Suide | 夏上 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 夏天, 熱天, 熱天時 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 熱天 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 熱天 |
| Eastern Min | Fuding | 六月天 |
| Eastern Min | Matsu | 夏季, 夏季天 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 熱天, 熱儂, 六月天 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 熱天, 熱儂, 熱毒儂, 六月天 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 熱天, 熱冬, 六月天 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 夏天, 熱天 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 夏天, 熱儂, 熱天 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 夏仔 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 夏天, 熱儂, 熱天 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 夏天, 熱儂, 熱天 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 熱儂, 熱天 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 熱天 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 夏天, 熱儂, 熱天 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 夏天, 熱天儂 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 夏天, 熱天 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 夏天, 熱天, 熱儂 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 夏天 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 熱天 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 熱儂 |
| Southern Min | Guiping (Xiaowen) | 夏天, 熱天 |
| Southern Min | Guiping (Dongsheng) | 夏天 |
| Southern Min | Guilin (Biyange) | 夏天 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 熱天時 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 熱天 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 熱天時, 熱天 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 熱天時 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 熱天 |
| Southern Min | Qionghai | 熱天 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 熱天, 六月天 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 熱天, 六月天 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 熱天 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Wutong, Lingui) | 夏天, 熱天 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Liutang, Lingui) | 夏天 |
| Northern Pinghua | Lingchuan (Sanjie) | 熱天, 夏天 |
| Northern Pinghua | Lingchuan (Shuangzhou) | 夏天 |
| Waxiang | Guzhang (Gaofeng) | 熱天 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 夏天, 熱天 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 夏裡, 夏天, 夏場裡 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 夏天, 熱天 |
| Wu | Danyang | 夏天, 夏天頭 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 夏天 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 夏天價 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 天色熱, 五六月, 六月天 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 夏天, 熱天, 六月天 |
| Wu | Jinhua (Tangxi) | 六月, 六月天 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 熱天, 熱天子, 夏天 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 熱天, 熱天子 |

##### See also

Seasons in Mandarin · 四季 (sìjì, “four seasons”) (layout · text) · category :
| 春 (chūn, “spring”) | 夏 (xià, “summer”) | 秋 (qiū, “fall; autumn”) | 冬 (dōng, “winter”) |

#### Compounds

* 三冬兩夏 / 三冬两夏
* 三夏
* 中夏 (Zhōngxià)
* 九夏
* 仲夏 (zhòngxià)
* 冬夏 (dōngxià)
* 冬扇夏爐 / 冬扇夏炉
* 冬暖夏涼 / 冬暖夏凉 (dōngnuǎnxiàliáng)
* 冬溫夏凊 / 冬温夏凊
* 冬蟲夏草 / 冬虫夏草 (dōngchóngxiàcǎo)
* 初夏 (chūxià)
* 剪夏羅 / 剪夏罗
* 半夏 (bànxià)
* 夏五
* 夏五郭公
* 夏令 (xiàlìng)
* 夏令時 / 夏令时 (xiàlìngshí)
* 夏令時間 / 夏令时间
* 夏令營 / 夏令营 (xiàlìngyíng)
* 夏候鳥 / 夏候鸟
* 夏天 (xiàtiān)
* 夏娃 (Xiàwá)
* 夏威夷州
* 夏季 (xiàjì)
* 夏季作物
* 夏季季風 / 夏季季风
* 夏布
* 夏播
* 夏日 (xiàrì)
* 夏日可畏
* 夏時 / 夏时
* 夏時制 / 夏时制 (xiàshízhì)
* 夏曆 / 夏历 (xiàlì)
* 夏服
* 夏枯草 (xiàkūcǎo)
* 夏正 (xiàzhēng)
* 夏熟
* 夏畦
* 夏眠 (xiàmián)
* 夏糧 / 夏粮
* 夏臘 / 夏腊
* 夏至 (xiàzhì)
* 夏至線 / 夏至线 (Xiàzhìxiàn)
* 夏至草
* 夏至點 / 夏至点
* 夏花
* 夏苗
* 夏蟲 / 夏虫 (xiàchóng)
* 夏蟲朝菌 / 夏虫朝菌
* 夏衣 (xiàyī)
* 夏裝 / 夏装 (xiàzhuāng)
* 夏鑪冬扇 / 夏𬬻冬扇
* 夏雨雨人 (xiàyǔyùrén)
* 季夏 (jìxià)
* 孟夏 (Mèngxià)
* 害夏
* 拉夏
* 春誦夏絃 / 春诵夏弦
* 春風夏雨 / 春风夏雨
* 晾夏
* 歇夏
* 歷夏經秋 / 历夏经秋
* 殘夏 / 残夏
* 消夏 (xiāoxià)
* 涼夏 / 凉夏
* 炎夏 (yánxià)
* 炎炎夏日 (yányánxiàrì)
* 無冬無夏 / 无冬无夏
* 盛夏 (shèngxià)
* 破夏
* 立夏 (Lìxià)
* 約克夏 / 约克夏
* 約克夏豬 / 约克夏猪 (yuēkèxià zhū)
* 結夏 / 结夏
* 結夏安居 / 结夏安居
* 苦夏
* 蘭開夏 / 兰开夏
* 賽夏族 / 赛夏族 (Sàixiàzú)
* 過夏 / 过夏
* 郭公夏五
* 金夏沙 (Jīnxiàshā)
* 長夏 / 长夏

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jiǎ (jia$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄚˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gaa$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiǎ
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄚˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jiǎ
*** Wade–Giles: chia$^3$
*** Yale: jyǎ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jea
*** Palladius: цзя (czja)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gaa$^2$
*** Yale: gá
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gaa$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ga$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kaː³⁵/

#### Definitions

夏
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 檟 / 槚 (jiǎ)
* Used in 陽夏／阳夏.

#### Compounds

* 夏楚
* 陽夏 / 阳夏

### References

* “夏”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00837

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)
* summer
* Xia dynasty
* China

#### Readings

* Go-on: げ (ge, Jōyō $^†$)
* Kan-on: か (ka, Jōyō)
* Kun: なつ (natsu, 夏, Jōyō)

#### Compounds

* 華(か)夏(か) (Kaka)
* 夏(げ)時(し) (geshi)
* 夏(か)朝(ちょう) (Kachō, “Xia Dynasty”)
* 夏(か)炉(ろ)冬(とう)扇(せん) (karo tōsen, “summer fires, winter fans; useless things”)
* 夏(げ)至(し) (geshi)
* 夏(げ)臘(ろう), 夏(げ)﨟(ろう) (gerō)
* 昨(さっ)夏(か) (sakka, “last summer”)
* 春(しゅん)夏(か)秋(しゅう)冬(とう) (shunka shūtō)
* 初(しょ)夏(か) (shoka, “beginning summer”)
* 消(しょう)夏(か), 銷(しょう)夏(か) (shōka)
* 盛(せい)夏(か) (seika)
* 冬(とう)扇(せん)夏(か)炉(ろ) (tōsen karo)
* 晩(ばん)夏(か) (banka, “ending summer”)
* 孟(もう)夏(か) (mōka)
* 立(りっ)夏(か) (rikka, “first day of summer”)
* 冷(れい)夏(か) (reika)
* 解(げ)夏(げ) (gege)
* 結(けつ)夏(げ) (ketsuge)
* 半(はん)夏(げ) (hange)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 夏
* なつ Grade: 2
* kun'yomi
/natu/ → /nat͡su/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *natu.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) なつ [nàtsúꜜ] (Odaka –)
* IPA: [na̠t͡sɨ]
* Audio:(file)

#### Noun

夏(なつ) • (natsu)
* summer (season)
    Synonym: 夏季, 夏期 (kaki)
    Hyponyms: 初夏, 真夏

##### Derived terms

* 夏(ナツ)茜(アカネ) (natsuakane)
* 夏(なつ)井(い) (Natsui)
* 夏(なつ)犬(いぬ) (natsuinu)
* 夏(なつ)鶯(うぐいす) (natsu uguisu)
* 夏(ナツ)瓜(ウリ) (natsuuri)
* 夏(なつ)帯(おび) (natsuobi)
* 夏(なつ)草(くさ) (natsukusa)
* 夏(ナツ)茱(グ)萸(ミ), 夏(ナツ)胡頽子(グミ) (natsugumi)
* 夏(な)越(ご)しの祓(はらえ) (Nagoshi no Harae), 夏(な)越(ご)し (Nagoshi)
* 夏(なつ)蝉(ぜみ) (natsuzemi)
* 夏(なつ)鳥(どり) (natsudori)
* 夏(なつ)場(ば) (natsuba, “summertime”)
* 夏(なつ)深(ふか)し (natsufukashi)
* 夏(なつ)祭(まつり), 夏(なつ)祭(まつ)り (natsu-matsuri)
* 棗(ナツメ) (natsume, “jujube”)
* 夏(なつ)休(やすみ), 夏休(なつやす)み (natsuyasumi, “summer break”)
* 夏(なつ)山(やま) (natsuyama)
* 夏(なつ)の大(だい)三(さん)角(かく) (Natsu no Daisankaku), 夏(なつ)の大(だい)三(さん)角(かっ)形(けい) (Natsu no Daisankakkei)
* 常(とこ)夏(なつ) (tokonatsu)
* 真(ま)夏(なつ) (manatsu, “midsummer”)
* 翌(よく)夏(なつ) (yokunatsu, “next summer”)

##### Proverbs

* 夏(なつ)歌(うた)う者(もの)は冬(ふゆ)泣(な)く (natsu utau mono wa fuyu naku)
* 夏(なつ)の小(こ)袖(そで) (natsu no kosode)
* 夏(なつ)も小(こ)袖(そで) (natsu mo kosode)

##### See also

Seasons in Japanese · 四(し)季(き) (shiki, “four seasons”) (layout · text) · category :
| 春(はる) (haru, “spring”) 春(しゅん)季(き) (shunki, “spring”) 春(しゅん)期(き) (shunki, “spring period”) | 夏(なつ) (natsu, “summer”) 夏(か)季(き) (kaki, “summer”) 夏(か)期(き) (kaki, “summer period”) | 秋(あき) (aki, “fall; autumn”) 秋(しゅう)季(き) (shūki, “fall; autumn”) 秋(しゅう)期(き) (shūki, “fall period”) | 冬(ふゆ) (fuyu, “winter”) 冬(とう)季(き) (tōki, “winter”) 冬(とう)期(き) (tōki, “winter period”) |

#### Proper noun

夏(なつ) • (Natsu)
* a female given name
* a surname

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 夏
* げ Grade: 2
* goon
From Middle Chinese 夏 (MC haeH). The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing.
Also used in the Man'yōshū (759 CE) as 借音 (shakuon) kana for ⟨ge$_1$⟩.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) げ [géꜜ] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɡe̞]

#### Noun

夏(げ) • (ge)
* (Buddhism) summer according to the lunisolar calendar; the ninety days starting from the sixteenth day of the fourth month until the fifteenth day of the seventh month

##### Derived terms

* 夏(げ)解(あき), 夏(げ)明(あ)き (geaki)
* 夏(げ)安(あん)居(ご) (geango)

##### See also

* 安(あん)居(ご) (ango)

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 夏
* か Grade: 2
* kan'on
From Middle Chinese 夏 (MC haeX).
The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing.

#### Proper noun

夏(か) • (Ka)
* the Xia dynasty (first dynasty of China)
* Short for 大夏 (Daika): Xia, one of the Sixteen Kingdoms
* Short for 西夏 (Seika): Western Xia, an empire during the Song dynasty
* a surname
* a male or female given name

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 夏 (MC haeH).
* Recorded as Middle Korean ᅘᅡᆼ〮 (Yale: hhá) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 하 (ha) (Yale: ha) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ha̠(ː)]
* Phonetic hangul: [하(ː)]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Hanja

Wikisource 夏 (eumhun 여름 하 (yeoreum ha))
* hanja form of 하 (“summer”)

#### Compounds

* 금하 (今夏, geumha, “this summer”)
* 동충하초 (冬蟲夏草, dongchunghacho, “Cordyceps”)
* 춘하추동 (春夏秋冬, chunhachudong, “the four seasons”)
* 하계 (夏季, hagye, “summer season”)
* 하복 (夏服, habok, “summer clothes”)
* 하절 (夏節, hajeol, “summer season”)

#### Coordinate terms

* 춘 (春, chun, “spring”)
* 추 (秋, chu, “fall; autumn”)
* 동 (冬, dong, “winter”)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

夏: Hán Việt readings: hạ
夏: Nôm readings: hè

### Noun

* chữ Hán form of hạ (“summer”).
* chữ Nôm form of hè (“summer”).

### Proper noun

夏
chữ Hán form of Hạ (“Xia, Xia dynasty (2070–1600 BCE)”).

#### See also

Dynasties (朝代) in Chinese history :
| Name | Time period | Divisions | Divisions |
| Xia 夏 (nhà Hạ) | 2070 – 1600 BCE | | |
| Shang 商 (nhà Thương) 殷 (nhà Ân) | 1600 – 1046 BCE | | |
| Zhou 周 (nhà Chu) | 1046 – 256 BCE | Western Zhou 西周 (nhà Tây Chu) | |
| Zhou 周 (nhà Chu) | 1046 – 256 BCE | Eastern Zhou 東周 (nhà Đông Chu) | Spring and Autumn period 春秋 |
| Zhou 周 (nhà Chu) | 1046 – 256 BCE | Eastern Zhou 東周 (nhà Đông Chu) | Warring States period 戰國 |
| Qin 秦 (nhà Tần) | 221 – 206 BCE | | |
| Han 漢 (nhà Hán) | 206 BCE – 220 C.E. | Western Han 西漢 (nhà Tây Hán) | Western Han 西漢 (nhà Tây Hán) |
| Xin 新 (nhà Tân) ||
| Eastern Han 東漢 (nhà Đông Hán) ||
| Three Kingdoms 三國 | 220 – 280 C.E. | Wei 魏 | Wei 魏 |
| Shu Han 蜀漢 ||
| Wu 吳 ||
| Jin 晉 (nhà Tấn) | 266 – 420 C.E. | Western Jin 西晉 (nhà Tây Tấn) | Western Jin 西晉 (nhà Tây Tấn) |
| Eastern Jin 東晉 (nhà Đông Tấn) ||
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 (~ triều) | 420 – 589 C.E. | Northern dynasties 北朝 (~ triều) | Northern Wei 北魏 (nhà Bắc Nguỵ) |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 (~ triều) | 420 – 589 C.E. | Northern dynasties 北朝 (~ triều) | Western Wei 西魏 (nhà Tây Nguỵ) |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 (~ triều) | 420 – 589 C.E. | Northern dynasties 北朝 (~ triều) | Eastern Wei 東魏 (nhà Đông Nguỵ) |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 (~ triều) | 420 – 589 C.E. | Northern dynasties 北朝 (~ triều) | Northern Zhou 北周 (nhà Bắc Chu) |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 (~ triều) | 420 – 589 C.E. | Northern dynasties 北朝 (~ triều) | Northern Qi 北齊 (nhà Bắc Tề) |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 (~ triều) | 420 – 589 C.E. | Southern dynasties 南朝 (~ triều) | Liu Song 劉宋 (nhà Lưu Tống) |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 (~ triều) | 420 – 589 C.E. | Southern dynasties 南朝 (~ triều) | Southern Qi 南齊 (nhà Nam Tề) |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 (~ triều) | 420 – 589 C.E. | Southern dynasties 南朝 (~ triều) | Liang 梁 (nhà Lương) |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 (~ triều) | 420 – 589 C.E. | Southern dynasties 南朝 (~ triều) | Chen 陳 (nhà Trần) |
| Sui 隋 (nhà Tuỳ) | 581 – 618 C.E. | | |
| Tang 唐 (nhà Đường) | 618 – 907 C.E. | | |
| Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 五代十國 | 907 – 960 C.E. | | |
| Liao 遼 (nhà Liêu) | 907 – 1125 C.E. | | |
| Song 宋 (nhà Tống) | 960 – 1279 C.E. | Northern Song 北宋 (nhà Bắc Tống) | Northern Song 北宋 (nhà Bắc Tống) |
| Southern Song 南宋 (nhà Nam Tống) ||
| Western Xia 西夏 (nhà Tây Hạ) | 1038 – 1227 C.E. | | |
| Jin 金 (nhà Kim) | 1115 – 1234 C.E. | | |
| Western Liao 西遼 (nhà Tây Liêu) | 1124 – 1218 C.E. | | |
| Yuan 元 (nhà Nguyên) | 1271 – 1368 C.E. | | |
| Ming 明 (nhà Minh) | 1368 – 1644 C.E. | | |
| Qing 清 (nhà Thanh) | 1636 – 1912 C.E. | | |