# quinine
## English
### Etymology

The noun is either:
* derived from Spanish quina (“quinine”) (a clipping of quinaquina (“Cinchona bark”)) + English -ine (suffix forming names of chemical substances, especially (among others) alkaloidal substances); or
* borrowed from French quinine, from quin(quina) (“Cinchona bark”) + -ine (feminine form of -in (suffix forming nouns)).
Spanish quinaquina and French quinquina are both derived from Quechua kina-kina, a reduplication of kina (“bark; (specifically) Cinchona bark”).
The verb is derived from the noun.

### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /kwɪˈniːn/, /ˈkwɪn.iːn/
* (General American) IPA: /ˈkwaɪ.naɪn/, /ˈkwɪn.aɪn/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -iːn, -aɪn (some pronunciations)
* Hyphenation: qui‧nine

### Noun

quinine (countable and uncountable, plural quinines)
* (pharmacology) An alkaloid with the chemical formula C$_{20}$H$_{24}$N$_2$O$_2$, originally derived from cinchona bark (from plants of the genus Cinchona), used to treat malaria and as an ingredient of tonic water, which presents as a bitter colourless powder; also, a drug containing quinine or a chemical compound derived from it. [from early 19th c.]
** 1821, The Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature, and the Arts, volume 10:The alkali of yellow bark may be distinguished from cinchonine by the name of quinine.
** 1828, The Medical Guide, Quinine, cinchonine, and sulphate of quinine:The quinine, being more potent than cinchonine, is generally preferred.
** 1887, Harriet W. Daly, Digging, Squatting, and Pioneering Life in the Northern Territory of South Australia, page 102:In spite of quinine, the men sickened day by day. Many of them, fine, strong, active fellows, who had never known what a day's sickness meant, went down before the malarious mist that gathered in the jungles.
** 1922, Michael Arlen, “2/9/1”, in “Piracy”: A Romantic Chronicle of These Days, London: W[illiam] Collins Sons & Co., →OCLC:He hadn't the faintest idea what to do with a cold in the head, he just took quinine and continued to blow his nose.
** 1936 June 30, Margaret Mitchell, Gone with the Wind, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company, →OCLC; republished New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company, 1944, →OCLC, part IV, page 363:“Die? Yes, they’ll all die—all these men. No bandages, no salves, no quinine, no chloroform. Oh, God, for some morphia! Just a little morphia for the worst ones. Just a little chloroform. God damn the Yankees! God damn the Yankees!”
** 1979, Lucile H. Brockway, Science and Colonial Expansion, New Haven, Conn., London: Yale University Press, published 2002, →ISBN, page 127:I propose that the availability of increased stores of quinine under British control had a similar facilitating effect on the British colonial expansion into Africa in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
** 2014, Olivia Williams, “Gin is the Tonic”, in Gin Glorious Gin: How Mother’s Ruin Became the Spirit of London, London: Headline Publishing Group, →ISBN, page 163:So far, the daily dose of quinine had been bitter and very unpalatable. […] To make the medicine go down more easily, colonialists occasionally mixed the powder with sugar, water and gin.

#### Derived terms

* quinine bark
* quinine bush
* quinine flower
* quinine test (archaic)
* quinine tree
* quininic
* quininism (obsolete)
* quininize (obsolete)

#### Related terms

* quina
* quinacridone
* quinacrine
* quinaldine
* quinamicine (archaic)
* quinamidine (archaic)
* quinaquina
* quinamine
* quinate
* quinazoline
* -quine
* quinetum (obsolete)
* quinhydrone
* quinia (obsolete)
* quinic
* quinicine
* quinide
* quinidia (archaic)
* quinidine
* quinina (archaic)
* quinism (historical)
* quinizarin
* quinoid
* quinoidine (archaic)
* quinol
* quinoline
* quinolizine
* quinologist (historical)
* quinology (archaic, historical)
* quinolone
* quinone
* quinonoid
* quinotannic acid (archaic)
* quinova red
* quinovatannic acid (archaic)
* quinovate (archaic)
* quinovic
* quinovin (archaic)
* quinovite (archaic)
* quinovose
* quinoxaline
* quinoyl
* quinquina

#### See also

* Jesuit's bark

### Verb

quinine (third-person singular simple present quinines, present participle quinining, simple past and past participle quinined)
* (transitive, archaic) To treat (someone) with quinine.
    Synonym: (obsolete) quininize

#### Derived terms

* quinined (adjective)

#### Translations
### References

* ↑ “quinine, n.”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
* ↑ “quinine, n.”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, December 2020.
* ↑ “quinaquina, n.”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, December 2020; “quinaquina, n.”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
* ↑ “quinine, v.”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, December 2019.

### Further reading

* quinine on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

## French
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ki.nin/
* Audio (Switzerland):(file)

### Noun

quinine f (plural quinines)
* quinine

#### References

* “quinine” in the Dictionnaire de l’Académie française, 8th Edition (1932–35).

### Further reading

* “quinine”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.