# proprius
## Latin
### Etymology

Most likely from Proto-Italic *pro- + *prijos (“own, dear”), from Proto-Indo-European *priHós (“dear”). Since pro- can hardly be explained as a nominal prefix, Forssman (2004) explains it as having been extended to the adjective from the verb propriāre, once-attested as propriāssit. Cognate to Sanskrit प्रिय (priyá, “dear”), Russian прия́тель (prijátelʹ, “buddy, mate”) and Russian прия́тный (prijátnyj, “pleasant”), Welsh rhydd (“free”), English free.
Other suggestions include:
* for *proprīvus, from the root of prīvus (“individual”), from Proto-Indo-European *prey-wo-s (“being in front”).
* for *propatrius, from pro- +‎ pater, meaning “from one's forefathers”, taking Ancient Greek προπάτωρ (propátōr, “forefather”) as comparison.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈpro.pri.us/, [ˈprɔpriʊs̠] or IPA: /ˈprop.ri.us/, [ˈprɔpriʊs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈpro.pri.us/, [ˈprɔːprius] or IPA: /ˈprop.ri.us/, [ˈprɔprius]

### Adjective

proprius (feminine propria, neuter proprium); first/second-declension adjective
* appropriate to oneself: (one's) proper, (one's) own (inalienably)
* belonging to oneself as property, or goods: (one's) own (alienably)
** 405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate Proverbs.11.24:aliī dīvidunt propria et dītiōrēs fīunt aliī rapiunt nōn sua et semper in egestāte suntSome distribute their own goods, and grow richer: others take away what is not their own, and are always in want. (Douay-Rheims trans., Challoner rev.: 1752 CE)
* particular to one individual, group, or case: characteristic, distinctive, eccentric, idiosyncratic, individual, specialized
* not shared with others: personal, private, exclusive
    Antonym: commūnis
* (of activities) proper to, characteristic of a given set of persons or things
* (of words) proper, literal, strict
    Antonyms: trā(ns)lāticius, trā(ns)lātus
** concrete, specific
** used of proper nouns

#### Declension

First/second-declension adjective.

#### Derived terms

* propriē
* proprietās
* propriō

#### Descendants

* Asturian: propiu, prupiu
* Catalan: propi
* → English: proper
* → Esperanto: propra
* French: propre
* Istriot: pruoprio
* Italian: proprio, propio
* Portuguese: próprio
* Romanian: propriu
* Spanish: propio
* Venetan: propio
* Lombard: propes, propi

#### See also

* pecūliāris
* prīvātus
* suus

### References

* “proprius” on page 1646 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (2nd ed., 2012)
* Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 829
* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “proprius”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 493

### Further reading

* “proprius”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “proprius”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* proprius in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* proprius in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. the proper term; a word used strictly: vocabulum proprium something is a characteristic of a man: aliquid est proprium alicuius