# यम
## Hindi
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit यम (yama).

### Pronunciation

* (Delhi) IPA: /jəm/, [jɐ̃m]

### Proper noun

यम • (yam) m
* (Hinduism) Yama, god of death
    Synonym: यमराज (yamrāj)
* (astronomy) Pluto (dwarf planet, former planet)

#### Declension
### See also

Solar System in Hindi · सौरमंडल (saurmaṇḍal) (layout · text) :
| Star | सूर्य (sūrya) | सूर्य (sūrya) | सूर्य (sūrya) | सूर्य (sūrya) | सूर्य (sūrya) | सूर्य (sūrya) | सूर्य (sūrya) | सूर्य (sūrya) | सूर्य (sūrya) | सूर्य (sūrya) | सूर्य (sūrya) | सूर्य (sūrya) | सूर्य (sūrya) | सूर्य (sūrya) | सूर्य (sūrya) | सूर्य (sūrya) | सूर्य (sūrya) | सूर्य (sūrya) |
| IAU planets and notable dwarf planets | बुध (budh) | शुक्र (śukra) | पृथ्वी (pŕthvī) | मंगल (maṅgal) | | बृहस्पति (bŕhaspati) | शनि (śani) | अरुण (aruṇ) | वरुण (varuṇ) | यम (yam) | |
| Notable moons | — | — | चंद्रमा (candramā) | | — | | | | | | |

## Marathi
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Marathi 𑘧𑘦 (yama), from Sanskrit यम (yama).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /jəm/
* Audio:(file)

### Proper noun

यम • (yam) m
* (Hinduism) Yama

### References

* Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983) “यम”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies
* Molesworth, James Thomas (1857) “यम”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press
* दाते, यशवंत रामकृष्ण [Date, Yashwant Ramkrishna] (1932-1950) “यम”, in महाराष्ट्र शब्दकोश (mahārāṣṭra śabdakoś) (in Marathi), पुणे [Pune]: महाराष्ट्र कोशमंडळ (mahārāṣṭra kośmaṇḍaḷ).

## Old Marathi
### Proper noun

यम (yama) m
* Devanagari form of 𑘧𑘦 (yama)

## Sanskrit
### Alternative scripts

* যম (Assamese script)
* ᬬᬫ (Balinese script)
* যম (Bengali script)
* 𑰧𑰦 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀬𑀫 (Brahmi script)
* ယမ (Burmese script)
* યમ (Gujarati script)
* ਯਮ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌯𑌮 (Grantha script)
* ꦪꦩ (Javanese script)
* 𑂨𑂧 (Kaithi script)
* ಯಮ (Kannada script)
* យម (Khmer script)
* ຍມ (Lao script)
* യമ (Malayalam script)
* ᠶᠠᠮᠠ (Manchu script)
* 𑘧𑘦 (Modi script)
* ᠶ᠋ᠠᠮᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
* 𑧇𑧆 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐫𑐩 (Newa script)
* ଯମ (Odia script)
* ꢫꢪ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆪𑆩 (Sharada script)
* 𑖧𑖦 (Siddham script)
* යම (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩻𑩴 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚣𑚢 (Takri script)
* யம (Tamil script)
* యమ (Telugu script)
* ยม (Thai script)
* ཡ་མ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒨𑒧 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨪𑨢 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *yámas, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *yámas, from Proto-Indo-European *yém-o-s, from *yem- (“to hold, restrain”). Cognate with Albanian gjem.

#### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /jɐ́.mɐ/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /ˈjɐ.mɐ/

#### Noun

यम • (yáma) stem, m (root यम्)
* rein
* driver, charioteer
* suppression, restraint; self-restraint (in Yoga)
* any great moral rule or duty
* observance, rule

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *yamás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *yamás, from Proto-Indo-European *yemHós (“connected, paired”), from *yemH- (“twin”). Cognate with Latin Remus.

#### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /jɐ.mɐ́/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /ˈjɐ.mɐ/

#### Adjective

यम • (yamá) stem
* twin-born, forming a pair

##### Declension
#### Noun

यम • (yamá) stem, m
* a twin, one of a pair or couple
* a pair or a couple
* (symbolic) the number 'two'

##### Descendants

* Dardic:
** Khowar: جمےژ (ǰamiž)
* Helu Prakrit:
** Sinhalese: යමා (yamā)
* Magadhi Prakrit:
** Bihari:
*** Bhojpuri: जेंवां (jēnvā̃)
* Maharastri Prakrit:
** Marathi: जवा (javā)
* Pali: yama

#### Noun

यम • (yamá) stem, n
* (grammar) a twin-letter
* pitch of the voice

##### Declension
### Etymology 3

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *Yamás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Yamás.

#### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /jɐ.mɐ́/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /ˈjɐ.mɐ/

#### Proper noun

यम • (yamá) stem, m
* Yama, the god of death, afterlife and justice, the twin brother of Yamuna and believed to have been the first mortal to die
** c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 10.14.1:प॒रे॒यि॒वांसं॑ प्र॒वतो॑ म॒हीरनु॑ ब॒हुभ्यः॒ पन्था॑मनुपस्पशा॒नम् । वै॒व॒स्व॒तं सं॒गम॑नं॒ जना॑नां य॒मं राजा॑नं ह॒विषा॑ दुवस्य ॥pareyivā́ṃsaṃ praváto mahī́ránu bahúbhyaḥ pánthāmanupaspaśānám. vaivasvatáṃ saṃgámanaṃ jánānāṃ yamáṃ rā́jānaṃ havíṣā duvasya.Honour the King (of the Pitṛs) with your oblations, Yama, Vivasvan's Son, who gathers men together, who travelled to the lofty heights above us, who searches out and shows the path to many.

##### Descendants

* → Balinese: ᬬᬫ (yama)
* → Bengali: যম (jom)
* → Manipuri: ꯌꯃ (yama)
* → Middle Chinese: 閻魔 (MC yem ma)
** Mandarin: 閻魔／阎魔 (Yánmó)
** → Japanese: 閻魔 (えんま, enma)
** → Korean: 염마 (yeomma), 閻魔
** → Vietnamese: Diêm Ma
* → Japanese: 夜摩 (Yama)
* → Old Marathi: 𑘧𑘦 (yama)
** Marathi: यम (yam)
* Pali: yama
** → Burmese: ယာမာ (yama)
** → Old Khmer: [script needed] (yama)
*** Khmer: យម (yum)
** → Thai: ยม (yom)
* Prakrit: 𑀚𑀫 (jama)
* → Tamil: யமன் (yamaṉ)

### References

* Monier Williams (1899) “यम”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 846, column 1.
* Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1893) “यम”, in A practical Sanskrit dictionary with transliteration, accentuation, and etymological analysis throughout, London: Oxford University Press
* Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 399-401