# 憑

| 憑 | U+6191, &#24977; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6191 |
| ← 憐 [U+6190] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 憒 → [U+6192] |

## Translingual
### Han character

憑 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+12, 16 strokes, cangjie input 戈火心 (IFP), four-corner 3133$_2$, composition ⿱馮心)

#### Derived characters

* 𧂋

#### Related characters

* 凭 (Simplified form of 憑)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 402, character 16
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11210
* Dae Jaweon: page 742, character 18
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2351, character 2
* Unihan data for U+6191

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 冫 | *prɯŋ |
| 冰 | *pŋrɯŋ, *ŋrɯŋ |
| 砅 | *pʰrɯŋ, *rads |
| 馮 | *brɯŋ, *bɯŋ |
| 憑 | *bɯŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *bɯŋ) : phonetic 馮 (OC *brɯŋ, *bɯŋ) + semantic 心.

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): píng (ping$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄆㄧㄥˊ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): pang$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): pang$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): phìn
    (Hailu, HRS): pin
    (Meixian, Guangdong): pin$^2$
* Jin (Wiktionary): bing$^2$
* Eastern Min (BUC): bìng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): bia$^2$ / biaⁿ$^2$ / bing$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): pîn / pêng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): pêng$^5$ / bêng$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: píng
*** Zhuyin: ㄆㄧㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: píng
*** Wade–Giles: pʻing$^2$
*** Yale: píng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: pyng
*** Palladius: пин (pin)
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰiŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: pang$^4$
*** Yale: pàhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: pang$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: peng$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰɐŋ²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: pang$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰaŋ²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: phìn
*** Hakka Romanization System: pin$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: pin$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /pʰin¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: pin
*** Sinological IPA: /pʰin⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: pin$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /pʰin¹¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: bing$^2$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /piŋ⁵³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: bìng
*** Sinological IPA : /piŋ⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: bia$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /pia¹³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: biaⁿ$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /pĩã¹³/
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: bing$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /piŋ¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pîn / pêng
*** Tâi-lô: pîn / pîng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: piin, peeng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /pin²⁴/, /piɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /pin²⁴/, /piɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /pin¹³/, /piɪŋ¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /pin²⁴/, /piɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /pin²³/, /piɪŋ²³/
* pîn - vernacular;
* pêng - literary.
* Middle Chinese: bing
Rime :
| Character | 憑 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 並 (3) |
| Final (韻) | 蒸 (133) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 扶冰切 |
| Baxter | bing |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /bɨŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /bɨŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /bieŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /biŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /biəŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /bĭəŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /bʱi̯əŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | píng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ping$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[b]rəŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*bɯŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 憑 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | píng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ bing › |
| Old Chinese | /*[b]rəŋ/ |
| English | lean on |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 憑 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 859 |
| Phonetic component | 仌 |
| Rime group | 蒸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 凭 |
| Old Chinese | /*bɯŋ/ |

#### Definitions

憑
* to lean on; to lean against
    From: 10th century CE, Li Yu, 浪淘沙令·簾外雨潺潺
    Dúzì mò píng lán, wúxiàn jiāngshān. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* to depend on; to rely on
* (colloquial) no matter
* on the basis of; according to; by
* proof; evidence
* (literary) to request
* Alternative form of 馮 / 冯 (“to wade across a river”)

##### Synonyms

* (to depend on):
* 仗恃 (zhàngshì) (literary, chiefly derogatory)
* 仰仗 (yǎngzhàng)
* 仰賴 / 仰赖 (yǎnglài)
* 依 (yī)
* 依仗 (yīzhàng)
* 依倚 (Hokkien)
* 依恃 (yīshì) (literary)
* 依歸 / 依归 (yīguī) (literary)
* 依託 / 依托 (yītuō)
* 依賴 / 依赖 (yīlài)
* 依附 (yīfù)
* 依靠 (yīkào)
* 倚仗 (yǐzhàng)
* 倚倚 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 借助 (jièzhù)
* 倚賴 / 倚赖 (yǐlài)
* 倚靠 (yǐkào)
* 寄 (jì)
* 展品棒 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 怙恃 (hùshì) (literary)
* 憑仗 / 凭仗 (píngzhàng)
* 憑依 / 凭依 (píngyī)
* 憑借 / 凭借 (píngjiè)
* 憑恃 / 凭恃 (píngshì)
* 憑靠 / 凭靠 (píngkào)
* 指 (zhǐ)
* 據 / 据
* 歸依 / 归依 (guīyī) (literary)
* 聊 (liáo) (formal)
* 賴 / 赖 (lài) (literary, or in compounds only)
* (no matter):
* 不常在 (Taiwanese Hokkien)
* 不拘 (bùjū)
* 不管 (bùguǎn)
* 不論 / 不论 (bùlùn)
* 任憑 / 任凭 (rènpíng)
* 別管 / 别管 (biéguǎn)
* 勿怪 ($^8$veq-kua) (Wu)
* 勿管 ($^8$veq-kuoe) (Wu)
* 勿論 / 勿论 ($^8$veq-len) (Wu)
* 毋管
* 無管 / 无管 (wúguǎn) (literary or Min Nan)
* 無論 / 无论 (wúlùn)
* 隨便 / 随便 (suíbiàn)
* (on the basis of):
* 依 (yī)
* 依據 / 依据 (yījù)
* 依照 (yīzhào)
* 憑借 / 凭借 (píngjiè)
* 按 (àn)
* 按照 (ànzhào)
* 據 / 据
* 本著 / 本着 (běnzhe)
* 根據 / 根据 (gēnjù)
* (proof):
* 佐證 / 佐证 (zuǒzhèng)
* 例證 / 例证 (lìzhèng)
* 信 (literary, or in compounds)
* 信據 / 信据 (xìnjù) (literary, reliable evidence)
* 力證 / 力证 (lìzhèng) (strong evidence)
* 印證 / 印证 (yìnzhèng)
* 實證 / 实证 (shízhèng) (concrete evidence)
* 干證 (Hokkien)
* 憑信 / 凭信 (píngxìn)
* 憑據 / 凭据 (píngjù)
* 憑條 / 凭条 (Min Nan)
* 憑證 / 凭证 (píngzhèng)
* 據 / 据 (literary, or in compounds)
* 論證 / 论证 (lùnzhèng)
* 證 / 证 (zhèng)
* 證供 / 证供 (zhènggōng) (Hong Kong)
* 證據 / 证据 (zhèngjù)
* 證明 / 证明 (zhèngmíng)
* 證見 / 证见 (Hokkien, literary)
* 鐵證 / 铁证 (tiězhèng) (very strong evidence)
* (to request):
* 乞丐 (qǐgài) (archaic)
* 乞憐 / 乞怜 (qǐlián) (to beg for pity)
* 乞求 (qǐqiú)
* 哀告 (āigào)
* 哀求 (āiqiú)
* 央告 (yānggào)
* 央求 (yāngqiú)
* 懇求 / 恳求 (kěnqiú)
* 懇請 / 恳请 (kěnqǐng)
* 求 (qiú)
* 沽情 (Hokkien)
* 煩請 / 烦请 (fánqǐng) (honorific, polite)
* 祈求 (qíqiú) (to pray for)
* 祈祝 (qízhù) (literary)
* 祝禱 / 祝祷 (zhùdǎo) (literary)
* 要求 (yāoqiú)
* 請 / 请
* 請求 / 请求 (qǐngqiú)

#### Compounds

* 不足為憑 / 不足为凭 (bùzúwéipíng)
* 任憑 / 任凭 (rènpíng)
* 依憑 / 依凭 (yīpíng)
* 債權憑證 / 债权凭证
* 公憑 / 公凭
* 受益憑證 / 受益凭证
* 口說無憑 / 口说无凭 (kǒushuōwúpíng)
* 各憑本事 / 各凭本事
* 單憑 / 单凭
* 執憑文帖 / 执凭文帖
* 專賣憑證 / 专卖凭证
* 憑仗 / 凭仗 (píngzhàng)
* 憑依 / 凭依 (píngyī)
* 憑信 / 凭信 (píngxìn)
* 憑借 / 凭借 (píngjiè)
* 憑倚 / 凭倚
* 憑准
* 憑券 / 凭券
* 憑單 / 凭单 (píngdān)
* 憑噫 / 凭噫
* 憑媒說合 / 凭媒说合
* 憑山俯海 / 凭山俯海
* 憑弔 / 凭吊 (píngdiào)
* 憑心 / 凭心
* 憑恃 / 凭恃 (píngshì)
* 憑摺 / 凭折
* 憑據 / 凭据 (píngjù)
* 憑桌 / 凭桌
* 憑欄 / 凭栏 (pínglán)
* 憑河暴虎 / 凭河暴虎
* 憑準 / 凭准 (píngzhǔn)
* 憑照 / 凭照
* 憑眺 / 凭眺
* 憑票 / 凭票
* 憑空 / 凭空 (píngkōng)
* 憑空捏造 / 凭空捏造
* 憑空杜撰
* 憑肩 / 凭肩
* 憑脈 / 凭脉
* 憑良心說 / 凭良心说
* 憑著 / 凭著
* 憑藉 / 凭借 (píngjiè)
* 憑虛 / 凭虚
* 憑虛公子 / 凭虚公子
* 憑虛構象 / 凭虚构象
* 憑證 / 凭证 (píngzhèng)
* 憑軾 / 凭轼
* 憑闌 / 凭阑
* 憑陵 / 凭陵
* 憑險 / 凭险
* 憑驗 / 凭验
* 憑高 / 凭高
* 憑高望遠 / 凭高望远
* 戴憑奪席 / 戴凭夺席
* 戴憑重席 / 戴凭重席
* 文憑 / 文凭 (wénpíng)
* 有憑有據 / 有凭有据
* 有證為憑 / 有证为凭
* 無憑 / 无凭
* 狐憑鼠伏 / 狐凭鼠伏
* 白憑無故 / 白凭无故
* 真憑實據 / 真凭实据 (zhēnpíngshíjù)
* 空口無憑 / 空口无凭 (kōngkǒuwúpíng)
* 聽憑 / 听凭 (tīngpíng)
* 聽憑尊便 / 听凭尊便 (tīngpíngzūnbiàn)
* 鼠憑社貴 / 鼠凭社贵

##### Descendants

* → Vietnamese: bằng (憑)

### Etymology 2

* This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “From 凭 (MC bingH)?”

#### Pronunciation

* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): bang$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): bang$^5$
* Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): bên$^4$
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: bang$^6$
*** Yale: bahng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: bang$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: beng$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /pɐŋ²²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: bang$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /paŋ³²/
* Hakka
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: bên$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /pɛn⁵³/

#### Definitions

憑
* (Cantonese, Hakka) to lean against

#### Compounds

* 憑企 / 凭企
* 挨挨憑憑 / 挨挨凭凭

### Etymology 3

* This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Same word as 𩩍 (peng1)?”

#### Pronunciation

* Cantonese (Jyutping): peng$^1$
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: peng$^1$
*** Yale: pēng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: peng$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: péng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰɛːŋ⁵⁵/

#### Definitions

憑 (Cantonese)
* back (of a chair); backrest

#### Compounds

* 凳憑 / 凳凭
* 挨憑椅 / 挨凭椅
* 椅憑 / 椅凭

### References

* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “凭”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 178.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* to lean on
* to depend on
* (of a spirit) to possess

#### Readings

* Go-on: びょう (byō)
* Kan-on: ひょう (hyō)
* Kun: よる (yoru, 憑る)、たのむ (tanomu, 憑む)、つく (tsuku, 憑く)

#### Compounds

* 憑依(ひょうい) (hyōi): spirit possession
* 信憑性(しんぴょうせい) (shinpyōsei): credibility

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 憑 (MC bing).

### Hanja

憑 (eumhun 기댈 빙 (gidael bing))
* hanja form of 빙 (“lean”)

#### Compounds

* 빙거 (憑據, binggeo, “evidence; proof”)
* 빙의 (憑依, bing'ui, “spirit possession”)
* 빙자 (憑藉, bingja, “reliance; excuse”)
* 신빙 (信憑, sinbing, “credence”)
* 신빙성 (信憑性, sinbingseong, “credibility”)
* 증빙 (證憑, jeungbing, “evidence; proof”)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

憑: Hán Nôm readings: bằng
* diploma, certificate, license