# पुरुष
## Hindi
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit पुरुष (puruṣa).

### Pronunciation

* (Delhi) IPA: /pʊ.ɾʊʂ/, [pʊ.ɾʊʃ]

### Noun

पुरुष • (puruṣ) m (Urdu spelling پرش)
* man, male
    Synonyms: मर्द (mard), आदमी (ādmī)
    Antonym: स्त्री (strī)
    यह स्नानघर केवल पुरुषों के लिए है।yah snānghar keval puruṣõ ke lie hai.This bathroom is for men only.
    पुरुष की तरह लड़ो! ― puruṣ kī tarah laṛo! ― Fight like a man!
* person
    Synonyms: मर्द (mard), आदमी (ādmī); see also Thesaurus:मनुष्य
    अनेक पुरुष भवन के बाहर हैं।anek puruṣ bhavan ke bāhar ha͠i.Many people are outside the building.

#### Related terms

* तत्पुरुष (tatpuruṣ)

### Further reading

* McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “पुरुष”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press

## Marathi
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit पुरुष (púruṣa). Compare Old Marathi 𑘢𑘳𑘨𑘳𑘏 (purukha), 𑘢𑘳𑘨𑘳𑘬 (puruṣa).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pu.ɾuʂ/, [pu.ɾuːʂ]

### Noun

पुरुष • (puruṣ) m
* man, male
* person

### Further reading

* Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983) “पुरुष”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies
* Molesworth, James Thomas (1857) “पुरुष”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press
* दाते, यशवंत रामकृष्ण [Date, Yashwant Ramkrishna] (1932-1950) “पुरुष”, in महाराष्ट्र शब्दकोश (mahārāṣṭra śabdakoś) (in Marathi), पुणे [Pune]: महाराष्ट्र कोशमंडळ (mahārāṣṭra kośmaṇḍaḷ).

## Sanskrit
### Alternative forms

* पूरुष (pū́ruṣa)

### Alternative scripts

* পুৰুষ (Assamese script)
* ᬧᬸᬭᬸᬱ (Balinese script)
* পুরুষ (Bengali script)
* 𑰢𑰲𑰨𑰲𑰬 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀧𑀼𑀭𑀼𑀱 (Brahmi script)
* ပုရုၑ (Burmese script)
* પુરુષ (Gujarati script)
* ਪੁਰੁਸ਼ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌪𑍁𑌰𑍁𑌷 (Grantha script)
* ꦥꦸꦫꦸꦰ (Javanese script)
* 𑂣𑂳𑂩𑂳𑂭 (Kaithi script)
* ಪುರುಷ (Kannada script)
* បុរុឞ (Khmer script)
* ປຸຣຸຩ (Lao script)
* പുരുഷ (Malayalam script)
* ᢒᡠᡵᡠᢢᠠ (Manchu script)
* 𑘢𑘳𑘨𑘳𑘬 (Modi script)
* ᢒᠤᠷᠤᢔᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
* 𑧂𑧔𑧈𑧔𑧌 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐥𑐸𑐬𑐸𑐲 (Newa script)
* ପୁରୁଷ (Odia script)
* ꢦꢸꢬꢸꢰ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆥𑆶𑆫𑆶𑆰 (Sharada script)
* 𑖢𑖲𑖨𑖲𑖬 (Siddham script)
* පුරුෂ (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩰𑩒𑩼𑩒𑪀 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚞𑚰𑚤𑚰 (Takri script)
* புருஷ (Tamil script)
* పురుష (Telugu script)
* ปุรุษ (Thai script)
* པུ་རུ་ཥ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒣𑒳𑒩𑒳𑒭 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨞𑨃𑨫𑨃𑨯 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

Probably an alteration of *pū́rṣa (by analogy with mánuṣa), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *pŕ̥Hṣas (“man”); ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *perh₃- (“to produce, beget”). Cognate with Pali purisa, Ashokan Prakrit 𑀧𑀼𑀮𑀺𑀲 (pulisa, “man”), Magadhi Prakrit 𑀧𑀼𑀮𑀺𑀰 (puliśa). Further related to Latin pariō (“to spawn, to beget”).

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /pú.ɾu.ʂɐ/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /ˈpu.ɾu.ʂɐ/

### Noun

पुरुष • (púruṣa) stem, m (feminine पुरुषी)
* man, male, human being
** c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 10.165.3:हे॒तिः प॒क्षिणी॒ न द॑भात्य॒स्माना॒ष्ट्र्यां प॒दं कृ॑णुते अग्नि॒धाने॑ । शं नो॒ गोभ्य॑श्च॒ पुरु॑षेभ्यश्चास्तु॒ मा नो॑ हिंसीदि॒ह दे॑वाः क॒पोतः॑ ॥hetíḥ pakṣíṇī ná dabhātyasmā́nāṣṭryā́ṃ padáṃ kṛṇute agnidhā́ne. śáṃ no góbhyaśca púruṣebhyaścāstu mā́ no hiṃsīdihá devāḥ kapótaḥ.Let not the winged Arrow distract us: beside the fire-place, on the hearth it settles. May it bring welfare to our men and cattle: here let the Dove, ye Gods, forbear to harm us.
* person, officer, functionary, attendant, servant
* (Vedic religion) Purusha, the divine being from whom the universe is said to be originated
** c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 10.90.1:स॒हस्र॑शीर्षा॒ पुरु॑षः सहस्रा॒क्षः स॒हस्र॑पात् । स भूमिं॑ वि॒श्वतो॑ वृ॒त्वात्य॑तिष्ठद्दशाङ्गु॒लम् ॥sahásraśīrṣā púruṣaḥ sahasrākṣáḥ sahásrapāt. sá bhū́miṃ viśváto vṛtvā́tyatiṣṭhaddaśāṅgulám.Puruṣa, who has a thousand heads, a thousand eyes, a thousand feet, investing the earth in all directions, exceeds (it by a space) measuring ten fingers.

#### Derived terms

* पुरुष्य (puruṣyà)
* पौरुष (pauruṣá)
* पौरुषेय (páuruṣeya)

#### Descendants

* Dardic:
** Kalasha:
*** Arabic script: پوُروُشؕ
*** Latin script: púruṣ
* Hindustani:
** Hindi: पुरुख (purukh)
** Urdu: پُرُکھ (purukh)
* Punjabi:
** Gurmukhi script: ਪੁਰਖ (purakh), ਪੁਰਸ਼ (puraś)
** Shahmukhi script: پُرَکھ (purakh), پُرَش (puraś)
* → Assamese: পুৰুষ (purux)
* → Bengali: পুরুষ (puruś)
* → English: purusha (learned)
* → Gujarati: પુરુષ (puruṣ)
* → Hindi: पुरुष (puruṣ)
* → Urdu: پرش (puruś)
* → Kannada: ಪುರುಷ (puruṣa)
* → Khmer: ប្រុស (proh)
* → Lao: ບຸຣຸດ (bu rut)
* → Old Marathi:
    Devanagari script: पुरुख (purukha), पुरुष (puruṣa)
    Modi script: 𑘢𑘳𑘨𑘳𑘏 (purukha), 𑘢𑘳𑘨𑘳𑘬 (puruṣa)
** → Marathi: पुरुष (puruṣ)
* → Tamil: புருஷன் (puruṣaṉ, “husband, man, manhood, life, people”)
* → Telugu: పురుషుడు (puruṣuḍu)
* → Thai: บุรุษ (bù-rùt)
* → Sinhalese: පුරුෂ (puruṣa)

### References

* ↑ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “púruṣa”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 150

### Further reading

* “पु॑रुष” in Carl Cappeller, A Sanskrit–English Dictionary: Based upon the St. Petersburg Lexicons, Strasbourg: Karl J. Trübner, 1891, →OCLC, page 321, column 1.