# 僚

| 僚 | U+50DA, &#20698; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-50DA |
| ← 僙 [U+50D9] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 僛 → [U+50DB] |
| 僚 | U+F9BB, &#63931; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9BB |
| ← 了 [U+F9BA] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 寮 → [U+F9BC] |

## Translingual
### Han character

僚 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+12, 14 strokes, cangjie input 人大金火 (OKCF), four-corner 2429$_6$, composition ⿰亻尞)

#### Derived characters

* 𡒭

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 116, character 25
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1100
* Dae Jaweon: page 248, character 3
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 218, character 3
* Unihan data for U+50DA
* Unihan data for U+F9BB

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 僚
* Oracle bone scriptj18875Small seal scripts05694
* References:
* Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:
* Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
* Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
* Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
* Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
| | Old Chinese |
| 簝 | *reːw, *reːw |
| 潦 | *reːwʔ, *reːws |
| 獠 | *reːwʔ, *ʔr'eːwʔ, *reːw |
| 轑 | *reːwʔ |
| 橑 | *reːwʔ, *reːw |
| 燎 | *rew, *rewʔ, *rews |
| 繚 | *rewʔ, *reːw, *reːwʔ |
| 璙 | *rewʔ, *reːw, *reːws |
| 憭 | *rewʔ, *reːw, *reːwʔ |
| 爒 | *rewʔ, *reːwʔ |
| 僚 | *rewʔ, *reːw |
| 嫽 | *rewʔ, *reːw, *reːws |
| 療 | *rews |
| 膫 | *rews, *reːw |
| 鷯 | *rews, *reːw |
| 遼 | *reːw |
| 撩 | *reːw, *reːwʔ |
| 嘹 | *reːw, *reːw, *reːws |
| 寮 | *reːw |
| 飉 | *reːw |
| 竂 | *reːw |
| 鐐 | *reːw, *reːws |
| 蟟 | *reːw |
| 瞭 | *reːw, *reːwʔ |
| 嶚 | *reːw |
| 镽 | *reːwʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *rewʔ, *reːw): semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 尞.

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): liáo (liao$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄠˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): liu$^4$
* Eastern Min (BUC): lièu
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): liâu
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$liau
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: liáo
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄠˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: liáo
*** Wade–Giles: liao$^2$
*** Yale: lyáu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: liau
*** Palladius: ляо (ljao)
*** Sinological IPA : /li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: liu$^4$
*** Yale: lìuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: liu$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: liu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /liːu̯²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: lièu
*** Sinological IPA : /l̃ieu⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liâu
*** Tâi-lô: liâu
*** Phofsit Daibuun: liaau
*** IPA (Xiamen): /liau²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /liau²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /liau¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /liau²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /liau²³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$liau
*** MiniDict: liau$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$liau
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /liɔ²³/
* Middle Chinese: lew, ljewX
Rime :
| Character | 僚 | 僚 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 蕭 (93) | 宵 (91) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | IV | III |
| Fanqie | 落蕭切 | 力小切 |
| Baxter | lew | ljewX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /leu/ | /liᴇu$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /leu/ | /liɛu$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /leu/ | /ljæu$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /lɛw/ | /liaw$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /leu/ | /liɛu$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /lieu/ | /lĭɛu$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /lieu/ | /li̯ɛu$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | liáo | liǎo |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | liu$^4$ | liu$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]ˤew/
    (Zhengzhang): /*rewʔ/, /*reːw/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 僚 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | liáo |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ lew › |
| Old Chinese | /*[r]ˁew/ |
| English | office or position |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 僚 | 僚 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 8084 | 8095 |
| Phonetic component | 尞 | 尞 |
| Rime group | 宵 | 宵 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 繚 | 聊 |
| Old Chinese | /*rewʔ/ | /*reːw/ |

#### Definitions

僚
* official; bureaucrat
    官僚 ― guānliáo ― bureaucrat
* colleague; associate; companion
    同僚 ― tóngliáo ― colleague; coworker
* a surname

#### Compounds

* 下僚
* 僚佐 (liáozuǒ)
* 僚友
* 僚寀 / 僚采
* 僚屬 / 僚属 (liáoshǔ)
* 僚機 / 僚机 (liáojī)
* 同僚 (tóngliáo)
* 壙僚 / 圹僚
* 大僚
* 官僚 (guānliáo)
* 官僚主義 / 官僚主义 (guānliáo zhǔyì)
* 官僚政治
* 官僚資本 / 官僚资本
* 官僚資本主義 / 官僚资本主义 (guānliáo zīběnzhǔyì)
* 幕僚 (mùliáo)
* 幕僚機關 / 幕僚机关
* 朋僚 (péngliáo)
* 百僚
* 臣僚 (chénliáo)

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): liǎo (liao$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄠˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): liu$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: liǎo
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄠˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: liǎo
*** Wade–Giles: liao$^3$
*** Yale: lyǎu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: leau
*** Palladius: ляо (ljao)
*** Sinological IPA : /li̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: liu$^5$
*** Yale: líuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: liu$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: liu$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /liːu̯¹³/

#### Definitions

僚
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) good; beautiful
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Yuè chū jiǎo xī, jiǎorén liǎo xī. [Pinyin]
    The moon comes forth in her brightness; How lovely is that beautiful lady!

### Pronunciation 3

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): lǎo (lao$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄠˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): lou$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lǎo
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄠˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lǎo
*** Wade–Giles: lao$^3$
*** Yale: lǎu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lao
*** Palladius: лао (lao)
*** Sinological IPA : /lɑʊ̯²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lou$^5$
*** Yale: lóuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lou$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lou$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /lou̯¹³/

#### Definitions

僚
* 僚人 (Written Standard Chinese)
* Rau peoples (English)
* (historical) Alternative form of 䝤 (lǎo, “an ancient tribe in southwestern China”)

#### Compounds

* 僚人

### References

* “僚”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* colleague
* official
* companion

#### Readings

* Go-on: りょう (ryō, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: りょう (ryō, Jōyō)
* Kun: とも (tomo, 僚)、つかさ (tsukasa, 僚)

### Affix

僚(りょう) • (ryō)
* colleague

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 僚 (MC lew|ljewX). Recorded as Middle Korean 료 (lywo) (Yale: lyo) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

Wikisource 僚 (eumhun 동료 료 (dongnyo ryo), word-initial (South Korea) 동료 요 (dongnyo yo))
* hanja form of 료/요 (“colleague”)

#### Compounds

* 각료 (閣僚, gangnyo)
* 관료 (官僚, gwallyo)
* 동료 (同僚, dongnyo)
* 막료 (幕僚, mangnyo)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

僚: Hán Nôm readings: liêu
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.