OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# epithet
## English
### Etymology

From Middle French épithète, from Latin epithetum, epitheton, from Ancient Greek ἐπίθετον (epítheton, “epithet, adjective”), the neuter of ἐπίθετος (epíthetos, “additional”), from ἐπιτίθημι (epitíthēmi, “to add on”), from ἐπι- (epi-, “in addition”) +‎ τίθημι (títhēmi, “to put”) (suf. possibly related to title in the sense of "ascribed appellation") (from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- (“to put, to do”)).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɛp.ɪˌθɛt/, /ˈɛp.əˌθɛt/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Hyphenation: ep‧i‧thet

### Noun

epithet (plural epithets)
* A term used to characterize a person or thing.
** 1831, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter VII, in Romance and Reality. […], volume III, London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, […], →OCLC, page 130:She would lean her head for hours on Beatrice's shoulder, only now and then applying to her some childish and endearing epithet.
* (mythology) A term used as a qualifier of the name of a deity in order to designate said deity in a particular aspect or role.
* A term used as a descriptive substitute for the name or title of a person.
* One of many formulaic words or phrases used in the Iliad and Odyssey to characterize a person, a group of people, or a thing.
* An abusive or contemptuous word or phrase.
** 2006, Eric L. Goldstein, The Price of Whiteness: Jews, Race, and American Identity:Part of this process was the elaboration of new terms for the Jew, especially the increasingly popular epithet “kike”.
** 2025 January 15, Linda Feldmann, “Outside the DC jail, where Jan. 6 rage and devotion live on”, in The Christian Science Monitor:Counterprotesters shouted epithets as they walked by, but the opposing groups kept it nonviolent.
* (taxonomy) A word in the scientific name of a taxon following the name of the genus or species. This applies only to formal names of plants, fungi and bacteria. In formal names of animals the corresponding term is the specific name.

#### Synonyms

* (descriptive substitute): cognomen; eponym, surname (archaic)

#### Derived terms

* epithetic
* epithetical
* epithetically
* epithetise, epithetize
* epithetism
* epithetry
* generic epithet
* species epithet
* subspecific epithet

#### Translations

    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

### Verb

epithet (third-person singular simple present epithets, present participle epitheting, simple past and past participle epitheted)
* (transitive) To term; to refer to as.
    He was epitheted "the king of fools".
# salapan
## Eastern Cham
### Alternative forms

* salipen / ꨧꨤꨪꨚꨮꩆ
* ꨧꨤꨚꩆ

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sa.la.pʌn/

### Numeral

salapan
* nine

## Minangkabau
### Etymology

From Proto-Malayic *əsa(ʔ) alap-an, *isa(ʔ) alap-an.

### Numeral

salapan
* eight

## Old Javanese
### Etymology

Affixed lapan (“something taken”) +‎ sa- (“one”), literally “one subtracted (from ten)”.

### Numeral

salapan
* nine

### Further reading

* "salapan" in P.J. Zoetmulder with the collaboration of S.O. Robson, Old Javanese-English Dictionary. 's-Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff, 1982.

## Sundanese
### Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa (“one”) + *alap (“fetch, take”) + *-an, etymologically "one taken away from ten". Reanalayzed as sa- +‎ alap +‎ -an. Compare Eastern Cham salapan.

### Numeral

salapan (Sundanese script ᮞᮜᮕᮔ᮪)
* nine

### References

* ↑ Blust's Austronesian Comparative Dictionary — *alap
# ܐܠܡܐ
## Classical Syriac
### Etymology

From the root ܐ ܠ ܡ related to being angry; compare Arabic أَلِم (ʔalim, “pain, grief, irritation”), Hebrew אַלִּים (ʾallîm, “violent”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Edessan) IPA: [ˈʔɛl.mɑ]
* (Eastern Syriac) IPA: [ˈʔal.mɑ]
* (Western Syriac) IPA: [ˈʔɛl.mo]
Based on regular sound changes, the Eastern pronunciation differs from the expected *[ˈʔɪl.mɑ].

### Noun

ܐܠܡܐ • (ʾelmā) m (plural ܐܠܡܐ (ʾelmē))
* lasting anger, ill will

#### Inflection
### References

* “ˀlm$^2$”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–, retrieved 2013-04-22
* Costaz, Louis (2002) Dictionnaire syriaque-français ∙ Syriac–English Dictionary ∙ قاموس سرياني-عربي, 3rd edition, Beirut: Dar El-Machreq, page 10b
* Payne Smith, Jessie (1903) A Compendious Syriac Dictionary Founded Upon the Thesaurus Syriacus of R. Payne Smith, D.D., Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 18a
* Sokoloff, Michael (2009) A Syriac Lexicon: A Translation from the Latin, Correction, Expansion, and Update of C. Brockelmann's Lexicon Syriacum, Winona Lake, Indiana, Piscataway, New Jersey: Eisenbrauns; Gorgias Press, page 50a
# ܐܠܝܬܐ
## Classical Syriac
### Etymology 1

From Proto-West Semitic *ʔalyat-.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ʔɛlliθɑ], [ʔalliθɑ] (singular)
* IPA: [ʔɛljɑθɑ], [ʔaljɑθɑ] (plural)

#### Noun

ܐܠܝܬܐ • (ʾellīṯā) f (plural ܐܠܝܬܐ (ʾelyāṯā))
* fat tail

##### Inflection
### Etymology 2

From the root ܐ ܠ ܐ related to wailing. Compare Mishnaic Hebrew אַלָּאִית (ʾallāʾîṯ).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ʔallɑjtɑ] (singular)
* IPA: [ʔallɑjɑθɑ] (plural)

#### Noun

ܐܠܝܬܐ • (ʾallāytā) f (plural ܐܠܝܬܐ (ʾallāyāṯā))
* mourner, wailer, weeper

##### Inflection
### Etymology 3

Possibly corrupted from ܠܠܝܬܐ (lellīṯā).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ʔallɑjtɑ] (singular)
* IPA: [ʔallɑjɑθɑ] (plural)

#### Noun

ܐܠܝܬܐ • (ʾallāytā) f (plural ܐܠܝܬܐ (ʾallāyāṯā), singular masculine counterpart ܐܠܝܐ (ʾallāyā))
* (possibly) centaur

##### Inflection
### References

* “ˀlyh”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* “ˀlyh$^2$”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* Costaz, Louis (2002) Dictionnaire syriaque-français ∙ Syriac–English Dictionary ∙ قاموس سرياني-عربي, 3rd edition, Beirut: Dar El-Machreq, pages 10a–10b
* Payne Smith, Jessie (1903) A Compendious Syriac Dictionary Founded Upon the Thesaurus Syriacus of R. Payne Smith, D.D., Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 18a
* Sokoloff, Michael (2009) A Syriac Lexicon: A Translation from the Latin, Correction, Expansion, and Update of C. Brockelmann's Lexicon Syriacum, Winona Lake, Indiana, Piscataway, New Jersey: Eisenbrauns; Gorgias Press, pages 49b–50a
# ܐܪܝܟܘܬܐ
## Classical Syriac
### Etymology

From ܐܪܝܟܐ (ʾărīḵā, “long”), from the root ܐ ܪ ܟ related to lengthening + the abstract noun ending -ܘܬܐ (-ūṯā). Compare Hebrew אֲרִיכוּת (ʾărīḵūṯ).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ʔărixuθɑ]

### Noun

ܐܪܝܟܘܬܐ • (ʾarīḵūṯā) f(uncountable)
* length, lengthiness

#### Synonyms

* ܐܘܪܟܐ (ʾurkā)

### References

* “ˀrykw”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* Costaz, Louis (2002) Dictionnaire syriaque-français ∙ Syriac–English Dictionary ∙ قاموس سرياني-عربي, 3rd edition, Beirut: Dar El-Machreq, page 19b
* Payne Smith, Jessie (1903) A Compendious Syriac Dictionary Founded Upon the Thesaurus Syriacus of R. Payne Smith, D.D., Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 28b
* Sokoloff, Michael (2009) A Syriac Lexicon: A Translation from the Latin, Correction, Expansion, and Update of C. Brockelmann's Lexicon Syriacum, Winona Lake, Indiana, Piscataway, New Jersey: Eisenbrauns; Gorgias Press, page 99a
# ܚܛܝܐ
## Classical Syriac
### Etymology

From the root ܚ ܛ ܐ related to sinning. Compare Arabic خَاطِئ (ḵāṭiʔ) and Hebrew חַטָּא (ḥaṭṭā).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ħatˤtˤɑjɑ] (in the singular)
* IPA: [ħatˤtˤɑje] (in the plural)

### Noun

ܚܛܝܐ • (ḥaṭṭāyā) m (plural ܚܛܝܐ (ḥaṭṭāyē), singular feminine counterpart ܚܛܝܬܐ (ḥaṭṭāytā))
* sinner

#### Inflection
### References

* “ḥṭy$^2$”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* Costaz, Louis (2002) Dictionnaire syriaque-français ∙ Syriac–English Dictionary ∙ قاموس سرياني-عربي, 3rd edition, Beirut: Dar El-Machreq, page 102a
* Payne Smith, Jessie (1903) A Compendious Syriac Dictionary Founded Upon the Thesaurus Syriacus of R. Payne Smith, D.D., Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 138a
* Sokoloff, Michael (2009) A Syriac Lexicon: A Translation from the Latin, Correction, Expansion, and Update of C. Brockelmann's Lexicon Syriacum, Winona Lake, Indiana, Piscataway, New Jersey: Eisenbrauns; Gorgias Press, page 442b
# ܝܘܪܬܢܐ
## Classical Syriac
### Etymology

From the root ܘ ܪ ܬ, related to inheriting.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Syriac) IPA: [jurˈtɑ.nɑ]
* (Eastern Syriac) IPA: [jurˈtɑ.nɑ]
* (Western Syriac) IPA: [jurˈto.no]

### Noun

ܝܘܪܬܢܐ • (yūrtānā) m (plural ܝܘܪܬܢܐ (yūrtānē))
* inheritance, heritage
** Peshitta, Acts 20:32:
    .ܘܗܫܐ ܡܓܥܠ ܐܢܐ ܠܟܘܢ ܠܐܠܗܐ ܘܠܡܠܬܐ ܕܛܝܒܘܬܗ: ܕܗܝ ܡܫܟܚܐ ܒܢܝܐ ܠܟܘܢ: ܘܝܗܒܐ ܠܟܘܢ ܝܘܪܬܢܐ ܥܡ ܟܠܗܘܢ ܩܕ̈ܝܫܐwə-hāšā maḡʿel [ʾĕ]nā ləḵōn lə-ʾălāhā wa-lə-melləṯā ḏə-ṭaybūṯēh, də-hī meškəḥā bānyā ləḵōn, wə-yāhbā ləḵōn yūrtānā ʿam kōlhōn qaddīšē.And now, brethren, I commend you to God, and to the word of his grace, which is able to build you up, and to give you an inheritance among all them which are sanctified.
* property, possession

#### Inflection
### References

* “ywrtn”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–, retrieved 2012-08-21
* Costaz, Louis (2002) Dictionnaire syriaque-français ∙ Syriac–English Dictionary ∙ قاموس سرياني-عربي, 3rd edition, Beirut: Dar El-Machreq, page 145b
* Payne Smith, Jessie (1903) A Compendious Syriac Dictionary Founded Upon the Thesaurus Syriacus of R. Payne Smith, D.D., Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 190b
* Sokoloff, Michael (2009) A Syriac Lexicon: A Translation from the Latin, Correction, Expansion, and Update of C. Brockelmann's Lexicon Syriacum, Winona Lake, Indiana, Piscataway, New Jersey: Eisenbrauns; Gorgias Press, page 570a

### Anagrams

* ܝܘܬܪܢܐ (yūṯrānā)
# ܡܡܠܠܘܬܐ
## Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
### Etymology

* Root
* ܡ ܠ ܠ (m l l)
* 11 terms
From ܡܲܡܠܠܵܐ (mamllā, “speech, diction”) +‎ -ܘܬܐ (-utā)

### Pronunciation

* (Standard) IPA: [mal.luːθɑː]
* (Nineveh Plains) IPA: [mal.luːθɑː]

### Noun

ܡܡܲܠܠܘܼܬܵܐ • (mmallutā) f (plural ܡܡܲܠܠܘܵܬܹ̈ܐ (mmallwātē))
* science

#### Derived terms

* ܡܡܲܠܠܘܼܬ ܐܲܠܵܗܘܼܬܵܐ (mmallut alāhutā, “theology”)
* ܡܡܲܠܠܘܼܬ ܟܝܵܢܵܝܵܬܹ̈ܐ (mmallut kyānāyātē, “physics”)
* ܡܡܲܠܠܘܼܬ ܡܬܲܠܬܹ̈ܐ (mmallut mtaltē, “trigonometry”)

## Classical Syriac
### Etymology

From ܡܡܠܠܐ (mamləlā, “speech, diction”) +‎ -ܘܬܐ (-ūṯā), from the root ܡ ܠ ܠ related to speaking.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [m(ə)malluθɑ]

### Noun

ܡܡܠܠܘܬܐ • (məmallūtā) f(uncountable)
* speaking, discourse
* teaching, science, -logy

#### Derived terms

* ܡܡܠܠܘܬ ܐܠܗܘܬܐ
* ܡܡܠܠܘܬ ܕܓܠܘܬܐ
* ܡܡܠܠܘܬ ܕܪܐ
* ܡܡܠܠܘܬ ܟܘܟܒܐ
* ܡܡܠܠܘܬ ܟܝܢܝܬܐ
* ܡܡܠܠܘܬ ܦܗܝܬܐ
* ܡܡܠܠܘܬ ܫܘܒܚܐ
* ܡܡܠܠܘܬ ܫܪܒܬܐ
* ܡܡܠܠܘܬ ܬܫܒܚܬܐ

### References

* “mmllw”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* Costaz, Louis (2002) Dictionnaire syriaque-français ∙ Syriac–English Dictionary ∙ قاموس سرياني-عربي, 3rd edition, Beirut: Dar El-Machreq, page 183b
* Payne Smith, Jessie (1903) A Compendious Syriac Dictionary Founded Upon the Thesaurus Syriacus of R. Payne Smith, D.D., Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 279b
* Sokoloff, Michael (2009) A Syriac Lexicon: A Translation from the Latin, Correction, Expansion, and Update of C. Brockelmann's Lexicon Syriacum, Winona Lake, Indiana, Piscataway, New Jersey: Eisenbrauns; Gorgias Press, page 777a
# ܡܥܠܬܐ
## Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
### Etymology

* Root
* ܥ ܠ ܠ (ˁ l l)
* 11 terms
Feminine noun of place derived from the verb ܥܵܠܹܠ (ˁālēl, “to enter”).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard) IPA: [maʕˈʕal.tɑː]

### Noun

ܡܲܥܲܠܬܵܐ • (maˁaltā) f sg (plural ܡܲܥ̈ܠܵܬ݂ܹܐ (maˁlāṯē) or ܡܲܥܲܠܝܵܬ݂ܹ̈ܐ (maˁalyāṯē))
* entry, log, datum, record
* beginning, introduction, preface
* induction, inauguration
* (ecclesiastical) dedication of a church
* (accounting) revenue, income
* (figurative) crop, produce

#### Antonyms

* ܡܲܦܲܩܬܵܐ (mappaqtā)

## Classical Syriac
### Etymology

From the root ܥ ܠ ܠ related to entering.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [maʕˈʕal.tɑ] (singular)
* IPA: [maʕˈlɑ.θɑ] (plural)

### Noun

ܡܥܠܬܐ • (maʿʿaltā) f (plural ܡܥܠܬܐ)
* entering, entrance, entryway
* beginning, introduction, preface
* induction, inauguration
* (ecclesiastical) dedication of a church
* festival day
* funeral procession
* crop, produce
* (accounting) revenue, income
* inroad, incursion, invasion
* deglutition, swallowing

#### Antonyms

* ܡܦܩܬܐ (mappaqtā)

### References

* “mˁlh”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–, retrieved 2011-11-11
* Costaz, Louis (2002) Dictionnaire syriaque-français ∙ Syriac–English Dictionary ∙ قاموس سرياني-عربي, 3rd edition, Beirut: Dar El-Machreq, page 252b
* Payne Smith, Jessie (1903) A Compendious Syriac Dictionary Founded Upon the Thesaurus Syriacus of R. Payne Smith, D.D., Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 289a
* Sokoloff, Michael (2009) A Syriac Lexicon: A Translation from the Latin, Correction, Expansion, and Update of C. Brockelmann's Lexicon Syriacum, Winona Lake, Indiana, Piscataway, New Jersey: Eisenbrauns; Gorgias Press, page 802a
# ܡܪܫܐ
## Classical Syriac
### Etymology 1

From Akkadian 𒄙 (GUR /⁠markasu⁠/, “rope”), from Akkadian 𒆟 (KEŠDA /⁠rakāsu⁠/, “to tie”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Edessan) IPA: [ˈmar.ʃɑ]
* (Eastern Syriac) IPA: [ˈmar.ʃɑ]
* (Western Syriac) IPA: [ˈmɑr.ʃo]

#### Noun

ܡܪܫܐ • (maršā) m (plural ܡܪܫܐ (maršē))
* cable, strong hempen rope

##### Descendants

* → Arabic: مَرَسَة (marasa)

### Etymology 2

From the root ܪ ܫ ܫ related to crushing.

#### Alternative forms

* ܡܪܫܬܐ (maršəṯā, məraššəṯā)

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Edessan) IPA: [ˈmar.(ʃə.)ʃɑ]
* (Eastern Syriac) IPA: [ˈmar.ʃɑ]
* (Western Syriac) IPA: [ˈmɑr.ʃo]

#### Noun

ܡܪܫܐ • (maršəšā) m (plural ܡܪܫܐ (maršəšē))
* pestle
* lower millstone

##### Inflection
### References

* “mrš$^2$”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–, retrieved 2020-10-25
* “mrš”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–, retrieved 2020-10-25
* Costaz, Louis (2002) Dictionnaire syriaque-français ∙ Syriac–English Dictionary ∙ قاموس سرياني-عربي, 3rd edition, Beirut: Dar El-Machreq, pages 192b, 353a
* Payne Smith, Jessie (1903) A Compendious Syriac Dictionary Founded Upon the Thesaurus Syriacus of R. Payne Smith, D.D., Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 303b
* Sokoloff, Michael (2009) A Syriac Lexicon: A Translation from the Latin, Correction, Expansion, and Update of C. Brockelmann's Lexicon Syriacum, Winona Lake, Indiana, Piscataway, New Jersey: Eisenbrauns; Gorgias Press, page 839a
# ܢܥܘܪܐ
## Classical Syriac
### Etymology

From the root ܢ ܥ ܪ related to growling.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [nɑʕorɑ] (in the singular)
* IPA: [nɑʕore] (in the plural)

### Noun

ܢܥܘܪܐ • (nāʿōrā) m (plural ܢܥܘܪܐ (nāʿōrē), singular feminine counterpart ܢܥܘܪܬܐ (nāʿōrtā))
* growler, roarer
* water wheel, noria

#### Inflection
### References

* “nˁwr”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* Payne Smith, Jessie (1903) A Compendious Syriac Dictionary Founded Upon the Thesaurus Syriacus of R. Payne Smith, D.D., Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 343a
* Sokoloff, Michael (2009) A Syriac Lexicon: A Translation from the Latin, Correction, Expansion, and Update of C. Brockelmann's Lexicon Syriacum, Winona Lake, Indiana, Piscataway, New Jersey: Eisenbrauns; Gorgias Press, page 928a
# ܣܦܝܢܐ
## Classical Syriac
### Etymology 1

From Ancient Greek σφήν (sphḗn).

#### Alternative forms

* ܐܣܦܢܐ (ʾespēnā)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [s(ə)finɑ] (singular)
* IPA: [s(ə)fine] (plural)

#### Noun

ܣܦܝܢܐ • (sp̄īnā) m (plural ܣܦܝܢܐ (sp̄īnē))
* wedge

##### Inflection
### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [s(ə)finɑ] (singular)
* IPA: [s(ə)fine] (plural)

#### Noun

ܣܦܝܢܐ • (səp̄īnā) m (plural ܣܦܝܢܐ (səp̄īnē))
* ship passenger

##### Inflection
### Etymology 3

From the root ܣ ܦ ܐ related to heaping together.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sɛfjɑnɑ]

#### Noun

ܣܦܝܢܐ • (sep̄yānā) m(uncountable)
* chaff

##### Inflection
### Etymology 4
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [s(ə)fine]

#### Noun

ܣܦܝܢܐ • (səp̄īnē)
* emphatic plural of ܣܦܝܢܬܐ (səp̄īntā)

### Etymology 5
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [s(ə)finɑ]

#### Noun

ܣܦܝܢܐ • (səp̄īnā)
* absolute singular of ܣܦܝܢܬܐ (səp̄īntā)

### References

* “ˀspnˀ”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* “spyn”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* Payne Smith, Jessie (1903) A Compendious Syriac Dictionary Founded Upon the Thesaurus Syriacus of R. Payne Smith, D.D., Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 385b
* Sokoloff, Michael (2009) A Syriac Lexicon: A Translation from the Latin, Correction, Expansion, and Update of C. Brockelmann's Lexicon Syriacum, Winona Lake, Indiana, Piscataway, New Jersey: Eisenbrauns; Gorgias Press, page 1030a
# ܦܘܢܝܐ
## Classical Syriac
### Etymology 1

From the root ܦ ܢ ܐ related to returning.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [punnɑjɑ] (singular)
* IPA: [punnɑje] (plural)

#### Noun

ܦܘܢܝܐ • (punnāyā) m (plural ܦܘܢܝܐ (punnāyē))
* restoration, restitution, bringing back
* return, returning, giving back
* revocation, repenting, conversion
* answer, reply
* granting
* satisfaction

##### Inflection
### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Ancient Greek παιωνία (paiōnía)

#### Alternative forms

* ܦܐܘܢܝܐ (pawōnīyā)

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Edessan) IPA: [pa.woˈni.jɑ]
* (Eastern Syriac) IPA: [pa.woˈni.jɑ]
* (Western Syriac) IPA: [pɑ.woˈni.jɑ]

#### Noun

ܦܘܢܝܐ • (pawōnīyā) m(uncountable)
* peony

##### Inflection
### References

* “pwny”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* Costaz, Louis (2002) Dictionnaire syriaque-français ∙ Syriac–English Dictionary ∙ قاموس سرياني-عربي, 3rd edition, Beirut: Dar El-Machreq, page 279b
* Payne Smith, Jessie (1903) A Compendious Syriac Dictionary Founded Upon the Thesaurus Syriacus of R. Payne Smith, D.D., Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 438a
* Sokoloff, Michael (2009) A Syriac Lexicon: A Translation from the Latin, Correction, Expansion, and Update of C. Brockelmann's Lexicon Syriacum, Winona Lake, Indiana, Piscataway, New Jersey: Eisenbrauns; Gorgias Press, pages 1166a–b
* Löw, Immanuel (1924) Die Flora der Juden‎ (in German), volume 3, Wien und Leipzig: R. Löwit, page 124
# ܪܩܝܥܐ
## Assyrian Neo-Aramaic

* Root
* ܪ ܩ ܥ (r q ˁ)
* 2 terms

### Etymology

From Aramaic רְקִיעָא (rəqīʿā); compare Arabic رَقِيع (raqīʕ) and Hebrew רָקוּעַ (rāqū́aʿ).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard) IPA: [rə.qiːʕɑː]

### Adjective

ܪܩܝܼܥܵܐ • (rqīˁā) (feminine ܪܩܝܼܥܬܵܐ (rqīˁtā), plural ܪ̈ܩܝܼܥܹܐ (rqīˁē))
* firm, compact
* thick
    Synonym: ܚܠܝܼܡܵܐ (ḥlīmā)
* impervious
* well hidden

### Noun

ܪܩܝܼܥܵܐ • (rqīˁā) m (plural ܪ̈ܩܝܼܥܹܐ (rqīˁē))
* space
* firmament

#### Declension
## Classical Syriac
### Alternative forms

* ܐܪܩܝܥܐ (ʾarəqīʿā)

### Etymology 1

From the root ܪ ܩ ܥ related to compacting. Compare Arabic رَقِيع (raqīʕ) and Hebrew רָקוּעַ (rāqū́aʿ).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [r(ə)qiʕɑ] (singular)
* IPA: [r(ə)qiʕe] (plural)

#### Adjective

ܪܩܝܥܐ • (rəqīʿā) m (plural ܪܩܝܥܐ)
* firm, compact
* thick
* impervious
* well hidden

##### Inflection
### Etymology 2

From the root ܪ ܩ ܥ related to compacting. Considered a loan from Hebrew רָקִיעַ (rāqī́aʿ).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [r(ə)qiʕɑ]

#### Noun

ܪܩܝܥܐ • (rəqīʿā) c(uncountable)
* firmament, heavens, sky
    Synonyms: ܫܡܝܐ, ܡܕܝܪܐ
* (astronomy) celestial sphere
    Synonym: ܓܝܓܠܐ

##### Descendants

* → Arabic: رَقِيع (raqīʕ)

### References

* “rqyˁ”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* Brockelmann, Carl (1928) Lexicon Syriacum (in Latin), 2nd edition, Halle: Max Niemeyer, published 1995, page 744
* Costaz, Louis (2002) Dictionnaire syriaque-français ∙ Syriac–English Dictionary ∙ قاموس سرياني-عربي, 3rd edition, Beirut: Dar El-Machreq, page 353a
* Payne Smith, Jessie (1903) A Compendious Syriac Dictionary Founded Upon the Thesaurus Syriacus of R. Payne Smith, D.D., Oxford: Clarendon Press, pages 549b, 550a
* Sokoloff, Michael (2009) A Syriac Lexicon: A Translation from the Latin, Correction, Expansion, and Update of C. Brockelmann's Lexicon Syriacum, Winona Lake, Indiana, Piscataway, New Jersey: Eisenbrauns; Gorgias Press, page 1489a
# Nusaybin
## English
### Etymology

From Turkish Nusaybin and Ottoman Turkish نصیبین (Nusaybin), from Arabic نُصَيْبِين (Nuṣaybīn), from Classical Syriac ܢܨܝܒܝܢ (Nəṣībīn), an Old Aramaic 2nd millennium BC plural formation from ܢܨܝܒ (nəṣīḇ, “planted, erected”, adjective), from the root ܢ ܨ ܒ cognate with Arabic ن ص ب (n ṣ b).

### Proper noun

Nusaybin
* A city in Mardin province in southeastern Turkey, the ancient Nisibis.

#### Synonyms

* (historical names): See Nisibis

#### Translations
## Turkish
### Etymology

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish نصیبین (Nusaybin), itself from Arabic نُصَيْبِين (nuṣaybīn).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /nuˈsaj.bin/

### Proper noun

Nusaybin
* A town and district of Mardin, Turkey

#### Derived terms

* Nusaybinli
# շփեմ
## Old Armenian
### Etymology

From Aramaic / Classical Syriac ܫܦܐ (šəp̄ā, “to rub down or grind against”), from the root שׁ־ו־ף / ܫ ܘ ܦ related to rubbing, whence also Classical Syriac ܫܘܦܐ (šawpā), absolute state ܫܘܦ (šōp̄, “friction, rubbing”). Related to շփշփեմ (špʻšpʻem) and շօշափեմ (šōšapʻem).

### Verb

շփեմ • (špʻem)
* (transitive) to rub
** 5th century, Bible, Job 30.12–13:Ընդ շաւիղս կորստեան նոցա շփեցան շաւիղք իմ։Ənd šawiłs korstean nocʻa špʻecʻan šawiłkʻ im.Translation by Claude E. CoxOn the paths of their destruction, my paths were rubbed out.
** 5th century, Bible, Luke 6.1:Եւ եղեւ ի շաբաթու յերկրորդում առաջնոյն անցանել նմա ընդ արտորայսն, եւ աշակերտքն նորա կորզէին հասկ, շփէին ընդ ափ եւ ուտէին։Ew ełew i šabatʻu yerkrordum aṙaǰnoyn ancʻanel nma ənd artoraysn, ew ašakertkʻn nora korzēin hask, špʻēin ənd apʻ ew utēin.Translation by King James VersionAnd it came to pass on the second sabbath after the first, that he went through the corn fields; and his disciples plucked the ears of corn, and did eat, rubbing [them] in [their] hands.

#### Usage notes

In Luke, translates Ancient Greek ψώχω (psṓkhō, “to rub something under pressure so as to make it smaller”).

#### Derived terms

* ամպաշուփ (ampašupʻ)
* շփումն (špʻumn)
* ոտնաշուփ (otnašupʻ)

#### Related terms

* շփշփեմ (špʻšpʻem)
* շօշափեմ (šōšapʻem)

#### Descendants

* Armenian: շփել (špʻel)

### References

* ↑ Cox, Claude E. (2006) Armenian Job: reconstructed Greek text, critical edition of the Armenian with English translation (Hebrew University Armenian studies; 8), Leuven – Paris – Dudley, MA: Peeters, page 194

### Further reading

* “šwp”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1977) “շուփ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume III, Yerevan: University Press, page 547ab, considering the similarity with Semitic accidental, but he does not know about the more suitable forms and meanings
* Awetikʻean, G., Siwrmēlean, X., Awgerean, M. (1836–1837) “շփեմ”, in Nor baṙgirkʻ haykazean lezui [New Dictionary of the Armenian Language] (in Old Armenian), Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
* Petrosean, Matatʻeay (1879) “շփեմ”, in Nor Baṙagirkʻ Hay-Angliarēn [New Dictionary Armenian–English], Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy