# proper
## English
### Alternative forms

* propa (Geordie)
* propre (obsolete)

### Etymology

From Middle English propre, from Anglo-Norman proper, propre, Old French propre (French: propre), from Latin proprius.

### Pronunciation

* (General Australian) IPA: /ˈpɹɔp.ə/
* (UK) IPA: /ˈpɹɒp.ə(ɹ)/
* (US) enPR: präpʹər, IPA: /ˈpɹɑ.pɚ/
** Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɒpə(ɹ)
* Homophone: propper
* Hyphenation: prop‧er

### Adjective

proper (comparative more proper, superlative most proper)
* Suitable.
** Suited or acceptable to the purpose or circumstances; fit, suitable. [13th c.]
    Synonyms: correct, right, apt, prudent, upright, sensible, fitting; see also Thesaurus:suitable
    Antonyms: incorrect, wrong, bad, imprudent, insensible, improper; see also Thesaurus:unsuitable
    the proper time to plant potatoes
*** 1733, [Alexander Pope], An Essay on Man. […], (please specify |epistle=I to IV), London: Printed for J[ohn] Wilford, […], →OCLC:The proper study of mankind is man.
*** 2014 June 14, “It's a gas”, in The Economist, volume 411, number 8891:One of the hidden glories of Victorian engineering is proper drains. Isolating a city’s effluent and shipping it away in underground sewers has probably saved more lives than any medical procedure except vaccination.
** Following the established standards of behavior or manners; correct or decorous. [18th c.]
    Synonyms: appropriate, decent, good, polite, right, well-mannered, upright; see also Thesaurus:orthodox, Thesaurus:virtuous
    Antonyms: inappropriate, indecent, bad, impolite, wrong, ill-mannered, unseemly; see also Thesaurus:unorthodox, Thesaurus:immoral
    a very proper young lady
*** 1910, Emerson Hough, chapter I, in The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:This new-comer was a man who in any company would have seemed striking. […] Indeed, all his features were in large mold, like the man himself, as though he had come from a day when skin garments made the proper garb of men.
*** 2014, Paul Chrystal, Tea: A Very British Beverage:The Nippy became a national icon, symbolic of the girl next door, always approachable and proper; […]
** (topology, of a function) Such that the preimage of every compact set is compact.
** (topology, of a function) Continuous, mapping closed sets to closed sets, and such that the preimage of every point is compact.
** (algebraic geometry, of a morphism of schemes) separated, of finite type, and universally closed.
** (algebraic geometry, of a variety over a field $k$) such that unique morphism from the variety to $k$ is proper (as above).
** (mathematical analysis, of a metric space) Such that every closed ball is compact
* Possessed, related.
** (grammar) Used to designate a particular person, place, or thing. Proper nouns are usually written with an initial capital letter. [14th c.]
** Pertaining exclusively to a specific thing or person; particular. [14th c.]
    Synonyms: individual, singular; see also Thesaurus:specific
*** 1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC:, II.1.3:
    They have a proper saint almost for every peculiar infirmity: for poison, gouts, agues […].
*** 1829, James Marsh, Preliminary Essay to Samuel Taylor Coleridge's Aids to Reflection
    those higher and peculiar attributes […] which constitute our proper humanity
** (usually postpositive) In the strict sense; within the strict definition or core (of a specified place, taxonomic order, idea, etc).
*** 1893, Annual of the Universal Medical Sciences:These are divided into two great families, the vipers proper (Viperidae) and the pit-vipers (Crotalidae).
*** 1976, Eu-Yang Kwang, The political reconstruction of China, page 165:Siberia, though it stands outside the territorial confines of Russia proper, constitutes an essentially component part […] . Outer Mongolia, [so called] to distinguish it from Inner Mongolia, which lies nearer to China proper, revolted and declared its independence.
*** 2004, Stress, the Brain and Depression, page 24:Hence, this border is still blurred, raising the question whether traumatic life events induce sadness/distress – which is self-evident – or depression proper and, secondly, whether sadness/distress is a precursor or pacemaker of depression.
*** For more quotations using this term, see Citations:proper.
** Belonging to oneself or itself; own. [14th c.]
    proper motion — proper left — proper right
*** c. 1596–1599 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Second Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene ii]:a man so bold That dares do justice on my proper son
*** 1717, John Dryden, Meleager and Atalanta:Now learn the difference, at your proper cost, / Betwixt true valour and an empty boast.
*** 1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC:, II.4.1.ii:
    every country, and more than that, every private place, hath his proper remedies growing in it, particular almost to the domineering and most frequent maladies of it.
*** 1946, Bertrand Russell, A History of Western Philosophy, I.20:Each animal has its proper pleasure, and the proper pleasure of man is connected with reason.
** (heraldry) Portrayed in natural or usual coloration, as opposed to conventional tinctures. [16th c.]
** (mathematics) Being strictly part of some other thing (not necessarily explicitly mentioned, but of definitional importance), and not being the thing itself. [20th c.]
    proper subset — proper ideal
** (mathematics, physics) Eigen-; designating a function or value which is an eigenfunction or eigenvalue. [20th c.]
* Accurate, strictly applied.
** Excellent, of high quality; such as the specific person or thing should ideally be. (Now often merged with later senses.) [14th c.]
    Synonyms: comprehensive, royal, sweeping, intensive
    Antonyms: partial, incomplete, superficial, slapdash
    Now that was a proper breakfast.
** (now regional) Attractive, elegant. [14th c.]
*** 1526, [William Tyndale, transl.], The Newe Testamẽt […] (Tyndale Bible), [Worms, Germany: Peter Schöffer], →OCLC, Acts vij:The same tyme was Moses borne, and was a propper [translating ἀστεῖος (asteîos)] childe in the sight of God, which was norisshed up in his fathers housse thre monethes.
** (often postpositive) In the very strictest sense of the word. [14th c.]
    Synonyms: strictly speaking, properly speaking, par excellence
*** 1922 February, James Joyce, “[Episode 16]”, in Ulysses, Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC:Though unusual in the Dublin area he knew that it was not by any means unknown for desperadoes who had next to nothing to live on to be abroad waylaying and generally terrorising peaceable pedestrians by placing a pistol at their head in some secluded spot outside the city proper […].
** (now colloquial) Utter, complete. [15th c.]
    Synonyms: complete, right, total, utter; see also Thesaurus:total
    When I realized I was wearing my shirt inside out, I felt a proper fool.
** (set theory, of a class) Not being a set.

#### Derived terms

* China proper
* city proper
* good and proper
* in proper
* La Paz Proper
* noun substantive proper
* Novaliches Proper
* of its proper movement
* Pasong Putik Proper
* prim and proper
* proper acceleration
* proper adjective
* proper article
* proper class
* proper divisor
* proper fraction
* proper job
* proper name
* proper noun
* proper nounhood
* proper time
* proper value
* strictly proper

#### Related terms

* appropriate
* propriety
* properly

#### Translations

    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

### Adverb

proper (not comparable)
* (UK, Ireland, colloquial) properly; thoroughly; completely.
** 1929, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, When the World Screamed‎:'I thought it was the American Associated Press.' 'Oh, they are on the track, are they?' 'They to-day, and the Times yesterday. Oh, they are buzzing round proper.'
** 1956, Anthony Burgess, Time for a Tiger (The Malayan Trilogy), published 1972, page 202:“Christmas Eve,” said Nabby Adams. “I used to pump the bloody organ for the carols, proper pissed usually.”
** 1957, Ray Lawler, Summer of the Seventeenth Doll, Sydney: Fontana Books, published 1974, page 32:The kid towelled him up proper.
** 1964, Saint Andrew Society (Glasgow, Scotland), The Scots magazine: Volume 82
    Don't you think you must have looked proper daft?
* (nonstandard, colloquial) properly.
** 1988, Mary Steele, Mallyroot's Pub at Misery Ponds, Ringwood: Puffin Books, page 68:"But it's not many of us as can make 'em proper."
** 2012, Latta, Soufside, Hello (song)
    When I meet a bad chick, know I gotta tell her hello
    talk real proper, but she straight up out the ghetto

### Noun

proper (plural propers)
* (obsolete) Something set apart for a special use.
* (Christianity) A part of the Christian liturgy that varies according to the date.
    Coordinate term: ordinary (noun)

### Anagrams

* per pro, propre

## Catalan
### Etymology

From prop +‎ -er.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central) [pɾuˈpe]
* IPA: (Balearic) [pɾoˈpe]
* IPA: (Valencia) [pɾoˈpeɾ]

### Adjective

proper (feminine propera, masculine plural propers, feminine plural properes)
* near, close
    Synonym: pròxim
* neighbouring
* next
    Synonym: següent

#### Synonyms

* (the coming day, week, year etc.): que ve, venint

#### Related terms

* prop

### Further reading

* “proper” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

## Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈpropɛr]

### Verb

proper
* second-person singular imperative of proprat

## Danish
### Etymology

Borrowed from French propre (“clean, house-trained, own”), from Latin proprius (“own”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /proːbər/, [ˈpʰʁ̥oːˀb̥ɐ]

### Adjective

proper
* cleanly
* tidy

#### Inflection

$^1$ When an adjective is applied predicatively to something definite, the corresponding "indefinite" form is used. $^2$ The "indefinite" superlatives may not be used attributively.

#### Derived terms

* properhed ("cleanliness", "tidiness")

### References

* “proper” in Den Danske Ordbog

## Dutch
### Etymology

From Middle Dutch proper, from Old French propre, from Latin proprius.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈproː.pər/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: pro‧per

### Adjective

proper (comparative properder, superlative properst)
* (chiefly Belgium) clean

#### Synonyms

* netjes, rein, zindelijk
* (Netherlands) schoon

## German
### Etymology

Ultimately from Old French propre, from Latin proprius. Probably borrowed in north-western dialects via Middle Dutch proper [13th c., sense: 15th c.], later generalized under the influence of modern French propre. The colloquial euphemism for “chubby” may, in part, be due to association with Proppen (whence also proppenvoll and Wonneproppen).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpʁɔpɐ/
* Audio:(file)

### Adjective

proper (strong nominative masculine singular properer, comparative properer, superlative am propersten)
* (somewhat informal, dated) in good condition: clean; neat; well-kept; developed
    Bis vor kurzem herrschte hier bittere Armut, aber jetzt ist es ein ganz properes Städtchen geworden.Until recently bitter poverty prevailed around here, but now it’s become rather a neat little town.
* (colloquial, euphemistic) overweight; chubby
    Die Linda war doch immer so’ne Schlanke, aber jetzt sieht sie ziemlich proper aus.Linda was always a slender one, but now she looks pretty chubby.

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “proper” in Duden online
* “proper” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

## Old French
### Adjective

proper m (oblique and nominative feminine singular proper)
* (rare) Alternative form of propre
    Or a mai entendez Ki proper volunté amez, Set Pechez 70

## Swedish
### Adjective

proper (comparative proprare, superlative proprast)
* neat, tidy
    Synonym: välvårdad
* proper (following (strict) established social standards)
    en proper tillställninga proper event

#### Declension

$^1$ The indefinite superlative forms are only used in the predicative. $^2$ Dated or archaic. $^3$ Only used, optionally, to refer to things whose natural gender is masculine.

### References

* proper in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* proper in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* proper in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)