# のむ
## Japanese

* Alternative spellings
* 飲む 呑む 喫む (uncommon)

### Etymology

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE. Ultimately from Proto-Japonic *nəmu.
In the Ryukyuan branch of Japonic, cognate with Kikai 飲みゅい (numyui), Kunigami 飲みん (numin), Miyako 飲むっ (num), Northern Amami Ōshima 飲むり (numuri), Okinawan 飲むん (numun), Okinoerabu 飲みゅん (numyun), Southern Amami Ōshima 飲みゅむっ (numyum), Tokunoshima 飲み (numi), Yaeyama 飲むん (numun), Yonaguni 飲むん (numun), and Yoron 飲みゅん (numyun).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) のむ [nóꜜmù] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [no̞mɯ̟]
* Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「飲む」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary :
| Stem forms ||||
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) | 飲む | のむ | [nóꜜmù] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 飲め | のめ | [nóꜜmè] |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 飲まれる | のまれる | [nòmáréꜜrù] |
| Causative | 飲ませる | のませる | [nòmáséꜜrù] |
| Potential | 飲める | のめる | [nòméꜜrù] |
| Volitional | 飲もう | のもー | [nòmóꜜò] |
| Negative | 飲まない | のまない | [nòmáꜜnàì] |
| Negative perfective | 飲まなかった | のまなかった | [nòmáꜜnàkàttà] |
| Formal | 飲みます | のみます | [nòmímáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 飲んだ | のんだ | [nóꜜǹdà] |
| Conjunctive | 飲んで | のんで | [nóꜜǹdè] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 飲めば | のめば | [nóꜜmèbà] |

### Verb

のむ • (nomu) transitive godan (stem のみ (nomi), past のんだ (nonda))
* 飲む, 呑む: to drink, to gulp, to swallow; to eat (soup)
    私(わたし)たちはさじでスープを飲(の)む。
       Watashitachi wa saji de sūpu o nomu.
       We eat soup with a spoon.
    私(わたし)はミルクを飲(の)んでいた。
       Watashi wa miruku o nondeita.
       I was drinking milk.
* 飲む, 喫む: (smoking) to smoke tobacco
    Synonym: すう (suu, literally “to suck”)
* 飲む: to overwhelm, to engulf
* 飲む: to suppress, to keep down
* 飲む, 呑む: to take (medicine)
    薬(くすり)を飲(の)む
       kusuri o nomu
       to take medicine
* 飲む, 呑む: to accept something like a demand or a condition

#### Usage notes

* 1 2 飲 narrowly refers to drinking, while 呑 narrowly refers to swallowing. 喫 is usually restricted to smoking.

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | のま | noma |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | のみ | nomi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | のむ | nomu |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | のむ | nomu |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | のめ | nome |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | のめ | nome |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | のまれる | nomareru |
| Causative | のませる のます | nomaseru nomasu |
| Potential | のめる | nomeru |
| Volitional | のもう | nomō |
| Negative | のまない | nomanai |
| Negative continuative | のまず | nomazu |
| Formal | のみます | nomimasu |
| Perfective | のんだ | nonda |
| Conjunctive | のんで | nonde |
| Hypothetical conditional | のめば | nomeba |
Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | のま | のま | noma |
| Continuative (連用形) | のみ | のみ | nomi |
| Terminal (終止形) | のむ | のむ | nomu |
| Attributive (連体形) | のむ | のむ | nomu |
| Realis (已然形) | のめ | のめ | nome |
| Imperative (命令形) | のめ | のめ | nome |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | のまず | のまず | nomazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | のめど | のめど | nomedo |
| Causal conjunction | のめば | のめば | nomeba |
| Conditional conjunction | のまば | のまば | nomaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | のみき | のみき | nomiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | のみけり | のみけり | nomikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | のみつ | のみつ | nomitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | のみぬ | のみぬ | nominu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | のめり のみたり | のめり のみたり | nomeri nomitari |
| Volitional | のまむ | のまむ | nomamu |

#### Derived terms

* 飲(の)み物(もの) (nomimono, “a drink”)
* 飲(の)み込(こ)む (nomikomu, “to gulp down”)
* 飲(の)み放題(ほうだい) (nomihōdai, “all you can drink”)
* 飲(の)み干(ほ)す (nomihosu, “empty one's glass”)
* 飲(の)み代(しろ) (nomishiro, “drinking money”)
* 飲(の)み会(かい) (nomikai, “drinking party”)
* 飲(の)み屋(や) (nomiya, “bar, pub”)
* 固唾(かたず)を呑(の)む (katazu o nomu)
* 清濁併(せいだくあわ)せ呑(の)む (seidaku awasenomu)

### References

* ↑ “飲・呑”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN