# 三皇五帝
## Chinese

| | | the Three Sovereigns | the Five Emperors |
| simp. and trad. (三皇五帝) | simp. and trad. (三皇五帝) | 三皇 | 五帝 |
* 三皇五帝 (Written Standard Chinese)
* Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors (English)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Sānhuáng Wǔdì
    (Zhuyin): ㄙㄢ ㄏㄨㄤˊ ㄨˇ ㄉㄧˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): saam$^1$ wong$^4$ ng$^5$ dai$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): Sâm-fòng Ńg-ti
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): Sam-hông Ngó͘-tè / Sam-hông Gó͘-tè
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$se-waon $^5$u-ti
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Sānhuáng Wǔdì
*** Zhuyin: ㄙㄢ ㄏㄨㄤˊ ㄨˇ ㄉㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Sanhuáng Wǔdì
*** Wade–Giles: San$^1$-huang$^2$ Wu$^3$-ti$^4$
*** Yale: Sān-hwáng Wǔ-dì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Sanhwang Wuudih
*** Palladius: Саньхуан Уди (Sanʹxuan Udi)
*** Sinological IPA : /sän⁵⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ u²¹⁴⁻²¹ ti⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: saam$^1$ wong$^4$ ng$^5$ dai$^3$
*** Yale: sāam wòhng ńgh dai
*** Cantonese Pinyin: saam$^1$ wong$^4$ ng$^5$ dai$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sam$^1$ wong$^4$ ng$^5$ dei$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /saːm⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹ ŋ̍¹³ tɐi̯³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Sâm-fòng Ńg-ti
*** Hakka Romanization System: sam$^ˊ$ fong$^ˇ$ ng$^ˋ$ di
*** Hagfa Pinyim: sam$^1$ fong$^2$ ng$^3$ di$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /sam²⁴ foŋ¹¹ ŋ̍³¹ ti⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Sam-hông Ngó͘-tè
*** Tâi-lô: Sam-hông Ngóo-tè
*** Phofsit Daibuun: samhoong ngofdex
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /sam⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²³⁻³³ ŋɔ̃⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ te²¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /sam⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ¹³⁻²² ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /sam⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te¹¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /sam⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te²¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Sam-hông Gó͘-tè
*** Tâi-lô: Sam-hông Góo-tè
*** Phofsit Daibuun: samhoong gofdex
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /sam³³ hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ te⁴¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$se-waon $^5$u-ti
*** MiniDict: se$^平$ waon u$^去$ ti
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$se-hhuaan $^2$u-ti
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /se⁵⁵ ɦuɑ̃³³ u³³ ti⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: sam hwang nguX tejH
Rime :
| Character | 三 | 皇 | 五 | 帝 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 心 (16) | 匣 (33) | 疑 (31) | 端 (5) |
| Final (韻) | 談 (143) | 唐 (102) | 模 (23) | 齊 (39) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I | I | IV |
| Fanqie | 蘇甘切 | 胡光切 | 疑古切 | 都計切 |
| Baxter | sam | hwang | nguX | tejH |
| Reconstructions |||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /sɑm/ | /ɦwɑŋ/ | /ŋuo$^X$/ | /tei$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /sɑm/ | /ɦʷɑŋ/ | /ŋuo$^X$/ | /tei$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /sɑm/ | /ɣuɑŋ/ | /ŋo$^X$/ | /tɛi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /sam/ | /ɦwaŋ/ | /ŋɔ$^X$/ | /tɛj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /sɑm/ | /ɣuɑŋ/ | /ŋo$^X$/ | /tei$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /sɑm/ | /ɣuɑŋ/ | /ŋu$^X$/ | /tiei$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /sɑm/ | /ɣwɑŋ/ | /ŋuo$^X$/ | /tiei$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | sān | huáng | wǔ | dì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | saam$^1$ | wong$^4$ | ng$^5$ | dai$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*s.rum [ɢ]ʷˤaŋ C.ŋˤaʔ tˤek-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*suːm ɡʷaːŋ ŋaːʔ teːɡs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 三 | 皇 | 皇 | 五 | 帝 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | sān | huáng | huáng | wǔ | dì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ sam › | ‹ hwang › | ‹ hwang › | ‹ ngu$^X$ › | ‹ tej$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*s.rum/ (*s.r- > s-; infl. by 四 *s-?) | /*[ɢ]ʷˁaŋ/ | /*[ɢ]ʷˁaŋ/ | /*C.ŋˁaʔ/ | /*tˁek-s/ |
| English | three | yellow and white spotted | sovereign | five | God |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 三 | 皇 | 五 | 帝 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 10963 | 12696 | 13147 | 2313 |
| Phonetic component | 三 | 王 | 五 | 帝 |
| Rime group | 侵 | 陽 | 魚 | 賜 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 三 | 黃 | 五 | 帝 |
| Old Chinese | /*suːm/ | /*ɡʷaːŋ/ | /*ŋaːʔ/ | /*teːɡs/ |
| Notes | | 禮王制鄭注冕屬， 金文象羽冠，王聲；或雲象日射輝則爲暀晃初文 | | 甲金文象根啇非朿聲 |

### Proper noun

三皇五帝
* (Chinese mythology) the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors

#### See also

* 黃帝／黄帝 (Huángdì)
* 盤古／盘古 (Pángǔ)
* 堯舜／尧舜 (Yáo-Shùn)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 三 | 皇 | 五 | 帝 |
| さん Grade: 1 | こう Grade: 6 | ご Grade: 1 | てい Grade: S |
| kan'on ||||

### Etymology

From Chinese 三皇五帝 (Sānhuáng Wǔdì).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) さんこーごてー [sàńkóó gótéé] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) さんこーごてー [sàńkóó góꜜtèè] (Nakadaka – [5])
* IPA: [sã̠ŋko̞ː ɡo̞te̞ː]

### Proper noun

三(さん)皇(こう)五(ご)帝(てい) • (Sankō Gotei)
* the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors

### See also

* 始(し)皇(こう)帝(てい) (Shikōtei)

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 三 | 皇 | 五 | 帝 |

### Proper noun

三皇五帝 • (Samhwang'oje) (hangeul 삼황오제)
* hanja form of 삼황오제 (“the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 三 | 皇 | 五 | 帝 |

### Proper noun

三皇五帝
* chữ Hán form of Tam Hoàng Ngũ Đế (“the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors”).