# 餘

| 餘 | U+9918, &#39192; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9918 |
| ← 餗 [U+9917] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 餙 → [U+9919] |

## Translingual

| Traditional | 餘 |
| Shinjitai | 余 |
| Simplified | 余/馀 |

### Alternative forms

* In Japanese kyūjitai and Korean hanja, this character is written with the left component 𩙿 which is also the historical form found in the Kangxi dictionary.
* In traditional Chinese and Vietnamese Nôm, the left component is written 飠 instead.

### Han character

餘 (Kangxi radical 184, 食+7, 15 strokes in Chinese, 16 strokes in Japanese and Korean, cangjie input 人戈人一木 (OIOMD), four-corner 8879$_4$, composition ⿰飠余(GHTV) or ⿰𩙿余(JK))

#### Derived characters

* 𬉣, 𮣧, 𧃋

#### Related characters

* 余 (Japanese shinjitai and simplified Chinese) - Note that 余 and 餘 are unrelated in traditional Chinese
* 馀 (Non-standard form in mainland China. Only used when it is desirable to distinguish 餘 from 余)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1420, character 25
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 44185
* Dae Jaweon: page 1945, character 24
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4456, character 9
* Unihan data for U+9918

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 餘 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 斜 | *lja, *laː |
| 茶 | *rlaː |
| 荼 | *rlaː, *ɦlja, *l'aː |
| 梌 | *rlaː, *l̥ʰaː, *l'aː |
| 搽 | *rlaː |
| 塗 | *rlaː, *l'aː |
| 佘 | *ɦlja |
| 賒 | *hljaː |
| 畬 | *hljaː, *la |
| 舍 | *hljaːʔ, *hljaːs |
| 捨 | *hljaːʔ |
| 騇 | *hljaːʔ, *hljaːs |
| 涻 | *hljaːs |
| 稌 | *l̥ʰaː, *l̥ʰaːʔ |
| 悇 | *l̥ʰaː, *l̥ʰas, *las |
| 庩 | *l̥ʰaː |
| 捈 | *l̥ʰaː, *l'aː |
| 途 | *l'aː |
| 酴 | *l'aː |
| 駼 | *l'aː |
| 鵌 | *l'aː, *la |
| 涂 | *l'aː, *l'a |
| 嵞 | *l'aː |
| 峹 | *l'aː |
| 筡 | *l'aː, *l̥ʰa |
| 蒤 | *l'aː |
| 徐 | *lja |
| 俆 | *lja |
| 敘 | *ljaʔ |
| 漵 | *ljaʔ |
| 除 | *l'a, *l'as |
| 篨 | *rla |
| 滁 | *rla |
| 蒢 | *rla |
| 蜍 | *ɦlja, *la |
| 鵨 | *hljaː |
| 瑹 | *hlja |
| 余 | *la |
| 餘 | *la |
| 艅 | *la |
| 狳 | *la |
| 雓 | *la |
| 悆 | *las |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *la): semantic 食 + phonetic 余 (OC *la).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): yú (yu$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄩˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): yu$^2$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jyu$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): yi$^3$
* Gan (Wiktionary): y$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): yì
    (Meixian, Guangdong): yi$^2$
* Jin (Wiktionary): y$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): ṳ̌
* Eastern Min (BUC): ṳ̀
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): y$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): û / îr / î
    (Teochew, Peng'im): e$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$yu
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): y$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yú
*** Zhuyin: ㄩˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yú
*** Wade–Giles: yü$^2$
*** Yale: yú
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yu
*** Palladius: юй (juj)
*** Sinological IPA : /y³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: yu$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: y
*** Sinological IPA : /y²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jyu$^4$
*** Yale: yùh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jy$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /jyː²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: yi$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /ji²²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: y$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /y³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yì
*** Hakka Romanization System: i$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /i¹¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yì
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)i$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: yi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /i¹¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: y$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /y¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ṳ̌
*** Sinological IPA : /y²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ṳ̀
*** Sinological IPA : /y⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: y$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /y¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: û
*** Tâi-lô: û
*** Phofsit Daibuun: uu
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /u²³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /u²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: îr
*** Tâi-lô: îr
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ɯ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: î
*** Tâi-lô: î
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ii
*** IPA (Jinjiang, Taipei): /i²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /i²³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /i¹³/
* mainstream Taiwanese:
** î - vernacular;
** û - literary.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit餘 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /y³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /y²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /y⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /y⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /y⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /y⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /y²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /y²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /y⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /y⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /y⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /y²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /y³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /i²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /i³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /y²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /zz̩ʷ⁵⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /y¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /y¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /y³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ɦy²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ɦy¹³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ɦz̩ʷ²¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /vu³¹/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /y⁴⁴/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /y⁴⁴/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /y¹³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /y¹²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /y⁴⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /i¹¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /ʒï¹¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /jy²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /y²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /jy²¹/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /u³⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /y⁵³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /y²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /ɯ⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /zi³¹/ |
* Middle Chinese: yo
Rime :
| Character | 餘 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 以 (36) |
| Final (韻) | 魚 (22) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 以諸切 |
| Baxter | yo |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /jɨʌ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /jiɔ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /iɔ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /jɨə̆/ |
| Li Rong | /iɔ/ |
| Wang Li | /jĭo/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /i̯wo/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yú |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jyu$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*la/
    (Zhengzhang): /*la/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 餘 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yú |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ yo › |
| Old Chinese | /*la/ |
| English | remains; surplus |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 餘 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 15800 |
| Phonetic component | 余 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 余 |
| Old Chinese | /*la/ |

#### Definitions

餘
* to remain; to have left
* time after an event
    公餘／公余 ― gōngyú ― spare time; free time (literally, “time outside work”)
    痛心之餘／痛心之余 ― tòngxīn zhī yú ― when recovered from grief
* over; more than
    四十餘人／四十余人 ― sìshí yú rén ― forty-odd people
* surplus; remainder; excess
    年年有餘／年年有余 ― niánniányǒuyú ― to have a surplus year after year
* remaining; spare; surplus
    餘額／余额 ― yú'é ― remaining sum; balance
    餘生／余生 ― yúshēng ― remainder of one's life; one's remaining years
* (obsolete) Alternative form of 余 (“I”)
* (obsolete) salt
* a surname, Yu

##### Usage notes

In simplified Chinese, 馀 is a non-standard form of 餘 only used as a surname or when it is desirable to distinguish 餘 from 余. 馀 was formerly official in 简化字总表 (1964); this character was removed in 通用规范汉字表 (2013).
In traditional Chinese, the surnames 餘 and 余 are distinct, with the latter being much more common among the population.

##### Synonyms

* (to remain):
* 伸下 (chhûn-hâ) (Hakka)
* 剩 (shèng)
* 剩下 (shèngxià)
* 剩低 (zing$^6$ dai$^1$) (Cantonese)
* 殘留 / 残留 (cánliú)
* 餘下 / 余下 (yúxià)
* (over): (Hokkien, Teochew) 外

#### Compounds

* 一覽無餘 / 一览无余 (yīlǎnwúyú)
* 三餘 / 三余
* 不留餘地 / 不留余地 (bùliúyúdì)
* 不遺餘力 / 不遗余力 (bùyíyúlì)
* 事不有餘 / 事不有余
* 保留盈餘 / 保留盈余
* 公餘 / 公余 (gōngyú)
* 公餘之暇 / 公余之暇
* 其餘 / 其余 (qíyú)
* 刑餘 / 刑余
* 剩餘 / 剩余 (shèngyú)
* 剩餘價值 / 剩余价值 (shèngyújiàzhí)
* 劫後餘燼 / 劫后余烬
* 劫後餘生 / 劫后余生 (jiéhòuyúshēng)
* 劫餘 / 劫余
* 唾餘 / 唾余
* 夕陽餘暉 / 夕阳余晖
* 多餘 / 多余 (duōyú)
* 嬴餘 / 嬴余
* 安享餘年 / 安享余年
* 富貴有餘 / 富贵有余
* 富餘 / 富余
* 寬餘 / 宽余
* 尸居餘氣 / 尸居余气 (shījūyúqì)
* 年年有餘 / 年年有余 (niánniányǒuyú)
* 廚餘 / 厨余 (chúyú)
* 得意之餘 / 得意之余
* 心有餘悸 / 心有余悸 (xīnyǒuyújì)
* 心餘力絀 / 心余力绌 (xīnyúlìchù)
* 恢恢有餘 / 恢恢有余
* 戶有餘糧 / 户有余粮
* 扶餘國 / 扶余国
* 掃地無餘 / 扫地无余
* 斷紙餘墨 / 断纸余墨 (duànzhǐyúmò)
* 有餘 / 有余 (yǒuyú)
* 業餘 / 业余 (yèyú)
* 業餘選手 / 业余选手
* 業餘電臺 / 业余电台
* 歸餘 / 归余
* 死有餘僇 / 死有余僇
* 死有餘罪 / 死有余罪
* 死有餘責 / 死有余责
* 死有餘辜 / 死有余辜 (sǐyǒuyúgū)
* 殘渣餘孽 / 残渣余孽 (cánzhāyúniè)
* 殘餘 / 残余 (cányú)
* 流風餘俗 / 流风余俗
* 流風餘澤 / 流风余泽
* 流風餘韻 / 流风余韵
* 淨餘 / 净余
* 淋餘土 / 淋余土
* 游刃有餘 / 游刃有余 (yóurènyǒuyú)
* 燼餘 / 烬余
* 王餘魚 / 王余鱼
* 留有餘地 / 留有余地
* 留餘地 / 留余地
* 病餘 / 病余
* 盈餘 / 盈余 (yíngyú)
* 目無餘子 / 目无余子 (mùwúyúzǐ)
* 禹餘糧 / 禹余粮
* 積善餘慶 / 积善余庆
* 積惡餘殃 / 积恶余殃
* 節餘 / 节余 (jiéyú)
* 紆餘 / 纡余
* 累積盈餘 / 累积盈余
* 結餘 / 结余 (jiéyú)
* 綽有餘裕 / 绰有余裕
* 綽綽有餘 / 绰绰有余 (chuòchuòyǒuyú)
* 緒餘 / 绪余 (xùyú)
* 編餘 / 编余 (biānyú)
* 羨餘 / 羡余 (xiànyú)
* 耕九餘三 / 耕九余三
* 耳餘 / 耳余
* 腐餘 / 腐余
* 草堂詩餘 / 草堂诗余
* 茶餘 / 茶余
* 茶餘客話 / 茶余客话
* 茶餘酒後 / 茶余酒后 (cháyújiǔhòu)
* 茶餘飯後 / 茶余饭后 (cháyúfànhòu)
* 茶餘飯飽 / 茶余饭饱
* 虎口餘生 / 虎口余生 (hǔkǒuyúshēng)
* 血餘 / 血余
* 行有餘力 / 行有余力 (xíngyǒuyúlì)
* 衣冠緒餘 / 衣冠绪余
* 詞餘 / 词余 (cíyú)
* 詩餘 / 诗余 (shīyú)
* 課餘 / 课余 (kèyú)
* 諸餘 / 诸余
* 讀書三餘 / 读书三余
* 賸餘 / 剩余 (shèngyú)
* 贏餘 / 赢余 (yíngyú)
* 遊刃有餘 / 游刃有余 (yóurènyǒuyú)
* 遺孽餘烈 / 遗孽余烈
* 遺芳餘烈 / 遗芳余烈
* 遺風餘思 / 遗风余思
* 遺風餘澤 / 遗风余泽
* 遺風餘烈 / 遗风余烈
* 鋒鏑餘生 / 锋镝余生
* 零餘子 / 零余子
* 餘下 / 余下 (yúxià)
* 餘事 / 余事
* 餘光 / 余光
* 餘刃 / 余刃
* 餘切 / 余切 (yúqiē)
* 餘利 / 余利 (yúlì)
* 餘割 / 余割 (yúgē)
* 餘力 / 余力 (yúlì)
* 餘勇可賈 / 余勇可贾 (yúyǒngkěgǔ)
* 餘味 / 余味 (yúwèi)
* 餘味無窮 / 余味无穷
* 餘喘 / 余喘
* 餘地 / 余地 (yúdì)
* 餘外 / 余外
* 餘妙繞梁 / 余妙绕梁
* 餘姚 / 余姚 (Yúyáo)
* 餘威 / 余威 (yúwēi)
* 餘姚之學 / 余姚之学
* 餘子 / 余子
* 餘子碌碌 / 余子碌碌
* 餘存 / 余存
* 餘孽 / 余孽 (yúniè)
* 餘年 / 余年 (yúnián)
* 餘弦 / 余弦 (yúxián)
* 餘弦定律 / 余弦定律
* 餘悸 / 余悸 (yújì)
* 餘悸猶存 / 余悸犹存
* 餘慶 / 余庆 (yúqìng)
* 餘數 / 余数 (yúshù)
* 餘明 / 余明
* 餘映 / 余映
* 餘暇 / 余暇 (yúxiá)
* 餘暉 / 余晖 (yúhuī)
* 餘杯冷炙 / 余杯冷炙
* 餘桃啗君 / 余桃啗君
* 餘桶 / 余桶
* 餘業遺烈 / 余业遗烈
* 餘款 / 余款 (yúkuǎn)
* 餘步 / 余步
* 餘殃 / 余殃
* 餘毒 / 余毒 (yúdú)
* 餘波 / 余波 (yúbō)
* 餘波盪漾 / 余波荡漾
* 餘溫 / 余温 (yúwēn)
* 餘瀝 / 余沥
* 餘烈 / 余烈
* 餘熱 / 余热 (yúrè)
* 餘燼 / 余烬 (yújìn)
* 餘燼復然 / 余烬复然
* 餘珍璧謝 / 余珍璧谢
* 餘生 / 余生 (yúshēng)
* 餘眾 / 余众 (yúzhòng)
* 餘竅 / 余窍
* 餘糧 / 余粮 (yúliáng)
* 餘緒 / 余绪 (yúxù)
* 餘缺 / 余缺 (yúquē)
* 餘羨 / 余羡
* 餘膏剩馥 / 余膏剩馥
* 餘興 / 余兴 (yúxìng)
* 餘興節目 / 余兴节目
* 餘蓄 / 余蓄
* 餘蔭 / 余荫
* 餘裕 / 余裕 (yúyù)
* 餘角 / 余角 (yújiǎo)
* 餘論 / 余论
* 餘貾 / 余𰷢
* 餘酲 / 余酲
* 餘閏 / 余闰
* 餘閒 / 余闲 (yúxián)
* 餘震 / 余震 (yúzhèn)
* 餘霞成綺 / 余霞成绮
* 餘音 / 余音 (yúyīn)
* 餘音嫋嫋 / 余音袅袅
* 餘音繞梁 / 余音绕梁
* 餘韻 / 余韵
* 餘韻流風 / 余韵流风
* 餘響繞梁 / 余响绕梁
* 餘額 / 余额 (yú'é)
* 餘額交割 / 余额交割
* 餘風 / 余风
* 餘食贅行 / 余食赘行
* 餕餘 / 馂余
* 餘黨 / 余党 (yúdǎng)
* 鹽餘 / 盐余
* 齒牙餘論 / 齿牙余论

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yé (ye$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄝˊ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yé
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄝˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yé
*** Wade–Giles: yeh$^2$
*** Yale: yé
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ye
*** Palladius: е (je)
*** Sinological IPA : /jɛ³⁵/

#### Definitions

餘
* Only used in 緒餘／绪余 (xùyú).

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 余 |
| Kyūjitai | 餘 |

### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 余)
* Kyūjitai form of 余.
* (rare) be left over

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): よ (yo)
* Kun: あまる (amaru)

#### Usage notes

余 is the preferred form used in modern Japanese.

## Korean
### Hanja

餘 (eumhun 남을 여 (nameul yeo))
* hanja form of 여 (“remainder”)

#### Compounds

* 잉여 (剩餘, ing'yeo, “surplus; overplus; remainder”)
* 잔여 (殘餘, janyeo, “remains; remnants; residue”)
* 여유 (餘裕, yeoyu, “leeway; remainder”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

餘: Hán Nôm readings: dư, thừa
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation