# 霰

| 霰 | U+9730, &#38704; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9730 |
| ← 霯 [U+972F] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 霱 → [U+9731] |

## Translingual
### Han character

霰 (Kangxi radical 173, 雨+12, 20 strokes, cangjie input 一月廿月大 (MBTBK), four-corner 1024$_8$, composition ⿱雨散)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1378, character 16
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 42458
* Dae Jaweon: page 1887, character 33
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4076, character 14
* Unihan data for U+9730

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 散 | *saːnʔ, *saːns |
| 糤 | *saːnʔ |
| 繖 | *saːnʔ, *saːns |
| 饊 | *saːnʔ |
| 鏾 | *saːnʔ |
| 潸 | *sraːn, *sraːnʔ |
| 霰 | *sqʰeːns |
| 撒 | *saːd |

### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sjar (“hail; sleet”); compare Tibetan སེར (ser, “hail”), Western Tamang सेर (“hail”) (STEDT; Hill, 2014; Schuessler, 2024).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xiàn (xian$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄢˋ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): sin$^3$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): lhen$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): sien
    (Meixian, Guangdong): xiên$^4$
* Northern Min (KCR): tǐng
* Eastern Min (BUC): siéng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): sòaⁿ / siàn
    (Teochew, Peng'im): suan$^3$ / sang$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$shi
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: siàn
*** Wade–Giles: hsien$^4$
*** Yale: syàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiann
*** Palladius: сянь (sjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: sin$^3$
*** Yale: sin
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sin$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: xin$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /siːn³³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: lhen$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬen³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sien
*** Hakka Romanization System: xien
*** Hagfa Pinyim: xian$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /si̯en⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: xiên$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /siɛn⁵³/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: tǐng
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰiŋ²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: siéng
*** Sinological IPA : /siɛŋ²¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sòaⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: suànn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: svoax
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /suã²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /suã⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siàn
*** Tâi-lô: siàn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: siexn
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /siɛn²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /siɛn⁴¹/
* sòaⁿ - vernacular;
* siàn - literary.
* Middle Chinese: senH
Rime :
| Character | 霰 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 心 (16) |
| Final (韻) | 先 (85) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | IV |
| Fanqie | 蘇佃切 |
| Baxter | senH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /sen$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /sen$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /sɛn$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /sɛn$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /sen$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /sien$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /sien$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xiàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | sin$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*sˤ[e]r-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*sqʰeːns/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 霰 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xiàn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ sen$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*sˁ[e]r-s/ |
| English | sleet |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 霰 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 10976 |
| Phonetic component | 散 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 霰 |
| Old Chinese | /*sqʰeːns/ |

### Definitions

霰
* graupel; hail; sleet

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 霰 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 霰, 米雪, 雪珠 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 雪珠兒, 雪糝兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chengde | 雪糝兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 雪粒兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 雪珠兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Heihe | 雪珠兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Qiqihar | 雪珠兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 雪珠兒, 雪糝子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jiamusi | 雪珠兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Changchun | 米糝子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tonghua | 米糝子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 米糝子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jinzhou | 米糝子雪 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 雪糝兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 雪疙瘩兒, 衝子 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 雪糝兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 雪糝兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 雪糝兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Lijin | 飯巴拉子 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 飯不拉子 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dalian | 雪粒子 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dandong | 米糝子 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai | 雪豆兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 雪豆兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 雪疙瘩, 飯不拉 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Zhucheng | 雪爽子, 雪瓜子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 雪疙瘩兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Lingbao | 料子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Jining | 雪爽兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 米顆兒雪 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Linfen | 米顆雪 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Shangqiu | 雪子兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yuanyang | 雪珠兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 雪糝兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baihe | 雪子兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 棒棒子雪, 雪糝糝子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baoji | 糝糝雪 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Tianshui | 雪糝子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 雪糝糝, 雪蛋蛋 larger |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 鹽粒子, 雪爽兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Fuyang | 鹽子子, 霰 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 雪疙瘩兒, 雪糝子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 雪糝子, 雪糝糝, 雪疙瘩兒 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Dunhuang | 明霜 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Hami | 雪疙瘩 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 雪糝子, 雪糝糝子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 雪珠珠兒, 雪顆顆, 雪子子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dazhou | 乾雪兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanyuan | 雪珠珠 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xichang | 雪珠珠 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 雪珠子, 雪子子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yichang | 雪珠兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangyang | 雪子兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianmen | 雪子子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 雪米, 凌毛 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zunyi | 雪米米兒, 雪米子兒, 雪子子兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Bijie | 雪子子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liping | 碎米雪 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zhaotong | 雪珠 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dali | 雪飛飛 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 雪脖子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 珍珠雪 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 魚眼雪, 雪米, 碎米雪, 雪珠 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jishou | 沙雪 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Changde | 雪珠子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanzhong | 雪珠子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 雪珠, 雪珠子, 雪子子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 雪珠子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianyungang | 雪采子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianshui | 雪采子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 雪珠 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Anqing | 雪子兒 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Wuhu | 雪子子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 鹽豆子, 雪子子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hong'an | 雪子, 雪子子 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 魚眼雪 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 雪子哩 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 雪子 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 雪子 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 米頭雪 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 雪珠, 雪子 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 雪珠 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 雪圪糝糝 |
| Jin | Yangyuan | 雪疙瘩兒, 雪沙兒 |
| Jin | Datong | 雪圪糝兒 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 雪圪糝子 |
| Jin | Lüliang (Lishi) | 雪圪糝子 |
| Jin | Changzhi | 雪圪糝子 |
| Jin | Linhe | 雪圪糝糝 |
| Jin | Jining | 雪顆顆 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 雪珠 |
| Jin | Erenhot | 雪珠子 |
| Jin | Pingshan | 雪糝兒 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 雪片兒 |
| Jin | Handan | 的溜子 |
| Jin | Linzhou | 零彈兒 |
| Jin | Suide | 雪糝子 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 霰仔 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 米雪 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 雪米 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 雪珠 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 雪珠 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 雪珠 |
| Wu | Danyang | 雪子子 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 雪珠兒 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 雪子 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 雪霰子 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 雪子 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 雪子子, 雪子 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 雪沙子, 魚眼珠雪 larger |

### Compounds

* 凝霰
* 榴霰彈 / 榴霰弹
* 雪霰
* 雪霰子
* 霰仔
* 霰彈 / 霰弹 (xiàndàn)

### Further reading

* “霰”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: せん (sen)
* Kan-on: せん (sen)
* Kan’yō-on: さん (san)
* Kun: あられ (arare, 霰)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 霰
* あられ Hyōgai
* kun'yomi
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *arare.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) あられ [àráré] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [a̠ɾa̠ɾe̞]

### Noun

霰(あられ) • (arare)
* hail under five millimeters in diameter
* diced pieces of food

#### Synonyms

* (hail): 雹(ひょう) (hyō) (when five millimeters or wider)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 霰 (MC senH). Recorded as Middle Korean 션〯 (syěn) (Yale: syen) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

Wikisource 霰 (eumhun 싸라기눈 산 (ssaraginun san)) 霰 (eumhun 싸라기눈 선 (ssaraginun seon))
* hanja form of 산/선 (“hail”)

#### Compounds

* 산석 (霰石, sanseok)
* 산탄 (霰彈, santan)
* 선립종/산립종 (霰粒腫, seollipjong/sallipjong)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.