# 墮

| 墮 | U+58AE, &#22702; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-58AE |
| ← 墭 [U+58AD] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 墯 → [U+58AF] |

## Translingual

| Traditional | 墮 |
| Shinjitai | 堕 |
| Simplified | 堕 |

### Han character

墮 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+12, 15 strokes, cangjie input 弓月土 (NBG) or 難弓月土 (XNBG), four-corner 7410$_4$, composition ⿱隋土)

#### Derived characters

* 𡃏, 𭐄, 𣟁, 𥶴

#### Related characters

* 堕 (Japanese shinjitai and simplified Chinese)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 239, character 11
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5481
* Dae Jaweon: page 478, character 12
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 484, character 3
* Unihan data for U+58AE

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 鬌 | *ʔl'oːlʔ, *l'oːlʔ, *l'ol |
| 隋 | *l̥ʰoːlʔ, *l'oːlʔ, *ljol |
| 墮 | *l̥ʰoːlʔ, *l'oːlʔ, *hlol |
| 媠 | *l̥ʰoːlʔ, *l'oːls |
| 橢 | *l̥ʰoːlʔ |
| 嫷 | *l̥ʰoːls, *l'oːlʔ |
| 毻 | *l̥ʰoːls, *l̥ʰoːds |
| 堶 | *l'oːl |
| 憜 | *l'oːlʔ |
| 惰 | *l'oːlʔ, *l'oːls |
| 嶞 | *l'oːlʔ |
| 髓 | *slolʔ |
| 瀡 | *slolʔ, *slols |
| 隨 | *ljol |
| 隓 | *hlol |
| 隳 | *hlol |
| 撱 | *lolʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *l̥ʰoːlʔ, *l'oːlʔ, *hlol) : phonetic 隋 (OC *l̥ʰoːlʔ, *l'oːlʔ, *ljol) + semantic 土.

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): duò (duo$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄛˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): do$^6$ / doe$^6$
* Eastern Min (BUC): dô̤
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): dor$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tō / tō͘ / tūi
    (Teochew, Peng'im): dui$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: duò
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄛˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: duò
*** Wade–Giles: to$^4$
*** Yale: dwò
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duoh
*** Palladius: до (do)
*** Sinological IPA : /tu̯ɔ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: do$^6$ / doe$^6$
*** Yale: doh / deuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: do$^6$ / doe$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: do$^6$ / dê$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /tɔː²²/, /tœː²²/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: dô̤
*** Sinological IPA : /tɔ²⁴²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: dor$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /tɒ²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tō
*** Tâi-lô: tō
*** Phofsit Daibuun: doi
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /to²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /to⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tō͘
*** Tâi-lô: tōo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: do
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tɔ⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tūi
*** Tâi-lô: tuī
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dui
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tui³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: dui$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tŭi
*** Sinological IPA : /tui³⁵/
* Middle Chinese: dwaX, thwaX
Rime :
| Character | 墮 | 墮 |
| Reading # | 2/3 | 3/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 定 (7) | 透 (6) |
| Final (韻) | 戈 (95) | 戈 (95) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Closed |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 徒果切 | 他果切 |
| Baxter | dwaX | thwaX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /duɑ$^X$/ | /tʰuɑ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /duɑ$^X$/ | /tʰuɑ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /duɑ$^X$/ | /tʰuɑ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /dwa$^X$/ | /tʰwa$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /duɑ$^X$/ | /tʰuɑ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /duɑ$^X$/ | /tʰuɑ$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /dʱuɑ$^X$/ | /tʰuɑ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | duò | tuǒ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | do$^6$ | to$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*lˤojʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*l̥ʰoːlʔ/, /*l'oːlʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 墮 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | duò |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dwa$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*lˁojʔ/ |
| English | to fall |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 墮 | 墮 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 |
| No. | 5417 | 5424 |
| Phonetic component | 隓 | 隓 |
| Rime group | 歌 | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 妥 | 墮 |
| Old Chinese | /*l̥ʰoːlʔ/ | /*l'oːlʔ/ |

#### Definitions

墮
* to fall; to sink
* to degenerate
    From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Gù shàng bèi rìyuè zhī míng, xià shuò shānchuān zhī jīng, zhōng duò sìshí zhī shī, zhuìnuò zhī chóng, xiàoqiào zhī wù, mòbù shī qí xìng. [Pinyin]
    It is just as if, above, the brightness of the sun and moon were darkened; as if, beneath, the productive vigour of the hills and streams were dried up; and as if, between, the operation of the four seasons were brought to an end: in which case there would not be a single weak and wriggling insect, nor any plant that grows up, which would not lose its proper nature.
* (Cantonese) droopy; saggy
* Alternative form of 惰 (duò)

##### Usage notes

* Not to be confused with 墜／坠 (zhuì).

#### Compounds

* 倭墮髻 / 倭堕髻 (wǒduòjì)
* 偷墮 / 偷堕
* 偎慵墮懶 / 偎慵堕懒
* 功墮垂成 / 功堕垂成
* 呱呱墮地 / 呱呱堕地 (gūgūduòdì)
* 墮地 / 堕地
* 墮崖 / 堕崖 (duòyá)
* 墮業 / 堕业
* 墮淚 / 堕泪
* 墮珥遺簪 / 堕珥遗簪
* 墮皮 / 堕皮
* 墮胎 / 堕胎 (duòtāi)
* 墮落 / 堕落 (duòluò)
* 墮負 / 堕负
* 墮車 / 堕车
* 墮雲霧中 / 堕云雾中
* 墮馬 / 堕马 (duòmǎ)
* 如墮煙霧 / 如堕烟雾
* 心膽墮地 / 心胆堕地
* 捨墮 / 舍堕
* 撇呆打墮 / 撇呆打堕
* 瀝膽墮肝 / 沥胆堕肝
* 白墮 / 白堕
* 自甘墮落 / 自甘堕落 (zìgānduòluò)
* 遺簪墮履 / 遗簪堕履
* 金谷墮樓 / 金谷堕楼
* 騎者善墮 / 骑者善堕

### Pronunciation 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 墮 – see 隳 (“to destroy; to ruin; to damage”). (This character is a variant form of 隳).

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 堕 |
| Kyūjitai | 墮 |

### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 堕)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): だ (da)
* Kun: くずれる (kuzureru)、くずす (kuzusu)、おちる (ochiru)

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 墮 (MC thwaX).
* Recorded as Middle Korean 퇑〯 (Yale: thwǎ) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 타 (tha) (Yale: tha) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [tʰa̠(ː)]
* Phonetic hangul: [타(ː)]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Hanja

Wikisource 墮 (eumhun 떨어질 타 (tteoreojil ta))
* hanja form of 타 (“to fall; to degenerate”)

#### Compounds

* 타락 (墮落, tarak)
* 타옥 (墮獄, taok)
* 타태 (墮胎, tatae)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

墮: Hán Nôm readings: đọa/đoạ, đụi, dọa/doạ, dụa
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.