# 坎

| 坎 | U+574E, &#22350; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-574E |
| ← 坍 [U+574D] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 坏 → [U+574F] |

## Translingual
### Han character

坎 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 土弓人 (GNO), four-corner 4718$_2$, composition ⿰土欠)

#### Derived characters

* 崁, 莰, 𥦔, 𬁄, 䤰, 𠥈

### Further reading

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 225, character 12
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4928
* Dae Jaweon: page 460, character 4
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 425, character 4
* Unihan data for U+574E

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 坎
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 坎 | *kʰoːmʔ, *kʰoːms |
| 扻 | *kʰoːmʔ |
| 砍 | *kʰoːmʔ |
| 芡 | *ɡromʔ |
| 欠 | *kʰoms |
| 杴 | *qʰom |
| 鍁 | *qʰam |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kʰoːmʔ, *kʰoːms): semantic 土 (“earth; soil”) + phonetic 欠 (OC *kʰoms).

### Etymology

Related to 磡 (OC *kʰuːms, “embankment”) (Schuessler, 2007); see there for more.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): kǎn (kan$^3$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄎㄢˇ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): kan$^3$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ham$^2$ / ham$^1$ / ham$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): khám
    (Hailu, HRS): kam$^ˊ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): kam$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): kǎng
* Eastern Min (BUC): kāng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): kang$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): khám
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kam$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$khe
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kǎn
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄢˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kǎn
*** Wade–Giles: kʻan$^3$
*** Yale: kǎn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kaan
*** Palladius: кань (kanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰän²¹⁴/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: kan$^3$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: kan
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰan⁵³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ham$^2$ / ham$^1$ / ham$^3$
*** Yale: hám / hām / ham
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ham$^2$ / ham$^1$ / ham$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hem$^2$ / hem$^1$ / hem$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɐm³⁵/, /hɐm⁵⁵/, /hɐm³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khám
*** Hakka Romanization System: kam$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kam$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰam³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: kam$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰam²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: kam$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰam³¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: kǎng
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰaŋ²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: kāng
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰaŋ³³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: kang$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰaŋ⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: kang$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰaŋ³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khám
*** Tâi-lô: khám
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qarm
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰam⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰam⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰam⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰam⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰam⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: kam$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khám
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰam⁵²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$khe
*** MiniDict: khe$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$khe
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰe³⁴/
* Middle Chinese: khomX
Rime :
| Character | 坎 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 覃 (159) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 苦感切 |
| Baxter | khomX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰʌm$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰəm$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰɒm$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰəm$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰᴀm$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰɒm$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kʰăm$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | kǎn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ham$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ʰˤomʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰoːmʔ/, /*kʰoːms/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 坎 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | kǎn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ khom$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[k]ʰˁomʔ/ |
| English | pit (n.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 坎 | 坎 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 10269 | 10272 |
| Phonetic component | 欠 | 欠 |
| Rime group | 談 | 談 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 坎 | 勘 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰoːmʔ/ | /*kʰoːms/ |
| Notes | | 墈正體 |

### Definitions

坎
* (literary) pit; hole
    From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
    Xiǎochén zhǎo zú, yù yú shuǐ qì yú kǎn. [Pinyin]
    Another servant then pared the nails of the feet, after which they threw away the rest of the water into the pit.
* bank or ridge between fields
    田坎 ― tiánkǎn ― ridge between fields
* critical juncture (Classifier: 道 m)
* 6th of the 8 trigrams (☵)
* 29th hexagram of the I Ching (䷜)
* Short for 坎德拉 (kǎndélā).
* a surname

### Compounds

* 命途坎坷
* 坎井之蛙
* 坎兒 / 坎儿
* 坎兒井 / 坎儿井 (kǎnrjǐng)
* 坎坎
* 坎坷 (kǎnkě)
* 坎城影展
* 坎培拉 (Kǎnpéilā)
* 坎壈 / 坎𡒄
* 坎帕拉 (Kǎnpàlā)
* 坎窞
* 坎肩 (kǎnjiān)
* 坎阱 (kǎnjǐng)
* 屯坎
* 心坎 (xīnkǎn)
* 流行坎止
* 烏坎 / 乌坎 (Wūkǎn)
* 石坎
* 羅坎 / 罗坎 (Luókǎn)
* 習坎 / 习坎
* 落坎兒 / 落坎儿
* 號坎兒 / 号坎儿
* 調坎 / 调坎
* 門坎 / 门坎 (ménkǎn)
* 闊其坎 / 阔其坎 (Kuòqíkǎn)
* 阿克提坎墩 (Ākètíkǎndūn)

### Descendants

* → Proto-Tai: *C̬.kumᴬ
** Thai: ขุม (kǔm, “pit”)

### References

* “坎”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: こん (kon)
* Kan-on: かん (kan)
* Kun: あな (ana, 坎)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 坎
* かん Hyōgai
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 坎 (MC khomX).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かん [káꜜǹ] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [kã̠ɴ]

### Noun

坎(かん) • (kan)
* pit; hole; pitfall
* the sixth of the eight trigrams of the I Ching ☵
    Hypernym: 八卦
    Coordinate terms: 乾, 兌, 離, 震, 巽, 坎, 艮, 坤
* the twenty-ninth of the sixty-four hexagrams of the I Ching ䷜
    Hypernym: 六十四卦

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

坎 (eum 감 (gam))
* pit, hole
* snare, trap
* crisis

## Vietnamese
### Han character

坎: Hán Việt readings: khảm
坎: Nôm readings: khóm, khúm, khăm, khảm, khẳm
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

### References

* Nom Foundation