# कटु
## Sanskrit
### Alternative scripts

* কটু (Assamese script)
* ᬓᬝᬸ (Balinese script)
* কটু (Bengali script)
* 𑰎𑰘𑰲 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀓𑀝𑀼 (Brahmi script)
* ကဋု (Burmese script)
* કટુ (Gujarati script)
* ਕਟੁ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌕𑌟𑍁 (Grantha script)
* ꦏꦛꦸ (Javanese script)
* 𑂍𑂗𑂳 (Kaithi script)
* ಕಟು (Kannada script)
* កដុ (Khmer script)
* ກຏຸ (Lao script)
* കടു (Malayalam script)
* ᡬᠠᢞᡠ (Manchu script)
* 𑘎𑘘𑘳 (Modi script)
* ᢉᠠᢌᠤ (Mongolian script)
* 𑦮𑦸𑧔 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐎𑐚𑐸 (Newa script)
* କଟୁ (Odia script)
* ꢒꢜꢸ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆑𑆛𑆶 (Sharada script)
* 𑖎𑖘𑖲 (Siddham script)
* කටු (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩜𑩦𑩒 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚊𑚔𑚰 (Takri script)
* கடு (Tamil script)
* కటు (Telugu script)
* กฏุ (Thai script)
* ཀ་ཊུ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒏𑒙𑒳 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨋𑨔𑨃 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

Borrowed from Dravidian, ultimately from Proto-Dravidian *kaṭu (“be pungent; sting”). Compare Old Tamil 𑀓𑀝𑀼 (kaṭu).
Sanskrit grammarians tied it to the root कृत् (kṛt, “to cut”) but this is not accepted in modern scholarship.

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /kɐ.ʈú/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /ˈkɐ.ʈu/

### Adjective

कटु • (kaṭú) stem
* bitter, acrid
** c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda

#### Descendants

* Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀓𑀟𑀼 (kaḍu)
* ⇒ Sanskrit: कटुक (káṭuka) (+ Middle Indo-Aryan -𑀓- (-ka-))
* Pali: kaṭuka
* Prakrit: 𑀓𑀟𑀼𑀅 (kaḍua)
** Central:
*** Sauraseni Prakrit:
**** Gurjara Apabhramsa:
***** Old Gujarati: कडूउं (kaḍūuṃ)
****** Gojri: کوڑو (koṛo)
****** Middle Gujarati: कडूउं, कडुय, कडुवय
******* Gujarati: કડવું (kaḍvũ)
****** Marwari:
    Devanagari script: कड़वौ (kaṛvau)
    Mahajani script: 𑅕𑅲𑅯𑅒 (kṛvu)
**** Sauraseni Apabhramsa:
***** Old Hindi: करवा (karavā)
****** Hindustani: kaṛvā
    Hindi: कड़वा
    Urdu: کَڑْوَا (kaṛvā)
** Eastern:
*** Magadhi Prakrit:
**** Old Bengali: কডুআ (kaḍuā), কডু (kaḍu)
***** Middle Bengali: কড়ুয়া (koṛuẏa)
****** Bengali: কড়া (koṛa), কড়ুয়া (koṛuẏa)
**** Maithili: kaṛū
    Devanagari script: कड़ू
    Tirhuta script: 𑒏𑒛𑓃𑒴
** Southern:
*** Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀓𑀟𑀼𑀅 (kaḍua)
**** Konkani: koḍū
    Devanagari script: कोडू (koḍū)
    Kannada script: ಕೊಡೂ
    Latin script: kodum
**** Old Marathi:
    Devanagari script: कडू (kaḍū)
    Modi script: 𑘎𑘚𑘳 (kaḍu)
****   * Marathi: कडू (kaḍū)
** Western:
*** Paisaci Prakrit:
**** Takka Apabhramsa:
***** Old Punjabi: ਕਉੜਾ (kauṛā), ਕਊਰਾ (kaūrā), ਕਵਰਾ (kavarā), ਕੜੂਆ (kaṛūā)
****** Punjabi: kauṛā
    Gurmukhi script: ਕੌੜਾ
    Shahmukhi script: کَوڑا
**** Vracada Apabhramsa:
***** Sindhi:
    Arabic script: ڪَوْڙو, ڪَڙو
    Devanagari script: कौड़ो, कड़ो
    Khudabadi script: 𑊺𑋨𑋊𑋧 (kauṛo), 𑊺𑋊𑋧 (kaṛo)
* → Gujarati: કટુ (kaṭu) (learned)
* → Hindi: कटु (kaṭu) (learned)
* → Kannada: ಕಟು (kaṭu) (learned)
* → Marathi: कटू (kaṭū) (learned)
* → Odia: କଟୁ (kaṭu) (learned)

### References

* ↑ Southworth, Franklin (2005) Linguistic Archaeology of South Asia, Routledge, →ISBN, page 72
* ↑ Burrow, T., Emeneau, M. B. (1984) “kaṭu”, in A Dravidian etymological dictionary, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 1135.

### Further reading

* Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “kaṭú -- , káṭuka”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 132
* Monier Williams (1899) “कटु”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 244.