# iubeo
## Latin
### Alternative forms

* jubeō

### Etymology

From Old Latin ioubeō, from Proto-Italic *jouðeō, from earlier *jouðejō, from Proto-Indo-European *Hyowdʰ-éye-ti, causative of Proto-Indo-European *Hyewdʰ- (“move upright”), likely an extension of *h₂ey- (“life, age”). Indirectly cognate with iūrō and iūs, aevum and iūgis, and possibly with imitor and imāgō.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈi̯u.be.oː/, [ˈi̯ʊbeoː]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈju.be.o/, [ˈjuːbeo]

### Verb

iubeō (present infinitive iubēre, perfect active iussī, supine iussum); second conjugation
* (Old Latin, Classical Latin) to authorize, to legitimate, to make lawful, to homologate, to pass (a bill or law or decision)
** c. 200 BCE, Plautus, Menaechmi 1028–1030:MESS. Sic sine igitur, si tuom negas me esse, abire liberum. MEN. Mea quidem hercle causa liber esto atque ito quo voles. MESS. Nempe iubes? MEN. Iubeo hercle, si quid imperi est in te mihi.MESS. Very well then, sir, if you say I'm not yours, let me go free. MEN. Lord, man, be free so far as I am concerned, and go where you like. MESS. So you authorize me, indeed? MEN. Lord, yes I authorize it, if I am supposed to decide over you.
* to bid, to command, to order
    Synonyms: imperō, praecipiō, praescrībō, ēdīcō, mandō, iniungō, dictō, indīcō, pōnō
** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.576–578:“[...] Equidem per lītora certōs dīmittam, et Libyae lūstrāre extrēma iubēbō, sī quibus ēiectus silvīs aut urbibus errat.”“For my part, I shall send forth reliable [men] along the shores, and order [them] to search the furthest edges of Libya, [to see] whether the shipwrecked [Aeneas] wanders some woods or towns.” – Queen Dido
** Cūr nōn illam hūc trānsferrī iubēs? :why don't you command her to be brought over hither?

#### Conjugation

$^1$At least one use of the Old Latin "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.

#### Synonyms

* imperō, mandō, praecipiō

#### Derived terms

* iussiō
* iussus

#### Descendants

* → Italian: iubere

#### References

* De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
* “jubeo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “iubeo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. he is a young man of great promise: adulescens alios bene de se sperare iubet, bonam spem ostendit or alii de adulescente bene sperare possunt to let those present fix any subject they like for discussion: ponere iubere, qua de re quis audire velit (Fin. 2. 1. 1) to greet a person: aliquem salvere iubere (Att. 4. 14) I bid you good-bye, take my leave: te valere iubeo to separate from, divorce (of the man): aliquam suas res sibi habere iubere (Phil. 2. 28. 69) to reject a bill: legem antiquare (opp. accipere, iubere) to ratify a law (used of the people): legem iubere to declare a law valid: legem ratam esse iubere the law orders, forbids (expressly, distinctly): lex iubet, vetat (dilucide, planissime) to banish a man from his native land: e patria exire iubere aliquem the senate decreed (and the people ratified the decree) that..: senatus decrevit (populusque iussit) ut good luck to you: macte virtute (esto or te esse iubeo)
* Willi, Andreas (2001) “Lateinisch iubēre, griechisch εὐϑύς und ein indogermanisches Rechtskonzept”, in Historische Sprachforschung (in German), volume 114, number 1. H., →DOI, pages 117–146