# 迫害
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): pòhài
    (Zhuyin): ㄆㄛˋ ㄏㄞˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): bik$^1$ hoi$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): pet-hoi
    (Hailu, HRS): bed hoi$^˖$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): piak-hāi / pek-hāi
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: pòhài
*** Zhuyin: ㄆㄛˋ ㄏㄞˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: pòhài
*** Wade–Giles: pʻo$^4$-hai$^4$
*** Yale: pwò-hài
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: pohhay
*** Palladius: похай (poxaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ xaɪ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: bik$^1$ hoi$^6$
*** Yale: bīk hoih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: bik$^7$ hoi$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: big$^1$ hoi$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /pɪk̚⁵ hɔːi̯²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: pet-hoi
*** Hakka Romanization System: bed$^ˋ$ hoi
*** Hagfa Pinyim: bed$^5$ hoi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /pet̚² hoi̯⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: bed hoi$^˖$
*** Sinological IPA: /pet⁵⁻² hoi³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: piak-hāi
*** Tâi-lô: piak-hāi
*** Phofsit Daibuun: piakhai
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /piak̚⁵⁻²⁴ hai⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pek-hāi
*** Tâi-lô: pik-hāi
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pekhai
*** IPA (Xiamen): /piɪk̚³²⁻⁴ hai²²/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /piɪk̚³²⁻⁴ hai³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /piɪk̚³²⁻⁵ hai²²/

### Verb

迫害
* (transitive) to persecute
       Zài fǎlǜ guīdìng xià, rénmín yǒu miǎn shòu pòhài yǔ kǒngjù de zìyóu. [Pinyin]
       (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Antonyms

* 保護／保护 (bǎohù)

#### Derived terms

* 政治迫害 (zhèngzhì pòhài)
* 迫害者 (pòhàizhě)

#### Related terms

* 殘害／残害 (cánhài)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 迫害(はくがい) (hakugai)
* → Korean: 박해(迫害) (bakhae)
* → Vietnamese: bách hại (迫害)

### References

* “Entry #22557”, in 重編國語辭典修訂本 [Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary] (in Chinese), National Academy for Educational Research (Taiwan), 2021.

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 迫 | 害 |
| はく Grade: S | がい Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) はくがい [hàkúgáí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ha̠kɯ̟ɡa̠i]

### Noun

迫(はく)害(がい) • (hakugai)
* persecution

### Verb

迫(はく)害(がい)する • (hakugai suru) transitive suru (stem 迫(はく)害(がい)し (hakugai shi), past 迫(はく)害(がい)した (hakugai shita))
* to persecute

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 迫害し | はくがいし | hakugai shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 迫害し | はくがいし | hakugai shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 迫害する | はくがいする | hakugai suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 迫害する | はくがいする | hakugai suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 迫害すれ | はくがいすれ | hakugai sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 迫害せよ¹ 迫害しろ² | はくがいせよ¹ はくがいしろ² | hakugai seyo¹ hakugai shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 迫害される | はくがいされる | hakugai sareru |
| Causative | 迫害させる 迫害さす | はくがいさせる はくがいさす | hakugai saseru hakugai sasu |
| Potential | 迫害できる | はくがいできる | hakugai dekiru |
| Volitional | 迫害しよう | はくがいしよう | hakugai shiyō |
| Negative | 迫害しない | はくがいしない | hakugai shinai |
| Negative continuative | 迫害せず | はくがいせず | hakugai sezu |
| Formal | 迫害します | はくがいします | hakugai shimasu |
| Perfective | 迫害した | はくがいした | hakugai shita |
| Conjunctive | 迫害して | はくがいして | hakugai shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 迫害すれば | はくがいすれば | hakugai sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 迫 | 害 |

### Noun

迫害 • (bakhae) (hangeul 박해)
* hanja form of 박해 (“persecution”)