# 下方
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xiàfāng
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄈㄤ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): haa$^6$ fong$^1$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hā-hong
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$gho-faon
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiàfāng
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄈㄤ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: siàfang
*** Wade–Giles: hsia$^4$-fang$^1$
*** Yale: syà-fāng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiahfang
*** Palladius: сяфан (sjafan)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ä⁵¹ fɑŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: haa$^6$ fong$^1$
*** Yale: hah fōng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: haa$^6$ fong$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ha$^6$ fong$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /haː²² fɔːŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hā-hong
*** Tâi-lô: hā-hong
*** Phofsit Daibuun: haxhofng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ha²²⁻²¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ha⁴¹⁻²² hɔŋ³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ha²²⁻²¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ha³³⁻¹¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ha³³⁻²¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$gho-faon
*** MiniDict: gho$^去$ faon
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$hho-faan
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦo²² fɑ̃⁴⁴/

### Noun

下方
* lower part; area below; place below; (anatomy) inferior part
       Qǐng diǎnjī xiàfāng ànniǔ. [Pinyin]
       Please click the button below.
* Synonym of 方棋 (fāngqí)

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “lower part”): 上方 (shàngfāng)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 下(か)方(ほう) (kahō)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 下 | 方 |
| か Grade: 1 | ほう Grade: 2 |
| kan'on ||
/ka pau/ → /kaɸau/ → /kaɸɔː/ → /kahoː/
From Middle Chinese 下方 (MC haeX pjang). (Can this etymology be sourced?)

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かほー [kàhóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ka̠ho̞ː]

#### Noun

下(か)方(ほう) • (kahō)
* the lower part; an area below, downward
    Antonym: 上方 (jōhō)
    予(よ)想(そう)を下(か)方(ほう)に修(しゅう)正(せい)する ― yosō o kahō ni shūsei suru ― revise expectations downward

##### Derived terms

* 下(か)方(ほう)修(しゅ)正(うせい) (kahō shūsei)
* 下(か)方(ほう)伸(しん)張(ちょう) (kahō shinchō)
* 下(か)方(ほう)制(せい)御(ぎょ) (kahō seigyo)
* 下(か)方(ほう)置(ち)換(かん) (kahō chikan)

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 下 | 方 |
| した Grade: 1 | かた Grade: 2 |
| kun'yomi ||
Kanji in this term :
| 下 | 方 |
| した Grade: 1 | かた > がた Grade: 2 |
| kun'yomi ||
From 下 (shita, “below, down, under”) +‎ 方 (kata, “person”).
Sometimes pronounced with rendaku (連濁).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) したかた [shìtákátá] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɕita̠ka̠ta̠]

#### Noun

下(した)方(かた) or 下(した)方(がた) • (shitakata or shitagata)
* a low rank, subordinate

#### Proper noun

下(した)方(かた) • (Shitakata)
* a placename

### Etymology 3

Kanji in this term :
| 下 | 方 |
| しも Grade: 1 | かた Grade: 2 |
| kun'yomi ||
Kanji in this term :
| 下 | 方 |
| しも Grade: 1 | かた > がた Grade: 2 |
| kun'yomi ||
From 下 (shimo, “lower”) +‎ 方 (kata, “person”).
Sometimes pronounced with rendaku (連濁).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しもかた [shìmóꜜkàtà] (Nakadaka – [2])
* IPA: [ɕimo̞ka̠ta̠]

#### Noun

下(しも)方(かた) or 下(しも)方(がた) • (shimokata or shimogata)
* a low rank, subordinate

#### Proper noun

下(しも)方(かた) • (Shimokata)
* a placename
* a surname

#### Proper noun

下(しも)方(がた) • (Shimogata)
* a placename

### Etymology 4

Kanji in this term :
| 下 | 方 |
| した Grade: 1 | さま > ざま Grade: 2 |
| kun'yomi | irregular |
From 下 (shita, “below, down, under”) +‎ 方 (sama, “appearance, style”).
The sama changes to zama as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

#### Noun

下(した)方(ざま) • (shitazama)
* Synonym of 下様 (shimozama): a low rank, subordinate
    Antonym: 上方 (uezama)

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Old Japanese
### Etymology

From 下 (sita, “below, down, under”) +‎ 邊 (-pe$_1$, “location, direction”).

### Noun

下方 (sitape$_1$) (kana したへ)
* the land of the dead, underworld
    Synonyms: 根の國 (ne no$_2$ kuni), 黃泉 (yo$_2$mi$_2$)
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 5, poem 905:, text here
    和可家禮婆道行之良士末比波世武之多敞乃使於比弖登保良世wakake$_1$reba mi$_1$tiyuki$_1$ sirazi mapi$_1$ pa semu sitape$_1$ no$_2$ tukapi$_1$ opi$_1$te to$_2$porase(please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Descendants

* Japanese: 下方 (shitahe), in modern Japanese dictionaries