# 参

| 参 | U+53C2, &#21442; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-53C2 |
| ← 叁 [U+53C1] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 參 → [U+53C3] |

## Translingual

| Japanese | 参 |
| Simplified | 参 |
| Traditional | 參 |

### Han character

参 (Kangxi radical 28, 厶+6, 8 strokes, cangjie input 戈大竹竹竹 (IKHHH), composition ⿱⿱厶大彡)

#### Derived characters

* 㡎 掺 椮 渗 碜 䅟 糁 鯵/鲹 黪 毶 毵 瘆 㟥
* 𫢺 𫮅 𡞋 𫶅 𬌷 𬢳/𬤄 𬥞 𮠳 𨨕/𬭝 𬯊 𬳯/骖 𠬊 𫎺 𡳔 𫤯 𬱬 𪠟 𪠡 𥮾 𫕨 𩭹
* 𰄁 𰄶 𰇼 𰇁 𰞷 𰴂 𰬪 𰸙 𱐠
* 惨 𦲞

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: not present, would follow page 164, character 21
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3090
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 386, character 15
* Unihan data for U+53C2

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Simplified from 參, which is in turn simplified from 曑.

### Definitions

* For pronunciation and definitions of 参 – see 參 (“Three Stars mansion; etc.”). (This character is the simplified form of 參).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 参 |
| Kyūjitai | 參 |

### Kanji

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 參)

#### Readings

From Middle Chinese 參 (MC srim, “Three Stars mansion; carrot, ginseng”) and 參 (MC tsrhim, “jagged, uneven”):
* Go-on: しん (shin)
* Kan-on: しん (shin)
* Nanori: ほし (hoshi)
From Middle Chinese 參 (MC tshom, “add, influence, join”):
* Go-on: そん (son)
* Kan-on: さん (san, Jōyō)
* Kun: まいる (mairu, 参る, Jōyō)、まじわる (majiwaru, 参わる)
* Nanori: かず (kazu)、ちか (chika)、なか (naka)、はかる (hakaru)、みち (michi)
From Middle Chinese 參 (MC sam, “3, three”):
* Go-on: さん (san, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: さん (san, Jōyō)
* Kun: みつ (mitsu, 参つ)、みっつ (mittsu, 参つ)
* Nanori: み (mi)

#### Compounds

* 苦参(クララ) (kurara)
* 海参(いりこ) (iriko)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 参
* しん Grade: 4
* on'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 參 (kyūjitai)
/ɕimʉ/ → /ɕiɴ/
The “Three Stars mansion” and “carrot, ginseng” senses are from Middle Chinese 參 (MC srim).
The “jagged, uneven” affix is from Middle Chinese 參 (MC tsrhim).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しん [shíꜜǹ] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɕĩɴ]

#### Affix

参(しん) • (shin)
* jagged, uneven
* carrot, ginseng

##### Derived terms

* 参(しん)差(し) (shinshi)
* 苦(く)参(じん) (kujin)
* 拳参(けんじん) (kenjin)
* 玄(げん)参(じん) (genjin)
* 紫(し)参(じん) (shijin)
* 沙(しゃ)参(じん) (shajin)
* 独(どく)参(じん)湯(とう) (dokujintō)
* 人(ニン)参(ジン) (ninjin)
* 婆羅門参(バラモンジン) (baramonjin)

#### Proper noun

参(しん) • (Shin)
* (Chinese astronomy) the Three Stars constellation, one of the Twenty-Eight Mansions
    Synonyms: 参宿 (Shinshuku), 唐鋤星 (Karasuki-boshi)
    Hypernyms: 白虎, 二十八宿

##### Derived terms

* 参(しん)宿(しゅく) (Shinshuku)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 参
* さん Grade: 4
* kan'on
* Alternative spelling
* 參 (kyūjitai)
/ɕamʉ/ → /samʉ/ → /saɴ/
From Middle Chinese 參 (MC tshom).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) さん [sáꜜǹ] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [sã̠ɴ]

#### Noun

参(さん) • (san)
* a calling, coming
* (Zen Buddhism) a gathering of Zen members in meditation, preaching, and invocation

##### Derived terms

* 参(さん)する (sansuru)
* 参(さん)ずる (sanzuru), 参(さん)じる (sanjiru)

#### Affix

参(さん) • (san)
* check, verify
* add, increase, join (a group, etc.)
* go (for a specific purpose, for example)
* Short for 参議院 (Sangiin): the House of Councillors (upper house of the Diet)

##### Derived terms

* 参(さん)加(か) (sanka)
* 参(さん)賀(が) (sanga)
* 参(さん)画(かく) (sankaku)
* 参(さん)観(かん) (sankan)
* 参(さん)議(ぎ) (sangi)
* 参(さん)考(こう) (sankō)
* 参(さん)照(しょう) (sanshō)
* 参(さん)政(せい) (sansei)
* 参(さん)拝(ぱい) (sanpai)
* 参(さん)謀(ぼう) (sanbō)
* 参(さん)篭(ろう) (sanrō)
* 帰(き)参(さん) (kisan)
* 古(こ)参(さん) (kosan)
* 持(じ)参(さん) (jisan)
* 衆(しゅう)参(さん) (shūsan)
* 新(しん)参(ざん) (shinzan)
* 日(にっ)参(さん) (nissan)
* 墓(ぼ)参(さん) (bosan)

#### Proper noun

参(さん) • (San)
* (Chinese astronomy, rare) the Three Stars constellation, one of the Twenty-Eight Mansions
    Synonyms: 参宿 (Sanshuku), 唐鋤星 (Karasuki-boshi)
* a surname

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 参
* さん Grade: 4
* on'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 參 (kyūjitai)
/samʉ/ → /saɴ/
From Middle Chinese 參 (MC sam).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) さん [sàń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [sã̠ɴ]

#### Numeral

参(さん) • (san)
* (law) Financial form of 三 (san): 3, three

##### Usage notes

This form of three is only used in legal documents, used to prevent fraud.

#### Affix

参(さん) • (san)
* Alternative spelling of 三 (san): 3, three
* Short for 三河国 (Mikawa-no-kuni): Mikawa Province

##### Derived terms

* 参(さん)州(しゅう) (Sanshū)

#### See also

v • d • eJapanese numbers :
| Number | Kanji | Kana | Romaji |
| 0 | 零 | れい、ゼロ | rei, zero |
| 1 | 一、壱 | いち | ichi |
| 2 | 二、弐 | に | ni |
| 3 | 三、参 | さん | san |
| 4 | 四 | よん、し | yon, shi |
| 5 | 五 | ご | go |
| 6 | 六 | ろく | roku |
| 7 | 七 | なな、しち | nana, shichi |
| 8 | 八 | はち | hachi |
| 9 | 九 | きゅう、く | kyū, ku |
| 10 | 十、拾 | じゅう | jū |
| 100 | 百 | ひゃく | hyaku |
| 1,000 | 千 | せん | sen |
| 10,000 | 一万、一萬 | いちまん | ichiman |
| 100,000,000 | 一億 | いちおく | ichioku |

### References

* 1 2 3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN