# dér
## Danish
### Adverb

dér
* der, with emphasis

## Hungarian
### Etymology

Of unknown origin. Note resemblance to (and more discussion at) White Hmong te (“frost”), though the vast time depth required for a relation (i.e. when the pre-Uralic tribes were still in China), relative simplicity of the word structure, and absence in other Uralic languages (assuming the word existed in Proto-Uralic) makes a connection highly speculative.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈdeːr]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -eːr

### Noun

dér (usually uncountable, plural derek)
* frost

#### Derived terms

* deres

### See also

* zúzmara

### References

* ↑ dér in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)

### Further reading

* dér in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
* dér in Nóra Ittzés, editor, A magyar nyelv nagyszótára [A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (Nszt.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031 (work in progress; published a–ez as of 2024).

## Old Irish
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Celtic *dakrom, from Proto-Indo-European *dáḱru. Celtic cognates include Welsh deigryn and Cornish dager. More distant Indo-European relatives include Old Norse tár, Old Armenian արտասուք (artasukʻ), Ancient Greek δάκρυ (dákru), and Latin lacrima.

#### Alternative forms

* dǽr (Milan glosses)

#### Noun

dér n (nominative plural dér)
* tear, teardrop (from the eyes)

##### Inflection

Neuter o-stem :
| | Singular | Dual | Plural |
| Nominative | dér$^N$ | dér$^N$ | dér$^L$, déra |
| Vocative | dér$^N$ | dér$^N$ | dér$^L$, déra |
| Accusative | dér$^N$ | dér$^N$ | dér$^L$, déra |
| Genitive | déir$^L$ | dér | dér$^N$ |
| Dative | dér$^L$ | déraib | déraib |
| Initial mutations of a following adjective: $^H$ = triggers aspiration $^L$ = triggers lenition $^N$ = triggers nasalization ||||

##### Quotations

* c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 23$^a$13
    .i. robtar lugu na dǽr quam ad·fiadatar.i.e. the tears were fewer than are related.
* c. 815-840, “The Monastery of Tallaght”, in Edward J. Gwynn, Walter J. Purton, transl., Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, volume 29, Royal Irish Academy, published 1911-1912, paragraph 66, pages 115-179:Níco[n]·tald-som iarum dér dia gruad statim co·tánic dochum Findio.Immediately thereafter, he did not wipe the tear from his cheek until he came to Findio.

##### Descendants

* Middle Irish: dér f
** Irish: deoir
** Scottish Gaelic: deur
** Manx: jeir

#### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “dér”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

·dér
* third-person singular future/present subjunctive prototonic of do·éirig

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* ↑ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*dakro-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 87