# 林檎
## Chinese
### Etymology 1

First attested during the Wei–Jin era.
Likely a loanword from a language in the Western Regions, apples also being a common produce of Central Asia.

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): línqín
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄣˊ ㄑㄧㄣˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): lam$^4$ kam$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): lìm-khìm
* Northern Min (KCR): lêng-gěng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): lîm-khîm / lêng-khîm
    (Teochew, Peng'im): lim$^5$ kim$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: línqín
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄣˊ ㄑㄧㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: líncín
*** Wade–Giles: lin$^2$-chʻin$^2$
*** Yale: lín-chín
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: linchyn
*** Palladius: линьцинь (linʹcinʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /lin³⁵ t͡ɕʰin³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lam$^4$ kam$^4$
*** Yale: làhm kàhm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lam$^4$ kam$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lem$^4$ kem$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɐm²¹ kʰɐm²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lìm-khìm
*** Hakka Romanization System: lim$^ˇ$ kim$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: lim$^2$ kim$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /lim¹¹ kʰim¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lêng-gěng
*** Sinological IPA : /leiŋ³³ keiŋ²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lîm-khîm
*** Tâi-lô: lîm-khîm
*** Phofsit Daibuun: limqiim
*** IPA (Xiamen): /lim²⁴⁻²² kʰim²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lêng-khîm
*** Tâi-lô: lîng-khîm
*** Phofsit Daibuun: lengqiim
*** IPA (Singapore): /leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ kʰim²⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: lim$^5$ kim$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lîm khîm
*** Sinological IPA : /lim⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kʰim⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: lim gim
Rime :
| Character | 林 | 檎 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) | 群 (30) |
| Final (韻) | 侵 (139) | 侵 (140) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 力尋切 | 巨金切 |
| Baxter | lim | gim |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /liɪm/ | /ɡˠiɪm/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /lim/ | /ɡᵚim/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ljem/ | /ɡiem/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /lim/ | /gjim/ |
| Li Rong | /liəm/ | /ɡjəm/ |
| Wang Li | /lĭĕm/ | /ɡĭĕm/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /li̯əm/ | /gi̯əm/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | lín | qín |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | lam$^4$ | kam$^4$ |

#### Noun

林檎
* Chinese pearleaf crabapple (Malus asiatica)
* wedding gift
* (Teochew, Zhao'an and Singapore Hokkien) sugar apple

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 花紅, 林檎, 沙果 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 沙果兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 沙果兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 海棠果兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 花紅, 沙果兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 沙果 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 沙果兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 沙果, 果子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 沙果 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 大果子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 沙果子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 沙果兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 花紅 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 花紅 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 花紅果 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 花紅 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 花紅, 小蘋果 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 沙果 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 沙果, 花紅 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 花紅 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 果子 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 蜜林檎 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 染霧 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 染霧 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 染霧 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 花紅 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 花紅 |
| Wu | Danyang | 花紅 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 花紅 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 花紅 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 花紅 |
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Taxonomic name | Taxonomic name | 番荔枝 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 釋迦, 釋迦果 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 釋迦 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 番荔枝, 番鬼荔枝, 番鬼佬荔枝 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 番荔枝, 番鬼荔枝, 番鬼佬荔枝, 番枝 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 番鬼荔枝 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 番鬼荔枝 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 釋迦 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Gongguan; N. Sixian) | 佛果 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Zhuolan; N. Sixian) | 佛果 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 釋迦, 沙梨 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian) | 釋迦 |
| Hakka | Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian) | 牛心梨, 柅仔 |
| Hakka | Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian) | 釋迦 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 佛果, 釋迦 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 釋迦 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 佛果, 釋迦 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Zhuolan; Raoping) | 釋迦 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 釋迦 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 番仔荔枝, 釋迦 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 番仔荔枝, 釋迦 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 林檎 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an (Sidu) | 林檎 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an (Tingyang, Baiyang) | 林檎 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an (Wenshan, Taiping) | 林檎 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 釋迦 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Tamsui) | 釋迦 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 釋迦 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Pingxi) | 釋迦 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 釋迦 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Cijin) | 釋迦 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang) | 釋迦 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang) | 釋迦 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Tianliao) | 釋迦 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 釋迦 |
| Southern Min | Yilan (Luodong) | 釋迦 |
| Southern Min | Yilan (Toucheng) | 釋迦 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 釋迦 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Yongjing) | 釋迦 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 釋迦 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 釋迦 |
| Southern Min | Tainan (Anping) | 釋迦 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 釋迦 |
| Southern Min | Pingtung (Baoli, Checheng) | 釋迦 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 釋迦 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 釋迦 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Xiyu) | 釋迦 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | nona |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 林檎 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 釋迦 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 林檎 |
| Southern Min | Raoping | 林檎 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 林檎 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 林檎 |
| Southern Min | Nan'ao (Houzhai) | 林檎 |
| Southern Min | Nan'ao (Yun'ao) | 林檎 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 林檎 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Sanxiang) | 番荔枝 |

##### Derived terms

* 蜜林檎

##### Descendants

* → Korean: 임금(林檎) (imgeum)
Other:
* → Japanese: 林(りん)檎(ご) (ringo), (obsolete) 林(りゅう)檎(ごう) (ryūgō), (obsolete) 林(りん)檎(き) (rinki)
** → Ainu: リンゴ
** Hakka: → 林檎 (lin-kó; lin-ngò), ⇒ 林檎 (lìm-khìm)
** → Marshallese: diin̄ko
** Min Nan: → 林檎 (lìn-gò͘), ⇒ 林檎 (lîm-khîm)
* → Korean: 능금 (neunggeum)

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Japanese 林檎 (ringo), from Middle Chinese 林檎 (MC lim gim).

#### Pronunciation

* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): lìm-khìm / lin-kó / lin-ngò
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): lìn-gò͘ / lîm-khîm
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lìm-khìm / lin-kó
*** Hakka Romanization System: lim$^ˇ$ kim$^ˇ$ / lin go$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: lim$^2$ kim$^2$ / lin$^4$ go$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /lim¹¹ kʰim¹¹/, /lin⁵⁵ ko³¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lìm-khìm / lin-kó / lin-ngò
*** Hakka Romanization System: lim$^ˇ$ kim$^ˇ$ / lin go$^ˋ$ / lin ngo$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: lim$^2$ kim$^2$ / lin$^4$ go$^3$ / lin$^4$ ngo$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /lim¹¹ kʰim¹¹/, /lin⁵⁵ ko³¹/, /lin⁵⁵ ŋo¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Tainan, Taichung, Yilan, Hsinchu, Magong)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lìn-gò͘
*** Tâi-lô: lìn-gòo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: lien'gox
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /lin²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡɔ²¹/
*** IPA (Tainan, Yilan): /lin²¹⁻⁵³ ɡɔ²¹/
** (Hokkien: rare in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lîm-khîm
*** Tâi-lô: lîm-khîm
*** Phofsit Daibuun: limqiim
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /lim²³⁻³³ kʰim²³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /lim²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰim²⁴/

#### Noun

林檎
* (Taiwanese Hokkien and Hakka) apple

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 蘋果 |
| Taxonomic name | Taxonomic name | 蘋果 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 蘋果 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 蘋果 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chengde | 蘋果 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 蘋果 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 蘋果 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Heihe | 蘋果 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Qiqihar | 蘋果 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 蘋果 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jiamusi | 蘋果 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Baicheng | 蘋果 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Changchun | 蘋果 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tonghua | 蘋果 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 蘋果 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jinzhou | 蘋果 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 蘋果 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 蘋果 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 蘋果 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 蘋果 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 蘋果 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 蘋果 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 蘋果 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Lijin | 蘋果 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 蘋果 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dalian | 蘋果 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dandong | 蘋果 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai | 蘋果 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 蘋果 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 蘋果 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Zhucheng | 蘋果 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 蘋果 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Lingbao | 蘋果 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 蘋果 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Linfen | 蘋果 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Shangqiu | 蘋果 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yuanyang | 蘋果 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 蘋果 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xinyang | 蘋果 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baihe | 蘋果 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 蘋果 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Dingbian | 蘋果, 果子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baoji | 蘋果 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Tianshui | 蘋果 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 蘋果 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 蘋果 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Fuyang | 蘋果 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 果子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan) | 果子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 蘋果 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 蘋果 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Dunhuang | 蘋果 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Hami | 蘋果 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 蘋果, 果子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 蘋果 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanchong | 蘋果 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dazhou | 蘋果 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanyuan | 蘋果 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xichang | 蘋果 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zigong | 蘋果 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 蘋果 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 蘋果 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yichang | 蘋果 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangyang | 蘋果 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianmen | 蘋果 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 蘋果 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zunyi | 蘋果 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Bijie | 蘋果 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liping | 蘋果 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zhaotong | 蘋果 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dali | 蘋果 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 蘋果 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mengzi | 蘋果 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 蘋果 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 蘋果 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jishou | 蘋果 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Changde | 蘋果 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanzhong | 蘋果 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dagudi (Maliba) | 蘋果 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Reshuitang (Longling) | 蘋果 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Salong (Lancang) | 蘋果 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Sai (Tengchong) | 蘋果 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Pematangsiantar | 蘋果 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 蘋果 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 蘋果 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianyungang | 蘋果 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianshui | 蘋果 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 蘋果 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Anqing | 蘋果 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Wuhu | 蘋果 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 蘋果 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hong'an | 蘋果 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 蘋果 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 蘋果 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 蘋果 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 蘋果 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 蘋果 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 蘋果 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 蘋果 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 蘋果 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 蘋果 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 蘋果 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 蘋果 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 蘋果 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 蘋果 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 蘋果 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 蘋果 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 蘋果 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 蘋果 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 蘋果 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 蘋果 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 蘋果 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 蘋果 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 蘋果 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 蘋果 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 蘋果 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 蘋果 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 蘋果 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 蘋果 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 蘋果 |
| Cantonese | Baise | 蘋果 |
| Cantonese | Penang (Guangfu) | 蘋果 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 蘋果 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 蘋果 |
| Gan | Pengze | 蘋果 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 蘋果 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 蘋果 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 蘋果 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 蘋果 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 蘋果 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 蘋果 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 蘋果 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 蘋果 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 蘋果 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 蘋果 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 林檎 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 林檎 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 林檎 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 林檎, 蘋果 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 林檎 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 蘋果, 林檎 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 蘋果 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 蘋果 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 蘋果 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 蘋果 |
| Jin | Yangyuan | 蘋果 |
| Jin | Datong | 蘋果 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 蘋果 |
| Jin | Lüliang (Lishi) | 蘋果 |
| Jin | Changzhi | 蘋果 |
| Jin | Linhe | 蘋果 |
| Jin | Jining | 蘋果 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 蘋果 |
| Jin | Erenhot | 蘋果 |
| Jin | Pingshan | 蘋果 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 蘋果 |
| Jin | Handan | 蘋果 |
| Jin | Linzhou | 蘋果 |
| Jin | Suide | 蘋果 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 蘋果 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 蘋果 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 蘋果 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 蘋果 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 蘋果 |
| Southern Min | Zhangpu | 蘋果 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 蘋果 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 瓜果 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Tamsui) | 蘋果 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 瓜果 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Pingxi) | 林檎 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 蘋果, 林檎 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Cijin) | 蘋果, 林檎 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang) | 蘋果, 林檎 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang) | 蘋果, 林檎 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Tianliao) | 蘋果, 林檎 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 林檎, 蘋果 |
| Southern Min | Yilan (Toucheng) | 蘋果, 林檎 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 蘋果 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 林檎, 蘋果 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 林檎, 蘋果 |
| Southern Min | Tainan (Anping) | 蘋果 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 林檎 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 蘋果 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 蘋果, 林檎 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Xiyu) | 蘋果 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 蘋果 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 蘋果 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 蘋果 |
| Southern Min | Raoping | 蘋果 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 蘋果 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 蘋果 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 蘋果 |
| Central Min | Nanping (Wangtai, Yanping) | 蘋果 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 蘋果 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 蘋果 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 蘋果 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 蘋果 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 蘋果 |
| Wu | Danyang | 蘋果 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 蘋果 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 蘋果 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 蘋果 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 蘋果 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 蘋果 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 蘋果 |
| Xiang | Hengyang | 蘋果 |

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 林 | 檎 |
| りん Grade: 1 | ご Jinmeiyō |
| on'yomi | kan'yōon |
/rimʉɡomʉ/ → /riŋɡõː/ → /riŋɡo/
From Middle Chinese 林檎 (MC lim gim).
Originally referred to the Chinese pearleaf crabapple (Malus asiatica) imported from China, it has expanded to mean any apple of the Malus genus.
First cited in 918 in the 本草和名 (Honzō Wamyō, “Japanese names for medicinal plants”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) りんご [rìńgó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɾʲĩŋɡo̞]

#### Noun

林(りん)檎(ご) or 林檎(リンゴ) • (ringo)
* [from 918] apple
    りんごの鮮(せん)度(ど)の見(み)分(わ)け方(かた)
       ringo no sendo no miwake-kata
       how to tell whether an apple is fresh
* (slang) the company Apple Inc. or its products
    よく林(りん)檎(ご)の審(しん)査(さ)通(とお)ったなこれ。
       Yoku ringo no shinsa tōtta na kore.
       I can't believe this has passed Apple's censorship.

##### Usage notes

Can refer to either the fruit or the tree. As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as リンゴ.

##### Derived terms

* 林(りん)檎(ご)飴(あめ) (ringo ame, “candy apple”)
* 林(りん)檎(ご)酸(さん) (ringo-san, “malic acid”)
* 林(りん)檎(ご)酒(しゅ) (ringoshu, “apple cider”)
* 林(りん)檎酢(ごす) (ringosu)
* 林(りん)檎(ご)病(びょう) (ringo-byō, “fifth disease”)
* 青(アオ)林(リン)檎(ゴ) (aoringo)
* 和(ワ)林(リン)檎(ゴ) (waringo)

##### Descendants

* → Ainu: リンゴ
* → Hakka: 林檎 (lin-ngò)
* → Marshallese: diin̄ko
* → Min Nan: 林檎 (lìn-gò)

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 林 | 檎 |
| りん > りゅう Grade: 1 | ごん > ごう Jinmeiyō |
| irregular ||
/rimʉɡomʉ/ → /riũɡoũ/ → /rʲuːɡoː/
A variant shift from Middle Chinese 林檎 (MC lim gim). The shift in reading was due to an orthographic inconsistency in spelling the nasalized mora marked as ん (n) in modern Japanese. In ancient texts, this kana did not yet exist, and the sound was often spelled using the む (mu) kana, which in certain terms shifted to, and may have been spelled as, う (u).
Appears in the 和名類聚抄 (Wamyō Ruijushō) of c. 938 CE.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɾʲɨːɡo̞ː]

#### Noun

林(りゅう)檎(ごう) • (ryūgō)
* [938–???] (rare, obsolete) an apple

### Etymology 3

Kanji in this term :
| 林 | 檎 |
| りん Grade: 1 | きん > き Jinmeiyō |
| on'yomi | kan'on |
/rimʉkimʉ/ → */rinkiɴ/ → /rinki/
Another variant shift from Middle Chinese 林檎 (MC lim gim).
Appears in the 色葉字類抄 (Iroha Jiruishō) of 1181.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɾʲĩŋʲkʲi]

#### Noun

林(りん)檎(き) • (rinki)
* [1138–????] (rare, obsolete) an apple

### See also

* アップル (appuru)
* 苹(へい)果(か) (heika, “apple fruit”, rare)
* 苹(ひょう)果(か) (hyōka, “apple fruit”, rare)

### References

* 1 2 3 4 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 林 | 檎 |

### Noun

林檎 • (imgeum) (hangeul 임금)
* hanja form of 임금 (“crab apple”)