# und
## Translingual
### Symbol

und
* (international standards) ISO 639-2 & ISO 639-3 language code for an undetermined language.

## English
### Alternative forms

* vnd (alternative typography) [16th C.]

### Etymology

From Middle English unde (“a wave”), from either the Old French unde or Latin unda (“wave”). Doublet of water, ultimately from the same Indo-European root.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʌnd/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Rhymes: -ʌnd

### Noun

und (plural unds)
* (obsolete, rare) A wave.
** 1784, François Rabelais, The works of Francis Rabelais ... Now carefully revised, and compared throughout with the late new edition of M. Le du Chat, by Mr. Ozell, etc, page 309:Lute, Unds, and Sands did long our March oppose, And asp'rous Rocks, the Bulwarks of our Foes.
* (heraldry) A billow- or wave-like marking.
** (Can we date this quote?), William Drummond, letter "To the Right Honourable the Earl of Perth" in The history of Scotland, from the year 1423 until the year 1542 containing the lives and reigns of James the I, the II, the III, the IV, the V : with several memorials of state, during the reigns of James VI & Charls I:
    My Noble Lord, / AFter a long inquiry about the Arms of your Lordships antient House, and the turning of sundry Books of Impresaes and Herauldry, I found your UNDES famous and very honourable. / In our neighbour Countrey of England they are born, but inversed upside down, and diversified. Torquato Tasso in his Rinaldo maketh mention of a Knight who had a Rock placed in the Waves with the Word Rompe ch'il percote. And other hath the Seas waves with a Syren rising out of them, the word Bella Maria, which is the name of some Courtezan.
** 1592, William Wyrley, The true vse of armorie, page 12:The house of Chedle yet after this diuiding it selfe into two branches, John Basset of new place (being of the yoonger house) left the Labell, and charged the blacke vnds with manie besants dispersed all ouer them.
** 1650, Henry Estienne, Thomas Blount, The art of making devises […] :A Devise may also be handsomely framed from two different Coats of Armes, as of the Husband and his Wife, of two friends, of two Kings, of two States united and confederate. Will you have an example of it, taken out of our Author Bargagli? A Husband bearing Vnde in his armes, and his Wife Roses, gave occasion to joyne them together in one Blazon, with these words, IRRIGATÆ VIVATIORES, i.e. they are more lively when they are watered.

#### Related terms

* undade
* undated
* undé
* undulate
* undulating

### References

* OED (2nd ed., 1989), “†und”

### Anagrams

* DNU, Dun, dun

## Bavarian
### Etymology

From Middle High German unde, from Old High German unti, from Proto-West Germanic, from Proto-Germanic *andi. Cognates include German und and Luxembourgish an.

### Pronunciation

* (Vienna) IPA: /ˈunt/
* Hyphenation: und

### Conjunction

und
* (Vienna) and
    Du und i. ― You and I.
** 1938, Josef Weinheber, Wien wörtlich, Sieg der Provinz:I waaß net, es gibt so vü' Dichter in Wien, und ålle geehrt und berühmt.I didn't know there were so many poets in Vienna, and all honorable and famous.

### References

* Maria Hornung, Sigmar Grüner (2002) “und”, in Wörterbuch der Wiener Mundart, 2nd edition, ÖBV & HPT

## Estonian
### Noun

und
* partitive singular of uni

## German
### Alternative forms

* unnd, unnt, unt, vnd, vnnd, vnnt, vnt (obsolete)

### Etymology

From Middle High German unde, from Old High German unti, from Proto-Germanic *andi *anþi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti. Compare Dutch en, English and, Danish end.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʊnt/, [(ʔ)ʊnt] (standard)
** IPA: /ən/, [n̩] (in numbers from 21 to 99, alternative de-facto standard)
** IPA: /ʊn/, [(ʔ)ʊn] (in other contexts, colloquial)
* Audio:(file)
* Audio:(file)

### Conjunction

und
* (co-ordinating) and
    Kaffee und Kuchen ― coffee and cake
    Ich kam, sah und siegte. ― I came, saw, and conquered.
** 1904, Rudolf Eisler, Wörterbuch der philosophischen Begriffe, Berlin, volume 1, sub verbo Ich, page 446-457:
    "Das »Ich = Ich« ist die ursprünglichste Erkenntnis, die Urquelle alles Denkens [..], es bedeutet »erstens die rein logische Identität von Subject und Object im Acte des reinen Selbstbewußtseins, zweitens die reale metaphysische Identität des setzenden absoluten Ich und des gesetzten begrenzten Ich, und drittens die zeitliche Identität des Ich in zwei rasch aufeinander folgenden Zeitpunkten« [...]."(please add an English translation of this quotation)
* (colloquial) links two nouns, often a person and an activity, in rhetoric questions to express an opposition between them
    Er und Abwaschen? Vielleicht einmal im Jahr!Him doing the dishes? Maybe once per year!

#### Usage notes

* As seen in the second example, commas are never used before und in enumerations, even where some English style guides prescribe this.
* Commas are used before und (and oder) in complex sentences when a subclause intervenes. Compare:
       Er erklärte, dass er den Vorschlag gutheiße, und bat um Zustimmung. (und continues the main clause)He declared that he approved of the proposal, and asked for endorsement.
       Er erklärte, dass er den Vorschlag gutheiße und um Zustimmung bitte. (und continues the subclause)He declared that he approved of the proposal and (that he) asked for endorsement.
* Commas are optional when und connects two complete sentences (i.e. when a full stop could be used instead of the conjunction):
       Der Fischer fischt[,] und der Jäger jagt. ― The fisherman fishes and the hunter hunts.

### Interjection

und
* so?, now?, and?
    Und? Wie ist es gelaufen?So? How did it go?

### Further reading

* “und” in Duden online
* “und” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
* Friedrich Kluge (1883) “und”, in John Francis Davis, transl., Etymological Dictionary of the German Language, published 1891

## Gothic
### Romanization

und
* Romanization of 𐌿𐌽𐌳

## Hungarian
### Alternative forms

* unjad

### Etymology

un +‎ -d

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈund]
* Hyphenation: und
* Rhymes: -und
* Homophone: Und

### Verb

und
* second-person singular subjunctive present definite of un

## Icelandic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʏnt/
    Rhymes: -ʏnt

### Etymology 1

From Old Norse und, from Proto-Germanic *wundō.

#### Noun

und f (genitive singular undar, nominative plural undir)
* (poetic) wound
    Synonym: sár

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

Apocopated form of undir.

#### Preposition

und
* (poetic) under

## Old Norse
### Etymology 1

Short form of undir.

#### Preposition

und
* (poetic) under

##### Derived terms

* unz

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Germanic *wundō (“wound”).

#### Noun

und f (genitive undar, plural undir)
* (poetic) wound

##### Related terms

* unda (“to wound”) (undaðr (“wounded”))

##### Descendants

* Icelandic: und
* Old Swedish: und
* Danish: vunde (influenced by Low German)

### Further reading

* Zoëga, Geir T. (1910) “und”, in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press; also available at the Internet Archive

## Old Saxon
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /und/

### Preposition

und (with accusative)
* until

### Conjunction

und
* until