# 隆

| 隆 | U+9686, &#38534; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9686 |
| ← 隅 [U+9685] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 隇 → [U+9687] |
| 隆 | U+F9DC, &#63964; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9DC |
| ← 率 [U+F9DB] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 利 → [U+F9DD] |
| 𨺓 | U+28E93, &#167571; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-28E93 |
| ← 𨺒 [U+28E92] | CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B | 𨺔 → [U+28E94] |

## Translingual

| Japanese | 隆 |
| Simplified | 隆 |
| Traditional | 隆 |

### Alternative forms

Note that there is no line above 生 in Japanese shinjitai. A CJK compatibility ideograph (U+F9DC) exists for the kyūjitai form of 隆 which has an extra line above 生. Due to Han unification, the Chinese form (with line above 生) and Japanese form (without line) are encoded under the same codepoint. The character 𨺓 (U+28E93) exists for the Chinese form with no line above 生.

### Han character

隆 (Kangxi radical 170, 阜+9, 12 strokes in Chinese, 11 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 弓中竹水一 (NLHEM), four-corner 7721$_4$, composition ⿰阝⿳夂一生(GHTKV) or ⿰阝⿱夂生(J) or ⿰阝㚅)

#### Derived characters

* 嶐, 漋, 癃, 窿, 蕯, 霳, 㝫, 㦕, 䃧, 鿧, 𠘓, 𠾐, 𥀼, 𥳌, 𧑟, 𪔳, 𪔴

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1356, character 22
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41720
* Dae Jaweon: page 1860, character 17
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4148, character 5
* Unihan data for U+9686
* Unihan data for U+28E93
* Unihan data for U+F9DC

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 贛 | *kluːmʔ, *kluːms, *kromʔ, *kloːms |
| 灨 | *kluːmʔ, *kluːms |
| 竷 | *kʰluːms |
| 戇 | *kr'oːms, *qʰloːms |
| 洚 | *kruːŋs, *ɡruːŋ, *ɡloːŋ, *ɡluːŋ |
| 降 | *kruːŋs, *ɡruːŋ |
| 絳 | *kruːŋs |
| 栙 | *ɡruːŋ |
| 夅 | *ɡruːŋ |
| 跭 | *ɡruːŋ |
| 隆 | *ɡ·ruːŋ |
| 癃 | *ɡ·ruːŋ |
| 窿 | *ɡ·ruːŋ |
| 霳 | *ɡ·ruːŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡ·ruːŋ): phonetic 降 (OC *kruːŋs, *ɡruːŋ) + semantic 生, with 𡕒 later dropped.

### Etymology
#### "eminent; high"

    Schuessler (2007) suggests it is of Austroasiatic origin; cognate with Khmer រុង (rung, “large; prosperous; prominent”), Khmer ស្រុង (srong, “(of clothing) very long”), 崇 (OC *zruŋ, “high”).

#### "thunder"

    From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-bru(ŋ/k) (“dragon; thunder”) (STEDT). Cognate with 龍 (OC *b·roŋ, *mroːŋ, “dragon”), 雹 (OC *bruːɡ, “hail”), Tibetan འབྲུག ('brug, “thunder; dragon”)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): lóng, lōng (long$^2$, long$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄨㄥˊ, ㄌㄨㄥ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): lung$^4$ / lung$^{4-2}$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): luung$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): lùng
    (Hailu, HRS): lung
    (Meixian, Guangdong): lung$^2$
* Northern Min (KCR): lê̤ng
* Eastern Min (BUC): lṳ̀ng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): liông
    (Teochew, Peng'im): long$^5$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^6$lon / $^2$lon
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lóng
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lóng
*** Wade–Giles: lung$^2$
*** Yale: lúng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: long
*** Palladius: лун (lun)
*** Sinological IPA : /lʊŋ³⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lōng
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: long
*** Wade–Giles: lung$^1$
*** Yale: lūng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lhong
*** Palladius: лун (lun)
*** Sinological IPA : /lʊŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lung$^4$ / lung$^{4-2}$
*** Yale: lùhng / lúng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lung$^4$ / lung$^{4-2}$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lung$^4$ / lung$^{4-2}$
*** Sinological IPA : /lʊŋ²¹/, /lʊŋ²¹⁻³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: luung$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɵŋ²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lùng
*** Hakka Romanization System: lung$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: lung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /luŋ¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: lung
*** Sinological IPA: /luŋ⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: lung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /lʊŋ¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lê̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /lœyŋ³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: lṳ̀ng
*** Sinological IPA : /l̃yŋ⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liông
*** Tâi-lô: liông
*** Phofsit Daibuun: lioong
*** IPA (Xiamen): /liɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /liɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /liɔŋ¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /liɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /liɔŋ²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: long$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lông
*** Sinological IPA : /loŋ⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$lon
*** MiniDict: lon$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$lon
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /loŋ²³/
** (Northern: Suzhou, Hangzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^2$lon
*** MiniDict: lon$^平$
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /loŋ²²³/
*** Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /loŋ²³/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit隆 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /luŋ³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /luŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /luŋ⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /luŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /ləŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /luŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /luŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /luə̃²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /luŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /lũn⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /luŋ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /noŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /noŋ³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /noŋ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /loŋ¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /loŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /ləŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /luəŋ¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /luŋ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /lũŋ⁵³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /loŋ²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /loŋ¹³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /loŋ²¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /loŋ³¹/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /lʌ̃⁴⁴/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /lin⁴⁴/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /loŋ¹³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /nən¹²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /luŋ⁴⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /luŋ¹¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /luŋ¹¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /loŋ²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /luŋ²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /luŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /liɔŋ³⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /lyŋ⁵³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /lœyŋ³³/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /loŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /loŋ³¹/ |
* Middle Chinese: ljuwng
Rime :
| Character | 隆 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (2) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 力中切 |
| Baxter | ljuwng |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /lɨuŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /liuŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /liuŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /luwŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /liuŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /lĭuŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /li̯uŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | lóng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | lung$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]uŋ/, /*[r]uŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡ·ruːŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 隆 | 隆 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | lóng | lóng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ljuwng › | ‹ ljuwng › |
| Old Chinese | /*[r]uŋ/ | /*[r]uŋ/ (< * -[u]m) |
| English | sound of thunder | high; ample; eminent |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 隆 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 6286 |
| Phonetic component | 夅 |
| Rime group | 終 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 隆 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡ·ruːŋ/ |

### Definitions

隆
* plentiful; abundant; magnificent
* deep; profound
* prosperous; thriving
* protruding; swollen; high
* (onomatopoeia) sound of thunder or explosion
* Used in transcription.
    蒲隆地 ― Púlóngdì ― Burundi
    喀麥隆／喀麦隆 ― Kāmàilóng ― Cameroon
    隆河 ― Lónghé ― the Rhône
    大衛·卡麥隆／大卫·卡麦隆 ― Dàwèi Kǎmàilóng ― David Cameron
** (Malaysia, Singapore) Short for 吉隆坡 (Jílóngpō).
    隆新高鐵／隆新高铁 ― Lóng-Xīn Gāotiě ― Kuala Lumpur-Singapore High Speed Rail

### Compounds

* 乾隆 (Qiánlóng)
* 克隆斯臺 / 克隆斯台
* 努隆吉 (nǔlóngjí)
* 吉隆坡 (Jílóngpō)
* 咕隆
* 喀麥隆 / 喀麦隆 (Kāmàilóng)
* 國運昌隆 / 国运昌隆
* 基隆 (Jīlóng)
* 基隆市
* 基隆廟口 / 基隆庙口
* 基隆河 (Jīlónghé)
* 大呼隆
* 大陸隆堆 / 大陆隆堆
* 大陸隆起 / 大陆隆起
* 德劭譽隆 / 德劭誉隆
* 德隆望尊
* 德隆望重
* 恰爾隆 / 恰尔隆 (Qià'ěrlóng)
* 昌隆 (chānglóng)
* 李隆基
* 永隆 (Yǒnglóng)
* 汙隆 / 污隆
* 沙隆
* 波隆那
* 海洋隆起
* 生意興隆 / 生意兴隆
* 穹隆 (qiónglóng)
* 興隆 / 兴隆 (xīnglóng)
* 蒲隆地 (Púlóngdì)
* 西鄉隆盛 / 西乡隆盛
* 豐隆 / 丰隆
* 轟隆 / 轰隆
* 道高德隆
* 郅隆
* 郝隆晒書
* 隆中 (Lóngzhōng)
* 隆中對 / 隆中对
* 隆中山
* 隆乳 (lóngrǔ)
* 隆冬 (lóngdōng)
* 隆刑峻法
* 隆古賤今 / 隆古贱今
* 隆名
* 隆寒
* 隆崇
* 隆德 (Lóngdé)
* 隆恩 (lóng'ēn)
* 隆恩曠典 / 隆恩旷典
* 隆恩盛德
* 隆情
* 隆愛 / 隆爱
* 隆昌 (lóngchāng)
* 隆暑
* 隆替
* 隆極 / 隆极
* 隆正
* 隆汙 / 隆污
* 隆河
* 隆河谷地
* 隆渥
* 隆準 / 隆准
* 隆盛 (lóngshèng)
* 隆穹
* 隆窳
* 隆窯 / 隆窑
* 隆美爾 / 隆美尔
* 隆胸 (lóngxiōng)
* 隆興 / 隆兴
* 隆貴 / 隆贵
* 隆起 (lóngqǐ)
* 隆運 / 隆运
* 隆重 (lóngzhòng)
* 隆隆 (lónglóng)
* 隆隆聲 / 隆隆声
* 隆顏 / 隆颜
* 隆鼻 (lóngbí)

### References

* “隆”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A04434

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 隆 |
| Kyūjitai | 隆 &#xF9DC; or 隆+&#xFE00; |
| Kyūjitai | 隆󠄁 隆+&#xE0101; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 隆󠄆 隆+&#xE0106; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 隆)
* noble
* prosperous

#### Readings

* Go-on: る (ru)
* Kan-on: りゅう (ryū, Jōyō)
* Kun: さかん (sakan, 隆ん)、たかい (takai, 隆い)、なかだか (nakadaka)
* Nanori: お (o)、おき (oki)、しげ (shige)、たか (taka)、たかし (takashi)、とき (toki)、なが (naga)、もり (mori)、ゆたか (yutaka)

### Proper noun

隆(たかし) or 隆(ゆたか) • (Takashi or Yutaka)
* a male given name

### Proper noun

隆(りゅう) • (Ryū)
* a unisex given name

### References

* ↑ “隆”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎ (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2025

## Korean
### Hanja

隆 (eumhun 클 륭 (keul ryung), word-initial (South Korea) 클 융 (keul yung))
* hanja form of 륭/융 (“prosperous, plentiful, abundant”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

隆: Hán Nôm readings: long, lung
* Prosperous/Prosperity

### Compounds

* 隆新, Village of Long Tân, Vietnam