# 夏至
## Chinese

* 夏至 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 夏至 (Cantonese)
* Ha-chṳ (Hakka)
* Hâ-cé (Eastern Min)
* Hā-chì (Southern Min)
* 夏至 (Wu)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): xiàzhì
       (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄓˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): xia$^4$ zi$^4$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): haa$^6$ zi$^3$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ha$^5$ zi$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): ha$^5$ zi$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ha-chṳ
    (Hailu, HRS): ha$^˖$ zhi$^ˇ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ha$^4$ zi$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): xia$^3$ zi$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): hā-ci̿
* Eastern Min (BUC): hâ-cé
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ha$^5$ zi$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hā-chì / hē-chì / hēe-chì
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hê$^7$ zi$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$gho-tsy
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): xia$^5$ zhr$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiàzhì
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄓˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: siàjhìh
*** Wade–Giles: hsia$^4$-chih$^4$
*** Yale: syà-jr̀
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiahjyh
*** Palladius: сячжи (sjačži)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: xia$^4$ zi$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xiaz
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕia²¹³ t͡sz̩²¹³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: haa$^6$ zi$^3$
*** Yale: hah ji
*** Cantonese Pinyin: haa$^6$ dzi$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ha$^6$ ji$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /haː²² t͡siː³³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ha$^5$ zi$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /ha³² t͡si³³/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: ha$^5$ zi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ha¹¹ t͡sz̩³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ha-chṳ
*** Hakka Romanization System: ha zii
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ha$^4$ zi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ha⁵⁵ t͡sɨ⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: ha$^˖$ zhi$^ˇ$
*** Sinological IPA: /ha³³ t͡ʃi¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: ha$^4$ zi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ha⁵³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sz̩⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: xia$^3$ zi$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕia⁴⁵ t͡sz̩⁴⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hā-ci̿
*** Sinological IPA : /xa⁵⁵ t͡si³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: hâ-cé
*** Sinological IPA : /ha²⁴²⁻⁵³ $^{(t͡s-)}$ʒɛi²¹³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ha$^5$ zi$^4$ [Phonetic: ha$^1$ li$^4$]
*** Sinological IPA : /ha²¹⁻⁵⁵ $^{(t͡s-)}$li⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hā-chì
*** Tâi-lô: hā-tsì
*** Phofsit Daibuun: haxcix
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ha³³⁻²¹ t͡si²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ha⁴¹⁻²² t͡si⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ha³³⁻¹¹ t͡si¹¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ha²²⁻²¹ t͡si²¹/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hē-chì
*** Tâi-lô: hē-tsì
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hexcix
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /he³³⁻²¹ t͡si²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /he⁴¹⁻²² t͡si⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /he³³⁻¹¹ t͡si¹¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /he²²⁻²¹ t͡si²¹/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hēe-chì
*** Tâi-lô: hēe-tsì
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɛ²²⁻²¹ t͡si²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: hê$^7$ zi$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hē tsì
*** Sinological IPA : /he¹¹ t͡si²¹³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$gho-tsy
*** MiniDict: gho$^去$ tsy
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$hho-tsr
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦo²² t͡sz̩⁴⁴/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: xia$^5$ zhr$^4$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕi̯a̠²¹⁻¹¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁴⁵/
*** Sinological IPA (new-style): /ɕi̯a̠²¹⁻¹¹ t͡sz̩⁴⁵/
* Middle Chinese: haeX|haeH tsyijH
Rime :
| Character | 夏 | 夏 | 至 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) | 匣 (33) | 章 (23) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (98) | 麻 (98) | 脂 (15) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Departing (H) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | II | II | III |
| Fanqie | 胡雅切 | 胡駕切 | 脂利切 |
| Baxter | haeX | haeH | tsyijH |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦˠa$^X$/ | /ɦˠa$^H$/ | /t͡ɕiɪ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦᵚa$^X$/ | /ɦᵚa$^H$/ | /t͡ɕi$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣa$^X$/ | /ɣa$^H$/ | /t͡ɕjɪ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦaɨ$^X$/ | /ɦaɨ$^H$/ | /ci$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣa$^X$/ | /ɣa$^H$/ | /t͡ɕi$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣa$^X$/ | /ɣa$^H$/ | /t͡ɕi$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣa$^X$/ | /ɣa$^H$/ | /t͡ɕi$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xià | xià | zhì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | haa$^6$ | haa$^6$ | zi$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ˤraʔ|[ɡ]ˤraʔ ti[t]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡraːʔ|ɡraːs tjiɡs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 夏 | 夏 | 至 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xià | xià | zhì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hæ$^X$ › | ‹ hæ$^H$ › | ‹ tsyij$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɢ]ˁraʔ/ | /*[ɡ]ˁraʔ/ (~ *[ɡ]ˁraʔ-s) | /*ti[t]-s/ |
| English | great; pertaining to Chinese civilization | summer | arrive |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 夏 | 夏 | 至 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 13452 | 13454 | 17342 |
| Phonetic component | 夏 | 夏 | 至 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 魚 | 至 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 下 | 暇 | 至 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡraːʔ/ | /*ɡraːs/ | /*tjiɡs/ |

### Noun

夏至
* summer solstice (one of the solar terms, around June 21st)

#### Synonyms

* 北至
* 夏節／夏节

#### Derived terms

* 冬至羊，夏至狗
* 夏至狗，冇埞走

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 夏至(げし) (geshi)
* → Korean: 하지(夏至) (haji)
* → Vietnamese: hạ chí (夏至)

### See also

* 二十四節氣／二十四节气 (Èrshísì Jiéqì, “The twenty-four solar terms”):
** Spring: 立春 (Lìchūn)、雨水 (yǔshuǐ)、驚蟄／惊蛰 (Jīngzhé)、春分 (Chūnfēn)、清明 (qīngmíng)、穀雨／谷雨 (Gǔyǔ)
** Summer: 立夏 (Lìxià)、小滿／小满 (Xiǎomǎn)、芒種／芒种 (mángzhòng)、夏至 (xiàzhì)、小暑 (Xiǎoshǔ)、大暑 (Dàshǔ)
** Autumn: 立秋 (Lìqiū)、處暑／处暑 (Chǔshǔ)、白露 (báilù)、秋分 (Qiūfēn)、寒露 (Hánlù)、霜降 (Shuāngjiàng)
** Winter: 立冬 (Lìdōng)、小雪 (xiǎoxuě)、大雪 (dàxuě)、冬至 (dōngzhì)、小寒 (Xiǎohán)、大寒 (Dàhán)

### References

* “Entry #20345”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.
* “Entry #4867”, in 臺灣客語辭典 [Dictionary of Taiwan Hakka] (overall work in Chinese and Hakka), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2022.

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 夏 | 至 |
| げ Grade: 2 | し Grade: 6 |
| goon ||

### Etymology

Orthographic borrowing from Middle Chinese 夏至.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) げし [gèshí] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) げし [géꜜshì] (Atamadaka –)
* (Tokyo) げし [gèshíꜜ] (Odaka –)
* IPA: [ɡe̞ɕi]

### Noun

夏(げ)至(し) • (geshi)
* summer solstice

### See also

* 二(に)十(じゅう)四(し)節(せっ)気(き) (Nijūshi Sekki, “The twenty-four solar terms”):
** Spring: 立(りっ)春(しゅん) (Risshun), 雨(う)水(すい) (Usui), 啓(けい)蟄(ちつ) (Keichitsu), 春(しゅん)分(ぶん) (Shunbun), 清(せい)明(めい) (Seimei), 穀(こく)雨(う) (Kokuu)
** Summer: 立(りっ)夏(か) (Rikka), 小(しょう)満(まん) (Shōman), 芒(ぼう)種(しゅ) (Bōshu), 夏(げ)至(し) (Geshi), 小(しょう)暑(しょ) (Shōsho), 大(たい)暑(しょ) (Taisho)
** Autumn: 立(りっ)秋(しゅう) (Risshū), 処(しょ)暑(しょ) (Shosho), 白(はく)露(ろ) (Hakuro), 秋(しゅう)分(ぶん) (Shūbun), 寒(かん)露(ろ) (Kanro), 霜(そう)降(こう) (Sōkō)
** Winter: 立(りっ)冬(とう) (Rittō), 小(しょう)雪(せつ) (Shōsetsu), 大雪(たいせつ) (Taisetsu), 冬(とう)至(じ) (Tōji), 小(しょう)寒(かん) (Shōkan), 大寒(だいかん) (Daikan)

### References

* 1 2 Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* 1 2 “夏至”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 夏 | 至 |

### Noun

夏至 • (haji) (hangeul 하지)
* hanja form of 하지 (“summer solstice”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 夏 | 至 |

### Noun

夏至
* chữ Hán form of hạ chí (“summer solstice”).

### See also

* Hai mươi tư tiết khí (𠄩𨒒四節氣, “The twenty-four solar terms”):
** Spring: Lập xuân (立春)、Vũ thủy (雨水)、Kinh trập (驚蟄)、Xuân phân (春分)、Thanh minh (清明)、Cốc vũ (穀雨)
** Summer: Lập hạ (立夏)、Tiểu mãn (小滿)、Mang chủng (芒種)、Hạ chí (夏至)、Tiểu thử (小暑)、Đại thử (大暑)
** Autumn: Lập thu (立秋)、Xử thử (處暑)、Bạch lộ (白露)、Thu phân (秋分)、Hàn lộ (寒露)、Sương giáng (霜降)
** Winter: Lập đông (立冬)、Tiểu tuyết (小雪)、Đại tuyết (大雪)、Đông chí (冬至)、Tiểu hàn (小寒)、Đại hàn (大寒)