# 積

| 積 | U+7A4D, &#31309; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7A4D |
| ← 穌 [U+7A4C] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 穎 → [U+7A4E] |

## Translingual
### Han character

積 (Kangxi radical 115, 禾+11, 16 strokes, cangjie input 竹木手一金 (HDQMC), four-corner 2598$_6$, composition ⿰禾責)

#### Derived characters

* 廭 癪 𡳮 𧂐

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 859, character 24
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25266
* Dae Jaweon: page 1285, character 5
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2626, character 16
* Unihan data for U+7A4D

## Chinese

* 積 (Cantonese)
* 積 (Written Standard Chinese)

### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 債 | *ʔsreːɡs, *ʔsreːɡ |
| 積 | *ʔseɡs, *ʔseɡ |
| 刺 | *sʰeɡs, *sʰeɡ |
| 莿 | *sʰeːɡs, *raːds |
| 㓨 | *sʰeɡs |
| 朿 | *sʰeɡs |
| 漬 | *zeɡs |
| 耫 | *zraːd, *zreːɡ |
| 嘖 | *ʔsraːɡ, *ʔsreːɡ, *zreːɡ |
| 梀 | *sreːɡ, *sʰloːɡ, *sloːɡ, *l̥ʰoɡ |
| 捒 | *sreːɡ, *sroɡs, *sroɡs |
| 幘 | *ʔsreːɡ |
| 簀 | *ʔsreːɡ |
| 嫧 | *ʔsreːɡ, *sʰreːɡ, *sʰeɡ |
| 謮 | *ʔsreːɡ |
| 責 | *ʔsreːɡ |
| 皟 | *sʰreːɡ |
| 憡 | *sʰreːɡ |
| 策 | *sʰreːɡ |
| 筴 | *sʰreːɡ, *kreːb, *keːb |
| 拺 | *sʰreːɡ, *sreːɡ |
| 賾 | *zreːɡ |
| 鰿 | *zreːɡ, *ʔseɡ |
| 擌 | *sreːɡ |
| 蹟 | *ʔseɡ |
| 襀 | *ʔseɡ |
| 磧 | *sʰeɡ |
| 洓 | *sʰeɡ |
| 績 | *ʔseːɡ |
| 勣 | *ʔseːɡ |
| 樍 | *ʔseːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ʔseɡs, *ʔseɡ) : semantic 禾 + phonetic 責 (OC *ʔsreːɡ).

### Etymology

* (to collect; to accumulate): Cognate with Tibetan རྩིག་པ (rtsig pa) (Schuessler, 2007).
* (jack; knave, to jack): From English jack.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): jī (ji$^1$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧ
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): jǐ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): zik$^1$
    (Dongguan, Jyutping++): zeak$^7$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): det$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chit
    (Hailu, HRS): zid
    (Meixian, Guangdong): jid$^5$
* Jin (Wiktionary): jieh$^4$
* Northern Min (KCR): cĭ
* Eastern Min (BUC): cék
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): zih$^6$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chek / chiak / chit
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zêh$^4$ / zêg$^4$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): jig$^4$
* Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): zik$^2$
* Wu (Wugniu)
** (Northern): $^7$ciq / $^7$tsiq / $^7$tsieoq / $^8$ciq
** (Jinhua): $^7$tsiq
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ji$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jī
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ji
*** Wade–Giles: chi$^1$
*** Yale: jī
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ji
*** Palladius: цзи (czi)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi⁵⁵/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: jǐ
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zik$^1$
*** Yale: jīk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzik$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: jig$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɪk̚⁵/
** (Dongguan, Guancheng)
*** Jyutping++: zeak$^7$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sək̚⁴⁴/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: det$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /tet̚⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chit
*** Hakka Romanization System: jid$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: jid$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sit̚²/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: zid
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sit⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: jid$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sit̚¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: jieh$^4$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕiəʔ²/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cĭ
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡si²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: cék
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɛiʔ²⁴/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: zih$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siʔ¹/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: zih$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siʔ²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chek
*** Tâi-lô: tsik
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zeg
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡siɪk̚³²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiak
*** Tâi-lô: tsiak
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ciag
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡siak̚⁵/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chit
*** Tâi-lô: tsit
*** Phofsit Daibuun: cid
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sit̚⁵/
* chek - literary (“to accumulate; to store up; to suffer from indigestion”);
* chiak - literary (“to suffer from indigestion”);
* chit - vernacular (“to accumulate; to store up; to suffer from indigestion”).
* Middle Chinese: tsjek, tsjeH
Rime :
| Character | 積 | 積 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 精 (13) | 精 (13) |
| Final (韻) | 昔 (123) | 支 (11) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 資昔切 | 子智切 |
| Baxter | tsjek | tsjeH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡siᴇk̚/ | /t͡siᴇ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡siɛk̚/ | /t͡siɛ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡siæk̚/ | /t͡sjɛ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡siajk̚/ | /t͡siə̆$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡siɛk̚/ | /t͡sie$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡sĭɛk̚/ | /t͡sǐe$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡si̯ɛk̚/ | /t͡sie̯$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | ji | zì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zik$^1$ | zi$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ts]ek/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ʔseɡ/, /*ʔseɡs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 積 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jī |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsjek › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ts]ek/ |
| English | accumulate |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 積 | 積 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/2 |
| No. | 1774 | 1745 |
| Phonetic component | 朿 | 朿 |
| Rime group | 錫 | 賜 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 積 | 積 |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔseɡ/ | /*ʔseɡs/ |

### Definitions

積
* to store up crops; to store cereal crops
* to accumulate; to amass; to store; to gather
* to hold in store; to store up (for future use); to be latent
* to stagnate; to become stagnant
* to add up; to sum up to
* accumulated goods
* (traditional Chinese medicine) indigestion
* (mathematics) Short for 乘積／乘积 (chéngjī, “product (in a multiplication)”).
* long-standing; long
* habitual; inveterate
* sixtieth (60th) tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "accumulation" (𝍁)
* (Cantonese, card games) jack; knave (Classifier: 隻／只 c)
* (Cantonese) Alternative form of 唧 (“jack; to jack”)
* (Hokkien) to suffer from indigestion (of children)
    食積／食积 [Hokkien] ― si̍t-chek [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to suffer from indigestion
* (archaic) Alternative form of 漬 / 渍 (zì, “to soak”)
* (archaic) Alternative form of 績 / 绩 (jì, “achivement”)
* (archaic) Alternative form of 迹 (jì, “movement”)

#### Synonyms

* (jack):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 鉤兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 鉤, 十一 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 鉤, 十一 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 丁子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 丁鉤兒, 甲鉤兒 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 丁鉤兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 鉤子, 鉤, 鉤鉤, 孫子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 鉤鉤, 鉤, 夾鉤 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 歐 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 丁鉤 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 茄鉤, 傑鉤 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 積 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 積 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 積 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 積 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 鉤 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 鉤 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 鉤子 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 鉤子, 鉤 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 鉤子 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 丁鉤 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 鉤子 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 丁 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 丁 |
| Southern Min | Puning | 丁 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 茄勾 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 斜鉤 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 茄杠 |

### Compounds

* 一積 / 一积
* 乘積 / 乘积 (chéngjī)
* 交積 / 交积
* 儲積 / 储积
* 儹積 / 𰃆积
* 公積金 / 公积金 (gōngjījīn)
* 卷積雲 / 卷积云 (juǎnjīyún)
* 厝火積薪 / 厝火积薪 (cuòhuǒjīxīn)
* 囊螢積雪 / 囊萤积雪
* 囤積 / 囤积 (túnjī)
* 囤積居奇 / 囤积居奇 (túnjījūqí)
* 地積 / 地积
* 垛積 / 垛积
* 堆積 / 堆积 (duījī)
* 堆積如山 / 堆积如山 (duījīrúshān)
* 堆積平原 / 堆积平原
* 堆金積玉 / 堆金积玉
* 奶積 / 奶积
* 委積 / 委积
* 容積 / 容积 (róngjī)
* 容積率 / 容积率
* 寸積銖累 / 寸积铢累
* 居積 / 居积
* 層積法 / 层积法
* 層積雲 / 层积云 (céngjīyún)
* 屯積 / 屯积 (túnjī)
* 屯積居奇 / 屯积居奇 (túnjījūqí)
* 屯糧積草 / 屯粮积草
* 山積 / 山积 (shānjī)
* 峙積 / 峙积
* 微積分 / 微积分 (wēijīfēn)
* 惡積禍盈 / 恶积祸盈
* 招積 / 招积
* 捏積 / 捏积 (niējī)
* 日積月累 / 日积月累 (rìjīyuèlěi)
* 材積 / 材积 (cáijī)
* 沉積 / 沉积 (chénjī)
* 沖積 / 冲积 (chōngjī)
* 沉積作用 / 沉积作用
* 沖積層 / 冲积层
* 沉積岩 / 沉积岩 (chénjīyán)
* 沖積島 / 冲积岛
* 沖積平原 / 冲积平原 (chōngjī píngyuán)
* 沖積扇 / 冲积扇 (chōngjīshàn)
* 沉積物 / 沉积物 (chénjīwù)
* 洪積世 / 洪积世
* 洪積層 / 洪积层
* 海相沉積 / 海相沉积
* 海積 / 海积
* 淤積 / 淤积 (yūjī)
* 滯積 / 滞积
* 玄圃積玉 / 玄圃积玉
* 疳積 / 疳积 (gānjī)
* 痞積 / 痞积
* 發積 / 发积
* 盈積 / 盈积
* 眾望所積 / 众望所积
* 禍因惡積 / 祸因恶积
* 積不相容 / 积不相容
* 積不相能 / 积不相能 (jībùxiāngnéng)
* 積久 / 积久
* 積久弊生 / 积久弊生
* 積作 / 积作
* 積伶 / 积伶
* 積健為雄 / 积健为雄
* 積儲 / 积储 (jīchǔ)
* 積儹 / 积𰃆
* 積冰 / 积冰
* 積分 / 积分 (jīfēn)
* 積分學 / 积分学
* 積勞 / 积劳
* 積勞成疾 / 积劳成疾 (jīláochéngjí)
* 積勞成病 / 积劳成病
* 積厚流光 / 积厚流光
* 積古 / 积古
* 積善 / 积善 (jīshàn)
* 積善之家，必有餘慶 / 积善之家，必有余庆 (jīshàn zhī jiā, bì yǒu yúqìng)
* 積善餘慶 / 积善余庆
* 積土成山 / 积土成山
* 積垢 / 积垢
* 積壓 / 积压 (jīyā)
* 積壽 / 积寿
* 積威 / 积威
* 積存 / 积存 (jīcún)
* 積小成大 / 积小成大
* 積少成多 / 积少成多 (jīshǎochéngduō)
* 積年 / 积年 (jīnián)
* 積年累月 / 积年累月
* 積弊 / 积弊 (jībì)
* 積弱 / 积弱 (jīruò)
* 積弱不振 / 积弱不振
* 積微成著 / 积微成著
* 積德 / 积德 (jīdé)
* 積德累仁 / 积德累仁
* 積德累功 / 积德累功
* 積怨 / 积怨 (jīyuàn)
* 積怒 / 积怒
* 積惡 / 积恶 (jī'è)
* 積惡餘殃 / 积恶余殃
* 積慮 / 积虑
* 積憂成疾 / 积忧成疾
* 積憤 / 积愤
* 積攢 / 积攒 (jīzǎn)
* 積木 / 积木 (jīmù)
* 積案 / 积案 (jī'àn)
* 積案如山 / 积案如山
* 積極 / 积极 (jījí)
* 積極分子 / 积极分子 (jījí fènzǐ)
* 積極性 / 积极性 (jījíxìng)
* 積欠 / 积欠
* 積毀銷骨 / 积毁销骨
* 積水 / 积水 (jīshuǐ)
* 積水成淵 / 积水成渊
* 積沙成塔 / 积沙成塔
* 積泊 / 积泊
* 積淤 / 积淤
* 積滿 / 积满
* 積漸 / 积渐
* 積澱 / 积淀 (jīdiàn)
* 積玉堆金 / 积玉堆金
* 積玉橋 / 积玉桥 (Jīyùqiáo)
* 積理練識 / 积理练识
* 積甲山齊 / 积甲山齐
* 積祖 / 积祖
* 積穀 / 积谷
* 積穀防饑 / 积谷防饥 (jīgǔfángjī)
* 積素 / 积素
* 積累 / 积累 (jīlěi)
* 積累基金 / 积累基金
* 積羽沉舟 / 积羽沉舟
* 積習 / 积习 (jīxí)
* 積習成俗 / 积习成俗
* 積習成常 / 积习成常
* 積習生常 / 积习生常
* 積習難改 / 积习难改 (jīxínángǎi)
* 積聚 / 积聚 (jījù)
* 積肥 / 积肥 (jīféi)
* 積草屯糧 / 积草屯粮
* 積蓄 / 积蓄 (jīxù)
* 積薪厝火 / 积薪厝火
* 積蠹 / 积蠹
* 積衰新造 / 积衰新造
* 積裡漸裡 / 积里渐里
* 積貯 / 积贮 (jīzhù)
* 積賊 / 积贼
* 積趲 / 积趱
* 積重難返 / 积重难返 (jīzhòngnánfǎn)
* 積金累玉 / 积金累玉
* 積金至斗
* 積銖累寸 / 积铢累寸
* 積雨 / 积雨
* 積雨雲 / 积雨云 (jīyǔyún)
* 積雪 / 积雪 (jīxuě)
* 積雪囊螢 / 积雪囊萤
* 積雲 / 积云 (jīyún)
* 積非成是 / 积非成是 (jīfēichéngshì)
* 積願 / 积愿
* 積食 / 积食 (jīshí)
* 積餘 / 积余
* 積體電路 / 积体电路 (jītǐ diànlù)
* 積鬱 / 积郁 (jīyù)
* 積墨 / 积墨
* 累塊積蘇 / 累块积苏
* 累積 / 累积 (lěijī)
* 累積盈餘 / 累积盈余
* 練兵積粟 / 练兵积粟
* 老積 / 老积
* 老積年 / 老积年
* 聚積 / 聚积 (jùjī)
* 聚螢積雪 / 聚萤积雪
* 苦心積慮 / 苦心积虑
* 蓄積 / 蓄积 (xùjī)
* 處心積慮 / 处心积虑 (chǔxīnjīlǜ)
* 行好積德 / 行好积德
* 表面積 / 表面积 (biǎomiànjī)
* 襞積 / 襞积
* 貝積如山 / 贝积如山
* 貯積 / 贮积
* 銖積寸累 / 铢积寸累
* 陸相沉積 / 陆相沉积
* 面積 / 面积 (miànjī)
* 食積 / 食积
* 香積廚 / 香积厨
* 體積 / 体积 (tǐjī)
* 高積雲 / 高积云 (gāojīyún)
* 鬱積 / 郁积 (yùjī)
* 麥積山 / 麦积山

### References

* “積”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* zi.tools

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)
* volume

#### Readings

* Go-on: し (shi)、しゃく (shaku)
* Kan-on: し (shi)、せき (seki, Jōyō)
* Kan’yō-on: せき (seki, Jōyō)
* Kun: つむ (tsumu, 積む, Jōyō)、つもる (tsumoru, 積もる, Jōyō)

### Pronunciation

* Kanji in this term
* 積
* せき Grade: 4
* on'yomi
* (Tokyo) せき [séꜜkì] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [se̞kʲi]

### Noun

積(せき) • (seki)
* (arithmetic) product

### See also

* 被(ひ)乗(じょう)数(すう) (hijōsū); 乗(じょう)数(すう) (jōsū)

## Korean
### Hanja

積 • (jeok, ja) (hangeul 적, 자, revised jeok, ja, McCune–Reischauer chŏk, cha, Yale cek, ca)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

積: Hán Nôm readings: tích
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.