# 曩

| 曩 | U+66E9, &#26345; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-66E9 |
| ← 曨 [U+66E8] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 曪 → [U+66EA] |

## Translingual
### Han character

曩 (Kangxi radical 72, 日+17, 21 strokes, cangjie input 日卜口女 (AYRV), four-corner 6073$_2$, composition ⿱日襄)
* in ancient times, of old, former

#### Derived characters

* 𭍈, 𡔒, 𭒴, 㶞, 𱮱, 𣌝, 𣡤, 𤓢, 𨰴, 𩟻, 𨤼, 𱿉, 𥸒

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 501, character 37
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14258
* Dae Jaweon: page 872, character 11
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1542, character 4
* Unihan data for U+66E9

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 囊 | *naːŋ |
| 蠰 | *naːŋ, *sraŋ, *hnjaŋs, *njaŋʔ |
| 曩 | *naːŋʔ |
| 灢 | *naːŋʔ, *naːŋs |
| 儾 | *naːŋs |
| 孃 | *naŋ, *njaŋ |
| 瓤 | *naŋ, *njaŋ |
| 鑲 | *naŋ, *njaŋ |
| 釀 | *naŋs |
| 瓖 | *snaŋ, *snaŋ |
| 驤 | *snaŋ |
| 襄 | *snaŋ |
| 纕 | *snaŋ |
| 忀 | *snaŋ |
| 欀 | *snaŋ, *njaŋs |
| 饟 | *hnjaŋ, *hnjaŋʔ, *hnjaŋs |
| 攘 | *njaŋ, *njaŋʔ, *njaŋs |
| 禳 | *njaŋ |
| 穰 | *njaŋ, *njaŋʔ |
| 躟 | *njaŋ, *njaŋʔ |
| 瀼 | *njaŋ |
| 獽 | *njaŋ |
| 儴 | *njaŋ |
| 蘘 | *njaŋ |
| 鬤 | *njaŋ, *rnaːŋ |
| 勷 | *njaŋ |
| 壤 | *njaŋʔ |
| 嚷 | *njaŋʔ |
| 讓 | *njaŋs |
| 懹 | *njaŋs |
| 攮 | *rnoːŋʔ |

### Etymology

Cognate with Tibetan གནའ་བོ (gna' bo, “ancient; in old times”) (Schuessler, 2007).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): nǎng (nang$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄋㄤˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): nong$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: nǎng
*** Zhuyin: ㄋㄤˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: nǎng
*** Wade–Giles: nang$^3$
*** Yale: nǎng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: naang
*** Palladius: нан (nan)
*** Sinological IPA : /nɑŋ²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: nong$^5$
*** Yale: nóhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: nong$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: nong$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /nɔːŋ¹³/
* Middle Chinese: nangX
Rime :
| Character | 曩 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 泥 (8) |
| Final (韻) | 唐 (101) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 奴朗切 |
| Baxter | nangX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /nɑŋ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /nɑŋ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /nɑŋ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /naŋ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /nɑŋ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /nɑŋ$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /nɑŋ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | nǎng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | nong$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*nˤaŋʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*naːŋʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 曩 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | nǎng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ nang$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*nˁaŋʔ/ |
| English | in past times |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 曩 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 13610 |
| Phonetic component | 襄 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 曩 |
| Old Chinese | /*naːŋʔ/ |

### Definitions

曩
* previously; in the past
    From: c. early 9th century, 柳宗元 (Liu Zongyuan),《捕蛇者說》, translation based on the work by H. A. Giles, 1922.
    Nǎng yǔ wú zǔ jū zhě, jīn qí shì shí wú yī yān; yǔ wú fù jū zhě, jīn qí shì shí wú èr sān yān; yǔ wú jū shí'èr nián zhě, jīn qí shì shí wú sì wǔ yān, fēi sǐ jí xǐ ěr, ér wú yǐ bǔ shé dú cún. [Pinyin]
    Of those families which were here in my grandfather’s time, there remains not more than one in ten; of those here in my father’s time, not more than two or three; and of those still here in my own time after twelve years, not more than four or five. They are all either dead or gone elsewhere; while we, the snake-catchers, alone survive.

#### Compounds

* 曩日
* 曩昔 (nǎngxī)
* 曩時 / 曩时
* 疇曩 / 畴曩

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* before, former, previous

#### Readings

* Go-on: のう (nō)
* Kan-on: どう (dō)
* Kun: さき (saki, 曩)、さきに (sakini, 曩に)

#### Compounds

* 曩時(のうじ) (nōji)
* 曩日(のうじつ) (nōjitsu)
* 曩昔(のうせき) (nōseki)
* 曩祖(のうそ) (nōso)
* 曩莫(のうまく) (nōmaku)

## Korean
### Hanja

曩 (eum 낭 (nang))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

曩: Hán Nôm readings: nẵng, nán
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.