# कष्
## Sanskrit
### Alternative scripts

* কষ্ (Assamese script)
* ᬓᬱ᭄ (Balinese script)
* কষ্ (Bengali script)
* 𑰎𑰬𑰿 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀓𑀱𑁆 (Brahmi script)
* ကၑ် (Burmese script)
* કષ્ (Gujarati script)
* ਕਸ਼੍ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌕𑌷𑍍 (Grantha script)
* ꦏꦰ꧀ (Javanese script)
* 𑂍𑂭𑂹 (Kaithi script)
* ಕಷ್ (Kannada script)
* កឞ៑ (Khmer script)
* ກຩ຺ (Lao script)
* കഷ് (Malayalam script)
* ᡬᠠᢢ (Manchu script)
* 𑘎𑘬𑘿 (Modi script)
* ᢉᠠᢔ (Mongolian script)
* 𑦮𑧌𑧠 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐎𑐲𑑂 (Newa script)
* କଷ୍ (Odia script)
* ꢒꢰ꣄ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆑𑆰𑇀 (Sharada script)
* 𑖎𑖬𑖿 (Siddham script)
* කෂ් (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩜𑪀 𑪙 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚊𑚶 (Takri script)
* கஷ் (Tamil script)
* కష్ (Telugu script)
* กษฺ (Thai script)
* ཀ་ཥ྄ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒏𑒭𑓂 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨋𑨯𑨴 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

A colloquial form of the root कृष् (kṛṣ, “to draw, pull, drag”). Pokorny's original derivation from a supposed Proto-Indo-European *kars- (“to scratch, scrape, rub”) (for which he cites Proto-Slavic *korsta (“scab”), Lithuanian karsiu (“to comb”), and English harsh) is obsolete.

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /kɐʂ/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /kɐʂ/

### Root

कष् • (kaṣ)
* to rub, scratch, scrape
* to itch
* to rub with a touchstone, test, try
* to injure, hurt, destroy
* to leap

#### Derived terms
##### Primary Verbal Forms

* कषति (káṣati, Present)
* कषिष्यति (kaṣiṣyáti, Future)
* कषिता (kaṣitā́, Periphrastic Future)
* अकाषीत् (ákāṣīt, Aorist)
* चकाष (cakā́ṣa, Perfect)

##### Secondary Forms

* कष्यते (kaṣyáte, Passive)
* अकाषि (ákāṣi, Passive)
* काषयति (kāṣáyati, Causative)
* अचीकषत् (ácīkaṣat, Causative)
* चिकषिषति (cikaṣiṣati, Desiderative)
* चाकषीति (cākaṣīti, Intensive)
* चाकष्यते (cākaṣyate, Intensive)

##### Non-Finite Forms

* कषित (kaṣitá, Past Participle)
* कषितुम् (káṣitum, Infinitive)
* कषित्वा (kaṣitvā́, Gerund)

##### Derived Nominal Forms

* कष (káṣa, “rubbing, scraping, rubbing away”)
* कषण (káṣaṇa, “rubbing oneself”)
* कषि (kaṣí, “hurtful, injurious”)
* कषाय (kaṣāya, “astringent, extract”)
* कष्ट (kaṣṭá, “injury, pain, hardship”)

#### References

* Monier Williams (1899) “कष्”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0265/2.
* William Dwight Whitney, 1885, The Roots, Verb-forms, and Primary Derivatives of the Sanskrit Language, Leipzig: Breitkopf and Härtel, page 018
* Otto Böhtlingk, Richard Schmidt (1879-1928) “कष्”, in Walter Slaje, Jürgen Hanneder, Paul Molitor, Jörg Ritter, editors, Nachtragswörterbuch des Sanskrit [Dictionary of Sanskrit with supplements] (in German), Halle-Wittenberg: Martin-Luther-Universität, published 2016
* Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 331-2
* Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, page 269
* Pokorny, Julius (1959) “532”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 532
* Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 231