# 負

| 負 | U+8CA0, &#36000; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8CA0 |
| ← 貟 [U+8C9F] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 財 → [U+8CA1] |

## Translingual
### Han character

負 (Kangxi radical 154, 貝+2, 9 strokes, cangjie input 弓月山金 (NBUC), four-corner 2780$_6$, composition ⿱⺈貝(GHTJV) or ⿱勹貝(K) or ⿱刀貝)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1204, character 6
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 36660
* Dae Jaweon: page 1665, character 6
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3623, character 4
* Unihan data for U+8CA0

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 負 | *bɯʔ |
| 萯 | *bɯʔ |
| 蝜 | *bɯʔ |
| 偩 | *bɯʔ |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): ⺈ (“person”) + 貝 (“cowry”).

### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ba (“carry, shoulder”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): fù (fu$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄈㄨˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): fu$^4$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): fu$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): fu$^5$
* Gan (Wiktionary): fu$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): fu
    (Meixian, Guangdong): fu$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): fu$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): hū
* Eastern Min (BUC): hô
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hù / hū / hǔ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hu$^6$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^6$vu / $^6$veu
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): fu$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: fù
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄨˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: fù
*** Wade–Giles: fu$^4$
*** Yale: fù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fuh
*** Palladius: фу (fu)
*** Sinological IPA : /fu⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: fu$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: fu
*** Sinological IPA : /fu²¹³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fu$^6$
*** Yale: fuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fu$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fu$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /fuː²²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: fu$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /fu³²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: fu$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /fu¹¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fu
*** Hakka Romanization System: fu
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /fu⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: fu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /fu⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: fu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /fu⁴⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hū
*** Sinological IPA : /xu⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: hô
*** Sinological IPA : /hou²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hù
*** Tâi-lô: hù
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hux
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /hu⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hū
*** Tâi-lô: hū
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hu
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hu³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hu²²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hǔ
*** Tâi-lô: hǔ
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hu²²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: hu$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hŭ
*** Sinological IPA : /hu³⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai, Suzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^6$vu
*** MiniDict: vu$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$vu
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /vu²³/
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /vu²³¹/
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$veu
*** MiniDict: veu$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$veu
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /vɤ²³/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: fu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɸu⁴⁵/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit負 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /fu⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /fu²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /fu⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /fu²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /fu⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /fu³¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /fu⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /fv̩⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /fu¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /fu¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /fu²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /fu³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /fu¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /fu²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /fu²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /fu⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /fu⁵³/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /fu⁴⁵/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /xu³⁵/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /fu⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /vu²³/ /vɤ²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /vu³¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /vu¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /vu³⁵/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /fu²²/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /fu⁴²/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /fu⁵⁵/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ɸu⁵⁵/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /fu²¹/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /fu⁵³/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /fu⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /fu²²/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /fu²²/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /fu²²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /hu²²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /hou²⁴²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /xu⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /hu³⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /fu³³/ |
* Middle Chinese: bjuwX
Rime :
| Character | 負 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 並 (3) |
| Final (韻) | 尤 (136) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 房久切 |
| Baxter | bjuwX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /bɨu$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /biu$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /biəu$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /buw$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /biu$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /bĭəu$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /bʱi̯ə̯u$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | fòu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | fau$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[b]əʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*bɯʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 負 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | fù |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ bjuw$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[b]əʔ/ |
| English | carry on the back |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 負 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 3558 |
| Phonetic component | 負 |
| Rime group | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 婦 |
| Old Chinese | /*bɯʔ/ |

### Definitions

負
* to carry (on the back); to bear (a burden or responsibility)
* to rely on; to load; to burden
* to betray; to abandon; to repudiate; to go against
* to lose; to be defeated
* (mathematics, electricity, etc.) negative

#### Compounds

* 一決勝負 / 一决胜负 (yījuéshèngfù)
* 不分勝負 / 不分胜负 (bùfēn shèngfù)
* 不勝負荷 / 不胜负荷 (bùshèngfùhè)
* 不堪負荷 / 不堪负荷
* 不負 / 不负
* 不負所托 / 不负所托
* 不負眾望 / 不负众望 (bùfù-zhòngwàng)
* 使蚊負山 / 使蚊负山
* 倚負 / 倚负
* 分層負責 / 分层负责
* 勝負 / 胜负 (shèngfù)
* 千鈞重負 / 千钧重负
* 反裘負芻 / 反裘负刍
* 反裘負薪 / 反裘负薪
* 含冤負屈 / 含冤负屈
* 墮負 / 堕负
* 夙負盛名 / 夙负盛名
* 大展抱負 / 大展抱负
* 好欺負 / 好欺负
* 如牛負重 / 如牛负重 (rúniúfùzhòng)
* 如虎負嵎 / 如虎负嵎
* 如釋重負 / 如释重负 (rúshìzhòngfù)
* 子路負米 / 子路负米
* 孤負 / 孤负 (gūfù)
* 巔峰負載 / 巅峰负载
* 徒負虛名 / 徒负虚名
* 忘恩負義 / 忘恩负义 (wàng'ēnfùyì)
* 忍辱負重 / 忍辱负重 (rěnrǔfùzhòng)
* 披裘負薪 / 披裘负薪
* 抱負 / 抱负 (bàofù)
* 抱負水準 / 抱负水准
* 搭負 / 搭负
* 擔負 / 担负 (dānfù)
* 擔負公徒 / 担负公徒
* 文責自負 / 文责自负
* 棄璧負嬰 / 弃璧负婴
* 欺負 / 欺负
* 民負 / 民负
* 決勝負 / 决胜负
* 流動負債 / 流动负债 (liúdòng fùzhài)
* 減負 / 减负 (jiǎnfù)
* 生死不負 / 生死不负
* 皇天不負苦心人 / 皇天不负苦心人 (huángtiān bù fù kǔxīn rén)
* 矜功負勝 / 矜功负胜
* 矜功負氣 / 矜功负气
* 矜智負能 / 矜智负能
* 矜能負才 / 矜能负才
* 肉袒負荊 / 肉袒负荆
* 肩挑背負 / 肩挑背负
* 肩負 / 肩负 (jiānfù)
* 背負 / 背负 (bēifù)
* 自負 / 自负 (zìfù)
* 自負不凡 / 自负不凡
* 若釋重負 / 若释重负
* 虎負嵎 / 虎负嵎
* 虧負 / 亏负 (kuīfù)
* 蚊力負山 / 蚊力负山
* 蚊負 / 蚊负
* 襁負 / 襁负
* 詭負葛藤 / 诡负葛藤
* 謇諤自負 / 謇谔自负
* 負乘致寇 / 负乘致寇
* 負俗 / 负俗
* 負債 / 负债 (fùzhài)
* 負傷 / 负伤 (fùshāng)
* 負債累累 / 负债累累 (fùzhài lěilěi)
* 負像 / 负像
* 負利率 / 负利率
* 負命 / 负命
* 負固 / 负固 (fùgù)
* 負固不悛 / 负固不悛
* 負固不服 / 负固不服
* 負國 / 负国
* 負圖之托 / 负图之托
* 負土成墳 / 负土成坟
* 負壺灌區 / 负壶灌区
* 負子鼠 / 负子鼠
* 負屈 / 负屈
* 負屈含冤 / 负屈含冤
* 負屈銜冤 / 负屈衔冤
* 負山戴岳 / 负山戴岳
* 負嵎 / 负嵎
* 負嵎頑抗 / 负嵎顽抗 (fùyúwánkàng)
* 負弩 / 负弩
* 負弩先驅 / 负弩先驱
* 負影 / 负影
* 負後像 / 负后像
* 負德 / 负德
* 負心 / 负心 (fùxīn)
* 負心人 / 负心人 (fùxīnrén)
* 負心違願 / 负心违愿
* 負情 / 负情
* 負戈 / 负戈
* 負成長 / 负成长
* 負戴 / 负戴
* 負所得稅 / 负所得税
* 負扆 / 负扆
* 負手 / 负手
* 負才 / 负才
* 負才任氣 / 负才任气
* 負才使氣 / 负才使气
* 負手板 / 负手板
* 負擔 / 负担 (fùdān)
* 負數 / 负数 (fùshù)
* 負日之暄 / 负日之暄
* 負暄 / 负暄
* 負極 / 负极 (fùjí)
* 負氣 / 负气 (fùqì)
* 負氣仗義 / 负气仗义
* 負氣鬥狠 / 负气斗狠
* 負水 / 负水
* 負片 / 负片
* 負疚 / 负疚 (fùjiù)
* 負石赴河 / 负石赴河
* 負笈 / 负笈 (fùjí)
* 負笈千里
* 負笈從師 / 负笈从师
* 負笈擔簦 / 负笈担簦
* 負約 / 负约 (fùyuē)
* 負累 / 负累 (fùlěi)
* 負罪 / 负罪 (fùzuì)
* 負義 / 负义 (fùyì)
* 負義忘恩 / 负义忘恩
* 負羽 / 负羽
* 負老提幼 / 负老提幼
* 負老攜幼 / 负老携幼
* 負荊 / 负荆 (fùjīng)
* 負荊請罪 / 负荆请罪 (fùjīngqǐngzuì)
* 負荷 / 负荷 (fùhè)
* 負荷量 / 负荷量
* 負薪 / 负薪
* 負薪之憂 / 负薪之忧
* 負薪之病 / 负薪之病
* 負薪之疾 / 负薪之疾
* 負薪之議 / 负薪之议
* 負薪之資 / 负薪之资
* 負薪救火 / 负薪救火
* 負薪裘 / 负薪裘
* 負號 / 负号 (fùhào)
* 負虧 / 负亏
* 負謗 / 负谤
* 負負得正 / 负负得正 (fùfùdézhèng)
* 負責 / 负责 (fùzé)
* 負責人 / 负责人 (fùzérén)
* 負載 / 负载 (fùzài)
* 負載開關 / 负载开关
* 負進 / 负进
* 負郭 / 负郭
* 負重 / 负重 (fùzhòng)
* 負重涉遠 / 负重涉远
* 負重致遠 / 负重致远
* 負阻 / 负阻
* 負隅 / 负隅
* 負隅頑抗 / 负隅顽抗 (fùyúwánkàng)
* 負離子 / 负离子 (fùlízǐ)
* 負電 / 负电 (fùdiàn)
* 負面 / 负面 (fùmiàn)
* 負騙 / 负骗
* 負鼎 / 负鼎
* 負鼎之願 / 负鼎之愿
* 買臣負薪 / 买臣负薪
* 辜恩負義 / 辜恩负义
* 辜負 / 辜负 (gūfù)
* 連帶負擔 / 连带负担
* 逋負 / 逋负
* 違恩負義 / 违恩负义
* 重負 / 重负 (zhòngfù)
* 銜冤負屈 / 衔冤负屈
* 鼇背負山 / 鳌背负山

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 負 |
| Kyūjitai | 負󠄂 負+&#xE0102; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 負󠄄 負+&#xE0104; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)
* (まける) lose; be defeated
* (おう) carry
* negative

#### Readings

* Go-on: ぶ (bu)
* Kan-on: ふう (fū)
* Kan’yō-on: ふ (fu, Jōyō)
* Kun: おう (ou, 負う, Jōyō)、おい (oi, 負)、おわす (owasu, 負わす)、おぶう (obuu, 負ぶう)、おぶう (obuu, 負う)、おぶさる (obusaru, 負ぶさる)、おんぶ (onbu, 負んぶ)、おんぶ (onbu, 負ぶ)、しょう (shou, 負う)、まかす (makasu, 負かす, Jōyō)、まける (makeru, 負ける, Jōyō)、まけ (make, 負け)、まかる (makaru, 負かる)、まかる (makaru, 負る)、そむく (somuku, 負く)、たのむ (tanomu, 負む)、めげる (megeru, 負げる)
* Nanori: え (e)、おい (oi)、ひ (hi)、ます (masu)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 負
* ふ Grade: 3
* kan'yōon

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ふ [fúꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ɸɯ̟]

#### Noun

負(ふ) • (fu)
* (mathematics) negativity, being negative (less than zero)
    負(ふ)の数(すう)
       fu no sū
       a negative number
* (physics) negativity, being negative (of electrical charge of an electron)
    負(ふ)の電荷(でんか)
       fu no denka
       a negative charge
* negativity, being negative (bad, pessimistic)
    負(ふ)のオーラが漂(ただよ)っている人(ひと)
       fu no ōra ga tadayotte iru hito
       a person who has a negative aura about them

##### Synonyms

* マイナス (mainasu)

##### Antonyms

* 正(せい) (sei)
* ポジティブ (pojitibu)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 負
* おい Grade: 3
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 負 – see the following entry. :
| 【笈おい】J | [noun] a box with legs that is carried on the back, used by itinerant monks and yamabushi to carry books, articles of worship, clothing, etc. |
(This term, 負, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 負
* ま(け) Grade: 3
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 負 – see the following entry. :
| 【負まけ】 | [noun] defeat [verb] imperfective and stem (or continuative) forms of 負ける (makeru) [ichidan] |
(This term, 負, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### References

* ↑ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 2017 (paper), page 1060 (digital)
* ↑ Shōundō Henshūjo, editor (1927), 新漢和辞典 [The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Ōsaka: Shōundō, →DOI, page 1153 (paper), page 589 (digital)

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 負 (MC bjuwX).

### Hanja

負 (eumhun 질 부 (jil bu))
* hanja form of 부 (“load, burden”)
* hanja form of 부 (“carry, bear”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

負: Hán Nôm readings: phụ
* to betray

### References

* ↑ Trần (1999).