# 禁

| 禁 | U+7981, &#31105; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7981 |
| ← 禀 [U+7980] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 禂 → [U+7982] |

## Translingual
### Han character

禁 (Kangxi radical 113, 示+8, 13 strokes, cangjie input 木木一一火 (DDMMF), four-corner 4490$_1$, composition ⿱林示)

#### Derived characters

* 僸, 凚, 噤, 𡑲, 𡢾, 㦗, 㩒, 澿, 𣋜, 㯲, 𭭵, 𤐖, 𦡞, 𥋴, 𥖜, 𬓛, 𥢻, 襟, 𥽍, 䌝(𦈟), 𬜏, 𨆃, 𨣤, 𨭺, 𪊅, 齽(𬺔)
* 𣰙, 𠢱, 㱈, 䫴(𩖗), 𪇎, 𭂃, 𦽔, 𢋎, 𤻎, 𠢵

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 844, character 10
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24743
* Dae Jaweon: page 1264, character 11
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2400, character 4
* Unihan data for U+7981

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 婪 | *ɡ·ruːm |
| 惏 | *ɡ·ruːm |
| 啉 | *ɡ·ruːm |
| 漤 | *ɡ·ruːmʔ |
| 醂 | *ɡ·ruːmʔ |
| 林 | *ɡ·rɯm |
| 琳 | *ɡ·rɯm |
| 淋 | *ɡ·rɯm, *ɡ·rɯms |
| 痳 | *ɡ·rɯm |
| 箖 | *ɡ·rɯm |
| 霖 | *ɡ·rɯm |
| 菻 | *ɡ·rɯmʔ, *ɡ·rɯms |
| 罧 | *slɯmʔ, *srɯms |
| 棽 | *r̥ʰɯm, *srɯm |
| 綝 | *r̥ʰɯm |
| 郴 | *r̥ʰɯm |
| 禁 | *krɯm, *krɯms |
| 襟 | *krɯm |
| 僸 | *krɯms, *ŋɡrɯmʔ |
| 澿 | *ɡrɯm |
| 噤 | *ɡrɯmʔ, *ɡrɯms |
| 凚 | *ɡrɯmʔ, *ɡrɯms |
| 齽 | *ɡrɯms |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *krɯm, *krɯms) : phonetic 林 (OC *ɡ·rɯm) + semantic 示 (“altar”).

### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *krim (“custom, prohibition”). Compare Tibetan ཁྲིམས (khrims, “law, rule; habit”), Mizo hrem (“to punish”) and Japhug khrɯm (“punishment”), although the latter may be borrowed from Tibetan (Jacques, 2015; Jacques, 2004: 89).
Schessler (2007) also adds Burmese ခြိမ်း (hkrim:, “to threaten”) to the list of the possible cognates, however this word likely belongs to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-krim (“to threaten”).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jīn (jin$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄣ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gam$^1$ / kam$^1$
* Eastern Min (BUC): gĭng
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$cin
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jīn
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄣ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jin
*** Wade–Giles: chin$^1$
*** Yale: jīn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jin
*** Palladius: цзинь (czinʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gam$^1$ / kam$^1$
*** Yale: gām / kām
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gam$^1$ / kam$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gem$^1$ / kem$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɐm⁵⁵/, /kʰɐm⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gĭng
*** Sinological IPA : /kiŋ⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$cin
*** MiniDict: cin$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$jin
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕin⁵³/
* Middle Chinese: kim
Rime :
| Character | 禁 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 侵 (140) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 居吟切 |
| Baxter | kim |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠiɪm/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kᵚim/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kiem/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kjim/ |
| Li Rong | /kjəm/ |
| Wang Li | /kĭĕm/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ki̯əm/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jīn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gam$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*krɯm/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 禁 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 8180 |
| Phonetic component | 林 |
| Rime group | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 金 |
| Old Chinese | /*krɯm/ |

#### Definitions

禁
* to bear; to endure
* to be able to withstand
       ngo$^5$ m$^4$ kam$^1$ gik$^1$ gaa$^3$. [Jyutping]
       I cannot stand getting annoyed.
* (chiefly in the negative) to contain oneself; to restrain oneself
* to torment; to torture
* (Cantonese) durable
       gin$^6$ saam$^1$ di$^1$ liu$^{6-2}$ hou$^2$ kam$^1$ wo$^3$. [Jyutping]
       The shirt's material is quite durable.
* Alternative form of 襟 (jīn, “coat sash; belt (to fasten clothes); girdle”)

#### Compounds

* 不禁 (bùjīn)
* 不禁技癢 / 不禁技痒
* 不自禁
* 喜不自禁
* 弱不禁風 / 弱不禁风 (ruòbùjīnfēng)
* 忍俊不禁 (rěnjùnbùjīn)
* 情不自禁 (qíngbùzìjīn)
* 禁不住
* 禁不得
* 禁不起 (jīnbùqǐ)
* 禁受
* 禁得
* 禁得住
* 禁得起
* 禁架
* 禁當 / 禁当
* 禁節兒 / 禁节儿
* 禁計 / 禁计
* 禁諗 / 禁谂

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jìn (jin$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄣˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gam$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kim
* Northern Min (KCR): gēng
* Eastern Min (BUC): géng / gêng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kìm
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gim$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$cin
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jìn
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄣˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jìn
*** Wade–Giles: chin$^4$
*** Yale: jìn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jinn
*** Palladius: цзинь (czinʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕin⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gam$^3$
*** Yale: gam
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gam$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gem$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɐm³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kim
*** Hakka Romanization System: gim
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gim$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /kim⁵⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gēng
*** Sinological IPA : /keiŋ⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: géng / gêng
*** Sinological IPA : /kɛiŋ²¹³/, /kɛiŋ²⁴²/
* géng - literary;
* gêng - vernacular (“to warn; to caution against”).
* Middle Chinese: kimH
Rime :
| Character | 禁 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 侵 (140) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 居蔭切 |
| Baxter | kimH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠiɪm$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kᵚim$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kiem$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kjim$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kjəm$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kĭĕm$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ki̯əm$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jìn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gam$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kr[ə]m-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*krɯms/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 禁 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jìn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kim$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*kr[ə]m-s/ |
| English | prohibit |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 禁 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 8181 |
| Phonetic component | 林 |
| Rime group | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 禁 |
| Old Chinese | /*krɯms/ |

#### Definitions

禁
* to prohibit; to forbid; to restrict
* to pin down; to restrain
* to block; to hinder
* to imprison; to detain; to take into custody
* to use incantation
* to store up; to hoard
* ban; prohibition; restriction; interdict
* taboo; banned item or thing
* prison; jail; confinement
* (historical) court; palace
* (historical) ritual table; wine altar
* sorcery; incantation; spell

#### Compounds

* 令行禁止 (lìngxíngjìnzhǐ)
* 偷嚐禁果 / 偷尝禁果
* 冷禁
* 厲禁 / 厉禁 (lìjìn)
* 呵禁
* 問禁 / 问禁
* 嚴禁 / 严禁 (yánjìn)
* 囚禁 (qiújìn)
* 報禁 / 报禁 (bàojìn)
* 夜禁
* 失禁 (shījìn)
* 宮禁 / 宫禁 (gōngjìn)
* 宵禁 (xiāojìn)
* 寒禁
* 寓禁於征
* 尿失禁 (niàoshījìn)
* 幽禁 (yōujìn)
* 弛禁 (chíjìn)
* 形格勢禁 / 形格势禁 (xínggéshìjìn)
* 拘禁 (jūjìn)
* 搖手觸禁 / 摇手触禁
* 查禁 (chájìn)
* 止暴禁非
* 氣禁 / 气禁
* 法禁
* 海禁 (hǎijìn)
* 清禁
* 火禁
* 煙禁 / 烟禁
* 牢頭禁子 / 牢头禁子
* 犯禁 (fànjìn)
* 獨居監禁 / 独居监禁
* 百無禁忌 / 百无禁忌 (bǎiwújìnjì)
* 監禁 / 监禁 (jiānjìn)
* 目禁
* 禁中
* 禁令 (jìnlìng)
* 禁例 (jìnlì)
* 禁制 (jìnzhì)
* 禁制令 (jìnzhìlìng)
* 禁加
* 禁勘
* 禁區 / 禁区 (jìnqū)
* 禁卒
* 禁口
* 禁咒
* 禁品 (jìnpǐn)
* 禁土
* 禁地
* 禁坐
* 禁城
* 禁壓 / 禁压
* 禁夜
* 禁姦除猾 / 禁奸除猾
* 禁子
* 禁宮 / 禁宫
* 禁害
* 禁屠
* 禁建
* 禁役
* 禁忌 (jìnjì)
* 禁忌站臺 / 禁忌站台
* 禁慾 / 禁欲 (jìnyù)
* 禁慾主義 / 禁欲主义 (jìnyùzhǔyì)
* 禁戒
* 禁所
* 禁持
* 禁挫
* 禁掖
* 禁斷 / 禁断
* 禁方
* 禁暴誅亂 / 禁暴诛乱
* 禁暴靜亂 / 禁暴静乱
* 禁書 / 禁书 (jìnshū)
* 禁果 (jìnguǒ)
* 禁林 (jìnlín)
* 禁止 (jìnzhǐ)
* 禁步
* 禁治
* 禁治產 / 禁治产 (jīnzhìchǎn)
* 禁演
* 禁火
* 禁煙 / 禁烟 (jìnyān)
* 禁煙節 / 禁烟节
* 禁牌
* 禁省 (jìnshěng)
* 禁絕 / 禁绝 (jìnjué)
* 禁網 / 禁网
* 禁網疏闊 / 禁网疏阔
* 禁聲 / 禁声
* 禁臠 / 禁脔 (jìnluán)
* 禁苑 (jìnyuàn)
* 禁藥 / 禁药 (jìnyào)
* 禁衛 / 禁卫
* 禁衛軍 / 禁卫军
* 禁衢
* 禁製品 / 禁制品 (jìnzhìpǐn)
* 禁足 (jìnzú)
* 禁軍 / 禁军 (jìnjūn)
* 禁遏
* 禁酒 (jìnjiǔ)
* 禁錮 / 禁锢 (jìngù)
* 禁門 / 禁门
* 禁閉 / 禁闭 (jìnbì)
* 禁閉室 / 禁闭室
* 禁阻
* 禁食 (jìnshí)
* 禁體 / 禁体
* 禁鼓
* 空中禁區 / 空中禁区
* 紫禁
* 紫禁城 (Zǐjìnchéng)
* 脫禁 / 脱禁
* 茶禁
* 菸禁 / 烟禁
* 蠶禁 / 蚕禁
* 解禁 (jiějìn)
* 觸禁犯忌 / 触禁犯忌
* 詰禁 / 诘禁
* 違禁 / 违禁 (wéijìn)
* 違禁品 / 违禁品 (wéijìnpǐn)
* 邦禁
* 配合禁忌
* 酒禁 (jiǔjìn)
* 金吾不禁
* 鎖禁 / 锁禁
* 門禁 / 门禁 (ménjìn)
* 門禁森嚴 / 门禁森严
* 開禁 / 开禁 (kāijìn)
* 關禁 / 关禁
* 髮禁 / 发禁
* 鶴禁 / 鹤禁
* 黨禁 / 党禁 (dǎngjìn)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)
* to ban, to prohibit, to forbid
* to confine
* palace

#### Readings

* Go-on: こん (kon)
* Kan-on: きん (kin, Jōyō)
* Kun: とどめる (todomeru, 禁める)、いさめる (isameru, 禁める)、たえる (taeru)

#### Compounds

* 禁(きん)漁(りょう) (kinryō), 禁漁(きんぎょ) (kingyo): prohibition on fishing
* 禁(きん)猟(りょう) (kinryō): prohibition on hunting
* 禁(きん)句(く) (kinku): taboo
* 禁(きん)止(し) (kinshi): ban, prohibition
* 禁(きん)中(ちゅう) (kinchū): inside of a palace
* 軟禁(なんきん) (nankin): house arrest
* 禁煙(きんえん) (kin'en): smoke ban; to stop smoking

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 禁
* きん Grade: 5
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 禁 (MC kim|kimH). The kan'on, so likely a later borrowing.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) きん [kíꜜǹ] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [kʲĩɴ]

### Noun

禁(きん) • (kin)
* ban, prohibition
* banned, prohibited, forbidden
    転(てん)載(さい)禁(きん)
       tensai kin
       Reproduction prohibited.
*   * Antonyms : 可(か) (ka, “allowed”)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

禁 (eumhun 금할 금 (geumhal geum))
* hanja form of 금 (“prohibition”)

#### Compounds

* 금지 (禁止, geumji, “prohibition”)
* 금기 (禁忌, geumgi, “taboo”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

禁: Hán Nôm readings: cấm, bấm, quắm
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.