# 念

| 念 | U+5FF5, &#24565; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5FF5 |
| ← 忴 [U+5FF4] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 忶 → [U+5FF6] |
| 念 | U+F9A3, &#63907; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9A3 |
| ← 廉 [U+F9A2] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 捻 → [U+F9A4] |

## Translingual
### Han character

念 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 人戈弓心 (OINP), four-corner 8033$_2$, composition ⿱今心)

#### Derived characters

* 㑫, 唸, 埝, 惗, 捻, 棯, 淰, 焾, 䂼, 䄒, 稔, 腍, 艌, 諗(谂), 踗, 錜(𫓻), 䧔, 䭃(𩠈), 騐, 鯰(鲶), 趝, 敜, 菍, 𪞤, 𭃮, 𫱁, 𡹓, 𪯺, 𪺥, 𤚋, 𤦬, 𤽿, 𬑛, 𥍵, 𥺴, 𦁤, 𫫞, 𬠖, 𧛋, 𨡎, 𩋏, 𩐭, 𪌿(𬹌), 𪑡, 𭝌, 𪪆, 𪳋, 𮞤, 𫾿, 𣣈, 𪫶, 𭝯, 𢈸, 𢚏, 𥮘, 𩭮, 𢞘, 𨡣

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 378, character 21
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10390
* Dae Jaweon: page 706, character 21
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2274, character 4
* Unihan data for U+5FF5
* Unihan data for U+F9A3

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 念 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 貪 | *kʰl'uːm |
| 嗿 | *l̥ʰuːmʔ |
| 僋 | *l̥ʰuːms, *luːms |
| 酓 | *qʰɯːm, *qlamʔ, *qlɯːms |
| 馠 | *qʰɯːm |
| 谽 | *qʰɯːm |
| 唅 | *qʰɯːm, *ɡɯːms |
| 含 | *ɡɯːm |
| 肣 | *ɡɯːm, *ɡɯːmʔ |
| 頷 | *ɡɯːm, *ɡɯːmʔ |
| 筨 | *ɡɯːm |
| 梒 | *ɡɯːm |
| 鋡 | *ɡɯːm |
| 莟 | *ɡɯːmʔ, *ɡɯːms |
| 琀 | *ɡɯːms |
| 浛 | *ɡɯːms |
| 盦 | *qɯːm, *qaːb |
| 韽 | *qɯːm, *qrɯːms |
| 玪 | *krɯːm |
| 妗 | *qʰrɯːm, *kʰjam, *qʰlɯːm, *ɡrɯms |
| 欦 | *qʰrɯːmʔ, *qʰram, *kʰlam, *kʰlamʔ, *qʰlɯːm |
| 黔 | *ɡram, *ɡrɯm |
| 鈐 | *ɡram |
| 鳹 | *ɡram |
| 雂 | *ɡram, *ɡrɯm |
| 念 | *nɯːms |
| 梣 | *sɡɯm, *sɡrɯm |
| 枔 | *sɢrɯm |
| 岑 | *sɡrɯm |
| 笒 | *sɡrɯm, *ɡrɯms |
| 涔 | *sɡrɯm |
| 侺 | *ɡjɯms |
| 今 | *krɯm |
| 黅 | *krɯm |
| 衿 | *krɯm |
| 衾 | *kʰrɯm |
| 坅 | *kʰrɯmʔ |
| 搇 | *kʰrɯms |
| 琴 | *ɡrɯm |
| 禽 | *ɡrɯm |
| 芩 | *ɡrɯm |
| 庈 | *ɡrɯm |
| 耹 | *ɡrɯm |
| 靲 | *ɡrɯm |
| 擒 | *ɡrɯm |
| 檎 | *ɡrɯm |
| 紟 | *ɡrɯms |
| 吟 | *ŋɡrɯm, *ŋɡrɯms |
| 訡 | *ŋɡrɯm |
| 廞 | *qʰrɯm, *qʰrɯmʔ |
| 陰 | *qrɯm |
| 霠 |
| 飲 | *qrɯmʔ, *qrɯms |
| 蔭 | *qrɯms |
| 廕 | *qrɯms |
| 矜 | *ɡrɯn, *ɡɯn, *kɯŋ |
Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *nɯːms): phonetic 今 (OC *krɯm) + semantic 心 (“heart”).
Alternatively: Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 今 + 心 (see: 張富海：《利用諧聲構擬上古音應該註意的幾個問題》，《出土文獻》，2021年第1期，頁134。)

### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-njam. Cognate with Tibetan ཉམ (nyam), ཉམས (nyams, “soul, mind, heart”), སྙམ (snyam, “to think, to feel”) (Quan, 1996). Related to 恁 (OC *njɯm, *njɯmʔ, “to think, to miss”).
Schuessler (2007) notes it may be an area word; compare Khmer ចំណាំ (cɑmnam, “memory; recollection”), Proto-Austronesian *nemnem (“to think”).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): niàn (nian$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄋㄧㄢˋ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): нян (ni͡an, III)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): nim$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): niam$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ngiam
    (Hailu, HRS): ngiam$^˖$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ngiam$^4$
* Eastern Min (BUC): niêng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): nieng$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): liām
    (Teochew, Peng'im): niam$^6$ / liam$^6$ / niang$^6$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^6$gni; $^6$gnie / $^6$gnie
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: niàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄋㄧㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: niàn
*** Wade–Giles: nien$^4$
*** Yale: nyàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: niann
*** Palladius: нянь (njanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ni̯ɛn⁵¹/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: нян (ni͡an, III)
*** Sinological IPA : /niæ̃⁴⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: nim$^6$
*** Yale: nihm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: nim$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: nim$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /niːm²²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: niam$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ⁿdiam³²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngiam
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngiam
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngiam$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯am⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngiam$^˖$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋiam³³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: ngiam$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋiam⁵³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: niêng
*** Sinological IPA : /nˡiɛŋ²⁴²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: nieng$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /niɛŋ²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liām
*** Tâi-lô: liām
*** Phofsit Daibuun: liam
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /liam⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /liam³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /liam²²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: niam$^6$ / liam$^6$ / niang$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: niăm / liăm / niăng
*** Sinological IPA : /niam³⁵/, /liam³⁵/, /niaŋ³⁵/
* niam6 - Shantou, Chaoyang, Jieyang, Raoping;
* liam6 - Chaozhou;
* niang6 - Chenghai.
* Middle Chinese: nemH
Rime :
| Character | 念 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 泥 (8) |
| Final (韻) | 添 (157) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | IV |
| Fanqie | 奴店切 |
| Baxter | nemH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /nem$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /nem$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /nɛm$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /nɛm$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /nem$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /niem$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /niem$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | niàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | nim$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*nˤim-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*nɯːms/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 念 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | niàn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ nem$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*nˁim-s/ |
| English | think of |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 念 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 6588 |
| Phonetic component | 今 |
| Rime group | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 念 |
| Old Chinese | /*nɯːms/ |
| Notes | 或以心含會意 |

#### Definitions

念
* to miss; to long for; to think of; to recall
* to consider; to contemplate
* Alternative form of 廿 (niàn, “twenty”)
* to worry; to be anxious about
* to feel compassion for; to pity
* to show tender affection for
* to commemorate; to memorialise; to pay tribute to
* idea; thought
* to nag
* (Buddhism) memory
* a surname

##### Synonyms

* (to miss):
* 心念 (Hokkien)
* 惦念 (diànniàn)
* 惦記 / 惦记 (diànjì)
* 懸 / 悬 (xuán) (literary, or in compounds)
* 懸念 / 悬念 (xuánniàn) (formal)
* 懸想 / 悬想 (xuánxiǎng)
* 掛念 / 挂念 (guàniàn)
* 掛意 / 挂意 (guàyì)
* 掛記 / 挂记 (Nanchang Gan, Yudu Hakka)
* 數念 / 数念 (siàu-liām) (Hokkien)
* 牽掛 / 牵挂 (qiānguà)
* 眷懷 / 眷怀 (juànhuái) (literary)
* 眷注 (juànzhù) (literary)
* 眷顧 / 眷顾 (juàngù) (formal)
* 記掛 / 记挂 (jìguà) (dialectal)
* 顧念 / 顾念 (gùniàn)
* (to consider):
* 冥思 (míngsī)
* 冥想 (míngxiǎng)
* 品味 (pǐnwèi)
* 尋味 / 寻味 (xúnwèi)
* 尋思 / 寻思
* 思 (literary, or in compounds)
* 思想 (sīxiǎng)
* 思慮 / 思虑 (sīlǜ)
* 思索 (sīsuǒ)
* 思維 / 思维 (sīwéi)
* 思考 (sīkǎo)
* 思裁 (si$^1$ cai$^2$) (Sichuanese)
* 思量 (sīliáng)
* 慎思 (shènsī)
* 掂掇 (diānduo) (colloquial)
* 推敲 (tuīqiāo)
* 掂量 (diānliáng)
* 揣摩 (chuǎimó)
* 斟酌 (zhēnzhuó) (figuratively)
* 沉思 (chénsī)
* 深思 (shēnsī)
* 照顧 / 照顾 (zhàogù)
* 玩味 (wánwèi)
* 玩弄 (Classical Chinese)
* 琢磨 (zuómo)
* 算計 / 算计 (suànjì)
* 考慮 / 考虑 (kǎolǜ)
* 苦思 (kǔsī)
* 著想 / 着想 (zhuóxiǎng)
* 計算 / 计算 (jìsuàn)
* 計較 / 计较
* 設想 / 设想 (shèxiǎng)
* 顧全 / 顾全 (gùquán)
* 顧及 / 顾及 (gùjí)
* (idea):
* 主意
* 心念 (xīnniàn)
* 心思 (xīnsī)
* 志意 (zhìyì) (literary)
* 念頭 / 念头 (niàntou)
* 思想 (sīxiǎng)
* 意念 (yìniàn)
* 想法
* 想頭 / 想头 (xiǎngtou) (colloquial)
* 理念 (lǐniàn)
* 諗法 / 谂法 (nam$^2$ faat$^3$) (Cantonese)
* 點子 / 点子 (diǎnzi)

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): niàn (nian$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄋㄧㄢˋ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): нян (ni͡an, III)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): nim$^6$
* Gan (Wiktionary): nyien$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ngiam
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ngiam$^4$
* Northern Min (KCR): nāng
* Eastern Min (BUC): nâing
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): nieng$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): liām
    (Teochew, Peng'im): niam$^7$ / liam$^7$ / niang$^7$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$gni; $^6$gnie
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): nyienn$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: niàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄋㄧㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: niàn
*** Wade–Giles: nien$^4$
*** Yale: nyàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: niann
*** Palladius: нянь (njanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ni̯ɛn⁵¹/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: нян (ni͡an, III)
*** Sinological IPA : /niæ̃⁴⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: nim$^6$
*** Yale: nihm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: nim$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: nim$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /niːm²²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: nyien$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /n̠ʲiɛn¹¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngiam
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngiam
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngiam$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯am⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: ngiam$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋiam⁵³/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: nāng
*** Sinological IPA : /naŋ⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: nâing
*** Sinological IPA : /nˡaiŋ²⁴²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: nieng$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /niɛŋ²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liām
*** Tâi-lô: liām
*** Phofsit Daibuun: liam
*** IPA (Xiamen): /liam²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /liam⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /liam²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /liam³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /liam³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: niam$^7$ / liam$^7$ / niang$^7$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: niām / liām / niāng
*** Sinological IPA : /niam¹¹/, /liam¹¹/, /niaŋ¹¹/
* niam7 - Shantou, Chaoyang, Jieyang, Raoping;
* liam7 - Chaozhou;
* niang7 - Chenghai.

#### Definitions

念
* to read aloud; to chant; to recite
** 2022 October 16, “69歲習近平20大政治報告 未讀全文省略1小時”, in Central News Agency‎, archived from the original on 16 October 2022‎:除了報告內容外，今年外界關注，已69歲的習近平是否會比照5年前的19大朗讀報告全文。19大的政治報告總共3萬2000多字，當時習近平以近3個小時唸完全文。(please add an English translation of this quotation)
* to study (at a school); to learn
* (Taiwan) to nag

### Compounds

* 一念
* 一念三千
* 一念之差 (yīniànzhīchā)
* 一念之錯 / 一念之错
* 一念之間 / 一念之间 (yīniànzhījiān)
* 一念堅貞 / 一念坚贞
* 不念舊惡 / 不念旧恶 (bùniànjiù'è)
* 不念荷戈
* 五會念佛 / 五会念佛
* 作念
* 信念 (xìnniàn)
* 俗念 (súniàn)
* 俯念
* 價值觀念 / 价值观念
* 可念
* 叨念 (dāoniàn)
* 唱作念打
* 唱念
* 嘈嘈念
* 四念處 / 四念处
* 地域觀念 / 地域观念
* 垂念
* 塵念 / 尘念 (chénniàn)
* 妄念
* 廑念
* 心心念念 (xīnxīnniànniàn)
* 心念 (xīnniàn)
* 念不絕口 / 念不绝口
* 念佛 (niànfó)
* 念佛三昧
* 念力 (niànlì)
* 念叨 (niàndao)
* 念咒 (niànzhòu)
* 念央兒 / 念央儿
* 念子曰
* 念孜孜
* 念心兒 / 念心儿
* 念念 (niànniàn)
* 念念不忘 (niànniànbùwàng)
* 念念有詞 / 念念有词 (niànniànyǒucí)
* 念慮 / 念虑
* 念曲叫曲
* 念書 / 念书 (niànshū)
* 念歌 (niàngē)
* 念珠 (niànzhū)
* 念白 (niànbái)
* 念短頭經 / 念短头经
* 念秧
* 念米佛
* 念經 / 念经 (niànjīng)
* 念舊 / 念旧 (niànjiù)
* 念茲在茲 / 念兹在兹 (niànzīzàizī)
* 念誦 / 念诵
* 念豆兒佛 / 念豆儿佛
* 念頭 / 念头 (niàntou)
* 思念 (sīniàn)
* 恤孤念寡
* 恤孤念苦
* 恩念
* 惜孤念寡
* 悼念 (dàoniàn)
* 惦念 (diànniàn)
* 意念 (yìniàn)
* 想念 (xiǎngniàn)
* 感念 (gǎnniàn)
* 意念喜劇 / 意念喜剧
* 慾念 / 欲念 (yùniàn)
* 憶念 / 忆念
* 懷念 / 怀念 (huáiniàn)
* 懸念 / 悬念 (xuánniàn)
* 挂念 (guàniàn)
* 掛念 / 挂念 (guàniàn)
* 數念 / 数念 (siàu-liām) (Hokkien)
* 斷念 / 断念 (duànniàn)
* 概念 (gàiniàn)
* 概念句
* 概念車 / 概念车
* 欲念 (yùniàn)
* 正念 (zhèngniàn)
* 歧念
* 沒咒念 / 没咒念
* 深念
* 渴念
* 王念孫 / 王念孙
* 理念 (lǐniàn)
* 留念 (liúniàn)
* 痛念
* 白詞念賦 / 白词念赋
* 百念
* 百念皆灰
* 眷念 (juànniàn)
* 眷念無斁 / 眷念无𭣧
* 瞻念 (zhānniàn)
* 萬念俱灰 / 万念俱灰 (wànniànjùhuī)
* 私心雜念 / 私心杂念
* 私念 (sīniàn)
* 稱名念佛 / 称名念佛
* 篤念 / 笃念
* 系念 (xìniàn)
* 紀念 / 纪念 (jìniàn)
* 紀念信封 / 纪念信封
* 紀念冊 / 纪念册 (jìniàncè)
* 紀念品 / 纪念品 (jìniànpǐn)
* 紀念堂 / 纪念堂 (jìniàntáng)
* 紀念塔 / 纪念塔 (jìniàntǎ)
* 紀念幣 / 纪念币 (jìniànbì)
* 紀念日 / 纪念日 (jìniànrì)
* 紀念會 / 纪念会 (jìniànhuì)
* 紀念物 / 纪念物 (jìniànwù)
* 紀念碑 / 纪念碑 (jìniànbēi)
* 紀念郵票 / 纪念邮票
* 紀念章 / 纪念章 (jìniànzhāng)
* 紀念館 / 纪念馆 (jìniànguǎn)
* 結念 / 结念
* 繫念 / 系念 (xìniàn)
* 罣念
* 舊念復萌 / 旧念复萌
* 蓄念
* 複合概念 / 复合概念
* 觀念 / 观念 (guānniàn)
* 觀念形態 / 观念形态 (guānniàn xíngtài)
* 觀想念佛 / 观想念佛
* 記念 / 记念 (jìniàn)
* 說念 / 说念
* 貪念 / 贪念 (tānniàn)
* 軫念 / 轸念
* 轉念 / 转念 (zhuǎnniàn)
* 追念 (zhuīniàn)
* 達念山 / 达念山 (Dániànshān)
* 遙念 / 遥念
* 遺念 / 遗念
* 邪念 (xiéniàn)
* 關連概念 / 关连概念
* 雜念 / 杂念 (zániàn)
* 題念 / 题念
* 願寘誠念 / 愿寘诚念
* 顧念 / 顾念 (gùniàn)
* 食不念飽 / 食不念饱
* 首丘之念
* 馳念 / 驰念
* 體念 / 体念
* 魔念
* 默念 (mòniàn)

### References

* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A01318
* “念”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: ねん (nen, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: でん (den)
* Kun: おもう (omou, 念う)

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ねん [nèń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [nẽ̞ɴ]

### Noun

念(ねん) • (nen)
* sense
* feeling

#### Compounds

* 念仏(ねんぶつ) (nenbutsu)
* 四念処(しねんじょ) (shinenjo): Maha SatiPatthana
* 理念(りねん) (rinen):

## Korean
### Hanja

念 (eumhun 생각 념 (saenggak nyeom), word-initial (South Korea) 생각 염 (saenggak yeom))
* hanja form of 념/염 (“thought”)

#### Compounds

* 이념 (理念, inyeom, “ideology”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

念: Hán Nôm readings: niệm, niềm, núm

### Noun

念
* chữ Nôm form of niềm (“feeling; sentiment (usually a positive one)”).

### Verb

念
* chữ Hán form of niệm.
** (religion) to recite
    念經 (niệm kinh) ― to recite contents from a religious text
** (occult) to chant
    念神咒 (niệm thần chú) ― to chant a spell