# 維

| 維 | U+7DAD, &#32173; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7DAD |
| ← 綬 [U+7DAC] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 綮 → [U+7DAE] |

## Translingual
### Han character

維 (Kangxi radical 120, 糸+8, 14 strokes, cangjie input 女火人土 (VFOG), four-corner 2091$_4$, composition ⿰糹隹)

#### Derived characters

* 濰, 𮴷, 𫓙, 𬗿, 𬽜, 𡽰, 𬞼, 羅, 𥵻, 𦌴, 𮗈, 𢋘, 𤻕, 𢣘, 䗽

#### Related characters

* 维 (Simplified Chinese)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 927, character 15
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 27568
* Dae Jaweon: page 1364, character 22
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3415, character 5
* Unihan data for U+7DAD

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 維 :
| Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script |
| | Old Chinese |
| 匯 | *ɢʷrɯːlʔ, *kʰʷriːl |
| 擓 | *kʰʷriːl |
| 淮 | *ɡʷriːl |
| 睢 | *qʰʷel, *sqʰʷil, *qʰʷi, *qʰʷils |
| 嶉 | *sqʷi |
| 趡 | *skʰʷilʔ |
| 踓 | *skʰʷilʔ, *ɢʷilʔ |
| 雖 | *sqʰʷi |
| 濉 | *sqʰʷi |
| 倠 | *qʰʷi |
| 婎 | *qʰʷil, *qʰʷils |
| 蓶 | *ɢʷi, *ɢʷiʔ |
| 維 | *ɢʷi |
| 惟 | *ɢʷi |
| 唯 | *ɢʷi, *ɢʷiʔ |
| 濰 | *ɢʷi |
| 琟 | *ɢʷil |
| 鷕 | *ɢʷiʔ, *ɢʷiʔ |
| 帷 | *ɢʷril |
| 鵻 | *sɢʷinʔ, *tjul |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɢʷi): semantic 糸 (“thread”) + abbreviated phonetic 唯 (OC *ɢʷi, *ɢʷiʔ).
The original pronunciation of 隹 (OC *ɢʷi) was lost after the classical period, but can still be seen in other characters of the phonetic series:
* 惟 (OC *ɢʷi, “to think”),
* 唯 (OC *ɢʷi, *ɢʷiʔ, “only”),
* 雖 (OC *sqʰʷi, “although”),
* 帷 (OC *ɢʷril, “curtain, screen”) and
* 淮 (OC *ɡʷriːl, “Huai River”).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): wéi (wei$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄨㄟˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): wei$^2$
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): ví / véi
    (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): wéi
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): wai$^4$
    (Dongguan, Jyutping++): woi$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): vei$^3$
* Gan (Wiktionary): ui$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): vì
    (Meixian, Guangdong): vi$^2$
* Jin (Wiktionary): ui$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): ṳ̌
* Eastern Min (BUC): mì
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): bi$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): ûi / î / bî
    (Teochew, Peng'im): rui$^6$ / rui$^5$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): bhi$^5$
* Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): wai$^4$
* Wu (Wugniu)
** (Northern): $^6$vi / $^2$vi
** (Jinhua): $^2$vi
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): uei$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wéi
*** Zhuyin: ㄨㄟˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wéi
*** Wade–Giles: wei$^2$
*** Yale: wéi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wei
*** Palladius: вэй (vɛj)
*** Sinological IPA : /weɪ̯³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: wei$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ui
*** Sinological IPA : /uei²¹/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: ví / véi
*** Sinological IPA : /vi²⁴/, /vei²⁴/
** (Nanjing)
*** Nanjing Pinyin: wéi
*** Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): wei$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /uəi²⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: wai$^4$
*** Yale: wàih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: wai$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: wei$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /wɐi̯²¹/
** (Dongguan, Guancheng)
*** Jyutping++: woi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /vɔi²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: vei$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /vei²²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: ui$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ui³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: vì
*** Hakka Romanization System: vi$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: vi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /vi¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: vi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /ʋi¹¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: ui$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /uei¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ṳ̌
*** Sinological IPA : /y²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: mì
*** Sinological IPA : /mi⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: bi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /pi¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ûi
*** Tâi-lô: uî
*** Phofsit Daibuun: uii
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ui¹³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ui²³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /ui²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: î
*** Tâi-lô: î
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ii
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /i²³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Taipei): /i²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bî
*** Tâi-lô: bî
*** Phofsit Daibuun: bii
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /bi¹³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /bi²⁴/
* ûi - literary;
* î/bî - vernacular.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit維 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /uei³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /uei⁴⁴/ ～生素 /uei²⁴/ ～持 |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /vei⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /vei⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /ve⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /uei⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /vi²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /uɨ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /vei⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /vei⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /vei⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /uei²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /uei³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /uei²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /uei³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /uəi²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /ue⁵⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /uei¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /uei¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /vei³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /vi²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /vi¹³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ɦui²¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /vu³¹/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /ue⁴⁴/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /ue⁴⁴/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /uei¹³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /uəi¹²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /ui⁴⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /vi¹¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /vui¹¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /wɐi²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /wɐi²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /wɐi²¹/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /ui³⁵/ /bi³⁵/ 俗 |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /mi⁵³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /y²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /zui⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /vui³¹/ |
* Middle Chinese: ywij
Rime :
| Character | 維 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 以 (36) |
| Final (韻) | 脂 (16) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 以追切 |
| Baxter | ywij |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /jiuɪ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /jʷi/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /juɪ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /jwi/ |
| Li Rong | /ui/ |
| Wang Li | /jwi/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /wi/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | wéi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | wai$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ɢʷij/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɢʷi/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 維 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | wéi |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ywij › |
| Old Chinese | /*ɢʷij/ (? < *ɢʷuj) |
| English | rope for tying |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 維 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 12852 |
| Phonetic component | 唯 |
| Rime group | 脂 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 惟 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɢʷi/ |

#### Definitions

維
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to tie; to fasten; to tie up
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to link; to connect
* to hold together; to maintain; to preserve; to safeguard
    維持／维持 ― wéichí ― to maintain
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) thick rope for tying objects; cord
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) corner; nook; recess
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) net; mesh; netting
* (geometry) dimension
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) order; law; outline
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) long and thin object; fibre; string
    纖維／纤维 ― xiānwéi ― fibre
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 惟 (wéi, “to think; to contemplate”)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 唯 (“only”)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) (alt. form 惟, 唯) meaningless particle of interjection
* Used in transcription.
    維德角／维德角 ― Wéidéjiǎo ― Cape Verde
    維珍尼亞／维珍尼亚 ― Wéizhēnníyà ― Virginia
    亞維農／亚维农 ― Yàwéinóng ― Avignon
    維也納／维也纳 ― Wéiyěnà ― Vienna
    維多利亞港／维多利亚港 ― Wéiduōlìyàgǎng ― Victoria Harbor
    維摩詰菩薩／维摩诘菩萨 ― Wéimójiépúsà ― Vimalakirti
** Short for 維生素／维生素 (wéishēngsù, “vitamin”).
    維A／维A ― wéi-ēi ― vitamin A
** Short for 維吾爾／维吾尔 (Wéiwú'ěr, “Uyghur”).
    維語／维语 ― Wéiyǔ ― Uyghur language
* a surname

#### Compounds

* 三維空間 / 三维空间
* 伏維尚饗 / 伏维尚飨
* 八維 / 八维
* 創業維艱 / 创业维艰
* 哈維 / 哈维
* 四維 / 四维 (sìwéi)
* 國維 / 国维
* 地維 / 地维
* 坤維 / 坤维
* 塞爾維亞 / 塞尔维亚
* 多維 / 多维 (duōwéi)
* 奧維爾 / 奥维尔
* 孟什維克 / 孟什维克 (mèngshíwéikè)
* 屋大維 / 屋大维 (Wūdàwéi)
* 巴勒維 / 巴勒维
* 布干維爾 / 布干维尔 (Bùgānwéi'ěr)
* 思維 / 思维 (sīwéi)
* 恭維 / 恭维 (gōngwéi)
* 恭維話 / 恭维话
* 我武維揚 / 我武维扬
* 拉脫維亞 / 拉脱维亚 (Lātuōwéiyà)
* 新疆維吾爾自治區 / 新疆维吾尔自治区 (Xīnjiāng Wéiwú'ěr Zìzhìqū)
* 明治維新 / 明治维新 (Míngzhì Wéixīn)
* 步履維艱 / 步履维艰 (bùlǚwéijiān)
* 物力維艱 / 物力维艰
* 玻利維亞 / 玻利维亚 (Bōlìwéiyà)
* 百日維新 / 百日维新 (Bǎirì Wéixīn)
* 睢維 / 睢维
* 維也納 / 维也纳 (Wéiyěnà)
* 維京人 / 维京人 (wéijīngrén)
* 維他命 / 维他命 (wéitāmìng)
* 維修 / 维修 (wéixiū)
* 維吉尼亞 / 维吉尼亚 (Wéijíníyà)
* 維吾爾 / 维吾尔 (Wéiwú'ěr)
* 維基 / 维基 (wéijī)
* 維多米 / 维多米
* 維天之命 / 维天之命
* 維妙維肖 / 维妙维肖 (wéimiàowéixiào)
* 維持 / 维持 (wéichí)
* 維摩經 / 维摩经
* 維摩詰 / 维摩诘
* 維斗
* 維新 / 维新 (wéixīn)
* 維新圖強 / 维新图强
* 維新運動 / 维新运动 (Wéixīn Yùndòng)
* 維清 / 维清
* 維生 / 维生 (wéishēng)
* 維生素 / 维生素 (wéishēngsù)
* 維管束 / 维管束 (wéiguǎnshù)
* 維納斯 / 维纳斯 (Wéinàsī)
* 綱維 / 纲维 (gāngwéi)
* 維縶 / 维絷
* 維繫 / 维系 (wéixì)
* 維艱 / 维艰 (wéijiān)
* 維護 / 维护 (wéihù)
* 維那 / 维那 (wéinà)
* 縶維 / 絷维
* 纖維 / 纤维 (xiānwéi)
* 臭恭維 / 臭恭维
* 臺維斯杯 / 台维斯杯
* 舉步維艱 / 举步维艰 (jǔbùwéijiān)
* 蘇維埃 / 苏维埃 (sūwéi'āi)
* 進退維谷 / 进退维谷 (jìntuìwéigǔ)

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yōng (yong$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄩㄥ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jung$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yōng
*** Zhuyin: ㄩㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yong
*** Wade–Giles: yung$^1$
*** Yale: yūng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: iong
*** Palladius: юн (jun)
*** Sinological IPA : /jʊŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jung$^1$
*** Yale: yūng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jung$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /jʊŋ⁵⁵/

#### Definitions

維
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Only used in 盧維／卢维 (“ancient river in the Yan Province”).

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: ゆい (yui)
* Kan-on: い (i, Jōyō)
* Kun: つなぐ (tsunagu, 維ぐ)、これ (kore, 維)
* Nanori: しげ (shige)、すみ (sumi)、ただ (tada)、たもつ (tamotsu)、つな (tsuna)、ゆき (yuki)

##### Usage notes

* Most dictionaries proscribe historical -uwi readings すゐ (suwi), ずゐ (zuwi), つゐ (tuwi), ゆゐ (yuwi), and るゐ (ruwi) as attested in many historical documents.

#### Compounds

* 維持(いじ) (iji)
* 維新(いしん) (ishin)
* 四維(しい) (shī)
* 繊維(せんい) (sen'i)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 維
* い Grade: S
* kan'on
/wi/ → /i/
From Middle Chinese 維 (MC ywij).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [i]

#### Affix

維(い) • (i)
* hold together; keep; maintain
* what holds together; net, supportive

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 維
* これ Grade: S
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 維 – see the following entry. :
| 【これ】 | [pronoun] this [pronoun] (deictically) this one (near the speaker) [pronoun] (anaphorically) this one I am talking about (only the speaker knows) [pronoun] (archaic) I; me [pronoun] (archaic) you [pronoun] (literary, calque of Literary Chinese 是, 之, 惟, etc.) Repeats the topic with a correct case marker to avoid any misunderstanding if it is not a subject. Alternative spellings 此れ, 是, 之, 惟 |
(This term, 維, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

## Korean
### Hanja

維 (eumhun 벼리 유 (byeori yu))
* hanja form of 유 (“the guide ropes at the edge of a fishing net; fishing net”)

#### Compounds

* 유지 (維持, yuji, “keep, maintain”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

維: Hán Việt readings: duy
維: Nôm readings: duy
* chữ Hán form of duy (“tie, maintain”).

#### References

* 1 2 Trần (2004).
* ↑ Trần (1999).
* ↑ Nguyễn (1974).
* ↑ Thiều Chửu (1942).