# 朕

| 朕 | U+6715, &#26389; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6715 |
| ← 朔 [U+6714] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 朖 → [U+6716] |

## Translingual
### Han character

朕 (Kangxi radical 74, 月+6, 10 strokes, cangjie input 月廿大 (BTK), four-corner 7823$_4$, composition ⿰月关)

#### Derived characters

* 𠹻, 㴨, 㮳, 𨃵, 𨫇, 𣞅, 勝, 塍, 螣, 縢, 𠗲, 滕, 黱, 騰, 幐, 賸, 榺, 謄

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 505, character 19
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14361
* Dae Jaweon: page 884, character 12
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2071, character 5
* Unihan data for U+6715

## Chinese

* 朕

### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 朕 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 黱 | *l'ɯːs |
| 朕 | *l'ɯmʔ |
| 鰧 | *l'ɯmʔ, *l'ɯːŋ |
| 螣 | *l'ɯmʔ, *l'ɯːŋ, *l'ɯːɡ |
| 栚 | *l'ɯmʔ |
| 眹 | *l'ɯnʔ |
| 騰 | *l'ɯːŋ |
| 滕 | *l'ɯːŋ |
| 縢 | *l'ɯːŋ |
| 儯 | *l'ɯːŋ |
| 幐 | *l'ɯːŋ, *l'ɯːŋs |
| 藤 | *l'ɯːŋ |
| 謄 | *l'ɯːŋ |
| 膡 | *l'ɯːŋ, *hljɯŋs, *lɯŋs |
| 籐 | *l'ɯːŋ |
| 勝 | *hljɯŋ, *hljɯŋs |
| 蕂 | *hljɯŋs |
| 榺 | *hljɯŋs |
| 塍 | *ɦljɯŋ |
| 媵 | *ljɯŋs, *lɯŋs |
| 賸 | *ɦljɯŋs, *lɯŋs |
Simplified from 𦩎 (舟 → 月 and 灷 → 关), corruption of an ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 舟 (“boat”) + 丨 (“item”) + 廾 (“two hands”), seen in the oracle bone script and bronze inscriptions, originally meaning “to mend a boat”. It was later borrowed phonetically to be used as an honorific first-person pronoun.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhèn (zhen$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄣˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zam$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chṳ́m
    (Hailu, HRS): zhim$^ˊ$
* Eastern Min (BUC): dêng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ding$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tīm
    (Teochew, Peng'im): dim$^6$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$zen
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhèn
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄣˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhèn
*** Wade–Giles: chên$^4$
*** Yale: jèn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jenn
*** Palladius: чжэнь (čžɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂən⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zam$^6$
*** Yale: jahm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzam$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zem$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɐm²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chṳ́m
*** Hakka Romanization System: ziim$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: zim$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sɨm³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: zhim$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡ʃim²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: dêng
*** Sinological IPA : /tɛiŋ²⁴²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ding$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /tiŋ²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tīm
*** Tâi-lô: tīm
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dim
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tim²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tim⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tim²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tim³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tim³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: dim$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tĭm
*** Sinological IPA : /tim³⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$zen
*** MiniDict: zen$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$zen
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zən²³/
* Middle Chinese: drimX
Rime :
| Character | 朕 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 澄 (11) |
| Final (韻) | 侵 (140) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 直稔切 |
| Baxter | drimX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɖˠiɪm$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɖᵚim$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȡiem$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɖjim$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ȡjəm$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ȡĭĕm$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȡʱi̯əm$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhèn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zam$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*lrəmʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*l'ɯmʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 朕 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zhèn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ drim$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*lrəmʔ/ |
| English | I, we, our |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 朕 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 17110 |
| Phonetic component | 朕 |
| Rime group | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 朕 |
| Old Chinese | /*l'ɯmʔ/ |

### Definitions

朕
* (imperial) I; my (similar to the royal we; reserved for use by the emperor since the Qin Dynasty)
    From: The Book of Documents, circa 4th – 3rd century BCE
    Ěr wú bù xìn, zhèn bù shíyán. [Pinyin]
    On no account disbelieve me - I will not go back on my word.
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Zhèn wèi Shǐhuángdì. Hòushì yǐ jìshù, èrshì sānshì zhìyú wànshì, chuán zhī wúqióng. [Pinyin]
    We ourselves shall be called First Emperor, and successive generations shall be numbered consecutively: Second, Third, and so on until for 1,000 or 10,000 generations, the succession passing down without end.
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Èrshì yǔ Zhào Gāo móu yuē: “Zhèn niánshào, chū jíwèi, qiánshǒu wèi jífù.” [Pinyin]
    Qin Er Shi discussed with Zhao Gao, "I am young and just ascended the throne. The mass has not submitted to my rule."
    From: Liu Yiqing (editor), A New Account of the Tales of the World, 5th century CE
    Dì wèn yuē: “Zhèn yìngtiānshòumìng, qīng héyǐ bù yuè?” [Pinyin]
    King Wen of Wei asked,"I conform to the wish of Heaven and become the emperor. Why are you unhappy?"
* (literary) omen; sign
* (Cantonese) Alternative form of 𠹻 (zam6, “classifier for smells”)

#### Usage notes

* In modern Chinese slang, sense 1 may sometimes be used ironically and humorously to refer to oneself.

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 吾, 我, 余, 予, 台, 朕 for emperors, 臣, 愚 humble |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 我, 本人, 鄙人 humble, 在下 humble, 不才 humble |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 我 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 我 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Langfang | 我 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chengde | 我 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Ulanhot | 我 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tongliao | 我 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 我, 咱 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 我 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Heihe | 我, 俺 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Qiqihar | 我, 俺 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 我, 俺 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jiamusi | 我, 俺, 咱 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Baicheng | 我 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Changchun | 我 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tonghua | 我, 咱 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 我 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jinzhou | 我 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 我 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 我 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Olginsky (Mikhaylovka) | 我 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 我 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 我 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 我, 俺 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 我 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 我, 俺 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Lijin | 我, 俺 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Weifang (Weicheng) | 我, 俺 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Weifang (Fangzi) | 我, 俺 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Changle | 我, 俺 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shouguang | 我, 俺 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Rizhao | 我, 俺 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Wulian | 我, 俺 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 我, 俺 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dalian | 我 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dandong | 我, 俺 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai | 我, 俺 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 我, 俺 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 我, 俺 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Weifang (Hanting) | 我, 俺 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Changyi | 我, 俺 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Gaomi | 我, 俺 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Zhucheng | 我, 俺 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Anqiu | 我, 俺 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Linqu | 我, 俺 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingzhou | 俺 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 我, 俺 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Lingbao | 我 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Jining | 我, 俺 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 我, 俺 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Linfen | 我 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Shangqiu | 我, 俺 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yuanyang | 我, 俺 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 我, 俺 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Kaifeng | 我, 俺 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xinyang | 我 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Ankang | 我 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baihe | 我 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 我, 俺 † |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baoji | 我 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Tongxin | 我 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Guyuan | 我 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Tianshui | 我 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 我 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yanqi | 我 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 我, 俺, 咱 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou (Jiawang) | 俺, 我 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Pizhou | 俺, 我 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Suining | 我 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xinyi | 我, 俺 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Fengxian | 我, 俺 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Suqian | 俺 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Lianyungang (Ganyu) | 我, 俺 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Donghai | 我, 俺 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Fuyang | 我, 俺 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Bengbu | 我, 俺 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 我 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 我 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Zhongwei | 我 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 我 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Dunhuang | 我 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Hami | 我 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu (Xindu) | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanchong | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanbu | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dazhou | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanyuan | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xichang | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zigong | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yichang | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangyang | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianmen | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Lhasa | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zunyi | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Bijie | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liping | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zhaotong | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dali | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mengzi | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin (Lingui) | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guanyang | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Lipu | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Pingle | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yangshuo | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanning (Xiakuojie) | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanning (Fujian) | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanning (Wuming) | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanning (Fucheng, Wuming) | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Binyang (Nanjie) | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Shanglin (Sanli) | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hechi (Yizhou) | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jishou | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Changde | 我, 頑, 俺 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangtan (Jiangnan Industries Group koine) | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Ziyang | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanzhong | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dagudi (Maliba) | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Reshuitang (Longling) | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Salong (Lancang) | 我 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Sai (Tengchong) | 我 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 我 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 我 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou (Jiangdu) | 我 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Baoying | 我 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Gaoyou | 我 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yizheng | 我 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Taizhou | 我 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Taixing | 我 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Taizhou (Jiangyan) | 我 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Jingjiang (Dongxing) | 我 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Zhenjiang | 我 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Jurong | 我 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianyungang | 我, 俺 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Guanyun | 我 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Guannan | 我, 呣 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Huai'an (Huaiyin) | 我 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Huai'an (Hongze) | 我 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianshui | 我 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Xuyi | 我 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Jinhu | 我 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Xinghua | 我 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 我 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Rugao | 我 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Rudong | 我 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hai'an | 我 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yancheng | 我 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Dongtai | 我 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Sheyang | 我 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Funing | 我 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Jianhu | 我 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Xiangshui | 我 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Shuyang | 我 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Sihong | 我, 俺 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Anqing | 我 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Wuhu | 我 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 我 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Chuzhou | 我 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Huanggang | 我 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hong'an | 我 |
| Mandarin | Qinzhou (Longmengang) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 我 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 我 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 我 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 我 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Huancheng) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Nanlang) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Xiaolan) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Dongsheng, Xiaolan) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Tanbei, Xiaolan) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Henglan) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Dongfeng) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Nantou) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Fusha) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shalang) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Gangkou) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Huangpu) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Sanjiao) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Langwang, Minzhong) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Minzhong) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Guzhen) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Banfu) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Tanzhou) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 𠊎 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 我 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 我 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Dapeng) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Qingyuan | 我 |
| Cantonese | Fogang | 我 |
| Cantonese | Yingde (Hanguang) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Yangshan | 我 |
| Cantonese | Lianshan (Butian) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Lianzhou (Qingshui; Sihui) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan | 我 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Renhua | 我 |
| Cantonese | Lechang | 我 |
| Cantonese | Zhaoqing (Gaoyao) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Sihui | 我 |
| Cantonese | Guangning | 我 |
| Cantonese | Deqing | 我 |
| Cantonese | Huaiji | 我 |
| Cantonese | Fengkai (Nanfeng) | 儂 |
| Cantonese | Yunfu | 我, 儂 |
| Cantonese | Xinxing | 我 |
| Cantonese | Luoding | 我 |
| Cantonese | Yunan (Pingtai) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 我 |
| Cantonese | Xinyi | 我 |
| Cantonese | Maoming (Xinpo) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Lianjiang | 我 |
| Cantonese | Wuchuan (Wuyang) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 我 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 我 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 我 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Shatian) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Guiping | 我 |
| Cantonese | Mengshan (Xihe) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Guigang (Nanjiang) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Beiliu | 我 |
| Cantonese | Baise | 我 |
| Cantonese | Bobai | 我 |
| Cantonese | Lingshan | 我 |
| Cantonese | Pubei | 我 |
| Cantonese | Qinzhou | 我 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 我 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Ningming | 我 |
| Cantonese | Hengzhou | 我 |
| Cantonese | Hezhou (Pumen, Babu) | 儂 |
| Cantonese | Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Danzhou | 我 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Penang (Guangfu) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 我 |
| Cantonese | Móng Cái | 我 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 我 |
| Gan | Nanchang (Wangcheng) | 我 |
| Gan | Anyi | 我仂 |
| Gan | Lushan | 我 |
| Gan | Pengze | 我 |
| Gan | Duchang | 我, 我濃 |
| Gan | Wuning (Quankou) | 我 |
| Gan | Poyang | 我 |
| Gan | Yugan | 阿, 我郎 |
| Gan | Wannian | 阿 |
| Gan | Hengfeng | 阿, 阿仂 |
| Gan | Yanshan (Hekou) | 阿, 阿仂 |
| Gan | Leping | 阿 |
| Gan | Yichun | 我 |
| Gan | Yifeng | 阿 |
| Gan | Gao'an | 我 |
| Gan | Fengxin | 我 |
| Gan | Shanggao | 我 |
| Gan | Wanzai | 我 |
| Gan | Fengcheng | 我 |
| Gan | Xinyu | 阿, 我 |
| Gan | Fuzhou (Shangdundu) | 我 |
| Gan | Fuzhou (Dongxiang) | 阿仂 |
| Gan | Nancheng | 阿 |
| Gan | Nanfeng | 阿仂, 阿 |
| Gan | Yihuang | 我 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 我, 阿 |
| Gan | Chongren | 我 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 巷 |
| Gan | Lianhua | 我 |
| Gan | Ji'an | 阿, 我 |
| Gan | Yongfeng | 我 |
| Gan | Taihe | 我 |
| Gan | Xiajiang | 我 |
| Gan | Yongxin | 我 |
| Gan | Yingtan (Yujiang) | 阿 |
| Gan | Guixi | 阿, 阿仂 |
| Gan | Jianning | 我 |
| Gan | Jinxian | 我 |
| Gan | Jinxi | 阿 |
| Gan | Le'an | 我 |
| Gan | Guangchang | 阿 |
| Gan | Anfu | 我 |
| Gan | Suichuan | 𠊎 |
| Gan | Wan'an | 𠊎 |
| Gan | Jing'an | 我 |
| Gan | Zhangshu | 我 |
| Gan | Xingan | 我 |
| Gan | Fenyi | 我 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 我 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Shuikou; Bendihua) | 我 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Hengli; Bendihua) | 我 |
| Hakka | Huiyang | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Pingshan; Bendihua) | 我 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Longmen (Pingling; Bendihua) | 我 |
| Hakka | Longmen (Luxi; Bendihua) | 我 |
| Hakka | Boluo (Bendihua) | 我 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Zhengguo, Zengcheng) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Wuguishan) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Shuizhai) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Changbu) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Mianyang) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Meilin) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 我 |
| Hakka | Zijin | 我 |
| Hakka | Zijin (Guzhu; Bendihua) | 我 |
| Hakka | Longchuan (Tuocheng; Bendihua) | 我 |
| Hakka | Longchuan (Sidu; Bendihua) | 我 |
| Hakka | Heping (Linzhai; Bendihua) | 我 |
| Hakka | Lianping (Zhongxin; Bendihua) | 我 |
| Hakka | Lianping (Longjie; Bendihua) | 我 |
| Hakka | Wengyuan | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Nanxiong (Zhuji) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Xinfeng (Matou; Bendihua) | 我 |
| Hakka | Xinfeng (Daxi; Bendihua) | 我 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Liannan | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Luhe | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Changting | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Shanghang | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Longyan (Yongding) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Yanqian) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Qingliu | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Ningdu | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Tonggu (Sandu) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Ganzhou (Panlong) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Ganzhou (Nankang) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Dayu | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Dingnan | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Longnan | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Xunwu | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Huichang | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Chongyi | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Xingguo | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Yangxi (Tangkou) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Yangchun (Sanjia) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Xinyi (Sihe) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Xinyi (Qianpai) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Gaozhou (Xindong) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Huazhou (Xin'an) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Lianjiang (Shijiao) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Lianjiang (Qingping) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Mengshan (Xihe) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Luchuan | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Luchuan (Daqiao) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Bobai (Shahe) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Bobai (Longtan) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Bobai (Lingping) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Bobai (Lingjiao) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Beiliu (Tang'an) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Mashan (Pianlian) | 我 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Longchuan) | 𠊎, 我 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa (Hepo) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Singkawang | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Singapore (Dabu) | 𠊎 |
| Hakka | Bangkok (Meixian) | 𠊎 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 我 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 我, 阿 |
| Huizhou | Wuyuan | 我 |
| Huizhou | Fuliang | 我 |
| Huizhou | Dexing | 我 |
| Huizhou | Chun'an (Qiandaohu) | 我 |
| Huizhou | Jiande (Meicheng) | 黨, 卬 |
| Huizhou | Jiande (Shouchang) | 我, 我儂 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 我, 俺 †, used only by females |
| Jin | Yangyuan | 我, 俺 |
| Jin | Datong | 我 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 我, 俺 |
| Jin | Lüliang (Lishi) | 我, 俺 |
| Jin | Changzhi | 我 |
| Jin | Linhe | 我 |
| Jin | Jining | 我, 俺 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 我, 俺 |
| Jin | Erenhot | 我, 俺 |
| Jin | Pingshan | 我, 俺 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 我 |
| Jin | Handan | 我, 俺 |
| Jin | Linzhou | 我, 俺 |
| Jin | Suide | 我 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 我, 俺 |
| Northern Min | Songxi | 我 |
| Northern Min | Zhenghe | 我 |
| Northern Min | Jianyang | 我 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 我, 奴 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou (Changle) | 我 |
| Eastern Min | Lianjiang | 我 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 我 |
| Eastern Min | Pingtan | 我 |
| Eastern Min | Yongtai | 我 |
| Eastern Min | Minqing | 我 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 我 |
| Eastern Min | Pingnan | 我 |
| Eastern Min | Luoyuan | 我 |
| Eastern Min | Fu'an | 我 |
| Eastern Min | Ningde | 我 |
| Eastern Min | Xiapu | 我 |
| Eastern Min | Zherong | 我 |
| Eastern Min | Shouning | 我 |
| Eastern Min | Zhouning | 我 |
| Eastern Min | Fuding | 我 |
| Eastern Min | Taishun | 我 |
| Eastern Min | Cangnan | 我 |
| Eastern Min | Singapore (Fuqing) | 我 |
| Eastern Min | Sitiawan (Gutian) | 我 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 我, 阮, 遮人, 遮的人 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 我 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 我, 阮 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 我 |
| Southern Min | Nan'an | 我 |
| Southern Min | Shishi | 我 |
| Southern Min | Hui'an | 我 |
| Southern Min | Anxi | 我 |
| Southern Min | Yongchun | 我 |
| Southern Min | Dehua | 我 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 我, 阮, 遮人, 遮的人 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou (Longhai) | 我 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou (Changtai) | 我 |
| Southern Min | Hua'an | 我 |
| Southern Min | Nanjing | 我 |
| Southern Min | Pinghe | 我 |
| Southern Min | Zhangpu | 我 |
| Southern Min | Yunxiao | 我 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 我 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 我 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 我, 阮 GT |
| Southern Min | Taipei (Wanhua) | 我 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Tamsui) | 我 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 我 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Pingxi) | 我 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 我 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Cijin) | 我 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang) | 我 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang) | 我 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 我 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 我 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 我 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 我 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 我 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 我 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 我 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 我 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 我 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 我 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 我 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 我 |
| Southern Min | Longyan | 我 |
| Southern Min | Zhangping | 我 |
| Southern Min | Datian | 我 |
| Southern Min | Shunchang (Pushang) | 我 |
| Southern Min | Pingnan (Shangdu) | 我 |
| Southern Min | Guilin (Biyange) | 我 |
| Southern Min | Cangnan | 我 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 我 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 我 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 我 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 我 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 我 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 我 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 我 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 我 |
| Southern Min | Batam (Teochew) | 我 |
| Southern Min | Pontianak (Teochew) | 我 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 我, 儂 polite/humble |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 我 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 我, 儂 polite/humble |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 我 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang) | 我 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang) | 我 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu) | 我 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 我 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Fengting) | 我 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Youyang) | 我 |
| Central Min | Yong'an | 我 |
| Central Min | Sanming (Shaxian) | 我 |
| Central Min | Nanping (Wangtai, Yanping) | 我 |
| Shaojiang Min | Shaowu | 伉 |
| Shaojiang Min | Guangze | 伉 |
| Shaojiang Min | Jiangle | 我 |
| Shaojiang Min | Mingxi | 我 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Sanxiang) | 我 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 我 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Dahe) | 我 |
| Shehua | Jingning (Hexi) | 我 |
| Waxiang | Guzhang (Gaofeng) | 我 |
| Waxiang | Yuanling (Shaojiwan) | 吾 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 我, 阿拉 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Songjiang) | 我儂 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Jiading) | 唔, 唔儂 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 我 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 我, 奴 |
| Wu | Suzhou (Shengze, Wujiang) | 吾, 吾奴 |
| Wu | Wuxi | 我 |
| Wu | Changshu | 我 |
| Wu | Nantong (Haimen) | 我 |
| Wu | Jiaxing | 我奴 |
| Wu | Jiashan | 我奴, 我 |
| Wu | Pinghu | 我奴, 我 |
| Wu | Haining (Yanguan) | 我 |
| Wu | Tongxiang | 我 |
| Wu | Haiyan | 我, 活儂, 活奴 |
| Wu | Changzhou | 我 |
| Wu | Danyang | 我 |
| Wu | Nanjing (Gaochun) | 我 |
| Wu | Huzhou | 是我 |
| Wu | Changxing | 我, 是我 |
| Wu | Anji | 我 |
| Wu | Deqing | 我 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 我 |
| Wu | Hangzhou (Yuhang) | 我, 是我 |
| Wu | Hangzhou (Lin'an) | 我, 是我, 什我 |
| Wu | Hangzhou (Fuyang) | 我, 是我 |
| Wu | Hangzhou (Xiaoshan) | 我 |
| Wu | Tonglu | 我, 是我 |
| Wu | Tonglu (Wusheng) | 我 |
| Wu | Shaoxing | 我 |
| Wu | Zhuji | 我 |
| Wu | Shengzhou | 我 |
| Wu | Xinchang | 我 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 我, 我儂, 像我 |
| Wu | Ningbo (Zhenhai) | 我 |
| Wu | Ningbo (Fenghua) | 我 |
| Wu | Yuyao | 我 |
| Wu | Cixi | 我 |
| Wu | Xiangshan | 我, 像我 |
| Wu | Zhoushan | 伢 |
| Wu | Taizhou (Huangyan) | 我 |
| Wu | Tiantai | 我 |
| Wu | Xianju | 我 |
| Wu | Sanmen | 我 |
| Wu | Linhai | 我 |
| Wu | Wenling | 我俚 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 我 |
| Wu | Yueqing | 我 |
| Wu | Yongjia (Fenglin) | 我 |
| Wu | Rui'an | 我 |
| Wu | Pingyang | 我 |
| Wu | Taishun | 我 |
| Wu | Wencheng | 我 |
| Wu | Lishui | 我 |
| Wu | Qingtian | 我 |
| Wu | Jinyun | 我, 動我 |
| Wu | Wuyi (Liucheng) | 我 |
| Wu | Songyang (Xiping) | 我 |
| Wu | Yunhe | 我 |
| Wu | Jingning | 我 |
| Wu | Qingyuan | 我 |
| Wu | Longquan | 我 |
| Wu | Quzhou | 我 |
| Wu | Suichang | 我, 我儂 |
| Wu | Jiangshan | 我 |
| Wu | Changshan | 我 |
| Wu | Kaihua | 我, 我儂 |
| Wu | Longyou | 我, 我儂 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 我, 我儂 |
| Wu | Jinhua (Tangxi) | 我, 我儂 |
| Wu | Yiwu | 我 |
| Wu | Yongkang | 我 |
| Wu | Pujiang | 我 |
| Wu | Dongyang | 我 |
| Wu | Wuyi | 我, 我儂 |
| Wu | Lanxi | 我, 我儂 |
| Wu | Shangrao | 阿儂 |
| Wu | Shangrao (Guangfeng) | 阿 |
| Wu | Yushan | 阿, 儂 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 我 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 我 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 我, 卬 |
| Xiang | Hengyang | 我 |
| Xiang | Quanzhou | 我 |
| Xiangnan Tuhua | Jiangyong | 我 |
| Note | † - as an attributive, used without 的; GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) | † - as an attributive, used without 的; GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) |

### Compounds

* 兆朕
* 朕兆 (zhènzhào)
* 朕命
* 朕躬 (zhèngōng)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 朕(ちん) (chin)
* → Korean: 짐(朕) (jim)
* → Vietnamese: trẫm (朕)

### References

* 许锦晶 [Xu, Jinjing] (2017) “人称代词“朕”源头考察 [Probe into the Origin of Personal Pronoun “朕” (zhèn)]”, in Sinologia Hispanica, China Studies Review‎
* “朕”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* “朕”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “朕”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 307.

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 朕 |
| Kyūjitai | 朕󠄂 朕+&#xE0102; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 朕󠄄 朕+&#xE0104; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* (imperial) I (similar to the royal we)

#### Readings

* Go-on: じん (jin)
* Kan-on: ちん (chin, Jōyō)
* Kun: きざし (kizashi, 朕し)、わが (waga, 朕が)、われ (ware, 朕)、われ (ware, 朕れ)

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ちん [chíꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [t͡ɕĩɴ]

### Pronoun

朕(ちん) • (chin)
* (imperial) I, me (similar to the royal we)
    朕(ちん)は国家(こっか)なり
       Chin wa kokka nari
       I am the state.
** 1945 August 15, Emperor Shōwa, 大東亜戦争終結ノ詔書 [Gyokuon-hōsō]:
    朕(チン)深(フカ)ク世(セ)界(カイ)ノ大(タイ)勢(セイ)ト帝(テイ)國(コク)ノ現(ゲン)狀(ジョウ)トニ鑑(カンガ)ミ非(ヒ)常(ジョウ)ノ措(ソ)置(チ)ヲ以(モッ)テ時(ジ)局(キョク)ヲ收(シュウ)拾(シュウ)セムト欲(ホッ)シ茲(ココ)ニ忠(チュウ)良(リョウ)ナル爾(ナンジ)臣(シン)民(ミン)ニ告(ツ)ク
       Chin fukaku sekai no taisei to teikoku no genjō to ni kangami hijō no sochi o motte jikyoku o shūshū semu to hosshi koko ni chūryō naru nanji shinmin ni tsuku
       To our good and loyal subjects, after pondering deeply the general trends of the world and the actual conditions obtaining in our empire today, we have decided to effect a settlement of the present situation by resorting to an extraordinary measure.

#### Usage notes

After the Second World War, this pronoun has fallen out of use. Since then, the emperors of Japan refer to themselves with the pronoun 私(わたくし) (watakushi).

### References

* ↑ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 1091 (paper), page 596 (digital)
* ↑ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 朕 (MC drimX). Recorded as Middle Korean 띰〯 (Yale: ttǐm) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [t͡ɕi(ː)m]
* Phonetic hangul: [짐(ː)]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Hanja

Wikisource 朕 (eumhun 나 짐 (na jim))
* (imperial) hanja form of 짐 (“I; me”) (similar to the royal we)

#### Compounds

* 조짐 (兆朕, jojim)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

朕: Hán Việt readings: trẫm
朕: Nôm readings: trũm, chũm
* (imperial) chữ Hán form of trẫm (“I; me”). (similar to the royal we)