# 煌

| 煌 | U+714C, &#29004; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-714C |
| ← 煋 [U+714B] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 煍 → [U+714D] |

## Translingual
### Han character

煌 (Kangxi radical 86, 火+9, 13 strokes, cangjie input 火竹日土 (FHAG), four-corner 9681$_4$, composition ⿰火皇)

#### Derived characters

* 𬉒

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 676, character 7
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 19181
* Dae Jaweon: page 1087, character 12
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2218, character 16
* Unihan data for U+714C

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 煌
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 皇 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 惶 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 遑 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 堭 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 煌 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 餭 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 騜 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 艎 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 隍 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 湟 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 徨 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 篁 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 蝗 | *ɡʷaːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋs |
| 凰 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 偟 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 媓 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 韹 | *ɡʷaːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋ |
| 葟 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 皝 | *ɡʷaːŋʔ |
| 汪 | *qʷaːŋ, *qʷaːŋs, *qʷaŋʔ |
| 尪 | *qʷaːŋ |
| 迋 | *kʷaŋʔ, *kʰʷaŋ, *ɡʷaŋ, *ɢʷaŋs |
| 逛 | *kʷaŋʔ |
| 誑 | *kʷaŋs, *ɡʷaŋ, *kʷaŋs |
| 匡 | *kʰʷaŋ |
| 筐 | *kʰʷaŋ |
| 框 | *kʰʷaŋ |
| 眶 | *kʰʷaŋ |
| 誆 | *kʰʷaŋ, *ɡʷaŋs |
| 邼 | *kʰʷaŋ |
| 恇 | *kʰʷaŋ |
| 劻 | *kʰʷaŋ |
| 洭 | *kʰʷaŋ |
| 軭 | *kʰʷaŋ, *ɡʷaŋ |
| 狂 | *ɡʷaŋ, *ɡʷaŋs |
| 軖 | *ɡʷaŋ |
| 鵟 | *ɡʷaŋ |
| 俇 | *ɡʷaŋʔ |
| 王 | *ɢʷaŋ, *ɢʷaŋs |
| 蚟 | *ɢʷaŋ |
| 彺 | *ɢʷaŋ |
| 旺 | *ɢʷaŋs |
| 諻 | *qʰʷraːŋ |
| 喤 | *qʰʷraːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋ |
| 瑝 | *ɡʷraːŋ |
| 鍠 | *ɡʷraːŋ |
| 揘 | *ɡʷaŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡʷaːŋ): semantic 火 (“fire”) + phonetic 皇 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ).

### Etymology

Probably Sino-Tibetan; compare Burmese လွင် (lwang, “vivid”) (Schuessler, 2007).
皇 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ, “royal”) may be the same word (ibid.).
It may be related to 光 (OC *kʷaːŋ, *kʷaːŋs, “light; bright”) (Wang, 1982; Schuessler, 2007). Wang (1982) additionally relates it to 景 (OC *kraŋʔ, “bright; sunlight”), 鏡 (OC *kraŋs, “mirror”), 晃 (OC *ɡʷaːŋʔ, “bright”), 曠 (OC *kʰʷaːŋs, “bright”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): huáng (huang$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄤˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): wong$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): fòng
* Eastern Min (BUC): huòng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): horng$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hông
    (Teochew, Peng'im): huang$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$waon
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: huáng
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄤˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: huáng
*** Wade–Giles: huang$^2$
*** Yale: hwáng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hwang
*** Palladius: хуан (xuan)
*** Sinological IPA : /xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: wong$^4$
*** Yale: wòhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: wong$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: wong$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /wɔːŋ²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fòng
*** Hakka Romanization System: fong$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /foŋ¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: huòng
*** Sinological IPA : /huoŋ⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: horng$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɒŋ¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hông
*** Tâi-lô: hông
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoong
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɔŋ¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /hɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔŋ²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: huang$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huâng
*** Sinological IPA : /huaŋ⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$waon
*** MiniDict: waon$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$hhuaan
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦuɑ̃²³/
* Middle Chinese: hwang
Rime :
| Character | 煌 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 唐 (102) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 胡光切 |
| Baxter | hwang |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦwɑŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦʷɑŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣuɑŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦwaŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣuɑŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣuɑŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣwɑŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | huáng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | wong$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ʷˤaŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡʷaːŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 煌 | 煌 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | huáng | huáng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hwang › | ‹ hwang › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɢ]ʷˁaŋ/ | /*[ɢ]ʷˁaŋ/ |
| English | brilliant | 敦煌 Dūnhuáng |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 煌 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 12700 |
| Phonetic component | 王 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 黃 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡʷaːŋ/ |

### Definitions

煌
* bright; brilliant

### Compounds

* 敦煌 (Dūnhuáng)
* 敦煌壁畫 / 敦煌壁画
* 敦煌曲子
* 敦煌石室
* 敦煌石窟
* 正大堂煌
* 煌煌 (huánghuáng)
* 熒煌 / 荧煌 (yínghuáng)
* 燈火輝煌 / 灯火辉煌
* 燉煌 (Dūnhuáng)
* 燈燭熒煌 / 灯烛荧煌
* 燈燭輝煌 / 灯烛辉煌
* 輝煌 / 辉煌 (huīhuáng)
* 輝煌奪目 / 辉煌夺目
* 金煌煌
* 金碧熒煌 / 金碧荧煌
* 金碧輝煌 / 金碧辉煌 (jīnbìhuīhuáng)

### References

* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “煌”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 94.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* bright
* glittering
* gleaming

#### Readings

* Go-on: おう (ō)
* Kan-on: こう (kō)
* Kun: きらめく (kirameku, 煌めく)、きらめく (kirameku, 煌く)、きららか (kiraraka, 煌らか)、きらやか (kirayaka, 煌やか)、きらびやか (kirabiyaka, 煌びやか)

## Korean
### Hanja

煌 • (hwang) (hangeul 황, revised hwang, McCune–Reischauer hwang, Yale hwang)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

煌: Hán Việt readings: hoàng
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.