# 跳躍
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tiàoyuè
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄧㄠˋ ㄩㄝˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): tiu$^3$ joek$^6$ / tiu$^3$ joek$^3$
* Eastern Min (BUC): tiéu-iŏk
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): thiàu-io̍k / thiàu-iāu
    (Teochew, Peng'im): tiao$^3$ iag$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tiàoyuè
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄧㄠˋ ㄩㄝˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tiàoyuè
*** Wade–Giles: tʻiao$^4$-yüeh$^4$
*** Yale: tyàu-ywè
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tiawyueh
*** Palladius: тяоюэ (tjaojue)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɥɛ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: tiu$^3$ joek$^6$ / tiu$^3$ joek$^3$
*** Yale: tiu yeuhk / tiu yeuk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tiu$^3$ joek$^9$ / tiu$^3$ joek$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: tiu$^3$ yêg$^6$ / tiu$^3$ yêg$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰiːu̯³³ jœːk̚²/, /tʰiːu̯³³ jœːk̚³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: tiéu-iŏk
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰieu²¹³⁻⁵⁵ yoʔ⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thiàu-io̍k
*** Tâi-lô: thiàu-io̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tiao'iok
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tʰiau²¹⁻⁵³ iɔk̚⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰiau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ iɔk̚²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thiàu-iāu
*** Tâi-lô: thiàu-iāu
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tiao'iau
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰiau²¹⁻⁵³ iau²²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: tiao$^3$ iag$^4$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thiàu iak
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰiau²¹³⁻⁵⁵ iak̚²/
* Middle Chinese: dew yak
Rime :
| Character | 跳 | 躍 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 定 (7) | 以 (36) |
| Final (韻) | 蕭 (93) | 藥 (107) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | IV | III |
| Fanqie | 徒聊切 | 以灼切 |
| Baxter | dew | yak |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /deu/ | /jɨɐk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /deu/ | /jiɐk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /deu/ | /iɑk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /dɛw/ | /jɨak̚/ |
| Li Rong | /deu/ | /iak̚/ |
| Wang Li | /dieu/ | /jĭak̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /dʱieu/ | /i̯ak̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | tiáo | yuè |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | tiu$^4$ | joek$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*lˤew lewk/
    (Zhengzhang): /*l̥ʰeːws|l'eːw lewɢ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 跳 | 躍 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | tiào | yuè |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dew › | ‹ yak › |
| Old Chinese | /*lˁew/ | /*lewk/ |
| English | jump | leap, jump |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 跳 | 跳 | 躍 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 16887 | 16888 | 2220 |
| Phonetic component | 兆 | 兆 | 翟 |
| Rime group | 宵 | 宵 | 藥 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 糶 | 迢 | 藥 |
| Old Chinese | /*l̥ʰeːws/ | /*l'eːw/ | /*lewɢ/ |

### Verb

跳躍
* to jump; to prance; to leap
    From: Huainanzi, 2nd century BCE
    Fú mǎ zhī wèi cǎo jū zhī shí, tiàoyuè yáng tí, qiào wěi ér zǒu, rén bùnéng zhì. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Synonyms

* 蹦跳 (bèngtiào)

#### Derived terms

* 跳躍器 / 跳跃器

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 跳 | 躍 |
| ちょう Grade: S | やく Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||

### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 跳躍 (deu jɨɐk̚).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ちょーやく [chòóyákú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [t͡ɕo̞ːja̠kɯ̟]

### Noun

跳(ちょう)躍(やく) • (chōyaku)
* a jump, a leap

#### Synonyms

* (jump): ジャンプ (janpu), 飛躍(ひやく) (hiyaku)

#### Derived terms

* 跳躍競技(ちょうやくきょうぎ) (chōyaku kyōgi)

### Verb

跳(ちょう)躍(やく)する • (chōyaku suru) intransitive suru (stem 跳(ちょう)躍(やく)し (chōyaku shi), past 跳(ちょう)躍(やく)した (chōyaku shita))
* to jump, to leap

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 跳躍し | ちょうやくし | chōyaku shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 跳躍し | ちょうやくし | chōyaku shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 跳躍する | ちょうやくする | chōyaku suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 跳躍する | ちょうやくする | chōyaku suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 跳躍すれ | ちょうやくすれ | chōyaku sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 跳躍せよ¹ 跳躍しろ² | ちょうやくせよ¹ ちょうやくしろ² | chōyaku seyo¹ chōyaku shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 跳躍される | ちょうやくされる | chōyaku sareru |
| Causative | 跳躍させる 跳躍さす | ちょうやくさせる ちょうやくさす | chōyaku saseru chōyaku sasu |
| Potential | 跳躍できる | ちょうやくできる | chōyaku dekiru |
| Volitional | 跳躍しよう | ちょうやくしよう | chōyaku shiyō |
| Negative | 跳躍しない | ちょうやくしない | chōyaku shinai |
| Negative continuative | 跳躍せず | ちょうやくせず | chōyaku sezu |
| Formal | 跳躍します | ちょうやくします | chōyaku shimasu |
| Perfective | 跳躍した | ちょうやくした | chōyaku shita |
| Conjunctive | 跳躍して | ちょうやくして | chōyaku shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 跳躍すれば | ちょうやくすれば | chōyaku sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN