# 倍

| 倍 | U+500D, &#20493; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-500D |
| ← 倌 [U+500C] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 倎 → [U+500E] |

## Translingual
### Han character

倍 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+8, 10 strokes, cangjie input 人卜廿口 (OYTR), four-corner 2026$_1$, composition ⿰亻咅)

#### Derived characters

* 𭉩, 𡏧, 𣻃, 𬯑, 𱤆, 𦟋, 𫏚, 𪬽, 𬱎, 𫑒, 𠍭, 𡻓, 蓓, 𫂕

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 107, character 19
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 760
* Dae Jaweon: page 228, character 4
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 183, character 4
* Unihan data for U+500D

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 倍
* Small seal scripts05828Transcribed ancient scriptsL15317
* References:
* Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:
* Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
* Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
* Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
* Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
| | Old Chinese |
| 蓓 | *bɯːʔ, *bɯːʔ |
| 倍 | *bɯːʔ |
| 菩 | *bɯːʔ, *bɯʔ, *bɯː, *bɯːɡ |
| 掊 | *bruː, *poːʔ, *bɯ, *bɯ |
| 剖 | *pʰoːʔ, *pʰoʔ |
| 婄 | *pʰɯʔ, *bɯʔ, *bɯː |
| 踣 | *pʰɯs, *bɯːɡ |
| 箁 | *bɯ |
| 咅 | *pʰɯʔ, *pʰl'oːs |
| 部 | *boːʔ, *boːʔ, *boːʔ, *boːʔ |
| 培 | *boːʔ, *bɯː |
| 犃 | *boːʔ |
| 瓿 | *boːʔ, *bɯ, *bo |
| 殕 | *pɯʔ, *pʰoʔ, *qɯːɡ |
| 醅 | *pʰɯ, *pʰɯː |
| 棓 | *bɯ, *broːŋʔ, *bɯː |
| 涪 | *bɯ |
| 賠 | *bɯː |
| 陪 | *bɯː |
| 毰 | *bɯː |
| 焙 | *bɯːs |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *bɯːʔ): semantic 人 + phonetic 咅 (OC *pʰɯʔ, *pʰl'oːs).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): bèi (bei$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄅㄟˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): bei$^4$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): pui$^5$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): poi$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): phi
    (Meixian, Guangdong): pi$^4$
* Eastern Min (BUC): buôi
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): pē / pěr / pōe / pēr / pǒe
    (Teochew, Peng'im): buê$^6$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$be
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bèi
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄟˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bèi
*** Wade–Giles: pei$^4$
*** Yale: bèi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bey
*** Palladius: бэй (bɛj)
*** Sinological IPA : /peɪ̯⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed) (倍兒 / 倍儿)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bèir
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄟˋㄦ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bèir
*** Wade–Giles: pei$^4$-ʼrh
*** Yale: bèir
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bell
*** Palladius: бэйр (bɛjr)
*** Sinological IPA : /pəɻ⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: bei$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: bei
*** Sinological IPA : /pei²¹³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: pui$^5$
*** Yale: púih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: pui$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: pui$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰuːi̯¹³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: poi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰᵘɔi²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: phi
*** Hakka Romanization System: pi
*** Hagfa Pinyim: pi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /pʰi⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: pi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /pʰi⁵³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: buôi
*** Sinological IPA : /pui²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei, Hsinchu, Magong, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pē
*** Tâi-lô: pē
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pe
*** IPA (Xiamen, Singapore): /pe²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /pe³³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Lukang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pěr
*** Tâi-lô: pěr
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /pə²²/
*** IPA (Lukang): /pə³³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Taichung, Yilan, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pōe
*** Tâi-lô: puē
*** Phofsit Daibuun: poe
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Singapore): /pue²²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan): /pue³³/
** (Hokkien: Sanxia, Hsinchu, Kinmen, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pēr
*** Tâi-lô: pēr
*** IPA (Kinmen, Singapore): /pə²²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pǒe
*** Tâi-lô: puě
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /pue²²/
* Xiamen, Quanzhou:
** pē/pěr - vernacular;
** pōe/pǒe - literary.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit倍 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /pei⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /pei⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /pei⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /pei²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /pe⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /pei³¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /pʰei⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /pʰɨ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /pei¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /pei¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /pei²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /pei³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /pei¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /pei²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /pei²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /pəi⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /pe⁵³/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /pei⁴⁵/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /pæ³⁵/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /pei⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /be²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /be̞³¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /bei¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /bai³⁵/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /pʰɛ²²/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /pə²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /pei⁵⁵/ /pei¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /bəi²¹/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /pʰi²¹/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /pʰi⁵³/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /pʰoi⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /pʰui²³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /pʰui²⁴/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /pʰui¹³/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /pue²²/ /pe²²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /puɔi²⁴²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /po⁴²/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /pue³⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /ʔbui³³/ |
* Middle Chinese: bojX
Rime :
| Character | 倍 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 並 (3) |
| Final (韻) | 咍 (41) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 薄亥切 |
| Baxter | bojX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /bʌi$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /bəi$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /bɒi$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /bəj$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /bᴀi$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /bɒi$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /bʱɑ̆i$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | bài |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | boi$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[b]ˤəʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*bɯːʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 倍 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | bèi |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ bwoj$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[b]ˁəʔ/ |
| English | double |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 倍 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 9837 |
| Phonetic component | 咅 |
| Rime group | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 倍 |
| Old Chinese | /*bɯːʔ/ |

#### Definitions

倍
* to double
* Classifier for the number of times a value is multiplied: times; -fold
    一百倍 ― yībǎi bèi ― hundredfold; one hundred times
* exceptionally; especially
* (Mandarin, colloquial) very; extremely

#### Compounds

* 事倍功半 (shìbèi-gōngbàn)
* 事半功倍 (shìbàn-gōngbèi)
* 五倍子 (wǔbèizǐ)
* 五倍子蟲 / 五倍子虫
* 倍兒 / 倍儿 (bèir)
* 倍力橋 / 倍力桥
* 倍受矚目 / 倍受瞩目
* 倍增 (bèizēng)
* 倍奉
* 倍常
* 倍式 (bèishì)
* 倍律
* 倍感親切 / 倍感亲切
* 倍數 / 倍数 (bèishù)
* 倍日并行
* 倍比定律
* 倍率 (bèilǜ)
* 倍稱 / 倍称
* 倍蓰
* 倍覺 / 倍觉
* 倍足綱 / 倍足纲
* 倍道 (bèidào)
* 倍道兼行
* 倍道兼進 / 倍道兼进
* 偏倍
* 公倍數 / 公倍数 (gōngbèishù)
* 兼倍
* 利市三倍
* 力倍功半
* 加倍 (jiābèi)
* 勇氣百倍 / 勇气百倍 (yǒngqì bǎibèi)
* 半價倍息 / 半价倍息
* 單倍體 / 单倍体 (dānbèitǐ)
* 獲利倍蓰 / 获利倍蓰
* 百倍 (bǎibèi)
* 聲價十倍 / 声价十倍
* 身價百倍 / 身价百倍
* 雙倍 / 双倍 (shuāngbèi)

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): bèi (bei$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄟˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): bui$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bèi
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄟˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bèi
*** Wade–Giles: pei$^4$
*** Yale: bèi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bey
*** Palladius: бэй (bɛj)
*** Sinological IPA : /peɪ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: bui$^3$
*** Yale: bui
*** Cantonese Pinyin: bui$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: bui$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /puːi̯³³/

#### Definitions

倍
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 背 (“to give up; to betray; to violate; to have one's back towards”)
    From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
    Gù jūn mín zhě, zǐ yǐ ài zhī, zé mín qīn zhī; xìn yǐ jié zhī, zé mín bù bèi. [Pinyin]
    Hence, when the ruler of the people loves them as his sons, they feel to him as a parent; when he binds them to himself by his good faith, they do not turn away from him.

#### Compounds

* 倍反
* 倍畔
* 倍道 (bèidào)
* 違倍 / 违倍
* 鄙倍

### Pronunciation 3

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): péi (pei$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄆㄟˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): pui$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: péi
*** Zhuyin: ㄆㄟˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: péi
*** Wade–Giles: pʻei$^2$
*** Yale: péi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: peir
*** Palladius: пэй (pɛj)
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰeɪ̯³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: pui$^4$
*** Yale: pùih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: pui$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: pui$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰuːi̯²¹/

#### Definitions

倍
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Original form of 陪 (péi).
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 賠 / 赔 (péi)

#### Compounds

* 倍伴
* 倍償 / 倍偿
* 倍費 / 倍费

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: ばい (bai, Jōyō)、べ (be)
* Kan-on: はい (hai)
* Kun: そむく (somuku, 倍く)、ます (masu, 倍す)

#### Compounds

* 倍音(ばいおん) (baion)
* 倍加(ばいか) (baika)
* 倍額(ばいがく) (baigaku)
* 倍旧(ばいきゅう) (baikyū)
* 倍数(ばいすう) (baisū)
* 倍精度(ばいせいど) (baiseido)
* 倍増(ばいぞう) (baizō)
* 倍大(ばいだい) (baidai)
* 倍率(ばいりつ) (bairitsu)
* 安倍川餅(あべかわもち) (abekawa-mochi)
* 一粒万倍(いちつぶまんばい) (ichitsubu manbai)
* 一倍(いちばい) (ichibai)
* 五倍子(ごばいし) (gobaishi)
* 数倍(すうばい) (sūbai)
* 逓倍(てんばい) (tenbai)
* 人一倍(ひといちばい) (hitoichibai)
* 勇気百倍(ゆうきひゃくばい) (yūki hyakubai)

### Noun

倍(ばい) • (bai)
* twice, double, two times
    田(た)中(なか)さんの家(いえ)は私(わたし)の家(いえ)の倍(ばい)の大(おお)きさだ。
       Tanaka-san no ie wa watashi no ie no bai no ōkisa da.
       Tanaka's house is twice the size of mine.
    倍(ばい)にする
       bai ni suru
       to double

#### Antonyms

* 半(はん) (han, “half”)

### Counter

倍(ばい) • (-bai)
* times, -fold
    この飛行機(ひこうき)はあの飛行機(ひこうき)よりも ３(さん)倍(ばい)速(はや)い。
       Kono hikōki wa ano hikōki yori mo san-bai hayai.
       This plane is a whole three times faster than that plane.
    ４(よん) の ５(ご)倍(ばい)
       yon no go-bai
       4 times 5
* (typography) a multiple of 全角 (zenkaku, “fullwidth/-height”) or 1 em in Western typography
    Antonym: 分 (bu)
    2(に)倍(ばい)
       nibai
       2 ems
* (typography, newspapers) a unit in newspaper typesetting, equal to 88 mils, $^{88}$⁄$_{1000}$ in, 8 U (U) and $^1$⁄$_{16}$ 段 (dan)

### See also

* 倍(ばい)角(かく) (baikaku)

## Korean
### Hanja

倍 (eumhun 곱 배 (gop bae))
* hanja form of 배 (“twice; double”)

#### Compounds

* 배율 (倍率, baeyul, “magnification”)

## Tày
### Han character

倍 (transliteration needed)
* Nôm form of viòi.

### References

* Lục Văn Pảo, Hoàng Tuấn Nam (2003) Hoàng Triều Ân, editor, Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày [A Dictionary of (chữ) Nôm Tày]‎ (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội

## Vietnamese
### Han character

倍: Hán Nôm readings: bội, bạu, bậu, bụa, buạ, vội
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.