OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 年夜飯
## Chinese

* 年夜飯

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): niányèfàn
    (Zhuyin): ㄋㄧㄢˊ ㄧㄝˋ ㄈㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): nin$^4$ je$^6$ faan$^6$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): nî-iā-pn̄g / nî-iā-pūiⁿ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ni$^5$ mê$^5$ bung$^7$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$gni-ya$_6$-ve$_6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: niányèfàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄋㄧㄢˊ ㄧㄝˋ ㄈㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: niányèfàn
*** Wade–Giles: nien$^2$-yeh$^4$-fan$^4$
*** Yale: nyán-yè-fàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nianyehfann
*** Palladius: няньефань (njanʹjefanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ni̯ɛn³⁵ jɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ fän⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: nin$^4$ je$^6$ faan$^6$
*** Yale: nìhn yeh faahn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: nin$^4$ je$^6$ faan$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: nin$^4$ yé$^6$ fan$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /niːn²¹ jɛː²² faːn²²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nî-iā-pn̄g
*** Tâi-lô: nî-iā-pn̄g
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ni'iaxp'ng
*** IPA (Taipei): /nĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ ia³³⁻¹¹ pŋ̍³³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /nĩ²⁴⁻²² ia⁴¹⁻²² pŋ̍⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /nĩ²⁴⁻²² ia²²⁻²¹ pŋ̍²²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /nĩ²³⁻³³ ia³³⁻²¹ pŋ̍³³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nî-iā-pūiⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: nî-iā-puīnn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ni'iaxpvui
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /nĩ¹³⁻²² ia²²⁻²¹ puĩ²²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ni$^5$ mê$^5$ bung$^7$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: nî mê pūng
*** Sinological IPA : /ni⁵⁵⁻¹¹ me⁵⁵⁻¹¹ puŋ¹¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$gni-ya$_6$-ve$_6$
*** MiniDict: nyi$^去$ ya$^去$ ve$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$nyi-hhia$_3$-ve$_3$
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /n̠ʲi²² ɦia⁵⁵ ve²¹/

### Noun

年夜飯
* the "reunion dinner" held on New Year's Eve of the Chinese New Year, during which family members get together to celebrate

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 年夜飯, 年飯 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 年夜飯, 團圓飯 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 年飯 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 年飯 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 年飯 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 團年飯 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 團年飯 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 團年飯 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 年飯 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 年夜飯 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 團年飯 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 團年飯 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 團圓飯 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 團圓飯 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 團圓飯 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 團圓飯 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 團圓飯 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 團圓飯 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 年飯, 封歲飯 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 分歲暝 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 圍爐飯 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 圍爐飯 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 過年飯, 年暝飯 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 年飯 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 年夜飯 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 年夜飯 |
| Wu | Danyang | 年夜飯 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 隔歲 |
# Socal
## English
### Alternative forms

* So-cal, SoCal, Southern California

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsoʊ.kæl/

### Proper noun

Socal
* Abbreviation of Southern California.
    Antonym: Norcal
    I lived in Socal for about 10 years.
* (informal) The South Coast region of California.

### Anagrams

* colas, Scola, LOCAs, coals, alcos, LCAOs, COLAs, Calos

## Italian
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Proper noun

Socal m or f by sense
* a surname from Venetan

### Further reading

* Stefano Ravara, Mappa dei Cognomi, 2015–2025
# dissected
## English
### Verb

dissected
* simple past and past participle of dissect

### Adjective

dissected
* (botany) Deeply divided; cut into many segments.

#### Derived terms

* dissected map
# calatorum
## Latin
### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ka.laːˈtoː.rum/, [käɫ̪äːˈt̪oːrʊ̃ˑ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ka.laˈto.rum/, [käläˈt̪ɔːrum]

### Noun

calātōrum
* genitive plural of calātor

### Participle

calātōrum
* genitive masculine/neuter plural of calātus
# calatores
## Latin
### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ka.laːˈtoː.reːs/, [käɫ̪äːˈt̪oːreːs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ka.laˈto.res/, [käläˈt̪ɔːres]

### Noun

calātōrēs
* nominative/accusative/vocative plural of calātor
# Waldhausener
## German
### Etymology

From Waldhausen +‎ -er.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈvaltˌhaʊ̯.zn̩ɐ]
* Hyphenation: Wald‧hau‧se‧ner

### Noun

Waldhausener m (strong, genitive Waldhauseners, plural Waldhausener)
* a native or inhabitant of Waldhausen

#### Derived terms

* Waldhausenerin

#### Related terms

* Holzhausener, Oerlinghausener, Oberhausener

### Adjective

Waldhausener (indeclinable, no predicative form)
* (relational) of Waldhausen

#### Usage notes

* Words like this are considered indeclinable adjectives, as noted by Duden, DWDS and other modern German references, but are capitalized because they originated as genitive plurals of substantives. See -er for more.
# 御休み
## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 御 | 休 |
| お Grade: S | やす Grade: 1 |
| kun'yomi ||
For pronunciation and definitions of 御休み – see the following entry. :
| 【お休やすみ】 | [noun] (honorific) sleep, rest [noun] (polite) a day off, absence, a holiday [interjection] Short for お休みなさい (oyasumi nasai, “good night”). Alternative spelling 御休 |
(This term, 御休み, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :
# venidium
## English

* This entry needs a photograph or drawing for illustration. Please try to find a suitable image on Wikimedia Commons or upload one there yourself!

### Noun

venidium (plural venidiums)
* An African daisy of the genus Arctotis (syn. Venidium), native to South Africa.

#### Usage notes

* Some authorities treat 20-25 species as belonging to a retained genus Venidium, leaving Arctotis with about 25-50.

### References

* Arctotis on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* Arctotis on Wikispecies.Wikispecies
* Arctotis on Wikimedia Commons.Wikimedia Commons
* Arctotis at Plants of the World Online
* Venidium at Plants of the World Online
# tukanusu
## Old Tupi
### Etymology

From tukana (“toco toucan”) +‎ -usu (augmentative suffix).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [tu.kã.nuˈsu]
* Rhymes: -u
* Hyphenation: tu‧ka‧nu‧su

### Noun

tukanusu (unpossessable)
* toco toucan (Ramphastos toco)
    Synonym: tukana
* (North Tupi, now historical) a non-Tupian tribe that lived in Northeast Brazil

#### Descendants

* → Portuguese: tucanuçu, tucanaçu, tucano-açu, → tucano-grande (calque)

### References

* ↑ Ambrósio Fernandes Brandão (1618) “Dialogo quinto”, in Diálogos das Grandezas do Brasil [Dialogues of Brazil's Greatnesses]; republished as João Capistrano de Abreu, Rodolpho Garcia, compilers, Rio de Janeiro: Officina Industrial Graphica, 1930, page 220: “Tucanoçú [Tukanusu]”
* ↑ Fernão Cardim (p. 1583) “A Treatiſe of Braſil, written by a Portugall which had long lived there”, in Samuel Purchas, transl., Francis Cooke, compiler, Pvrchas his Pilgrimes, part IV, book VII, chapter I § III (overall work in English), London: H. Fetherston, published 1625, page 1299: “Tucanucu [Tukanusu]”
* ↑ Joannes de Laet (1633) chapter III, in Novus orbis ſeu Descriptionis Indiæ Occidentalis, volume XV, page 547: “Tucanucos [Tukanusu]”
* Eduardo de Almeida Navarro (2013) “tukanusu”, in Dicionário de tupi antigo: a língua indígena clássica do Brasil [Dictionary of Old Tupi: The Classical Indigenous Language of Brazil] (overall work in Portuguese), São Paulo: Global, →ISBN, page 482, column 1
# Thannhausens
## German
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈtanˌhaʊ̯zn̩s]
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: Thann‧hau‧sens

### Proper noun

Thannhausens
* genitive singular of Thannhausen
# ayaori
## Japanese
### Romanization

ayaori
* Rōmaji transcription of あやおり
# ilimitada
## Galician
### Adjective

ilimitada
* feminine singular of ilimitado

## Portuguese
### Adjective

ilimitada f sg
* feminine singular of ilimitado

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ilimiˈtada/ [i.li.miˈt̪a.ð̞a]
* Rhymes: -ada
* Syllabification: i‧li‧mi‧ta‧da

### Adjective

ilimitada f sg
* feminine singular of ilimitado
# ilimitadas
## Galician
### Adjective

ilimitadas
* feminine plural of ilimitado

## Portuguese
### Adjective

ilimitadas f pl
* feminine plural of ilimitado

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ilimiˈtadas/ [i.li.miˈt̪a.ð̞as]
* Rhymes: -adas
* Syllabification: i‧li‧mi‧ta‧das

### Adjective

ilimitadas f pl
* feminine plural of ilimitado
# ᮙᮔ᮪ᮓᮜᮤᮊ
## Sundanese
### Noun

ᮙᮔ᮪ᮓᮜᮤᮊ • (mandalika)
* Sundanese spelling of mandalika‎
# illimité
## French
### Etymology

From il- (“un-”) +‎ limité (“limited”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /i.li.mi.te/
** Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -e
* Homophones: illimitée, illimitées, illimités

### Adjective

illimité (feminine illimitée, masculine plural illimités, feminine plural illimitées)
* limitless; infinite; unlimited
    Je suis le titulaire d’abonnement haut débit avec un forfait illimité.I am the holder of a broadband account with unlimited data usage.
* indefinite (without a defined ending time/date)
    une grève généralisée illimitéean indefinite general strike

### Further reading

* “illimité”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
# kyūkyū
## Japanese
### Romanization

kyūkyū
* Rōmaji transcription of きゅうきゅう
# -yeeł
## Navajo
### Stem

-yeeł
* Verbal stem occurring in the following root, aspect, and mode combinations:
       Aspect IMP PERF FUT ITER OPT MOM -YÉÉL (dark/quiet) -YÉÉL (dark/quiet)
# 烏瓜
## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 烏 | 瓜 |
| からす Jinmeiyō | うり Jinmeiyō |
| kun'yomi ||

### Etymology

烏(からす) (karasu, “crow; raven”) + 瓜(うり) (uri, “gourd”)

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) からすうり [kàrásúꜜùrì] (Nakadaka – [3])
* IPA: [ka̠ɾa̠sɨɯ̟ɾʲi]

### Noun

烏(からす)瓜(うり) or 烏瓜(カラスウリ) • (karasuuri)
* Japanese snake gourd (Trichosanthes sect. Cucumeroides)

#### Derived terms

* 南(ナン)蛮(バン)烏(カラス)瓜(ウリ) (Nanban karasūri)

#### See also

* 王瓜根(おうがこん) (ōgakon)
# sardelą
## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sarˈdɛ.lɔw̃/
* Rhymes: -ɛlɔw̃
* Syllabification: sar‧de‧lą

### Noun

sardelą
* instrumental singular of sardela
# 탑

| 탑 | U+D0D1, &#53457; HANGUL SYLLABLE TAB |
| Composition: | ㅌ + ㅏ + ㅂ |
| ← 탐 [U+D0D0] | Hangul Syllables | 탒 → [U+D0D2] |
타탁탂탃탄탅탆 탇탈탉탊탋탌탍 탎탏탐탑탒탓탔 탕탖탗탘탙탚탛 :
| 키 ← | → 태 |

## Korean
### Etymology 1

Sino-Korean word from 塔 (“stupa; tower”), from Sanskrit स्तूप (stūpa).

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [tʰa̠p̚]
* Phonetic hangul: [탑]

#### Noun

탑 • (tap) (hanja 塔)
* a tower or similar tall structure
    공원에는 독립을 기념하는 탑이 세워졌다.Gong'won-e-neun dongnib-eul ginyeomhaneun tab-i sewojeotda.A tower commemorating independence was erected in the park.
* (Buddhism) a pagoda or such a monument that has evolved from the archaic stupa
* (tarot) The Tower (Tarot card)

##### Synonyms

* 탑파(塔婆) (tap'pa, “stupa”)

##### Derived terms

* See the hanja entry at 塔 for Sino-Korean compounds of 탑 (塔, tap).

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from English top.

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [tʰa̠p̚]
* Phonetic hangul: [탑]

#### Noun

탑 • (tap)
* (gay slang) top
    Coordinate terms: 바텀 (bateom, “bottom”), 올 (ol, “vers”)

##### Derived terms

* 올탑 (oltap, “vers top”)
# gavotte
## English
### Etymology

From French, from Provençal gavoto (“dance of the mountain people”), from Old Occitan Gavot (“Alp native”), literally “glutton, boor,” from gaver (“force feed”), from Old Provençal gava (“crop”); attested since the 1690s.

### Pronunciation

* Rhymes: -ɒt

### Noun

gavotte (plural gavottes)
* A French dance, in either 4/4 or 2/2 time.

#### Translations
### Verb

gavotte (third-person singular simple present gavottes, present participle gavotting, simple past and past participle gavotted)
* To perform this dance.
** 1972, Carly Simon (lyrics and music), “You're so Vain” (0:36 from the start)‎ (audio recording), performed by Carly Simon, Rhino/Elektra, published 2017:You had one eye in the mirror as / you watched yourself gavotte / And all the girls dreamed that they'd be your partner / They'd be your partner, and / You're so vain
** 2023 August 2, HarryBlank, “Act Your Age”, in SCP Foundation‎, archived from the original on 27 December 2024:"Upbeat I can do." Karen paged through the options for a while, her pretty face tight, jaw clamped shut, then perked up at something she saw and jabbed the buttons like she wanted to speak to their manager. A bright, jangly guitar burst out of the wall speakers. George Harrison's voice announced that contrary to appearances, it was all right. Karen gavotted into the middle of the bar to dance, eyes closed in rapture.

### References

* ↑ Douglas Harper (2001–2025) “gavotte”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.

## French
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡa.vɔt/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

gavotte f (plural gavottes)
* gavotte

### Further reading

* “gavotte”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Italian
### Noun

gavotte f
* plural of gavotta

### Anagrams

* gettavo
# liscio
## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈliʃ.ʃo/
* Rhymes: -iʃʃo
* Hyphenation: lì‧scio

### Etymology 1

Possibly from Provençal lis, liso, from French lisse, from Old High German lise (Modern German leise), or alternatively from a Vulgar Latin *liseus or *lisius, perhaps from Ancient Greek λισσός (lissós).
Compare Portuguese and Spanish liso, Catalan llis, Sicilian lisciu, Friulian and Lombard lis, Romansch glisch.

#### Adjective

liscio (feminine liscia, masculine plural lisci, feminine plural lisce)
* smooth, sleek, polished
    Synonyms: calmo, levigato, lucidato, piatto, piano
* (figurative) simple
    Synonym: semplice
* neat, straight (of an alcoholic beverage)
* (vulgar, slang) of the private parts (scrotum, anus, vulva, etc.) hairless

#### Adverb

liscio
* smoothly
    Synonyms: facilmente, lisciamente, tranquillamente

#### Noun

liscio m (plural lisci)
* ballroom dancing
* country music

##### Synonyms

* ballo liscio

##### Related terms

* liscezza
* lisciamente
* lisciare
* lisciata
* lisciato

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

liscio
* first-person singular present indicative of lisciare

### Further reading

* liscio in Collins Italian-English Dictionary
* liscio in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)
* liscio in Aldo Gabrielli, Grandi Dizionario Italiano (Hoepli)
* liscio in garzantilinguistica.it – Garzanti Linguistica, De Agostini Scuola Spa
* liscio in Dizionario Italiano Olivetti, Olivetti Media Communication

### Anagrams

* olisci, scioli
# mascote
## Portuguese
### Etymology

Borrowed from French mascotte, from Provençal mascoto.

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /masˈkɔ.t͡ʃi/
* (Brazil) IPA: /masˈkɔ.t͡ʃi/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /maʃˈkɔ.t͡ʃi/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /masˈkɔ.te/
* (Portugal) IPA: /mɐʃˈkɔ.tɨ/
* Hyphenation: mas‧co‧te

### Noun

mascote (Brazil) m or (Portugal) f (plural mascotes)
* mascot

#### Usage notes

* In Brazil, the word is usually masculine, unless when referring to a woman. In Portugal, it is usually feminine, except when referring to a man.
# Davion
## English
### Etymology

The modern American usage is possibly transferred from the French surname Davion, based on a Provençal diminutive of David. It is not used as a given name in France.

### Proper noun

Davion
* A male given name transferred from the surname.

### Anagrams

* Davino
# caçarola
## Portuguese
### Etymology

Borrowed from French casserole (“casserole”), from Provençal cassa, from Latin cattia (“pan”). Cognate with Sicilian cazzalora.

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ka.saˈɾɔ.lɐ/
* (Brazil) IPA: /ka.saˈɾɔ.lɐ/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ka.saˈɾɔ.la/
* (Portugal) IPA: /kɐ.sɐˈɾɔ.lɐ/

### Noun

caçarola f (plural caçarolas)
* pan (flat vessel used for frying)
    Synonym: panela
* saucepan
# guindaste
## Galician
### Verb

guindaste
* (reintegrationist norm) second-person singular preterite indicative of guindar

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ɡĩˈdas.t͡ʃi/
* (Brazil) IPA: /ɡĩˈdas.t͡ʃi/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /ɡĩˈdaʃ.t͡ʃi/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ɡĩˈdas.te/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ɡĩˈdaʃ.tɨ/
* Hyphenation: guin‧das‧te

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from either French guindeau or Old French guindas, which are from Provençal guindatz and ultimately from Old Norse vindáss.

#### Noun

guindaste m (plural guindastes)
* crane (mechanical)
* (regional) stork drawing water from wells

### Etymology 2
#### Verb

guindaste
* second-person singular preterite indicative of guindar

### References

* “guindaste”, in Dicionário infopédia da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Porto: Porto Editora, 2003–2025
* “guindaste”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2025

## Spanish
### Verb

guindaste
* second-person singular preterite indicative of guindar
# abader
## French
### Etymology

From Provençal abada, from badar, from Latin batare (“to gape”), an imitative word.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /a.ba.de/
* Homophones: abadai, abadé, abadée, abadées, abadés, abadez
* Audio:(file)

### Verb

abader
* (transitive, dialectal, Southern France) to allow out; to remove the restraints from
* (pronominal, dialectal, Southern France) to escape, get out, run away, figuratively take off

#### Conjugation
### Further reading

* “abader”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
# briccola
## Italian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Provençal bricola, from Middle High German brechen.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈbrik.ko.la/
* Rhymes: -ikkola
* Hyphenation: brìc‧co‧la

### Noun

briccola f (plural briccole)
* (Venice) any of a group of piles used to mark the navigable channels through the lagoon
* (Piedmont) a type of lever used to lift loads (especially water from a well)
* (obsolete) a type of military siege engine similar to a catapult (a mangano)

#### Descendants

* → French: bricole

### Further reading

* briccola$^1$ in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
# gratar
## Aragonese
### Etymology

Of Germanic origin; probably borrowed from Frankish *kratton, from Proto-Germanic *krattōną, from Proto-Indo-European *gred-, see also English scratch. Compare Catalan gratar, French gratter, Italian grattare, Sicilian grattari.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡɾaˈta(ɾ)/
* Rhymes: -a(ɾ)
* Syllabification: gra‧tar

### Verb

gratar
* to scrape (with the nails)
    Synonyms: rascar, escotolar-se

#### Conjugation
### Further reading

* Diccionario ortografico de l'aragonés (Seguntes la PO de l'EFA)

## Catalan
### Etymology

Of Germanic origin; probably borrowed from Frankish *kratton, from Proto-Germanic *krattōną, from Proto-Indo-European *gred-, see also English scratch. Compare Aragonese gratar, French gratter, Italian grattare, Sicilian grattari.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [ɡɾəˈta]
* IPA: (Valencia) [ɡɾaˈtaɾ]
* Homophone: gratà
* Rhymes: -a(ɾ)

### Verb

gratar (first-person singular present grato, first-person singular preterite gratí, past participle gratat)
* to scratch (with the nails)
    Synonym: rascar

#### Derived terms

* grata-sòl
* gratabous
* gratacel
* gratacul
* gratada
* gratador
* grataesquena
* gratament

### Further reading

* “gratar” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “gratar”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025
* “gratar” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
* “gratar” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

## Ido
### Etymology

Borrowed from Esperanto grati, English grate, French gratter, Italian grattare.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡraˈtar/

### Verb

gratar (present tense gratas, past tense gratis, future tense gratos, imperative gratez, conditional gratus)
* (transitive) to scrape (against), scratch (lightly)

#### Derived terms

* gratigar

## Spanish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Occitan or Provençal gratar (“to scratch”), of Germanic origin, from Proto-Germanic *krattōną, from Proto-Indo-European *gred-, see also English scratch.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡɾaˈtaɾ/ [ɡɾaˈt̪aɾ]
* Rhymes: -aɾ
* Syllabification: gra‧tar

### Verb

gratar (first-person singular present grato, first-person singular preterite graté, past participle gratado)
* (transitive) to clean or polish with a wire brush
    El herrero grató la pieza de metal para darle un acabado suave.The blacksmith polished the piece of metal to give it a smooth finish.

#### Conjugation

$^1$Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language. $^2$Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.
These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

#### Derived terms

* grata

#### Related terms

* bruñir
* limpiar

### Further reading

* “gratar”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# mantum
## English
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin mantum. Doublet of manto.

### Noun

mantum
* The mantle worn by the pope, which is very similar to a cope, but longer and fastened in the front by an elaborate morse.

### Further reading

* mantum on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

## Latin
### Etymology

Probably from Gaulish *mantos, *mantalos (“trodden road”), from Proto-Celtic *mantos, *mantlos, from Proto-Indo-European *menH- (“tread, press together; crumble”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈman.tum/, [ˈmän̪t̪ʊ̃ˑ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈman.tum/, [ˈmän̪t̪um]

### Noun

mantum n (genitive mantī); second declension
* a Spanish cloak

#### Declension

Second-declension noun (neuter).

#### Derived terms

* mantellum (diminutive)
** Catalan: mantell
** Italian: mantello
** Old French: mantel (see there for further descendants)
** Occitan:
    Languedocien: mantèl
    Provençal: mantèu
    Gascon: mantèth, màntol
** Galician: mantelo
** → Greek: μάντιον (mántion)
*** → Old Church Slavonic: мантиꙗ (mantija)
**** → Bulgarian: ма́нтия (mántija)
**** → Macedonian: мантија (mantija)
**** → Romanian: mantie
**** → Russian: мантия (mantija)
**** → Serbo-Croatian: mantija / мантија
** → Proto-West Germanic: *mantel (see there for further descendants)
** Sicilian: manteḍḍu
** ⇒ Late Latin: mantelletum
*** Italian: mantelletta f
**** → English: mantelletta

#### Descendants

* Catalan: manto
* Italian: manto
* Spanish: manto
** Chavacano: manto
** → English: manto
* Mirandese: manto
* Old Galician-Portuguese: manto
** Galician: manto
** Portuguese: manto
* Sicilian: mantu
* → English: mantum
Feminine forms:
* Asturian: manta
* Catalan: manta
* Galician: manta
* Mirandese: manta
* Portuguese: manta
* Spanish: manta (see there for further descendants)

### References

* “mantum”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* mantum in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
# bigarrer
## French
### Etymology

From bis (“twice”) + *garrer, from Middle French garre (“of two colors”), but further origin uncertain; possibly borrowed from Occitan or Provençal, ultimately from Germanic. Ultimate source of English bigarade (“bitter orange”).

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Verb

bigarrer
* to variegate, to produce a colourful pattern

#### Related terms

* bigarré
* bigarrure

#### Descendants

* → Spanish: abigarrar

### References

* ↑ Roberts, Edward A. (2014) A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Spanish Language with Families of Words based on Indo-European Roots, Xlibris Corporation, →ISBN

### Further reading

* “bigarrer”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.