# porro
## Aragonese
### Etymology

From Latin porrum.

### Noun

porro m (plural porros)
* leek

### References

* Bal Palazios, Santiago (2002) “porro”, in Dizionario breu de a luenga aragonesa, Zaragoza, →ISBN

## Catalan
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Catalan porro~porre, from Latin porrum.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central) [ˈpo.ru]
* IPA: (Balearic, Valencia) [ˈpo.ro]

### Noun

porro m (plural porros)
* (botany) leek
* (slang) spliff (cigarette made with marijuana and tobacco)

#### Derived terms

* porradell
* porrassa

#### Descendants

* → Spanish: porro

### References

* “porro” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “porro” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

## Estonian
### Noun

porro
* illative singular of poro

## Finnish
### Etymology

Probably reappropriated from the name porro documented for Lamium albium (valkopeippi), for which a longer form of porrinkainen is also known. Possibly clipped from Swedish kardborre.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈporːo/, [ˈpo̞rːo̞]
* Rhymes: -orːo
* Hyphenation: por‧ro

### Noun

porro
* Synonym of valkoporro (“Ballota nigra”)
* any plant of the genus Ballota
* (in the plural) the genus Ballota

#### Declension

Possessive forms of porro (Kotus type 2/palvelu, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
porroni
porroni
accusative
nom.
porroni
porroni
gen.
porroni
genitive
porroni
porrojeni porroideni porroitteni
partitive
porroani
porrojani porroitani
inessive
porrossani
porroissani
elative
porrostani
porroistani
illative
porrooni
porroihini
adessive
porrollani
porroillani
ablative
porroltani
porroiltani
allative
porrolleni
porroilleni
essive
porronani
porroinani
translative
porrokseni
porroikseni
abessive
porrottani
porroittani
instructive
comitative
—porroineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
porrosi
porrosi
accusative
nom.
porrosi
porrosi
gen.
porrosi
genitive
porrosi
porrojesi porroidesi porroittesi
partitive
porroasi
porrojasi porroitasi
inessive
porrossasi
porroissasi
elative
porrostasi
porroistasi
illative
porroosi
porroihisi
adessive
porrollasi
porroillasi
ablative
porroltasi
porroiltasi
allative
porrollesi
porroillesi
essive
porronasi
porroinasi
translative
porroksesi
porroiksesi
abessive
porrottasi
porroittasi
instructive
comitative
—porroinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
porromme
porromme
accusative
nom.
porromme
porromme
gen.
porromme
genitive
porromme
porrojemme porroidemme porroittemme
partitive
porroamme
porrojamme porroitamme
inessive
porrossamme
porroissamme
elative
porrostamme
porroistamme
illative
porroomme
porroihimme
adessive
porrollamme
porroillamme
ablative
porroltamme
porroiltamme
allative
porrollemme
porroillemme
essive
porronamme
porroinamme
translative
porroksemme
porroiksemme
abessive
porrottamme
porroittamme
instructive
comitative
—porroinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
porronne
porronne
accusative
nom.
porronne
porronne
gen.
porronne
genitive
porronne
porrojenne porroidenne porroittenne
partitive
porroanne
porrojanne porroitanne
inessive
porrossanne
porroissanne
elative
porrostanne
porroistanne
illative
porroonne
porroihinne
adessive
porrollanne
porroillanne
ablative
porroltanne
porroiltanne
allative
porrollenne
porroillenne
essive
porronanne
porroinanne
translative
porroksenne
porroiksenne
abessive
porrottanne
porroittanne
instructive
comitative
—porroinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
porronsa
porronsa
accusative
nom.
porronsa
porronsa
gen.
porronsa
genitive
porronsa
porrojensa porroidensa porroittensa
partitive
porroaan porroansa
porrojaan porroitaan porrojansa porroitansa
inessive
porrossaan porrossansa
porroissaan porroissansa
elative
porrostaan porrostansa
porroistaan porroistansa
illative
porroonsa
porroihinsa
adessive
porrollaan porrollansa
porroillaan porroillansa
ablative
porroltaan porroltansa
porroiltaan porroiltansa
allative
porrolleen porrollensa
porroilleen porroillensa
essive
porronaan porronansa
porroinaan porroinansa
translative
porrokseen porroksensa
porroikseen porroiksensa
abessive
porrottaan porrottansa
porroittaan porroittansa
instructive
comitative
—porroineen porroinensa :

#### Derived terms

* valkoporro

## Galician
### Etymology

13th century. From Old Galician-Portuguese, from Latin porrum (“leek”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpɔro/

### Noun

porro m (plural porros)
* (botany) leek
    Synonym: allo porro
* (slang) joint (marijuana cigarette)

#### Derived terms

* Monte Porreiro
* Pena Porreira
* Porreira
* porreiro
* Porreiro
* Porreiros

### References

* Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “porro”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “porro”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “porro”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “porro”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

## Italian
### Etymology

From Latin porrum.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpɔr.ro/
* Rhymes: -ɔrro
* Hyphenation: pòr‧ro

### Noun

porro m (plural porri)
* leek
* wart
    Synonym: verruca

#### Derived terms

* porraccio
* porrandello
* porrata
* porroso

#### Descendants

* → Alemannic German: Bor

### Further reading

* porro in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

## Latin
### Alternative forms

* pōrōd (Archaic Latin, Epigraphic Latin)
* porrò (early modern)

### Etymology

Uncertain; the traditional view (supported by ancient grammarians) connects it with the Ancient Greek πόρρω (pórrhō), similar in form and meaning. However, the old form of this Greek word, πρόσω (prósō), would not easily align with the derivation of the Latin word. Moreover, adverbs are not usually borrowed from other languages. In all probability related to Proto-Indo-European *pro-.
De Vaan clarifies the archaic Praenestinian Latino-Faliscan POROD is not an ablative, and mentions a very tentative derivation, by Nussbaum, of Proto-Indo-European *pro- + an adverbial -s + the suffix -ō observed in Latin intrō, ultrō, contrōversia, effectively *prs-ō > *porsō > porrō.

### Adverb

porrō (not comparable)
* (of motion) on, forward, onward
** c. 190 BCE – 185 BCE, Plautus, Amphitryon 3.5.65:Inde ībis porrō in latomiās lapidāriās.From there you’ll go on in the stone quarries.
** (of giving something received) forward
*** 7th – 5th C. BCE, CIL I$^2$ 560 d; published in Ernst Lommatzch, Theodor Mommsen, editors, Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, volume I, fascicle 2, Berlin, 1918, page 430:FERI·PORODGive forwardNote: The phrase is written underneath a drawing of a slave in the kitchen, helping with the preparation of a meal for the Lares, handing another worker a plate of food.
*** 161 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Phormio 5.921–923:DĒMIPHŌ. Sed trānsī sōdēs ad forum atque illud mihī argentum rūrsum iubĕ rescrībī, Phormiō. PHORMIŌ. Quodne ego dīscrīpsī porrō illīs quibŭs dēbuī?DEMIPHO. But go over to the forum if you will and order that silver to be returned to my account, Phormio. PHORMIO. That which I’ve transferred forward to my creditors?
* (static; Old Latin, Late Latin, poetic) away, yonder
** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 6.710–712:Horrēscit vīsū subitō causāsque requīrit īnscius Aenēās, quae sint ea flūmina porrō, quīve virī tantō complērint agmine rīpās?Aeneas is scared at the sudden sight and asks, ignorant, for the causes: which might those yonder rivers be, and which men might fill the banks with such a multitude?
* (of motion; Old Latin, Late Latin; rare outside of etymological glosses) outwards, away, outside
** 2nd–3rd C. C.E., Pomponius Porphyrio, Scholia on Horace, Odes 1.12.37; published in Alfred Holder, editor, Scholia antiqva in Q. Horativm Flaccvm, volume I, Arno Press, 1984, page 20:Prōdigī enim dīcuntur propriē, quī bona sua ā sē dispergunt, quasi porrō ea ab sē agentēs.Prodigals are called those who scatter their wealth, as if “directing it away from themselves”.
* (Late Latin; only in the work cited) Synonym of ūsque
** p. 384 CE, Egeria, Itinerarium Egeriae 36.3:
    Quī locus ad quod lectus fuerit, tantus rugītus et mūgītus totīus populī est cum flētū, ut forsitan porrō ad cīvitātem gemitus populī omnis audītus sit.
       Which place, when it had been read up to it, there’s such a roar and bellow of the people with crying, that the groan of the entire crowd was perhaps heard all the way to the city.
* then
** (in speaking, listening, argumentation) then, furthermore, besides
*** 163 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Heauton Timorumenos 4.5.23:Sed porrō auscultā quod superest fallaciae.Listen, besides, to the rest of the stratagem.
*** 84 BCE, Cicero, De inventione 1.34.59:Huius assūmptiōnis quārtō in locō aliam porrō indūcunt approbātiōnem, hōc modō: […] Then, in the fourth place, they introduce another proof of this assumption, like this: […]
*** c. 186 CE, Martial, Epigrams, preface to book II:
    “Quid nōbīs” inquis “cum epistulā? Parum enim tibi praestāmus, sī legimus epigrammata? Quid hīc porrō dictūrus es quod nōn possīs versibus dīcere?”
       “What do we” you say “have to do with a letter? are we supporting you too little if we read your epigrams? Besides, what are you going to say here that you couldn’t in verse?”
** (temporal) then, afterwards, thereafter, in the future
*** 59 BC–AD 17, Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita libri 40.36:Lēgātus ad ea, quae interrogātus erat, respondit neque sē neque quemquam alium dīvīnāre posse, quid in animō Celtibērī habērent aut porrō habitūrī essent.To what he had been asked the legate responded that neither he nor anyone else could predict what the Celtiberians intended or were going to intend in the future.
** (in enumerations) then, and
*** c. 125 CE – 180 CE, Apuleius, Metamorphoses 11.8:Hic incīnctus balteō mīlitem gerēbat, illum succīnctum chlamyde crepidēs et vēnābula vēnātōrem fēcerant, alius soccīs obaurātīs inductus sēricā veste mundōque prētiōsō et attextīs capite crīnibus incessū perfluō fēminam mentiēbātur. Porrō alium ocreīs scutō galeā ferrōque īnsīgnem ē lūdō putārēs gladiātōriō prōcēdere.One, strapped with a sword-belt, pretended to be a soldier, sandals and spears made another, girt with a cloak, a hunter, and another one, dressed in gilded slippers was imitating a woman with his silken garment, costly jewellery and long hair attached to the head, with a flowing gait. Then another, distinguished with greaves, helmet and sword, you’d have thought to come straight from the gladiator school.
*** 4th C. CE, Saint Jerome, Vulgate, Numbers 26:20–21:
    Fuēruntque fīliī Jūda per cognātiōnēs suās: Sēla, ā quō familia Sēlaītārum: Phares, ā quō familia Pharesītārum: Zare, ā quō familia Zareītārum. Porrō filii Phares: Hesrōn, ā quō familia Hesrōnītārum: et Hamūl, ā quō familia Hamūlītārum.And the sons of Judah after their families were: of Shelah, the family of the Shelanites; of Pharez, the family of the Pharzites; of Zerah, the family of the Zarhites. And the sons of Pharez were: of Hezron, the family of the Hezronites; of Hamul, the family of the Hamulites.
* (of an action continued) further, on
** c. 84 BCE – 54 BCE, Catullus, Carmina 45.1–4:Acmēn Septimius suōs amōrēs tenēns in gremiō “Mea” inquit, “Acmē, nī te perditē amō atque amāre porrō omnēs sum adsiduē parātus annōs […] Septimius, holding Acme his love in his lap said “My Acme, if I don’t love you consumately, and am not prepared for all the years to come to love you further […]
** 143 CE, Marcus Cornelius Fronto, Epistles to Emperor Marcus Aurelius 1.3:
    Tuus igitur iste amor incultus et sine ratiōne exortus, spērō, cum cedrīs porrō adolēscet et aesculīs.Thus, I hope this love of yours, unplanted and sprung up without reason, shall grow on with the cedars and oaks.
* in turn
** c. 84 BCE – 54 BCE, Catullus, Carmina 68.45–46:Sed dīcam vōbīs, vōs porrō dīcite multīs mīlibus et facite haec charta loquātur anus.But I shall tell you, you, in turn, tell it to many thousands and let this paper speak in old age.
** 45 BCE, Cicero, De finibus bonorum et malorum 2.19.61:Quod quidem eius factum nisi esset iūre laudātum, nōn esset imitātus quārtō cōnsulātū suō fīlius, neque porrō ex eō nātus cum Pyrrhō bellum gerēns cōnsul cecidisset in proeliō sēque ē continentī genere tertiam victimam reī pūblicae praebuisset.Had his [‌Publius Decius Mus'] deed not been deservedly praised, his son wouldn't have imitated him during his fourth consulate, nor would his son in turn have fallen in battle waging war on Pyrrhus and offered himself to the Republic a third victim from his kind.
* (somewhat rare) on the other hand, but
** c. 42 BCE, Sallust, Bellum Catilinae 46.2:At illum ingēns cūra atque laetitia simul occupāvēre. Nam laetābātur intellegēns coniūrātiōne patefactā cīvitātem perīculīs ēreptam esse; porrō autem ānxius erat, dubitāns in maxumō scelere tantīs cīvibus dēprehēnsīs, quid factō opus esset.But a great worry and joy filled him. For he rejoiced, understanding the city to be outside of peril, the plot being disclosed; on the other hand he was worried, not knowing what should be done, so many citizens having been caught in the greatest crime.
** c. 360 CE, Hilary of Poitiers, Commentaries on the Gospel of Matthew 6.3 in Patrologia Latina (volume 9), Jacques-Paul Migne (editor), 1844, page 952:
    Arduum in coelum iter hominis est, et aditus angustus ac tenuis: cēterum perditiōnis via lāta est. Īlanc plūrēs obtinent, illam porrō paucī inveniunt.
       Uphill is the road of man to heaven, and the gate is narrow and small: on the other hand, the way of damnation is broad. The latter many conquer, while the former but few find.
** 4th C. CE, Saint Jerome, Vulgate, Luke 11:19–20:
    Sī autem ego in Beelzebūb ēiciō daemonia, fīliī vestrī in quō ēiciunt? Ideō ipsī iūdicēs vestrī erunt. Porrō sī in digitō Deī ēiciō daemonia, profectō pervenit in vōs rēgnum Deī.And if I by Beelzebub cast out devils, by whom do your sons cast them out? therefore shall they be your judges. But if I with the finger of God cast out devils, no doubt the kingdom of God is come upon you.
* (very rare, chiefly Late Latin, often with another adverb) (back) then, in the past
** 8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 1.635–636:Altera quod porrō fuerat cecinisse putātur, altera ventūrum postmodo quicquid erat.One is thought to have sung what was in the past, the other whatever was going to come.
** 5th C. CE, Anianus of Celeda (translator), Homilies on Matthew 2.2, original author: John Chrysostom, in Patrologia Graeca (volume 58), Jacques-Paul Migne (editor), 1862, page 990:
    Ūsque adeō enim istud mīrābile erat, et nūllī ante prōrsus audītum, ut etiam angelī in chorum eārum rērum grātiā collēctī, tōtīus orbis nōmine propter ista glōriam concinerent, faustamque attollerent acclāmātiōnem; et prophetae porrō ante cum admīrātiōne praedīcerent: Quoniam super terram vīsus est, et cum hominibus conversātus est.For this [the First Coming] was so wonderful, and unheard to anyone before, that even angels, gathered in a choir by grace of these facts, sung in the name of the whole world for the glory, and raised up an auspicious acclamation; and prophets back then foretold with wonder: Afterwards he was seen upon earth, and conversed with men. (Baruch 3:38)

#### Derived terms

* porrō Quirītēs
* porrōdicium
* porrōgenitus
* prōporrō

#### Descendants

* Old Occitan: por

### Noun

porrō
* ablative/dative singular of porrum

### References

* De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “por-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 481
* “porro”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “porro”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* porro in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* “porrō” in volume X 1, column 2766, line 31 in the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae (TLL Open Access), Berlin (formerly Leipzig): De Gruyter (formerly Teubner), 1900–present

## Portuguese
### Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese porro, from Latin porrum (“leek”).

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈpo.ʁu/ [ˈpo.hu]
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈpo.ʁu/ [ˈpo.hu]
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /ˈpo.ʁu/ [ˈpo.χu]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˈpo.ʁo/ [ˈpo.ho]
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈpo.ʁu/
* Rhymes: -oʁu
* Hyphenation: por‧ro

### Noun

porro m (plural porros)
* leek (Allium ampeloprasum, syn. Allium porrum, a vegetable)
    Synonyms: alho-francês, alho-porro, alho-poró

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈporo/ [ˈpo.ro]
* Rhymes: -oro
* Syllabification: po‧rro

### Etymology 1

From Latin porrum, possibly borrowed through Catalan porro. Compare the (undoubtedly) inherited doublet puerro, showing the expected diphthongization of stressed Latin ŏ.

#### Noun

porro m (plural porros)
* (botany) leek
    Synonym: puerro

### Etymology 2

From porra.

#### Adjective

porro (feminine porra, masculine plural porros, feminine plural porras)
* (colloquial) stupid

#### Noun

porro m (plural porros)
* (Mexico) a member of a criminal shock group, mainly targeting student protesters

### Etymology 3

Uncertain.

#### Noun

porro m (plural porros)
* joint, spliff (Jamaican, UK, Australia), blunt (US) (marijuana cigarette), reefer
    Synonyms: (Honduras) bate, canuto, (Honduras) carruco, (Honduras) leño

##### Derived terms

* emporrado

### Further reading

* “porro”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10