# 乳母
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): rǔmǔ
    (Zhuyin): ㄖㄨˇ ㄇㄨˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jyu$^5$ mou$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): jú-bó / jú-bú / lú-bó / lú-bú / jí-bó
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ru$^2$ bho$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: rǔmǔ [Phonetic: rúmǔ]
*** Zhuyin: ㄖㄨˇ ㄇㄨˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: rǔmǔ
*** Wade–Giles: ju$^3$-mu$^3$
*** Yale: rǔ-mǔ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ruumuu
*** Palladius: жуму (žumu)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʐu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jyu$^5$ mou$^5$
*** Yale: yúh móuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jy$^5$ mou$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yu$^5$ mou$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /jyː¹³ mou̯¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jú-bó
*** Tâi-lô: jú-bó
*** Phofsit Daibuun: jw'boir
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /zu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bɤ⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jú-bú
*** Tâi-lô: jú-bú
*** Phofsit Daibuun: jw'buo
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /zu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bu⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Taipei)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lú-bó
*** Tâi-lô: lú-bó
*** Phofsit Daibuun: lw'boir
*** IPA (Taipei): /lu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bo⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Taipei)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lú-bú
*** Tâi-lô: lú-bú
*** Phofsit Daibuun: lw'buo
*** IPA (Taipei): /lu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bu⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jí-bó
*** Tâi-lô: jí-bó
*** Phofsit Daibuun: jy'boir
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡zi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bo⁵³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ru$^2$ bho$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: jú bó
*** Sinological IPA : /d͡zu⁵²⁻³⁵ bo⁵²⁻²¹/
* Middle Chinese: nyuX muwX
Rime :
| Character | 乳 | 母 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 日 (38) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 虞 (24) | 侯 (137) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 而主切 | 莫厚切 |
| Baxter | nyuX | muwX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ȵɨo$^X$/ | /məu$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ȵio$^X$/ | /məu$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȵʑio$^X$/ | /məu$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ȵuə̆$^X$/ | /məw$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ȵio$^X$/ | /mu$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ȵʑĭu$^X$/ | /məu$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȵʑi̯u$^X$/ | /mə̯u$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | rǔ | mǒu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jyu$^5$ | mau$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*noʔ məʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*njoʔ mɯʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 乳 | 母 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | rǔ | mǔ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ nyu$^X$ › | ‹ muw$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*noʔ/ | /*məʔ/ (? or *mˁoʔ) |
| English | milk; nipple | mother |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 乳 | 母 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 10868 | 9288 |
| Phonetic component | 乳 | 母 |
| Rime group | 侯 | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 乳 | 母 |
| Old Chinese | /*njoʔ/ | /*mɯʔ/ |

### Noun

乳母
* wet nurse

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 奶媽, 乳母, 乳娘, 奶娘 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 奶媽子, 奶子, 㜷媽, 㜷㜷 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 奶媽 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 奶媽子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 奶媽 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 奶媽子, 奶母 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 奶媽子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 奶媽兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 奶母 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 奶媽 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 奶媽子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 奶媽子, 奶媽 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 奶媽子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 奶媽 face-to-face, 奶媽子 non-face-to-face |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 奶媽子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 奶媽兒, 奶媽, 奶子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 奶媽 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 奶媽 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin (Lingui) | 奶媽 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 奶媽 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou (Luorong) | 奶媽 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanning (Wuming) | 奶媽 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 奶媽 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 奶媽, 濕腰 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 奶媽 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 奶媽 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 奶媽 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 奶媽 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 奶媽 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 奶媽 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 奶媽 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 奶媽 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 奶媽 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 奶媽 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 奶媽 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 奶媽 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 奶媽 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 奶媽 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 奶媽 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 奶媽 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 奶媽 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 奶媽 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 奶媽 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 奶媽 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 奶媽 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 奶媽 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 奶媽, 奶婆 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 奶母 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 奶媽 |
| Cantonese | Guiping | 奶媽 |
| Cantonese | Mengshan (Xihe) | 奶媽 |
| Cantonese | Guigang (Nanjiang) | 奶媽 |
| Cantonese | Beiliu (Tangliao) | 奶媽 |
| Cantonese | Baise | 奶媽 |
| Cantonese | Bobai | 奶媽 |
| Cantonese | Lingshan | 奶媽 |
| Cantonese | Pubei | 奶媽 |
| Cantonese | Qinzhou | 奶媽 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 奶媽 |
| Cantonese | Ningming | 奶媽 |
| Cantonese | Hengzhou | 奶媽 |
| Cantonese | Hezhou (Pumen, Babu) | 𢆡媽 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 奶娘 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 奶娘 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 奶娘 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 奶媽, 奶哀 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 奶婆 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 奶媽 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 契媽 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 奶媽 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 奶媽 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 奶媽, 契姐 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 奶哀 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 奶哀 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 奶哀 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 奶哀 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 奶哀 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 奶哀 |
| Hakka | Beiliu (Tang'an) | 奶媽 |
| Hakka | Mashan (Pianlian) | 奶媽 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 奶娘, 妹姨, 妹娘 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 奶媽 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 奶巴子 non-face-to-face, 巴子 non-face-to-face, 奶波 non-face-to-face, 巴子啊 face-to-face |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 奶媽, 依奶 face-to-face |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 奶母, 邀奶, 邀奶的, 邀奶母 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 奶母, 邀奶母 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 奶母, 邀奶, 邀奶的 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 奶母 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 奶母 |
| Southern Min | Pingnan (Shangdu) | 奶媽 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 奶母 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 奶母 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 奶媽 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 奶媽 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 奶母 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Shajing) | 奶媽 |
| Southern Pinghua | Binyang | 奶媽 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Chaoyang) | 奶媽 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Zhuyuan) | 奶娘 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 奶媽, 奶嬸嬸 dated |
| Wu | Shanghai (Songjiang) | 奶娘, 奶嫲 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 奶娘 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 奶嬸嬸 |
| Wu | Danyang | 奶娘, 奶婆, 帶奶個 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 奶娘 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 阿伴, 阿奶, 奶嬸 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 奶嫂 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 奶娘 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 奶媽 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 奶婆娘 |
| Xiang | Quanzhou | 奶媽 |
| Xiang | Guanyang (Wenshi) | 奶媽 |

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 乳 | 母 |
| う Grade: 6 | は > ば Grade: 2 |
| irregular | kun'yomi |
* Alternative spelling
* 姆
Both 乳母 and 祖母 (“grandmother”) are attested from the 9th century pronounced おおば (ōba). The pronunciation うば (uba) may have developed in the 11th century to avoid confusion with 伯母(おば) (oba, “aunt”). During the 13th century the meaning of 乳母 shifted definitively to “wet nurse”, with the former meanings “grandmother” or “old woman” lost by the late 17th century.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) うば [úꜜbà] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ɯ̟ba̠]

#### Noun

乳(う)母(ば) • (uba)
* wet nurse

##### Derived terms

* 乳母車 (ubaguruma)

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 乳 | 母 |
| おんば ||
| Grade: 6 | Grade: 2 |
| jukujikun ||
Sound change of お乳母 (o-uba).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) おんば [óꜜǹbà] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [õ̞mba̠]

#### Noun

乳母(おんば) • (onba)
* wet nurse

### Etymology 3

Kanji in this term :
| 乳 | 母 |
| ち Grade: 6 | おも Grade: 2 |
| kun'yomi ||
Attested from the 8th century. Superficially 乳(ち) (chi, “milk”) + 母(おも) (omo, “mother”). (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [t͡ɕio̞mo̞]

#### Noun

乳(ち)母(おも) • (chiomo)
* wet nurse

### Etymology 4

Kanji in this term :
| 乳 | 母 |
| にゅう Grade: 6 | ぼ Grade: 2 |
| goon | kan'yōon |
Attested from the late 16th century. Superficially 乳(にゅう) (nyū, “milk”) + 母(ぼ) (bo, “mother”). (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) にゅうぼ [nyúꜜùbò] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ɲ̟ɨːbo̞]

#### Noun

乳(にゅう)母(ぼ) • (nyūbo)
* wet nurse

### Etymology 5

Kanji in this term :
| 乳 | 母 |
| まま ||
| Grade: 6 | Grade: 2 |
| jukujikun ||
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ma̠ma̠]

#### Noun

乳母(まま) • (mama)
* wet nurse

### Etymology 6

Kanji in this term :
| 乳 | 母 |
| めのと ||
| Grade: 6 | Grade: 2 |
| jukujikun ||
* Alternative spelling
* 傅
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) めのと [mènóꜜtò] (Nakadaka –)
* (Tokyo) めのと [méꜜnòtò] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [me̞no̞to̞]

#### Noun

乳母(めのと) • (menoto)
* 乳母: wet nurse
* 傅: guardian of the noble
    Synonym: 守役 (moriyaku)

##### Derived terms

* 乳母子 (menotogo)

### References

* 1 2 3 4 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 4 5 Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 乳 | 母 |

### Noun

乳母 • (yumo) (hangeul 유모)
* hanja form of 유모 (“nanny; wet nurse”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 乳 | 母 |

### Noun

乳母
* chữ Hán form of nhũ mẫu (“nanny; wet nurse”).