# 磨

| 磨 | U+78E8, &#30952; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-78E8 |
| ← 磧 [U+78E7] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 磩 → [U+78E9] |

## Translingual
### Han character

磨 (Kangxi radical 112, 石+11, 16 strokes, cangjie input 戈金一口 (ICMR) or 戈木一口 (IDMR), four-corner 0026$_1$, composition ⿸麻石)

#### Derived characters

* 嚰, 𫾚, 𣟖, 礳, 𥽨, 耱, 𨇢, 𭍁, 饝, 𨟖, 蘑

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 835, character 39
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24449
* Dae Jaweon: page 1253, character 7
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2453, character 13
* Unihan data for U+78E8

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 麻 | *mraːl |
| 痲 | *mraːl |
| 犘 | *mraːl |
| 縻 | *mral |
| 醿 | *mral |
| 爢 | *mral |
| 蘼 | *mral, *mralʔ, *mrɯl |
| 靡 | *mralʔ |
| 摩 | *maːl, *maːls |
| 魔 | *maːl |
| 磨 | *maːl, *maːls |
| 劘 | *maːl |
| 麽 | *maːl |
| 麼 | *maːlʔ |
| 塺 | *maːls, *mɯːl |
| 麾 | *hmral |
Originally written as 䃺 (mó). Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *maːl, *maːls) : semantic 石 (“rock”) + abbreviated phonetic 靡 (OC *mralʔ).

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): mó (mo$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄇㄛˊ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): мә (mə, I)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): mo$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): nò
* Eastern Min (BUC): muài / mò̤
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): bôa / mô͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): bhua$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$mu; $^6$mo
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: mó
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄛˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: mó
*** Wade–Giles: mo$^2$
*** Yale: mwó
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mo
*** Palladius: мо (mo)
*** Sinological IPA : /mu̯ɔ³⁵/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: мә (mə, I)
*** Sinological IPA : /mə²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: mo$^4$
*** Yale: mòh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: mo$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: mo$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /mɔː²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nò
*** Hakka Romanization System: no$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: no$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /no¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: muài / mò̤
*** Sinological IPA : /muai⁵³/, /mo⁵³/
* muài - vernacular;
* mò̤ - literary.
* Middle Chinese: ma
Rime :
| Character | 磨 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 戈 (95) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 莫婆切 |
| Baxter | ma |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /muɑ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /muɑ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /muɑ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /mwa/ |
| Li Rong | /muɑ/ |
| Wang Li | /muɑ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /muɑ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | mó |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | mo$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*mˤaj/
    (Zhengzhang): /*maːl/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 磨 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | mó |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ma › |
| Old Chinese | /*mˁaj/ |
| English | rub, grind |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 磨 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 8706 |
| Phonetic component | 麻 |
| Rime group | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 摩 |
| Old Chinese | /*maːl/ |

#### Definitions

磨
* to grind; to sharpen
* to rub; to chafe
* to wear away; to obliterate
* to wear out; to wear down; to erode
* to dawdle; to waste (time)
* to pester; to plague (someone)

#### Compounds

* 一折一磨
* 不可磨滅 / 不可磨灭 (bùkěmómiè)
* 切磋琢磨 (qiēcuōzhuómó)
* 刮垢磨光
* 博磨
* 好事多磨 (hǎoshìduōmó)
* 打磨 (dǎmó)
* 折磨 (zhémó)
* 拖磨 (tuōmó)
* 捱磨
* 擦拳磨掌
* 擦掌磨拳
* 昏鏡重磨 / 昏镜重磨
* 水磨工夫
* 水磨石
* 水磨調 / 水磨调
* 永不磨滅 / 永不磨灭 (yǒngbùmómiè)
* 泡磨菇
* 消磨 (xiāomó)
* 球磨機 / 球磨机
* 琢磨
* 百世不磨
* 砂磨
* 研磨 (yánmó)
* 研磨機 / 研磨机 (yánmójī)
* 砥行磨名
* 磋磨
* 磨不開臉 / 磨不开脸
* 磨人 (mórén)
* 磨佗子
* 磨光 (móguāng)
* 磨兌 / 磨兑
* 磨刀 (módāo)
* 磨刀石 (módāoshí)
* 磨刀霍霍
* 磨刻
* 磨削
* 磨功夫
* 磨勁兒 / 磨劲儿
* 磨勘
* 磨勒
* 磨博士
* 磨厲以須 / 磨厉以须
* 磨合羅 / 磨合罗
* 磨咕
* 磨喝樂 / 磨喝乐
* 磨嘴 (mózuǐ)
* 磨嘴皮
* 磨它子
* 磨官
* 磨對 / 磨对
* 磨平
* 磨床
* 磨成
* 磨折
* 磨拖
* 磨拳擦掌 (móquáncāzhǎng)
* 磨揉遷革 / 磨揉迁革
* 磨損 / 磨损 (mósǔn)
* 磨撐 / 磨撑
* 磨擔 / 磨担 (módàn)
* 磨擦 (mócā)
* 磨料
* 磨末器
* 磨杵成針 / 磨杵成针
* 磨治
* 磨洋工 (móyánggōng)
* 磨滅 / 磨灭 (mómiè)
* 磨漆畫 / 磨漆画
* 磨煩 / 磨烦
* 磨煉 / 磨炼 (móliàn)
* 磨爛蓆 / 磨烂席
* 磨牙 (móyá)
* 磨牙手機 / 磨牙手机
* 磨盾之暇
* 磨石 (móshí)
* 磨砂玻璃 (móshā bōli)
* 磨碌 (bôa-le̍k) (Min Nan)
* 磨磨
* 磨磚 / 磨砖
* 磨磚成鏡 / 磨砖成镜
* 磨礪 / 磨砺 (mólì)
* 磨礪以須 / 磨砺以须
* 磨礱砥礪 / 磨砻砥砺
* 磨穿鐵硯 / 磨穿铁砚 (móchuāntiěyàn)
* 磨笄
* 磨練 / 磨练 (móliàn)
* 磨而不磷
* 磨耗 (móhào)
* 磨耗症
* 磨脊梁
* 磨舌頭 / 磨舌头
* 磨菇
* 磨蝕 / 磨蚀
* 磨蝎
* 磨變岩 / 磨变岩
* 磨賴 / 磨赖
* 磨趄子
* 磨跎
* 磨踵滅頂 / 磨踵灭顶
* 磨蹭 (mócèng)
* 磨轉 / 磨转
* 磨針溪 / 磨针溪
* 磨鍊 / 磨炼 (móliàn)
* 磨鐵成針 / 磨铁成针
* 磨陀
* 磨難 / 磨难 (mónàn)
* 磨電燈 / 磨电灯
* 磨頂至踵 / 磨顶至踵
* 磨頭 / 磨头
* 磨駝 / 磨驼
* 磨墨 (mómò)
* 礪吻磨距 / 砺吻磨距
* 突磨
* 結磨 / 结磨
* 羯磨 (jiémó)
* 耳鬢廝磨 / 耳鬓厮磨 (ěrbìnsīmó)
* 臨陣磨槍 / 临阵磨枪 (línzhènmóqiāng)
* 起磨
* 都都磨磨
* 銷磨 / 销磨
* 鐵杵磨針 / 铁杵磨针
* 鐵硯磨穿 / 铁砚磨穿
* 阿毗達磨 / 阿毗达磨
* 鬧磨擦 / 闹磨擦

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): mò (mo$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄇㄛˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): mo$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): mo
* Eastern Min (BUC): mô̤
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): bō / mō͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): bho$^7$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: mò
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄛˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: mò
*** Wade–Giles: mo$^4$
*** Yale: mwò
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: moh
*** Palladius: мо (mo)
*** Sinological IPA : /mu̯ɔ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: mo$^6$
*** Yale: moh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: mo$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: mo$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /mɔː²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mo
*** Hakka Romanization System: mo
*** Hagfa Pinyim: mo$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /mo⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: mô̤
*** Sinological IPA : /mɔ²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bō
*** Tâi-lô: bō
*** Phofsit Daibuun: boi
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /bɤ³³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /bo³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Singapore): /bo²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /bo⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: mō͘
*** Tâi-lô: mōo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: mo
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /mɔ̃⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: bho$^7$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: bō
*** Sinological IPA : /bo¹¹/
* Middle Chinese: maH
Rime :
| Character | 磨 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 戈 (95) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 摸卧切 |
| Baxter | maH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /muɑ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /muɑ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /muɑ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /mwa$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /muɑ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /muɑ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /muɑ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | mò |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | mo$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*mˤaj-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*maːls/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 磨 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | mò |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ma$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*mˁaj-s/ |
| English | grinding stone |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 磨 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 8710 |
| Phonetic component | 麻 |
| Rime group | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | |
| Old Chinese | /*maːls/ |

#### Definitions

磨
* grinder; mill
* to grind; to mill
* to turn around
* (Cantonese) to waste time

#### Compounds

* 卸磨殺驢 / 卸磨杀驴 (xièmòshālǘ)
* 打旋磨
* 打獨磨 / 打独磨
* 打磨盤 / 打磨盘
* 打磨磨轉 / 打磨磨转
* 打篤磨 / 打笃磨
* 打篤磨槎 / 打笃磨槎
* 打都磨子
* 指山說磨 / 指山说磨
* 指山賣磨 / 指山卖磨
* 挨磨 (Min Nan)
* 推磨 (tuīmò)
* 水磨
* 油回磨轉 / 油回磨转
* 牛回磨轉 / 牛回磨转
* 石磨 (shímò)
* 磨不開 / 磨不开
* 磨叨
* 磨坊 (mòfáng)
* 磨子 (mòzi)
* 磨官兒 / 磨官儿
* 磨心 (mo$^6$ sam$^1$) (Cantonese)
* 磨房 (mòfáng)
* 磨扇墜手 / 磨扇坠手
* 磨旗
* 磨盤 / 磨盘 (mòpán)
* 磨碌 (mo$^6$ luk$^1$) (Cantonese)
* 磨豆腐
* 礱磨 / 砻磨
* 篤磨 / 笃磨
* 轉磨 / 转磨
* 轉磨磨 / 转磨磨
* 風磨 / 风磨
* 鬼推磨
* 魯磨路 / 鲁磨路 (Lǔmòlù)

### Etymology 3

Possibly from 摩 (OC *maːl, “to approach; to touch; to draw near”); cognate with Cantonese 埋 (maai4, “to approach”) (Yan et al., 2016).

#### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Teochew, Peng'im): bhua$^5$
* Southern Min
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: bhua$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: buâ
*** Sinological IPA : /bua⁵⁵/

#### Definitions

磨
* (Teochew) to approach
** Late Qing/Early Republic, 《古板秦世美全歌》, volume 3, 潮州 [Chaozhou]: 李萬利, page 1:
       kuai$^3$ kuai$^3$ gian$^5$ bhua$^5$ mung$^7$ zêg$^8$ sian$^1$, le$^2$ si$^6$ ho$^5$ nang$^5$ dan$^3$ ua$^2$ tian$^1$ [Peng'im]
       [He] quickly drew in closer to ask, “tell me who you are.”
** 1892, Kiù-Tsú Iâ-Sou Ki-Tok Kâi Sin-Ieh Tshuân-Tsṳ Chiēⁿ-Kńg Má-Thài Kàu Sài-Thû, Scotland: British and Foreign Bible Society, page 6:Iâ-sou thóiⁿ-kìⁿ chèng-nâng chiâⁿ-khûn, chiũ chiẽⁿ--khṳ̀ che̍k-kâi-suaⁿ, tsõ-lo̍h--liáu I kâi mn̂g-thû chiũ bûa--lâi耶穌看見衆人成羣，就上去一個山，坐落了伊個門徒就磨來 [Teochew, trad.] 耶稣看见众人成羣，就上去一个山，坐落了伊个门徒就磨来 [Teochew, simp.]ia$^5$ sou$^1$ toin$^2$ gin$^3$ zêng$^3$ nang$^5$ zian$^5$ kung$^5$, ziu$^7$ ziên$^7$ ke$^3$ zêg$^8$ gai$^5$ suan$^1$, zo$^6$ loh$^8$ liou$^2$ i$^1$ gai$^5$ mng$^5$ tu$^5$ ziu$^7$ bhua$^5$ lai$^5$ [Peng'im]Jesus saw the crowd forming, and went up a mountain. When he sat down, his disciples drew close to him

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 磨 |
| Kyūjitai | 磨󠄁 磨+&#xE0101; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 磨󠄃 磨+&#xE0103; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* to polish
* to grind
* to brush (teeth)

#### Readings

From Middle Chinese 磨 (MC ma); compare Mandarin 磨 (mó):
* Go-on: ま (ma, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: ば (ba)
From Middle Chinese 磨 (MC maH); compare Mandarin 磨 (mò):
* Go-on: ま (ma, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: ば (ba)
From native Japanese roots:
* Kun: みがく (migaku, 磨く, Jōyō)、する (suru, 磨る)、とぐ (togu, 磨ぐ)
* Nanori: おさむ (osamu)、きよ (kiyo)、みがく (migaku)

#### Compounds

* 羯(かつ)磨(ま) (katsuma)
* 研(けん)磨(ま) (kenma)
* 事(じ)上(じょう)磨(ま)錬(れん) (jijō maren)
* 消(しょう)磨(ま), 銷(しょう)磨(ま) (shōma)
* 磨(すり)臼(うす) (suriusu)
* 磨(すり)硝子(がらす) (surigarasu)
* 切(せっ)磋(さ)琢(たく)磨(ま) (sessa takuma)
* 琢(たく)磨(ま) (takuma)
* 達(だる)磨(ま) (daruma)
* 凋(ちょう)零(れい)磨(ま)滅(めつ) (chōrei mametsu)
* 鈍(どん)磨(ま) (donma)
* 播(はり)磨(ま) (Harima)
* 毘(び)首(しゅ)羯(かつ)磨(ま) (bishu katsuma)
* 百(ひゃく)世(せい)不(ふ)磨(ま) (hyakusei fuma)
* 百(ひゃく)戦(せん)錬(れん)磨(ま) (hyakusen renma)
* 百(ひゃっ)古(こ)不(ふ)磨(ま) (hyakko fuma)
* 磨(ま)崖(がい)仏(ぶつ) (magaibutsu)
* 磨(ま)揉(じゅう)遷(せん)革(かく) (majū senkaku)
* 磨(ま)滅(めつ) (mametsu)
* 磨(ま)耗(もう) (mamō)
* 磨(ま)礪(れい) (marei)
* 練(れん)磨(ま) (renma)

### References

* ↑ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 1546 (paper), page 825 (digital)
* ↑ Shōundō Henshūjo, editor (1927), 新漢和辞典 [The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Ōsaka: Shōundō, →DOI, page 885 (paper), page 455 (digital)

## Korean
### Hanja

磨 (eumhun 갈 마 (gal ma))
* hanja form of 마 (“grind, polish, rub, wear out”)
* hanja form of 마 (“millstone”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

磨: Hán Nôm readings: ma, mài
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.