OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# adiaŭ
## Esperanto
### Alternative forms

* adiau (H-system spelling)
* adiaux (X-system spelling)

### Etymology

From French adieu, Italian addio.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [aˈdiau̯]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -iau̯
* Hyphenation: a‧di‧aŭ

### Interjection

adiaŭ
* goodbye, farewell

#### Synonyms

* ĉaŭ (“ciao”)
* ĝis la revido, ĝis revido (“see you later”), ĝis

#### Related terms

* adiaŭa (“farewell”, adjective)
* adiaŭfesto (“farewell ceremony, send-off, going-away party”)
* adiaŭi (“say goodbye; log out”)
* adiaŭo (“farewell”, noun)
# uncomforted
## English
### Etymology

From un- +‎ comforted.

### Adjective

uncomforted (comparative more uncomforted, superlative most uncomforted)
* Not comforted.
** 1883, Jennie Maria (Drinkwater) Conklin, Miss Prudence‎:Shall you never go with any one; shall you and I, so near to each other, with so much to keep us together, go always uncomforted.
** 1910, Robert W. Chambers, Ailsa Paige‎:And the two women mourned, uncomforted.
** 1913, Arthur Christopher Benson, The Silent Isle‎:I hope that my philosopher may yet walk on the hills with me, if only for the sake of the love I bear the green valleys; and when I see the great stream passing silently from translucent pool to pool, overhung by rowans and sun-warmed rocks, I shall be glad to think that I have walked on the heights where it was gathered and drawn, and that I have heard it talk hoarsely to itself, cold and uncomforted, among the bleak and dripping stones.
# self-propagates
## English
### Verb

self-propagates
* third-person singular simple present indicative of self-propagate
# hitting two birds with one shot
## English
### Verb

hitting two birds with one shot
* present participle and gerund of hit two birds with one shot
# killing two birds with one shot
## English
### Verb

killing two birds with one shot
* present participle and gerund of kill two birds with one shot
# killed two birds with one shot
## English
### Verb

killed two birds with one shot
* simple past and past participle of kill two birds with one shot
# comparing apples with apples
## English
### Verb

comparing apples with apples
* present participle and gerund of compare apples with apples
# letter-quality printing
## English
### Noun

letter-quality printing
* (printing) A printing method that produces solid letters that are as clear or clearer than those produced by a typewriter.
# ข้าหลวงใหญ่
## Thai
### Etymology

Calque of English high commissioner. By surface analysis, ข้าหลวง (kâa-lǔuang, “commissioner”) +‎ ใหญ่ (yài, “great; grand”).

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | ข้าหลวงใหญ่ kʰ ˆ ā h l w ŋ au h ɲ ˋ |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | ข้า-หฺลวง-ไหฺย่ kʰ ˆ ā – h ̥ l w ŋ – ai h ̥ y ˋ |
| Romanization | Paiboon | kâa-lǔuang-yài |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | kha-luang-yai |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /kʰaː˥˩.lua̯ŋ˩˩˦.jaj˨˩/ |

### Noun

ข้าหลวงใหญ่ • (kâa-lǔuang-yài) (classifier คน)
* high commissioner
    ข้าหลวงใหญ่สิทธิมนุษยชนแห่งสหประชาชาติ
       kâa-lǔuang-yài sìt-tí-má-nút-sà-yá-chon hɛ̀ng sà-hà-bprà-chaa-châat
       United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
# orquestral
## Catalan
### Adjective

orquestral m or f (masculine and feminine plural orquestrals)
* orchestral

## Portuguese
### Etymology

From orquestra (“orchestra”) +‎ -al (“of or relating to”).

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /oʁ.kesˈtɾaw/ [oh.kesˈtɾaʊ̯]
* (Brazil) IPA: /oʁ.kesˈtɾaw/ [oh.kesˈtɾaʊ̯]
** (São Paulo) IPA: /oɾ.kesˈtɾaw/ [oɾ.kesˈtɾaʊ̯]
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /oʁ.keʃˈtɾaw/ [oχ.keʃˈtɾaʊ̯]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /oɻ.kesˈtɾaw/ [oɻ.kesˈtɾaʊ̯]
* (Portugal) IPA: /ɔɾ.kɨʃˈtɾal/ [ɔɾ.kɨʃˈtɾaɫ]
* (Portugal) IPA: /ɔɾ.kɨʃˈtɾal/ [ɔɾ.kɨʃˈtɾaɫ]
** (Southern Portugal) IPA: /ɔɾ.kɨʃˈtɾa.li/
* Rhymes: (Portugal) -al, (Brazil) -aw
* Hyphenation: or‧ques‧tral

### Adjective

orquestral m or f (plural orquestrais)
* orchestral

#### Derived terms

* orquestralmente

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /oɾkesˈtɾal/ [oɾ.kesˈt̪ɾal]
* Rhymes: -al
* Syllabification: or‧ques‧tral

### Adjective

orquestral m or f (masculine and feminine plural orquestrales)
* Alternative form of orquestal
# investment letter
## English
### Noun

investment letter (plural investment letters)
* A letter of intent between the purchaser and the issuer of new securities that establishes the securities are being purchased for investment and not for resale.
# rifelinge
## Old English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈri.fe.lin.ɡe/, [ˈri.ve.liŋ.ɡe]

### Noun

rifelinge
* dative singular of rifeling
# letter telegrams
## English
### Noun

letter telegrams
* plural of letter telegram
# rumre
## Old English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈruːm.re/

### Adjective

rūmre
* strong genitive/dative/instrumental feminine singular of rūm
# 起山
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khí-soaⁿ
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khí-soaⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: khí-suann
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qysvoaf
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ suã⁴⁴/

### Verb

起⫽山 (verb-object)
* (Zhangzhou Hokkien) to go ashore (of a passenger on board a ship)

#### Synonyms

* 上岸 (shàng'àn)
* 登岸 (dēng'àn)
* (Hokkien) 起船
# 登岸
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): dēng'àn
    (Zhuyin): ㄉㄥ ㄢˋ
* Eastern Min (BUC): dĕng-ngâng
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): teng-hōaⁿ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dēng'àn
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄥ ㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: deng-àn
*** Wade–Giles: têng$^1$-an$^4$
*** Yale: dēng-àn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: dengann
*** Palladius: дэнъань (dɛnʺanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /tɤŋ⁵⁵ ˀän⁵¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: dĕng-ngâng
*** Sinological IPA : /tɛiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ŋɑŋ²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: teng-hōaⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: ting-huānn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: denghvoa
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² huã²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tiɪŋ³³ huã⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² huã²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ huã³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ huã³³/

### Verb

登岸
* to go ashore

#### Synonyms

* 上岸 (shàng'àn)
* (Hokkien) 起船, 起山
# Kingdom of England
## English
### Proper noun

the Kingdom of England
* A kingdom in western Europe, from the early 900s until the foundation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain on 1 May 1707.
# അടയ്ക്ക
## Malayalam
### Alternative forms

* അടക്ക (aṭakka)

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Dravidian *aṭaykkāy.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɐɖɐjkkɐ/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

അടയ്ക്ക • (aṭaykka)
* betel nut

#### Descendants

* → Portuguese: areca
** → English: areca
** → Spanish: areca
# Jiangxisaurus
## Translingual
### Etymology

From Mandarin 江西 (Jiāngxī, “Jiangxi province, China”) + -saurus.

### Proper noun

†Jiangxisaurus m
* A taxonomic genus within the family Oviraptoridae – a theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of China.
# forepeak
## English
### Etymology

From fore- +‎ peak.

### Noun

forepeak (plural forepeaks)
* (nautical) The part of the hold of a ship within the angle of the bow.

#### Derived terms

* forepeak bulkhead
# തെങ്ങ്
## Malayalam
### Etymology

Derived from Proto-Dravidian *tenkāy.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /t̪eŋŋɨ̆/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

തെങ്ങ് • (teṅṅŭ)
* coconut tree

### References

* Warrier, M. I. (2008) “തെങ്ങ്”, in Malayalam-English Dictionary (in Malayalam), 22nd edition, Kottayam: DC Books
# 천칭좌
## Korean
### Etymology

Sino-Korean word from 天秤座.

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [t͡ɕʰʌ̹ɲt͡ɕʰiŋd͡ʑwa̠]
* Phonetic hangul: [천칭좌]

### Proper noun

천칭좌 • (Cheonchingjwa) (hanja 天秤座)
* (astronomy) Libra

### See also

Zodiac signs in Korean · 황도 십이궁(黃道十二宮) (Hwangdo sibigung) (layout · text) :
| 양(羊)자리 (Yangjari) 모양(牡羊)자리 (Moyangjari) 백양궁(白羊宮) (Baegyanggung) | 황소자리 (Hwangsojari) 모우(牡牛)자리 (Moujari) 모우좌(牡牛座) (Moujwa) 금우궁(金牛宮) (Geumugung) | 쌍(雙)둥이자리 (Ssangdung'ijari) 쌍아궁(雙兒宮) (Ssang'agung) 쌍자궁(雙子宮) (Ssangjagung) | 게자리 (Gejari) 거해궁(巨蟹宮) (Geohaegung) |
| 사자(獅子)자리 (Sajajari) 사자궁(獅子宮) (Sajagung) 사자좌(獅子座) (Sajajwa) 예좌(猊座) (Yejwa) | 처녀(處女)자리 (Cheonyeojari) 처녀궁(處女宮) (Cheonyeogung) 처녀성좌(處女星座) (Cheonyeoseongjwa) 쌍녀궁(雙女宮) (Ssangnyeogung) | 천칭(天秤)자리 (Cheonchingjari) 천칭궁(天秤宮) (Cheonchinggung) 천칭좌(天秤座) (Cheonchingjwa) 저울자리 (Jeouljari) | 전갈(全蠍)자리 (Jeon'galjari) 천갈궁(天蠍宮) (Cheon'galgung) 전갈좌(全蠍座) (Jeon'galjwa) |
| 궁수(弓手)자리 (Gungsujari) 사수(射手)자리 (Sasujari) 인마궁(人馬宮) (Inmagung) 기사궁(騎射宮) (Gisagung) | 염소자리 (Yeomsojari) 산양(山羊)자리 (Sanyangjari) 산양좌(山羊座) (Sanyangjwa) 마갈궁(磨羯宮) (Magalgung) | 물병(甁)자리 (Mulbyeongjari) 수병(水甁)자리 (Subyeongjari) 수병좌(水甁座) (Subyeongjwa) 보병궁(寶甁宮) (Bobyeonggung) | 물고기자리 (Mulgogijari) 쌍어궁(雙魚宮) (Ssang'eogung) 어좌(魚座) (Eojwa) |
# 산양좌
## Korean
### Etymology

Sino-Korean word from 山羊座.

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [sʰa̠ɲa̠ŋd͡ʑwa̠]
* Phonetic hangul: [사냥좌]

### Proper noun

산양좌 • (Sanyangjwa) (hanja 山羊座)
* (astronomy) Capricorn

### See also

Zodiac signs in Korean · 황도 십이궁(黃道十二宮) (Hwangdo sibigung) (layout · text) :
| 양(羊)자리 (Yangjari) 모양(牡羊)자리 (Moyangjari) 백양궁(白羊宮) (Baegyanggung) | 황소자리 (Hwangsojari) 모우(牡牛)자리 (Moujari) 모우좌(牡牛座) (Moujwa) 금우궁(金牛宮) (Geumugung) | 쌍(雙)둥이자리 (Ssangdung'ijari) 쌍아궁(雙兒宮) (Ssang'agung) 쌍자궁(雙子宮) (Ssangjagung) | 게자리 (Gejari) 거해궁(巨蟹宮) (Geohaegung) |
| 사자(獅子)자리 (Sajajari) 사자궁(獅子宮) (Sajagung) 사자좌(獅子座) (Sajajwa) 예좌(猊座) (Yejwa) | 처녀(處女)자리 (Cheonyeojari) 처녀궁(處女宮) (Cheonyeogung) 처녀성좌(處女星座) (Cheonyeoseongjwa) 쌍녀궁(雙女宮) (Ssangnyeogung) | 천칭(天秤)자리 (Cheonchingjari) 천칭궁(天秤宮) (Cheonchinggung) 천칭좌(天秤座) (Cheonchingjwa) 저울자리 (Jeouljari) | 전갈(全蠍)자리 (Jeon'galjari) 천갈궁(天蠍宮) (Cheon'galgung) 전갈좌(全蠍座) (Jeon'galjwa) |
| 궁수(弓手)자리 (Gungsujari) 사수(射手)자리 (Sasujari) 인마궁(人馬宮) (Inmagung) 기사궁(騎射宮) (Gisagung) | 염소자리 (Yeomsojari) 산양(山羊)자리 (Sanyangjari) 산양좌(山羊座) (Sanyangjwa) 마갈궁(磨羯宮) (Magalgung) | 물병(甁)자리 (Mulbyeongjari) 수병(水甁)자리 (Subyeongjari) 수병좌(水甁座) (Subyeongjwa) 보병궁(寶甁宮) (Bobyeonggung) | 물고기자리 (Mulgogijari) 쌍어궁(雙魚宮) (Ssang'eogung) 어좌(魚座) (Eojwa) |
# doos
## English
### Etymology 1
#### Noun

doos
* Uncommon spelling of dos; plural of do

##### Usage notes

Most-often seen in fair doos, more commonly spelled fair dos.

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Afrikaans doos, from Dutch doos. Doublet of dose.

#### Noun

doos
* (South Africa, vulgar) vagina
* (South Africa, vulgar) stupid person
** 2018, Marius, “Which African Country is most likely to become developed?”, in Alternate History Discussion Board‎:Julius is, to use a South African term, a doos.

### Anagrams

* SoDo

## Afrikaans
### Etymology

From Dutch doos (“box, vagina, stupid female”), from Middle Dutch dose.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Noun

doos (plural dose, diminutive doostjie)
* box
    Synonym: boks
* (vulgar) vagina, cunt
* (derogatory, slang) idiot, stupid person

#### Descendants

* → English: doos

## Dutch
### Etymology

From Middle Dutch dose (since 1361), probably from Latin dosis (“prescribed portion of medication”), metonymically transferred to the small box in which a dose of medication was given.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /doːs/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: doos
* Rhymes: -oːs

### Noun

doos f (plural dozen, diminutive doosje n)
* box
* (vulgar) vagina, cunt, twat
* (derogatory, vulgar) stupid female, cunt, twat (objectionable woman)
* (informal) prison

#### Derived terms

* blokkendoos
* bouwdoos
* brillendoos
* contactdoos
* doosschakelaar
* doostelefoon
* doosvrucht
* kijkdoos
* lucifersdoos
* muziekdoos
* naaidoos
* pillendoos
* pizzadoos
* poederdoos
* poepdoos
* schoenendoos
* sigaar uit eigen doos
* sigarendoos
* snuifdoos
* speeldoos
* taartdoos
* tekendoos
* tondeldoos
* uit de oude doos
* verdozing
* verfdoos
* verhuisdoos

#### Descendants

* Afrikaans: doos
** → English: doos
* Berbice Creole Dutch: dosi
* → Aukan: dosu
* → Caribbean Javanese: dhus, dhos
* → Indonesian: dus (“box”)
* → Malay: dos
* → Papiamentu: doshi, doosje (from the diminutive)
* → Sranan Tongo: dosu
** → Lokono: dosu
** → Caribbean Hindustani: dosu
# gelata
## Italian
### Etymology 1
#### Participle

gelata f sg
* feminine singular of gelato

#### Adjective

gelata
* feminine singular of gelato

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Early Medieval Latin gelāta, derived from Latin gelāre (“freeze”). By surface analysis, gelare +‎ -ata.

#### Noun

gelata f (plural gelate)
* frost, freezing

### Anagrams

* galate, legata

## Latin
### Etymology 1

From gelō (“freeze”) +‎ -āta (noun-forming suffix). Attested in the Reichenau Glossary.

#### Noun

gelāta f (genitive gelātae); first declension (Early Medieval Latin)
* frost

##### Declension

First-declension noun.

##### Descendants

* Italo-Romance:
** Italian: gelata
** Sicilian: jilata
* Gallo-Romance:
** Catalan: gelada
** Franco-Provençal: gelâ
** Old French: gelee (see there for further descendants)
** Occitan: gelada
* Ibero-Romance:
** Aragonese: chelada
** Leonese: xelada
** Old Galician-Portuguese: geada
*** Galician: xeada, geada (reintegrationist)
*** Portuguese: geada
** Spanish: helada

#### References

* ↑ “gelée”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

### Etymology 2
#### Participle

gelāta
* inflection of gelātus:
** nominative/vocative feminine singular
** nominative/accusative/vocative neuter plural

#### Participle

gelātā
* ablative feminine singular of gelātus
# avia
## Catalan
### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central) [əˈβi.ə]
* IPA: (Balearic) [əˈvi.ə]
* IPA: (Valencia) [aˈvi.a]

### Verb

avia
* inflection of aviar:
** third-person singular present indicative
** second-person singular imperative

## Esperanto
### Etymology

avio +‎ -a

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [aˈvia]
* Rhymes: -ia
* Hyphenation: a‧vi‧a

### Adjective

avia (accusative singular avian, plural aviaj, accusative plural aviajn)
* Relating to the science of aircraft; aeronautical, aviational.

#### Usage notes

According to national language customs, the adjective aera is often used in the sense of avia.

## Latin
### Etymology 1

Picture dictionary :
Network Diagram for Roman Extended Families
atavia
atavus
abavia
abavus
proavia
proavus
avia
/ ava māterna
avus māternus
avia
/ ava paterna
avus paternus
cōnsobrīna
/ mātruēlis
cōnsobrīnus
/ mātruēlis
patruēlis
patruēlis
mātertera
avunculus
amita
patruus
/ barbās
māter
pater
sobrīna
/neptis
/neptia
sobrīnus
/ nepōs
frātruēlis
/neptis
/neptia
nepōs
/frātruus
/frātruēlis
sorōrius
/marītus sorōris
soror
frāter
frātria
/ uxor frātris
socrus
socer
/patraster
socrus
socer
/patraster
soror uxōris
frāter uxōris
glōs
lēvir
uxor
/marīta
/coniunx
/nūpta
marītus
/coniunx
gener
/ fīliaster
fīlia
/ nāta
fīlius
/ nātus
nurus
/ fīliastra
prōgener
neptis
/neptia
nepōs
prōnurus
proneptis
pronepōs
abneptis
abnepōs :
Feminine counterpart to avus (“grandfather”) formed with *-ih₂ ~ *-yeh₂.

#### Alternative forms

* ava (Late Latin)

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈa.u̯i.a/, [ˈäu̯iä]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈa.vi.a/, [ˈäːviä]

#### Noun

avia f (genitive aviae); first declension
* grandmother (mother of someone’s parent)

##### Declension

First-declension noun.

##### Derived terms

* aviola
* avius

##### Descendants

* Insular Romance:
** Sardinian: avia, aja
* Gallo-Romance:
** Catalan: àvia
** Occitan: avia (Ariège)
* Ibero-Romance:
** Portuguese: aia (see there for further descendants)
** Spanish: aya

#### References

* Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “avia”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volumes 25: Refonte Apaideutos–Azymus, page 1222
* ↑ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 277

### Etymology 2

Unknown.

#### Noun

avia f (genitive aviae); first declension
* groundsel (either Erigeron or Senecio)

##### Declension

First-declension noun.

### Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Adjective

āvia
* inflection of āvius:
** singular feminine nominative/vocative
** plural neuter nominative/accusative/vocative

#### Adjective

āviā
* singular ablative of āvius

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* Rhymes: -iɐ

### Verb

avia
* inflection of aviar:
** third-person singular present indicative
** second-person singular imperative
* Obsolete spelling of havia.
# Buxtehude
## German
### Etymology

Attested as Buochstadon in 959 and as Buchstadihude in 1135.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˌbʊkstəˈhuːdə/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: Bux‧te‧hu‧de

### Proper noun

Buxtehude n (proper noun, genitive Buxtehudes or (optionally with an article) Buxtehude)
* A city in Germany, in northern Lower Saxony
* (outside northernmost Germany) placeholder for a remote, distant, or boring place

#### Declension

$^1$Optionally with an article.

#### Derived terms

* Buxtehuder
** Buxtehuderin
# adimpleo
## Latin
### Etymology

From ad- +‎ impleō (“fill up; satisfy”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /aˈdim.ple.oː/, [äˈd̪ɪmpɫ̪eoː]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /aˈdim.ple.o/, [äˈd̪impleo]

### Verb

adimpleō (present infinitive adimplēre, perfect active adimplēvī, supine adimplētum); second conjugation
* to fill up, fullfill
* to perform, carry out, fulfil

#### Derived terms

* adimplētiō
* adimplētor

#### Related terms

* impleō
* superimpleō

#### Descendants

* Italian: adempiere
* Sicilian: allìnchiri (hypercorrected, Gallo-Italic of Sicily)

### References

* “adimpleo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* adimpleo in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
# amicabilis
## Latin
### Etymology

From amīcus +‎ -ābilis.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /a.miːˈkaː.bi.lis/, [ämiːˈkäːbɪlʲɪs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /a.miˈka.bi.lis/, [ämiˈkäːbilis]

### Adjective

amīcābilis (neuter amīcābile); third-declension two-termination adjective
* (rare, Late Latin) friendly, capable of being friendly
    Synonyms: affābilis, facilis, benevolēns
    Antonyms: inimīcus, hostīlis, īnfestus, īnfēnsus, oblīquus, adversus, dīversus, āversus, inīquus

#### Declension

Third-declension two-termination adjective.

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “friendly”): hostificus

#### Descendants

* Italo-Romance:
** Italian: amichevole
* Gallo-Romance:
** Catalan: amigable
** Franco-Provençal: amiâblo
** Old French: amiable (see there for further descendants)
** Old Occitan: amigable
* Ibero-Romance:
** Old Galician-Portuguese: [Term?]
*** Galician: amigábel
*** Portuguese: amigável
** Spanish: amigable
*** → Galician: amigable
* Borrowings:
** → English: amicable
** → Italian: amicabile
** → Romanian: amicabil

### References

* “amicabilis”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* amicabilis in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
# 差し上げる
## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 差 | 上 |
| さ Grade: 4 | あ Grade: 1 |
| kun'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) さしあげる [sàshíágérú] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) さしあげる [sàshíágéꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [4])
* IPA: [sa̠ɕia̠ɡe̞ɾɯ̟]
* Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「差し上げる」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary :
| Stem forms ||||
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) | 差し上げる | さしあげる | [sàshíágérú] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 差し上げろ | さしあげろ | [sàshíágéró] |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 差し上げられる | さしあげられる | [sàshíágérárérú] |
| Causative | 差し上げさせる | さしあげさせる | [sàshíágésásérú] |
| Potential | 差し上げられる | さしあげられる | [sàshíágérárérú] |
| Volitional | 差し上げよう | さしあげよー | [sàshíágéyóꜜò] |
| Negative | 差し上げない | さしあげない | [sàshíágénáí] |
| Negative perfective | 差し上げなかった | さしあげなかった | [sàshíágénáꜜkàttà] |
| Formal | 差し上げます | さしあげます | [sàshíágémáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 差し上げた | さしあげた | [sàshíágétá] |
| Conjunctive | 差し上げて | さしあげて | [sàshíágété] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 差し上げれば | さしあげれば | [sàshíágéréꜜbà] |

### Verb

差(さ)し上(あ)げる • (sashiageru) transitive ichidan (stem 差(さ)し上(あ)げ (sashiage), past 差(さ)し上(あ)げた (sashiageta))
* lift up, raise
    大(おお)きな石(いし)を頭上高々(ずじょうたかだか)と差(さ)し上(あ)げた
       ōkina ishi o zujō takadaka to sashiageta
       Raised the big stone high above the head
* (humble) give
    この鏡(かがみ)をあなたに差(さ)し上(あ)げます
       kono kagami o anata ni sashiagemasu
       This mirror is for you

#### Usage notes

The giver is always the speaker or someone close to the speaker such as a family member. The receiver is always someone of higher social status than the speaker.

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 差し上げ | さしあげ | sashiage |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 差し上げ | さしあげ | sashiage |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 差し上げる | さしあげる | sashiageru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 差し上げる | さしあげる | sashiageru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 差し上げれ | さしあげれ | sashiagere |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 差し上げよ¹ 差し上げろ² | さしあげよ¹ さしあげろ² | sashiageyo¹ sashiagero² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 差し上げられる | さしあげられる | sashiagerareru |
| Causative | 差し上げさせる 差し上げさす | さしあげさせる さしあげさす | sashiagesaseru sashiagesasu |
| Potential | 差し上げられる 差し上げれる³ | さしあげられる さしあげれる³ | sashiagerareru sashiagereru³ |
| Volitional | 差し上げよう | さしあげよう | sashiageyō |
| Negative | 差し上げない 差し上げぬ 差し上げん | さしあげない さしあげぬ さしあげん | sashiagenai sashiagenu sashiagen |
| Negative continuative | 差し上げず | さしあげず | sashiagezu |
| Formal | 差し上げます | さしあげます | sashiagemasu |
| Perfective | 差し上げた | さしあげた | sashiageta |
| Conjunctive | 差し上げて | さしあげて | sashiagete |
| Hypothetical conditional | 差し上げれば | さしあげれば | sashiagereba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential ||||

### See also

* 上(あ)げる (ageru)

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.
# botellus
## Latin
### Etymology

From botulus +‎ -lus (diminutive suffix).

### Noun

botellus m (genitive botellī); second declension
* (rare) a small sausage

#### Declension

Second-declension noun.

#### Descendants

* Italo-Romance:
** Italian: budello
*** → Alemannic German: Büdel
* North Italian:
** Friulian: budiel
** Gallo-Italic:
*** Emilian: budèl
*** Ligurian: bêlo
*** Lombard: budèl
*** Piedmontese: buel, biel
** Venetan: bueło, buvel
* Gallo-Romance:
** Franco-Provençal: bouêl
** Old French: boiel, boel, bouel, boial, bouyau, boyel
*** Middle French: bouel
**** French: boyau
***** → English: boyau
**** → English: bowel
* Occitano-Romance:
** Catalan: budell
** Gascon: budèth, bodèth
** Occitan: budèl, budèu, budeu
* Ibero-Romance: (cases of unexpected /t/ perhaps reflect influence from botija or similar)
** Aragonese: budiello, bodillo, budillo
** Asturian: botiellu
** Galician: botelo, butelo
** Portuguese: butelo
** Spanish: botillo

### References

* “botellus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* botellus in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* botellus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
# coctura
## Latin
### Etymology

From coquō +‎ -tūra.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /kokˈtuː.ra/, [kɔkˈt̪uːrä]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /kokˈtu.ra/, [kokˈt̪uːrä]

### Noun

coctūra f (genitive coctūrae); first declension
* cooking, heating, roasting

#### Declension

First-declension noun.

#### Descendants

* Balkan Romance:
** Aromanian: cupturã
** Romanian: coptură
* Italo-Romance:
** Italian: cottura
** Sicilian: cuttura
* Insular Romance:
** Sardinian: cottura
* Western Romance:
** Old French: quiture
*** → English: quittor
** Spanish: cochura
** Venetan: cotura

### References

* “coctura”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* coctura in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* coctura in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.