# 敵

| 敵 | U+6575, &#25973; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6575 |
| ← 整 [U+6574] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 敶 → [U+6576] |

## Translingual
### Han character

敵 (Kangxi radical 66, 攴+11, 15 strokes, cangjie input 卜月人大 (YBOK), four-corner 0824$_0$, composition ⿰啇攵)

#### Derived characters

* 𭟗, 𢸑, 𧁱, 𡒱, 𰅇

#### Related characters

* 敌 (Simplified Chinese)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 474, character 48
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13354
* Dae Jaweon: page 828, character 29
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1475, character 4
* Unihan data for U+6575

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 膪 | *rtaːɡs, *rteːɡs |
| 揥 | *tʰeds, *teː |
| 腣 | *teː, *teːɡs |
| 諦 | *teːɡs |
| 偙 | *teːɡs |
| 渧 | *teːɡs |
| 帝 | *teːɡs |
| 楴 | *tʰeːɡs |
| 啼 | *deː |
| 蹄 | *deː |
| 締 | *deː, *deːɡs |
| 崹 | *deː |
| 鶙 | *deː |
| 禘 | *deːɡs |
| 啻 | *hljeɡs |
| 嫡 | *rteɡ, *teːɡ |
| 摘 | *rteːɡ, *tʰeːɡ |
| 謫 | *rteːɡ |
| 讁 | *rteːɡ |
| 擿 | *deɡ |
| 蹢 | *deɡ, *teːɡ |
| 適 | *tjeɡ, *hljeɡ, *teːɡ |
| 啇 | *teːɡ |
| 滴 | *teːɡ |
| 鏑 | *teːɡ |
| 甋 | *teːɡ |
| 樀 | *teːɡ, *deːɡ |
| 敵 | *deːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *deːɡ) : phonetic 啻 (OC *hljeɡs) + semantic 攴 (“to tap; to hit”).

### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-taːj (“to retaliate; to grudge”). Cognate with Jingpho tai (tai³¹, “to avenge; to retaliate”) and Mizo tǎi (“to be at enmity with one another (intense); to have a grudge against”), and Burmese တေး (te:, “to grudge, to chalk up a grievance”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): dí (di$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄉㄧˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): dik$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thi̍t
* Northern Min (KCR): dĭ
* Eastern Min (BUC): dĭk
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): te̍k / tia̍k
    (Teochew, Peng'im): dêg$^8$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^8$diq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dí
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄧˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: dí
*** Wade–Giles: ti$^2$
*** Yale: dí
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: dyi
*** Palladius: ди (di)
*** Sinological IPA : /ti³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: dik$^6$
*** Yale: dihk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dik$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: dig$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /tɪk̚²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thi̍t
*** Hakka Romanization System: tid
*** Hagfa Pinyim: tid$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰit̚⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: dĭ
*** Sinological IPA : /ti²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: dĭk
*** Sinological IPA : /tiʔ⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: te̍k
*** Tâi-lô: ti̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dek
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tiɪk̚⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tiɪk̚¹²¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tia̍k
*** Tâi-lô: tia̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: diak
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tiak̚²⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: dêg$^8$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: te̍k
*** Sinological IPA : /tek̚⁴/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^8$diq
*** MiniDict: dih$^入$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^5$diq
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /diɪʔ¹²/
* Middle Chinese: dek
Rime :
| Character | 敵 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 定 (7) |
| Final (韻) | 錫 (127) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | IV |
| Fanqie | 徒歷切 |
| Baxter | dek |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /dek̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /dek̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /dɛk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /dɛjk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /dek̚/ |
| Wang Li | /diek̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /dʱiek̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | dí |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | dik$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[d]ˤek/
    (Zhengzhang): /*deːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 敵 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | dí |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dek › |
| Old Chinese | /*[d]ˁek/ |
| English | oppose; enemy |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 敵 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 2340 |
| Phonetic component | 帝 |
| Rime group | 錫 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 荻 |
| Old Chinese | /*deːɡ/ |

### Definitions

敵
* enemy; foe; rival
    敵我／敌我 ― díwǒ ― the enemy and us
    與民為敵／与民为敌 ― yǔ mín wéi dí ― to treat the people as the enemy
    From: I Ching, 11th – 8th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    “fú róng yú mǎng”, dí gāng yě. [Pinyin]
    “He hides his arms in the thick grass:” - because of the strength of his foe.
    From: c. 1641 (compiled), 1658 (published); 林羅山 Hayashi Razan; 《織田信長譜》 (Oda Nobunaga-fu)
    Guāngxiù yuē: “Dí zài Běnnéng sì!” [Pinyin]
    Mitsuhide said: “The enemy is at Honnō-ji!”
* hostile; antagonistic
    敵國／敌国 ― díguó ― enemy state
* to resist; to oppose
    敵不住／敌不住 ― dí bùzhù ― cannot resist
    寡不敵眾／寡不敌众 ― guǎbùdízhòng ― to be hopelessly out-numbered
* to match; to rival
    匹敵／匹敌 ― pǐdí ― to compare with

### Compounds

* 不敵 / 不敌 (bùdí)
* 仇敵 / 仇敌 (chóudí)
* 以寡敵眾 / 以寡敌众
* 假想敵 / 假想敌 (jiǎxiǎngdí)
* 克敵 / 克敌 (kèdí)
* 克敵制勝 / 克敌制胜 (kèdízhìshèng)
* 八方受敵 / 八方受敌 (bāfāngshòudí)
* 八面受敵 / 八面受敌 (bāmiànshòudí)
* 公敵 / 公敌 (gōngdí)
* 制敵機先 / 制敌机先
* 力均勢敵 / 力均势敌
* 力敵勢均 / 力敌势均
* 力敵萬人 / 力敌万人
* 力敵萬夫 / 力敌万夫
* 功力悉敵 / 功力悉敌
* 勁敵 / 劲敌 (jìngdí)
* 勍敵 / 勍敌
* 勢均力敵 / 势均力敌 (shìjūnlìdí)
* 化敵為友 / 化敌为友 (huàdíwéiyǒu)
* 匹敵 / 匹敌 (pǐdí)
* 同仇敵愾 / 同仇敌忾 (tóngchóudíkài)
* 嘗敵 / 尝敌
* 四面受敵 / 四面受敌 (sìmiànshòudí)
* 因敵取資 / 因敌取资
* 外敵 / 外敌 (wàidí)
* 夙敵 / 夙敌
* 大敵當前 / 大敌当前 (dàdídāngqián)
* 天下無敵 / 天下无敌 (tiānxiàwúdí)
* 天敵 / 天敌 (tiāndí)
* 如臨大敵 / 如临大敌 (rúlíndàdí)
* 宿敵 / 宿敌 (sùdí)
* 富可敵國 / 富可敌国 (fùkědíguó)
* 寡不敵眾 / 寡不敌众 (guǎbùdízhòng)
* 對敵 / 对敌 (duìdí)
* 工力悉敵 / 工力悉敌
* 延敵 / 延敌
* 強敵環伺 / 强敌环伺
* 情敵 / 情敌 (qíngdí)
* 應敵 / 应敌 (yìngdí)
* 所向無敵 / 所向无敌 (suǒxiàngwúdí)
* 抑威餌敵 / 抑威饵敌
* 投敵 / 投敌 (tóudí)
* 抗敵 / 抗敌 (kàngdí)
* 拒敵 / 拒敌 (jùdí)
* 抵敵 / 抵敌 (dǐdí)
* 摧堅殪敵 / 摧坚殪敌
* 擇敵 / 择敌 (zédí)
* 政敵 / 政敌 (zhèngdí)
* 敵人 / 敌人 (dírén)
* 敵國 / 敌国 (díguó)
* 敵境 / 敌境
* 敵對 / 敌对 (díduì)
* 敵後 / 敌后 (díhòu)
* 敵後伏擊 / 敌后伏击
* 敵後作戰 / 敌后作战
* 敵情 / 敌情 (díqíng)
* 敵意 / 敌意 (díyì)
* 敵愾 / 敌忾 (díkài)
* 敵愾同仇 / 敌忾同仇
* 敵手 / 敌手 (díshǒu)
* 敵方 / 敌方 (dífāng)
* 敵樓 / 敌楼 (dílóu)
* 敵機 / 敌机 (díjī)
* 敵焰 / 敌焰 (díyàn)
* 敵眾我寡 / 敌众我寡 (dízhòngwǒguǎ)
* 敵視 / 敌视 (díshì)
* 敵腦 / 敌脑
* 敵臺 / 敌台 (dítái)
* 敵蹤 / 敌踪
* 敵軍 / 敌军 (díjūn)
* 敵酋 / 敌酋
* 敵陣 / 敌阵 (dízhèn)
* 敵頭 / 敌头
* 料敵 / 料敌 (liàodí)
* 料敵制勝 / 料敌制胜
* 料敵若神 / 料敌若神
* 智均力敵 / 智均力敌
* 枕戈待敵 / 枕戈待敌
* 棋敵 / 棋敌
* 棋逢敵手 / 棋逢敌手 (qíféngdíshǒu)
* 樹敵 / 树敌 (shùdí)
* 死敵 / 死敌 (sǐdí)
* 殲敵 / 歼敌 (jiāndí)
* 殺敵致果 / 杀敌致果
* 無可匹敵 / 无可匹敌
* 無敵 / 无敌 (wúdí)
* 無敵艦隊 / 无敌舰队
* 牛餼退敵 / 牛饩退敌
* 獷敵 / 犷敌
* 當世無敵 / 当世无敌
* 當敵 / 当敌
* 眾寡不敵 / 众寡不敌
* 眾寡莫敵 / 众寡莫敌
* 眾寡難敵 / 众寡难敌
* 眾少不敵 / 众少不敌
* 破敵 / 破敌 (pòdí)
* 禦敵 / 御敌 (yùdí)
* 萬人之敵 / 万人之敌
* 萬人敵 / 万人敌
* 萬夫莫敵 / 万夫莫敌
* 腹背受敵 / 腹背受敌 (fùbèishòudí)
* 臨敵賣陣 / 临敌卖阵
* 舉世無敵 / 举世无敌
* 舟中敵國 / 舟中敌国
* 英勇無敵 / 英勇无敌
* 表裡受敵 / 表里受敌
* 誘敵 / 诱敌 (yòudí)
* 誘敵深入 / 诱敌深入 (yòudíshēnrù)
* 論敵 / 论敌 (lùndí)
* 豔美無敵 / 艳美无敌
* 赴敵 / 赴敌
* 輕敵 / 轻敌 (qīngdí)
* 迎敵 / 迎敌 (yíngdí)
* 退敵 / 退敌 (tuìdí)
* 通敵 / 通敌 (tōngdí)
* 鄰敵 / 邻敌
* 階級敵人 / 阶级敌人
* 隱若敵國 / 隐若敌国
* 難敵 / 难敌
* 頑敵 / 顽敌 (wándí)
* 頭敵 / 头敌
* 首尾受敵 / 首尾受敌
* 驕敵 / 骄敌

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: じゃく (jaku)
* Kan-on: てき (teki, Jōyō)
* Kun: あだ (ada, 敵)、かたき (kataki, 敵, Jōyō)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 敵
* かたき Grade: 6
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 仇
The Heian Kyoto pitch accent of <LLL> indicates that the first two morae of this word are come from 片(かた) (kata, “one of a pair”, pitch accent <LL>).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かたき [kàtákíꜜ] (Odaka – [3])
* IPA: [ka̠ta̠kʲi]

#### Noun

敵(かたき) • (kataki)
* an enemy
* revenge, vengeance
    親(おや)の敵(かたき)
       oya no kataki
       revenge for one's parent's death
** 2005 January 10, Izawa, Hiroshi with Yamada, Kotaro, “第(だい)34話(わ)　復(ふく)讐(しゅう)の槍(やり) [Chapter 34: The Lance of Vengeance]”, in ファイアーエムブレム 覇者の剣 [Fire Emblem: Sword of Champions], volume 9 (fiction), Tokyo: Shueisha, →ISBN, page 60:
    妹(いもうと)の仇(かたき)だ！何(なん)万(まん)人(にん)だろうが地(じ)獄(ごく)へ送(おく)ってやる‼
       Imōto no kataki da! Nanmannin darō ga jigoku e okutte yaru‼
       This is vengeance for my sister! Keep coming, all of you! I’ll send you all straight to hell‼
* opponent (of the game or conflict)
* (archaic, obsolete) marriage partner

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 敵
* てき Grade: 6
* kan'on
* Alternative spelling
* 的 (rare, dated)
From Middle Chinese 敵 (MC dek). First cited in Japanese to the early 1200s.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) てき [tèkí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [te̞kʲi]

#### Noun

敵(てき) • (teki)
* [from early 1200s] an enemy
    敵(てき)は本能寺(ほんのうじ)にあり。
       Teki wa Honnō-ji ni ari.
       The enemy is at Honnō-ji. (attributed to Akechi Mitsuhide)
** 1999 March 1, “とろける赤(あか)き影(かげ) (torokeru akaki kage) [Melting Red Shadow]”, in BOOSTER 1, Konami:
    体(からだ)を溶(と)かして足(あし)もとの影(かげ)にもぐり、敵(てき)の真(ま)下(した)から攻(こう)撃(げき)する。
       Karada o tokashite ashimoto no kage ni moguri, teki no mashita kara kōgeki suru.
       It strikes its enemies directly from below as its melting body dives in the shadows under their feet.
* [from early 1800s] an opponent, a competitor
    敵(てき)を倒(たお)す
       teki o taosu
       defeat an opponent
** 2003 September 22, Akinobu Uraku, “第60話(だいろくじゅうわ) - 少(しょう)女(じょ)の決(けつ)意(い) (dairokujūwa - shōjo no ketsui) [Chapter 60: A Girl’s Resolve]”, in 東京アンダーグラウンド (Tōkyō Andāguraundo) [Tokyo Underground], volume 11 (fiction), Square Enix, →ISBN, pages 24–25:
    敵(てき)であるオマエを信(しん)じろと言(い)うのか？
       Teki de aru omae o shinjiro to iu no ka?
       You’re my opponent. Why should I believe you?
* [1466–???] (historical) the other party in a lawsuit
* [from 1678] 的: (historical) in the red-light district, a term of reference used between prostitutes and customers

##### Compounds

* 敵対(てきたい) (tekitai)

#### Pronoun

敵(てき) • (teki)
* [from 1811] 的: (historical) (by extension from the red-light district usage) term of third-person reference: that guy, that one
    Synonym: やつ (yatsu)
* [from 1809] 的: (historical, mildly derogatory) (by extension from the red-light district usage) term of second-person reference: you
    Synonym: お前 (omae)

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ “敵・的”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 敵 (MC dek). Recorded as Middle Korean 뎍 (tyek) (Yale: tyek) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

Wikisource 敵 (eumhun 원수 적 (wonsu jeok))
* hanja form of 적 (“enemy”)

#### Compounds

* 무적 (無敵, mujeok, “invincibility, matchlessness”)
* 숙적 (宿敵, sukjeok, “archenemy”)
* 적군 (敵軍, jeokgun, “enemy troops; hostile force”)
* 적대 (敵對, jeokdae, “hostility; opposition”)
* 정적 (政敵, jeongjeok, “political opponent, political enemy”)
* 천적 (天敵, cheonjeok, “predator; natural enemy (for an animal”)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

敵: Hán Nôm readings: địch
* chữ Hán form of địch (“enemy”).