# 飲酒
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yǐnjiǔ
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄣˇ ㄐㄧㄡˇ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jam$^2$ zau$^2$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ngim$^2$ diu$^2$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yím-chiú
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): ím-chiú
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yǐnjiǔ [Phonetic: yínjiǔ]
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄣˇ ㄐㄧㄡˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yǐnjiǒu
*** Wade–Giles: yin$^3$-chiu$^3$
*** Yale: yǐn-jyǒu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yiinjeou
*** Palladius: иньцзю (inʹczju)
*** Sinological IPA : /in²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jam$^2$ zau$^2$
*** Yale: yám jáu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jam$^2$ dzau$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yem$^2$ zeo$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɐm³⁵ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ngim$^2$ diu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /ᵑɡim⁵⁵ tiu⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yím-chiú
*** Hakka Romanization System: im$^ˋ$ jiu$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yim$^3$ jiu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /im³¹ t͡si̯u³¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yím-chiú
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)im$^ˋ$ jiu$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yim$^3$ jiu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)im³¹ t͡si̯u³¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ím-chiú
*** Tâi-lô: ím-tsiú
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ymciuo
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /im⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /im⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁵³/
* Middle Chinese: 'imX tsjuwX
Rime :
| Character | 飲 | 酒 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 影 (34) | 精 (13) |
| Final (韻) | 侵 (140) | 尤 (136) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 於錦切 | 子酉切 |
| Baxter | 'imX | tsjuwX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʔˠiɪm$^X$/ | /t͡sɨu$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʔᵚim$^X$/ | /t͡siu$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʔiem$^X$/ | /t͡siəu$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʔjim$^X$/ | /t͡suw$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ʔjəm$^X$/ | /t͡siu$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ĭĕm$^X$/ | /t͡sĭəu$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʔi̯əm$^X$/ | /t͡si̯ə̯u$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yǐn | jiǔ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jam$^2$ | zau$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*q(r)[u]mʔ tsuʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qrɯmʔ ʔsluʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 飲 | 酒 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yǐn | jiǔ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ʔim$^X$ › | ‹ tsjuw$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*q(r)[u]mʔ/ | /*tsuʔ/ |
| English | drink (v.) | wine |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 飲 | 酒 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 6625 | 15554 |
| Phonetic component | 今 | 酉 |
| Rime group | 侵 | 幽 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 㱃 | 酒 |
| Old Chinese | /*qrɯmʔ/ | /*ʔsluʔ/ |
| Notes | 說文作酓欠 | |

### Verb

飲⫽酒 (verb-object)
* (formal or dialectal) to drink alcohol
    未成年飲酒／未成年饮酒 ― wèichéngnián yǐnjiǔ ― underage drinking
    From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
    Yǐnjiǔ zé huānyuè, chùsàng zé bēi'āi. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Synonyms

* 吃酒 (chījiǔ) (literary or dialectal)
* 啉酒 (Hakka, Hokkien)
* 喝酒 (hējiǔ)
* 食酒 (Hakka, Hokkien)

#### Related terms

* 酒醉 (jiǔzuì)
* 酗酒 (xùjiǔ)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 飲酒(いんしゅ) (inshu)
* → Korean: 음주(飲酒) (eumju)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 飲 | 酒 |
| いん Grade: 3 | しゅ Grade: 3 |
| kan'on | goon |
* Alternative spelling
* 飮酒 (kyūjitai)
Appears to be a shift from older readings onju or onshu, swapping the older goon reading of on for 飲 for the newer kan'on reading of in.
First cited to the Taiheiki from the late 1300s.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) いんしゅ [ìńshú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ĩɰ̃ɕɨ]

#### Noun

飲(いん)酒(しゅ) • (inshu)
* drinking alcohol
    飲(いん)酒(しゅ)運(うん)転(てん)は犯(はん)罪(ざい)です！
       Inshu unten wa hanzai desu!
       Drunk driving is a crime!
       (literally, “Drinking alcohol and driving is a crime!”)

#### Verb

飲(いん)酒(しゅ)する • (inshu suru) intransitive suru (stem 飲(いん)酒(しゅ)し (inshu shi), past 飲(いん)酒(しゅ)した (inshu shita))
* to drink (consume alcoholic beverages)

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 飲酒し | いんしゅし | inshu shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 飲酒し | いんしゅし | inshu shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 飲酒する | いんしゅする | inshu suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 飲酒する | いんしゅする | inshu suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 飲酒すれ | いんしゅすれ | inshu sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 飲酒せよ¹ 飲酒しろ² | いんしゅせよ¹ いんしゅしろ² | inshu seyo¹ inshu shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 飲酒される | いんしゅされる | inshu sareru |
| Causative | 飲酒させる 飲酒さす | いんしゅさせる いんしゅさす | inshu saseru inshu sasu |
| Potential | 飲酒できる | いんしゅできる | inshu dekiru |
| Volitional | 飲酒しよう | いんしゅしよう | inshu shiyō |
| Negative | 飲酒しない | いんしゅしない | inshu shinai |
| Negative continuative | 飲酒せず | いんしゅせず | inshu sezu |
| Formal | 飲酒します | いんしゅします | inshu shimasu |
| Perfective | 飲酒した | いんしゅした | inshu shita |
| Conjunctive | 飲酒して | いんしゅして | inshu shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 飲酒すれば | いんしゅすれば | inshu sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 飲 | 酒 |
| おん Grade: 3 | しゅ > じゅ Grade: 3 |
| goon ||
* Alternative spelling
* 飮酒 (kyūjitai)
The earlier borrowing from Middle Chinese 飲酒 (MC 'imX tsjuwX), using the older goon reading of on for 酒. The shu changes to ju as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
Occasionally found in older works with the unvoiced reading onshu.
First cited to the Man'yōshū of 759 CE.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) おんじゅ [óꜜǹjù] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [õ̞ɲ̟d͡ʑɨ]

#### Noun

飲(おん)酒(じゅ) • (onju)
* (archaic) drinking alcohol

##### Usage notes

The onju reading does not appear on its own in modern usage, but it does appear in certain compounds.

##### Derived terms

* 飲(おん)酒(じゅ)戒(かい) (onjukai): a Buddhist admonition against the drinking of alcohol

### References

* 1 2 3 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* 1 2 “飲酒”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 飲 | 酒 |

### Noun

飲酒 • (eumju) (hangeul 음주)
* hanja form of 음주