# 臿

| 臿 | U+81FF, &#33279; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-81FF |
| ← 臾 [U+81FE] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 舀 → [U+8200] |

## Translingual
### Han character

臿 (Kangxi radical 134, 臼+3, 9 strokes, cangjie input 竹十竹難 (HJHX), four-corner 1077$_7$, composition ⿻千臼(GK) or ⿻干臼(HTJ))
* to separate the grain from the husk

#### Derived characters

* 偛, 喢, 𡍪, 㛼, 𢔣, 插, 㴙, 㮑, 𤊿, 牐, 𥈊, 𥓾, 䅤, 䙄, 䛽(𬤌), 鍤(锸), 䮢, 𠝞, 敮, 歃, 㞚, 㢎, 𬐬

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1003, character 6
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30180
* Dae Jaweon: page 1460, character 3
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3038, character 2
* Unihan data for U+81FF

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 臿 :
| Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 偛 | *ʔsreːb |
| 插 | *sʰreːb |
| 鍤 | *sʰreːb, *r̥ʰeb |
| 臿 | *sʰreːb |
| 喢 | *sʰreːb, *sreːb, *sreb, *l̥ʰjeb |
| 牐 | *zreːb |
| 歃 | *sreːb, *sreb |
| 敮 | *hreːb |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 干 (“pestle”) + 臼 (“mortar”) meaning "to grind".

### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *krap (“to beat, thrash, winnow”); see 壓 (OC *qreːb, “to press down”) for more (STEDT).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chā (cha$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄚ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): caap$^3$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chhap
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chā
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄚ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cha
*** Wade–Giles: chʻa$^1$
*** Yale: chā
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: cha
*** Palladius: ча (ča)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰä⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: caap$^3$
*** Yale: chaap
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsaap$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cab$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰaːp̚³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhap
*** Tâi-lô: tshap
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhab
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰap̚³²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰap̚⁵/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰap̚³²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰap̚³²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰap̚³²/
* Middle Chinese: tsrheap
Rime :
| Character | 臿 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 初 (19) |
| Final (韻) | 洽 (152) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 楚洽切 |
| Baxter | tsrheap |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ʃʰˠɛp̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʈ͡ʂʰᵚæp̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ʃʰɐp̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʈ͡ʂʰəɨp̚/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ʃʰɐp̚/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ʃʰɐp̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʈ͡ʂʰăp̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | cha |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | caap$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[tsʰ]<r>op/
    (Zhengzhang): /*sʰreːb/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 臿 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | chā |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsrhɛp › |
| Old Chinese | /*[tsʰ]<r>op/ |
| English | pestle |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 臿 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 1192 |
| Phonetic component | 臿 |
| Rime group | 盍 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 插 |
| Old Chinese | /*sʰreːb/ |

### Definitions

臿
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to grind; to pound; to hull; to husk
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 鍤 / 锸 (chā, “spade; shovel”)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 插 (chā, “to insert; stick into”)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): そう (sō)、しょう (shō)
* Kun: うすじく (usujiku)

## Korean
### Hanja

臿 • (sap) (hangeul 삽, revised sap, McCune–Reischauer sap)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

臿: Hán Nôm readings: sáp
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation