# verbum
## Afrikaans
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Noun

verbum (plural verba)
* verb

#### Synonyms

* werkwoord
* funksiewoord

## Czech
### Etymology

Derived from Latin verbum.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈvɛrbum]

### Noun

verbum n
* verb
    Synonym: sloveso

#### Related terms

* adverbiální
* adverbium
* deverbativum
* neverbální
* proverbiální
* proverbium
* univerbizace
* verbalismus
* verbalista
* verbalistický
* verbalizace
* verbalizovat
* verbální
* verva

### Further reading

* “verbum”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “verbum”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* “verbum”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech), 2008–2025

## Danish
### Etymology

From Latin verbum (“word”). In the grammatical sense, the Latin word was a semantic loan from Ancient Greek ῥῆμα (rhêma, “word, verb”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈʋaɐ̯b̥ɔm]

### Noun

verbum n (singular definite verbet, plural indefinite verber)
* (grammar) verb (a word that indicates an action, event, or a state)

#### Synonyms

* udsagnsord

### References

* “verbum” in Den Danske Ordbog

## Dutch
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin verbum. Doublet of woord.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈvɛr.bʏm/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: ver‧bum

### Noun

verbum n (plural verba)
* (grammar) verb
    Synonym: werkwoord

#### Usage notes

In Dutch verbum is a relatively technical term chiefly used by specialists, such as linguists and historians, and people with training in classical languages. The more generally understood term is werkwoord.

#### Related terms

* verbaal

## Latin
### Etymology

From Proto-Italic *werβom, from Proto-Indo-European *werdʰh₁om (“word”). Cognate with Umbrian 𐌖𐌄𐌓𐌚𐌀𐌋𐌄 (uerfale), English word.
In the grammatical sense of “verb”, it is a semantic loan from Ancient Greek ῥῆμᾰ (rhêmă).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈu̯er.bum/, [ˈu̯ɛrbʊ̃ˑ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈver.bum/, [ˈvɛrbum]

### Noun

verbum n (genitive verbī); second declension
* word
    Rēs, nōn verba. ― actions speak louder than words (literally, “things, not words”)
** 8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 5.539–540:verba movent īram nōn circumspectā deōrum: ‘quam nequeam’ dīxit ‘vincere, nūlla fera est.’Words, without having been considered, excite the anger of the gods: “There is no wild beast,” [Orion] said, “such as I am unable to defeat!” (See: Orion (mythology).)
** [90-110], Ioannes [John], Biblia [Bible], volume Novum Testamentum [New Testament] (canonical gospel), Evangelium secundum Ioannem [Gospel according to John], chapter 1, verse 1, lines 1–3:In principio erat Verbum, et Verbum erat apud Deum, et Deus erat Verbum.In principle was the Word, the Word was with God and the Word was God.
* proverb, saying
* (grammar) verb
* (in the plural) language, discourse, expressions
    verba dō ― to trick, deceive (literally, “to give a discourse”)

#### Declension

Second-declension noun (neuter).

#### Synonyms

* (verb): verbum temporāle

#### Derived terms

* adverbium
* proverbium
* verba īnstitūtiōnis
* verbālis
* verbātim
* verbōsus
* Verbum
* verbum actīvum
* verbum auxiliāre
* verbum causātīvum
* verbum commūne
* verbum dēfectīvum
* verbum dēminūtīvum
* verbum dēnōminātīvum
* verbum dēpōnēns
* verbum dēsīderātīvum
* verbum diminūtīvum
* verbum factitīvum
* verbum frequentātīvum
* verbum imitātīvum
* verbum impersōnāle
* verbum inchoātīvum
* verbum intēnsīvum
* verbum intrānsitīvum
* verbum irrēgulāre
* verbum iterātīvum
* verbum neutrum
* verbum passīvum
* verbum persōnāle
* verbum reciprocum
* verbum reflexīvum
* verbum rēgulāre
* verbum substantīvum
* verbum trānsitīvum

#### Related terms

* adverbiālis
* verbōsē

#### Descendants

* Asturian: vierbu
* French: verve
* Old Galician-Portuguese: vervo, verva
** Galician: verbo, verba
** Portuguese: verbo, verba
* Italian: verbo, verba
* Romanian: vorbă (possibly)
* Sardinian: belvu, berbu
* → Aragonese: berbo
* → Asturian: verbu
* → Basque: berba
* → Catalan: verb
* → Corsican: verbu
* → Czech: verbum
* → English: verb
* → French: verbe
* → German: Verb, Verbum
* → Lombard: verb
* → Norwegian Bokmål: verb, verbo
* → Occitan: vèrb
* → Piedmontese: verb
* → Romanian: verb
* → Sicilian: verbu
* Old Spanish: vierbo
** Ladino: byervo
** Spanish: verbo
* → Swedish: verb
* → Welsh: berf

### References

* “verbum”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “verbum”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* verbum in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. to crave humbly; to supplicate: supplicibus verbis orare what he said made a deep impression on..: hoc verbum alte descendit in pectus alicuius to agree in fact but not in word: re concinere, verbis discrepare to address a meeting of the people: verba facere apud populum, in contione pathos; passion: magniloquentia, granditas verborum the plain style: verborum tenuitias, oratio subtilis well-chosen language, grace of style: ornatus orationis, verborum to explain one's sentiments: sententias (verbis) explicare, aperire to express clearly, make a lifelike representation of a thing: exprimere aliquid verbis or oratione (vid. sect. VI. 3, note adumbrare...) the connection: perpetuitas verborum to go deeply into a matter, discuss it fully: multa verba facere to give a full, detailed account of a thing: pluribus verbis, copiosius explicare, persequi aliquid the circumstances are described in language worthy of them: rebus verba respondent to be unable to say all one wants: verbis non omnia exsequi posse I have abundance to say: res (opp. verba) mihi suppetit to translate literally, word for word (not verbo tenus): ad verbum transferre, exprimere to translate literally, word for word (not verbo tenus): verbum e verbo exprimere to translate literally, word for word (not verbo tenus): verbum pro verbo reddere to translate literally, word for word (not verbo tenus): totidem verbis transferre to translate freely: his fere verbis, hoc fere modo convertere, transferre the structure of the sentence: compositio, structura verborum the period: ambitus, circuitus, comprehensio, continuatio (verborum, orationis), also simply periodus the construction: constructio, structura verborum, forma dicendi profusion of words: copia, ubertas verborum to be rich in words: verbis abundantem esse, abundare poverty of expression: inopia verborum to employ carefully chosen expressions: lectissimis verbis uti (De Or. 3. 37) obsolete, ambiguous expressions: prisca, obsoleta (opp. usitata), ambigua verba nominally; really: verbo, nomine; re, re quidem vera literally: si verba spectas in some one's name; on some one's behalf (not nomine alicuius): verbis alicuius, e.g. salutare (Liv. 9. 36) these are mere empty phrases: haec verba sunt (Ter. Phorm. 3. 2. 32) mere words; empty sound: inanis verborum sonitus senseless rant: inanium verborum flumen to not say a word: nullum (omnino) verbum facere to say not a syllable about a person: ne verbum (without unum) quidem de aliquo facere to speak on a subject: verba facere (de aliqua re, apud aliquem) to extract a word from some one: verbum ex aliquo elicere to hold an altercation with a man: verbis concertare or altercari cum aliquo (B. C. 3. 19. 6) an altercation, debate: verborum concertatio to say only a few words: pauca dicere (pauca verba dicere only of the orator) all this means to say: omnia verba huc redeunt no word escaped him: nullum verbum ex ore eius excidit (or simply ei) to unable to find a suitable expression: verbo parum valere (Tusc. 3. 5. 11) not to understand a single word: verbum prorsus nullum intellegere to introduce a new word into the Latin language: inducere novum verbum in latinam linguam to invent, form words: verba parere, fingere, facere to form, derive a word from... (used of the man who first creates the word): vocabulum, verbum, nomen ducere ab, ex... to derive a word from... (used of an etymologist): verbum ductum esse a...putare to derive a word from... (used of an etymologist): originem verbi repetere a... to give the etymological explanation of words: nomina enodare or verborum origines quaerere, indagare what is the meaning, the original sense of this word: quae est vis huius verbi? the fundamental meaning of a word: vis et notio verbi, vocabuli to hold by the letter (of the law): verba ac litteras or scriptum (legis) sequi (opp. sententia the spirit) the order of words: ordo verborum (Or. 63. 214) a figurative expression; a word used metaphorically: verbum translatum (Or. 27. 92) well-arranged words: verba composita a trope; metonymy: verborum immutatio it was said long ago that..: vetus (verbum) est (c. Acc. c. Inf.) minute, pedantic carping at words: verborum aucupium or captatio the text of the author (not textus): verba, oratio, exemplum scriptoris to strike out, delete a word: inducere verbum (Phil. 13. 19. 43) the terms, contents of the letter are as follows: litterae in hanc sententiam or his verbis scriptae sunt insulting expressions: voces (verba) contumeliosae insulting expressions: verborum contumeliae to deceive a person, throw dust in his eyes: verba dare alicui (Att. 15. 16) to read prayers for the congregation to repeat: praeire verba (carmen) (Liv. 31. 17) a word with you: tribus verbis te volo remember me to your brother: nuntia fratri tuo salutem verbis meis (Fam. 7. 14) to use Cicero's expression; to say with Cicero (not ut cum Cicerone loquar): ut Ciceronis verbis utar to use the mildest expression: ut levissime dicam (opp. ut gravissimo verbo utar)
* verbum in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1911) “vĕrbum”, in Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), page 703