# -inen
## Finnish
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *-inën. Originally also had the variant -nen, but in the standard language, the two variants have been made distinct by giving them different uses.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-inen/, [-ine̞n]
* IPA: /-ne(n)/, [-ne̞(n)] (colloquial, dialectal; see usage notes)

### Suffix

-inen
* Creates adjectives:
** Creates adjectives signifying a certain quality: -like, -ous, -y
    ‎vuoristo (“mountain range”) + ‎-inen → ‎vuoristoinen (“mountainous”)
    ‎sotku (“mess”) + ‎-inen → ‎sotkuinen (“messy”)
    ‎talvi (“winter”) + ‎-inen → ‎talvinen (“wintry”)
** Creates adjectives indicating a material of which something is made: -en
    ‎kulta (“gold”) + ‎-inen → ‎kultainen (“golden”)
    ‎puu (“tree; wood”) + ‎-inen → ‎puinen (“wooden”)
** Creates adjectives from present active participles, indicating a tendency to be/do something.
    ‎taipuva (“flexible”) + ‎-inen → ‎taipuvainen (“inclined, predisposed (to do something)”)
** Creates adjectives from foreign roots: -ic
    ‎demokraatti- + ‎-inen → ‎demokraattinen (“democratic”)
    ‎konstruktiivi- + ‎-inen → ‎konstruktiivinen (“constructive”)

#### Usage notes

* This suffix is highly productive.
* All -inen nominals belong to declension class 38 (nainen). Nominals belonging to this class have special combining forms.
** The combining form used for most -inen derivatives (including basically all nouns) before other words in a compound: the final -nen is replaced with -s-:
    erikoinen → erikois-  pohjoinen → pohjois-  yhteinen → yhteis-
** For -inen words where the root is of Latin or Greek origin, the -s- too is often dropped.
    nominaalinen → nominaali-  sosiaalinen → sosiaali-  virtuaalinen → virtuaali-
** -inen adjectives which derive from other nominals may have combining forms that behave as if the suffix were not present.
    punainen (< puna) → puna-  kertakäyttöinen (< kerta + käyttö) → kertakäyttö-  monitoiminen (< moni + toimi) → monitoimi-
* When appended to verbs ending in -taa, -tää, the verb stem ending in -te- is used.
    kerrostaa → kerrosteinen
* Should not be confused with the diminutive suffix -nen in the standard language. The two suffixes are however etymologically identical and hence the distinction may not be observed in some dialects.
** Colloquially and dialectally, -inen may lose its -i-. In the most common variants of colloquial Finnish, the -i- is elided if it is unstressed and immediately preceded by a vowel that is not e and is in the same syllable as -i- (i.e. part of a -Vi- diphthong). The dropping may be avoided if it would result in an unacceptable amount of ambiguity.
* -hinen was originally a distinct suffix, but has become confused with -inen, and most speakers do not recognize them as separate suffixes.
* With foods, the resulting adjective can be translated generally as "containing or resembling ...". For example, an adjective like mansikkainen (← mansikka (“strawberry”)) refers to something that has a prominent strawberry flavor or aroma, usually because strawberry was an ingredient. If the flavor was obtained artificially, or one otherwise wishes to emphasize the flavor, one might want to instead use an adjective such as mansikanmakuinen ~ mansikan makuinen (“strawberry-flavored”). If one wishes to emphasize that something does contain strawberry, especially in technical contexts, one may say mansikkaa sisältävä or mansikkapitoinen.
* When creating adjectives from foreign roots, the root usually takes on the form it would have if it were an independent noun; for example, since "a Democrat" is demokraatti, the resulting adjective is demokraattinen.

#### Declension

Possessive forms of -inen (Kotus type 38/nainen, no gradation) :
Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives. :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-iseni
-iseni
accusative
nom.
-iseni
-iseni
gen.
-iseni
genitive
-iseni
-isteni -isieni
partitive
-istani
-isiani
inessive
-isessani
-isissani
elative
-isestani
-isistani
illative
-iseeni
-isiini
adessive
-isellani
-isillani
ablative
-iseltani
-isiltani
allative
-iselleni
-isilleni
essive
-isenani
-isinani
translative
-isekseni
-isikseni
abessive
-isettani
-isittani
instructive
comitative
—-isineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-isesi
-isesi
accusative
nom.
-isesi
-isesi
gen.
-isesi
genitive
-isesi
-istesi -isiesi
partitive
-istasi
-isiasi
inessive
-isessasi
-isissasi
elative
-isestasi
-isistasi
illative
-iseesi
-isiisi
adessive
-isellasi
-isillasi
ablative
-iseltasi
-isiltasi
allative
-isellesi
-isillesi
essive
-isenasi
-isinasi
translative
-iseksesi
-isiksesi
abessive
-isettasi
-isittasi
instructive
comitative
—-isinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-isemme
-isemme
accusative
nom.
-isemme
-isemme
gen.
-isemme
genitive
-isemme
-istemme -isiemme
partitive
-istamme
-isiamme
inessive
-isessamme
-isissamme
elative
-isestamme
-isistamme
illative
-iseemme
-isiimme
adessive
-isellamme
-isillamme
ablative
-iseltamme
-isiltamme
allative
-isellemme
-isillemme
essive
-isenamme
-isinamme
translative
-iseksemme
-isiksemme
abessive
-isettamme
-isittamme
instructive
comitative
—-isinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-isenne
-isenne
accusative
nom.
-isenne
-isenne
gen.
-isenne
genitive
-isenne
-istenne -isienne
partitive
-istanne
-isianne
inessive
-isessanne
-isissanne
elative
-isestanne
-isistanne
illative
-iseenne
-isiinne
adessive
-isellanne
-isillanne
ablative
-iseltanne
-isiltanne
allative
-isellenne
-isillenne
essive
-isenanne
-isinanne
translative
-iseksenne
-isiksenne
abessive
-isettanne
-isittanne
instructive
comitative
—-isinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-isensa
-isensa
accusative
nom.
-isensa
-isensa
gen.
-isensa
genitive
-isensa
-istensa -isiensa
partitive
-istaan -istansa
-isiaan -isiansa
inessive
-isessaan -isessansa
-isissaan -isissansa
elative
-isestaan -isestansa
-isistaan -isistansa
illative
-iseensa
-isiinsa
adessive
-isellaan -isellansa
-isillaan -isillansa
ablative
-iseltaan -iseltansa
-isiltaan -isiltansa
allative
-iselleen -isellensa
-isilleen -isillensa
essive
-isenaan -isenansa
-isinaan -isinansa
translative
-isekseen -iseksensa
-isikseen -isiksensa
abessive
-isettaan -isettansa
-isittaan -isittansa
instructive
comitative
—-isineen -isinensa :
Possessive forms of -inen (Kotus type 38/nainen, no gradation) :
Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives. :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-iseni
-iseni
accusative
nom.
-iseni
-iseni
gen.
-iseni
genitive
-iseni
-isteni -isieni
partitive
-istäni
-isiäni
inessive
-isessäni
-isissäni
elative
-isestäni
-isistäni
illative
-iseeni
-isiini
adessive
-iselläni
-isilläni
ablative
-iseltäni
-isiltäni
allative
-iselleni
-isilleni
essive
-isenäni
-isinäni
translative
-isekseni
-isikseni
abessive
-isettäni
-isittäni
instructive
comitative
—-isineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-isesi
-isesi
accusative
nom.
-isesi
-isesi
gen.
-isesi
genitive
-isesi
-istesi -isiesi
partitive
-istäsi
-isiäsi
inessive
-isessäsi
-isissäsi
elative
-isestäsi
-isistäsi
illative
-iseesi
-isiisi
adessive
-iselläsi
-isilläsi
ablative
-iseltäsi
-isiltäsi
allative
-isellesi
-isillesi
essive
-isenäsi
-isinäsi
translative
-iseksesi
-isiksesi
abessive
-isettäsi
-isittäsi
instructive
comitative
—-isinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-isemme
-isemme
accusative
nom.
-isemme
-isemme
gen.
-isemme
genitive
-isemme
-istemme -isiemme
partitive
-istämme
-isiämme
inessive
-isessämme
-isissämme
elative
-isestämme
-isistämme
illative
-iseemme
-isiimme
adessive
-isellämme
-isillämme
ablative
-iseltämme
-isiltämme
allative
-isellemme
-isillemme
essive
-isenämme
-isinämme
translative
-iseksemme
-isiksemme
abessive
-isettämme
-isittämme
instructive
comitative
—-isinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-isenne
-isenne
accusative
nom.
-isenne
-isenne
gen.
-isenne
genitive
-isenne
-istenne -isienne
partitive
-istänne
-isiänne
inessive
-isessänne
-isissänne
elative
-isestänne
-isistänne
illative
-iseenne
-isiinne
adessive
-isellänne
-isillänne
ablative
-iseltänne
-isiltänne
allative
-isellenne
-isillenne
essive
-isenänne
-isinänne
translative
-iseksenne
-isiksenne
abessive
-isettänne
-isittänne
instructive
comitative
—-isinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-isensä
-isensä
accusative
nom.
-isensä
-isensä
gen.
-isensä
genitive
-isensä
-istensä -isiensä
partitive
-istään -istänsä
-isiään -isiänsä
inessive
-isessään -isessänsä
-isissään -isissänsä
elative
-isestään -isestänsä
-isistään -isistänsä
illative
-iseensä
-isiinsä
adessive
-isellään -isellänsä
-isillään -isillänsä
ablative
-iseltään -iseltänsä
-isiltään -isiltänsä
allative
-iselleen -isellensä
-isilleen -isillensä
essive
-isenään -isenänsä
-isinään -isinänsä
translative
-isekseen -iseksensä
-isikseen -isiksensä
abessive
-isettään -isettänsä
-isittään -isittänsä
instructive
comitative
—-isineen -isinensä :

#### Derived terms

* -hinen
* -iainen
* -istaa
* -kainen
* -lainen
* -llinen
* -mainen
* -minen
* -nainen
* -nnainen
* -oinen
* -tuinen
* -uainen

### Anagrams

* Enni, enin