# kur
## Translingual
### Symbol

kur
* (international standards) ISO 639-2 & ISO 639-3 language code for Kurdish.

## Ainu
### Alternative forms

* kuru, kuh (Sakhalin dialect)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kur/

### Noun

kur (Kana spelling クㇽ, plural utar)
* (with modifiers) person
    repunkur ― foreigner (literally, “person in the sea”)
    tan kur ― this person

#### Usage notes

This word is similar in usage to Japanese 者(もの) (mono), in the sense that it cannot stand in a sentence as an independent word and is never used without a modifier.

#### See also

* pe (“thing (after consonant)”)
* p (“thing (after vowel)”)

## Albanian
### Etymology

From Proto-Albanian *kur, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷur; cognate to Lithuanian kur̃ (“where”), Old Armenian ուր (ur, “id”), etc. See also Albanian ku (“where”).
Less likely from Latin quā hōrā.

### Pronoun

kur
* when

#### Derived terms

* kurrë

### References

* ↑ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “kur”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 206
* ↑ Vasmer, Max (1921) Studien zur albanischen Wortforschung (Acta et commentationes 34 Universitatis Dorpatensis; 1) (in German), Dorpat
* ↑ Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN
* ↑ Demiraj, B. (1997) “227-228”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎ (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi

## Chipaya
### Noun

kur
* mountain

### References

* Sabine Dedenbach-Salazar Sáenz, Katja Hannß, Chipaya case markers -kiś and -kin: Subject and speaker reference (2008)

## Czech
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kurъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈkur]

### Noun

kur m anim
* a group of bird genera in the Phasianidae family, composed of Bambusicola, Galloperdix, Gallus, and Ptilopachus
** especially, the common household chicken (Gallus gallus, sometimes Gallus gallus domesticus)
* (archaic) rooster
    Synonym: kohout

#### Derived terms

* kurník
* kuropění
* kuře
* kuří oko

### Further reading

* “kur”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “kur”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* “kur”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech), 2008–2025
* Jiří Rejzek (2007) “kur”, in Český etymologický slovník (in Czech), Leda

## Danish
### Etymology

From Latin cura (“care”)

### Pronunciation

* Rhymes: -ur

### Noun

kur c (singular definite kuren, plural indefinite kure)
* treatment
* cure, remedy

#### Inflection
## Eastern Cham
### Alternative forms

* ꨆꨭꩉ

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kur/

### Adjective

kur
* round; circular

## Hungarian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈkur]
* Hyphenation: kur
* Rhymes: -ur

### Adjective

kur (not comparable)
* Curonian

#### Declension
## Latgalian
### Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ku. Cognates include Latvian kur and Lithuanian kur.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈkùr]
* Hyphenation: kur

### Adverb

kur
* (interrogative) where?
* (relative) where

### References

* Nicole Nau (2011) A short grammar of Latgalian, München: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN

## Latvian
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Baltic *kur, from the same Proto-Indo-European stem *kʷu-, *kʷo- as the interrogative pronoun kas (q.v.). Cognates include Lithuanian kur̃, Old Church Slavonic къде (kŭde) (cf. Russian где (gde)), Sanskrit कुह (kúha).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kùɾ]
* Audio:(file)

#### Adverb

kur
* (in questions involving location) where? in what place?
    kur atrodas jūsu māja? ― where is your house located?
    kur tu strādā? ― where do you work?
    kur viņš dzīvo? ― where does he live?
    “kur Kristīne? iekšā?” Edgars rādīja uz barona istabām ― “where (is) Christne? inside?” Edgars showed the baron's rooms
* (in questions involving motion towards) where? where to? to what place? whither?
    kur tu iesi? ― where will you go?
* (often in combination with other adverbs like kaut, citur, tur) indicates an indeterminate or unknown place; where, wherever, somewhere
    kaut kur ― somewhere
    kur nekur ― somewhere
    kur tur ― somewhere
    kur citur ― elsewhere, somewhere else
    citur kur ― elsewhere, somewhere else
    viņš raudzījās visapkārt, vai vēl kur nekūpēja ― he looked all around, even (there) where it wasn't smoking
    kaut kur nodimdēja pēdējās tramvajs, vientuļs un drusku noguris ― somewhere the last tram was rumbling (along), lonely and a little tired
    bet vai, uz balli ejot, nevar apmaldīties un nokļūt kur citur? — but can't (you), while going to the ball, get lost and end up somewhere else?
* (usually in a rhetorical question or as part of an interjection or interjective expression) indicates denial, impossibility
    kur nu! ― lit. where now! (= what?! of course not! what an idea! what are you talking about?)
    kur tad ― lit. where then (indicating doubt, impossibility)
    kur šim nauda būs, kad pa krogu vien dzīvoja? ― how on earth (lit. where) will this one (= guy) have money, when (= since) he used to live in the bar (doing nothing)?
    Anneli nekur nelaida, un viņa arī nevarēja paiet; kā soli spēra, tā sapinās lakatos un novēlās... kur viņai arī vajadzēja iet! ― (they) didn't let Annele (go) anywhere, and she couldn't walk anyway; when she tried a step, she got entangled in (the) scarves and fell down... where should she go anyway!
    “es kādreiz domāju, auskari vairs nav modē...” “kur nu! vismodernākā lieta!” — “I sometimes think that earrings are no longer fashionable...” “what are you talking about?! (earrings are) the most modern (= fashionable) thing!”
* used to stress the degree of a quality, or to add emotional intensity; syn. cik; how..., how much..., what a...
    Sals domājis: “sasodīts, kur tas zaķis stiprs!” — Frost thought: “damn! what a strong hare!”
    visi aizsteidzas uz pūķa pili meitu apraudzīt... kur tā bija priecīga, asaras raudādama, puisītim-brālītim tūlīt gar ap kaklu! ― everybody hurried to the dragon's palace to look at the girl... how happy she was, crying tears, with the little boy, (her) brother, around her neck (= hugging her)!
* used to make an utterance more expressive, to strengthen it; ah...! what happened to...!
    kur tas laiks, sulas kad urbu! ― ah! (lit. where) that time, when I used to drill (holes on trees, to get) sap!
* (with a complement participial verb in -dams) used to indicate concession; let ... wherever
    lai brauc kur braukdams ― let him go wherever he will!
    lai rakstnieks ietu kur iedams, darītu ko darīdams ― let the writer go wherever he will go, (let him) do whatever he will do
* (with an infinitive verb) indicates a place related to the action described by the verb; (a place) where, anywhere, somewhere
    nezināja kur skriet ― he didn't know where to run
    nav kur iet ― (there) isn't anywhere to go
    nav kur drēbes glabāt ― (he) doesn't have where (= a place) to keep (his) clothes
    Gaužens gan saka, ka varētu iztikt ar kaļķiem, bet tos pašus arī nav kur ņemt ― Gaužens indeed said that they could do with lime, but there isn't anywhere to take (= get, find) it
    viņa nokāpa pēc ūdens, lai būtu kur nomazgāt gaidāmo bērnu ― she went down for (= near) the water, so that there would be where (= some place where) to wash the upcoming baby

##### Synonyms

* (where to): kurp

#### Conjunction

kur
* where; used to introduce subordinate clauses indicating location and relating to elements of the main clause with various different functions:
    (a) subject:
    ja slimnieks sūdzas par sāpēm pakrūtē, tad jānoskaidro, kur īsti sāp, vairāk pa labi... vai pa kreisi... ― if the patient complains of chest pain, then (we) must find out where it really hurts, more to the right... or to the left...
       (b) predicate:
    vistrokšņainākā istaba redakcijā bija tā, kur strādāja lauksaimniecības nodaļas līdzstrādnieki ― the noisiest room in the editorial office was the one where the associates of the agriculture department worked
       (c) attribute, secondary predicate:
    gravu ienaidnieks uzskatīja par vietu, kur katrā ziņā vajag būt sapulcētiem uzbrūkošajiem spēkiem ― the enemy considered a ravine a place where in all respects there must be assembled attacking forces
       {d} attribute, with purpose meaning
    itin kā zemes trūktu, kur dārzu stādīt ― as if there was no land where to plant a garden
       (e) direct object (e.g., reporting a question)
    tātad taisnība un brīvība nav vis pavisam pazudušas: Jēkabs zina, kur tās paslēptas ― so, truth and freedom were not completely lost: Jēkabs knew where they (were) hidden
    sveicināti! vai jūs man neparādītu, kur dzīvo Dzenes? ― hello! wouldn't you (= would you please) show me where the Dzenes live?
       (f) spatial (adverbial), locative or directional (including the combination kur (tik) vien) “wherever...”)
    kur dūmi, tur siltums ― where (there is) smoke, (there is also) heat
    labi, labi! ņem sievu un bērnus un ej, kur esi nācis! OK, OK! get (your) wife and children and go (back) where you came from!
    allaž gribas nokļūt tur, kur esmu jau bijis ― (I) always feel like going where I have already been (before)
    Andriksons stāvēja turpat, kur stāvējis, stīvs un mēms ― Andriksons stood right there where he had stopped, stiff and speechless
    kur vien Liena parādījās, tur skumjas bēga kā nakts no dienas ― wherever Liena showed herself, there sadness ran (away) like the night from the day
    kur tik vien māceklis pieķeras, visur notik klizma ― wherever the apprentice tried to do something, accidents happened
       (g) concession (in the sequences lai kur, lai arī kur, lai nu kur, lai vai kur)
    lai kur tu dzīvotu, jaunais draugs, lai cik klusa būtu tava sēta, tu allaž sasniegsi draugus ― wherever you may live, young friend, no matter how quiet your little ranch is, you will always obtain friends
    viņš ir tik karsts un nikns... lai kur kāds runā, viņš tūdaļ pretī ar savu ― he is so hot (= angry) and wild... wherever someone is speaking, he immediately reacts with his (comments, counterarguments)

#### Pronoun

kur (relative)
* where; used to link a component of a subordinate clause with a component of a main clause, expressing a locative relation
    Janka ienira pavadītāju drūzmā, kur neviens nepiegrieza viņam vērību ― Janka dived into the accompanying crowd, where nobody would pay attention to him
    māte priecājās par sieru un iebāza to, drusku nogaršojusi, kabatā, kur tas pazuda kā akā ― mother was happy about the cheese and put it, after tasting a little, in (her) pocket, where it disappeared as if in a well

#### Related terms

* kurp
* kuriene

### Etymology 2

A form of the verb kurt (q.v.).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kūɾ]
* IPA: [kûɾ]
* Audio:(file)

#### Verb

kur
* inflection of kurt:
** second/third-person singular present indicative
** third-person plural present indicative
** second-person singular imperative
* (with the particle lai) third-person singular imperative of kurt
* (with the particle lai) third-person plural imperative of kurt

### References

* ↑ Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) “kur”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca‎ (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN

## Lithuanian
### Etymology

Ultimately from an r-extension of Proto-Indo-European *kʷos, *kʷis. Cognate with Latvian kur (“where”), Proto-Slavic *kъde (“id”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kʊr]

### Adverb

kur̃
* where
    Kur esi? ― Where are you?

### Pronoun

kur̃
* where

### References

* ↑ Wojciech Smoczyński (2018) “kur̃”, in Lithuanian Etymological Dictionary, Berlin, Germany: Peter Lang, →DOI, →ISBN, page 326
* ↑ Derksen, Rick (2015) “kur”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 265

## Middle English
### Noun

kur
* Alternative form of curre

## Northern Kurdish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kʊɾ/

### Noun

kur m
* boy, son

#### Synonyms

* law

#### Descendants

* →? Turkish: kıro (from the vocative case)

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology 1

From Latin cura.

#### Noun

kur m (definite singular kuren, indefinite plural kurer, definite plural kurene)
* a cure, treatment

##### Derived terms

* mirakelkur

### Etymology 2

From French cour.

#### Noun

kur m (definite singular kuren, indefinite plural kurer, definite plural kurene)
* court (royal court, to pay court)

### References

* “kur” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology 1

From Latin cura.

#### Noun

kur m (definite singular kuren, indefinite plural kurar, definite plural kurane)
* a cure, treatment

##### Derived terms

* mirakelkur

### Etymology 2

From French cour.

#### Noun

kur m (definite singular kuren, indefinite plural kurar, definite plural kurane)
* court (royal court, to pay court)

### References

* “kur” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkur/
* (Greater Poland):
** (Kuyavia) IPA: /ˈkur/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ur
* Syllabification: kur
* Homophone: kór

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kurъ.

#### Noun

kur m animal (diminutive kurek)
* (literary or dialectal, Kuyavia, Szczuczyn) rooster
    Synonyms: kogut, kokot
* a sculpin of the genera Myoxocephalus or Taurulus

##### Derived terms

* drugie kury

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.) Cognates include Russian корь (korʹ) and Ukrainian кір (kir).

#### Alternative forms

* kór, chór (obsolete)

#### Noun

kur m inan
* (obsolete) rubella, German measles (disease caused by Rubella virus)
    Synonym: różyczka

##### Declension
### Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Noun

kur f pl
* genitive plural of kura

### Further reading

* kur in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* kur in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1902), “kur”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 2, Warsaw, page 638
* Władysław Matlakowski (1892) “kur”, in Słownik wyrazów ludowych zebranych w Czerskiem i na Kujawach (in Polish), Kraków: nakł. Akademii Umiejętności; Drukarnia Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego pod zarządem A. M. Kosterkiewicza, page 10

## Sumerian
### Romanization

kur
* Romanization of 𒆳 (kur)

## Swedish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kʉːr/
* Rhymes: -ʉːr

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Middle Low German kūr, related to kūren (origin of German kauern and English cower), according to Pokorny, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gew- (“to curve, bend”), see also Proto-Germanic *kuddô (“shell, pod”).

#### Noun

kur c
* a small shed or roof, a shelter or sentry-box

##### Declension

| | | nominative | genitive |
| singular | indefinite | kur | kurs |
| singular | definite | kuren | kurens |
| plural | indefinite | kurer | kurers |
| plural | definite | kurerna | kurernas |

##### Related terms

* busskur
* kura
* skyllerkur
* vaktkur
* väntkur

### Etymology 2

From Latin cura.

#### Noun

kur c
* a cure (for a disease), a remedy, a treatment

##### Declension

| | | nominative | genitive |
| singular | indefinite | kur | kurs |
| singular | definite | kuren | kurens |
| plural | indefinite | kurer | kurers |
| plural | definite | kurerna | kurernas |

##### Derived terms

* huskur
* kuranstalt
* kurort
* mirakelkur
* vattenkur

##### Related terms

* kurator
* kurativ
* kurera
* kurering

##### See also

* sinekur

### References

* kur in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* kur in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)
* kur in Elof Hellquist, Svensk etymologisk ordbok (1st ed., 1922)
* ↑ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “393-98”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 393-98

## Tat
### Etymology

Cognate with Persian کور (kur).

### Adjective

kur
* blind

## Turkish
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from French cours.

#### Noun

kur (definite accusative kuru, plural kurlar)
* exchange rate
* course (learning program)

##### Declension
### Etymology 2
#### Verb

kur
* second-person singular imperative of kurmak