# 咳嗽
## Chinese

* 咳嗽

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): késou, késòu
       (Zhuyin): ㄎㄜˊ ˙ㄙㄡ, ㄎㄜˊ ㄙㄡˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ke$^2$ sou$^4$
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): kěsou
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): kat$^1$ sau$^3$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): kat$^2$ lheu$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): kiet$^6$ seu$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): khiet-chhu̍k
    (Meixian, Guangdong): kêd$^5$ sêu$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): kah$^4$ sou$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): kă̤-se̿
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): ka-sàu / hâi-sàu / khâm-sàu
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ga$^1$ sao$^3$ / hai$^6$ sao$^3$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): ga$^1$ sao$^3$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^7$kheq-seu$_5$ / $^7$khoq-seu$_5$ / $^7$kheq-soe$_5$ / $^7$khoq-soe$_5$
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ke$^6$ sou$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: késou
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄜˊ ˙ㄙㄡ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: késo̊u
*** Wade–Giles: kʻo$^2$-sou$^5$
*** Yale: ké-sou
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ker.sou
*** Palladius: кэсоу (kɛsou)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɤ³⁵ soʊ̯³/
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: késòu
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄜˊ ㄙㄡˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: késòu
*** Wade–Giles: kʻo$^2$-sou$^4$
*** Yale: ké-sòu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kersow
*** Palladius: кэсоу (kɛsou)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɤ³⁵ soʊ̯⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: ke$^2$ sou$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: kesou
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɛ²¹ səu²¹³/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: kěsou
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɤ²¹ sɤu/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: kat$^1$ sau$^3$
*** Yale: kāt sau
*** Cantonese Pinyin: kat$^7$ sau$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ked$^1$ seo$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɐt̚⁵ sɐu̯³³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: kat$^2$ lheu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰat̚⁵⁵ ɬeu³³/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: kiet$^6$ seu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰiɛt̚⁵ sɛu³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiet-chhu̍k
*** Hakka Romanization System: kied$^ˋ$ cug
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kiad$^5$ cug$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯et̚² t͡sʰuk̚⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: kêd$^5$ sêu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰɛt̚¹ seu⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: kah$^4$ sou$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /kʰaʔ² səu⁴⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: kă̤-se̿
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɛ²⁴ se³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ka-sàu
*** Tâi-lô: ka-sàu
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kasaux
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ka⁴⁴⁻³³ sau²¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ka⁴⁴⁻²² sau²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ka⁴⁴⁻³³ sau¹¹/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hâi-sàu
*** Tâi-lô: hâi-sàu
*** Phofsit Daibuun: haisaux
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hai²³⁻³³ sau²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /hai²⁴⁻¹¹ sau¹¹/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khâm-sàu
*** Tâi-lô: khâm-sàu
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qamsaux
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰam²⁴⁻¹¹ sau¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰam²³⁻³³ sau²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ga$^1$ sao$^3$ / hai$^6$ sao$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ka sàu / hăi sàu
*** Sinological IPA : /ka³³⁻²³ sau²¹³/, /hai³⁵⁻¹¹ sau²¹³/
** (Leizhou)
*** Leizhou Pinyin: ga$^1$ sao$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /ka³⁵⁻³³ sau²¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai, Songjiang, Suzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^7$kheq-seu$_5$
*** MiniDict: kheh$^入$ seu$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^4$kheq-seu$_2$
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰəʔ³³ sɤ⁴⁴/
*** Sinological IPA (Songjiang): /kʰəʔ⁴⁴ sɯ³⁵/
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /kʰəʔ⁵⁵ søy⁵²³/
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^7$khoq-seu$_5$
*** MiniDict: khoh$^入$ seu$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^4$khoq-seu$_2$
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰoʔ³³ sɤ⁴⁴/
** (Northern: Jiading)
*** Wugniu: $^7$kheq-soe$_5$
*** MiniDict: kheh$^入$ soe$^去$
*** Sinological IPA (Jiading): /kʰəʔ⁴⁴ sø⁴⁴/
** (Northern: Jiading)
*** Wugniu: $^7$khoq-soe$_5$
*** MiniDict: khoh$^入$ soe$^去$
*** Sinological IPA (Jiading): /kʰoʔ⁴⁴ sø⁴⁴/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: ke$^6$ sou$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɤ̞²⁴ səu̯⁴⁵/

### Verb

咳嗽
* (intransitive) to cough
       Tā késòu de shēngyīn hěn dà, xià le wǒ yī tiào. [Pinyin]
       Her huge cough startled me.
* (Classical, figurative) to make a sound; to speak

#### Synonyms

* (to cough):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 嗽, 欬 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 咳嗽 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 咳嗽 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 咳嗽 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Ulanhot | 咳嗽 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tongliao | 咳嗽 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 咳嗽 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 咳嗽 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 咳嗽 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 咳嗽 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 咳嗽 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 咳嗽 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 咳嗽 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 咳嗽 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 咳嗽 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 咳嗽 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 咳嗽 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 咳嗽 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 咳嗽 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 咳嗽 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Bayanhot | 咳嗽 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 咳嗽, 咳 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 咳嗽 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 咳嗽 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 咳, 咯 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 咳嗽 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 咳嗽 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 咳嗽 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 咳嗽 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 咳, 咳嗽 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 咳嗽 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Huanggang | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 咳嗽 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 咳嗽 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 瘕 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 嗽 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 嗽 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 咳, 嗽 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan | 咳, 咳嗽 |
| Cantonese | Yunfu | 咳瘕 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 嗽, 咳嗽 |
| Cantonese | Xinyi | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Lianjiang | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 咳 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 咳嗽 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 咳, 咳嗽 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 咳嗽 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 咳嗽 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 咳 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 咳 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 嗽, 咳嗽 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 嗽, 咳嗽 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 嗽, 咳嗽 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 嗽, 咳嗽 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 咳, 咳嗽 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 嗽, 咳嗽 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 咳 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 咳 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 咳嗽, 咳, 嗽 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 咳嗽 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 咳嗽 |
| Jin | Taibus (Baochang) | 咳嗽 |
| Jin | Linhe | 咳嗽 |
| Jin | Jining | 咳嗽 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 咳嗽 |
| Jin | Baotou | 咳嗽 |
| Jin | Dongsheng | 咳嗽 |
| Jin | Haibowan | 咳嗽 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 咳嗽 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 嗽, 空嗽 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou (Changle) | 空嗽 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 嗽 |
| Eastern Min | Yongtai | 空嗽 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 嗽 |
| Eastern Min | Fu'an | 嗽 |
| Eastern Min | Ningde | 嗽 |
| Eastern Min | Shouning | 嗽 |
| Eastern Min | Zhouning | 嗽 |
| Eastern Min | Fuding | 嗽 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 咁嗽, 咳嗽, 嗽 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 咁嗽 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 咁嗽, 咳嗽 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 嗽, 咳嗽 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 嗽, 咳嗽, 峇啅 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 咳嗽, 嗽 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 嗽 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 咳嗽 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 咳嗽 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 咳嗽 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 咳嗽 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 咳嗽 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 咳嗽 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 瘕咆 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 瘕咆 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 咳 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 咳 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 咳嗽 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 咳嗽 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 咳嗽, 咳 |
| Wu | Wuxi | 咳嗽 |
| Wu | Danyang | 咳嗽 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 嗆, 咳嗽 |
| Wu | Hangzhou (Yuhang) | 嗆, 咳嗽 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 嗆, 嗽, 咳嗽 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 嗽, 咳嗽 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 咳嗽, 咳 |
| Wu | Jinhua (Tangxi) | 嗽 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 咳嗽, 咳 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 𠻞 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 𠻞 |

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 咳 | 嗽 |
| がい Hyōgai | そう Hyōgai |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) がいそー [gàísóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɡa̠iso̞ː]

### Noun

咳(がい)嗽(そう) • (gaisō)
* (medicine, formal) cough; coughing
    Synonym: せき (seki)

### Verb

咳(がい)嗽(そう)する • (gaisō suru) suru (stem 咳(がい)嗽(そう)し (gaisō shi), past 咳(がい)嗽(そう)した (gaisō shita))
* (medicine, formal) to cough

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 咳嗽し | がいそうし | gaisō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 咳嗽し | がいそうし | gaisō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 咳嗽する | がいそうする | gaisō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 咳嗽する | がいそうする | gaisō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 咳嗽すれ | がいそうすれ | gaisō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 咳嗽せよ¹ 咳嗽しろ² | がいそうせよ¹ がいそうしろ² | gaisō seyo¹ gaisō shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 咳嗽される | がいそうされる | gaisō sareru |
| Causative | 咳嗽させる 咳嗽さす | がいそうさせる がいそうさす | gaisō saseru gaisō sasu |
| Potential | 咳嗽できる | がいそうできる | gaisō dekiru |
| Volitional | 咳嗽しよう | がいそうしよう | gaisō shiyō |
| Negative | 咳嗽しない | がいそうしない | gaisō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 咳嗽せず | がいそうせず | gaisō sezu |
| Formal | 咳嗽します | がいそうします | gaisō shimasu |
| Perfective | 咳嗽した | がいそうした | gaisō shita |
| Conjunctive | 咳嗽して | がいそうして | gaisō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 咳嗽すれば | がいそうすれば | gaisō sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN