OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Յուդա
## Old Armenian
### Alternative forms

* Յուդայ (Yuday), Յուդաս (Yudas)

### Etymology

From Ancient Greek Ἰουδά (Ioudá), Ἰούδας (Ioúdas), from Biblical Hebrew יְהוּדָה (Yəhūḏā́).

### Proper noun

Յուդա • (Yuda)
* (biblical) Judah, fourth son of Jacob
* (biblical) Judas Iscariot, one of the disciples of Jesus, the traitor
* (figuratively) traitor

#### Derived terms

* յուդայական (yudayakan)
* յուդայապէս (yudayapēs)
* յուդայեան (yudayean)
* յուդայութիւն (yudayutʻiwn)

#### Descendants

* Armenian: Հուդա (Huda)

### References

* Petrosean, Matatʻeay (1879) “Յուդա”, in Nor Baṙagirkʻ Hay-Angliarēn [New Dictionary Armenian–English], Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
* Petrosean, Matatʻeay (1879) “Յուդա”, in Nor Baṙagirkʻ Hay-Angliarēn. Yatuk Anuankʻ [New Dictionary Armenian–English. Appendix of Personal Names], Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
* Awetikʻean, G., Siwrmēlean, X., Awgerean, M. (1836–1837) “Յուդա”, in Nor baṙgirkʻ haykazean lezui [New Dictionary of the Armenian Language] (in Old Armenian), Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
# شنبه
## Azerbaijani
### Noun

شنبه (şənbə) (definite accusative شنبه‌نی (şənbəni), plural شنبه‌لر (şənbələr))
* Arabic spelling of şənbə

#### Declension
## Persian
### Alternative forms

* شنبد (šanbad) (obsolete, dialectal)
* شنبذ (šambað) (Classical Persian)

### Etymology

From earlier form شنبذ (šambað) from late Manichaean Middle Persian 𐫢𐫖𐫁𐫅 (šmbd /⁠šambad⁠/) from early Manichaean Middle Persian 𐫢𐫖𐫁𐫎 (šmbṯ /⁠šambat⁠/, “Sabbath, Saturday”) (akin to Manichaean Parthian 𐫢𐫖𐫁𐫤 (šmbt /⁠šambat⁠/, “Sabbath, Saturday”)), ultimately from Hebrew שַׁבָּת (shabát, “Sabbath”), itself possibly from Akkadian 𒊭𒉺𒀜𒌈 (šapattum, “the middle day of the month”). Akin to Aghwan 𐕐𐔰𐕌𐔱𐔰𐕜 (šambaṭ), an Iranian borrowing.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ʃan.ˈbih], [ʃan.ˈba]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʃäm.be̞ʱ], [ʃäm.béː]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʃäm.be̞ʱ], [ʃäm.béː]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [ʃäm.béː]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [ʃäm.béː]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [ʃæm.bé]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [ʃäm.bé]
* Audio (Iran):(file)

### Noun

| Dari | شنبه |
| Iranian Persian | شنبه |
| Tajik | шанбе |
شنبه • (šanbe or šanbeh)
* Saturday
** 1197, Hakīm Nizāmī Ganjawī, chapter 25, in هفت پیکر [Haft Paykar]:شنبه آنجا که قسم شنبه بود وآن دگرها چنان کز آن به بودšanbih ān-jā ki qism-i šanbih būd w-ān digar-hā čunān k-az ān bih būdOn Saturday the place prescribed for it And on the other days as it was meet

#### Derived terms

* شنبهی کردن (šanbehi kardan, “to sabbatize”)
* یک‌شنبه (yek-šanbe)
* دوشنبه (do-šanbe)
* سه‌شنبه (se-šanbe)
* چهارشنبه (čahâr-šanbe)
* پنج‌شنبه (panj-šanbe)

#### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: şənbə
* → Bashkir: шәмбе (şəmbe)
* → Dungan: шанбэ (šanbe)
* → Gujarati: શંબા (śambā)
* Urdu: شنبہ (śambah)
* → Kurdish:
    Central Kurdish: شه‌مه (šama)
    Northern Kurdish: şembî (šambī)
    Southern Kurdish: شه‌مه (šama)
* → Judeo-Persian: שמבד (šambad)
* → Kazakh: сенбі (senbı)
* → Kyrgyz: ишемби (işembi)
* → Tatar: шимбә (şimbä)
* → Uyghur: شەنبە (shenbe)
* → Uzbek: shanba
* → Zazaki: şeme (šama)

### See also

(days of the week) روزْهایِ هَفْتِه (ruz-hâ-ye hafte)‎; شَنْبِه (šanbe)‎, یِک‌شَنْبِه (yek-šanbe)‎, دوشَنْبِه (došanbe)‎, سِه‌شَنْبِه (se-šanbe)‎, چَهارْشَنْبِه (čahâršanbe)‎, پَنْج‌شَنْبِه (panj-šanbe)‎, آدینِه (âdine)‎/جُمْعِه (jom'e)‎
# 軍綠
## Chinese

(This form in the hanzi box is uncreated: "军绿".)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jūnlǜ
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄩㄣ ㄌㄩˋ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jūnlǜ
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄩㄣ ㄌㄩˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jyunlyù
*** Wade–Giles: chün$^1$-lü$^4$
*** Yale: jyūn-lyù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiunliuh
*** Palladius: цзюньлюй (czjunʹljuj)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕyn⁵⁵ ly⁵¹/

### Noun

軍綠
* army green
# laughing heir statute
## English
### Noun

laughing heir statute (plural laughing heir statutes)
* (law) A statute that prohibits inheritance from passing to an heir who is too distantly removed from the deceased.
# اندک
## Persian
### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ʔan.dak]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʔän̪.d̪äk]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʔän̪.d̪äk]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [ʔän̪.d̪äk]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [ʔän̪.d̪äk]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [ʔæn̪.d̪ækʲ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [ʔän̪.d̪äk]

### Adjective

| Dari | اندک |
| Iranian Persian | اندک |
| Tajik | андак |
اندک • (andak)
* few
* little
* scanty
# не ӈацекы
## Tundra Nenets
### Etymology

Literally: "woman child".

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [nʲe ŋʌt͡sʲekɨ]

### Noun

не ӈацекы • (nye ŋacyeki)
* girl

### References

* A. V. Almazova (1961) Самоучитель Ненецкого языка [Self-Teaching book of the Nenets language], Leningrad, page 48
* N. M. Tereschenko (1965) “ңацекы”, in Ненецко-русский словарь, Moscow: Советская Энциклопедия
# חרדיות
## Hebrew
### Etymology 1

From חֲרֵדִי (kharedí, “Haredi; fearful”) +‎ ־וּת (-ut, “-ity, -ness”).

#### Proper noun

חֲרֵדִיּוּת • (kharediyút) f
* (Judaism) Haredi Judaism

##### Synonyms

* יהדות חרדית (yahadút kharedít)

### Etymology 2

חֲרֵדִי (kharedí, “Haredi; fearful”) +‎ ־ות (-ot, “adjective feminine plural”)

#### Adjective

חֲרֵדִיּוֹת • (kharediyót)
* feminine plural indefinite form of חֲרֵדִי (kharedí)
    נשים חרדיות לא חושפות את השיער בפרהסיה.(please add an English translation of this usage example)
# Adami
## Albanian
### Etymology

Adam (“Adam”) +‎ -i (“(of) the / -s”).

### Proper noun

Adami m (definite Adami)
* nominative singular definite of Adam
* genitive singular indefinite of Adam
* dative singular indefinite of Adam
* ablative singular indefinite of Adam
* patronymic form of Adam (“Adam”)

## Italian
### Etymology

Patronymic surname from the personal name Adamo (“Adam”).

### Proper noun

Adami m or f by sense
* a surname originating as a patronymic

### Further reading

* Stefano Ravara, Mappa dei Cognomi, 2015–2025

## Latin
### Proper noun

Ādāmī
* inflection of Ādāmus:
** nominative/vocative plural
** genitive singular
# դիակն
## Old Armenian
### Etymology

դի (di) +‎ -ակն (-akn)

### Noun

դիակն • (diakn)
* corpse, dead body
    պաճուճել դեղովք զդիակն ― pačučel dełovkʻ zdiakn ― to embalm
    առնել դիակն անթուելի ― aṙnel diakn antʻueli ― to make great carnage
    դիակունք կռոց ― diakunkʻ kṙocʻ ― destruction of idols

#### Synonyms

* դի (di), շաղիղ (šałił)

#### Derived terms

* դիակնանամ (diaknanam)

#### Descendants

* Armenian: դիակ (diak)

### References

* Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1971–1979) “դիակն”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, Yerevan: University Press
* Awetikʻean, G., Siwrmēlean, X., Awgerean, M. (1836–1837) “դիակն”, in Nor baṙgirkʻ haykazean lezui [New Dictionary of the Armenian Language] (in Old Armenian), Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
* Petrosean, Matatʻeay (1879) “դիակն”, in Nor Baṙagirkʻ Hay-Angliarēn [New Dictionary Armenian–English], Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
* J̌ahukyan, Geworg (1998) “-ակն”, in Hin hayereni verǰacancʻneri cagumə [The Origin of Old Armenian Suffixes] (Hayocʻ lezvi hamematakan kʻerakanutʻyan harcʻer; 2) (in Armenian), Yerevan: Anania Širakacʻi, pages 5–48
# Banjo
## Cebuano
### Etymology

From English banjo.

### Proper noun

Banjo
* a male given name from Cebuano

## German
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈbɛn.(d)ʒo/, /ˈban.(d)ʒo/, /ˈban.jo/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

Banjo n (strong, genitive Banjos, plural Banjos)
* banjo

#### Derived terms

* achtsaitiges Banjo
* Banjoart
* Banjolin
* Banjomusik, Banjo-Musik
* Banjosaite, Banjo-Saite
* Banjospiel, Banjo-Spiel
* Banjospielen, Banjo-Spielen
* Banjospieler, Banjo-Spieler
* Banjospielerin, Banjo-Spielerin
* Bassbanjo, Bass-Banjo
* Bluegrassbanjo, Bluegrass-Banjo
* Cellobanjo, Cello-Banjo
* fünfsaitiges Banjo
* Gitarrenbanjo, Gitarren-Banjo
* Kürbisbanjo, Kürbis-Banjo
* Mandolinenbanjo, Mandolinen-Banjo
* neunsaitiges Banjo
* Piccolobanjo, Piccolo-Banjo
* Pikkolobanjo, Pikkolo-Banjo
* Plectrumbanjo, Plectrum-Banjo
* Plektrumbanjo, Plektrum-Banjo
* sechssaitiges Banjo
* siebensaitiges Banjo
* Tenorbanjo, Tenor-Banjo
* Ukulelebanjo, Ukulele-Banjo
* Ukulelenbanjo, Ukulelen-Banjo
* viersaitiges Banjo
* Zitherbanjo, Zither-Banjo

### Further reading

* “Banjo” in Duden online
* “Banjo” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
# florescer
## Portuguese
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin flōrēscere (“to flourish”), from flōreō (“to flourish”). Doublet of chorecer.

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /flo.ɾeˈse(ʁ)/ [flo.ɾeˈse(h)]
* (Brazil) IPA: /flo.ɾeˈse(ʁ)/ [flo.ɾeˈse(h)]
** (São Paulo) IPA: /flo.ɾeˈse(ɾ)/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /flo.ɾeˈse(ʁ)/ [flo.ɾeˈse(χ)]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /flo.ɾeˈse(ɻ)/
* (Portugal) IPA: (careful pronunciation) /flu.ɾɨʃˈseɾ/, /flu.ɾɨˈʃeɾ/
* (Portugal) IPA: (careful pronunciation) /flu.ɾɨʃˈseɾ/, /flu.ɾɨˈʃeɾ/
** (Southern Portugal) IPA: (careful pronunciation) /flu.ɾɨʃˈse.ɾi/, /flu.ɾɨˈʃe.ɾi/
* Hyphenation: flo‧res‧cer

### Verb

florescer (first-person singular present floresço, first-person singular preterite floresci, past participle florescido)
* to flower; to blossom (to put forth blooms)
    Synonyms: florir, desabrochar, abrir, florejar
    Antonyms: desflorescer, desflorir, murchar
* to adorn with flowers
    Synonyms: florir, enflorar, florear, floretear, florejar
* to flourish; to prosper
    Synonyms: enriquecer, medrar, prosperar, vingar
    Antonyms: decair, arruinar, fracassar, declinar
* to spring (to start to exist)
    Synonym: aparecer
    Antonyms: desaparecer, sumir

#### Related terms

* flor
* flora
* floração
* florada
* floral
* florão
* florar
* floreado
* florear
* floreio
* floreira
* floreiro
* florejar
* florente
* flóreo
* florescência
* florescente
* florescimento
* floreta
* floretear
* floricultor
* floricultura
* florido
* flórido
* florífero
* floriforme
* florígero
* florilégio
* floríparo
* florir
* florista
* florístico
* floromania

## Spanish
### Verb

florescer (first-person singular present floresco, first-person singular preterite florescí, past participle florescido)
* Dated form of florecer.

#### Conjugation

$^1$Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language. $^2$Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.
These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

### Further reading

* “florescer”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# Calyptomena
## Translingual

Wikispecies

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Proper noun

Calyptomena f
* A taxonomic genus within the family Calyptomenidae.

### References

* Gill, F. and Wright, M. (2006) Birds of the World: Recommended English Names, Princeton University Press, →ISBN
# speciesism
## English
### Alternative forms

* species-ism, speciesm, specism

### Etymology

Coined by British animal rights advocate Richard D. Ryder in 1970 from species +‎ -ism.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈspiːʃiːˌzɪzəm/, /ˈspiːsiːˌzɪzəm/

### Noun

speciesism (uncountable)
* (philosophy, ethics) An ethical stance that assigns different worth or rights to beings on the basis of their species membership, such as assigning greater rights to human beings than to other animals. [from 1970]
** 1996 [1986], Richard Dawkins, The Blind Watchmaker, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., →ISBN:Such is the breathtaking speciesism of our Christian-inspired attitudes, the abortion of a single human zygote (most of them are destined to be spontaneously aborted anyway) can arouse more moral solicitude and righteous indignation than the vivisection of any number of intelligent adult chimpanzees
** 2013, John Huss, Planet of the Apes and Philosophy: Great Apes Think Alike, Open Court, →ISBN, page 84:This human chauvinism is one form of a general type of discrimination known as speciesism. What is speciesism? Think of racism. The term “speciesism” has been strategically used by animal rights activists from the 1970s onward precisely […]
** 2017, Richard D. Ryder, Speciesism, Painism and Happiness: A Morality for the Twenty-First Century, Andrews UK Limited, →ISBN:Sometimes speciesism is also used to describe a positive rather than a negative attitude as when dolphins are alleged to have rescued humans from danger while ignoring other species in peril.

#### Derived terms

* antispeciesism
* non-speciesist
* speciesist
* specist

#### Translations
### See also

* anthropocentrism
* animal liberation

### Further reading

* speciesism on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
# ёря
## Tundra Nenets
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [jɵrʲɐ]

### Adjective

ёря • (yorya)
* deep
* dense, thick

### Noun

ёря • (yorya)
* deep, deepness

### References

* A. V. Almazova (1961) Самоучитель Ненецкого языка [Self-Teaching book of the Nenets language], Leningrad, page 75
* N. M. Tereschenko (1965) “ёря”, in Ненецко-русский словарь, Moscow: Советская Энциклопедия
# כשרות
## Hebrew
### Etymology

* Root
* כ־שׁ־ר (k-sh-r)
* 11 terms
כשר +‎ ־ות

### Noun

כַּשְׁרוּת • (kashrut) f
* (Jewish law) kashrut (the Jewish dietary laws, stating which foods are fit to eat)

#### Descendants

* → Catalan: caixrut
* → Dutch: kasjroet
* → English: kashrut
* → Yiddish: כּשרות (kashres)

### Further reading

* כשרות on the Hebrew Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{he}$

## Yiddish
### Noun

כשרות • (kashres) f
* (nonstandard) Unpointed form of כּשרות (kashres).
# flatten out
## English
### Pronunciation

* Audio (General Australian):(file)

### Verb

flatten out (third-person singular simple present flattens out, present participle flattening out, simple past and past participle flattened out)
* To make flat (something rough, folded or bumpy).
* (idiomatic, of a hierarchy or inequal distribution) To become more even.
* (slang) To win a fight, usually by punching someone until they are knocked over.
# RB
## Translingual
### Symbol

RB
* (international standards) Indeterminately reserved ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code for Bolivia.
    Synonym: BO (for general use)
* (international standards) Indeterminately reserved ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code for Botswana.
    Synonym: BW (for general use)

#### Usage notes

This is an indeterminately reserved code, included as part of ISO 3166-1 on the request of the Secretary-General of the United Nations due to its former use in designating road vehicles under the 1949 Geneva Convention on Road Traffic (in the case of Botswana) and former unofficial usage for a similar purpose (in the case of Bolivia), and is not endorsed for general use by the ISO. The general-purpose codes for Bolivia and Botswana are BO and BW respectively.

## English
### Noun

RB (plural RBs)
* (American football) Initialism of running back.
* Abbreviation of reblog.

### Anagrams

* Br., Br, BR, br

## Indonesian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛr.be/

### Noun

RB (uncountable)
* (government) Initialism of reformasi birokrasi (“bureaucratic reform”).
# yavru
## Turkish
### Etymology

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish یاورو (yavru), Proto-Turkic *yabrïg. Cognate with Chuvash ҫӑвӑр (śăvăr).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [javˈɾu]
* Hyphenation: yav‧ru

### Adjective

yavru
* young (of an animal)

#### Declension
### Noun

yavru (definite accusative yavruyu, plural yavrular)
* baby (young animal)
    Kedimiz Mırnav, o sene dört yavru yavrulamıştı.Our cat Mırnav gave birth to four kittens that year.
* (figurative) A child
    Hiç bir anne yavrusunu ateşe atar mı?Would a mother ever throw her child to the fire?
* (figurative) baby (used to refer to an attractive person, most often female)
    Gel buraya güzelim, yavruların yavrusu!Come here my beauty, [sexy] baby!

#### Derived terms

* adayavrusu
* konak yavrusu
* yavru ağzı
* yavru kapı
* yavrucak
* yavrucuk
* yavrukurt
* yavrulamak
* yavrulu
* yavrum

### References

* ↑ Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*jabrɨ”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

### Further reading

* “yavru”, in Turkish dictionaries, Türk Dil Kurumu
* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “yavru”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
* Ayverdi, İlhan (2010) “yavru”, in Misalli Büyük Türkçe Sözlük, a reviewed and expanded single-volume edition, Istanbul: Kubbealtı Neşriyatı
* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “yavru”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 5, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 5126
# extructus
## Latin
### Etymology

Perfect passive participle of extruō.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ekˈstruk.tus/, [ɛkˈs̠t̪rʊkt̪ʊs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ekˈstruk.tus/, [ekˈst̪rukt̪us]

### Participle

extructus (feminine extructa, neuter extructum); first/second-declension participle
* Alternative form of exstructus

#### Declension

First/second-declension adjective.
# estaqueta
## Catalan
### Etymology

From estaca +‎ -eta.

### Noun

estaqueta f (plural estaquetes)
* diminutive of estaca (“stake”)
* (botany) slip, cutting
    Synonym: esqueix

### Further reading

* “estaqueta”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025
* “estaqueta” in termcat, Centre de Terminologia, 2025.
# уло
## Erzya

Picture dictionary :
уло
пряловажа
пряудем
сельме
турва
судо
курго
уло
пейсалазке
пиле
пилеюр
кирьга :

### Etymology

From Proto-Mordvinic *ulə, from Proto-Finno-Ugric *ola (“chin”). Cognates include Lule Sami oalol, Kildin Sami вуал- (vual-), Hungarian áll.

### Pronunciation

* This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

### Noun

уло • (ulo)
* (anatomy) chin

#### Declension

This entry needs an inflection-table template.

### References

* V. I. Ščankina (2011) Russko-mokšansko-erzjanskij slovarʹ [Russian-Moksha-Erzya Dictionary], Saransk, →ISBN
* Entry #664 in Uralonet, online Uralic etymological database of the Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics.

## Udmurt
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [uˈlo]
* Rhymes: -o
* Hyphenation: уло

### Verb

уло • (ulo)
* third-person plural indicative present of улыны (ulyny)
# מהירות
## Hebrew
### Etymology 1

* Root
* מ־ה־ר (m-h-r)
* 8 terms
From מָהִיר (mahír, “quick, fast”) +‎ ־וּת (-út, “-ness, -ity”).

#### Noun

מְהִירוּת • (m'hirút) f (plural indefinite מהירויות / מְהִירֻיּוֹת, singular construct מְהִירוּת־, plural construct מהירויות / מְהִירֻיּוֹת־) [pattern: קְטִילוּת]
* (countable) a speed, a velocity
    במהירות של 100 קמ״ש ― bim'hirút shél 100 K.M.Sh. ― at a speed of 100 kph
* (uncountable) speed, velocity
* (מְהִירוּת־, m'hirút-) singular construct state form of מְהִירוּת‎

##### Derived terms

* בִּמְהִירוּת (bim'hirút)
* בִּמְהִירוּת הַבָּזָק (bim'hirút habazák)
* מְהִירוּת הָאוֹר (m'hirút ha'ór)

### Etymology 2
#### Adjective

מְהִירוֹת • (m'hirót)
* feminine plural indefinite form of מָהִיר (mahír)

### Anagrams

* הרומית
# special fried rice
## English
### Noun

special fried rice (uncountable)
* A Chinese-style dish of fried rice with prawns, pork, chicken, peas, scallions, egg yolk, or other ingredients.
# ոսպն
## Old Armenian
### Alternative forms

* ոսբն (osbn), ոզբն (ozbn)

### Etymology

The origin is uncertain.
Probably connected with Ancient Greek ὄσπριον (ósprion, “pulse, legume”).
Mkrtčʿyan sees a rare alternative form սպ- (sp-) in the hapaxes Old Armenian սպ-օք (sp-ōkʻ, “a kind of cereal or legume”, instrumental plural?) and Middle Armenian սպն-ա-խայտ (spn-a-xayt, “(of a horse) speckled with lentil-shaped dots?”) and connects (ո)սպ(ն) ((o)sp(n)) with Akkadian 𒋛𒂊𒁍 (se-e-pu /⁠sēpu⁠/, “a kind of cereal used to make bread”), both supposedly borrowed from an unknown substrate language.

### Noun

ոսպն • (ospn)
* lentil
* lentigo

#### Derived terms

* ոսպնաթան (ospnatʻan)
* ոսպնաչափ (ospnačʻapʻ)
* ոսպնասպաս (ospnaspas)
* ոսպնեայ (ospneay)
* ոսպնէ (ospnē)

#### Descendants

* Middle Armenian: ոսպ (osp), ոսբ (osb)
** Armenian: ոսպ (osp)
* → Old Georgian: ოსპი (osṗi)
** Georgian: ოსპი (osṗi)
*** → Bats: ოსპ (osṗ)

### References

* ↑ Awetikʻean, G., Siwrmēlean, X., Awgerean, M. (1837) “ոսպնեայ”, in Nor baṙgirkʻ haykazean lezui [New Dictionary of the Armenian Language] (in Old Armenian), volume II, Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy, page 522a
* ↑ Pictet, Adolphe (1859) Les origines indo-européennes, ou Les Aryas primitifs: essai de paléontologie linguistique, volume I, Paris: J. Cherbuliez, page 291
* ↑ Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 141
* ↑ Ališan, Ġewond (1895) “սպօք”, in Haybusak kam haykakan busabaṙutʻiwn [Armenian Botany] (in Armenian), Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy, § 2827, page 580
* ↑ Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1979) “սպօք”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume IV, Yerevan: University Press, page 267b
* ↑ Ġazaryan, Ṙuben, Avetisyan, Henrik (2009) “սպնախայտ”, in Miǰin hayereni baṙaran [Dictionary of Middle Armenian] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, Yerevan: University Press, page 716b
* ↑ Mkrtčʻyan, Nerses (2004) “Banasirakan čšgrtumner ew lracʻumner [Philological Corrections and Additions]”, in Patma-banasirakan handes [Historical-Philological Journal]‎ (in Armenian), number 3, pages 182–183
* ↑ Mkrtčjan, N. A. (2005) Семитские языки и армянский [Semitic Languages and Armenian]‎ (in Russian), Yerevan: Drazark, →ISBN, page 283

### Further reading

* Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1977) “ոսպն”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume III, Yerevan: University Press, page 568ab
* Awetikʻean, G., Siwrmēlean, X., Awgerean, M. (1836–1837) “ոսպն”, in Nor baṙgirkʻ haykazean lezui [New Dictionary of the Armenian Language] (in Old Armenian), Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
* Petrosean, Matatʻeay (1879) “ոսպն”, in Nor Baṙagirkʻ Hay-Angliarēn [New Dictionary Armenian–English], Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
# ﬆ

| ﬆ | U+FB06, &#64262; LATIN SMALL LIGATURE ST |
* [unassigned: U+FB07–U+FB12]
| ← ﬅ [U+FB05] | Alphabetic Presentation Forms | ﬓ → [U+FB13] |

## Translingual
### Etymology

A stylistic ligature in use in Latin New Roman Cursive in the 4th century and retained in Carolingian minuscule in the 8th century.

### Letter

ﬆ (mixed case St, upper case ST)
* a ligature of the letters st, with a “belt” drawn between the upper-right terminus of the ‘s’ and the top of the ascender of the ‘t’; compare ﬅ

#### Related terms

* ﬅ

#### See also

* ﬀ
* ﬃ (Welsh)
* ﬄ
* ﬁ
* ﬂ

### References

* Their Hands Before Our Eyes: A Closer Look at Scribes by M.B. Parkes, 2008. →ISBN

## Swedish
### Letter

ﬆ (lower case)
* (rare) The ﬆ, a ligature of the letters st.
** (rare) Alternative typography of st. (“pc.; pcs.”).
*** 2024 June 23 (last accessed), “Punschrulle”, in Delicato:6 ﬆ6 pcs.
# exstructus
## Latin
### Etymology

Perfect passive participle of exstruō.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ekˈstruːk.tus/, [ɛkˈs̠t̪ruːkt̪ʊs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ekˈstruk.tus/, [ekˈst̪rukt̪us]

### Participle

exstrūctus (feminine exstrūcta, neuter exstrūctum); first/second-declension participle
* piled or heaped up
* constructed

#### Declension

First/second-declension adjective.

### References

* “exstructus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* exstructus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. a table bountifully spread: mensae exstructae
# haltŝildo
## Esperanto
### Etymology

From halti (“to stop”) +‎ ŝildo (“sign”)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [haltˈʃildo]
* Rhymes: -ildo
* Hyphenation: halt‧ŝil‧do

### Noun

haltŝildo (accusative singular haltŝildon, plural haltŝildoj, accusative plural haltŝildojn)
* stop sign