# suborn
## English
### Etymology

* PIE word
* *upó
Borrowed from Anglo-Norman suburner, subhorner, and Middle French suborner, subourner (“to induce (someone) to commit a crime (specifically perjury) or wrongdoing”) (modern French suborner (“to suborn; to bribe”)), and from its etymon Latin subōrnāre, the present active infinitive of subōrnō (“to incite, instigate, suborn; to instruct one for a secret purpose; to adorn, dress; to equip, furnish, provide; to make one appear as (something)”), from sub- (prefix meaning ‘under’) + ōrnō (“to equip, furnish, provide; to adorn, decorate, ornament”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂er- (“to put together, fit; to fix; to slot”)).
* Catalan subornar
* Italian subornare
* Old Occitan subornar, sobornar
* Portuguese subornar
* Spanish subornar (obsolete), sobornar

### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation, non-rhotic) IPA: /səˈbɔːn/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* (General American, rhotic) IPA: /səˈboɹn/
* Rhymes: -ɔː(ɹ)n
* Hyphenation: sub‧orn

### Verb

suborn (third-person singular simple present suborns, present participle suborning, simple past and past participle suborned) (transitive)
* (also figuratively) To induce (someone) to commit an unlawful or malicious act, especially in a corrupt manner. [from early 16th c.]
** 1600, Samuel Nicholson, “Sic incipit Stultorum tragicomedia”, in Alexander B[alloch] Grosart, editor, Acolastus His After-witte (1600.): A Poem by Samuel Nicholson, […], Manchester: […] [Charles E. Simms] for the subscribers, published 1876, →OCLC, page 44, lines 931–934:Till thou to ſpit the venome of thy ſpite, / Subornedſt Cupid how he ſoone might ſlay me, / Abandoning his bowe and arrowes quite, / You laid his priuie complot to betray me; […]
** 1610, Ioannes Lodovicus Vives [i.e., Juan Luis Vives], “An Advertisement of Ioannes Lodovicus Vives of Valentia. Declaring What Manner of People the Gothes were, and How They Tooke Rome.”, in Saint Augustine, translated by J[ohn] H[ealey], St. Augustine, of the Citie of God: […], [London]: […] George Eld, →OCLC:[H]ee ſuborneth one named Saulus and the ſouldiers of the Ievves to follovv the Gothes hard at the heeles, vvho killing ſome thouſands of them, oportunitie beeing offered, might by that meanes exaſperat at the mindes of the people and mooue them to breake the league.
** (specifically, criminal law) To induce (someone, such as a witness) to commit perjury, for example by making a false accusation or giving false evidence.
*** 1596 (date written; published 1633), Edmund Spenser, A Vewe of the Present State of Irelande […], Dublin: […] Societie of Stationers, […], →OCLC; republished as A View of the State of Ireland […] (Ancient Irish Histories), Dublin: […] Society of Stationers, […] Hibernia Press, […] [b]y John Morrison, 1809, →OCLC, page 169:[Y]ou shall finde their tongues chayned to another mans trencher, and as it were, Knights of the Post, suborned to say, sweare and stare the uttermost they can, as those that passe not what they say, nor with what face they say it, so they say no truth.
*** c. 1603–1604 (date written), William Shakespeare, “Measure for Measure”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i], page 80, column 2:By heauen (fond vvretch) yͧ knovvſt not vvhat thou ſpeak'ſt, / Or elſe thou art ſuborn'd againſt his honor / In hatefull practiſe: […]
*** 1634, Robert Sanderson, “[Ad Magistratum.] The Third Sermon. At the Assises at Nottingham in the Year 1634. at the Request of Robert Mellish Esq; then High-Sheriff of that County.”, in XXXIV Sermons. […], 5th edition, London: […] [A. Clark] for A. Seil, and are to be sold by G. Sawbridge, […], published 1671, →OCLC, paragraph 22, page 290:Thou that bribeſt a corrupt Officer, ſuborneſt a perjured vvitneſs, procureſt a packt Jury, […] couldſt thou be patient thy ſelf to be vvreſted out of thy ovvn apparent right by ſuch engines?
*** 1711 September 26 (Gregorian calendar), [Joseph Addison], “SATURDAY, September 15, 1711”, in The Spectator, number 171; republished in Alexander Chalmers, editor, The Spectator; a New Edition, […], volume II, New York, N.Y.: D[aniel] Appleton & Company, 1853, →OCLC, page 391:[I]n the heat of their quarrel there came in a witness suborned by some of Mariamne's enemies, who accused her to the king [Herod the Great] of a design to poison him.The spelling has been modernized.
*** 1819, W[illia]m Oldnall Russell, “Of Indictable Offences”, in A Treatise on Crimes and Misdemeanors. […], volume I, London, Dublin: […] [J. & T. Clarke] for Joseph Butterworth and Son, […]; and J. Cooke, […], →OCLC, book I, page 63:[A]n attempt to suborn a person to commit perjury, upon a reference to the judges, was unanimously holden by them to be a misdemeanor.
*** 1864, Charles Kingsley, “Lecture V. Dietrich’s End.”, in The Roman and the Teuton: A Series of Lectures Delivered before the University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, London: Macmillan and Co., →OCLC, page 146:Boethius, again, says that the Gothic courtiers hated him, and suborned branded scoundrels to swear away his life and that of the senate, because he had opposed 'the hounds of the palace,' Amigast, Trigulla, and other greedy barbarians.
* To achieve (some result; specifically, perjury) in a corrupt manner.
** 1659, Samuel Butler, “Two Speeches Made in the Rump-Parliament, when It was Restor’d by the Officers of the Army in the Year 1659”, in R[obert] Thyer, editor, The Genuine Remains in Verse and Prose of Mr. Samuel Butler, […], volume I, London: […] J[acob] and R[ichard] Tonson, […], published 1759, →OCLC, page 303:[U]pon ſingle Perjuries ſuborned by themſelves they condemned Men unheard, and ſold their Eſtates vvithout ſuffering them to ſpeak for themſelves— […]
** 1736 March 16 (first performance; Gregorian calendar), Henry Fielding, Pasquin. A Dramatick Satire on the Times: […], London: […] J. Watts […], published 1736, →OCLC, Act I, page 9:[F]or my part, I vvould as ſoon ſuborn an Evidence at an Aſſize, as a Vote at an Election.
* (archaic)
** To procure or provide (something) secretly and often in a dishonest manner.
*** 1614–1615, Homer, “The Tenth Book of Homer’s Odysseys”, in Geo[rge] Chapman, transl., Homer’s Odysses. […], London: […] Rich[ard] Field [and William Jaggard], for Nathaniell Butter, published 1615, →OCLC; republished in The Odysseys of Homer, […], volume I, London: John Russell Smith, […], 1857, →OCLC, page 238, lines 421–424:In a golden bowl / She then suborn'd a potion, in her soul / Deform'd things thinking; for amidst the wine / She mix'd her man-transforming medicine; […]The spelling has been modernized.
*** 1667, John Milton, “Book VIII”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC, lines 359–361:Firm we ſubſiſt, yet poſſible to ſwerve, / Since Reaſon not impoſſibly may meet / Some ſpecious object by the Foe ſubornd, […]
*** 1674 (date written), John Dryden, The State of Innocence, and Fall of Man: An Opera. […], London: […] T[homas] N[ewcomb] for Henry Herringman, […], published 1677, →OCLC, Act V, page 43:Behold of ev'ry age; ripe manhood ſee, / Decrepit years, and helpleſs infancy: / Thoſe who, by lingring ſickneſs, loſe their breath; / And thoſe vvho, by deſpair, ſuborn their death: […]
*** 1700, [John] Dryden, “Cymon and Iphigenia, from Boccace”, in Fables Ancient and Modern; […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC, page 561:Be ready at my Call, my choſen fevv / VVith arms adminiſter'd ſhall aid thy Crevv. / Then entring unexpected vvill vve ſeize / Our deſtin'd Prey, from Men diſſolv'd in eaſe; / By VVine diſabled, unprepar'd for Fight; / And haſt'ning to the Seas ſuborn our Flight: […]
*** a. 1722 (date written), Matthew Prior, “Husband and Wife”, in The Poetical Works of Matthew Prior […], volume II, London: […] W[illiam] Strahan, […], published 1779, →OCLC, pages 169–170:From this curſt hour, the fraudful dame / Of ſacred Truth uſurps the name, / And, vvith a vile, perfidious mind, / Roams far and near, to chat mankind; / Falſe ſighs ſuborns, and artful tears, / And ſtarts vvith vain pretended fears; […]
*** 1981, Donald Kagan, “Sacrilege and Departure”, in The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition, Ithaca, N.Y., London: Cornell University Press, →ISBN, part 2 (The Sicilian Expedition), page 200:The informer Diocleides was hailed as savior of the city, crowned with a wreath, and taken in honor to the Prytaneum where he dined at public expense. In their excitement and gratitude the Athenians noted neither his attempt to suborn a bribe nor his delay in seeking public safety.
** To make use of (something), especially for corrupt or dishonest reasons.
*** 1649, J[ohn] Milton, “Vpon the Armies Surprisall of the King at Holmeby”, in ΕΙΚΟΝΟΚΛΆΣΤΗΣ [Eikonoklástēs] […], London: […] Matthew Simmons, […], →OCLC, page 210:Nor is he onely content to ſuborne Divine Juſtice in his cenſure of vvhat is paſt, but he aſſumes the perſon of Chriſt himſelf to prognoſticate over us vvhat he vviſhes vvould come.
* (obsolete)
** To aid, assist, or support (something).
*** [1611?], Homer, “Book VIII”, in Geo[rge] Chapman, transl., The Iliads of Homer Prince of Poets. […], London: […] Nathaniell Butter, →OCLC; republished as The Iliads of Homer, Prince of Poets, […], new edition, volume I, London: Charles Knight and Co., […], 1843, →OCLC, page 193:And fell much wood, that all night we may keep / Plenty of fires, even till the light bring forth the lovely morn; / And let their brightness glaze the skies, that night may not suborn / The Greeks' escape, […]The spelling has been modernized.
** To furnish or provide (something).
*** 1605, Francis Bacon, “The Second Booke”, in The Twoo Bookes of Francis Bacon. Of the Proficience and Aduancement of Learning, Diuine and Humane, London: […] [Thomas Purfoot and Thomas Creede] for Henrie Tomes, […], →OCLC, folios 71, recto – 71, verso:And ſurely if the purpoſe be in good earneſt not to vvrite at leaſure that vvhich mẽ [men] may read at leaſure, but really to inſtruct and ſuborne Action and actiue life, theſe Georgickes of the mind concerning the huſbãdry & tillage thereof, are no leſſe vvorthy thẽ the heroical deſcriptiõs of vertue, duty, & felicity vvherfore the maine & primitiue diuiſion of Morall knovvledge ſeemeth to be into the Exemplar or Platforme of Good, and the Regiment or Culture of the mind; […]
** To substitute (a thing) for something else, especially secretly and often in a dishonest manner.
*** 1592, Tho[mas] Nashe, Strange Newes, of the Intercepting Certaine Letters and a Convoy of Verses, […], London: […] Iohn Danter, […], →OCLC; republished in J[ohn] Payne Collier, editor, Illustrations of Early English Literature (Miscellaneous Tracts; Temp. Eliz. and Jac. I), volume II, London: Privately printed, [1867], →OCLC, page 74:I wiſh unto thee all ſuperabundant increaſe of the ſingular gifts of abſurditie and vaine glory: […] in ſupplanting and ſetting aſide the true children of the Engliſh, and ſuborning inkehorne changlings in their ſteade; […]That is, substituting inkhorn (“obscurely scholarly”) words derived from other languages for ordinary English words.

#### Conjugation

| infinitive | (to) suborn | (to) suborn |
| | present tense | past tense |
| 1st-person singular | suborn | suborned |
| 2nd-person singular | suborn, subornest$^†$ | suborned, subornedst$^†$ |
| 3rd-person singular | suborns, suborneth$^†$ | suborned |
| plural | suborn | suborned |
| subjunctive | suborn | suborned |
| imperative | suborn | — |
| participles | suborning | suborned |
$^†$Archaic or obsolete.

#### Derived terms

* subornative (archaic)
* suborned (adjective)
* subornee (archaic)
* suborner
* suborning (adjective, noun)

#### Related terms

* adorn
* ornament
* ornate
* subornate (adjective, obsolete)
* subornate (verb, archaic)
* subornation

#### Translations
### References

* ↑ Compare “suborn, v.”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, March 2023; “suborn, v.”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.

### Further reading

* subornation of perjury on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

### Anagrams

* Bourns, Brouns, Burson, bourns, burons

## Catalan
### Etymology

Deverbal from subornar.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central) [suˈβorn]
* IPA: (Balearic) [suˈborn]
* IPA: (Valencia) [suˈboɾn]

### Noun

suborn m (plural suborns)
* bribery
    Synonyms: subornació, subornament
* bribe

### Further reading

* “suborn” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “suborn”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025
* “suborn” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
* “suborn” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.