# ऋ

| ऋ | U+090B, &#2315; DEVANAGARI LETTER VOCALIC R |
| ← ऊ [U+090A] | Devanagari | ऌ → [U+090C] |

## Translingual
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /r̩/

### Letter

ऋ (ṛ)
* Traditionally classified as a vowel of the Devanagari script. Its matra, used to modify the inherent vowel in a consonant, is written ृ. For example the first consonant क with the matra looks like: कृ. It is only used in words of Sanskrit derivation. Transliterated as IAST: ṛ or ITRANS: RRi or R^i.

## Hindi
### Pronunciation

* (Delhi) IPA: /ɾiː/

### Letter

ऋ • (ŕ)
* the seventh vowel in Hindi

#### See also

* (matra): ृ (ŕ)
* Devanagari script letters: अ, आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ, ऋ, ए, ऐ, ओ, औ, अं, अः, अँ, क, ख, ग, घ, ङ, च, छ, ज, झ, ञ, ट, ठ, ड, ढ, ण, त, थ, द, ध, न, प, फ, ब, भ, म, य, र, ल, व, श, ष, स, ह, त्र, ज्ञ, क्ष, क़, ख़, ग़, ज़, झ़, ड़, ढ़, फ़

## Marathi
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɾu/, [ɾuː]

### Letter

ऋ • (ru)
* The seventh vowel in Marathi, pronounced ru.

## Nepali
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɾi]
* Phonetic Devanagari: रि

### Letter

ऋ • (r̥)
* The seventh vowel in Nepali.

#### See also

* Devanagari script letters: अ, आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ, ऋ, ऌ, ए, ऐ, ओ, औ, अं, अः, अँ, क, ख, ग, घ, ङ, च, छ, ज, झ, ञ, ट, ठ, ड, ढ, ण, त, थ, द, ध, न, प, फ, ब, भ, म, य, र, ल, व, श, ष, स, ह, क्ष, त्र, ज्ञ

## Sanskrit
### Alternative forms

* अर् (ar)
* ईर् (īr) (from weak stem of इयर्ति (íyarti))

### Alternative scripts

* ঋ (Assamese script)
* ᬋ (Balinese script)
* ঋ (Bengali script)
* 𑰆 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀋 (Brahmi script)
* ၒ (Burmese script)
* ઋ (Gujarati script)
* ਰ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌋 (Grantha script)
* ꦉ (Javanese script)
* 𑂩𑂱 (Kaithi script)
* ಋ (Kannada script)
* ឫ (Khmer script)
* ຣິ (Lao script)
* ഋ (Malayalam script)
* ᡵᡳ (Manchu script)
* 𑘆 (Modi script)
* ᠷᠢ (Mongolian script)
* 𑦦 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐆 (Newa script)
* ଋ (Odia script)
* ꢈ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆉 (Sharada script)
* 𑖆 (Siddham script)
* ඍ (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩐𑩙 (Soyombo script)
* ரி (Tamil script)
* ఋ (Telugu script)
* ฤ (Thai script)
* རྀ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒇 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨫𑨉 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

Merged from Proto-Indo-European *h₃er- (“stir, move”) and *h₁er- (“to move, go”); the former is cognate with Ancient Greek ὄρνῡμῐ (órnūmĭ, “to set upon; to arouse”) and Old Armenian յառնեմ (yaṙnem, “to rise, awake”), while the latter is cognate with Ancient Greek ἔρχομαι (érkhomai, “to go, come”) and Albanian erdha (“to have come, originated”) (via a derivative *h₁erǵʰ- (“to move”)).

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /r̩/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /r̩/

### Root

ऋ • (ṛ)
* to go, move
* to rise, tend towards
* to move, shake
* to obtain, gain, acquire, reach, meet with
* to move, excite, raise (as voice, words, etc.)
* to display
* to injure, hurt
* to attack
* to throw, cast, fling; fix or implant in
* to put or place on, fix upon, direct or cast towards (as the eye, etc.); to insert, give, set, or place
* to hand over; give to, give in charge of, consign, deliver
* to give up, sacrifice
* to give back, restore
* to pierce through, perforate, penetrate

#### Derived terms
##### Primary Verbal Forms

* ऋच्छति (ṛccháti, Present)
* अर्छति (archati, Present)
* इयर्ति (íyarti, Present)
* ऋणोति (ṛṇóti, Present)
* ऋण्वति (ṛṇváti, Present)
* अरिष्यति (ariṣyáti, Future)
* अर्ता (artā́, Periphrastic Future)
* आरत् (ā́rat, Aorist)
* आर्त (ā́rta, Aorist)
* आर्षीत् (ā́rṣīt, Aorist)
* आर (ā́ra, Perfect)

##### Secondary Forms

* अर्यते (aryáte, Passive)
* अर्पयति (arpáyati, Causative)
* ईरयति (īráyati, Causative)
* आर्पिपत् (ā́rpipat, Causative Aorist)
* ऐरत् (áirat, Causative Aorist)
* अर्प्यते (arpyate, Passive of Causative)
* ईर्यते (īryate, Passive of Causative)
* अरिरिषति (aririṣati, Desiderative)
* अलर्ति (álarti, Intensive)
* अरार्यते (arāryate, Intensive)

##### Non-Finite Forms

* ऋत (ṛtá, Past Participle)
* अर्ण (arṇa, Past Participle)
* ईर्ण (īrṇá, Past Participle)
* अर्तोस् (ártos, Infinitive)
* ऋत्वा (ṛtvā́, Gerund)

##### Derived Nominal Forms

* ऋति (ṛti)
* ऋतप्सु (ṛtapsu)
* ऋतावन् (ṛtāvan)
* ऋतु (ṛtu)
* ऋतव्य (ṛtavya)
* अर्ण (árṇa)
* अर्पण (arpaṇa)
* अर्वत् (árvat)

### References

* Monier Williams (1899) “ऋ”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 223, column 2.
* William Dwight Whitney, 1885, The Roots, Verb-forms, and Primary Derivatives of the Sanskrit Language, Leipzig: Breitkopf and Härtel, page 14
* Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 105-6
* Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, pages 46-47
* Gotō, T. "Altindoiranisch ar/r̥ und urindogermanisch *h₁er, *h₂er, *h₃er" in Denken sie einfach!, page 75ff.