# 枯

| 枯 | U+67AF, &#26543; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-67AF |
| ← 枮 [U+67AE] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 枰 → [U+67B0] |

## Translingual
### Han character

枯 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+5, 9 strokes, cangjie input 木十口 (DJR), four-corner 4496$_0$, composition ⿰木古)

#### Derived characters

* 喖, 𤋹, 𩹬, 𬃱, 𬄮, 𬅂, 𢉽

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 517, character 3
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14579
* Dae Jaweon: page 904, character 18
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1178, character 3
* Unihan data for U+67AF

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 枯
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 箇 | *kaːls |
| 個 | *kaːls |
| 居 | *kɯ, *kas |
| 橭 | *kaː, *kʰaː |
| 嫴 | *kaː |
| 姑 | *kaː |
| 辜 | *kaː |
| 酤 | *kaː, *kaːs, *ɡaːʔ |
| 蛄 | *kaː |
| 鴣 | *kaː |
| 沽 | *kaː, *kaːʔ, *kaːs |
| 盬 | *kaː, *kaːʔ |
| 古 | *kaːʔ |
| 罟 | *kaːʔ |
| 估 | *kaːʔ |
| 鈷 | *kaːʔ |
| 詁 | *kaːʔ |
| 牯 | *kaːʔ |
| 故 | *kaːs |
| 固 | *kaːs |
| 稒 | *kaːɡs |
| 痼 | *kaːɡs |
| 錮 | *kaːɡs |
| 鯝 | *kaːɡs |
| 棝 | *kaːɡs |
| 凅 | *kaːɡs |
| 枯 | *kʰaː |
| 軲 | *kʰaː |
| 跍 | *kʰaː |
| 骷 | *kʰaː |
| 苦 | *kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs |
| 葫 | *qʰaː, *ɡaː |
| 餬 | *ɡaː |
| 瑚 | *ɡaː |
| 湖 | *ɡaː |
| 鶘 | *ɡaː |
| 猢 | *ɡaː |
| 醐 | *ɡaː |
| 糊 | *ɡaː |
| 箶 | *ɡaː |
| 蝴 | *ɡaː |
| 胡 | *ɡaː |
| 瓳 | *ɡaː |
| 怙 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 祜 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 岵 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 婟 | *ɡaːʔ, *ɡaːɡs |
| 楛 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 据 | *ka |
| 裾 | *ka |
| 琚 | *ka |
| 椐 | *ka, *kas, *kʰa |
| 鶋 | *ka |
| 蜛 | *ka |
| 崌 | *ka |
| 涺 | *ka |
| 腒 | *ka, *ɡa |
| 鋸 | *kas |
| 倨 | *kas |
| 踞 | *kas |
| 涸 | *ɡaːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kʰaː): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 古 (OC *kaːʔ).

### Etymology

Apparently Austroasiatic; compare Khmer ខះ (khah, “to dry up; to wither”) (Schuessler, 2007), which is from Proto-Mon-Khmer *ckəh (“dry”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kū (ku$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄨ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): fu$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): khû
    (Hailu, HRS): ku$^ˇ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ku$^1$
* Eastern Min (BUC): gŭ
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): kou$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): ko͘ / kho͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gou$^1$ / kou$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$khu
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kū
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄨ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ku
*** Wade–Giles: kʻu$^1$
*** Yale: kū
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ku
*** Palladius: ку (ku)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰu⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fu$^1$
*** Yale: fū
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fu$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /fuː⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khû
*** Hakka Romanization System: ku$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ku$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰu²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: ku$^ˇ$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰu¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: ku$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰu⁴⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gŭ
*** Sinological IPA : /ku⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: kou$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɔu⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ko͘
*** Tâi-lô: koo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kof
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kɔ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔ³³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kho͘
*** Tâi-lô: khoo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qof
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰɔ³³/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen): /kʰɔ⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gou$^1$ / kou$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kou / khou
*** Sinological IPA : /kou³³/, /kʰou³³/
* gou1 - most senses;
* kou1 - dialectal usage (e.g. 豆枯, 茶枯).
* Middle Chinese: khu
Rime :
| Character | 枯 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 苦胡切 |
| Baxter | khu |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰuo/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰuo/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰo/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰɔ/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰo/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰu/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kʰuo/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | kū |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | fu$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kʰˤa/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰaː/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 枯 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | kū |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ khu › |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰˁa/ |
| English | withered, dried up |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 枯 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 4238 |
| Phonetic component | 古 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 枯 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰaː/ |

### Definitions

枯
* (of plants, etc.) dry; withered
    枯萎 ― kūwěi ― wilted; withered
    枯枝 ― kūzhī ― withered tree branch
    From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
    Xíng dōng lìng, zé cǎomù zǎo kū, hòu nǎi dàshuǐ, bài qí chéngguō. [Pinyin]
    If the proceedings proper to winter were observed, all plants and trees would wither early, and afterwards, there would be great floods, destroying city and suburban walls.
* (of wells, rivers, etc.) dried out
* (of muscle) withered; decayed
* boring; uninteresting; dry
    枯燥 ― kūzào ― dull; boring
* (dialect) dregs
* (traditional Chinese medicine) partial paralysis
* a surname

### Compounds

* 一聚枯骨
* 乾枯 / 干枯 (gānkū)
* 偏枯
* 冢中枯骨 (zhǒngzhōngkūgǔ)
* 勢若摧枯 / 势若摧枯
* 口枯眼澀 / 口枯眼涩
* 噓枯吹生 / 嘘枯吹生
* 夏枯草 (xiàkūcǎo)
* 形容枯槁 (xíngróng kūgǎo)
* 得失榮枯 / 得失荣枯
* 拉朽摧枯
* 搜索枯腸 / 搜索枯肠 (sōusuǒkūcháng)
* 摧枯折腐
* 摧枯拉朽 (cuīkū lāxiǔ)
* 朽株枯木
* 枯乾 / 枯干 (kūgān)
* 枯井
* 枯坐 (kūzuò)
* 枯寂 (kūjì)
* 枯形灰心
* 枯旱
* 枯木 (kūmù)
* 枯木朽株
* 枯木死灰
* 枯木生花
* 枯木逢春 (kūmùféngchūn)
* 枯朽 (kūxiǔ)
* 枯枝再春
* 枯楊生稊 / 枯杨生稊
* 枯楊生華 / 枯杨生华
* 枯槁 (kūgǎo)
* 枯榮 / 枯荣
* 枯樁 / 枯桩
* 枯樹生華 / 枯树生华
* 枯樹開花 / 枯树开花
* 枯死 (kūsǐ)
* 枯水期
* 枯涸
* 枯澀 / 枯涩 (kūsè)
* 枯燥 (kūzào)
* 枯燥無味 / 枯燥无味
* 枯瘠
* 枯礬 / 枯矾
* 枯禪 / 枯禅
* 枯窘
* 枯竭 (kūjié)
* 枯索 (kūsuǒ)
* 枯腸 / 枯肠
* 枯莖朽骨 / 枯茎朽骨 (kūjīngxiǔgǔ)
* 枯萎 (kūwěi)
* 枯葉蝶 / 枯叶蝶
* 枯骨
* 枯魚 / 枯鱼
* 枯魚之肆 / 枯鱼之肆
* 枯魚涸轍 / 枯鱼涸辙
* 枯魚病鶴 / 枯鱼病鹤
* 枯魚銜索 / 枯鱼衔索
* 枯黃 / 枯黄 (kūhuáng)
* 根朽枝枯
* 榮枯 / 荣枯 (róngkū)
* 油枯 (yóukū)
* 油盡燈枯 / 油尽灯枯
* 海枯石爛 / 海枯石烂 (hǎikūshílàn)
* 涸轍之枯 / 涸辙之枯
* 涸轍枯魚 / 涸辙枯鱼
* 澤及枯骨 / 泽及枯骨
* 焦枯
* 熬枯受淡
* 生枯起朽
* 瘦小枯乾 / 瘦小枯干
* 白如枯骨
* 盛衰榮枯 / 盛衰荣枯
* 石枯松老
* 石爛海枯 / 石烂海枯
* 立枯病
* 索盡枯腸 / 索尽枯肠
* 老樹枯柴 / 老树枯柴
* 腸枯思竭 / 肠枯思竭
* 菀枯
* 菊老荷枯
* 釜底枯魚 / 釜底枯鱼
* 集苑集枯
* 麻枯

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* wither; dry up

#### Readings

* Go-on: く (ku)
* Kan-on: こ (ko, Jōyō)
* Kun: かれる (kareru, 枯れる, Jōyō)、からす (karasu, 枯らす, Jōyō)

## Korean
### Hanja

枯 (eumhun 마를 고 (mareul go))
* hanja form of 고 (“dry up, wither”)
* hanja form of 고 (“thirst”)

## Vietnamese
### Nom glyph origin

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, gỗ): semantic 木 (“wood, tree”) + phonetic 古 (cổ).

### Han character

枯: Hán Việt readings: khô
枯: Nôm readings: khô, gỗ, khò, khua
* chữ Hán form of khô (“dry, dried”).
* chữ Nôm form of gỗ (“wood”).

#### References

* 1 2 3 Nguyễn (2014).
* 1 2 3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* 1 2 3 4 Trần (2004).
* ↑ Trần (1999).
* ↑ Nguyễn (1974).
* ↑ Thiều Chửu (1942).