# خشت
## Khalaj
### Noun

خِشت (xişt) (definite accusative خِشتی, plural خِشتلَر)
* Arabic spelling of xişt (“brick, bar, ingot”)

#### Declension
## Persian
### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [xiʃt]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [xɪʃt̪]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [xɪʃt̪]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [xɪʃt̪]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [xiʃt̪]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [xeʃt̪]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [χiʃt̪]

### Etymology 1

From Middle Persian [script needed] (hšt' /⁠xišt⁠/, “brick”), from Old Persian 𐎡𐏁𐎫𐎡 (i-š-t-i /⁠išti-⁠/, “sun-dried brick”), possibly borrowed from the BMAC substrate. Cognate with Avestan 𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬌𐬌𐬀 (ištiia, “brick”), 𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬌 (išti), 𐬰𐬆𐬨𐬋𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬎𐬎𐬀 (zəmōištuua, “clay brick”), Sanskrit इष्टका (iṣṭakā, “brick”), Tocharian B iścem (“clay”), Pashto خښته (ḵẖaś̱ẖtaʿh), and possibly Parthian 𐫍𐫏𐫢𐫎𐫏𐫃 (hyšṯyg, “brick”).

#### Noun

خِشْت • (xešt) (plural خشت‌ها (xešt-hâ))
* adobe, sun-dried brick
** c. 1520, Selim I of the Ottoman Empire, edited by Benedek Péri, The Persian Dīvān of Yavuz Sulṭān Selīm, Budapest, Hungary: Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, →ISBN, page 241:باری از خاک درش سازید خشت مرقدم آستانش گر نشد در زندگی بالین منbārē az xāk-i daraš sāzēd xišt-i marqadam āstānaš gar na-šud dar zindagī bālīn-i manAnyhow, build my tomb's bricks from the earth at her gate If her threshold has not become my pillow in life.(Classical Persian transliteration)

##### Derived terms

* خشتی (xešti)

##### Descendants

* → Central Kurdish: خشت (xişt)
* → Chagatai:
** Uyghur: خىش (xish)
** Uzbek: gʻisht
* → Gujarati: ખિશ્ત (khiśt)
* → Hindustani:
** Hindi: ख़िश्त (xiśt)
** Urdu: خِشْت (xiśt)
* → Kazakh: қыш (qyş)
* → Khalaj: xişt

### Etymology 2

See Old Armenian աշտեայ (ašteay).

#### Noun

خِشْت • (xešt) (plural خشت‌ها (xešt-hâ))
* (archaic) javelin, dart, spear, halberd, poleaxe

##### Descendants

* → Old Armenian: խիշտ (xišt)
** Armenian: խիշտ (xišt)
* → Georgian: ხიშტი (xišṭi)

#### References

* ↑ Lubotsky, Alexander (1999) “The Indo-Iranian substratum”, in Early Contacts between Uralic and Indo-European: Linguistic and Archaeological Considerations‎, Helsinki, page 4
* ↑ Schmitt, Rüdiger (2017–2018) “Chapter XVII: Indo-Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Indo-Iranian, page 1949: “*išta-, *išti- ‘brick’”

#### Further reading

* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1892) “خشت”, in A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary, London: Routledge & K. Paul
* Hübschmann, Heinrich (1897) Armenische Grammatik. 1. Theil: Armenische Etymologie (in German), Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, page 510

## Urdu
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian خِشت (xišt, “brick”), doublet of اِیْنٹ (ī̃ṭ). Ultimately derived from the BMAC substrate.
Cognate with Punjabi اِٹّ (īṭṭ), Pashto خښته (ḵẖaś̱ẖtaʿh), Khowar اݰٹو (ušṭu), Phalura اݜٹو (iṣṭū́),

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /xɪʃt̪/

### Noun

خِشْت • (xiśt) f (Hindi spelling ख़िश्त)
* brick
* tile; slab

#### Derived terms

* خِشْتِی (xiśtī, “(made of) brick”)
* خِشْتَک (xiśtak, “small brick”)
* خِشْت ساز (xiśt sāz, “brick-maker”)
* خِشْت زَنِی (xiśt zanī, “brick-making”)

### References

* “خشت”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
* Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971) “خشت”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary‎, Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co.
* Platts, John T. (1884) “خشت”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.
* “خشت”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.