# sanguis
## Latin
### Alternative forms

* sanguen

### Etymology

Older sanguīs, later regularized with a short /i/, likely for *sanguīns, from Proto-Italic *sangwens, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁sh₂-én-, oblique stem of *h₁ésh₂r̥ (“blood”), whence also saniēs (“ichor; ulcer”) via suffixation.
The nominative of the original paradigm is likely to be reflected as Old Latin assyr, as(c)er (found in glosses only). It's disputed whether sanguen is the earlier form, but it seems more likely that it's a later reshaping on the analogy of unguen, inguen, since if original, the addition of -s- to it would be reflected as *sanguēs.
It has also supposed that may be related to Etruscan 𐌔𐌀𐌍𐌗𐌖𐌍𐌄𐌕𐌀 (sanxuneta, “the sanguinary”), with the enclitic article -𐌕𐌀 (-ta) (assuming, contrary to the usual view, that sanguis is not of Indo-European origin).
Cognate to Hittite 𒂊𒌍𒄯 (ēšḫar), Sanskrit असृज् (ásṛj), Ancient Greek ἔαρ (éar), Old Armenian արիւն (ariwn).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin):
** (Conservative) IPA: /ˈsan.ɡʷiːs/, [ˈs̠äŋɡʷiːs̠]
** (Regularizing) IPA: /ˈsan.ɡʷis/, [ˈs̠äŋɡʷɪs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈsan.ɡwis/, [ˈsäŋɡwis]
Note: the originally long ending vowel also appears as short in hexametric poetry via analogy.

### Noun

sanguī̆s m (genitive sanguinis); third declension
* blood
** 8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 2.212:Tuscō sanguine terra rubetThe land is red with Tuscan blood.
** c. 160 CE – c. 225 CE, Tertullian, Apologeticus L.13:Plūrēs efficimur, quotiēns mētīmur ā vōbīs: sēmen est sanguī̆s Chrīstiānōrum.Translation by Alexander SouterWe spring up in greater numbers the more we are mown down by you: the blood of the Christians is the seed of a new life.
* descent, descendant, parentage, progeny, blood relative, flesh-and-blood, family, race
** 8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 2.483–484:‘Iuppiter,’ inquit, ‘habet Rōmāna potentia vīrēs: sanguinis officiō nōn eget illa meī.‘‘Oh, Jupiter,’’ he said, ‘‘The Roman power [the Roman political state] [now] has strength [of its own]: It has no [further] need with the service of my blood [progeny; descendant].’’ (Jupiter hears the plea of Mars to deify his son Romulus (mythology).)
* blood (consanguinity)

#### Usage notes

In 'Vulgar' Latin there existed a parisyllabic variant from the third century onward; see the second inflexion table below.

#### Declension

Classical Latin; third-declension noun.
Later 'Vulgar' Latin; third-declension noun.

#### Derived terms

* exsanguis, exanguis
* sanguinārius
* sanguineus
* sanguinō
* sanguinolentus
* sanguinōsus

#### Descendants

From the Classical accusative sanguinem:
* Ibero-Romance:
** Aragonese: sangre
** Asturian: sangre
** Old Galician-Portuguese: sangue, sangre
*** Fala: sangri
*** Galician: sangue
*** Portuguese: sangue
** Old Spanish: sangne, sangre
*** Ladino: sangre (Latin spelling)
*** Spanish: sangre
**** Papiamentu: sanger, sangro
* Insular Romance:
** Sardinian:
    Campidanese: sàmbini, sànguni
    Logudorese: sambene, sambine
* Borrowings:
** → Interlingua: sanguine
From the 'vulgar' accusative sanguem:
* Balkan Romance:
** Aromanian: sãndzi, sãndze, sendzi
** Istro-Romanian: sănze
** Megleno-Romanian: sǫnzi
** Romanian: sânge
* Dalmatian:
** suang
* Italo-Romance:
** Corsican: sangui, sangue
    Gallurese: sangu
    Sassarese: sangu
** Italian: sangue
** Judeo-Italian: סַאנְגוּוַה (saʾnəguvah /⁠sangua⁠/)
** Neapolitan: sango, sanco (most dialects)
    Cieti: sangio
    San Valentino: sanghe
    Silano: sangiuo
** Old Sicilian: sangui
*** Sicilian: sangu, sancu
* North Italian:
** Gallo-Italic:
*** Emilian: sangeu, sanguv, sango, sanco
*** Ladin: sango, sanc
*** Ligurian: sanghe, sangue
*** Lombard: sangu, sancu, sanc
*** Piedmontese: sango, sanco, sanc
** Friulian: sanc, sang
** Old Venetan: sango, sangue
*** Venetan: sangue
** Romansch: sang, saung
* Gallo-Romance:
** Franco-Provençal: sang
** Old French: sanc
*** Champenois: sang
*** French: sang
*** Franc-Comtois: saing
*** Norman: sang
*** Walloon: sonk
*** Antillean Creole: san
*** Haitian Creole: san
*** → Esperanto: sango
*** → Ido: sango
* Occitano-Romance:
** Catalan: sang
** Occitan: sang

### References

* Adams, James Noel. 2010. An anthology of informal Latin. Cambridge University Press. Pages 406–407.
* AIS: Sprach- und Sachatlas Italiens und der Südschweiz [Linguistic and Ethnographic Atlas of Italy and Southern Switzerland] – map 88: “il sangue” – on navigais-web.pd.istc.cnr.it
* Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “sanguis”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volumes 11: S–Si, page 178
* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “sanguīs”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 537
* ↑ Pittau, Massimo. 600 ISCRIZIONI ETRUSCHE tradotte e commentate. Iscrizione 538

### Further reading

* “sanguis”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “sanguis”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* sanguis in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* sanguis in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. to drip blood; to be deluged with blood: sanguine manare, redundare to shed one's blood for one's fatherland: sanguinem suum pro patria effundere or profundere the victory cost much blood and many wounds, was very dearly bought: victoria multo sanguine ac vulneribus stetit (Liv. 23. 30)