# jul
## Translingual
### Symbol

jul
* (international standards) ISO 639-3 language code for Jirel.

### See also

* Wiktionary's coverage of Jirel terms

## Afrikaans
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Determiner

jul
* Alternative form of julle; your (plural)

#### See also

| | | subjective | objective | possessive determiner | possessive pronoun |
| singular | 1st | ek | my | my | myne |
| singular | 2nd | jy | jou | jou | joune |
| singular | 2nd, formal | u | u | u | u s’n |
| singular | 3rd, masc | hy | hom | sy | syne |
| singular | 3rd, fem | sy | haar | haar | hare |
| singular | 3rd, neut | dit | dit | sy | syne |
| plural | 1st | ons | ons | ons | ons s’n |
| plural | 2nd | julle / jul$^1$ | julle / jul$^1$ | julle / jul$^1$ | julle s’n |
| plural | 3rd | hulle / hul$^1$ | hulle / hul$^1$ | hulle / hul$^1$ | hulle s’n |
| 1. The forms jul and hul are unstressed variants. They are used mostly in possessive function, but also otherwise, chiefly when the pronoun is repeated within the same sentence. ||||||

## Danish
### Etymology

From Old Norse jól, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *jehwlą, *jeulō.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈjuˀl]
* Homophone: hjul

### Noun

jul c (singular definite julen, plural indefinite jule)
* (Christianity) Christmas (the time around 25 December)

#### Derived terms

* jule (verb)
* juleaften c
* juleassistance c
* julebuk c
* juledag c
* juleevangelium n
* julefrokost c
* julegave c
* julekalender c
* juleleg c
* julemand c
* julemærke n
* julenisse c
* julepynt c
* juleri n
* julerose c
* julesalat c
* julestads c
* julestemning c
* juletræ n
* juletræsfod c
* Juleøen

#### Descendants

* Norwegian Bokmål: jul
** → Norwegian Nynorsk: jul (partially from an earlier East Nordic borrowing)
* → German: Jul
** → Dutch: joel
** ⇒ German: Julfest
*** → Dutch: joelfeest
* → Greenlandic: juulli

### Verb

jul
* imperative of jule

### Further reading

* “jul” in Den Danske Ordbog
* “jul” in Ordbog over det danske Sprog

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

From Old Norse jól.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)
* IPA: /jʉːl/, /jʉːɽ/
* Homophone: hjul
* Rhymes: -ʉːɽ

### Noun

jul f or m (definite singular jula or julen, indefinite plural juler, definite plural julene)
* Christmas, also Yule

#### Derived terms

* god jul
* julaften
* juledag (første ..., andre ... etc.)
* julegave
* julehilsen
* julehymne
* julekort
* julelys
* julemat
* julemiddag
* julenisse
* julepresang
* julesang
* julestemning
* julestjerne
* julestrømpe
* juletid
* juletre
* juletrefot
* lillejulaften
* romjul

### References

* “jul” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

As a written form borrowed from Norwegian Bokmål jul, from Danish jul, from Old East Norse iūl. Also through the spoken language as an earlier East Nordic loan. Cognate with Old West Norse jól, compare jol. Akin to English Yule.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /jʉːl/
* Homophone: hjul

### Noun

jul f (definite singular jula, indefinite plural juler, definite plural julene)
* Synonym of jol (“Christmas; Yule”)

#### Derived terms

* god jul
* romjul

### References

* “jul” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Serbo-Croatian
### Noun

jȗl m (Cyrillic spelling ју̑л)
* Alternative spelling of jȗli, the month of July

#### Coordinate terms

* jȁnuār
* fȅbruār
* mȁrt
* àprīl
* mȁj
* jȗni ~ jȗn
* jȗli ~ jȗl
* àvgust (Serbia) ~ àugust (Bosnia)
* sèptēmbar
* òktōbar
* nòvēmbar
* dècēmbar

## Swedish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /jʉːl/
* Audio:(file)
* Homophone: hjul
* Rhymes: -ʉːl

### Etymology 1

From Old Swedish iūl, from Old Norse jól, from Proto-Germanic *jehwlą. First attested in the late 13th century.
Cognate with English Yule, Danish jul, Estonian jõulud, Finnish joulu, Faroese jól, Icelandic jól, Norwegian jul, and Scots Yule.

#### Noun

jul c
* Christmas, Yule
** 1877, August Strindberg, Från Fjerdingen och Svartbäcken, page 8:Fjorton dagar före Jul friade pastorn till den blonda och fick nej!Fourteen days before Christmas, the pastor proposed to the blonde and got a no!
** 1946, “Mössens julafton (När nätterna blir långa) [The mice's Christmas Eve (When the nights get long)]”, Ulf Peder Olrog (lyrics), Alf Prøysen (music)‎:När nätterna blir långa och kölden sätter in, tar mamma mus och samlar hela barnaskaran sin. Hon visar sen på fällan: "Akta er för den, så får vi allesammans fira jul igen." Hejsan hoppsan, fallerallera, när julen kommer ska varenda unge vara gla' [glad]! Hejsan hoppsan, fallerallera, när julen kommer ska varenda unge vara gla' [glad]!When the nights get long and the cold sets in, then mother mouse goes and gathers her whole group of children. She then points [directs, more generally] to the trap: "Beware of that one, and we will all get to celebrate Christmas again." Hidy howdy, fallerallera [expression of exhilaration, often in song], when [the] Christmas comes, every kid should be happy! Hidy howdy, fallerallera, when [the] Christmas comes, every kid should be happy!
** 1989, Billy Butt, Sölve Rydell (lyrics and music), “Julen är här [["The" – idiomatic] Christmas is here]”, in Julen är här‎, performed by Tommy Körberg ft. Sissel Kyrkjebø:Julen är här och lyser frid på jorden. Glädjen är stor. I ett barns klara ögon bor den. Julen är här i våra mörka länder. Kom, låt oss ta varandras händer när julen är här.[The] Christmas is here and shines peace [serenity, not absence of war] on Earth [perhaps in the sense of "and peace shines on Earth," though it would be as unusually worded in Swedish]. The joy is great. It lives in the bright [clear] eyes of a child. [The] Christmas is here in our dark countries. Come, let us join [take each other's] hands when [the] Christmas is here.
** 2023 December 11, Magnus Liljesköld, “Fortsatt ökad spridning av trippelsmittan väntas i jul [Continued increased spread of the triple infection is expected during Christmas.]”, in Sveriges Radio:”Vi måste ju till exempel träffas i jul, det är ju en del av livet och det är viktigt för vårt välbefinnande att vi får träffa varandra, bara vi tänker på att inte smitta någon som är sårbar”, säger han [statsepidemiologen]."We must, for example, meet during Christmas; it's a part of life and crucial for our well-being that we get to meet each other. We just need to be mindful not to infect anyone who is vulnerable," he [the state epidemiologist] says.

##### Derived terms

* god jul (“merry Christmas”)
* i julas (“last Christmas”)
* julafton (“Christmas Eve”)
* julbelysning (“Christmas lights”)
* julbock (“Yule goat”)
* julbord (“Christmas smorgasbord”) (see there for dishes)
* juleljus (“Christmas candle”)
* juletid (“Christmas time”)
* julfirande (“Christmas celebration”)
* julgran (“Christmas tree”)
** julgransplundring
* julgröt (“rice pudding”)
* julgåva (“Christmas gift”)
* julklapp (“Christmas present”)
** julklappsrim (“Christmas present rhyme”)
** julklappsutdelning (“handing out of Christmas presents”)
* julkrubba (“nativity scene, crib, crèche”)
* julmust (“Christmas must (soft drink)”)
* julotta (“Christmas Day matins”)
* julpynt (“Christmas decorations”)
* julpynta (“decorate for Christmas”)
* julskinka (“Christmas ham”)
* julstuga
* julstämning (“Christmas mood”)
* jultomte (“Santa Claus”)
* julöl (“Christmas beer”)

##### See also

* Kalle Anka (“a Christmas TV special broadcast every Christmas Eve”)
* bjällerklang (“sound of jingle bells”)
* dopparedagen (“Dipping day; syn. of Christmas Eve”)
* fira (“celebrate”)
* glögg (“glogg”)
* ischoklad
* knäck
* korkek
* pepparkakshus (“gingerbread house”)
* uppesittarkväll (“pre-Christmas special broadcast on December 23”)

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

jul c
* July; abbreviation of juli.

##### See also

* jan - feb - mar - apr - maj - jun - jul - aug - sep - okt - nov - dec

### References

* ↑ jul in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* jul in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* jul in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

## Volapük
### Etymology

Borrowed from German Schule.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃul/

### Noun

jul (nominative plural juls)
* school
** 1937, “‚Johann Martin Schleyer’”, in Volapükagased pro Nedänapükans, page 34:Ven älabom lifayelis lul äprimom ad golön lü jul.When he was five years old, he started going to school.

#### Declension

$^1$ status as a case is disputed $^2$ in later, non-classical Volapük only

#### Hyponyms

* pöpajul