# laboratorium
## English
### Etymology

From Latin labōrātōrium. Doublet of laboratory.

### Noun

laboratorium (plural laboratoria or laboratoriums)
* (archaic or nonstandard) A laboratory.
** 1869, “The Dawn of Liberty”, in The Dawn of Liberty; or Cadunt regum coronæ; vicit libertas. An Original Drama, Serio-Comical, in Three Acts, Chicago, Ill.: Co-operative Print, […], act I, scene III, page 22:Chemical Laboratorium of Dr. Faustus, at drawing of curtain he is seen stiring, with a rack, in the flames of a Chauldron—Monarchs standing about—during change of Scene Music plays—all looking in Chauldron, some on tiptoe.
** 1885 April, B. Bang, “Tuberculosis in the Udder of the Milch Cow, and Its Effects upon the Milk”, in W. A. Conklin, F. S. Billings, editors, The Journal of Comparative Medicine and Surgery, a Quarterly Journal of the Anatomy, Pathology and Therapeutics of the Lower Animals, volume VI, number 2, New York, N.Y.: William R. Jenkins, […], section “Experiments with Reference to the Influence of Heat upon Milk Containing Tuberculosis Bacilli”, page 155:Herr v. Storch, superintendent of our chemical laboratorium, subjected the milk from a cow with udder tuberculosis to chemical analysis, with the following results: […]
** c. 1906, Journal of the American Medical Association, page 246, column 2:The astounding chemical versatility of the cells of the body, as evidenced in the production of such substances, and the immune bodies to which I have referred before, has forced on us a conception of the cell household as a complicated chemical laboratorium.
** 1920, Mededeelingen van den Burgerlijken Geneeskundigen Dienst in Nederlandsche-Indië, page 19:In combating the various diseases the laboratoria and the Government Vaccination Institute and the Pasteur Institute should be mentioned as powerful aids.
** c. 1941, Rosicrucian Digest, page 463, column 2:It is planned to continue the series by issuing laboratoriums at later dates dealing with subjects such as cohesion and adhesion, electrostatics, color and sound.
** 1952, Diamond, a Crystal Counter, page 15:This by now famous investigation stimulated the search for and investigation of crystal counters in many laboratoria.
** 1952, Free University Quarterly, page 265:Monday, December 22, 1952 the laboratoria, which had to be equiped in connection with the opening of the medical faculty, were officially put into operation at a special gathering.
** c. 1961, Indonesian Abstracts, page 47:As to laboratorium tests on samples of milk for bacterial content (which is the most objective method), there is still controversy between veterinarians as to the conclusions from tests applied to 47.
** 1989, Abstracts on Tropical Agriculture, page 74, column 2:Physico-chemical laboratorium tests, such as alpha-amylase activity, gluten washing, sedimentation value and chapati baking tests were conducted to determine the maximum coarse size of wheat flour for baking chapati.
** 1991, E. te Wierik, “Measures to control alcohol abuse”, in Dirk G. van der Heij, Gertjan Schaafsma, editors, Biomedical and Social Aspects of Alcohol Use: A Review of the Literature, Pudoc, →ISBN, pages 252–253:Besides these laboratorium tests self-report instruments like the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (55), the CAGE questions (40) and other diagnostic tests mentioned in Chapter 1 are being used.
** 1992, South Africa: Official Yearbook of the Republic of South Africa, →ISBN, page 194, column 2:Sanlam donates a cheque of R 100 000 to the Urban Foundation for providing schools with science equipment and so-called portable laboratoriums designed for the standard three to five science curriculum.
** 1993, Mededelingen, page 1576:High-tech industries, the pharmaceutical industry, the food industry, many laboratoria and a lot of surgeries are very sensitive to contamination with submicron particles and/or bacteria (viable or nonviable) and therefore need indoor air free of harmful particles.
** 2012, JY Yang, “Captain Bells and the Sovereign State of Discordia”, in Ann VanderMeer, editor, Steampunk III: Steampunk Revolution, San Francisco, Calif.: Tachyon Publications, →ISBN, page 310:Beneath the indolent sprawl of the Imperial Palace lay the holding cells, the interrogation rooms, the laboratoriums, all the varied instruments essential to the Empire.
** 2020, Mega Wulandari, Truly Almendo Pasaribu, “EXPLORE: Blended Learning for Language Learning”, in Barli Bram, editor, Technology for English Language Learning, Sanata Dharma University Press, →ISBN, page 145:Teachers make schedules for face to face learning, laboratoriums, and online learning.

#### Usage notes

In contemporary texts, mainly used by non-native speakers.

## Dutch
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin laboratorium.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Noun

laboratorium n (plural laboratoria, diminutive laboratoriumpje n)
* laboratory, room, building or institution equipped for scientific research or similarly specialised operations, such as production

#### Derived terms

* lab, labo
* laboratoriumproef
* onderzoekslaboratorium

#### Descendants

* → Indonesian: laboratorium

## Indonesian
### Etymology

From Dutch laboratorium, from Latin labōrātōrium.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [laboratoˈriʊm]
* Hyphenation: la‧bo‧ra‧to‧ri‧um

### Noun

laboratorium
* laboratory: room, building or institution equipped for scientific research or similarly specialised operations, such as production

#### Synonyms

* makmal (Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore)

### Further reading

* “laboratorium” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Latin
### Etymology

From the neuter of Medieval Latin labōrātōrius (“laborable”), from Late Latin labōrātor (“worker”), from labōrō (“I work”) + -tor.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /la.boː.raːˈtoː.ri.um/, [ɫ̪äboːräːˈt̪oːriʊ̃ˑ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /la.bo.raˈto.ri.um/, [läboräˈt̪ɔːrium]

### Noun

labōrātōrium n (genitive labōrātōriī or labōrātōrī); second declension
* (Medieval Latin) laboratory

#### Declension

Second-declension noun (neuter).
$^1$Found in older Latin (until the Augustan Age).

#### Descendants

* → Crimean Tatar: laboratoriya
* → Dutch: laboratorium
* → English: laboratorium, laboratory
* → Finnish: laboratorio
* → French: laboratoire (learned)
* → German: Laboratorium
* → Hungarian: laboratórium
* → Italian: laboratorio (learned)
* → Polish: laboratorium
* → Portuguese: laboratório (learned)
* → Romanian: laborator, laboratoriu
* → Russian: лаборато́рия (laboratórija)
* → Serbo-Croatian: laboratorij
* → Spanish: laboratorio (learned)
* → Swedish: laboratorium
* → Ukrainian: лаборато́рія (laboratórija)

### References

* laboratorium in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* laboratorium in Ramminger, Johann (2016 July 16 (last accessed)) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎, pre-publication website, 2005-2016

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

From Medieval Latin laboratorium.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Noun

laboratorium n (definite singular laboratoriet, indefinite plural laboratorier, definite plural laboratoria or laboratoriene)
* a laboratory

### References

* “laboratorium” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

From Medieval Latin laboratorium.

### Noun

laboratorium n (definite singular laboratoriet, indefinite plural laboratorium, definite plural laboratoria)
* a laboratory

### References

* “laboratorium” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Polish
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin labōrātōrium.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /la.bɔ.raˈtɔ.rjum/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔrjum
* Syllabification: la‧bo‧ra‧to‧rium

### Noun

laboratorium n
* laboratory

#### Related terms

* laborant
* laboratoryjny

### Further reading

* laboratorium in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* laboratorium in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Swedish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin laboratorium.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /lab(ʊ)raˈtuːrɪɵm/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

laboratorium n
* a laboratory

#### Related terms

* labb
* laboration
* laborator
* laboratorieassistent
* laborera