# 屯

| 屯 | U+5C6F, &#23663; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5C6F |
| ← 屮 [U+5C6E] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 屰 → [U+5C70] |

## Translingual
### Alternative forms

* Note that, in Korean and Japanese scripts, the first stroke is written in a slope from right to left (as seen in the Kangxi dictionary) instead of horizontally from left to right as in Chinese scripts.

### Han character

屯 (Kangxi radical 45, 屮+1, 4 strokes, cangjie input 心山 (PU), four-corner 5071$_7$, composition ⿻一𡳾(GHTV) or ⿻七凵(GHTV) or ⿻丿𡳾(JK))

#### Derived characters

* 窀, 沌, 盹, 頓, 扽, 黗, 吨, 飩, 豘, 軘, 坉, 邨, 忳, 芚, 庉, 囤, 迍, 杶, 肫, 訰, 純, 蒓, 𧿬

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 304, character 11
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7828
* Dae Jaweon: page 603, character 5
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 13, character 2
* Unihan data for U+5C6F

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 屯 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 躉 | *tuːnʔ |
| 窀 | *rduːn, *duːn, *tun |
| 沌 | *donʔ, *duːn, *duːnʔ |
| 盹 | *tuːnʔ, *tjuns |
| 頓 | *tuːns |
| 扽 | *tuːns |
| 黗 | *tʰuːn, *tʰuːnʔ |
| 吨 | *tʰuːnʔ |
| 屯 | *duːn, *tun |
| 飩 | *duːn |
| 豘 | *duːn |
| 軘 | *duːn |
| 坉 | *duːn |
| 邨 | *duːn, *stʰuːn |
| 忳 | *duːn |
| 芚 | *duːn |
| 庉 | *duːn, *duːnʔ |
| 囤 | *duːnʔ |
| 迍 | *tun |
| 杶 | *tʰun |
| 瑃 | *tʰun |
| 椿 | *tʰun |
| 偆 | *tʰunʔ, *tʰjunʔ |
| 肫 | *tjun |
| 訰 | *tjun, *tjuns |
| 純 | *tjunʔ, *djun |
| 春 | *tʰjun |
| 蠢 | *tʰjunʔ |
| 踳 | *tʰjunʔ |
| 惷 | *tʰjunʔ |
| 蒓 | *djun |
| 賰 | *hljunʔ |
| 鬊 | *hljuns |
Pictogram (象形) – a plant sprout (屮) with a dot in the middle, than transformed into a horizontal line perhaps to emphasize the sprout. See also the top component of 春 in its original version.

### Etymology 1
#### hill

    Schuessler (2007) proposes an Austroasiatic origin. Compare Proto-Austroasiatic *doːl (“hill”), whence Old Khmer duuɘl (“knoll, hillock, mount”) (> Khmer ទួល (tuəl)), Proto-Vietic *dol (> Vietnamese đồi & Muong tồl), Old Mon dal (“hill”) (> Mon ဒဵု (tɜ̀)), Western Katu dɔːl ("back of mountain"), Minriq tol ("mountain"). Possible, though unclear connection with 堆 (OC *tuːl).

#### village, hamlet

    (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “derived from sense 'hill'?”)

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tún (tun$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨㄣˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): tyun$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thùn
* Eastern Min (BUC): dòng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): thûn / tûn / tūn
    (Teochew, Peng'im): tung$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$den
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tún
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄨㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tún
*** Wade–Giles: tʻun$^2$
*** Yale: twún
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: twen
*** Palladius: тунь (tunʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰu̯ən³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: tyun$^4$
*** Yale: tyùhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tyn$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: tün$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰyːn²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thùn
*** Hakka Romanization System: tun$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: tun$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰun¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: dòng
*** Sinological IPA : /touŋ⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thûn
*** Tâi-lô: thûn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tuun
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰun¹³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tʰun²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tûn
*** Tâi-lô: tûn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: duun
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tun²⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tūn
*** Tâi-lô: tūn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dun
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tun³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: tung$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thûng
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰuŋ⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$den
*** MiniDict: den$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$den
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /dən²³/
* Middle Chinese: dwon
Rime :
| Character | 屯 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 定 (7) |
| Final (韻) | 魂 (55) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 徒渾切 |
| Baxter | dwon |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /duən/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /duon/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /duən/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /dwən/ |
| Li Rong | /duən/ |
| Wang Li | /duən/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /dʱuən/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | tún |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | teon$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[d]ˤun/
    (Zhengzhang): /*duːn/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 屯 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | tún |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dwon › |
| Old Chinese | /*[d]ˁun/ |
| English | accumulate |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 屯 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 12546 |
| Phonetic component | 屯 |
| Rime group | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 屯 |
| Old Chinese | /*duːn/ |
| Notes | 甲金文象屮初生葉芽， 爲春初文，卜辭即有以今屯表今春者 |

#### Definitions

屯
* village; hamlet
    皇姑屯 ― Huánggūtún ― Huanggutun (a place in Shenyang)
* (literary, or in compounds) military camp
* to store up; to accumulate
* (literary, or in compounds) to station (troops)
    屯兵 ― túnbīng ― to station troops
* ䷂,third hexagram of the I Ching
* (obsolete) mound; hill
* (Hong Kong) Short for 屯門／屯门 (Túnmén, “Tuen Mun”).

##### Synonyms

* (village):
* hak+nan-hbl:莊頭 / hak+nan-hbl:庄头
* 堡子
* 塢 / 坞 (wù) (literary, or in compounds)
* 屯落 (túnluò)
* 村塢 / 村坞 (cūnwù) (literary)
* 村子 (cūnzi)
* 村盤子 / 村盘子 ('cun$^1$ pon$^2$ zi) (Gan)
* 村莊 / 村庄 (cūnzhuāng)
* 村落 (cūnluò)
* 社里 (Hokkien)
* 聚 (jù) (literary, or in compounds)
* 聚落 (jùluò)
* 莊 / 庄 (zhuāng)
* 莊仔 / 庄仔 (Hakka)
* 莊子 / 庄子
* 農村 / 农村 (nóngcūn)
* 農莊 / 农庄 (nóngzhuāng)
* 鄉村 / 乡村 (xiāngcūn)
* 鄉莊 / 乡庄 (xiāngzhuāng)
* (to store up): 蓄積／蓄积 (xùjī)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhūn (zhun$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄨㄣ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zeon$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tun
    (Teochew, Peng'im): dung$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhūn
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄣ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhun
*** Wade–Giles: chun$^1$
*** Yale: jwūn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: juen
*** Palladius: чжунь (čžunʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂu̯ən⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zeon$^1$
*** Yale: jēun
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzoen$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zên$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɵn⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tun
*** Tâi-lô: tun
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dwn
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tun⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tun³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tun⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tun⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tun⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: dung$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tung
*** Sinological IPA : /tuŋ³³/
* Middle Chinese: trwin
Rime :
| Character | 屯 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 知 (9) |
| Final (韻) | 諄 (47) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 陟綸切 |
| Baxter | trwin |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʈiuɪn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʈʷin/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȶjuen/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʈwin/ |
| Li Rong | /ȶiuĕn/ |
| Wang Li | /ȶĭuĕn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȶi̯uĕn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhūn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zeon$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*trun/
    (Zhengzhang): /*tun/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 屯 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zhūn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ trwin › |
| Old Chinese | /*trun/ |
| English | difficult |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 屯 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 12562 |
| Phonetic component | 屯 |
| Rime group | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 屯 |
| Old Chinese | /*tun/ |

#### Definitions

屯
* Used in 屯邅 (zhūnzhān).

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chún, zhūn (chun$^2$, zhun$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄨㄣˊ, ㄓㄨㄣ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): seon$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chún
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄨㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chún
*** Wade–Giles: chʻun$^2$
*** Yale: chwún
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chwen
*** Palladius: чунь (čunʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵/
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhūn
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄣ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhun
*** Wade–Giles: chun$^1$
*** Yale: jwūn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: juen
*** Palladius: чжунь (čžunʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂu̯ən⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: seon$^4$
*** Yale: sèuhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: soen$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sên$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɵn²¹/

#### Definitions

屯
* Only used in 屯留 (Chúnliú).

### Etymology 4

* For pronunciation and definitions of 屯 – see 春 (“year”). (This character is an ancient form of 春).

### Compounds

* 下屯 (Xiàtún)
* 北屯 (Běitún)
* 南屯 (Nántún)
* 大屯山
* 小屯 (Xiǎotún)
* 屯兵 (túnbīng)
* 屯剝 / 屯剥
* 屯否
* 屯坎
* 屯墾 / 屯垦 (túnkěn)
* 屯子 (túnzi)
* 屯子山 (Túnzishān)
* 屯官
* 屯山 (Túnshān)
* 屯所
* 屯昌 (Túnchāng)
* 屯田 (túntián)
* 屯田制
* 屯留縣 / 屯留县
* 屯積 / 屯积 (túnjī)
* 屯積居奇 / 屯积居奇 (túnjījūqí)
* 屯糧 / 屯粮 (túnliáng)
* 屯糧積草 / 屯粮积草
* 屯紮 / 屯扎 (túnzhā)
* 屯聚
* 屯落 (túnluò)
* 屯街塞巷
* 屯蹇 (zhūnjiǎn)
* 屯蹶否塞
* 屯邅 (zhūnzhān)
* 屯難 / 屯难
* 屯頭 / 屯头
* 屯駐 / 屯驻 (túnzhù)
* 戹屯歌
* 殷殷屯屯
* 皇姑屯
* 積草屯糧 / 积草屯粮
* 紛屯 / 纷屯
* 臨屯 / 临屯 (Líntún)
* 草屯 (Cǎotún)
* 草屯鎮 / 草屯镇
* 蜂屯蟻聚 / 蜂屯蚁聚
* 蟻聚蜂屯 / 蚁聚蜂屯
* 西屯 (Xītún)
* 雲屯 / 云屯 (yúntún)
* 雲屯雨集 / 云屯雨集 (yúntún yǔjí)
* 駐屯 / 驻屯 (zhùtún)
* 黑河屯

#### References

* “Query for 屯”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Hokkien and Mandarin), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* gathering, gathering place
* camp, barracks

#### Readings

* Go-on: ちゅん (chun)、どん (don)
* Kan-on: ちゅん (chun)、とん (ton, Jōyō)
* Kun: たむろ (tamuro, 屯)

#### Compounds

* 駐屯(ちゅうとん) (chūton): stationing
* 屯所(たむろじょ/とんしょ) (tamurojo/tonsho): (military) post
* 屯邅(ちゅんてん) (chunten): faltering in worry
* 屯蒙(ちゅんもう) (chunmō): the infancy and beginning of something

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 屯
* とん Grade: S (ateji)
* kan'on
From English ton, tonne. The kanji is an example of ateji.

### Noun

屯(トン) or 屯(とん) • (ton)
* tonne, metric ton
* (now uncommon) ton, Imperial ton

#### Usage notes

Most usually spelled in katakana, as トン.

## Korean
### Hanja

屯 (eumhun 어려울 준 (eoryeoul jun))
* hanja form of 준 (“challenging, difficult”)
屯 (eumhun 진칠 둔 (jinchil dun))
* hanja form of 둔 (“village, hamlet”)
* hanja form of 둔 (“camp”)
* hanja form of 둔 (“station (troops), quarter”)

#### Compounds

* 주둔 (駐屯, judun)
* 둔병 (屯兵, dunbyeong)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

屯: Hán Nôm readings: truân, chồn, đồn, dồn, nhún, sồn, thùn, dùn, đần, đốn, đún, giỡn, giùng, tòn
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.