# 鶴

| 鶴 | U+9DB4, &#40372; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9DB4 |
| ← 鶳 [U+9DB3] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 鶵 → [U+9DB5] |
| 鶴 | U+FA2D, &#64045; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA2D |
| ← 館 [U+FA2C] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 郞 → [U+FA2E] |

## Translingual
### Han character

鶴 (Kangxi radical 196, 鳥+10, 21 strokes, cangjie input 十土竹日火 (JGHAF) or 人土竹日火 (OGHAF), four-corner 4722$_7$, composition ⿰隺鳥)

#### Derived characters

* 靏

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1496, character 20
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 47185
* Dae Jaweon: page 2026, character 10
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4654, character 3
* Unihan data for U+9DB4
* Unihan data for U+FA2D

## Chinese

* 鶴

### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 鶴 | *ɡloːwɢ |
| 髉 | *pqroːwɢ |
| 篧 | *skroːwɢ, *sɡroːwɢ |
| 榷 | *kroːwɢ |
| 搉 | *kroːwɢ, *kroːwɢ, *kʰroːwɢ |
| 傕 | *kroːwɢ |
| 確 | *kʰroːwɢ |
| 寉 | *ɡluːwɢ |
| 蒮 | *luwɢ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡloːwɢ) : phonetic 寉 (OC *ɡluːwɢ) + semantic 鳥.

### Etymology

Possibly from Austroasiatic (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *kl(uə)k (“white”), whence Proto-Vietic *t-lɔːk (“white”) but Old Mon kloh (“crane”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): hè, háo (he$^4$, hao$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄏㄜˋ, ㄏㄠˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ho$^2$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): hok$^6$ / hok$^{6-2}$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): hok$^{4*}$
* Gan (Wiktionary): hoh$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ho̍k
    (Meixian, Guangdong): hog$^6$
* Jin (Wiktionary): heh$^5$ / hah$^5$
* Northern Min (KCR): hō̤
* Eastern Min (BUC): hŏk
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): ho̍h / ho̍k
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hoh$^8$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^8$ngoq
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ho$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hè
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄜˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hè
*** Wade–Giles: ho$^4$
*** Yale: hè
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: heh
*** Palladius: хэ (xɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /xɤ⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese, variant in Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: háo
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄠˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: háo
*** Wade–Giles: hao$^2$
*** Yale: háu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: haur
*** Palladius: хао (xao)
*** Sinological IPA : /xɑʊ̯³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: ho$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xo
*** Sinological IPA : /xo²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hok$^6$ / hok$^{6-2}$
*** Yale: hohk / hók
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hok$^9$ / hok$^{9-2}$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hog$^6$ / hog$^{6-2}$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɔːk̚²/, /hɔːk̚²⁻³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: hok$^{4*}$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɔk̚²¹⁻²¹⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: hoh$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɔʔ⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ho̍k
*** Hakka Romanization System: hog
*** Hagfa Pinyim: hog$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /hok̚⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: hog$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /hɔk̚⁵/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: heh$^5$ / hah$^5$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /xəʔ⁵⁴/, /xaʔ⁵⁴/
* heh5 - vernacular;
* hah5 - literary.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit鶴 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /xɤ⁵¹/ /xɑu³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /xau²⁴/ /xɤ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /xɑu⁴⁵/ /xɤ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /xə²¹³/ /xə²¹/ 新 |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /xə⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /xɤ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /xuo²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /xɔ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /xə¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /xə⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /xɤ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /xuo²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /xo³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /xo²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /xo³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /xoʔ⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /xɐʔ⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /xəʔ²/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /xʌʔ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /xaʔ⁴³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ŋoʔ¹/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ŋoʔ³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ŋoʔ²/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ŋo²¹³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /xɔ²²/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /xo¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /xo²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ho²⁴/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /hɔʔ⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /hok̚⁵/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /hok̚⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /hɔk̚²/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /hɔk̚²²/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /hɔk̚²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /hɔk̚⁵/ /hoʔ⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /houʔ⁵/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /ɔ⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /hoʔ⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /hɔk̚⁵/ /hak̚³/ |
* Middle Chinese: hak
Rime :
| Character | 鶴 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 鐸 (103) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 下各切 |
| Baxter | hak |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦɑk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦɑk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣɑk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦak̚/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣɑk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣɑk̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣɑk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | hé |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hok$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤrawk/, /*[ɡ]ˤawk/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡloːwɢ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 鶴 | 鶴 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | hè | hè |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hæwk › | ‹ hak › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɡ]ˁrawk/ | /*[ɡ]ˁawk/ |
| English | white (of birds) | crane |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 鶴 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 5092 |
| Phonetic component | 寉 |
| Rime group | 藥 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 涸 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡloːwɢ/ |

### Definitions

鶴
* crane (bird)
* white
* a surname

### Compounds

* 一琴一鶴 / 一琴一鹤
* 不舞之鶴 / 不舞之鹤
* 丹頂鶴 / 丹顶鹤 (dāndǐnghè)
* 乘軒鶴 / 乘轩鹤
* 乘鶴 / 乘鹤
* 乘鶴駕雲 / 乘鹤驾云
* 仙鶴 / 仙鹤 (xiānhè)
* 仙鶴草 / 仙鹤草 (xiānhècǎo)
* 別鶴 / 别鹤
* 別鶴孤鸞 / 别鹤孤鸾
* 別鶴操 / 别鹤操
* 別鶴離鸞 / 别鹤离鸾
* 化鶴 / 化鹤
* 吼鶴 / 吼鹤
* 妻梅子鶴 / 妻梅子鹤
* 孤雲野鶴 / 孤云野鹤
* 孤鸞寡鶴 / 孤鸾寡鹤
* 寡鶴 / 寡鹤
* 弔鶴 / 吊鹤
* 彥倫鶴怨 / 彦伦鹤怨
* 慚鳧企鶴 / 惭凫企鹤
* 控鶴 / 控鹤
* 揚州鶴 / 扬州鹤
* 斷鶴續鳧 / 断鹤续凫 (duànhèxùfú)
* 朱顏鶴髮 / 朱颜鹤发
* 杳如黃鶴 / 杳如黄鹤
* 松鶴 / 松鹤
* 松鶴延年 / 松鹤延年
* 枯魚病鶴 / 枯鱼病鹤
* 梅妻鶴子 / 梅妻鹤子 (méiqīhèzǐ)
* 梅鶴因緣 / 梅鹤因缘
* 水鶴 / 水鹤
* 火鶴花 / 火鹤花
* 灰鶴 / 灰鹤
* 焚琴煮鶴 / 焚琴煮鹤 (fén qín zhǔ hè)
* 煮鶴焚琴 / 煮鹤焚琴
* 煮鶴燒琴 / 煮鹤烧琴
* 猿鶴沙蟲 / 猿鹤沙虫
* 猿鶴蟲沙 / 猿鹤虫沙
* 玄鶴 / 玄鹤
* 王喬騎鶴 / 王乔骑鹤
* 瘞鶴銘 / 瘗鹤铭
* 白頂鶴 / 白顶鹤
* 白鶴 / 白鹤 (báihè)
* 白鶴秀才 / 白鹤秀才
* 童顏鶴髮 / 童颜鹤发 (tóngyánhèfà)
* 紅鶴 / 红鹤 (hónghè)
* 羊公鶴 / 羊公鹤
* 群雞一鶴 / 群鸡一鹤
* 老鶴乘軒 / 老鹤乘轩
* 華亭鶴唳 / 华亭鹤唳
* 華表鶴歸 / 华表鹤归
* 蟲沙猿鶴 / 虫沙猿鹤
* 跨鶴 / 跨鹤
* 遼東鶴 / 辽东鹤
* 野鶴 / 野鹤
* 野鶴閒雲 / 野鹤闲云
* 閒雲孤鶴 / 闲云孤鹤
* 閒雲野鶴 / 闲云野鹤
* 雞皮鶴髮 / 鸡皮鹤发 (jīpíhèfà)
* 雞膚鶴髮 / 鸡肤鹤发
* 雲中白鶴 / 云中白鹤
* 青鶴 / 青鹤
* 風聲鶴唳 / 风声鹤唳 (fēngshēnghèlì)
* 風鶴 / 风鹤
* 風鶴魂驚 / 风鹤魂惊
* 駕鶴西歸 / 驾鹤西归
* 騎鶴揚州 / 骑鹤扬州
* 鶴乘軒 / 鹤乘轩
* 鶴企 / 鹤企
* 鶴俸 / 鹤俸
* 鶴列 / 鹤列
* 鶴唳 / 鹤唳
* 鶴唳風聲 / 鹤唳风声
* 鶴壁 / 鹤壁 (Hèbì)
* 鶴壽 / 鹤寿
* 鶴宮 / 鹤宫
* 鶴岡 / 鹤冈 (Hègāng)
* 鶴峰 / 鹤峰 (Hèfēng)
* 鶴弔 / 鹤吊
* 鶴形目 / 鹤形目
* 鶴書 / 鹤书
* 鶴望 / 鹤望
* 鶴林 / 鹤林
* 鶴板 / 鹤板
* 鶴林玉露 / 鹤林玉露
* 鶴步 / 鹤步
* 鶴氅 / 鹤氅
* 鶴神 / 鹤神
* 鶴禁 / 鹤禁
* 鶴科 / 鹤科
* 鶴立 / 鹤立
* 鶴立雞群 / 鹤立鸡群 (hèlìjīqún)
* 鶴算龜齡 / 鹤算龟龄
* 鶴膝 / 鹤膝
* 鶴膝風 / 鹤膝风
* 鶴舞 / 鹤舞
* 鶴處雞群 / 鹤处鸡群
* 鶴觴 / 鹤觞
* 鶴警 / 鹤警
* 鶴長鳧短 / 鹤长凫短 (hèchángfúduǎn)
* 鶴頂紅 / 鹤顶红
* 鶴馭 / 鹤驭
* 鶴駕 / 鹤驾
* 鶴骨松姿 / 鹤骨松姿
* 鶴髮 / 鹤发 (hèfà)
* 鶴髮童顏 / 鹤发童颜 (hèfàtóngyán)
* 鶴髮雞皮 / 鹤发鸡皮
* 鶴鳴 / 鹤鸣
* 鶴鳴之士 / 鹤鸣之士
* 鶴鳴九皋 / 鹤鸣九皋
* 鶴鶴 / 鹤鹤
* 鶴齡 / 鹤龄
* 鸞鶴 / 鸾鹤 (luánhè)
* 黃鶴樓 / 黄鹤楼 (Huánghèlóu)
* 龜年鶴壽 / 龟年鹤寿
* 龜鶴 / 龟鹤
* 龜鶴同春 / 龟鹤同春
* 龜齡鶴算 / 龟龄鹤算

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: がく (gaku)
* Kan-on: かく (kaku)
* Kun: つる (tsuru, 鶴, Jōyō)、たず (tazu, 鶴)
* Nanori: ず (zu)、つ (tsu)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 鶴
* つる Grade: S
* kun'yomi
Given a crane's long neck and how the bird hunts, possibly related to 蔓 (tsuru, “vine”); 弦 (tsuru, “bowstring; musical instrument string”); 釣る, 吊る (tsuru, “to hang down; to string up; to fish”). Given how cranes flock together, possibly related also to 連る (tsuru), older root form of modern verb 連れる (tsureru, “to accompany”). That said, 連る also appears to ultimately derive from 蔓 (tsuru, “vine”).
Vovin (2008) considers it possibly related to an ancestor of Korean 두루미 (durumi, “crane”), with a root-final -m vanishing later, leaving only a Kansai accent pattern behind. May ultimately be a regional Wanderwort. Compare also Proto-Finno-Ugric *tërka (“crane”), and Proto-Turkic *turunya (“crane”) (whence Turkish turna), Mongolian тогоруу (togoruu, “crane”). (Can this etymology be sourced?)
The reading tsuru is first seen used to mean “a crane” from the late Heian period. Prior to that time, the only reading used for the bird was tazu. However, the kanji 鶴 was used in the Man'yōshū (759 CE) as a 借訓 (shakkun) reading for つる (turu → tsuru), the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of つ (tu → tsu, auxiliary verb of affirmation, certainty, or completion), suggesting that tsuru may have already existed as an everyday term meaning “a crane”.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) つる [tsúꜜrù] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [t͡sɨɾɯ̟]

#### Noun

鶴(つる) or 鶴(ツル) • (tsuru)
* a crane (large, long-legged and long-necked bird of the family Gruidae)
* Short for 折鶴 (orizuru): a paper crane, the archetypical origami design
* Short for 鶴嘴 (tsuruhashi): a pickaxe
* a 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”) depicting a crane
* (euphemistic) white hair
    Synonym: 白髪 (shiraga)
* a decoration made of straws and reeds in the form of two cranes, used during the 14th year of the first month in the former town of Sakurajima, Kagoshima Prefecture

##### Usage notes

* As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as ツル.

##### Derived terms

* 鶴(つる)岡(おか) (Tsuruoka)
* 鶴(つる)ヶ城(じょう) (Tsurugajō)
* 鶴(つる)亀(かめ) (tsurukame)
* 鶴(つる)首(くび), 鶴(つる)頸(くび) (tsurukubi)
* 鶴(つる)三(ぞう) (Tsuruzō)
* 鶴(つる)の戒(いまし)め (tsuru no imashime)
* 鶴(つる)の毛(け)衣(ごろも) (tsuru no kegoromo)
* 鶴(つる)の子(こ) (tsurunoko)
* 鶴(つる)の孫(まご) (tsuru no mago)
* 鶴(つる)の丸(まる) (tsuru no maru)
* 鶴(つる)脛(はぎ) (tsuruhagi)
* 鶴(つる)嘴(はし) (tsuruhashi)
* 鶴(つる)斑(ぶち) (tsurubuchi)
* 鶴(ツル)擬(モドキ) (tsurumodoki)
* 鶴(つる)屋(や) (Tsuruya)
* 姉(アネ)羽(ハ)鶴(ヅル) (anehazuru)
* 折(おり)鶴(づる) (orizuru)
* 鸛(こう)鶴(づる) (kōzuru)
* 白(しら)鶴(つる) (shiratsuru)
* 千(せん)羽(ば)鶴(づる) (senbazuru)
* 黒(クロ)鶴(ヅル) (kurozuru)
* 丹(たん)頂(ちょう)鶴(づる) (tanchōzuru)
* 友(とも)鶴(づる) (tomozuru)
* 鍋(ナベ)鶴(ヅル) (nabezuru)
* 引(ひ)き鶴(づる) (hikizuru)
* 紅(ベニ)鶴(ヅル) (benizuru)
* 真(まな)鶴(づる), 真名(マナ)鶴(ヅル) (manazuru)
* 万(まん)羽(ば)鶴(づる) (manbazuru)
* 夕(ゆう)鶴(づる) (yūzuru)
* 夜(よる)の鶴(つる) (yoru no tsuru)

##### Idioms

* 鶴(つる)来(きた)る (tsuru kitaru)
* 鶴(つる)の一(ひと)声(こえ) (tsuru no hitokoe)
* 凍(い)て鶴(づる) (itezuru, “frozen crane → a metaphor for something stock still and unmoving, from the way a crane will freeze when hunting”)
* 子(こ)を思(おも)う鶴(つる) (ko o omō tsuru)
* 塵(ちり)塚(づか)に鶴(つる) (chirizuka ni tsuru)
* 掃(は)き溜(だ)めに鶴(つる) (hakidame ni tsuru)

##### Proverbs

* 鶴(つる)九(きゅう)皐(こう)に鳴(な)き声(こえ)天(てん)に聞(き)こゆ (tsuru kyūkō ni naki koe ten ni kikoyu)
* 鶴(つる)は千(せん)年(ねん)亀(かめ)は万(まん)年(ねん) (tsuru wa sennen kame wa mannen)

#### Proper noun

鶴(つる) • (Tsuru)
* a female given name
* a surname

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 鶴
* たず Grade: S
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 田鶴
/tadu/ → /tad͡zu/ → /tazu/
From Old Japanese.
Speculatively, this could be analyzed as a compound of た (ta, possibly 田 (“rice paddy”), where cranes are known to hunt) +‎ つ (*tsu, uncertain, possibly “a large bird”), wherein the tsu changes to dzu, modern zu, as an instance of rendaku (連濁). This tsu may be the tsu in modern tsuru above. (Can this etymology be sourced?)

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) たず [táꜜzù] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ta̠zɨ]

#### Noun

鶴(たず) • (tazu)
* (archaic, poetic) a crane (large, long-legged and long-necked bird of the family Gruidae)

##### Usage notes

* This reading is now reserved for poetry.

##### Derived terms

* 葦(あし)田(た)鶴(ず) (ashi tazu, “crane”, poetic; literally “reed crane” in reference to the way the birds will often hide among the reeds)

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 鶴
* かく Grade: S
* kan'on
From Middle Chinese 鶴 (MC hak).
Compare modern Mandarin 鶴 / 鹤 (hè).

#### Affix

鶴(かく) • (kaku)
* crane (large bird of the family Gruidae)
* cranelike

##### Derived terms

* 鶴(かく)駕(が) (kakuga)
* 鶴(かっ)禁(きん) (Kakkin)
* 鶴(かく)膝(しつ) (kakushitsu)
* 鶴(かく)首(しゅ) (kakushu)
* 鶴(かく)寿(じゅ) (kakuju)
* 鶴(かく)書(しょ) (kakusho)
* 鶴(かく)氅(しょう) (kakushō)
* 鶴(かく)髪(はつ) (kakuhatsu)
* 鶴(かく)望(ぼう) (kakubō)
* 鶴(かく)翼(よく) (kakuyoku)
* 鶴(かく)林(りん) (Kakurin)
* 鶴(かく)唳(れい) (kakurei)
* 雲(うん)鶴(かく) (unkaku)
* 亀(き)鶴(かく) (kikaku)
* 群(ぐん)鶴(かく) (gunkaku)
* 玄(げん)鶴(かく) (genkaku)
* 皐(こう)鶴(かく) (kōkaku)
* 皓(こう)鶴(かく) (kōkaku)
* 西(さい)鶴(かく) (Saikaku)
* 白(はっ)鶴(かく) (hakkaku)
* 夜(や)鶴(かく) (yakaku)

##### Idioms

* 鶏(けい)群(ぐん)の一(いっ)鶴(かく) (keigun no ikkaku)

### References

* ↑ Bjarke Frellesvig and John Whitman, editors (2008), chapter 7, in Proto-Japanese: Issues and Prospects, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, Proto-Japanese beyond the accent system, pages 140-156
* 1 2 3 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 4 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 鶴 (MC hak).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᅘᅡᆨ〮 (Yale: hhák) | ᅘᅡᆨ〮 (Yale: hhák) |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | 학〮 (Yale: hák) | 학〮 (Yale: hák) |

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ha̠k̚]
* Phonetic hangul: [학]

### Hanja

Wikisource 鶴 (eumhun 두루미 학 (durumi hak))
* hanja form of 학 (“crane (bird)”) [noun]

#### Compounds

* 금학 (琴鶴, geumhak)
* 노학 (老鶴, nohak)
* 백학 (白鶴, baekhak)
* 선학 (仙鶴, seonhak)
* 운학 (雲鶴, unhak)
* 청학 (靑鶴, cheonghak)
* 학가 (鶴駕, hakga)
* 학려 (鶴唳, hangnyeo)
* 학반 (鶴班, hakban)
* 학발 (鶴髮, hakbal)
* 학수 (鶴壽, haksu)
* 학수 (鶴首, haksu)
* 학슬 (鶴膝, hakseul)
* 학익 (鶴翼, hagik)
* 학정 (鶴頂, hakjeong)
* 현학 (玄鶴, hyeonhak)
* 홍학 (紅鶴, honghak)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Kunigami
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Kun: ちるー (chirū, 鶴)

## Okinawan
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Kun: ちる (chiru, 鶴)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 鶴
* ちる Grade: S
* kun'yomi
Ultimately from Proto-Japonic *turum.
Cognate with Japanese 鶴 (tsuru).

### Pronunciation

* (Shuri-Naha) ち​る[chíꜜrù] (Kakō -)
* IPA: [t͡ɕiɾu]

### Noun

鶴(ちる) (chiru)
* a crane (large, long-legged and long-necked bird of the family Gruidae)

#### Derived terms

* 鶴(ちる)ん鳥(とぅい) (chiruntui), 鶴(ちり)ん鳥(とぅい) (chirintui), to avoid confusion with 弦 (chiru, “bowstring”)

### References

* ↑ “チル” in Okinawa Center of Language Study, Shuri-Naha Dialect Dictionary (archived; reopens 2024).$^{(permanentdeadlink)}$

## Old Japanese
### Etymology 1

Possibly a compound of 田 (ta, “rice paddy”, where cranes are known to hunt) +‎ つ (*tu, uncertain, possibly “a large bird”). (Can this etymology be sourced?)

#### Noun

鶴 (tadu) (kana たづ)
* a crane (large, long-legged and long-necked bird of the family Gruidae)
** 711–712, Kojiki, lower volume (Emperor Ingyō; poem 85):阿麻登夫登理母都加比曾多豆賀泥能岐許延牟登岐波和賀那斗波佐泥ama-to$_2$bu to$_2$ri mo$_2$ tukapi$_1$ so$_2$ tadu ga ne no$_2$ ki$_1$ko$_2$yemu to$_2$ki$_1$ pa waga na to$_1$pasane(please add an English translation of this quotation)
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 7, poem 1199:
    藻苅舟奧榜來良之妹之嶋形見之浦爾鶴翔所見mokari-bune oki$_1$ ko$_2$gi$_1$kurasi Imogasima Katami$_1$-no$_2$-ura ni tadu kake$_2$ru mi$_1$yuRowing the seaweed-gathering boat out to sea and back again, I saw the cranes soaring by Katami inlet on Imogashima.
** For more quotations using this term, see Citations:鶴.

##### Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:鶴.

##### Derived terms

* 鶴が音 (tadu ga ne)
* 鶴群 (tadumura)
* 蘆鶴 (asitadu)

##### Descendants

* Japanese: 鶴 (tazu)

### Etymology 2

The 借訓 (shakkun) reading of modern Japanese 鶴 (tsuru, “crane”).
In turn, from Proto-Japonic *turum (“crane”).

#### Phonogram

鶴 (turu)
* Denotes phonographic disyllable つる (turu)
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 1, poem 81:
    ...相見鶴鴨...api$_1$mituru ka mo...[as] they looked [at each other]!

#### Descendants

* Japanese: 鶴 (tsuru, “crane”)

### Further reading

* Vovin (2020) p. 34

## Vietnamese
### Han character

鶴: Hán Nôm readings: hạc
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.