# 孤立
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gūlì
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨ ㄌㄧˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gu$^1$ lap$^6$ / gu$^1$ laap$^6$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): ko͘-li̍p
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gou$^1$ lib$^8$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gūlì
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨ ㄌㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gulì
*** Wade–Giles: ku$^1$-li$^4$
*** Yale: gū-lì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gulih
*** Palladius: гули (guli)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku⁵⁵ li⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gu$^1$ lap$^6$ / gu$^1$ laap$^6$
*** Yale: gū lahp / gū laahp
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gu$^1$ lap$^9$ / gu$^1$ laap$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gu$^1$ leb$^6$ / gu$^1$ lab$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /kuː⁵⁵ lɐp̚²/, /kuː⁵⁵ laːp̚²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ko͘-li̍p
*** Tâi-lô: koo-li̍p
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kolip
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² lip̚⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔ³³ lip̚²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² lip̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ lip̚⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ lip̚⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gou$^1$ lib$^8$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kou li̍p
*** Sinological IPA : /kou³³⁻²³ lip̚⁴/
* Middle Chinese: ku lip
Rime :
| Character | 孤 | 立 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) | 緝 (141) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 古胡切 | 力入切 |
| Baxter | ku | lip |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kuo/ | /liɪp̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kuo/ | /lip̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ko/ | /ljep̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kɔ/ | /lip̚/ |
| Li Rong | /ko/ | /liəp̚/ |
| Wang Li | /ku/ | /lĭĕp̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kuo/ | /li̯əp̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gū | lì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gu$^1$ | lap$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kʷˤa k.rəp/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʷaː rɯb/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 孤 | 立 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gū | lì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ku › | ‹ lip › |
| Old Chinese | /*kʷˁa/ | /*k.rəp/ |
| English | orphan | stand (v.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 孤 | 立 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 4347 | 7869 |
| Phonetic component | 瓜 | 立 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 緝 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 孤 | 立 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʷaː/ | /*rɯb/ |

### Adjective

孤立
* isolated
* unrelated; irrelevant

#### Synonyms

* (isolated): (literary) 孤懸／孤悬 (gūxuán)

### Verb

孤立
* (transitive) to isolate
    社交孤立 ― shèjiāo gūlì ― to be socially isolated; social isolation

### Derived terms

* 孤立主義 / 孤立主义 (gūlìzhǔyì)
* 孤立子 (gūlìzǐ)
* 孤立子波 (gūlìzǐ bō)
* 孤立波 (gūlìbō)
* 孤立語言 / 孤立语言 (gūlì yǔyán)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 孤(こ)立(りつ) (koritsu)
* → Korean: 고립(孤立) (gorip)
* → Vietnamese: cô lập (孤立)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 孤 | 立 |
| こ Grade: S | りつ Grade: 1 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こりつ [kòrítsú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ko̞ɾʲit͡sɨ]

### Noun

孤(こ)立(りつ) • (koritsu)
* isolation

#### Derived terms

* 孤立系(こりつけい) (koritsukei)
* 孤立語(こりつご) (koritsugo): isolating language
* 孤立主義(こりつしゅぎ) (koritsushugi)
* 孤立点(こりつてん) (koritsuten)
* 孤立波(こりつは) (koritsuha): solitary wave
* 孤立無援(こりつむえん) (koritsumuen)

### Verb

孤(こ)立(りつ)する • (koritsu suru) intransitive suru (stem 孤(こ)立(りつ)し (koritsu shi), past 孤(こ)立(りつ)した (koritsu shita))
* stand alone, be in isolation
    人(ひと)を仲間(なかま)から孤立(こりつ)させる
       hito o nakama kara koritsu saseru
       isolate a person from his friends

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 孤立し | こりつし | koritsu shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 孤立し | こりつし | koritsu shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 孤立する | こりつする | koritsu suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 孤立する | こりつする | koritsu suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 孤立すれ | こりつすれ | koritsu sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 孤立せよ¹ 孤立しろ² | こりつせよ¹ こりつしろ² | koritsu seyo¹ koritsu shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 孤立される | こりつされる | koritsu sareru |
| Causative | 孤立させる 孤立さす | こりつさせる こりつさす | koritsu saseru koritsu sasu |
| Potential | 孤立できる | こりつできる | koritsu dekiru |
| Volitional | 孤立しよう | こりつしよう | koritsu shiyō |
| Negative | 孤立しない | こりつしない | koritsu shinai |
| Negative continuative | 孤立せず | こりつせず | koritsu sezu |
| Formal | 孤立します | こりつします | koritsu shimasu |
| Perfective | 孤立した | こりつした | koritsu shita |
| Conjunctive | 孤立して | こりつして | koritsu shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 孤立すれば | こりつすれば | koritsu sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
   * 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 孤 | 立 |

### Noun

孤立 • (gorip) (hangeul 고립)
* hanja form of 고립 (“isolation”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 孤 | 立 |

### Verb

孤立
* chữ Hán form of cô lập (“to isolate”).