# 電車
## Chinese

* 電車

### Etymology

The modern definitions are wasei kango (和製漢語), orthographically borrowed from Japanese 電(でん)車(しゃ) (densha), first attested in 《出使英法義比四國日記》 by Xue Fucheng in 1890.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): diànchē
    (Zhuyin): ㄉㄧㄢˋ ㄔㄜ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): din$^6$ ce$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thien-chhâ
* Jin (Wiktionary): die$^3$ ce$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tiān-chhia
    (Teochew, Peng'im): diang$^6$ cia$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$di-tsho
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: diànchē
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄧㄢˋ ㄔㄜ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: diànche
*** Wade–Giles: tien$^4$-chʻê$^1$
*** Yale: dyàn-chē
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: diannche
*** Palladius: дяньчэ (djanʹčɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ti̯ɛn⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: din$^6$ ce$^1$
*** Yale: dihn chē
*** Cantonese Pinyin: din$^6$ tse$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: din$^6$ cé$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /tiːn²² t͡sʰɛː⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thien-chhâ
*** Hakka Romanization System: tien ca$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: tian$^4$ ca$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰi̯en⁵⁵ t͡sʰa²⁴/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: die$^3$ ce$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /tie⁴⁵ t͡sʰɤ¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiān-chhia
*** Tâi-lô: tiān-tshia
*** Phofsit Daibuun: diexnchiaf
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tiɛn²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tiɛn⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰia³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tiɛn²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tiɛn³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiɛn³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: diang$^6$ cia$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tiăng tshia
*** Sinological IPA : /tiaŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰia³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$di-tsho
*** MiniDict: di$^去$ tsho
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$di-tsho
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /di²² t͡sʰo⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: denH tsyhae
Rime :
| Character | 電 | 車 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 定 (7) | 昌 (24) |
| Final (韻) | 先 (85) | 麻 (100) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | IV | III |
| Fanqie | 堂練切 | 尺遮切 |
| Baxter | denH | tsyhae |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /den$^H$/ | /t͡ɕʰia/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /den$^H$/ | /t͡ɕʰia/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /dɛn$^H$/ | /t͡ɕʰia/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /dɛn$^H$/ | /cʰia/ |
| Li Rong | /den$^H$/ | /t͡ɕʰia/ |
| Wang Li | /dien$^H$/ | /t͡ɕʰĭa/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /dʱien$^H$/ | /t͡ɕʰi̯a/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | diàn | chē |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | din$^6$ | ce$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*lˤi[n]-s [t.qʰ](r)A/
    (Zhengzhang): /*l'iːns kʰlja/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 電 | 車 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | diàn | chē |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ den$^H$ › | ‹ tsyhæ › |
| Old Chinese | /*lˁi[n]-s/ | /*[t.qʰ](r)A/ |
| English | lightning | chariot |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 電 | 車 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| No. | 11233 | 1311 |
| Phonetic component | 申 | 車 |
| Rime group | 眞 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 電 | 車 |
| Old Chinese | /*l'iːns/ | /*kʰlja/ |

### Noun

電車
* tram; streetcar
* (Taiwan or Japan) electric multiple unit train
* (Mainland China, Hong Kong) electric vehicle
* (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien, dated) automobile; motor car; sedan
* (historical, obsolete) an ancient covered chariot specialized in raiding enemy camps
    From: Six Secret Teachings, c. 475 – 221 BCE
    Zīchē qíkòu. Yī míng diànchē, bīngfǎ wèi zhī diànjī. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Usage notes

In Mainland China, in the context of trains, 電車／电车 only refers to trains in Japan.

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 汽車 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 汽車 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 汽車 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 車 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 汽車, 車 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Xianxian (Xiaoying) | 汽車 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 汽車 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 汽車 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 汽車, 馬什乃 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 汽車 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 汽車 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 汽車 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Pingle | 汽車 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Luzhai | 汽車 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanning (Wuming) | 汽車 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Binyang (Nanjie) | 汽車 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hechi (Yizhou) | 汽車 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Luocheng (Dongmen) | 汽車 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianlin (Langping) | 汽車 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dagudi (Maliba) | 汽車 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Reshuitang (Longling) | 汽車 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Salong (Lancang) | 汽車 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Sai (Tengchong) | 汽車 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 汽車 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 汽車 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 汽車, 車 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 汽車, 車 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 汽車 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 汽車 |
| Cantonese | Guiping (Jintian) | 汽車 |
| Cantonese | Guiping (Jiangkou) | 汽車 |
| Cantonese | Guiping (Madong) | 汽車 |
| Cantonese | Qinzhou | 汽車 |
| Cantonese | Qinzhou (Xiniujiao) | 汽車 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 汽車 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 汽車 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 汽車 |
| Cantonese | Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 汽車 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 車 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 汽車 |
| Cantonese | Móng Cái | 汽車 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 汽車 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 汽車 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 汽車, 自動車 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 汽車, 自動車 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 汽車, 自動車 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 汽車, 自動車 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 汽車, 自動車 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 汽車, 自動車 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 車 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 汽車 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 汽車 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 汽車 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 汽車, 風車, 大車, 電車 dated |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 風車 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 汽車, 風車, 大車 |
| Southern Min | Hui'an | 風車 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 汽車, 大車, 電車 dated |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 汽車, 風車 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 自動車 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 自動車 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 自動車, 動車 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 自動車 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 自動車 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 汽車, 自動車 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 自動車 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 自動車 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 汽車 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 自動車, 汽車 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 車 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 車, 風車 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 車, 風車 |
| Southern Min | Guilin (Biyange) | 汽車 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 汽車, 羅里 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 羅里 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 羅里 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 羅里 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 車, 風車 |
| Southern Min | Pontianak (Teochew) | 羅里 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 車 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 汽車 |
| Central Min | Nanping (Wangtai, Yanping) | 汽車 |
| Southern Pinghua | Binyang | 汽車 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 汽車, 大眼睛 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 汽車 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 汽車 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 汽車 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 汽車子 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 汽車 |
* (electric vehicle): 電動車／电动车 (diàndòngchē)

#### Derived terms

* 單軌引導電車 / 单轨引导电车
* 懸空電車 / 悬空电车
* 有軌電車 / 有轨电车 (yǒuguǐdiànchē)
* 無軌電車 / 无轨电车 (wúguǐ diànchē)

### References

* ↑ 汉语外来词词典 [Chinese Loanword Dictionary] (in Chinese), 1984, page 270

## Japanese
### Etymology

Kanji in this term :
| 電 | 車 |
| でん Grade: 2 | しゃ Grade: 1 |
| on'yomi ||
電(でん) (den, “electric”) + 車(しゃ) (sha, “vehicle”)

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) でんしゃ [dèńshá] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) でんしゃ [déꜜǹshà] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [dẽ̞ɰ̃ɕa̠]
* Audio:(file)
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

電(でん)車(しゃ) • (densha) (counter 本)
* an electric multiple unit train
* (informal) any train, regardless of power source

#### Derived terms

* 電(でん)車(しゃ)賃(ちん) (denshachin): train fare, railroad fare
* 電(でん)車(しゃ)代(だい) (denshadai): train fare, railroad fare
* 電(でん)車(しゃ)運(うん)転(てん)士(し) (densha untenshi): train driver
* 満(まん)員(いん)電(でん)車(しゃ) (man'in densha): full-crowded train

### See also

* 列車(れっしゃ) (ressha): train
* 汽車(きしゃ) (kisha): steam train

### References

* 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 電 | 車 |

### Noun

電車 • (jeoncha) (hangeul 전차)
* hanja form of 전차 (“streetcar, trolley, tram”)