# 偶

| 偶 | U+5076, &#20598; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5076 |
| ← 偵 [U+5075] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 偷 → [U+5077] |

## Translingual
### Han character

偶 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+9, 11 strokes, cangjie input 人田中月 (OWLB), four-corner 2622$_7$, composition ⿰亻禺)

#### Derived characters

* 𠽀, 𢠉, 𣼱, 𦸲, 𢠙

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 112, character 1
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 899
* Dae Jaweon: page 238, character 9
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 190, character 3
* Unihan data for U+5076

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 偶
* Small seal scripts05899
* References:
* Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:
* Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
* Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
* Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
* Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
| | Old Chinese |
| 齵 | *ŋoː, *ŋo |
| 偶 | *ŋoːʔ, *ŋoːs |
| 耦 | *ŋoːʔ |
| 藕 | *ŋoːʔ |
| 髃 | *ŋoːʔ, *ŋo |
| 蕅 | *ŋoːʔ |
| 愚 | *ŋo |
| 隅 | *ŋo |
| 禺 | *ŋo, *ŋos |
| 湡 | *ŋo |
| 堣 | *ŋo |
| 嵎 | *ŋo |
| 鰅 | *ŋo, *ŋoŋ |
| 鍝 | *ŋo |
| 遇 | *ŋos |
| 寓 | *ŋos |
| 庽 | *ŋos |
| 媀 | *ŋos |
| 喁 | *ŋoŋ |
| 顒 | *ŋoŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ŋoːʔ, *ŋoːs) : semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 禺 (OC *ŋo, *ŋos) – a statue of a person, an idol.

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): ǒu (ou$^3$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄡˇ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ngou$^3$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ngau$^5$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ngiéu
* Eastern Min (BUC): ngēu
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): gió / ngó͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ngou$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$ngeu
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: ǒu
*** Zhuyin: ㄡˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ǒu
*** Wade–Giles: ou$^3$
*** Yale: ǒu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: oou
*** Palladius: оу (ou)
*** Sinological IPA : /ˀoʊ̯²¹⁴/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: ngou$^3$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ngou
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋəu⁵³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ngau$^5$
*** Yale: ngáuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ngau$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ngeo$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋɐu̯¹³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngiéu
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngieu$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngieu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯eu̯³¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ngēu
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋɛu³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gió
*** Tâi-lô: gió
*** Phofsit Daibuun: gioir
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /ɡio⁵⁵⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngó͘
*** Tâi-lô: ngóo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ngor
*** IPA (Taipei, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ŋɔ̃⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ŋɔ̃⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ngou$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngóu
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋou⁵²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$ngeu
*** MiniDict: ngeu$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$ngeu
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ŋɤ²³/
* Middle Chinese: nguwX
Rime :
| Character | 偶 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 侯 (137) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 五口切 |
| Baxter | nguwX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ŋəu$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ŋəu$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ŋəu$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ŋəw$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ŋu$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ŋəu$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ŋə̯u$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | ǒu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ngau$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ŋˤ(r)oʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋoːʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 偶 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | ǒu |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ nguw$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋˁ(r)oʔ/ |
| English | pair, double |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 偶 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 15913 |
| Phonetic component | 禺 |
| Rime group | 侯 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 藕 |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋoːʔ/ |

#### Definitions

偶
* idol
    偶像 ― ǒuxiàng ― idol
       Chuān bā hào qiúyī de nà ge yùndòngyuán shì wǒ de ǒuxiàng! [Pinyin]
       The athlete wearing no. 8 is my idol!
* couple; pair
* even (number)
    偶數／偶数 ― ǒushù ― even number
* (slang, cute-sounding) Pronunciation spelling of 我.

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): ǒu (ou$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄡˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ngau$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: ǒu
*** Zhuyin: ㄡˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ǒu
*** Wade–Giles: ou$^3$
*** Yale: ǒu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: oou
*** Palladius: оу (ou)
*** Sinological IPA : /ˀoʊ̯²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ngau$^5$
*** Yale: ngáuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ngau$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ngeo$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋɐu̯¹³/
* Middle Chinese: nguwH
Rime :
| Character | 偶 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 侯 (137) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 五遘切 |
| Baxter | nguwH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ŋəu$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ŋəu$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ŋəu$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ŋəw$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ŋu$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ŋəu$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ŋə̯u$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | òu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ngau$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋoːs/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 偶 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 15918 |
| Phonetic component | 禺 |
| Rime group | 侯 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 偶 |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋoːs/ |

#### Definitions

偶
* accidentally, coincidentally, by accident, by chance, occasionally
    偶爾／偶尔 ― ǒu'ěr ― occasionally
    偶然 ― ǒurán ― occasionally, accidentally

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): ngauh / nga̍uh
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngauh
*** Tâi-lô: ngauh
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ngauq
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ŋãuʔ³²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ŋãuʔ⁵/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nga̍uh
*** Tâi-lô: nga̍uh
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ngauh
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ŋãuʔ¹²¹/

#### Definitions

偶
* (Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to stand side by side
* (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) Classifier for pairs of horseshoe crabs.
    一偶鱟／一偶鲎 [Hokkien] ― chi̍t ngauh hāu [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― a pair of horseshoe crabs

### Compounds

* 不偶
* 不偶世
* 仇偶
* 佳偶 (jiā'ǒu)
* 佳偶天成
* 偶一為之 / 偶一为之
* 偶人 (ǒurén)
* 偶作
* 偶像 (ǒuxiàng)
* 偶函數 / 偶函数 (ǒuhánshù)
* 偶句對 / 偶句对
* 偶合 (ǒuhé)
* 偶巴 (ǒubā)
* 偶影
* 偶得
* 偶性
* 偶感
* 偶成
* 偶或 (ǒuhuò)
* 偶戲 / 偶戏
* 偶戲人 / 偶戏人
* 偶拾
* 偶數 / 偶数 (ǒushù)
* 偶方
* 偶族
* 偶書 / 偶书
* 偶然 (ǒurán)
* 偶然性 (ǒuránxìng)
* 偶然論 / 偶然论
* 偶爾 / 偶尔 (ǒu'ěr)
* 偶發 / 偶发 (ǒufā)
* 偶視 / 偶视
* 偶而 (ǒu'ér)
* 偶語 / 偶语
* 偶蹄目
* 偶鰭 / 偶鳍
* 分隸偶存 / 分隶偶存
* 力偶 (lì'ǒu)
* 匹偶 (pǐ'ǒu)
* 喪偶 / 丧偶 (sàng'ǒu)
* 嘉偶天成
* 土偶 (tǔ'ǒu)
* 土偶桃梗
* 土木偶人
* 大玩偶
* 奇偶
* 奇偶性 (jī'ǒuxìng)
* 對偶 / 对偶 (duì'ǒu)
* 布偶 (bù'ǒu)
* 怨偶
* 排偶
* 提偶
* 提線木偶 / 提线木偶 (tíxiàn mù'ǒu)
* 擇偶 / 择偶 (zé'ǒu)
* 木偶 (mù'ǒu)
* 木偶人
* 木偶影片
* 木偶戲 / 木偶戏 (mù'ǒuxì)
* 未偶
* 杖頭木偶 / 杖头木偶
* 求偶 (qiú'ǒu)
* 流落不偶
* 無獨有偶 / 无独有偶 (wúdú-yǒu'ǒu)
* 熱電偶 / 热电偶
* 玩偶 (wán'ǒu)
* 百年佳偶
* 相人偶
* 配偶 (pèi'ǒu)
* 配偶家族
* 鐵線木偶 / 铁线木偶
* 陶偶
* 鬱堙不偶 / 郁堙不偶
* 齊大非偶 / 齐大非偶 (qídàfēi'ǒu)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: ぐ (gu)
* Kan-on: ごう (gō)
* Kan’yō-on: ぐう (gū, Jōyō)
* Kun: たぐい (tagui, 偶)、たまたま (tamatama, 偶)

#### Compounds

* 偶然
* 配偶者(はいぐうしゃ) (haigūsha, “spouse”)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 偶
* たま Grade: S
* kun'yomi

#### Alternative forms

* 適

#### Adjective

偶(たま) • (tama) -na (adnominal 偶(たま)な (tama na), adverbial 偶(たま)に (tama ni))
* occasional

##### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Imperfective (未然形) | 偶だろ | たまだろ | tama daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 偶で | たまで | tama de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 偶だ | たまだ | tama da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 偶な | たまな | tama na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 偶なら | たまなら | tama nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 偶であれ | たまであれ | tama de are |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 偶ではない 偶じゃない | たまではない たまじゃない | tama de wa nai tama ja nai |
| Informal past | 偶だった | たまだった | tama datta |
| Informal negative past | 偶ではなかった 偶じゃなかった | たまではなかった たまじゃなかった | tama de wa nakatta tama ja nakatta |
| Formal | 偶です | たまです | tama desu |
| Formal negative | 偶ではありません 偶じゃありません | たまではありません たまじゃありません | tama de wa arimasen tama ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 偶でした | たまでした | tama deshita |
| Formal negative past | 偶ではありませんでした 偶じゃありませんでした | たまではありませんでした たまじゃありませんでした | tama de wa arimasen deshita tama ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 偶で | たまで | tama de |
| Conditional | 偶なら（ば） | たまなら（ば） | tama nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 偶だったら | たまだったら | tama dattara |
| Volitional | 偶だろう | たまだろう | tama darō |
| Adverbial | 偶に | たまに | tama ni |
| Degree | 偶さ | たまさ | tamasa |

#### Noun

偶(たま) • (tama)
* rarity

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 偶
* たまたま Grade: S
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 偶 – see the following entry. :
| 【たまたま】 | [adverb] unexpectedly, by chance; luckily Alternative spellings 偶々, 偶偶, 適, 適ま |
(This term, 偶, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 偶
* ぐう Grade: S
* on'yomi
Derived from Middle Chinese 偶 (MC nguwX|nguwH).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɡɯ̟ː]

#### Noun

偶(ぐう) • (gū)
* (mathematics) even
    Synonyms: 偶数 (gūsū), 丁 (chō)
    数(すう)字(じ)には奇(き)も偶(ぐう)もある。
       Sūji ni wa ki mo gū mo aru.
       Numerals may be odd or even.

##### Coordinate terms

* 奇(き) (ki)

## Korean
### Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 偶 (MC nguwX, “idol; pair”).
* Recorded as Middle Korean ᅌᅮᇢ〯 (Yale: ngwǔw) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 우 (wu)$^訓$ (Yale: wu) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [u(ː)]
* Phonetic hangul: [우(ː)]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

#### Hanja

Wikisource 偶 (eumhun 짝 우 (jjak u))
* hanja form of 우 (“idol; pair”)
* hanja form of 우 (“even (number)”)

#### Compounds

* 대우 (對偶, dae'u)
* 목우 (木偶, mogu)
* 배우자 (配偶者, bae'uja)
* 양우 (良偶, yang'u)
* 우대 (偶對, udae)
* 우상 (偶像, usang)
* 우수 (偶數, usu)
* 우열 (偶列, uyeol)
* 우인 (偶人, u'in)
* 우일 (偶日, u'il)
* 택우 (擇偶, taegu)
* 토우 (土偶, tou)

### Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 偶 (MC nguwH, “by chance”).
* Recorded as Middle Korean ᅌᅮᇢ〮 (Yale: ngwúw) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.

#### Pronunciation

* (in 우연 (偶然, uyeon, “coincidence”)):
** (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [u]
** Phonetic hangul: [우]
* (by chance; accidentally; etc.):
** (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [u(ː)]
** Phonetic hangul: [우(ː)]
*** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

#### Hanja

偶 (eumhun 마침 우 (machim u))
* hanja form of 우 (“by chance; accidentally; coincidentally”)

#### Compounds

* 우감 (偶感, ugam)
* 우발 (偶發, ubal)
* 우성 (偶性, useong)
* 우연 (偶然, uyeon)
* 우이 (偶爾, u'i)
* 우합 (偶合, uhap)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

偶: Hán Nôm readings: ngẫu, ngẩu, ngậu
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.