# 時雨
## Chinese
### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shíyǔ
    (Zhuyin): ㄕˊ ㄩˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): si$^4$ jyu$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shíyǔ
*** Zhuyin: ㄕˊ ㄩˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shíhyǔ
*** Wade–Giles: shih$^2$-yü$^3$
*** Yale: shŕ-yǔ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyryeu
*** Palladius: шиюй (šijuj)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂʐ̩³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: si$^4$ jyu$^5$
*** Yale: sìh yúh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: si$^4$ jy$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: xi$^4$ yu$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /siː²¹ jyː¹³/

#### Noun

時雨
* (literary) timely rain

##### Descendants

* → Japanese: 時雨(じう) (jiu)

### Pronunciation 2

* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): sî-hǔ
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Longyan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sî-hǔ
*** Tâi-lô: sî-hǔ
*** IPA (Longyan): /si¹¹ hu⁵³/

#### Noun

時雨
* (Longyan Min) thunder shower

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 雷陣雨 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 雷陣雨, 西北雨 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 雷陣雨 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 雷陣雨 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 雷陣雨 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 雷暴雨 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 雷雨 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 偏東雨, 雷陣雨 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 雷陣雨 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 雷陣雨 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 雷陣雨, 雷雨, 雷暴雨 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 雷暴雨 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 雷陣雨 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 雷陣雨 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 雷陣雨 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 風時雨 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Gongguan; N. Sixian) | 風時雨 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Zhuolan; N. Sixian) | 西北雨 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 西北雨 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian) | 西北雨 |
| Hakka | Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian) | 西北雨 |
| Hakka | Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian) | 西北雨 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 風時水 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 西北雨 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 風時雨 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Zhuolan; Raoping) | 西北雨 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 西北雨 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 忽雷雨 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 忽雷雨 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 晡時雨 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 晡時雨 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 西北雨, 西北, 方時雨 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 西北雨, 西北 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 西北雨, 西北, 方時雨 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 西北雨 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 西北雨 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 西北雨 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 西北雨 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 西北雨 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 西北雨 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 西北雨 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 西北雨 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 西北雨 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 西北雨 |
| Southern Min | Longyan | 時雨 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 雷陣雨 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 雷陣雨 |
| Wu | Danyang | 雷陣雨 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 雷陣雨 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 雷雨, 雷陣雨 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 天雷雨, 天雷猛雨 stronger |
| Xiang | Changsha | 雷陣雨 |

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 時 | 雨 |
| しぐれ ||
| Grade: 2 | Grade: 1 |
| jukujikun ||
From Old Japanese.
The 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis form”) and 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of classical verb 時雨る (shiguru), modern 時雨れる (shigureru, “to rain a shower”).
Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 時雨 / 时雨 (shíyǔ).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しぐれ [shìgúré] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɕiɡɯ̟ɾe̞]

#### Noun

時雨(しぐれ) • (shigure)
* a rainshower in late summer, autumn, or winter
** 938, Minamoto no Shitagō, Wamyō Ruijushō, volume 1:
    𩅧雨　孫愐曰：「𩅧雨小雨也。」音與終同。漢鈔云：［之久禮］Drizzle - Sun Mian said: drizzle is a light rain. The pronunciation is the same with 終 (shū). A Han banknote reads “shigure”.
* (by extension, figurative) shedding tears
* Short for 時雨煮 (shigureni), 時雨羹 (shigurekan), 時雨饅頭 (shigure manjū), etc.
* Short for 時雨蛤 (shigure hamaguri): clams cooked in the shigureni method with soy sauce; a specialty of Kuwana, Mie Prefecture

##### Usage notes

As a 季語 (kigo, “seasonal word”), originally referred to rainshowers in late autumn to early winter. The extension to include late summer and the whole of autumn is only attested between the compilation of the Kokin and Kin'yō Wakashū. Today, shigure only refers to a winter rainshower.

##### Derived terms

* 時雨(しぐれ)羹(かん) (shigurekan)
* 時雨(しぐれ)忌(き) (Shigureki)
* 時雨(しぐれ)月(づき) (shigurezuki)
* 時雨(しぐれ)煮(に) (shigureni)
* 時雨(しぐれ)饅頭(まんじゅう) (shigure manjū)
* 時雨(しぐれ)模様(もよう) (shigure moyō)
* 笠(かさ)時雨(しぐれ) (kasa-shigure)
* 黄身(きみ)時雨(しぐれ) (kimi shigure)
* 小夜(さよ)時雨(しぐれ) (sayo shigure)
* 蝉(せみ)時雨(しぐれ) (semi-shigure)
* 月(つき)時雨(しぐれ) (tsuki shigure)
* 初(はつ)時雨(しぐれ) (hatsushigure)
* 春(はる)時雨(しぐれ) (haru shigure)
* 村(むら)時雨(しぐれ), 群(むら)時雨(しぐれ), 叢(むら)時雨(しぐれ) (murashigure)

#### Verb

時雨(しぐれ)する • (shigure suru) suru (stem 時雨(しぐれ)し (shigure shi), past 時雨(しぐれ)した (shigure shita))
* to rain a shower
* to shed tears

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 時雨し | しぐれし | shigure shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 時雨し | しぐれし | shigure shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 時雨する | しぐれする | shigure suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 時雨する | しぐれする | shigure suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 時雨すれ | しぐれすれ | shigure sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 時雨せよ¹ 時雨しろ² | しぐれせよ¹ しぐれしろ² | shigure seyo¹ shigure shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 時雨される | しぐれされる | shigure sareru |
| Causative | 時雨させる 時雨さす | しぐれさせる しぐれさす | shigure saseru shigure sasu |
| Potential | 時雨できる | しぐれできる | shigure dekiru |
| Volitional | 時雨しよう | しぐれしよう | shigure shiyō |
| Negative | 時雨しない | しぐれしない | shigure shinai |
| Negative continuative | 時雨せず | しぐれせず | shigure sezu |
| Formal | 時雨します | しぐれします | shigure shimasu |
| Perfective | 時雨した | しぐれした | shigure shita |
| Conjunctive | 時雨して | しぐれして | shigure shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 時雨すれば | しぐれすれば | shigure sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

#### Proper noun

時雨(しぐれ) • (Shigure)
* name of an 泡盛 (awamori, “Okinawan liquor made from rice or millet”)
* a Shiratsuyu-class destroyer of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II, see Japanese destroyer Shigure (1935) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* a female given name
* a surname

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 時 | 雨 |
| じ Grade: 2 | う Grade: 1 |
| goon ||
From Middle Chinese 時雨 (MC dzyi hjuX). (Can this etymology be sourced?)

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) じう [jíꜜù] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [d͡ʑiɯ̟]

#### Noun

時(じ)雨(う) • (jiu)
* timely or seasonable rain
* Same as しぐれ (shigure) above

##### Derived terms

* 時雨(じう)の化(か) (jiu no ka)

#### Proper noun

時(じ)雨(う) • (Jiu)
* a female given name

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ “時雨”, in 日本大百科全書：ニッポニカ (Nippon Dai Hyakka Zensho: Nipponica, “Encyclopedia Nipponica”)‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 1984

### Further reading

* Etymology entry for 時雨 (shigure) on Gogen-Yurai Jiten (Etymology and Origin Dictionary; in Japanese): http://gogen-allguide.com/si/shigure.html

## Old Japanese
### Etymology

The 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis form”) and 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 時雨る (siguru, “to rain a shower”).

### Noun

時雨 (sigure) (kana しぐれ)
* a rainshower in late autumn or early winter
    Synonym: 時雨の雨 (sigure no$_2$ ame$_2$)
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 10, poem 2214:, text here
    夕去者鴈之越徃龍田山四具礼尓競色付尓家里yupu sareba kari no$_2$ koyeyuku Tatuta-yama sigure ni ki$_1$popi$_1$ iro$_2$duki$_1$nike$_1$ri(please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Descendants

* Japanese: 時雨 (shigure), 時雨れる (shigureru)