# calcine
## English
### Etymology

The verb is derived from Late Middle English calcinen (“(alchemy, medicine) to heat (something) until it turns to powder; to change the nature of (something) by heating”) [and other forms], from Old French calciner (modern French calciner (“to calcinate; to calcine”)) and from its etymon Medieval Latin calcināre (“(alchemy) to burn like lime; to reduce to calx”), from Late Latin calcīna (“inorganic material containing calcium, lime”) + -āre (suffix forming present active infinitive forms of verbs). Calcīna is derived from Latin calcis, the genitive singular of calx (“chalk; limestone”), possibly from Ancient Greek χᾰ́λῐξ (khắlĭx, “small stone, pebble; gravel, rubble”); further etymology unknown, possibly Pre-Greek.
The noun is derived from the verb.

### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈkælsaɪn/, /-sɪn/, /kælˈsaɪn/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)Audio:(file)Audio:(file)
* (General American) IPA: /ˈkælˌsaɪn/
* Rhymes: (one pronunciation) -aɪn
* Hyphenation: calc‧ine

### Verb

calcine (third-person singular simple present calcines, present participle calcining, simple past and past participle calcined)
* (transitive)
** (alchemy, historical) To heat (a substance) to remove its impurities and refine it.
** (physical chemistry) To heat (a substance) without melting in order to drive off water, etc., and to oxidize or reduce it; specifically, to decompose (carbonates) into oxides, and, especially, to heat (limestone) to form quicklime.
    Synonyms: (obsolete) calcinate, chark
*** 1601, C[aius] Plinius Secundus [i.e., Pliny the Elder], “[Book XXXVI.] The Wonderfull Operations of Fire: The Medicinable Properties that It Hath: And the Prodigious Significations Observed thereby.”, in Philemon Holland, transl., The Historie of the World. Commonly Called, The Naturall Historie of C. Plinius Secundus. […], 2nd tome, London: […] Adam Islip, →OCLC, page 599:Fire […] burneth and calcineth ſtone, vvhereof is made that morter vvhich bindeth all vvork in maſonry.
*** 1610 (first performance), Ben[jamin] Jonson, The Alchemist, London: […] Thomas Snodham, for Walter Burre, and are to be sold by Iohn Stepneth, […], published 1612, →OCLC, Act II, scene iii:I ſent you of his fæces there, calcin'd. / Out of that calx, I'ha'vvonne the ſalt of Mercurie.
** (by extension) To heat (something) to dry and sterilize it.
** (figuratively)
*** To purify or refine (something).
*** To burn up (something) completely; to incinerate; hence, to destroy (something).
    Synonym: (obsolete) calcinize
**** [1633], George Herbert, “Easter”, in [Nicholas Ferrar], editor, The Temple. Sacred Poems, and Private Ejaculations, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: […] Thomas Buck and Roger Daniel; and are to be sold by Francis Green, […], →OCLC, page 33:[A]s his death calcined thee to duſt, / His life may make thee gold, and much more juſt.
**** 1642, Tho[mas] Browne, “The First Part”, in Religio Medici. […], 4th edition, London: […] E. Cotes for Andrew Crook […], published 1656, →OCLC, section 50, page 108:I vvould gladly knovv hovv Moſes vvith an actuall fire calcin'd or burnt the Golden Calfe unto povvder, for that myſticall metall of Gold, vvhoſe ſolary and celeſtiall nature I admire, expoſed unto the violence of fire, grovveth onely hot and liquifies, but conſumeth not: […]
**** 1668, John Denham, “The Progress of Learning”, in Poems and Translations, with The Sophy, 4th edition, London: […] [John Macock] for H[enry] Herringman […], →OCLC, page 181:Fiery diſputes, that Union have calcin'd, / Almoſt as many minds as men vve find, / And vvhen that flame finds combuſtible Earth, / VVhence Fatuus fires and Meteors take their birth, / Legions of Sects, and Inſects come in throngs; / To name them all, vvould tire a hundred tongues.
**** 1855, Robert Browning, “‘Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came.’”, in Men and Women […], volume I, London: Chapman and Hall, […], →OCLC, stanza 11, page 139:It nothing skills: I cannot help my case: / The Judgment's fire alone can cure this place, / Calcine its clods and set my prisoners free.
**** 1877, Alfred Tennyson, Harold: A Drama, London: Henry S. King & Co., →OCLC, Act III, scene i, page 74:[…] He fain had calcined all Northumbria / To one black ash, but that thy patriot passion / Siding with our great Council against Tostig, / Out-passion'd his!
* (intransitive, physical chemistry) Of a substance: to undergo heating so as to oxidize it.
** a. 1728 (date written), Isaac Newton, “[The Third Book of Opticks.] [Qu[estion] 25. Are there not other original Properties of the Rays of Light, besides those already described?]”, in Opticks: Or, A Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflections and Colours of Light. […], 4th edition, London: […] William Innys […], published 1730, →OCLC, page 329:This Cryſtal is a pellucid fiſſile Stone, clear as Water or Cryſtal of the Rock, and without Colour; enduring a red Heat without loſing its tranſparency, and in a very ſtrong Heat calcining without Fuſion.

#### Conjugation

| infinitive | (to) calcine | (to) calcine |
| | present tense | past tense |
| 1st-person singular | calcine | calcined |
| 2nd-person singular | calcine, calcinest$^†$ | calcined, calcinedst$^†$ |
| 3rd-person singular | calcines, calcineth$^†$ | calcined |
| plural | calcine | calcined |
| subjunctive | calcine | calcined |
| imperative | calcine | — |
| participles | calcining | calcined |
$^†$Archaic or obsolete.

#### Derived terms

* calcinable
* calcinate (obsolete)
* calcination
* calcinator (obsolete)
* calcinatory
* calcined (adjective)
* calciner
* calcining (adjective, noun)
* calcinize (obsolete)
* precalcine
* recalcination
* recalcine
* uncalcined

#### Translations
### Noun

calcine (plural calcines)
* Something calcined; also, material left over after burning or roasting.

#### Translations
### References

* ↑ “calcīnen, v.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
* ↑ “calcine, v.”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, December 2021.
* ↑ “calcine, v.”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.

### Further reading

* calcination on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* James A. H. Murray et al., editors (1884–1928), “Calcine”, in A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (Oxford English Dictionary), volume II (C), London: Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 26.

### Anagrams

* calcein, laccine

## French
### Pronunciation

* Homophones: calcinent, calcines

### Verb

calcine
* inflection of calciner:
** first/third-person singular present indicative/subjunctive
** second-person singular imperative

## Italian
### Noun

calcine f
* plural of calcina

## Portuguese
### Verb

calcine
* inflection of calcinar:
** first/third-person singular present subjunctive
** third-person singular imperative

## Spanish
### Verb

calcine
* inflection of calcinar:
** first/third-person singular present subjunctive
** third-person singular imperative