# 怯

| 怯 | U+602F, &#24623; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-602F |
| ← 怮 [U+602E] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 怰 → [U+6030] |

## Translingual
### Han character

怯 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 心土戈 (PGI), four-corner 9403$_1$, composition ⿰忄去)

#### Derived characters

* 𠵐, 𢯖, 𨨤, 𢝍

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 382, character 18
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10491
* Dae Jaweon: page 712, character 8
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2283, character 6
* Unihan data for U+602F

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 怯
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 佉 | *kʰal |
| 呿 | *kʰal, *kʰas, *kʰab |
| 抾 | *kʰɯ, *kʰɯ, *kʰab |
| 弆 | *kaʔ, *kʰaʔ |
| 祛 | *kʰa |
| 袪 | *kʰa |
| 阹 | *kʰa |
| 胠 | *kʰa, *kʰas, *kʰab |
| 魼 | *kʰa, *kʰl'aːb |
| 去 | *kʰaʔ, *kʰas |
| 麮 | *kʰaʔ, *kʰas |
| 鼁 | *kʰas |
| 砝 | *kaːb, *kab |
| 劫 | *kab, *kab |
| 鉣 | *kab |
| 蜐 | *kab, *kab |
| 怯 | *kʰab |

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qiè, què
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄝˋ, ㄑㄩㄝˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hip$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): kiĕ
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): khiap
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kiab$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qiè
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄝˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ciè
*** Wade–Giles: chʻieh$^4$
*** Yale: chyè
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chieh
*** Palladius: це (ce)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: què
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄩㄝˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cyuè
*** Wade–Giles: chʻüeh$^4$
*** Yale: chywè
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiueh
*** Palladius: цюэ (cjue)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰy̯ɛ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hip$^3$
*** Yale: hip
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hip$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hib$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /hiːp̚³/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: kiĕ
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰiɛ²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiap
*** Tâi-lô: khiap
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qiab
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰiap̚³²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiap̚⁵/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰiap̚³²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰiap̚³²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰiap̚³²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: kiab$^4$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khiap
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰiap̚²/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit怯 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /t͡ɕʰie⁵¹/ /t͡ɕʰye⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /t͡ɕʰiɛ⁵³/ /t͡ɕʰyɛ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /t͡ɕʰie⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /t͡ɕʰiə²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /t͡ɕʰiə⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /t͡ɕʰiɛ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /t͡ɕʰiɛ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /t͡ɕʰi⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /t͡ɕʰie¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /t͡ɕʰiə¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /t͡ɕʰyɤ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /t͡ɕʰie²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /t͡ɕʰie³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /t͡ɕʰie²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /t͡ɕʰiɛ³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /t͡ɕʰieʔ⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /t͡ɕʰiɐʔ⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡ɕʰiəʔ²/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /t͡ɕʰiʌʔ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /t͡ɕʰiaʔ⁴³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /t͡ɕʰiɪʔ⁵/ /t͡ɕʰiaʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /t͡ɕʰiəʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /t͡ɕʰiəʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /t͡ɕʰa²¹³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /t͡ɕʰieʔ²¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | |
| Xiang | Changsha | /t͡ɕʰie²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /t͡ɕʰie²⁴/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | |
| Hakka | Meixian | /kʰiap̚¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /hip̚³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /hip̚³³/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /hip̚³/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kʰiap̚³²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kʰiɛʔ²³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kʰiɛ²⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /kʰiap̚²/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /hiap̚⁵/ |
* Middle Chinese: khjaep
Rime :
| Character | 怯 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 業 (147) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 去劫切 |
| Baxter | khjaep |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰɨɐp̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰiɐp̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰiɐp̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰɨap̚/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰiap̚/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰĭɐp̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kʰi̯ɐp̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qie |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hip$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰab/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 怯 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 10698 |
| Phonetic component | 去 |
| Rime group | 盍 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 怯 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰab/ |
| Notes | 說文同㹤 |

### Definitions

怯
* timid; cowardly
** 2013 August 15, Dante Lam, 激戰 [jīzhàn, Unbeatable], spoken by 程輝 [Ching Fai] (Nick Cheung Ka Fai), Bona Film Group:
       haang$^4$ dak$^1$ soeng$^5$ toi$^4$ nei$^5$ zau$^6$ m$^4$ hou$^2$ hip$^3$ laa$^3$, hip$^3$, nei$^5$ zau$^6$ syu$^1$ seng$^4$ sai$^3$. [Jyutping]
       (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* to fear; to be afraid of
    怯場／怯场 ― qièchǎng ― to suffer from stage fright
    From: 12th—13th century, Xin Qiji, 鷓鴣天·翰墨諸君久擅場
    Huánghuā bù qiè xīfēng lěng, zhǐ pà shīrén liǎng bìn shuāng. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (dialectal) vulgar; tawdry
* weak; feeble

### Compounds

* 三好兩怯 / 三好两怯
* 不怯氣 / 不怯气
* 劣怯
* 勞怯 / 劳怯
* 卑怯 (bēiqiè)
* 喬怯 / 乔怯
* 大勇若怯
* 嬌怯 / 娇怯
* 嬌怯怯 / 娇怯怯
* 寒怯
* 小怯大勇
* 弱怯怯
* 心怯 (xīnqiè)
* 怯上
* 怯口 (quèkǒu)
* 怯場 / 怯场
* 怯夫 (qièfū)
* 怯床
* 怯弱 (qièruò)
* 怯怯
* 怯怯喬喬 / 怯怯乔乔
* 怯怯羞羞
* 怯憐戶 / 怯怜户
* 怯懦 (qiènuò)
* 怯死
* 怯殼兒 / 怯壳儿
* 怯生 (qièshēng)
* 怯生生
* 怯症
* 怯禮 / 怯礼
* 怯聲怯氣 / 怯声怯气
* 怯話 / 怯话
* 怯陣 / 怯阵
* 怯頭怯惱 / 怯头怯恼
* 恇怯
* 情怯
* 懼怯 / 惧怯 (jùquè)
* 畏怯 (wèiqiè)
* 瘦怯怯
* 羞怯 (xiūqiè)
* 羞怯怯
* 脆怯
* 膽怯 / 胆怯 (dǎnqiè)
* 臨死不怯 / 临死不怯
* 薄怯
* 薄怯怯
* 薄薄怯怯
* 虛怯 / 虚怯
* 軟怯怯 / 软怯怯
* 近鄉情怯 / 近乡情怯
* 退怯怯
* 露怯 (lòuqiè)
* 餒怯 / 馁怯

### Descendants

* → Vietnamese: khiếp (怯)

### References

* “Query for 怯”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Hokkien and Mandarin), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* to be scared, to be frightened
* timid; cowardly

#### Readings

* Go-on: こう (kō)
* Kan-on: きょう (kyō)
* Kun: おびえる (obieru, 怯る)、おじける (ojikeru, 怯じける)、おそれる (osoreru, 怯れる)、ひるむ (hirumu, 怯む)、よわい (yowai, 怯い)

#### Compounds

* 怯(きょう)臆(おく) (kyōoku)
* 怯(きょう)悸(き) (kyōki)
* 怯(きょう)者(しゃ) (kyōsha)
* 怯(きょう)弱(じゃく) (kyōjaku)
* 怯(きょう)懦(だ) (kyōda)
* 怯(きょう)夫(ふ) (kyōfu)
* 怯(きょ)弱(じゃく) (kyojaku)
* 卑(ひ)怯(きょう) (hikyō)
* 勇(ゆう)怯(きょう) (yūkyō)

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 怯 (MC khjaep).

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [kʌ̹p̚]
* Phonetic hangul: [겁]

### Hanja

Wikisource 怯 (eumhun 겁(怯)낼 겁 (geomnael geop))
* fear, fright

#### Compounds

* 겁나 (怯懦, geomna)
* 겁눌 (怯訥, geomnul)
* 겁렬 (怯劣, geomnyeol)
* 겁부 (怯夫, geopbu)
* 겁설 (怯薛, geopseol)
* 겁성 (怯聲, geopseong)
* 겁심 (怯心, geopsim)
* 겁약 (怯弱, geobyak)
* 겁의 (怯疑, geobui)
* 겁침 (怯鍼, geopchim)
* 겁타 (怯惰, geopta)
* 겁포 (怯怖, geop'po)
* 겁협 (怯脅, geophyeop)
* 경겁 (驚怯, gyeonggeop)
* 공겁 (恐怯, gonggeop)
* 과겁 (過怯, gwageop)
* 기겁 (氣怯, gigeop)
* 끽겁 (喫怯, kkikgeop)
* 나겁 (愞怯, nageop)
* 나겁 (懦怯, nageop)
* 노겁 (老怯, nogeop)
* 다겁 (多怯, dageop)
* 대겁 (大怯, daegeop)
* 무겁 (無怯／無㥘, mugeop)
* 비겁 (卑怯, bigeop)
* 생겁 (生怯, saenggeop)
* 식겁 (食怯, sikgeop)
* 신겁 (腎怯, sin'geop)
* 심겁 (心怯, simgeop)
* 여겁 (餘怯, yeogeop)
* 외겁 (畏怯, oegeop)
* 자겁 (自怯, jageop)
* 취겁 (脆怯, chwigeop)
* 파겁 (破怯, pageop)
* 허겁 (虛怯, heogeop)
* 혼겁 (魂怯, hon'geop)
* 황겁 (惶怯, hwanggeop)

### References

* Naver Hanja Dictionary: 怯

## Vietnamese
### Han character

怯: Hán Nôm readings: khiếp, khép
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.