# 擬

| 擬 | U+64EC, &#25836; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-64EC |
| ← 擫 [U+64EB] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 擭 → [U+64ED] |

## Translingual
### Han character

擬 (Kangxi radical 64, 手+14, 17 strokes, cangjie input 手心大人 (QPKO), four-corner 5708$_1$, composition ⿰扌疑)

#### Related characters

* 拟 (Simplified Chinese)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 460, character 17
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 12870
* Dae Jaweon: page 809, character 6
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1975, character 4
* Unihan data for U+64EC

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 礙 | *ŋɯːs |
| 儗 | *ŋɯːs, *hŋɯːs, *ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯs |
| 懝 | *ŋɯːs, *ŋɯɡ |
| 譺 | *ŋrɯːs, *ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯs |
| 癡 | *ŋ̊ʰl'ɯ |
| 疑 | *ŋɯ |
| 嶷 | *ŋɯ, *ŋɯɡ |
| 觺 | *ŋɯ |
| 擬 | *ŋɯʔ |
| 薿 | *ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯɡ |
| 凝 | *ŋrɯŋ, *ŋrɯŋs |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ŋɯʔ) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 疑 (OC *ŋɯ).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): nǐ (ni$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄋㄧˇ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ji$^5$ / ji$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ngei$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ngí
    (Hailu, HRS): ngi$^ˊ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ngi$^3$
* Eastern Min (BUC): ngī
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gi$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): gí
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ngi$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$gni
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: nǐ
*** Zhuyin: ㄋㄧˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: nǐ
*** Wade–Giles: ni$^3$
*** Yale: nǐ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nii
*** Palladius: ни (ni)
*** Sinological IPA : /ni²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ji$^5$ / ji$^4$
*** Yale: yíh / yìh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ji$^5$ / ji$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yi$^5$ / yi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /jiː¹³/, /jiː²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ngei$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ᵑɡei²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngí
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngi$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngi$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋi³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngi$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋi²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: ngi$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋi³¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ngī
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋi³³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gi$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /ki⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gi$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /ki³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gí
*** Tâi-lô: gí
*** Phofsit Daibuun: gie
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡi⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /ɡi⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /ɡi⁵⁵⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ngi$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngí
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋi⁵²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$gni
*** MiniDict: nyi$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$nyi
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /n̠ʲi²³/
* Middle Chinese: ngiX
Rime :
| Character | 擬 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 之 (19) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 魚紀切 |
| Baxter | ngiX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ŋɨ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ŋɨ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ŋie$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ŋɨ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ŋiə$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ŋĭə$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ŋi$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yǐ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ji$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ](r)əʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋɯʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 擬 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | nǐ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ngi$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ŋ](r)əʔ/ (< uvular) |
| English | estimate, calculate |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 擬 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 14897 |
| Phonetic component | 疑 |
| Rime group | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 擬 |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋɯʔ/ |

### Definitions

擬
* to compare
* to imitate; to copy; to emulate; to mimic
* to plan; to propose
* to draft; to devise; to draw up
* to presuppose; to hypothesise; to assert

#### Synonyms

* (to compare):
* mnp+cdo+nan:比並 / mnp+cdo+nan:比并
* 例 (lì) (literary, or in compounds)
* 對比 / 对比 (duìbǐ)
* 對照 / 对照 (duìzhào)
* 比對 / 比对 (bǐduì)
* 比擬 / 比拟 (bǐnǐ)
* 比照 (bǐzhào)
* 比較 / 比较
* 視 / 视 (shì) (archaic)
* 進行比較 / 进行比较 (jìnxíng bǐjiào)
* (to imitate):
* 仿效 (fǎngxiào)
* 仿照 (fǎngzhào)
* 摹寫 / 摹写 (móxiě) (a model of calligraphy, painting, etc.)
* 效仿 (xiàofǎng)
* 模仿 (mófǎng)
* 模擬 / 模拟 (mónǐ)
* 模效 (móxiào)
* 臨摹 / 临摹 (línmó) (a model of calligraphy, painting, etc.)
* 規矩 / 规矩 (guījǔ) (literary)
* (to plan):
* nan-hbl+nan-tws:拍算 (phah-sǹg)
* 作計 / 作计 (zuòjì) (literary)
* 打算 (dǎsuàn)
* 拍達 / 拍达 (Xiamen Hokkien)
* 按算 (Hokkien)
* 派胚 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 準備 / 准备 (zhǔnbèi)
* 營為 / 营为 (Hokkien)
* 盤算 / 盘算
* 策劃 / 策划 (cèhuà)
* 策動 / 策动 (cèdòng)
* 算 (suàn)
* 算打 (sáung-dā) (Eastern Min)
* 算計 / 算计 (suànjì)
* 籌劃 / 筹划 (chóuhuà)
* 考慮 / 考虑 (kǎolǜ)
* 規 / 规 (literary, or in compounds)
* 規劃 / 规划 (guīhuà)
* 計劃 / 计划 (jìhuà)
* 計算 / 计算 (jìsuàn)
* 設 / 设 (shè)
* 設施 / 设施 (shèshī) (literary)
* 試圖 / 试图 (shìtú)
* 謀劃 / 谋划 (móuhuà)
* (to draft):
* 草創 / 草创 (cǎochuàng) (literary)
* 草擬 / 草拟 (cǎonǐ)
* 起草 (qǐcǎo)
* (to presuppose):
* nan-qua+nan-xia:阿合
* nan-xia+nan-zha:掠算
* 估計 / 估计 (gūjì)
* 估量
* 假定 (jiǎdìng)
* 假想 (jiǎxiǎng)
* 假設 / 假设 (jiǎshè)
* 商量 (shāngliàng) (Classical Chinese)
* 嫌 (xián) (literary, or in compounds)
* 忖度 (cǔnduó) (literary)
* 思裁 (sīcái) (literary)
* 想象 (xiǎngxiàng)
* 懸 / 悬 (xuán) (literary, or in compounds)
* 懸想 / 悬想 (xuánxiǎng)
* 懷疑 / 怀疑 (huáiyí)
* 打估 (Southern Pinghua)
* 推想 (tuīxiǎng)
* 推測 / 推测 (tuīcè)
* 揣度 (formal)
* 母量 (mu$^3$ liong) (Gan)
* 派胚 (Hokkien)
* 測 / 测 (cè) (literary, or in compounds)
* 測估 / 测估 (cègū)
* 測度 / 测度 (cèduó)
* 測算 / 测算 (cèsuàn)
* 猜 (cāi)
* 猜度 (cāiduó)
* 猜想 (cāixiǎng)
* 猜摸 (cāimo)
* 猜料 (cāiliào)
* 猜測 / 猜测 (cāicè)
* 猜詳 / 猜详 (cāixiáng)
* 算 (suàn)
* 算計 / 算计 (suànjì)
* 約摸 / 约摸 (yuēmo)
* 臭疑 (Hokkien)
* 臭青疑 (Hokkien)
* 虛擬 / 虚拟 (xūnǐ)
* 要約 / 要约 (iau$^3$ ieh$^4$) (Jin)
* 設 / 设 (shè)
* 設想 / 设想 (shèxiǎng)
* 跋胚 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 辦胚 / 办胚 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 青疑 (Hokkien)
* 預計 / 预计 (yùjì)

### Compounds

* 不擬 / 不拟
* 仿擬 / 仿拟
* 准擬
* 原擬 / 原拟
* 如擬 / 如拟
* 懸擬 / 悬拟
* 摹擬 / 摹拟 (mónǐ)
* 擬人 / 拟人 (nǐrén)
* 擬人化 / 拟人化 (nǐrénhuà)
* 擬人法 / 拟人法
* 擬作 / 拟作
* 擬具 / 拟具
* 擬古 / 拟古 (nǐgǔ)
* 擬合 / 拟合 (nǐhé)
* 擬妥 / 拟妥
* 擬定 / 拟定 (nǐdìng)
* 擬就 / 拟就
* 擬核 / 拟核 (nǐhé)
* 擬稿 / 拟稿 (nǐgǎo)
* 擬經 / 拟经
* 擬聲詞 / 拟声词 (nǐshēngcí)
* 擬規畫圓 / 拟规画圆
* 擬訂 / 拟订 (nǐdìng)
* 擬設 / 拟设
* 擬請 / 拟请
* 擬議 / 拟议 (nǐyì)
* 擬辦 / 拟办
* 擬音 / 拟音 (nǐyīn)
* 擬題 / 拟题
* 構擬 / 构拟 (gòunǐ)
* 模擬 / 模拟 (mónǐ)
* 模擬器 / 模拟器 (mónǐqì)
* 模擬投票 / 模拟投票
* 模擬演習 / 模拟演习
* 模擬考試 / 模拟考试
* 比擬 / 比拟 (bǐnǐ)
* 準擬 / 准拟 (zhǔnnǐ)
* 滿擬 / 满拟
* 無可比擬 / 无可比拟 (wúkěbǐnǐ)
* 研擬 / 研拟 (yánnǐ)
* 草擬 / 草拟 (cǎonǐ)
* 虛擬 / 虚拟 (xūnǐ)
* 虛擬主機 / 虚拟主机
* 虛擬實境 / 虚拟实境
* 虛擬樣品 / 虚拟样品
* 虛擬空間 / 虚拟空间 (xūnǐ kōngjiān)
* 虛擬站 / 虚拟站
* 虛擬診所 / 虚拟诊所

### References

* “擬”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* mimic, imitate
* guess, suspect
* pseudo-, mock-

#### Readings

* Go-on: ご (go)
* Kan-on: ぎ (gi, Jōyō)
* Kun: まがい (magai, 擬)、もどく (modoku, 擬く)、なぞらえる (nazoraeru, 擬える)、はかる (hakaru, 擬る)

#### Compounds

* 擬(ぎ)薬(やく) (giyaku, “placebo”)
* 模(も)擬(ぎ) (mogi, “mock”)

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 擬 (MC ngiX).
* Recorded as Middle Korean ᅌᅴᆼ〯 (Yale: ngǔy) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 의 (uy) (Yale: uy) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ɰi]
* Phonetic hangul: [의]

### Hanja

Wikisource 擬 (eumhun 비길 의 (bigil ui))
* hanja form of 의 (“to compare”)
* hanja form of 의 (“to imitate; to emulate”)

#### Compounds

* 모의 (模擬, moui, “imitation; simulation”)
* 의성 (擬聲, uiseong, “imitation sound”)
* 의성어 (擬聲語, uiseong'eo, “onomatopoeia”)
* 의인 (擬人, uiin, “personification”)
* 의인화 (擬人化, uiinhwa, “anthropomorphization”)
* 의태어 (擬態語, uitaeeo, “ideophone”)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

擬: Hán Nôm readings: nghĩ, nghỉ
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.