# 通過
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): tōngguò
       (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): tong$^1$ go$^4$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): tung$^1$ gwo$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thûng-ko
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): thong-kè / thong-kèr / thong-kòe
    (Teochew, Peng'im): tong$^1$ guê$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tōngguò → tōngguo (toneless final syllable variant)
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛˋ → ㄊㄨㄥ ˙ㄍㄨㄛ (toneless final syllable variant)
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tongguo̊
*** Wade–Giles: tʻung$^1$-kuo$^5$
*** Yale: tūng-gwo
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tong.guoh
*** Palladius: тунго (tungo)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ⁵¹/ → /tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ g̊u̯ɔ²/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: tong$^1$ go$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: tunggo
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰoŋ⁵⁵ ko²¹³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: tung$^1$ gwo$^3$
*** Yale: tūng gwo
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tung$^1$ gwo$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: tung$^1$ guo$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔː³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thûng-ko
*** Hakka Romanization System: tung$^ˊ$ go
*** Hagfa Pinyim: tung$^1$ go$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ko⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei, Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thong-kè
*** Tâi-lô: thong-kè
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tongkex
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ke²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ke¹¹/
*** IPA (Philippines): /tʰɔŋ³³ ke⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Kinmen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thong-kèr
*** Tâi-lô: thong-kèr
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰɔŋ³³ kə⁴¹/
*** IPA (Kinmen): /tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kə¹²/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thong-kòe
*** Tâi-lô: thong-kuè
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tongkoex
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kue²¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kue²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: tong$^1$ guê$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thong kuè
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰoŋ³³⁻²³ kue²¹³/

### Preposition

通過
* via; by; by means of; through

#### Synonyms

* 經由 / 经由 (jīngyóu)
* 經過 / 经过 (jīngguò)
* 透過 / 透过 (tòuguò) (chiefly Taiwan, Hong Kong)

### Verb

通過
* to pass (a measure, bill, proposal, etc.)
       Zhèyàng de zànzhù zài dǒngshìhuì shàng shì hěn nán tōngguò de. [Pinyin]
       Sponsorship like this would be difficult to pass at the board of directors.
* to pass by; to pass through
* to pass (a test)
    通過測驗／通过测验 ― tōngguò cèyàn ― to pass a test

#### Synonyms

* (to pass through): 穿過／穿过 (chuānguò), 經過／经过 (jīngguò)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 通 | 過 |
| つう Grade: 2 | か Grade: 5 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) つうか [tsùúká] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [t͡sɨːka̠]

### Noun

通(つう)過(か) • (tsūka)
* passage through an object
* passage of a test in school
* passage of a bill
* passage through a screening

#### Synonyms

* (passage through): 通行(つうこう) (tsūkō), 通(とお)る (tōru)
* (passage of a test): 合格(ごうかく) (gōkaku), 通(とお)る (tōru)
* (passage of a bill): 可決(かけつ) (kaketsu), 通(とお)る (tōru)
* (passage through a screening): 通(とお)る (tōru)

### Verb

通(つう)過(か)する • (tsūka suru) intransitive suru (stem 通(つう)過(か)し (tsūka shi), past 通(つう)過(か)した (tsūka shita))
* pass through something
    列車(れっしゃ)が通過(つうか)します。ご注意(ちゅうい)ください。
       Ressha ga tsūka shimasu. Go-chūi kudasai.
       The train is passing by. Please be careful.
* pass a test
* pass a bill
* pass a screening

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 通過し | つうかし | tsūka shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 通過し | つうかし | tsūka shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 通過する | つうかする | tsūka suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 通過する | つうかする | tsūka suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 通過すれ | つうかすれ | tsūka sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 通過せよ¹ 通過しろ² | つうかせよ¹ つうかしろ² | tsūka seyo¹ tsūka shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 通過される | つうかされる | tsūka sareru |
| Causative | 通過させる 通過さす | つうかさせる つうかさす | tsūka saseru tsūka sasu |
| Potential | 通過できる | つうかできる | tsūka dekiru |
| Volitional | 通過しよう | つうかしよう | tsūka shiyō |
| Negative | 通過しない | つうかしない | tsūka shinai |
| Negative continuative | 通過せず | つうかせず | tsūka sezu |
| Formal | 通過します | つうかします | tsūka shimasu |
| Perfective | 通過した | つうかした | tsūka shita |
| Conjunctive | 通過して | つうかして | tsūka shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 通過すれば | つうかすれば | tsūka sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 通 | 過 |

### Noun

通過 • (tonggwa) (hangeul 통과)
* hanja form of 통과 (“passage”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 通 | 過 |

### Noun

通過
* chữ Hán form of thông qua (“to pass; to let through; to approve”).