# manifestus
## Latin
### Alternative forms

* manufestus

### Etymology

From manus (“hand”) + uncertain second element; perhaps Proto-Indo-European *dʰers- (“to be bold”), from *dʰer- (“to hold”). More at īnfestus.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ma.niˈfes.tus/, [mänɪˈfɛs̠t̪ʊs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ma.niˈfes.tus/, [mäniˈfɛst̪us]
* Bennett 1907 considers the length of the "e" 'very uncertain', citing "[mani]féstvm" from C.I.L. i. p. 319 (a fragment of the Fasti Praenestini, month of December) as potential inscriptional evidence of a long vowel. Spanish manifiesto cannot be an entirely inherited form, but it might be a semi-learned form with regular development of -ie- from -ĕ-. However, the Spanish form does not exclude the possibility of an original -ē- that underwent later shortening or analogical replacement, as in Spanish fiesta from Latin fēstum.

### Adjective

manifestus (feminine manifesta, neuter manifestum, comparative manifestior, superlative manifestissimus, adverb manifestō); first/second-declension adjective
* manifest, specifically
** (of people) caught in the act, plainly guilty
** (of crimes) detected in the act, flagrant, plain
** (plainly apprehensible by the mind) obvious, self-evident
** (recognisable by clear signs) clearly visible, conspicuous; unmistakeable, undoubted
*** c. 25 BCE, Ovid, Heroides, Letter 15: "Sappho Phaoni":
    Sūme fidem et pharetram—fīēs manifestus Apollō
       Take up a lyre and a quiver, and you'll become Apollo manifest
*** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.358–359:“[...] ipse deum manifēstō in lūmine vīdī intrantem mūrōs, vōcemque hīs auribus hausī.”“I myself saw – with clear [vision], in daylight – the god [Mercury] entering the [city] walls, and with these ears I heard his message.”
** (giving clear signs) plain, clear
    Synonym: cōnspicuus
    Antonyms: clandestīnus, occultus, sēcrētus, arcānus, perobscūrus
    spīrāns ac vītae manifestabreathing and giving clear signs of life

#### Declension

First/second-declension adjective.

#### Derived terms

* manifesta
* manifestārius
* manifestātiō
* manifestātor
* manifestō

#### Descendants

* → English: manifest
* → French: manifeste
* → Finnish: manifesti
* → Galician: manifesto
* → German: Manifest
* → Italian: manifesto
* → Polish: manifest
* → Portuguese: manifesto
* → Romanian: manifest
* → Sicilian: manifestu
* → Spanish: manifiesto
* → Swedish: manifest

### References

* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 303
* ↑ Charles E. Bennett (1907) “Hidden Quantity”, in The Latin Language – a historical outline of its sounds, inflections, and syntax, Boston: Allyn and Bacon, page 60

### Further reading

* “manifestus” on page 1181 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (2nd ed., 2012)
* “manifestus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “manifestus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* manifestus in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* manifestus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* manifestus in Ramminger, Johann (2016 July 16 (last accessed)) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎, pre-publication website, 2005-2016