# caverna
## Catalan
### Etymology

From Latin caverna.

### Noun

caverna f (plural cavernes)
* cavern

#### Related terms

* cavernós

### Further reading

* “caverna” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “caverna”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025
* “caverna” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
* “caverna” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

## Italian
### Etymology

From Latin caverna.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kaˈvɛr.na/
* Rhymes: -ɛrna
* Hyphenation: ca‧vèr‧na

### Noun

caverna f (plural caverne)
* cave, cavern

#### Related terms

* cavernoso

### Further reading

* caverna in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

### Anagrams

* cavarne

## Latin
### Etymology

From cavus (“hollow, excavated, concave”).
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /kaˈu̯er.na/, [käˈu̯ɛrnä]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /kaˈver.na/, [käˈvɛrnä]

### Noun

caverna f (genitive cavernae); first declension
* a hollow, cavity, cave, cavern, grotto, hole
** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 8.420:striduntque cauernis / stricturae Chalybum et fornacibus ignis anhelatChalybian ores hiss in the caverns, and from the furnace mouths puff the hot-panting fires
** a vault, chamber, cleft of heaven
** a hold (cargo compartment of a ship)
** (vulgar, euphemistic) bodily orifice
*** c. 310 CE – c. 394 CE, Ausonius, Epigrams 79 Subscriptum Picturae Mulieris impudicae:Crispa tamen cunctas exercet corpore in uno: deglubit, fellat, molitur per utramque cavernam, ne quid inexpertum frustra moritura relinquat.Crispa, however, practises them all with one body: she masturbates, fellates, and is worked at either hole, lest she should die in vain leaving anything untried.
* This entry needs quotations to illustrate usage. If you come across any interesting, durably archived quotes then please add them!

#### Inflection

First-declension noun.

#### Derived terms

* cavernātim (adverb)
* cavernō (verb)
* cavernōsus (adjective)
* cavernula (diminutive)

#### Related terms

* cavātus
* cavō
* cavōsitās
* cavum aedium
* cavus

#### Descendants

* → Catalan: caverna
* → Galician: caverna
* → Italian: caverna
* → Old French: caverne
** Middle French: caverne
*** French: caverne
*** → Middle English: caverne
**** English: cavern
* → Portuguese: caverna
* → Romanian: cavernă
* → Russian: каве́рна (kavérna)
* → Spanish: caverna

### References

* “caverna”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “caverna”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* caverna in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /kaˈvɛʁ.nɐ/ [kaˈvɛɦ.nɐ]
* (Brazil) IPA: /kaˈvɛʁ.nɐ/ [kaˈvɛɦ.nɐ]
** (São Paulo) IPA: /kaˈvɛɾ.nɐ/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /kaˈvɛʁ.nɐ/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /kaˈvɛɻ.na/
* (Portugal) IPA: /kɐˈvɛɾ.nɐ/
* (Portugal) IPA: /kɐˈvɛɾ.nɐ/
** (Northern Portugal) IPA: /kɐˈbɛɾ.nɐ/ [kɐˈβɛɾ.nɐ]
* Hyphenation: ca‧ver‧na

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Latin caverna.

#### Noun

caverna f (plural cavernas)
* cave
* (nautical) rib (part of a ship’s framework)
    Synonym: costela

##### Derived terms

* caverna-mestra
* cavername
* cavernoso

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

caverna
* inflection of cavernar:
** third-person singular present indicative
** second-person singular imperative

### Further reading

* “caverna”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2025

## Romanian
### Noun

caverna f
* definite nominative/accusative singular of cavernă

## Spanish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin caverna. Cognate with English cavern.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kaˈbeɾna/ [kaˈβ̞eɾ.na]
* Rhymes: -eɾna
* Syllabification: ca‧ver‧na

### Noun

caverna f (plural cavernas)
* cavern

#### Related terms

* cavernoso

### References

* ↑ Joan Coromines, José A[ntonio] Pascual (1983–1991) “caverna”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critic Castilian and Hispanic Etymological Dictionary] (in Spanish), Madrid: Gredos

### Further reading

* “caverna”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10