# ruka
## Czech
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech ruka, from Proto-Slavic *rǫka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈruka]
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: ru‧ka
* Rhymes: -uka

### Noun

ruka f (relational adjective ruční, diminutive ručka)
* hand
    Synonyms: pařát, pazour, pracka, tlapa
    kreslit od ruky ― to draw free-hand
    črtat od ruky ― to sketch free-hand
    dát do ruky ― to hand something to someone

#### Related terms

* bezruký
* příruční
* zručný
* příručka
* ručenka
* ručička
* ručinka
* ručka
* ručnice
* ručník
* rukavice
* rukáv
* rukojeť
* rukověť
* být ruka v rukávě
* doručit
* lomit rukama
* ručit
* zaručit
* žít z ruky do huby

### Further reading

* “ruka”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “ruka”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* “ruka”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech), 2008–2025

## Finnish
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *ruka.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈrukɑ/, [ˈrukɑ̝]
* Rhymes: -ukɑ
* Hyphenation: ru‧ka

### Noun

ruka (dialectal, South Karelia, Tavastia, Ingria)
* dried, hardened resin
    Synonyms: kuivunut pihka, kovettunut pihka

#### Declension

Possessive forms of ruka (Kotus type 10*D/koira, k-∅ gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
rukani
rukani
accusative
nom.
rukani
rukani
gen.
rukani
genitive
rukani
rukieni rukaini $^{rare}$
partitive
rukaani
rukiani
inessive
ruassani
ruissani
elative
ruastani
ruistani
illative
rukaani
rukiini
adessive
ruallani
ruillani
ablative
rualtani
ruiltani
allative
rualleni
ruilleni
essive
rukanani
rukinani
translative
ruakseni
ruikseni
abessive
ruattani
ruittani
instructive
comitative
—rukineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
rukasi
rukasi
accusative
nom.
rukasi
rukasi
gen.
rukasi
genitive
rukasi
rukiesi rukaisi $^{rare}$
partitive
rukaasi
rukiasi
inessive
ruassasi
ruissasi
elative
ruastasi
ruistasi
illative
rukaasi
rukiisi
adessive
ruallasi
ruillasi
ablative
rualtasi
ruiltasi
allative
ruallesi
ruillesi
essive
rukanasi
rukinasi
translative
ruaksesi
ruiksesi
abessive
ruattasi
ruittasi
instructive
comitative
—rukinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
rukamme
rukamme
accusative
nom.
rukamme
rukamme
gen.
rukamme
genitive
rukamme
rukiemme rukaimme $^{rare}$
partitive
rukaamme
rukiamme
inessive
ruassamme
ruissamme
elative
ruastamme
ruistamme
illative
rukaamme
rukiimme
adessive
ruallamme
ruillamme
ablative
rualtamme
ruiltamme
allative
ruallemme
ruillemme
essive
rukanamme
rukinamme
translative
ruaksemme
ruiksemme
abessive
ruattamme
ruittamme
instructive
comitative
—rukinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
rukanne
rukanne
accusative
nom.
rukanne
rukanne
gen.
rukanne
genitive
rukanne
rukienne rukainne $^{rare}$
partitive
rukaanne
rukianne
inessive
ruassanne
ruissanne
elative
ruastanne
ruistanne
illative
rukaanne
rukiinne
adessive
ruallanne
ruillanne
ablative
rualtanne
ruiltanne
allative
ruallenne
ruillenne
essive
rukananne
rukinanne
translative
ruaksenne
ruiksenne
abessive
ruattanne
ruittanne
instructive
comitative
—rukinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
rukansa
rukansa
accusative
nom.
rukansa
rukansa
gen.
rukansa
genitive
rukansa
rukiensa rukainsa $^{rare}$
partitive
rukaansa
rukiaan rukiansa
inessive
ruassaan ruassansa
ruissaan ruissansa
elative
ruastaan ruastansa
ruistaan ruistansa
illative
rukaansa
rukiinsa
adessive
ruallaan ruallansa
ruillaan ruillansa
ablative
rualtaan rualtansa
ruiltaan ruiltansa
allative
rualleen ruallensa
ruilleen ruillensa
essive
rukanaan rukanansa
rukinaan rukinansa
translative
ruakseen ruaksensa
ruikseen ruiksensa
abessive
ruattaan ruattansa
ruittaan ruittansa
instructive
comitative
—rukineen rukinensa :

#### Derived terms

* Rukatunturi

## Ingrian
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *ruka. Cognates include Finnish ruka and Veps ruga.

### Pronunciation

* (Ala-Laukaa) IPA: /ˈrukɑ/, [ˈrukɑ]
* (Soikkola) IPA: /ˈrukɑ/, [ˈruɡ̊ɑ]
* Rhymes: -ukɑ
* Hyphenation: ru‧ka

### Noun

ruka
* (hardened) resin

#### Derived terms

* ruakas

#### See also

* pihka (“liquid resin”)

### References

* Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 490

## Lower Sorbian
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *rǫka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈruka/

### Noun

ruka f (diminutive rucka)
* hand
* arm

#### Related terms

* rukajca f

### Further reading

* Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928) “ruka”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
* Starosta, Manfred (1999) “ruka”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag

## Mapudungun
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Noun

ruka (Raguileo spelling)
* house

#### Descendants

* Spanish: ruca

### References

* Wixaleyiñ: Mapucezugun-wigkazugun pici hemvlcijka (Wixaleyiñ: Small Mapudungun-Spanish dictionary), Beretta, Marta; Cañumil, Dario; Cañumil, Tulio, 2008.

## Old Czech
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *rǫka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (13th CE) /ˈruka/
* IPA: (15th CE) /ˈruka/

### Noun

ruka f
* hand

#### Descendants

* Czech: ruka

### Further reading

* Jan Gebauer (1903–1916) “ruka”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění

## Rwanda-Rundi
### Verb

-ruka (infinitive kuruka, perfective -rutse)
* to vomit, to puke

### Further reading

* “kuruka” in Kinyarwanda-English Dictionary.

## Serbo-Croatian
### Alternative forms

* roka (Kajkavian)

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *rǫka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /rǔːka/
* Hyphenation: ru‧ka

### Noun

rúka f (Cyrillic spelling ру́ка, diminutive rùčica, augmentative ručètina, relational adjective rȕčnī)
* arm
* hand
    Synonym: šȁka
    rukom u ruci ― hand in hand

#### Declension

Note: the genitive plural rúkā is colloquial.

#### Derived terms

* pȍruka
* rùčica
* rȕčka
* rȕčnik
* rùkāv
* rukàvica
* rȕkohvāt
* rȕkoljūb
* rȕkomēt
* rȕkopīs
* rukopolágati
* rȕkovati
* rȕkovēt
* rukovòditi
* zȃruke

### Further reading

* “ruka”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025

## Slavomolisano
### Etymology

From Serbo-Croatian ruka.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /rǔːkḁ/

### Noun

ruka f
* hand

#### Declension
### References

* Walter Breu and Giovanni Piccoli (2000), Dizionario croato molisano di Acquaviva Collecroce: Dizionario plurilingue della lingua slava della minoranza di provenienza dalmata di Acquaviva Collecroce in Provincia di Campobasso (Parte grammaticale).

## Slovak
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *rǫka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈruka]

### Noun

ruka f (relational adjective ručný, diminutive rúčka or ručička)
* arm (upper limb)
    Synonym: rameno
* hand (with opposable thumb)
* a device similar to a hand or functioning as one
    drevená ruka ― a wooden hand (artificial limb)
* handwriting

#### Derived terms

* záruka f
* zručný

### Further reading

* “ruka”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2025

## Swahili
### Pronunciation

* Audio (Kenya):(file)

### Verb

-ruka (infinitive kuruka)
* to jump
* to fly
* to transgress
* to denounce
* to shrink clothes

#### Conjugation

Conjugation of -ruka :
| Positive present | -naruka |
| Subjunctive | -ruke |
| Negative | -ruki |
| Imperative singular | ruka |
Infinitives :
| Positive | kuruka |
| Negative | kutoruka |
Imperatives :
| Singular | ruka |
| Plural | rukeni |
Tensed forms :
| Habitual | huruka |
| Positive past | positive subject concord + -liruka |
| Negative past | negative subject concord + -kuruka |
| Positive future | positive subject concord + -taruka |
| Negative future | negative subject concord + -taruka |
| Negative subjunctive | positive subject concord + -siruke |
| Positive present conditional | positive subject concord + -ngeruka |
| Negative present conditional | positive subject concord + -singeruka |
| Positive past conditional | positive subject concord + -ngaliruka |
| Negative past conditional | positive subject concord + -singaliruka |
| Perfect | positive subject concord + -meruka |
| "Already" | positive subject concord + -mesharuka |
| "Not yet" | negative subject concord + -jaruka |
| "If/When" | positive subject concord + -kiruka |
| "If not" | positive subject concord + -siporuka |
| Consecutive | karuka / positive subject concord + -karuka |
| Consecutive subjunctive | positive subject concord + -karuke |
Relative forms :
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information. :

#### Derived terms

* Verbal derivations:
** Applicative: -rukia
** Causative: -rukisha
** Passive: -rukwa
** Reciprocal: -rukana
** Stative: -rukika
* Nominal derivations:
** mrukaji (“jumper”)
** urukaji (“jumping”)

## Ternate
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɾu.ka/

### Verb

ruka
* to wrench

#### Conjugation
### References

* Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

## Upper Sorbian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *rǫkà.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈʀuka/
* Rhymes: -uka
* Hyphenation: ru‧ka
* Syllabification: ru‧ka

### Noun

ruka f (anatomy)
* hand (organ at the end of the upper limbs of man, which is used especially for grasping)
* arm (part of the upper limb located between the shoulder and elbow joints)

#### Declension
### References

* “ruka” in Soblex