# 恨

| 恨 | U+6068, &#24680; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6068 |
| ← 恧 [U+6067] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 恩 → [U+6069] |

## Translingual
### Han character

恨 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 心日女 (PAV), four-corner 9703$_2$, composition ⿰忄艮)

#### Derived characters

* 𭉆, 𰜠, 𭦼, 𥈥, 𪬲, 𭏂, 𢝧

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 385, character 9
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10588
* Dae Jaweon: page 716, character 5
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2299, character 3
* Unihan data for U+6068

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 艱 | *krɯːn |
| 齦 | *kʰrɯːnʔ, *kʰɯːnʔ, *ŋɯn |
| 眼 | *ŋrɯːnʔ |
| 蛝 | *ɡrɯːn |
| 限 | *ɡrɯːnʔ |
| 硍 | *ɡrɯːnʔ |
| 豤 | *kʰɯːnʔ, *kʰɯːnʔ, *kʰuːn |
| 詪 | *ɡlɯːnʔ, *kɯːnʔ, *kɯːns |
| 根 | *kɯːn |
| 跟 | *kɯːn |
| 珢 | *kɯːn, *kɯːns, *ŋrɯn |
| 艮 | *kɯːns |
| 茛 | *kɯːns |
| 墾 | *kʰɯːnʔ |
| 懇 | *kʰɯːnʔ |
| 垠 | *ŋɯːn, *ŋrɯn, *ŋɯn |
| 泿 | *ŋɯːn, *ŋrɯn |
| 痕 | *ɡɯːn |
| 拫 | *ɡɯːn |
| 鞎 | *ɡɯːn |
| 很 | *ɡɯːnʔ |
| 恨 | *ɡɯːns |
| 銀 | *ŋrɯn |
| 檭 | *ŋrɯn |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡɯːns) : semantic 忄 (“heart; thought; emotion”) + phonetic 艮 (OC *kɯːns).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): hèn (hen$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄣˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): han$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): hen
    (Hailu, HRS): hen$^˖$
* Northern Min (KCR): hāing
* Eastern Min (BUC): hâung
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hyng$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hūn / hīrn / hīn
    (Teochew, Peng'im): heng$^6$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$ghen
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hèn
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄣˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hèn
*** Wade–Giles: hên$^4$
*** Yale: hèn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: henn
*** Palladius: хэнь (xɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /xən⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: han$^6$
*** Yale: hahn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: han$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hen$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɐn²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hen
*** Hakka Romanization System: hen
*** Hagfa Pinyim: hen$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /hen⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: hen$^˖$
*** Sinological IPA: /hen³³/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hāing
*** Sinological IPA : /xaiŋ⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: hâung
*** Sinological IPA : /hɑuŋ²⁴²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hyng$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /hyŋ²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hūn
*** Tâi-lô: hūn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hun
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hun⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hun³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hun²²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hīrn
*** Tâi-lô: hīrn
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hən⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hīn
*** Tâi-lô: hīn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hin
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hin²²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hin³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: heng$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hṳ̆ng
*** Sinological IPA : /hɯŋ³⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$ghen
*** MiniDict: ghen$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$hhen
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦən²³/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit恨 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /xən⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /xən⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /xən⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /xẽ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /xə̃⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /xən³¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /xẽ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /xə̃²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /xəŋ¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /xə̃n¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /xɤŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /xən³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /xən¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /xen²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /xə̃²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /xən⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /xən⁵³/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /xəŋ⁴⁵/ 仇～ /xəŋ⁵³/ ～人 |
| Jin | Pingyao | /xəŋ⁵³/ /xəŋ³⁵/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /xə̃ŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ɦəŋ²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ɦən³¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ɦen¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ɦaŋ²²/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /xʌ̃²²/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /xɛ¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /xən⁵⁵/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /hən⁵⁵/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /hɛn²¹/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /hen⁵³/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /hen⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /hɐŋ²²/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /hɐn²²/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /hɐŋ²²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /hun²²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /hɔuŋ²⁴²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /xaiŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /hɯŋ³⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /hun³³/ |
* Middle Chinese: honH
Rime :
| Character | 恨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 痕 (53) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 胡艮切 |
| Baxter | honH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦən$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦən$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣən$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦən$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣən$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣən$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣən$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | hèn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | han$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[m-q]ˤə[n]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡɯːns/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 恨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | hèn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hon$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[m-q]ˁə[n]-s/ |
| English | regret |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 恨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 3938 |
| Phonetic component | 艮 |
| Rime group | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 恨 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡɯːns/ |

### Definitions

恨
* to resent; to hate
    可恨 ― kěhèn ― abominable
    我恨死你了！ ― Wǒ hèn sǐ nǐ le! ― I hate you to death!
* to regret; to pity
    恨不得 ― hènbùdé ― to wish that one could ("to regret that one may not")
    恨鐵不成鋼／恨铁不成钢 ― hèntiěbùchénggāng ― to pity someone's lack of improvement
** (chiefly literary) to pine; to long for; to miss; to suffer from intense desire
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Chuò gēng zhī lǒng shàng, chànghèn jiǔzhī, yuē: “Gǒu fùguì, wú xiāngwàng.” [Pinyin]
    Taking a break from the work, he went up a raised slope by the fields. Full of care and discontent with himself for quite a while, he burst out, "Lest we forget one another when greatness is achieved!"
    From: c. the early 740s, Li Bai (李白), Qing Ping Diao (《清平調》). English translation by Shigeyoshi Obata (小畑薫良), 1922.
    jiěshì chūnfēng wúxiàn hèn [Pinyin]
    Vanquished are the endless longings of love
* hatred; dislike
    抱恨 ― bàohèn ― to be bitterly regretful
    懷恨在心／怀恨在心 ― huáihènzàixīn ― to harbour hatred; to entertain hateful thoughts
    From: 1942, 毛澤東 (Mao Zedong), 《在延安文藝座談會上的講話》 (Talks at the Yenan Forum on Literature and Art), 《毛澤東選集》. English translation based on the Foreign Languages Press edition
    Shìshàng jué méiyǒu wúyuánwúgù de ài, yě méiyǒu wúyuánwúgù de hèn. [Pinyin]
    There is absolutely no such thing in the world as love or hatred with out reason or cause.
* (Cantonese) to be eager for something

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 恨, 憎恨, 嫌惡 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 恨 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 恨 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 恨 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 恨 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 恨 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 恨 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 恨 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 恨 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 恨, 懥怨 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 恨 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 恨 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 恨 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 憎, 嬲 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 憎 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 憎 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 嬲 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 憎 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 憎 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 恨 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 恨 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 恨 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 恨 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 恨 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 恨 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 恨 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 恨 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 恨 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 恨 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 恨 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 恨 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 恨, 猌 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 猌 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 猌 GT, 恨 GT |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 猌, 惱 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 猌 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 恨 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 恨 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 恨 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 恨 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 恨 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 馮, 恨 |
| Note | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) |

### Compounds

* 不恨 (bùhèn)
* 中懷怨恨 / 中怀怨恨
* 仇恨 (chóuhèn)
* 今愁古恨
* 千仇萬恨 / 千仇万恨
* 千愁萬恨 / 千愁万恨
* 可恨 (kěhèn)
* 含恨 (hánhèn)
* 吞恨
* 報仇雪恨 / 报仇雪恨 (bàochóu xuěhèn)
* 報恨 / 报恨 (bàohèn)
* 報讎雪恨 / 报雠雪恨 (bàochóu xuěhèn)
* 嫉恨 (jíhèn)
* 客恨
* 寒門飲恨 / 寒门饮恨
* 心頭之恨 / 心头之恨
* 忌恨 (jìhèn)
* 忿恨
* 怨恨 (yuànhèn)
* 怪恨
* 恨不得 (hènbude)
* 恨之入骨 (hènzhīrùgǔ)
* 恨之切骨 (hènzhīqiègǔ)
* 恨事
* 恨人
* 恨入心髓 (hènrùxīnsuǐ)
* 恨入骨髓 (hènrùgǔsuǐ)
* 恨怒 (hènnù)
* 恚恨 (huìhèn)
* 恨恨
* 恨海
* 恨相知晚
* 恨相見晚 / 恨相见晚
* 恨絕 / 恨绝
* 恨苦
* 恨苦修行
* 恨賦 / 恨赋
* 恨鐵不成鋼 / 恨铁不成钢 (hèn tiě bù chéng gāng)
* 悔恨 (huǐhèn)
* 悵恨 / 怅恨 (chànghèn)
* 慨恨
* 惱恨 / 恼恨 (nǎohèn)
* 愛恨交織 / 爱恨交织
* 愁江恨海
* 愧恨
* 慚恨 / 惭恨
* 憤恨 / 愤恨 (fènhèn)
* 憎恨 (zēnghèn)
* 憤恨不平 / 愤恨不平 (fènhèn bùpíng)
* 憾恨
* 懷恨 / 怀恨 (huáihèn)
* 抱恨 (bàohèn)
* 抱恨終天 / 抱恨终天 (bàohènzhōngtiān)
* 挾恨 / 挟恨 (xiéhèn)
* 新恨
* 新愁舊恨 / 新愁旧恨
* 歎恨 / 叹恨
* 洩恨 / 泄恨 (xièhèn)
* 深仇大恨 (shēnchóudàhèn)
* 痛恨 (tònghèn)
* 發恨 / 发恨
* 相得恨晚
* 相知恨晚
* 相見恨晚 / 相见恨晚 (xiāngjiànhènwǎn)
* 相逢恨晚
* 終天之恨 / 终天之恨 (zhōngtiānzhīhèn)
* 終天抱恨 / 终天抱恨
* 舊恨 / 旧恨 (jiùhèn)
* 舊恨新愁 / 旧恨新愁
* 舊愁新恨 / 旧愁新恨
* 蓄恨
* 解恨 (jiěhèn)
* 記恨 / 记恨 (jìhèn)
* 遺恨 / 遗恨 (yíhèn)
* 遺恨千古 / 遗恨千古
* 銜恨 / 衔恨 (xiánhèn)
* 銜恨蒙枉 / 衔恨蒙枉
* 銜悲茹恨 / 衔悲茹恨
* 長恨傳 / 长恨传
* 長恨歌 / 长恨歌
* 離恨 / 离恨
* 離恨天 / 离恨天
* 雪恨 (xuěhèn)
* 飲恨 / 饮恨 (yǐnhèn)
* 飲恨吞聲 / 饮恨吞声
* 飲恨而終 / 饮恨而终 (yǐnhèn'érzhōng)
* 齎恨 / 赍恨 (jīhèn)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 恨(こん) (kon)
* → Korean: 한(恨) (han)
* → Vietnamese: hận (恨)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* to resent; to hate; be hostile to

#### Readings

* Go-on: ごん (gon)
* Kan-on: こん (kon, Jōyō)
* Kun: うらむ (uramu, 恨む, Jōyō)、うらめしい (urameshii, 恨めしい, Jōyō)

#### Compounds

* 遺恨
* 怨恨
* 憎恨
* 憤恨

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 恨
* はん Grade: S
* irregular
From Korean 한(恨) (han).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ハン [háꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [hã̠ɴ]

### Noun

恨(ハン) • (han)
* han (resentment as a part of the Korean cultural identity)

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 恨 (MC honH).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᅘᅳᆫ〮 (Yale: hhún) | ᅘᅳᆫ〮 (Yale: hhún) |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 | 애ᄃᆞᆯ (Yale: aytol) | ᄒᆞᆫ (Yale: hon) |

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ha̠(ː)n]
* Phonetic hangul: [한(ː)]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Hanja

Wikisource 恨 (eumhun 한탄할 한 (hantanhal han))
* hanja form of 한 (“deep-seated resentment”) [noun]
* hanja form of 한 (“to resent; to hate”) [affix]

#### Compounds

* 각골분한 (刻骨憤恨, gakgolbunhan)
* 다정다한 (多情多恨, dajeongdahan)
* 망국지한 (亡國之恨, manggukjihan)
* 여한 (餘恨, yeohan)
* 우한 (憂恨, uhan)
* 원한 (怨恨, wonhan)
* 철천지한 (徹天之恨, cheolcheonjihan)
* 통한 (痛恨, tonghan)
* 한탄 (恨歎, hantan)
* 회한 (悔恨, hoehan)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

恨: Hán Nôm readings: hận, giận, hằn, hờn
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.