# 干戈
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gāngē
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄢ ㄍㄜ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gon$^1$ gwo$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kôn-khô
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kan-ko͘ / kan-ko
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gāngē
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄢ ㄍㄜ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gange
*** Wade–Giles: kan$^1$-ko$^1$
*** Yale: gān-gē
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gange
*** Palladius: ганьгэ (ganʹgɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /kän⁵⁵ kɤ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gon$^1$ gwo$^1$
*** Yale: gōn gwō
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gon$^1$ gwo$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gon$^1$ guo$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɔːn⁵⁵ kʷɔː⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kôn-khô
*** Hakka Romanization System: gon$^ˊ$ ko$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gon$^1$ ko$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kon²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰo²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kan-ko͘
*** Tâi-lô: kan-koo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kankof
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kan³³ kɔ³³/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kan-ko
*** Tâi-lô: kan-ko
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kankoy
*** IPA (Taipei): /kan⁴⁴⁻³³ ko⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kan⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kan⁴⁴⁻³³ kɤ⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: kan kwa
Rime :
| Character | 干 | 戈 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 寒 (61) | 戈 (95) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 古寒切 | 古禾切 |
| Baxter | kan | kwa |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɑn/ | /kuɑ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kɑn/ | /kuɑ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kɑn/ | /kuɑ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kan/ | /kwa/ |
| Li Rong | /kɑn/ | /kuɑ/ |
| Wang Li | /kɑn/ | /kuɑ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kɑn/ | /kuɑ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gān | guō |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gon$^1$ | gwo$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤa[r] kʷˤaj/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kaːn koːl/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 干 | 戈 |
| Reading # | 2/4 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gān | gē |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kan › | ‹ kwa › |
| Old Chinese | /*kˁa[r]/ | /*kʷˁaj/ |
| English | shield (n.) | dagger-axe |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 干 | 戈 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 3570 | 3831 |
| Phonetic component | 干 | 戈 |
| Rime group | 元 | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 干 | 戈 |
| Old Chinese | /*kaːn/ | /*koːl/ |

### Noun

干戈
* the weapons of war; arms
* (figurative) the chaos of war; battle; warfare

#### Derived terms

* 化干戈為玉帛 (huà gāngē wéi yùbó)
* 大動干戈

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 干(かん)戈(か) (kanka)
* → Korean: 간과(干戈) (gan'gwa)
* → Vietnamese: can qua (干戈)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 干 | 戈 |
| かん Grade: 6 | か Hyōgai |
| on'yomi ||

### Etymology

/kankwa/ → /kanka/
From Middle Chinese compound 干戈 (kan kwa, literally “shield + polearm, spear”).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かんか [káꜜǹkà] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [kã̠ŋka̠]

### Noun

干(かん)戈(か) • (kanka)
* literally “shields and spears”: a metaphor for weaponry or military force
* conflict

#### Idioms

* 干戈に訴える (かんかにうったえる, kanka ni uttaeru): a call to arms
* 干戈を動かす (かんかをうごかす, kanka o ugokasu): mobilize for war
* 干戈を収める (かんかをおさめる, kanka o osameru) / 干戈を箱に入れ弓を袋に入る (かんかをはこにいれゆみをふくろにいる, kanka o hako ni ire yumi o fukuro ni iru): disarm, demobilize, return to peace
* 干戈を交える (かんかをまじえる, kanka o majieru): cross swords, exchange hostilities, fight

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 干 | 戈 |

### Noun

干戈 • (gan'gwa) (hangeul 간과)
* hanja form of 간과 (“battle; warfare”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 干 | 戈 |

### Noun

干戈
* chữ Hán form of can qua (“battle; warfare”).