# 改善
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gǎishàn
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄞˇ ㄕㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): goi$^2$ sin$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kói-san
    (Hailu, HRS): goi$^ˊ$ shan$^˖$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kái-siǎn / kái-siān
    (Teochew, Peng'im): goi$^2$ siang$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gǎishàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄞˇ ㄕㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gǎishàn
*** Wade–Giles: kai$^3$-shan$^4$
*** Yale: gǎi-shàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gaeshann
*** Palladius: гайшань (gajšanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /kaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂän⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: goi$^2$ sin$^6$
*** Yale: gói sihn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: goi$^2$ sin$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: goi$^2$ xin$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɔːi̯³⁵ siːn²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kói-san
*** Hakka Romanization System: goi$^ˋ$ san
*** Hagfa Pinyim: goi$^3$ san$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /koi̯³¹ san⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: goi$^ˊ$ shan$^˖$
*** Sinological IPA: /koi²⁴⁻³³ ʃan³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kái-siǎn
*** Tâi-lô: kái-siǎn
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siɛn²²/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kái-siān
*** Tâi-lô: kái-siān
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kaysien
*** IPA (Singapore): /kai⁴²⁻²⁴ siɛn²²/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɛn²²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɛn³³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɛn³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: goi$^2$ siang$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kói siăng
*** Sinological IPA : /koi⁵²⁻³⁵ siaŋ³⁵/

### Verb

改善
* to improve; to better
       Wǒ xiǎng gǎishàn wǒ de dǎzì sùdù hé zhǔnquèxìng. [Pinyin]
       I'd like to improve my typing speed and accuracy.

#### Usage notes

改變／改变 (gǎibiàn) conveys any kind of change, while 改善 (gǎishàn) conveys a change for the better.

#### Synonyms

* 健全 (jiànquán)
* 出息 (colloquial)
* 前進 / 前进 (qiánjìn)
* 完善 (wánshàn)
* 提升 (tíshēng)
* 提懸 / 提悬 (Min Nan)
* 提高 (tígāo)
* 改良 (gǎiliáng)
* 改進 / 改进 (gǎijìn)
* 躍進 / 跃进 (yuèjìn)
* 進展 / 进展 (jìnzhǎn)
* 進步 / 进步 (jìnbù)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 改 | 善 |
| かい Grade: 4 | ぜん Grade: 6 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かいぜん [kàízéń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ka̠izẽ̞ɴ]

### Noun

改(かい)善(ぜん) • (kaizen)
* improvement, an action taken to improve
* improvement, a spontaneous change for the better

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “improvement”): 改悪(かいあく) (kaiaku)

#### See also

* 上達(じょうたつ) (jōtatsu)
* 改良(かいりょう) (kairyō)

### Verb

改(かい)善(ぜん)する • (kaizen suru) transitive or intransitive suru (stem 改(かい)善(ぜん)し (kaizen shi), past 改(かい)善(ぜん)した (kaizen shita))
* (transitive) to improve, to make better
* (intransitive) for something to improve on its own
    症状(しょうじょう)が改善(かいぜん)する
       shōjō ga kaizen suru
       the symptoms improve

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 改善し | かいぜんし | kaizen shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 改善し | かいぜんし | kaizen shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 改善する | かいぜんする | kaizen suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 改善する | かいぜんする | kaizen suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 改善すれ | かいぜんすれ | kaizen sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 改善せよ¹ 改善しろ² | かいぜんせよ¹ かいぜんしろ² | kaizen seyo¹ kaizen shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 改善される | かいぜんされる | kaizen sareru |
| Causative | 改善させる 改善さす | かいぜんさせる かいぜんさす | kaizen saseru kaizen sasu |
| Potential | 改善できる | かいぜんできる | kaizen dekiru |
| Volitional | 改善しよう | かいぜんしよう | kaizen shiyō |
| Negative | 改善しない | かいぜんしない | kaizen shinai |
| Negative continuative | 改善せず | かいぜんせず | kaizen sezu |
| Formal | 改善します | かいぜんします | kaizen shimasu |
| Perfective | 改善した | かいぜんした | kaizen shita |
| Conjunctive | 改善して | かいぜんして | kaizen shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 改善すれば | かいぜんすれば | kaizen sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 改 | 善 |

### Noun

改善 • (gaeseon) (hangeul 개선)
* hanja form of 개선 (“improvement, reform”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 改 | 善 |

### Verb

改善
* chữ Hán form of cải thiện (“to improve”).