# -ս
## Armenian
### Etymology

From Old Armenian -ս (-s).

### Pronunciation

(following a vowel:)
* (Eastern Armenian) IPA: /s/, [s]
* (Western Armenian) IPA: /s/, [s]
(following a consonant:)
* (Eastern Armenian) IPA: /əs/, [əs]
* (Western Armenian) IPA: /əs/, [əs]

### Suffix

-ս • (-s)
* a possessive suffix marking 1st person possession
    գիրքս ― girkʻs ― my book
    գնալս ― gnals ― my going
    ձեռքերովս ― jeṙkʻerovs ― with my hands
** co-occurs with postpositions in pseudo-possessive meaning identifying the location in the 1st person
    մոտս ― mots ― with me/at me/near me
    վրաս ― vras ― on me
* a personal suffix used to refer to the 1st person as an agent; found in idioms and certain constructions
    ես ինքս ― es inkʻs ― I myself
    Ես՝ Վահագն Ա. Պետրոսյանս, կազմեցի սույն օրինակը։Es, Vahagn A. Petrosyans, kazmecʻi suyn ōrinakə.I, Vahagn A. Petrosyan Esq., made up the following example.
    ես ինքս ― es inkʻs ― I myself
    Դուք՝ առաջավորներդ, պիտի օգնեք մեզ՝ ետ մնացողներիս։Dukʻ, aṙaǰavornerd, piti ōgnekʻ mez, et mnacʻoġneris.You, the advanced ones, have to help us, the backward ones.
* a demonstrative suffix found in
** some temporal expressions indicating a point of time being very close to the moment of speech
    ամառս ― amaṙs ― this summer
** some expressions indicating a location very close (or even familiar) to the speaker
    Բարբառումս կա 43 հնչյուն։ ― Barbaṙums ka 43 hnčʻyun. ― There are 43 sounds in this dialect.

#### See also

* -դ (-d)

### References

* Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009) Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian (London Oriental and African Language Library; 14), Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pages 112–116

## Old Armenian
### Etymology 1

From *սո- (*so-).

#### Suffix

-ս • (-s)
* this, these (near the speaker)
    կինս զոր ետուր ― kins zor etur ― this woman given me by you
    զոր ասեմս ― zor asems ― what I say
* (personal pronoun) I
    տէրս եւ վերդապետս ― tērs ew verdapets ― I who am a lord and master
* sometimes used for ornament
    յորոց միջի ես բնակեալս եմ ― yorocʻ miǰi es bnakeals em ― among whom I live
    զոր ինչ եսս գործեմ ― zor inčʻ ess gorcem ― that which I do
    զոր սայս խօսի ― zor says xōsi ― what he says
    որպէս եւ եսս եմ ― orpēs ew ess em ― as I am
    վասն իրացս այսոցիկ ― vasn iracʻs aysocʻik ― for these things
    զոր այժմս ասացի ― zor ayžms asacʻi ― what I have just now said

##### Usage notes

See the notes in -դ (-d).

##### Descendants

* Armenian: -ս (-s)

#### References

* Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1971–1979) “ս”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, Yerevan: University Press
* Fortson, Benjamin W. (2010) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, second edition, Oxford: Blackwell, page 390
* Gočanean, Pōġos (2011) Dasakan grabari gorcnakan kʻerakanutʻiwn [Practical Grammar of Classical Old Armenian]‎ (in Armenian), Vienna and Yerevan: Mekhitarist Press, pages 24–25
* Petrosean, Matatʻeay (1879) “ս”, in Nor Baṙagirkʻ Hay-Angliarēn [New Dictionary Armenian–English], Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy

### Etymology 2

From the Proto-Indo-European plural accusative case ending *-Vns, *-(C)n̥s. Compare dialectal Ancient Greek λύκονς (lúkons, “wolves”), Gothic 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰-𐌽𐍃 (daga-ns, “days”).

#### Suffix

-ս • (-s)
* plural accusative case marker
    շունս ― šuns ― accusative plural of շուն (šun)
* forming adverbs

##### References

* Fortson, Benjamin W. (2010) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, second edition, Oxford: Blackwell, page 388
* Godel, Robert (1975) An introduction to the study of classical Armenian, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, page 102
* Matasović, Ranko (2009) A Grammatical Sketch of Classical Armenian‎, Zagreb, page 19

### Etymology 3

Either from -ս (-s, “plural accusative case marker”) (see Etymology 2) or inherited from Proto-Indo-European plural locative marker *-su by apocope; compare Sanskrit वृकेषु (vṛkeṣu).

#### Suffix

-ս • (-s)
* plural locative case marker
    շունս ― šuns ― locative plural of շուն (šun)

##### References

* Godel, Robert (1975) An introduction to the study of classical Armenian, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, page 103
* Matasović, Ranko (2009) A Grammatical Sketch of Classical Armenian‎, Zagreb, page 19

### Etymology 4

From Proto-Indo-European *-si, the second-person singular primary personal ending. The preservation in Armenian is probably due to the influence of ես (es, “you are”).

#### Suffix

-ս • (-s)
* second-person singular present-tense ending of verbs
    որսաս ― orsas ― you hunt
    գրես ― gres ― you write
    հայիս ― hayis ― you look
    արգելուս ― argelus ― you hinder

##### Derived terms

* -աս (-as)
* -ես (-es)
* -իս (-is)
* -ուս (-us)

##### See also

* -մ (-m)
* -յ (-y)
* -մք (-mkʻ)
* -յք (-ykʻ)
* -ն (-n)

#### References

* Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, first edition, Oxford: Blackwell, page 391