# brak
## English
### Etymology

* This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Afrikaans brak?”

### Adjective

brak (comparative more brak, superlative most brak)
* (South Africa) Brackish.
** 1995, Bill Sheat, Gerald Schofield, Complete Gardening in Southern Africa, page 437:Brak soils, which continue to be a subject of research, are unlikely to provide a major stumbling block […] However, brak conditions and their effects underline many of the principles of good soil management […]

### Noun

brak (plural braks)
* (South Africa) A dog of mixed breed; a mongrel.

### Anagrams

* bark, kbar, krab

## Crimean Tatar
### Etymology

Russian брак (brak), from German Brack (“defective goods, defect, flaw”).

### Noun

brak
* defect

#### Declension
### References

* Mirjejev, V. A., Usejinov, S. M. (2002) Ukrajinsʹko-krymsʹkotatarsʹkyj slovnyk [Ukrainian – Crimean Tatar Dictionary]‎, Simferopol: Dolya, →ISBN
* “brak”, in Luğatçıq (in Russian)

## Czech
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech brak, from Middle Low German brak. Compare Polish brak.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈbrak]
* Hyphenation: brak

### Noun

brak m inan
* trash, leftovers, refuse (what is designated as bad; what is is leftover after what is good is taken)

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “brak”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “brak”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* “brak”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech), 2008–2025

## Dutch
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /brɑk/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: brak
* Rhymes: -ɑk

### Etymology 1

From Middle Dutch brac. This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

#### Adjective

brak (comparative brakker, superlative brakst)
* brackish
* (colloquial) bad
* (colloquial) hungover

##### Derived terms

* brakheid
* uitbrakken

##### Descendants

* → Papiamentu: brak
* → Sranan Tongo: brak

### Etymology 2

From Middle Dutch bracke. Compare German Bracke, French braque, English brach, Italian bracco, Spanish braco. This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

#### Noun

brak m or f (plural brakken, diminutive brakje n)
* hound, brach (of either sex)
    Synonym: jachthond

##### Descendants

* ⇒ Afrikaans: brakkie

### Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

brak
* singular past indicative of breken

### Anagrams

* bark, krab

## Gothic
### Romanization

brak
* Romanization of 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌺

## Icelandic
### Etymology

From Old Norse brak.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /praːk/
    Rhymes: -aːk

### Noun

brak n (genitive singular braks, no plural)
* crash, din (sound of something breaking)
* wreckage, broken wood, etc.

#### Derived terms

* brak og brestir (“a colossal din”)

### Further reading

* “brak” in the Dictionary of Modern Icelandic (in Icelandic) and ISLEX (in the Nordic languages)

## Indonesian
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Indonesian) IPA: /ˈbrak/ [ˈbrak̚]
* Rhymes: -ak
* Syllabification: brak

### Noun

brak (plural brak-brak)
* (Jepara) workshop

## Kashubian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Polish brak.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈbrak/
* Rhymes: -ak
* Syllabification: brak

### Noun

brak m inan
* lack (non-existence of something)
    Synonym: niedostatk

#### Derived terms

* braknąc pf, brakòwac impf

### Further reading

* Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011) “brak”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi‎, volume 1, page 117
* “brak”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022

## Old Czech
### Etymology

Borrowed from Middle Low German brak. Compare Old Polish brak.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (13th CE) /ˈbrak/
* IPA: (15th CE) /ˈbrak/

### Noun

brak m inan
* choice (what is taken n. selected from a group of individuals of the same kind)
* trash, leftovers, refuse (what is designated as bad; what is is leftover after what is good is taken)

#### Descendants

* Czech: brak

### References

* ↑ Rejzek, Jiří (2015) “brak”, in Český etymologický slovník [Czech Etymological Dictionary] (in Czech), 3rd (revised and expanded) edition, Praha: LEDA, →ISBN

### Further reading

* Jan Gebauer (1903–1916) “brak”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění

## Old Polish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Middle Low German brak. First attested in 1452. Compare Old Czech brak.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (10th–15th CE) /brak/
* IPA: (15th CE) /brak/

### Noun

brak m animacy unattested
* choice, selection
** 1912-1930 [1452], Monumenta Iuris cura praepositorum Chartophylacio Maximo Varsoviensi, volume III, page 223:Hannus ... tenetur prouido Laurencio... sexagenarium al. sachczyg drzewa, hoc debet sibi presentare in Gdansko in prima aqua in prato sub eleccione al. pod brakem[Hannus ... tenetur prouido Laurencio... sexagenarium al. zachcyg drzewa, hoc debet sibi presentare in Gdansko in prima aqua in prato sub eleccione al. pod brakiem]

#### Derived terms

* brakować impf

#### Related terms

* brakarz

#### Descendants

* Polish: brak
* Silesian: brak

### References

* Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “brak”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
* Sławski, Franciszek (1958-1965) “brak”, in Jan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego
* Mańczak, Witold (2017) “brak”, in Polski słownik etymologiczny (in Polish), Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, →ISBN
* Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “brak”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
* B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “brak”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN

## Polish
### Alternative forms

* brák (Lubawa, Ostróda)

### Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish brak.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈbrak/
* (Middle Polish) IPA: /ˈbrak/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ak
* Syllabification: brak

### Noun

brak m inan
* lack (non-existence of something) [with w (+ locative) ‘in what’]
* defect (fault or malfunction)
    Synonyms: defekt, feler, minus, niedostatek, wada
* faulty product (defective item that is the result of creation)
* (obsolete) choice; selection
    Synonym: wybór

#### Derived terms

* bezbrakowy
* brakowy

#### Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), brak (noun) is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 28 times in scientific texts, 19 times in news, 63 times in essays, 15 times in fiction, and 12 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 137 times, making it the 437th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.

### Verb

brak impf (defective)
* (impersonal) there is/are no; to be wanting [with genitive ‘what there is not’ and dative ‘for/on whom’]
    Synonym: brakować
    Na parkingu brak wolnych miejsc. ― There is no vacant space in the parking lot.
* (Far Masovian) Synonym of potrzeba
    Brak mi jesce dwuch złotych do butów. ― I need to more złotys for the boots.

#### Descendants

* → Kashubian: brak

### References

* ↑ Ida Kurcz (1990) “brak (noun)”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 32

### Further reading

* brak in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* brak in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “brak”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
* Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “brak”, in Słownik języka polskiego
* Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “brak”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
* J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1900), “brak”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 1, Warsaw, page 199
* brak in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego
* Wojciech Grzegorzewicz (1894) “brak”, in “O języku ludowym w powiecie przasnyskim”, in Sprawozdania Komisji Językowej Akademii Umiejętności (in Polish), volume 5, Krakow: Akademia Umiejętności, page 103

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *borkъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /brâːk/

### Noun

brȃk m (Cyrillic spelling бра̑к)
* marriage

#### Derived terms

* brȃčnī

## Silesian
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish brak.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈbrak/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ak
* Syllabification: brak

### Noun

brak m inan
* lack (non-existence of something)
    Synonym: niydostatek
* (Cieszyn Silesia) type, kind
    Synonyms: gatōnek, kategoryjŏ, typ, wariant, wariacyjŏ, zorta

#### Derived terms

* braknōńć pf, brakować impf

### Further reading

* brak in silling.org

## Swedish
### Noun

brak n
* a loud crashing sound like the sound of a large tree falling or a structure collapsing
    Trädet föll med ett brakThe tree came down with a crash
    Ett brak hördes från vardagsrummetA loud crash was heard from the living room

#### Derived terms

* brak- (see there for more derived terms)
* brakare (“loud fart”)
* brakfis (“loud fart”)
* brakskit (“loud fart”)

#### Related terms

* braka

### References

* brak in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* brak in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* brak in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

## Uzbek
### Etymology

Borrowed from Russian брак (brak), from Polish brak, from Middle Low German brak (“flaw, defect; breaking”).

### Noun

brak (plural braklar)
* reject, defective product