# 開花
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kāihuā
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄞ ㄏㄨㄚ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hoi$^1$ faa$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khôi-fâ
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): khui-hoe
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kui$^1$ huê$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kāihuā
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄞ ㄏㄨㄚ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kaihua
*** Wade–Giles: kʻai$^1$-hua$^1$
*** Yale: kāi-hwā
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kaihua
*** Palladius: кайхуа (kajxua)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hoi$^1$ faa$^1$
*** Yale: hōi fā
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hoi$^1$ faa$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hoi$^1$ fa$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɔːi̯⁵⁵ faː⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khôi-fâ
*** Hakka Romanization System: koi$^ˊ$ fa$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: koi$^1$ fa$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰoi̯²⁴⁻¹¹ fa²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khui-hoe
*** Tâi-lô: khui-hue
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qui'hoef
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰui⁴⁴⁻²² hue⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰui³³ hue³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰui⁴⁴⁻²² hue⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰui⁴⁴⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰui⁴⁴⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: kui$^1$ huê$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khui hue
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰui³³⁻²³ hue³³/

### Verb

開⫽花 (verb-object)
* to blossom; to bloom; to flower
       Cǎoméi bù kāihuā, yě bù jiēguǒ. [Pinyin]
       The strawberry tree won't bloom or bear fruit.
    From: 周禮茂 (lyricist), 《自由花》
    daan$^6$ jau$^5$ jat$^1$ go$^3$ mung$^6$, bat$^1$ wui$^5$ sei$^2$, gei$^3$ zoek$^6$ baa$^6$! mou$^4$ leon$^6$ jyu$^5$ zam$^2$ mo$^1$ daa$^2$, zi$^6$ jau$^4$ jing$^4$ si$^6$ wui$^5$ hoi$^1$ faa$^1$! [Jyutping]
    But there is a dream [which] does not die, remember it! No matter how [heavy] the rain is, freedom will still blossom!
* (figurative) to burst; to split open; to break open
    屁股開花／屁股开花 ― pìgǔ kāihuā ― (figurative) aching tremendously in buttocks (as if they are cracking)
* (figurative) to burst with joy
* (figurative) to spread over; to spring up

#### Synonyms

* (to blossom): (literary) 掛花／挂花 (guàhuā); (Hakka, Xiang) 打花

#### Derived terms

* 牆裡開花牆外香 / 墙里开花墙外香 (qiáng lǐ kāihuā qiáng wài xiāng)
* 遍地開花 / 遍地开花 (biàndìkāihuā)
* 開花植物 / 开花植物 (kāihuā zhíwù)
* 開花結果 / 开花结果

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 開花(かいか) (kaika)
* → Korean: 개화(開花) (gaehwa)
* → Vietnamese: khai hoa (開花)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 開 | 花 |
| かい Grade: 3 | か Grade: 1 |
| on'yomi ||

### Etymology

From Middle Chinese compound 開花 / 开花 (khoj xwæ, literally “to open + flower”). Compare modern Mandarin reading kāihuā.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かいか [káꜜìkà] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ka̠ika̠]

### Noun

開(かい)花(か) • (kaika)
* flowering, blossoming
    今年(ことし)は開花(かいか)が早(はや)い。
       Kotoshi wa kaika ga hayai.
       This year's bloom was early.
* (by extension) showing results, bearing fruit, being successful

### Verb

開(かい)花(か)する • (kaika suru) intransitive suru (stem 開(かい)花(か)し (kaika shi), past 開(かい)花(か)した (kaika shita))
* to flower, to blossom, to bloom
* (by extension) to show results, to bear fruit, to be a success

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 開花し | かいかし | kaika shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 開花し | かいかし | kaika shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 開花する | かいかする | kaika suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 開花する | かいかする | kaika suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 開花すれ | かいかすれ | kaika sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 開花せよ¹ 開花しろ² | かいかせよ¹ かいかしろ² | kaika seyo¹ kaika shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 開花される | かいかされる | kaika sareru |
| Causative | 開花させる 開花さす | かいかさせる かいかさす | kaika saseru kaika sasu |
| Potential | 開花できる | かいかできる | kaika dekiru |
| Volitional | 開花しよう | かいかしよう | kaika shiyō |
| Negative | 開花しない | かいかしない | kaika shinai |
| Negative continuative | 開花せず | かいかせず | kaika sezu |
| Formal | 開花します | かいかします | kaika shimasu |
| Perfective | 開花した | かいかした | kaika shita |
| Conjunctive | 開花して | かいかして | kaika shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 開花すれば | かいかすれば | kaika sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

#### Synonyms

* (bloom): 咲(さ)く (saku)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
   * Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
   * 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.