# けり
## Japanese
### Etymology 1

⟨ki$_1$ ari⟩ → ⟨ke$_1$ri⟩ → */kʲeri/ → /keri/
From Old Japanese けり (ke$_1$ri).
Contraction of 来 (ki, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of classical verb 来 (ku), modern 来る (kuru), “to come”) +‎ あり (ari, “to be”), or of き (-ki, the Old Japanese and classical Japanese verb auxiliary suffix indicating past recollection) +‎ あり (ari, “to be”).
Although Japanese sources are consistent in listing past-recollective auxiliary suffix き (-ki) as a possible root, this auxiliary notably had no known 連用形 (ren'yōkei), the conjugation form required for an inflecting word (such as a verb or adjective) to compound with another inflecting word. Thus, the 来 (ki) derivation seems more likely.
The “ending” sense is an extension of the first suffix sense because it is often used at the end of a poem.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) けり [kèríꜜ] (Odaka – [2]) as a noun
* IPA: [ke̞ɾʲi]

#### Suffix

けり • (-keri) $^†$-ri
* (Classical Japanese) indicating past tense: -ed
** c. late 9th–mid-10th century, Taketori Monogatari
    今(いま)は昔(むかし)竹(たけ)取(とり)の翁(おきな)といふものありけり
       ima wa mukashi taketori no okina to iu mono arikeri
       Long ago there was an old man who cut bamboo.
* (Classical Japanese) indicating the speaker has just realized something
** 905–914, Kokin Wakashū (book 2, poem 90)
    ふるさととなりにし奈(な)良(ら)の都(みやこ)にも色(いろ)はかはらず花(はな)は咲(さ)きけり
       furusato to narinishi Nara no miyako ni mo iro wa kawarazu hana wa sakikeri
       Even in the capital of Nara, now an older town, the flowers bloomed just as colorfully, didn't they.

##### Conjugation

Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | けら | けら | kera |
| Continuative (連用形) | けり | けり | keri |
| Terminal (終止形) | けり | けり | keri |
| Attributive (連体形) | ける | ける | keru |
| Realis (已然形) | けれ | けれ | kere |
| Imperative (命令形) | けれ | けれ | kere |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | けらず | けらず | kerazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | けれど | けれど | keredo |
| Causal conjunction | ければ | ければ | kereba |
| Conditional conjunction | けらば | けらば | keraba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | けりき | けりき | keriki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | けりけり | けりけり | kerikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | けりつ | けりつ | keritu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | けりぬ | けりぬ | kerinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | けりたり$^{[1]}$ | けりたり$^{[1]}$ | keritari |
| Volitional | けらむ | けらむ | keramu |
| $^{[1]}$Often proscribed due to a redundancy of having 2 あり. ||||

##### Usage notes

* Follows the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of inflectable words.
* The first sense is mostly used when the speaker was not a witness, but was rather told about the event described, as opposed to き (-ki). But, it can also be used to describe direct experiences.
* The second sense is most notably used at the end of a poem to denote an exclamatory tone.
* This word is morphologically an inflectional suffix. It is classified as 助動詞 (jodōshi, “auxiliary verb”) in traditional Japanese grammar.

##### Derived terms

* ざりけり (zarikeri)
* ずけり (-zukeri)
* たりけり (tarikeri)
* てけり (-tekeri), てんげり (-tengeri)
* なりけり (narikeri)
* にけり (-nikeri)
* よりけり (yorikeri)
* りけり (-rikeri)

##### Idioms

* 色(いろ)男(をとこ)金(かね)と力(ちから)は無(な)かりけり (iro otoko kane to chikara wa nakarikeri)

#### Noun

けり • (keri)
* an ending, conclusion

##### Idioms

* けりを付(つ)ける (keri o tsukeru)

### Etymology 2

Unknown. Possibly metonymy from 蹴り (keri, “kicking; kicker”) from the verb 蹴る (keru, “to kick”). Compare English kicks.
Appears to be specific to northern Honshū.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ke̞ɾʲi]

#### Noun

けり • (keri)
* (dialect, Akita, Tsugaru) footwear, footgear: a shoe, (a pair of) shoes

#### Further reading

* Sample of Tsugaru dialect - kuroishi kankou kyoukai (in Japanese)

### Etymology 3

Readings of various kanji.

#### Noun

けり or ケリ • (keri)
* 鳧, 計里, 水札: grey-headed lapwing
* 蹴り: kick

### References

* 1 2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 4 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Old Japanese
### Etymology 1

Contraction of 來 (ki$_1$, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 來 (ku), “to come”) +‎ あり (ari, “to be”), or of き (-ki$_1$, verb auxiliary suffix indicating past recollection) +‎ あり (ari, “to be”).
Although Japanese sources are consistent in listing past-recollective auxiliary suffix き (-ki$_1$) as a possible root, this auxiliary notably had no known 連用形 (ren'yōkei), the conjugation form required for an inflecting word (such as a verb or adjective) to compound with another inflecting word. Thus, the 來 (ki$_1$) derivation seems more likely.

#### Suffix

けり (-ke$_1$ri)
* auxiliary verb indicating past tense: -ed
** 711–712, Kojiki, middle volume (Empress Jingū; poem 40):許能美岐袁迦美祁牟比登波曾能都豆美宇須邇多弖弖宇多比都都迦美祁禮迦母麻比都都迦美祁禮加母許能美岐能美岐能阿夜邇宇多陀怒斯佐佐ko$_2$no$_2$ mi$_1$-ki$_1$ wo kami$_1$ke$_1$mu pi$_1$to$_2$ pa so$_2$no$_2$ tudumi$_1$ usu ni tatete utapi$_1$tutu kami$_1$ke$_1$re ka mo$_2$ mapi$_1$tutu kami$_1$ke$_1$re ka mo$_2$ ko$_2$no$_2$ mi$_1$-ki$_1$ no$_2$ mi$_1$-ki$_1$ no$_2$ aya ni uta-dano$_1$si sasaThe man who brewed this fine sake surely used his great drum for a brewing vessel. Did he sing and sing while it brewed? Did he dance and dance while it brewed? For this fine sake, fine sake, makes us all quite merry! Good fortune!
* auxiliary verb indicating that the speaker has just realized something
** 711–712, Kojiki, upper volume (Yamasachihiko and Umisachihiko; poem 7):阿加陀麻波袁佐閇比迦禮杼斯良多麻能岐美何余曾比斯多布斗久阿理祁理akadama pa wo sape$_2$ pi$_1$karedo$_2$ siratama no$_2$ ki$_1$mi$_1$ ga yo$_2$so$_2$pi$_1$si taputo$_1$ku arike$_1$riRed jewels impart their gleam even to the cord that binds them; but your adornment, radiant as white jewels, is truly awesome.
* auxiliary verb indicating that the speaker already realized something and points out a rationale: that's why it was...
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 2, poem 118:
    嘆管大夫之戀禮許曾吾髮結乃漬而奴禮計禮nage$_2$ki$_1$tutu masurawo no$_2$ ko$_1$ no$_2$ ko$_1$pure ko$_2$so$_2$ waga yupi$_1$kami$_1$ no$_2$ pi$_1$tite nureke$_1$reIt is precisely because a distinguished man like you longs for me that my hair is drenched and come undone.
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

##### Usage notes

* Follows the 連用形 (ren’yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of inflectable words.

##### Conjugation

Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | けら | けら | kera |
| Continuative (連用形) | | | - |
| Terminal (終止形) | けり | けり | keri |
| Attributive (連体形) | ける | ける | keru |
| Realis (已然形) | けれ | けれ | kere |
| Imperative (命令形) | | | - |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | けらず | けらず | kerazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | けれど | けれど | keredo |
| Causal conjunction | ければ | ければ | kereba |
| Conditional conjunction | けらば | けらば | keraba |

##### Derived terms

* なりけり (narike$_1$ri)

##### Descendants

* Japanese: けり (-keri)

### Etymology 2

⟨ki$_1$ ari⟩ → ⟨ke$_1$ri⟩

#### Verb

けり (ke$_1$ri)
* 著り, 服り: wearing
* 來り: coming

##### Conjugation

Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | けら | けら | kera |
| Continuative (連用形) | けり | けり | keri |
| Terminal (終止形) | けり | けり | keri |
| Attributive (連体形) | ける | ける | keru |
| Realis (已然形) | けれ | けれ | kere |
| Imperative (命令形) | けれ | けれ | kere |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | けらず | けらず | kerazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | けれど | けれど | keredo |
| Causal conjunction | ければ | ければ | kereba |
| Conditional conjunction | けらば | けらば | keraba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | けりき | けりき | keriki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | けりけり | けりけり | kerikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | けりつ | けりつ | keritu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | けりぬ | けりぬ | kerinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | けりたり$^{[1]}$ | けりたり$^{[1]}$ | keritari |
| Volitional | けらむ | けらむ | keramu |
| $^{[1]}$Often proscribed due to a redundancy of having 2 あり. ||||

### References

* 1 2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Jin'ichi Konishi (2017) Nicholas Teele, transl., Earl Roy Miner, editor, A History of Japanese Literature, Volume 1: The Archaic and Ancient Ages (Volume 4935 of Princeton Legacy Library), Princeton University Press, →ISBN, page 151
* ↑ Clifton Wilson Royston (1974) The poetic and poetry criticism of Fujiwara Shunzei (1114-1204), University of Michigan, page 491
* ↑ Gananath Obeyesekere (1998) Alf Hiltebeitel, Barbara D. Miller, editors, Hair: Its Power and Meaning in Asian Cultures, illustrated edition, SUNY Press, →ISBN, page 95