# 壤

| 壤 | U+58E4, &#22756; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-58E4 |
| ← 壣 [U+58E3] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 壥 → [U+58E5] |

## Translingual

| Japanese | 壌 |
| Simplified | 壤 |
| Traditional | 壤 |

### Han character

壤 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+17, 20 strokes, cangjie input 土卜口女 (GYRV), four-corner 4013$_2$, composition ⿰土襄)

#### Derived characters

* 𤅑

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 242, character 17
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5608
* Dae Jaweon: page 482, character 13
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 501, character 11
* Unihan data for U+58E4

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 囊 | *naːŋ |
| 蠰 | *naːŋ, *sraŋ, *hnjaŋs, *njaŋʔ |
| 曩 | *naːŋʔ |
| 灢 | *naːŋʔ, *naːŋs |
| 儾 | *naːŋs |
| 孃 | *naŋ, *njaŋ |
| 瓤 | *naŋ, *njaŋ |
| 鑲 | *naŋ, *njaŋ |
| 釀 | *naŋs |
| 瓖 | *snaŋ, *snaŋ |
| 驤 | *snaŋ |
| 襄 | *snaŋ |
| 纕 | *snaŋ |
| 忀 | *snaŋ |
| 欀 | *snaŋ, *njaŋs |
| 饟 | *hnjaŋ, *hnjaŋʔ, *hnjaŋs |
| 攘 | *njaŋ, *njaŋʔ, *njaŋs |
| 禳 | *njaŋ |
| 穰 | *njaŋ, *njaŋʔ |
| 躟 | *njaŋ, *njaŋʔ |
| 瀼 | *njaŋ |
| 獽 | *njaŋ |
| 儴 | *njaŋ |
| 蘘 | *njaŋ |
| 鬤 | *njaŋ, *rnaːŋ |
| 勷 | *njaŋ |
| 壤 | *njaŋʔ |
| 嚷 | *njaŋʔ |
| 讓 | *njaŋs |
| 懹 | *njaŋs |
| 攮 | *rnoːŋʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *njaŋʔ) : semantic 土 (“earth, dirt”) + phonetic 襄 (OC *snaŋ).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): rǎng (rang$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄖㄤˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): joeng$^6$ / joeng$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): jióng / lióng / jiáng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): riang$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: rǎng
*** Zhuyin: ㄖㄤˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: rǎng
*** Wade–Giles: jang$^3$
*** Yale: rǎng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: raang
*** Palladius: жан (žan)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʐɑŋ²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: joeng$^6$ / joeng$^5$
*** Yale: yeuhng / yéuhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: joeng$^6$ / joeng$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yêng$^6$ / yêng$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /jœːŋ²²/, /jœːŋ¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jióng
*** Tâi-lô: jióng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: jiorng
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ziɔŋ⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lióng
*** Tâi-lô: lióng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: liorng
*** IPA (Taipei, Xiamen): /liɔŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /liɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jiáng
*** Tâi-lô: jiáng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: jiarng
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡ziaŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ziaŋ⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: riang$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: jiáng
*** Sinological IPA : /d͡ziaŋ⁵²/
* Middle Chinese: nyangX
Rime :
| Character | 壤 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 日 (38) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (105) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 如兩切 |
| Baxter | nyangX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ȵɨɐŋ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ȵiɐŋ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȵʑiɑŋ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ȵɨaŋ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ȵiaŋ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ȵʑĭaŋ$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȵʑi̯aŋ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | rǎng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | joeng$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*naŋʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*njaŋʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 壤 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | rǎng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ nyang$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*naŋʔ/ |
| English | cultivated soil |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 壤 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 13643 |
| Phonetic component | 襄 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 壤 |
| Old Chinese | /*njaŋʔ/ |

#### Definitions

壤
* (soft) soil
* land; ground
* earth (as opposed to heaven)
* region; area
* (historical) wooden stick used in an ancient game

#### Compounds

* 僻壤 (pìrǎng)
* 僻壤窮鄉 / 僻壤穷乡
* 判如天壤
* 土壤 (tǔrǎng)
* 土壤保持
* 土壤學 / 土壤学 (tǔrǎngxué)
* 土壤汙染 / 土壤污染 (tǔrǎng wūrǎn)
* 土壤沖蝕 / 土壤冲蚀
* 土壤細流 / 土壤细流
* 墳壤 / 坟壤
* 壤土 (rǎngtǔ)
* 壤地 (rǎngdì)
* 壤壤
* 壤子
* 壤父
* 天壤
* 天壤之判
* 天壤之別 / 天壤之别 (tiānrǎngzhībié)
* 天壤王郎
* 封壤
* 平壤 (Píngrǎng, “Pyongyang”)
* 息壤
* 接壤 (jiērǎng)
* 擊壤 / 击壤
* 擊壤歌 / 击壤歌
* 擊壤鼓腹 / 击壤鼓腹
* 朽壤
* 泉壤 (quánrǎng)
* 浩壤
* 熙熙壤壤
* 皋壤
* 穹壤
* 窮山僻壤 / 穷山僻壤
* 窮鄉僻壤 / 穷乡僻壤 (qióngxiāngpìrǎng)
* 糞壤 / 粪壤
* 糞壤窟室 / 粪壤窟室
* 紅壤 / 红壤 (hóngrǎng)
* 膏壤
* 蓋壤 / 盖壤
* 豐壤 / 丰壤
* 迥隔霄壤
* 遐方絕壤 / 遐方绝壤
* 霄壤
* 霄壤之別 / 霄壤之别
* 霄壤之殊
* 黃壤 / 黄壤
* 鼠壤

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): ráng (rang$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄖㄤˊ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: ráng
*** Zhuyin: ㄖㄤˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ráng
*** Wade–Giles: jang$^2$
*** Yale: ráng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: rang
*** Palladius: жан (žan)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʐɑŋ³⁵/

#### Definitions

壤
* Alternative form of 穰 (“plentiful harvest”)

### References

* “壤”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 壌 |
| Kyūjitai | 壤 |

### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 壌)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: にょう (nyō)
* Kan-on: じょう (jō)
* Kun: つち (tsuchi, 壤)

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 壤 (MC nyangX).
* Recorded as Middle Korean ᅀᅣᇰ〯 (zyǎng) (Yale: zyǎng) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 양 (yang) (Yale: yang) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ja̠(ː)ŋ]
* Phonetic hangul: [양(ː)]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Hanja

Wikisource 壤 (eumhun 흙 양 (heuk yang))
* hanja form of 양 (“soil”)

#### Compounds

* 토양 (土壤, toyang, “soil, earth”)
* 평양 (平壤, Pyeong'yang, “Pyongyang”)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

壤: Hán Nôm readings: nhưỡng
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.