# 工作
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): gōngzuò
       (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄥ ㄗㄨㄛˋ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): гунзуә (gunzuə, I-II)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gung$^1$ zok$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kûng-chok
    (Hailu, HRS): gung$^ˋ$ zog
    (Meixian, Guangdong): gung$^1$ zog$^5$
* Eastern Min (BUC): gŭng-cáuk
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kang-chok / kong-chok
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gang$^1$ zag$^4$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$kon-tsoq
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): gong$^1$ zo$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gōngzuò
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥ ㄗㄨㄛˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gongzuò
*** Wade–Giles: kung$^1$-tso$^4$
*** Yale: gūng-dzwò
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gongtzuoh
*** Palladius: гунцзо (gunczo)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: гунзуә (gunzuə, I-II)
*** Sinological IPA : /kuŋ²⁴ t͡suə⁵¹/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gung$^1$ zok$^3$
*** Yale: gūng jok
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gung$^1$ dzok$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gung$^1$ zog$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɔːk̚³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kûng-chok
*** Hakka Romanization System: gung$^ˊ$ zog$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gung$^1$ zog$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /kuŋ²⁴ t͡sok̚²/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: gung$^ˋ$ zog
*** Sinological IPA: /kuŋ⁵³ t͡sok⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: gung$^1$ zog$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sɔk̚¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gŭng-cáuk
*** Sinological IPA : /kuŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ $^{(t͡s-)}$ʒɑuʔ²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Jinjiang, Hui'an, Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kang-chok
*** Tâi-lô: kang-tsok
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kangzog
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sɔk̚³²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines): /kaŋ³³ t͡sɔk̚⁵/
*** IPA (Hui'an): /kaŋ³³ t͡sɔk̚⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sɔk̚³²/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kong-chok
*** Tâi-lô: kong-tsok
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kongzog
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔŋ³³ t͡sɔk̚⁵/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sɔk̚³²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gang$^1$ zag$^4$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kang tsak
*** Sinological IPA : /kaŋ³³⁻²³ t͡sak̚²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$kon-tsoq
*** MiniDict: kon$^平$ tsoh
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$kon-tsoq
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /koŋ⁵⁵ t͡soʔ²¹/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: gong$^1$ zo$^6$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /kʊŋ³³ t͡so²⁴/
*** Sinological IPA (new-style): /kən³³ t͡so²⁴/

### Verb

工作
* to work (to be engaged in a mental or physical activity)
    帶病堅持工作／带病坚持工作 ― dàibìng jiānchí gōngzuò ― to keep working despite being ill
       Nǐ yǐwéi wǒ zài gōngzuò, qíshí wǒ zài wán. [Pinyin]
       You thought I was working, but I was actually having fun.
* to work (to be employed)
       Wǒ zài zhèlǐ gōngzuò yǐjīng shí duō nián le. [Pinyin]
       I've been working here for more than ten years.
       Chén xiānsheng bèi yuándānwèi pàiqiǎn dào liánsuǒ gōngsī gōngzuò. [Pinyin]
       Mr. Chen was sent by his former organization to work at a chain company.
       Tā dàxué bìyè hòu jìnrù tǐzhì gōngzuò. [Pinyin]
       He went to work in the public sector after graduating from college.
* to work (to function properly)
       Wǒ de diànnǎo bù gōngzuò le. [Pinyin]
       My computer is not working.

#### Usage notes

There are many equivalents for English to work in Chinese, the most common and generic being 工作 (gōngzuò). Use 上班 (shàngbān) for shift work, 辦公／办公 (bàngōng) for office or administration work and 幹活／干活 (gànhuó) for physical work.

#### Synonyms

* (to be engaged in a mental or physical activity, to be employed):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 工作, 幹活 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 幹活兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 工作 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 做工 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 做嘢, 做工 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 做嘢 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 做工 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 做工 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 做事 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 做事 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 做事 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 做事 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 做事 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 做事 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 做事 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 做事 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 做事計 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 做穡, 做工課 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 作穡 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 作穡 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 作穡 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 作穡的 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 作穡 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 作穡 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 做工課, 作穡 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 作穡 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 做工仔, 做穡 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 做工 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 做穡 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 做工 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 做工 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 作穡, 做工, 做頭路 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 做工, 做事, 做工課 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 做工 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 做工 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 做工 |
* (to be employed): (polite, chiefly in questions) 發財／发财 (fācái)

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “work; to be engaged in an activity”): 歇息 (xiēxi)

#### Related terms

* 就業／就业 (jiùyè)

### Noun

工作
* (uncountable) work (employment)
    工作滿足感／工作满足感 ― gōngzuò mǎnzúgǎn ― job satisfaction
    找不到工作 ― zhǎobudào gōngzuò ― to be unable to find work
       Wǒ zài zhèlǐ zhǎo gōngzuò. [Pinyin]
       I'm looking for work here.
       Gōngzuò jìnxíng de hěn shùnlì. [Pinyin]
       Work is going well.
       Dàjiā dōu shì cóngshì nǎxiē jùtǐ gōngzuò de? [Pinyin]
       Specifically what kind of work is everybody doing?
* (countable) job (position) (Classifier: 份; 個／个)
       Tā dàxué bìyè liù ge yuè le, yī fèn gōngzuò dōu méi zhǎo dào. [Pinyin]
       He graduated six months ago and still hasn't found a job.
       Wǒ de gōngzuò hěn xīnkǔ, xūyào chángtú fēixíng. [Pinyin]
       My job is very exhausting as I have to fly long distances.
       Bàba shīqù le gōngzuò, yījiārén de shēnghuó quán kào māma zhīchēng. [Pinyin]
       Dad lost his job, so the whole family had to be supported by mum.
* (countable, uncountable) task; job; work (something to do) (Classifier: 份 m; 項／项 m; 個／个)
    籌備工作／筹备工作 ― chóubèi gōngzuò ― preparatory work
    基礎性工作／基础性工作 ― jīchǔxìng gōngzuò ― groundwork
    宣傳思想工作／宣传思想工作 ― xuānchuán sīxiǎng gōngzuò ― publicity and ideological work
       Bàba gěi wǒ yī ge hěn zhòngyào de gōngzuò. [Pinyin]
       Dad gave me a very important task.
* (archaic, countable) ingenious accomplishment (Classifier: 個／个)

#### Synonyms

* (work):
* 執事 / 执事 (zhíshì) (literary)
* 差事 (chāishi)
* 差使 (chāishi)
* 活
* 穡頭 / 穑头 (Taiwanese Hokkien)
* 職務 / 职务 (zhíwù)
* 頭路 / 头路 (Hakka, Hokkien)
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 職, 業 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 職業, 工作 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 工作 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 工, 工作 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 工 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 工 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 工 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 頭路 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 頭路 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 頭路 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 頭路 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 頭路 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 頭路 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 頭路, 工課, 穡路 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 頭路, 工課, 穡路 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 頭路 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 頭路, 工課, 穡路 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 頭路 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 頭路, 職業 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 工課, 頭路, 穡頭, 職業 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 工課, 頭路, 職業 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 工課, 頭路, 職業 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 頭路, 工課, 穡頭 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 工課, 頭路, 穡頭, 職業 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 頭路, 工課 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 頭路, 工課 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 工課 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 工課, 工 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 工, 頭路, 工課 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 頭路 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 工課 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 工, 工課 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 工 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 工作, 生活, 生意, 行當, 飯碗 figuratively, 飯碗頭 figuratively |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 生活, 營生 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 行當 |
| Wu | Danyang | 生活 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 生活, 行當 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 行當 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 行當, 事幹, 生活 |

#### Derived terms

* 工作人員 / 工作人员 (gōngzuò rényuán)
* 工作合同 (gōngzuò hétóng)
* 工作坊 (gōngzuòfáng)
* 工作場所 / 工作场所 (gōngzuò chǎngsuǒ)
* 工作室 (gōngzuòshì)
* 工作專班 / 工作专班 (gōngzuò zhuānbān)
* 工作成果 (gōngzuò chéngguǒ)
* 工作日 (gōngzuòrì)
* 工作服 (gōngzuòfú)
* 工作條件 / 工作条件 (gōngzuò tiáojiàn)
* 工作檯 / 工作台 (gōngzuòtái)
* 工作母機 / 工作母机 (gōngzuò mǔjī)
* 工作犬 (gōngzuòquǎn)
* 工作狂 (gōngzuòkuáng)
* 工作產品 / 工作产品 (gōngzuò chǎnpǐn)
* 工作站 (gōngzuòzhàn)
* 工作組 / 工作组 (gōngzuòzǔ)
* 工作者 (gōngzuòzhě)
* 工作證 / 工作证 (gōngzuòzhèng)
* 工作證明 / 工作证明 (gōngzuò zhèngmíng)
* 工作量 (gōngzuòliàng)
* 工作隊 / 工作队 (gōngzuòduì)
* 工作面 (gōngzuòmiàn)
* 工作餐 (gōngzuòcān)
* 性工作 (xìnggōngzuò)
* 按章工作 (ànzhānggōngzuò)
* 文書工作 / 文书工作 (wénshū gōngzuò)
* 新聞工作 / 新闻工作 (xīnwén gōngzuò)
* 案頭工作 / 案头工作 (àntóu gōngzuò)
* 田野工作 (tiányě gōngzuò)
* 社會工作 / 社会工作 (shèhuì gōngzuò)
* 社會福利工作 / 社会福利工作 (shèhuì fúlì gōngzuò)
* 調查工作 / 调查工作 (diàochá gōngzuò)
* 青年工作 (qīngnián gōngzuò)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 工作(こうさく) (kōsaku)
* → Korean: 공작(工作) (gongjak)
* → Vietnamese: công tác (工作)
Others:
* → Zhuang: gunghcoz

### See also

* 幹活／干活 (gànhuó)
* 勞動／劳动 (láodòng)
* 任務／任务 (rènwù)
* 上班 (shàngbān)
* 務工／务工 (wùgōng)
* 職業／职业 (zhíyè)
* 做事 (zuòshì)
* (Cantonese) 做嘢 (zou6 je5)
* (Min Nan) 做穡／做穑 (chò-sit; chòe-sit)
* (Min Nan) 空課／空课 (khang-khòe; khang-khè)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 工 | 作 |
| こう Grade: 2 | さく Grade: 2 |
| kan'on ||

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ko̞ːsa̠kɯ̟]

### Noun

工(こう)作(さく) • (kōsaku)
* handicraft, industrial art, woodwork
* underground negotiation of political, foreign relations
* activities of espionage

#### Derived terms

* 工作品(こうさくひん) (kōsakuhin)
* 工作員(こうさくいん) (kōsakuin)
* 工作室(こうさくしつ) (kōsakushitsu)
* 工作機械(こうさくきかい) (kōsakukikai)
* 工作物(こうさくぶつ) (kōsakubutsu)
* 工作船(こうさくせん) (kōsakusen)

### Verb

工(こう)作(さく)する • (kōsaku suru) suru (stem 工(こう)作(さく)し (kōsaku shi), past 工(こう)作(さく)した (kōsaku shita))
* to handcraft
* to construct
* to scheme

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 工作し | こうさくし | kōsaku shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 工作し | こうさくし | kōsaku shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 工作する | こうさくする | kōsaku suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 工作する | こうさくする | kōsaku suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 工作すれ | こうさくすれ | kōsaku sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 工作せよ¹ 工作しろ² | こうさくせよ¹ こうさくしろ² | kōsaku seyo¹ kōsaku shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 工作される | こうさくされる | kōsaku sareru |
| Causative | 工作させる 工作さす | こうさくさせる こうさくさす | kōsaku saseru kōsaku sasu |
| Potential | 工作できる | こうさくできる | kōsaku dekiru |
| Volitional | 工作しよう | こうさくしよう | kōsaku shiyō |
| Negative | 工作しない | こうさくしない | kōsaku shinai |
| Negative continuative | 工作せず | こうさくせず | kōsaku sezu |
| Formal | 工作します | こうさくします | kōsaku shimasu |
| Perfective | 工作した | こうさくした | kōsaku shita |
| Conjunctive | 工作して | こうさくして | kōsaku shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 工作すれば | こうさくすれば | kōsaku sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 工 | 作 |

### Noun

工作 • (gongjak) (hangeul 공작)
* hanja form of 공작 (“crafts; maneuver, maneuvering”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 工 | 作 |

### Noun

工作
* chữ Hán form of công tác (“mission; task”).