# 𑀓𑀫𑁆𑀫
## Pali
### Alternative forms

* kamma (Latin script)
* कम्म (Devanagari script)
* কম্ম (Bengali script)
* කම‍්ම (Sinhalese script)
* ကမ္မ or ၵမ္မ or ၵမ်မ (Burmese script)
* กมฺม or กัมมะ (Thai script)
* ᨠᨾ᩠ᨾ (Tai Tham script)
* ກມ຺ມ or ກັມມະ (Lao script)
* កម្ម (Khmer script)
* 𑄇𑄟𑄴𑄟 (Chakma script)

### Noun

𑀓𑀫𑁆𑀫 n
* Brahmi script form of kamma (“action”)

#### Declension
## Prakrit
### Etymology

Inherited from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀓𑀁𑀫 (kaṃma) (Kalsi, Dhauli, Jaugada), from Sanskrit 𑀓𑀭𑁆𑀫𑀦𑁆 (kárman). Cognate with Pali kamma.

### Noun

𑀓𑀫𑁆𑀫 (kamma) n (Devanagari कम्म, Gujarati કમ્મ, Kannada ಕಮ್ಮ) (Ardhamāgadhī, Jain Māhārāṣṭrī, Jain Śaurasenī, Māgadhī, Māhārāṣṭrī)
* work, labour
** c. 200 CE – 600 CE, Hāla, Gāhā Sattasaī 14:𑀖𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀅 𑀫𑀳𑀸𑀡𑀲-𑀓𑀫𑁆𑀫-𑀮𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀫𑀲𑀺𑀫𑀇𑀮𑀺𑀏𑀡 𑀳𑀢𑁆𑀣𑁂𑀡𑁇 𑀙𑀺𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀁 𑀫𑀼𑀳𑀁 𑀳𑀲𑀺𑀚𑁆𑀚𑀇 𑀘𑀁𑀤𑀸𑀯𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀁 𑀕𑀅𑀁 𑀧𑀇𑀡𑀸𑁈ghariṇīa mahāṇasa-kamma-laggamasimaïlieṇa hattheṇa. chittaṃ muhaṃ hasijjaï caṃdāvatthaṃ gaaṃ païṇā.2009 translation by Peter Khoroche and Herman TiekenThe husband laughed at his wife’s face, which, smudged with soot that stuck to her hand from kitchen work, looked more than ever like the moon.
* act, action, deed
** c. 700 CE, Anonymous, Maṇipati-Carita 1212: […] 𑀫𑀬𑀡𑁂 𑀫𑀬𑀡-𑀉𑀚𑁆𑀚𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 𑀯𑀚𑁆𑀚𑀸 𑀅𑀚𑁆𑀚𑀸𑀯𑀺 𑀲𑀁𑀧𑀬𑀁 𑀯𑀚𑁆𑀚𑀸 𑀢𑀸 𑀅-𑀫𑀡𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀓𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀫𑀸 𑀫𑀏𑀲𑀼 𑀢𑀼𑀫𑀁 𑀅𑀔𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀁𑀫𑀺[…] mayaṇe mayaṇa-ujjuttā vajjā ajjāvi saṃpayaṃ vajjā tā a-maṇassa kammassa mā maesu tumaṃ akhuṭṭaṃmi1959 translation by Robert Hamilton Blair Williams […] Madanā, absorbed by passion, Vajrā is now to be avoided; so therefore do not die at an unfitting time because of an insensate act’.

#### Descendants

* Central:
** Western Hindi:
*** Old Hindi: काम (kāma)
**** Braj: काम (kām)
**** Hindustani: kām
    Hindi: काम
    Urdu: کَام
* Eastern:
** Bengali-Assamese:
*** Early Assamese: কাম (kamo)
**** Assamese: কাম (kam)
*** Old Bengali: কাম (kāma)
**** Middle Bengali: কাম (kam)
***** Bengali: কাম (kam)
**** Rohingya: ham
**** Chakma: 𑄇𑄟𑄴 (kām)
** Bihari:
*** Bhojpuri: kām
    Devanagari script: काम
    Kaithi script: 𑂍𑂰𑂧
*** Maithili: kām
    Devanagari script: काम
    Tirhuta script: 𑒏𑒰𑒧
** Odia: କାମ (kāma)
* Northern:
** Central Pahari:
*** Garhwali: काम (kām)
** Eastern Pahari:
*** Nepali: काम (kām)
** Western Pahari:
*** Dogri: kamma
    Devanagari script: कम्म
    Dogra script: 𑠊𑠢𑠹𑠢
* Northwestern:
** Kachchi: કમ (kam)
** Old Punjabi: ਕੰਮੁ (kammu)
*** Punjabi: kamm
    Gurmukhi script: ਕੰਮ
    Shahmukhi script: کَمّ
** Saraiki: kamm
    Devanagari script: कम्म
    Multani script: 𑊄𑊠
    Shahmukhi script: کَمّ
** Sindhi: kamu
    Arabic script: ڪَمُ
    Devanagari script: कमु
    Khudabadi script: 𑊺𑋗𑋣
* Southern:
** Insular:
*** Dhivehi: ކަން (kan̊)
*** Sinhalese: කම (kama)
** Marathi-Konkani:
*** Konkani: kām
    Devanagari script: काम
    Kannada script: ಕಾಮ್
    Latin script: kam
*** Old Marathi: kāma
    Devanagari script: काम
    Modi script: 𑘎𑘰𑘦
**** Marathi: kām
    Devanagari script: काम
    Modi script: 𑘎𑘰𑘦
**** Varhadi: kām
    Devanagari script: काम
    Modi script: 𑘎𑘰𑘦
* Western:
** Ahirani: काम (kām)
** Old Gujarati: कंम (kaṃma)
*** Gojri: کَم (kamm)
*** Middle Gujarati: काम
**** Gujarati: કામ (kām), કામું (kāmũ)
*** Malvi: काम (kām)
*** Marwari:
    Devanagari script: काम (kām)
    Mahajani script: 𑅕𑅬 (km)
*** Nimadi: काम (kām)

### References

* Sheth, Hargovind Das T[rikamcand] (1923–1928) “कम्म”, in पाइअ-सद्द-महण्णवो [pāia-sadda-mahaṇṇavo, Ocean of Prakrit words] (in Hindi), Calcutta: [Published by the Author], page 225.
* E.B. Cowell (1868) The Prákṛit Prakáśa‎, London: Trübner & Co., page 135
* Pischel, Richard, Jha, Subhadra (contributor) (1957) Comparative Grammar of the Prakrit Languages, Varanasi: Motilal Banarasidass, page 288
* Woolner, Alfred Cooper, An Introduction to Prakrit‎, Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press, 1917, pages 104, 152, 166.
* Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “karman”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 147