# سال
## Arabic
### Etymology 1

* Root
* س ي ل (s y l)
* 6 terms

#### Verb

سَالَ • (sāla) I (non-past يَسِيلُ (yasīlu), verbal noun سَيْل (sayl) or سَيَلَان (sayalān))
* to flow, to run
* to stretch over a horse's forehead and nose (of a white spot)

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2

From the root س و ل (s w l), alternative form of س ء ل (s ʔ l).

#### Verb

سَالَ • (sāla) I (non-past يَسَالُ (yasālu), verbal noun ?)
* (dialectal) Alternative form of سَأَلَ (saʔala)

##### Conjugation
#### References

* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “سال”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen

## Baluchi
### Etymology

From Proto-Iranian *carHdáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćarHáts.

### Noun

سال • (sál)
* year

## Kashmiri
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [saːl]

### Noun

سال • (sāl) f (Devanagari साल)
* sister-in-law (wife’s sister)

### Noun

سال • (sāl) m (Devanagari साल)
* invitation to a function (a dinner, lunch, etc.)

## Moroccan Arabic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /saːl/
* Audio:(file)

### Etymology 1

* Root
* س ي ل
* 1 term
From Arabic سَالَ (sāla).

#### Verb

سال • (sāl) I (non-past يسيل (ysīl))
* to flow, to run

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2

* Root
* س و ل
* 1 term
From Arabic سَأَلَ (saʔala).

#### Verb

سال • (sāl) I (non-past يسال (ysāl))
* to be owed money
* (dated) to ask
    Synonyms: سقصى (saqṣa), سول (sawwal)

##### Conjugation
## Persian
### Etymology

From Middle Persian 𐭱𐭭𐭲 (sāl), from Old Persian 𐎰𐎼𐎭 (θ-r-d /⁠θard⁠/), from Proto-Iranian *carHdáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćarHáts.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [sɑːl]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [sɑːl]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [sɑːl]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [sɑːl]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [sɔːl̥]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [sɒːl̥]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [sɔl]
* Audio (Iran):(file)

### Noun

| Dari | سال |
| Iranian Persian | سال |
| Tajik | сол |
سال • (sâl) (plural سال‌ها (sâl-hâ) or سالیان (sâliyân))
* year

#### Derived terms

* امسال (emsâl, “this year”)
* بزرگسال (bozorgsâl, “adult”)
* خردسال (xordsâl, “underage, minor”)
* سالیانه (sâliyâne, “annual”)
* میانسال (miyânsâl, “middle-aged”)
* پارسال (pârsâl, “last year”)
* کهنسال (kohansâl, “old, venerable”)

#### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: sal
* → Bengali: সাল (śal)
* → Gujarati: સાલ (sāl)
* → Hindustani:
    Hindi: साल (sāl)
    Urdu: سال (sāl)
* → Punjabi:
** Gurmukhi script: ਸਾਲ (sāl)
** Shahmukhi script: سال (sāl)
* → Sindhi: سال

### References

* MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) “sāl”, in A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press
* Nourai, Ali (2011) An Etymological Dictionary of Persian, English and other Indo-European Languages, page 220

## Punjabi
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian سال (sāl).

### Noun

سال • (sāl) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਸਾਲ)
* year

### Further reading

* Iqbal, Salah ud-Din (2002) “سال”, in vaḍḍī panjābī lughat‎ (in Punjabi), Lahore: ʻAzīz Pablisharz

## Saraiki
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian سال (sāl).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /saːl/

### Noun

سال (sāl) m
* year

## Sindhi
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian سال (sāl).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sɑlʊ]

### Noun

سال • (sālu) m (Devanagari सालु)
* year

## Urdu
### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /sɑːl/
* Audio (Pakistan):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɑːl

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Classical Persian سال (sāl).

#### Noun

سال • (sāl) m (Hindi spelling साल)
* year

### Etymology 2

From Sanskrit शाल (śāla).

#### Noun

سال • (sāl) m (Hindi spelling साल)
* saul tree and its wood (Shorea robusta)

### Etymology 3

From Sanskrit शल्य (śalya).

#### Noun

سال • (sāl) m (Hindi spelling साल)
* thorn

### Etymology 4

From Sanskrit शाला (śālā).

#### Noun

سال • (sāl) f (Hindi spelling साल)
* house
* hall
* place

### Etymology 5

From Sanskrit शृगाल (śṛgāla).

#### Noun

سال • (sāl) m (Hindi spelling साल)
* jackal

## Uyghur
### Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *sāl. Cognates with Turkish sal.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sɑl/

### Noun

سال • (sal) (plural ساللار (sallar))
* a raft

### References

* ↑ Clauson, Gerard (1972) “sa:l”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 824
* ↑ Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*sāl”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

### Further reading

* Schwarz, Henry G. (1992) An Uyghur-English Dictionary (East Asian Research Aids & Translations; 3), Bellingham, Washington: Center for East Asian Studies, Western Washington University, →ISBN