# 申す
## Japanese
### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 申
* もう Grade: 3
* kun'yomi
⟨mawosu⟩ → */mawusu/ → /mausu/ → /mɔːsu/ → /moːsu/
Shift from Old Japanese 申す (mawosu), Late Old Japanese mausu.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) もーす [móꜜòsù] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [mo̞ːsɨ]
* Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「申す」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary :
| Stem forms ||||
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) | 申す | もーす | [móꜜòsù] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 申せ | もーせ | [móꜜòsè] |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 申される | もーされる | [mòósáréꜜrù] |
| Causative | 申させる | もーさせる | [mòósáséꜜrù] |
| Potential | 申せる | もーせる | [mòóséꜜrù] |
| Volitional | 申そう | もーそー | [mòósóꜜò] |
| Negative | 申さない | もーさない | [mòósáꜜnàì] |
| Negative perfective | 申さなかった | もーさなかった | [mòósáꜜnàkàttà] |
| Formal | 申します | もーします | [mòóshímáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 申した | もーした | [móꜜòshìtà] |
| Conjunctive | 申して | もーして | [móꜜòshìtè] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 申せば | もーせば | [móꜜòsèbà] |

#### Verb

申(もう)す • (mōsu) transitive godan (stem 申(もう)し (mōshi), past 申(もう)した (mōshita))
* (humble, formal) to say
* (humble, formal) to be called
    こちらは田(た)中(なか)と申(もう)します。鈴(すず)木(き)さんはおいででしょうか。
       Kochira wa Tanaka to mōshimasu. Suzuki-san wa oide deshō ka.
       This is Tanaka speaking. Is Mr. Suzuki there?
    ジョンソンと申(もう)します。
       Jonson to mōshimasu.
       I am called Johnson.
* (humble) to ask, request, or give thanks (to a kami or buddha)
* (humble) to make a wish
* (auxiliary) before a noun, usually with the honorific prefix 御 (o-/go-), to serve, perform an action for a superior
* (auxiliary, archaic) attaches to 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem form”) of a verb: to formally or otherwise ceremonially do [verb]

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 申さ | もうさ | mōsa |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 申し | もうし | mōshi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 申す | もうす | mōsu |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 申す | もうす | mōsu |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 申せ | もうせ | mōse |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 申せ | もうせ | mōse |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 申される | もうされる | mōsareru |
| Causative | 申させる 申さす | もうさせる もうさす | mōsaseru mōsasu |
| Potential | 申せる | もうせる | mōseru |
| Volitional | 申そう | もうそう | mōsō |
| Negative | 申さない | もうさない | mōsanai |
| Negative continuative | 申さず | もうさず | mōsazu |
| Formal | 申します | もうします | mōshimasu |
| Perfective | 申した | もうした | mōshita |
| Conjunctive | 申して | もうして | mōshite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 申せば | もうせば | mōseba |
Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 申さ | まうさ | mausa |
| Continuative (連用形) | 申し | まうし | mausi |
| Terminal (終止形) | 申す | まうす | mausu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 申す | まうす | mausu |
| Realis (已然形) | 申せ | まうせ | mause |
| Imperative (命令形) | 申せ | まうせ | mause |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 申さず | まうさず | mausazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 申せど | まうせど | mausedo |
| Causal conjunction | 申せば | まうせば | mauseba |
| Conditional conjunction | 申さば | まうさば | mausaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 申しき | まうしき | mausiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 申しけり | まうしけり | mausikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 申しつ | まうしつ | mausitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 申しぬ | まうしぬ | mausinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 申せり 申したり | まうせり まうしたり | mauseri mausitari |
| Volitional | 申さむ | まうさむ | mausamu |

##### Derived terms

* 申(もう)し (mōshi)
** 申(もう)し申(もう)し (mōshimōshi)
** もしもし (moshimoshi)
* 申(もう)さく, 白(もう)さく (mōsaku)
* 申(もう)さす (mōsasu)
* 申(もう)し合(あ)い (mōshiai)
* 申(もう)し上(あ)げる (mōshiageru)
* 申(もう)し置(お)く (mōshioku)
* 申(もう)し送(おく)る (mōshiokuru)
* 申(もう)し遅(おく)れる (mōshiokureru)
* 申(もう)し行(おこな)ふ (mōshiokonau)
* 申(もう)し聞(き)かせる (mōshikikaseru)
* 申(もう)し沙(さ)汰(た) (mōshisata)
* 申(もう)し添(そ)える (mōshisoeru)
* 申(もう)し状(じょう) (mōshijō)
* 申(もう)し次(つ)ぐ (mōshitsugu)
* 申(もう)し做(な)す (mōshinasu)
* 申(もう)し開(ひら)く (mōshihiraku)
* おんじゃり申(もう)す (onjarimōsu)
* 掠(かす)め申(もう)す (kasumemōsu)
* 御(ご)座(ざ)り申(もう)す (gozarimōsu)
* 鈴(すず)申(もう)す (suzumōsu)
* 罷(まか)り申(もう)す (makarimōsu)
* 物(もの)申(もう)す (monomōsu)

##### Idioms

* 暇(いとま)を申(もう)す (itoma o mōsu)

##### Proverbs

* そっと申(もう)せばがっと申(もう)す (sotto mōseba gatto mōsu)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 申
* ま Grade: 3
* irregular
/mausu/ → */maːsu/ → /masu/
Thought to be a shift from mōsu above, historical mausu.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ma̠sɨ]

#### Verb

申(ま)す • (masu) transitive $^†$yodan
* (rare, obsolete) Same as もうす (mōsu) above

##### Conjugation

Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 申さ | まさ | masa |
| Continuative (連用形) | 申し | まし | masi |
| Terminal (終止形) | 申す | ます | masu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 申す | ます | masu |
| Realis (已然形) | 申せ | ませ | mase |
| Imperative (命令形) | 申せ | ませ | mase |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 申さず | まさず | masazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 申せど | ませど | masedo |
| Causal conjunction | 申せば | ませば | maseba |
| Conditional conjunction | 申さば | まさば | masaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 申しき | ましき | masiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 申しけり | ましけり | masikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 申しつ | ましつ | masitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 申しぬ | ましぬ | masinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 申せり 申したり | ませり ましたり | maseri masitari |
| Volitional | 申さむ | まさむ | masamu |

### References

* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō
* ↑ Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN

## Old Japanese
### Etymology 1

* This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “From a maw- stem cognate with 參る (mawiru, “to come, go”)?”

#### Verb

申す (mawosu) (kana まをす)
* to say
* to be called
* to ask, request, or give thanks (to a kami or buddha)
* to serve, perform an action for a superior
* (auxiliary) attaches to 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem form”) of a verb: to formally or otherwise ceremonially do [verb]

##### Usage notes

Modern dictionaries use まおす (maosu) as reference to this verb.

##### Conjugation

Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 申さ | まをさ | mawosa |
| Continuative (連用形) | 申し | まをし | mawosi |
| Terminal (終止形) | 申す | まをす | mawosu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 申す | まをす | mawosu |
| Realis (已然形) | 申せ | まをせ | mawose |
| Imperative (命令形) | 申せ | まをせ | mawose |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 申さず | まをさず | mawosazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 申せど | まをせど | mawosedo |
| Causal conjunction | 申せば | まをせば | mawoseba |
| Conditional conjunction | 申さば | まをさば | mawosaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 申しき | まをしき | mawosiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 申しけり | まをしけり | mawosikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 申しつ | まをしつ | mawositu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 申しぬ | まをしぬ | mawosinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 申せり 申したり | まをせり まをしたり | mawoseri mawositari |
| Volitional | 申さむ | まをさむ | mawosamu |

##### Derived terms

* 天の下申す (ame$_2$no$_2$sita mawosu)
* 物申す (mono$_2$mawosu)

### Etymology 2

⟨mawosu⟩ → */mawusu/ → /mausu/
Shift from mawosu above, attested in a few later poems of the Man'yōshū.
Since later poems also attest the use of earlier mawosu, a free variation of both pronunciations appears likely.

#### Verb

申す (mausu) (kana まうす)
* (rare) Same as まをす (mawosu) above

##### Conjugation

Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 申さ | まうさ | mausa |
| Continuative (連用形) | 申し | まうし | mausi |
| Terminal (終止形) | 申す | まうす | mausu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 申す | まうす | mausu |
| Realis (已然形) | 申せ | まうせ | mause |
| Imperative (命令形) | 申せ | まうせ | mause |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 申さず | まうさず | mausazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 申せど | まうせど | mausedo |
| Causal conjunction | 申せば | まうせば | mauseba |
| Conditional conjunction | 申さば | まうさば | mausaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 申しき | まうしき | mausiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 申しけり | まうしけり | mausikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 申しつ | まうしつ | mausitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 申しぬ | まうしぬ | mausinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 申せり 申したり | まうせり まうしたり | mauseri mausitari |
| Volitional | 申さむ | まうさむ | mausamu |

##### Derived terms

* 申し給ふ (mausitamapu)

### Descendants

* Japanese: 申す (mōsu)