# er-
## Dutch
### Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *uʀ-, from Proto-Germanic *uz- in unstressed positions. The Middle Dutch er- prefix mostly merged with ver- and her- in Modern Dutch. The current prefix is therefore either a direct continuation of this prefix or loaned from Old High German ir-, Middle High German er-. A prefix with the same origin but in stressed positions is oor-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ər/, /ɛr/
* Audio:(file)

### Prefix

er-
* inseparable verbal prefix that indicates the cause or beginning of an action

#### Derived terms

* erachten
* erbarmen
* erbieden
* erdenken
* erdichten
* erduchten
* erkennen
* erlangen
* ervaren

## German
### Etymology

From Middle High German er-, from Old High German ir-, from Proto-West Germanic *uʀ-, from Proto-Germanic *uz-. Cognate with Old Saxon ā-, English a-. Doublet of ur-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛɐ̯/ (standard)
* IPA: /ɛ/, /ɐ/ (common speech)
* Audio:(file)

### Prefix

er-
* Inseparable verbal prefix that indicates a successful conclusion, leads to the wanted result.
    ‎er- + ‎wachsen (“to grow”) → ‎erwachsen (“to arise”)
* Inseparable verbal prefix that indicates killing or dying.
    ‎er- + ‎drücken (“to push, squeeze”) → ‎erdrücken (“to squeeze dead”)
    ‎er- + ‎frieren (“to freeze”) → ‎erfrieren (“to freeze to death”)
* Prefix signifying a notion of getting something by some means, usually through conscious effort.
    ‎er- + ‎arbeiten (“to work”) → ‎erarbeiten (“to gain something by means of working for it”)

#### Usage notes

* In sense 3, the prefix is of almost unlimited productivity, provided that the underlying verb has initial stress. Such random constructs as sich etwas ertanzen (“to get something by dancing”), sich etwas erkuscheln (“to get something by cuddling”), etwas ergoogeln (“to find information by googling it”), etc., are all possible and intelligible.

#### Derived terms

* erbarmen
* erbauen
* erbeben
* erbeten
* erbetteln
* erbeuten
* erbieten
* erbitten
* erbohren
* erborgen
* erbrausen
* erbrechen
* erbrüten
* erdichten
* ereignen
* erfahren
* erfassen
* erfechten
* erfeilschen
* erfinden
* erfliegen
* erfochten
* erfolgen
* erforschen
* erfreuen
* erfrieren
* erfüllen
* ergänzen
* ergeben
* ergehen
* ergründen
* erhalten
* erhängen
* erheben
* erhellen
* erhitzen
* erhoffen
* erhöhen
* erholen
* erinnern
* erkälten
* erkaufen
* erkennen
* erklären
* erkranken
* erlauben
* erleben
* erledigen
* erleichtern
* erleuchten
* erlösen
* ernähren
* eröffnen
* erpressen
* erreichen
* erschallen
* erscheinen
* erschießen
* erschöpfen
* erschrecken
* erschweren
* ersehnen
* ersparen
* erstaunen
* ertragen
* ertrinken
* ertüfteln
* erwähnen
* erwarten
* erwecken
* erweisen
* erweitern
* erwerben
* erzählen
* erzeugen
* erziehen
* erzielen
* erzittern
* erzwingen

## Swedish
### Etymology

From German er-, from Old High German ir-, and/or from Middle Low German er-, from Old Saxon ā-, both from Proto-Germanic *uz-.

### Prefix

er-
* Inseparable verbal prefix that indicates an emphasizing meaning

#### Derived terms

* erbarmlig
* erbjuda
* erfara
* erhålla
* erkänna
* erlägga
* ernå
* ersätta
* ertappa
* erövra
* oerhörd

### Anagrams

* -re, re-

## Tocharian B
### Etymology

From Proto-Tocharian *er- (whence also Tocharian A ar-), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃er- (“to move, stir”).

### Verb

er-
* to evoke, call up
* to produce, yield, bring forth

### Further reading

* Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “er-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 98-99

## Welsh
### Etymology

i-affected form of ar-.

### Prefix

er-
* on, above, sur-, super-, epi-
    ‎er- + ‎glynu (“to attach”) → ‎erlyn (“to pursue, prosecute”)

#### Derived terms
### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “er-”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies