# 羊羹
## Chinese
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yánggēng
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄤˊ ㄍㄥ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): joeng$^4$ gang$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yánggēng
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄤˊ ㄍㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yánggeng
*** Wade–Giles: yang$^2$-kêng$^1$
*** Yale: yáng-gēng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yanggeng
*** Palladius: янгэн (jangɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /jɑŋ³⁵ kɤŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: joeng$^4$ gang$^1$
*** Yale: yèuhng gāng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: joeng$^4$ gang$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yêng$^4$ geng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /jœːŋ²¹ kɐŋ⁵⁵/

#### Noun

羊羹
* lamb soup; lamb broth

##### Synonyms

* 羊湯／羊汤

### Etymology 2

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 羊羹(ようかん) (yōkan), in turn from Chinese.

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yánggēng
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄤˊ ㄍㄥ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): joeng$^4$ gang$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yòng-kâng
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yánggēng
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄤˊ ㄍㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yánggeng
*** Wade–Giles: yang$^2$-kêng$^1$
*** Yale: yáng-gēng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yanggeng
*** Palladius: янгэн (jangɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /jɑŋ³⁵ kɤŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: joeng$^4$ gang$^1$
*** Yale: yèuhng gāng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: joeng$^4$ gang$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yêng$^4$ geng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /jœːŋ²¹ kɐŋ⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yòng-kâng
*** Hakka Romanization System: iong$^ˇ$ gang$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yong$^2$ gang$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /i̯oŋ¹¹ kaŋ²⁴/

#### Noun

羊羹
* yokan

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 羊羹 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 羊羹 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 羊羹 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 羊羹 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 羊羹 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian) | 羊羹 |
| Hakka | Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian) | 羊羹 |
| Hakka | Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian) | 羊羹 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 羊羹 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 羊羹 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 羊羹 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 羊羹 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Tamsui) | 羊羹, 菜燕糖 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Pingxi) | 羊羹 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 羊羹, 菜燕糖 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Cijin) | 羊羹 |
| Southern Min | Yilan (Toucheng) | 羊羹 |
| Southern Min | Tainan (Anping) | 羊羹 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Xiyu) | 羊羹 |

### Etymology 3

From Japanese 羊羹(ようかん) (yōkan), in turn from Chinese.

#### Pronunciation

* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yô-kháng
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): iő-káng / io-kàng
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yô-kháng
*** Hakka Romanization System: io$^ˊ$ kang$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yo$^1$ kang$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (Northern, incl. Miaoli): /i̯o²⁴ kʰaŋ³¹/
*** Sinological IPA (Southern, incl. Neipu): /(j)i̯o²⁴ kʰaŋ³¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iő-káng
*** Tâi-lô: iő-káng
*** IPA (Taipei): /io³⁵ kaŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /iɤ³⁵ kaŋ⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: io-kàng
*** Tâi-lô: io-kàng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ioi'kaxng
*** IPA (Taipei): /io⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /iɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ²¹/

#### Noun

羊羹
* yokan

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 羊羹 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 羊羹 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 羊羹 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 羊羹 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 羊羹 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian) | 羊羹 |
| Hakka | Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian) | 羊羹 |
| Hakka | Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian) | 羊羹 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 羊羹 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 羊羹 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 羊羹 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 羊羹 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Tamsui) | 羊羹, 菜燕糖 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Pingxi) | 羊羹 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 羊羹, 菜燕糖 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Cijin) | 羊羹 |
| Southern Min | Yilan (Toucheng) | 羊羹 |
| Southern Min | Tainan (Anping) | 羊羹 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Xiyu) | 羊羹 |

### References

* 小川尚義 (OGAWA Naoyoshi), editor (1931–1932), “羊羹”, in 臺日大辭典 [Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary]‎, volume 1 (overall work in Hokkien and Japanese), Taihoku: Government-General of Taiwan, →OCLC, page 85

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 羊 | 羹 |
| よう Grade: 3 | かん Hyōgai |
| kan'on | tōon |

### Etymology

/yaukan/ → /yɔːkan/ → /yoːkan/
Originally from Middle Chinese compound 羊羹 (yang kæng, literally “sheep + soup, broth”). The gelatin meaning arose from the way that sheep meat or other parts would be boiled down to produce gelatin.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) よーかん [yóꜜòkàǹ] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [jo̞ːkã̠ɴ]

### Noun

羊(よう)羹(かん) • (yōkan)
* (obsolete) a gelatin made from boiled sheep and used in soups
* yokan, a thick jellied dessert made of adzuki (red bean paste), agar, and sugar
** 1603, Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam (Nippo Jisho) [Vocabulary of the Language of Japan] (in Portuguese), Nagasaki, page 823:Yôcan. ヤゥカン (羊羹) 豆に粗糖をまぜて,こねたもので作った食物.(please add an English translation of this quotation)

#### Derived terms

* 水羊羹(みずようかん) (mizu yōkan)
* 練(ね)り羊羹(ようかん) (neri yōkan)
* 羊羹紙(ようかんかみ) (yōkan kami)
* 羊羹色(ようかんいろ) (yōkan iro): the color of yokan
* 蒸(む)し羊羹(ようかん) (mushi yōkan): steamed yokan

#### Descendants

* → Cantonese: 羊羹 (joeng$^4$ gang$^1$)
* → English: yokan, youkan
* → Hakka: 羊羹 (yòng-kâng, yô-kháng)
* → Korean: 양갱(羊羹) (yanggaeng), 요캉 (yokang)
* → Mandarin: 羊羹 (yánggēng)
* → Min Nan: 羊羹 (iő-káng, io-kàng)

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
   * Doi, Tadao (1603–1604) Hōyaku Nippo Jisho (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 1980, →ISBN.