# sao
## Ilocano
### Etymology

From Proto-Philippine *sahuq (“words, speech”).

### Pronunciation

* Hyphenation: sa‧o

### Noun

sao
* speech
* (linguistics) language
    Iniiloko a saoIlocano language
* word

#### Derived terms

* agsao (“to speak; to talk”)
* isao (“to say; to express”)
* kasao (“speaker”)
* makisao (“to speak; to talk; to converse”)
* sao-sao (“rumor; hearsay; idle talk”)
* saoen (“to speak; to utter”)

## Japanese
### Romanization

sao
* Rōmaji transcription of さお

## Mandarin
### Romanization

sao
* Nonstandard spelling of sāo.
* Nonstandard spelling of sǎo.
* Nonstandard spelling of sào.

#### Usage notes

* Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

## Tagalog
### Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sauq. Compare Kapampangan sau, Tausug sāw, and Malay sauh. Doublet of sawo.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /saˈʔo/ [sɐˈʔo]
* Rhymes: -o
* Syllabification: sa‧o

### Noun

saó (Baybayin spelling ᜐᜂ) (nautical)
* mooring cable or chains; cable for mooring ships to the pier when at anchor

### Further reading

* “sao”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018

### Anagrams

* aso

## Vietnamese
### Pronunciation

* (Hà Nội) IPA: [saːw˧˧]
* (Huế) IPA: [ʂaːw˧˧] ~ [saːw˧˧]
* (Saigon) IPA: [ʂaːw˧˧] ~ [saːw˧˧]
* Audio (Saigon):(file)

### Etymology 1

Attested as ſao in the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum (1651).
Attested in Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh (佛說大報父母恩重經) as 牢 (MC law) (modern SV: lao), so the older form of the word was *C-raːw (where *C is nonspecific consonant). Even after the sound change *C-r- > /ʂ/ had taken place sometime before 17th century, the use of the phonogram 牢 (MC law) continued, so this morpheme was still commonly spelled such in Nôm texts in the 19th-early 20th century.
Most likely a part of the r-series of demonstratives alongside rày, ri, rứa and ru.

#### Adverb

sao • (牢, 哰, 𣋀, 𫳵)
* why
    Synonyms: răng, tại sao, vì sao
    Sao nó bảo không đến?Why did he say he wouldn’t come?
** 19th century, Nguyễn Đình Chiểu, Tale of Lục Vân Tiên
    公浪昆篤𠖈詩 牢空結伴麻𠫾𠓨塲Công rằng: "Con dốc xuống thi, Sao không kết bạn mà đi vào trường?"Công said: "You are here to take the examination, So why don't you find some companion to go along with?"
* how
    Synonyms: răng, làm sao
    Sao tao biết được?How should I know?
    Sao làm được hay vậy?How did you do that?
** 14th century, Mạc Đĩnh Chi, Giáo tử phú 敎子賦:姉㛪庄𧡊 𡥵丐能𣋀Chị em chẳng thấy, Con cái hay sao.Not caring about one's siblings, Nor knowing how one's children are.
** 15th century, Nguyễn Trãi, “述興 Thuật hứng 2”, in Quốc âm thi tập (國音詩集):固身𪰛谷可𬈋牢Có thân thì cóc khá làm sao.How could I manage when I'm on my own?
* what; what is it; what now
    Synonyms: làm sao, gì, cái gì
    Sao? Sao trăng gì !?Wut? The hell you mean, "wut"?
* whatever
    Sao cũng được.Whatever / Anything will do.

##### See also

Vietnamese demonstratives :
| | Proximal (*-iː) | Distal 1 (*-iːʔ) | Distal 2 (*-əːʔ) | Distal 3/ Remote (*-ɔːʔ) | Interrogative (rime was a rounded back vowel) |
| Place, attributive$^1$ n- | ni nì này/nầy nây | nấy | nớ | nọ (nó) | nào |
| Place, nominal$^2$ đ- | đây | đấy (ấy) | — | đó | đâu |
| Manner r- | ri rày | — | rứa | — | ru sao$^3$ |
| Extent 1$^4$ b- | bây | bấy | — | — | bao |
| Extent 2$^5$ v- | vầy | vậy | — | — | — |
| $^1$ Originally can only follow a nominal (being used attributively), hence nơi này (“this place; here”), nơi nào (“where”) (no longer completely true in the modern language). $^2$ Can be used on its own/is itself nominal, hence đây (“here”), đâu (“where”). $^3$ From earlier *C-raːw (where *C is nonspecific consonant). $^4$ Placed before the head: bây nhiêu (“this much”), bấy nhiêu (“that much”), bao nhiêu (“how much”). $^5$ Placed after the head: nhanh vầy (“this fast”), nhanh vậy (“that fast/so fast”). ||||||
| Visibility/evidentiality$^6$ ||||||
| | Distal (ngang) | Distal (ngang) | Distal (ngang) | Remote (huyền) | Remote (huyền) | Remote (huyền) |
| Northern-Southern | kia (cơ) | kia (cơ) | kia (cơ) | kìa (cờ) | kìa (cờ) | kìa (cờ) |
| Central | tê | tê | tê | tề | tề | tề |
| $^6$ Originally, these demonstratives might have been used to assert that something is visible and/or verifiable. They have been bleached quite thoroughly and currently are usually used like other distal demonstratives. The biggest trace of their evidentiality might be in their usage as final particles, often in reduced forms cơ/cờ: [t]ừ đấy về tới Hà Nội, còn những ba cái cầu nữa cơ mà! ("From there to Hanoi, there're still three more bridges to cross!") (Ba ngày luân lạc, 1943). ||||||

#### Adjective

sao • (牢, 哰, 𣋀, 𫳵)
* problematic, bad
    Có sao lắm không?Is it very bad?
    Không sao đâu.No problem.

##### Derived terms

* không sao

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Vietic *k-raːw. Cognate with Muong khao. Might represent a Kra-Dai or Austronesian substratum, compare Proto-Tai *t.naːwᴬ (“star”), Proto-Hlai *ɾaːw (“star”) and Proto-Austronesian *qajaw (“day”).
Attested as ſao in the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum (1651).
It is a semantic loan from English star, in the senses of “celebrity; actor”.

#### Alternative forms

* (Northeastern Vietnam) thao

#### Noun

(classifier vì, ngôi) sao • (𣇟, 牢, 𣋀, 𬁖)
* star (luminous celestial body)
* asterisk
    toán sao ― an "asterisked" math problem (marked with an asterisk); a difficult math problem

#### Noun

(classifier ngôi) sao • (𣇟, 牢, 𣋀, 𬁖)
* star (celebrity)
* star (actor)

##### See also

* tinh
* chòm sao
* dấu sao
* sao băng
* sao chổi
* sao Diêm Vương
* sao Hải Vương
* sao Hoả
* sao Hôm
* sao Kim
* sao Mai
* sao Mộc
* sao mới
* sao Rua
* sao siêu mới
* sao Thiên Vương
* sao Thổ
* sao Thuỷ
* sao Tua
* sao xẹt
* siêu sao

### Etymology 3

Sino-Vietnamese word from 抄.

#### Verb

sao
* (rarely used in isolation) to duplicate; to copy

##### See also

* sao chép

### Etymology 4

Sino-Vietnamese word from 炒.

#### Verb

sao
* (chiefly of medical ingredients) to dry with heat in a pan

## West Makian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈs̪a.o/

### Verb

sao
* (transitive) to burn
* (transitive) to roast (over fire)

#### Conjugation
### References

* James Collins (1982) Further Notes Towards a West Makian Vocabulary‎, Pacific linguistics
* Clemens Voorhoeve (1982) The Makian languages and their neighbours‎, Pacific linguistics (as sao and saw)