# estar
## Aragonese
### Etymology

From Latin stāre (“stand”), from PIE *steh₂-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /esˈta(ɾ)/
* Rhymes: -a(ɾ)
* Syllabification: es‧tar

### Verb

estar
* to be

#### Usage notes

Contrary to other Iberian languages, Aragonese only makes use of one verb "to be", this means that the verb "ser" is not present.

#### Conjugation

⠀⠀⠀⠀Impersonal forms :
| Infinitive | estar⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ | estar⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ | estar⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ | estar⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ | estar⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ | estar⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ |
| Gerund | estando⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ | estando⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ | estando⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ | estando⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ | estando⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ | estando⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ |
| Particles | ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀estau m, estada f, estaus m pl, estadas f pl u estato m, estata f estatos, m pl, estatas f pl⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ | ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀estau m, estada f, estaus m pl, estadas f pl u estato m, estata f estatos, m pl, estatas f pl⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ | ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀estau m, estada f, estaus m pl, estadas f pl u estato m, estata f estatos, m pl, estatas f pl⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ | ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀estau m, estada f, estaus m pl, estadas f pl u estato m, estata f estatos, m pl, estatas f pl⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ | ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀estau m, estada f, estaus m pl, estadas f pl u estato m, estata f estatos, m pl, estatas f pl⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ | ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀estau m, estada f, estaus m pl, estadas f pl u estato m, estata f estatos, m pl, estatas f pl⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ |
| ⠀⠀⠀Personal forms |||||||
| Indicative | yo | tú | él/ella | nusatros/as | busatros/as | ellos/as |
| Present | ⠀⠀⠀⠀soi | ⠀⠀⠀⠀yes | ⠀⠀⠀⠀ye | ⠀⠀⠀⠀semos | ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀soz | ⠀⠀⠀⠀son |
| Imperfect | ⠀⠀⠀⠀yera | ⠀⠀⠀⠀yeras | ⠀⠀⠀⠀yera | ⠀⠀⠀⠀yéranos | ⠀⠀⠀⠀yeraz | ⠀⠀⠀⠀yeran |
| ⠀Simple past⠀ | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estié | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estiés | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estió | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estiemos | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estiez | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estioron |
| Future | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estaré | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estarás | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estará | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estaremos | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estarez | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estarán |
| ⠀Conditional⠀ | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estarba | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estarbas | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estarba | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estárbanos | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estarbaz | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estarban |
| Subjunctive | yo | tú | él/ella | nusatros/as | busatros/as | ellos/as |
| Present | ⠀⠀⠀⠀siga | ⠀⠀⠀⠀sigas | ⠀⠀⠀⠀siga | ⠀⠀⠀⠀sigamos | ⠀⠀⠀⠀sigaz | ⠀⠀⠀⠀sigan |
| Imperfect | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estase | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estases | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estase | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estásenos | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estasez | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estasen |
| Imperative | yo | tú | él/ella | nusatros/as | busatros/as | ellos/as |
| | ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀- | ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀sé | ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀- | ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀- | ⠀⠀⠀⠀sez | ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀- |

## Catalan
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin stāre (“to stand”). Where the velar infix that is characteristic for the second conjugation comes from is unknown.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [əsˈta]
* IPA: (Valencia) [esˈtaɾ]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -a(ɾ)

### Verb

estar (first-person singular present estic, first-person singular preterite estiguí, past participle estat)
* (transitive, copulative) to be; to currently be in a state or have a characteristic (Used to connect a noun to an adjective that describes a temporary state of being.)
    Estic cansada. ― I am tired.
* (auxiliary) forms the continuous aspect, together with a present participle
    Ja està dormint. ― He is already sleeping.
* (intransitive, +adverbial phrase) to live or spending time.
    M’estic a una petita pensió vora el mar. ― I am in a small boarding house on the seashore.

#### Usage notes

* This is one of two verbs that can be translated as to be, the other being ser/ésser. Ser/ésser indicates something that is inherent and not expected to change, whereas estar describes temporary qualities that apply only at a particular time. Ser/ésser relates to estar as essence relates to state, etymologically as well as semantically.

#### Derived terms

* benestar
* estada
* estament
* estança
* malestar

#### Related terms

* estadant
* estar-se
* estaria

### Further reading

* “estar” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “estar”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025
* “estar” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
* “estar” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

## Galician
### Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese estar, from Latin stāre (“stand”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /esˈtaɾ/ [es̺ˈt̪aɾ]
* Rhymes: -aɾ
* Hyphenation: es‧tar

### Verb

estar (first-person singular present estou, first-person singular preterite estiven, past participle estado) estar (first-person singular present estou, first-person singular preterite estivem or estive, past participle estado, reintegrationist norm)
* to be
* (copulative) to be (denotes a transient quality; a quality expected to change) [with adjective]
* (auxiliary) to be; forms the progressive aspect [with gerund or a (+ infinitive)]
* (intransitive) to cost (to be worth a certain amount of money), especially of something whose price changes often [with a ‘price’]
    Os ovos están a 2€ a ducia ― Eggs cost 2€ a dozen.
* (intransitive) to be about to; indicates imminence or [with para (+ infinitive)]
** 1861, José Sánchez de Santa María, transl., Gospel of Matthew:Pois así tamén, cando vosoutros víredes todas estas cousas, tede por certo que xa o Fillo do home está para chegar, e que xa está á portaEven so you also, when you see all these things, know that the Son of Man is about to arrive, even at the doors.
* to stand

#### Usage notes

Like Portuguese and Spanish, Galician has two different verbs that are usually translated to English as “to be”. The verb ser relates to essence, origin, or physical description. In contrast, the verb estar relates to current state or position.

#### Conjugation

$^1$Less recommended.

### See also

* ser

### Further reading

* “estar”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2025

## Ladino
### Etymology

From Latin stāre (“stand”).

### Verb

estar (Latin spelling)
* to be, be present

## Old Galician-Portuguese
### Etymology

From Latin stāre (“stand”), from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /es.ˈtaɾ/, /ˈstaɾ/
* Rhymes: -aɾ

### Verb

estar
* to be

#### Descendants

* Galician: estar
* Portuguese: estar

## Old Irish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈestar/

### Verb

·estar
* third-person singular present subjunctive conjunct of ithid

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

## Portuguese
### Alternative forms

* tar (colloquial)

### Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese estar, from Latin stāre (“stand”), from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-. The stems estev- or estiv- found in some inflections likely come from Vulgar Latin *stēvī (perfect in -ēv-, used by some Latin second conjugation verbs), hypothetical perfect stem that displaced original Classical Latin perfect stetī. The present subjunctive stem estej- is by analogy with ser, sej- (which is from Latin sedēre).

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /isˈta(ʁ)/ [isˈta(h)], /esˈta(ʁ)/ [esˈta(h)]
* (Brazil) IPA: /isˈta(ʁ)/ [isˈta(h)], /esˈta(ʁ)/ [esˈta(h)]
** (São Paulo) IPA: /isˈta(ɾ)/, /esˈta(ɾ)/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /iʃˈta(ʁ)/ [iʃˈta(χ)], /eʃˈta(ʁ)/ [eʃˈta(χ)]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /esˈta(ɻ)/
* (Portugal) IPA: /(i)ʃˈtaɾ/
* (Portugal) IPA: /(i)ʃˈtaɾ/
** (Southern Portugal) IPA: /(i)ʃˈta.ɾi/
* Audio (Brazil, Rio de Janeiro); /iʃˈtah/:(file)
* Homophone: está (Brazil)
* Hyphenation: es‧tar

### Verb

estar (first-person singular present estou, first-person singular preterite estive, past participle estado)
* (intransitive) to be (indicates location in space) [with em ‘location’ or another locational preposition or adverb]
    Onde estás? ― Where are you?
    Estou em casa. ― I am at home.
* (copulative) to be (denotes a transient quality; a quality expected to change) [with adjective]
    O tempo estava frio. ― The weather was cold (at that moment).
    Estás louco? ― Are you crazy (right now)?
    A maçã está madura. ― The apple is ripe.
* (auxiliary) to be; forms the progressive aspect [with gerund (Brazil) or a (+ infinitive) (Portugal)]
    Ela está cantando? / Ela está a cantar? ― Is she singing?
    Estavam trabalhando muito. ― They were working a lot.
    Estávamos a ler muito. ― We had been reading a lot.
    Estaremos a ler livros. ― We will be reading books.
* (intransitive) to cost (to be worth a certain amount of money), especially of something whose price changes often [with a ‘price’]
    Synonym: custar
    O quilo de maçã está a dois euros.A kilogram of apples costs two euros.
* (copulative) to look, to appear (to give an appearance of being) [with adjective]
    Você está bonita.You look pretty.
* to stand
    Aqui estou.Here I stand.

#### Usage notes

* See ser.
* For most speakers the first syllable (es-) is usually ommited in colloquial language and the full pronunciation is somewhat formal.

#### Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:estar.

#### Derived terms

* está bem
* estar a fim
* estar com
* estar fora de si
* estar frito
* estar para
* estar para nascer
* estar por
* estar por dentro
* estar por fora
* não estar com nada
* não estar nem aí

#### Related terms

* estábulo

### See also

* ser
* ter
* haver

## Spanish
### Alternative forms

* tar (Latin America, nonstandard)

### Etymology

Inherited from Old Spanish estar, inherited from Latin stāre (“stand”), from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (compare English stand). The preterite's origin is unclear, most likely generalized from the preterite of haber (“to have”), hub- (note that b and v are pronounced identically; compare the same development in andar and tener). Cognate with English state.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /esˈtaɾ/ [esˈt̪aɾ]
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -aɾ
* Syllabification: es‧tar

### Verb

estar (first-person singular present estoy, first-person singular preterite estuve, past participle estado)
* (intransitive) to be (have a temporary or permanent location in space)
    ¿Dónde estás?Where are you?
    Estoy en casa.I am at home.
* (intransitive) to be (denotes a copula, in a transient fashion)
    El tiempo estaba frío/caliente.The weather was cold/hot [back then].
    ¿Estás feliz?Are you happy [right now]?
* to be (auxiliary verb for the progressive/continuous aspect, preceding the gerund of the verb)
    Ella está cantando.She is singing.
* (intransitive) to be in a state (in a passive voice sense)
    Los vasos están rotos.The glasses are broken. (In passive voice with estar, unlike haber, its past participle agrees with number and gender of the subject)
    Llegaron y vieron que el hotel estaba abandonado.They arrived and saw the hotel was abandoned.
* (reflexive, followed by adjective) to be, stay (denotes a copula, in a transient fashion)
    Estense callados y quietos.Stay quiet and not moving.
* (intransitive) to be (still) [with por (+ infinitive) ‘to be done’]
    Esto todavía está por hacer.This is still to be done.
    Lo peor está por llegar.The worst part is yet to come.
* (intransitive) to be in a long-term state (in specific idioms)
    estar muerto/a ― to be dead
    estar casado/a ― to be married (can also be ser casado)
    estar chico/a ― to be short (colloquially)

#### Usage notes

* See ser. Contrast also with quedar.

#### Conjugation

Despite having a vowel in the root, estar's conjugation matches dar in the present indicative and present subjunctive tenses, with none of the forms in those tenses being stressed on the root.
$^1$Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.
$^1$Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.

#### Derived terms

* aquí estamos
* cuarto de estar
* estar para
* sala de estar
* ya está
* ya que estamos

#### Related terms

* estación
* estadía
* estado
* estancia

#### Descendants

* → Bikol Central: istar
* → Hiligaynon: istar

#### See also

* ser

### Further reading

* “estar”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10