# خواب
## Persian
### Etymology

From Middle Persian 𐭧𐭥𐭠𐭡 (hwʾb /⁠xwāb⁠/), from Proto-Iranian *hwápati, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *swap-, from Proto-Indo-European *swep- (“to dream”). Compare Sanskrit स्वप्न (svapna), Northern Kurdish xew, xewn, Russian спать (spatʹ), and Ancient Greek ὕπνος (húpnos, “sleep”), whence hypnosis.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [xʷɑːβ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [xɑːb]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [xɑːb]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [xäw]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [xäw], [xeːw]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [xɒːb̥]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [χɔb]

### Noun

| Dari | خواب |
| Iranian Persian | خواب |
| Tajik | хоб |
خواب • (xwāb / xâb)
* sleep
** c. 1390, Shams-ud-Dīn Muḥammad Ḥāfiẓ, “Ghazal 26”, in دیوان حافظ [The Divān of Ḥāfiẓ]‎:سر فرا گوش من آورد، به آواز حزین گفت: ای عاشق دیرینه من خوابت هست؟sar farâ gôš-i man âward ba âwâz-i hazîn guft ay âšiq-i dêrîna-yi man xwâb-at hast?He brought his head close to my ear and, in a plaintive voice, Said, "Hey, old-time lover of mine, are you asleep [lit. is sleep upon you]?"(Classical Persian transliteration)
** c. 1390, Shams-ud-Dīn Muḥammad Ḥāfiẓ, “Ghazal 464”, in دیوان حافظ [The Divān of Ḥāfiẓ]‎:چون من خیال رویت جانا به خواب بینم کز خواب می‌نبیند چشمم به جز خیالیčôn man xayâl-i rôy-at jân-â ba xwâb bênam k-az xwâb mê-na-bênad čašm-am ba juz xayâlêMy love, how can I glimpse your face in dreams When my eyes cannot get but a single glimpse of sleep?(Classical Persian transliteration)
** c. 1720, 'Abd al-Qādir Bēdil, دیوان بیدل [The Divān of Bēdil]:بیداری میان دو خواب است هستیم گرد تخیل دو سراب است هستیمbîdârî-yi miyân-i dô xwâb ast hastêm gard-i taxayyul-i dô sarâb ast hastêmThere is wakefulness between two slumbers; that is us; There is the dust of fancies between two mirages; that is us.(Classical Persian transliteration)
* dream
    Synonym: رؤیا (ru'yā / ro'yâ)
** c. 930, Rōdakī, دیوان رودکی [The Divān of Rōdakī]:این جهان پاک خواب کردار است آن شناسد که دلش بیدار استîn jahân pâk xwâb kirdâr ast ân šinâsad ki dil-aš bidâr astThis world acts wholly like a dream; He whose heart is awake shall realize it.(Classical Persian transliteration)
** c. 1185, Shihāb al-Dīn Suhrawardī, پرتونامه [The Book of Illumination]:رئیس طبیعی شود عالم را، و او را از عالم اعلا نصرت رسد و سخن او در عالم علوی مسموع باشد، و خواب و الهام او به کمال رسد.ra'îs-i tabî'î šawad âlim râ, u ô râ az âlim-i a'lâ nusrat rasad o suxan-i ô dar âlim-i ulwî masmû' bâšad, u xwâb u ilhâm-i ô ba kamâl rasad.He shall become the natural ruler of the world; succor shall come to him from the sublime world, and his word shall be obeyed in the celestial world; his dreams and inspirations shall reach perfection.(Classical Persian transliteration)
** c. 1390, Shams-ud-Dīn Muḥammad Ḥāfiẓ, “Ghazal 464”, in دیوان حافظ [The Divān of Ḥāfiẓ]‎:چون من خیال رویت جانا به خواب بینم کز خواب می‌نبیند چشمم به جز خیالیčôn man xayâl-i rôy-at jân-â ba xwâb bênam k-az xwâb mê-na-bênad čašm-am ba juz xayâlêMy love, how can I glimpse your face in dreams When my eyes cannot get but a single glimpse of sleep?(Classical Persian transliteration)

#### Derived terms

* به خواب رفتن (ba xwāb raftan / be xâb raftan, “to go to sleep”)
* خواب آمدن (xwāb āmadan / xâb âmadan, “to feel sleepy”)
* خواب از سر پریدن (xwāb az sar parīdan / xâb az sar paridan, “to awaken suddenly”)
* خواب بردن (xwāb burdan / xâb bordan, “to fall asleep”)
* خواب دیدن (xwāb dīdan / xâb didan, “to dream”)
* خوابیدن (xwābīdan / xâbidan, “to sleep”)
* تختخواب (taxtixwāb / taxtexâb, “bed”)
* خوابگاه (xwābgāh / xâbgâh, “dormitory”)
* خوابیده (xwābīda / xâbide)
* رختخواب (raxtixwāb / raxtexâb, “bedroll”)

#### Related terms

* خفتن (xuftan / xoftan, “to sleep”)

#### Descendants

* → Bengali: খোয়াব (khwab), খোওয়াব (khowab), খ্বাব (khwab)
* → Hindustani:
    Hindi: ख़्वाब (xvāb), ख़ाब (xāb), खाब (khāb)
    Urdu: خواب (xvāb, xāb, khāb)
* → Sylheti: ꠈꠥꠀꠛ (kúab), ꠈꠣꠛ (xáb)

### Adjective

خواب • (xwāb / xâb)
* asleep

### References

* ↑ Nourai, Ali (2011) An Etymological Dictionary of Persian, English and other Indo-European Languages, page 462

### Further reading

* Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar (1931–) “خواب”, in Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute, editors, Dehkhoda Dictionary (in Persian), Tehran: University of Tehran Press
* Hayyim, Sulayman (1934) “خواب”, in New Persian–English dictionary, Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Béroukhim

## Sindhi
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian خْوَاب (xwāb).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [xʊvaːbʊ]

### Noun

خواب • (xuvābu) m (Devanagari ख़ुवाबु)
* dream

### References

* “خواب”, in Sindhi-English Dictionary, University of Chicago: Center for Language Engineering, Pakistan, 1866–1938

## Urdu
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian خْوَاب (xwāb), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *swap-, from Proto-Indo-European *swep- (“to dream”). Doublet of سپنا (sapnā).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /xʷɑːb/, [xɑːb]
* Rhymes: -ɑːb

### Noun

خْوَاب • (xvāb) m (Hindi spelling ख़्वाब)
* dream
    Synonyms: سپنا (sapnā), رؤیا (rū'yā)
* sleep
* vision, illusion
* (figuratively) good news, glad tidings

#### Declension

Declension of خواب :
| | singular | plural |
| direct | خواب (xvāb) | خواب (xvāb) |
| oblique | خواب (xvāb) | خوابوں (xvābõ) |
| vocative | خواب (xvāb) | خوابو (xvābo) |

#### Related terms

* خواب دیکھنا (xāb dekhnā or xvāb dekhna, “to dream”)
* خواب گاہ (xāb gāh or xvāb gāh, “bedroom”)
* خوابیدہ (xābidah or xvābidah, “asleep”)

### Further reading

* “خواب”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
* “خواب”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.
* Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971) “خواب”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary‎, Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co.