# 訛

| 訛 | U+8A1B, &#35355; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8A1B |
| ← 訚 [U+8A1A] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 訜 → [U+8A1C] |

## Translingual
### Han character

訛 (Kangxi radical 149, 言+4, 11 strokes, cangjie input 卜口人心 (YROP), four-corner 0461$_0$, composition ⿰訁化)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1149, character 8
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 35256
* Dae Jaweon: page 1616, character 10
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3947, character 8
* Unihan data for U+8A1B

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 訛 :
| Warring States | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 訛 | *ŋʷaːl |
| 吪 | *ŋʷaːl |
| 鈋 | *ŋʷaːl |
| 囮 | *lu, *ŋʷaːl |
| 魤 | *ŋʷaːl |
| 靴 | *hʷa |
| 貨 | *hŋʷaːls |
| 花 | *hʷraː |
| 化 | *hŋʷraːls |
| 杹 | *hŋʷraːls |
| 匕 | *pilʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ŋʷaːl): semantic 言 (“speech”) + phonetic 化 (OC *hŋʷraːls)

### Etymology

Related to 化 (OC *hŋʷraːls, “to change”) (Schuessler, 2007). Possibly also related to 偽 (OC *ŋʷrals) (Schuessler, 2007), but see there for more.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): é (e$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄜˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ngo$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): gô / ngô͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ho$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: é
*** Zhuyin: ㄜˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: é
*** Wade–Giles: o$^2$
*** Yale: é
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: er
*** Palladius: э (e)
*** Sinological IPA : /ˀɤ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ngo$^4$
*** Yale: ngòh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ngo$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ngo$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋɔː²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gô
*** Tâi-lô: gô
*** Phofsit Daibuun: gooi
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡo¹³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ɡo²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngô͘
*** Tâi-lô: ngôo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ngoo
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ŋɔ̃²³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Taipei): /ŋɔ̃²⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ho$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hò
*** Sinological IPA : /ho²¹³/
* Middle Chinese: ngwa
Rime :
| Character | 訛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 戈 (95) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 五禾切 |
| Baxter | ngwa |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ŋuɑ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ŋuɑ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ŋuɑ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ŋwa/ |
| Li Rong | /ŋuɑ/ |
| Wang Li | /ŋuɑ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ŋuɑ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | wó |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ngo$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*m-qʷʰˤaj/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋʷaːl/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 訛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | é |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ngwa › |
| Old Chinese | /*m-qʷʰˁaj/ |
| English | move; change |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 訛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 5319 |
| Phonetic component | 化 |
| Rime group | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 訛 |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋʷaːl/ |

### Definitions

訛
* (literary, or in compounds) erroneous; mistaken
    alt. forms: 譌 / 𰵑
* (literary, or in compounds) error; mistake
* to extort; to blackmail
* Alternative form of 吪

#### Synonyms

* (erroneous):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 過誤, 誤, 謬, 謬誤, 訛 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 錯, 不對, 錯誤 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 錯, 左 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 錯, 不對 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 錯, 不對 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 錯, 不對 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 錯, 差 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 錯 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 錯 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 錯, 拐 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 錯, 左 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 錯 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 差 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 錯 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 錯 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 錯, 唔啱 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 錯, 唔啱 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 錯 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 錯 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 錯 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 唔啱 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 錯 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 錯 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 錯 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 錯 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 錯 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 錯, 唔啱 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 錯 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 錯 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 錯 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 錯 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 錯 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 錯 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 錯 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 錯 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 錯 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 錯 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 錯 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 錯 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 錯 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 錯 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 唔啱, 錯 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 唔啱, 錯 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 錯 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 錯 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 差, 唔啱 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 錯 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 錯 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 錯 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 錯 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 錯 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 唔著 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 唔著 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 唔著 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 唔著 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 唔著 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 唔著 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 錯, 不對, 差 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 錯 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 賺 |
| Eastern Min | Matsu | 賺 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 賺, 毋著 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 賺, 毋著 |
| Southern Min | Shishi | 賺 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 賺, 毋著 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 毋著 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 毋著 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 毋著 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | salah, 毋著, 賺 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | salah, 毋著 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 毋著, 賺 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 賺 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 賺, 唔對, 唔著 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 賺 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | salah, 唔著, 賺 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 無著 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 無著 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 錯 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 無著 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 錯, 唔啱 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 錯 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 錯 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 錯, 賺 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 賺 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 賺 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 錯, 左 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 造, 錯 |
* (error):
* 不好
* 不是
* 不韙 / 不韪 (bùwěi) (literary)
* 偏差 (piānchā)
* 問題 / 问题 (wèntí)
* 失誤 / 失误 (shīwù)
* 差失 (chāshī)
* 差池
* 差舛 (chāchuǎn) (literary)
* 差誤 / 差误 (chāwù)
* 差謬 / 差谬 (chāmiù) (literary)
* 差錯 / 差错 (chācuò)
* 疏失 (shūshī) (careless mistake)
* 紕繆 / 纰缪 (pīmiù) (literary)
* 誤差 / 误差 (wùchā) (especially in data)
* 誤謬 / 误谬 (wùmiù) (fallacy)
* 謬誤 / 谬误 (miùwù) (fallacy)
* 責任 / 责任 (zérèn)
* 過失 / 过失 (guòshī)
* 過錯 / 过错 (guòcuò)
* 錯 / 错
* 錯誤 / 错误 (cuòwù)
* (to extort):
* 勒索 (lèsuǒ)
* 敲 (qiāo) (colloquial)
* 敲剝 / 敲剥 (Hokkien)
* 敲竹槓 / 敲竹杠 (qiāo zhúgàng)
* 敲詐 / 敲诈 (qiāozhà)
* 訛詐 / 讹诈 (ézhà)
* 開刀 / 开刀 (hoi$^1$ dou$^1$) (Cantonese)
* 閹錢 / 阉钱 (Zhangzhou Hokkien, to extort money)

### Compounds

* 乖訛 / 乖讹
* 以訛傳訛 / 以讹传讹 (yǐ'échuán'é)
* 拿訛頭 / 拿讹头
* 擠訛頭 / 挤讹头
* 澆訛 / 浇讹
* 舛訛 / 舛讹
* 訛人 / 讹人 (érén)
* 訛傳 / 讹传 (échuán)
* 訛奪 / 讹夺 (éduó)
* 訛字 / 讹字 (ézì)
* 訛火 / 讹火
* 訛稱 / 讹称 (échēng)
* 訛脫 / 讹脱 (étuō)
* 訛舛 / 讹舛 (échuǎn)
* 訛言 / 讹言 (éyán)
* 訛言惑眾 / 讹言惑众
* 訛言課語 / 讹言课语
* 訛言謊語 / 讹言谎语
* 訛詐 / 讹诈 (ézhà)
* 訛詞兒 / 讹词儿
* 訛誤 / 讹误 (éwù)
* 訛謬 / 讹谬 (émiù)
* 訛變 / 讹变 (ébiàn)
* 訛賴 / 讹赖
* 訛錯 / 讹错
* 訛頭 / 讹头
* 訛騗 / 讹𱅝
* 訛騙 / 讹骗
* 課語訛言 / 课语讹言
* 遷訛 / 迁讹

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: が (ga)
* Kan-on: が (ga)
* Kan’yō-on: か (ka)
* Kun: なまる (namaru, 訛る)、なまり (namari, 訛)、あやまる (ayamaru, 訛る)

#### Compounds

* 訛音(かおん) (kaon)
* 訛語(かご) (kago)
* 訛言(かげん) (kagen)
* 訛伝(かでん) (kaden)
* 転訛(てんか) (tenka)

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 訛 (MC ngwa).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᅌᅪᆼ (Yale: ngwà) | ᅌᅪᆼ (Yale: ngwà) |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 | 그르될 (Yale: kulu-twoyl) | 와 (Yale: wa) |

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [wa̠]
* Phonetic hangul: [와]

### Hanja

Wikisource 訛 (eumhun 그릇될 와 (geureutdoel wa))
* hanja form of 와 (“erroneous; mistaken”)

#### Compounds

* 와어 (訛語, wa'eo)
* 와언 (訛言, wa'eon)
* 와음 (訛音, wa'eum)
* 와자 (訛字, waja)
* 와전 (訛傳, wajeon)
* 전와 (傳訛, jeonwa)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

訛: Hán Nôm readings: ngoa, ngỏa/ngoả
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.