# 滅

| 滅 | U+6EC5, &#28357; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6EC5 |
| ← 滄 [U+6EC4] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 滆 → [U+6EC6] |

## Translingual
### Han character

滅 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+10, 13 strokes, cangjie input 水戈竹火 (EIHF), four-corner 3315$_0$, composition ⿰氵烕)

#### Derived characters

* 𢷄, 𤄌

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 642, character 1
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 18008
* Dae Jaweon: page 1049, character 9
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1696, character 9
* Unihan data for U+6EC5

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 滅 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 滅 | *med |
| 搣 | *med |
| 烕 | *hmed |
| 戌 | *smid |
| 珬 | *smid |
| 銊 | *smid |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *med) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 烕 (OC *hmed) – to destroy with water (extinguish, flood).

### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-miːt (“to extinguish; to shut abruptly; to wink; to blink; to die”). Matisoff compares Burmese မှိတ် (hmit, “(of eyes) to close; (of light) to put out, to switch off”) and possibly Tibetan མེད (med, “to not exist”). Cognate Chinese characters include:
* 烕 (OC *hmed, “to destroy; to cause destruction”)
* 蔑 (OC *meːd, *meːd, “to destroy”)
The Old Chinese *e ~ Proto-Tibeto-Burman *i vowel discrepancy may be explained by a reanalysis of the proto-etymon in Chinese, as derived from 隳 (OC *hmai, “to destroy”) + suffix *-t (Schuessler, 2009), although 隳 is reconstructed in the Baxter-Sagart and Zhengzhang systems as having an *l-like initial. The direct Chinese comparandum of Proto-Tibeto-Burman *mit may be 沒 (OC *mɯːd, “to disappear; to die; to perish in water”) (ibid.).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): miè (mie$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄇㄧㄝˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): mie$^2$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): mit$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): met$^5$
* Gan (Wiktionary): miet$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): me̍t
    (Meixian, Guangdong): mêd$^6$
* Jin (Wiktionary): mieh$^4$
* Northern Min (KCR): miè
* Eastern Min (BUC): miĕk
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): bia̍t
    (Teochew, Peng'im): mig$^8$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^8$miq
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): mi$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: miè
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄧㄝˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: miè
*** Wade–Giles: mieh$^4$
*** Yale: myè
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mieh
*** Palladius: ме (me)
*** Sinological IPA : /mi̯ɛ⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: mie$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: mie
*** Sinological IPA : /miɛ²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: mit$^6$
*** Yale: miht
*** Cantonese Pinyin: mit$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: mid$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /miːt̚²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: met$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ᵐbet̚³²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: miet$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /miɛt̚⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: me̍t
*** Hakka Romanization System: med
*** Hagfa Pinyim: med$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /met̚⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: mêd$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /mɛt̚⁵/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: mieh$^4$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /miəʔ²/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: miè
*** Sinological IPA : /miɛ⁴²/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: miĕk
*** Sinological IPA : /mieʔ⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bia̍t
*** Tâi-lô: bia̍t
*** Phofsit Daibuun: biat
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /biɛt̚⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /biɛt̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /biɛt̚²⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: mig$^8$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: mi̍k
*** Sinological IPA : /mik̚⁴/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^8$miq
*** MiniDict: mih$^入$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^5$miq
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /miɪʔ¹²/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: mi$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /mi²⁴/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit滅 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /miɛ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /miɛ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /nie⁵³/ /mie⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /miə²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /miə⁴²/ /niə⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /miɛ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /miɛ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /mɨ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /nie¹³/ /mie¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /miə¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /miɤ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /mie²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /mie³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /mie²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /miɛ³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /mieʔ⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /miɐʔ⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /miəʔ²/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /miʌʔ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /miaʔ⁴³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /miɪʔ¹/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /miəʔ³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /miəʔ²/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /mi²¹³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /me²²/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /miɛ¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /mie²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /mie²⁴/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /miɛʔ⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /met̚⁵/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /met̚⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /mit̚²/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /mit̚²²/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /mit̚²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /biat̚³²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /mieʔ⁵/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /miɛ⁴²/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /mik̚⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /mit̚³/ |
* Middle Chinese: mjiet
Rime :
| Character | 滅 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 薛 (81) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 亡列切 |
| Baxter | mjiet |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /miᴇt̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /miɛt̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /mjæt̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /miat̚/ |
| Li Rong | /miɛt̚/ |
| Wang Li | /mĭɛt̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /mi̯ɛt̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | miè |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | mit$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[m]et/
    (Zhengzhang): /*med/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 滅 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | miè |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ mjiet › |
| Old Chinese | /*[m]et/ |
| English | destroy |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 滅 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 13942 |
| Phonetic component | 戌 |
| Rime group | 月 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 滅 |
| Old Chinese | /*med/ |
| Notes | 烕轉註 |

### Definitions

滅
* to obliterate; to wipe out; to eradicate; to conquer
    滅國弒君／灭国弑君 ― mièguóshìjūn ― to obliterate a country and kill its ruler
* to be destroyed; to perish; to die
* to disappear; to vanish
* to extinguish (a fire); (of light or fire) to go out
* to turn off (light, lamp, etc.)
* to alter (handwriting)

#### Synonyms

* (to extinguish):
* nan-xia+nan-zha+nan-hbl-TW:花去
* 熄 (xī)
* 熄滅 / 熄灭 (xīmiè)

### Compounds

* 一滅行 / 一灭行
* 七滅諍法 / 七灭诤法
* 不可磨滅 / 不可磨灭 (bùkěmómiè)
* 不滅 / 不灭 (bùmiè)
* 不滅性 / 不灭性
* 不生不滅 / 不生不灭
* 以公滅私 / 以公灭私
* 俱滅 / 俱灭
* 假途滅虢 / 假途灭虢
* 全軍覆滅 / 全军覆灭 (quánjūnfùmò)
* 前功盡滅 / 前功尽灭
* 剗滅 / 刬灭
* 剿滅 (jiǎomiè)
* 劘滅 / 劘灭
* 勦滅 / 剿灭 (jiǎomiè)
* 吞滅 / 吞灭
* 埃滅 / 埃灭
* 堙滅 / 堙灭
* 大義滅親 / 大义灭亲 (dàyìmièqīn)
* 天誅地滅 / 天诛地灭
* 失滅 / 失灭
* 夷滅 / 夷灭
* 寂滅 / 寂灭
* 寖微寖滅 / 寖微寖灭
* 屠滅 / 屠灭
* 崩滅 / 崩灭
* 幻滅 / 幻灭 (huànmiè)
* 徇公滅私 / 徇公灭私
* 忽明忽滅 / 忽明忽灭
* 息滅 / 息灭
* 懷刺漫滅 / 怀刺漫灭
* 打滅 / 打灭
* 抹滅 / 抹灭
* 摩滅 / 摩灭
* 撲滅 / 扑灭 (pūmiè)
* 擊滅 / 击灭
* 明滅 / 明灭 (míngmiè)
* 朝榮夕滅 / 朝荣夕灭
* 柴毀滅性 / 柴毁灭性
* 欺師滅祖 / 欺师灭祖 (qīshīmièzǔ)
* 殄滅 / 殄灭 (tiǎnmiè)
* 殞身滅命 / 殒身灭命
* 殲滅 / 歼灭 (jiānmiè)
* 殲滅戰 / 歼灭战 (jiānmièzhàn)
* 殺人滅口 / 杀人灭口 (shārénmièkǒu)
* 殺人滅跡 / 杀人灭迹
* 毀不滅性 / 毁不灭性
* 毀屍滅跡 / 毁尸灭迹 (huǐshīmièjì)
* 毀形滅性 / 毁形灭性
* 毀滅 / 毁灭 (huǐmiè)
* 永不磨滅 / 永不磨灭 (yǒngbùmómiè)
* 泯滅 / 泯灭 (mǐnmiè)
* 消滅 / 消灭 (xiāomiè)
* 消滅時效 / 消灭时效
* 消滅殆盡 / 消灭殆尽
* 消滅淨盡 / 消灭净尽
* 消聲滅跡 / 消声灭迹
* 淹滅 / 淹灭
* 湮滅 / 湮灭 (yānmiè)
* 滅不個 / 灭不个
* 滅亡 / 灭亡 (mièwáng)
* 滅典 / 灭典
* 滅口 / 灭口 (mièkǒu)
* 滅國弒君 / 灭国弑君 (mièguóshìjūn)
* 滅度 / 灭度 (mièdù)
* 滅性 / 灭性
* 滅族 / 灭族 (mièzú)
* 滅族之禍 / 灭族之祸 (mièzú zhī huò)
* 滅景 / 灭景
* 滅此朝食 / 灭此朝食 (miècǐzhāoshí)
* 滅殺 / 灭杀 (mièshā)
* 滅沒 / 灭没
* 滅火 / 灭火 (mièhuǒ)
* 滅火器 / 灭火器 (mièhuǒqì)
* 滅火彈 / 灭火弹
* 滅火沙 / 灭火沙
* 滅盡 / 灭尽
* 滅相 / 灭相
* 滅私奉公 / 灭私奉公
* 滅種 / 灭种 (mièzhǒng)
* 滅紀 / 灭纪
* 滅絕 / 灭绝 (mièjué)
* 滅絕人性 / 灭绝人性
* 滅罪修因 / 灭罪修因
* 滅良心 / 灭良心
* 滅茬 / 灭茬
* 滅菌 / 灭菌 (mièjūn)
* 滅裂 / 灭裂 (mièliè)
* 滅趾 / 灭趾
* 滅跡 / 灭迹 (mièjì)
* 滅門 / 灭门 (mièmén)
* 滅門之禍 / 灭门之祸
* 滅門絕戶 / 灭门绝户
* 滅門血案 / 灭门血案
* 滅音器 / 灭音器
* 滅頂 / 灭顶 (mièdǐng)
* 滅頂之災 / 灭顶之灾 (mièdǐngzhīzāi)
* 漫滅 / 漫灭
* 澌滅 / 澌灭
* 潰滅 / 溃灭 (kuìmiè)
* 濤生雲滅 / 涛生云灭
* 火滅煙消 / 火灭烟消
* 灰滅 / 灰灭
* 灰飛煙滅 / 灰飞烟灭 (huīfēiyānmiè)
* 烹滅 / 烹灭
* 煙消火滅 / 烟消火灭
* 熄滅 / 熄灭 (xīmiè)
* 相滅相生 / 相灭相生
* 破滅 / 破灭 (pòmiè)
* 磨滅 / 磨灭 (mómiè)
* 磨踵滅頂 / 磨踵灭顶
* 萬古不滅 / 万古不灭
* 絕滅 / 绝灭 (juémiè)
* 翦滅 / 翦灭 (jiǎnmiè)
* 翳滅 / 翳灭
* 自取滅亡 / 自取灭亡 (zìqǔmièwáng)
* 自生自滅 / 自生自灭 (zìshēngzìmiè)
* 興滅繼絕 / 兴灭继绝
* 興滅舉廢 / 兴灭举废
* 虢滅虞亡 / 虢灭虞亡
* 覆宗滅祀 / 覆宗灭祀
* 覆滅 / 覆灭 (fùmiè)
* 誅滅 / 诛灭 (zhūmiè)
* 變滅 / 变灭
* 身名俱滅 / 身名俱灭
* 輻射滅菌 / 辐射灭菌
* 長生不滅 / 长生不灭
* 隕滅 / 陨灭 (yǔnmiè)
* 韜光滅跡 / 韬光灭迹
* 鹵莽滅裂 / 卤莽灭裂 (lǔmǎngmièliè)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* destroy
* die, perish, disappear
* fall, collapse

#### Readings

* Go-on: めち (mechi)、めつ (metsu, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: べつ (betsu)
* Kun: ほろびる (horobiru, 滅びる, Jōyō)、ほるもかに (horumokani, 滅に)、ほろぼす (horobosu, 滅ぼす, Jōyō)

#### Compounds

* 壊(かい)滅(めつ) (kaimetsu)
* 潰(かい)滅(めつ) (kaimetsu)
* 死(し)滅(めつ) (shimetsu)
* 消(しょう)滅(めつ) (shōmetsu)
* 絶(ぜつ)滅(めつ) (zetsumetsu)
* 殲(せん)滅(めつ) (senmetsu)
* 全(ぜん)滅(めつ) (zenmetsu)
* 点(てん)滅(めつ) (tenmetsu)
* 滅(めっ)却(きゃく) (mekkyaku)
* 滅(めっ)殺(さつ) (messatsu)
* 滅(めっ)相(そう) (messō)
* 滅(めっ)多(た) (metta)
* 滅(めつ)度(ど) (metsudo)
* 滅(めつ)亡(ぼう) (metsubō)
* 滅(めっ)法(ぽう) (meppō)
* 滅(めっ)没(もつ) (me'motsu)
* 滅(めつ)裂(れつ) (metsuretsu)

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 滅 (MC mjiet).
* Recorded as Middle Korean 며ᇙ〮 (Yale: myélq) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 멸〮 (myél) (Yale: myél) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [mjʌ̹ɭ]
* Phonetic hangul: [멸]

### Hanja

Wikisource 滅 (eumhun 멸망할 멸 (myeolmanghal myeol))
* hanja form of 멸 (“destroy”)

#### Compounds

* 괴멸 (壞滅, goemyeol, “annihilation, destruction”)
* 궤멸 (潰滅, gwemyeol, “annihilation, destruction”)
* 멸공 (滅共, myeolgong, “eradication of communism”)
* 멸균 (滅菌, myeolgyun, “sterilisation”)
* 멸망 (滅亡, myeolmang, “extinction”)
* 멸살 (滅殺, myeolsal, “eradication”)
* 박멸 (撲滅, bangmyeol, “eradication”)
* 불멸 (不滅, bulmyeol, “immortality”)
* 사멸 (死滅, samyeol, “dying out”)
* 생멸 (生滅, saengmyeol, “life and death”)
* 섬멸 (殲滅, seommyeol, “annihilation, eradication, extermination”)
* 소멸 (消滅, somyeol, “elimination; annihilation”)
* 인멸 (湮滅, inmyeol, “destruction”)
* 전멸 (全滅, jeonmyeol, “annihilation; extermination”)
* 파멸 (破滅, pamyeol, “ruin; destruction”)
* 환멸 (幻滅/還滅, hwanmyeol, “disillusionment”)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

滅: Hán Nôm readings: diệt
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.