# 結界
## Chinese
### Etymology
#### "force field"

    Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 結界(けっかい) (kekkai).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jiéjiè
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄝˊ ㄐㄧㄝˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): git$^3$ gaai$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiéjiè
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄝˊ ㄐㄧㄝˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jiéjiè
*** Wade–Giles: chieh$^2$-chieh$^4$
*** Yale: jyé-jyè
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jyejieh
*** Palladius: цзецзе (czecze)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: git$^3$ gaai$^3$
*** Yale: git gaai
*** Cantonese Pinyin: git$^8$ gaai$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gid$^3$ gai$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kiːt̚³ kaːi̯³³/

### Noun

結界
* (Buddhism) boundary; restricted area
* (Buddhism) a gloss for the Sanskrit term sīmābandha
* (fiction, chiefly ACG) force field; invisible barrier

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 結 | 界 |
| けつ > けっ Grade: 4 | かい Grade: 3 |
| kan'on ||

### Etymology

Originally a Buddhist term borrowed from Middle Chinese 結界 (MC ket keajH), itself a translation of Sanskrit सीमाबन्ध (sīmābandha, literally “boundary, edge + bounded”).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) けっかい [kéꜜkkàì] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ke̞k̚ka̠i]

### Noun

結(けっ)界(かい) • (kekkai)
* (Buddhism) restricted access:
** restricted access to a specific area for purposes of Buddhist training
** in esoteric Buddhism, restricted access to a specific area of a dōjō for purposes of purification
** a wooden fence or partition separating the inner and outer sanctuaries of a temple, or separating monastic and public seating in the outer sanctuary
** an area into which anything potentially disruptive to Buddhist training is restricted from entering, such as a 女人結界 (nyonin kekkai, “no-women zone”)
* a lattice or screen demarcating a merchant's or shopkeeper's register and bookkeeping area
* (tea) an item used in 茶道 (sadō, “tea ceremony”) to visually separate the guest tatami area from the ceremony tatami area
* (fantasy) on a small scale, meaning a projected energy barrier, force field, or shield; and on a larger scale, meaning a pocket universe, spiritual or otherwise
    結界(けっかい)を張(は)る
       kekkai o haru
       to set up a force field

#### Synonyms

* (shield): 盾(たて) (tate), 楯(たて) (tate); 保護物(ほごぶつ) (hogobutsu)
* (folding screen): 屏風(びょうふ) (byōfu)
* (barrier): 障壁(しょうへき) (shōheki)

#### Derived terms

* 女人結界(にょにんけっかい) (nyonin kekkai): no-women zone
* 結界石(けっかいせき) (kekkaiseki): temple border stone
* 結界地(けっかいち) (kekkaichi): restricted access area
* 結界術(けっかいじゅつ) (kekkai jutsu): force field or barrier technique
* 結界限界(けっかいげんかい) (kekkai genkai): force field limit
* 結界忍術(けっかいにんじゅつ) (kekkai ninjutsu): ninja barrier technique
* 結界師(けっかいし) (kekkaishi): barrier master or specialist

### Verb

結(けっ)界(かい)する • (kekkai suru) suru (stem 結(けっ)界(かい)し (kekkai shi), past 結(けっ)界(かい)した (kekkai shita))
* (Buddhism) to restrict access:
** to restrict access to a specific area for purposes of Buddhist training
** in esoteric Buddhism, to restrict access to a specific area of a dōjō for purposes of purification
** to restrict anything potentially disruptive to Buddhist training from entering into an area

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 結界し | けっかいし | kekkai shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 結界し | けっかいし | kekkai shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 結界する | けっかいする | kekkai suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 結界する | けっかいする | kekkai suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 結界すれ | けっかいすれ | kekkai sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 結界せよ¹ 結界しろ² | けっかいせよ¹ けっかいしろ² | kekkai seyo¹ kekkai shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 結界される | けっかいされる | kekkai sareru |
| Causative | 結界させる 結界さす | けっかいさせる けっかいさす | kekkai saseru kekkai sasu |
| Potential | 結界できる | けっかいできる | kekkai dekiru |
| Volitional | 結界しよう | けっかいしよう | kekkai shiyō |
| Negative | 結界しない | けっかいしない | kekkai shinai |
| Negative continuative | 結界せず | けっかいせず | kekkai sezu |
| Formal | 結界します | けっかいします | kekkai shimasu |
| Perfective | 結界した | けっかいした | kekkai shita |
| Conjunctive | 結界して | けっかいして | kekkai shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 結界すれば | けっかいすれば | kekkai sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

#### See also

* (Buddhist boundary): Bai sema on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* (fantasy): Barrier on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* (fantasy): Force field on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

### References

* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ “結界”, in ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典 (Buritanika Kokusai Dai Hyakka Jiten: Shō Kōmoku Jiten, “Encyclopædia Britannica International: Micropædia”)‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Britannica Japan Co., Ltd., 2014
* ↑ “結界”, in 改訂新版 世界大百科事典 (Kaitei Shinpan Sekai Dai-hyakka Jiten, “Heibonsha World Encyclopedia Revised Edition”)‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Heibonsha, 2007, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 結 | 界 |

### Noun

結界
* chữ Hán form of kết giới (“forcefield”).