# iam
## Esperanto
### Etymology

From i- (indeterminate correlative prefix) +‎ -am (correlative suffix of time).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈiam]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -iam
* Hyphenation: i‧am

### Adverb

iam
* sometime, ever (indeterminate correlative of time)
* once
** 2000, Antoine de Saint Exupéry, La Eta Princo, translated by Pierre Delaire from the French
    Iam, kiam mi estis sesjara, mi vidis belegan bildon en iu libro pri la praarbaro, titolita "Travivitaj rakontoj".Once, when I was six years old, I saw a magnificent picture in a book about the primeval forest, titled "True Stories".

#### Derived terms

* iam ajn (“anytime”)
* iama

### See also
## Galician
### Verb

iam
* (reintegrationist norm) third-person plural imperfect indicative of ir

## Latin
### Alternative forms

* jam

### Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *Hyā́m, acc.sg.f. of *Hyós (“who, which”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /i̯am/, [i̯ä̃ˑ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /jam/, [jäm]

### Adverb

iam (not comparable)
* already
* now
** 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita 6.42.2:Refecti decumum iidem tribuni, deinde Sextius et Licinius dē decemvirīs sacrōrum ex parte dē plēbe creandīs lēgem pertulēre. creātī quīnque patrum quīnque plēbis; gradūque eō jam via facta ad consulātum vidēbātur.Elected for the tenth time already, Sextus and Licinius the tribunes made a law for decemvirs of Rome's sacred rites to be issued in part from the people. Five were elected from the patricians, five others from the people; by this same move, a straight path to consulship had now been open to them.
** 8 CE, Ovid, Metamorphoses 15.871:jamque opus exēgī, quod nec Jovis īra nec ignis nec poterit ferrum nec edāx abolēre vetustās.And now, I have completed a great work, which not Jove's anger, and not fire nor steel, nor fast-consuming time can sweep away.
* “iam iam,” repeated, doubly emphatic, e.g., now — now, this very moment, this instant, any time now, as of now, now indeed
** c. 190 BCE, Plautus, Curculio 707:CAPPADOX: Iam iam faciam ut iusseris.CAPPADOX: Now, now, I’ll do as you say (lit., as you will have ordered)!
** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.371–372:“Iam iam nec maxuma Iūnō / nec Sāturnius haec oculīs pater aspicit aequīs.”“Right now, neither do supreme Juno nor the Father [who is son of] Saturn regard these [matters] with the impartial eyes [of justice].” Or, “No longer do ….”
* anymore
* soon
* (in transitions) now, again, moreover, once more
** 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita : 9.19:Iam in opere quis par Romano miles?Moreover, what soldier can match the Roman in entrenching?

#### Usage notes

Iam means, generally, “at some point previous” or “since some point previous”. In English, already, the most common translation, is used only to emphasize that this point might have been expected to be later, whereas now is used to emphasize that the statement was once false, even when the statement refers to a point in the past or future. Iam is used to express either. (Likewise, the most common Latin word for now, nunc, denotes only the literal present moment.) Also, where iam means now, it is often used in negative sentences, in which the most common English construction uses anymore.
However, note that when iam is strengthened as "iam iam" or "iam nunc", the meaning shifts to the present and has a meaning equivalent to nunc (“now, at this exact moment”).

#### Derived terms

* et i, et i., et iam
* iam iam ("at this very moment, precisely now")
* iam nunc ("even now, as things now stand; just now, at this very time")
* iam pridem ("long ago, long since")
* iamdudum
* non iam
* quon iam

#### Descendants

* Asturian: yá
* → Basque: ia
* Catalan: ja
* Esperanto: jam
* Franco-Provençal: ja
* French: jà
* Friulian: za, ğa
* Galician: xa
* Ido: ja
* Interlingua: jam, ja
* Italian: già
* Portuguese: já
* Sardinian: gia
* Sicilian: già
* Spanish: ya
* Venetan: xà, zà

### References

* “jam”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “iam”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* iam in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. he has been absent five years: quinque annos or sextum (iam) annum abest to be middle-aged (i.e. between thirty and forty): tertiam iam aetatem videre those ideas have long ago been given up: illae sententiae iam pridem explosae et eiectae sunt (Fin. 5. 8. 23) as if the victory were already won: sicut parta iam atque explorata victoria
* iam in Ramminger, Johann (2016 July 16 (last accessed)) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎, pre-publication website, 2005-2016
* Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
* ↑ Latin
* ↑ English
* ↑ Latin
* ↑ English

## Portuguese
### Alternative forms

* ião, iaõ, hião, hiaõ, hiam (obsolete)

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈi.ɐ̃w̃/ [ˈi.ɐ̃ʊ̯̃]
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈi.ɐ̃w̃/
* Hyphenation: i‧am

### Verb

iam
* third-person plural imperfect indicative of ir

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

From imati, through elision of /m/.

### Verb

iam ? (Cyrillic spelling иам)
* (colloquial) Alternative form of imam (first-person singular present of imati)