# schulen
## German
### Etymology

Schule +‎ -en

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Verb

schulen (weak, third-person singular present schult, past tense schulte, past participle geschult, auxiliary haben)
* to school

#### Conjugation

$^1$Rare except in very formal contexts; alternative in würde normally preferred.

#### Derived terms

* beschulen
* einschulen
* verschulen

### Further reading

* “schulen” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
* “schulen” in Uni Leipzig: Wortschatz-Lexikon
* “schulen” in Duden online

## Middle Dutch
### Etymology

From Old Dutch *skūlen, from Proto-Germanic *skūlijaną.

### Verb

schulen
* to be hidden
* to take shelter

#### Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

#### Descendants

* Dutch: schuilen
* Limburgish: sjoele

### Further reading

* “sculen”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
* Verwijs, E., Verdam, J. (1885–1929) “schulen”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN

## Middle English
### Etymology

From Old English sċulan, from Proto-West Germanic *skulan, from Proto-Germanic *skulaną, from Proto-Indo-European *skel- (“to be obligated, owe, be guilty”).

### Pronunciation

* (indicative plural) IPA: /ˈʃulə(n)/, /ˈʃu(l)n/, /ˈʃul/

### Verb

schulen (defective, often modal and auxiliary)
* (transitive) to owe; to be indebted to
* (transitive) to be appropriate; to work
* Expresses permission: can, may
* Expresses possibility: might, may
* Expresses obligation or appropriateness: should, ought to
* Expresses counsel or advice: should, ought to
* Expresses command: must, shall
* Expresses certitude: must, will
* Expresses intent or prevision: going to, will
* Expresses futurity: shall, will
* Expresses contingency: will, would
** c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.)‎, published c. 1410, Joon 15:19, page 51v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:If ȝe hadden be of þe woꝛld .· þe woꝛld ſchulde loue þat þing þat was his / but foꝛ ȝe ben not of þe woꝛld · but I chees ȝou fro þe woꝛld .· þerfoꝛ þe woꝛld hatiþ ȝouIf you had been of the world, the world would love that which is its [own]; so the world hates you, because you aren't of the world. Instead I picked you from the world.

#### Usage notes

The past of this verb is often used with present meaning, like modern English should.

#### Conjugation

| infinitive | — | — |
| | present tense | past tense |
| 1st-person singular | schal, schul | scholde |
| 2nd-person singular | schalt, schal | scholdest, scholde, schost |
| 3rd-person singular | schal, schul | scholde |
| subjunctive singular | schule, schale | scholde |
| imperative singular | — | — |
| plural$^1$ | schulen, schule, schalen, schale, schun | scholden, scholde |
| imperative plural | — | — |
| participles | — | — |
$^1$Sometimes used as a formal 2nd-person singular.

#### Descendants

* English: shall, should
* Scots: sall, suld (modern shall, should are influenced by English)
* Yola: shell, shall, shul

#### References

* “shulen, v.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.