# 松明
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): sōngmíng
    (Zhuyin): ㄙㄨㄥ ㄇㄧㄥˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): cung$^4$ ming$^4$
* Northern Min (KCR): cě̤ng-miâng
* Eastern Min (BUC): sṳ̀ng-miāng
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): song-bêng / siông-bêng
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: sōngmíng
*** Zhuyin: ㄙㄨㄥ ㄇㄧㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: songmíng
*** Wade–Giles: sung$^1$-ming$^2$
*** Yale: sūng-míng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: songming
*** Palladius: сунмин (sunmin)
*** Sinological IPA : /sʊŋ⁵⁵ miŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: cung$^4$ ming$^4$
*** Yale: chùhng mìhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsung$^4$ ming$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cung$^4$ ming$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ mɪŋ²¹/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$松明 重明
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cě̤ng-miâng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sœyŋ²¹ miaŋ³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: sṳ̀ng-miāng
*** Sinological IPA : /syŋ⁵³⁻³³ miaŋ³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: song-bêng
*** Tâi-lô: song-bîng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: songbeeng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /sɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /sɔŋ³³ biɪŋ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siông-bêng
*** Tâi-lô: siông-bîng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: siongbeeng
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /siɔŋ¹³⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/

### Noun

松明
* pine torch

#### Synonyms

* 明子 (dated)
* 松光 (Liuzhou Mandarin, Pingxiang Gan)
* 松明子 (sōngmíngzǐ)
* 松明油 (Wenzhounese)
* 松明𱬀 (Eastern Min)
* 松迷 (Huizhou)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 松明(しょうめい) (shōmei)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 松 | 明 |
| たいまつ ||
| Grade: 4 | Grade: 2 |
| jukujikun ||
* Alternative spellings
* 炬 炬火
/takimat͡su/ → /taĩmat͡su/ → /taimat͡su/
Shift by イ音便 (i onbin, “i sound shift”) from takimatsu, itself from 焚き (taki, “burning”, stem or continuative form of verb 焚く (taku), "to burn") +‎ 松 (matsu, “pine tree”). Compare the development of 続松 (tsugimatsu → tsuimatsu) of the same meaning.
Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 松明 (sōngmíng).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) たいまつ [táꜜìmàtsù] (Atamadaka – [1])
* (Tokyo) たいまつ [tàímátsú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ta̠ima̠t͡sɨ]

#### Noun

松明(たいまつ) • (taimatsu)
* a torch (stick with flame at one end)
    Synonyms: 打ち松 (uchimatsu), 炬火 (kyoka, koka), 炬燭 (kyoshoku), 松火 (shōka), 松炬 (shōkyo), 続松 (tsuimatsu), トーチ (tōchi), 松 (matsu)

##### Derived terms

* お松明(たいまつ), 御(お)松明(たいまつ) (o-taimatsu)
* 松明(たいまつ)行(ぎょう)列(れつ) (taimatsu gyōretsu)
* 松明(たいまつ)の占(うら) (taimatsu no ura)
* 松明(たいまつ)祭(まつり), 松明(たいまつ)祭(まつ)り (Taimatsu-matsuri)
* 鵜(う)松明(たいまつ) (u-taimatsu)
* 陣(じん)松明(たいまつ) (jintaimatsu)
* 手(て)松明(たいまつ) (tetaimatsu), 手(て)松明(だいまつ) (tedaimatsu)
* 投(な)げ松明(たいまつ) (nagetaimatsu)
* 柱(はしら)松明(たいまつ) (hashira taimatsu)

#### Proper noun

松明(たいまつ) • (Taimatsu)
* a placename

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 松 | 明 |
| しょう Grade: 4 | めい Grade: 2 |
| kan'on ||
From Middle Chinese 松明 (MC zjowng mjaeng). (Can this etymology be sourced?)

#### Noun

松(しょう)明(めい) • (shōmei)
* a torch (stick with flame at one end)
* the flame of an oil lamp

### Etymology 3

Kanji in this term :
| 松 | 明 |
| まつ Grade: 4 | めい Grade: 2 |
| yutōyomi ||

#### Proper noun

松(まつ)明(めい) • (Matsumei)
* a surname

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN