# 衝

| 衝 | U+885D, &#34909; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-885D |
| ← 衜 [U+885C] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 衞 → [U+885E] |

## Translingual
### Han character

衝 (Kangxi radical 144, 行+9, 15 strokes, cangjie input 竹人竹土弓 (HOHGN), four-corner 2110$_4$, composition ⿴行重 or ⿲彳重亍)

#### Derived characters

* 𧁬

#### Related characters

* 冲 (Simplified Chinese) - Note: also the simplified form of 沖

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1110, character 3
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 34069
* Dae Jaweon: page 1574, character 10
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 843, character 2
* Unihan data for U+885D

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 衝 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 撞 | *rdoːŋ, *rdoːŋs |
| 幢 | *rdoːŋ, *rdoːŋs |
| 橦 | *rdoːŋ, *doːŋ, *tjoŋ |
| 噇 | *rdoːŋ |
| 𩪘 | *rdoːŋ |
| 艟 | *rdoːŋs, *tʰjoŋ |
| 憧 | *rdoːŋs, *tʰjoŋ |
| 畽 | *tʰoːnʔ, *tʰuːnʔ |
| 董 | *toːŋʔ |
| 蕫 | *toːŋʔ, *doːŋ |
| 箽 | *toːŋʔ |
| 懂 | *toːŋʔ |
| 湩 | *toːŋs, *tuːŋʔ, *toŋs |
| 曈 | *tʰoːŋ, *tʰoːŋʔ, *doːŋ |
| 童 | *doːŋ |
| 僮 | *doːŋ |
| 瞳 | *doːŋ |
| 罿 | *doːŋ, *tʰjoŋ |
| 犝 | *doːŋ |
| 潼 | *doːŋ, *tʰjoŋ |
| 穜 | *doːŋ, *doŋ |
| 動 | *doːŋʔ |
| 慟 | *doːŋs |
| 堹 | *toŋs |
| 諥 | *toŋs |
| 蹱 | *tʰoŋ, *tʰoŋs, *tjoŋ |
| 重 | *doŋ, *doŋʔ, *doŋs |
| 緟 | *doŋ, *doŋs |
| 蝩 | *doŋ |
| 褈 | *doŋ, *tʰjoŋ |
| 鐘 | *tjoŋ, *tjoŋ |
| 鍾 | *tjoŋ |
| 籦 | *tjoŋ |
| 種 | *tjoŋʔ, *tjoŋs |
| 腫 | *tjoŋʔ |
| 踵 | *tjoŋʔ |
| 歱 | *tjoŋʔ |
| 喠 | *tjoŋʔ, *tʰjoŋʔ |
| 偅 | *tjoŋs |
| 衝 | *tʰjoŋ |
| 揰 | *tʰjoŋs |
| 尰 | *djoŋʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *tʰjoŋ) : semantic 行 + phonetic 重 (OC *doŋ, *doŋʔ, *doŋs).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chōng (chong$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄨㄥ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): cung$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chhûng
* Eastern Min (BUC): chṳ̆ng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chhiong / cheng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): cong$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$tshon
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chōng
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄨㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chong
*** Wade–Giles: chʻung$^1$
*** Yale: chūng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chong
*** Palladius: чун (čun)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: cung$^1$
*** Yale: chūng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsung$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰʊŋ⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhûng
*** Hakka Romanization System: cung$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: cung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰuŋ²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: chṳ̆ng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰyŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiong
*** Tâi-lô: tshiong
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chiofng
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰiɔŋ³³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: cheng
*** Tâi-lô: tsing
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zefng
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡siɪŋ³³/
* chhiong - literary;
* cheng - vernacular.
* Middle Chinese: tsyhowng
Rime :
| Character | 衝 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 昌 (24) |
| Final (韻) | 鍾 (7) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 尺容切 |
| Baxter | tsyhowng |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ɕʰɨoŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡ɕʰioŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ɕʰioŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /cʰuawŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ɕʰioŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ɕʰĭwoŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡ɕʰi̯woŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | chōng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | cung$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*tʰoŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*tʰjoŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 衝 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | chōng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsyhowng › |
| Old Chinese | /*tʰoŋ/ |
| English | rush against |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 衝 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 17478 |
| Phonetic component | 重 |
| Rime group | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 𧘂 |
| Old Chinese | /*tʰjoŋ/ |
| Notes | 說文中從童通作此 |

#### Definitions

衝
* to go straight ahead; to rush; to charge; to dash
       Hèqiāngshídàn de shìbīng chuānguò línqū chōng le shànglái. [Pinyin]
       Soldiers came charging through the forest, guns at the ready.
       Dāng mén bèi zàicì měng de tuī kāi shí, tā chōng le chūqù. [Pinyin]
       She burst out as the door was flung open again.
       Yī ge piàoliang de xiǎonǚhái cóng lóutī shàng chōng xiàlái. [Pinyin]
       A pretty young girl came hurtling down the stairs.
* to clash; to collide
    衝撞／冲撞 ― chōngzhuàng ― to collide
    衝突／冲突 ― chōngtū ― conflict
    From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
    Liánglì kěyǐ chōng chéng, ér bù kěyǐ zhì xué, yán shū qì yě. [Pinyin]
    A battering ram may be used against the wall of a city, but it cannot be employed to stop up a hole - the uses of implements are different.
* thoroughfare; important place
    要衝／要冲 ― yàochōng ― road hub; major crossroad

#### Synonyms

* (to collide):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 撞 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 撞 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 撞 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 撞 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 撞 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 碰, 撞 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 撞 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 撞 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 闖, 撞 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 撞 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 撞, 鏨 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 撞 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 撞 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 揰, 撞 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 撞 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 鄧, 撞 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 撞 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 撞, 碰 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 摏 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 㨂, 碰 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 衝, 挵 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 衝, 挵 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 衝, 挵 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 衝, 挵 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 挵 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 挵 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 衝, 挵 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 撞 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 撞, 挵 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 撞 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 撞 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 撞, 摜 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 撞 |

#### Compounds

* 一衝一撞 / 一冲一撞
* 一飛衝天 / 一飞冲天
* 俯衝 / 俯冲 (fǔchōng)
* 價值衝突 / 价值冲突
* 六衝 / 六冲
* 厭難折衝 / 厌难折冲
* 反衝力 / 反冲力 (fǎnchōnglì)
* 大衝 / 大冲 (dàchōng)
* 天剋地衝 / 天克地冲
* 左衝右突 / 左冲右突 (zuǒchōngyòutū)
* 怒氣衝衝 / 怒气冲冲
* 怒髮衝冠 / 怒发冲冠 (nùfàchōngguān)
* 折衝 / 折冲 (zhéchōng)
* 折衝厭難 / 折冲厌难
* 折衝樽俎 / 折冲樽俎 (zhéchōngzūnzǔ)
* 折衝禦侮 / 折冲御侮
* 撞陣衝軍 / 撞阵冲军
* 東衝西突 / 东冲西突
* 梯衝 / 梯冲
* 橫衝直撞 / 横冲直撞 (héngchōngzhízhuàng)
* 沖神 / 冲神
* 沖罐 / 冲罐
* 渠衝 / 渠冲
* 猛衝 / 猛冲
* 緩衝 / 缓冲 (huǎnchōng)
* 緩衝區 / 缓冲区 (huǎnchōngqū)
* 緩衝地帶 / 缓冲地带
* 脈衝 / 脉冲 (màichōng)
* 脈衝式 / 脉冲式
* 脈衝星 / 脉冲星 (màichōngxīng)
* 艨衝 / 艨冲
* 蒙衝 / 蒙冲
* 衝冠 / 冲冠
* 衝冠髮怒 / 冲冠发怒
* 衝出 / 冲出
* 衝刺 / 冲刺 (chōngcì)
* 衝剋 / 冲克
* 衝力 / 冲力 (chōnglì)
* 衝勁 / 冲劲
* 衝動 / 冲动 (chōngdòng)
* 衝卵 / 冲卵
* 衝口 / 冲口
* 衝口而出 / 冲口而出 (chōngkǒu'érchū)
* 衝口而發 / 冲口而发
* 衝堅陷陣 / 冲坚陷阵
* 衝州撞府 / 冲州撞府
* 衝心 / 冲心
* 衝摐 / 冲𪭢
* 衝撞 / 冲撞 (chōngzhuàng)
* 衝擊 / 冲击 (chōngjī)
* 衝擊波 / 冲击波 (chōngjībō)
* 衝數 / 冲数
* 衝斷層 / 冲断层
* 衝殺 / 冲杀 (chōngshā)
* 衝決 / 冲决 (chōngjué)
* 衝波激浪 / 冲波激浪
* 衝波逆折 / 冲波逆折
* 衝浪 / 冲浪 (chōnglàng)
* 衝激 / 冲激
* 衝然 / 冲然
* 衝犯 / 冲犯
* 衝破 / 冲破 (chōngpò)
* 衝程 / 冲程
* 衝突 / 冲突 (chōngtū)
* 衝蓯 / 冲苁
* 衝要 / 冲要
* 衝量 / 冲量 (chōngliàng)
* 衝鋒 / 冲锋 (chōngfēng)
* 衝鋒槍 / 冲锋枪 (chōngfēngqiāng)
* 衝鋒陷陣 / 冲锋陷阵 (chōngfēngxiànzhèn)
* 衝陷 / 冲陷 (chōngxiàn)
* 衝頭陣 / 冲头阵
* 衝風 / 冲风
* 要衝 / 要冲 (yàochōng)
* 角色衝突 / 角色冲突
* 首當其衝 / 首当其冲 (shǒudāngqíchōng)
* 髮上衝冠 / 发上冲冠
* 髮踊衝冠 / 发踊冲冠

#### Descendants

* → Vietnamese: xông

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chòng (chong$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄨㄥˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): cung$^3$
* Eastern Min (BUC): cháe̤ng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chhiòng / chhèng / chhiāng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): cong$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$tshon
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chòng
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄨㄥˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chòng
*** Wade–Giles: chʻung$^4$
*** Yale: chùng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chonq
*** Palladius: чун (čun)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: cung$^3$
*** Yale: chung
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsung$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cung$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰʊŋ³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: cháe̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɔyŋ²¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiòng
*** Tâi-lô: tshiòng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chioxng
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰiɔŋ²¹/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhèng
*** Tâi-lô: tshìng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhexng
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰiɪŋ¹¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰiɪŋ²¹/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiāng
*** Tâi-lô: tshiāng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chiang
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰiaŋ³³/
* chhiòng - literary;
* chhèng - vernacular;
* chhiāng - ("to encounter").

#### Definitions

衝
* to face
* to punch; to stamp
    衝壓／冲压 ― chòngyā ― to stamp, to press (sheet metal)
    字母衝／字母冲 ― zìmǔchòng ― letter punch
* powerful; vigorous
* pungent; (of smell) strong
* towards; at; to
       Tā hěn nán xiāngxìn zhè ge wèntí shì chòng tā lái de. [Pinyin]
       She could hardly believe the question was directed towards her.
       Tā chòng fúwùyuán zhāo le zhāoshǒu, fúwùyuán jiù jímáng pǎo dào zhuō biān. [Pinyin]
       He waved at the waiter, who rushed to the table.
* in view of
* (Hokkien) to rise; to go up; to soar; to ascend
* (Hokkien, of smoke or water) to discharge; to gush; to burst out; to spout
* (Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to scent; to odorize; to infuse with the scent of another
* (Hokkien) domineering; arrogant
* (Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to collide; to impact; to run into; to hit
* (Hokkien) to bump into; to encounter; to meet accidentally
* (Hokkien, cooking) to simmer
* (Zhangzhou Hokkien) to generate; to yield; to produce (a certain result)

#### Synonyms

* (to encounter):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 遇, 碰, 遭 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 遇, 碰 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 遇, 碰 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 遇, 碰 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 遇, 撞 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 遇, 撞 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 遇, 撞 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 遇 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 遇, 撞 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 拄, 撞, 衝, 磅 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 拄, 撞, 衝 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 拄, 衝 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 拄, 撞, 磅 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 拄 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 拄 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 拄, 遇 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 遇, 堵 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 遇 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 遇, 堵 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 堵 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 碰 |

#### Compounds

* 沖鼻 / 冲鼻
* 衝勁兒 / 冲劲儿
* 衝哥哥 / 冲哥哥
* 衝壓 / 冲压 (chōngyā)
* 衝壓機 / 冲压机
* 衝子 / 冲子
* 衝床 / 冲床 (chōngchuáng)
* 衝模 / 冲模
* 衝烏 / 冲乌
* 衝癀 / 冲癀
* 衝皇 / 冲皇
* 衝盹兒 / 冲盹儿
* 衝肩 / 冲肩
* 衝芳 / 冲芳
* 衝著 / 冲著
* 衝著鬼 / 冲著鬼
* 衝醒 / 冲醒
* 衝頂 / 冲顶 (chōngdǐng)
* 衝風 / 冲风
* 衝飯 / 冲饭
* 衝高 / 冲高 (chōnggāo)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: しゅ (shu)
* Kan-on: しょう (shō, Jōyō)
* Kun: つく (tsuku, 衝く)

### Noun

衝(しょう) • (shō)
* (astronomy) opposition

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 衝 (MC tsyhowng).
* Recorded as Middle Korean 쵸ᇰ (Yale: chyong) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 츙 (chyung) (Yale: chyung) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [t͡ɕʰuŋ]
* Phonetic hangul: [충]

### Hanja

Wikisource 衝 (eumhun 찌를 충 (jjireul chung))
* hanja form of 충 (“to collide”)

#### Compounds

* 완충 (緩衝, wanchung)
* 요충 (要衝, yochung)
* 절충 (折衝, jeolchung)
* 충격 (衝擊, chunggyeok)
* 충돌 (衝突, chungdol)
* 충동 (衝動, chungdong)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

衝: Hán Nôm readings: xung, giong, tông, xong, xông, xúng
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.