# 紅毛
## Chinese

* 紅毛 (Written Standard Chinese)
* ang moh (English)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): hóngmáo
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄥˊ ㄇㄠˊ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): hung$^4$ mou$^{4-2}$ / hung$^4$ mou$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): huung$^3$ mau$^3$ / huung$^3$ mau$^{3*}$
* Eastern Min (BUC): è̤ng-mò̤
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): âng-mn̂g / âng-mô͘ / âng-mo͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ang$^5$ mo$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hóngmáo
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄥˊ ㄇㄠˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hóngmáo
*** Wade–Giles: hung$^2$-mao$^2$
*** Yale: húng-máu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: horngmau
*** Palladius: хунмао (xunmao)
*** Sinological IPA : /xʊŋ³⁵ mɑʊ̯³⁵/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$紅毛 / 红毛 鴻毛 / 鸿毛
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hung$^4$ mou$^{4-2}$ / hung$^4$ mou$^4$
*** Yale: hùhng móu / hùhng mòuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hung$^4$ mou$^{4-2}$ / hung$^4$ mou$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hung$^4$ mou$^{4-2}$ / hung$^4$ mou$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /hʊŋ²¹ mou̯²¹⁻³⁵/, /hʊŋ²¹ mou̯²¹/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$紅毛 / 红毛 鴻毛 / 鸿毛
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: huung$^3$ mau$^3$ / huung$^3$ mau$^{3*}$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɵŋ²² ᵐbau²²/, /hɵŋ²² ᵐbau²²⁻²²⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: è̤ng-mò̤
*** Sinological IPA : /øyŋ⁵³⁻³³ mo⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: âng-mn̂g
*** Tâi-lô: âng-mn̂g
*** Phofsit Daibuun: angmngg
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /aŋ²³⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /aŋ²⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Penang, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: âng-mô͘
*** Tâi-lô: âng-môo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: angmoo
*** IPA (Penang): /aŋ²³⁻²¹ mɔ²³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /aŋ¹³⁻²² mɔ̃¹³/
*** IPA (Singapore): /aŋ²⁴⁻²¹ mɔ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: âng-mo͘
*** Tâi-lô: âng-moo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: angmof
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /aŋ¹³⁻²² mɔ̃⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ang$^5$ mo$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: âng mô
*** Sinological IPA : /aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ mo⁵⁵/

### Noun

紅毛
* red hair (on animals)
* (Singapore, Malaysia, Taiwan, chiefly Hokkien and Teochew, derogatory) red-haired person; (by extension) Caucasian person; white person; ang moh
* (Hokkien, historical, archaic) British or English person
* (Hokkien, historical, archaic) Dutch person

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 西方人, 西洋人, 洋人, 白人, 白種人 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 老外, 毛子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 洋人, 西洋人, 白人, 老外 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 紅毛人 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 洋人, 外國佬 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 洋人, 洋鬼子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 洋人 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 洋人 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 洋人 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 洋人, 高鼻子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 番鬼佬 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 洋鬼子 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 西人, 老西, 老番, 鬼佬, 番鬼佬, 鬼子佬, 紅毛頭, 紅毛 dated, 紅毛鬼 dated |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 西人, 白人, 鬼佬, 番鬼佬, 老番 dated, 紅毛鬼 dated, 白鬼 dated |
| Cantonese | Macau | 鬼佬 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 老番, 番鬼佬 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 老番, 番鬼, 番鬼佬, 紅毛 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 鬼佬 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 鬼佬 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 洋人 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 洋人 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 洋人 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 番人, 番鬼仔 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 洋人 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 洋人, 西洋人, 阿啄仔, 鉤鼻仔, 紅毛番 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 洋人, 西洋人, 阿啄仔, 鉤鼻仔, 紅毛番 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 洋人, 西洋人, 阿啄仔, 鉤鼻仔, 紅毛番 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 洋人, 西洋人, 鉤鼻公, 紅毛番 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 洋人, 西洋人, 阿啄仔, 鉤鼻仔, 紅毛番 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 西洋人, 紅毛番 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 紅毛人 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 番仔, 阿啄仔, 紅毛番, 𧺤毛的, 番仔鬼 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 番仔, 紅毛番, 𧺤毛的 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 番仔, 紅毛番, 𧺤毛的 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 紅毛仔 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 阿啄仔 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 啄鼻仔 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 阿啄仔 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 西洋儂, 阿啄仔, 啄鼻仔 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 阿啄仔 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 紅毛, 紅毛猴 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 紅毛, 紅毛儂, 紅毛猴 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 化人, 白種人, 西洋儂, 西方人 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 番儂, 紅毛囝, 番囝 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 紅毛, 紅毛囝, 紅毛鬼 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 紅毛, 紅毛儂 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 鉤鼻鬼 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 番鬼, 紅毛, 高鼻綠目, 高鼻塌目 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 洋人 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 番人, 高鼻頭 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 紅毛洋人, 洋人子, 洋人 |

#### Derived terms

* 紅毛人 / 红毛人
* 紅毛冬節 / 红毛冬节
* 紅毛厝 / 红毛厝
* 紅毛囝 / 红毛囝
* 紅毛國 / 红毛国
* 紅毛城 / 红毛城 (Hóngmáochéng)
* 紅毛塗 / 红毛涂
* 紅毛婆 / 红毛婆 (hóngmáopó)
* 紅毛字 / 红毛字 (hóngmáozì)
* 紅毛榴蓮 / 红毛榴莲 (hóngmáo liúlián)
* 紅毛樓 / 红毛楼
* 紅毛毯 / 红毛毯
* 紅毛泥 / 红毛泥
* 紅毛港 / 红毛港 (Hóngmáogǎng)
* 紅毛灰 / 红毛灰
* 紅毛番 / 红毛番 (hóngmáofān)
* 紅毛茄 / 红毛茄
* 紅毛草 / 红毛草
* 紅毛話 / 红毛话
* 紅毛鬼 / 红毛鬼 (hóngmáoguǐ)

#### Descendants

* → English: ang moh, angmoh, ang mo
* → Thai: อั้งม้อ (âng-mɔ́ɔ), อั้งม่อ (âng-mɔ̂ɔ), อั้งหม้อ (âng-mɔ̂ɔ)

### Further reading

* Douglas, Carstairs (1873) “âng-mn̂g”, in Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy, [With 1923 Supplement after the Appendix by Thomas Barclay, Shanghai: Commercial Press, Ltd.] edition (overall work in Hokkien and English), London: Trübner & Co., page 5; New Edition (With Chinese Character Glosses) edition, London: Presbyterian Church of England, 1899, page 5
* Van der Loon, Piet (1967) “The Manila Incunabula and Early Hokkien Studies, Part 2”, in Asia Major (New Series)‎, volume 13, page 104

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 紅 | 毛 |
| こう Grade: 6 | もう Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||
Possibly coined in Japan of Middle Chinese-derived elements 紅 (kō, “red, crimson”) +‎ 毛 (mō, “hair”).
Alternatively, possibly from Middle Chinese compound 紅毛 (MC huwng maw).
Compare modern Mandarin 紅毛 / 红毛 (hóngmáo).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こーもー [kòómóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ko̞ːmo̞ː]

#### Noun

紅(こう)毛(もう) • (kōmō)
* red hair
    Synonym: (more general term for a redhead) 赤毛 (akage)
* during the Edo period, an epithet for the Dutch, contrasting with the term 南蛮 (nanban, literally “Southern barbarians”) used for the Spanish and Portuguese
* in modern times, an epithet for Westerners or Europeans

##### Derived terms

* 紅毛画 (こうもうが, ​kōmōga): during the Edo period, western pictures that were imported into Japan through Dutch-controlled Nagasaki; those Japanese-produced pictures that were influenced by western artwork
* 紅毛人 (こうもうじん, ​kōmōjin): during the Edo period, an epithet for a Dutch person, contrasting with the term 南蛮 (nanban, literally “Southern barbarians”) used for the Spanish and Portuguese
* 紅毛船 (こうもうせん, ​kōmōsen): an epithet for European trading ships that visited Japan in the late 1600s, primarily from the Netherlands, contrasting with the term 南蛮船 (nanbansen, literally “Southern barbarian ship”) used for ships from Spain and Portugal
* 紅毛碧眼 (こうもうへきがん, ​kōmō hekigan): literally “red hair, blue eyes” → a Westerner

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 紅 | 毛 |
| おらんだ ||
| Grade: 6 | Grade: 2 |
| jukujikun ||
By extension from the red hair meaning being applied to the Dutch, used as jukujikun (熟字訓) for オランダ (Oranda, “Holland”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) オランダ [òráńdá] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [o̞ɾã̠nda̠]

#### Proper noun

紅毛(オランダ) or 紅毛(おらんだ) • (Oranda)
* (obsolete) Holland, the Netherlands

##### Usage notes

This reading was used primarily during the Edo period, and has since fallen out of use.

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* 1 2 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN