# machina
## French
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ma.ʃi.na/
* Homophones: machinas, machinât

### Verb

machina
* third-person singular past historic of machiner

## Italian
### Noun

machina f (plural machine)
* (archaic or dialectal) Alternative form of macchina

## Latin
### Etymology

Borrowed from Doric Greek μᾱχᾰνᾱ́ (mākhănā́, “machine, tool”) (compare Attic Greek μηχανή (mēkhanḗ)), an early borrowing, considering the vowel reduction of unstressed /a/ to /ĭ/.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈmaː.kʰi.na/, [ˈmäːkʰɪnä]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈma.ki.na/, [ˈmäːkinä]

### Noun

māchina f (genitive māchinae); first declension
* machine
** specifically, a war machine, military engine, siege engine
*** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 2.45–48:“Aut hoc inclūsī lignō occultantur Achīvī, aut haec in nostrōs fabricāta est māchina mūrōs, īnspectūra domōs ventūraque dēsuper urbī, aut aliquis latet error [...].”“Either the Grecian [warriors], having enclosed [themselves] in this wood[en horse], are hiding [there], or else they have built a [war] machine [for use] against our walls, to watch [our] homes and reach [our] city from above, or it conceals some other deception [...].” – Laocoön (See: Roman siege engines.)
* scheme, plan, machination
* mill

#### Declension

First-declension noun.

#### Derived terms

* deus ex māchinā
* māchinālis
* māchinārius
* māchinō
* māchinor
* māchinula

#### Related terms

* mechanismus

#### Descendants

* Dalmatian: mucna
* Italian: macina
    Tuscan: maina (Lucca)
* Lombard: masna (Alpine)
* Sardinian: maghina
Learned borrowings:
* → Albanian: makinë
* → Arabic: ماكينة (mākīna)
** → Central Kurdish: مەکینە (mekîne)
* → Asturian: máquina
* → Catalan: màquina
* → Egyptian Arabic: مكنة (makana)
* → Friulian: màchine
* → Galician: máquina
* → Hebrew: מכונה (mkhoná)
* → Hijazi Arabic: مَكِينَة (makīna)
* → Italian: macchina, machina (archaic or dialectal)
** → Amharic: መኪና (mäkina)
** → Ottoman Turkish: ماكینه (makina), ماكنه (makina)
*** Turkish: makine, makina
**** → Northern Kurdish: makîne f
*** → Armenian: մաքինա (makʻina)
** → Slavomolisano: magina
* → Middle French: machine
** French: machine (see there for further descendants)
** → English: machine (see there for further descendants)
* → Norman: machinne
* → Occitan: maquina
* → Polish: machina
* → Portuguese: máquina
* → Romansch: maschina, maschegna
* → Sicilian: màchina
** → Maltese: magna, makna, makina (obsolete)
* → Spanish: máquina (see there for further descendants)

### References

* Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1911) “machĭna”, in Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), page 376
* ↑ Adams, J. N. (2007) The regional diversification of Latin, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 486

### Further reading

* “machina”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “machina”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* machina in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* machina in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* machina in Ramminger, Johann (2016 July 16 (last accessed)) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎, pre-publication website, 2005-2016

## Polish
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin māchina, from Doric Ancient Greek μᾱχᾰνᾱ́ (mākhănā́). Doublet of maszyna (“machine”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /maˈxi.na/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ina
* Syllabification: ma‧chi‧na

### Noun

machina f
* heavy machinery
* complex system
* (archaic) machine
    Synonym: maszyna

#### Declension
### Further reading

* machina in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* machina in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Portuguese
### Noun

machina f (plural machinas)
* Pre-reform spelling (used until 1943 in Brazil and 1911 in Portugal) of máquina.