# -ir
## Catalan
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs, which merged with -ēscere, -īscere, from which come the -eix- infix.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [ˈi]
* IPA: (Valencia) [ˈiɾ]

### Suffix

-ir
* forms infinitives

#### Usage notes

* Dir does not count as a third conjugation verb, belonging to the second conjugation.

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* “-ir”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025

## French
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs. Cognate with Spanish -ir, Italian -ire, Romanian -i and -î, etc.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /iʁ/
* Audio:(file)

### Suffix

-ir
* (non-productive) forms the infinitives of many verbs

#### Usage notes

* Most verbs with infinitives in -ir are marked by the once-inchoative infix -iss- in many parts of their conjugation, as well as in various derived words; two such verbs are choisir (“to choose”) and pourrir (“to rot”). A fair number of these have English counterparts in -ish; some such examples are finir (“to finish”), nourrir (“to feed, to nourish”), accomplir (“to accomplish”), and polir (“to polish”).
* Many verbs with infinitives in -ir have an inchoative meaning. Examples include blanchir (“to whiten, to bleach, to make whiter, to become pale”), durcir (“to harden, to make more rigid, to become stronger”), grandir (“to become bigger, to magnify, to make bigger”), rougir (“to redden, to blush, to become redder, to make redder”), and vieillir (“to age, to become older, to make older”).
* A sizable group of verbs have infinitives in -ir but do not use the infix -iss-, and are otherwise fairly regular; these include, among others, the common verbs sortir (“to go out, to take out”), partir (“to leave”), dormir (“to sleep”) (but these examples are also irregular, with sors instead of *sortis). An irregular -ir verb which is truly conjugated exactly as a regular -ir verb except only without the infix (although it is dated and has a regular alternative conjugation) is chauvir.
* This suffix is spelled -ïr on a few verbs where the previous syllable ends in a vowel, such as haïr (“to hate”) and ouïr (“to hear”). Additionally, it is spelled -ire on the verb maudire (“to curse”), by analogy with the related but irregular verb dire (“to say”), and the verb bruire.
* Not all verbs whose infinitives happen to end in these letters can truly be said to have this suffix; in particular, a fair number of irregular verbs have infinitives in the unrelated suffix -oir.

#### Conjugation

This is a regular verb of the second conjugation, like finir, choisir, and most other verbs with infinitives ending in -ir. One salient feature of this conjugation is the repeated appearance of the infix -iss-.

### See also

* -er
* -ire
* -oir
* -re

## Fula
### Affix

-ir
* (Pulaar) indicates that the action is performed with an instrument or tool, (by means of)
    ‎winndude (“to write”) + ‎-ir → ‎winndirde (“to write with...”)
    ‎helde (“to break”) + ‎-ir → ‎helirde (“to break with.../to break by means of”)
* when a nominalizing class-marker suffix is affixed, it forms an instrumental deverbal (a noun indicating the means by which a verb is accomplished)
    ‎wuppude (“to do laundry”) + ‎-ir → ‎wuppirgal (“a tool used to do laundry”)

#### Usage notes

* affixed following the verb stem
* This form follows -u in active voice verbs
* following -aa in middle voice verbs the affix becomes -oraa

### References

* M. Niang, Pulaar-English English-Pulaar Standard Dictionary, New York: Hippocrene Books, 1997.
* Mamadou Saliou Diallo, La Suffixation Verbal en Pulaar (Peul): Morphologie et Phonologie des Suffixes Verbaux dans le Pulaar du Fouta-Djallon (Guinée), Thèse, Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences Humaines, Université Mohammed V, Rabat, Maroc, (1992)

## Ido
### Etymology

Modeled after -ar and -is.

### Suffix

-ir
* Used to denote the past infinitive of a verb.
    Me devas telefonir tu.I should have called you.

#### Related terms

* -ar (present infinitive tense)
* -or (future infinitive tense)

## Occitan
### Etymology

From Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs, which merged with -ēscere, -īscere, from which come the -iss- and -isc- infix.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈi/

### Suffix

-ir
* A verb ending for infinitives.

#### Conjugation

| | | simple | simple | simple | compound | compound | compound |
| infinitive | infinitive | -ir | -ir | -ir | aver -it | aver -it | aver -it |
| past participle | past participle | -it | -it | -it | — | — | — |
| gerund | gerund | -issent | -issent | -issent | avent -it | avent -it | avent -it |
| person | person | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural |
| person | person | first | second | third | first | second | third |
| indicative | | ieu | tu | el | nosautres | vosautres | eles |
| indicative | present | -issi | -isses | -ís | -issèm | -issètz | -isson |
| indicative | imperfect | -issiái | -issiás | -issiá | -issiam | -issiatz | -issián |
| indicative | preterite | -iguèri | -iguères | -iguèt | -iguèrem | -iguèretz | -iguèron |
| indicative | future | -irai | -iràs | -irà | -irem | -iretz | -iràn |
| indicative | conditional | -iriái | -iriás | -iriá | -iriam | -iriatz | -irián |
| indicative | conditional 2nd form$^1$ | -iguèra | -iguèras | -iguèra | -igueram | -igueratz | -iguèran |
| compound tenses | present perfect | use the present tense of aver plus the past participle | use the present tense of aver plus the past participle | use the present tense of aver plus the past participle | use the present tense of aver plus the past participle | use the present tense of aver plus the past participle | use the present tense of aver plus the past participle |
| compound tenses | pluperfect | use the imperfect tense of aver plus the past participle | use the imperfect tense of aver plus the past participle | use the imperfect tense of aver plus the past participle | use the imperfect tense of aver plus the past participle | use the imperfect tense of aver plus the past participle | use the imperfect tense of aver plus the past participle |
| compound tenses | past anterior | use the preterite tense of aver plus the past participle | use the preterite tense of aver plus the past participle | use the preterite tense of aver plus the past participle | use the preterite tense of aver plus the past participle | use the preterite tense of aver plus the past participle | use the preterite tense of aver plus the past participle |
| compound tenses | future perfect | use the future tense of aver plus the past participle | use the future tense of aver plus the past participle | use the future tense of aver plus the past participle | use the future tense of aver plus the past participle | use the future tense of aver plus the past participle | use the future tense of aver plus the past participle |
| compound tenses | conditional perfect | use the conditional tense of aver plus the past participle | use the conditional tense of aver plus the past participle | use the conditional tense of aver plus the past participle | use the conditional tense of aver plus the past participle | use the conditional tense of aver plus the past participle | use the conditional tense of aver plus the past participle |
| subjunctive | | que ieu | que tu | que el | que nosautres | que vosautres | que eles |
| subjunctive | present | -isca | -iscas | -isca | -iscam | -iscatz | -iscan |
| subjunctive | imperfect | -iguèsse | -iguèsses | -iguèsse | -iguèssem | -iguèssetz | -iguèsson |
| compound tenses | past | use the present subjunctive of aver plus the past participle | use the present subjunctive of aver plus the past participle | use the present subjunctive of aver plus the past participle | use the present subjunctive of aver plus the past participle | use the present subjunctive of aver plus the past participle | use the present subjunctive of aver plus the past participle |
| compound tenses | pluperfect | use the imperfect subjunctive of aver plus the past participle | use the imperfect subjunctive of aver plus the past participle | use the imperfect subjunctive of aver plus the past participle | use the imperfect subjunctive of aver plus the past participle | use the imperfect subjunctive of aver plus the past participle | use the imperfect subjunctive of aver plus the past participle |
| imperative | imperative | — | tu | — | nosautres | vosautres | — |
| imperative | imperative | | -ís | | -iscam | -issetz | $^1$Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects |

## Old French
### Etymology

From Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs.

### Suffix

-ir
* used to form infinitives of second conjugation verbs

#### See also

* Appendix:Old French verbs
* -er

## Old Norse
### Etymology

From Proto-Norse -ᛃᚨᛉ (-jaʀ), from Proto-Germanic *-jaz.

### Suffix

-ir m
* (rare) used to create agent nouns from class 1 weak verbs
    Synonyms: -andi, -ari, -i
    ‎myrða (“to murder”) + ‎-ir → ‎myrðir (“murderer”)
    ‎stilla (“to still; control”) + ‎-ir → ‎stillir (“stiller, controller; ruler”)

#### Usage notes

* Agent nouns formed with this suffix are rare, and mostly found in old poetry. The oldest instance is Proto-Norse ᚱᚨᚢᚾᛁᛃᚨᛉ (raunijaʀ) on the Øvre Stabu spear head, from circa 210–240.

## Portuguese
### Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese -ir, from Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs. In some verbs, it is a reflex of Latin -ere of the third conjugation.

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈi(ʁ)/ [ˈi(h)]
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈi(ʁ)/ [ˈi(h)]
** (São Paulo) IPA: /ˈi(ɾ)/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /ˈi(ʁ)/ [ˈi(χ)]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˈi(ɻ)/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈiɾ/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈiɾ/
** (Southern Portugal) IPA: /ˈi.ɾi/
* (Caipira) IPA: /ˈi(ɻ)/
* (Northeast Brazil) IPA: /ˈi(χ)/
* Homophone: -i (Brazil, with dropped -r)

### Suffix

-ir (verb-forming suffix, first-person singular present -o, first-person singular preterite -i, past participle -ido)
* (non-productive) forms the infinitive of the third-conjugation verbs

#### Conjugation
## Spanish
### Etymology

From Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs.

### Suffix

-ir (verb-forming suffix, first-person singular present -o, first-person singular preterite -í, past participle -ido)
* a verb ending for infinitives

#### Conjugation

Below are the suffixes for the regular conjugation of -ir verbs
$^1$Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language. $^2$Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.

### See also

* -ar
* -er

## Welsh
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɪr/

### Suffix

-ir
* (literary) verb suffix for the impersonal present indicative/future

#### Usage notes

-ir causes i-affection of internal vowels, for example, ‎canu (“to sing”) + ‎-ir → ‎cenir (“is sung, one sings, will be sung, one will sing”).