# 白土
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): báitǔ
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄞˊ ㄊㄨˇ
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): pe̍h-thô͘
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: báitǔ
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄞˊ ㄊㄨˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: báitǔ
*** Wade–Giles: pai$^2$-tʻu$^3$
*** Yale: bái-tǔ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bairtuu
*** Palladius: байту (bajtu)
*** Sinological IPA : /paɪ̯³⁵ tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pe̍h-thô͘
*** Tâi-lô: pe̍h-thôo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: peqtoo
*** IPA (Xiamen): /pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ tʰɔ²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² tʰɔ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /pe(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ tʰɔ¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /pe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ tʰɔ²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ tʰɔ²³/

### Noun

白土
* (literary) chalk (the stone)
    From: c. 1330 - 1400: Luo Guanzhong, Romance of the Three Kingdoms/Chapter 1
    Lìng rén gè yǐ báitǔ, shū “jiǎzǐ” èr zì yú jiā zhōng dàmén shàng. [Pinyin]
    He ordered (his followers) to use chalk to write "a new beginning" on the outer doors of their homes.
* (archaic) white potter's clay; kaolin; china clay
* (archaic) opium
* (archaic) Alternative name for 冀州 (Jìzhōu, “Ji Province (one of the Nine Provinces of ancient China)”).

#### Synonyms

* (chalk):
* 白善 (báishàn) (literary)
* 白善塗 / 白善涂 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 白土子 (báitǔzi) (regional)
* 白土粉 (báitǔfěn) (regional)
* 白堊 / 白垩 (bái'è)
* 白埴土 (báizhítǔ) (literary)
* 白墠 / 白𫮃 (báishàn) (literary)
* 白墡 (báishàn) (literary)
* (white potter's clay):
* 瓷土 (cítǔ)
* 陶土 (táotǔ)
* 高嶺土 / 高岭土 (gāolǐngtǔ)
* (opium):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 阿芙蓉 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 鴉片, 阿片 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 鴉片 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 鴉片 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 大煙 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 大煙 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 洋煙 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 大煙 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 鴉片煙, 洋煙 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 大煙, 洋煙 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 鴉片煙 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 鴉片煙, 大煙 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 大煙 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 大煙 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 鴉片, 大煙, 福壽膏 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 鴉片煙 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 鴉片, 鴉片煙 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 鴉片, 鴉片煙 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 鴉片, 鴉片煙 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 鴉片, 鴉片煙 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 鴉片, 鴉片薰 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 鴉片, 鴉片薰 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 烏煙 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 洋煙 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 洋煙 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 鴉片, 鴉片泥 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 烏薰 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 烏薰 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 烏薰 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 烏薰 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 鴉片 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 鴉片 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 烏塗, 薰塗 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 烏薰, 鴉片 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 鴉片煙 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 鴉片, 阿芙蓉, 黑佬 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 大煙 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 鴉片煙 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 烏煙 |

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 白 | 土 |
| はく Grade: 1 | ど Grade: 1 |
| kan'on | kan'yōon |
Possibly from Middle Chinese 白土 (MC baek thuX|duX).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) はくど [háꜜkùdò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ha̠kɯ̟do̞]

#### Noun

白(はく)土(ど) • (hakudo)
* white soil or earth
* a weathered white rock, such as rhyolite, used for paints, cement mixtures, etc.
* Short for 酸性白土 (sansei hakudo): This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

##### Derived terms

* 活性(かっせい)白(はく)土(ど) (kassei hakudo)
* 酸性(さんせい)白(はく)土(ど) (sansei hakudo)
* パイプ白(はく)土(ど) (paipu hakudo)

#### Proper noun

白(はく)土(ど) • (Hakudo)
* a surname

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 白 | 土 |
| しら Grade: 1 | つち Grade: 1 |
| kun'yomi ||
From Old Japanese, first attested in the Hizen-no-kuni Fudoki (c. 739 CE).
Compound of 白 (shira, “white”) +‎ 土 (tsuchi, “earth, soil”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しらつち [shìrátsúchí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɕiɾa̠t͡sɨt͡ɕi]

#### Noun

白(しら)土(つち) • (shiratsuchi)
* white soil or earth, such as chalk
* kaolin or other clay used for pottery or ceramics
* white lacquer

##### Synonyms

* (white soil, white lacquer): 白(はく)亜(あ), 白(はく)堊(あ) (hakua)
* (pottery clay): 陶土(とうど) (tōdo)

#### Proper noun

白(しら)土(つち) • (Shiratsuchi)
* a surname

### Etymology 3

Kanji in this term :
| 白 | 土 |
| しろ Grade: 1 | つち Grade: 1 |
| kun'yomi ||
Compound of 白 (shiro, “white”) +‎ 土 (tsuchi, “earth, soil”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しろつち [shìrótsúchí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɕiɾo̞t͡sɨt͡ɕi]

#### Noun

白(しろ)土(つち) • (shirotsuchi)
* Same as しらつち (shiratsuchi) above

#### Proper noun

白(しろ)土(つち) • (Shirotsuchi)
* a surname

### Etymology 4

Kanji in this term :
| 白 | 土 |
| しら Grade: 1 | に Grade: 1 |
| kun'yomi ||
From Old Japanese.
Compound of 白 (shira, “white”) +‎ 土 (ni, “earth”).
Also used in the Man'yōshū (759 CE) as 借訓 (shakkun) kana for ⟨sirani⟩, as in the phrase 知らに (shirani, “did not know”).

#### Alternative forms

* 白粉

#### Noun

白(しら)土(に) • (shirani)
* white soil used as a pigment

### References

* 1 2 3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN