# singen
## Cimbrian
### Verb

singen
* to sing

### References

* Patuzzi, Umberto, ed., (2013) Luserna / Lusérn: Le nostre parole / Ünsarne börtar / Unsere Wörter [Our Words], Luserna, Italy: Comitato unitario delle isole linguistiche storiche germaniche in Italia / Einheitskomitee der historischen deutschen Sprachinseln in Italien

## German
### Etymology

From Middle High German singen, from Old High German singan, from Proto-West Germanic *singwan, from Proto-Germanic *singwaną, from Proto-Indo-European *sengʷʰ-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈzɪŋən/, [ˈzɪŋŋ̩]
* IPA: /ˈsɪŋɛn/ (Austria)
* Audio (Berlin):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɪŋn̩

### Verb

singen (class 3 strong, third-person singular present singt, past tense sang, past participle gesungen, past subjunctive sänge, auxiliary haben)
* to sing
** 1931, Arthur Schnitzler, Flucht in die Finsternis, S. Fischer Verlag, page 38:Er ging rasch und sicher, trällerte vor sich hin, endlich begann er sogar zu singen mit einer schönen dunklen Stimme, die ihm selber fremd vorkam.He walked fast and firmly, trilled to himself, finally he even started to sing in a beautiful dark voice, which seemed unfamiliar to himself.

#### Conjugation

$^1$Rare except in very formal contexts; alternative in würde normally preferred.

#### Derived terms

* absingen
* besingen
* einsingen
* lobsingen
* mitsingen
* nachsingen
* vorsingen

#### Related terms

* Gesang
* Sang
* Sänger
* Singsang
* Song

### Further reading

* “singen” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
* “singen” in Uni Leipzig: Wortschatz-Lexikon
* “singen” in Duden online
* “singen” in OpenThesaurus.de

## Low German
### Etymology

From Middle Low German singen, from Old Saxon singan.

### Verb

singen (past singular sung, past participle sungen, auxiliary verb hebben)
* (Low Saxon) to sing

#### Conjugation
## Middle Dutch
### Etymology

From Old Dutch singan, from Proto-West Germanic *singwan.

### Verb

singen
* to sing

#### Descendants

* Dutch: zingen
** Afrikaans: sing
** Berbice Creole Dutch: singgi
** Jersey Dutch: sänge
** Negerhollands: sing, siṅ
** → Sranan Tongo: singi
*** → Caribbean Javanese: singi
* Limburgish: zinge

### Further reading

* “singhen (II)”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
* Verwijs, E., Verdam, J. (1885–1929) “singen”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN

## Middle English
### Etymology 1

From Old English singan (“to sing”). Cognate with Middle Dutch singen, Middle High German singen, Old Swedish siunga, and Crimean Gothic singhen.

#### Alternative forms

* cingen, cinggen, singgen, singe, synge, syngen, cyngyn, cynggyn
* zinge (Kent)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsinɡən/

#### Verb

singen
* To sing (something); to produce (certain) noises with one's voice:
** To produce chants or other sung verse (especially of a religious nature).
*** a. 1380, John Wycliffe, Of feyned contemplatif lif, of song, of þe ordynal of salisbury, & of bodely almes & worldly bysynesse of prestis; hou bi þes foure þe fend lettiþ hem fro prechynge of þe gospel‎:Þan were matynys & masse & euen song, placebo & dirige & comendacion & matynes of oure lady ordeyned of synful men, to be songen wiþ heiȝe criynge to lette men fro þe sentence & vnderstondynge of þat þat was þus songen, & to maken men wery & vndisposid to studie goddis lawe for akyng of hedis […]Then there were matins, mass, evensong, placebo, dirges, commendations, and matins of Our Lady, which originated from sinful men, to be sung with high-pitched shrieking to keep people from the meaning and understanding of that which was sung, as to make men weary and unsuited to study God's law because of headaches […]
** To explicate or narrate in song.
** To cry in agony; to produce lamentations.
** To produce birdsong or a similar noise.
*** a. 1250, unknown, “Sumer is icumen in”‎:Lhude sing cuccu / Groweþ sed / and bloweþ medSing loudly, cuckoo! / seed grows / and fields bloom
* To talk, recite, or declare (especially in a particular way or manner):
** To recite a non-sung prayer or religious commendation.
** To perform the Eucharist (in a given way).
** To talk about; to explicate or narrate.
** (rare) To recite non-sung verse or poetry.
* To use or play a musical instrument.
* To make the sound of a musical instrument.
* To undergo agony or sorrow.
* (rare) To make an animal sound.

##### Conjugation

| infinitive | (to) singen, singe | (to) singen, singe |
| | present tense | past tense |
| 1st-person singular | singe | sang |
| 2nd-person singular | singest | sunge, sange, sang |
| 3rd-person singular | singeth | sang |
| subjunctive singular | singe | sunge$^1$, sange$^1$ |
| imperative singular | singe | — |
| plural$^2$ | singen, singe | sungen, sunge, sangen, sange |
| imperative plural | singeth, singe | — |
| participles | singynge, singende | sungen, sunge |
$^1$Replaced by the indicative in later Middle English. $^2$Sometimes used as a formal 2nd-person singular.

##### Conjugation

* “singen, v.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2019-09-20.

##### Related terms

* synger
* syngeresse
* syngster
* syngyng

##### Descendants

* English: sing
* Scots: sing
* Yola: zing

### Etymology 2
#### Verb

singen
* Alternative form of synnen

## Middle High German
### Etymology

Inherited from Old High German singan.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (before 13th CE) /ˈs̠iŋɡən/

### Verb

singen (class 3 strong, third-person singular present singet, past tense sanc, past participle gesungen, past subjunctive sünge, auxiliary hān)
* to sing

#### Descendants

* Alemannic German:
** Swabian:
*** Sathmar Swabian: singe
* Bavarian: singa
** Cimbrian: singen
* Central Franconian:
** Hunsrik: singe
* German: singen
* Luxembourgish: sangen
* Rhine Franconian:
** Pennsylvania German: singe
* Yiddish: זינגען (zingen)

### References

* Benecke, Georg Friedrich, Müller, Wilhelm, Zarncke, Friedrich (1863) “singen”, in Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch: mit Benutzung des Nachlasses von Benecke, Stuttgart: S. Hirzel

## Old English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsin.ɡen/, [ˈsiŋ.ɡen]

### Verb

singen
* plural present subjunctive of singan