# 曼殊沙華
## Chinese

| | | handsome; large; long | unique | granule; hoarse; raspygranule; hoarse; raspy; sand; powder; tsar | flowery; flourishing; magnificentflowery; flourishing; magnificent; your; grey; corona; time; essence; China; Chinese; name of a mountain |
| trad. (曼殊沙華) | trad. (曼殊沙華) | 曼 | 殊 | 沙 | 華 |
| simp. (曼殊沙华) | simp. (曼殊沙华) | 曼 | 殊 | 沙 | 华 |

### Etymology

Phono-semantic matching of Sanskrit मञ्जूषक (mañjūṣaka) attested in the translation of the Saddharmapuṇḍarīkasūtra (Lotus Sutra) by Kumārajīva (鳩摩羅什) [c. 403].
    是時天雨曼陀羅華、摩訶曼陀羅華、曼殊沙華、摩訶曼殊沙華，而散佛上，及諸大眾。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]是时天雨曼陀罗华、摩诃曼陀罗华、曼殊沙华、摩诃曼殊沙华，而散佛上，及诸大众。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]From: c. 403, Kumārajīva (鳩摩羅什 (Jiūmóluóshí)), translator. Saddharmapuṇḍarīkasūtra (《妙法蓮華經》). English text based on the translation by Hendrik Kern (1884) with modernised transliteration.Shìshí tiān yǔ màntuóluóhuá, móhēmàntuóluóhuá, mànshūshāhuá, móhēmànshūshāhuá, ér sàn Fó shàng, jí zhū dàzhòng. [Pinyin][T]here fell a great rain of divine flowers, māndāravas and mahāmāndāravas, mañjūṣakas and mahāmañjūṣakas, covering the Lord and the four classes of hearers.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): mànshūshāhuá
    (Zhuyin): ㄇㄢˋ ㄕㄨ ㄕㄚ ㄏㄨㄚˊ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: mànshūshāhuá
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄢˋ ㄕㄨ ㄕㄚ ㄏㄨㄚˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: mànshushahuá
*** Wade–Giles: man$^4$-shu$^1$-sha$^1$-hua$^2$
*** Yale: màn-shū-shā-hwá
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mannshushahwa
*** Palladius: маньшушахуа (manʹšušaxua)
*** Sinological IPA : /män⁵¹ ʂu⁵⁵ ʂä⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵/
* Middle Chinese: man dzyu srae hwae|xwae
Rime :
| Character | 曼 | 殊 | 沙 | 華 | 華 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 | 1/2 | 1/3 | 2/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) | 常 (25) | 生 (21) | 匣 (33) | 曉 (32) |
| Final (韻) | 桓 (62) | 虞 (24) | 麻 (98) | 麻 (99) | 麻 (99) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Closed | Open | Closed | Closed |
| Division (等) | I | III | II | II | II |
| Fanqie | 母官切 | 市朱切 | 所加切 | 戸花切 | 呼瓜切 |
| Baxter | man | dzyu | srae | hwae | xwae |
| Reconstructions ||||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /muɑn/ | /d͡ʑɨo/ | /ʃˠa/ | /ɦˠua/ | /hˠua/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /mʷɑn/ | /d͡ʑio/ | /ʃᵚa/ | /ɦʷᵚa/ | /hʷᵚa/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /muɑn/ | /d͡ʑio/ | /ʃa/ | /ɣua/ | /xua/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /mwan/ | /d͡ʑuə̆/ | /ʂaɨ/ | /ɦwaɨ/ | /hwaɨ/ |
| Li Rong | /muɑn/ | /ʑio/ | /ʃa/ | /ɣua/ | /xua/ |
| Wang Li | /muɑn/ | /ʑĭu/ | /ʃa/ | /ɣwa/ | /xwa/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /muɑn/ | /ʑi̯u/ | /ʂa/ | /ɣwa/ | /xwa/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | mán | chú | shā | huá | huā |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | mun$^4$ | syu$^4$ | saa$^1$ | waa$^4$ | faa$^1$ |

### Noun

曼殊沙華
* (Buddhism) a flower attested in Buddhist literature

#### Usage notes

Soothill and Hodous (1937) considers the flower's identity related to Sanskrit मञ्जिष्ठा (mañjiṣṭhā, “munjeet”), i.e. Rubia cordifolia, the Indian madder.

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 曼殊沙華(まんじゅしゃげ) (manjushage)
Modern Chinese:
* 曼珠沙華／曼珠沙华 (mànzhūshāhuá, “Lycoris radiata”)

### References

* H. Kern and Bunyiu Nanjio (南条文雄), editor (1908), Saddharmapuṇḍarīka (in Sanskrit), volume 1, St. Petersburg: Académie Impériale des Sciences, page 5
* 法鼓佛教學院 (2020) “法華經數位資料庫 Saddharmapuṇḍarīka Database”, in 法華經數位資料庫‎, retrieved 2020-07-07

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 曼 | 殊 | 沙 | 華 |
| まん Hyōgai | じゅ Grade: S | しゃ Grade: S | げ Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||||
* Alternative spelling
* 曼珠沙華

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) まんじゅしゃげ [màńjúꜜshàgè] (Nakadaka – [3])
* (Tokyo) まんじゅしゃげ [màńjúsháꜜgè] (Nakadaka – [4])
* IPA: [mã̠ɲ̟d͡ʑɨɕa̠ɡe̞]

### Noun

曼(まん)殊(じゅ)沙(しゃ)華(げ) or 曼殊沙華(マンジュシャゲ) • (manjushage)
* Alternative spelling of 曼珠沙華 (“red spider lily”)

#### Usage notes

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary).