# 灯

| 灯 | U+706F, &#28783; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-706F |
| ← 灮 [U+706E] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 灰 → [U+7070] |

## Translingual

| Japanese | 灯 |
| Simplified | 灯 |
| Traditional | 燈 |

### Glyph origin

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声): semantic 火 + phonetic 丁 (OC *rteːŋ, *teːŋ).

### Han character

灯 (Kangxi radical 86, 火+2, 6 strokes, cangjie input 火一弓 (FMN), composition ⿰火丁)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 665, character 6
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 18855
* Dae Jaweon: page 1075, character 3
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2188, character 3
* Unihan data for U+706F

## Chinese

* For pronunciation and definitions of 灯 – see 燈 (“lamp; light; lantern; etc.”). (This character is the simplified and variant form of 燈).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 燈)

#### Readings

As shinjitai/variant kanji of 燈:
* Go-on: とう (tō, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: とう (tō, Jōyō)
* Tō-on: とん (ton)
As unsimplified kanji 灯:
* Go-on: ちょう (chō)
* Kan-on: てい (tei)
* Tō-on: ちん (chin)
Readings shared by both kanji:
* Kun: ひ (hi, 灯, Jōyō)、あかし (akashi, 灯)、ともしび (tomoshibi, 灯)、ともす (tomosu, 灯す)、とぼす (tobosu, 灯す)、あかり (akari, 灯)

#### Compounds

* 灯(とう)火(か) (tōka)
* 灯(とう)油(ゆ) (tōyu)
* 灯(とう)籠(ろう) (tōrō)
* 幻(げん)灯(とう) (gentō)
* 夜(や)灯(とう) (yatō)
* 提(ちょう)灯(ちん) (chōchin)
* 行(あん)灯(どん) (andon)
* 鬼灯(ホオズキ) (hōzuki)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 灯
* とう Grade: 4
* on'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 燈 (kyūjitai)
From Middle Chinese 燈 (MC tong).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) とー [tóꜜò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [to̞ː]

#### Noun

灯(とう) • (tō)
* a light, lamp
    Synonym: 明かり (akari)

##### Derived terms

* 灯(とう)心(しみ), 灯(とう)芯(しみ) (tōshimi)
* 終(しゅう)夜(や)灯(とう) (shūyatō)
* 電(でん)灯(とう) (dentō)
* 電(でん)気(き)灯(とう) (denkitō)

##### Proverbs

* 灯(とう)滅(めっ)せんとして光(ひかり)を増(ま)す (tō messen to shite hikari o masu)

#### Counter

灯(とう) • (-tō)
* counter for 電灯 (dentō, “electric lights”)

##### Derived terms

* 一(いっ)灯(とう) (ittō)

#### Suffix

灯(とう) • (-tō)
* electric light

##### Derived terms

* アーク灯(とう) (āku-tō)

#### Affix

灯(とう) • (tō)
* light, lamp
* (by extension) Buddhist teaching

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 灯
* とも(し) Grade: 4
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 燈 (kyūjitai)
First attested around the 10th century.
Nominalization of 灯し (tomoshi), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 灯す (tomosu, “to light”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ともし [tòmóshí] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) ともし [tòmóshíꜜ] (Odaka – [3])
* IPA: [to̞mo̞ɕi]

#### Noun

灯(ともし) • (tomoshi)
* a light
* Alternative spelling of 照射 (tomoshi): a torch used to bait deer when night hunting

##### Derived terms

* 灯(ともし)油(あぶら) (tomoshiabura)
* 灯(ともしび) (tomoshibi)

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 灯
* ともしび Grade: 4
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spellings
* 燈 (kyūjitai) 灯火 ともし火 燭
Compound of 灯し (tomoshi, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 灯す (tomosu), “to light”) +‎ 火 (hi, “fire”).
The hi changes to bi as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ともしび [tòmóshíbí] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) ともしび [tòmóshíꜜbì] (Nakadaka – [3])
* IPA: [to̞mo̞ɕibʲi]

#### Noun

灯(ともしび) • (tomoshibi)
* a light
    Synonyms: 明かり (akari), 灯火 (tōka)
** 1986, “Kimi o Nosete [Reaching You]”, Hayao Miyazaki (lyrics), Joe Hisaishi (music), performed by Azumi Inoue:
    地(ち)球(きゅう)はまわる君(きみ)をかくして　輝(かがや)く瞳(ひとみ)きらめく灯(ともしび)…
       Chikyū wa mawaru kimi o kakushite kagayaku hitomi kirameku tomoshibi…
       The Earth spins, hiding your shining pupils [and] glittering lights.
* a lit flame (such as of a candle or torch)
* (historical, obsolete) under the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system of the Heian period, a kind of scholarship granted to university students

##### Derived terms

* 灯(ともしび)消(き)えんとして光(ひかり)を増(ま)す (tomoshibi kien to shite hikari o masu)

### Etymology 4

* Kanji in this term
* 灯
* とぼ(し) Grade: 4
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spellings
* 燈 (kyūjitai) 点火
Nominalization of 灯し (toboshi), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 灯す (tobosu, “to light”, archaic).
Equivalent to a shift from tomoshi above, with the nasal /-m-/ becomes plosive /-b-/.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) とぼし [tòbóshí] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) とぼし [tòbóshíꜜ] (Odaka – [3])
* IPA: [to̞bo̞ɕi]

#### Noun

灯(とぼし) • (toboshi)
* (archaic) an indoor torch
* (archaic) Alternative form of 灯 (tomoshi)

##### Derived terms

* 灯(とぼし)油(あぶら) (toboshiabura)
* 灯(とぼしび) (toboshibi)

#### Proper noun

灯(とぼし) • (Toboshi)
* a placename

### Etymology 5

* Kanji in this term
* 灯
* ともしび > とぼしび Grade: 4
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spellings
* 燈 (kyūjitai) 灯火 燭
Compound of 灯し (toboshi, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 灯す (tobosu), “to light”, archaic) +‎ 火 (hi, “fire”). The hi changes to bi as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
Equivalent to a shift from tomoshibi above, the nasal /-m-/ becomes plosive /-b-/.

#### Noun

灯(とぼしび) • (toboshibi)
* (archaic) Alternative form of 灯 (tomoshibi)

### Etymology 6

* Kanji in this term
* 灯
* あかし Grade: 4
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 燈 (kyūjitai)
The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 明かす (akasu, “to go through the whole night”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) あかし [àkáshí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [a̠ka̠ɕi]

#### Noun

灯(あかし) • (akashi)
* a light, lamp
** 1987, “Abare-daiko [Raging Drums]”, Takashi Taka (lyrics), Kōshō Inomata (music), performed by Fuyumi Sakamoto:
    櫓(やぐら)太(だい)鼓(こ)の灯(あかし)がゆれて　揃(そろ)い浴衣(ゆかた)の夏(なつ)がゆく
       yagura-daiko no akashi ga yurete soroi yukata no natsu ga yuku
       The festival-commencing lamp sways, [all] wearing yukata in the passing summer.
* (Shinto, Buddhism) a light (or lighted lamp) offered to a kami or buddha
    Synonym: 御灯, 御明かし, 御灯明 (miakashi)

##### Derived terms

* 御(み)灯(あかし) (miakashi)

### Etymology 7

* Kanji in this term
* 灯
* ひ Grade: 4
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 燈 (kyūjitai)
Cognate with and extension of 火 (hi, “fire”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ひ [híꜜ] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [çi]

#### Noun

灯(ひ) • (hi)
* a light, lamp
    Synonym: 明かり (akari)
** 1986, “Kimi o Nosete [Reaching You]”, Hayao Miyazaki (lyrics), Joe Hisaishi (music), performed by Azumi Inoue:
    ...たくさんの灯(ひ)が懐(なつ)かしいのは　あのどれかひとつに君(きみ)がいるから
       takusan no hi ga natsukashii no wa ano doreka hitotsu ni kimi ga iru kara
       ...among the many [lights, I feel] nostalgic[; and I know] you are in one of them.

##### Derived terms

* 灯(ひ)涼(すず)し (hisuzushi, “coolness of twinkling lights”)

### Etymology 8

* Kanji in this term
* 灯
* あかり Grade: 4
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 燈 (kyūjitai)
For pronunciation and definitions of 灯 – see the following entry. :
| 【明あかり】 | [noun] [from 1163] light [noun] [from 1603] a bright place; (figurative) a public place [noun] [from 1701] a positive sign amidst adversity (compare English light at the end of the tunnel) [noun] [from 1780] (figurative) evidence that dispels a question or doubt [noun] [from 1566] (figurative) the end of a period of time or a dark mood (compare English dawn, daybreak) Alternative spellings 明り, 明, 灯かり, 灯り |
(This term, 灯, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### References

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN