# خرما
## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Persian خرما (xormâ, “date”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [xuɾˈmɑ], [huɾˈmɑ]

### Noun

خرما • (hurma)
* date, the fruit of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera)

#### Derived terms

* خرما آغاجی (hurma ağacı, “date palm”)
* خرمالق (hurmalık, “plantation of date palms”)
* خرمایی (hurmayı, “date-colored”)
* طربزون خرماسی (tırabızon hurması, “silverberry”)
* عاصی خرما (ʿasi hurma, “Theban palm”)
* عاصی خرما صمغی (ʿasi hurma samğı, “bdellium”)

#### Descendants

* Turkish: hurma
* → Adyghe: хъурмэ (χʷurmɛ)
* → Albanian: hurmë
* → Belarusian: хурма́ (xurmá, “persimmon”)
* → Bulgarian: фурма́ (furmá, “persimmon”)
* → Crimean Tatar: hurma
* → Estonian: hurmaa
* → Greek: χουρμάς (chourmás)
** → Romanian: curmală
* → Ido: hurmo
* → Latvian: hurma
* → Macedonian: урма (urma)
* → Polish: hurma
* → Russian: хурма́ (xurmá, “persimmon”)
* → Serbo-Croatian:
    Cyrillic script: хурма, у̀рма
    Latin script: hurma, ùrma
* → Tatar: хөрмә (xörmä, “persimmon”)
* → Ukrainian: хурма́ (xurmá, “persimmon”)

### Further reading

* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “hurma”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 2008
* Hindoglu, Artin (1838) “خرما”, in Hazine-i lûgat ou dictionnaire abrégé turc-français‎, Vienna: F. Beck, page 208a
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “خرما”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 537
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Dactylus”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎, Vienna, column 319
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “خرما”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, column 1886
* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “hurma”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “خرما”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 841

## Persian
### Etymology

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (T$^g$) / [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwlmʾk' /⁠xormā⁠/, “date”), possibly from earlier *harmāw. The logogram is from Aramaic 𐡕𐡌𐡓𐡉𐡍 pl (tmryn, “dates”).
Compare Parthian [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwlmʾk /⁠xurmāg⁠/) and [Book Pahlavi needed] (T$^g$ /⁠*amrāw⁠/), both forms appeared in Draxt ī Āsūrīg. The former is from Middle Persian. For reading of the latter, compare Manichaean Parthian [Manichaean needed] (ʾmrʾw /⁠amrāw⁠/) and Old Armenian արմաւ (armaw) (see Korn).
Akin to Kumzari أرما (“date (fruit)”), Baluchi هرماگ (hurmág, “date; fully ripe date fruit”). Compare also Sanskrit खर्जु (kharju) (wild date tree).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [xuɾ.ˈmɑː]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [xʊɾ.mɑ́ː]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [xʊɾ.mɑ́ː]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [xʊɾ.mɑ́ː]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [xuɾ.mɔ́ː]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [xoɹ.mɒ́ː]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [χuɾ.mɔ́]

### Noun

| Dari | خرما |
| Iranian Persian | خرما |
| Tajik | хурмо |
خرما • (xormâ or xurmâ) (plural خرماها (xormâ-hâ))
* date (fruit)
** 940-1020, Ferdowsi, Shahnameh
    بکن کار و کرده بیزدان سپار بخرما چه یازی چو ترسی ز خارbokon kâr u karda ba-yazdân sepâr ba-xormâ če yâzi ču tarsi ze xâr(please add an English translation of this quotation)

#### Derived terms

* خرمالو (xormâlu, “persimmon”)

#### Descendants

* Tajik: хурмо (xurmo)
** → Uzbek: xurmo
* → Bengali: খোরমা (khorma)
* → Chagatai: خرما (hurma)
** Uyghur: خورما (xorma)
* → Georgian: ხურმა (xurma)
* → Gujarati: ખુરમો (khurmo)
* → Hindustani:
    Hindi: ख़ुरमा (xurmā)
    Urdu: خرما (xurmā)
* → Kazakh: құрма (qūrma)
* → Kipchak: قرما (kurma)
* → Central Kurdish: خورما (xurma)
** → Hulaulá: xurma
* → Northern Kurdish: xurme
** → Lishana Deni: כורמא (xurma)
* → Kyrgyz: курма (kurma)
* → Malay: kurma
** Indonesian: kurma
* → Middle Armenian: խուրմայ (xurmay)
** Armenian: խուրմա (xurma)
* → Punjabi: ਖੁਰਮਾ (khurmā)
* → Turkmen: hurma
* → Old Anatolian Turkish: خرما (hurma) (11th–15th c.)
** Azerbaijani: xurma
** Ottoman Turkish: خرما (hurma)
*** Turkish: hurma
*** → Adyghe: хъурмэ (χʷurmɛ)
*** → Albanian: hurmë
*** → Belarusian: хурма́ (xurmá, “persimmon”)
*** → Bulgarian: фурма́ (furmá, “persimmon”)
*** → Crimean Tatar: hurma
*** → Estonian: hurmaa
*** → Greek: χουρμάς (chourmás)
**** → Romanian: curmală
*** → Ido: hurmo
*** → Latvian: hurma
*** → Macedonian: урма (urma)
*** → Polish: hurma
*** → Russian: хурма́ (xurmá, “persimmon”)
*** → Serbo-Croatian:
    Cyrillic script: хурма, у̀рма
    Latin script: hurma, ùrma
*** → Tatar: хөрмә (xörmä, “persimmon”)
*** → Ukrainian: хурма́ (xurmá, “persimmon”)

### References

* MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) “xormā”, in A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, page 94
* Henning. W. B. (1950), "A Pahlavi Poem", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 13, No. 3., page 645
* Korn, Agnes (2013) “Final troubles: Armenian stem classes and the word-end in Late Old Persian”, in Toxtasʹjev S. R., Lurʹje P. B., editors, Commentationes Iranicae. Sbornik statej k 90-letiju Vladimira Aronoviča Livšica‎, Saint Petersburg: Nestor-Istorija, →ISBN, page 81, note 39:HENNING (1950, p. 645) notes that the Pth. form is amrāw as seen in “Man. ʾmrʾw, against Arm. armav”, and thus reads amrāw for the Arameogram Tg in the Draxt ī Asūrīg while MACIUSZAK (2007, p. 65, 125, 184) reads (the NP form) xormā on account of <hwlmʾk> occuring some lines later in the text. ʾmrʾw is found in the unpublished fragment M 171 II R 10 (Desmond Durkin-Meisterernst, pers. comm.). The relevant part of the fragment is partially broken off, though (see the photo at http://www.bbaw.de/forschung/turfanforschung/dta/m/images/m0171_seite2.jpg).
* «КОРБУРДИ ВОЖАҲОИ ПОРТӢ ДАР ЗАБОНИ ФОРСИИ МИЁНА», Номаи пажӯҳишгоҳ, №1, 2001, с. 10-19. «портӣ amrāw=xurmāg «хурмо» (<harmāw =armāw [Hubschmann 1895, 111; Периханян1973, 440]."»