# 堅霜
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kian-sng / kiân-sng
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kian-sng
*** Tâi-lô: kian-sng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kiensngf
*** IPA (Philippines): /kiɛn³³ sŋ̍³³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese, Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiân-sng
*** Tâi-lô: kiân-sng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kiensngf
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kiɛn²⁴⁻²² sŋ̍⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Philippines): /kiɛn²⁴⁻²² sŋ̍³³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kiɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ sŋ̍⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɛn²³⁻³³ sŋ̍⁴⁴/

### Verb

堅霜
* (Hokkien) to freeze; to congeal

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 結冰, 凍冰, 上凍 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 凍冰, 上凍 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 結冰 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chengde | 凍冰, 上凍 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 上凍 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 上凍 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Heihe | 結冰, 上凍, 凍冰 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Qiqihar | 結冰, 上凍 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 結冰, 上凍, 凍冰 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jiamusi | 結冰, 凍冰, 上凍 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Baicheng | 凍冰, 上凍 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Changchun | 上凍 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tonghua | 凍冰, 上凍 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 結冰, 凍冰, 上凍 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jinzhou | 結冰, 凍冰, 上凍 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 凍冰, 上凍 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 結冰, 凍冰, 上凍 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 凍凌, 凍冰, 上凍 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 凍冰, 上凍 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 上凍 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Lijin | 上凍 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 上凍, 凍冰, 結冰 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dalian | 凍冰 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dandong | 凍冰, 上凍 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai | 凍冰, 上凍 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 結冰, 凍冰, 上凍, 溫凍 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 結冰, 上凍 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Zhucheng | 上凍 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Lingbao | 結冰, 上凍 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Jining | 結冰, 上凍 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 凍冬凌 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Linfen | 上凍 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yuanyang | 結冰 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 上凍 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xinyang | 結冰, 上凍 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baihe | 結冰, 上凍 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 結冰, 凍冰, 上凍 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baoji | 結冰, 上凍, 冰凍 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Tianshui | 凍冰 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 結冰, 上凍 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Fuyang | 上凍 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 結冰, 凍冰 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 結冰, 凍冰, 上凍 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Dunhuang | 結冰, 凍冰 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Hami | 結冰 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 結冰, 上凍 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 結冰, 結凌冰, 凝冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanchong | 結冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dazhou | 結冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xichang | 結冰, 長凌冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zigong | 結冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 結冰, 結凌冰兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 結冰, 下凌, 上凌, 結凌冰, 結凌 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yichang | 結冰, 凍冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangyang | 結冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianmen | 結冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 凌冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zunyi | 凌冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liping | 結凌, 構凌 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zhaotong | 結冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dali | 結冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 結冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mengzi | 結冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 結冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 結冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jishou | 結冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Changde | 結冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanzhong | 結冰, 凍冰 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 凍冰, 結冰, 上凍 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 結冰, 上凍, 凍凍 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianyungang | 上凍 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianshui | 上凍 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 結凍 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Anqing | 結冰, 上凍 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Wuhu | 上凍, 凍冰凍 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 結凍, 上凍, 結冰 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hong'an | 下凌, 結凌 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 結冰 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 結冰 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 結冰 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 結冰 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 結冰 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 結冰 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 結冰 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 結冰 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 結冰 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 結冰 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 結冰 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 結冰 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 結冰 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 結冰 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 結冰 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 結冰 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 結冰 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 結冰 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 結冰 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 結冰 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 結冰 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 結冰 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 結冰 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 結冰 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 結冰 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 結冰 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 凍凌, 結凌, 結冰, 凍冰凌 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 結冰凌 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 結凌冰, 起構 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 落凝 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 結冰 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 結冰 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 結冰 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 結冰 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 結冰 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 結冰 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 結凍 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 結冰, 凍冰 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 凍冰, 上凍 |
| Jin | Yangyuan | 結冰, 凍冰 |
| Jin | Datong | 凍冰 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 凍冬蠟, 上凍 |
| Jin | Lüliang (Lishi) | 結冰, 封凍 |
| Jin | Changzhi | 結冰, 上凍 |
| Jin | Linhe | 上凍 |
| Jin | Jining | 凍冰 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 結冰 |
| Jin | Erenhot | 上凍 |
| Jin | Pingshan | 凍凍凌 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 結冰, 凍冰 |
| Jin | Handan | 凍冰, 上凍 |
| Jin | Suide | 結冰, 凍冰 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 構霜冰, 構冰, 結冰 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 結冰 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 凝霜, 結冰, 結霜, 激冰, 激霜 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 結霜 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 結霜, 激冰, 激霜 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 堅霜 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 結冰 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 結冰 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 結冰 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Sanxiang) | 結冰 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 結冰 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 結冰, 冰膠 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 凍冰 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 結冰 |
| Wu | Danyang | 結冰, 結凍, 凍凍 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 結冰 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 結冰 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 結冰 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 結冰 |
| Wu | Jinhua (Tangxi) | 凍冰兒 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 構凌, 下凌, 結凌冰 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 扯構 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 構起, 起構 |

#### Related terms

* 堅凍 / 坚冻