# 掴む
## Japanese

* Kanji in this term
* 掴
* つか Hyōgai
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spellings
* 摑む (kyūjitai) 攫む 抓む 把む

### Etymology

Derived from 束 (tsuka, “bunch, bundle”) +‎ む (-mu, verb-forming suffix indicating “to look like, to seem like”).
First cited to a text from 850.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) つかむ [tsùkáꜜmù] (Nakadaka – [2])
* IPA: [t͡sɨka̠mɯ̟]
* Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「掴む」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary :
| Stem forms ||||
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) | 掴む | つかむ | [tsùkáꜜmù] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 掴め | つかめ | [tsùkáꜜmè] |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 掴まれる | つかまれる | [tsùkámáréꜜrù] |
| Causative | 掴ませる | つかませる | [tsùkámáséꜜrù] |
| Potential | 掴める | つかめる | [tsùkáméꜜrù] |
| Volitional | 掴もう | つかもー | [tsùkámóꜜò] |
| Negative | 掴まない | つかまない | [tsùkámáꜜnàì] |
| Negative perfective | 掴まなかった | つかまなかった | [tsùkámáꜜnàkàttà] |
| Formal | 掴みます | つかみます | [tsùkámímáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 掴んだ | つかんだ | [tsùkáꜜǹdà] |
| Conjunctive | 掴んで | つかんで | [tsùkáꜜǹdè] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 掴めば | つかめば | [tsùkáꜜmèbà] |

### Verb

掴(つか)む • (tsukamu) transitive godan (stem 掴(つか)み (tsukami), past 掴(つか)んだ (tsukanda))
Japanese verb pair :
| active | 掴む |
| mediopassive | 掴まる |
* [from 850] to grab
* [from 850] to grip, take hold of
* [from 1724] to accept (a bribe)
* [from 1701] to abduct, kidnap
* [from 1897] to capture, grasp (imagination, hearts, opportunities, etc.)

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 掴ま | つかま | tsukama |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 掴み | つかみ | tsukami |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 掴む | つかむ | tsukamu |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 掴む | つかむ | tsukamu |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 掴め | つかめ | tsukame |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 掴め | つかめ | tsukame |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 掴まれる | つかまれる | tsukamareru |
| Causative | 掴ませる 掴ます | つかませる つかます | tsukamaseru tsukamasu |
| Potential | 掴める | つかめる | tsukameru |
| Volitional | 掴もう | つかもう | tsukamō |
| Negative | 掴まない | つかまない | tsukamanai |
| Negative continuative | 掴まず | つかまず | tsukamazu |
| Formal | 掴みます | つかみます | tsukamimasu |
| Perfective | 掴んだ | つかんだ | tsukanda |
| Conjunctive | 掴んで | つかんで | tsukande |
| Hypothetical conditional | 掴めば | つかめば | tsukameba |
Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 掴ま | つかま | tukama |
| Continuative (連用形) | 掴み | つかみ | tukami |
| Terminal (終止形) | 掴む | つかむ | tukamu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 掴む | つかむ | tukamu |
| Realis (已然形) | 掴め | つかめ | tukame |
| Imperative (命令形) | 掴め | つかめ | tukame |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 掴まず | つかまず | tukamazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 掴めど | つかめど | tukamedo |
| Causal conjunction | 掴めば | つかめば | tukameba |
| Conditional conjunction | 掴まば | つかまば | tukamaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 掴みき | つかみき | tukamiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 掴みけり | つかみけり | tukamikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 掴みつ | つかみつ | tukamitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 掴みぬ | つかみぬ | tukaminu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 掴めり 掴みたり | つかめり つかみたり | tukameri tukamitari |
| Volitional | 掴まむ | つかまむ | tukamamu |

#### Derived terms

* 掴(つか)まえる (tsukamaeru)
* 掴(つか)ませる (tsukamaseru)
* 掴(つか)まゆ (tsukamayu)
* 掴(つか)み合(あ)う (tsukamiau)
* 掴(つか)み上(あ)げる (tsukamiageru)
* 掴(つか)み洗(あら)い (tsukamiarai)
* 掴(つか)み金(きん) (tsukamikin)
* 掴(つか)み込(こ)む (tsukamikomu)
* 掴(つか)み殺(ころ)す (tsukamikorosu)
* 掴(つか)み染(ぞ)め (tsukamizome)
* 掴(つか)み高(だか) (tsukamidaka)
* 掴(つか)み出(だ)す (tsukamidasu)
* 掴(つか)み立(た)つ (tsukamitatsu)
* 掴(つか)み付(つ)く (tsukamitsuku)
* 掴(つか)み潰(つぶ)す (tsukamitsubusu)
* 掴(つか)み所(どころ) (tsukamidokoro)
* 掴(つか)み取(ど)る (tsukamidoru)
* 掴(つか)み投(な)げ (tsukaminage)
* 掴(つか)み奉(ぼう)公(こう) (tsukamibōkō)
* 掴(つか)み料(りょう)理(り) (tsukamiryōri)
* 掻(か)い掴(つか)む (kaitsukamu), 掻(か)っ掴(つか)む (kattsukamu)
* 引(ひ)っ掴(つか)む (hittsukamu), 引(ひ)き掴(つか)む (hikitsukamu)

#### Idioms

* 牛(うし)掴(つか)むばかりの暗(くら)がり (ushi tsukamu bakari no kuragari)
* 雲(くも)を掴(つか)む (kumo o tsukamu)
* 虚(こ)空(くう)を掴(つか)む (kokū o tsukamu)
* 心(こころ)を掴(つか)む (kokoro o tsukamu)
* 尻尾(しっぽ)を掴(つか)む (shippo o tsukamu)
* 砂(すな)を掴(つか)む (suna o tsukamu)
* 濡(ぬ)れ手(て)で粟(あわ)をつかむ (nurete de awa o tsukamu)

#### Proverbs

* 溺(おぼ)れる者(もの)は藁(わら)をも掴(つか)む (oboreru mono wa wara o mo tsukamu)
* 倒(たお)るる所(ところ)に土(つち)を掴(つか)む (taoruru tokoro ni tsuchi o tsukamu)

#### See also

* 束(つか)ねる (tsukaneru)
* 把(は)握(あく)する (hāku suru)

### References

* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ “掴・攫・抓”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN