# أشهل
## Arabic
### Alternative forms

* اسهل — rasm

### Etymology 1.1

Color or defect adjective from the root ش ه ل (š h l).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʔaʃ.hal/

#### Adjective

أَشْهَل • (ʔašhal) (feminine شَهْلَاء (šahlāʔ), common plural شُهْل (šuhl)) (obsolete)
* (said of eyes; also used in reference to mountains and wolves with the meaning "dust-coloured inclining to whiteness") The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:
** glaucous or subglaucous;
** having "a mixture of colours" (usually blue or red with black), variegated (likely from a confusion with أَشْكَل (ʔaškal) although Abu Mansur al-Azhari considered them to be synonyms):
*** reddish-brown, dark-brown;
*** bluish-black, deep blue;
** of "lighter shades of brown" or amber, tawny, or fawn (likely from a confusion with أَشْعَل (ʔašʕal)).
*** c. 748 CE – 823 CE, Muslim ibn al-Walid, Diwan 45.19:كَسَاهَا الخَلَا الرَسْمِيُّ مِنْ كُلِّ جَانِبٍ ‖ طَرَائِقَ حَتَّى سُودُ حَوْزَاتِهَا شُهْلُkasāhā l-ḵalā r-rasmiyyu min kulli jānibin ‖ ṭarāʔiqa ḥattā sūdu ḥawzātihā šuhluTranslation by Arthur WormhoudtThe rain dresses the yard on every side Paths until the black of nature is blue
*** 988 CE, Ibn al-Nadim, Al-Fihrist :احد الاسباب فى ذلك ان المأمون رأى فى منامه كان رجلا ابيض اللون مشربا حمرة واسع الجبهة مقرون الحاجب اجلح الرأس اشهل العينين حسن الشمائل جالس على سريرهTranslation by Clifford Edmund BosworthOne of the reasons for that was that al-Ma'mun had a dream. He saw a man white in complexion but with a reddish tinge, a high forehead, close-together eyebrows, bald, with grey eyes and pleasant features, sitting on his throne.
*** 997 CE – 1062, Ibn Mutarrif al-Tarafi, The Stories of the Prophets :‫ وكانت صفة أيوب صلی الله عليه وسلم أحمر أشهل ناتی الوجنتين غليظ الخلقTranslation by Roberto TottoliJob [peace be upon him] was a man of a reddish complexion, blue eyes, protuberant cheeks and bulky constitution.
*** 1025, Avicenna, The Canon of Medicine 3:و لهذا السبب تكون عيون الاطفال زرقاء، و شهلاء، و هذه زرقة تكون عن رطوبة بالغةTranslation by Christopher T. Leffler, Wasim A. Samara, Tamer H. Hadi, Ali Salman, Faraaz A. KhanIn this manner, the eyes of children are glaucous (zarqaa) and variegated (shahlaa), and this type of glaucous hue (zurqa) is due to the humour completely.
*** 1126, Cairo Geniza T-S Ar. 51.110.lines 2–5, (original in rasm):هذا ما استاجر عمر بن موسى الزيات وهو يومئذ رجل معتدل القامة اسمر اللون رقيق السمرة تعلوه حمرا واضح الجبهة صلتها ابلج ما بين الحاجبين ازجهما ابخض اشهل اخثم الانف غليظه موجن مستدير اللحية ابنة اسمعيل المعروف والدها بالكوهان اليهودية [...]Translation by Geoffrey KhanThis is what ‘Umar ibn Mūsā, the dealer in oil, who on this day is a man of average stature, pure reddy-brown in complexion, with a smooth broad forehead, with fine eyebrows separated in the middle, with fleshy eye-lids, dark brown eyes, a wide, thick, nose, prominent cheekbones and a round beard, leased from Ya’’āsa (?) ibnat ’Isma‘īl, whose father is known as al-Kohen, the Jewess. […]
* (applied to a person) having eyes of that color

##### Derived terms

* الْأَشْهَل (al-ʔašhal)
** أَشْهَلِيّ (ʔašhaliyy)

##### Related terms

* اِشْهَلَّ (išhalla)
* شَهِلَ (šahila)
* شُهْلَة (šuhla)

##### Descendants

* → Punjabi: اَشْہَل (aśhal)
(via feminine form شَهْلَاء (šahlāʔ)):
* → Azerbaijani: şəhla
* → Chagatai: شَهلا
** Uyghur: شەھلا (shehla)
** Uzbek: shahlo
* → Classical Persian: شَهْلَا (šahlā)
** Iranian Persian: شَهْلا (šahlâ)
** Tajik: шаҳло (šahlo)
* → Kazakh: шәһла (şähla)
* → Mogholi: شهلا (šahlā)
* → Ottoman Turkish: شَهلا (şehla)
** Turkish: şehla
* → Pashto: شهلا
* → Urdu: شَہْلا (śahlā)

##### See also

Colors in Arabic · أَلْوَان (ʔalwān) (layout · text) :
| أَبْيَض (ʔabyaḍ), أَشْيَب (ʔašyab) | رَمَادِيّ (ramādiyy), أَشْهَب (ʔašhab), أَغْبَر (ʔaḡbar), أَعْفَر (ʔaʕfar), رَصَاصِيّ‎ (raṣāṣiyy) | أَسْوَد (ʔaswad), غِرْبِيب (ḡirbīb), أَحَمّ (ʔaḥamm), أَدْهَم (ʔadham) |
| أَحْمَر (ʔaḥmar), أَصْهَب (ʔaṣhab); قِرْمِزِيّ (qirmiziyy) | أَمْغَر (ʔamḡar), بُرْتُقَالِيّ (burtuqāliyy); بُنِّيّ (bunniyy), أَسْمَر (ʔasmar), أَشْعَل (ʔašʕal), أَشْهَل (ʔašhal) | أَصْفَر (ʔaṣfar), أَشْقَر (ʔašqar); قِشْدِيّ (qišdiyy) |
| لِيمِيّ (līmiyy) | أَخْضَر (ʔaḵḍar), أَحْوَى (ʔaḥwā) | نَعْنَاعِيّ (naʕnāʕiyy), زُمُرُّدِيّ‎‎ (zumurrudiyy) |
| سَمَاوِيّ (samāwiyy), فَيْرُوزِيّ (fayrūziyy); حَذَفِيّ (ḥaḏafiyy), شَرْشِيرِيّ (šaršīriyy) | لَازُوَرْدِيّ (lāzuwardiyy), بَحْرِيّ‎‎ (baḥriyy) | أَزْرَق (ʔazraq) |
| بَنَفْسَجِيّ (banafsajiyy), فِرْفِيرِيّ (firfīriyy); نِيلِيّ (nīliyy) | فُوشِيّ (fūšiyy); أُرْجُوَانِيّ (ʔurjuwāniyy) | وَرْدِيّ (wardiyy), زَهْرِيّ‎ (zahriyy) |

##### References

* 1 2 3 4 Lane, Edward William (1863) “أشهل”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate, page 1613
* ↑ Sabra, A. I. (1989) The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham: Books I-III: on Direct Vision‎, part II, page 41:It was frequently used as equivalent to the Greek glaukos, grey, blue-grey, blue-green, light blue, etc. (LSJ). In the Optics it is mentioned as a colour of the eye (or iris) distinguished from blue (azraq). [...] / Kamāl al-Dīn, in Tanqīḥ, 1, p. 106, lists al-shuhla (from ashhal) among four colours of the iris, the other three being dark blue or blue-black (al-kaḥal), blue (azraq) and al-shuʿla; al-shuhla, he says, is closer to al-kaḥal while al-shuʿla is closer to blue. This would seem to make ashhal something like blush grey, but Kamāl al-Dīn appears to be propounding a theory rather than a description of actual usage.
* 1 2 3 4 5 Maxwell-Stuart, P. G. (1981) Studies in Greek Colour Terminology: Charopos‎, Brill, page 174
* ↑ Maxwell-Stuart, P. G. (1981) op. cit., page 175
* ↑ Leffler, Christopher T., Samara, Wasim A., Hadi, Tamer H., Salman, Ali, Khan, Faraaz A. (2020) “Glaucoma in the Medieval Arab World”, in Leffler, Christopher T., editor, The History of Glaucoma‎, Wayenborgh Publishing, page 56
* ↑ Fischer, Wolfdietrich (1965) “Heller Farbbereich:Rot und Blau”, in Farb- und Formbezeichnung in der Sprache der altarabischen Dichtung‎ (in German), page 353:Nach den arab. Lexika sind beide etwa synonym. Hinsichtlich der primären Bedeutung von aškal 'unbestimmt, verschiedenartig gefärbt' scheint dies ungefähr zutreffend zu sein und wird durch einen Lis. III 475 = 2. 635a, 14—15 zitierten V. bestätigt: mutawaḍḍiḥu l-aqrābi fīhi šuhlatun * šaniǧu l-yadaini taḫāluhū maškūlā '(ein Kamel ?) an den Flanken hell gefärbt, doch mit Mischfarbigkeit getrübt, an den Vorderbeinen runzelig, so daß man es für ein undeutlich (gefärbtes Tier) hält'. […] Es wird, wie die Belege zeigen, als Gegensatz zu adʿaǧ 'schwarzäugig gebraucht', so daß die arab. Lexikographen im unklaren sind, ob bräunliche (d. h. rötliche) oder bläuliche (d. h. schillernde) Augen gemeint sind.
* ↑ Khan, Geoffrey (1993) Arabic Legal and Administrative Documents in the Cambridge Genizah collections, Cambridge University Press, page 17
* ↑ Wehr, Hans (1979) “أشهل”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN
* ↑ Maxwell-Stuart, P. G. (1981) op. cit., page 71
* ↑ Aigle, Denise (2014) The Mongol-Empire Between Myth and Reality‎, Brill, page 127
* ↑ The Diwan of Muslim ibn al-Walid, called Sariʻ al Gawani, translated and commented on by Arthur Wormhoudt‎, William Penn College, 1981
* ↑ Bosworth, C. E. (1963) Medieval Arabic Culture and Administration‎, page xv
* ↑ Tottoli, Roberto (1998) “The Qiṣaṣ al-anbiyāʾ of Ibn Muṭarrif al-Ṭarafī (d. 454/1062)”, in Al-Qantara‎, volume 19, number 1, page 153
* ↑ Leffler, Christopher T., Samara, Wasim A., Hadi, Tamer H., Salman, Ali, Khan, Faraaz A. (2020) Leffler, Christopher T., editor, op. cit., pages 55–56
* ↑ Khan, Geoffrey (1993) op. cit., page 169

### Etymology 1.2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

أشهل (form I)
* أَشْهَلُ (ʔašhalu) /ʔaʃ.ha.lu/: first-person singular non-past active indicative of شَهِلَ (šahila)
* أَشْهَلَ (ʔašhala) /ʔaʃ.ha.la/: first-person singular non-past active subjunctive of شَهِلَ (šahila)
* أَشْهَلْ (ʔašhal) /ʔaʃ.hal/: first-person singular non-past active jussive of شَهِلَ (šahila)

### Etymology 1.3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

أشهل (form II)
* أُشَهِّلُ (ʔušahhilu) /ʔu.ʃah.hi.lu/: first-person singular non-past active indicative of شَهَّلَ (šahhala)
* أُشَهَّلُ (ʔušahhalu) /ʔu.ʃah.ha.lu/: first-person singular non-past passive indicative of شَهَّلَ (šahhala)
* أُشَهِّلَ (ʔušahhila) /ʔu.ʃah.hi.la/: first-person singular non-past active subjunctive of شَهَّلَ (šahhala)
* أُشَهَّلَ (ʔušahhala) /ʔu.ʃah.ha.la/: first-person singular non-past passive subjunctive of شَهَّلَ (šahhala)
* أُشَهِّلْ (ʔušahhil) /ʔu.ʃah.hil/: first-person singular non-past active jussive of شَهَّلَ (šahhala)
* أُشَهَّلْ (ʔušahhal) /ʔu.ʃah.hal/: first-person singular non-past passive jussive of شَهَّلَ (šahhala)

### Etymology 1.4

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

أشهل (form IX)
* أَشْهَلُّ (ʔašhallu) /ʔaʃ.hal.lu/: first-person singular non-past active indicative of اِشْهَلَّ (išhalla)
* أَشْهَلَّ (ʔašhalla) /ʔaʃ.hal.la/: first-person singular non-past active subjunctive/jussive of اِشْهَلَّ (išhalla)
* أَشْهَلِّ (ʔašhalli) /ʔaʃ.hal.li/: first-person singular non-past active jussive of اِشْهَلَّ (išhalla)