# бꙑти
## Old Church Slavonic
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *byti, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *bū́ˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuh₂-. Baltic cognates include Lithuanian būti and Latvian būt. Other Indo-European cognates include Latin fuī (“I was”), Ancient Greek φύω (phúō), Sanskrit भवति (bhávati, “to become”), and Persian بودن (bûdan, “to be”), Old English bēon (English be).

### Verb

бꙑти • (byti) impf
* to be
** from the Life of Constantine:
    филосѡѳе, вѣмь тѧ троудна соуща, но достоить тебѣ тамо ити.filosoθe, věmĭ tę trudna sušta, no dostoitĭ tebě tamo iti.Philosopher, I see that you are weary, but it does suit you to go there.

#### Usage notes

Attested бѣ-forms :
| бѣхъ | ⰱⱑ | ⰱⱑ, бѣше, бѣѣше, бѣаше |
| ? | ? | (бѣста), (бѣаста), ⰱⱑⱄⱅⰵ, ⰱⱑⰰⱎⰵⱅⰵ |
| ⰱⱑⱈⱁⰿⱏ | ? | бѣшѧ, бѣхѫ, бѣѣхѫ, бѣахѫ |
Attested би-forms :
| бимь/бимъ | би | би |
| бимъ/бимь, бихомъ | бисте | бѫ, бишѧ |

#### Conjugation

| | present | imperfective | aorist | future | imperative | perfective aorist |
| 1st person sg | есмь (esmĭ) | бѣахъ (běaxŭ) | бѣхъ (běxŭ) | бѫдѫ (bǫdǫ) | бѫдѣмь (bǫděmĭ) | бꙑхъ (byxŭ) |
| 2nd person sg | еси (esi) | бѣаше (běaše) | бѣ (bě) | бѫдеши (bǫdeši) | бѫди (bǫdi) | бꙑстъ (bystŭ) / бꙑ (by) |
| 3rd person sg | естъ (estŭ) | бѣаше (běaše) | бѣ (bě) | бѫдетъ (bǫdetŭ) | бѫди (bǫdi) | бꙑстъ (bystŭ) / бꙑ (by) |
| 1st person dual | есвѣ (esvě) | бѣаховѣ (běaxově) | бѣховѣ (běxově) | бѫдевѣ (bǫdevě) | бѫдѣвѣ (bǫděvě) | бꙑховѣ (byxově) |
| 2nd person dual | еста (esta) | бѣашета (běašeta) | бѣста (běsta) | бѫдета (bǫdeta) | бѫдѣта (bǫděta) | бꙑста (bysta) |
| 3rd person dual | есте (este) | бѣашете (běašete) | бѣсте (běste) | бѫдете (bǫdete) | бѫдѣте (bǫděte) | бꙑсте (byste) |
| 1st person pl | есмъ (esmŭ) | бѣахомъ (běaxomŭ) | бѣхомъ (běxomŭ) | бѫдемъ (bǫdemŭ) | бѫдѣмъ (bǫděmŭ) | бꙑхомъ (byxomŭ) |
| 2nd person pl | есте (este) | бѣашете (běašete) | бѣсте (běste) | бѫдете (bǫdete) | бѫдѣте (bǫděte) | бꙑсте (byste) |
| 3rd person pl | сѫтъ (sǫtŭ) | бѣахѫ (běaxǫ) | бѣшѧ (běšę) | бѫдѫтъ (bǫdǫtŭ) | бѫдѫ (bǫdǫ) | бꙑшѧ (byšę) |
participles
| | masculine sg | neuter sg | feminine sg |
| present active participle | сꙑ (sy) | сꙑ (sy) | сѫщи (sǫšti) |
| resultative participle | бꙑлъ (bylŭ) | бꙑло (bylo) | бꙑла (byla) |
| past active participle | бꙑвъ (byvŭ) | бꙑвъ (byvŭ) | бꙑвъши (byvŭši) |
| substantive | — | бꙑтьѥ, бꙑтиѥ (bytĭje, bytije) | — |
не бꙑти (negative conjugation)
| | singular | dual | plural |
| 1st person | нѣсмь (něsmĭ) | нѣсвѣ (něsvě) | нѣсмъ (něsmŭ) |
| 2nd person | нѣси (něsi) | нѣста (něsta) | нѣсте (něste) |
| 3rd person | нѣстъ (něstŭ) | нѣсте (něste) | не сѫтъ (ne sǫtŭ) |

#### Derived terms

* бꙑтие (bytije)
* бꙑть (bytĭ)
* бꙑтьнъ (bytĭnŭ)
* добꙑти (dobyti)
* забꙑти (zabyti)
* забꙑтие (zabytije)
* забꙑть (zabytĭ)
* забꙑтьливъ (zabytĭlivŭ)
* избꙑти (izbyti)
* избꙑтие (izbytije)
* избꙑтъкъ (izbytŭkŭ)
* небꙑтие (nebytije)
* небꙑтьнъ (nebytĭnŭ)
* неизбꙑтьнъ (neizbytĭnŭ)
* прибꙑти (pribyti)
* прибꙑтъкъ (pribytŭkŭ)
* прѣбꙑти (prěbyti)
* прѣбꙑтие (prěbytije)
* прѣбꙑть (prěbytĭ)
* прѣбꙑтьнъ (prěbytĭnŭ)
* самобꙑтие (samobytije)
* самобꙑтьнъ (samobytĭnŭ)
* събꙑти (sŭbyti)
* събꙑтие (sŭbytije)

#### Related terms

* бꙑвати (byvati)
* забꙑвати (zabyvati)
* избꙑвание (izbyvanije)
* избꙑвати (izbyvati)
* обꙑвати (obyvati)
* отъбꙑвати (otŭbyvati)
* прибꙑвати (pribyvati)
* прѣбꙑвание (prěbyvanije)
* прѣбꙑвати (prěbyvati)
* събꙑвати (sŭbyvati)

#### Descendants

* Bulgarian: съм (sǎm), бъ́да (bǎ́da)

### References

* ↑ Karl Meyer (1935) “бѣхъ, бѣ, бѣ, бѣаше, бѣхомъ, бѣшѧ, бѣахѫ, бѣста, бѣаста”, in Altkirchenslavisch-griechisches Wörterbuch des Codex Suprasliensis‎ (in German), Glückstadt, Hamburg: Verlag J. J. Augustin, page 21
* ↑ Сергѣй Северьяновъ (1922) “бꙑти”, in Синайская псалтырь. Глаголическій памятникъ XI вѣка.‎ (in Russian), Saint Petersburg (Petrograd): Отдѣленіе русскаго языка и словесности Россійской Академіи Наукъ, page 193
* ↑ Vatroslav Jagić (1883) “бꙑти”, in Памятникъ глаголической письменности. Маріинское четвероевангеліе съ примѣчаніями и приложеніями.‎ (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences, page 482
* ↑ Вячеславъ Щепкинъ (1903) “бꙑти”, in Саввина Книга‎ (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Отдѣленіе русскаго языка и словесности Императорской Академіи Наукъ, page 156
* ↑ Григории, editor (1057), “бѣ, бѣ, бѣаста, бѣахѫ, бѣаше, бѣста, бѣсте, бѣхъ бѣхѫ, бѣше, бѣшѧ (leaf 52)”, in Еуглие [Ostromir Gospels]‎ (in Old Church Slavonic), page 52
* ↑ “бꙑти”, in http://syntacticus.org
* ↑ “ⱅⱏⰹ ⰱⱑ (line -13, leaf 39)”, in Codex Marianus [Ф.87 №6]‎ (in Old Church Slavonic), National Library of Russia, 1016±16, page Mt:26:69
* ↑ “ⰱⱑ (leaf 260, line -7)”, in Codex Zographensis [Глаг. 1]‎ (in Old Church Slavonic), National Library of Russia, 1000±33, page Jn:11:1
* ↑ Сава, editor (1050±50), “бѣше (line 7, leaf 87)”, in Sava's book‎ (in Old Church Slavonic), page Jn:12:2
* ↑ Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣѣше”, in Codex Suprasliensis‎ (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 23.5, line 30
* ↑ Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣаше”, in Codex Suprasliensis‎ (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 62, line 26
* ↑ Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣста”, in Codex Suprasliensis‎ (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 214.5, line 30
* ↑ Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣаста”, in Codex Suprasliensis‎ (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 102.5, line 5
* ↑ “ⰱⱑⱄⱅⰵ (line 14, leaf 35)”, in Codex Assemanius [Vat. Slav. 3]‎ (in Old Church Slavonic), Vatican Library, 10xx?, page Mt:4:18
* ↑ “ⰱⱑⰰⱎⰵⱅⰵ (leaf 78, line -5)”, in Codex Zographensis [Глаг. 1]‎ (in Old Church Slavonic), National Library of Russia, 1000±33, page Mk:1:16
* ↑ “ⰴⰾⱏⰶⱐⱀⰻ ⰱⱑⱈⱁⰿⱏ ⱄⱏⱅⰲⱁⱃⰻⱅⰻ (leaf 195.5, line -9)”, in Codex Zographensis [Глаг. 1]‎ (in Old Church Slavonic), National Library of Russia, 1000±33
* ↑ Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣшѧ”, in Codex Suprasliensis‎ (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 10.5, line 17
* ↑ Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “прикладаѥма бѣхѫ”, in Codex Suprasliensis‎ (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 199, line 24
* ↑ Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣѣхѫ”, in Codex Suprasliensis‎ (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 77.5, line 13
* ↑ Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣахѫ”, in Codex Suprasliensis‎ (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 1.5, line 28
* ↑ Сергѣй Северьяновъ (1922) “II. бꙑти”, in Синайская псалтырь. Глаголическій памятникъ XI вѣка.‎ (in Russian), Saint Petersburg (Petrograd): Отдѣленіе русскаго языка и словесности Россійской Академіи Наукъ, page 193
* ↑ Vatroslav Jagić (1883) “бꙑти”, in Памятникъ глаголической письменности. Маріинское четвероевангеліе съ примѣчаніями и приложеніями.‎ (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences, page 482
* ↑ Вячеславъ Щепкинъ (1903) “бꙑти”, in Саввина Книга‎ (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Отдѣленіе русскаго языка и словесности Императорской Академіи Наукъ, page 156
* ↑ Karl Meyer (1935) “быти”, in Altkirchenslavisch-griechisches Wörterbuch des Codex Suprasliensis‎ (in German), Glückstadt, Hamburg: Verlag J. J. Augustin, page 22
* ↑ “бꙑти”, in http://syntacticus.org
* Андрей Бояджиев, Старобългарска читанка, София, 2016.

### Further reading

* А. К. Поливанова, editor (2013), “Глагол бꙑти”, in Старославянский язык. Грамматика. Словари.‎ (in Russian), Moscow: Университет Дмитрия Пожарского, page 329
* А. К. Поливанова, editor (2013), “Глагол ѥсмь”, in Старославянский язык. Грамматика. Словари.‎ (in Russian), Moscow: Университет Дмитрия Пожарского, page 328
* Cejtlin, R.M.; Večerka, R.; Blagova, E., editors (1994), “А. Таблица форм атематических глаголов”, in Staroslavjanskij slovarʹ (po rukopisjam X—XI vekov) [Old Church Slavonic Dictionary (Based on 10–11th Century Manuscripts)], Moscow: Russkij jazyk, page 829
* Koch, Christoph (1990) “§ 66 Konj. I.1b (bǫdǫ byti)”, in Das morphologische System des altkirchenslavischen Verbums‎ (in German), Munich: Wilhelm Fink Verlag, page 711
* Григории, editor (1057), “Спряженіе глаголовъ неправильныхъ. § 39. (leaf 30)”, in Еуглие [Ostromir Gospels]‎ (in Old Church Slavonic), page 30
* Cejtlin, R.M.; Večerka, R.; Blagova, E., editors (1994), “бꙑти”, in Staroslavjanskij slovarʹ (po rukopisjam X—XI vekov) [Old Church Slavonic Dictionary (Based on 10–11th Century Manuscripts)], Moscow: Russkij jazyk, page 103
* Hauptova Z., editor (1958–1997), “бꙑти”, in Slovník jazyka staroslověnského (Lexicon linguae palaeoslovenicae)‎, volume 1, Prague: Euroslavica, page 152

## Old East Slavic
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *byti. Cognates include Old Church Slavonic бꙑти (byti) and Old Polish być.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈbɯti/→/ˈbɯtʲi/→/ˈbɯtʲi/
* (ca. 9th CE) IPA: /ˈbɯti/
* (ca. 11th CE) IPA: /ˈbɯtʲi/
* (ca. 13th CE) IPA: /ˈbɯtʲi/
* Hyphenation: бꙑ‧ти

### Verb

бꙑти (byti) impf
* (copulative) to be
** 1076, Sviatoslav's izbornik‎, page 1:Добро есть, братиѥ, почѥтаньѥ книжьноѥ։ паче вьсѧкомоу хрьстьꙗноу·Dobro jestĭ, bratije, počjetanĭje knižĭnoje։ pače vĭsękomu xrĭstĭjanu·The reading of books is good, brothers: more so for any Christian.
* (auxiliary) With the l-participle, used to form the past tense.
** 1377, Dmitry of Suzdal, Laurentian Codex‎, page 1:ѿкуду єсть пошла рускаꙗ ꙁемѧ.otŭkudu jestĭ pošla ruskaja zemę.Whence has originated the Rus land.
* (auxiliary, verb in the 3rd person singular, subject in the dative) to have to

#### Descendants

* Old Ruthenian: бы́ти (býti)
** Belarusian: быць (bycʹ)
** Carpathian Rusyn: бы́ти (bŷ́ty)
** Ukrainian: бу́ти (búty)
* Russian: быть (bytʹ)

### References

* Sreznevsky, Izmail I. (1893) “бꙑти”, in Матеріалы для Словаря древне-русскаго языка по письменнымъ памятникамъ [Materials for the Dictionary of the Old East Slavic Language Based on Written Monuments]‎ (in Russian), volume 1 (А – К), Saint Petersburg: Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, column 204