# 奸

| 奸 | U+5978, &#22904; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5978 |
| ← 奷 [U+5977] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 她 → [U+5979] |

## Translingual
### Han character

奸 (Kangxi radical 38, 女+3, 6 strokes, cangjie input 女一十 (VMJ), four-corner 4144$_0$, composition ⿰女干)

#### Derived characters

* 𪥻 𫰸 𫱅 𫱸 𡋖

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 255, character 4
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 6045
* Dae Jaweon: page 518, character 4
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1025, character 1
* Unihan data for U+5978

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 訐 | *krads, *krads, *ked, *kad |
| 肝 | *kaːn |
| 竿 | *kaːn |
| 干 | *kaːn |
| 奸 | *kaːn |
| 玕 | *kaːn |
| 汗 | *kaːn, *ɡaːn, *ɡaːns |
| 迀 | *kaːn |
| 忓 | *kaːn, *ɡaːns |
| 鳱 | *kaːn |
| 邗 | *kaːn, *ɡaːn |
| 秆 | *kaːnʔ |
| 矸 | *kaːnʔ, *kaːns, *ɡaːns |
| 仠 | *kaːnʔ |
| 皯 | *kaːnʔ |
| 衦 | *kaːnʔ |
| 簳 | *kaːnʔ |
| 擀 | *kaːnʔ |
| 旰 | *kaːns |
| 盰 | *kaːns |
| 幹 | *kaːns |
| 杆 | *kaːns |
| 骭 | *kaːns, *ɡraːns |
| 桿 | *kaːnʔ |
| 趕 | *kaːnʔ |
| 稈 | *kaːnʔ |
| 刊 | *kʰaːn |
| 靬 | *kʰaːn, *kʰaːns, *kreːn, *kan |
| 衎 | *kʰaːnʔ, *kʰaːns |
| 犴 | *ŋaːn, *ŋaːns |
| 豻 | *ŋaːn, *ŋaːns, *ɦŋaːns, *ŋ̊ʰraːn |
| 頇 | *ŋaːns, *hŋaːn, *ŋaːd |
| 岸 | *ŋɡaːns |
| 鼾 | *qʰaːn, *ɢaːns |
| 罕 | *qʰaːnʔ, *qʰaːns |
| 焊 | *qʰaːnʔ, *ɡaːns |
| 蔊 | *qʰaːnʔ |
| 虷 | *ɡaːn |
| 旱 | *ɡaːnʔ |
| 皔 | *ɡaːnʔ |
| 釬 | *ɡaːns |
| 扞 | *ɡaːns |
| 閈 | *ɡaːns |
| 馯 | *ɡaːns, *kʰraːn |
| 捍 | *ɡaːns, *ɡraːnʔ |
| 悍 | *ɡaːns |
| 銲 | *ɡaːns |
| 垾 | *ɡaːns |
| 駻 | *ɡaːns |
| 睅 | *ɡʷranʔ |
| 娨 | *ɡraːns |
| 飦 | *kan |
| 赶 | *ɡan, *ɡʷad |
| 軒 | *qʰan |
| 蓒 | *qʰan |
| 酐 | *qʰaːŋʔ |
| 澣 | *ɡʷaːnʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kaːn) : semantic 女 + phonetic 干 (OC *kaːn).

### Etymology 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jiān (jian$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gaan$^1$
* Eastern Min (BUC): găng
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kan
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$ke; $^1$ci
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiān
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jian
*** Wade–Giles: chien$^1$
*** Yale: jyān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jian
*** Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gaan$^1$
*** Yale: gāan
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gaan$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gan$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kaːn⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: găng
*** Sinological IPA : /kaŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kan
*** Tâi-lô: kan
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kafn
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kan³³/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kan⁴⁴/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$ke; $^1$ci
*** MiniDict: ke$^平$; ci$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$ke; $^1$ji
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ke⁵³/, /t͡ɕi⁵³/
* 1ke - vernacular;
* 1ji - literary.

#### Definitions

* For pronunciation and definitions of 奸 – see 姦 (“evil; wicked; treacherous; evildoer; treacherous person; etc.”). (This character is the simplified and variant traditional form of 姦).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

#### Compounds

* 以售其奸
* 作奸犯科 (zuòjiānfànkē)
* 元惡大奸
* 內奸 (nèijiān)
* 剗惡除奸 / 刬恶除奸
* 剪惡除奸
* 呆裡撒奸
* 大奸
* 大奸似忠
* 奸人 (jiānrén)
* 奸佞 (jiānnìng)
* 奸俏
* 奸刁
* 奸同鬼蜮
* 奸商 (jiānshāng)
* 奸夫 (jiānfū)
* 奸宄 (jiānguǐ)
* 奸巧
* 奸徒
* 奸慝
* 奸棍
* 奸毒
* 奸民 (jiānmín)
* 奸汙 (jiānwū)
* 奸淫 (jiānyín)
* 奸滑
* 奸狡
* 奸猾 (jiānhuá)
* 奸笑 (jiānxiào)
* 奸細 (jiānxì)
* 奸胥猾吏
* 奸臣 (jiānchén)
* 奸言
* 奸計 (jiānjì)
* 奸詐 (jiānzhà)
* 奸詐不級 / 奸诈不级
* 奸賊 (jiānzéi)
* 奸邪 (jiānxié)
* 奸長
* 奸險 (jiānxiǎn)
* 奸雄 (jiānxióng)
* 奸頑
* 奸騙
* 奸黠
* 奸黨 (jiāndǎng)
* 姑息養奸
* 捉奸捉雙
* 捉奸見床
* 捉奸見雙 / 捉奸见双
* 揣奸把猾
* 摘奸發伏
* 擒奸摘伏
* 擿奸發伏
* 朋奸
* 朋比作奸
* 朋比為奸 (péngbǐwéijiān)
* 洞察其奸
* 洞燭其奸
* 深奸巨猾
* 漢奸 (hànjiān)
* 犯奸
* 狼狽為奸 / 狼狈为奸 (lángbèiwéijiān)
* 發奸摘隱 / 发奸摘隐
* 發奸擿伏
* 祛蠹除奸
* 私心藏奸
* 老奸巨猾 (lǎojiānjùhuá)
* 耍奸 (shuǎjiān)
* 肆奸植黨
* 藏奸 (cángjiān)
* 行奸賣俏
* 詐奸不及
* 賣俏營奸 / 卖俏营奸
* 賣俏迎奸
* 賣奸
* 賢奸倒置
* 通奸 (tōngjiān)
* 鋤奸
* 除奸

### Etymology 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gān (gan$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄢ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gon$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gān
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gan
*** Wade–Giles: kan$^1$
*** Yale: gān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gan
*** Palladius: гань (ganʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /kän⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gon$^1$
*** Yale: gōn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gon$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gon$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɔːn⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: kan
Rime :
| Character | 奸 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 寒 (61) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 古寒切 |
| Baxter | kan |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɑn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kɑn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kɑn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kan/ |
| Li Rong | /kɑn/ |
| Wang Li | /kɑn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kɑn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gān |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gon$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤa[r]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kaːn/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 奸 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gān |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kan › |
| Old Chinese | /*kˁa[r]/ |
| English | treacherous |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 奸 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 3571 |
| Phonetic component | 干 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 干 |
| Old Chinese | /*kaːn/ |

#### Definitions

奸
* (archaic) to offend; to mistreat; to encroach on; alternative form of 干

#### Compounds

* 奸命
* 奸犯
* 奸絕
* 奸蘭
* 奸説
* 相奸 (xiānggān)
* 闇奸

## Japanese
### Alternative forms

* 姦, 姧

### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: かん (kan)、けん (ken)
* Kan-on: かん (kan)
* Kun: おかす (okasu, 奸す)、あし (ashi, 奸し)、わるい (warui, 奸い)、よこしま (yokoshima, 奸)

#### Compounds

* 奸悪(かんあく) (kan'aku)
* 奸黠(かんかつ) (kankatsu)
* 漢奸(かんかん) (kankan)
* 奸譎(かんきつ) (kankitsu)
* 奸曲(かんきょく) (kankyoku)
* 奸計(かんけい) (kankei)
* 奸譎(かんけつ) (kanketsu)
* 奸詐(かんさ) (kansa)
* 奸才(かんさい) (kansai)
* 奸策(かんさく) (kansaku)
* 奸邪(かんじゃ) (kanja)
* 奸商(かんしょう) (kanshō)
* 奸心(かんしん) (kanshin)
* 奸臣(かんしん) (kanshin)
* 奸人(かんじん) (kanjin)
* 奸賊(かんぞく) (kanzoku)
* 奸智(かんち) (kanchi), 奸知(かんち) (kanchi)
* 奸徒(かんと) (kanto)
* 奸盗(かんとう) (kantō)
* 奸匿(かんとく) (kantoku), 奸匿(かんちょく) (kanchoku)
* 奸佞(かんねい) (kannei)
* 奸婦(かんぷ) (kanpu)
* 奸物(かんぶつ) (kanbutsu)
* 奸謀(かんぼう) (kanbō)
* 奸雄(かんゆう) (kan'yū)
* 斬奸(ざんかん) (zankan)
* 大奸(たいかん) (taikan)
* Kanji in this term
* 奸
* かん Hyōgai
* on'yomi

### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 奸 (MC kan).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かん [káꜜǹ] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [kã̠ɴ]

### Adjective

奸(かん) • (kan) -na (adnominal 奸(かん)な (kan na), adverbial 奸(かん)に (kan ni))
* wicked

#### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Imperfective (未然形) | 奸だろ | かんだろ | kan daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 奸で | かんで | kan de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 奸だ | かんだ | kan da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 奸な | かんな | kan na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 奸なら | かんなら | kan nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 奸であれ | かんであれ | kan de are |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 奸ではない 奸じゃない | かんではない かんじゃない | kan de wa nai kan ja nai |
| Informal past | 奸だった | かんだった | kan datta |
| Informal negative past | 奸ではなかった 奸じゃなかった | かんではなかった かんじゃなかった | kan de wa nakatta kan ja nakatta |
| Formal | 奸です | かんです | kan desu |
| Formal negative | 奸ではありません 奸じゃありません | かんではありません かんじゃありません | kan de wa arimasen kan ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 奸でした | かんでした | kan deshita |
| Formal negative past | 奸ではありませんでした 奸じゃありませんでした | かんではありませんでした かんじゃありませんでした | kan de wa arimasen deshita kan ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 奸で | かんで | kan de |
| Conditional | 奸なら（ば） | かんなら（ば） | kan nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 奸だったら | かんだったら | kan dattara |
| Volitional | 奸だろう | かんだろう | kan darō |
| Adverbial | 奸に | かんに | kan ni |
| Degree | 奸さ | かんさ | kansa |

### Noun

奸(かん) • (kan)
* evil, wickedness
    Antonyms: 義(ぎ) (gi, “justice”)
* wicked person

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

Wikisource 奸 (eumhun 간사할 간 (gansahal gan)) 奸 (eumhun 범할 간 (beomhal gan))
* hanja form of 간 (“evil, wicked”)

#### Compounds

* 간계 (奸計, gan'gye, “evil plot/scheme”)
* 간교 (奸巧, gan'gyo, “cunningness”)
* 간사 (奸邪, gansa, “deceit”)
* 간악 (奸惡, ganak, “wickedness”)

### References

* Naver Hanja Dictionary: 奸
* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.