# 鍛

| 鍛 | U+935B, &#37723; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-935B |
| ← 鍚 [U+935A] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 鍜 → [U+935C] |

## Translingual
### Han character

鍛 (Kangxi radical 167, 金+9, 17 strokes, cangjie input 金竹十水 (CHJE), four-corner 8714$_7$, composition ⿰釒段)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1314, character 9
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 40625
* Dae Jaweon: page 1814, character 26
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4233, character 1
* Unihan data for U+935B

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 鍛 | *toːns |
| 腶 | *toːns |
| 碫 | *toːns |
| 瑖 | *toːns |
| 緞 | *doːnʔ, *doːns |
| 段 | *doːns |
| 椴 | *doːns |
| 毈 | *doːns |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *toːns) : semantic 釒 (“metal”) + phonetic 段 (OC *doːns).

### Etymology

Perhaps from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/m-t(w)a ~ *(t/d)u (“hammer, strike, slap”), provisionally set up by STEDT, and cognate with 碓 (OC *tuːls, “pestle”), Burmese တူ (tu, “hammer”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): duàn (duan$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): dyun$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thon
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): toàn / thoàn
    (Teochew, Peng'im): duêng$^3$ / duang$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: duàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: duàn
*** Wade–Giles: tuan$^4$
*** Yale: dwàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duann
*** Palladius: дуань (duanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /tu̯än⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: dyun$^3$
*** Yale: dyun
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dyn$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: dün$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /tyːn³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thon
*** Hakka Romanization System: ton
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ton$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰon⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: toàn
*** Tâi-lô: tuàn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: doaxn
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /tuan²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tuan¹¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tuan⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thoàn
*** Tâi-lô: thuàn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: toaxn
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰuan²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tʰuan¹¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: duêng$^3$ / duang$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tuèng / tuàng
*** Sinological IPA : /tueŋ²¹³/, /tuaŋ²¹³/
* duêng3 - Chaozhou;
* duang3 - Shantou.
* Middle Chinese: twanH
Rime :
| Character | 鍛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 端 (5) |
| Final (韻) | 桓 (62) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 丁貫切 |
| Baxter | twanH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tuɑn$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /tʷɑn$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /tuɑn$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /twan$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /tuɑn$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /tuɑn$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /tuɑn$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | duàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | dyun$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*toːns/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 鍛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 2529 |
| Phonetic component | 段 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 鍛 |
| Old Chinese | /*toːns/ |

### Definitions

鍛
* to forge; to shape metal
    鍛造／锻造 ― duànzào ― to forge
* to temper; to refine

### Compounds

* 日鍛月煉 / 日锻月炼
* 月鍛季煉 / 月锻季炼
* 百鍛千練 / 百锻千练
* 鍛件 / 锻件 (duànjiàn)
* 鍛冶 / 锻冶 (duànyě)
* 鍛壓 / 锻压
* 鍛工 / 锻工
* 鍛打 / 锻打
* 鍛接 / 锻接
* 鍛模 / 锻模
* 鍛焊 / 锻焊
* 鍛燒 / 锻烧
* 鍛矢 / 锻矢
* 鍛造 / 锻造 (duànzào)
* 鍛錘 / 锻锤
* 鍛鍊 / 锻炼 (duànliàn)
* 鍛鐵 / 锻铁 (duàntiě)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* to forge
* to toughen
* workout, discipline, training

#### Readings

* Go-on: たん (tan, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: たん (tan, Jōyō)
* Kun: きたえる (kitaeru, 鍛える, Jōyō)
* Nanori: かじ (kaji)

#### Compounds

* 鍛冶(かじ) (kaji)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 鍛
* たん Grade: S
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 鍛 (MC twanH).

#### Affix

鍛(たん) • (tan)
* forging, smithing
* (by extension) refining, disciplining (of the mind, body, etc.)

##### Derived terms

* 鍛(たん)戸(こ) (tanko)
* 鍛(たん)工(こう) (tankō)
* 鍛(たん)鋼(こう) (tankō)
* 鍛(たん)接(せつ) (tansetsu)
* 鍛(たん)造(ぞう) (tanzō)
* 鍛(たん)鉄(てつ) (tantetsu)
* 鍛(たん)冶(や) (tan'ya)
* 鍛(たん)錬(れん) (tanren)
* 可(か)鍛(たん)性(せい) (katansei)
* 鋳(ちゅう)鍛(たん) (chūtan)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 鍛
* きた(え) Grade: S
* kun'yomi
Nominalization of 鍛え (kitae, “forging”).

#### Proper noun

鍛(きたえ) • (Kitae)
* a male given name

## Korean
### Hanja

鍛 (eumhun 불릴 단 (bullil dan))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Compounds

* 단련 (鍛鍊, dallyeon)

## Old Japanese
### Etymology

⟨kana uti⟩ → ⟨kanuti⟩
Originally a compound of 金 (kana, combining form of kane, “metal”) +‎ 打ち (uti, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 打つ (utu), “to strike”).

### Noun

鍛 (kanuti) (kana かぬち)
* the forging of metal; also such a person who forges metal: a metalsmith, smith

#### Derived terms

* 鍛部 (kanutibe$_2$)
* 鍛冶司 (kanuti no$_2$ tukasa)
* 韓鍛 (Kara kanuti)

#### Descendants

* Japanese: 鍛冶 (kaji)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

鍛: Hán Nôm readings: đoán, đoàn
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.