# 礎

| 礎 | U+790E, &#30990; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-790E |
| ← 礍 [U+790D] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 礏 → [U+790F] |

## Translingual
### Han character

礎 (Kangxi radical 112, 石+13, 18 strokes, cangjie input 一口木木人 (MRDDO), four-corner 1468$_1$, composition ⿰石楚)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 837, character 29
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24522
* Dae Jaweon: page 1254, character 26
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2458, character 13
* Unihan data for U+790E

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 疋 | *ŋraːʔ, *sŋra, *sŋraʔ |
| 蝑 | *sŋas, *sŋa |
| 壻 | *sŋeːs |
| 婿 | *sŋeːs |
| 胥 | *sŋa, *sŋaʔ |
| 稰 | *sŋa, *sŋaʔ |
| 楈 | *sŋa, *sŋaʔ |
| 諝 | *sŋa, *sŋaʔ |
| 湑 | *sŋa, *sŋaʔ |
| 揟 | *sŋa |
| 醑 | *sŋaʔ |
| 糈 | *sŋaʔ, *sŋraʔ |
| 楚 | *sŋ̊ʰraʔ, *sŋ̊ʰras |
| 礎 | *sŋ̊ʰraʔ |
| 憷 | *sŋ̊ʰraʔ |
| 齼 | *sŋ̊ʰraʔ |
| 濋 | *sŋ̊ʰraʔ |
| 儊 | *sŋ̊ʰras |
| 綀 | *sŋra |
| 疎 | *sŋra |
| 疏 | *sŋra, *sŋras |
| 蔬 | *sŋra |
| 梳 | *sŋra |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *sŋ̊ʰraʔ) : semantic 石 (“stone”) + phonetic 楚 (OC *sŋ̊ʰraʔ, *sŋ̊ʰras) – a kind of stone, a plinth.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chǔ (chu$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄨˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): co$^2$
* Eastern Min (BUC): chū
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chhó͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): co$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chǔ
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄨˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chǔ
*** Wade–Giles: chʻu$^3$
*** Yale: chǔ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chuu
*** Palladius: чу (ču)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰu²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: co$^2$
*** Yale: chó
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tso$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: co$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɔː³⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: chū
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰu³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhó͘
*** Tâi-lô: tshóo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhor
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰɔ⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰɔ⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰɔ⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰɔ⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰɔ⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: co$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshó
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰo⁵²/
* Middle Chinese: tsrhjoX
Rime :
| Character | 礎 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 初 (19) |
| Final (韻) | 魚 (22) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 創舉切 |
| Baxter | tsrhjoX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ʃʰɨʌ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʈ͡ʂʰiɔ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ʃʰiɔ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʈ͡ʂʰɨə̆$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ʃʰiɔ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ʃʰĭo$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʈ͡ʂʰi̯wo$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | chǔ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | co$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*sŋ̊ʰraʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 礎 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 11782 |
| Phonetic component | 疋 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 楚 |
| Old Chinese | /*sŋ̊ʰraʔ/ |

### Definitions

礎
* plinth
* foundation; base
* basis; cornerstone

### Compounds

* 基礎 / 基础 (jīchǔ)
* 基礎代謝 / 基础代谢 (jīchǔ dàixiè)
* 基礎免疫 / 基础免疫
* 基礎工業 / 基础工业
* 基礎工程 / 基础工程
* 基礎教育 / 基础教育 (jīchǔ jiàoyù)
* 基礎條約 / 基础条约
* 基礎科學 / 基础科学 (jīchǔ kēxué)
* 基礎設施 / 基础设施 (jīchǔ shèshī)
* 基礎課 / 基础课
* 基礎課程 / 基础课程
* 基礎音 / 基础音
* 基礎體溫 / 基础体温
* 客戶基礎 / 客户基础 (kèhù jīchǔ)
* 巢礎 / 巢础
* 礎潤而雨 / 础润而雨
* 礎石 / 础石 (chǔshí)
* 經濟基礎 / 经济基础 (jīngjì jīchǔ)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* cornerstone

#### Readings

* Go-on: しょ (sho)
* Kan-on: そ (so, Jōyō)
* Kun: いしずえ (ishizue, 礎, Jōyō)
* Nanori: もとい (motoi)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 礎
* いしずえ Grade: S
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 礎 – see the following entry. :
| 【いしずえ】 | [noun] foundation stone [noun] (figurative) foundation (of a field of study, etc.) |
(This term, 礎, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 礎 (MC tsrhjoX). Recorded as Middle Korean 초〮 (chwó) (Yale: chwó) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [t͡ɕʰo̞]
* Phonetic hangul: [초]

### Hanja

Wikisource 礎 (eumhun 주춧돌 초 (juchutdol cho))
* hanja form of 초 (“cornerstone”)

#### Compounds

* 기초 (基礎, gicho)
* 주초 (柱礎, jucho)
* 초석 (礎石, choseok)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.