# श्याम
## Hindi
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit श्याम (śyāma, “black, dark-coloured”).

### Pronunciation

* (Delhi) IPA: /ʃjɑːm/, [ʃjä̃ːm]

### Adjective

श्याम • (śyām) (indeclinable)
* black (color)
    Synonyms: काला (kālā), कृष्ण (kŕṣṇa), साँवला (sā̃vlā), श्यामला (śyāmlā)

#### See also

Colors in Hindi · रंग (raṅg) (layout · text) :
| सफ़ेद (safed), श्वेत (śvet), ऊजर (ūjar) | धूसर (dhūsar), छाई (chāī) | काला (kālā), कृष्ण (kŕṣṇa), श्याम (śyām) |
| लाल (lāl), लोहित (lohit), सुर्ख़ (surx), राता (rātā); गहरा लाल (gahrā lāl), क़िरमिज़ी (qirmizī) | नारंगी (nāraṅgī), माल्टा (mālṭā); भूरा (bhūrā), पिङ्गल (piṅgal) | पीला (pīlā), पियर (piyar), पीत (pīt); मलाई (malāī) |
| नींबू (nīmbū), सुगा पंछी (sugā pañchī) | हरा (harā), हरित (harit) | |
| फ़िरोज़ा (firozā) | आकाशी (ākāśī), आसमानी (āsmānī) | नीला (nīlā), नील (nīl) |
| जामुनी (jāmunī); नील (nīl) | रानी (rānī); बैंगनी (baiṅgnī), जामुनी (jāmunī) | गुलाबी (gulābī), पाटल (pāṭal) |

## Sanskrit
### Alternative forms

* श्यामी (śyāmī) — in compounds

### Alternative scripts

* শ্যাম (Assamese script)
* ᬰ᭄ᬬᬵᬫ (Balinese script)
* শ্যাম (Bengali script)
* 𑰫𑰿𑰧𑰯𑰦 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀰𑁆𑀬𑀸𑀫 (Brahmi script)
* ၐျာမ (Burmese script)
* શ્યામ (Gujarati script)
* ਸ਼੍ਯਾਮ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌶𑍍𑌯𑌾𑌮 (Grantha script)
* ꦯꦾꦴꦩ (Javanese script)
* 𑂬𑂹𑂨𑂰𑂧 (Kaithi script)
* ಶ್ಯಾಮ (Kannada script)
* ឝ្យាម (Khmer script)
* ຨ຺ຍາມ (Lao script)
* ശ്യാമ (Malayalam script)
* ᡧᠶᠠ᠎᠊ᠠᠮᠠ (Manchu script)
* 𑘫𑘿𑘧𑘰𑘦 (Modi script)
* ᠱᠶ᠋ᠠᢗᠮᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
* 𑧋𑧠𑧇𑧑𑧆 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐱𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐩 (Newa script)
* ଶ୍ଯାମ (Odia script)
* ꢯ꣄ꢫꢵꢪ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆯𑇀𑆪𑆳𑆩 (Sharada script)
* 𑖫𑖿𑖧𑖯𑖦 (Siddham script)
* ශ්‍යාම (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩿 𑪙𑩻𑩛𑩴 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚧𑚶𑚣𑚭𑚢 (Takri script)
* ஶ்யாம (Tamil script)
* శ్యామ (Telugu script)
* ศฺยาม (Thai script)
* ཤྱཱ་མ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒬𑓂𑒨𑒰𑒧 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨮𑩇𑨪𑨊𑨢 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćyaHmás, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱyeh₁-mó-s (“black, dark”), from *(s)ḱeh₃- (“darkness, shadow”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬯𐬁𐬨𐬀 (sāma, “black”), Lithuanian šė̃mas (“blue-grey”). Compare also श्याव (śyāvá, “dark-brown, brown, dark-coloured, dark”). Historically connected with the root श्यै (śyai, “to freeze”).

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /ɕjɑː.mɐ́/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /ˈɕjɑː.mɐ/

### Noun

श्याम • (śyāmá) stem, m (root श्यै)
* a black bull (TS.)
* (music) a particular राग (rāga) (Saṃgīt.)

#### Declension
### Adjective

श्याम • (śyāmá) stem
* black, dark-coloured, dark blue or brown or grey or green, sable, having a dark or swarthy complexion (considered a mark of beauty)
** c. 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, Atharvaveda 8.1.9:श्यामश्च त्वा मा शबलश्च प्रेषितौ यमस्य यौ पथिरक्षी श्वानौ ।śyāmaśca tvā mā śabalaśca preṣitau yamasya yau pathirakṣī śvānau.Let neither the black dog or the brown dog seize thee; those two warders of the way sent forth by Yama.

#### Derived terms

* अर्धश्याम (ardhaśyāma, “half black or dark”)
* आश्याम (āśyāma, “dusky”)
* श्यामता (śyāmatā)
* श्यामत्व (śyāmatva)
* श्यामल (śyāmala)
* श्यामा (śyāmā)
* श्यामाक (śyāmāka)

#### Related terms

* श्याव (śyāva)
* ध्याम (dhyāma)

#### Descendants

* Pali: sāma
* Prakrit: 𑀲𑀸𑀫 (sāma)
** Gujarati: સામ (sām)
* → Gujarati: શ્યામ (śyām) (learned)
* → Hindi: श्याम (śyām) (learned)

### See also

Colors in Sanskrit · रङ्ग (raṅga) (layout · text) :
| श्वेत (śveta), शुक्ल (śukla), शुभ्र (śubhra), धवल (dhavala) | धूमल (dhūmala), धूसर (dhūsara) | कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa), काल (kāla), श्याम (śyāma), श्याव (śyāva) |
| रक्त (rakta), रुधिर (rudhira), रोहित (rohita), लोहित (lohita) | नारङ्ग (nāraṅga); कद्रु (kadru), बभ्रु (babhru) | पीत (pīta); पाण्डु (pāṇḍu) |
| | हरित (harita), पलाश (palāśa) | |
| | | नील (nīla) |
| | शोण (śoṇa), नीललोहित (nīlalohita) | पाटल (pāṭala) |

### References

* Monier Williams (1899) “श्याम”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1094.
* Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 661