# 証

| 証 | U+8A3C, &#35388; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8A3C |
| ← 註 [U+8A3B] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 訽 → [U+8A3D] |

## Translingual

| Traditional | 證 |
| Shinjitai | 証 |
| Simplified | 证 |

### Han character

証 (Kangxi radical 149, 言+5, 12 strokes, cangjie input 卜口一卜一 (YRMYM), four-corner 0161$_1$, composition ⿰訁正)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1152, character 27
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 35341
* Dae Jaweon: page 1619, character 16
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3951, character 17
* Unihan data for U+8A3C

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 綻 | *rdeːns |
| 淀 | *deːns |
| 靛 | *deːns |
| 症 | *tjɯŋs |
| 竀 | *rtʰeːŋ, *tʰeŋ |
| 征 | *tjeŋ |
| 怔 | *tjeŋ |
| 正 | *tjeŋ, *tjeŋs |
| 鉦 | *tjeŋ |
| 鴊 | *tjeŋ, *tjeŋs |
| 眐 | *tjeŋ |
| 佂 | *tjeŋ |
| 整 | *tjeŋʔ |
| 政 | *tjeŋs |
| 証 | *tjeŋs |
| 定 | *teːŋs, *deːŋs |
| 顁 | *teːŋs |
| 錠 | *teːŋs, *deːŋʔ, *deːŋs |
| 掟 | *deːŋs |
Simplified from 證 (登 → 正). Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *tjeŋs): semantic 言 (“speech”) + phonetic 正 (OC *tjeŋ, *tjeŋs). The character originally conveyed the meaning of "to admonish" and was later used in the sense of "proof" or "evidence."

#### References

* ↑ Digital Shinjigen 2017

### Etymology 1

* For pronunciation and definitions of 証 – see 證 (“to prove; to testify; to verify; proof; evidence; etc.”). (This character is the former (1969–1976) Singaporean simplified and variant form of 證).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

### Etymology 2

Etymologically related to 正 (OC *tjeŋ, *tjeŋs).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhèng (zheng$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄥˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zing$^3$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chèng
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhèng
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄥˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhèng
*** Wade–Giles: chêng$^4$
*** Yale: jèng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jenq
*** Palladius: чжэн (čžɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zing$^3$
*** Yale: jing
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzing$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: jing$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɪŋ³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chèng
*** Tâi-lô: tsìng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zexng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡siɪŋ²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡siɪŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡siɪŋ²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡siɪŋ¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡siɪŋ²¹/
* Middle Chinese: tsyengH
Rime :
| Character | 証 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 章 (23) |
| Final (韻) | 清 (121) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 之盛切 |
| Baxter | tsyengH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ɕiᴇŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡ɕiɛŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ɕiæŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ciajŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ɕiɛŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ɕĭɛŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡ɕi̯ɛŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhèng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zing$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*teŋ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*tjeŋs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 証 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zhèng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsyeng$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*teŋ-s/ |
| English | remonstrate |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 証 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 17179 |
| Phonetic component | 正 |
| Rime group | 耕 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 政 |
| Old Chinese | /*tjeŋs/ |

#### Definitions

証
* (literary) to admonish
    From: Lü Buwei, Master Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals, 239 BCE
    Zhǔ yǒu shī, jiē jiāo zhēng zhèng jiàn. [Pinyin]
    When the lord errs, (his advisors) compete against each other in admonishing and correcting him.

##### Synonyms

* (to admonish): 諍／诤 (zhèng)

### References

* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A03806

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)
* to admonish

#### Readings

* Go-on: しょう (shō, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: せい (sei)
* Kun: いさめる (isameru)

### Kanji

| Shinjitai | 証 |
| Kyūjitai | 證 |
(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 證)
* prove, verify

#### Readings

* Go-on: しょう (shō, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: しょう (shō, Jōyō)
* Kun: あかし (akashi, 証し)、あかし (akashi, 証)、しるし (shirushi, 証)
* Nanori: あきら (akira)、つく (tsuku)、み (mi)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 証
* あかし Grade: 5
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spellings
* 證 (kyūjitai) 証し
From the 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 明(あ)かす (akasu, “to illuminate; to reveal”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) あかし [àkáshí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [a̠ka̠ɕi]

#### Noun

証(あかし) • (akashi)
* proof, evidence, testimony
    Synonyms: 証拠 (shōko), 証明 (shōmei), 証 (shō)
    友(ゆう)情(じょう)の証(あかし)
       yūjō no akashi
       symbol of friendship

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 証
* しょう Grade: 5
* on'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 證 (kyūjitai)
From Middle Chinese 證 (MC tsyingH)

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しょー [shóꜜò] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ɕo̞ː]

#### Noun

証(しょう) • (shō)
* proof, verification
    Synonyms: 証拠 (shōko), 証 (akashi)
** 1889, 三遊亭圓朝, edited by 鈴木行三, 霧陰伊香保湯煙‎, 新字新仮名 edition, 青空文庫:
    警(けい)「先(せん)方(ぽう)から先(さき)に手(て)出(だ)しをした証(しょう)があるか」
       Kei “Senpō kara saki ni tedashi o shita shō ga aru ka”
       Police captain: “Do you have proof that the other party put his hands on you first?”
* (Buddhism) enlightenment
* (traditional Chinese medicine) symptoms

## Korean
### Hanja

証 • (jeong) (hangeul 정, revised jeong, McCune–Reischauer chŏng, Yale ceng)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

証: Hán Nôm readings: chứng, chống, chững, chừng
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.