# 芥子
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jièzǐ
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄝˋ ㄗˇ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jièzǐ
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄝˋ ㄗˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jièzǐh
*** Wade–Giles: chieh$^4$-tzŭ$^3$
*** Yale: jyè-dž
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiehtzyy
*** Palladius: цзецзы (czeczy)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$介子 芥子

### Noun

芥子
* mustard seeds
* (Buddhism) tiny thing
    From: Wu Cheng'en, Journey to the West, 16th century CE
    Zìgǔ dào: ‘Qiǎn tàishān qīng rú jièzǐ, xié fánfū nán tuō hóngchén.’ [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Derived terms

* 白芥子 (báijièzǐ)
* 芥子園畫傳 / 芥子园画传
* 芥子毒氣 / 芥子毒气 (jièzǐ dúqì)
* 芥子氣 / 芥子气 (jièzǐqì)
* 芥子油
* 芥子納須彌 / 芥子纳须弥

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 芥(かい)子(し) (kaishi); 芥(がい)子(し) (gaishi)
* → Korean: 개자(芥子) (gaeja)
(from Early Mandarin)
* → Middle Korean: 계ᄌᆞ (kyeyco)
** Korean: 겨자 (gyeoja)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 芥 | 子 |
| からし ||
| Jinmeiyō | Grade: 1 |
| jukujikun ||
* Alternative spellings
* 辛子 芥
From classical adjective 辛し (karashi), modern 辛い (karai, “spicy”).
The kanji spelling is jukujikun (熟字訓), from Chinese 芥子 (jièzǐ).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) からし [kàráshí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ka̠ɾa̠ɕi]

#### Noun

芥子(からし) • (karashi)
* Synonym of 芥子菜 (karashina): the Indian mustard, Brassica juncea [from early 10th c.]
* a spice made from the kneaded seeds of the Indian mustard [from mid-8th c.]

##### Derived terms

* 芥子(からし)和(あ)え (karashi-ae)
* 芥子(からし)色(いろ) (karashi-iro)
* 芥子(からし)醤油(じょうゆ) (karashi-jōyu)
* 芥子(からし)酢(ず) (karashizu)
* 芥子(からし)漬(づ)け (karashi-zuke)
* 芥子(からし)泥(でい) (karashidei)
* 芥子(カラシ)菜(ナ) (karashina)
* 芥子(からし)味噌(みそ) (karashi miso)
* 芥子(からし)マヨネーズ (karashi mayonēzu)
* 芥子(からし)油(ゆ) (karashiyu)
* 芥子(からし)湯(ゆ) (karashiyu)
* 芥子(からし)蓮根(れんこん) (karashi renkon)
* 犬(イヌ)芥子(ガラシ) (inugarashi)
* 唐(とう)辛子(がらし) (tōgarashi)
* 江戸(えど)芥子(がらし) (Edo-garashi)
* オランダ芥子(ガラシ) (Oranda-garashi, “watercress”)
* 川(カワ)芥子(カラシ) (kawakarashi)
* 菊(キク)葉(バ)芥子(ガラシ) (kikuba-garashi)
* 田(タ)芥子(ガラシ) (tagarashi)
* 溶(と)き芥子(がらし) (tokigarashi)
* 練(ね)り芥子(がらし) (nerigarashi)
* 浜(ハマ)芥子(ガラシ) (hamagarashi)
* 洋(よう)芥子(がらし) (yōgarashi)
* 和(わ)芥子(がらし) (wagarashi)

##### Proverbs

* 牛(うし)と芥子(からし)は願(ねが)いから鼻(はな)を通(とお)す (ushi to karashi wa negai kara hana o tōsu, “wishing for a cow and a mustard seed to pass through the nose → wanting to suffer from a disaster”)

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 芥 | 子 |
| かい Jinmeiyō | し Grade: 1 |
| kan'on ||
Kanji in this term :
| 芥 | 子 |
| かい > がい Jinmeiyō | し Grade: 1 |
| irregular | kan'on |
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
In 漢方 (kanpō, “traditional Chinese medicine”), the initial kai is voiced.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かいし [káꜜìshì] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ka̠iɕi]
* (Tokyo) がいし [gáꜜìshì] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ɡa̠iɕi]

#### Noun

芥(かい)子(し) or 芥(がい)子(し) • (kaishi or gaishi)
* (especially in traditional Chinese medicine) the seed of the Indian mustard, Brassica juncea

##### Derived terms

* 芥(かい)子(し)園画伝(えんがでん) (Kaishi Engaden)
* 芥(かい)子(し)紙(し) (kaishishi)
* 芥(かい)子(し)精(せい) (kaishisei)
* 芥(かい)子(し)泥(でい) (kaishidei)
* 芥(かい)子(し)油(ゆ) (kaishiyu)

### Etymology 3

Kanji in this term :
| 芥 | 子 |
| け Jinmeiyō | し Grade: 1 |
| goon ||
* Alternative spelling
* 罌粟
Ultimately from Middle Chinese 芥子 (MC keajH tsiX). First cited in Japanese in the early 800s in reference to the tiny seeds of the mustard or poppy plants.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) けし [kèshí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ke̞ɕi]

#### Noun

芥(け)子(し) or 芥子(ケシ) • (keshi)
* [from early 800s] (prefixed to nouns) something tiny
* [from 940] (archaic) Synonym of 芥子菜 (karashina): the Indian mustard, Brassica juncea
* [from 1400s] the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum; more broadly, any other species of the Papaver genus; a poppy
    Synonym: ポピー (popī)
* [from 1800s] Short for 芥子玉 (keshidama): a dyeing pattern with lined rows of dots
* [date uncertain] an armor decoration in the form of studs resembling poppy seeds
* [from 1785] Short for 芥子坊主 (keshi bōzu): an infant hairstyle with only the hair in the top of the head unshaven, resembling the hull remains of a poppy fruit

##### Derived terms

* 芥子和(けしあ)え (keshi-ae)
* 芥子(けし)頭(あたま) (keshiatama)
* 芥子(ケシ)薊(アザミ) (keshiazami)
* 芥子(けし)油(あぶら) (keshi abura)
* 芥子(けし)尼(あま) (keshi ama)
* 芥子(けし)金(がね) (keshigane)
* 芥子(けし)鹿(か)の子(こ) (keshi kanoko)
* 芥子(けし)禿(かむろ) (keshikamuro)
* 芥子(けし)括(ぐく)り (keshigukuri)
* 芥子胡麻(けしごま) (keshigoma)
* 芥子(けし)粒(つぶ) (keshitsubu)
* 芥子酢(けしず) (keshizu)
* 芥子(けし)人形(にんぎょう) (keshi ningyō)
* 芥子繍(けしぬ)い (keshinui)
* 芥子(けし)の香(か) (keshi no ka)
* 芥子之(けしの)助(すけ) (Keshinosuke)
* 芥子(けし)雛(びな) (keshibina)
* 芥子(けし)坊主(ぼうず) (keshi bōzu)
* 芥子(けし)本(ぼん) (keshibon)
* 芥子(けし)餠(もち) (keshimochi)
* 芥子焼(けしや)き (keshiyaki)
* 芥子油(けしゆ) (keshiyu)
* お芥子(けし) (o-keshi)
* 鬼(オニ)芥子(ゲシ) (onigeshi)
* 小芥子(こけし) (kokeshi, “kokeshi doll”)
* 野芥子(ノゲシ) (nogeshi)
* 花(はな)芥子(げし) (hanageshi)
* 雛(ヒナ)芥子(ゲシ) (hinageshi)

##### Idioms

* 芥子(けし)に須弥(しゅみ)を蔵(ぞう)す (keshi ni shumi o zōsu, “store a poppy seed in Shumisen → put a large object into a tiny object”)
* 芥子(けし)を千(ち)にも割(わ)る (keshi o chi ni mo waru, “cut a poppy seed into thousands → cut into fine pieces”)

##### See also

* 阿(あ)片(へん) (ahen, “opium”)

#### Proper noun

芥(け)子(し) • (Keshi)
* a surname

### References

* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ “芥子・罌粟”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN