# 這馬
## Chinese
### Etymology

From 這滿／这满 (chit-móa). See also 寢 / 寝 (chhím).

### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chit-má / chím-má / chím-á
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Lukang, Sanxia, Yilan, Hsinchu, Taichung, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chit-má
*** Tâi-lô: tsit-má
*** Phofsit Daibuun: citmar
*** IPA (Taipei, Tainan): /t͡sit̚³²⁻⁴ mã⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sit̚³²⁻⁴ mã⁴¹/
*** IPA (Lukang): /t͡sit̚⁵ mã⁵⁵/
*** IPA (Yilan): /t͡sit̚²⁻⁵ mã⁵³/
*** IPA (Singapore): /t͡sit̚³²⁻⁴ ma⁴²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chím-má
*** Tâi-lô: tsím-má
*** Phofsit Daibuun: cymmar
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sim⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ mã⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sim⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mã⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sim⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ mã⁵⁵⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chím-á
*** Tâi-lô: tsím-á
*** Phofsit Daibuun: cym'ar
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sim⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sim⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ a⁴¹/

### Noun

這馬
* (Hokkien) present; now
* (Hokkien) just now; a moment ago

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 當今, 此時, 方今, 今朝, 如今, 而今, 今$_1$, 茲, 乃今, 於今 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 現在, 現今, 現時, 當今, 此時, 此刻, 如今, 而今, 茲 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 現在, 現而今, 如今晚兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 現在 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Ulanhot | 現在 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tongliao | 現在 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 現在 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 現在 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 現在, 現如今, 現下, 現前兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 現在 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 現在 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 現在 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 現如今, 當下 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 現在, 如今, 現如今 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 這時晚兒, 現時晚兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 現在, 而今, 現如今 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 人根, 移根 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 致兒, 現在 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 眼今, 眼是, 腳底下, 現如今, 現而今 dated, 至而今 dated |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 現在 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Bayanhot | 現在 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 賈 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 眼下, 現在 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 這陣子, 這陣, 這下兒, 這個時候, 現在 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 如今, 此如今 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 這下, 這崗, 掌, 這歇, 這個時候 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 現在 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 現在 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 一寁 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 現在 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 現在 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 而今, 如今 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 而家, 家下, 家陣 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 而家, 家下, 家陣, 而家下 dated |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 那下 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 而家 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 而家 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 該時 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 家下, 那下 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 果陣 |
| Cantonese | Xinyi | 個陣 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 而家, 而卡 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 家陣, 而家 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 而家 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 而家 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 現在, 如今 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 該行崽 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 該仔, 如今 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 今下, 今仔下, 現下 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 如下 |
| Hakka | Fengshun (Tangkeng) | 今$_1$ |
| Hakka | Fengshun (Fengliang) | 今時 |
| Hakka | Fengshun (Pantian) | 今子 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 今下 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 如今 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 如今 |
| Hakka | Changting | 如今 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 今下 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 今$_1$ |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 已久 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 今子 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 如今 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 如今, 今下子 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 今底 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 如今 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 這下, 現下, 今下, 今時, 今這下 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 這下, 現下, 今嘎, 今這下 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 這下, 現下, 今這下 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 這下, 現下, 今這下, 這滿 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 這下, 現下, 今這下, 今下, 今時 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 這下, 現時, 今這下, 這滿 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 今下 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Bao'an) | 今下, 今下子, 今下仔 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Longchuan) | 今下 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 今下 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 呢下 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 爾歇 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 爾扎兒 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 如今, 而今 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 現時 |
| Jin | Taibus (Baochang) | 現在 |
| Jin | Linhe | 這咱會兒 |
| Jin | Jining | 這會兒 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 這會兒 |
| Jin | Baotou | 這會兒 |
| Jin | Dongsheng | 這會兒 |
| Jin | Haibowan | 如今 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 迦今, 今迦, 現刻 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou (Dikou) | 迦 |
| Northern Min | Zhenghe (Zhenqian) | 迦 |
| Northern Min | Wuyishan | 今下 |
| Northern Min | Pucheng (Shibei) | 迦, 今下 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 現時, 現刻, 現在, 現今, 仱, 今旦日 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 現時 |
| Eastern Min | Ningde | 現在, 仱 |
| Eastern Min | Fuding | 足古 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 這陣, 這滿, 這輒仔, 這輒, 這站仔, 這站, 這幫, 現主時, 現時, 今$_2$, 這氣 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 這陣, 這站仔, 這站, 這幫, 現主時, 現時, 現當今, 今$_2$, 際, 這氣 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 這陣, 這久, 現時, 當今 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 這陣, 這輒仔, 這輒, 這站仔, 這站, 這幫, 現主時, 現時, 現主在, 現在, 現曾, 今$_2$, 這氣 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou (Changtai) | 現主清 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 這陣, 這馬, 現在 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 這馬 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 這馬 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 今$_2$, 這時, 這陣, 這馬 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 今$_2$, 這陣, 這馬 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 這陣, 這馬, 這路尾 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 這馬, 這陣 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 這馬 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 今$_2$, 這時, 這陣, 這馬, 這站, 現主時, 現這馬, 現步 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 這馬 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 這陣, 這馬 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 這陣 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 這陣, 今$_2$, 這馬 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 今仔, 當今 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 這陣, 這時, 當今, 這久, 這馬 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 這陣, 現時, 現在, 現主時, 這際, 這時 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 此在, 現在, 現時, 只陣 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 現在, 現時, 只陣, 只回, 此在, 眼在 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 此在, 只陣 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 此在, 只時, 只回, 只陣 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 現在 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 只陣, 當今 |
| Southern Min | Pontianak (Teochew) | 只旦 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 現旦 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 現旦 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 現旦 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 現旦 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 今$_2$, 即下, 現時 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang) | 今$_2$, 現時 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang) | 即下, 現時 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu) | 今$_2$, 即下, 現時 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 今$_2$, 即下, 現時 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Fengting) | 今$_2$, 現時 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Youyang) | 今$_2$, 即下, 現時 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 而今 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 現在, 乃, 葛歇, 搿歇, 搿個辰光, 迭歇, 迭個辰光 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 那末 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 現在, 姑歇, 哀歇, 該歇 |
| Wu | Danyang | 格歇候, 格娘收, 現在 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 記歇 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 恁界, 恁仰界 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 格孑 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 如今, 如至今, 如嶄, 現在 |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | 咯如在 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 而界, 如今 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 侯基 |
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 剛才, 方才, 適才, 剛剛, 剛 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 剛才, 才剛, 將才 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 剛才, 剛剛, 剛 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 才剛兒, 頭先, 頭前兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 剛才 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 剛才, 剛剛, 剛 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 剛才, 剛剛的 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 剛打剛兒, 剛剛兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 才剛, 才剛剛兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 剛剛 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 剛才 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 才才 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 才剛 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 剛才, 才剛 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 剛才, 剛剛, 剛, 剛頭兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 才剛, 剛才, 剛剛, 剛, 先頭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 才剛, 剛才, 才一路, 才路, 一路 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 頭先, 啱先 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 剛才, 才剛, 剛剛 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 剛才, 才剛, 剛剛, 剛 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 剛才 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 頭先, 求先, 啱先, 啱啱, 先頭, 正話, 疇先 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 頭先, 求先, 啱先, 啱啱, 先頭, 正話 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 正就 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 頭先 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 頭先, 啱啱, 啱先, 正話 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 啱啱 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 啱啱 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 頭先 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 剛啱, 舊家 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 舊先 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 頭先 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 啱啱 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 啱青 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 頭先 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 頭先 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 頭先 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 頭先 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 頭先 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 頭先 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 頭先, 正話 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 頭先 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 頭先 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 啱啱 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 蚊蚊, 啱先, 啱啱 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 頭先 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 頭先, 啱先 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 啱先 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 啱啱, 正話 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 頭先, 啱啱 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 剛腳, 一腳 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 剛腳 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 頭先, 啱先, 啱啱 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 先頭, 頭先 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 正先 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 正先 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 早先 |
| Hakka | Wengyuan | 頭先 |
| Hakka | Liannan | 正先 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 啱啱 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 早回 |
| Hakka | Changting | 頭先 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Yanqian) | 頭間 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 正 |
| Hakka | Ningdu | 當頭 |
| Hakka | Tonggu (Sandu) | 正 |
| Hakka | Dayu | 剛正哩 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 頭先, 頭下 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 頭先, 頭下 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 頭先, 頭下 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 頭先, 頭下 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 頭先, 頭下 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 頭先, 頭下 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 頭先 |
| Hakka | Mengshan (Xihe) | 啱 |
| Hakka | Luchuan | 啱先 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 正先 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 剛才, 剛剛, 剛之 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 剛才, 剛剛 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 頃先, 頃, 頃頃 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 頭先, 頭先早, 連眼, 連刻, 矢文 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 頭先, 拄仔, 拄拄, 拄拄仔, 拄才, 拄仔才, 頭拄仔, 拄 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 頭先, 拄仔, 拄拄, 拄拄仔, 拄才, 拄仔才, 頭拄仔, 頭站仔, 拄 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 頭先, 頭先仔 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 頭先, 拄仔, 拄拄, 拄拄仔, 拄才, 拄仔才, 頭拄仔, 前拄仔, 盡拄仔, 拄 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 拄才 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 拄才 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 拄才 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 拄拄仔 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 拄仔才 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 頭陣仔 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 頭拄仔 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 拄仔 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 拄才 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 麻汝, 耽仔 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 麻汝, 頭先, 頭早 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 站仔, 頭站仔 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 頭陣, 同早, 同旰 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 剛才 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 同早, 同旰, 頭先, 同陣, 頭陣, 自早 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 同旰 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 麻汝, 頭先, 同早 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 當奉囝 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 頭先, 開頭, 啱啱, 啱先 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 啱先, 頭先, 幾早, 頭幾早 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 剛剛, 剛, 剛正, 開開 dated, 客客 dated, 方才 dated |
| Wu | Suzhou | 剛剛, 剛剛頭, 剛巧 |
| Wu | Danyang | 剛才, 剛剛 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 剛剛 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 剛剛 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 頭前, 頭先, 頭兒 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 剛才, 才剛, 嚴剛 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 剛剛 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 當好, 才當 |
| Xiang | Hengyang | 剛才 |

### References

* “Entry #7957”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.
* “(#)”, in 臺灣閩南語按呢寫‎, Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2013.