# 人民
## Chinese
### Etymology

Attestable in pre-Qin texts as a term meaning "common people". Modern sense first attested in An English and Chinese dictionary published in 1884 by W. Lobscheid.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): rénmín
       (Zhuyin): ㄖㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ren$^2$ min$^2$
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): жынмин (řɨnmin, I-I)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jan$^4$ man$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ngin$^3$ min$^3$
* Gan (Wiktionary): liin$^4$ min$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ngìn-mìn
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ngin$^2$ min$^2$
* Jin (Wiktionary): zeng$^1$ ming$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): nêng-měng
* Eastern Min (BUC): ìng-mìng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): zing$^2$ ming$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): lîn-bîn / jîn-bîn
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ring$^5$ ming$^5$ / nang$^5$ ming$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$zen-min$_6$
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ren$^2$ min$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: rénmín
*** Zhuyin: ㄖㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: rénmín
*** Wade–Giles: jên$^2$-min$^2$
*** Yale: rén-mín
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: renmin
*** Palladius: жэньминь (žɛnʹminʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʐən³⁵ min³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: ren$^2$ min$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: rhenmin
*** Sinological IPA : /zən²¹ min²¹/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: жынмин (řɨnmin, I-I)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʐəŋ²⁴ miŋ²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jan$^4$ man$^4$
*** Yale: yàhn màhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jan$^4$ man$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yen$^4$ men$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɐn²¹ mɐn²¹/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$人文 人民
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ngin$^3$ min$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /ᵑɡin²² ᵐbin²²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: liin$^4$ min$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɨn³⁵ min³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngìn-mìn
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngin$^ˇ$ min$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngin$^2$ min$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋin¹¹ min¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: ngin$^2$ min$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋin¹¹ min¹¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: zeng$^1$ ming$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡səŋ¹¹ miŋ¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: nêng-měng
*** Sinological IPA : /neiŋ³³ meiŋ²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ìng-mìng
*** Sinological IPA : /iŋ⁵³⁻³³ miŋ⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: zing$^2$ ming$^2$ [Phonetic: zing$^5$ ming$^2$]
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siŋ¹³⁻²¹ miŋ¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei, Jinjiang, Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lîn-bîn
*** Tâi-lô: lîn-bîn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: linbiin
*** IPA (Taipei): /lin²⁴⁻¹¹ bin²⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines): /lin²⁴⁻²² bin²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jîn-bîn
*** Tâi-lô: jîn-bîn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: jinbiin
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /zin²³⁻³³ bin²³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡zin¹³⁻²² bin¹³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ring$^5$ ming$^5$ / nang$^5$ ming$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: jîng mîng / nâng mîng
*** Sinological IPA : /d͡ziŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ miŋ⁵⁵/, /naŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ miŋ⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$zen-min$_6$
*** MiniDict: zen$^去$ min$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$zen-min$_3$
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zən²² min⁴⁴/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: ren$^2$ min$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /ʐən¹³ min¹³/
* Middle Chinese: nyin mjin
Rime :
| Character | 人 | 民 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 日 (38) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 眞 (43) | 眞 (43) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 如鄰切 | 彌鄰切 |
| Baxter | nyin | mjin |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ȵiɪn/ | /miɪn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ȵin/ | /min/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȵʑjen/ | /mjen/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ȵin/ | /min/ |
| Li Rong | /ȵiĕn/ | /miĕn/ |
| Wang Li | /ȵʑĭĕn/ | /mĭĕn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȵʑi̯ĕn/ | /mi̯ĕn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | rén | mín |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jan$^4$ | man$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ni[ŋ] mi[ŋ]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*njin min/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 人 | 民 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | rén | mín |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ nyin › | ‹ mjin › |
| Old Chinese | /*ni[ŋ]/ | /*mi[ŋ]/ |
| English | (other) person | people |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 人 | 民 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 10800 | 9130 |
| Phonetic component | 人 | 民 |
| Rime group | 眞 | 眞 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 仁 | 民 |
| Old Chinese | /*njin/ | /*min/ |

### Noun

人民
* people (collectively, as members of society)
    熱愛人民／热爱人民 ― rè'ài rénmín ― to love the people
    人民民主專政／人民民主专政 ― rénmín mínzhǔ zhuānzhèng ― people's democratic dictatorship
    全過程人民民主／全过程人民民主 ― quán guòchéng rénmín mínzhǔ ― whole-process people's democracy
    人民生活步步高 ― rénmín shēnghuó bùbùgāo ― the lives of the people improve step by step
       Kējì yīng wèi rénmín lìyì fúwù. [Pinyin]
       Science and technology should work for the good of the people.
       Zhōngguó rénmín zhèngzhì xiéshāng huìyì [Pinyin]
       Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Mèngzǐ yuē: “Zhūhóu zhī bǎo sān: tǔdì, rénmín, zhèngshì. Bǎo zhūyù zhě, yāng bì jíshēn.” [Pinyin]
    Mencius said, 'The precious things of a prince are three: the territory, the people, the government and its business. If one value as most precious pearls and jade, calamity is sure to befall him.'
* humanity; humans (as a collective); humankind; the human race

#### Usage notes

人民 (rénmín) can only refer to people collectively, as a unit. To refer to people as individually countable persons, use 人 (rén). To refer to people in an otherwise general sense, use 人們／人们 (rénmen).

#### Synonyms

* (people):
* 一般人 (yībānrén)
* 世人 (shìrén)
* 世間人 / 世间人 (Hokkien)
* 人士 (rénshì) (literary)
* 人群 (rénqún)
* 人萌 (rénméng) (literary)
* 俗人 (súrén)
* 俗子 (súzǐ) (literary)
* 𫣆人 (Hakka)
* 兆民 (zhàomín) (archaic)
* 公眾 / 公众 (gōngzhòng)
* 凡人 (fánrén)
* 凡夫 (fánfū) (literary)
* 匹夫 (pǐfū) (literary)
* 四眾人 / 四众人 (si$^3$ zing$^3$ nang$^5$) (Teochew)
* 士人 (shìrén) (archaic)
* 大眾 / 大众 (dàzhòng)
* 子民 (zǐmín) (historical)
* 家人 (jiārén) (archaic)
* 布衣 (bùyī) (historical)
* 常人 (chángrén)
* 平人 (píngrén) (literary)
* 平常人 (píngchángrén)
* 平民 (píngmín)
* 庶人 (shùrén) (literary)
* 庶民 (shùmín) (literary)
* 斯人 (sīrén) (Classical Chinese)
* 普通人 (pǔtōngrén)
* 民人 (mínrén) (literary)
* 民眾 / 民众 (mínzhòng)
* 烝民 (zhēngmín) (literary)
* 烝黎 (zhēnglí) (Classical Chinese)
* 白衣 (báiyī) (historical)
* 白衣人 (báiyīrén) (historical)
* 白身 (báishēn) (archaic)
* 白身人 (báishēnrén) (archaic)
* 百姓
* 眾人 / 众人 (zhòngrén) (literary)
* 萬姓 / 万姓 (wànxìng) (archaic)
* 群眾 / 群众 (qúnzhòng)
* 老百姓 (lǎobǎixìng)
* 良人 (liángrén) (literary)
* 草民 (cǎomín) (the worthless ordinary people)
* 草菅 (cǎojiān) (Classical Chinese, figurative)
* 草野 (cǎoyě) (literary, figurative)
* 萌 (literary)
* 野人 (yěrén) (archaic)
* 黎庶 (líshù) (literary)
* 黎民 (límín) (literary)
* 黎首 (líshǒu) (archaic)
* 黔首 (qiánshǒu) (archaic)
* 黔黎 (archaic)
* (humanity): 人類／人类 (rénlèi)

#### Derived terms

* 中國人民解放軍 / 中国人民解放军 (Zhōngguó Rénmín Jiěfàngjūn)
* 人民代表 (rénmín dàibiǎo)
* 人民內部矛盾 / 人民内部矛盾 (rénmín nèibù máodùn)
* 人民公社 (rénmín gōngshè)
* 人民共和國 / 人民共和国 (rénmín gònghéguó)
* 人民團體 / 人民团体 (rénmín tuántǐ)
* 人民幣 / 人民币 (rénmínbì)
* 人民性 (rénmínxìng)
* 人民戰爭 / 人民战争 (rénmín zhànzhēng)
* 人民政府 (rénmín zhèngfǔ)
* 人民檢察院 / 人民检察院 (rénmín jiǎncháyuàn)
* 人民警察 (rénmín jǐngchá)
* 傷害14億人民感情 / 伤害14亿人民感情 (shānghài shísì yì rénmín gǎnqíng)
* 傷害中國人民的感情 / 伤害中国人民的感情 (shānghài Zhōngguó rénmín de gǎnqíng)
* 勞動人民 / 劳动人民 (láodòng rénmín)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 人民(じんみん) (jinmin)
* → Korean: 인민(人民) (inmin)
* → Vietnamese: nhân dân (人民)
Others:
* → Manchu: ᠨᡳᠶ᠋ᠠᠯᠮᠠ ᡳᡵᡤᡝᠨ (niyalma irgen) (calque)
* → Zhuang: yinzminz

#### See also

* 人口 (rénkǒu)
* 人類／人类 (rénlèi)
* 人們／人们 (rénmen)
* 人士 (rénshì)
* 人員／人员 (rényuán)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 人 | 民 |
| じん Grade: 1 | みん Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||

### Etymology

From Middle Chinese compound 人民 (MC nyin mjin). Compare modern Mandarin 人民 (rénmín), Wu 人民 ($^6$zen-min$_6$), Min Nan 人民 (jîn-bîn).
Formerly pronounced with a consistent 呉音 (goon) reading of ninmin, later changing to a mixed 漢音 (kan'on) / 呉音 (goon) reading of jinmin.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) じんみん [jìńmíꜜǹ] (Nakadaka – [3])
* IPA: [d͡ʑĩmʲːĩɴ]

### Noun

人(じん)民(みん) • (jinmin)
* the people, the general public, the citizens

#### Synonyms

* (people of a nation): 国民(こくみん) (kokumin)

#### Derived terms

* 人民委員(じんみんいいん) (jinmin iin): commissar (of the former Soviet Union)
* 人民委員会(じんみんいいんかい) (jinmin iinkai): commissariat (of the former Soviet Union)
* 人民解放軍(じんみんかいほうぐん) (Jinmin Kaihō Gun): the People's Liberation Army (PLA) (of China)
* 人民憲章(じんみんけんしょう) (Jinmin Kenshō): the People's Charter (as established in 1838 in the UK)
* 人民公社(じんみんこうしゃ) (jinmin kōsha): a people's commune (in China)
* 人民裁判(じんみんさいばん) (jinmin saiban): a people's court
* 人民主義(じんみんしゅぎ) (jinmin shugi): populism
* 人民主権(じんみんしゅけん) (jinmin shuken): popular sovereignty, the idea that sovereignty resides in the people
* 人民戦線(じんみんせんせん) (jinmin sensen): a popular front (as in the name of a group or organization)
* 人民大会堂(じんみんだいかいどう) (Jinmin Dai Kaidō): the Great Hall of the People (in Beijing)
* 人民投票(じんみんとうひょう) (jinmin tōhyō): a national referendum, a vote by the people of a nation
* 人民日報(じんみんにっぽう) (Jinmin Nippō): the People's Daily, the state media of Beijing
* 人民服(じんみんふく) (jinmin fuku): the “people's clothes” → a Mao suit
* 人民民主主義(じんみんみんしゅしゅぎ) (jinmin minshushugi): people's democracy

### References

* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 人 | 民 |

### Noun

人民 • (inmin) (hangeul 인민)
* hanja form of 인민 (“the people (of a country), citizens”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 人 | 民 |

### Noun

人民
* chữ Hán form of nhân dân (“people”).