# 羨

| 羨 | U+7FA8, &#32680; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7FA8 |
| ← 羧 [U+7FA7] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 義 → [U+7FA9] |

## Translingual
### Han character

羨 (Kangxi radical 123, 羊+7, 13 strokes, cangjie input 廿土水弓人 (TGENO), four-corner 8018$_2$, composition ⿱𦍌㳄)

#### Derived characters

* 𠿢, 㵪, 䢭, 檨, 𦆀

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 952, character 31
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 28503
* Dae Jaweon: page 1396, character 25
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3134, character 10
* Unihan data for U+7FA8

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : 羊 (“sheep”) + 㳄 (“saliva”) – to envy.
羊 may be interpreted as a beautiful sheep or good mutton (cf. 美 “beautiful” and 善 “good”).
The Kangxi Dictionary, following 《佩觿》, enters the word in etymology 2 as 羡, separating it from 羨 (etymology 1). This is also followed by dictionaries such as Hanyu Da Cidian and Dai Kan-Wa Jiten, but Zhongwen Da Cidian disagrees with this treatment. (Hanyu Da Zidian regards 羡 as the main form of all pronunciations.) According to 《說文解字羣經正字》:
    From: 《說文解字羣經正字》, quoted from Zhongwen Da Cidian
    羨 (Xiàn), tānyù yě, jīn jīngdiǎn wǎngwǎng zuò 羡. Guō Zhōngshù “Pèixī” fēn 羨 (xiàn), 羡 (yí) wéi èr zì. Yí, yǐ zhī fān, Jiāngxià dìmíng; xiàn, sì miàn fān, mù yě. Fēi yě, zìshū wú cóng 次 (cì) zhī zì, wéi yī zì ér shù yīn ěr. [Pinyin]
    羨, meaning "to covet", is now frequently written as 羡 in the classics. Guo Zhongshu's Peixi distinguishes 羨 and 羡 as separate characters. 羡, fanqie 以脂, name of a place in Jiangxia. 羨, fanqie 似面, to desire. This is not the case. There's no such character with the 次 element in character dictionaries. There is only one character but several pronunciations.

### Etymology 1

Possibly related to 餘 (OC *la, “surplus”) (Wang, 1982).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): xiàn (xian$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄢˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): xian$^4$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): sin$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): lhun$^5$
* Gan (Wiktionary): xien$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): sien
    (Meixian, Guangdong): xiên$^3$
* Jin (Wiktionary): xie$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): sīng
* Eastern Min (BUC): siêng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): siān / siǎn / soān / soan
    (Teochew, Peng'im): iang$^6$ / iêng$^6$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$zhi
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): sienn$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: siàn
*** Wade–Giles: hsien$^4$
*** Yale: syàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiann
*** Palladius: сянь (sjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: xian$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xian
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕiɛn²¹³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: sin$^6$
*** Yale: sihn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sin$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: xin$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /siːn²²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: lhun$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬun³²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: xien$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕiɛn¹¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sien
*** Hakka Romanization System: xien
*** Hagfa Pinyim: xian$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /si̯en⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: xiên$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /siɛn³¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: xie$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕie⁴⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: sīng
*** Sinological IPA : /siŋ⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: siêng
*** Sinological IPA : /siɛŋ²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siān
*** Tâi-lô: siān
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sien
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /siɛn²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /siɛn⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /siɛn³³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siǎn
*** Tâi-lô: siǎn
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /siɛn²²/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: soān
*** Tâi-lô: suān
*** Phofsit Daibuun: soan
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /suan³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /suan²²/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: soan
*** Tâi-lô: suan
*** Phofsit Daibuun: soafn
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /suan⁴⁴/
* Xiamen, Zhangzhou:
** siān - literary;
** soān - vernacular.
* surname:
** siān - Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou;
** soān - Zhangzhou;
** soan - Taiwan.
* Middle Chinese: zjenH
Rime :
| Character | 羨 |
| Reading # | 2/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 邪 (17) |
| Final (韻) | 仙 (77) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 似面切 |
| Baxter | zjenH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ziᴇn$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ziɛn$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /zjæn$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /zian$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ziɛn$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /zĭɛn$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /zi̯ɛn$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xiàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zin$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-N-qa[r]-s/, /*s-[ɢ]a[n]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ljans/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 羨 | 羨 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xiàn | xiàn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ zjen$^H$ › | ‹ zjen$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*s-N-qa[r]-s/ | /*s-[ɢ]a[n]-s/ |
| English | covet, desire | surplus, affluence |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 羨 |
| Reading # | 2/3 |
| No. | 13574 |
| Phonetic component | 羨 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 羡 |
| Old Chinese | /*ljans/ |
| Notes | 㳄字轉註 |

#### Definitions

羨
* to envy; to admire
    From: Huainanzi, 2nd century BCE
    Lín hé ér xiàn yú, bùrú guī jiā zhī wǎng. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
    From: 1082, Su Shi, 前赤壁賦
    Āi wú shēng zhī xūyú, xiàn Chángjiāng zhī wúqióng. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
* (literary) surplus
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Sìfāng yǒu xiàn, wǒ dú jū yōu. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Zǐ bù tōnggōngyìshì, yǐ xiàn bǔ bùzú, zé nóng yǒu yú sù, nǚ yǒu yú bù. [Pinyin]
    If you do not have an intercommunication of the productions of labour, and an interchange of men's services, so that one from his overplus may supply the deficiency of another, then husbandmen will have a superfluity of grain, and women will have a superfluity of cloth.
* (literary) to exceed
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Dé lóng hū sānhuáng, gōng xiàn yú wǔdì. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
* (obsolete) crooked; evil
* 10th tetragram of the Taixuanjing (𝌏)
* a surname

#### Compounds

* 企羨 / 企羡
* 個個稱羨 / 个个称羡
* 健羨 / 健羡
* 充羨 / 充羡
* 奇羨 / 奇羡
* 曼羨 / 曼羡
* 欣羨 / 欣羡 (xīnxiàn)
* 欽羨 / 钦羡 (qīnxiàn)
* 歆羨 / 歆羡 (xīnxiàn)
* 歎羨 / 叹羡
* 稱羨 / 称羡 (chēngxiàn)
* 羨慕 / 羡慕 (xiànmù)
* 羨煞 / 羡煞
* 羨財 / 羡财
* 羨餘 / 羡余 (xiànyú)
* 耗羨 / 耗羡
* 臨川羨魚 / 临川羡鱼
* 臨河羨魚 / 临河羡鱼
* 臨淵羨魚 / 临渊羡鱼 (línyuānxiànyú)
* 談羨 / 谈羡 (tánxiàn)
* 豔羨 / 艳羡 (yànxiàn)
* 陽羨 / 阳羡
* 餘羨 / 余羡
* 驚羨 / 惊羡

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yí (yi$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄧˊ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yí
*** Zhuyin: ㄧˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yí
*** Wade–Giles: i$^2$
*** Yale: yí
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yi
*** Palladius: и (i)
*** Sinological IPA : /i³⁵/
* Middle Chinese: yij
Rime :
| Character | 羨 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 以 (36) |
| Final (韻) | 脂 (15) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 以脂切 |
| Baxter | yij |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /jiɪ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ji/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /jɪ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ji/ |
| Li Rong | /i/ |
| Wang Li | /ji/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /i/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yí |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ji$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*lel/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 羨 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| No. | 13573 |
| Phonetic component | 羨 |
| Rime group | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 姨 |
| Old Chinese | /*lel/ |
| Notes | 沙羨漢縣 |

#### Definitions

羨
* Only used in 沙羨／沙羡 (“Shayi (county)”).

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yán, yàn (yan$^2$, yan$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄢˊ, ㄧㄢˋ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yán
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yán
*** Wade–Giles: yen$^2$
*** Yale: yán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yan
*** Palladius: янь (janʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /jɛn³⁵/
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yàn
*** Wade–Giles: yen$^4$
*** Yale: yàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yann
*** Palladius: янь (janʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /jɛn⁵¹/
* Middle Chinese: yenH
Rime :
| Character | 羨 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 以 (36) |
| Final (韻) | 仙 (77) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 于線切 |
| Baxter | yenH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /jiᴇn$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /jiɛn$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /jæn$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /jian$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /iɛn$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /jĭɛn$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /i̯ɛn$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jin$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]a[n]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*lans/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 羨 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yán |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ yen › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɢ]a[n]/ |
| English | extend; go forward |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 羨 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| No. | 13575 |
| Phonetic component | 羨 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | |
| Old Chinese | /*lans/ |
| Notes | 予原作於，依唐韻改 |

#### Definitions

羨
* Alternative form of 延 (yán, “to invite; to engage”)
* Alternative form of 埏 (“tomb passage”)

### References

* “羨”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): せん (sen, Jōyō)、えん (en)
* Kun: うらやましい (urayamashii, 羨ましい, Jōyō)、うらやむ (urayamu, 羨む, Jōyō)、あまり (amari)
* Nanori: よし (yoshi)

#### Compounds

* 羨(うらや)ましい (urayamashii): jealous, envious
* 羨(うらや)む (urayamu): to be jealous, to be envious

## Korean
### Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 羨 (MC zjenH).
* Recorded as Middle Korean 쎤〮 (Yale: ssyén) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 션 (syen)$^訓$ (Yale: syen) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [sʰɘ(ː)n]
* Phonetic hangul: [선(ː)]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

#### Hanja

Wikisource 羨 (eumhun 부러워할 선 (bureowohal seon))
* hanja form of 선 (“envy; envious”)

#### Compounds

* 선망 (羨望, seonmang, “envy”)
* 선모 (羨慕, seonmo)

### Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 羨 (MC yenH).
* Recorded as Middle Korean 연〮 (Yale: yén) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [jʌ̹n]
* Phonetic hangul: [연]

#### Hanja

羨 (eumhun 무덤길 연 (mudeomgil yeon))
* hanja form of 연 (“road to a grave”)

#### Compounds

* 연도 (羨道, yeondo)
* 연도분 (羨道墳, yeondobun, “passage grave”)
* 연문 (羨門, yeonmun)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.