# 零れる
## Japanese

* Kanji in this term
* 零
* こぼ Grade: S
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spellings
* 溢れる 翻れる

### Etymology

From classical verb 零る (koboru).
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.
The kanji spelling is from Chinese 零 (“to fall”), and is unrelated to 零 (rei, “zero”).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こぼれる [kòbóréꜜrù] (Nakadaka –)
* IPA: [ko̞bo̞ɾe̞ɾɯ̟]
* Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「こぼれる」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary :
| Stem forms ||||
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) | こぼれる | こぼれる | [kòbóréꜜrù] |
| Imperative (命令形) | こぼれろ | こぼれろ | [kòbóréꜜrò] |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | こぼれられる | こぼれられる | [kòbóréráréꜜrù] |
| Causative | こぼれさせる | こぼれさせる | [kòbórésáséꜜrù] |
| Potential | - | - | - |
| Volitional | こぼれよう | こぼれよー | [kòbóréyóꜜò] |
| Negative | こぼれない | こぼれない | [kòbóréꜜnàì] |
| Negative perfective | こぼれなかった | こぼれなかった | [kòbóréꜜnàkàttà] |
| Formal | こぼれます | こぼれます | [kòbórémáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | こぼれた | こぼれた | [kòbóꜜrètà] |
| Conjunctive | こぼれて | こぼれて | [kòbóꜜrètè] |
| Hypothetical conditional | こぼれれば | こぼれれば | [kòbóréꜜrèbà] |

### Verb

零(こぼ)れる • (koboreru) intransitive ichidan (stem 零(こぼ)れ (kobore), past 零(こぼ)れた (koboreta))
Japanese verb pair :
| active | 零す |
| mediopassive | 零れる |
* to spill
** 1949, Kunio Kishida, Nyonin Katsugō [A Woman's Esteem]:
    ほら、ほら、ご飯(はん)粒(つぶ)がぼろぼろこぼれてるわよ。
       Hora, hora, gohan tsubu ga boroboro koboreteru wa yo.
       Oh look now, you’re spilling your rice.
** For more quotations using this term, see Citations:零れる.
* to scatter
** c. 951–953, Gosen Wakashū (book 1, poem 28)
    梅(むめ)の花(はな)折(を)ればこぼれぬ我(わ)が袖(そて)に匂(にほ)ひ香(か)移(うつ)せ家(いへ)づとにせむ
       mume no hana oreba koborenu waga sode ni nioika utsuse iezuto ni sen
       If the plum blossoms are folded, they will crumble and scatter. O fragrant scent [of the blossoms], transfer to my sleeve and let me make you a souvenir for home!
** For more quotations using this term, see Citations:零れる.
* (of tears) to roll
** 1908, Shūsei Tokuda, Sarazetai [The New Household]:
    目(め)からはポロポロと熱(あつ)い涙(なみだ)が零(こぼ)れた。
       Me kara wa poroporo to atsui namida ga koboreta.
       Hot tears rolled down her cheeks.
** 1961, “Ue o Muite Arukō [I Look Up as I Walk]”, Rokusuke Ei (lyrics), Hachidai Nakamura (music), performed by Kyū Sakamoto:
    上(うえ)を向(む)いて歩(ある)こう　涙(なみだ)がこぼれないように...
       ue o muite arukō namida ga koborenai yō ni
       Let’s look up while we walk, so the tears don’t fall down.
** For more quotations using this term, see Citations:零れる.
* to overflow
* to escape

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 零れ | こぼれ | kobore |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 零れ | こぼれ | kobore |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 零れる | こぼれる | koboreru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 零れる | こぼれる | koboreru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 零れれ | こぼれれ | koborere |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 零れよ¹ 零れろ² | こぼれよ¹ こぼれろ² | koboreyo¹ koborero² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 零れられる | こぼれられる | koborerareru |
| Causative | 零れさせる 零れさす | こぼれさせる こぼれさす | koboresaseru koboresasu |
| Potential | 零れられる 零れれる³ | こぼれられる こぼれれる³ | koborerareru koborereru³ |
| Volitional | 零れよう | こぼれよう | koboreyō |
| Negative | 零れない 零れぬ 零れん | こぼれない こぼれぬ こぼれん | koborenai koborenu koboren |
| Negative continuative | 零れず | こぼれず | koborezu |
| Formal | 零れます | こぼれます | koboremasu |
| Perfective | 零れた | こぼれた | koboreta |
| Conjunctive | 零れて | こぼれて | koborete |
| Hypothetical conditional | 零れれば | こぼれれば | koborereba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential ||||

#### Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:零れる.

#### Derived terms

* 零(こぼ)れ梅(うめ) (koboreume)
* 零(こぼ)れ落(お)ちる (koboreochiru)
* 零(こぼ)れ幸(ざいわ)い (koborezaiwai)
* 零(こぼ)れ桜(ざくら) (koborezakura)
* 零(こぼ)れ種(だね) (koboredane)
* 零(こぼ)れ球(だま) (koboredama)
* 零(こぼ)れ刃(ば) (koboreba)
* 零(こぼ)れ話(ばなし) (koborebanashi)
* 零(こぼ)れ松(まつ)葉(ば) (kobore matsuba)
* 零(こぼ)れ物(もの) (koboremono)
* 落(お)ち零(こぼ)れ (ochikobore)
* 咲(さ)き零(こぼ)れる (sakikoboreru)
* 巣(す)零(こぼ)れ (sukobore)
* 煮(に)零(こぼ)れる (nikoboreru)
* 匂(にお)い零(こぼ)れる (nioikoboreru)
* 乗(の)り零(こぼ)れる (norikoboreru)
* 吹(ふ)き零(こぼ)れる (fukikoboreru)
* 矢(や)零(こぼ)れ (yakobore)

### References

* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN