# 日向
## Chinese

* 日向市

### Etymology

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 日向.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Rìxiàng
    (Zhuyin): ㄖˋ ㄒㄧㄤˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jat$^6$ hoeng$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Rìxiàng
*** Zhuyin: ㄖˋ ㄒㄧㄤˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Rìhsiàng
*** Wade–Giles: Jih$^4$-hsiang$^4$
*** Yale: R̀-syàng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Ryhshianq
*** Palladius: Жисян (Žisjan)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jat$^6$ hoeng$^3$
*** Yale: yaht heung
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jat$^9$ hoeng$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yed$^6$ hêng$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɐt̚² hœːŋ³³/

### Proper noun

日向
* (～市) Hyūga (a city in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 日 | 向 |
| ひ Grade: 1 | なた Grade: 3 |
| kun'yomi | irregular |
* Alternative spellings
* 陽 日なた
Compound of 日 (hi, “sun”) +‎ な (na, Old Japanese possessive particle) +‎ た (ta, “direction, side”).
The ta element is found in terms such as あなた (anata, “you”, originally “that side (distant)”), そなた (sonata, “you”, archaic; originally “that side (nearby)”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ひなた [hìnátá] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [çina̠ta̠]

#### Noun

日(ひ)向(なた) • (hinata)
* the direction the sun is shining
** c. 1061, Sagami-shū (poem 525)
    さしてこしひなたの山(やま)を頼(たの)むには目(め)も明(あき)らかに見(み)えざらめやは
       sashite koshi hinata no yama o tanomu ni wa me mo akiraka ni miezarame ya wa
       (please add an English translation of this example)
* a sunny spot or place
    Antonyms: 陰(かげ) (kage), 日陰(ひかげ) (hikage)
* a visible side
    Antonym: 陰 (kage)

##### Derived terms

* 日向(ひなた)雨(あめ) (hinata ame, “sun shower”)
* 日向(ひなた)臭(くさ)い (hinatakusai, “smelling of being in the sun → hickish, countrified, unsophisticated”)
* 日向(ひなた)ぼこ (hinata-boko), 日向(ひなた)ぼっこ (hinata-bokko), 日向(ひなた)ぼこり (hinata-bokori, “basking in the sun”)
* 日向(ひなた)水(みず) (hinatamizu, “water warmed in the sun”)
* 日向(ひなた)紋(もん) (hinata mon, “'sunny' family seal”, where the design is done mostly in white)
* 陰(かげ)日向(ひなた) (kagehinata, “double-faced”)

#### Idiom

* 日向(ひなた)に氷(こおり) (hinata ni kōri, “ice in sun → melting → gradually disappearing”)
* 陰(かげ)になり日向(ひなた)になり (kage ni nari hinata ni nari)
* 夏(なつ)は日向(ひなた)を行(ゆ)け冬(ふゆ)は日(ひ)陰(かげ)を行(ゆ)け (natsu wa hinata o yuke fuyu wa hikage o yuke)

#### Proper noun

日(ひ)向(なた) • (Hinata)
* a placename
* a female given name
* a surname

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 日 | 向 |
| ひゅうが ||
| Grade: 1 | Grade: 3 |
| irregular ||
⟨pi$_1$muka⟩ → */pʲimuka/ → /ɸimuka/ → /ɸiũɡa/ → /hjuːɡa/
Shift from Old Japanese 日向 (Pi$_1$muka → Himuka).
Equivalent to a compound of 日 (hi, “sun”) +‎ 向か (muka, the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis form”) of verb 向く (muku), “to face (a direction)”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [çɨːɡa̠]

#### Proper noun

日向(ひゅうが) • (Hyūga)
* a placename, especially:
** (historical) Short for 日向国 (Hyūga-no-kuni): Hyūga Province, an old province of Japan, corresponding to modern Miyazaki Prefecture on the eastern coast of Kyushu
    Synonym: 日州 (Nisshū)
** Short for 日向市 (Hyūga-shi): Hyūga (a city in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan)
* (historical) an Ise-class battleship of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II (see Japanese battleship Hyūga on Wikipedia.Wikipedia ) (Should we delete this sense?)
* a surname
* a female given name

##### Derived terms

* 日向(ひゅうが)灘(なだ) (Hyūganada)
* 日向(ヒュウガ)夏(ナツ) (hyūganatsu, “hyuganatsu”, Citrus × tamurana, a kind of citrus fruit)
* 日向(ヒュウガ)水(ミズ)木(キ) (hyūga mizuki)
* 伊勢(いせ)や日向(ひゅうが) (Ise ya Hyūga)

#### Noun

日向(ひゅうが) • (hyūga)
* (archaic) facing (opposite) the sun

### Etymology 3

Kanji in this term :
| 日 | 向 |
| ひるが ||
| Grade: 1 | Grade: 3 |
| irregular ||
Unknown, possibly a sound change from Old Japanese 日向 (pi$_1$muka → himuka); however, the /-mu-/ → /-ɾ̠u-/ shift is unlikely.
Alternatively, the spelling may be ateji (当て字), with the hiru portion equating to 昼 (hiru, “daytime”), and the ga of uncertain derivation. Compare 春日 (Kasuga).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [çiɾɯ̟ɡa̠]

#### Proper noun

日向(ひるが) • (Hiruga)
* Short for 日向湖 (Hiruga-ko): one of the 三方五湖 (Mikata Goko, “Five Lakes of Mikata”) in Fukui Prefecture

### Etymology 4

Other various nanori readings.

#### Proper noun

Kanji in this term :
| 日 | 向 |
| にち > にっ Grade: 1 | こう Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||
日(にっ)向(こう) • (Nikkō)
* a surname
日向(ひうが) • (Hiuga)
* a female given name
* a surname
日向(ひがの) • (Higano)
* a surname
Kanji in this term :
| 日 | 向 |
| ひ Grade: 1 | こう Grade: 3 |
| yutōyomi ||
日(ひ)向(こう) • (Hikō)
* a surname
日向(ひな) • (Hina)
* a female given name
* a surname
日向(ひなだ) • (Hinada)
* a placename
Kanji in this term :
| 日 | 向 |
| ひ Grade: 1 | む(かい) Grade: 3 |
| kun'yomi ||
日(ひ)向(むかい) • (Himukai)
* a placename
* a surname
日向(ひむか) • (Himuka)
* a female given name
* a surname
日向(ひむき) • (Himuki)
* a surname
日向(ひゅが) • (Hyuga)
* a surname

### See also

* 日向(ひむ)かい (himukai)
* 東(ひがし) (higashi, “east”)

### References

* 1 2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

### Anagrams

* 向日(むこう) (Mukō)

## Old Japanese
### Etymology

From the Nihon Shoki (720 CE):
    幸子湯縣、遊于丹裳小野。時東望之謂左右曰「是國也直向於日出方。」故號其國曰日向也。The Emperor [Keikō] visited Ko$_1$yu and enjoyed himself at Nimono$_2$wono$_1$. At this time, he looked east and proclaimed left and right, “This province exactly faces the sun at its rising.” Therefore, this province was named Pi$_1$muka.
Compound of 日 (pi$_1$, “sun”) +‎ 向か (muka, the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis form”) of verb 向く (muku), “to face (a direction)”).

### Proper noun

日向 (Pi$_1$muka) (kana ひむか)
* Short for 日向國 (Pi$_1$muka-no$_2$-kuni): a province in ancient Japan, corresponding to modern Miyazaki Prefecture on the eastern coast of Kyushu
** 720, Nihon Shoki, poem 103:摩蘇餓豫蘇餓能古羅破宇摩奈羅麼譬武伽能古摩多智奈羅麼勾禮能摩差比宇倍之訶茂蘇餓能古羅烏於朋枳瀰能菟伽破須羅志枳ma-So$_1$ga yo$_2$ So$_1$ga no$_2$ ko$_1$ra pa uma naraba Pi$_1$muka no$_2$ ko$_1$ma tati naraba Kure no$_2$ ma-sapi$_1$ ubesi ka mo So$_1$ga no$_2$ ko$_1$ra wo opoki$_1$mi$_1$ no$_2$ tukapasurasiki$_1$Oh true Soga! The sons of Soga, if they were horses, would be steeds of Himuka, if they were swords, would be blades of Kure! Thus it is fitting, that the sons of Soga should be in service of the great lord.

#### Descendants

* Japanese: 日向 (Hyūga)

#### See also

* 東 (*pimukasi, “east”)

### References

* ↑ Torquil Duthie (2014) Man'yōshū and the Imperial Imagination in Early Japan (Brill's Japanese Studies Library), reprint edition, BRILL, →ISBN, pages 227-228