# 叩頭
## Chinese

* 叩頭

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kòutóu
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄡˋ ㄊㄡˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): kau$^3$ tau$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khieu-thèu
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khàu-thâu
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kòutóu
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄡˋ ㄊㄡˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kòutóu
*** Wade–Giles: kʻou$^4$-tʻou$^2$
*** Yale: kòu-tóu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kowtour
*** Palladius: коутоу (koutou)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰoʊ̯⁵¹ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: kau$^3$ tau$^4$
*** Yale: kau tàuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: kau$^3$ tau$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: keo$^3$ teo$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɐu̯³³ tʰɐu̯²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khieu-thèu
*** Hakka Romanization System: kieu teu$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kieu$^4$ teu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯eu̯⁵⁵ tʰeu̯¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khàu-thâu
*** Tâi-lô: khàu-thâu
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qao'taau
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰau²¹⁻⁵³ tʰau²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tʰau²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰau²¹⁻⁵³ tʰau¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰau¹¹⁻⁵³ tʰau²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰau²¹⁻⁴¹ tʰau²³/

### Verb

叩頭
* to kowtow; to kneel and bow low enough to touch one's forehead to the ground
* (figurative) to act in a very submissive manner

#### Synonyms

* (to kowtow): 磕頭／磕头 (kētóu), 叩拜 (kòubài)

#### Derived terms

* 叩頭蟲 / 叩头虫 (kòutóuchóng)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 叩頭(こうとう) (kōtō)
* → Korean: 고두(叩頭) (godu)
* → Vietnamese: khấu đầu (叩頭)
Others:
* → English: kowtow
* → German: Kotau

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 叩 | 頭 |
| こう Hyōgai | とう Grade: 2 |
| kan'on ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こーとー [kòótóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ko̞ːto̞ː]

### Noun

叩(こう)頭(とう) • (kōtō)
* a kowtow, a deep bow so low that one's head touches the ground in Chinese culture
    Synonym: 叩首 (kōshu)

#### Hypernyms

* 礼(れい) (rei)
* お辞(じ)儀(ぎ) (ojigi)

#### Coordinate terms

* 会(え)釈(しゃく) (eshaku): a slight bow
* 目(もく)礼(れい) (mokurei): a nod to a person
* 黙(もく)礼(れい) (mokurei): a silent bow
* 最(さい)敬(けい)礼(れい) (saikeirei): a respectful bow, a low bow

### Verb

叩(こう)頭(とう)する • (kōtō suru) intransitive suru (stem 叩(こう)頭(とう)し (kōtō shi), past 叩(こう)頭(とう)した (kōtō shita))
* kowtow, make a very deep bow such that one's head touches the ground in Chinese culture
    Synonym: 叩首する (kōshu suru)

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 叩頭し | こうとうし | kōtō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 叩頭し | こうとうし | kōtō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 叩頭する | こうとうする | kōtō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 叩頭する | こうとうする | kōtō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 叩頭すれ | こうとうすれ | kōtō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 叩頭せよ¹ 叩頭しろ² | こうとうせよ¹ こうとうしろ² | kōtō seyo¹ kōtō shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 叩頭される | こうとうされる | kōtō sareru |
| Causative | 叩頭させる 叩頭さす | こうとうさせる こうとうさす | kōtō saseru kōtō sasu |
| Potential | 叩頭できる | こうとうできる | kōtō dekiru |
| Volitional | 叩頭しよう | こうとうしよう | kōtō shiyō |
| Negative | 叩頭しない | こうとうしない | kōtō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 叩頭せず | こうとうせず | kōtō sezu |
| Formal | 叩頭します | こうとうします | kōtō shimasu |
| Perfective | 叩頭した | こうとうした | kōtō shita |
| Conjunctive | 叩頭して | こうとうして | kōtō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 叩頭すれば | こうとうすれば | kōtō sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 叩 | 頭 |

### Noun

叩頭 • (godu) (hangeul 고두)
* hanja form of 고두 (“kowtow”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 叩 | 頭 |

### Verb

叩頭
* chữ Hán form of khấu đầu (“to kowtow”).