# 秦

| 秦 | U+79E6, &#31206; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-79E6 |
| ← 秥 [U+79E5] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 秧 → [U+79E7] |

## Translingual
### Han character

秦 (Kangxi radical 115, 禾+5, 10 strokes, cangjie input 手大竹木 (QKHD), four-corner 5090$_4$, composition ⿱𡗗禾)

#### Derived characters

* 榛, 䆐, 溱

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 851, character 30
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24995
* Dae Jaweon: page 1275, character 28
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2597, character 5
* Unihan data for U+79E6

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 秦 :
| Shang | Shang | Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Warring States | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Shizhoupian script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 轃 | *ʔsiːn, *ʔsrin |
| 秦 | *zin |
| 螓 | *zin |
| 臻 | *ʔsrin |
| 蓁 | *ʔsrin |
| 搸 | *ʔsrin |
| 溱 | *ʔsrin |
| 榛 | *ʔsrin |
In the oracle bone script, an ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : 午 (“pestle”, the original form of 杵) + 廾 (“two hands”) + two 禾 (“grain”). The most conservative variant is 𥢮. A form of its bronze inscription containing only one 禾 developed into the subsequent small seal script form in Shuowen. The 午 and 廾 components have fused into 𡗗 in the modern form. Old Chinese *dzin may derive from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-dz(j)a-k/n/t/s (“to eat; food; to feed; rice”), also recorded as *dzaʔ (Schuessler, 2007).
According to Shuowen Jiezi, the glyph is an ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : abbreviated 舂 (“to pound grain”) + 禾 (“grain”) – husked grain. However this would necessitate a phonological shift that is considered unlikely, and furthermore is likely a folk etymology altogether.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): Qín (Qin$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄣˊ
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): Qín
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ceon$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): tun$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chhìn
    (Meixian, Guangdong): qin$^2$
* Northern Min (KCR): cěng
* Eastern Min (BUC): cìng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): zing$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chîn
    (Teochew, Peng'im): cing$^5$ / cêng$^5$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^6$zhin / $^2$zin / $^2$jin
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Qín
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Cín
*** Wade–Giles: Chʻin$^2$
*** Yale: Chín
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Chyn
*** Palladius: Цинь (Cinʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰin³⁵/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: Qín
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰiẽ²⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ceon$^4$
*** Yale: chèuhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsoen$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cên$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɵn²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: tun$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰun²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhìn
*** Hakka Romanization System: qin$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: qin$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰin¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: qin$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰin¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cěng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡seiŋ²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: cìng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siŋ⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: zing$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siŋ¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chîn
*** Tâi-lô: tsîn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ciin
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sin²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sin²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sin¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sin²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sin²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: cing$^5$ / cêng$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshîng / tshêng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁵/, /t͡sʰeŋ⁵⁵/
* cing5 - Chaozhou, Shantou, Chenghai;
* cêng5 - Jieyang.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit秦 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /t͡ɕʰin³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /t͡ɕʰin²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /t͡ɕʰin⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /t͡ɕʰiẽ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /t͡sʰiə̃⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /t͡sʰin⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /t͡ɕʰiẽ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /t͡ɕʰiə̃²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /t͡ɕʰĩn⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /t͡ɕʰin²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /t͡ɕʰin³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /t͡ɕʰin²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /t͡ɕʰĩ²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /t͡ɕʰin²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡ɕʰiəŋ¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /t͡sʰəŋ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /t͡ɕʰĩŋ³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ʑiŋ²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /zin¹³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /d͡ʑin²¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /zaŋ³¹/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /t͡sʰiʌ̃⁴⁴/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /t͡sʰin⁴⁴/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /t͡sin¹³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /d͡zin¹²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /t͡ɕʰin²⁴/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /t͡sʰin¹¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /t͡sʰøn²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /t͡sʰɐn²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /t͡sʰøn²¹/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /t͡sin³⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /t͡siŋ⁵³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /t͡seiŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /sun³¹/ |
* Middle Chinese: dzin
Rime :
| Character | 秦 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 從 (15) |
| Final (韻) | 眞 (43) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 匠鄰切 |
| Baxter | dzin |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡ziɪn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡zin/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡zjen/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡zin/ |
| Li Rong | /d͡ziĕn/ |
| Wang Li | /d͡zĭĕn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /d͡zʱi̯ĕn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qín |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | can$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[dz]i[n]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*zin/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 秦 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | qín |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dzin › |
| Old Chinese | /*[dz]i[n]/ |
| English | Qín (place name) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 秦 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 10497 |
| Phonetic component | 秦 |
| Rime group | 眞 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 秦 |
| Old Chinese | /*zin/ |

### Definitions

秦
* (～國) State of Qin (in ancient China)
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
    Jìn hóu, Qín bó wéi Zhèng, yǐ qí wúlǐ yú Jìn, qiě èr yú Chǔ yě. Jìn jūn Hánlíng, Qín jūn Fánnán. [Pinyin]
    The Marquis of Jin and the Earl of Qin laid siege to [the capital of] Zheng, under the pretext of the [Earl of] Zheng's disrespectful treatments towards [Marquis of] Jin and double-mindedness towards Chu. Jin armies were stationed at Hanling; Qin armies at Fannan.
* (～朝) Qin dynasty, first imperial dynasty of China
* Qin, a general area of central-west China in modern-day Shaanxi and Gansu Provinces
* plain with river
* a surname
    秦良玉 ― Qín Liángyù ― Qin Liangyu (Ming dynasty female general)
    關公戰秦瓊／关公战秦琼 ― Guān Gōng zhàn Qín Qióng ― Guan Yu fights Qin Qiong

#### See also

Dynasties (朝代) in Chinese history :
| Name | Time period | Divisions | Divisions |
| Xia 夏 (～朝, ～代) | 2070 – 1600 BCE | | |
| Shang 商 (～朝, ～代) 殷 (～朝, ～代) | 1600 – 1046 BCE | | |
| Zhou 周 (～朝, ～代) | 1046 – 256 BCE | Western Zhou 西周 | |
| Zhou 周 (～朝, ～代) | 1046 – 256 BCE | Eastern Zhou 東周 / 东周 | Spring and Autumn period 春秋 |
| Zhou 周 (～朝, ～代) | 1046 – 256 BCE | Eastern Zhou 東周 / 东周 | Warring States period 戰國 / 战国 |
| Qin 秦 (～朝, ～代) | 221 – 206 BCE | | |
| Han 漢 / 汉 (～朝, ～代) | 206 BCE – 220 C.E. | Western Han 西漢 / 西汉 | Western Han 西漢 / 西汉 |
| Xin 新 (～朝) ||
| Eastern Han 東漢 / 东汉 ||
| Three Kingdoms 三國 / 三国 | 220 – 280 C.E. | Wei 魏 | Wei 魏 |
| Shu Han 蜀漢 / 蜀汉 ||
| Wu 吳 / 吴 ||
| Jin 晉 / 晋 (～朝, ～代) | 265 – 420 C.E. | Western Jin 西晉 / 西晋 | Western Jin 西晉 / 西晋 |
| Eastern Jin 東晉 / 东晋 ||
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Northern dynasties 北朝 | Northern Wei 北魏 |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Northern dynasties 北朝 | Western Wei 西魏 |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Northern dynasties 北朝 | Eastern Wei 東魏 / 东魏 |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Northern dynasties 北朝 | Northern Zhou 北周 |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Northern dynasties 北朝 | Northern Qi 北齊 / 北齐 |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Southern dynasties 南朝 | Liu Song 劉宋 / 刘宋 |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Southern dynasties 南朝 | Southern Qi 南齊 / 南齐 |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Southern dynasties 南朝 | Liang 梁 (～朝, ～代) |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Southern dynasties 南朝 | Chen 陳 / 陈 (～朝, ～代) |
| Sui 隋 (～朝, ～代) | 581 – 618 C.E. | | |
| Tang 唐 (～朝, ～代) | 618 – 907 C.E. | | |
| Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 五代十國 / 五代十国 | 907 – 960 C.E. | | |
| Liao 遼 / 辽 (～朝, ～代) | 907 – 1125 C.E. | | |
| Song 宋 (～朝, ～代) | 960 – 1279 C.E. | Northern Song 北宋 | Northern Song 北宋 |
| Southern Song 南宋 ||
| Western Xia 西夏 | 1038 – 1227 C.E. | | |
| Jin 金 (～朝, ～代) | 1115 – 1234 C.E. | | |
| Western Liao 西遼 / 西辽 | 1124 – 1218 C.E. | | |
| Yuan 元 (～朝, ～代) | 1271 – 1368 C.E. | | |
| Ming 明 (～朝, ～代) | 1368 – 1644 C.E. | | |
| Qing 清 (～朝, ～代) | 1636 – 1912 C.E. | | |

### Compounds

* 三戶亡秦 / 三户亡秦
* 三秦 (Sānqín)
* 以諧秦晉 / 以谐秦晋
* 先秦 (xiānqín)
* 先秦諸子 / 先秦诸子
* 前秦 (Qián Qín)
* 劇秦美新 / 剧秦美新
* 大秦 (Dàqín)
* 後秦 / 后秦 (Hòuqín)
* 得成秦晉 / 得成秦晋
* 暮楚朝秦 (mùchǔzhāoqín)
* 朝秦暮楚 (zhāoqínmùchǔ)
* 椎秦
* 楚館秦樓 / 楚馆秦楼
* 泊秦淮
* 視同秦越 / 视同秦越
* 秦中
* 秦俑 (Qínyǒng)
* 秦刻石
* 秦古 (Qíngǔ)
* 秦吉了 (qínjíliǎo)
* 秦咀 (Qínzuǐ)
* 秦國 / 秦国 (Qínguó)
* 秦城 (Qínchéng)
* 秦始皇 (Qín Shǐhuáng)
* 秦始皇陵
* 秦孝公
* 秦家坪 (Qínjiāpíng)
* 秦嶺 / 秦岭 (Qínlǐng)
* 秦川
* 秦川女
* 秦州 (Qínzhōu)
* 秦市 (Qínshì)
* 秦庭之哭
* 秦庭朗鏡 / 秦庭朗镜
* 秦庭歸璧 / 秦庭归璧
* 秦昭王
* 秦晉 / 秦晋 (qínjìn)
* 秦晉之好 / 秦晋之好
* 秦晉之緣 / 秦晋之缘
* 秦書八體 / 秦书八体
* 秦朝 (Qíncháo)
* 秦椒 (qínjiāo)
* 秦樓 / 秦楼
* 秦樓楚館 / 秦楼楚馆
* 秦樓謝館 / 秦楼谢馆
* 秦橋 / 秦桥
* 秦歡晉愛 / 秦欢晋爱
* 秦淮河 (Qínhuái Hé)
* 秦灰
* 秦獻公 / 秦献公
* 秦王構石 / 秦王构石
* 秦琴 (qínqín)
* 秦皇島 / 秦皇岛 (Qínhuángdǎo)
* 秦穆公
* 秦箏 / 秦筝 (qínzhēng)
* 秦篆 (qínzhuàn)
* 秦聲 / 秦声
* 秦腔 (Qínqiāng)
* 秦良玉
* 秦艽 (qínjiāo)
* 秦襄公
* 秦誓
* 秦贅 / 秦赘
* 秦越
* 秦鏡 / 秦镜
* 秦鏡高懸 / 秦镜高悬
* 秦關 / 秦关
* 秦隸 / 秦隶
* 秦香蓮 / 秦香莲
* 胡秦
* 苻秦
* 蘇秦刺股 / 苏秦刺股
* 西秦 (Xīqín)
* 西秦戲 / 西秦戏
* 越人視秦 / 越人视秦
* 避秦 (bìqín)
* 鳳去秦樓 / 凤去秦楼

### Descendants

* → English: Ch'in, Chin, Qin, Tsin
* →? Sanskrit: चीन (cīna)
** Niya Prakrit: 𐨕𐨁𐨣 (cina), 𐨕𐨁𐨎𐨣 (ciṃna)
** → Middle Persian: 𐭰𐭩𐭭 (čīn)
*** Classical Persian: چین (čīn)
**** Dari: چین (čīn)
**** Iranian Persian: چین (čin)
**** Tajik: Чин (Čin)
**** → Arabic: اَلصِّين (aṣ-ṣīn)
***** → Ancient Greek: Θῖνα (Thîna), Θῖναι (Thînai), Σῖναι (Sînai), Τζίνιστα (Tzínista)
***** → Latin: Sinae
****** → Portuguese: China
******* → Italian: Cina
******* → Sardinian: Cina
******* → English: China
** → Middle Chinese: 支那 (MC tsye na)
*** Chinese: 支那 (Zhīnà)
*** → Japanese: 支那 (しな, shina)
*** → Korean: 지나 (jina)
*** → Vietnamese: Chi Na
** → Malay: Cina
*** Indonesian: Cina
** → Malayalam: ചീന (cīna)
** → Telugu: చీనా (cīnā)
** → Kannada: ಚೀನಾ (cīnā)

### References

* ↑ “秦, Qin”, in zdic.net‎, (Can we date this quote?)
* “秦”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A02923
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “秦”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 190.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* Qin dynasty

#### Readings

* Go-on: じん (jin)
* Kan-on: しん (shin)
* Sō-on: ちん (chin)
* Kun: はた (hata, 秦)、はたしん (hatashin, 秦)
* Nanori: かな (kana)、たい (tai)、はだ (hada)、ひろ (hiro)、まさ (masa)、やす (yasu)

#### Compounds

* 秦篆(しんてん) (Shinten)
* 秦皮(しんぴ) (shinpi)
* 後秦(こうしん) (Kōshin)
* 西秦(せいしん) (Seishin)
* 先秦(せんしん) (Senshin)
* 前秦(ぜんしん) (Zenshin)
* 太秦(うずまさ) (Uzumasa)
* 秦皮(トネリコ) (toneriko)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 秦
* しん Jinmeiyō
* kan'on
From Middle Chinese 秦 (MC dzin).

#### Proper noun

秦(しん) • (Shin)
* (historical) the Qin dynasty (221-207 BCE), first dynasty of China
* (historical) name of various states during the Sixteen Kingdoms period:
** 前秦 (Zenshin, “Former Qin”, 351-394 CE)
** 後秦 (Kōshin, “Later Qin”, 384-417 CE)
** 西秦 (Seishin, “Western Qin”, 385-431 CE)
* a surname

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 秦
* はた Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Proper noun

秦(はた) • (Hata)
* a place name
* a surname

##### Derived terms

* 秦(はたの)公(きみ)寺(でら) (Hatanokimi-dera)

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 秦
* はたしん Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
Compound of 秦 (Hata, see above) +‎ 秦 (Shin, “Qin (dynasty)”, see above).
The 秦 kanji itself has a kun-reading of はた (hata).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) はたしん [hàtáshíń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ha̠ta̠ɕĩɴ]

#### Proper noun

秦(はたしん) • (Hatashin)
* Synonym of 秦 (Shin, see above)

##### Usage notes

This reading is used to distinguish from the 漢音 (kan'on) reading of 晋 (Shin, “Jin dynasty”), itself called 晋 (Susumu-shin). The senses are the same for Etymology 1 above.

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

秦 • (jin) (hangeul 진, revised jin, McCune–Reischauer chin, Yale cin)
* Qin

## Vietnamese
### Han character

秦: Hán Nôm readings: tần, thái
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.