# duine
## Afrikaans
### Noun

duine
* plural of duin

## Irish
### Etymology

From Old Irish duine, from Proto-Celtic *gdonyos (“human, person”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰǵʰm̥mō (“earthling, human”), a derivation of *dʰéǵʰōm (“earth”).
The plural daoine is suppletive, coming from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *dʰew- (“to die”).

### Pronunciation

* (Munster, Connacht) IPA: /ˈd̪ˠɪnʲə/
* (Ulster) IPA: /ˈd̪ˠɪnʲə/, /ˈd̪ˠɪn̠ʲə/

### Noun

duine m (genitive singular duine, nominative plural daoine)
* person, human being
* one (in reference to human beings)
    Tá ceathrar páistí aige; tá duine acu tinn.He has four children; one of them is sick.

#### Declension

bare forms
case
singular
plural
nominative
duine
daoine
vocative
a dhuine
a dhaoine
genitive
duine
daoine
dative
duine
daoine
forms with the definite article
case
singular
plural
nominative
an duine
na daoine
genitive
an duine
na ndaoine
dative
leis an duine don duine
leis na daoine :

#### Synonyms

* neach

#### Derived terms

* bainistíocht daoine (“man-management”)
* duine ar iarraidh
* duineata (“human, kindly”)
* duiniúil
* neamhdhuine
* osduine
* seanduine

#### Related terms

* daonna (“human; humane, kindly”, adjective)
* duineatacht (“humaneness, kindliness”)
* duiniúlacht (“humanity, kindliness”)

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* ↑ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “duine”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* ↑ Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931) Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry [Phonetics of an Irish Dialect of Kerry] (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, § 65, page 34
* ↑ Finck, F. N. (1899) Die araner mundart [The Aran Dialect] (in German), volume II, Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 66
* ↑ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 110, page 44
* ↑ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 249, page 89

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “duine”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN

## Middle English
### Verb

duine
* Alternative form of dwynen

## Middle Irish
### Etymology

From Old Irish duine, from Proto-Celtic *gdonyos (“human, person”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈdunʲə/

### Noun

duine m (genitive duini, nominative plural doíni)
* person

#### Derived terms

* dóen

#### Descendants

* Irish: duine
* Manx: dooinney
* Scottish Gaelic: duine

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Middle Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “duine”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## Old Irish
### Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *gdonyos (“human, person”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰǵʰm̥mō (“earthling, human”), a derivation of *dʰéǵʰōm (“earth”) (whence also dú (“place, spot”)).
Akin to Breton den (“man”) and Welsh dyn (“man”). For the parallel semantic development of the noun for "man, human" from the cognate nominal stem for "earth", compare Latin homō (“man, person”), Old Lithuanian žmuõ (“man”) and Gothic 𐌲𐌿𐌼𐌰 (guma).
The plural doíni is suppletive, coming from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *dʰew- (“to die”) generally reconstructed as Proto-Celtic *dowenis.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈdunʲe]

### Noun

duine m (genitive duini, nominative plural doíni)
* person. human being
** c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 17$^d$23
    arná{m}·tomnad námmin duine sed deusthat he should not suppose that I am a human but a god
** c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 134$^d$3
    Ɔ·riris-siu .i. ar·troídfe{a}-siu inna droch daíni, a Dǽ, dia n‑anduch, air is fechtnach a n‑andach mani erthroítar húa Día.You will bind, i.e. you will restrain the evil people, O God, from their iniquity, for their iniquity is prosperous if they are not restrained by God.

#### Declension

Masculine io-stem, masculine i-stem :
| | Singular | Dual | Plural |
| Nominative | duine | — | doíni$^H$ |
| Vocative | duini$^L$ | — | doíni$^H$ |
| Accusative | duine$^N$ | — | doíni$^H$ |
| Genitive | duini$^L$ | — | doíne$^N$ |
| Dative | duiniu$^L$ | — | doínib |
| Initial mutations of a following adjective: $^H$ = triggers aspiration $^L$ = triggers lenition $^N$ = triggers nasalization ||||

#### Descendants

* Middle Irish: duine
** Irish: duine
** Manx: dooinney
** Scottish Gaelic: duine

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “duine”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## Scottish Gaelic
### Etymology

From Old Irish duine, from Proto-Celtic *gdonyos (“human, person”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰǵʰm̥mō (“earthling, human”), a derivation of *dʰéǵʰōm (“earth”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈd̪̊ɯɲə/
* (Lewis, Wester Ross) IPA: /ˈd̪̊ɯ̃ɲə/
** (Ness) IPA: [ˈd̪̊ĩɲə]
** (Bernera) IPA: [ˈd̪̊ɯ̃ɲə]
** (Lochs) IPA: [ˈd̪̊ɨ̃ɲə]
* (Barra) IPA: [ˈd̪̊ɯɲʌ], (preceding a vowel) [d̪̊ɯɲ]
* (Eastern Highlands) IPA: /d̪̊ɯɲ/

### Noun

duine m (genitive singular duine, plural daoine)
* man
* person, body, individual
** 1911 (Birlinn Limited), Edward Dwelly: The Illustrated Gaelic-English Dictionary:
    Duine gun mhath gun chron, is motha a chron na a mhath. ― A man that's neither good nor ill is more ill than good.
* husband
* one
    Is fheudar dha duine a-riamh a dh'aithneachadh na thathar a' dèanamh le fhèin an duine. ― One must always know what one is doing with oneself.
    Chan eil fios aig duine a riamh. ― One never knows.

#### Derived terms

* duin'-eigin (“somebody (male)”)
* duine dubh (“Black person”)
* duine sam bith (“anybody, anyone”)
* nuair a thig air duine, thig air uile (“it never rains but it pours”)
* saor-dhuine (“freeman”)

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Scottish Gaelic. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* ↑ Roy Wentworth (2003) Gaelic Words and Phrases From Wester Ross / Faclan is Abairtean à Ros an Iar, Inverness: CLÀR, →ISBN
* ↑ Donald A. Morrison (2020) Modularity and stratification in phonology: Evidence from Scottish Gaelic (Thesis)‎, Manchester: University of Manchester
* ↑ Donald A. Morrison (2020) Modularity and stratification in phonology: Evidence from Scottish Gaelic (Thesis)‎, Manchester: University of Manchester
* ↑ Oftedal, M. (1956) A linguistic survey of the Gaelic dialects of Scotland, Vol. III: The Gaelic of Leurbost, Isle of Lewis, Oslo: Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap
* ↑ Borgstrøm, Carl Hj. (1937) The dialect of Barra in the Outer Hebrides, Oslo: Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap

### Further reading

* Edward Dwelly (1911) “duine”, in Faclair Gàidhlig gu Beurla le Dealbhan [The Illustrated Gaelic–English Dictionary]‎, 10th edition, Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited, →ISBN
* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “duine”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language