# dzīvs
## Latvian
### Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *gīˀwás, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷiwós, *gʷih₃wós (“living, alive”), from *gʷey-, *gʷī- (“alive; to live”) (whence also dzīt (“to heal”); q.v.) with a suffix -wo.
Cognates include Lithuanian gývas, Old Prussian gijwans, geiwans (“alive (acc. pl.)”), Sudovian giwatti (“to live”) (< *gīvati), Proto-Slavic *živъ (Old Church Slavonic живъ (živŭ), Russian жив (živ)), Proto-Germanic *kwikwaz (either with a different suffix -k(w)o- or with h₃w > kw strengthening; Gothic 𐌵𐌹𐌿𐍃 (qius), English quick, Swedish kvick (“fast”), German keck (“sassy, cheeky”)), Sanskrit जीव (jīva), Latin vīvus (< *gʷīwos), Ancient Greek βίος (bíos, “life”), Proto-Celtic *biwos (Irish beo (“alive”), bia (“food”), Welsh byw).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [dzîːws]
* Audio:(file)

### Adjective

dzīvs (definite dzīvais, comparative dzīvāks, superlative visdzīvākais, adverb dzīvi)
* (of people, animals) living, alive (that which lives)
    dzīva būtne ― living being
    dzīvs organisms ― living organism
    dzīvā daba ― living nature (= the animal and vegetal kingdoms)
    māte viņam ir dzīva ― his mother is alive
    pirmajā brīdī, kad uzzināju, ka Arturs dzīvs, man uzplūda tik daudz atmiņu ― at the very moment when I heard that Arturs (was) alive, so many memories surged back to me
* (of plants, their parts) living, alive
    dzīvi ziedi ― living flowers (i.e., natural, not artificial)
    kamēr augs ir dzīvs, saknes un stumbrs aug arvien lielāki un palielinās lapu skaits ― as long as the plant is alive, the roots and the trunk grow larger and larger and the number of leaves increases
* (of body parts, their components) living, alive (not dead, still working)
    dzīva šūna ― living cell
    dzīvi audi ― living tissues
    dzīvs zobs ― living tooth
* (definite forms) the living (those who are alive)
    dzīvie un mirušie ― the living and the dead
    atrasties starp dvīvajiem ― to be among the living
* lively, active, jolly (which quickly reacts to external stimuli; expressing such capacity of reaction)
    dzīvas acis ― lively eyes
    dzīva sejas izteiksme ― lively facial expression
    siltumā un pie kārtīga ēdiena zēns kļuva dzīvāks un jautrāks ― with warmth and good food the boy became livelier and more cheerful
    Skārbis bija maza, sīka auguma, ļoti dzīvs un runātnīgs ― Skārbis was of small, petite size, very lively and talkative
    Pēteris kļuva runīgāks, gāja dzīvāku soli ― Pēteris became more talkative (and) walked (with) livelier step(s)
* (of motion, traffic) bustling, intense, active, busy
    dzīva satiskme ― intense, heavy traffic
    dzīva šoseja ― full, busy highway
    dzīva kustība uz ielām ― intense movement on the streets
    tuvāk pilsētai ceļš kļuva dzīvāks; brauca tirdzinieki ar siena vezumiem un āboliem ― closer to the city the road became busier; merchants rode with their carts full of hay and apples
* (of actions, events) lively, intense
    dzīvas sarunas ― lively conversation
    dzīva izrāde ― lively show
    dzīva diskusija notika Arodbiedrību nama Kolonnu zālē ― a lively discussion took place in the Column hall of the House of Trade Unions
    ap vilcienu bija dzīva kņada: atbraucēji gandrīz visi bija kareivji ― around the train (there) was intense uproar: almost all arrivals were soldiers
* (of mental activities) lively, intense, strong, powerful
    dzīva iztēle, fantāzija ― lively imagination, fantasy
    dzīva interese ― lively, strong interest
* (of works of art, etc.) lively, expressive, intensive
    dzīva glezna ― alive, expressive painting
    ilustrācijas kopā ar paskaidrojošo tekstu grāmatā ir ļoti dzīvas ― the illustrations together with the explanatory text in the book are very alive, expressive
* (of imagined entities) living, lively (very similar to reality; very impressive)
    dzīvas atmiņas ― lively, intense, impressive memories
    šis bija viens no tiem briesmīgajiem sapņiem, kuri tik dzīvi un skaidri kā pati dzīve ― this was one of those terrible dreams which are as alive and clear as life itself
* intact, untouched, safe; (of money) unspent; (of memories) well maintained
    nez vai jel mājas vairs būs dzīvas ― who knows if the houses will still be alive (= intact, unharmed)
    pērnēja gada alga man vēl tāpat dzīva ― my last year's salary is still as it were alive (= unspent)
    gadi ir aizgājuši, bet senā sajūta vēl vienmēr dzīva ― years have passed, but the old feeling is still always alive
* (colloquial) such that there is a lot of it, without impurities, admixtures
    ēst dzīvus taukus ― to eat living (= pure) fat
    ēst dzīvu sāli ― to eat living salt (i.e., to eat food with a lot of salt)
    dzīva nauda, balta nauda ― living money, white money (both meaning “a lot of money”)

#### Synonyms

* (of "active", "lively", "cheerful"): dzīvespriecīgs, mundrs, možs, spirgts, žirgts

#### Antonyms

* nedzīvs
* miris

#### Derived terms

* dzīve
* dzīvība
* dzīvīgs, dzīvīgums
* dzīvniecisks, dzīvnieciskums
* dzīvnieks
* dzīvoklis
* dzīvot
* dzīvžogs

### References

* ↑ Kim, Ronald (2018) “The Phonology of Balto-Slavic”, in Jared S. Klein, Brian Joseph, and Matthias Fritz, editors, Handbook of Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook‎, Berlin: de Gruyter, →ISBN
* ↑ Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) “dzīvs”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca‎ (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN