# 膚

| 膚 | U+819A, &#33178; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-819A |
| ← 膙 [U+8199] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 膛 → [U+819B] |

## Translingual
### Han character

膚 (Kangxi radical 130, 肉+11, 15 strokes, cangjie input 卜心田月 (YPWB), four-corner 2122$_7$, composition ⿸虍胃)

#### Derived characters

* 𰊼, 𫻖, 𬉜, 𦢚, 𬬚, 𰕘, 𤮣, 𧀴, 𰪠, 𬮗

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 992, character 28
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29829
* Dae Jaweon: page 1444, character 24
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2107, character 5
* Unihan data for U+819A

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 膚
* Western Zhou
* Bronze inscriptions
| | Old Chinese |
| 唬 | *qʰraːs, *kʷraːɡ |
| 戲 | *qʰral, *qʰrals, *qʰaː |
| 巇 | *qʰra |
| 隵 | *qʰra |
| 嚱 | *qʰras |
| 盧 | *b·raː |
| 鑪 | *raː |
| 壚 | *raː |
| 籚 | *raː |
| 蘆 | *raː, *ra |
| 顱 | *b·raː |
| 髗 | *b·raː |
| 鱸 | *raː |
| 攎 | *raː |
| 櫨 | *raː |
| 轤 | *raː |
| 黸 | *raː |
| 獹 | *raː |
| 鸕 | *raː |
| 艫 | *raː |
| 纑 | *raː |
| 瀘 | *raː |
| 瓐 | *raː |
| 爐 | *raː |
| 嚧 | *raː |
| 矑 | *b·raː |
| 罏 | *raː |
| 蠦 | *raː |
| 虜 | *raːʔ |
| 擄 | *raːʔ |
| 艣 | *raːʔ |
| 鐪 | *raːʔ |
| 虖 | *qʰaː, *qʰʷa, *qʰaː, *qʰʷa |
| 虍 | *qʰaː |
| 雐 | *qʰʷlaː |
| 虎 | *qʰlaːʔ |
| 琥 | *qʰlaːʔ |
| 萀 | *qʰlaːʔ |
| 臚 | *b·ra |
| 廬 | *ra |
| 驢 | *b·ra |
| 藘 | *ra |
| 爈 | *ra, *ras |
| 櫖 | *ra, *ras |
| 儢 | *raʔ |
| 慮 | *ras |
| 勴 | *ras |
| 鑢 | *ras |
| 濾 | *ras |
| 攄 | *r̥ʰa |
| 處 | *kʰljaʔ, *kʰljas |
| 豦 | *kas, *ɡa |
| 據 | *kas |
| 鐻 | *kas, *ɡa, *ɡaʔ |
| 澽 | *kas, *ɡas |
| 虛 | *kʰa, *qʰa |
| 墟 | *kʰa |
| 懅 | *ɡa |
| 蘧 | *ɡa, *ɡʷa |
| 籧 | *ɡa |
| 醵 | *ɡa, *ɡas, *ɡaɡ |
| 璩 | *ɡa |
| 虡 | *ɡaʔ |
| 遽 | *ɡas |
| 勮 | *ɡas |
| 噓 | *qʰa, *qʰas |
| 驉 | *qʰa |
| 歔 | *qʰa |
| 魖 | *qʰa |
| 膚 | *pla |
| 虧 | *kʰʷral |
| 噱 | *ɡaɡ |
| 臄 | *ɡaɡ |
| 劇 | *ɡaɡ |
| 諕 | *qʰʷraːɡ |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : 肉 (“meat”) + abbreviated 盧 (“vessel; rice bowl”) — skin, which covers the innards like the exterior of a rice bowl.

### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *p(r/j)a (“skin”) (STEDT). This form likely represents the root while 皮 (OC *bral) is its derivative with a voicing prefix, most likely PST *m-, found in several OC words for body parts like 鼻 (OC *m-bi[t]-s, “nose”), 肚 (OC *m-tˤaʔ, “belly”), 右 (OC *[ɢ]ʷəʔ-s (~ *m-qʷəʔ), “right-hand”) and 頭 (OC *[m-t]ˤo, “head”) (Baxter & Sagart, 2014).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): fū (fu$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄈㄨ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): fu$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): fû
* Northern Min (KCR): hú
* Eastern Min (BUC): hŭ
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hu
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hu$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$fu
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: fū
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄨ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: fu
*** Wade–Giles: fu$^1$
*** Yale: fū
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fu
*** Palladius: фу (fu)
*** Sinological IPA : /fu⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fu$^1$
*** Yale: fū
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fu$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /fuː⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fû
*** Hakka Romanization System: fu$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /fu²⁴/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hú
*** Sinological IPA : /xu⁵⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: hŭ
*** Sinological IPA : /hu⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hu
*** Tâi-lô: hu
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hw
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hu⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hu³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hu⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /hu⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hu⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: hu$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hu
*** Sinological IPA : /hu³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$fu
*** MiniDict: fu$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$fu
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /fu⁵³/
* Middle Chinese: pju
Rime :
| Character | 膚 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 幫 (1) |
| Final (韻) | 虞 (24) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 甫無切 |
| Baxter | pju |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /pɨo/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /pio/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /pio/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /puə̆/ |
| Li Rong | /pio/ |
| Wang Li | /pĭu/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /pi̯u/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | fū |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | fu$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*pra/
    (Zhengzhang): /*pla/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 膚 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | fū |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ pju › |
| Old Chinese | /*pra/ |
| English | skin |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 膚 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 5275 |
| Phonetic component | 虍 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 跗 |
| Old Chinese | /*pla/ |

### Definitions

膚
* skin
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Fū rú níngzhī. [Pinyin]
    Her skin was like congealed ointment.
* superficial; shallow
* great
* (alt. form 扶) ancient unit of length equal to the width of four fingers

#### Compounds

* 切膚 / 切肤 (qièfū)
* 切膚之痛 / 切肤之痛
* 剝膚 / 剥肤
* 剝膚椎髓 / 剥肤椎髓
* 剝膚錐髓 / 剥肤锥髓
* 噬膚 / 噬肤
* 完膚 / 完肤 (wánfū)
* 末學膚受 / 末学肤受
* 浹髓淪膚 / 浃髓沦肤
* 潤膚 / 润肤 (rùnfū)
* 炙膚皸足 / 炙肤皲足
* 皮膚 / 皮肤 (pífū)
* 皮膚炎 / 皮肤炎 (pífūyán)
* 皮膚甲錯 / 皮肤甲错
* 皮膚病 / 皮肤病 (pífūbìng)
* 皮膚癌 / 皮肤癌 (pífū'ái)
* 皮膚肌炎 / 皮肤肌炎 (pífūjīyán)
* 肌無完膚 / 肌无完肤
* 肌膚 / 肌肤 (jīfū)
* 肌膚之愛 / 肌肤之爱
* 肌膚之親 / 肌肤之亲 (jīfūzhīqīn)
* 膚公 / 肤公
* 膚功 / 肤功
* 膚受 / 肤受
* 膚如刻畫 / 肤如刻画
* 膚寸 / 肤寸
* 膚廓 / 肤廓
* 膚敏 / 肤敏
* 膚橈目逃 / 肤桡目逃
* 膚泛 / 肤泛
* 膚淺 / 肤浅 (fūqiǎn)
* 膚色 / 肤色 (fūsè)
* 膚見 / 肤见
* 膚革 / 肤革
* 身無完膚 / 身无完肤
* 身體髮膚 / 身体发肤
* 雞膚鶴髮 / 鸡肤鹤发
* 體無完膚 / 体无完肤 (tǐwúwánfū)
* 鹽膚木 / 盐肤木

### Descendants

* → Thai: ผิว (pǐu)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: ふ (fu, 膚)
* Kan-on: ふ (fu, 膚)
* Kun: はだ (hada, 膚)、はだえ (hadae, 膚)

#### Compounds

* 皮膚(ひふ) (hifu): skin
* 皮膚科(ひふか) (hifuka): dermatology
* 皮膚科医(ひふかい) (hifukai): dermatologist
* 皮膚(ひふ)病(びょう) (hifubyō): dermatosis, skin diseases
* 皮膚(ひふ)癌(がん) (hifugan): skin cancer

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 膚
* はだ Grade: S
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 膚 – see the following entries. :
| 【肌はだ】S | [noun] human skin [noun] surface of an object [noun] temperament, nature |
| 【はだえ】 | [noun] skin Alternative spelling 肌 |
(This term, 膚, is an alternative spelling of the above terms.) :

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 膚 (MC pju). Recorded as Middle Korean 부 (pwu) (Yale: pwu) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

Wikisource 膚 (eumhun 살갗 부 (salgat bu))
* hanja form of 부 (“skin”)

#### Compounds

* 피부 (皮膚, pibu)
* 피부과 (皮膚科, pibugwa)
* 피부병 (皮膚病, pibubyeong)
* 피부색 (皮膚色, pibusaek)
* 피부암 (皮膚癌, pibuam)
* 피부염 (皮膚炎, pibuyeom)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.