# 商人
## Chinese
### Etymology
#### person of the Shang dynasty

    Attested earliest in Book of Documents:
   * 自古商人亦越我周文王立政，立事、牧夫、準人，則克宅之，克由繹之，茲乃俾乂。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]自古商人亦越我周文王立政，立事、牧夫、准人，则克宅之，克由绎之，兹乃俾乂。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]From: The Book of Documents, circa 7th – 4th centuries BCEZìgǔ Shāngrén yì yuè wǒ Zhōu Wénwáng lìzhèng, lìshì, mùfū, zhǔnrén, zé kè zhái zhī, kè yóu yì zhī, zī nǎi bǐ yì. [Pinyin]From ancient times the men of Shang, as also our King Wen of the Zhou dynasty, in establishing government and settling affairs, (appointed) superintendents and comptrollers, whom they established in office, and were able to cultivate their good qualities, and thus arrange the government (of the country).

#### merchant, trader

    From Zuozhuan ("Xi 33" & "Zhao 16" )

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shāngrén
    (Zhuyin): ㄕㄤ ㄖㄣˊ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): soeng$^1$ jan$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): siang$^1$ ngin$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): siong-lîn / siong-jîn / siang-jîn
    (Teochew, Peng'im): siang$^1$ ring$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$saon-gnin
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shāngrén
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄤ ㄖㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shangrén
*** Wade–Giles: shang$^1$-jên$^2$
*** Yale: shāng-rén
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shangren
*** Palladius: шанжэнь (šanžɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂɑŋ⁵⁵ ʐən³⁵/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$傷人 / 伤人 商人
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: soeng$^1$ jan$^4$
*** Yale: sēung yàhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: soeng$^1$ jan$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sêng$^1$ yen$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /sœːŋ⁵⁵ jɐn²¹/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$商人 雙人 / 双人
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: siang$^1$ ngin$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /siaŋ³³ ᵑɡin²²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siong-lîn
*** Tâi-lô: siong-lîn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: siongliin
*** IPA (Taipei): /siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lin²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /siɔŋ³³ lin²⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lin²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siong-jîn
*** Tâi-lô: siong-jîn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: siongjiin
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ zin²³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siang-jîn
*** Tâi-lô: siang-jîn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: siangjiin
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /siaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² d͡zin¹³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: siang$^1$ ring$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: siang jîng
*** Sinological IPA : /siaŋ³³⁻²³ d͡ziŋ⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$saon-gnin
*** MiniDict: saon$^平$ nyin
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$saan-nyin
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /sɑ̃⁵⁵ n̠ʲin²¹/
* Middle Chinese: syang nyin
Rime :
| Character | 商 | 人 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 書 (26) | 日 (38) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (105) | 眞 (43) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 式羊切 | 如鄰切 |
| Baxter | syang | nyin |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɕɨɐŋ/ | /ȵiɪn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɕiɐŋ/ | /ȵin/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɕiɑŋ/ | /ȵʑjen/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɕɨaŋ/ | /ȵin/ |
| Li Rong | /ɕiaŋ/ | /ȵiĕn/ |
| Wang Li | /ɕĭaŋ/ | /ȵʑĭĕn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɕi̯aŋ/ | /ȵʑi̯ĕn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shāng | rén |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | soeng$^1$ | jan$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-taŋ ni[ŋ]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*hljaŋ njin/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 商 | 商 | 商 | 人 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | shāng | shāng | shāng | rén |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ syang › | ‹ syang › | ‹ syang › | ‹ nyin › |
| Old Chinese | /*s-taŋ/ | /*s-taŋ/ | /*s-taŋ/ | /*ni[ŋ]/ |
| English | musical note | (place name) | estimate; business; trader | (other) person |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 商 | 人 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 11097 | 10800 |
| Phonetic component | 商 | 人 |
| Rime group | 陽 | 眞 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 商 | 仁 |
| Old Chinese | /*hljaŋ/ | /*njin/ |

### Noun

商人
* merchant; businessperson
    印度商人 ― Yìndù shāngrén ― Indian merchants
    From: Guanzi, 5th century BCE to 220 CE
    Qí shāngrén tōnggǔ, bèidào jiānxíng, yè yǐ xù rì, qiānlǐ ér bùyuǎn zhě, lì zài qián yě. [Pinyin]
    When the merchant engages in trade and travels twice the ordinary distance in a day, uses the night to extend the day, and covers a thousand li without considering it too far, it is because profits lies ahead.
* person of the Shang dynasty
    From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Gù shāng zhě, wǔdì zhī yíshēng yě. Shāngrén shí zhī, gù wèi zhī shāng. [Pinyin]
    What are called the Shang were the airs and words transmitted from the five Thearchs; and having been remembered by the people of Shang, we call them the Shang.

#### Synonyms

* (merchant):
* hak+nan-hbl:生理人
* 商家佬 (soeng$^1$ gaa$^1$ lou$^2$) (Cantonese)
* 商民 (shāngmín) (formal)
* 生意人 (shēngyirén)
* 生意佬 (saang$^1$ ji$^3$ lou$^2$, “businessman”) (Cantonese)
* 老客 (lǎokè) (literary)
* 賈人 / 贾人 (gǔrén) (literary)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 商(しょう)人(にん) (shōnin)
* → Korean: 상인(商人) (sang'in)
* → Vietnamese: thương nhân (商人)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 商 | 人 |
| しょう Grade: 3 | にん Grade: 1 |
| on'yomi ||
From Middle Chinese 商人 (MC syang nyin).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しょーにん [shóꜜònìǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ɕo̞ːɲ̟ĩɴ]

#### Noun

商(しょう)人(にん) • (shōnin)
* trader, shopkeeper, merchant

##### Derived terms

* 伊勢(いせ)商(しょう)人(にん) (ise shōnin)
* 近江(おうみ)商(しょう)人(にん) (ōmi shōnin)
* 小(こ)商(しょう)人(にん) (koshōnin)
* 大道(だいどう)商(しょう)人(にん) (daidō shōnin)

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 商 | 人 |
| あき Grade: 3 | びと > んど Grade: 1 |
| kun'yomi ||
Shift from あきびと (akibito).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) あきんど [àkíꜜǹdò] (Nakadaka – [2])
* IPA: [a̠kʲĩndo̞]

#### Noun

商(あき)人(んど) • (akindo)
* trader, tradesperson, merchant

##### Derived terms

* 商人(あきんど)会所(かいしょ) (akindo kaisho)
* 大(おお)商人(あきんど) (ōakindo)
* 小(こ)商人(あきんど) (koakindo)
* 口(こう)上(じょう)商人(あきんど) (kōjō akindo)
* 出来(でき)商人(あきんど) (deki akindo)

### Etymology 3

Kanji in this term :
| 商 | 人 |
| あきゅうど ||
| Grade: 3 | Grade: 1 |
| irregular ||
Shift from あきびと (akibito).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) あきゅうど [àkyúꜜùdò] (Nakadaka – [2])
* IPA: [a̠kʲɨːdo̞]

#### Noun

商人(あきゅうど) • (akyūdo)
* trader, tradesperson, merchant

### Etymology 4

Kanji in this term :
| 商 | 人 |
| あき Grade: 3 | びと Grade: 1 |
| kun'yomi ||
Superficially あき (aki, “trade”) +‎ ひと (hito, “person”). Possibly Old Japanese.
Aki can also be found as the root of あきなう (akinau, “to trade”).

#### Noun

商(あき)人(びと) • (akibito)
* trader, tradesperson, merchant

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 商 | 人 |

### Noun

商人 • (sang'in) (hangeul 상인)
* hanja form of 상인 (“trader, merchant”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 商 | 人 |

### Noun

商人
* chữ Hán form of thương nhân (“businessman; merchant; trader”).