# 水銀
## Chinese

* 水銀

### Etymology

Compare the etymologies of Latin hydrargyrus, English quicksilver.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): shuǐyín
       (Zhuyin): ㄕㄨㄟˇ ㄧㄣˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): sui$^3$ yin$^2$
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): фийин (fiyin, II-I)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): seoi$^2$ ngan$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): sui$^2$ ngan$^3$
* Gan (Wiktionary): sui$^3$ nyin
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): súi-ngiùn
* Eastern Min (BUC): cṳ̄-ngṳ̀ng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chúi-gîn / chúi-gûn
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zui$^2$ ngeng$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$sy-gnin
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shuǐyín
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄨㄟˇ ㄧㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shuěiyín
*** Wade–Giles: shui$^3$-yin$^2$
*** Yale: shwěi-yín
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shoeiyn
*** Palladius: шуйинь (šujinʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ in³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: sui$^3$ yin$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: suijn
*** Sinological IPA : /suei⁵³ in²¹/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: фийин (fiyin, II-I)
*** Sinological IPA : /fi⁵¹ iŋ²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: seoi$^2$ ngan$^4$
*** Yale: séui ngàhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: soey$^2$ ngan$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sêu$^2$ ngen$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɵy̯³⁵ ŋɐn²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: sui$^2$ ngan$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /sui⁵⁵ ᵑɡan²²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: sui$^3$ nyin
*** Sinological IPA : /sui²¹³⁻²¹ n̠ʲin¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: súi-ngiùn
*** Hakka Romanization System: sui$^ˋ$ ngiun$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: sui$^3$ ngiun$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /su̯i³¹ ŋi̯un¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: cṳ̄-ngṳ̀ng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sy³³⁻²¹ ŋyŋ⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chúi-gîn
*** Tâi-lô: tsuí-gîn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zuy'giin
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡin¹³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡin²³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chúi-gûn
*** Tâi-lô: tsuí-gûn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zuy'guun
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡun²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡun²⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: zui$^2$ ngeng$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsúi ngṳ̂ng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sui⁵²⁻³⁵ ŋɯŋ⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$sy-gnin
*** MiniDict: sy$^去$ nyin
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$sr-nyin
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /sz̩³³ n̠ʲin⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: sywijX ngin
Rime :
| Character | 水 | 銀 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 書 (26) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 脂 (18) | 眞 (44) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 式軌切 | 語巾切 |
| Baxter | sywijX | ngin |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɕˠiuɪ$^X$/ | /ŋˠiɪn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɕʷᵚi$^X$/ | /ŋᵚin/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɕiuɪ$^X$/ | /ŋien/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɕjwi$^X$/ | /ŋjin/ |
| Li Rong | /ɕjui$^X$/ | /ŋjĕn/ |
| Wang Li | /ɕwi$^X$/ | /ŋǐĕn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɕwi$^X$/ | /ŋi̯ĕn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shuǐ | yín |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | seoi$^2$ | ngan$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*s.turʔ ŋrə[n]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qʰʷljilʔ ŋrɯn/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 水 | 銀 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | shuǐ | yín |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ sywij$^X$ › | ‹ ngin › |
| Old Chinese | /*s.turʔ/ (E dialect: *-r > *-j) | /*ŋrə[n]/ |
| English | water; river | silver |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 水 | 銀 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 11948 | 3939 |
| Phonetic component | 水 | 艮 |
| Rime group | 脂 | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 水 | 銀 |
| Old Chinese | /*qʰʷljilʔ/ | /*ŋrɯn/ |

### Noun

水銀
* mercury; quicksilver
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Shǐhuáng chū jíwèi, chuān zhì Lìshān, jí bìng tiānxià, tiānxià tú sòngyì qī shí yú wàn rén, chuān sān quán, xià tóng ér zhì guǒ, gōngguān bǎiguān qíqì zhēnguài xǐ zāng mǎn zhī. Lìng jiàng zuò jīnǔ shǐ, yǒu suǒ chuān jìn zhě zhé shè zhī. Yǐ shuǐyín wèi bǎichuān jiānghé dàhǎi, jī xiàng guànshū, shàng jù tiānwén, xià jù dìlǐ. Yǐ rényúgāo wèi zhú, dù bù miè zhě jiǔ zhī. [Pinyin]
    When the First Emperor ascended the throne, the digging and preparation at Mount Li began. After he unified his empire, he sent 700,000 people to work. They dug down deep to underground springs, pouring copper to place the outer casing of the coffin. Palaces and viewing towers housing a hundred officials were built and filled with treasures and rare artefacts. Workmen were instructed to make automatic crossbows primed to shoot at intruders. Mercury was used to create a hundred rivers and the ocean, and set to flow mechanically. Above, the heaven is depicted, below, the geographical features of the land. Candles were made of "mermaid"'s fat whose light would not extinguish for a long time.
* (poetic) moon
* (poetic) glob; drop of water

#### Synonyms

* (mercury):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 水銀 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 汞, 水銀 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 水銀 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 水銀 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chengde | 水銀 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 水銀 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 水銀 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Heihe | 水銀 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Qiqihar | 水銀 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 水銀 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jiamusi | 水銀 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Baicheng | 水銀 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Changchun | 水銀 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tonghua | 水銀 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 水銀 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jinzhou | 水銀 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 水銀 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 水銀 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 水銀 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 水銀 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 水銀 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 水銀 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Lijin | 水銀 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 水銀 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dalian | 水銀 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dandong | 水銀 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai | 水銀 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 水銀 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Zhucheng | 水銀 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Lingbao | 水銀 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Jining | 水銀 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Linfen | 水銀 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Shangqiu | 水銀 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yuanyang | 水銀 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 水銀 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xinyang | 水銀 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baihe | 水銀 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 水銀 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baoji | 水銀 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Tianshui | 水銀 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 水銀 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 水銀 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Fuyang | 水銀 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 水銀 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 水銀 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Dunhuang | 水銀 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Hami | 水銀 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 水銀 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 水銀 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dazhou | 水銀 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanyuan | 水銀 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xichang | 水銀 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zigong | 水銀 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 水銀 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 水銀 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yichang | 水銀 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangyang | 水銀 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianmen | 水銀 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 水銀 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zunyi | 水銀 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Bijie | 水銀 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liping | 水銀 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zhaotong | 水銀 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dali | 水銀 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 水銀 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mengzi | 水銀 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 水銀 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 水銀 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jishou | 水銀 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Changde | 水銀 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanzhong | 水銀 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 水銀 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 水銀 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianyungang | 水銀 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianshui | 水銀子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 水銀 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Anqing | 水銀 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Wuhu | 水銀 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 水銀 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hong'an | 水銀 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 水銀 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 水銀 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 水銀 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 水銀 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 水銀 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 水銀 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 水銀 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 水銀 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 水銀 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 水銀 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 水銀 |
| Jin | Yangyuan | 水銀 |
| Jin | Datong | 水銀 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 水銀 |
| Jin | Lüliang (Lishi) | 水銀 |
| Jin | Changzhi | 水銀 |
| Jin | Linhe | 水銀 |
| Jin | Jining | 水銀 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 水銀 |
| Jin | Erenhot | 水銀 |
| Jin | Pingshan | 水銀 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 水銀 |
| Jin | Handan | 水銀 |
| Jin | Linzhou | 水銀 |
| Jin | Suide | 水銀 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 水銀 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 水銀 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 水銀 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 水銀 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 水銀 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 水銀 |

#### Derived terms

* 水銀柱 / 水银柱 (shuǐyínzhù)
* 水銀燈 / 水银灯

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 水銀(すいぎん) (suigin)
* → Korean: 수은(水銀) (sueun)
* → Vietnamese: thuỷ ngân (水銀)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 水 | 銀 |
| すい Grade: 1 | ぎん Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||
From Middle Chinese compound 水銀 (MC sywijX ngin, literally “water (i.e. liquid) silver”). Compare modern Mandarin 水銀／水银 (shuǐyín).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) すいぎん [sùígíń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [sɨiɡʲĩɴ]

#### Noun

水(すい)銀(ぎん) • (suigin)
* (chemistry) mercury; quicksilver

##### Derived terms

* 水(すい)銀(ぎん)汚(お)染(せん) (suigin osen): mercury pollution, mercury contamination
* 水(すい)銀(ぎん)温(おん)度(ど)計(けい) (suigin ondokei): a mercury thermometer
* 水(すい)銀(ぎん)気(き)圧(あつ)計(けい) (suigin kiatsukei): a mercury barometer
* 水(すい)銀(ぎん)拡(かく)散(せん)ポンプ (suigin kakusen ponpu): a mercury diffusion pump
* 水(すい)銀(ぎん)寒(かん)暖(だん)計(けい) (suigin kandankei): a mercury thermometer
* 水(すい)銀(ぎん)孤(こ)灯(とう) (suigin kotō): a mercury arc lamp
* 水(すい)銀(ぎん)硬(こう)膏(こう) (suigin kōkō): a hard mercury-based ointment or plaster
* 水(すい)銀(ぎん)剤(ざい) (suiginzai): a mercurial (drug), a mercury-based fungicide
* 水(すい)銀(ぎん)整(せい)流(りゅう)器(き) (suigin seiryūki): (electronics) a mercury-arc valve
* 水(すい)銀(ぎん)晴(せい)雨(う)計(けい) (suigin seiukei): a mercury barometer
* 水(すい)銀(ぎん)中(ちゅう)毒(どく) (suigin chūdoku): mercury poisoning
* 水(すい)銀(ぎん)柱(ちゅう) (suiginchū): mercury in a thermometer, as a metaphor for the temperature
* 水(すい)銀(ぎん)電(でん)池(ち) (suigin denchi): a mercury battery
* 水(すい)銀(ぎん)灯(とう) (suigin tō): a mercury lamp, a mercury-vapor lamp
* 水(すい)銀(ぎん)軟(なん)膏(こう) (suigin nankō): a soft mercury-based ointment or plaster
* 水(すい)銀(ぎん)農(のう)薬(やく) (suigin nōyaku): a mercury-based agrichemical
* 水銀粉(はらや) (haraya): a kind of white face powder made from mercury, used in ancient times

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 水 | 銀 |
| みず Grade: 1 | かね Grade: 3 |
| kun'yomi ||
* Alternative spellings
* 汞 𫒎

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [mʲizɨka̠ne̞]

#### Noun

水(みず)銀(かね) • (mizukane)
* mercury
** c. 918, 深根輔仁 [Fukane Sukehito], 本草和名 [Japanese Names of Herbs, Honzō Wamyō]:水銀 一名汞 汞粉　陶景注云、焼時、釜上、灰名汞粉[...]丹砂之精也　和名美都加祢　出伊勢国(please add an English translation of this quotation)

### Etymology 3

Kanji in this term :
| 水 | 銀 |
| みず Grade: 1 | かね > がね Grade: 3 |
| kun'yomi ||
* Alternative spellings
* 汞 𫒎
From Old Japanese. Compound of 水 (mizu, “water”) +‎ 銀 (kane, “metal, silver”). The kane changes to gane as an instance of rendaku (連濁). Appears in the Wamyō Ruijushō Japanese dictionary of 938 CE as mizukane, suggesting that the shift to rendaku is more recent.
Obsolete in modern Japanese.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [mʲizɨɡa̠ne̞]

#### Noun

水(みず)銀(がね) • (mizugane)
* (chemistry, obsolete) mercury; quicksilver

##### Usage notes

The mizugane reading is largely obsolete in modern Japanese; suigin is the standard reading.

##### Derived terms

* 水(みず)銀(がね)の滓(かす) (mizugane no kasu): a kind of white face powder made from mercury, used in ancient times

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* Fukane no Sukehito (c. 901–923) Maruyama Yumiko, Wu Qian, editors, Honzō Wamyō: Eiin, Honkoku to Kenkyū) (in Japanese), Kyūko Shoin, published 2021, →ISBN.

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 水 | 銀 |

### Noun

水銀 • (sueun) (hangeul 수은)
* hanja form of 수은 (“mercury”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 水 | 銀 |

### Noun

水銀
* chữ Hán form of thủy ngân (“mercury”).