# چشمه
## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian چَشْمَه (čašma, “spring, source”).

### Noun

چَشمه • (çeşme)
* fountain, an ornamental water feature usually situated in a garden or public place
* spring, source, fount, a spray or body of water springing from the ground
    Synonyms: بوڭار (buñar), عین (ʿayn), قایناق (kaynak), منبع (menbaʿ)

#### Derived terms

* قرق چشمه (kırk çeşme, “name of a quarter in Instanbul”)
* قورو چشمه (kuru çeşme, “name of a village on the Bosphorus”)
* چشمه زار (çeşme zar, “district abounding with springs”)
* چشمه سار (çeşme sar, “district abounding with springs”)
* چشمه لوله‌سی (çeşme lülesi, “spout of a fountain”)
* چوقور چشمه (çukur çeşme, “name of a quarter in Instanbul”)

#### Descendants

* Turkish: çeşme
* → Bulgarian: чешма (češma)
* → Tunisian Arabic: شيشمة (šīšma)
* → Libyan Arabic: شيشمة (šīšma)
* → Macedonian: чешма (češma)
* → Romanian: cișmea

### Proper noun

چَشمه • (çeşme)
* Çeşme (a town and district in Izmir province, Turkey)

#### Descendants

* Turkish: Çeşme

### Further reading

* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “çeşme”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 941
* Hindoglu, Artin (1838) “چشمه”, in Hazine-i lûgat ou dictionnaire abrégé turc-français‎, Vienna: F. Beck, page 183b
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “چشمه”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 470
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Fons”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎, Vienna, column 599
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “چشمه”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, column 1618
* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “çeşme”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
* Nişanyan, Sevan (2010–) “Çeşme”, in Nişanyan Yeradları: Türkiye ve Çevre Ülkeler Yerleşim Birimleri Envanteri [Index Anatolicus: An inventory of place names of Turkey and surrounding countries] (in Turkish)
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “چشمه”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 722
* Sezen, Tahir (2017) “Şaphane”, in Osmanlı Yer Adları [Ottoman Place Names]‎, 2nd edition, Ankara: T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü, page 183

## Persian
### Etymology

From Middle Persian [script needed] (čšmk' /⁠čašmag⁠/, “spring, source”), from [script needed] (čšm /⁠čašm⁠/, “eye”) + [script needed] (-k' /⁠-ag⁠/), equivalent to modern چشم (čašm, “eye”) +‎ ـه (-e).
A relation between eye and spring seems to be common in the area. Compare Baluchi چمگ (cammag, “spring, source”) from چم (camm, “eye”), Gilaki چمار (čumâr, “spring”) from چم (čum, “eye”), Arabic عَيْن (ʕayn, “spring, eye”), and Old Armenian ակն (akn, “eye, spring”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [t͡ʃaʃ.ˈma]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [t͡ʃʰäʃ.mǽ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [t͡ʃʰäʃ.mǽ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [t͡ʃʰäʃ.mǽ]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [t͡ʃʰäʃ.mǽ]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [t͡ʃʰeʃ.mé], [ t͡ʃʰæʃ.mé]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [t͡ʃʰäʃ.mǽ]
* Audio (Iran):(file)

### Noun

| Dari | چَشمَه |
| Iranian Persian | چِشمِه |
| Tajik | чашма |
چِشمِه • (češme) (plural چِشمِه‌ها (češme-hâ))
* spring (water source)
* source

#### Derived terms

* سرچشمه (sarčešme)

#### Descendants

* Tajik: чашма (čašma)
* → Azerbaijani: çeşmə
* → Bashkir: шишмә (şişmə)
* → Bengali: চশমা (cośma)
* → Chagatai: چَشمه
** Uzbek: chashma
* → Hindustani:
** Hindi: चश्मा (caśmā)
** Urdu: چَشْمَہ (caśma)
* → Marathi: चष्मा (caṣmā), चश्मा (caśmā)
* → Nepali: चश्मा (caśmā), चस्मा (casmā)
* → Odia: ଚଶମା (cåśåmā)
* → Ottoman Turkish: چَشمه (çeşme)
** Turkish: çeşme
** → Bulgarian: чешма (češma)
** → Tunisian Arabic: شيشمة (šīšma)
** → Libyan Arabic: شيشمة (šīšma)
** → Macedonian: чешма (češma)
** → Romanian: cișmea
* → Punjabi:
** Gurmukhi script: ਚਸ਼ਮਾ (caśmā)
** Shahmukhi script: چَشْمَہ (caśmah)
* → Tatar: чишмә (çişmä)
* → Turkmen: çeşme

### References

* ↑ MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) “čšmk'”, in A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, page 21