# 諺

| 諺 | U+8AFA, &#35578; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8AFA |
| ← 諹 [U+8AF9] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 諻 → [U+8AFB] |

## Translingual
### Han character

諺 (Kangxi radical 149, 言+9, 16 strokes, cangjie input 卜口卜竹竹 (YRYHH) or 卜口卜大竹 (YRYKH), four-corner 0062$_2$, composition ⿰訁彦 or ⿰訁彥)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1172, character 9
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 35747
* Dae Jaweon: page 1637, character 6
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4001, character 2
* Unihan data for U+8AFA

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 喭 | *ŋaːns, *ŋrans |
| 鏟 | *sŋ̊ʰreːnʔ, *sŋ̊ʰraːns |
| 産 | *sŋreːnʔ |
| 簅 | *sreːnʔ |
| 摌 | *sreːnʔ |
| 嵼 | *sŋreːnʔ |
| 滻 | *sŋreːnʔ |
| 顏 | *ŋraːn |
| 楌 | *ŋraːn |
| 偐 | *ŋraːns |
| 齴 | *ŋranʔ |
| 遃 | *ŋranʔ |
| 嵃 | *ŋranʔ |
| 彦 | *ŋrans |
| 諺 | *ŋrans |

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yàn (yan$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jin$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ngien / ngian
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): giān / gān
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ngang$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yàn
*** Wade–Giles: yen$^4$
*** Yale: yàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yann
*** Palladius: янь (janʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /jɛn⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jin$^6$
*** Yale: yihn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jin$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yin$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /jiːn²²/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngien
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngien
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngian$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯en⁵⁵/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngian
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngian
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngian$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯an⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: giān
*** Tâi-lô: giān
*** Phofsit Daibuun: gien
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ɡiɛn²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡiɛn⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gān
*** Tâi-lô: gān
*** Phofsit Daibuun: gan
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɡan³³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡan⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ɡan²²/
* giān - literary;
* gān - vernacular.
* Middle Chinese: ngjenH
Rime :
| Character | 諺 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 仙 (79) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 魚變切 |
| Baxter | ngjenH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ŋˠiᴇn$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ŋᵚiɛn$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ŋiæn$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ŋian$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ŋjɛn$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ŋĭɛn$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ŋi̯ɛn$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jin$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ŋra[n]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋrans/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 諺 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yàn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ngjen$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋra[n]-s/ |
| English | saying, proverb |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 諺 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 14413 |
| Phonetic component | 彦 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 彥 |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋrans/ |

### Definitions

諺
* proverb; maxim
* Korean hangul
    See also: 諺文
    《論語諺解》／《论语谚解》 ― “Lùnyǔ yànjiě” ― The Analects, with Korean Translation

#### Compounds

* 俗諺 / 俗谚 (súyàn)
* 俚諺 / 俚谚
* 俗諺俚語 / 俗谚俚语
* 古諺 / 古谚 (gǔyàn)
* 時諺 / 时谚
* 西諺 / 西谚 (xīyàn)
* 諺文 / 谚文 (yànwén)
* 諺言 / 谚言
* 諺語 / 谚语 (yànyǔ)
* 農諺 / 农谚 (nóngyàn)
* 鄙諺 / 鄙谚
* 里諺
* 野諺 / 野谚

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: げん (gen)
* Kan-on: げん (gen)
* Kun: ことわざ (kotowaza, 諺)

#### Compounds

* 諺文(ウンムン) (unmun)
* 諺文(オンモン) (onmon)
* 諺苑(げんえん) (gen'en)
* 諺解(げんかい) (genkai)
* 諺言(げんげん) (gengen)
* 諺語(げんご) (gengo)
* 諺文(げんぶん) (genbun)
* 古諺(こげん) (kogen)
* 世諺(せいげん) (seigen)
* 西諺(せいげん) (seigen)
* 俗諺(ぞくげん) (zokugen)
* 天気俚諺(てんきりげん) (tenkirigen)
* 鄙諺(ひげん) (higen)
* 俚諺(りげん) (rigen)
* 法諺(ほうげん) (hōgen)
* Kanji in this term
* 諺
* ことわざ Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi

### Etymology

From 言(こと) (koto) + 業(わざ) (waza).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ことわざ [kòtówázá] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) ことわざ [kòtówázáꜜ] (Odaka – [4])
* IPA: [ko̞to̞β̞a̠za̠]

### Noun

諺(ことわざ) • (kotowaza)
* a proverb (phrase expressing a basic truth)

#### Usage notes

Both kanji and hiragana form are common.

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

諺 • (eon, an) (hangeul 언, 안, revised eon, an, McCune–Reischauer ŏn, an, Yale en, an)
* old name for Hangeul, the Korean script; Eonmun
* vernacular Korean language (in contrast to written Chinese texts)
* a proverb

## Vietnamese
### Han character

諺: Hán Nôm readings: ngạn
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.