# πόνος
## Ancient Greek
### Etymology

According to Beekes, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)penh₁- (“to weave, to twist”), with semantic shift "weaving, stretching" > "tensing, strain" > "exertion, toil". Cognate with Ancient Greek πένομαι (pénomai, “to exert oneself”), Proto-Germanic *spinnaną (“to spin”), and Lithuanian pìnti (“to twist”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pó.nos/ → /ˈpo.nos/ → /ˈpo.nos/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /pó.nos/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /ˈpo.nos/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /ˈpo.nos/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /ˈpo.nos/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /ˈpo.nos/

### Noun

πόνος • (pónos) m (genitive πόνου); second declension
* labor, work (especially hard work; toil
** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 866:πόνος πόνῳ πόνον φέρειpónos pónōi pónon phéreiToil brings toil through toil.
* bodily exertion, exercise
* work, task, business
* the consequence of toil, distress, trouble, suffering
* anything produced by work, a work

#### Derived terms

* ἐπίπονος (epíponos)
* πονέω (ponéō)

### References

* ↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πονέομαι, πόνος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1221

### Further reading

* “πόνος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “πόνος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “πόνος”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
* πόνος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* πόνος in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
* “πόνος”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
* G4192 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
* Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited. affliction idem, page 17.disorder idem, page 235.distress idem, page 242.drudgery idem, page 254.effort idem, page 263.exertion idem, page 291.hardship idem, page 386.infirmity idem, page 438.labour idem, page 472.onus idem, page 574.product idem, page 645.strain idem, page 822.striving idem, page 827.struggle idem, page 828.suffering idem, page 835.task idem, page 856.toil idem, page 880.trial idem, page 893.trouble idem, page 897.tug idem, page 900.vigilance idem, page 951.work idem, page 988.wrench idem, page 992.
* “πόνος”, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011

## Greek
### Etymology

From Ancient Greek πόνος (pónos).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpo.nos/

### Noun

πόνος • (pónos) m (plural πόνοι)
* (medicine) pain, ache

#### Synonyms

* άλγος n (álgos)

#### Derived terms

* πονοκέφαλος m (ponokéfalos, “headache”)
* κεφαλόπονος m (kefalóponos, “headache”)
* πονόλαιμος m (ponólaimos, “sore throat”)
* πονόδοντος m (ponódontos, “toothache”)
* στομαχόπονος m (stomachóponos, “stomachache”)
* πονόκοιλος m (ponókoilos, “tummyache, bellyache”)
* κοιλόπονος m (koilóponos, “tummyache, bellyache”)
* παυσίπονο n (pafsípono, “pain killer”)
* πονόκαρδος (ponókardos, “heartache”, adjective)
* πονόψυχος (ponópsychos, “compassionate”, adjective)
* άπονος (áponos, “heartless”, adjective)

#### Related terms

* πονάω (ponáo, “to ache”)

### Further reading

* πόνος on the Greek Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{el}$
* πόνος, in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998 at the Centre for the Greek language