# 天然
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tiānrán
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄧㄢ ㄖㄢˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): tin$^1$ jin$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): thiên-yèn / thiên-yàn
    (Hailu, HRS): tien$^ˋ$ rhan
* Eastern Min (BUC): tiĕng-iòng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): teng$^1$ zeng$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): thian-liân / thian-jiân
    (Teochew, Peng'im): tiang$^1$ riang$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$thi-zoe
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tiānrán
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄧㄢ ㄖㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tianrán
*** Wade–Giles: tʻien$^1$-jan$^2$
*** Yale: tyān-rán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tianran
*** Palladius: тяньжань (tjanʹžanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʐän³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: tin$^1$ jin$^4$
*** Yale: tīn yìhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tin$^1$ jin$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: tin$^1$ yin$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰiːn⁵⁵ jiːn²¹/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thiên-yèn
*** Hakka Romanization System: tien$^ˊ$ ien$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: tian$^1$ yan$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰi̯en²⁴ i̯en¹¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thiên-yàn
*** Hakka Romanization System: tien$^ˊ$ (r)ian$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: tian$^1$ yan$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰi̯en²⁴ (j)i̯an¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: tien$^ˋ$ rhan
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰien⁵³ ʒan⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: tiĕng-iòng
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰieŋ⁵⁵ $^{(Ø-)}$ŋyoŋ⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: teng$^1$ zeng$^2$ [Phonetic: teng$^5$ neng$^2$]
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰɛŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ $^{(t͡s-)}$nɛŋ¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thian-liân
*** Tâi-lô: thian-liân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tienlieen
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰiɛn³³ liɛn²⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thian-jiân
*** Tâi-lô: thian-jiân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tienjieen
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ ziɛn²³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² d͡ziɛn¹³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: tiang$^1$ riang$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thiang jiâng
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰiaŋ³³⁻²³ d͡ziaŋ⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$thi-zoe
*** MiniDict: thi$^平$ zoe
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$thi-zoe
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /tʰi⁵⁵ zø²¹/

### Adjective

天然
* (attributive) natural (produced by nature)
    天然雜質／天然杂质 ― tiānrán zázhì ― natural impurity
    天然種植。／天然种植。 ― Tiānrán zhòngzhí. ― Grown naturally.

#### Usage notes

天然 (tiānrán) can only be used as an attributive to describe things that are literally produced by nature. Unlike the usual term for natural, 自然 (zìrán), it cannot be graded or used figuratively.

#### Synonyms

* 自然 (zìrán)

#### Derived terms

* 天然免疫
* 天然國界 / 天然国界
* 天然林 (tiānránlín)
* 天然果汁
* 天然橋 / 天然桥
* 天然橡膠 / 天然橡胶
* 天然毒素
* 天然氣 / 天然气 (tiānránqì)
* 天然淘汰
* 天然災害 / 天然灾害
* 天然煤氣 / 天然煤气 (tiānrán méiqì)
* 天然瓦斯
* 天然磁鐵 / 天然磁铁
* 天然纖維 / 天然纤维
* 天然色素
* 天然資源 / 天然资源 (tiānrán zīyuán)
* 天然鈾 / 天然铀
* 液化天然氣 / 液化天然气 (yèhuà tiānránqì)
* 純天然 / 纯天然 (chúntiānrán)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 天然(てんねん) (tennen)
* → Korean: 천연(天然) (cheonyeon)
* → Vietnamese: thiên nhiên (天然)

### References

* 莆田市政协文化文史和学习委员会 [Culture, History and Learning Committee of Putian CPPCC], editor (2021), “天然”, in 莆仙方言大词典 [Comprehensive Dictionary of Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 533.
* “Entry #809”, in 臺灣客語辭典 [Dictionary of Taiwan Hakka] (overall work in Chinese and Hakka), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2022.

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 天 | 然 |
| てん Grade: 1 | ねん Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) てんねん [tèńnéń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [tẽ̞nːẽ̞ɴ]

### Noun

天(てん)然(ねん) • (tennen)
* being natural
    Synonym: 自然
    Antonym: 人工
* Short for 天然惚け.: airheaded

#### Derived terms

* 天然惚(てんねんぼ)け (tennenboke)
* 天然痘(てんねんとう) (tennentō)
* 天然資源(てんねんしげん) (tennenshigen)
* 天然記念物(てんねんきねんぶつ) (tennenkinenbutsu)
* 天然(てんねん)ガス (tennengasu)
* 天然温泉(てんねんおんせん) (tennen'onsen)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 天 | 然 |

### Noun

天然 • (cheonyeon) (hangeul 천연)
* hanja form of 천연 (“natural”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 天 | 然 |

### Noun

天然
* chữ Hán form of thiên nhiên (“nature”).

### Adjective

天然
* chữ Hán form of thiên nhiên (“natural”).