# kapur
## Indonesian
### Etymology

Inherited from Malay kapur, from Proto-Malayic *kapur, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qapuʀ, from Proto-Austronesian *qapuʀ (“lime, calcium”). Doublet of kamper.
The initial k- is unexplained (expected reflex is *hapur) and may indicate an alternate byform *kapuʀ according to Blust and Trussel.
Cognate with Tagalog apog (“lime”), Tsou hapuyu (“lime”), and Eastern Cham ꨆꨚꨭꨩ (kapū).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈka.pʊr/
* Rhymes: -pʊr
* Hyphenation: ka‧pur

### Noun

kapur
* lime (any inorganic material containing calcium, usually calcium oxide (quicklime) or calcium hydroxide (slaked lime))
* chalk
** a soft, white, powdery limestone (calcium carbonate, CaCO$_3$)
** a piece of chalk, or nowadays processed compressed gypsum (calcium sulfate, CaSO$_4$), that is used for drawing and for writing on a blackboard (chalkboard)
    Synonym: kapur tulis

### Verb

kapur (active mengapur, passive dikapur)
* (transitive) to whitewash (to paint over with a lime and water mixture so as to brighten up a wall or fence)

#### Derived terms

* berkapur
* pekapuran
* pengapuran
* perkapuran
* kapur barus
* kapur belanda
* kapur hidup
* kapur jahit
* kapur jahit
* kapur kembang
* kapur kuripan
* kapur mentah
* kapur tohor
* kapur tulis

### References

* Mayrhofer, Manfred (2001) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume III, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 68
* Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956) Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎ (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 175
* Lokotsch, Karl (1927) Etymologisches Wörterbuch der europäischen Wörter orientalischen Ursprungs (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung, § 1100, page 88b

## Malay
### Etymology

From Proto-Malayic *kapur, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qapuʀ, from Proto-Austronesian *qapuʀ (“lime, calcium”). Cognate with Tagalog apog (“lime”), Tsou hapuyu (“lime”), Eastern Cham ꨆꨚꨭꨩ (kapū). The initial k- is unexplained (expected reflex is *hapur) and may indicate an alternate byform *kapuʀ according to Blust and Trussel.
Compare the Austroasiatic loanwords: Proto-Mon-Khmer *knpur (“lime”) (whence Khmer កំបោរ (kɑmbao, “lime, quicklime; plaster”), Middle Mon gapuiw (“lime”) > Mon ဂပဵု (həpɒ, “lime, stalked lime”), Vietnamese vôi (“lime”), Muong pôl (“lime”)), as well as Khmer កប៌ូរ (kāpōr, “camphor”).
Mayrhofer explains the anlaut variation observed in the descendants by the Austronesian prefix-variation kar- : kam- : ka-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kapur/
** (Johor-Riau) IPA: [kapo]
* Rhymes: -pur, -ur

### Noun

kapur (Jawi spelling کاڤور, informal 1st possessive kapurku, 2nd possessive kapurmu, 3rd possessive kapurnya)
* lime (calcium oxide, quicklime)

#### Derived terms

Regular affixed derivations:
* pekapuran [passive / name of profession + resultative / locative / collective / variety / verbal noun / fruit] (pe- + -an)
* mengapur [agent focus] (meN-)
* mengapuri [agent focus + causative (locative) benefactive] (meN- + -i)
* dikapuri [patient focus + causative (locative) benefactive] (di- + -i)
* berkapur [stative / habitual] (beR-)
Irregular affixed derivations, other derivations and compound words:
* batu kapur
* kapur barus
* kapur mati
* kapur sirih
* kapur tohor
* kapur tulis
* tanah kapur

#### Descendants

* Indonesian: kapur
* → Japanese: カンフル (kanfuru)
* → Korean: 캠퍼 (kaempeo)
* → Medieval Latin: camphora
** Catalan: càmfora
** Italian: canfora
*** → Russian: камфо́ра (kamfóra), камфара́ (kamfará)
**** → Armenian: կամֆորա (kamfora)
**** → Kazakh: камфора (kamfora)
** Old French: camphore, camphre
*** French: camphre
*** → English: camphor
**** → Malay: kamfor
*** → Middle English: camphire, caumfre
**** English: camphire
** Portuguese: cânfora
** → Byzantine Greek: καμφορά (kamphorá), κάμφορα (kámphora), κάμφρα (kámphra) (?), καφόρα (kaphóra), καμφούρα (kamphoúra)
*** Greek: καμφορά (kamforá), κάμφορα (kámfora)
**** → Romanian: camfor
**** → Russian: камфара́ (kamfará), ка́мфара (kámfara)
***** → Belarusian: камфара́ (kamfará), ка́мфара (kámfara)
** → Finnish: kamferi
** → Middle High German: kampfer, gaffer
*** → Czech: kafr
*** → German: Campher, Kampfer, Campher (sciences)
**** → Hungarian: kámfor
** → Old Polish: kampor
*** Polish: kamfora
**** → Belarusian: камфо́ра (kamfóra), (Old Belarusian) камфоръ, (dialectal) кампор (kampór), кампора (kampóra)
** → Serbo-Croatian:
*** Cyrillic script: ка̑мфор
*** Latin script: kȃmfor
** → Slovak: kamfor, gáfor
** → Slovene: kamfor
* → Middle Persian: 𐭪𐭠𐭯𐭥𐭫 (kʾp̄wl /⁠kāpūr⁠/)
** → Arabic: كَافُور (kāfūr), قَافُور (qāfūr), قَفُّور (qaffūr) — obsolete
*** Andalusian Arabic: كافور (al-kāfūr)
**** → Spanish: alcanfor
***** → Tagalog: alkampor
**** → Portuguese: alcânfora
*** → Aramaic:
    Classical Syriac: ܟܐܦܘܪ, ܩܦܘܪ
    Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: כפורא, כופרא
*** → Byzantine Greek: καφουρά f (kaphourá), καφούρα f (kaphoúra), καφούριoν n (kaphoúrion), καφοῦριν n (kaphoûrin)
**** Greek: καφουρά (kafourá)
*** → Georgian: ქაფური (kapuri)
*** → Kurdish:
    Northern Kurdish: kafûr
    Central Kurdish: کافوور (kafûr)
    Southern Kurdish: کافوور (kafûr)
*** → Latin: caphura
**** → Catalan: càmfora
**** →? Albanian: kamfuri
*** → Persian: کافور (kâfur)
**** → Middle Armenian: քաֆուր (kʻafur)
***** Armenian: քաֆուր (kʻafur)
**** → Punjabi:
    Gurmukhi script: ਕਾਫ਼ੂਰ (kāfūr)
    Shahmukhi script: كافور (kāfūr)
*** → Turkish: kâfur
** → Aramaic:
*** Classical Syriac: ܟܐܦܘܪ (kāp̄ūr)
*** Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: כאפור (kāp̄ūr)
** → Old Armenian: քափուր (kʻapʻur), կափուր (kapʻur)
*** Armenian: քափուր (kʻapʻur)
* → Pali: kappūra
* → Sanskrit: कर्पूर (karpūra)
** Gujarati: કપૂર (kapūr)
** Marathi: कापूर (kāpūr)
** Nepali: कपुर (kapura)
** Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀓𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀽𑀭 (kappūra)
*** Hindi: कपूर (kapūr)
** → Kannada: ಕರ್ಪೂರ (karpūra)
** → Malayalam: കർപ്പൂരം (kaṟppūraṁ)
** → Sinhalese: කපුරු (kapuru)
** → Tamil: கற்பூரம் (kaṟpūram)
** → Telugu: కర్పూరము (karpūramu)
* → Sogdian: ܟܦܐܘܪ (kpʾwr /⁠kapūr⁠/)
* → Tagalog: kapol

### References

* Mayrhofer, Manfred (2001) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume III, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 68
* Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956) Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎ (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 175
* Lokotsch, Karl (1927) Etymologisches Wörterbuch der europäischen Wörter orientalischen Ursprungs (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung, § 1100, page 88b

### Further reading

* “kapur” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.