OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# оживить
## Russian
### Etymology

о- (o-) +‎ живи́ть (živítʹ)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɐʐɨˈvʲitʲ]
* Audio:(file)

### Verb

оживи́ть • (oživítʹ) pf (imperfective оживля́ть)
* to bring back to life
* (figurative) to revive, to bring back (something that has been lost or forgotten)
* (figurative) to imbue physical or emotional energy into (e.g. into a person or street)
* (figurative) to improve the appearance of (e.g. a building)

#### Derived terms

* оживле́ние n (oživlénije)
* оживля́ться impf (oživljátʹsja), оживи́ться pf (oživítʹsja)
# Hermosa
## English
### Etymology

From Spanish hermosa (“beautiful”)

### Pronunciation

* (General American) IPA: /ɚˈmoʊ.sə/, /hɚ-/
* Audio (Chicago):(file)

### Proper noun

Hermosa
* A municipality in Bataan province, Philippines.
* A number of places in the United States:
** An unincorporated community in La Plata County, Colorado.
** A neighbourhood and community area in north-west Chicago, Illinois.
** A ghost town in Sierra County, New Mexico.
** A town in Custer County, South Dakota.
** An unincorporated community in Pittsylvania County, Virginia.
** An unincorporated community in Albany County, Wyoming.

#### Derived terms

* Hermosa Beach

## Spanish
### Etymology

From hermosa (“beautiful”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /eɾˈmosa/ [eɾˈmo.sa]
* Rhymes: -osa
* Syllabification: Her‧mo‧sa

### Proper noun

Hermosa m or f by sense
* a surname
* (obsolete) Formosa, now known as Taiwan (an island in East Asia)

#### Derived terms

* Ysla Hermosa (obsolete)

## Tagalog
### Etymology

Borrowed from Spanish hermosa (“beautiful”). The surname is introduced through the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog)
** IPA: /heɾˈmosa/ [hɛɾˈmoː.sɐ] (spelling influence)
** IPA: /ʔeɾˈmosa/ [ʔɛɾˈmoː.sɐ]
* Rhymes: -osa
* Syllabification: Her‧mo‧sa

### Proper noun

Hermosa (Baybayin spelling ᜑᜒᜇ᜔ᜋᜓᜐ or ᜁᜇ᜔ᜋᜓᜐ)
* Hermosa (a municipality of Bataan, Philippines)
* a surname from Spanish
# קטינה
## Hebrew
### Etymology

* Root
* ק־ט־ן (q-ṭ-n)
* 8 terms
Feminine counterpart of קָטִין (katín).

### Noun

קְטִינָה • (k'tiná) f (plural indefinite קְטִינוֹת, masculine counterpart קָטִין)
* A (female) minor, a (female) legal minor: a (female) person below the age of majority.

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “minor”): בְּגִירָה (b'girá, “(female) legal adult”)

#### Further reading

* קטין on the Hebrew Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{he}$
# neparodamās
## Latvian
### Participle

neparodamās
* locative plural feminine of neparodams

### Participle

neparodamās
* inflection of neparodamais:
** genitive singular feminine
** nominative/vocative/accusative plural feminine
# agysebészet
## Hungarian
### Etymology

From agy (“brain”) +‎ sebészet (“surgery”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈɒcʃɛbeːsɛt]
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: agy‧se‧bé‧szet
* Rhymes: -ɛt

### Noun

agysebészet (plural agysebészetek)
* (neurosurgery) brain surgery (any surgical procedure performed on the brain)
    Near-synonym: idegsebészet
* neurosurgery (a hospital unit)
* (idiomatic) brain surgery, rocket science (something that is overly complex, detailed or confusing)
** 2018 September 16, “A jóféle mézes puszedlit gyerekjáték elkészíteni és jó sokáig eláll”, in SóBors‎, archived from the original on 2023-05-28:Pedig puszedlit gyártani nem agysebészet, ezt bizonyítandó itt egy aszalt szilvával töltött változat.But making a gingerbread cake is not brain surgery, and here's a prune-filled version to prove it.
** 2020 October 10, “Megszoksz vagy megszöksz: Teszt: Jaguar XE R-Dynamic SE 250LE - 2020.”, in Totalcar‎, archived from the original on 2022-09-27:A bonyolultabbak meg tekerőkapcsolókkal, és aláírom, hogy a kihúzós-benyomós használatot meg kellett szokni, de ez sem agysebészet.The more complicated ones have knob switches, and I agree that the pull-out-push-in use needed some getting used to, but this isn't brain surgery either.

#### Derived terms

* agysebészeti

#### Related terms

* agysebész

### Further reading

* agysebészet in Nóra Ittzés, editor, A magyar nyelv nagyszótára [A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (Nszt.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031 (work in progress; published a–ez as of 2024).
# federate
## English
### Alternative forms

* fœderate (archaic)

### Pronunciation

* (adjective, noun) IPA: /ˈfɛdəɹət/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* (verb) IPA: /ˈfɛdəɹeɪt/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)

### Adjective

federate (not comparable)
* Federated, united in an alliance or federation.

#### Translations
### Noun

federate (plural federates)
* A member of a federation.
** 1964, Alberico Gentili, De iure belli libri tres, volume 2:But I do not admit that there is an opportunity for such a choice (whatever Baldus and Romanus may do) against one of two federates to the advantage of the other. 'If he cannot aid one without injury to the other, it is better not to help the one than to do harm to the other', as the words of Ambrose run; and that is the sense of the law and the rule which rates the avoidance of harm above the consideration of gain. What if, in order to benefit one federate, it is necessary to wrong the other doubly ? If two brothers who are lords of a feudal subject wage war upon each other, the vassal is bound to aid neither of them, since they mutually oppose each other, says Baldus. And allies mutually interfere with one another, as happens in other cases, which Romanus notes.
* Anglicised form of Latin foederatus.
* (computer simulation) a system participating in a collective simulation, particularly within the context of the HLA (High Level Architecture) standard.
** 2016, Okan Topçu, Umut Durak, Halit Oğuztüzün, Distributed Simulation: A Model Driven Engineering Approach:A Federate (Application) can be defined as an application that implements or conforms to the HLA standard.

#### Translations
### Verb

federate (third-person singular simple present federates, present participle federating, simple past and past participle federated)
* To unite in a federation.

#### Translations
### Derived terms

* defederate
* federator
* refederate

### Further reading

* Douglas Harper (2001–2025) “federate”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.

### Anagrams

* defeater, redefeat

## Italian
### Etymology 1
#### Adjective

federate
* feminine plural of federato

#### Participle

federate f pl
* feminine plural of federato

### Etymology 2
#### Verb

federate
* inflection of federare:
** second-person plural present indicative
** second-person plural imperative

## Spanish
### Verb

federate
* second-person singular voseo imperative of federar combined with te
# fabricare
## Latin
### Verb

fabricāre
* inflection of fabricō:
** present active infinitive
** second-person singular present passive imperative/indicative

## Romanian
### Etymology

From fabrica +‎ -re.

### Noun

fabricare f (plural fabricări)
* fabrication

#### Related terms

* fabrica
* fabricant
* fabricat
* fabricație
* fabrică

## Spanish
### Verb

fabricare
* first/third-person singular future subjunctive of fabricar
# ξεκαθαρίζω
## Greek
### Etymology

Inherited from Byzantine Greek ξεκαθαρίζω (xekatharízō) < ἐξεκαθαρίζω (exekatharízō), from Koine Greek ἐκκαθαρίζω (ekkatharízō) (ἐκ- (ek-) > ξε- (xe-) +‎ καθαρίζω (katharízo)).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kse.ka.θaˈɾi.zo/
* Hyphenation: ξε‧κα‧θα‧ρί‧ζω

### Verb

ξεκαθαρίζω • (xekatharízo) (past ξεκαθάρισα, passive ξεκαθαρίζομαι, p‑past ξεκαθαρίστηκα, ppp ξεκαθαρισμένος)
* (transitive) to make (something) clear, to clear misunderstandings and questions, to clarify
* (intransitive) to become clear
* to clear out and clean up (i.e. to keep a specific set of useful things and discard the rest)

#### Derived terms

* ξεκαθάρισμα n (xekathárisma)
* ξεκάθαρος (xekátharos, adjective)
* and see: ξε- (xe-) and καθαρός (katharós, “clean”)

### References

* ↑ ξεκαθαρίζω, in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998 at the Centre for the Greek language
# แทรก
## Thai
### Alternative forms

* ชำแรก (cham-rɛ̂ɛk)
* แซก (sɛ̂ɛk) — archaic, obsolete or dated

### Etymology

From Old Khmer ជ្រេក (jrēka, “to insert, to introduce; to come between; etc”). Cognate with Modern Khmer ជ្រែក (crɛɛk). Extended as ชำแรก (cham-rɛ̂ɛk).

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | แทรก æ d r k |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | แซก æ z k |
| Romanization | Paiboon | sɛ̂ɛk |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | saek |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /sɛːk̚˥˩/ |

### Verb

แทรก • (sɛ̂ɛk) (abstract noun การแทรก)
* to come, go, or occur (between, in the course of, in the middle of, or through someone or something).
* to add, insert, or introduce (between or through); to interpose; to interpolate; to intercalate; to interject.
* (of an ingredient) to add a bit.

#### Derived terms

* กรรแทรก
* แทรกซอน
* แทรกซ้อน
* แทรกซึม
* แทรกแซง (sɛ̂ɛk-sɛɛng)
* แทรกแผ่นดิน
* แทรกโพน
* บังแทรก
* ใบแทรก
* พระศุกร์เข้าพระเสาร์แทรก
* โรคแทรก
* สอดแทรก
* เสียดแทรก

#### See also

* เสียบ (sìiap)

### Adverb

แทรก • (sɛ̂ɛk) (abstract noun ความแทรก)
* in an interrupting or intervening manner.
# หงส์
## Thai
### Alternative forms

* หงษ์ — archaic, obsolete or dated
* หงส

### Etymology

From Pali haṃsa, from Sanskrit हंस (haṃsa).

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | หงส์ h ŋ s ʻ |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | หง h ŋ |
| Romanization | Paiboon | hǒng |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | hong |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /hoŋ˩˩˦/ |
| Homophonesedit | Homophonesedit | หง |

### Noun

หงส์ • (hǒng)
* swan.

#### Descendants

* → Shan: ႁူင် (hǔung)
# บรรทัด
## Thai
### Alternative forms

* บันทัด — archaic, obsolete or dated

### Etymology

From Old Khmer pandâtta (“rule, straight line; ruler, straightedge”). Cognate with Modern Khmer បន្ទាត់ (bɑntŏət).

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | บรรทัด ɓ r r d ạ ɗ |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | บัน-ทัด ɓ ạ n – d ạ ɗ |
| Romanization | Paiboon | ban-tát |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | ban-that |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /ban˧.tʰat̚˦˥/ |

### Noun

บรรทัด • (ban-tát)
* rule: line, as on paper, for guiding handwriting.
* (of text) line; paragraph.
* (figurative) rule; criterion; standard.

#### Derived terms

* ครึ่งบรรทัด
* ตีบรรทัด
* เต็มบรรทัด
* บรรทัดฐาน
* บรรทัดรองมือ
* บรรทัดราง
* ไม้บรรทัด (mái-ban-tát)
* รางบรรทัด

### Proper noun

บรรทัด • (ban-tát)
* Banthat Range, the mountain range forming the border between Thailand and Cambodia.
* Banthat Mount, in Phatthalung Province, Thailand.
# เกวียน
## Thai
### Alternative forms

* เกียน (giian) — archaic, obsolete or dated

### Etymology

Cognate with Lao ກວຽນ (kuīan).

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | เกวียน e k w ī y n |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | เกฺวียน e k ̥ w ī y n |
| Romanization | Paiboon | gwiian |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | kwian |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /kwia̯n˧/ |

### Noun

เกวียน • (gwiian)
* (classifier เล่ม) cart; wagon.
* cartload. A Thai standardised cartload is equal to 2,000 litres. Abbreviation: กว.

#### Synonyms

* ศกฏะ
* สกฏะ
* สัตถะ

#### Derived terms

* กงเกวียนกำเกวียน
* เกวียนหลวง
* ด่านเกวียน
* ร้อยเล่มเกวียน
# จมูก
## Thai

Picture dictionary :
จมูก
กะโหลก
สมอง
ตา
จมูก
ปาก
คาง
แก้ม
หู
ขมับ
คอ :

### Alternative forms

* จรมูก — archaic, obsolete or dated

### Etymology

From Angkorian Old Khmer ច្រមុះ (cramuḥ, “nose”) (whence Modern Khmer ច្រមុះ (crɑmoh)). Displaced native Tai ดั้ง (dâng) (from earlier ดัง (dang)), which now means “nose bridge”.

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | จมูก t͡ɕ m ū k |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | จะ-หฺมูก t͡ɕ a – h ̥ m ū k |
| Romanization | Paiboon | jà-mùuk |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | cha-muk |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /t͡ɕa˨˩.muːk̚˨˩/ |

### Noun

จมูก • (jà-mùuk)
* nose.

#### Synonyms

* ดัง (dang)
* ดั้ง (dâng)
* นาสา
* นาสิก (naa-sìk)

#### Derived terms

* ขื่อจมูก
* คัดจมูก
* จมูกข้าว
* จมูกปลาหลด
* จมูกปลาไหล
* จมูกมด
* จมูกวัว
* จมูกหลอด
* จูงจมูก (juung-jà-mùuk)
* เจาะจมูก
* เตะจมูก
* ผ้าปิดจมูก (pâa-bpìt-jà-mùuk)
* พึ่งจมูกคนอื่นหายใจ
* ยื่นจมูก
* ยืมจมูกคนอื่นหายใจ
* ลูบหน้าปะจมูก
* โล่งจมูก
* หูผีจมูกมด
* เหยียบจมูก
* เอาจมูกผู้อื่นมาหายใจ
# กระจอก
## Thai
### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | กระจอก k r a t͡ɕ ɒ k |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | กฺระ-จอก k ̥ r a – t͡ɕ ɒ k |
| Romanization | Paiboon | grà-jɔ̀ɔk |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | kra-chok |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /kra˨˩.t͡ɕɔːk̚˨˩/ |

### Etymology 1

Compare Lao ກະຈອກ (ka chǭk).

#### Noun

กระจอก • (grà-jɔ̀ɔk)
* (zoology) (นก~) sparrow.

##### Derived terms

* กระจอกชวา
* กระจอกเทศ (grà-jɔ̀ɔk-têet)
* ปากนกกระจอก
* ไพ่นกกระจอก (pâi-nók-grà-jɔ̀ɔk)
* หัวนกกระจอก

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

กระจอก • (grà-jɔ̀ɔk)
* (archaic) (แมว~) a type of cat with an entirely black body, yellow eyes, and grey or white hair around the mouth or nose, traditionally believed to bring good luck.

### Etymology 3

From Old Khmer ក្រចោក៑ (kracok, “nail, as fingernail, toenail, claw, talon, etc”). Cognate with Modern Khmer ក្រចក (krɑcɑɑk).

#### Noun

กระจอก • (grà-jɔ̀ɔk)
* (archaic, poetic) nail, as fingernail, toenail, claw, talon, etc.

### Etymology 4

From Old Khmer *ក្ចក៑ (*kcak), ក្ចោក៑ (kcok, “to limp, to hobble; lame”). Cognate with Modern Khmer ខ្ចក (khcɑɑk).

#### Alternative forms

* ขจอก — archaic, obsolete or dated

#### Verb

กระจอก • (grà-jɔ̀ɔk) (abstract noun การกระจอก)
* (archaic) to limp; to hobble.

#### Adjective

กระจอก • (grà-jɔ̀ɔk) (abstract noun ความกระจอก)
* (archaic, of a bodily organ, especially a leg or foot) lame; crippled; disabled.
* (slang, derogatory, offensive, of work, performance, quality, etc) inferior; poor; low.
* (slang, derogatory, offensive, of a person) inferior; insignificant; good for nothing.

##### Derived terms

* กระจอกงอกง่อย
# พระพุทธเจ้า
## Thai
### Alternative forms

* พระพุทธิเจ้า — archaic, obsolete or dated

### Etymology

From พระ (prá, “honorific for gods, priests, royal persons, etc”, literally “divine; excellent; holy; sacred; superior; etc”) +‎ พุทธ (pút, “Buddha; Buddhism; etc”, literally “awakened; conscious; enlightened; learnt; understood; etc”) +‎ เจ้า (jâao, “honorific suffix for gods, priests, royal persons, etc”, literally “chief; lord; master”). Compare Khmer ព្រះពុទ្ធចៅ (prĕəhputthɔɔcaw); Lao ພະພຸດທະເຈົ້າ (pha phut tha chao), Lao ພຣະພຸດທະເຈົ້າ (pha ra phut tha chao), Lao ພຣະເຈົ້າ (pha ra chao).

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | พระพุทธเจ้า b r a b u d dʰ e t͡ɕ ˆ ā |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | พฺระ-พุด-ทะ-จ้าว b ̥ r a – b u ɗ – d a – t͡ɕ ˆ ā w |
| Romanization | Paiboon | prá-pút-tá-jâao |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | phra-phut-tha-chao |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /pʰra˦˥.pʰut̚˦˥.tʰa˦˥.t͡ɕaːw˥˩/ |

### Noun

พระพุทธเจ้า • (prá-pút-tá-jâao)
* (Buddhism) Buddha:
** any of a series of teachers in Buddhism, of whom Gautama Buddha was the last.
** any person who has attained enlightenment.
* (Buddhism) Buddha image.
* king: male monarch.

### Proper noun

พระพุทธเจ้า • (prá-pút-tá-jâao)
* (Buddhism) Gautama Buddha.

#### Synonyms

* เคาตมะ
* โคดม
* โคตมะ (koo-dtà-má)
* จอมไตร
* ตถาคต (dtà-tǎa-kót)
* ตรีโลกนาถ
* ไตรโลกนาถ
* ทศพล
* ธรรมกาย
* ธรรมราชา
* ธรรมสวามิศร
* ธรรมสามิสร
* ธรรมสามี
* ธรรมาทิตย์
* บรมครู
* ภควัต
* ภควันต์
* ภควา
* ภควาน
* มุนินทร์
* โลกเชษฐ์
* โลกนาถ
* โลกวิทู
* ศากยเกตุ
* ศากยพุทธ
* ศากยมุนี
* สรรพัชญ
* สรรเพชญ
* สัพพัญญู
* สากิยมุนี
* สิทธัตถะ (sìt-tát-tà)
* สิทธารถ
* สุคต

#### Derived terms

* พระพุทธเจ้าข้า (prá-pút-tá-jâao-kâa)
* พระพุทธเจ้าหลวง
* พระพุทธเจ้าอยู่หัว
# หริภุญชัย
## Thai
### Alternative forms

* หริภุญไชย — archaic, obsolete or dated

### Etymology

Believed to be from Pali haribhuñjeyya (literally “consumable by Hari”), from hari (“Hari”, a name of the Hindu god Viṣṇu) + bhuñjeyya (“consumable; edible”), signifying the prevalence of Hinduism, especially Vaishnavism, in the region. Cognate with Burmese ဟရိဘုဉ္ဇ (ha.ri.bhunyja.), Mon ဟာရိဘုဉ္ဇယျ, Khmer ហរិបុញ្ជ័យ (hɑɑriboñcɨy).

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | หริภุญชัย h r i bʰ u ɲ d͡ʑ ạ y |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | หะ-ริ-พุน-ไช h a – r i – b u n – ai d͡ʑ |
| Romanization | Paiboon | hà-rí-pun-chai |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | ha-ri-phun-chai |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /ha˨˩.ri˦˥.pʰun˧.t͡ɕʰaj˧/ |

### Proper noun

หริภุญชัย • (hà-rí-pun-chai)
* Hariphunchai (a historical kingdom in present-day Lamphun, Thailand)

#### Usage notes

* Historically clipped and corrupted as ภุญชัย (pun-chai), ปุญชัย (bpun-chai), ปุนชัย (bpun-chai), ลำพูนชัย (lam-puun-chai), ลำพูน (lam-puun), หละปูนชัย (là-bpuun-chai), หละปูน (là-bpuun), etc.

### References

* 1 2 ชาติพันธุ์ยอง (2012 November 14) “คำว่า 'หละปูน'”, in ชาติพันธุ์ยอง‎ (in Thai), retrieved 2020-03-03
* 1 2 เพ็ญสุภา สุขคตะ (2018 December 20) “จารึกเวียงเถาะ – หริภุญไชย”, in มติชนสุดสัปดาห์‎ (in Thai), Bangkok: มติชน, retrieved 2020-03-03
# ทาส
## Pali
### Alternative forms

* dāsa (Latin script)
* 𑀤𑀸𑀲 (Brahmi script)
* दास (Devanagari script)
* দাস (Bengali script)
* දාස (Sinhalese script)
* ဒါသ or ၻႃသ (Burmese script)
* ทาสะ (Thai script)
* ᨴᩤᩈ (Tai Tham script)
* ທາສ or ທາສະ (Lao script)
* ទាស (Khmer script)
* 𑄘𑄂𑄥 (Chakma script)

### Noun

ทาส m
* Thai script form of dāsa

#### Declension
## Sanskrit
### Alternative forms

* দাস (Assamese script)
* ᬤᬵᬲ (Balinese script)
* দাস (Bengali script)
* 𑰟𑰯𑰭 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀤𑀸𑀲 (Brahmi script)
* ဒါသ (Burmese script)
* दास (Devanagari script)
* દાસ (Gujarati script)
* ਦਾਸ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌦𑌾𑌸 (Grantha script)
* ꦢꦴꦱ (Javanese script)
* 𑂠𑂰𑂮 (Kaithi script)
* ದಾಸ (Kannada script)
* ទាស (Khmer script)
* ທາສ (Lao script)
* ദാസ (Malayalam script)
* ᡩᠠ᠎᠊ᠠᠰ᠌ᠠ (Manchu script)
* 𑘟𑘰𑘭 (Modi script)
* ᢑᠠᢗᠰᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
* 𑦿𑧑𑧍 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐡𑐵𑐳 (Newa script)
* ଦାସ (Odia script)
* ꢣꢵꢱ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆢𑆳𑆱 (Sharada script)
* 𑖟𑖯𑖭 (Siddham script)
* දාස (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩭𑩛𑪁 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚛𑚭𑚨 (Takri script)
* த³ாஸ (Tamil script)
* దాస (Telugu script)
* དཱ་ས (Tibetan script)
* 𑒠𑒰𑒮 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨛𑨊𑨰 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Noun

ทาส • (dā́sa) stem, m
* Thai script form of दास (“slave”)

## Thai
### Alternative forms

* ทาษ (tâat) — archaic, obsolete or dated

### Etymology

Borrowed from Pali dāsa (“slave; servant”) or Sanskrit दास (dāsa, “idem”).

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | ทาส d ā s | ทาส d ā s |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | ทาด d ā ɗ | [bound form] ทาด-สะ- d ā ɗ – s a – |
| Romanization | Paiboon | tâat | tâat-sà- |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | that | that-sa- |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /tʰaːt̚˥˩/ | /tʰaːt̚˥˩.sa˨˩./ |
| Homophonesedit | Homophonesedit | ทาษ ธาตุ | |

### Noun

ทาส • (tâat)
* (irrespective of the sex) slave; servant.
* male slave; male servant.
* slavery.
    เลิกทาส
       lə̂ək tâat
       to abolish slavery

### Adjective

ทาส • (tâat)
* (elegant, literary, poetic) slavish.
* (elegant, literary, poetic) base; low; mean.

### Related terms

* ทาสา:masculine form
* ทาสี:feminine form (taa-sǐi:feminine form)

### Derived terms

* ข้าทาส
* ข้าทาสบริวาร
* ทาสทาน
* ทาสน้ำเงิน
* ทาสปัญญา
* ลูกทาส

### Synonyms

* กระทาสี
# กรุณา
## Pali
### Alternative forms

* karuṇā (Latin script)
* 𑀓𑀭𑀼𑀡𑀸 (Brahmi script)
* करुणा (Devanagari script)
* করুণা (Bengali script)
* කරුණා (Sinhalese script)
* ကရုဏာ or ၵရုꧣႃ (Burmese script)
* กะรุณา (Thai script)
* ᨠᩁᩩᨱᩣ (Tai Tham script)
* ກຣຸຓາ or ກະຣຸຓາ (Lao script)
* ករុណា (Khmer script)
* 𑄇𑄢𑄪𑄕𑄂 (Chakma script)

### Noun

กรุณา f
* Thai script form of karuṇā

#### Declension
## Sanskrit
### Alternative scripts

* কৰুণা (Assamese script)
* ᬓᬭᬸᬡᬵ (Balinese script)
* করুণা (Bengali script)
* 𑰎𑰨𑰲𑰜𑰯 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀓𑀭𑀼𑀡𑀸 (Brahmi script)
* ကရုဏာ (Burmese script)
* करुणा (Devanagari script)
* કરુણા (Gujarati script)
* ਕਰੁਣਾ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌕𑌰𑍁𑌣𑌾 (Grantha script)
* ꦏꦫꦸꦟꦴ (Javanese script)
* 𑂍𑂩𑂳𑂝𑂰 (Kaithi script)
* ಕರುಣಾ (Kannada script)
* ករុណា (Khmer script)
* ກຣຸຓາ (Lao script)
* കരുണാ (Malayalam script)
* ᡬᠠᡵᡠᢏᠠᢇ (Manchu script)
* 𑘎𑘨𑘳𑘜𑘰 (Modi script)
* ᢉᠠᠷᠤᢏᠠ᠋᠎ᠠ (Mongolian script)
* 𑦮𑧈𑧔𑦼𑧑 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐎𑐬𑐸𑐞𑐵 (Newa script)
* କରୁଣା (Odia script)
* ꢒꢬꢸꢠꢵ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆑𑆫𑆶𑆟𑆳 (Sharada script)
* 𑖎𑖨𑖲𑖜𑖯 (Siddham script)
* කරුණා (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩜𑩼𑩒𑩪𑩛 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚊𑚤𑚰𑚘𑚭 (Takri script)
* கருணா (Tamil script)
* కరుణా (Telugu script)
* ཀ་རུ་ཎཱ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒏𑒩𑒳𑒝𑒰 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨋𑨫𑨃𑨘𑨊 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Noun

กรุณา • (karuṇā) stem, f
* Thai script form of करुणा (“pity”)

### Adjective

กรุณา • (karuṇā)
* Thai script form of करुणा (feminine nominative singular of करुण (karuṇa))

## Thai
### Alternative forms

* กรรุณา, กัรรุณา — archaic, obsolete or dated

### Etymology

Borrowed from Pali karuṇā (“compassion; pity”) or Sanskrit करुणा (karuṇā); perhaps via Old Khmer ករុណា (karuṇā), ករុនា (karunā), កុរណា (kuraṇā), កុណ៌្នា (kurṇnā), កូណ៌ា (kūrṇā), កុណ្នា (kuṇnā), កូណ៌្នា (kūrṇnā, “compassion, mercy, clemency; royal favour, kindness, or grace; royal command; etc”). Cognate with Modern Khmer ករុណា (kaʼrunaa), Old Javanese karuṇā, Lao ກະລຸນາ (ka lu nā).

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | กรุณา k r u ɳ ā |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | กะ-รุ-นา k a – r u – n ā |
| Romanization | Paiboon | gà-rú-naa |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | ka-ru-na |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /ka˨˩.ru˦˥.naː˧/ |

### Noun

กรุณา • (gà-rú-naa)
* compassion.
* (of a god or royal person) (พระ~) favour; kindness; grace.
* (พระ~) used as a title for or term of address to a god or high-ranking royal or noble person.

### Verb

กรุณา • (gà-rú-naa)
* to be compassionate; to have, feel, or show compassion; to have a heart.

### Adverb

กรุณา • (gà-rú-naa) (abstract noun ความกรุณา)
* used as a polite addition to a request, command, etc: kindly, please, etc.
    กรุณานั่งลง ― gà-rú-naa nâng long ― Please sit down

### Derived terms

* กรุณาธิคุณ
* ใต้เท้ากรุณา
* ใต้เท้ากรุณาเจ้า
* ทรงพระกรุณา (song-prá-gà-rú-naa)
# วัวสันหลังหวะ
## Thai
### Alternative forms

* วัวสันหลังขาด — archaic, obsolete or dated

### Etymology

วัว (wuua, “cow”) +‎ สันหลัง (sǎn-lǎng, “back; spinal column; spine”) +‎ หวะ (wà, “deeply wounded”); literally "a cow with a deep wound on its back" or "a cow whose back is deeply wounded"; probably from or influenced by the following old stanza:
| คิดวัวหลังขาดเหน้า | นานแผล |
| หวาดสกุณกาแก | แกะคุ้ย |
| เดินใดระวังแล | เหลือบลอบ ลี้นา |
| เฉกชาติชนร้ายบุ้ย | บอกร้ายในตัว |
       kít wuua lǎng kàat nâo · naan plɛ̌ɛ
       wàat sà-gun gaa gɛɛ · gɛ̀ kúi
       dəən dai rá-wang lɛɛ · lʉ̀ʉap lɔ̂ɔp · líi naa
       chèek châat chon ráai bûi · bɔ̀ɔk ráai nai dtuua
    Let's think of a cow whose back has a reeking wound.
    It fears that crows would come and peck at the wound.
    Wherever it goes, it jitters for fear of birds and insects,
    just like a wrongdoer whose strange behaviour shows his own guilt.

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | วัวสันหลังหวะ w ạ w s ạ n h l ạ ŋ h w a |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | วัว-สัน-หฺลัง-หฺวะ w ạ w – s ạ n – h ̥ l ạ ŋ – h ̥ w a |
| Romanization | Paiboon | wuua-sǎn-lǎng-wà |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | wua-san-lang-wa |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /wua̯˧.san˩˩˦.laŋ˩˩˦.waʔ˨˩/ |

### Noun

วัวสันหลังหวะ • (wuua-sǎn-lǎng-wà)
* (idiomatic) person who is frightened or haunted by his own misdeed; person who has done something wrong and suffers from the guilty conscience.
# อีเมล
## Thai
### Alternative forms

* อีเมล์ (ii-meel) — archaic, obsolete or dated

### Etymology

From English e-mail.

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | อีเมล ɒ ī e m l |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | อี-เมล ɒ ī – e m l |
| Romanization | Paiboon | ii-meel |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | i-mel |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /ʔiː˧.meːl˧/ |
| Homophonesedit | Homophonesedit | อีเมล์ |

### Noun

อีเมล • (ii-meel)
* (colloquial) e-mail.

#### Synonyms

* จดหมายอิเล็กทรอนิกส์
* ไปรษณีย์อิเล็กทรอนิกส์ (bprai-sà-nii-ì-lék-trɔɔ-nìk)
* เมล (meel)