# 稼

| 稼 | U+7A3C, &#31292; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7A3C |
| ← 稻 [U+7A3B] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 稽 → [U+7A3D] |

## Translingual
### Han character

稼 (Kangxi radical 115, 禾+10, 15 strokes, cangjie input 竹木十一人 (HDJMO), four-corner 2393$_2$, composition ⿰禾家)
* sow grain
* sheaves of grain

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 857, character 30
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25217
* Dae Jaweon: page 1283, character 10
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2626, character 8
* Unihan data for U+7A3C

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 家 | *kraː |
| 傢 | *kraː |
| 幏 | *kraː, *kraːs |
| 稼 | *kraːs |
| 嫁 | *kraːs |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kraːs) : semantic 禾 + phonetic 家 (OC *kraː).

### Etymology

Compare Proto-Tai *klaːꟲ (“seedling; rice”), Proto-Kam-Sui *kla³ (“rice seedling”), though the medials do not agree (Schuessler, 2007).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jià (jia$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄚˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gaa$^3$
* Jin (Wiktionary): jia$^3$
* Eastern Min (BUC): gá
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ga$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kà / kèe
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gê$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jià
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄚˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jià
*** Wade–Giles: chia$^4$
*** Yale: jyà
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiah
*** Palladius: цзя (czja)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ä⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gaa$^3$
*** Yale: ga
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gaa$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ga$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kaː³³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: jia$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕia⁴⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gá
*** Sinological IPA : /kɑ²¹³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ga$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ka⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kà
*** Tâi-lô: kà
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kax
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ka⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ka²¹/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kèe
*** Tâi-lô: kèe
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɛ²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gê$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kè
*** Sinological IPA : /ke²¹³/
* Middle Chinese: kaeH
Rime :
| Character | 稼 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (98) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 古訝切 |
| Baxter | kaeH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠa$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kᵚa$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ka$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kaɨ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ka$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ka$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ka$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jià |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gaa$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤra-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kraːs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 稼 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jià |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kæ$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*kˁra-s/ |
| English | grain; sow (v.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 稼 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 5922 |
| Phonetic component | 家 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 駕 |
| Old Chinese | /*kraːs/ |

### Definitions

稼
* to sow; to plant; to cultivate
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Bù jià bù sè, hú qǔ hé sānbǎi chán xī? [Pinyin]
    You sow not nor reap; - How do you get the produce of those three hundred farms?
* grain; cereal; crop

### Compounds

* 不稼不穡 / 不稼不穑
* 禾稼
* 秋莊稼 / 秋庄稼
* 種莊稼 / 种庄稼
* 稼穡 / 稼穑 (jiàsè)
* 稼穡艱難 / 稼穑艰难
* 稼軒 / 稼轩
* 耕稼
* 莊稼 / 庄稼
* 莊稼人 / 庄稼人
* 莊稼地 / 庄稼地 (zhuāngjiadì)
* 莊稼活兒 / 庄稼活儿
* 莊稼漢 / 庄稼汉
* 躬稼

### References

* “稼”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “稼”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 103.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* to earn
* earning, earnings
* working, operation

#### Readings

* Go-on: け (ke)
* Kan-on: か (ka, Jōyō)
* Kun: かせぐ (kasegu, 稼ぐ, Jōyō)、みのり (minori, 稼り)、うえる (ueru, 稼える)

#### Compounds

* 稼業(かぎょう) (kagyō)
* 稼動(かどう) (kadō)
* 稼働(かどう) (kadō)

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 稼 (MC kaeH). Recorded as Middle Korean 가〯 (kǎ) (Yale: kǎ) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ka̠]
* Phonetic hangul: [가]

### Hanja

Wikisource 稼 (eumhun 심을 가 (simeul ga))
* hanja form of 가 (“work”)

#### Compounds

* 가동 (稼動, gadong)
* 가동률 (稼動率, gadongnyul)
* 가득 (稼得, gadeuk)
* 가행 (稼行, gahaeng)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Tày
### Noun

稼 (transliteration needed)
* Nôm form of chả (“riceseedlings”).

### References

Lục Văn Pảo, Hoàng Tuấn Nam (2003) Hoàng Triều Ân, editor, Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày [A Dictionary of (chữ) Nôm Tày]‎ (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội

## Vietnamese
### Han character

稼: Hán Nôm readings: giá, cấy
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.