# dubius
## Latin
### Etymology

Somewhat uncertain, but likely derived from *dubos (“in doubt”, adj.), from Proto-Italic *du(i)βwos, from Proto-Indo-European *dwi- (“two-”) + *bʰuH- (“to be”), with the same latter element as in superbus, probus (less likely tribus), in this case parallel to Ancient Greek διφυής (diphuḗs, “of two shapes or natures”). Or less likely, directly from Proto-Indo-European *dubʰi- (“on two sides”).
For the relation to "two" cf. Ancient Greek δισσός (dissós, “twofold; doubtful”), δοιάζω (doiázō, “to be in two minds”) and German Zweifel (“doubt”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈdu.bi.us/, [ˈd̪ʊbiʊs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈdu.bi.us/, [ˈd̪uːbius]

### Adjective

dubius (feminine dubia, neuter dubium); first/second-declension adjective
* Moving in two directions alternately, vibrating to and fro, fluctuating, wavering
* (figuratively) Vacillating in mind, wavering, uncertain, doubting, doubtful, dubious, irresolute, undetermined
    Synonyms: incertus, suspensus, vagus, anceps
    Antonyms: fixus, prōmptus, indubius
** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.55:[...] spemque dedit dubiae mentī, solvitque pudōrem.[...] and [Anna] gave hope to [Dido’s] wavering mind, and absolved [her sister’s sense of] shame.
* (of a situation) Precarious, dangerous, critical, difficult, adverse, doubtful, in doubt
    Synonyms: perīculōsus, īnfēnsus, anceps, capitālis
** 8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 2.781:exitus in dubiō estThe result is in doubt
* (of weather) Changeable, uncertain

#### Declension

First/second-declension adjective.

#### Derived terms

* dubiē
* dubietās
* dubiō
* dubiōsus
* dubium

#### Related terms

* dubitābilis
* dubitanter
* dubitātim
* dubitātiō
* dubitātīvus
* dubitātor
* dubitātus
* dubitō
* dubō (hapax, gloss)

#### Descendants

* → English: dubious
* → Italian: dubbio
* → Portuguese: dúbio
* → Sicilian: dùbbitu

### References

* De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “dubius”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 180
* Walde, Alois, Hofmann, Johann Baptist (1938) “dubius”, in Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), 3rd edition, volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, page 375

### Further reading

* “dubius”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “dubius”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* dubius in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* dubius in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. a critical position; a hopeless state of affairs: res dubiae, perditae, afflictae vague rumours reach us: dubii rumores afferuntur ad nos to throw doubt upon a thing: in dubio ponere to leave a thing undecided: aliquid in medio, in dubio relinquere (Cael. 20. 48) without doubt, beyond all doubt: sine dubio (not sine ullo dubio) (ambiguous) to throw doubt upon a thing: in dubium vocare (ambiguous) to become doubtful: in dubium venire (ambiguous) to leave a thing undecided: aliquid dubium, incertum relinquere