# im
## Translingual
### Alternative forms

* (roman numeral): IM, CMXCIX, cmxcix

### Symbol

im
* (informal) A Roman numeral representing nine hundred ninety-nine (999).

#### See also

* Previous: iim (nine hundred and ninety-eight, 998)
* Next: m (one thousand, 1000)

## English
### Adjective

im (not comparable)
* (medicine) Initialism of intramuscular.
    Alternative forms: IM, I.M., i.m.
** 1999, Carrie J. Bagatell, William J. Bremmer, “Androgen and Estrogen Effects on Plasma Lipids in Men”, in Leonard Share, editor, Hormones and the Heart in Health and Disease (Contemporary Endocrinology; 21), Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, →ISBN, page 237:In the past few years, T patches have also been released for prescription usage. Both scrotally applied and nonscrotally applied vehicles are available. These forms of delivery offer more constant T levels and avoid the inconvenience of im injection.

### Contraction

im
* Misspelling of I'm.

## Afar
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈim/ [ˈʔɪm]

### Noun

ím m
* thing

#### Synonyms

* tú

#### References

* Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎, Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)

## Albanian
### Alternative forms

* (Gheg) ẽm [ɛ̃m]
* (Gheg) (i + ẽm =) jẽm [jɛ̃m]

### Etymology 1

Demonstrative pronoun Proto-Albanian *is + (unstressed) 1st sg. pronoun Proto-Albanian *me, from Proto-Indo-European *is and Proto-Indo-European *me.

#### Pronoun

im m (accusative/dative/ablative tim, genitive (i) tim, nominative, accusative plural e mi, genitive plural (i) të mi, dative/ablative plural të mi)
* my, of mine (possessive pronoun in nominative form, adjectival aspect)
    1.1. possessive pronoun placed → after noun, gender of the pronoun agrees with the gender of possessum/noun:
    (Gheg) syn i ẽm (jẽm) ― (one/an) eye of mine (one of my eye)
    1.1.b. definite/singular noun + im m (Gheg: with jẽm m; a compound of prepositive article i + pronoun ẽm m):
    libri im ― the book of mine (my book)
    syri im ― my eye
    (Gheg) syni i ẽm (syni jẽm) ― my eye
    ati im, vëllai im, biri im ― my father, my brother, my son
    1.2.a. indefinite/plural noun + (linking morpheme) të + (pronoun) mi m:
    dy sy të mi ― (two) both of my eyes
    1.2.b. definite/plural noun + (link. morph.) e + mi m:
    librat e mi ― my books (the books of mine)
    sytë e mi ― my (the eyes of mine)
* my (possessive pronoun, adjectival aspect)
    2.1. pronoun placed → before noun, pronoun gender agrees with possessum gender, → restricted to kinship terms, family members:
    2.1.a. indefinite/singular noun + im m:
    im gjysh, im atë, im bir ― my grandfather, my father, my son
    Im atë, i dashuri ati im. ― My father, my beloved father.
* mine (possessive pronoun, nominal aspect)
    3.1. pronoun stands alone, nominal declension of pronoun, pronoun gender agrees with possessum gender (fem. possessor → masc. possessum → masc. pronoun), im m (my) → imi m (mine):
    Singular: imi ― mine
    (Gheg) i ẽmi (jẽmi) ― (of/the) mine
    Plural: të mitë ― mine
    Ti je imi m. ― You are mine.
    (Gheg) Ti je i m ẽmi m (jẽmi). ― You are (of/the) mine.
    Është imi. ― It is mine.
    (Gheg) Õsht i ẽmi (jẽmi). ― It is (of/the) mine.

##### Declension

* 1. Possessive pronouns (adjectival)
* 2. Possessive pronouns (adjectival)
There are also alternative forms which can be used before the noun (which will be in the indefinite state). These forms are restricted to personal relationships like family members, for example:
* im vëlla (“my brother”), ime motër (“my sister”)
These forms are limited to singulars.
* 3. Possessive pronouns (nominal)

#### Noun

im m (definite imi, definite plural të mitë)
* a kinsman; a member of the same clan, tribe or family (kinship, singular)
    Synonyms: afërm, fis, fisnik, kushëri
    Një imi. ― A kinsman (One of mine).
* one's (own); kinsfolk; family members (kinship, plural)
    Synonyms: familje, familjarët, farefis, gjini
    A: Kush erdhi? - B: Erdhën të mitë. ― A: Who came? - B: My family came.
* a close friend or partner; a beloved and trusted person (sg.+pl., person (or people) connected through relationship (or friendship))
    Synonyms: besnik, dashur, mik, shok

##### Related terms

* ime f (“my, of mine”)
* ma (“me”), më (“id”)
* mu (“to me”), mua (“id”)

#### See also
### Etymology 2

From imë, a variant of imtë (“tiny, small”).

#### Verb

im (aorist ima, participle imur)
* (active voice, transitive) to crumble, grind, shred, refine
    Synonyms: imtoj, imtësoj, bluaj, thërrmoj, zbërthej

##### Declension

* Show compound tenses:
* (note: only 3rd person sg/pl passive forms; passive imet (“it is grinding”))

##### Related terms

* (i) imët m, (e) imët f
* imtas
* imtë f
* imtësi f
* imtësim m
* imtësisht
* imtësoj (active), imtësohet (passive), imtësuar (participle)
* imti f
* imtim m
* imtoj (active), imtohet (passive), imtuar (participle)
* imur (participle), imet (passive)

##### References

* ↑ Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 241 → personal pronouns §3.2.4.1., from IE *me
* ↑ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “pronoun im (my)”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 154
* ↑ Oda Buchholz, Wilfried Fiedler, Gerda Uhlisch (2000) Langenscheidt Handwörterbuch Albanisch, Langenscheidt Verlag, →ISBN, page 196 → (m.) possessive pronoun im (my) / (f.) poss. pronoun ime (my)
* ↑ Oda Buchholz, Wilfried Fiedler, Gerda Uhlisch (2000) Langenscheidt Handwörterbuch Albanisch, Langenscheidt Verlag, →ISBN, page 323 → (m.pl) possessive pronoun (e/të) mi (my, (of) mine); (f.pl) poss. pronoun (e/të mia (my, (of) mine)
* ↑ Oda Buchholz, Wilfried Fiedler, Gerda Uhlisch (2000) Langenscheidt Handwörterbuch Albanisch, Langenscheidt Verlag, →ISBN, page 570 → (m./sg.) dat./abl. possessive pronoun tim (my, of mine); genitive poss. pronoun (i) tim (my, of mine)
* ↑ Martin Camaj (1984) Albanian grammar: with exercises, chrestomathy and glossaries, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden, →ISBN, [ → (m.) possessive pronouns im, imi (my (of mine), mine); ime, imja (my (of mine), mine) (see → §134. - §136.: possessive pronouns and declension) pages 102-103]
* ↑ Olga Mišeska Tomić (2006) Balkan Sprachbund, Morpho-syntactic Features, Springer Science & Business Media, The Netherlands, →ISBN, [ pages 199-201]
* ↑ 7.) m./sg. noun im/imi; f.sg. noun ime/imja(kinsman, kinswoman) / m./pl. noun (të) mitë; f./pl. noun (të) mijat (kinfolks (m., f.)) • in FJALË, Fjalor Shqip (WORDS, Albanian Dictionary)
* ↑ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “im”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 154

##### Further reading

* (m.sg.) poss. pronoun im (my) • Fjalori Shqip (Albanian Dictionary)
* (m.pl.) poss. pronoun (e) mi (my) • Fjalori Shqip (Albanian Dictionary)
* (f.sg.) poss. pronoun ime (my) • Fjalori Shqip (Albanian Dictionary)
* (f.pl.) poss. pronoun (e) mia (my) • Fjalori Shqip (Albanian Dictionary)

## Degenan
### Noun

im
* water

### Further reading

* John Carter, Katie Carter, John Grummitt, Bonnie MacKenzie, Janell Masters, A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Mur Village Vernaculars (2012)

## Dupaningan Agta
### Conjunction

im
* but
* than (comparative marker)

## German
### Etymology

Contraction.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɪm/
* Audio:(file)

### Contraction

im
* Contraction of in dem; in the

#### Usage notes

* The contraction im is obligatory when the definite article has no deixis whatsoever. In this case it is ungrammatical to use in dem as separate words:
       Wir sitzen im Garten. ― We're sitting in the garden.
       Er arbeitet im technischen Bereich. ― He works in the technical field.
* On the other hand, im is usually not applicable when the definite article has an indicative function. This includes contexts in which English would use a demonstrative pronoun (“this” or “that”) but also some others. Particularly, in dem is used before a defining relative clause.
       In dem Haus haben wir mal gewohnt. ― We used to live in that house [over there].
       Mein Großvater starb in dem Haus, wo ich geboren wurde. ― My grandfather died in the house where I was born.

#### Declension

The preposition in can be used with both accusative and dative objects, but it only contracts with dem as im and with das as ins. Thus, the combination of in with the definite article has the following forms:
| | masculine | neuter | feminine | plural |
| accusative | in den | ins | in die | in die |
| dative | im | im | in der | in den |

## Gothic
### Romanization

im
* Romanization of 𐌹𐌼

## Irish
### Etymology 1

From Old Irish imb, from Proto-Celtic *amban (compare Welsh ymenyn), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃éngʷn̥ (compare Latin unguen (“grease”), Old High German ancho (“butter”)).

#### Pronunciation

* (Waterford) IPA: /aimʲ/
* (Cork, Kerry, Galway) IPA: /iːmʲ/
* (Mayo) IPA: /imʲ/
* (Ulster) IPA: /ɨmʲ/

#### Noun

im m (genitive singular ime, nominative plural imeanna)
* butter
** 1906, E. C. Quiggin, “Áindrías an Ime”, in A Dialect of Donegal: Being the Speech of Meenawannia in the Parish of Glenties, page 197:Seachtmhain roimhe Shamhain chuaidh an Seónstanach siar ⁊ seacht ngearráin ⁊ péire cliabh air ghach gearrán fá choinne a chuid ime.A week before Samhain, Johnstone went back with seven geldings and a pair of panniers on each gelding for his butter.

##### Declension

bare forms
case
singular
plural
nominative
im
imeanna
vocative
a im
a imeanna
genitive
ime
imeanna
dative
im
imeanna
forms with the definite article
case
singular
plural
nominative
an t-im
na himeanna
genitive
an ime
na n-imeanna
dative
leis an im don im
leis na himeanna :

##### Derived terms

* saill ime (“butterfat”)
* uachtar ime (“buttercream”)

#### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “im”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* Dinneen, Patrick S. (1904) “im”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 1st edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 394
* de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “im”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
* “im”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2025

### Etymology 2
#### Alternative forms

* im’

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /imˠ/

#### Contraction

im (triggers lenition)
* (Munster) Contraction of i mo (“in my”).
    Chuireas an peann im phóca.I put the pen in my pocket.

##### Related terms

| Basic form | Contracted with | Contracted with | Contracted with | Contracted with | Contracted with | Contracted with | Contracted with | Copular forms | Copular forms | Copular forms |
| Basic form | an (“the sg”) | na (“the pl”) | mo (“my”) | do (“your”) | a (“his, her, their; which (present)”) | ár (“our”) | ar (“which (past)”) | (before consonant) | (present/future before vowel) | (past/conditional before vowel) |
| de (“from”) | den | de na desna* | de mo dem* | de do ded*, det* | dá | dár | dár | dar | darb | darbh |
| do (“to, for”) | don | do na dosna* | do mo dom* | do do dod*, dot* | dá | dár | dár | dar | darb | darbh |
| faoi (“under, about”) | faoin | faoi na | faoi mo | faoi do | faoina | faoinár | faoinar | faoinar | faoinarb | faoinarbh |
| i (“in”) | sa, san | sna | i mo im* | i do id*, it* | ina | inár | inar | inar | inarb | inarbh |
| le (“with”) | leis an | leis na | le mo lem* | le do led*, let* | lena | lenár | lenar | lenar | lenarb | lenarbh |
| ó (“from, since”) | ón | ó na ósna* | ó mo óm* | ó do ód*, ót* | óna | ónár | ónar | ónar | ónarb | ónarbh |
| trí (“through”) | tríd an | trí na | trí mo | trí do | trína | trínár | trínar | trínar | trínarb | trínarbh |
| *Dialectal. |||||||||||

### Etymology 3
#### Preposition

im (plus dative, triggers lenition, does not mutate b, m, or p)
* Alternative form of um

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* ↑ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “imb, imm”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* ↑ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*amben-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 69
* ↑ Breatnach, Risteard B. (1947) The Irish of Ring, Co. Waterford: A Phonetic Study, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, section 106, page 22
* ↑ Ó Cuív, Brian (1968) The Irish of West Muskerry, Co. Cork: A Phonetic Study, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, section 57, page 14; reprinted 1988
* ↑ Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931) Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry [Phonetics of an Irish Dialect of Kerry] (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, § 134, page 70
* ↑ Finck, F. N. (1899) Die araner mundart [The Aran Dialect] (in German), volume II, Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 144
* ↑ Mhac an Fhailigh, Éamonn (1968) The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo: A Phonemic Study, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, section 35, page 11
* ↑ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 101, page 40

## Iu Mien
### Etymology

From Proto-Hmong-Mien *ʔim (“bitter”). Cognate with White Hmong iab and Western Xiangxi Miao [Fenghuang] anb.

### Adjective

im
* bitter

## Jamaican Creole
### Alternative forms

* 'im

### Etymology

Derived from English him.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈim/
* Hyphenation: im

### Pronoun

im
* he
    Mek im tek weh himself. ― He needs to go away.
** 2005, Kamau Brathwaite, The Development of Creole Society in Jamaica, 1770-1820 (in English), →ISBN, page 239:“An im seh, Yu nyaam me peas today? Him seh, nuo ma, me no eat non. […] ”And he said, did you eat my peas today? He said, no ma, I didn't eat them. […]
* him
    Shi sen' im a letter wah day. ― She sent him a letter recently.
** 1984, Laura Tanna, Jamaican Folk Tales and Oral Histories (in Jamaican Creole), →ISBN, page 11:“What de poor Bug do? Tek im pon im back an him travel, an him travel, an im travel. […] ”What did poor Bug do? He let him go on his back and he travelled on and on. […]
* his
    Den im res' im han' pan di bench. ― Then he rested his hand on the bench.
** 1984, Laura Tanna, Jamaican Folk Tales and Oral Histories (in Jamaican Creole), →ISBN, page 11:“What de poor Bug do? Tek im pon im back an him travel, an him travel, an im travel. […] ”What did poor Bug do? He let him go on his back and he travelled on and on. […]
* her
    'Im frack look good. ― Her dress looks good.
* she
    Tanya deh yah? — Yeah, man. Im deh yah. ― Is Tanya here? — Yes, she's here.

#### Related terms

* mi
* yuh
* har
* shi
* wi
* unnu
* dem

### References

* ↑ Richard Allsopp, editor (1996), Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage, Kingston, Jamaica: University of the West Indies Press, published 2003, →ISBN, page 292
* ↑ Richard Allsopp, editor (1996), Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage, Kingston, Jamaica: University of the West Indies Press, published 2003, →ISBN, page 292

### Further reading

* im at JamaicanPatwah.com
* im at majstro.com

## Livonian
### Alternative forms

* i'm

### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *imeh.

### Noun

im
* miracle

## Marshallese
### Pronunciation

* (phonetic) IPA: [imʲ]
* (phonemic) IPA: /jimʲ/
* Bender phonemes: {yim}

### Etymology 1
#### Alternative forms

* em
* -m

#### Conjunction

im
* and

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

im
* a skirmish
* a bout
* a brawl
* a duel
* a riot
* a hassle

### References

* Marshallese–English Online Dictionary

## Middle English
### Pronoun

im
* Alternative form of him (“him”)

## Nalca
### Noun

im
* sky
* heaven

#### Derived terms

* Imik Neyung

## Nigerian Pidgin
### Etymology

From English him.

### Pronoun

im
* he
* his
* she
* it

## Northern Kurdish
### Verb

im
* first-person singular present indicative of bûn.
    Synonym: me

## Old Irish
### Etymology

Univerbation of hi (“in”) +‎ mo (“my”)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /im(ʲ)/

### Determiner

im
* in my
** c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 14$^c$23
    co beid .i. co mbed a ndéde sin im labrad-sa .i. gáu et fír .i. combad sain a n‑as·berin ó bélib et aní imme·rádin ó chridiuso that there may be, i.e. so that those two things might be in my speaking, namely false and true, i.e. so that what I might say with [my] mouth and what I might think with [my] heart might be different

## Old Saxon
### Alternative forms

* imo

### Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *iz.

### Pronoun

im
* dative of sia: them

#### Descendants

* Middle Low German: one, gim, jum
** German Low German: jüm, jem

## Pnar
### Etymology

From Proto-Khasian *ʔim. Cognate with Khasi im and Proto-Palaungic *ʔiːm (“alive, raw”) (whence Riang [Sak] ʔiːm¹ and Blang [La Gang] ʔɪ́m).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʔim/

### Verb

im
* to live

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈim/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -im
* Syllabification: im
* Homophone: im-

### Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Conjunction

im
* introduces a parallel, conditional, or comparative statement, placed before the thing being compared to
    im więcej..., tym mniej... ― the more..., the less...
    Im większy głód, tym lepiej smakuje. ― The greater the hunger, the better [the food] tastes.

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Pronoun

im
* dative of oni
* dative of one
    Ktoś musiał im powiedzieć. ― Someone must have told them.

### Further reading

* im in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Romanian
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin līmus, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂leyH- (“to smear”).

### Noun

im n (plural imuri)
* (uncommon, regional) mud, dirt, filth
    Synonyms: noroi, murdărie, nămol

#### Related terms

* imos
* ima

## Scots
### Pronoun

im
* (Southern Scots, personal) him

### Verb

im
* (Southern Scots) First person singular simple present form of ti be

### See also

* ir
* um
* is

## Serbo-Croatian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /im/

### Pronoun

im (Cyrillic spelling им)
* to them (clitic dative plural of ȏn (“he”))
* to them (clitic dative plural of òno (“it”))
* to them (clitic dative plural of òna (“she”))
* (clitic, emphatic, possessive, dative) their, of theirs
    Gdje im je auto?Where is their car?

#### Declension
## Slovak
### Alternative forms

* nim (after prepositions)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [im]

### Pronoun

im
* dative of oni and ony

## Somali
### Etymology

This verb has been postulated to have a Semitic origin due to its frequent usage with verbal prefixes common in Semitic languages such as timid (“you came”), yimid (“he came”), timid (“she came”), in which case Ge'ez እም (əm, “from”) is the likeliest source. Others posit these linguistic features to be remnants of Proto-Cushitic.

### Verb

im/imaad
* to come from; to arrive from somewhere

## Sumerian
### Romanization

im
* Romanization of 𒅎 (im)
* Romanization of 𒉎 (im)

## Vietnamese
### Pronunciation

* (Hà Nội) IPA: [ʔim˧˧]
* (Huế) IPA: [ʔim˧˧]
* (Saigon) IPA: [ʔim˧˧]

### Adjective

im • (㛪, 厭, 奄, 庵, 淹)
* calm; silent; quiet; not talking anymore

#### Derived terms

* im ắng (từ láy)
* im lặng

### Anagrams

* mi

## Welsh
### Alternative forms

* imi, i mi

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɪm/

### Pronoun

im
* (literary) first-person singular of i