# 匠

| 匠 | U+5320, &#21280; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5320 |
| ← 匟 [U+531F] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 匡 → [U+5321] |

## Translingual
### Han character

匠 (Kangxi radical 22, 匚+4, 6 strokes, cangjie input 尸竹一中 (SHML), four-corner 7171$_2$, composition ⿷匚斤)

#### Derived characters

* 𰁳, 䞪, 𩣕, 𱑈, 𪀘, 𥱝

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 153, character 22
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2605
* Dae Jaweon: page 345, character 11
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 83, character 5
* Unihan data for U+5320

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 匠 :
| Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 匚 | *paŋ |
| 匠 | *sbaŋs |
Traditionally thought to be an ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 匚 (“box”) + 斤 (“axe”) (e.g. Shuowen).
In more recent scholarship (e.g. Zhengzhang, 2003; Baxter and Sagart, 2014), an alternative glyph origin has been proposed, suggesting that it is a phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *sbaŋs): phonetic 匚 (OC *paŋ) + semantic 斤 (“axe”).

### Etymology

Several etymologies have been proposed:
* Related to Tibetan བྱང (byang, “skilled”) (Bodman, 1980) or སྤྱང (spyang, “skilful; clever”) (Sagart and Baxter, 2012). These comparisons would require the Old Chinese reconstruction to have a *sb- initial, which is possible if 匚 (OC *paŋ) is considered to be the phonetic component. The Middle Chinese initial would be derived as such: *s.b- > *zb- > *bz- > *dz- (Baxter and Sagart, 2014).
* Schuessler (2007), who reconstructs the Old Chinese minimally as *dzaŋh, deems it more likely to be from Mon-Khmer, comparing it to Khmer ចាំង (cang, “to dress; to trim (wood)”) (Schuessler, 2007).
* Jacques (2015) proposes another Sino-Tibetan etymology, comparing it to Tibetan མཛངས (mdzangs, “wise; intelligent”), which is derived from བཟང (bzang, “good”). Under this hypothesis, it can be derived from 臧 (OC *[ts]ˤaŋ, “good”), which has been connected to the Tibetan word. He postulates the derivation to consist of the nominalizing circumfix *k- -s and the applicative prefix *N-, yielding *k-N-tsaŋ-s > *k-dzaŋ-s.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): jiàng (jiang$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄤˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): jiang$^4$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zoeng$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): siong
    (Meixian, Guangdong): xiong$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): jion$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): tiōng
* Eastern Min (BUC): chióng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chhiūⁿ / chhiōⁿ / siūⁿ / chhiǔⁿ / chhiōng / chhiāng / siāng / chiōng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ciên$^7$ / cion$^7$ / ziang$^6$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): qio$^1$ / jiang$^6$
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): zian$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiàng
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄤˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jiàng
*** Wade–Giles: chiang$^4$
*** Yale: jyàng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jianq
*** Palladius: цзян (czjan)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: jiang$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: giang
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiaŋ²¹³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zoeng$^6$
*** Yale: jeuhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzoeng$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zêng$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sœːŋ²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: siong
*** Hakka Romanization System: xiong
*** Hagfa Pinyim: xiong$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /si̯oŋ⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: xiong$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /siɔŋ⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: jion$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕiɒ̃⁴⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: tiōng
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰiɔŋ⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: chióng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰuɔŋ²¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Hui'an, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Taichung, Hsinchu, Sanxia, Yilan, Kinmen, Magong)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiūⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: tshiūnn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chviu
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Yilan): /t͡sʰiũ³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Kinmen): /t͡sʰiũ²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /t͡sʰiũ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Hui'an): /t͡sʰiũ²¹/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Changtai, Longyan, Tainan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiōⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: tshiōnn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chvioi
*** IPA (Tainan): /t͡sʰiɔ̃³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou, Changtai): /t͡sʰiɔ̃²²/
*** IPA (Longyan): /t͡sʰiõ⁵⁵/
** (Hokkien: Zhangpu)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siūⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: siūnn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sviu
*** IPA (Zhangpu): /siũ³³/
** (Hokkien: Lukang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiǔⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: tshiǔnn
*** IPA (Lukang): /t͡sʰiũ³³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Hui'an)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiōng
*** Tâi-lô: tshiōng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chiong
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰiɔŋ²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Hui'an): /t͡sʰiɔŋ²¹/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Longyan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiāng
*** Tâi-lô: tshiāng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chiang
*** IPA (Longyan): /t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰiaŋ²²/
** (Hokkien: Zhangpu)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siāng
*** Tâi-lô: siāng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: siang
*** IPA (Zhangpu): /siaŋ³³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiōng
*** Tâi-lô: tsiōng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ciong
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡siɔŋ⁴¹/
* chhiūⁿ/chhiōⁿ/siūⁿ - vernacular;
* chhiōng/chhiāng/siāng/chiōng - literary.
* Middle Chinese: dzjangH
Rime :
| Character | 匠 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 從 (15) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (105) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 疾亮切 |
| Baxter | dzjangH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡zɨɐŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡ziɐŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡ziɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡zɨaŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /d͡ziaŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /d͡zĭaŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /d͡zʱi̯aŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiàng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zoeng$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*s.baŋ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*sbaŋs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 匠 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jiàng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dzjang$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*s.baŋ-s/ |
| English | craftsman |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 匠 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 6268 |
| Phonetic component | 匚 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 匠 |
| Old Chinese | /*sbaŋs/ |

### Definitions

匠
* craftsman; artisan; workman
* master

### Compounds

* 一代宗匠
* 丁匠
* 刀匠
* 剃頭匠 / 剃头匠 (tìtóujiàng)
* 劣匠
* 匠人 (jiàngrén)
* 匠作
* 匠伯
* 匠師 / 匠师
* 匠心 (jiàngxīn)
* 匠意
* 匠成
* 匠戶 / 匠户
* 匠氏
* 匠氣 / 匠气 (jiàngqì)
* 匠石 (jiàngshí)
* 匣匠
* 哲匠
* 大匠
* 大匠不斲
* 字匠
* 宗匠 (zōngjiàng)
* 將作大匠 / 将作大匠
* 將匠 / 将匠
* 小爐兒匠 / 小炉儿匠
* 工匠 (gōngjiàng)
* 巨匠 (jùjiàng)
* 巧匠 (qiǎojiàng)
* 帖匠
* 帽匠
* 弓匠
* 心匠
* 意匠 (yìjiàng)
* 把式匠
* 接骨匠
* 摟包兒匠 / 搂包儿匠
* 教書匠 / 教书匠 (jiāoshūjiàng)
* 木匠 (mùjiàng)
* 桶匠
* 梓匠
* 梓匠輪輿 / 梓匠轮舆
* 棚匠 (péngjiang)
* 機匠 / 机匠
* 毛毛匠
* 法匠
* 泥水匠 (níshuǐjiàng)
* 油漆匠
* 泥瓦匠 (níwǎjiàng)
* 漆匠
* 理髮匠 / 理发匠
* 瓦匠 (wǎjiàng)
* 甕子匠 / 瓮子匠 (wèngzǐjiàng)
* 畫匠 / 画匠 (huàjiàng)
* 皮匠 (píjiàng)
* 石匠
* 筆匠 / 笔匠
* 篾匠 (mièjiàng)
* 繡匠 / 绣匠
* 臭皮匠 (chòupíjiàng)
* 船匠 (chuánjiàng)
* 良匠 (liángjiàng)
* 花匠 (huājiàng)
* 衣匠
* 裱糊匠 (biǎohújiàng)
* 解匠
* 譯匠 / 译匠 (yìjiàng)
* 車匠 / 车匠 (chējiàng)
* 軍匠 / 军匠
* 郢匠
* 郢匠揮斤 / 郢匠挥斤
* 都料匠
* 醫匠 / 医匠
* 金匠 (jīnjiàng)
* 針筆匠 / 针笔匠
* 銅匠 / 铜匠 (tóngjiàng)
* 銀匠 / 银匠 (yínjiàng)
* 錫匠 / 锡匠 (xījiàng)
* 鎖匠 / 锁匠 (suǒjiàng)
* 鐵匠 / 铁匠 (tiějiàng)
* 陶匠 (táojiàng)
* 雕刻匠
* 靴匠 (xuējiàng)
* 鞋匠 (xiéjiàng)
* 香匠

### Descendants

* → Proto-Southwestern Tai: *ɟaːŋᴮ² (“artisan; skillful”) (via Middle Chinese)
** Thai: ช่าง (châang)
** Northern Thai: ᨩ᩵ᩣ᩠ᨦ
** Khün: ᨩ᩵ᩣ᩠ᨦ
** Lao: ຊ່າງ (sāng)
** Lü: ᦋᦱᧂᧈ (tsaang¹)
** Shan: ၸၢင်ႈ (tsāang)
** Phake: ꩡင် (caṅ)
** Ahom: 𑜋𑜂𑜫 (chaṅ)
* → Zhuang: cangh (“someone in a particular profession”) (via Middle Chinese)
* → Khmer: ជាង (ciəng) (via Middle Chinese)

### References

* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00420
* “匠”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: ぞう (zō)
* Kan-on: しょう (shō, Jōyō)
* Kun: たくみ (takumi, 匠)

#### Compounds

* 匠(しょう)気(き) (shōki)
* 意(い)匠(しょう) (ishō)
* 師(し)匠(しょう) (shishō)
* 宗匠(そうしょう) (sōshō)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 匠
* たくみ Grade: S
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 工

#### Noun

匠(たくみ) • (takumi)
* craftsman, artisan
* craft, craftsmanship, skill

#### Proper noun

匠(たくみ) • (Takumi)
* a male given name

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 匠
* しょう Grade: S
* on'yomi

#### Noun

匠(しょう) • (shō)
* skilled worker

##### Derived terms

* 鵜(う)匠(しょう) (ushō)
* 画(が)匠(しょう) (gashō)
* 楽(がく)匠(しょう) (gakushō)
* 剣(けん)匠(しょう) (kenshō)
* 工(こう)匠(しょう) (kōshō)
* 酒(さか)匠(しょう) (sakashō)
* 梓(し)匠(しょう) (shishō)
* 繍(しゅう)匠(しょう) (shūshō)
* 石(せき)匠(しょう) (sekishō)
* 鷹(たか)匠(じょう) (takajō)
* 刀(とう)匠(しょう) (tōshō)
* 名(めい)匠(しょう) (meishō)
* 木(もく)匠(しょう) (mokushō)

### References
## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 匠 (MC dzjangH). Recorded as Middle Korean 쟈ᇰ〯 (cyǎng) (Yale: cyang) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

Wikisource 匠 (eumhun 장인 장 (jang'in jang))
* hanja form of 장 (“craftsman, artisan”)
    Synonym: 工 (공 (gong))

#### Compounds

* 거장 (巨匠, geojang, “master, virtuoso”)
* 공장 (工匠, gongjang, “craftsman”)
* 장인 (匠人, jang'in, “craftsman; artisan”)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

匠: Hán Nôm readings: tượng
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.