# 練習
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): liànxí
       (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄢˋ ㄒㄧˊ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): лянщи (li͡anxi, III-I)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): lin$^6$ zaap$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): lien-si̍p
* Jin (Wiktionary): lie$^3$ xieh$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): liān-si̍p
    (Teochew, Peng'im): liêng$^7$ sib$^8$ / liang$^7$ sib$^8$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^6$li-zhiq$_8$ / $^6$lie-jiq$_8$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: liànxí
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄢˋ ㄒㄧˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: liànsí
*** Wade–Giles: lien$^4$-hsi$^2$
*** Yale: lyàn-syí
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: liannshyi
*** Palladius: ляньси (ljanʹsi)
*** Sinological IPA : /li̯ɛn⁵¹ ɕi³⁵/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: лянщи (li͡anxi, III-I)
*** Sinological IPA : /liæ̃⁴⁴ ɕi²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lin$^6$ zaap$^6$
*** Yale: lihn jaahp
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lin$^6$ dzaap$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lin$^6$ zab$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /liːn²² t͡saːp̚²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lien-si̍p
*** Hakka Romanization System: lien xib
*** Hagfa Pinyim: lian$^4$ xib$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /li̯en⁵⁵ sip̚⁵/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: lie$^3$ xieh$^5$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /lie⁴⁵ ɕiəʔ⁵⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Kinmen, Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liān-si̍p
*** Tâi-lô: liān-si̍p
*** Phofsit Daibuun: liexnsip
*** IPA (Taipei): /liɛn³³⁻¹¹ sip̚⁴/
*** IPA (Kinmen): /liɛn²²⁻¹² sip̚⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /liɛn²²⁻²¹ sip̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /liɛn³³⁻²¹ sip̚⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /liɛn²²⁻²¹ sip̚⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Philippines): /liɛn⁴¹⁻²² sip̚²⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: liêng$^7$ sib$^8$ / liang$^7$ sib$^8$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: liēng si̍p / liāng si̍p
*** Sinological IPA : /lieŋ¹¹ sip̚⁴/, /liaŋ¹¹ sip̚⁴/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$li-zhiq$_8$
*** MiniDict: li$^去$ zhih$^入$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$li-xxiq$_5$
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /li²² ʑiɪʔ⁴⁴/
** (Northern: Jiaxing)
*** Wugniu: $^6$lie-jiq$_8$
*** MiniDict: lie$^去$ jih$^入$
*** Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /lie²² d͡ʑiɪʔ⁵⁵/

### Verb

練習
* to practice

### Noun

練習
* practice

#### Synonyms

* (figurative) 實戰／实战 (shízhàn)

### Derived terms

* 練習所 / 练习所
* 練習曲 / 练习曲 (liànxíqǔ)
* 練習本 / 练习本 (liànxíběn)
* 練習生 / 练习生 (liànxíshēng)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 練(れん)習(しゅう) (renshū)
* → Korean: 연습(練習) (yeonseup)
* → Vietnamese: luyện tập (練習)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 練 | 習 |
| れん Grade: 3 | しゅう Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 練習 (kyūjitai)

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) れんしゅう [rèńshúú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɾẽ̞ɰ̃ɕɨː]

### Noun

練(れん)習(しゅう) • (renshū)
* practice (learning or improvement of a skill)

### Verb

練(れん)習(しゅう)する • (renshū suru) transitive suru (stem 練(れん)習(しゅう)し (renshū shi), past 練(れん)習(しゅう)した (renshū shita))
* practice

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 練習し | れんしゅうし | renshū shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 練習し | れんしゅうし | renshū shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 練習する | れんしゅうする | renshū suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 練習する | れんしゅうする | renshū suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 練習すれ | れんしゅうすれ | renshū sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 練習せよ¹ 練習しろ² | れんしゅうせよ¹ れんしゅうしろ² | renshū seyo¹ renshū shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 練習される | れんしゅうされる | renshū sareru |
| Causative | 練習させる 練習さす | れんしゅうさせる れんしゅうさす | renshū saseru renshū sasu |
| Potential | 練習できる | れんしゅうできる | renshū dekiru |
| Volitional | 練習しよう | れんしゅうしよう | renshū shiyō |
| Negative | 練習しない | れんしゅうしない | renshū shinai |
| Negative continuative | 練習せず | れんしゅうせず | renshū sezu |
| Formal | 練習します | れんしゅうします | renshū shimasu |
| Perfective | 練習した | れんしゅうした | renshū shita |
| Conjunctive | 練習して | れんしゅうして | renshū shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 練習すれば | れんしゅうすれば | renshū sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 練 | 習 |

### Noun

練習 • (yeonseup) (hangeul 연습)
* hanja form of 연습 (“practice”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 練 | 習 |

### Verb

練習
* chữ Hán form of luyện tập (“to practice”).