# 愎

| 愎 | U+610E, &#24846; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-610E |
| ← 愍 [U+610D] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 意 → [U+610F] |

## Translingual
### Han character

愎 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 心人日水 (POAE), four-corner 9804$_7$, composition ⿰忄复)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 394, character 21
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10920
* Dae Jaweon: page 730, character 27
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2329, character 6
* Unihan data for U+610E

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 愎 | *brɯɡ |
| 鍑 | *puɡs, *puɡ |
| 覆 | *pʰuɡs, *buɡs, *pʰɯːɡ, *pʰuɡ |
| 復 | *buɡs, *buɡ |
| 椱 | *buɡs, *buɡ |
| 複 | *buɡs, *puɡ |
| 馥 | *brɯɡ, *buɡ |
| 腹 | *puɡ |
| 輹 | *puɡ, *buɡ |
| 蝮 | *pʰuɡ |
| 蕧 | *pʰuɡ, *buɡ |
| 复 | *buɡ |
| 鰒 | *buɡ |
| 澓 | *buɡ |

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): bì (bi$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄧˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): bik$^1$ / fuk$^1$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): pe̍k
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bì
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bì
*** Wade–Giles: pi$^4$
*** Yale: bì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bih
*** Palladius: би (bi)
*** Sinological IPA : /pi⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: bik$^1$ / fuk$^1$
*** Yale: bīk / fūk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: bik$^7$ / fuk$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: big$^1$ / fug$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /pɪk̚⁵/, /fʊk̚⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pe̍k
*** Tâi-lô: pi̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pek
*** IPA (Xiamen): /piɪk̚⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /piɪk̚²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /piɪk̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /piɪk̚⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /piɪk̚⁴/
* Middle Chinese: bik
Rime :
| Character | 愎 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 並 (3) |
| Final (韻) | 職 (134) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 符逼切 |
| Baxter | bik |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /bɨk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /bɨk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /biek̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /bik̚/ |
| Li Rong | /biək̚/ |
| Wang Li | /bĭək̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /bʱi̯ək̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | bí |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | bik$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*brɯɡ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 愎 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 3391 |
| Phonetic component | 复 |
| Rime group | 職 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 愎 |
| Old Chinese | /*brɯɡ/ |
| Notes | 見左傳 |

### Definitions

愎
* obstinate; stubborn; headstrong

#### Compounds

* 剛愎 / 刚愎 (gāngbì)
* 剛愎不仁 / 刚愎不仁
* 剛愎性成 / 刚愎性成
* 剛愎自用 / 刚愎自用 (gāngbìzìyòng)
* 愎戾
* 愎諫 / 愎谏
* 狠愎自用

### References

* “愎”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): ひょく (hyoku)、ひき (hiki)、ふく (fuku)
* Kun: もとる (motoru)

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 愎 (MC bik).
* Recorded as Middle Korean 뼉〮 (Yale: ppyék) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 퍅 (phyak) (Yale: phyak) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [pʰja̠k̚]
* Phonetic hangul: [퍅]

### Hanja

Wikisource 愎 (eumhun 강퍅할 퍅 (gangpyakhal pyak))
* hanja form of 퍅 (“obstinate; stubborn; headstrong”)

#### Compounds

* 강퍅 (剛愎, gangpyak)
* 괴팍 (乖愎, goepak)
* 퍅성 (愎性, pyakseong)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

愎: Hán Nôm readings: phục, phức
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation