# 坷

| 坷 | U+5777, &#22391; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5777 |
| ← 坶 [U+5776] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 坸 → [U+5778] |

## Translingual
### Han character

坷 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 土一弓口 (GMNR), four-corner 4112$_0$, composition ⿰土可)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 226, character 38
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4994
* Dae Jaweon: page 462, character 16
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 429, character 16
* Unihan data for U+5777

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 砢 | *ɡ·raːlʔ |
| 柯 | *kaːl |
| 菏 | *kaːl, *ɡaːl |
| 牁 | *kaːl |
| 滒 | *kaːl |
| 哥 | *kaːl |
| 歌 | *kaːl |
| 謌 | *kaːl |
| 鴚 | *kaːl |
| 哿 | *kaːlʔ |
| 舸 | *kaːlʔ |
| 笴 | *kaːlʔ, *kaːnʔ |
| 軻 | *kʰaːl, *kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls |
| 珂 | *kʰaːl |
| 可 | *kʰaːlʔ |
| 岢 | *kʰaːlʔ |
| 坷 | *kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls |
| 蚵 | *kʰaːls, *ɡaːl |
| 呵 | *qʰaːl, *qʰaːls |
| 訶 | *qʰaːl |
| 抲 | *qʰaːl |
| 荷 | *qʰaːls, *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ |
| 何 | *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ |
| 河 | *ɡaːl |
| 苛 | *ɡaːl |
| 魺 | *ɡaːl |
| 袔 | *ɡaːls |
| 阿 | *qaːl |
| 妸 | *qaːl, *qaːlʔ |
| 疴 | *qaːl, *kʰraːls |
| 鈳 | *qaːl |
| 娿 | *qaːl, *qaːlʔ |
| 痾 | *qaːl |
| 跒 | *kʰraːlʔ |
| 閜 | *qʰraːlʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls) : semantic 土 + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kě (ke$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄜˇ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ho$^2$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ho$^2$
* Eastern Min (BUC): kó̤
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): kor$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): khóⁿ / khó / khia̍t
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ko$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kě
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄜˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kě
*** Wade–Giles: kʻo$^3$
*** Yale: kě
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kee
*** Palladius: кэ (kɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɤ²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ho$^2$
*** Yale: hó
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ho$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ho$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɔː³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ho$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /hᵘɔ⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: kó̤
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɔ²¹³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: kor$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɒ⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: kor$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɒ³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khóⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: khónn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qvor
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰɔ̃⁵⁵⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khó
*** Tâi-lô: khó
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qoir
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kʰo⁵³/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khia̍t
*** Tâi-lô: khia̍t
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qiat
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kʰiɛt̚⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ko$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kho
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰo³³/
* Middle Chinese: khaX, khaH
Rime :
| Character | 坷 | 坷 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 歌 (94) | 歌 (94) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 枯我切 | 口箇切 |
| Baxter | khaX | khaH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰɑ$^X$/ | /kʰɑ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰɑ$^X$/ | /kʰɑ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰɑ$^X$/ | /kʰɑ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰa$^X$/ | /kʰa$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰɑ$^X$/ | /kʰɑ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰɑ$^X$/ | /kʰɑ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kʰɑ$^X$/ | /kʰɑ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | kě | kè |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ho$^2$ | ho$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰaːlʔ/, /*kʰaːls/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 坷 | 坷 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 7449 | 7450 |
| Phonetic component | 可 | 可 |
| Rime group | 歌 | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 可 | 坷 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰaːlʔ/ | /*kʰaːls/ |

#### Definitions

坷
* Only used in 坎坷 (kǎnkě).

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kē (ke$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄜ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ho$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ho$^2$
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): kor$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kē
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄜ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ke
*** Wade–Giles: kʻo$^1$
*** Yale: kē
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ke
*** Palladius: кэ (kɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɤ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ho$^1$
*** Yale: hō
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ho$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ho$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɔː⁵⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ho$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /hᵘɔ⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: kor$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɒ⁵³³/

#### Definitions

坷
* Used in 坷垃 (kēlā).
* A placename in ancient China.

### References

* “坷”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* William Campbell (1913) A dictionary of the Amoy vernacular spoken throughout the prefectures of Chin-Chiu, Chiang-Chiu and Formosa (in Hokkien), 8th edition, Tainan: Taiwan Church Press, published 1961, →OCLC, page 399.
* “Entry #14983”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “坷”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 122.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): か (ka)

## Korean
### Hanja

坷 • (ga) (hangeul 가, revised ga, McCune–Reischauer ka)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

坷: Hán Nôm readings: kha, khá, khú
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation