# هنر
## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Persian هنر (honar, “art; craft, ability”), from Middle Persian 𐫍𐫇𐫗𐫡 (hwnr /⁠hunar⁠/, “virtue, ability, skill”), ultimately from Old Persian 𐎢𐎺𐎴𐎼 (ʰuvnara, “talent, capability”).

### Noun

هنر • (hüner) (definite accusative هنری (hüneri), plural هنرلر (hünerler))
* craft, dexterity, ingenuity, adroitness, the ability to solve difficult problems in original, clever, and inventive ways
    Synonyms: اوسته‌لق (ustalık), صنعت (sanʼat, zanʼat), معرفت (maʼrifet)
* ability, skill, talent, competence, the innate, learned, or acquired capacity or competence to do something well
    Synonyms: صنعت (sanʼat, zanʼat), مهارت (maharet)
* art, the conscious production or arrangement of elements in a manner that affects the senses and emotions
    Synonyms: صنعت (sanʼat, zanʼat), فن (fenn)

#### Derived terms

* هنر صاتمق (hüner satmak, “to pretend to be clever”)
* هنر كوسترمك (hüner göstermek, “to exhibit a skill or talent”)
* هنربند (hünerbend, “skillful performer”)
* هنرسز (hünersiz, “talentless”)
* هنرلو (hünerli, “talented, skillful”)
* هنرمندی (hünermendi, “quality or act of a talented man”)
* هنرپرور (hüner-perver, “talent scout”)

#### Descendants

* Turkish: hüner
* → Greek: χουνέρι (chounéri)

### Further reading

* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “hüner1”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 2020
* Hindoglu, Artin (1838) “هنر”, in Hazine-i lûgat ou dictionnaire abrégé turc-français‎, Vienna: F. Beck, page 497b
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “هنر”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 1329a
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Ars”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎, Vienna, column 86
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “هنر”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, column 5504
* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “hüner”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “هنر”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 2172

## Persian
### Etymology

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwnl), 𐫍𐫇𐫗𐫡 (hwnr /⁠hunar⁠/, “virtue, ability, skill”), from Old Persian 𐎢𐎺𐎴𐎼 (ʰuvnara, “talent, capability”), from Proto-Iranian *hu-nara, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁su- (“good”) + *h₂nḗr (“man; power, force, vital energy”). Cognate with Old Armenian հնար (hnar, “means, way”) (from Iranian), Avestan 𐬵𐬎𐬥𐬀𐬭𐬀 m (hunara, “skill, strength”), Sanskrit सूनर (sū-nára, “possessing vital strength, mighty, prosperous, beautiful”).
Compare also formally identical formations in other Indo-European languages: Old Irish so-nirt, so-nairt (“strong”), Welsh hy-nerth (“mighty”), Ancient Greek εὐ-ήνωρ (eu-ḗnōr, “manly”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [hu.ˈnaɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [hʊ.nǽɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [hʊ.nǽɾ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [ʔʊ.nǽɾ]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [ʔu.nǽɾ]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [ho.nǽɹ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [hu.nǽɾ]
* Audio (Iran):(file)
* Rhymes: -ar

### Noun

| Dari | هنر |
| Iranian Persian | هنر |
| Tajik | ҳунар |
هنر • (honar) (plural هنرها (honar-hâ))
* art
    هنرهای تجسمی ― honar-hâ-ye tajasomi ― visual arts
    هنرهای زیبا ― honar-hâ-ye zibâ ― fine arts
* (archaic) craft, ability, art
    Synonyms: صنعت (san'at), فن (fann), توانایی (tawānāī)
* (archaic) knowledge, wisdom
    Synonyms: دانش (dâneš), علم ('elm)
* (archaic) virtue, merit, excellence
    Synonyms: لیاقت (līyāqat), فضیلت (fazīlat)

#### Derived terms

* هنر پرور (honar-parvar, “patron of art”)
* هنرستان (honarestân, “art school”)
* هنرمند (honarmand, “artist, artistic”)
* هنرمندانه (honarmandâne, “artfully”)
* هنرور (honarvar, “artful”)
* هنرپیشه (honarpiše, “artist”)
* هنری (honari, “artistic”)

#### Descendants

* → Armenian: հունար (hunar), հյուներ (hyuner)
* → Azerbaijani: hünər
* → Baluchi: ہنر (hwnər)
* → Bashkir: һөнәр (hönər)
* → Georgian: უნარი (unari)
* → Gujarati: હુન્નર (hunnar)
* → Hindustani:
    Hindi: हुनर (hunar)
    Urdu: ہُنَر (hunar)
* → Kazakh: өнер (öner)
* → Kurdish:
    Northern Kurdish: huner, hiner
* → Kyrgyz: өнөр (önör)
* → Ottoman Turkish: هنر (hüner)
** Turkish: hüner
** → Greek: χουνέρι (chounéri)
* → Pashto: هنر (hunár)
* → Punjabi: hunar
    Gurmukhi script: ਹੁਨਰ
    Shahmukhi script: ہُنَر
* → Sindhi: hunaro
    Arabic script: هُنَرُ
    Devanagari script: हुनर
* → Uyghur: ھۇنەر (huner)
* → Uzbek: hunar

### References

* Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1977) “հնար”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume III, Yerevan: University Press, page 104b
* Boyce, Mary (1977) “hwnr”, in A word-list of Manichaean Middle Persian and Parthian (Acta Iranica 9a, Série 3 – “Textes et mémoires”, vol. 2-supplément)‎, with a reverse index by Ronald Zwanziger, Leiden, Tehran-Liège: E.J. Brill, Bibliothèque Pahlavi, page 49
* Horn, Paul (1893) Grundriss der neupersischen Etymologie (in German), Strasbourg: K.J. Trübner, § 1108, pages 247–248
* Hübschmann, Heinrich (1897) Armenische Grammatik. 1. Theil: Armenische Etymologie (in German), Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, page 181
* MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) “hunar”, in A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, page 44
* Mayrhofer, Manfred (1976) Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎ (in German), volume III, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 493
* Nyberg, H. S. (1974) A Manual of Pahlavi, Part II: Glossary, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, page 102b
* Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 891
* Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 765
* Edelʹman, D. I. (2015) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume 5, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 479