# 化石
## Chinese

* 化石 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 化石 (Cantonese)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): huàshí
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄕˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): faa$^3$ sek$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): fa-sa̍k
* Eastern Min (BUC): huá-siŏh / huá-sĭk
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hòa-chio̍h / hòa-se̍k
    (Teochew, Peng'im): huê$^3$ ziêh$^8$ / huê$^3$ zioh$^8$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$ho-zaq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: huàshí
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄕˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: huàshíh
*** Wade–Giles: hua$^4$-shih$^2$
*** Yale: hwà-shŕ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: huahshyr
*** Palladius: хуаши (xuaši)
*** Sinological IPA : /xu̯ä⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: faa$^3$ sek$^6$
*** Yale: fa sehk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: faa$^3$ sek$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fa$^3$ ség$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /faː³³ sɛːk̚²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fa-sa̍k
*** Hakka Romanization System: fa sag
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fa$^4$ sag$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /fa⁵⁵ sak̚⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: huá-siŏh / huá-sĭk
*** Sinological IPA : /hua²¹³⁻⁵⁵ $^{(s-)}$luoʔ⁵/, /hua²¹³⁻⁵⁵ $^{(s-)}$liʔ⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hòa-chio̍h
*** Tâi-lô: huà-tsio̍h
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoarcioih
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hua²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sioʔ⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hua²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡siɤʔ⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /hua¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sioʔ⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hua⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sioʔ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hua²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sioʔ¹²¹/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hòa-se̍k
*** Tâi-lô: huà-si̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoarsek
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hua²¹⁻⁵³ siɪk̚⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: huê$^3$ ziêh$^8$ / huê$^3$ zioh$^8$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huè tsie̍h / huè tsio̍h
*** Sinological IPA : /hue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sieʔ⁴/, /hue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sioʔ⁴/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$ho-zaq
*** MiniDict: ho$^去$ zah
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$ho-zaq
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ho³³ zaʔ⁴⁴/

### Noun

化石
* fossil

#### Derived terms

* 化石燃料 (huàshí ránliào)
* 活化石 (huóhuàshí)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 化 | 石 |
| か Grade: 3 | せき Grade: 1 |
| on'yomi ||

### Etymology

化 (ka, “to change into”) +‎ 石 (seki, “stone”)

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かせき [kàsékí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ka̠se̞kʲi]

### Noun

化(か)石(せき) • (kaseki)
* a fossil
* petrifaction
* (metaphor, insult) out-of-date person, thing

#### Derived terms

* 化(か)石(せき)化(か) (kasekika): fossilize
* 化(か)石(せき)学(がく) (kasekigaku): paleontology
* 化(か)石(せき)層(そう) (kasekisō): fossil bed
* 化(か)石(せき)人(じん)類(るい) (kaseki jinrui): fossil men
* 化(か)石(せき)燃(ねん)料(りょう) (kaseki nenryō): fossil fuel
* 化(か)石(せき)類(るい)人(じん)猿(えん) (kaseki ruijin'en): anthropoid fossil
* 微(び)化(か)石(せき) (bikaseki): microfossil
* 糞(ふん)化(か)石(せき) (funkaseki): coprolite, guano
* 示(じ)準化(じゅんか)石(せき) (jijun-kaseki): index fossil, key fossil
* 生(せい)痕(こん)化(か)石(せき) (seikon kaseki): trace fossil
* 生(い)きた化(か)石(せき) (ikita kaseki): living fossil, relict

### Verb

化(か)石(せき)する • (kaseki suru) suru (stem 化(か)石(せき)し (kaseki shi), past 化(か)石(せき)した (kaseki shita))
* to fossilize

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 化石し | かせきし | kaseki shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 化石し | かせきし | kaseki shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 化石する | かせきする | kaseki suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 化石する | かせきする | kaseki suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 化石すれ | かせきすれ | kaseki sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 化石せよ¹ 化石しろ² | かせきせよ¹ かせきしろ² | kaseki seyo¹ kaseki shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 化石される | かせきされる | kaseki sareru |
| Causative | 化石させる 化石さす | かせきさせる かせきさす | kaseki saseru kaseki sasu |
| Potential | 化石できる | かせきできる | kaseki dekiru |
| Volitional | 化石しよう | かせきしよう | kaseki shiyō |
| Negative | 化石しない | かせきしない | kaseki shinai |
| Negative continuative | 化石せず | かせきせず | kaseki sezu |
| Formal | 化石します | かせきします | kaseki shimasu |
| Perfective | 化石した | かせきした | kaseki shita |
| Conjunctive | 化石して | かせきして | kaseki shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 化石すれば | かせきすれば | kaseki sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 化 | 石 |

### Noun

化石 • (hwaseok) (hangeul 화석)
* hanja form of 화석 (“fossil”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 化 | 石 |

### Noun

化石
* chữ Hán form of hoá thạch (“fossil”).