# 海豚
## Chinese
### Etymology

Native formation, attested abundantly in the Classical era. Also 海豨 (hǎixī, literally “sea-pig”), 江豚 (jiāngtún, literally “river-pig”). Semantically compare English mereswine (“porpoise or dolphin”, literally “sea-pig”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): hǎitún
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄞˇ ㄊㄨㄣˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hoi$^2$ tyun$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hói-thùn
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hái-thûn
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hai$^2$ tung$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$he-den
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hǎitún
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄞˇ ㄊㄨㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hǎitún
*** Wade–Giles: hai$^3$-tʻun$^2$
*** Yale: hǎi-twún
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: haetwen
*** Palladius: хайтунь (xajtunʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰu̯ən³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hoi$^2$ tyun$^4$
*** Yale: hói tyùhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hoi$^2$ tyn$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hoi$^2$ tün$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɔːi̯³⁵ tʰyːn²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hói-thùn
*** Hakka Romanization System: hoi$^ˋ$ tun$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: hoi$^3$ tun$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /hoi̯³¹ tʰun¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hái-thûn
*** Tâi-lô: hái-thûn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hay'tuun
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰun²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tʰun²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰun¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰun²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tʰun²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: hai$^2$ tung$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hái thûng
*** Sinological IPA : /hai⁵²⁻³⁵ tʰuŋ⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$he-den
*** MiniDict: he$^去$ den
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$he-den
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /he³³ dən⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: xojX dwon
Rime :
| Character | 海 | 豚 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 曉 (32) | 定 (7) |
| Final (韻) | 咍 (41) | 魂 (55) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 呼改切 | 徒渾切 |
| Baxter | xojX | dwon |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /hʌi$^X$/ | /duən/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /həi$^X$/ | /duon/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /xɒi$^X$/ | /duən/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /həj$^X$/ | /dwən/ |
| Li Rong | /xᴀi$^X$/ | /duən/ |
| Wang Li | /xɒi$^X$/ | /duən/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /xɑ̆i$^X$/ | /dʱuən/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | hǎi | tún |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hoi$^2$ | teon$^4$ |

### Noun

海豚
* dolphin

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 海豨 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 海豚 |
| Taxonomic name | Taxonomic name | 海豚 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 海豚 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 海豚 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 海豬, 海豚 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 海豚 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 海豚, 海豬 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 海豚 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 海豚 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 海豚 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 海豚 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 海豬 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 白鰗, 海豬, 媽祖婆魚, 媽祖魚, 鎮港魚 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 白鰗, 媽祖婆魚, 媽祖魚, 鎮港魚 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 海豬仔 |
| Southern Min | Taipei (Wanhua) | 海豬 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 海豬仔 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 海豬, 烏鯃 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 海豬仔, 海豬 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 海豬仔, 海豬 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 海豬 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 海豬 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 海豬仔, 海豬 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 海豬 |
| Southern Min | Taitung (Green Island) | 烏鯃 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 海豬, 海豬仔 |
| Southern Min | Pingtung (Liuqiu) | 烏鯃 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 海豬 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 海鼠, 烏鯃 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Pengnan) | 海鼠 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Xiyu) | 海鼠 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Huxi) | 海鼠 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Wangan) | 海鼠 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Cimei) | 海鼠, 烏鯃 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Huayu) | 烏鯃 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Zhongtun) | 海鼠 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Houliao) | 海鼠 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Tongliang) | 海鼠, 烏鯃, 白鯃 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Jibei) | 烏鯃, 白鯃 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 海豬 |
| Southern Min | Nan'ao (Houzhai) | 白吳 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 海豬 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 海豬 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 海豚 |

#### Derived terms

* 寬吻海豚 / 宽吻海豚 (kuānwěn hǎitún)
* 海豚座 (Hǎitúnzuò)
* 海豚泳
* 鼠海豚 (shǔhǎitún)

#### Descendants

* → Korean: 해돈(海豚) (haedon)

## Japanese
### Etymology

Kanji in this term :
| 海 | 豚 |
| いるか ||
| Grade: 2 | Grade: S |
| jukujikun ||
* Alternative spellings
* 海豚 (kyūjitai) 鯆 (rare)
From Old Japanese. Attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE with the phonetic spelling 入鹿魚.
Further etymology Uncertain. One of the possible native-Japanese theories is that this was originally a compound of Old Japanese elements 魚 (iwo, “fish”) +‎ 食 (uka, “food, something used as food”), with the following sound shifts.
    /iwo uka/ → /iru uka/ → /iruka/
Another possibility is that it was a borrowing from Ainu. Compare Sakhalin Ainu リク (riku), イリク (iriku), or Kuril Ainu リカ (rika, “whale”). Given the unlikely sound shift required for the Old Japanese derivation and the lack of cognates in the Ryukyuan languages (see Proto-Ryukyuan *peto), an origin from Ainu seems more likely.
The spelling 海豚, which literally means “sea pig”, is from Chinese 海豚 (hǎitún).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) いるか [ìrúká] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [iɾɯ̟ka̠]

### Noun

海豚(いるか) or 海豚(イルカ) • (iruka)
* a dolphin or porpoise (the mammal)

#### Usage notes

* As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as イルカ.

#### Derived terms

* 海豚(いるか)座(ざ) (Irukaza): Dolphin constellation, Delphinus
* 鼠海豚(ねずみいるか) (nezumi iruka): harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)

#### See also

* 鱪(しいら) (shīra), 鱰(しいら) (shīra): a dolphin fish, a dorado fish

### References

* ↑ Omodaka, Hisataka (1967) 時代別国語大辞典 上代編 [The dictionary of historical Japanese: Old Japanese] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN, page 107
* ↑ Vovin, Alexander (2022) “Ainu elements in early Japonic”, in Handbook of the Ainu Language, →DOI
* ↑ 2005, Martine Robbeets (2005:190) Is Japanese Related to Korean, Tungusic, Mongolic and Turkic?
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
   * Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

## Kikai

Kanji in this term :
| 海 | 豚 |
| Grade: 2 | Grade: S |
* Alternative spelling
* 海豚 (kyūjitai)

### Etymology

From Proto-Ryukyuan *peto (“dolphin”). Cognate with Okinawan 海豚(ふぃーとぅ) (fītu).

### Noun

海豚(ふぃとぅ) or 海豚(ぴとぅ) (fitu or pitu)
* dolphin

## Kunigami

Kanji in this term :
| 海 | 豚 |
| Grade: 2 | Grade: S |
* Alternative spelling
* 海豚 (kyūjitai)

### Etymology

From Proto-Ryukyuan *peto (“dolphin”). Cognate with Okinawan 海豚(ふぃーとぅ) (fītu).

### Noun

海豚(ひーとぅい) (hīthui)
* dolphin

## Northern Amami Ōshima

Kanji in this term :
| 海 | 豚 |
| Grade: 2 | Grade: S |
* Alternative spelling
* 海豚 (kyūjitai)

### Etymology

From Proto-Ryukyuan *peto (“dolphin”). Cognate with Okinawan 海豚(ふぃーとぅ) (fītu).

### Noun

海豚(ふとぅ) (hutu)
* dolphin

## Okinawan

Kanji in this term :
| 海 | 豚 |
| Grade: 2 | Grade: S |
* Alternative spelling
* 海豚 (kyūjitai)

### Etymology

From Proto-Ryukyuan *peto (“dolphin”).

### Noun

海豚(ふぃーとぅ) (fītu)
* dolphin

## Southern Amami Ōshima

Kanji in this term :
| 海 | 豚 |
| Grade: 2 | Grade: S |
* Alternative spelling
* 海豚 (kyūjitai)

### Etymology

From Proto-Ryukyuan *peto (“dolphin”). Cognate with Okinawan 海豚(ふぃーとぅ) (fītu).

### Noun

海豚(ふとぅ) (hutu)
* dolphin