# 幽

| 幽 | U+5E7D, &#24189; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5E7D |
| ← 幼 [U+5E7C] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 幾 → [U+5E7E] |

## Translingual
### Han character

幽 (Kangxi radical 52, 幺+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 山女戈戈 (UVII), four-corner 2277$_0$, composition ⿻山𢆶)

#### Derived characters

* 㗀, 𢰠, 𭱒, 𪴉, 𦂣, 𧍘, 䫜, 𢇑, 𢇕, 𦇵, 𠋔, 𢉾

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 342, character 12
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9205
* Dae Jaweon: page 651, character 10
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1094, character 8
* Unihan data for U+5E7D

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 幽
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *qɯw) : phonetic 𢆶 + semantic 山 (originally 火 in oracle bone).

### Etymology

Sino-Tibetan. Cognate with Mru [script needed] (iu ~ ʔiu, “dark”) (Löffler, 1966); possibly also related to Tibetan གཡོག (g.yog, “to cover”) and གཡོགས (g.yogs, “lid”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Related to 黝 (yǒu), 窅 (yǎo), 杳 (yǎo), 穾 (yào), 窔 (yào).
Allofam is probably 窈窕 (OC *qiːwʔ l'eːwʔ) (ibid.).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yōu (you$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄡ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jau$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): iú
* Eastern Min (BUC): hiŭ
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): iu$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): iu
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hiun$^1$ / hiu$^1$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^1$ieu / $^5$ieu
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yōu
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄡ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: you
*** Wade–Giles: yu$^1$
*** Yale: yōu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: iou
*** Palladius: ю (ju)
*** Sinological IPA : /joʊ̯⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jau$^1$
*** Yale: yāu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jau$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yeo$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɐu̯⁵⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: iú
*** Sinological IPA : /iu⁵⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: hiŭ
*** Sinological IPA : /hieu⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: iu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /iu⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iu
*** Tâi-lô: iu
*** Phofsit Daibuun: iw
*** IPA (Xiamen): /iu⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /iu³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /iu⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /iu⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /iu⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: hiun$^1$ / hiu$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hiuⁿ / hiu
*** Sinological IPA : /hĩũ³³/, /hiu³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai, Shaoxing, Ningbo)
*** Wugniu: $^1$ieu
*** MiniDict: ieu$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$ieu
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /iɤ⁵³/
*** Sinological IPA (Shaoxing): /iɤ⁵²/
*** Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /iʏ⁵²/
** (Northern: Ningbo)
*** Wugniu: $^5$ieu
*** MiniDict: ieu$^去$
*** Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /iʏ⁵⁵/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit幽 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /iou⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /iou⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /iou²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /iou²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /iou²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /iou²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /iou²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /iɯ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /iəu⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /iou³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /iɤu⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /iəu⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /iəu⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /iəu⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /iəu⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /iəɯ³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /iɯ²¹/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /iəu¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /iəu¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /iəu³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /iɤ⁵³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /iɤ⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ʔiø³³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /j̠au³³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /iu³¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /iu¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /iəu³³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /iəɯ³³/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /iu⁴²/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /iu¹¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /jɐu⁵³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /jɐu⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /jɐu⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /iu⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /hieu⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /iu⁵⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /hĩu³³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /iu²³/ |
* Middle Chinese: 'jiw
Rime :
| Character | 幽 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 幽 (138) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 於虯切 |
| Baxter | 'jiw |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʔiɪu/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʔɨu/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʔieu/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʔjiw/ |
| Li Rong | /ʔiĕu/ |
| Wang Li | /iəu/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʔieu/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yōu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jau$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ʔ](r)iw/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qɯw/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 幽 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yōu |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ʔjiw › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ʔ](r)iw/ |
| English | dark; secluded |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 幽 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 14620 |
| Phonetic component | 幽 |
| Rime group | 幽 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 幽 |
| Old Chinese | /*qɯw/ |
| Notes | 甲金文從火從二幺會意火微 |

### Definitions

幽
* dim; dark
* deep and remote
* hidden; concealed
* bottled up
* quiet; tranquil
* to confine; to imprison
* netherworld; nether; nether-
* a surname
* (Yongjiang Wu, Linshao Wu) to hide oneself; to conceal oneself
       From: 2022: 假如《阿Q正传》里都说绍兴话... [If Shaoxingnese was spoken during the entirety of "The True Story of Ah Q"], video time 4:28, from Bilibili
       Just come outside for a while now; you mustn't hide anymore in your room with all these dreadful thoughts in your mind!

### Synonyms

* (to hide):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 躲藏, 藏躲, 躲 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 藏, 貓 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 躲, 藏 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 躲 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 藏 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 藏, 卻 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 藏, 躲 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 躲 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 躲 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 藏 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 匿, 匿埋 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 匿, 匿埋 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 摒 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 摒埋 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 摒 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 摒 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 匿埋 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 匿埋 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 摒埋 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 匿埋 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 揞埋 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 匿埋 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 匿埋 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 匿埋 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 匿埋 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 匿埋 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 匿埋 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 揞埋 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 匿埋 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 匿埋 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 摒埋 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 匿埋, 摒埋 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 匿 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 匿 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 匿 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 匿埋 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 求埋 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 匿埋 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 餌, 伏 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 匿埋 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 躲 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 摒 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 摒 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 摒 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 躲 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 儲 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 屈, 覭 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 覕, 囥 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 覕, 囥 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 覕, 踮 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 覕 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 覕 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 覕 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 覕 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 覕 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 覕 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 覕 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 覕 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 覕 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 覕 |
| Southern Min | Datian | 逃 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 踮, 覕 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 踮, 覕 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 踮, 覕 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 踮 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 逃 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 逃 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 囥, 𨒃, 迓 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 𨒃, 匽, 迓 |
| Wu | Wuxi | 迓 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 幽 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 埋, 縮, 躲 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 幽 |
| Wu | Jinhua (Tangxi) | 幽 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 躲 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 躲 |

### Compounds

* 下喬入幽 / 下乔入幽
* 九幽
* 俯遂幽眇
* 八幽
* 周幽王
* 尋幽 / 寻幽
* 尋幽訪勝 / 寻幽访胜
* 幽人
* 幽冥 (yōumíng)
* 幽冥地府
* 幽冥戒 (Yōumíng jiè)
* 幽厲 / 幽厉
* 幽叢 / 幽丛
* 幽咽
* 幽囚
* 幽囚受辱
* 幽夢影 / 幽梦影
* 幽天
* 幽婚
* 幽婉
* 幽嫻 / 幽娴
* 幽客
* 幽宮 / 幽宫
* 幽寂
* 幽居 (yōujū)
* 幽巖 / 幽岩
* 幽州 (Yōuzhōu)
* 幽幽 (yōuyōu)
* 幽庸
* 幽微
* 幽怨 (yōuyuàn)
* 幽思 (yōusī)
* 幽情 (yōuqíng)
* 幽憂 / 幽忧
* 幽憤 / 幽愤 (yōufèn)
* 幽房
* 幽敞
* 幽敻
* 幽明
* 幽昌 (yōuchāng)
* 幽明異路 / 幽明异路
* 幽明錄 / 幽明录
* 幽昧
* 幽暗 (yōu'àn)
* 幽會 / 幽会 (yōuhuì)
* 幽期 (yōuqī)
* 幽期密約 / 幽期密约
* 幽棲巖谷 / 幽栖岩谷
* 幽殺 / 幽杀
* 幽流
* 幽浮 (yōufú)
* 幽深 (yōushēn)
* 幽特貝 / 幽特贝
* 幽獨 / 幽独
* 幽眇
* 幽真
* 幽禁 (yōujìn)
* 幽篁
* 幽絕 / 幽绝
* 幽美 (yōuměi)
* 幽若
* 幽蔽
* 幽蘭 / 幽兰
* 幽襟
* 幽谷 (yōugǔ)
* 幽趣
* 幽軋 / 幽轧
* 幽途
* 幽遠 / 幽远
* 幽邃 (yōusuì)
* 幽都 (yōudū)
* 幽門 / 幽门 (yōumén)
* 幽閉 / 幽闭 (yōubì)
* 幽閒 / 幽闲
* 幽闥 / 幽闼
* 幽險 / 幽险
* 幽雅 (yōuyǎ)
* 幽靈 / 幽灵 (yōulíng)
* 幽靈人口 / 幽灵人口
* 幽靈車 / 幽灵车
* 幽靜 / 幽静 (yōujìng)
* 幽顯異途 / 幽显异途
* 幽香 (yōuxiāng)
* 幽魂 (yōuhún)
* 幽默 (yōumò)
* 幽默感 (yōumògǎn)
* 弔古尋幽 / 吊古寻幽
* 思古幽情
* 懷古幽情 / 怀古幽情
* 探幽窮賾 / 探幽穷赜
* 探幽索隱 / 探幽索隐
* 曲徑通幽 / 曲径通幽
* 清幽 (qīngyōu)
* 無幽不燭 / 无幽不烛
* 空谷幽蘭 / 空谷幽兰
* 窮幽極微 / 穷幽极微
* 考績幽明 / 考绩幽明
* 藪幽 / 薮幽
* 訪古尋幽 / 访古寻幽
* 通幽洞微
* 闡幽 / 阐幽
* 黑色幽默 (hēisè yōumò)
* 黜陟幽明

### References

* “幽”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “幽”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 288.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* dark
* netherworld
* hidden
* confine, imprison

#### Readings

* Go-on: ゆう (yū, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: ゆう (yū, Jōyō)
* Kun: くらい (kurai, 幽い)、かすか (kasuka, 幽か)、かすか (kasuka, 幽)、かそけし (kasokeshi, 幽し)

#### Compounds

* 幽(ゆう)顕(けん) (yūken): dark and bright; the world of dead and living
* 幽(ゆう)閉(へい) (yūhei): to confine
* 幽(ゆう)霊(れい) (yūrei): a ghost
* 幽(ゆう)体(たい)離(り)脱(だつ) (yūtai ridatsu): out-of-body experience

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 幽
* かすか Grade: S
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 幽 – see the following entry. :
| 【かすか】 | [adjective] faint; (of a sight) dim Alternative spellings 微か, 幽か |
(This term, 幽, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

## Korean
### Hanja

幽 • (yu) (hangeul 유, revised yu, McCune–Reischauer yu)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

幽: Hán Nôm readings: u, ù
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.