# crosta
## Catalan
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin crusta (“bark, crust, shell”) (compare Occitan crosta, French croûte, Spanish costra), from Proto-Indo-European *krustós (“hardened”), from *krews- (“to form a crust, begin to freeze”). The /ɔ/ is unexpected and perhaps due to influence from other words with similar meanings.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [ˈkɾɔs.tə]
* IPA: (Valencia) [ˈkɾɔs.ta]
* Audio (Valencia):(file)

### Noun

crosta f (plural crostes)
* crust (any hard surface layer; surface layer of most breads and pastries)
* (geology) crust (outermost solid layer of a planet)
    Synonym: escorça
* rind (hard surface layer of a cheese)
* scab (crust over a wound made from clotted blood)

#### Derived terms

* crosta làctia (“cradle cap”)
* crostera (“scab”)
* crostó (“heel [of bread]”)
* crostós (“crusty”)
* encrostar (“to encrust”)

#### Related terms

* incrustar

### Further reading

* “crosta” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
* “crosta” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
* “crosta”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025

## Galician
### Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese, from Latin crusta, from Proto-Indo-European *krustós (“hardened”), from *krews- (“to form a crust, begin to freeze”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkɾosta/ [ˈkɾos̺.t̪ɐ]
* Rhymes: -osta
* Hyphenation: cros‧ta

### Noun

crosta f (plural crostas)
* crust (any solid, hard surface layer; outer layer of bread and pastry)
    Synonyms: codia, esturia, arneiro, bouta, arna, silro
* (geology) crust (outermost layer of a planet)
    Synonyms: codia, casca, lostra, lastra, cortiza
* scab (incrustation over a wound)
    Synonym: bostela

#### Related terms

* crostoso
* encrostar

### Further reading

* “crosta” in Dicionário Estraviz de galego (2014).

## Irish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkrˠɔs̪ˠt̪ˠə/

### Etymology 1
#### Participle

crosta
* past participle of cros

#### Adjective

crosta
* fractious
* troublesome, difficult
* mischievous, contrary (of child)
* forbidden
    Synonyms: coiscthe, faoi chosc, toirmiscthe

##### Derived terms

* crostacht

#### Noun

crosta m sg
* genitive singular of crosadh

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Preposition

crosta (plus genitive, triggers no mutation)
* across

#### Adverb

crosta
* across

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “crosta”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “crosta”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
* “crosta”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2025

## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkrɔ.sta/, (dialectal) /ˈkro.sta/
* Rhymes: -ɔsta, (dialectal) -osta
* Hyphenation: crò‧sta, (dialectal) cró‧sta

### Etymology 1

From Latin crusta, from Proto-Indo-European *krustós (“hardened”), from *krews- (“to form a crust, begin to freeze”).

#### Noun

crosta f (plural croste)
* crust (of cheese, bread, etc.)
* scab (of a wound)
* daub (bad picture)
* rind

##### Derived terms

* crosta lattea (“cradle cap”)
* crosta terrestre (“Earth's crust”)
* crostare

##### Related terms

* crostoso

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

crosta
* inflection of crostare:
** third-person singular present indicative
** second-person singular imperative

### Further reading

* crosta in Collins Italian-English Dictionary
* crosta in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)
* crosta in Aldo Gabrielli, Grandi Dizionario Italiano (Hoepli)
* crosta in garzantilinguistica.it – Garzanti Linguistica, De Agostini Scuola Spa
* crosta in Dizionario Italiano Olivetti, Olivetti Media Communication
* crosta in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

### Anagrams

* castro, castrò, scarto, scartò, scorta, storca

## Lombard
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkrusta/

### Noun

crosta f
* crust

### Further reading

* crosta on the Lombard Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{lmo}$

## Occitan
### Etymology

From Old Occitan [Term?], from Latin crusta.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkɾustɔ/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

crosta f (plural crostas)
* crust

#### Derived terms

* crostet
* crostilhada
* crostilhar
* crostós
* descrostar

## Portuguese
### Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese, from Latin crusta, from Proto-Indo-European *krustós (“hardened”), from *krews- (“to form a crust, begin to freeze”).

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈkɾos.tɐ/
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈkɾos.tɐ/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /ˈkɾoʃ.tɐ/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˈkɾos.ta/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈkɾoʃ.tɐ/
* Rhymes: (Brazil) -ostɐ, (Portugal) -oʃtɐ
* Hyphenation: cro‧ta

### Noun

crosta f (plural crostas)
* crust (any solid, hard surface layer; outer layer of bread and pastry)
* (geology) crust (outermost layer of a planet)
* scab (incrustation over a wound)
    Synonyms: bostela, casca

#### Related terms

* crosta terrestre
* crostoso

### Further reading

* “crosta”, in iDicionário Aulete (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon Editora Digital, 2008–2025
* “crosta”, in Dicionário inFormal (in Portuguese), 2006–2025
* “crosta” in Dicionário Aberto based on Novo Diccionário da Língua Portuguesa de Cândido de Figueiredo, 1913
* “crosta”, in Dicionário infopédia da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Porto: Porto Editora, 2003–2025
* “crosta”, in Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), São Paulo: Editora Melhoramentos, 2015–2025
* “crosta”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2025

## Scottish Gaelic
### Alternative forms

* crosda

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkʰɾɔs̪t̪ə/

### Adjective

crosta
* cross, irritable, grumpy, grouchy
* naughty, peevish

#### Synonyms

* dranndanach
* gruamach

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Scottish Gaelic. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.