# 謝

| 謝 | U+8B1D, &#35613; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8B1D |
| ← 謜 [U+8B1C] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 謞 → [U+8B1E] |

## Translingual
### Han character

謝 (Kangxi radical 149, 言+10, 17 strokes, cangjie input 卜口竹竹戈 (YRHHI), four-corner 0460$_0$, composition ⿰訁射)

#### Derived characters

* 𫌗

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1176, character 2
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 35827
* Dae Jaweon: page 1640, character 5
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4005, character 21
* Unihan data for U+8B1D

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 謝 | *ljaːɡs |
| 榭 | *ljaːɡs |
| 射 | *ɢljaːɡs, *laːɡs, *ɢljaːɡ, *laːɡ |
| 麝 | *ɢljaːɡs, *ɢljaːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ljaːɡs) : semantic 言 (“word; speech”) + phonetic 射 (OC *ɢljaːɡs, *laːɡs, *ɢljaːɡ, *laːɡ).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): xiè (xie$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄝˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): xie$^4$
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): xiē
    (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): siē
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): ще (xi͡ə, III)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ze$^6$
    (Dongguan, Jyutping++): zoe$^3$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): die$^5$
    (Yangjiang, Jyutping++): ze$^6$
* Gan (Wiktionary): xia$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chhia
    (Hailu, HRS): cia$^˖$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): qia$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): xie$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): siā / ciā
* Eastern Min (BUC): siâ
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): sia$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): siā / sia / chiā
    (Teochew, Peng'im): sia$^7$ / zia$^7$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): xie$^7$ / xia$^1$ / jia$^1$
* Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): zi$^6$
* Wu (Wugniu)
** (Northern): $^6$zhia / $^6$zia / $^6$jia / $^6$ji / $^6$ya
** (Jinhua): $^6$ziaa
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): sie$^4$ / zia$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiè
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄝˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: siè
*** Wade–Giles: hsieh$^4$
*** Yale: syè
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shieh
*** Palladius: се (se)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: xie$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xie
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕiɛ²¹³/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: xiē
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕiɛ⁵⁵/
** (Nanjing)
*** Nanjing Pinyin: siē
*** Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): sie$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /sie⁴⁴/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: ще (xi͡ə, III)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕiə⁴⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ze$^6$
*** Yale: jeh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dze$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zé$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɛː²²/
** (Dongguan, Guancheng)
*** Jyutping++: zoe$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sø³²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: die$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /tiɛ³²/
** (Yangjiang Yue, Jiangcheng)
*** Jyutping++: ze$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ʃɛ⁵⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: xia$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕia¹¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhia
*** Hakka Romanization System: qia
*** Hagfa Pinyim: qia$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰi̯a⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: cia$^˖$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰia³³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: qia$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰia⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: xie$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕie⁴⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: siā / ciā
*** Sinological IPA : /sia⁵⁵/, /t͡sia⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: siâ
*** Sinological IPA : /siɑ²⁴²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: sia$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬia²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Nan'an, Hui'an, Yongchun, Zhangpu, Changtai, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siā
*** Tâi-lô: siā
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sia
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /sia⁴¹/
*** IPA (Nan'an): /sia³¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Yongchun, Changtai, Singapore): /sia²²/
*** IPA (Hui'an): /sia²¹/
*** IPA (Zhangpu, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /sia³³/
** (Hokkien: Longyan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sia
*** Tâi-lô: sia
*** Phofsit Daibuun: siaf
*** IPA (Longyan): /sia³³⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Zhangpu, Changtai, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Sanxia)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiā
*** Tâi-lô: tsiā
*** Phofsit Daibuun: cia
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Changtai): /t͡sia²²/
*** IPA (Zhangpu, Kaohsiung, Tainan): /t͡sia³³/
* Zhangzhou, southern Taiwan:
** siā - literary (all other senses);
** chiā - vernacular (surname).
* Sanxia:
** siā - literary (all senses, including surname);
** chiā - vernacular (also used for surname).
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit謝 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ɕiɛ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ɕiɛ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /ɕie⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /ɕiə²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /siə²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /siɛ³¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /ɕiɛ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /ɕi²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ɕie¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ɕiə¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ɕiɤ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /ɕie³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /ɕie¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /ɕie²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ɕiɛ²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /sie⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /ɕi⁵³/ /se⁵³/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /ɕie⁴⁵/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /ɕie̞³⁵/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /ɕie⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ʑia²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ziɑ³¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /d͡ʑi¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /zei²²/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /t͡sʰe²²/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /t͡sʰiɛ¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /sie⁵⁵/ /t͡sia¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /d͡ziɒ²¹/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /ɕiɑ²¹/ /t͡ɕʰiɑ²¹/ 地名 |
| Hakka | Meixian | /t͡sʰia⁵³/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /t͡sʰiɑ⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /t͡sɛ²²/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /t͡sɛ²²/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /t͡sɛ²²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /sia²²/ /t͡sia²²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /siɑ²⁴²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /t͡sia⁴⁴/ 名 /sia⁴⁴/ 動 |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /sia³¹/ /t͡sia³¹/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /tia³³/ /tiak̚³/ 俗 |
* Middle Chinese: zjaeH
Rime :
| Character | 謝 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 邪 (17) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (100) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 辝夜切 |
| Baxter | zjaeH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /zia$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /zia$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /zia$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /zia$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /zia$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /zĭa$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /zi̯a$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xiè |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ze$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*sə-lAk-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ljaːɡs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 謝 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xiè |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ zjae$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*sə-lAk-s/ |
| English | decline, renounce |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 謝 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 11221 |
| Phonetic component | 射 |
| Rime group | 暮 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 謝 |
| Old Chinese | /*ljaːɡs/ |

### Definitions

謝
* to excuse oneself; to make an apology; to apologise
    謝罪／谢罪 ― xièzuì ― to apologize
    From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Qí jiē yě kě qù, qí xiè yě kě shí. [Pinyin]
    When the other expressed his pity as he did, the man might have gone away. When he apologised, the man might have taken the food
* to decline; to renounce; to refuse
    謝絕／谢绝 ― xièjué ― to decline
    閉門謝客／闭门谢客 ― bìménxièkè ― to close one’s door to visitors
* to modestly decline
* to resign; to stand down
* to take leave; to leave; to say goodbye
    謝世／谢世 ― xièshì ― to pass away (literally, “to leave the world”)
* to tell; to warn
    From: 孔雀東南飛
    Duō xiè hòushì rén, jiè zhī shèn wù wàng. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* to send one's regards to
* to thank; to express gratitude to
    感謝／感谢 ― gǎnxiè ― to thank
    謝天謝地／谢天谢地 ― xiètiānxièdì ― thank goodness (literally, “to thank heaven and earth”)
* thanks; gratitude; gratefulness
* thank you; thanks
* thanks; thank you
    謝謝！／谢谢！ ― Xièxie! ― Thank you!
    多謝救命之恩。／多谢救命之恩。 ― Duōxiè jiùmìngzhī'ēn. ― Thank you for saving my life.
* to thank with a gift; to recompense
* to decline; to wane; to wither
    花謝了。／花谢了。 ― Huā xiè le. ― The flowers have withered.
* to avoid; to avert
* to pass away; to depart this life
* (historical) region of ancient China in present-day Henan
* a surname
    謝長廷／谢长廷 ― Xiè Chángtíng ― Frank Hsieh (ROC (Taiwan) Representative to Japan)
    From: Tang Dynasty, Liu Yuxi, 《烏衣巷》
    Jiùshí Wáng Xiè táng qián yàn, fēi rù xúncháng bǎixìng jiā. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Descendants

* → English: Hsieh, Xie, Tse, Chia, Seah

### Compounds

* 二謝 / 二谢
* 人事代謝 / 人事代谢
* 代謝 / 代谢 (dàixiè)
* 代謝作用 / 代谢作用
* 凋謝 / 凋谢 (diāoxiè)
* 千恩萬謝 / 千恩万谢 (qiān'ēnwànxiè)
* 叩謝 / 叩谢 (kòuxiè)
* 基礎代謝 / 基础代谢 (jīchǔ dàixiè)
* 報謝 / 报谢
* 多謝 / 多谢 (duōxiè)
* 多謝費心 / 多谢费心
* 多謝關照 / 多谢关照
* 大恩不謝 / 大恩不谢
* 婉謝 / 婉谢
* 小謝 / 小谢
* 尺波電謝 / 尺波电谢
* 彫謝 / 雕谢 (diāoxiè)
* 徂謝 / 徂谢 (cúxiè)
* 感謝 / 感谢 (gǎnxiè)
* 拜謝 / 拜谢 (bàixiè)
* 持謝 / 持谢
* 敬謝 / 敬谢
* 敬謝不敏 / 敬谢不敏
* 新陳代謝 / 新陈代谢 (xīnchén dàixiè)
* 杜門謝客 / 杜门谢客
* 杯水之謝 / 杯水之谢
* 檀郎謝女 / 檀郎谢女
* 殂謝 / 殂谢 (cúxiè)
* 水流花謝 / 水流花谢
* 溘然謝世 / 溘然谢世
* 溘謝 / 溘谢
* 王謝 / 王谢
* 璧謝 / 璧谢 (bìxiè)
* 申謝 / 申谢
* 秦樓謝館 / 秦楼谢馆
* 稱謝 / 称谢 (chēngxiè)
* 答謝 / 答谢 (dáxiè)
* 老成凋謝 / 老成凋谢
* 致謝 / 致谢 (zhìxiè)
* 萎謝 / 萎谢 (wěixiè)
* 衰謝 / 衰谢
* 諉謝 / 诿谢 (wěixiè)
* 謝世 / 谢世 (xièshì)
* 謝乏 / 谢乏
* 謝儀 / 谢仪
* 謝公屐 / 谢公屐
* 謝函 / 谢函
* 謝別 / 谢别 (xièbié)
* 謝勒 / 谢勒
* 謝卻 / 谢却
* 謝土 / 谢土
* 謝天謝地 / 谢天谢地 (xiètiānxièdì)
* 謝媒 / 谢媒
* 謝媒錢 / 谢媒钱
* 謝孝 / 谢孝
* 謝安折屐 / 谢安折屐
* 謝客 / 谢客
* 謝屐 / 谢屐
* 謝帖 / 谢帖
* 謝師宴 / 谢师宴 (xièshīyàn)
* 謝幕 / 谢幕 (xièmù)
* 謝忱 / 谢忱 (xièchén)
* 謝恩 / 谢恩 (xiè'ēn)
* 謝意 / 谢意 (xièyì)
* 謝啟 / 谢启
* 謝棚 / 谢棚 (Xièpéng)
* 謝步 / 谢步
* 謝病 / 谢病
* 謝神 / 谢神
* 謝票 / 谢票 (xièpiào)
* 謝禮 / 谢礼 (xièlǐ)
* 謝絕 / 谢绝 (xièjué)
* 謝罪 / 谢罪 (xièzuì)
* 謝落 / 谢落
* 謝表 / 谢表
* 謝詞 / 谢词 (xiècí)
* 謙謝 / 谦谢
* 謝謝 / 谢谢 (xièxie)
* 謝辭 / 谢辞 (xiècí)
* 謝頂 / 谢顶 (xièdǐng)
* 踵謝 / 踵谢
* 辭謝 / 辞谢 (cíxiè)
* 道謝 / 道谢 (dàoxiè)
* 遜謝 / 逊谢 (xùnxiè)
* 避賢謝拙 / 避贤谢拙
* 酬謝 / 酬谢 (chóuxiè)
* 重謝 / 重谢
* 銘謝 / 铭谢
* 銘謝惠顧 / 铭谢惠顾
* 閉門謝客 / 闭门谢客 (bìménxièkè)
* 領謝 / 领谢
* 鳴謝 / 鸣谢 (míngxiè)
* 鳴謝啟事 / 鸣谢启事

### References

* “謝”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)
* apologize
* thank
* refuse

#### Readings

* Go-on: じゃ (ja)
* Kan-on: しゃ (sha, Jōyō)
* Kun: あやまる (ayamaru, 謝る, Jōyō)、わび (wabi)、ことわる (kotowaru, 謝る)

## Korean
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [sʰa̠]
* Phonetic hangul: [사]

### Hanja

Wikisource 謝 (eumhun 사례할 사 (saryehal sa))
* hanja form of 사 (“apologize”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

謝: Hán Nôm readings: tạ
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.