OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# фармакологія
## Ukrainian
### Etymology

Ultimately derived from Ancient Greek φάρμακον (phármakon) + -λογία (-logía), with -ло́гія (-lóhija) ending. Compare Russian фармаколо́гия (farmakológija), Belarusian фармакало́гія (farmakalóhija), Polish farmakologia.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [fɐrmɐkɔˈɫɔɦʲijɐ]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

фармаколо́гія • (farmakolóhija) f inan (genitive фармаколо́гії, uncountable, relational adjective фармакологі́чний)
* pharmacology

#### Related terms

* фармако́лог m (farmakóloh)
* фармакологі́чний (farmakolohíčnyj)
* фармаце́вт m (farmacévt)
* фармаце́втика f (farmacévtyka)
* фармацевти́чний (farmacevtýčnyj)
* фармаці́я f (farmacíja)

### Further reading

* Bilodid, I. K., editor (1970–1980), “фармакологія”, in Словник української мови: в 11 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 11 vols] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka
* “фармакологія”, in Горох – Словозміна [Horokh – Inflection] (in Ukrainian)
* “фармакологія”, in Kyiv Dictionary (in English)
* “фармакологія”, in Словник.ua [Slovnyk.ua] (in Ukrainian)
# barilan
## Tagalog
### Etymology

From baril +‎ -an.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /baˈɾilan/ [bɐˈɾiː.lɐn̪]
* Rhymes: -ilan
* Syllabification: ba‧ri‧lan

### Noun

barilan (Baybayin spelling ᜊᜇᜒᜎᜈ᜔)
* shootout; firefight; gunfight

#### Derived terms

* magbarilan
* makipagbarilan

#### Related terms

* baril-barilan
* barilin
* bumaril
* mamaril
* pagbarilin

### Anagrams

* arnibal
# янах
## Chuvash
### Noun

янах • (janah) (plural янахсем)
* chin

### Further reading

* “янах”, in Электронлă сăмахсар‎ (overall work in Russian and Chuvash), 1996.

## Ukrainian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [jɐˈnax]

### Noun

яна́х • (janáx) m inan or n inan
* locative plural of ян (jan)
# розбестити
## Ukrainian
### Etymology

Probably borrowed from Polish rozbestwić (“to imbrute”). By surface analysis, роз- (roz-) +‎ бе́стія (béstija) +‎ -ити (-yty). Compare Belarusian разбэ́сціць (razbéscicʹ).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [rɔzˈbɛstete]
* Audio:(file)

### Verb

розбе́стити • (rozbéstyty) pf (imperfective розбе́щувати) (transitive)
* to corrupt, to debauch, to deprave, to pervert (erode the moral adherence of; influence someone to behave badly)
    Synonyms: деморалізува́ти pf (demoralizuváty), зіпсува́ти pf (zipsuváty)
* to spoil (ruin the character of by overindulgence; allow to become undisciplined)
    Synonyms: розпе́стити pf (rozpéstyty), розпусти́ти pf (rozpustýty)

#### Derived terms

* розбе́ститися impf (rozbéstytysja)
* розбе́щений (rozbéščenyj)
* розбе́щеність f (rozbéščenistʹ)
* розбе́щення n (rozbéščennja)

### References

* ↑ Melnychuk, O. S., editor (2006), “розбестити”, in Етимологічний словник української мови [Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Ukrainian), volume 5 (Р – Т), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, →ISBN

### Further reading

* Bilodid, I. K., editor (1970–1980), “розбестити”, in Словник української мови: в 11 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 11 vols] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka
* “розбестити”, in Горох – Словозміна [Horokh – Inflection] (in Ukrainian)
* “розбестити”, in Kyiv Dictionary (in English)
* “розбестити”, in Словник.ua [Slovnyk.ua] (in Ukrainian)
# анілін
## Ukrainian
### Alternative forms

* анілі́на (anilína) — 1928-1933 spelling

### Etymology

Borrowed from French aniline.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɐnʲiˈlʲin]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -in
* Hyphenation: ані‧лін

### Noun

анілі́н • (anilín) m inan (genitive анілі́ну, uncountable, relational adjective анілі́новий)
* (organic chemistry) aniline (the simplest aromatic amine)

#### Declension
### Further reading

* Shyrokov, V. A., editor (2010–2023), “анілін”, in Словник української мови: у 20 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 20 vols] (in Ukrainian), volumes 1–14 (а – префере́нція), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka; Ukrainian Lingua-Information Fund, →ISBN
* “анілін”, in Kyiv Dictionary (in English)
* “анілін”, in Словник.ua [Slovnyk.ua] (in Ukrainian)
* “анілін”, in Горох – Словозміна [Horokh – Inflection] (in Ukrainian)
# 敲油
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): khau-yù
    (Hailu, HRS): kau$^ˇ$ rhiu
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khà-iû
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khau-yù
*** Hakka Romanization System: kau iu$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kau$^4$ yiu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰau̯⁵⁵ i̯u¹¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khau-yù
*** Hakka Romanization System: kau (r)iu$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kau$^4$ yiu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰau̯⁵⁵ (j)i̯u¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: kau$^ˇ$ rhiu
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰau¹¹ ʒiu⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khà-iû
*** Tâi-lô: khà-iû
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qariuu
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰa²¹⁻⁵³ iu²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰa⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ iu²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰa²¹⁻⁵³ iu¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰa¹¹⁻⁵³ iu²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰa²¹⁻⁴¹ iu²³/

### Verb

敲油
* (Taiwanese Hokkien, Taiwanese Hakka) to get petty advantages at somebody's expense

#### Synonyms

* 揩油 (kāiyóu)

### References

* “Entry #10545”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.
* “Entry #10781”, in 臺灣客語辭典 [Dictionary of Taiwan Hakka] (overall work in Chinese and Hakka), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2022.
# طربوش
## Arabic
### Etymology

Found from the sixteenth century, variant of شَرْبُوش (šarbūš). The dissimilation is speculated to have been motivated by Kipchak تر (tär, “sweat”), the headpiece being fit to conceal (بوش (pôš)) perspiration.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tˤar.buːʃ/

### Noun

طَرْبُوش • (ṭarbūš) m (plural طَرَابِيش (ṭarābīš))
* fez, tarboosh
    Synonyms: شَاشِيَّة (šāšiyya), (Al-Andalus) غِفَارَة (ḡifāra), فَاس (fās)

#### Descendants

* → Armenian: թարբուշ (tʻarbuš)
* → English: tarboosh
* → French: tarbouche
* → German: Tarbusch
* → Hebrew: תַּרְבּוּשׁ (tarbūš)
* → Italian: tarbuscio
* → Malay: tarbus
* → Ottoman Turkish: طرپوش (tarpuş)
** Turkish: tarpuş
* → Polish: tarbusz
* → Russian: тарбуш (tarbuš)
* → Swahili: tarbushi

### Further reading

* Björkman, Walther (2000) “Tulband section Ṭarbūsh”, in Encyclopaedia of Islam. Second Edition, volume 10, Leiden: Brill, pages 614–615 (unchanged since the first edition 1936 sub voce Turban)
* Dozy, Reinhart Pieter Anne (1845) Dictionnaire détaillé des noms des vêtements chez les arabes‎ (in French), Amsterdam: Jean Müller, pages 250–254
# ܬܘܪܟܡܢܣܛܢ
## Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
### Etymology

Possibly from Arabic تُرْكُمَانِسْتَان (turkumānistān).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard) IPA: [turkmaːnɪstˤaːn]

### Proper noun

ܬܘܼܪܟܡܵܢܸܣܛܵܢ • (turkmānisṭān) f
* Turkmenistan (a country in Central Asia)

#### Derived terms

* ܬܘܼܪܟܡܵܢܸܣܛܵܢܵܝܵܐ (turkmānisṭānāyā, “Turkmenistani”)

#### Related terms

* ܬܘܼܪܟܡܵܢܵܝܵܐ (turkmānāyā, “Turkmen”)
# Maranao
## English
### Etymology

From Maranao Mëranaw (“people of the lake”).

### Proper noun

Maranao
* An indigenous people residing in the Lanao province region of the Philippine island of Mindanao.
* (linguistics) An Austronesian language spoken by the Maranao people.
# 莫怪
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): mo̍k-koai
    (Hailu, HRS): mog$^ˋ$ guai$^ˇ$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): bo̍k-koài
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mo̍k-koai
*** Hakka Romanization System: mog guai
*** Hagfa Pinyim: mog$^6$ guai$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /mok̚⁵ ku̯ai̯⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: mog$^ˋ$ guai$^ˇ$
*** Sinological IPA: /mok² kuai¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bo̍k-koài
*** Tâi-lô: bo̍k-kuài
*** Phofsit Daibuun: bogkoaix
*** IPA (Xiamen): /bɔk̚⁴⁻³² kuai²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /bɔk̚²⁴⁻² kuai⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kuai²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /bɔk̚⁴⁻³² kuai¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /bɔk̚⁴⁻³² kuai²¹/

### Adverb

莫怪
* (Hokkien, Taiwanese Hakka) no wonder; small wonder

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 難怪, 怪不得 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 難怪, 怪不得 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 怪道 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 怪不當的 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 怪不得 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 怪道 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 怪道是, 怪不是 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 怪不得, 怪直不得 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 怪不道, 怪道 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 難怪, 唔怪得, 唔怪得之, 唔怪之得, 唔怪之, 唔怪, 怪唔之得, 怪唔得之, 怪唔之, 怪唔得, 怪之得, 怪得之, 怪之, 怪得 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 難怪, 唔怪得, 唔怪之, 唔怪之得, 唔怪得之, 怪唔得, 怪唔之, 怪唔之得, 怪唔得之, 怪之得 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 唔怪得, 唔怪之 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 唔怪得, 唔怪之得, 怪不得 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 難怪 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 難怪, 怪不得 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 難怪, 唔怪得 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 難怪, 莫怪 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 難怪, 莫怪 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 難怪, 莫怪 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 難怪, 莫怪 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 難怪, 莫怪 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Zhuolan; Raoping) | 難怪 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 難怪, 莫怪 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 難怪, 怪不得 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 怨不得 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 莫怪, 較加 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 莫怪 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 莫怪 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 莫怪, 𣍐怪得, 較加 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 難怪, 無怪 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 無怪 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 怪知得 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 怪勿得, 難怪 |
| Wu | Danyang | 怪弗到 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 難怪唧 |

### References

* “Entry #7826”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.
* “Entry #12426”, in 臺灣客語辭典 [Dictionary of Taiwan Hakka] (overall work in Chinese and Hakka), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2022.
# клюмба
## Ukrainian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈklʲumbɐ]
* Hyphenation: клюм‧ба

### Noun

клю́мба • (kljúmba) f inan (genitive клю́мби, nominative plural клю́мби, genitive plural клюмб)
* 1928–1933 spelling of клу́мба (klúmba, “flowerbed”), which was deprecated in the orthography reform of 1933

#### Declension
### Further reading

* A. Rysin, V. Starko, Yu. Marchenko, O. Telemko, et al. (compilers, 2007–2022), “клюмба”, in Russian-Ukrainian Dictionaries
# acrotomophilia
## English
### Etymology

From the Ancient Greek ἀκρότομος (akrótomos, “having the top cut off”) + φιλία (philía). Compare acrotomous.

### Noun

acrotomophilia (uncountable)
* (psychology) A paraphilia involving sexual attraction toward amputees.
** 1985, United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Juvenile Justice, Effect of pornography on women and children:You have to already be afflicted with the syndrome of acrotomophilia (which has its genesis in childhood) in order to be turned-on by amputation stumps.
** 1987, Psychological abstracts, volume 74:Although there is no adequate explanation of the etiology of acrotomophilia, evidence points to a developmental onset in early childhood...
** 1990, John Money, Gay, Straight, and In-Between: The Sexology of Erotic Orientation:...the fetishistic attachment is not to an object but to a part of the partner's body, for example the hair or, in the case of acrotomophilia, the stump of an amputated limb.

#### Usage notes

The plausible antonym *acrotomophobia is not used for “fear or dislike of amputees” (the -philia refers only to a paraphilia); rather, the term apotemnophobia (antonym of apotemnophilia) is used.

#### Coordinate terms

* apotemnophilia
# Ганнібаль
## Ukrainian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɦɐnʲːiˈbalʲ]
* Hyphenation: Ган‧ні‧баль

### Proper noun

Ганніба́ль • (Hannibálʹ) m inan (genitive Ганніба́ля, uncountable)
* 1928–1933 spelling of Ганніба́л (Hannibál, “Hannibal”), which was deprecated in the orthography reform of 1933
# assecula
## Latin
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Noun

assecula m or f (genitive asseculae); first declension
* follower
* attendant, servant
* sycophant

#### Declension

First-declension noun.

### See also

* adsecula

### References

* assecula in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
# umano
## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /uˈma.no/
* Rhymes: -ano
* Hyphenation: u‧mà‧no

### Etymology 1

From Latin hūmānus, from homō.

#### Adjective

umano (feminine umana, masculine plural umani, feminine plural umane, superlative umanissimo)
* human
* humane, compassionate

#### Noun

umano m (plural umani, feminine umana)
* human being
* (poetic, usually in the plural) mankind, human race

##### Related terms

* diritti umani
* disumano
* inumano
* metaumano
* sovrumano
* umanamente
* umanazione
* umanesimo, umanismo
* umanista
* umanità
* umanitario
* umanizzare
* uomo

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

umano
* first-person singular present indicative of umanare

## Tagalog
### Alternative forms

* omano — obsolete, Spanish-based orthography

### Etymology

From um- +‎ ano.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ʔumaˈno/ [ʔʊ.mɐˈn̪o]
* Rhymes: -o
* Syllabification: u‧ma‧no

### Verb

umanó (complete umano, progressive umaano, contemplative aano, Baybayin spelling ᜂᜋᜈᜓ) (colloquial)
* to do something or anything whose actual word for the verb is something the speaker cannot express, or context is enough to derive the meaning
    Umano nang malakas kanina kaya baha dito.The thing happened strongly a while ago so it's flooded here.
    Umano ka roon?What did you do there? or Did you do that there?
    Ikaw ba ang batang umano sa pader?Are you the kid that did that to the wall?
* complete aspect of umano

#### Conjugation
### Adverb

umanó (Baybayin spelling ᜂᜋᜈᜓ)
* allegedly
    Synonyms: daw, raw, diumano, kuno, dikuno
    Sila umano ang gumawa ng krimen.They allegedly did the crime.

#### Derived terms

* diumano
* paumanhin

### Further reading

* “umano”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018
# dopo
## Catalan
### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central) [ˈdo.pu]
* IPA: (Balearic, Valencia) [ˈdo.po]

### Verb

dopo
* first-person singular present indicative of dopar

## Italian
### Alternative forms

* doppo (obsolete)

### Etymology

From Vulgar Latin dē post.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈdo.po/, /ˈdɔ.po/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -opo, -ɔpo
* Hyphenation: dó‧po, dò‧po

### Adverb

dopo
* after, later

### Preposition

dopo
* after
    Vediamo il ristorante dopo un chilometro. ― We see the restaurant after a kilometer.

### Conjunction

dopo
* then

#### Derived terms

* a dopo
* dopo che, dopoché
* dopobarba
* dopocena
* dopodiché
* dopodomani
* dopoelezioni
* dopoguerra
* dopolavoro
* dopolistino
* dopopartita
* dopopranzo
* doposcì
* doposcuola
* doposole
* dopoteatro
* dopotutto

#### Related terms

* poi

### References

* ↑ dopo in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)

## Maranao
### Noun

dopo
* flag

### References

* A Maranao Dictionary, by Howard P. McKaughan and Batua A. Macaraya

## Portuguese
### Verb

dopo
* first-person singular present indicative of dopar

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈdopo/ [ˈd̪o.po]
* Rhymes: -opo
* Syllabification: do‧po

### Verb

dopo
* first-person singular present indicative of dopar

## Venetan
### Etymology

From Early Venetan da(s)pò~dapoi~daspuò, from Vulgar Latin dē post. The modern form no doubt reflects influence from Italian dopo.

### Preposition

dopo
* after

### References

* Ferguson, Ronnie. 2007. A linguistic history of Venice. Florence: Olschki. Page 129.
# kaudo
## Ido
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin cauda (“tail”).

### Noun

kaudo (plural kaudi)
* tail (appendage)

#### Derived terms

* kauda
* kaudala (“caudal”)
* kaudego
* kaudeto (“bobtail”)
# bourgeoisie
## English
### Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from French bourgeoisie, from bourgeois (“a class of citizens who were wealthier members of the Third Estate”), from bourgeois, “burghers”, i.e., townspeople.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˌbʊə(ɹ)ʒwɑːˈziː/
* Audio (Canada):(file)

### Noun

bourgeoisie (usually uncountable, plural bourgeoisies)
* (historical) A class of citizens who were wealthier members of the third estate.
** For quotations using this term, see Citations:bourgeoisie.
* (Marxism) The capitalist class.
** For quotations using this term, see Citations:bourgeoisie.

#### Derived terms

* booboisie
* bougie
* bourgeoisitic
* bourgie
* dictatorship of the bourgeoisie
* épater la bourgeoisie
* haute bourgeoisie
* hipoisie
* narcobourgeoisie
* national bourgeoisie, comprador bourgeoisie
* petite bourgeoisie, petty bourgeoisie
* red bourgeoisie
* schmooseoisie

#### Translations
## Dutch
### Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from French bourgeoisie.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˌbur.ʒʋaːˈzi/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: bour‧geoi‧sie
* Rhymes: -i

### Noun

bourgeoisie f (plural bourgeoisieën)
* bourgeoisie
    Synonyms: burgerklasse, gegoede burgerij

#### Descendants

* → Indonesian: borjuasi

## French
### Etymology

Inherited from Old French bourgesie, borgoisie (“citizenship”). By surface analysis, bourgeois +‎ -ie.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /buʁ.ʒwa.zi/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

bourgeoisie f (plural bourgeoisies)
* bourgeoisie

#### Derived terms

* petite bourgeoisie
* grande bourgeoisie

#### Descendants

* → Arabic: برجوازية (burjuwāziyya)
* → Chinese: 布爾喬亞 / 布尔乔亚 (bù'ěrqiáoyà, bù'ěrqiáoyǎ)
* → Czech: buržoazie
* → Danish: bourgeoisi
* → English: bourgeoisie
* → Dutch: bourgeoisie
* → German: Bourgeoisie
* → Greek: μπουρζουαζία (bourzouazía)
* → Macedonian: буржуазија (buržuazija)
* → Lithuanian: buržuazija
* → Polish: burżuazja
* → Romanian: burghezie
* → Russian: буржуазия (buržuazija)
** → Armenian: բուրժուազիա (buržuazia)
** → Azerbaijani: burjuaziya
** → Georgian: ბურჟუაზია (buržuazia)
** → Kazakh: буржуазия (burjuaziä)
* → Serbo-Croatian:
    Cyrillic script: буржоазија
    Latin script: buržoazija
* → Slovene: buržoazija
* → Swedish: bourgeoisie
* → Turkish: burjuvazi

### Further reading

* “bourgeoisie”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Swedish
### Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from French bourgeoisie.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bɔɕɔ̯asiː/

### Noun

bourgeoisie c (uncountable)
* a bourgeoisie
    Synonym: borgerskap

#### See also

* borgare

### References

* bourgeoisie in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
# bottleneck
## English
### Etymology

From bottle +‎ neck.

### Pronunciation

* Audio (US):(file)

### Noun

bottleneck (plural bottlenecks)
* The narrow portion that forms the pouring spout of a bottle; the neck of a bottle.
** (music) A portion of a bottleneck placed on the finger and used as a guitar slide.
* (figurative) In traffic, any narrowing of the road, especially resulting in a delay.
** 1962 October, “Talking of Trains: The collisions at Connington”, in Modern Railways, page 232:"Permissive" working allows more than one train to be in a block section at one time but trains must be run at low speed in order to stop on sight behind the train in front. Such working is often authorised to allow freight trains to "bunch" together to await a path through a bottleneck instead of being strung out over several block sections, as would be necessary if absolute working were in force.
** 2020 December 2, Andy Coward, “New-look Reading is willing and able”, in Rail, pages 58, 59:At one time, Reading was regarded as a notorious bottleneck in the rail network, almost incapable of managing the number of services that needed to pass through the station each day. [...] A road widening scheme at Cow Lane has also allowed two-way traffic to run beneath the railway for the first time, helping to remove a notorious road traffic bottleneck in the town.
* (by extension) The part of a process that is too slow or cumbersome.
    It is easy to create entries; processing the paperwork is the bottleneck.
    The bottleneck in this computer program is the inefficient sorting process; we should replace it with a faster one.

#### Derived terms

* antibottleneck
* bottleneck guitar
* bottleneck inflation
* debottleneck
* deuterium bottleneck
* genetic bottleneck, population bottleneck
* postbottleneck
* prebottleneck

#### Translations
### Verb

bottleneck (third-person singular simple present bottlenecks, present participle bottlenecking, simple past and past participle bottlenecked)
* (transitive) To slow by causing a bottleneck.
    The merge bottlenecked the traffic every morning.
* (intransitive) To form a bottleneck.
    The traffic bottlenecked at the merge every morning.

#### Translations
### Further reading

* bottleneck on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* “bottleneck”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
# 발음
## Korean
### Etymology

Sino-Korean word from 發音, from 發 (“to emit”) + 音 (“sound”).

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [pa̠ɾɯm]
* Phonetic hangul: [바름]

### Noun

발음 • (bareum) (hanja 發音)
* (linguistics) pronunciation

#### Derived terms

* 발음(發音)되다 (bareumdoeda)
* 발음(發音)하다 (bareumhada, “to pronounce”)
* 상반발음(上反發音) (sangbanbareum)
# changer
## English
### Etymology

Inherited from Middle English chaungere, chaungeour (“moneychanger”); equivalent to change +‎ -er.

### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈt͡ʃeɪnd͡ʒə/
* (General American) IPA: /ˈt͡ʃeɪnd͡ʒɚ/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)

### Noun

changer (plural changers)
* Someone or something who changes things.
* Someone or something that changes or transforms itself.
* A moneychanger; a person employed in changing or discounting money.

#### Usage notes

* Usually used together with another noun, eg, automatic tool changer, shape changer, mind changer.

#### Derived terms

* autochanger
* career changer
* CD changer
* channel changer
* diaper changer
* gamechanger, game changer
* gender changer
* money changer
* multichanger
* namechanger
* no changer
* record changer
* shapechanger
* tap changer
* voice changer

## French
### Etymology

From Old French changier. Cognate with Norman changi, Walloon candjî.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃɑ̃.ʒe/
* Audio:(file)
* Homophones: changeai, changé, changée, changées, changés, changez

### Verb

changer
* (transitive) to exchange (something)
* (transitive) to change (money, a job, one's circumstances etc.)
* (transitive) to change, alter (something en into)
* (transitive) to change (a diaper)
* (intransitive) to change
* (pronominal) to change (one's clothes), get changed

#### Conjugation

This is a regular -er verb, but the stem is written change- before endings that begin with -a- or -o- (to indicate that the -g- is a "soft" /ʒ/ and not a "hard" /ɡ/). This spelling change occurs in all verbs in -ger, such as neiger and manger.

#### Derived terms

* change
* changeable
* changement
* changer de bord
* changer de cheval au milieu du gué
* changer de crèmerie
* changer de crémerie
* changer de disque
* changer de mains
* changer de refrain
* changer de registre
* changer d’air
* changer d’avis
* changer d’avis comme de chemise
* changer la donne
* changer son fusil d’épaule
* changeur
* inchangé
* plus ça change, plus c’est la même chose
* se changer les idées

#### Related terms

* échange
* échanger

### Further reading

* “changer”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Old French
### Verb

changer
* Alternative form of changier

#### Conjugation

This verb conjugates as a first-group verb ending in -er. In the present tense an extra supporting e is needed in the first-person singular indicative and throughout the singular subjunctive, and the third-person singular subjunctive ending -t is lost. In addition, g becomes j before an a or an o to keep the /dʒ/ sound intact. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.