# 曳

| 曳 | U+66F3, &#26355; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-66F3 |
| ← 曲 [U+66F2] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 更 → [U+66F4] |

## Translingual
### Han character

曳 (Kangxi radical 73, 曰+2, 6 strokes, cangjie input 中田心 (LWP), four-corner 5000$_6$)

#### Derived characters

* 𠈐, 㖂, 𡜄, 𫲥, 𢂝, 𢘽, 拽, 洩, 㹭, 栧, 𤤺, 𦛈, 𭾫, 䄿, 𧙟, 𥹞, 絏, 䎈, 𦓕, 𧊣, 𡲝, 䛖, 𧻭, 跩, 𨋯, 𨱽, 𠻇, 𡲭, 𫒗, 𩊒, 𩎥, 𤲼, 𧽈, 齥(𱌱)
* 𨒧, 𧽇, 𪀕, 䒶, 䇩, 𦐪, 𩬲, 㡼, 𤵺, 曵, 𭽘, 𡲕, 𡲿
* (mirrored) 更, 㤤, 㻀, 茰, 䛕

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 502, character 4
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14282
* Dae Jaweon: page 874, character 1
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1486, character 5
* Unihan data for U+66F3

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 曳 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 洩 | *leds |
| 曳 | *leds, *led |
| 拽 | *led |
Possibly ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : 𦥑 (“two hands”) + 人 (“person”) – two hands dragging a person. Compare 臾.
Alternatively, Shuowen interprets the character as a phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *leds, *led) : semantic 申 + phonetic 𠂆.

### Etymology 1

Possibly related to 抴 (OC *lebs, *led, “to pull”) (Wang, 1982; Schuessler, 2007).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yè, yì
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄝˋ, ㄧˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jai$^6$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): ia̍t / è
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yè
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄝˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yè
*** Wade–Giles: yeh$^4$
*** Yale: yè
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yeh
*** Palladius: е (je)
*** Sinological IPA : /jɛ⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yì
*** Zhuyin: ㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yì
*** Wade–Giles: i$^4$
*** Yale: yì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yih
*** Palladius: и (i)
*** Sinological IPA : /i⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jai$^6$
*** Yale: yaih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jai$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yei$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɐi̯²²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ia̍t
*** Tâi-lô: ia̍t
*** Phofsit Daibuun: iat
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /iɛt̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /iɛt̚²⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /iɛt̚⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: è
*** Tâi-lô: è
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ex
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /e²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /e¹¹/
* Middle Chinese: yejH
Rime :
| Character | 曳 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 以 (36) |
| Final (韻) | 祭 (35) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 餘制切 |
| Baxter | yejH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /jiᴇi$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /jiɛi$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /jæi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /jiaj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /iɛi$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /jĭɛi$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /i̯ɛi$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jai$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*leds/, /*led/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 曳 | 曳 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 14813 | 14815 |
| Phonetic component | 曳 | 曳 |
| Rime group | 祭 | 月 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 曵 | 抴 |
| Old Chinese | /*leds/ | /*led/ |

#### Definitions

曳
* to drag; to pull
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Tián rán gǔ zhī, bīng rèn jì jiē, qì jiǎ yè bīng ér zǒu. [Pinyin]
    The soldiers move forward to the sound of the drums; and after their weapons have been crossed, on one side they throw away their coats of mail, trail their arms behind them, and run.
    Synonyms: 拽 (zhuài), 拖 (tuō), 拉 (lā)
* (literary) to float in the wind; to sway
* (obsolete) tired; fatigued

#### Compounds

* 心旌搖曳 / 心旌摇曳
* 扯曳
* 拖曳 (tuōyè)
* 拉曳
* 拖曳傘 / 拖曳伞
* 拖曳機 / 拖曳机
* 掣曳
* 搖曳 / 摇曳 (yáoyè)
* 搖曳生姿 / 摇曳生姿
* 曳光彈 / 曳光弹 (yèguāngdàn)
* 曳剌
* 曳婁 / 曳娄
* 曳尾塗中 / 曳尾涂中
* 曳尾泥塗 / 曳尾泥涂
* 曳引機 / 曳引机
* 曳引車 / 曳引车
* 曳曳 (yèyè)
* 曳步
* 曳白
* 曳落河
* 曳裾王門 / 曳裾王门
* 曳踵
* 棄甲曳兵 / 弃甲曳兵
* 臨風搖曳 / 临风摇曳
* 衣不曳地 (yībùyèdì)
* 迎風搖曳 / 迎风摇曳
* 隨風搖曳 / 随风摇曳

### Etymology 2

Compare Zhuang yaez (“inferior”).

#### Pronunciation

* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jai$^5$ / jai$^4$ / jai$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): yai$^3$ / yai$^{3*}$
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jai$^5$ / jai$^4$ / jai$^1$
*** Yale: yáih / yàih / yāi
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jai$^5$ / jai$^4$ / jai$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yei$^5$ / yei$^4$ / yei$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɐi̯¹³/, /jɐi̯²¹/, /jɐi̯⁵⁵/
* jai4 - “inferior”;
* jai1 - “naughty” (often childish).

#### Definitions

曳
* (Cantonese) inferior; of poor quality
** 1912, James Dyer Ball, How to Speak Cantonese, fourth edition, Hongkong: Kelly & Walsh, pages 76–77:
       gei$^2$ si$^{4-2}$ jau$^5$ haa$^6$ mun$^4$ bo$^1$ luk$^1$ ni$^1$? ngo$^5$ hou$^2$ zung$^1$ ji$^3$ sik$^6$ gaa$^3$. cim$^3$ lo$^{4-2}$ ge$^3$ mou$^5$ gam$^3$ hou$^2$, bun$^2$ dei$^{6-2}$ jau$^6$ hou$^2$ jai$^4$ ge$^3$. [Jyutping]
       When shall we get Amoy pumeloes? I like them very much. The Siamese ones are not as good, and the Cantonese are very bad.
** 1962, 吳文浩, directed by 吳回, 難得有情郎 [It's Hard to Get a Loving Man]‎, spoken by 劉宗漢 (周驄 [Chow Chung]):
       ngo$^5$ zyun$^1$ dang$^1$ wan$^2$ gin$^6$ jai$^5$ di$^1$ ga$^3$ wo$^3$. [Jyutping]
       I was deliberately looking for something [a jacket] of poorer quality.
* (Cantonese) naughty; ill-behaved; unruly
** (Can we date this quote?), “布公仔歌”, 鄭國江 [Cheng Kwok Kong] (lyrics), 顧家煇 [Joseph Koo] (music)‎:
       zau$^6$ syun$^3$ ngo$^5$ hou$^2$ jai$^5$ mok$^6$ faat$^3$ nau$^1$ [Jyutping]
       Even if I'm really naughty, don't get mad
** 2023, “Blue Monkey”, Oscar (lyrics), 陳卓賢 [Ian Chan] (music)‎performed by 江𤒹生 [Anson Kong]:
       zam$^2$ waan$^{4-2}$ zi$^3$ wui$^5$ gang$^3$ gaa$^1$ jai$^5$ [Jyutping]
       How should one play to be naughtier?

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 頑皮, 調皮, 淘氣 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 皮, 淘氣, 淘, 猴, 猴兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 皮, 調皮, 頑皮, 淘氣 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Langfang | 調皮 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 頑皮 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 皮, 淘, 猴兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 調皮 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 調皮 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 費 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 調皮 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 調皮, 皮, 淘 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Daming | 費勁 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 匪, 淘氣, 俏皮, 皮 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 皮臉 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 淘氣, 費, 千方兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 神, 調皮, 淘氣 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 淘氣 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 跳皮 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 跳皮 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 調皮, 皮 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 犯厭 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 調皮, 皮, 頑皮 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 跳皮, 百厭, 韌皮, 曳, 反斗, 星君, 扭計, 扭紋, 壞, 煞氣, 頑皮 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 跳皮, 百厭, 韌皮, 曳, 反斗, 壞, 星君, 犯神 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 百厭 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 頑皮 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 百厭 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 懆 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 跳皮 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 曳, 跳皮, 百厭 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 韌皮 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 跳皮 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 百厭 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 曳, 跳皮, 百厭 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 曳 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 百厭 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 跳皮, 百厭 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 頑皮 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 壞, 跳皮 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 壞 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 百厭, 壞 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 百厭 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 百厭 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 百厭 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 壞賞, 壞, 曳, 搞家, 譑蠻, 飛耍, 惡教, 匪類, 扭紋 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 壞賞, 壞 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 壞鬼 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 韌皮 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 曳, 百厭 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 百厭, 跳皮 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 跳皮, 蠻皮 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 跳皮, 百厭, 牛骨, 頑皮 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 韌皮, 百厭, 百跳 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 頑, 牛骨 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 跳皮, 勿乖 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 頑皮 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 韌皮 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 扭計, 曳, 百厭 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 調皮, 頑皮 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 蠻皮, 蠻, 番綻, 綻頭, 綻皮, 綻, 懆, 跳皮 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 蠻, 懆 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 頑皮 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 調皮, 綻頭, 懆 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 頑皮 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 跳皮 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 跳皮 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 綻, 懆 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 賤 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 頑皮 |
| Hakka | Changting | 綻, 懆 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 綻, 懆 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 綻 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 綻, 懆 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 浪綻, 懆 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 綻, 孽 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 綻, 頑皮 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 番綻, 蠻皮, 綻頭, 孱頭, 牛, 賤, 調皮, 當牛 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 殘, 牛, 賤, 調皮, 蓋牛 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 番綻, 蠻綻, 綻, 綻頭, 孱頭, 牛, 賤, 調皮, 當牛 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 番綻, 綻頭, 牛, 賤, 調皮, 當牛 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 番綻, 綻頭, 綻剁頭, 牛, 賤, 調皮, 當牛 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 狡怪, 番, 賤頭, 牛, 牛頭, 牛獗, 賤, 真牛 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 頑皮 |
| Hakka | Luchuan (Daqiao) | 跳皮 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 跳皮 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 頑皮 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 調皮 |
| Jin | Handan | 費 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 刁皮, 韌皮 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 刁皮, 楞蟶 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 調皮 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 孽, 孽潲, 孽唆, 跳鬼, 刁皮, 跳限, 跳塌, 賤, 歹死, 揲, 揲篤, 皮 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 孽, 孽潲, 孽唆, 跳鬼, 賤, 歹死, 皮 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 孽, 孽潲, 賤, 歹, 歹死, 皮 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 賤 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 賤 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 狡怪 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 孽潲 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 孽潲 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 作孽, 孽, 孽潲 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 孽潲 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 孽 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 狡怪 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 孽, 怪孽, 歹死 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 孽, 孽死, 孽潲, 賤, 歹死 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 歹死, 孽, 孽潲 |
| Southern Min | Zhangping (Yongfu) | 調皮, 惡蠻, 蠻 |
| Southern Min | Pingnan (Shangdu) | 頑皮 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 燦頭 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 野, 野死, 好耍, 頑皮 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 跳皮 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 孬 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 跳皮 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Dahe) | 頑皮, 跳皮 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 頑皮, 皮, 賴皮, 搨皮, 淘氣 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 厭, 調皮, 頑皮 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 皮, 調皮, 厭 |
| Wu | Wuxi | 厭, 皮 |
| Wu | Danyang | 調皮, 皮 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 厭, 調皮 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 皮 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 調皮, 皮, 皮蚩, 蠻, 惡 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 調皮, 皮, 皮面 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 跳皮, 跳夾 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 跳皮, 頑皮 |
| Xiang | Quanzhou | 頑皮 |

##### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “naughty”): (Cantonese) 乖 (gwaai1)

#### Compounds

* 曳曳 (yèyè)

### References

* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A01832
* “曳”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* drag, pull

#### Readings

(Can we verify this pronunciation?)
* Go-on: えい (ei)
* Kan-on: えい (ei)
* Kun: ひき (hiki, 曳)、ひく (hiku, 曳く)

#### Compounds

* 曳舞(ひきまい) (hikimai)
* 曳(ひき)家(や) (hikiya)
* 曳(ひ)き山(やま) (hikiyama)
* 媾曳(あいびき) (aibiki)
* 尾(オ)曳(ヒキ) (ohiki)
* 車(くるま)曳(びき) (kuruma-biki)
* 錏(しころ)曳(びき) (shikoro-biki)
* 蓑曳(ミノヒキ) (minohiki)
* 羽(は)曳(びき)野(の) (Habikino)
* 虫曳(ムシヒキ)虻(アブ) (mushihiki abu)

#### Usage notes

Used in Old Japanese as 借音 (shakuon) kana for ⟨ye⟩.

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 曳
* えい Jinmeiyō
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 曳 (MC yejH).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [e̞ː]

#### Affix

曳(えい) • (ei)
* drag; pull

##### Derived terms

* 曳曳(えいえい) (eiei)
* 曳行(えいこう) (eikō)
* 曳航(えいこう) (eikō)
* 曳光弾(えいこうだん) (eikōdan)
* 曳索(えいさく) (eisaku)
* 曳船(えいせん) (eisen)
* 曳白(えいはく) (eihaku)
* 曳尾(えいび) (eibi)
* 曳裂(えいれつ) (eiretsu)
* 牽曳(けんえい) (ken'ei)
* 輓曳(ばんえい)競馬(けいば) (ban'ei keiba)
* 揺曳(ようえい) (yōei)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 曳
* ひき Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
* For pronunciation and definitions of 曳 – see the following entry: ひき
(The following entry is uncreated: ひき.)

## Korean
### Hanja

曳 (eum 예 (ye))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

曳: Hán Nôm readings: dấy
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.