# permafrost
## English
### Etymology

From perma- +‎ frost.

### Pronunciation

* (US) IPA: /ˈpɝməˌfɹɔst/
* Audio (US):(file)

### Noun

permafrost (countable and uncountable, plural permafrosts)
* Permanently frozen ground, or a specific layer thereof.
** 2003, Johannes C. Nonner, Introduction to Hydrogeology, →ISBN, page 157:Nevertheless, the water molecule is present, as ice, in a solid form in frozen soils or permafrosts, which cover large regions characterised by a polar climate.
** 2015 July 21, Christopher R. Penton et al., “Denitrifying and diazotrophic community responses to artificial warming in permafrost and tallgrass prairie soils”, in Frontiers in Microbiology‎, volume 6, →DOI:In agreement with our overall trends within the permafrost samples, lower nirK and nirS and higher nosZ diversity have been identified in cryoturbated peat vs. unturbated peat soils (Palmer and Horn, 2012 ).

#### Derived terms

* permafrosted

#### See also

* cryogenesis

### Anagrams

* preformats

## Dutch
### Etymology

Borrowed from English permafrost.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpɛr.maːˌfrɔst/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: per‧ma‧frost

### Noun

permafrost m (uncountable)
* permafrost

## French
### Etymology

From perma- +‎ frost.

### Noun

permafrost m (plural permafrosts)
* permafrost

### Further reading

* “permafrost”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

From English permafrost.

### Noun

permafrost m (definite singular permafrosten, uncountable)
* permafrost

### References

* “permafrost” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
* “permafrost” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

Borrowed from English permafrost.

### Noun

permafrost m (definite singular permafrosten, uncountable)
* permafrost

### References

* “permafrost” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /peʁ.maˈfɾɔs.t͡ʃi/ [peɦ.maˈfɾɔs.t͡ʃi], /peʁ.maˈfɾɔst͡ʃ/ [peɦ.maˈfɾɔst͡ʃ]
* (Brazil) IPA: /peʁ.maˈfɾɔs.t͡ʃi/ [peɦ.maˈfɾɔs.t͡ʃi], /peʁ.maˈfɾɔst͡ʃ/ [peɦ.maˈfɾɔst͡ʃ]
** (São Paulo) IPA: /peɾ.maˈfɾɔs.t͡ʃi/, /peɾ.maˈfɾɔst͡ʃ/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /peʁ.maˈfɾɔʃ.t͡ʃi/, /peʁ.maˈfɾɔʃt͡ʃ/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /peɻ.maˈfɾɔst͡ʃ/, /peɻ.maˈfɾɔs.t͡ʃi/

### Noun

permafrost m (uncountable)
* (geology) permafrost (permanently frozen ground)

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from German Permafrost or French permafrost.

### Noun

permafrost n (plural permafrosturi)
* permafrost

#### Declension
## Spanish
### Etymology

Borrowed from English permafrost.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /peɾmaˈfɾost/ [peɾ.maˈfɾost̪]
* Rhymes: -ost
* Syllabification: per‧ma‧frost

### Noun

permafrost m (uncountable)
* (geology) permafrost
    Synonyms: permagel, permacongelamiento

### Further reading

* “permafrost”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

## Swedish
### Noun

permafrost c
* permafrost

#### See also

* tjäle (“frozen ground”)

### References

* permafrost in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* permafrost in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)