# آرد
## Ottoman Turkish
### Alternative forms

* آرت (art)

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ārt (“back”); cognate with Bashkir арт (art) and Southern Altai арт (art).

### Noun

آرد • (ard)
* back, the rear of the body from the neck to the end of the spine
    Synonyms: آرقه (arka), پشت (püşt), صرت (sırt), ظهر (zahr)
* back, the side of an object which is opposite the front side
    Synonym: آرقه (arka)
* the supplying pipe or hopper of a mill, that regulates the supply of grist

#### Derived terms

* آرد قپو (ard kapu, “backdoor”)
* آردی كسلمك (ardı kesilmek, “to cease and discontinue”)

#### Descendants

* Gagauz: aard
* Turkish: art

### Further reading

* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “art”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 300
* Hindoglu, Artin (1838) “آرد”, in Hazine-i lûgat ou dictionnaire abrégé turc-français‎, Vienna: F. Beck, page 21b
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “آرد”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 13a
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Tergum”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎, Vienna, column 1663
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “آرد”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, column 137
* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “art”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “آرد”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 64

## Persian
### Etymology 1

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (KHMA /⁠ārd⁠/, “flour”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hr̥Htás (“ground”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂l̥h₁-tós (“ground”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬀𐬴𐬀 (aṣ̌a, “ground”), Hindi आटा (āṭā, “flour”), Old Armenian աղամ (ałam, “to grind”), Ancient Greek ἀλέω (aléō, “to grind”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ʔɑːɾð]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʔɑːɹd̪]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʔɑːɹd̪]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [ʔɑːɹd̪]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [ʔɔːɹd̪̥]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [ʔɒːɹd̪̥]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [ʔɔɹd̪]

#### Noun

| Dari | آرد |
| Iranian Persian | آرد |
| Tajik | орд |
آرد • (ârd)
* flour
    Synonyms: پست (pest), میده (meyde), سمید (samid)
    تخم مرغ‌ها را با آرد مخلوط کنید.toxm-e morğ-hâ râ bâ ârd maxlut konid.Mix the eggs with flour.

##### Alternative forms

* آرت (ârt) (dialectal, Yazd, Eqlid, Isfahan)

#### Further reading

* Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar (1931–) “آرد”, in Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute, editors, Dehkhoda Dictionary (in Persian), Tehran: University of Tehran Press
* Hayyim, Sulayman (1934) “آرد”, in New Persian–English dictionary, Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Béroukhim

### Etymology 2

Contraction of Classical Persian آورد (āwarad).

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ˈʔɑː.ɾað]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʔɑ́ː.ɾäd̪]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʔɑ́ː.ɾäd̪]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [ʔɑ́ː.ɾäd̪]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [ʔɔ́ː.ɾäd̪̥]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [ʔɒ́ː.ɹæd̪̥]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [ʔɔ́.ɾäd̪]

#### Verb

آرد • (ârad)
* poetic third-person singular non-past of آوردن (âvardan)