# تبر
## Arabic
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Aramaic תְּבְרָא / ܬܷܒܪܐ (təḇrā, “fragment”), absolute state תְּבַר / ܬܒܱܪ (tḇar), from תְּבַר / ܬܒܱܪ (tḇar, “to break, to fract”), the Aramaic equivalent to Arabic ثَبَرَ (ṯabara, “to destroy”).

#### Noun

تِبْر • (tibr) m (collective, singulative تِبْرَة f (tibra))
* pure, unalloyed ore of gold or silver
** 7th century CE, Sunan Abī Dāwud, 23:24:الذَّهَبُ بِٱلذَّهَبِ تِبْرُهَا وَعَيْنُهَا وَٱلْفِضَّةُ بِٱلْفِضَّةِ تِبْرُهَا وَعَيْنُهَا وَٱلْبُرُّ بِٱلْبُرِّ مُدْيٌ بِمُدْيٍ وَٱلشَّعِيرُ بِٱلشَّعِيرِ مُدْيٌ بِمُدْيٍ وَٱلتَّمْرُ بِٱلتَّمْرِ مُدْيٌ بِمُدْيٍ وَٱلْمِلْحُ بِٱلْمِلْحِ مُدْيٌ بِمُدْيٍaḏ-ḏahabu bi-ḏ-ḏahabi tibruhā waʕaynuhā wal-fiḍḍatu bi-l-fiḍḍati tibruhā waʕaynuhā wal-burru bi-l-burri mudyun bimudyin waš-šaʕīru bi-š-šaʕīri mudyun bimudyin wat-tamru bi-t-tamri mudyun bimudyin wal-milḥu bi-l-milḥi mudyun bimudyinGold is to be weighed for in gold, raw and coined, silver in silver, raw and coined, wheat in wheat in equal measure, barley in barley in equal measure, dates in dates in equal measure, salt in salt in equal measure.

##### Descendants

* → Middle Armenian: թիպր (tʻipr)
* → Ottoman Turkish: تبر (tibr)
** Turkish: tibr

### Etymology 2
#### Verb

تَبَّرَ • (tabbara) II (non-past يُتَبِّرُ (yutabbiru), verbal noun تَتْبِير (tatbīr))
* to destroy; to annihilate
** 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 25:39:وَكُلًّا ضَرَبْنَا لَهُ ٱلْأَمْثَٰلَ وَكُلًّا تَبَّرْنَا تَتْبِيرًاwakullan ḍarabnā lahu l-ʔamṯāla wakullan tabbarnā tatbīranFor each We set forth (various) lessons, and We ultimately destroyed each.

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

تَبُرْ • (tabur) (form I) /ta.bur/
* inflection of بَارَ (bāra):
** second-person masculine singular non-past active jussive
** third-person feminine singular non-past active jussive

### References

* “tbr$^2$”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* Fraenkel, Siegmund (1880) De vocabulis in antiquis Arabum carminibus et in Corano peregrinis‎ (in Latin), Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 25
* Freytag, Georg (1830) “تبر”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎ (in Latin), volume 1, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 183
* Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “تبر”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart‎ (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, page 133

## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Persian تبر (tabar, “axe, hatchet”).

#### Noun

تبر • (teber)
* axe, hatchet, a tool for felling trees or chopping wood
    Synonyms: بالطه (balta), فاس (fas), مكشاح (mikşah)
* battle axe, an ancient military weapon in the form of an axe
    Synonyms: بالطه (balta), فاس (fas)
* halberd, a weapon consisting of a long pole with an axe-like blade mounted on it
* tuberose, any flowering plant in the genus Polianthes

##### Derived terms

* تبرخون (teberhun, “jujube tree”)
* تبردار (teberdar, “halberdier”)
* تبرزن (teberzen, “one who cuts or strikes with an axe”)
* تبرزین (teberzin, “battle-axe carried at the saddle-bow”)
* تبرك (teberek, “kind of small axe”)

##### Descendants

* Turkish: teber

#### Further reading

* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “teber2”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 4660
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “تبر”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 340
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Securis”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎, Vienna, column 1530
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “تبر”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, column 1055
* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “teber”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “تبر”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 486

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Arabic تِبْر (tibr, “unalloyed ore of gold or silver”).

#### Noun

تبر • (tibr)
* pure, unalloyed ore or nuggets of gold or silver

##### Descendants

* Turkish: tibr

#### Further reading

* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “tibr”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 4821
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “تبر”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 340
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “تبر”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, column 1055
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “تبر”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 486

## Persian
### Alternative forms

* تور (tavar) (dialectal)

### Etymology

Compare Iranian borrowings: Old Armenian տապար (tapar), Proto-Slavic *toporъ.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ta.βaɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [t̪ʰä.bäɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [t̪ʰä.bäɾ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [t̪ʰä.bäɾ]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [t̪ʰä.bäɾ]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [t̪ʰæ.bæɹ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [t̪ʰä.bäɾ]
* Audio (Iran):(file)

### Noun

تبر • (tabar)
* hatchet, axe, or mattock

#### Descendants

* → Georgian: ტაბარი (ṭabari), ⇒ ტაბარძენი (ṭabarʒeni)
* → Gujarati: તબર (tabar)
* → Khalaj: tavarçuq
* → Ottoman Turkish: تبر (teber)
** Turkish: teber

### References

* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1892) “تبر”, in A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary, London: Routledge & K. Paul