# 豈

| 豈 | U+8C48, &#35912; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8C48 |
| ← 豇 [U+8C47] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 豉 → [U+8C49] |
| 豈 | U+F900, &#63744; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F900 |
* [unassigned: U+D7FC–U+F8FF]
| ← ퟻ [U+D7FB] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 更 → [U+F901] |

## Translingual
### Han character

豈 (Kangxi radical 151, 豆+3, 10 strokes, cangjie input 山一口廿 (UMRT), four-corner 2210$_8$, composition ⿱山豆)

#### Derived characters

* 凒 𠹛 塏 㜐 嵦 愷 㨟 溰 𤠲 隑 暟 榿 㱯 䐩 𤧸 皚 䁗 磑 䅱 螘 䠽 鎧 䭓 䱺 䶣
* 凱 獃 敱 敳 𧯶 覬 顗 颽
* 䔇 闓 𠏥

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1191, character 20
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 36249
* Dae Jaweon: page 1654, character 15
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3565, character 4
* Unihan data for U+8C48
* Unihan data for U+F900

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 豈 :
| Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 獃 | *tŋɯː, *ŋɯː |
| 剴 | *kŋɯːl, *ŋɯːl |
| 凱 | *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ |
| 愷 | *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ |
| 塏 | *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ |
| 鎧 | *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯːls |
| 颽 | *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ |
| 暟 | *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ |
| 闓 | *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯːls |
| 豈 | *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯlʔ |
| 隑 | *ɡɯːls, *ŋɯːl |
| 皚 | *ŋɯːl |
| 嵦 | *ŋɡɯːl |
| 敳 | *ŋɯːl |
| 磑 | *ŋɯːl, *ŋuːl, *ŋuːls |
| 螘 | *ŋralʔ, *ŋɯlʔ |
| 覬 | *krɯls |
| 溰 | *ŋɯl |
| 顗 | *ŋɯlʔ |
Possibly a variation of 壴 with the top part modified. May have been the original form of 凱 (“music of triumph”).

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qǐ (qi$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hei$^2$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khí
* Eastern Min (BUC): kī
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ki$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): khí
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ka$^2$ / ki$^2$
* Wu (Wugniu)
** (Northern): $^1$chi / $^3$chi
** (Jinhua): $^3$chi
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qǐ
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cǐ
*** Wade–Giles: chʻi$^3$
*** Yale: chǐ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chii
*** Palladius: ци (ci)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hei$^2$
*** Yale: héi
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hei$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: héi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /hei̯³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khí
*** Hakka Romanization System: ki$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ki$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰi³¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: kī
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰi³³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ki$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰi⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ki$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰi³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khí
*** Tâi-lô: khí
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qie
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰi⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰi⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰi⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰi⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰi⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ka$^2$ / ki$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khá / khí
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰa⁵²/, /kʰi⁵²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai, Ningbo)
*** Wugniu: $^1$chi
*** MiniDict: chi$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$qi
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕʰi⁵³/
*** Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /t͡ɕʰi⁵²/
** (Northern: Jiading, Songjiang, Chongming, Suzhou, Kunshan, Changzhou, Jiaxing, Hangzhou, Shaoxing, Zhoushan)
*** Wugniu: $^3$chi
*** MiniDict: chi$^上$
*** Sinological IPA (Jiading): /t͡ɕʰi³⁴/
*** Sinological IPA (Songjiang): /cʰi⁴⁴/
*** Sinological IPA (Chongming): /t͡ɕʰi⁴²⁴/
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/
*** Sinological IPA (Kunshan): /t͡ɕʰi⁵²/
*** Sinological IPA (Changzhou): /t͡ɕʰi⁴⁵/
*** Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /t͡ɕʰi⁴³⁵/
*** Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /t͡ɕʰi⁵³/
*** Sinological IPA (Shaoxing): /t͡ɕʰi³³⁵/
*** Sinological IPA (Zhoushan): /t͡ɕʰi³⁵/
** (Jinhua)
*** Wugniu: $^3$chi
*** Sinological IPA (Jinhua): /t͡ɕʰi⁵³⁵/
* Middle Chinese: khj+jX
Rime :
| Character | 豈 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 微 (20) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 袪狶切 |
| Baxter | khj+jX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰɨi$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰɨi$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰiəi$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰɨj$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰiəi$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰĭəi$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kʰe̯i$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qǐ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hei$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.qʰəjʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋ̊ʰɯlʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 豈 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | qǐ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ khj+j$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*C.qʰəjʔ/ |
| English | how |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 豈 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 10123 |
| Phonetic component | 豈 |
| Rime group | 微 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 豈 |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋ̊ʰɯlʔ/ |

#### Definitions

豈
* (literary, rhetorical question) how; how can it be that (used in rhetorical questions)
    Synonyms: 怎麼 / 怎么, 哪, 難道 / 难道 (nándào), 莫非 (mòfēi)
    豈有此理／岂有此理 ― qǐyǒucǐlǐ ― how can such an idea stand?
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Qǐ bù huái guī, wèi cǐ jiǎn shū. [Pinyin]
    Did we not long to return? Yet we were reverent to our command.
* (dated) possibly; perhaps (modal particle indicating tentativeness)
    From: Guoyu, circa 4th century BCE
    Tiānwáng qǐ rǔ cái zhī? [Pinyin]
    Might Your Majesty graciously decide so?

#### Compounds

* 豈不 / 岂不 (qǐbù)
* 豈不是 / 岂不是 (qǐbùshì)
* 豈但 / 岂但 (qǐdàn)
* 豈可 / 岂可 (qǐkě)
* 豈只 / 岂只 (qǐzhǐ)
* 豈敢 / 岂敢 (qǐgǎn)
* 豈料 / 岂料 (qǐliào)
* 豈是 / 岂是 (qǐshì)
* 豈有此理 / 岂有此理 (qǐyǒucǐlǐ)
* 豈期 / 岂期
* 豈止 / 岂止 (qǐzhǐ)
* 豈直 / 岂直
* 豈知 / 岂知
* 豈能 / 岂能 (qǐnéng)
* 豈非 / 岂非 (qǐfēi)

### Etymology 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 豈 – see 愷 (“peaceful; harmonious”). (This character is an obsolete form of 愷).

### Etymology 3

* For pronunciation and definitions of 豈 – see 凱 (“music of triumph; paean; triumph; victory; etc.”). (This character is an obsolete form of 凱).

### References

* “Query for 豈”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Hokkien and Mandarin), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.
* “豈”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* an interjection of surprise

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): き (ki)、がい (gai)、かい (kai)
* Kun: あに (ani)

#### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 豈
* あに Hyōgai
* kun'yomi
From Old Japanese. Since the Heian period, mostly used in 漢文訓読 (kanbun kundoku).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) あに [áꜜnì] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [a̠ɲ̟i]

### Adverb

豈(あに) • (ani)
* a rhetorical interrogative: (just) how
* expresses a strong denial: not at all, not in the least

#### Derived terms

* 豈図(あにはか)らんや (ani hakaran ya)

### References

* ↑ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
* ↑ Kitahara, Yasuo, editor (2002), 明鏡国語辞典 [Meikyō Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Taishūkan Shoten, →ISBN
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

豈 (eumhun 어찌 기 (eojji gi))
* hanja form of 기 (“how, what”)
豈 (eumhun 승전악 개 (seungjeonak gae))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

豈: Hán Việt readings: khởi
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.