# -ii
## English
### Etymology

From rebracketing of plural forms like radii (plural of radius), borrowed from Latin. Latin forms the nominative plural of second-declension nouns by replacing -us with -ī, which results in plural forms that end in -iī for nouns with singulars ending in -ius. Some English speakers occasionally extend -ii to form nonstandard plural forms of English nouns that end simply with the letters -us or with other letter sequences with a similar pronunciation (such as -is /ɪs/).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (variously) /aɪ/, /i.aɪ/, /iː/

### Suffix

-ii
* Misspelling of -i.
* Used to form nonstandard, uncommon, often humorous alternative plural forms of nouns that end in -us, -is or a similar sound.
    Examples:
       ‎Elvis + ‎-ii → ‎Elvii
       ‎penis + ‎-ii → ‎penii
       ‎virus + ‎-ii → ‎virii
       ‎walrus + ‎-ii → ‎walrii
       ‎fetus + ‎-ii → ‎fetii
       ‎stewardess + ‎-ii → ‎stewardii
       ‎Airbus + ‎-ii → ‎Airbii

#### Usage notes

* All such forms are nonstandard, and therefore may be proscribed.
* For certain forms, such as cactii, a standard spelling with -i (cacti) exists; in this case, the -ii spelling may be simply a misspelling of the -i form.
* Other innovative plurals in -ii, such as stewardii, bear no resemblance to any standard plural form of the word; these may be used as intentionally nonstandard forms, often for the sake of humor. Compare the (often humorous) intentional use of nonstandard plural forms in -en.

## Gagauz
### Etymology

Compare Balkan Gagauz Turkish -iy.

### Suffix

-ii
* (Cioc-Maidan, Avdarma, Vulcănești, Etulia, Cișmichioi) Alternative form of -er

### Further reading

* Dinçaslan, M.F. (2023). Gagavuz Türkçesi Ana Ağız Alanları ile Alt Ağız Gruplarının Şimdiki Zaman Ekinin Varyantlarına Göre Tasnifi. Uluslararası Türk Lehçe Araştırmaları Dergisi / International Journal of Turkic Dialects (TÜRKLAD). 7. Cilt, 2. Sayı, 369-38

## Italian
### Etymology

From Latin -īvī (via -īī). Example: Italian finii, from Latin finivi.

### Suffix

-ii (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)
* used with a stem to form the first-person singular past historic of regular -ire verbs

### References

* ↑ Patota, Giuseppe (2002) Lineamenti di grammatica storica dell'italiano (in Italian), Bologna: il Mulino, →ISBN, page 145

## Latin
### Suffix

-iī
* inflection of -ius:
** nominative/vocative masculine plural
** genitive masculine/neuter singular

## Malay
### Suffix

-ii
* Alternative form of -2.

## Navajo
### Suffix

-ii
* nominalizer, creating agentive nouns from verbs and adjectives: "that which [verbs]", or "that which [is of adjective quality]"; compare English -er

#### Usage notes

Example: from the verb hataał (“he sings”) + -ii, we can make a noun for hataałii (“singer”)

#### See also

* -í
* -ígíí

## Phalura
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-ii, -i/

### Suffix

-ii
* Genitive suffix

#### Alternative forms

* -íi (With accent-shifting nouns)
* -e (Biori)
* -í (With accent-shifting nouns in Biori)

### References

* Henrik Liljegren, Naseem Haider (2011) “-ii”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎, Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN