# 銅

| 銅 | U+9285, &#37509; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9285 |
| ← 銄 [U+9284] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 銆 → [U+9286] |

## Translingual
### Han character

銅 (Kangxi radical 167, 金+6, 14 strokes, cangjie input 金月一口 (CBMR), four-corner 8712$_0$, composition ⿰釒同)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1304, character 5
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 40361
* Dae Jaweon: page 1806, character 5
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4196, character 7
* Unihan data for U+9285

## Chinese

* 銅 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 銅 (Cantonese)
* 銅 (Classical)
* 銅 (Gan)
* thùng (Hakka)
* dè̤ng (Eastern Min)
* tâng (Southern Min)
* 铜 (Wu)

### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 銅
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 鮦 | *duʔ, *doːŋ, *doŋʔ |
| 侗 | *tʰoːŋ, *tʰoːŋʔ, *doːŋ |
| 恫 | *tʰoːŋ, *doːŋs |
| 痌 | *tʰoːŋ |
| 同 | *doːŋ |
| 仝 | *zlon, *doːŋ |
| 銅 | *doːŋ |
| 桐 | *doːŋ |
| 峒 | *doːŋ, *doːŋs |
| 硐 | *doːŋ, *doːŋʔ |
| 筒 | *doːŋ, *doːŋs |
| 洞 | *doːŋ, *doːŋs |
| 烔 | *doːŋ |
| 挏 | *doːŋ, *doːŋʔ |
| 酮 | *doːŋ, *doːŋʔ |
| 鲖 |
| 眮 | *doːŋ, *doːŋʔ, *doːŋs |
| 衕 | *doːŋ, *doːŋs |
| 哃 | *doːŋ |
| 絧 | *doːŋ, *doːŋs |
| 姛 | *doːŋʔ |
| 詷 | *doːŋʔ, *doːŋs |
| 胴 | *doːŋs |
| 駧 | *doːŋs |
| 迵 | *doːŋs |
| 戙 | *doːŋs |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *doːŋ) : semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 同 (OC *doːŋ).

### Etymology

Since metals are typically associated with color, the word is probably related to 彤 (OC *l'uːŋ, “red”) (Schuessler, 2007).
The word "copper" occurs in some Southeast Asian languages with initial l- (Sagart, 1999). Examples include Zhuang luengz, Bouyei luangz and Bu-Nao Bunu loŋ², which are early loans from Chinese.
Tibetan དོང་ཙེ (dong tse, “Chinese copper coin”) was borrowed from Chinese 銅子／铜子 (tóngzǐ).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): tóng (tong$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨㄥˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): tong$^2$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): tung$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): huung$^3$
* Gan (Wiktionary): tung$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): thùng
    (Meixian, Guangdong): tung$^2$
* Jin (Wiktionary): tung$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): dǒ̤ng
* Eastern Min (BUC): dè̤ng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): dorng$^2$ / dang$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tông / tâng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): dang$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$don
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): dong$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tóng
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄨㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tóng
*** Wade–Giles: tʻung$^2$
*** Yale: túng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: torng
*** Palladius: тун (tun)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰʊŋ³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: tong$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: tung
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰoŋ²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: tung$^4$
*** Yale: tùhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tung$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: tung$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰʊŋ²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: huung$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɵŋ²²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: tung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰuŋ²⁴/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thùng
*** Hakka Romanization System: tung$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: tung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰuŋ¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: tung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰʊŋ¹¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: tung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /tʰuŋ¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: dǒ̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /tɔŋ²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: dè̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /tøyŋ⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: dorng$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /tɒŋ¹³/
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: dang$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /taŋ¹³/
* dorng2 - literary;
* dang2 - vernacular.
* Middle Chinese: duwng
Rime :
| Character | 銅 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 定 (7) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (1) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 徒紅切 |
| Baxter | duwng |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /duŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /duŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /duŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /dəwŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /duŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /duŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /dʱuŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | tóng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | tung$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[l]ˤoŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*doːŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 銅 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | tóng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ duwng › |
| Old Chinese | /*[l]ˁoŋ/ |
| English | bronze, copper |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 銅 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 12448 |
| Phonetic component | 同 |
| Rime group | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 同 |
| Old Chinese | /*doːŋ/ |

### Definitions

銅
* (chemistry) copper (Cu)
* bronze
* a surname

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 銅 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 銅 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 銅 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 銅 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 銅 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 銅 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 銅 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 銅 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 銅 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 銅 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 銅 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 銅 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 銅 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 銅 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 銅 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 銅 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 銅 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 銅 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 銅 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 銅 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 銅 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 銅 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 銅 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 銅 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 銅 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 銅 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 銅 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 銅 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 銅 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 銅 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 銅 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 銅 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 銅 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 銅 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 銅 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 銅 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 銅 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 銅 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 銅 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 銅 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 銅 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 銅 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 銅 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 銅 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 銅 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 銅 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 銅 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 銅 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 銅 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 銅 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 銅 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 銅 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 銅 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 銅 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 銅 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 銅 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 銅 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 銅 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 銅 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 銅 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 銅 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 銅 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 銅 |

### Compounds

* 古銅 / 古铜
* 古銅色 / 古铜色 (gǔtóngsè)
* 古銅輝石 / 古铜辉石
* 吹銅 / 吹铜
* 崔烈銅臭 / 崔烈铜臭
* 斑光銅礦 / 斑光铜矿
* 斑銅礦 / 斑铜矿 (bāntóngkuàng)
* 歹銅舊錫 / 歹铜旧锡 (pháiⁿ-tâng-kū-siah) (Hokkien)
* 氧化亞銅 / 氧化亚铜 (yǎnghuàyàtóng)
* 氧化銅 / 氧化铜 (yǎnghuàtóng)
* 氯化銅 / 氯化铜 (lǜhuàtóng)
* 渾身銅臭 / 浑身铜臭
* 炮銅 / 炮铜
* 煉銅 / 炼铜 (liàntóng)
* 熟銅 / 熟铜
* 白銅 / 白铜 (báitóng)
* 破銅爛鐵 / 破铜烂铁 (pòtónglàntiě)
* 硫酸銅 / 硫酸铜 (liúsuāntóng)
* 硝酸銅 / 硝酸铜 (xiāosuāntóng)
* 碳酸銅 / 碳酸铜
* 籠銅 / 笼铜
* 紅銅 / 红铜 (hóngtóng)
* 紫銅 / 紫铜 (zǐtóng)
* 自然銅 / 自然铜
* 荊棘銅駝 / 荆棘铜驼
* 見鐘不打，更去煉銅 / 见钟不打，更去炼铜
* 赤銅 / 赤铜 (chìtóng)
* 赤銅礦 / 赤铜矿
* 輝銅礦 / 辉铜矿
* 針灸銅人 / 针灸铜人 (zhēnjiǔ tóng rén)
* 銅人 / 铜人 (tóngrén)
* 銅像 / 铜像 (tóngxiàng)
* 銅匠 / 铜匠 (tóngjiàng)
* 銅印 / 铜印
* 銅器 / 铜器 (tóngqì)
* 銅器時代 / 铜器时代
* 銅圓 / 铜圆
* 銅壺 / 铜壶 (tónghú)
* 銅壺滴漏 / 铜壶滴漏
* 銅婚 / 铜婚
* 銅官 / 铜官 (Tóngguān)
* 銅山 / 铜山 (tóngshān)
* 銅山西崩，洛鐘東應 / 铜山西崩，洛钟东应
* 銅幣 / 铜币 (tóngbì)
* 銅斗兒 / 铜斗儿
* 銅斗兒家緣 / 铜斗儿家缘
* 銅斗家私
* 銅斗家計 / 铜斗家计
* 銅板 / 铜板 (tóngbǎn)
* 銅柱 / 铜柱
* 銅模 / 铜模
* 銅活 / 铜活 (tónghuó)
* 銅烏 / 铜乌
* 銅牆鐵壁 / 铜墙铁壁 (tóngqiángtiěbì)
* 銅版 / 铜版 (tóngbǎn)
* 銅版畫 / 铜版画
* 銅版紙 / 铜版纸
* 銅牌 / 铜牌 (tóngpái)
* 銅獸 / 铜兽
* 銅琵鐵板 / 铜琵铁板
* 銅瓦 / 铜瓦
* 銅盆撞了鐵掃帚 / 铜盆撞了铁扫帚
* 銅礦 / 铜矿 (tóngkuàng)
* 銅筋鐵肋 / 铜筋铁肋
* 銅筋鐵骨 / 铜筋铁骨
* 銅管 / 铜管 (tóngguǎn)
* 銅管樂器 / 铜管乐器 (tóngguǎn yuèqì)
* 銅管樂隊 / 铜管乐队 (tóngguǎn yuèduì)
* 銅簧 / 铜簧
* 銅粉 / 铜粉
* 銅精 / 铜精
* 銅綠 / 铜绿 (tónglǜ)
* 銅線 / 铜线 (tóngxiàn)
* 銅臭 / 铜臭 (tóngxiù)
* 銅臭味 / 铜臭味 (tóngxiùwèi)
* 銅葉 / 铜叶
* 銅落 / 铜落
* 銅虎符 / 铜虎符
* 銅街 / 铜街
* 銅豌豆 / 铜豌豆
* 銅鈸 / 铜钹
* 銅銲 / 铜焊
* 銅錢 / 铜钱 (tóngqián)
* 銅鎚 / 铜锤
* 銅鏡 / 铜镜 (tóngjìng)
* 銅鐘 / 铜钟
* 銅鑼 / 铜锣 (tóngluó)
* 銅鑼燒 / 铜锣烧 (tóngluóshāo)
* 銅陵 / 铜陵 (Tónglíng)
* 銅雀 / 铜雀
* 銅雀臺 / 铜雀台
* 銅頭鐵額 / 铜头铁额
* 銅駝 / 铜驼
* 銅駝荊棘 / 铜驼荆棘
* 銅駝陌 / 铜驼陌
* 銅黛 / 铜黛
* 銅鼓 / 铜鼓 (tónggǔ)
* 銅龍 / 铜龙
* 銅龍門 / 铜龙门
* 鋁青銅 / 铝青铜
* 鍼灸銅人 / 针灸铜人
* 鐵壁銅牆 / 铁壁铜墙
* 鐵心銅膽 / 铁心铜胆
* 鐵膽銅心 / 铁胆铜心
* 鐵郭銅關 / 铁郭铜关
* 鐵銅 / 铁铜 (Tiětóng)
* 青銅 / 青铜 (qīngtóng)
* 青銅器 / 青铜器 (qīngtóngqì)
* 青銅器時代 / 青铜器时代 (Qīngtóngqì Shídài)
* 黃銅 / 黄铜 (huángtóng)
* 黝銅礦 / 黝铜矿

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 銅(どう) (dō)
* → Korean: 동(銅) (dong)
* → Vietnamese: đồng (銅, “copper; dong (Vietnamese currency)”) (see there for further descendants)
Others:
* → Khmer: ទង់ (tŭəng, “bronze; red copper; alloy of copper and gold”), ថង (thɑɑng, “gold”), ទង (tɔɔng, “gold”)
* → Lao: ທອງ (thǭng, “copper; gold; metal”)
* → Thai: ทอง (tɔɔng, “gold”)
* → Zhuang: doengz (“copper; brass”)

### References

* “銅”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A04291
* “Entry #10937”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: ずう (zū)
* Kan-on: とう (tō)
* Kan’yō-on: どう (dō, Jōyō)
* Kun: あかがね (akagane, 銅)

#### Compounds

* 銅(どう)鐸(たく) (dōtaku): dōtaku
* 銅(どう)製(せい) (dōsei): coppern
* 銅(どう)牌(はい) (dōhai): bronze medal
* 銅(ど)鑼(ら) (dora): gong
* 黄(おう)銅(どう) (ōdō), 黄(こう)銅(どう) (kōdō): brass
* 青(せい)銅(どう) (seidō): bronze

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 銅
* どう Grade: 5
* kan'yōon
From Middle Chinese 銅 (MC duwng). Compare modern Min Nan reading tông, Wu don, Xiang dong$^2$.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) どー [dóꜜò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [do̞ː]

#### Noun

銅(どう) • (dō)
* copper, Cu

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 銅
* あかがね Grade: 5
* kun'yomi
Compound of 赤 (aka, “red”) +‎ 金 (kane, “metal”). The kane changes to gane as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
First cited to the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) あかがね [àkágáné] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [a̠ka̠ɡa̠ne̞]

#### Noun

銅(あかがね) • (akagane)
* copper, Cu

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 銅
* あか Grade: 5
* kun'yomi
Abbreviation of akagane.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) あか [áꜜkà] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [a̠ka̠]

#### Noun

銅(あか) • (aka)
* copper, Cu

### References

* 1 2 3 4 5 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* 1 2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

銅 (eumhun 구리 동 (guri dong))
* hanja form of 동 (“copper”)
* hanja form of 동 (“Vietnamese dong”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

銅: Hán Việt readings: đồng
銅: Nôm readings: đòng, đồng
* chữ Hán form of đồng (“copper”).

### References

* Lê Sơn Thanh, "Nom-Viet.dat", WinVNKey (details)