# 慣

| 慣 | U+6163, &#24931; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6163 |
| ← 慢 [U+6162] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 慤 → [U+6164] |

## Translingual
### Han character

慣 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+11, 14 strokes, cangjie input 心田十金 (PWJC), four-corner 9708$_6$, composition ⿰忄貫)

#### Descendants

* 惯

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 399, character 13
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11111
* Dae Jaweon: page 739, character 1
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2349, character 1
* Unihan data for U+6163

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 毌 | *koːn, *koːns |
| 貫 | *koːn, *koːns |
| 樌 | *koːns |
| 鏆 | *koːns |
| 遦 | *koːns |
| 慣 | *kroːns |
| 摜 | *kroːns |
| 瑻 | *kuːn |
| 謴 | *kuːns |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kroːns) : semantic 忄 (“heart”) + phonetic 貫 (OC *koːn, *koːns) – habit is what one does by heart.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): guàn (guan$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gwaan$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): koan
* Northern Min (KCR): gu̿ing
* Eastern Min (BUC): gáing / guáng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ge$^4$ / giⁿ$^4$ / guang$^4$ / guong$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): koàn / koàiⁿ / kùiⁿ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): guang$^3$ / guêng$^3$ / guin$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$kue
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: guàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: guàn
*** Wade–Giles: kuan$^4$
*** Yale: gwàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guann
*** Palladius: гуань (guanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku̯än⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gwaan$^3$
*** Yale: gwaan
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gwaan$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: guan$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʷaːn³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: koan
*** Hakka Romanization System: guan
*** Hagfa Pinyim: guan$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ku̯an⁵⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gu̿ing
*** Sinological IPA : /kuiŋ³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gáing / guáng
*** Sinological IPA : /kaiŋ²¹³/, /kuɑŋ²¹³/
* gáing - vernacular (“accustomed”);
* guáng - literary.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit慣 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /kuan⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /kaun⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /kuan⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /kuã²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /kuã⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /kuan³¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /kuã⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /kuã²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /kuan¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /kuɛ̃n¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /kuan²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /kuan³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /kuan¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /kuan²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /kuã̠²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /kuaŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /kʊ̃⁵³/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /kuæ̃⁴⁵/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /kuɑŋ³⁵/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /kuæ̃⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /kue³⁵/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /kue̞⁵¹³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /kuõ⁴⁴⁵/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ka⁴²/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /kuɛ³²⁴/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /kuːə⁴²/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /kuan⁵⁵/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /kuan⁵⁵/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /kuan⁴⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /kuan⁵³/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /kuɑn⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /kwan³³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /kʷɛn³³/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /kwan³³/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kuan²¹/ /kuãi²¹/ /kuĩ²¹/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kuɑŋ²¹²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kuiŋ³³/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /kuaŋ²¹³/ /kũi²¹³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /kuaŋ³⁵/ |
* Middle Chinese: kwaenH
Rime :
| Character | 慣 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 刪 (70) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 古患切 |
| Baxter | kwaenH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠuan$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʷᵚan$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kuɐn$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kwaɨn$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kuan$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kwan$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kwan$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | guàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gwaan$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤro[n]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kroːns/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 慣 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | guàn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kwæn$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*kˁro[n]-s/ |
| English | accustomed to |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 慣 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 4471 |
| Phonetic component | 毌 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 慣 |
| Old Chinese | /*kroːns/ |
| Notes | 爾雅作貫，貫轉註字 |

### Definitions

慣
* to be accustomed to; to be used to
* to spoil; to overindulge
* (literary, or in compounds) habit; custom
* (literary, or in compounds) habitually; usually

#### Synonyms

* (to be accustomed to):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 習慣 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 習慣 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 習慣 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 習慣 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 慣, 習慣 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 慣, 習慣 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 慣 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 習慣, 慣 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 慣, 慣勢 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 慣勢 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 慣勢 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 慣勢 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 慣勢, 習慣 GT |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 慣勢 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 慣勢 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 慣勢 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 慣勢 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 習慣, 慣 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 慣勢 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 習慣 |
| Note | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) |
* (to spoil):
* 嬌 / 娇 (jiāo)
* 嬌慣 / 娇惯 (jiāoguàn)
* 嬌縱 / 娇纵 (jiāozòng)
* 寵愛 / 宠爱 (chǒng'ài)
* 放縱 / 放纵 (fàngzòng)
* 溺愛 / 溺爱 (nì'ài)
* (habitually):
* 動輒 / 动辄 (dòngzhé) (literary)
* 常常 (chángcháng)
* 常時 / 常时 (chángshí)
* 往往 (wǎngwǎng)
* 時常 / 时常 (shícháng)
* 時時 / 时时 (shíshí)
* 每每 (měiměi)
* 終古 / 终古 (zhōnggǔ) (literary)
* 經常 / 经常 (jīngcháng)

### Compounds

* 不慣 / 不惯 (bùguàn)
* 久慣牢成 / 久惯牢成
* 久慣老成 / 久惯老成
* 司空見慣 / 司空见惯 (sīkōngjiànguàn)
* 國際慣例 / 国际惯例
* 嬌慣 / 娇惯 (jiāoguàn)
* 嬌生慣養 / 娇生惯养 (jiāoshēngguànyǎng)
* 慣一 / 惯一
* 慣例 / 惯例 (guànlì)
* 慣勢 / 惯势
* 慣匪 / 惯匪
* 慣壞 / 惯坏 (guànhuài)
* 慣家 / 惯家
* 慣常 / 惯常 (guàncháng)
* 慣性 / 惯性 (guànxìng)
* 慣性定律 / 惯性定律
* 慣性導航 / 惯性导航
* 慣慣 / 惯惯
* 慣手 / 惯手
* 慣技 / 惯技 (guànjì)
* 慣熟 / 惯熟
* 慣犯 / 惯犯 (guànfàn)
* 慣用 / 惯用 (guànyòng)
* 慣用語 / 惯用语 (guànyòngyǔ)
* 慣甲 / 惯甲
* 慣竊 / 惯窃 (guànqiè)
* 慣縱 / 惯纵
* 慣習 / 惯习 (guànxí)
* 慣落 / 惯落
* 慣行犯 / 惯行犯
* 慣賊 / 惯贼
* 慣養嬌生 / 惯养娇生
* 打破慣例 / 打破惯例
* 熟慣 / 熟惯
* 牢成久慣 / 牢成久惯
* 生活習慣 / 生活习惯
* 看不慣 / 看不惯 (kànbùguàn)
* 看慣 / 看惯
* 瞧不慣 / 瞧不惯
* 習慣 / 习惯 (xíguàn)
* 習慣性 / 习惯性
* 習慣法 / 习惯法 (xíguànfǎ)
* 老習慣 / 老习惯
* 能言慣道 / 能言惯道
* 能說慣道 / 能说惯道
* 見慣不驚 / 见惯不惊
* 見慣司空 / 见惯司空
* 風俗習慣 / 风俗习惯 (fēngsú xíguàn)

### References

* “慣”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “惯”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 81.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: けん (ken)
* Kan-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)
* Kun: なれる (nareru, 慣れる, Jōyō)、ならす (narasu, 慣らす, Jōyō)、ならわし (narawashi, 慣)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 慣
* かん Grade: 5
* kan'on
From Middle Chinese 慣 (MC kwaenH).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kã̠ɴ]

### Affix

慣(かん) • (kan)
* used to; accustomed; custom; habit

#### Compounds

* 慣行
* 慣習
* 慣性
* 慣用
* 慣例
* 習慣

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 慣 (MC kwaenH).

### Hanja

慣 (eumhun 버릇 관 (beoreut gwan))
* hanja form of 관 (“custom; habit”)

#### Compounds

* 관례 (慣例, gwallye, “convention, precedent”)
* 관성 (慣性, gwanseong, “inertia”)
* 관습 (慣習, gwanseup, “custom, convention”)
* 관용 (慣用, gwanyong, “common usage”)
* 관용구 (慣用句, gwanyonggu, “idiom”)
* 관용음 (慣用音, gwanyong'eum)
* 관행 (慣行, gwanhaeng, “customary practice”)
* 구관 (舊慣, gugwan, “old custom”)
* 습관 (習慣, seupgwan, “habit”)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

慣: Hán Nôm readings: quen, quán
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.