# tom
## English
### Pronunciation

* (British) IPA: /tɒm/
* (US) IPA: /tɑm/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɒm

### Etymology 1

From generic use of the proper name Tom.

#### Noun

tom (plural toms)
* The male of the domesticated cat, especially if not neutered.
* The male of the turkey.
* The male of the orangutan.
* The male of certain other animals.
* (UK, slang, dated) A female prostitute.
* (US, slang) A lesbian.
* (music) Clipping of tom-tom.
* (obsolete) The jack of trumps in the card game gleek.
* (UK, regional, obsolete) A close-stool.

##### Synonyms

* (male cat): tomcat, he-cat
* (male turkey): turkeycock
* (male of other animals): male, buck, stag
* (prostitute): See also Thesaurus:prostitute

##### Coordinate terms

(intact male cat):
* gib
* queen

##### Derived terms

* tomboy
* tomcat
* tomfool
* tom-kitten
* tomling
* tomtit
* tom-tit

##### Translations
### Etymology 2

Shortened from tomato

#### Noun

tom (plural toms)
* (British, greengrocers' slang) A tomato (the fruit).
    Toms 90p a pound
** 2009, Mark Penny, Jonathan Penny, The Golden Pig, page 160:“I'd like sausage, eggs, bacon, toms, mushies, beans – oh, and some fried bread,” said Mike.

### Etymology 3

Rhyming slang from tomfoolery.

#### Noun

tom (uncountable)
* (Cockney rhyming slang) jewellery

### Etymology 4

From Uncle Tom.

#### Verb

tom (third-person singular simple present toms, present participle tomming, simple past and past participle tommed)
* (intransitive, derogatory, of a black person) To act in an obsequiously servile manner toward white authority.

### Etymology 5
#### Verb

tom (third-person singular simple present toms, present participle tomming, simple past and past participle tommed)
* (nautical) To dig out a hole below the hatch cover of a bulker and fill it with cargo or weights to aid stability.

### See also

* chao tom
* peeping tom
* plum tom
* tom boy
* tom cat
* tom-cat
* tom kha
* tom kha gai
* tom kha kai
* tom tit
* tom-tom drum
* tom-tom drummer
* tom-tommer
* tom yam
* tom yum
* whip-tom-kelly

### Anagrams

* MOT, Mot, OMT, OTM, TMO, mot

## Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈtom]

### Pronoun

tom
* locative masculine/neuter singular of ten

## Danish
### Etymology

From Old Norse tómr, from Proto-Germanic *tōmaz (“empty”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈtˢʌmˀ]
* Rhymes: -ɒm

### Adjective

tom (neuter tomt, plural and definite singular attributive tomme)
* empty

### References

* “tom” in Den Danske Ordbog

## Finnish
### Etymology

From English tom.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈtom/, [ˈt̪o̞m]
* Rhymes: -om
* Hyphenation: tom

### Noun

tom
* (music) tom, tom-tom (percussion instrument)

#### Declension

Possessive forms of tom (Kotus type 5/risti, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
tomini
tomini
accusative
nom.
tomini
tomini
gen.
tomini
genitive
tomini
tomieni
partitive
tomiani
tomejani
inessive
tomissani
tomeissani
elative
tomistani
tomeistani
illative
tomiini
tomeihini
adessive
tomillani
tomeillani
ablative
tomiltani
tomeiltani
allative
tomilleni
tomeilleni
essive
tominani
tomeinani
translative
tomikseni
tomeikseni
abessive
tomittani
tomeittani
instructive
comitative
—tomeineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
tomisi
tomisi
accusative
nom.
tomisi
tomisi
gen.
tomisi
genitive
tomisi
tomiesi
partitive
tomiasi
tomejasi
inessive
tomissasi
tomeissasi
elative
tomistasi
tomeistasi
illative
tomiisi
tomeihisi
adessive
tomillasi
tomeillasi
ablative
tomiltasi
tomeiltasi
allative
tomillesi
tomeillesi
essive
tominasi
tomeinasi
translative
tomiksesi
tomeiksesi
abessive
tomittasi
tomeittasi
instructive
comitative
—tomeinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
tomimme
tomimme
accusative
nom.
tomimme
tomimme
gen.
tomimme
genitive
tomimme
tomiemme
partitive
tomiamme
tomejamme
inessive
tomissamme
tomeissamme
elative
tomistamme
tomeistamme
illative
tomiimme
tomeihimme
adessive
tomillamme
tomeillamme
ablative
tomiltamme
tomeiltamme
allative
tomillemme
tomeillemme
essive
tominamme
tomeinamme
translative
tomiksemme
tomeiksemme
abessive
tomittamme
tomeittamme
instructive
comitative
—tomeinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
tominne
tominne
accusative
nom.
tominne
tominne
gen.
tominne
genitive
tominne
tomienne
partitive
tomianne
tomejanne
inessive
tomissanne
tomeissanne
elative
tomistanne
tomeistanne
illative
tomiinne
tomeihinne
adessive
tomillanne
tomeillanne
ablative
tomiltanne
tomeiltanne
allative
tomillenne
tomeillenne
essive
tominanne
tomeinanne
translative
tomiksenne
tomeiksenne
abessive
tomittanne
tomeittanne
instructive
comitative
—tomeinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
tominsa
tominsa
accusative
nom.
tominsa
tominsa
gen.
tominsa
genitive
tominsa
tomiensa
partitive
tomiaan tomiansa
tomejaan tomejansa
inessive
tomissaan tomissansa
tomeissaan tomeissansa
elative
tomistaan tomistansa
tomeistaan tomeistansa
illative
tomiinsa
tomeihinsa
adessive
tomillaan tomillansa
tomeillaan tomeillansa
ablative
tomiltaan tomiltansa
tomeiltaan tomeiltansa
allative
tomilleen tomillensa
tomeilleen tomeillensa
essive
tominaan tominansa
tomeinaan tomeinansa
translative
tomikseen tomiksensa
tomeikseen tomeiksensa
abessive
tomittaan tomittansa
tomeittaan tomeittansa
instructive
comitative
—tomeineen tomeinensa :

## Irish
### Pronunciation

* (Munster) IPA: /t̪ˠoumˠ/
* (Galway) IPA: /t̪ˠuːmˠ/
* (Mayo) IPA: /t̪ˠʊmˠ/
* (Ulster) IPA: /t̪ˠʌmˠ/

### Etymology 1

From Middle Irish tomm (“bush, tuft; hillock, knoll”), from Proto-Indo-European *tum- (“mound”).

#### Noun

tom m (genitive singular toim, nominative plural toim or tomacha)
* bush, shrub
    Synonym: tor
* clump, tuft, tussock
    Synonym: tortóg

##### Declension

bare forms
case
singular
plural
nominative
tom
toim
vocative
a thoim
a thoma
genitive
toim
tom
dative
tom
toim
forms with the definite article
case
singular
plural
nominative
an tom
na toim
genitive
an toim
na dtom
dative
leis an tom don tom
leis na toim :
* Alternative plural: tomacha (Connacht, Ulster)

##### Derived terms

* tomach (“bushy; tufted”)

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

tom m (genitive singular toma, nominative plural tomanna)
* Alternative form of taom (“fit, paroxysm”)

##### Declension

bare forms
case
singular
plural
nominative
tom
tomanna
vocative
a thom
a thomanna
genitive
toma
tomanna
dative
tom
tomanna
forms with the definite article
case
singular
plural
nominative
an tom
na tomanna
genitive
an toma
na dtomanna
dative
leis an tom don tom
leis na tomanna :

### Etymology 3
#### Verb

tom (present analytic tomann, future analytic tomfaidh, verbal noun tomadh, past participle tomtha)
* Alternative form of tum (“dip, immerse”)

##### Conjugation

| | | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural | relative | autonomous |
| | | first | second | third | first | second | third | relative | autonomous |
| indicative | present | tomaim | tomann tú; tomair$^†$ | tomann sé, sí | tomaimid | tomann sibh | tomann siad; tomaid$^†$ | a thomann; a thomas / a dtomann* | tomtar |
| indicative | past | thom mé; thomas | thom tú; thomais | thom sé, sí | thomamar; thom muid | thom sibh; thomabhair | thom siad; thomadar | a thom / ar thom* | tomadh |
| indicative | past habitual | thomainn / dtomainn‡‡ | thomtá / dtomtá‡‡ | thomadh sé, sí / dtomadh sé, sí‡‡ | thomaimis; thomadh muid / dtomaimis‡‡; dtomadh muid‡‡ | thomadh sibh / dtomadh sibh‡‡ | thomaidís; thomadh siad / dtomaidís‡‡; dtomadh siad‡‡ | a thomadh / a dtomadh* | thomtaí / dtomtaí‡‡ |
| future | future | tomfaidh mé; tomfad | tomfaidh tú; tomfair$^†$ | tomfaidh sé, sí | tomfaimid; tomfaidh muid | tomfaidh sibh | tomfaidh siad; tomfaid$^†$ | a thomfaidh; a thomfas / a dtomfaidh* | tomfar |
| conditional | conditional | thomfainn / dtomfainn‡‡ | thomfá / dtomfá‡‡ | thomfadh sé, sí / dtomfadh sé, sí‡‡ | thomfaimis; thomfadh muid / dtomfaimis‡‡; dtomfadh muid‡‡ | thomfadh sibh / dtomfadh sibh‡‡ | thomfaidís; thomfadh siad / dtomfaidís‡‡; dtomfadh siad‡‡ | a thomfadh / a dtomfadh* | thomfaí / dtomfaí‡‡ |
| subjunctive | present | go dtoma mé; go dtomad$^†$ | go dtoma tú; go dtomair$^†$ | go dtoma sé, sí | go dtomaimid; go dtoma muid | go dtoma sibh | go dtoma siad; go dtomaid$^†$ | — | go dtomtar |
| subjunctive | past | dá dtomainn | dá dtomtá | dá dtomadh sé, sí | dá dtomaimis; dá dtomadh muid | dá dtomadh sibh | dá dtomaidís; dá dtomadh siad | — | dá dtomtaí |
| imperative | imperative | tomaim | tom | tomadh sé, sí | tomaimis | tomaigí; tomaidh$^†$ | tomaidís | — | tomtar |
| verbal noun | verbal noun | tomadh | tomadh | tomadh | tomadh | tomadh | tomadh | tomadh | tomadh |
| past participle | past participle | tomtha | tomtha | tomtha | tomtha | tomtha | tomtha | tomtha | tomtha |
* indirect relative † archaic or dialect form ‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* ↑ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 291, page 104

## Javanese

Javanese writing system :
| Carakan | ꦠꦺꦴꦩ꧀ |
| Pegon | |
| Roman | tom |

### Etymology

From Old Javanese tom, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taʀum.

### Noun

tom
* indigo (plant)

#### Descendants

* → Ternate: tom

### Further reading

* The Linguistic Center of Yogyakarta (2011) “tom”, in Kamus Basa Jawa (Bausastra Jawa) [Javanese Language Dictionary (Javanese Dictionary)] (in Javanese), 2nd edition, Yogyakarta: Kanisius, →ISBN

## Komo
### Noun

tom
* spear

## Lower Sorbian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [tɔm]

### Determiner

tom
* locative masculine/neuter singular of ten

## Maranao
### Noun

tom
* human body louse

## Middle English
### Etymology 1
#### Adjective

tom
* Alternative form of tome (“empty”)

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

tom (uncountable)
* Alternative form of tome (“freetime”)

### Etymology 3
#### Adjective

tom
* (Southwest, southern West Midlands) Alternative form of tame (“tame”)

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

From Old Norse tómr.

### Adjective

tom (neuter singular tomt, definite singular and plural tomme, comparative tommere, indefinite superlative tommest, definite superlative tommeste)
* empty

#### Derived terms

* halvtom
* tomflaske
* tomhet

#### Related terms

* tømme

### References

* “tom” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology 1

From Old Norse tómr.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tʊmː/

#### Adjective

tom (neuter singular tomt, definite singular and plural tomme, comparative tommare, indefinite superlative tommast, definite superlative tommaste)
* empty

##### Derived terms

* halvtom
* tomflaske

##### Related terms

* tømme, tømma

### Etymology 2

From Old Norse taumr.

#### Noun

tom m (definite singular tommen, indefinite plural tommar, definite plural tommane)
* Alternative form of taum; (pre-2012) alternative form of taum

##### Derived terms

* fortom

### References

* “tom” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

### Anagrams

* mot, t.o.m.

## Oksapmin
### Noun

tom
* water

### References

* Robyn Loughnane, A Grammar of Oksapmin (April 2009), page 58

## Old English
### Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *tōmaz (“empty”). Akin to Old Norse tómr (“empty”), whence Icelandic tómur (“empty”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /toːm/

### Adjective

tōm
* empty
* (figuratively) free from
    Ðæt hīe mōstun mānweorca tōme lifgan and tīres blǣd ēcne āgan.That they might live free from wicked works and own the eternal reward of glory.

#### Descendants

* Middle English: tome, tom, toume, tombe, toyme, tum, tume (Northern)
** English: toom
** Scots: tume, tuim

## Old Javanese
### Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taʀum.

### Noun

tom
* indigo (plant)

#### Descendants

* Javanese: tom
** → Ternate: tom

### References

* "tom" in P.J. Zoetmulder with the collaboration of S.O. Robson, Old Javanese-English Dictionary. 's-Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff, 1982.

## Polish
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin tomus, from Ancient Greek τόμος (tómos).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈtɔm/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔm
* Syllabification: tom

### Noun

tom m inan (diminutive tomik, augmentative tomisko or tomiszcze)
* volume (single book of a publication issued in multi-book format)
    Synonyms: wolumen, wolumin

#### Declension
### Further reading

* tom in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* tom in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Portuguese
### Etymology

Probably a semi-learned borrowing from Latin tonus (and influenced by som; compare the Spanish ton, variant of the standard tono, which underwent a similar change, influenced by son, respectively), from Ancient Greek τόνος (tónos, “tone”), from τείνω (teínō, “to stretch”). Cf. also trom, a possible doublet.

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈtõ/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈtõ/, (dialectal) /ˈtɐ̃w̃/
* Rhymes: -õ
* Homophone: tão (Portugal, dialectal)
* Hyphenation: tom

### Noun

tom m (plural tons)
* tone; pitch (property of sound determined by the frequency)
* tone (shade or quality of a colour)
* tone (manner in which speech or writing is expressed)
* (music) tone (interval of a major second)
* (music) key

### See also

* trom

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from French tome, from Latin tomus.

### Noun

tom n (plural tomuri)
* volume

#### Declension
## Scottish Gaelic
### Etymology

From Old Irish tom (“bush, tuft; hillock, knoll”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /t̪ʰɔum/

### Noun

tom m (genitive singular tuim, plural toman or tomannan)
* round hillock or knoll, rising ground, swell, green eminence
* any round heap
* tuft of anything
* bush, thicket
* anthill
* (Islay) stool
* volume of a book
* bank
* grave
* (medicine, rare) the plague
* conical knoll

## Slovene
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tóːm/

### Noun

tọ̑m m inan
* tome

#### Inflection
### See also

* zvézek

### Further reading

* “tom”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU (in Slovene), 2014–2025

## Swedish
### Etymology 1

From Old Norse tómr.

#### Pronunciation

* (Sweden) IPA: /tum/
* Audio:(file)

#### Adjective

tom (comparative tommare, superlative tommast)
* empty
    tomma tunnor skramlar mestempty barrels make the most noise (those who complain most vigorously, are the least important)

##### Declension

$^1$ The indefinite superlative forms are only used in the predicative. $^2$ Dated or archaic. $^3$ Only used, optionally, to refer to things whose natural gender is masculine.

##### Antonyms

* full

##### Related terms

* halvtom
* tomburk
* tombutelj
* tomfat
* tomflaska
* tomglas
* tomgång
* tomhet
* tomhylsa
* tomhänt
* tomkartong
* tomlåda
* tomlår
* tomme
* tomning
* tomrum
* tomsäck
* tomvagn
* tömma

### Etymology 2

Used in Swedish since 1697. From French tome, Latin tomus (“section of larger work”), from Ancient Greek τόμος (tómos, “section, roll of papyrus, volume”), from τέμνω (témnō, “I cut, separate”). Cognate with English tome.

#### Pronunciation

* (Sweden) IPA: /toːm/

#### Noun

tom c
* A tome, a volume (in a series of books), a (thick) book.

##### Declension

| | | nominative | genitive |
| singular | indefinite | tom | toms |
| singular | definite | tomen | tomens |
| plural | indefinite | tomer | tomers |
| plural | definite | tomerna | tomernas |

##### Derived terms

* tomtals

#### References

* tom in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* tom in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

### Anagrams

* mot

## Ternate
### Etymology

From Javanese ꦠꦺꦴꦩ꧀ (tom), from Old Javanese tom.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tom/

### Noun

tom (Jawi توم)
* indigo (Indigofera tinctoria)

### References

* Frederik Sigismund Alexander de Clercq (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate, E.J. Brill
* Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

## Welsh
### Etymology

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *tewh₂- (“to swell”). Compare Middle Irish tomm (“clump, hill”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tɔm/
* Rhymes: -ɔm

### Noun

tom m or f (plural tomau)
* dung, excrement, faeces
    Synonym: cach
* manure, compost
* filth, muck, mire

#### Derived terms

* tomen (“dunghill”)

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “tom”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

## White Hmong
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tɒ˩̰/

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Hmong-Mien *dəp (“to bite”); compare Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ketep (“id”), whence Indonesian ketip (“dime, dite”).

#### Verb

tom
* to bite

### Etymology 2

* This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Considered native Hmongic by Ratliff, though no reconstructed proto-form is given.”

#### Preposition

tom
* at, there (nearby)

### References

* Heimbach, Ernest E. (1979) White Hmong — English Dictionary‎, SEAP Publications, →ISBN, pages 322-3.
* ↑ Ratliff, Martha (2010) Hmong-Mien language history (Studies in Language Change; 8), Camberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics, →ISBN, page 237; 283.
* ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20101031002604/http://wold.livingsources.org/vocabulary/25

## Zuni
### Pronoun

tom
* Second person singular possessive (medial position)
    your
* Second person singular object
    you

#### Related terms

* to'
* tomma