# 가위
## Korean
### Etymology 1

Equivalent to Middle Korean ᄀᆞᇫ다〮 (Yale: kòz-tá, “to cut”) + 개 (Yale: -kay, inanimate agentive suffix), but the source verb is obsolete and the word is no longer perceivable as a compound by any speakers.
First attested in the Jīlín lèishì (鷄林類事 / 계림유사), 1103, as Late Old Korean 割子蓋 (Yale: *kòsókáy). This form is preserved in the conservative Gyeongsang dialect form 가시개 (gasigae, “scissors”).
In the hangul script, first attested in the Bullyu dugongbu si eonhae (分類杜工部詩諺解 / 분류두공부시언해), 1481, as Middle Korean ᄀᆞᇫ애〮 (Yale: kòzGáy).
Lee (1958) asserts Manchu ᡥᠠᠰᠠᡥᠠ (hasaha, “scissors”) appears to be an old borrowing from Korean.

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ka̠ɥi] ~ [ka̠y]
* Phonetic hangul: [가위]
* South Gyeongsang (Busan) pitch accent: 가위의 / 가위에 / 가위까지Syllables in red take high pitch. This word always takes high pitch only on the first syllable, and lowers the pitch of subsequent suffixes.
* This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.

#### Noun

가위 • (gawi)
* scissors
    가위로 자르다/오리다 ― gawi-ro jareuda/orida ― to cut with scissors

##### Synonyms

Historical and regional synonyms of 가위 (gawi, “scissors”) :
| view map; ||||
| Group | Region | Location | Words |
| Standardised forms | South Korean Standard Language | South Korean Standard Language | 가위 (gawi) |
| Standardised forms | North Korean Cultured Language | North Korean Cultured Language | 가위 (gawi) |
| Historical forms | Old Korean (Jilin leishi) | Old Korean (Jilin leishi) | 割子蓋 (*kòsòkáy [?]) |
| Historical forms | Middle Korean | Middle Korean | ᄀᆞᇫ애〮 (kòzGáy) |
| Historical forms | Early Modern Seoul Korean | Early Modern Seoul Korean | 가ᄋᆡ (gaae), ᄀᆞ애 (gaae), 가의 (gaui), 가외 (gaoe) |
| Central Korean | Gyeonggi | Modern colloquial Seoul | 가위 (gawi) |
| Central Korean | Gyeonggi | Yeoncheon | 가위 (gawi), 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | Gyeonggi | Paju | 가위 (gawi), 가우 (gau), 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | Gyeonggi | Pocheon | 가위 (gawi), 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | Gyeonggi | Ganghwa | 가위 (gawi) |
| Central Korean | Gyeonggi | Gimpo | 가위 (gawi) |
| Central Korean | Gyeonggi | Goyang | 가위 (gawi) |
| Central Korean | Gyeonggi | Yangju | 가우 (gau), 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | Gyeonggi | Namyangju | 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | Gyeonggi | Gapyeong | 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | Gyeonggi | Siheung | 가웨 (gawe) |
| Central Korean | Gyeonggi | Yangpyeong | 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | Gyeonggi | Hwaseong | 가위 (gawi), 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | Gyeonggi | Yongin | 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | Gyeonggi | Icheon | 가위 (gawi), 가우 (gau), 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | Gyeonggi | Yeoju | 가우 (gau), 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | Gyeonggi | Pyeongtaek | 가위 (gawi), 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | Gyeonggi | Anseong | 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | Yeongseo | Chuncheon | 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | Yeongseo | Wonju | 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | Yeongseo | Cheorwon | 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | Yeongseo | Hwacheon | 가위 (gawi), 가우 (gau) |
| Central Korean | Yeongseo | Yanggu | 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | Yeongseo | Inje | 가이 (gai), 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | Yeongseo | Hongcheon | 가우 (gau), 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | Yeongseo | Hoengseong | 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | Yeongdong | Gangneung | 가새 (gásàe), 가웨 (gáwè) |
| Central Korean | Yeongdong | Wonsan | 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | Yeongdong | Kumya | 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | Yeongdong | Kosong | 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | Yeongdong | Yangyang | 가위 (gawi), 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | Yeongdong | Samcheok | 깍개 (kkákgè), 가시개 (gàsígè) |
| Central Korean | Yeongdong | Pyeongchang | 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | Yeongdong | Yeongwol | 까새 (kkásàe) |
| Central Korean | Yeongdong | Jeongseon | 가위 (gawi), 까새 (kkasae), 깍개 (kkakgae) |
| Central Korean | North Chungcheong | Cheongju | 가위 (gawi), 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | North Chungcheong | Jincheon | 가위 (gawi) |
| Central Korean | North Chungcheong | Eumseong | 가위 (gawi), 가우 (gau) |
| Central Korean | North Chungcheong | Chungju | 가위 (gawi), 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | North Chungcheong | Jecheon | 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | North Chungcheong | Danyang | 가위 (gawi), 가웨 (gawe), 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | North Chungcheong | Goesan | 가위 (gawi), 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | North Chungcheong | Boeun | 가위 (gawi), 가외 (gaoe), 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | North Chungcheong | Okcheon | 가위 (gawi), 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | North Chungcheong | Yeongdong | 가위 (gawi), 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | South Chungcheong | Daejeon | 가위 (gawi), 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | South Chungcheong | Seosan | 가위 (gawi), 가새 (gasae), 가세 (gase) |
| Central Korean | South Chungcheong | Dangjin | 가위 (gawi), 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | South Chungcheong | Asan | 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | South Chungcheong | Cheonan | 가위 (gawi), 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | South Chungcheong | Yesan | 가위 (gawi), 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | South Chungcheong | Hongseong | 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | South Chungcheong | Cheongyang | 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | South Chungcheong | Gongju | 가새 (gasae), 가우이 (gau'i), 가세 (gase) |
| Central Korean | South Chungcheong | Yeongi | 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | South Chungcheong | Boryeong | 가위 (gawi), 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | South Chungcheong | Buyeo | 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | South Chungcheong | Seocheon | 가위 (gawi), 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | South Chungcheong | Nonsan | 가이 (gai), 가새 (gasae), 가세 (gase) |
| Central Korean | South Chungcheong | Geumsan | 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | South Hwanghae | Haeju | 가위 (gawi) |
| Central Korean | South Hwanghae | Ongjin | 가새 (gasae) |
| Central Korean | South Hwanghae | Yonan | 가위 (gawi), 가우 (gau) |
| Central Korean | South Hwanghae | Kangryong | 가위 (gawi) |
| Central Korean | South Hwanghae | Taetan | 가위 (gawi) |
| Central Korean | South Hwanghae | Ryongyon | 가새 (gasae), 가왜 (gawae) |
| Central Korean | South Hwanghae | Chaeryong | 가위 (gawi), 가웨 (gawe) |
| Central Korean | South Hwanghae | Sinchon | 가왜 (gawae) |
| Central Korean | South Hwanghae | Songhwa | 가왜 (gawae) |
| Central Korean | South Hwanghae | Anak | 가위 (gawi), 가왜 (gawae), 강애 (gang'ae) |
| Central Korean | South Hwanghae | Unnyul | 가위 (gawi), 가왜 (gawae) |
| Central Korean | North Hwanghae | Sariwon | 가세 (gase), 가이 (gai) |
| Central Korean | North Hwanghae | Hwangju | 가위 (gawi), 가웨 (gawe), 가세 (gase), 가이 (gai), 가예 (gaye) |
| Central Korean | North Hwanghae | Songrim | 가이 (gai) |
| Central Korean | North Hwanghae | Unpa | 가세 (gase) |
| Central Korean | North Hwanghae | Yontan | 가이 (gai), 가애 (gaae) |
| Central Korean | North Hwanghae | Sohung | 가위 (gawi), 가웨 (gawe), 가이 (gai) |
| Central Korean | North Hwanghae | Pyongsan | 가세 (gase), 가애 (gaae) |
| Central Korean | North Hwanghae | Kumchon | 가위 (gawi) |
| Central Korean | North Hwanghae | Singye | 가새 (gasae), 가세 (gase) |
| Central Korean | North Hwanghae | Suan | 가위 (gawi), 가웨 (gawe), 가우 (gau) |
| Central Korean | North Hwanghae | Koksan | 가우 (gau), 가새 (gasae) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Daegu | 가'시개 (ga sigae) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Yeongju | 가'시개 (ga sigae), '가웨 ( gawe) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Bonghwa | 가'시개 (ga sigae), '가위 ( gawi), '가웨 ( gawe) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Uljin | 가'시개 (ga sigae), '가새 ( gasae), '가이 ( gai) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Mungyeong | 가'시개 (ga sigae) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Yecheon | '가새 ( gasae) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Andong | 가'시개 (ga sigae), '가새 ( gasae) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Yeongyang | 가'시개 (ga sigae), '가새 ( gasae) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Sangju | '가새 ( gasae), '까새 ( kkasae) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Uiseong | 가'시개 (ga sigae), 까'시개 (kka sigae), '가위 ( gawi) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Cheongsong | 가'시개 (ga sigae), 까'시개 (kka sigae), '가위 ( gawi) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Yeongdeok | 가'시개 (ga sigae), '가위 ( gawi) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Gimcheon | 가'시개 (ga sigae), '가이 ( gai) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Gumi | 가'시개 (ga sigae) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Gunwi | 가웨 (gawe), '가새 ( gasae) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Pohang | 가'시개 (ga sigae), '가웨 ( gawe) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Seongju | 가'시개 (ga sigae) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Chilgok | 가'시개 (ga sigae) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Gyeongsan | 가'시개 (ga sigae) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Yeongcheon | 가'시개 (ga sigae), '까위 ( kkawi), '가이 ( gai) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Goryeong | 가'시개 (ga sigae) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Cheongdo | 가'시개 (ga sigae) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Gyeongju | 가'시개 (ga sigae), '가위 ( gawi) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | South Gyeongsang | Busan | 가'시개 (ga sigae), '가새 ( gasae) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | South Gyeongsang | Ulsan | 가'시개 (ga sigae), '가새 ( gasae) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | South Gyeongsang | Changwon | 가'시개 (ga sigae), '가새 ( gasae), 까'시개 (kka sigae) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | South Gyeongsang | Geochang | 가'시개 (ga sigae), '가새 ( gasae), '가이 ( gai) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | South Gyeongsang | Hapcheon | 가'시개 (ga sigae), '가새 ( gasae) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | South Gyeongsang | Changnyeong | 가'시개 (ga sigae), '가새 ( gasae) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | South Gyeongsang | Miryang | 가'시개 (ga sigae) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | South Gyeongsang | Hamyang | 가'시개 (ga sigae), '가이 ( gai) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | South Gyeongsang | Sancheong | 가'시개 (ga sigae), '가새 ( gasae) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | South Gyeongsang | Uiryeong | 가'시개 (ga sigae), '가새 ( gasae) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | South Gyeongsang | Hadong | 가'시개 (ga sigae), '가새 ( gasae) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | South Gyeongsang | Jinju | 가'시개 (ga sigae), '가새 ( gasae) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | South Gyeongsang | Haman | 가'시개 (ga sigae), '가새 ( gasae) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | South Gyeongsang | Gimhae | '가새 ( gasae), 가'스개 (ga seugae), 가'시깨 (ga sikkae) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | South Gyeongsang | Yangsan | 가'시개 (ga sigae), 가'시깨 (ga sikkae), '가새 ( gasae) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | South Gyeongsang | Sacheon | 가'시개 (ga sigae), '가새 ( gasae) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | South Gyeongsang | Goseong | 가'시개 (ga sigae), '가새 ( gasae) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | South Gyeongsang | Namhae | 가'시개 (ga sigae), '가이 ( gai), 까'시개 (kka sigae) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | South Gyeongsang | Tongyeong | '가새 ( gasae) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | South Gyeongsang | Geoje | 가'시개 (ga sigae), '가새 ( gasae) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | Diaspora | Fushun | 가'시개 (ga sigae) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | Diaspora | Harbin | 가'시개 (ga sigae), '가새 ( gasae) |
| Jeolla Korean | North Jeolla | Gunsan | 가새 (gasae) |
| Jeolla Korean | North Jeolla | Iksan | 가새 (gasae) |
| Jeolla Korean | North Jeolla | Wanju | 가새 (gasae), 가위 (gawi), 가우 (gau) |
| Jeolla Korean | North Jeolla | Jinan | 가새 (gasae) |
| Jeolla Korean | North Jeolla | Muju | 가새 (gasae), 가우 (gau) |
| Jeolla Korean | North Jeolla | Gimje | 가새 (gasae), 가우 (gau) |
| Jeolla Korean | North Jeolla | Buan | 가새 (gasae), 가우 (gau) |
| Jeolla Korean | North Jeolla | Jeongeup | 가새 (gasae), 가세 (gase), 가위 (gawi), 가우 (gau) |
| Jeolla Korean | North Jeolla | Imsil | 가새 (gasae), 가위 (gawi), 가우 (gau), 가이 (gai) |
| Jeolla Korean | North Jeolla | Jangsu | 가새 (gasae) |
| Jeolla Korean | North Jeolla | Gochang | 가새 (gase), 가위 (gawi), 가우 (gau) |
| Jeolla Korean | North Jeolla | Sunchang | 가새 (gasae) |
| Jeolla Korean | North Jeolla | Namwon | 가새 (gasae), 까새 (kkasae), 가우 (gau) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Gwangju | 가새 (gase) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Yeonggwang | 가새 (gase) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Jangseong | 가새 (gase) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Damyang | 가새 (gase) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Gokseong | 가새 (gase), 가시개 (gasige) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Gurye | 가새 (gasae) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Hampyeong | 가새 (gase) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Sinan | 가새 (gase) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Naju | 가새 (gase) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Hwasun | 가새 (gase) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Suncheon | 가시개 (gasige) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Gwangyang | 가시개 (gasigae) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Yeongam | 가새 (gase) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Jindo | 가새 (gase) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Haenam | 가새 (gase) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Gangjin | 가새 (gase) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Jangheung | 가새 (gase) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Boseong | 가새 (gasae), 가시개 (gasigae) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Goheung | 가시개 (gasigae) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Yeosu | 가시개 (gasige), 가지개 (gajige) |
| Pyongan Korean | South Pyongan | Pyongyang | 가우 (gau) |
| Pyongan Korean | South Pyongan | Unsan | 강애 (gang'ae) |
| Pyongan Korean | South Pyongan | Anju | 강애 (gang'ae) |
| Pyongan Korean | South Pyongan | Maengsan | 강애 (gang'ae) |
| Pyongan Korean | North Pyongan | Sinuiju | 강애 (gang'ae) |
| Pyongan Korean | North Pyongan | Chongju | 강애 (gang'ae) |
| Pyongan Korean | North Pyongan | Sonchon | 강애 (gang'ae) |
| Pyongan Korean | North Pyongan | Cholsan | 강애 (gang'ae) |
| Pyongan Korean | North Pyongan | Ryongchon | 강애 (gang'ae) |
| Pyongan Korean | North Pyongan | Kusong | 가애 (gaae) |
| Pyongan Korean | North Pyongan | Unsan | 강애 (gang'ae) |
| Pyongan Korean | North Pyongan | Sakju | 가애 (gaae) |
| Pyongan Korean | North Pyongan | Changsong | 가애 (gaae) |
| Pyongan Korean | North Pyongan | Huichon | 강새 (gangsae) |
| Pyongan Korean | North Pyongan | Chosan | 가애 (gaae) |
| Pyongan Korean | North Pyongan | Tongsin | 가웨 (gawe) |
| Pyongan Korean | North Pyongan | Chonchon | 강애 (gang'ae) |
| Pyongan Korean | North Pyongan | Ryongrim | 가웨 (gawe) |
| Pyongan Korean | North Pyongan | Kanggye | 가애 (gaae) |
| Pyongan Korean | North Pyongan | Chunggang | 가애 (gaae) |
| Pyongan Korean | Diaspora | Shenyang | 강애 (gang'ae) |
| Pyongan Korean | Diaspora | Fushun | 강애 (gang'ae) |
| Pyongan Korean | Diaspora | Yingkou | 강애 (gang'ae) |
| Hamgyong Korean | South Hamgyong | Hamhung | 가'새 (ga sae) |
| Hamgyong Korean | South Hamgyong | Yodok | 가'새 (ga sae) |
| Hamgyong Korean | South Hamgyong | Pukchong | 가'새 (ga sae) |
| Hamgyong Korean | South Hamgyong | Tanchon | 가'새 (ga sae) |
| Hamgyong Korean | South Hamgyong | Changjin | 가'새 (ga sae) |
| Hamgyong Korean | South Hamgyong | Pujon | 가'새 (ga sae) |
| Hamgyong Korean | South Hamgyong | Rangrim | 가'새 (ga sae) |
| Hamgyong Korean | North Hamgyong | Chongjin | 가'새 (ga sae) |
| Hamgyong Korean | North Hamgyong | Kimchaek | 가'새 (ga sae) |
| Hamgyong Korean | North Hamgyong | Myongchon | 가'새 (ga sae) |
| Hamgyong Korean | North Hamgyong | Samjiyon | 가'새 (ga sae) |
| Hamgyong Korean | North Hamgyong | Kapsan | 가'새 (ga sae) |
| Hamgyong Korean | North Hamgyong | Samsu | 가'새 (ga sae) |
| Yukjin Korean | Yukjin | Kyonghung | 가새 (gàsáe) |
| Yukjin Korean | Yukjin | Onsong | 가새 (gàsáe) |
| Yukjin Korean | Diaspora | Hunchun | 가새 (gàsáe) |
| Jeju | Jeju | Jeju City | ᄀᆞ새 (gawsae) |
| Jeju | Jeju | Daejeong | ᄀᆞ새 (gawsae) |
| Jeju | Jeju | Seogwipo | ᄀᆞ새 (gawsae) |
| This table is an amalgamation of surveys of speakers mostly born before 1950 and may not reflect the language of younger speakers, which has lexically converged towards the standard Seoul dialect in both North and South Koreas. ||||

##### Derived terms

* 가위꼴 (gawikkol)
* 가위다리 (gawidari)
* 가위바위보 (gawibawibo)
* 가위질 (gawijil)
* 가위춤 (gawichum)
* 가위표 (gawipyo)

### Etymology 2

First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean ᄀᆞ오〮 (Yale: kòwó).

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ka̠ɥi] ~ [ka̠y]
* Phonetic hangul: [가위]

#### Noun

가위 • (gawi)
* nightmare experienced during sleep paralysis (traditionally linked to paranormal phenomena)
    Hypernym: 꿈 (kkum)
    가위에 눌리다 ― gawi-e nullida ― to have a nightmare

##### Derived terms

* 가위눌리다 (gawinullida)

### Etymology 3

First attested in the Yeogeo yuhae (譯語類解 / 역어유해), 1690, as Early Modern Korean 가외 (Yale: kawoy).
Beyond Hangul sources, recorded as 嘉俳 (*kapoy) in the Samguk Yusa, 1280s, possibly derived from the unattested verbal root *kapo- ("to be in the middle", see 갑다 (-gapda, suffix to make adjective) and Hamgyeong dialect 갑다 (gapda, “to be full, to fill, to brim (with), to become filled”)) and the nominal suffix *-i, and thus cognate to 가운데 (gaunde). The 嘉俳 form is also found in Dongdong, a highly archaic fifteenth-century Middle Korean song.

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ka̠ɥi] ~ [ka̠y]
* Phonetic hangul: [가위]

#### Noun

가위 • (gawi)
* Synonym of 추석(秋夕) (chuseok, “Mid-Autumn Festival”)

##### Derived terms

* 가윗날 (gawinnal)
* 한가위 (han'gawi)

### Etymology 4

Sino-Korean word from 可謂 (“as can be said”).

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ˈka̠(ː)ɥi] ~ [ˈka̠(ː)y]
* Phonetic hangul: [가(ː)위]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

#### Adverb

가위 • (gawi) (hanja 可謂)
* (literary) truly; indeed

### References

* ↑ Lee Ki-Moon (1958) “A Comparative Study of Manchu and Korean”, in Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher‎, volume 30, page 104