# 丹

| 丹 | U+4E39, &#20025; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E39 |
| ← 丸 [U+4E38] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 为 → [U+4E3A] |
| 丹 | U+F95E, &#63838; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F95E |
| ← 諾 [U+F95D] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 寧 → [U+F95F] |

## Translingual
### Han character

丹 (Kangxi radical 3, 丶+3, 4 strokes, cangjie input 月卜 (BY), four-corner 7744$_0$, composition ⿻⺆亠 or ⿻⺆⿱丶一)

#### Derived characters

* 坍
* 青

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 80, character 16
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 99
* Dae Jaweon: page 162, character 22
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 44, character 1
* Unihan data for U+4E39
* Unihan data for U+F95E

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 丹 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| Oracle bone scriptj12547j12548j12549Bronze inscriptionsb07719Small seal scripts03655Transcribed ancient scriptsL06505L06506L06507L06508L06509L06510L06511L06512L06513 ||||
| References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script). ||||
| | Old Chinese |
| 丹 | *taːn |
| 旃 | *tjan |
| 栴 | *tjan |
Pictogram (象形) of a well or mine with cinnabar inside. It can also indicate "red cinnabar" used in dyeing clothes (e.g., 彤). The original version is 𠂁. See also the bottom part of 青 (< 𤯞).

### Etymology 1

Schuessler (2007) suggests a Kam-Tai origin, comparing it to Proto-Kam-Sui *h-lanꟲ (“red”). 矸, as in 丹矸, may be a variant; see there for more.
Alternatively, it may be from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *t(j)a-n ~ *tsa-n (“red”), whence Burmese တာ (ta, “very red”) (Matisoff, 2003; Hill, 2014); however, STEDT currently does not compare this to 丹.
Possibly related to 旃 (OC *tjan, “a plain red flag”), as well as 袒 (OC *daːnʔ, “to bare; to strip oneself naked to the waist”), as skin color is often associated with "red". See these entries for more.

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): dān (dan$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄉㄢ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): daan$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): an$^1$ / an$^{1*}$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): tân
    (Hailu, HRS): dan$^ˋ$
* Northern Min (KCR): dúing
* Eastern Min (BUC): dăng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): dang$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tan
    (Teochew, Peng'im): dang$^1$ / duan$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$te
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dān
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: dan
*** Wade–Giles: tan$^1$
*** Yale: dān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: dan
*** Palladius: дань (danʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /tän⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: daan$^1$
*** Yale: dāan
*** Cantonese Pinyin: daan$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: dan$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /taːn⁵⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: an$^1$ / an$^{1*}$
*** Sinological IPA : /an³³/, /an³³⁻³³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tân
*** Hakka Romanization System: dan$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: dan$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /tan²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: dan$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /tan⁵³/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: dúing
*** Sinological IPA : /tuiŋ⁵⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: dăng
*** Sinological IPA : /taŋ⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: dang$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /taŋ⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tan
*** Tâi-lô: tan
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dafn
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tan⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tan³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tan⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tan⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tan⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: dang$^1$ / duan$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tang / tuaⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /taŋ³³/, /tũã³³/
* dang1 - literary;
* duan1 - vernacular (limited, e.g. 牡丹).
* Middle Chinese: tan
Rime :
| Character | 丹 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 端 (5) |
| Final (韻) | 寒 (61) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 都寒切 |
| Baxter | tan |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tɑn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /tɑn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /tɑn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /tan/ |
| Li Rong | /tɑn/ |
| Wang Li | /tɑn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /tɑn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | dān |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | daan$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*tˤan/
    (Zhengzhang): /*taːn/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 丹 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | dān |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tan › |
| Old Chinese | /*tˁan/ |
| English | cinnabar |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 丹 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 1980 |
| Phonetic component | 丹 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 單 |
| Old Chinese | /*taːn/ |

#### Definitions

丹
* cinnabar
* red
* refined medical substance
* a surname

##### Synonyms

* (red): See 紅 / 红
* (cinnabar):
* 丹干
* 丹砂 (dānshā)
* 朱砂 (zhūshā)
* 汞沙
* 猩紅 / 猩红 (xīnghóng)
* 赤丹
* 辰砂 (chénshā)
* 銀朱 / 银朱

#### Compounds

* 一寸丹心
* 一片丹心
* 不丹 (Bùdān)
* 不丹王國 / 不丹王国 (Bùdān Wángguó)
* 丹丘
* 丹佛 (Dānfó)
* 丹參 / 丹参 (dānshēn)
* 丹墀
* 丹客
* 丹山
* 丹川
* 丹干
* 丹徒布衣
* 丹心 (dānxīn)
* 丹心碧血
* 丹忱 (dānchén)
* 丹房
* 丹方 (dānfāng)
* 丹旐
* 丹曦
* 丹書 / 丹书
* 丹書鐵券 / 丹书铁券 (dānshūtiěquàn)
* 丹書鐵契 / 丹书铁契
* 丹東 / 丹东 (Dāndōng)
* 丹桂 (dānguì)
* 丹楓 / 丹枫 (dānfēng)
* 丹楹刻桷
* 丹款
* 丹毒 (dāndú)
* 丹氣 / 丹气
* 丹江口 (Dānjiāngkǒu)
* 丹溜
* 丹灶
* 丹珠爾 / 丹珠尔
* 丹甑
* 丹田 (dāntián)
* 丹皮
* 丹砂 (dānshā)
* 丹砂井
* 丹禁
* 丹穴
* 丹筆 / 丹笔
* 丹經 / 丹经
* 丹脣 / 丹唇
* 丹脣啟秀 / 丹唇启秀
* 丹臺 / 丹台
* 丹荑
* 丹葩
* 丹藥 / 丹药
* 丹衷
* 丹訣 / 丹诀
* 丹詔 / 丹诏
* 丹誠 / 丹诚 (dānchéng)
* 丹誠不泯 / 丹诚不泯
* 丹誠相許 / 丹诚相许
* 丹趙路 / 丹赵路 (Dānzhàolù)
* 丹輪 / 丹轮
* 丹鉛 / 丹铅
* 丹闕 / 丹阙 (dānquè)
* 丹陛 (dānbì)
* 丹陽 / 丹阳 (dānyáng)
* 丹雘
* 丹霄
* 丹霞 (dānxiá)
* 丹青 (dānqīng)
* 丹青妙手
* 丹青手
* 丹頂鶴 / 丹顶鹤 (dāndǐnghè)
* 丹頭 / 丹头
* 丹魄 (dānpò)
* 丹鳥 / 丹鸟
* 丹鳳 / 丹凤 (dānfèng)
* 丹鳳城 / 丹凤城
* 丹鳳眼 / 丹凤眼 (dānfèngyǎn)
* 丹麥 / 丹麦 (Dānmài)
* 丹麥人 / 丹麦人 (dānmàirén)
* 丹麥學派 / 丹麦学派
* 丹麥王國 / 丹麦王国 (Dānmài Wángguó)
* 丹麥語 / 丹麦语 (Dānmàiyǔ)
* 丹黃 / 丹黄
* 丹鼎
* 九轉丹 / 九转丹
* 九轉金丹 / 九转金丹
* 九還丹 / 九还丹
* 仁丹 (réndān)
* 仙丹 (xiāndān)
* 內丹 / 内丹
* 內丹功 / 内丹功
* 八卦丹
* 加里曼丹 (Jiālǐmàndān)
* 壽丹 / 寿丹
* 外丹
* 外丹功
* 大丹狗
* 契丹 (Qìdān)
* 好丹非素
* 妙手丹青
* 定坤丹 (dìngkūn dān)
* 山丹 (shāndān)
* 巴丹半島 / 巴丹半岛 (Bādān Bàndǎo)
* 施丹傅粉
* 書丹 / 书丹 (shūdān)
* 朱丹
* 松葉牡丹 / 松叶牡丹
* 楓丹白露 / 枫丹白露 (Fēngdānbáilù)
* 氯丹 (lǜdān)
* 水丹
* 浮翠流丹
* 渥丹
* 煉丹 / 炼丹 (liàndān)
* 煉丹術 / 炼丹术 (liàndānshù)
* 燕丹
* 燒丹鍊汞 / 烧丹炼汞
* 燕太子丹
* 牡丹 (mǔdān)
* 牡丹亭
* 牡丹江 (Mǔdānjiāng)
* 牡丹花
* 白牡丹 (báimǔdān)
* 眉橫丹鳳 / 眉横丹凤
* 碧血丹心
* 視丹如綠 / 视丹如绿
* 萬丹 / 万丹 (Wàndān)
* 萬靈丹 / 万灵丹 (wànlíngdān)
* 秋牡丹
* 紅毛丹 / 红毛丹 (hóngmáodān)
* 蔻丹 (kòudān)
* 蘇丹 / 苏丹 (sūdān)
* 赤血丹心
* 還丹 / 还丹
* 野牡丹
* 金丹 (jīndān)
* 鉛丹 / 铅丹
* 鍊丹 / 炼丹 (liàndān)
* 阿姆斯特丹 (Āmǔsītèdān)
* 阿巴丹
* 陰丹士林 / 阴丹士林 (yīndānshìlín)
* 陰丹布 / 阴丹布
* 雅丹 (yǎdān)
* 靈丹 / 灵丹 (língdān)
* 靈丹妙藥 / 灵丹妙药 (língdānmiàoyào)
* 靈丹聖藥 / 灵丹圣药 (língdānshèngyào)
* 靈寶護心丹 / 灵宝护心丹
* 青丹
* 馬纓丹 / 马缨丹
* 鹿特丹 (Lùtèdān)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Dān (Dan$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄉㄢ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): daan$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Dān
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Dan
*** Wade–Giles: Tan$^1$
*** Yale: Dān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Dan
*** Palladius: Дань (Danʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /tän⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: daan$^1$
*** Yale: dāan
*** Cantonese Pinyin: daan$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: dan$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /taːn⁵⁵/

#### Definitions

丹
* (Catholicism) Dan

##### Synonyms

| Branch | Words |
| Protestant | 但 |
| Roman Catholic | 丹 |

### References

* “丹”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* cinnabar
* red
* elixir made with cinnabar (e.g. Chinese elixir of life)
* improvised medicine
* devotion
* Short for 丹波国 (Tanba-koku, “Tanba Province”)

#### Readings

* Go-on: たん (tan, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: たん (tan, Jōyō)
* Kun: あか (aka, 丹)、あかい (akai, 丹い)、に (ni, 丹)
* Nanori: あかし (akashi)、あきら (akira)、まこと (makoto)

#### Compounds

* 丹(たん)桂(けい) (tankei): golden osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans)
* 丹(たん)花(か) (tanka)
* 丹(たん)後(ご) (Tango)
* 丹(たん)砂(さ) (tansa), 丹(たん)砂(しゃ) (tansha)
* 丹(たん)朱(しゅ) (tanshu)
* 丹(たん)州(しゅう) (Tanshū)
* 丹(たん)精(せい), 丹(たん)誠(せい) (tansei)
* 丹(たん)青(せい) (tansei)
* 丹(たん)前(ぜん) (tanzen)
* 丹(タン)頂(チョウ) (tanchō)
* 丹(たん)田(でん) (tanden)
* 丹(たん)毒(どく) (tandoku)
* 丹(たん)念(ねん) (tannen)
* 丹(たん)波(ば) (Tanba)
* 丹(たん)碧(ぺき) (tanpeki)
* 丹(たん)薬(やく) (tan'yaku)
* 黄(おう)丹(たん) (ōtan), 黄(おう)丹(だん) (ōdan)
* 仙(せん)丹(たん) (sentan)
* 曽(そ)丹(たん)集(しゅう) (Sotan-shū)
* 反(はん)魂(ごん)丹(たん) (hangontan)
* 牡(ボ)丹(タン) (botan)
* 万(まん)金(きん)丹(たん) (mankintan)
* 練(れん)丹(たん), 煉(れん)丹(たん) (rentan)
* 雲(う)丹(に) (uni)
* 甲(カ)比(ピ)丹(タン), 甲(カ)必(ピ)丹(タン) (kapitan)
* 吉(キ)利(リ)支(シ)丹(タン), 切(キリ)支(シ)丹(タン) (Kirishitan)
* 牡(ぼ)丹(た)餅(もち) (botamochi)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 丹
* に Grade: S
* kun'yomi
From Old Japanese, also used as 借音 (shakuon) kana for ⟨ni⟩.
Cognate with 土 (ni, “earth, ground”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) に [níꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ɲ̟i]

#### Noun

丹(に) • (ni)
* the color red
    Synonyms: 赤色 (akairo), 丹色 (niiro)
* red earth

##### Derived terms

* 丹(に)石(いし) (nīshi)
* 丹(に)色(いろ) (nīro)
* 丹(に)生(う) (niu), 丹生(にゅう) (nyū)
* 錦(にしき) (nishiki)
* 丹(に)摺(ず)り (nizuri)
* 丹(に)躑躅(つつじ) (ni-tsutsuji)
* 丹(に)つらう (nitsurau)
* 丹(に)塗(ぬり), 丹(に)塗(ぬ)り (ninuri)
* 丹(に)の穂(ほ) (ni no ho)
* 丹(に)羽(わ) (Niwa)
* 青(あお)丹(に) (aoni)
* 赤(あか)丹(に) (akani)
* 黄(おう)丹(に) (ōni)
* さ丹(に) (sani)
* 紅(べに) (beni)
* 八(や)百(お)丹(に) (yao ni)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 丹
* たん Grade: S
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 丹 (MC tan).
Used in the Man'yōshū (c. 759 CE) as 借音 (shakuon) kana for ⟨ta⟩.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) たん [táꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [tã̠ɴ]

#### Noun

丹(たん) • (tan)
* cinnabar
    Synonym: 辰砂 (shinsha)
* a yellowish-red pigment made from lead oxide, used, for example, in nihonga
* medicine, especially one for inducing immortality
    Synonym: 薬 (yaku)
* a yellow-red color, as of cinnabar

##### Derived terms

* 丹(たん)緑(ろく)本(ぼん) (Tanrokubon), 丹(たん)緑(りょく)本(ぼん) (Tanryokubon)

#### Proper noun

丹(たん) • (Tan)
* a surname

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 丹 (MC tan).

#### Hanja

丹 (eumhun 붉을 단 (bulgeul dan))
* hanja form of 단 (“red”)

#### Compounds

* 단풍 (丹楓, danpung, “maple; autumn leaves”)
* 단념 (丹念, dannyeom, “assiduity; diligence; application”)

### Etymology 2
#### Hanja

丹 (eumhun 정성스러울 란 (jeongseongseureoul ran), word-initial (South Korea) 정성스러울 난 (jeongseongseureoul nan))
* hanja form of 란 (“devotion”)

#### Compounds

* 모란 (牡丹, moran, “peony”)
* 거란 (契丹, Georan, “the Khitans”)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.
* Naver Hanja Dictionary: 丹

## Vietnamese
### Han character

丹: Hán Việt readings: đan (都(đô)艱(gian)切(thiết)), đơn
丹: Nôm readings: đơn, đan
* chữ Hán form of đan/đơn (“cinnabar”).
* chữ Hán form of đan/đơn (“red color”).

#### Compounds

* 丹麥 (Đan Mạch)
* 牡丹 (mẫu đơn)

### References

* 1 2 Nguyễn (2014).
* 1 2 3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* 1 2 Trần (2004).
* 1 2 3 Génibrel (1898).
* 1 2 Bonet (1899).
* 1 2 Hồ (1976).
* ↑ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).