# 史

| 史 | U+53F2, &#21490; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-53F2 |
| ← 叱 [U+53F1] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 右 → [U+53F3] |

## Translingual
### Han character

史 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+2, 5 strokes, cangjie input 中大 (LK), four-corner 5000$_6$, composition ⿻口乂)

#### Derived characters

* 㳏, 鉂, 駛(驶), 𫢓, 𫩢, 𡶈, 𣐳, 𥑏, 𭨮, 𧲬, 𩰡, 𪗧, 𫙓, 𮍸, 𭨡, 𪀎, 𨽄, 𩂝, 𣬐, 𭉅, 𪠷, 𭆾
* 𰁈, 𰓐, 𰥶, 𰶽, 𰛘, 𰝓, 𰑗

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 173, character 3
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3249
* Dae Jaweon: page 384, character 4
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 571, character 2
* Unihan data for U+53F2

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 史 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 吏 | *rɯs |
| 倳 | *ʔsrɯs |
| 剚 | *ʔsrɯs |
| 事 | *ʔsrɯs, *zrɯs |
| 史 | *srɯʔ |
| 使 | *srɯʔ, *srɯs |
| 駛 | *srɯʔ, *srɯs |
Pictogram (象形) – 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “hand”) holding a stylized flag almost identical to 中 (OC *tuŋ, *tuŋs) perhaps to indicate a representative or ambassador (see its variant 吏 used in 使 to mean "ambassador"). As an alternative, it holds either a pen or a hunting weapon resembling similar to 中. Hence, the inner component 中 is partly unclear.
The whole character originally indicates the act of taking notes; today, it means "history". Compare 事.

### Etymology
#### "to send, to employ, to cause"

    Causative derivation of 理 (OC rəʔ) "envoy (Zuo)" , "jail-official" (Guanzi), "marriage go-between", which is perhaps the same word as 理 (OC rəʔ) "to administer" (Schuessler 2007); the sense "scribe, historian" is derived from this.

#### "scribe, historian"

    Possibly from Austroasiatic; Schuessler (2007) compared 理 (OC *rɯʔ), 吏 (OC *rɯs, “official”), 史 (OC *srɯʔ, “scribe, historian”), and 使 (OC *srɯʔ, *srɯs, “ambassador”) to Old Khmer re (“to move, change position”) & its derivatives Old Khmer pre (“to send, order, assign, appoint, delegate, use, employ, make”), in turn related to paṃre (“to serve; service, duty; servant, delegate, representative, minister”); with Sino-Tibetan causative *s- corresponding to Khmer causative *p-.
    Alternatively, Unger (1990) and Starostin & Peiros (1996) derived 史 (OC *srɯʔ) "scribe, secretary" from 理 (OC *rɯʔ) "to mark, to draw lines", which, while cognate with Tibetan འབྲི ('bri, “to write, to draw”), apparently never meant "to write, to record".

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): shǐ (shi$^3$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄕˇ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): сы (sɨ, III)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): si$^2$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): lhu$^2$
* Gan (Wiktionary): si$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): sṳ́
    (Meixian, Guangdong): si$^3$
* Jin (Wiktionary): si$^2$
* Northern Min (KCR): sǔ
* Eastern Min (BUC): sṳ̄
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): so$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): sú / sír / sí / sái
    (Teochew, Peng'im): se$^2$ / su$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$sy
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): shr$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shǐ
*** Zhuyin: ㄕˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shǐh
*** Wade–Giles: shih$^3$
*** Yale: shř
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyy
*** Palladius: ши (ši)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂʐ̩²¹⁴/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: сы (sɨ, III)
*** Sinological IPA : /sz̩⁴⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: si$^2$
*** Yale: sí
*** Cantonese Pinyin: si$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: xi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /siː³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: lhu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬu⁵⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: si$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /sz̩²¹³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sṳ́
*** Hakka Romanization System: sii$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: si$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /sɨ³¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: si$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /sz̩³¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: si$^2$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /sz̩⁵³/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: sǔ
*** Sinological IPA : /su²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: sṳ̄
*** Sinological IPA : /sy³³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: so$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬo⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: so$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬɵ³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sú
*** Tâi-lô: sú
*** Phofsit Daibuun: suo
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /su⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /su⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sír
*** Tâi-lô: sír
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /sɯ⁵⁵⁴/
** (Hokkien: Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sí
*** Tâi-lô: sí
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sie
*** IPA (Philippines): /si⁵⁵⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sái
*** Tâi-lô: sái
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sae
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /sai⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /sai⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /sai⁴¹/
* sír/sú/sí - literary;
* sái - vernacular.
* Middle Chinese: sriX
Rime :
| Character | 史 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 生 (21) |
| Final (韻) | 之 (19) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 踈士切 |
| Baxter | sriX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʃɨ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʃɨ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʃie$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʂɨ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ʃiə$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ʃĭə$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʂi$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shǐ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | si$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-rəʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*srɯʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 史 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | shǐ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ sri$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*s-rəʔ/ |
| English | scribe |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 史 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 11487 |
| Phonetic component | 史 |
| Rime group | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 史 |
| Old Chinese | /*srɯʔ/ |

### Definitions

史
* history
    歐洲史／欧洲史 ― Ōuzhōu shǐ ― European history
    近代史 ― jìndàishǐ ― modern history
    史無前例／史无前例 ― shǐwúqiánlì ― unprecedented (literally, “no precedent in history”)
* (historical) court historian; scribe
    From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
    Dòng zé zuǒshǐ shū zhī, yán zé yòushǐ shū zhī. [Pinyin]
    His actions were written down by the recorder of the Left, and his utterances by the recorder of the Right.
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
    Dǒng Hú, gǔ zhī liángshǐ yě, shūfǎ bù yǐn. [Pinyin]
    Dong Hu was a good historiographer of old time:—his rule for writing was not to conceal.
* historical record; book recording history
    正史 ― zhèngshǐ ― official historical records
    《二十四史》 ― “èrshísìshǐ” ― Twenty-Four Histories
* a surname
    史可法 ― Shǐ Kěfǎ ― Shi Kefa

#### Compounds

* 三史
* 二十五史
* 二十六史
* 二十四史 (Èrshísì Shǐ)
* 五代史
* 令史 (lìngshǐ)
* 仿連史紙 / 仿连史纸
* 佞史
* 信史 (xìnshǐ)
* 修史 (xiūshǐ)
* 儒林外史 (Rúlín Wàishǐ)
* 元史
* 元祕史 / 元秘史
* 內史 / 内史 (nèishǐ)
* 六經皆史 / 六经皆史
* 別史 / 别史 (biéshǐ)
* 刺史 (cìshǐ)
* 刺史天
* 北史 (Běishǐ)
* 南史
* 南史氏
* 口述歷史 / 口述历史 (kǒushù lìshǐ)
* 史不絕書 / 史不绝书
* 史乘
* 史冊 / 史册 (shǐcè)
* 史前史 (shǐqiánshǐ)
* 史前時代 / 史前时代 (shǐqián shídài)
* 右史
* 古史 (gǔshǐ)
* 史可法
* 史奴比 (Shǐnúbǐ)
* 史學 / 史学 (shǐxué)
* 史官 (shǐguān)
* 史家 (shǐjiā)
* 史密斯 (Shǐmìsī)
* 史實 / 史实 (shǐshí)
* 史思明
* 史懷哲 / 史怀哲
* 史撥尼克 / 史拨尼克 (si2 but6 nei4 hak1)
* 史文赫丁
* 史料 (shǐliào)
* 史晨碑
* 史書 / 史书 (shǐshū)
* 史游
* 史無前例 / 史无前例 (shǐwúqiánlì)
* 史特勞斯 / 史特劳斯
* 史瓦濟蘭 / 史瓦济兰 (Shǐwǎjìlán)
* 史祠 (Shǐcí)
* 史筆 / 史笔 (shǐbǐ)
* 史籀
* 史籀篇
* 史籍 (shǐjí)
* 史萊姆 / 史莱姆 (shǐláimǔ)
* 史蒂芬生
* 史記 / 史记 (Shǐjì)
* 史評 / 史评
* 史詩 / 史诗 (shǐshī)
* 史賓塞 / 史宾塞
* 史跡 / 史迹 (shǐjì)
* 史迪威 (Shǐdíwēi)
* 史通
* 史達林 / 史达林 (Shǐdálín)
* 史遷 / 史迁
* 史部
* 史鈔 / 史钞
* 史鑑 / 史鉴
* 史館 / 史馆
* 史魚 / 史鱼
* 史鰌 / 史鳅
* 名垂青史 (míngchuíqīngshǐ)
* 名標青史 / 名标青史
* 唯物史觀 / 唯物史观 (wéiwù shǐguān)
* 四史
* 國別史 / 国别史 (guóbiéshǐ)
* 國史 / 国史 (guóshǐ)
* 國史館 / 国史馆
* 地球史
* 外史 (wàishǐ)
* 大掾史
* 大柱史
* 太史 (tàishǐ)
* 太史令 (tàishǐ lìng)
* 太史公 (Tàishǐgōng)
* 女史 (nǚshǐ)
* 安史之亂 / 安史之乱 (Ān Shǐ Zhī Luàn)
* 宋史
* 將兵長史 / 将兵长史
* 小史
* 左史
* 左圖右史 / 左图右史 (zuǒtúyòushǐ)
* 廌史
* 御史 (yùshǐ)
* 御史大夫 (yùshǐ dàfū)
* 御史臺 / 御史台
* 御史雨
* 思想史 (sīxiǎngshǐ)
* 戰史 / 战史 (zhànshǐ)
* 才如史遷 / 才如史迁
* 政治史
* 教育史
* 文史 (wénshǐ)
* 文學史 / 文学史 (wénxuéshǐ)
* 新五代史
* 新元史
* 斷代史 / 断代史 (duàndàishǐ)
* 書史 / 书史
* 有史以來 / 有史以来 (yǒushǐyǐlái)
* 朝經暮史 / 朝经暮史
* 枕經藉史 / 枕经借史
* 柱下史
* 樂史 / 乐史
* 正史 (zhèngshǐ)
* 歷史 / 历史 (lìshǐ)
* 歷史劇 / 历史剧
* 歷史名詞 / 历史名词
* 歷史學 / 历史学 (lìshǐxué)
* 歷史小說 / 历史小说 (lìshǐ xiǎoshuō)
* 歷史年表 / 历史年表
* 歷史文學 / 历史文学
* 歷史時代 / 历史时代
* 歷史線圖 / 历史线图 (lìshǐ xiàn tú)
* 歷史觀 / 历史观 (lìshǐguān)
* 歷史語詞 / 历史语词
* 歷史重演 / 历史重演
* 民生史觀 / 民生史观
* 津史
* 清史稿
* 漁經獵史 / 渔经猎史
* 班史
* 現代史 / 现代史
* 琴史
* 畫史 / 画史
* 病史 (bìngshǐ)
* 監察御史 / 监察御史
* 眉史
* 瞽史 (gǔshǐ)
* 石刻史料
* 研經鑄史 / 研经铸史
* 硯史 / 砚史
* 祕史 / 秘史 (mìshǐ)
* 祝史
* 私史
* 稗史
* 稗官野史 (bàiguānyěshǐ)
* 穢史 / 秽史
* 經史子集 / 经史子集 (jīngshǐzǐjí)
* 經史笥 / 经史笥
* 經濟史觀 / 经济史观
* 編年史 / 编年史 (biānniánshǐ)
* 繡衣御史 / 绣衣御史
* 繹史 / 绎史
* 羅曼史 / 罗曼史 (luómànshǐ)
* 美術史 / 美术史 (měishùshǐ)
* 腐史
* 舊五代史 / 旧五代史
* 良史 (liángshǐ)
* 花史
* 荷馬史詩 / 荷马史诗
* 蕭史 / 萧史
* 藏室史
* 蘭臺令史 / 兰台令史
* 西洋史
* 詠史詩 / 咏史诗
* 詩史 / 诗史 (shīshǐ)
* 講史 / 讲史
* 豔史 / 艳史
* 路史
* 近世史
* 通史 (tōngshǐ)
* 連史紙 / 连史纸
* 野史 (yěshǐ)
* 金史
* 鐵面御史 / 铁面御史
* 長史 / 长史 (zhǎngshǐ)
* 開化史 / 开化史
* 雜史 / 杂史
* 青史 (qīngshǐ)
* 青史傳名 / 青史传名 (qīngshǐchuánmíng)
* 青史名留
* 青史流芳
* 青史留名
* 韻史 / 韵史
* 麟史 (Línshǐ)

## Japanese

* Kanji in this term
* 史
* Grade: 5

### Kanji

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)
* record, recording
* history

#### Readings

* Go-on: し (shi, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: し (shi, Jōyō)
* On: じ (ji)
* Kun: ふひと (fuhito, 史)、ふびと (fubito, 史)、ふみ (fumi, 史)、さかん (sakan)

### Proper noun

史(ひろし) • (Hiroshi)
* a male given name

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 史 (MC sriX).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᄉᆞᆼ〯 (Yale: sǒ) | ᄉᆞᆼ〯 (Yale: sǒ) |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | ᄉᆞ〯긧〮 (Yale: sǒkúy-s) | ᄉᆞ〯 (Yale: sǒ) |

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [sʰa̠(ː)]
* Phonetic hangul: [사(ː)]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Hanja

Wikisource 史 (eumhun 사기(史記) 사 (sagi sa))
* hanja form of 사 (“history”) [noun, suffix]

#### Compounds

* 국사 (國史, guksa)
* 사상 (史上, sasang)
* 사적 (史的, sajeok)
* 사적 (史跡, sajeok)
* 사학 (史學, sahak)
* 역사 (歷史, yeoksa)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

史: Hán Nôm readings: sử
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.