OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# θερμοφύλαξ
## Ancient Greek
### Etymology

From θερμο- (thermo-, “hot, warm”) +‎ φύλαξ (phúlax, “guard”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tʰer.mo.pʰý.laks/ → /θer.moˈɸy.laks/ → /θer.moˈfi.laks/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /tʰer.mo.pʰý.laks/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /tʰer.moˈpʰy.laks/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /θer.moˈɸy.laks/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /θer.moˈfy.laks/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /θer.moˈfi.laks/

### Noun

θερμοφῠ́λᾰξ • (thermophŭ́lăx) m (genitive θερμοφῠ́λᾰκος); third declension
* kettle

#### Inflection
### Further reading

* “θερμοφύλαξ”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
# φαΐ
## Greek
### Alternative forms

* φαγί n (fagí) (vernacular)

### Etymology

From Byzantine Greek φαγί(ν) (phagí(n)), from Ancient Greek φαγεῖν (phageîn), infinitive of ἔφαγον (éphagon), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰh₂g-, zero-grade of *bʰeh₂g- (“to divide, distribute”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /fa.ˈi/
* Hyphenation: φα‧ΐ

### Noun

φαΐ • (faḯ) n
* food
    Synonym: φαγητό (fagitó)
    Φάε το φαΐ σου! (/ˈfae to‿faˈi‿su/) ― Fáe to faḯ sou! ― Eat your food!

#### Declension

* all inflectional forms especially genitives are rare and informal. Instead, φαγητού, φαγητά and φαγητών can be used, from synonym φαγητό (fagitó).

#### Derived terms

* αποφάγι n (apofági, “scraps”)
* αποφάι n (apofái, “scraps”)
* φαγάκι n (fagáki, diminutive)

### Further reading

* φαΐ, in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998 at the Centre for the Greek language
# eahta and fiftigoþa
## Old English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈæ͜ɑx.tɑ ɑnd ˈfiːf.ti.ɡo.θɑ/, [ˈæ͜ɑx.tɑ ɑnd ˈfiːf.ti.ɣo.θɑ]

### Numeral

eahta and fīftigoþa
* fifty-eighth
# objevit
## Czech
### Etymology

From ob- +‎ jevit.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈobjɛvɪt]

### Verb

objevit pf (imperfective objevovat)
* (transitive) to discover
* (reflexive with se) to appear, to emerge
    Antonym: zmizet

#### Conjugation

| Infinitive | objevit, objeviti | Active adjective | objevivší |
| Verbal noun | objevení | Passive adjective | objevený |
| Present forms | indicative | indicative | imperative | imperative |
| | singular | plural | singular | plural |
| 1st person | objevím | objevíme | — | objevme |
| 2nd person | objevíš | objevíte | objev | objevte |
| 3rd person | objeví | objeví | — | — |
* The verb objevit does not have present tense and the present forms are used to express future only.
| Participles | Past participles | Past participles | Passive participles | Passive participles |
| | singular | plural | singular | plural |
| masculine animate | objevil | objevili | objeven | objeveni |
| masculine inanimate | objevil | objevily | objeven | objeveny |
| feminine | objevila | objevily | objevena | objeveny |
| neuter | objevilo | objevila | objeveno | objevena |
| Transgressives | present | past |
| masculine singular | — | objeviv |
| feminine + neuter singular | — | objevivši |
| plural | — | objevivše |

#### Derived terms

* objev m
* objevitel m anim
* objevitelný
* objevitelský
* objevitelství n

### Further reading

* “objeviti”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “objeviti”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* “objevit”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech)
# gabbiano comune
## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡabˈbja.no koˈmu.ne/
* Hyphenation: gab‧bià‧no‧co‧mù‧ne

### Noun

gabbiano comune m (plural gabbiani comuni)
* black-headed gull
# symbolum
## Latin
### Etymology

From Ancient Greek σύμβολον (súmbolon).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈsym.bo.lum/, [ˈs̠ʏmbɔɫ̪ʊ̃ˑ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈsim.bo.lum/, [ˈsimbolum]

### Noun

symbolum n (genitive symbolī); second declension
* symbol, token
* (Ecclesiastical Latin) creed

#### Declension

Second-declension noun (neuter).

#### Descendants

* Asturian: símbolu
* Catalan: símbol
* → Czech: symbol
* → Danish: symbol
* French: symbole
** → Dutch: symbool
** → English: symbol
** → Polish: symbol
** → Scots: seembol
** → Turkish: sembol
* Galician: símbolo
* Italian: simbolo
* Norman: sŷmbole
* Norwegian:
** → Norwegian Bokmål: symbol
** → Norwegian Nynorsk: symbol
* Portuguese: símbolo
* Romanian: simbol
* Spanish: símbolo
** → Tagalog: simbolo
* → German: Symbol
** Yiddish: סימבאָל (simbol)
* → Hungarian: szimbólum
* → Swedish: symbol
* → Welsh: symbol

### See also

* symbolus

### References

* symbolum in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* “symbolum”, in William Smith, editor (1854, 1857), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, volume 1 & 2, London: Walton and Maberly
# hemoconcentrate
## English
### Etymology

From hemo- +‎ concentrate.

### Verb

hemoconcentrate (third-person singular simple present hemoconcentrates, present participle hemoconcentrating, simple past and past participle hemoconcentrated)
* To undergo hemoconcentration
# szánalom
## Hungarian
### Etymology

szán +‎ -alom

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈsaːnɒlom]
* Hyphenation: szá‧na‧lom

### Noun

szánalom (usually uncountable, plural szánalmak)
* pity

#### Derived terms

* szánalmas

#### Related terms

* szánakozik

### Further reading

* szánalom in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
# przetoką
## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: (standard) /pʂɛˈtɔ.kɔw̃/, (regional or dialectal, proscribed) /pʂɛˈtɔ.kɔm/
* Rhymes: -ɔkɔw̃
* Syllabification: prze‧to‧ką

### Noun

przetoką
* instrumental singular of przetoka
# αναρτώ
## Greek
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /a.naɾˈto/
* Hyphenation: α‧ναρ‧τώ

### Verb

αναρτώ • (anartó) (past ανάρτησα, passive αναρτώμαι, p‑past αναρτήθηκα, ppp αναρτημένος)
* to hang, hang up, suspend

#### Related terms

* see: ανάρτηση f (anártisi, “suspension, hanging”)
* εξαρτώ (exartó, “be dependent”)
* προσαρτώ (prosartó, “append, annex”)
* συναρτώ (synartó, “connect”)
# Finkelstein
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Yiddish פֿינקעלשטיין (finkelshteyn), from Old High German funko (“spark”) with stein (“stone”).

### Pronunciation

* (US) IPA: /ˈfɪŋ.kəlˌstaɪn/, /ˈfɪŋ.kəlˌstin/

### Proper noun

Finkelstein (plural Finkelsteins)
* A surname from Yiddish. [19th c.]

#### Derived terms

* Finkelstein reaction

#### Statistics

* According to the 2010 United States Census, Finkelstein is the 7258th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 4591 individuals. Finkelstein is most common among White (95.49%) individuals.

### References

* 1 2 https://surnames.behindthename.com/name/finkelstein/submitted
# twijfelen
## Dutch
### Etymology

From Middle Dutch twivelen, twifelen, from Old Dutch twīvalen. By surface analysis, twijfel +‎ -en.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈtʋɛi̯fələ(n)/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: twij‧fe‧len
* Rhymes: -ɛi̯fələn

### Verb

twijfelen
* (intransitive) to doubt [with aan]

#### Derived terms

* betwijfelen
* getwijfel
* ongetwijfeld
* twijfelaar
* twijfeling
* vertwijfelen

#### Descendants

* Afrikaans: twyfel
* Negerhollands: twiefel
* → Sranan Tongo: twèifel
** → Caribbean Javanese: twèifel
# Lassik
## English
### Noun

Lassik pl (plural only)
* One of the Eel River Athapaskan peoples of California.

### Proper noun

Lassik
* The former language of these people.
# theoreticus
## Dutch
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Noun

theoreticus m (plural theoretici or theoreticussen, diminutive theoreticusje n)
* theorist

#### Derived terms

* complottheoreticus
* snaartheoreticus

## Latin
### Etymology

From Ancient Greek θεωρητικός (theōrētikós).

### Adjective

theōrēticus (feminine theōrētica, neuter theōrēticum); first/second-declension adjective
* contemplative, speculative
    Synonyms: contemplātīvus, theōrīcus

#### Declension

First/second-declension adjective.

#### Descendants

* → Czech: teoretik
* → Danish: teoretisk
* → Dutch: theoreticus
* → English: theoretic, theoretical
* → French: théorétique (learned)
* → Hungarian: teoretikus
* → Norwegian Bokmål: teoretisk
* → Norwegian Nynorsk: teoretisk
* → Russian: теоре́тик (teorétik)
* → Serbo-Croatian: teorètik
* → Slovak: teoretik
* → Slovene: teorẹ́tik
* → Swedish: teoretisk
* → Ukrainian: теоре́тик (teorétyk)

### References

* “theoreticus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* theoreticus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
# eacnamaíocht
## Irish
### Etymology

From eacnamaí (“economist”) +‎ -acht.

### Noun

eacnamaíocht f (genitive singular eacnamaíochta)
* economics

#### Declension

bare forms
case
singular
nominative
eacnamaíocht
vocative
a eacnamaíocht
genitive
eacnamaíochta
dative
eacnamaíocht
forms with the definite article
case
singular
nominative
an eacnamaíocht
genitive
na heacnamaíochta
dative
leis an eacnamaíocht don eacnamaíocht :

#### Derived terms

* eacnamaíocht bhaile f (“domestic science, home economics”)
* eacnamaíocht pholaitiúil f (“political economy”)
* micreacnamaíocht f (“microeconomics”)
* socheacnamaíocht f (“socioeconomics”)
* teoiric eacnamaíochta f (“economic theory”)

#### Related terms

* eacnamaíoch (“economic, economical”, adjective)

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “eacnamaíocht”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “eacnamaíocht”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
* “eacnamaíocht”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2025
# ekstyrpacją
## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: (standard) /ɛk.stɘrˈpa.t͡sjɔw̃/, (regional or dialectal, proscribed) /ɛk.stɘrˈpa.t͡sjɔm/
* Rhymes: -at͡sjɔw̃
* Syllabification: ek‧styr‧pa‧cją

### Noun

ekstyrpacją
* instrumental singular of ekstyrpacja
# χαλαρώνω
## Greek
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /xa.laˈɾo.no/
* Hyphenation: χα‧λα‧ρώ‧νω

### Verb

χαλαρώνω • (chalaróno) (past χαλάρωσα, passive —, ppp χαλαρωμένος)
* to loosen, slacken (rope, etc)
* to relax

#### Synonyms

* (loosen): λασκάρω (laskáro)

#### Related terms

* χαλαρότητα f (chalarótita, “relaxation, slackness”)
* χαλάρωση f (chalárosi, “relaxation, slackness”)
* χαλαρωτικός (chalarotikós, “relaxing”, adjective)
* and see: χαλαρός (chalarós, “relaxed, slack”, adjective)
# thermosonication
## English
### Noun

thermosonication (uncountable)
* Sonication using heat.
# opresión
## Spanish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin oppressiōnem.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /opɾeˈsjon/ [o.pɾeˈsjõn]
* Rhymes: -on
* Syllabification: o‧pre‧sión

### Noun

opresión f (plural opresiones)
* oppression
    Synonym: constreñimiento

#### Related terms

* opresivo
* opreso
* opresor
* oprimir

### Further reading

* “opresión”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# xan
## Translingual
### Symbol

xan
* (international standards) ISO 639-3 language code for Xamtanga.

### See also

* Wiktionary's coverage of Xamtanga terms

## Azerbaijani
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kagan.

### Noun

xan (definite accusative xanı, plural xanlar)
* khan

#### Derived terms

* xanlıq (“khanate”)
* Xankəndi

## Bipi
### Noun

xan
* water, fresh water

### Further reading

* Malcolm Ross, Proto Oceanic and the Austronesian Languages of Western Melanesia, Pacific Linguistics, series C-98 (1988)

## Galician
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃaŋ/

### Noun

xan m (plural xans)
* a man who lets himself be controlled by anyone else; a weakling
** 1996, Xosé Cid Cabido, Unha liña no ceo: 58 narradores galegos, 1979-1996, Xerais de Galicia, page 270:—Xa ti mesma o dis: un xan, un xanciño.—You say it yourself: a weakling, a little weakling.

#### Derived terms

* xanciño

### References

* ↑ “xan”. Dicionario da Real Academia Galega.

## Vietnamese
### Pronunciation

* (Hà Nội) IPA: [saːn˧˧]
* (Huế) IPA: [saːŋ˧˧]
* (Saigon) IPA: [saːŋ˧˧]

### Etymology 1
#### Adjective

xan
* well-ventilated

### Etymology 2

From French salle.
Contaminated by homophonous xan (“well-ventilated”), which is a not a French loanword.

#### Noun

xan
* (dated) a room, usually well-ventilated, with specialized function, such as a room in an infirmary or clinic

##### Derived terms

* xan pu-lít (“jail cell”)

### References

* "xan" in Hồ Ngọc Đức, Free Vietnamese Dictionary Project (details)

## Yámana
### Pronoun

xan
* we
# atrophia
## English
### Noun

atrophia (usually uncountable, plural atrophias)
* Archaic form of atrophy.

#### Related terms

* atrophia areata

## French
### Pronunciation

* Homophones: atrophias, atrophiât

### Verb

atrophia
* third-person singular past historic of atrophier

## Interlingua
### Noun

atrophia (uncountable)
* atrophy

#### Related terms

* atrophic

## Latin
### Etymology

From Ancient Greek ἀτροφίᾱ (atrophíā).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /aˈtro.pʰi.a/, [äˈt̪rɔpʰiä]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /aˈtro.fi.a/, [äˈt̪rɔːfiä]

### Noun

atrophia f (genitive atrophiae); first declension
* (Late) atrophy (wasting consumption)

#### Declension

First-declension noun.

#### Related terms

* atrophus

#### Descendants

* Catalan: atròfia
* → Czech: atrofie
* → Dutch: atrofie
* → English: atrophy
* → Finnish: atrofia
* French: atrophie
* → German: Atrophie
* Italian: atrofia
* → Polish: atrofia
* Portuguese: atrofia
* Romanian: atrofie
* Spanish: atrofia

### References

* “atrophia”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* atrophia in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
# μάγειρος
## Ancient Greek
### Alternative forms

* μᾰ́γῑρος (mắgīros) — Doric
* μᾰ́γοιρος (mắgoiros) — Aeolic

### Etymology

Perhaps from Pre-Greek. Compare also μάχαιρα (mákhaira, “large sword”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /má.ɡeː.ros/ → /ˈma.ʝi.ros/ → /ˈma.ʝi.ros/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /má.ɡeː.ros/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /ˈma.ɡi.ros/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /ˈma.ʝi.ros/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /ˈma.ʝi.ros/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /ˈma.ʝi.ros/

### Noun

μᾰ́γειρος • (mắgeiros) m (genitive μᾰγείρου); second declension
* cook
* butcher
    Synonym: ἄρτᾰμος (ártămos)

#### Derived terms

* ἀρχῐμᾰ́γειρος (arkhĭmắgeiros)
* μαγείραινα (mageíraina)
* μαγειρεία (mageireía)
* μαγειρεῖον (mageireîon)
* μαγείρευμα (mageíreuma)
* μαγειρευτικός (mageireutikós)
* μαγειρεύω (mageireúō)
* μαγειρικός (mageirikós)
* μαγειρίσκος (mageirískos)
* μαγειρίσσα (mageiríssa)
* μαγειρώδης (mageirṓdēs)

#### Descendants

* English: magirist, magiristic, magirology, magirologist, magirological

### References

* ↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “μάγειρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 888-889

### Further reading

* “μάγειρος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “μάγειρος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* μάγειρος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited. butcher idem, page 107.cook idem, page 173.
* Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

## Greek
### Noun

μάγειρος • (mágeiros) m (plural μάγειροι)
* Alternative form of μάγειρας (mágeiras)
# empyreal
## English
### Etymology

From Latin empyreus, from Ancient Greek ἐμπύριος (empúrios, “fiery”), from ἐν (en, “en-”) + πῦρ (pûr, “fire”) (English pyre).

### Pronunciation

* (UK) IPA: /ɛmˈpɪɹɪəl/, /ɛmpɪˈɹiː.əl/
* (US) IPA: /ɛmˈpɪɹ.i.əl/
* Audio (US):(file)

### Adjective

empyreal (not comparable)
* Pertaining to the highest heaven or the empyrean.
    Synonyms: celestial, empyrean, sublime, exalted
** c. 1587–1588, [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], 2nd edition, part 1, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire, London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act II, scene vii:The thirſt of raigne and ſweetnes of a crowne, / That cauſd the eldeſt ſonne of heauenly Ops, / To thruſt his doting father from his chaire, / And place himſelfe in the Emperiall heauen, / Moou’d me to menage armes againſt thy ſtate.
** 1658, Thomas Browne, “The Garden of Cyrus. […]. Chapter IIII.”, in Hydriotaphia, Urne-buriall, […] Together with The Garden of Cyrus, […], London: […] Hen[ry] Brome […], →OCLC, page 181:They that held the Stars of heaven vvere but rayes and flaſhing glimpſes of the Empyreall light, through holes and perforations of the upper heaven, took of the natural ſhadovvs of ſtars, […]
** 1674, John Milton, “Book I”, in Paradise Lost. […], 2nd edition, London: […] S[amuel] Simmons […], →OCLC, page 6:This downfall ; ſince by Fate the ſtrength of Gods / And this Empyreal ſubſtance cannot fail, / Since through experience of this great event / In Arms not worſe, in foreſight much advanc't, / We may with more ſucceſsſul hope reſolve / To wage by force or guile eternal Warr […]
* Of the sky or heavens.
* Fiery, made of pure fire.

#### Derived terms

* empyreal air
* super-empyreal

#### See also

* empyrical

### References

* “empyreal”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
# ψυχαγωγώ
## Greek
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /psi.xa.ɣoˈɣo/
* Hyphenation: ψυ‧χα‧γω‧γώ
* Homophone: ψυχαγωγό (psychagogó)

### Verb

ψυχαγωγώ • (psychagogó) (past ψυχαγώγησα, passive ψυχαγωγούμαι, p‑past ψυχαγωγήθηκα, ppp ψυχαγωγημένος)
* to entertain, amuse

#### Related terms

* αψυχαγώγητος (apsychagógitos, “who has not been entertained”)
* ψυχαγωγία f (psychagogía, “entertainment”)
* ψυχαγωγικός (psychagogikós, “entertaining”)
* ψυχαγωγός (psychagogós, “who leads the souls”) (epithet for god Hermes)
* and see: ψυχή f (psychí, “soul”) & άγω (ágo, “lead”)
# sobar
## Galician
### Alternative forms

* sovar (reintegrationist)

### Etymology

Unknown. Cognate with Portuguese sovar and Spanish sobar. Maybe related with "sopire".

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [soˈβaɾ]

### Verb

sobar (first-person singular present sobo, first-person singular preterite sobei, past participle sobado)
* to press; to knead
    Synonym: premer
* to fall sleep; to be sleepy
* to rub; to touch; to grope
* (figurative) to beat up
** 1877, O Tio Marcos da Portela, 39, p. 155:O outro día pola mañá cedo, o rapaz achegouse onda min qu'inda estaba no leito, e dixome: «meu pai; voulle collendo unha xenreira ós que viven na ciudá, que si pillo a un solo nun carreiro, sobolle as costelas canto pódea»The other day, early in the morning, my child came to me, I was still in bed, and told me: «my father; I'm growing such a grudge against the ones living in the city that if I find one alone at a road, I'll knead his ribs as much as I can»
* to incite, stir up
    Synonyms: apurrar, encirrar, retar

#### Derived terms

* soba

### References

* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “sobar”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “sobar”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “sobar”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN
* ↑ Joan Coromines, José A[ntonio] Pascual (1983–1991) “sobar”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critic Castilian and Hispanic Etymological Dictionary] (in Spanish), Madrid: Gredos

## Romanian
### Etymology

From sobă +‎ -ar.

### Noun

sobar m (plural sobari)
* stovemaker

#### Declension
## Serbo-Croatian
### Noun

sȍbār m (Cyrillic spelling со̏ба̄р)
* valet (hotel employee)

#### Declension
## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /soˈbaɾ/ [soˈβ̞aɾ]
* Rhymes: -aɾ
* Syllabification: so‧bar

### Verb

sobar (first-person singular present sobo, first-person singular preterite sobé, past participle sobado)
* to knead
    Synonyms: amasar, heñir
* to hit or strike punishingly
* to fondle; feel up; grope
* (colloquial) to snooze; sleep
* (Mexico) to massage (someone's body or a part of a body)

#### Conjugation

$^1$Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language. $^2$Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.
These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

#### Derived terms

* sobador

### Further reading

* “sobar”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# اعتراف
## Arabic

* Root
* ع ر ف (ʕ r f)
* 16 terms

### Etymology

From form-VIII verb اِعْتَرَفَ (iʕtarafa).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /iʕ.ti.raːf/
* Rhymes: -aːf

### Noun

اِعْتِرَاف • (iʕtirāf) m (plural اِعْتِرَافَات (iʕtirāfāt))
* verbal noun of اِعْتَرَفَ (iʕtarafa) (form VIII)
** 2019 April 9, “لأول مرة.. بوتين يعلق على قضية "الجولان" [For the first time... Putin comments on the matter of "the Golan Heights"]”, in Maan News Agency‎:في أول تعليق له أكد الرئيس الروسي، فلاديمير بوتين، إدانة بلاده لقرار نظيره الأمريكي، دونالد ترامب، الاعتراف بسيادة إسرائيل على الجولان السوري المحتل.In his first comment on the issue, the Russian President Vladimir Putin affirmed his country's condemnation of the decision of his American counterpart Donald Trump to recognize Israeli sovereignty over the occupied Syrian Golan Heights.
* confession

#### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: etiraf
* → Ottoman Turkish: اعتراف (itirâf)
** Turkish: itiraf
** → Crimean Tatar: itiraf
* → Persian: اعتراف (e'terâf)
* → Tajik: иътироф (iʾtirof)
* → Hindi: ए'तिराफ़ (e'tirāf)
* → Urdu: اعتراف
* → Uyghur: ئېتىراپ (ëtirap)
* → Uzbek: eʼtirof

## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic اِعْتِرَاف (iʕtirāf).

### Noun

اعتراف • (itirâf)
* confession

#### Descendants

* Turkish: itiraf

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic اِعْتِرَاف (iʕtirāf).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ʔiʔ.ti.ɾɑːf]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʔe̞ʔ.t̪ʰɪ.ɾɑːf]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʔe̞ʔ.t̪ʰɪ.ɾɑːf]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [ʔeː.t̪ʰɪ.ɾɑːf]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [ʔeː.t̪ʰi.ɾɔːf]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [ʔeʔ.t̪ʰe.ɹɒːf]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [ʔeʔ.t̪ʰi.ɾɔf]

### Noun

| Dari | اعتراف |
| Iranian Persian | اعتراف |
| Tajik | эътироф |
اعتراف • (e'terâf) (plural اعترافات (e'terâfât) or اعتراف‌ها (e'terâf-hâ))
* confession

#### Derived terms

* اعتراف کردن (e'terâf kardan, “to confess”)

## Urdu
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic اِعْتِرَاف (iʕtirāf).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /eː.(ʔ)t̪ɪ.ɾɑːf/

### Noun

اعتراف • (e'tirāf) m (Hindi spelling एतिराफ़)
* acknowledgment, avowal, confession

#### Derived terms

* اعتراف کرنا

### Further reading

* “اعتراف”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
* Platts, John T. (1884) “اعتراف”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.
* “اعتراف”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.