# 愧

| 愧 | U+6127, &#24871; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6127 |
| ← 愦 [U+6126] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 愨 → [U+6128] |

## Translingual
### Han character

愧 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+10, 13 strokes, cangjie input 心竹山戈 (PHUI), four-corner 9601$_3$, composition ⿰忄鬼)

#### Derived characters

* 𫻣

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 396, character 8
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10982
* Dae Jaweon: page 734, character 15
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2329, character 11
* Unihan data for U+6127

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 謉 | *tkuːlʔ, *krul |
| 瑰 | *kuːl, *ɡuːl |
| 傀 | *kuːl, *kʰuːlʔ |
| 藱 | *kuːl |
| 魁 | *kʰuːl |
| 磈 | *kʰuːlʔ, *qulʔ |
| 塊 | *kʰuːls, *kʰruːds |
| 嵬 | *ŋɡuːl, *ŋɡuːlʔ |
| 隗 | *ŋɡuːlʔ |
| 槐 | *ɡuːl, *ɡruːl |
| 瘣 | *ɡuːlʔ |
| 廆 | *ɡuːlʔ |
| 溾 | *ɡuːlʔ, *qruːl |
| 螝 | *ɡuːls, *krul |
| 褢 | *ɡruːl |
| 騩 | *krul, *kruls, *kul |
| 愧 | *kruls |
| 媿 | *kruls |
| 聭 | *kruls |
| 餽 | *ɡruls |
| 鬼 | *kulʔ |
| 魏 | *ŋɡuls |
| 巍 | *ŋul |
| 犩 | *ŋul, *ŋuls |
Originally written 媿. In the modern form, a phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kruls) : semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 鬼 (OC *kulʔ).
Shuowen interprets the character as an ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : abbreviated 恥 (“shame”) + 鬼 (“spirit”).

### Etymology

* This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Cognate to Tibetan ཁྲེལ (khrel, “shame; modesty”)?”

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kuì (kui$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄨㄟˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): kwai$^3$ / kwai$^5$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khùi
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kuì
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄟˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kuèi
*** Wade–Giles: kʻuei$^4$
*** Yale: kwèi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuey
*** Palladius: куй (kuj)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: kwai$^3$ / kwai$^5$
*** Yale: kwai / kwáih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: kwai$^3$ / kwai$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: kuei$^3$ / kuei$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʷʰɐi̯³³/, /kʷʰɐi̯¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khùi
*** Tâi-lô: khuì
*** Phofsit Daibuun: quix
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰui²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰui⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰui²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰui¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰui²¹/
* Middle Chinese: kwijH
Rime :
| Character | 愧 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 脂 (18) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 俱位切 |
| Baxter | kwijH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠiuɪ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʷᵚi$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kiuɪ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kjwi$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kjui$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kwi$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kwi$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | guì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gwai$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ruj-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kruls/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 愧 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | kuì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kwij$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[k]ruj-s/ |
| English | ashamed |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 愧 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 4682 |
| Phonetic component | 鬼 |
| Rime group | 微 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 媿 |
| Old Chinese | /*kruls/ |
| Notes | 說文同媿 |

### Definitions

愧
* ashamed; guilty; conscience-stricken; mortified
* to make (someone) feel guilty; to shame; to blame

### Compounds

* 不愧 (bùkuì)
* 不愧不怍
* 不愧屋漏
* 仰不愧天
* 俯仰無愧 / 俯仰无愧 (fǔyǎngwúkuì)
* 受之有愧
* 問心無愧 / 问心无愧 (wènxīnwúkuì)
* 居心無愧 / 居心无愧
* 悔愧
* 惶愧
* 感愧並交 / 感愧并交
* 感愧交集
* 愧不敢當 / 愧不敢当
* 愧對 / 愧对 (kuìduì)
* 愧怍 (kuìzuò)
* 愧恧
* 愧恨
* 愧悔
* 愧惶無地 / 愧惶无地
* 愧服
* 愧歉
* 愧汗 (kuìhàn)
* 愧汗怍人
* 愧疚 (kuìjiù)
* 愧痛
* 愧色 (kuìsè)
* 愧赧
* 慚愧 / 惭愧 (cánkuì)
* 慚愧無地 / 惭愧无地
* 抱愧 (bàokuì)
* 捫心無愧 / 扪心无愧
* 文愧金聲 / 文愧金声
* 於心無愧 / 于心无愧
* 林慚澗愧 / 林惭涧愧
* 滿面羞愧 / 满面羞愧
* 無愧 / 无愧 (wúkuì)
* 當之無愧 / 当之无愧 (dāngzhīwúkuì)
* 羞愧 (xiūkuì)
* 自愧弗如 (zìkuìfúrú)
* 討愧 / 讨愧
* 赧愧

### References

* “愧”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* feel ashamed
* shy

#### Readings

* Go-on: き (ki)
* Kan-on: き (ki)
* Kun: はじる (hajiru, 愧じる)、はじらう (hajirau, 愧じらう)、はずかしめる (hazukashimeru, 愧める)、とがめる (togameru, 愧める)

#### Compounds

* 愧死(きし) (kishi)
* 愧赧(きたん) (kitan)
* 慚愧(ざんき), 慙愧(ざんき) (zanki)
* 羞愧(しゅうき) (shūki)
* 無愧(むぎ) (mugi)
* 屋漏(おくろう)に愧(は)じず (okurō ni hajizu)

#### Proverbs

* 仰(あお)いで天(てん)に愧(は)じず，俯(ふ)して地(ち)に怍(は)じず (aoi de ten ni hajizu, fu shite chi ni hajizu)
* 俯仰(ふぎょう)天地(てんち)に愧(は)じず (fugyō tenchi ni hajizu)

## Korean
### Hanja

愧 (eumhun 부끄러워할 괴 (bukkeureowohal goe))
* hanja form of 괴 (“ashamed, conscience-stricken”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

愧: Hán Nôm readings: quý
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.