# σκάνδαλον
## Ancient Greek
### Etymology

Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *skend- (“to jump”), and compared with Latin scandō (“to ascend”), Sanskrit स्कन्दति (skandati, “to jump, hop, hurry”). The original sense, per Beekes, was probably "a piece of wood hanging on ropes, used by acrobats as well as trap-setters"; under the Indo-European theory, the term would thus be interpreted as "wood for jumping or climbing". Beekes is unconvinced by the semantics, as well as the unexplained -α- (-a-) in the Greek form, and prefers to take it as Pre-Greek, though admits the possibility of a loan from some other lost Indo-European language, perhaps from the root *skend- mentioned above.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /skán.da.lon/ → /ˈskan.da.lon/ → /ˈskan.da.lon/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /skán.da.lon/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /ˈskan.da.lon/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /ˈskan.da.lon/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /ˈskan.da.lon/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /ˈskan.da.lon/

### Noun

σκᾰ́νδᾰλον • (skắndălon) n (genitive σκᾰνδᾰ́λου); second declension
* trap, snare
* enticement, temptation
* offense, scandal
* stumbling block

#### Derived terms

* σκᾰνδᾰ́ληθρον (skăndắlēthron)
* σκᾰνδᾰλῐ́ζω (skăndălĭ́zō)

#### Descendants

* Greek: σκάνδαλο (skándalo)
* → Latin: scandalum
** Catalan: escàndol
** → French: scandale
*** → Belarusian: сканда́л (skandál)
*** → Bulgarian: сканда́л (skandál)
*** → Czech: skandál
*** → Danish: skandale
*** → Dutch: schandaal
**** → Indonesian: skandal
*** → English: scandal
**** → Japanese: スキャンダル (sukyandaru)
**** → Korean: 스캔들 (seukaendeul)
*** → Esperanto: skandalo
*** → Estonian: skandaal
*** → Finnish: skandaali
*** → German: Skandal
*** → Persian: اسکاندال (eskândâl)
*** → Polish: skandal
*** → Russian: сканда́л (skandál)
*** → Serbo-Croatian: skandal
*** → Slovak: škandál
*** → Swedish: skandal
*** → Turkish: skandal
*** → Ukrainian: сканда́л (skandál)
** → Galician: escándalo
** Italian: scandalo
** → Norman: escandale
** Old French: esclandre
*** → Middle English: slandre
**** English: slander
*** French: esclandre
**** → English: esclandre
*** Norman: esclandre
** → Portuguese: escândalo
** Romanian: scandal
** Sicilian: scànnalu
** Spanish: escándalo
** Vulgar Latin: *scandulum
*** → Albanian: shkandull

### References

* ↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “σκάνδαλον”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1341-2
* ↑ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “shkandull”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 417

### Further reading

* “σκάνδαλον”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* σκάνδαλον in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
* G4625 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
* “σκάνδαλον”, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011