# 所以
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): suǒyǐ, suì
    (Zhuyin): ㄙㄨㄛˇ ㄧˇ, ㄙㄨㄟˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): so$^2$ ji$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): só-yî
    (Hailu, HRS): so$^ˊ$ rhi$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): so$^3$ yi$^2$
* Eastern Min (BUC): sū-ī
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): soe$^3$ i$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): só͘-í / sé-í
    (Teochew, Peng'im): so$^2$ in$^2$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^5$su-i$_5$ / $^3$sou-i$_5$ / $^5$su$_3$-$^1$i$_5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: suǒyǐ [Phonetic: suóyǐ]
*** Zhuyin: ㄙㄨㄛˇ ㄧˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: suǒyǐ
*** Wade–Giles: so$^3$-i$^3$
*** Yale: swǒ-yǐ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: suooyii
*** Palladius: сои (soi)
*** Sinological IPA : /su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ i²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
** (Standard Chinese, colloquial)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: suì
*** Zhuyin: ㄙㄨㄟˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: suèi
*** Wade–Giles: sui$^4$
*** Yale: swèi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: suey
*** Palladius: суй (suj)
*** Sinological IPA : /su̯eɪ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: so$^2$ ji$^5$
*** Yale: só yíh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: so$^2$ ji$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: so$^2$ yi$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɔː³⁵ jiː¹³/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: só-yî
*** Hakka Romanization System: so$^ˋ$ i$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: so$^3$ yi$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /so³¹ i²⁴/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: só-yî
*** Hakka Romanization System: so$^ˋ$ (r)i$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: so$^3$ yi$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /so³¹ (j)i²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: so$^ˊ$ rhi$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /so²⁴⁻³³ ʒi⁵³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: so$^3$ yi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /so³¹ i¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: sū-ī
*** Sinological IPA : /su³³⁻³⁵ i³³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: soe$^3$ i$^3$ [Phonetic: soe$^5$ i$^3$]
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬø⁴⁵³⁻²¹ i⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: soe$^3$ i$^3$ [Phonetic: soe$^5$ i$^3$]
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬø³³²⁻²¹ i³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: só͘-í
*** Tâi-lô: sóo-í
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sofie
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /sɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ i⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /sɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ i⁴¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /sɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ i⁵⁵⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sé-í
*** Tâi-lô: sé-í
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sefie
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /se⁵³⁻⁴⁴ i⁵³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: so$^2$ in$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: só íⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /so⁵²⁻³⁵ ĩ⁵²⁻²¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$su-i$_5$
*** MiniDict: su$^去$ i$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$su-i$_2$
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /su³³ i⁴⁴/
** (Northern: Suzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^3$sou-i$_5$
*** MiniDict: sou$^上$ i$^去$
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /səu⁵² i¹¹/
** (Northern: Jiaxing)
*** Wugniu: $^5$su$_3$-$^1$i$_5$
*** MiniDict: su$^上$ i$^去$
*** Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /su⁴⁴ i⁵³/
* Middle Chinese: srjoX yiX
Rime :
| Character | 所 | 以 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 生 (21) | 以 (36) |
| Final (韻) | 魚 (22) | 之 (19) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 踈舉切 | 羊己切 |
| Baxter | srjoX | yiX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʃɨʌ$^X$/ | /jɨ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʃiɔ$^X$/ | /jɨ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʃiɔ$^X$/ | /ie$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʂɨə̆$^X$/ | /jɨ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ʃiɔ$^X$/ | /iə$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ʃĭo$^X$/ | /jĭə$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʂi̯wo$^X$/ | /i$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shǔ | yǐ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | so$^2$ | ji$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-qʰ<r>aʔ ləʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*sqʰraʔ lɯʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 所 | 以 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | suǒ | yǐ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ srjo$^X$ › | ‹ yi$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*s-qʰ<r>aʔ/ | /*ləʔ/ |
| English | place (n.); that which | take, use |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 所 | 以 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 5306 | 14929 |
| Phonetic component | 戸 | 以 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 所 | 以 |
| Old Chinese | /*sqʰraʔ/ | /*lɯʔ/ |

### Conjunction

所以
* therefore; so; consequently
       Míngtiān yào kǎoshì le, suǒyǐ wǒ jīntiān zhǐ néng liú zài jiālǐ fùxí gōngkè. [Pinyin]
       I have a test tomorrow, so I have to stay at home today and review my homework.
       Tā shì nánfāngrén, suǒyǐ yī zhāngkǒu shuōhuà jiù dàiyǒu nánfāng kǒuyīn. [Pinyin]
       He is from the South, so when he opens his mouth to speak, you can hear his Southern accent.
       Jīntiān shì nǐ nǎinai de shēngchén, suǒyǐ nǐ fēi lái bùkě. [Pinyin]
       It's your grandma's birthday today, so you've got to attend.
* Used in the first part of a sentence to indicate a reason that will be explained in the second part of the sentence.
       Wǒ suǒyǐ yào fǎnduì zhège jìhuà, shì yīnwèi wǒ juéde qízhōng yǒu bùshào shūlòu. [Pinyin]
       My reason for opposing this plan, is because I feel that there are quite a few holes in it.

#### Synonyms

* (therefore):
* 乃末 (Shanghainese)
* 以故 (yǐgù) (Classical Chinese)
* 以是 (yǐshì) (Classical Chinese)
* 因此 (yīncǐ)
* 因而 (yīn'ér)
* 從而 / 从而 (cóng'ér)
* 故 (gù) (literary)
* 故此 (gùcǐ)
* 故而 (gù'ér)
* 於是 / 于是 (yúshì)
* 於是乎 / 于是乎 (yúshìhū) (literary)
* 是以 (shìyǐ) (literary)
* 是故 (shìgù) (literary)
* 此以 (cǐyǐ) (literary)
* 為此 / 为此 (wèicǐ)
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 是以, 是故, 故, 以, 以是, 以故 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 所以, 因此, 因而, 故, 故此, 故而 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 所以 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 所以 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 所以 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 所以 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 所以, 故此 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 所以 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 所以 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 故是 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 所以, 故此 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 故所, 所以 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 故所, 所以, 故所以 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 所以 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 所以 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 所以, 故所 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 所以 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 所以上 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 故此 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 故此 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 所以 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 所以 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 所以 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 所以 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 所以 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 所以 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 所以 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 所以 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 所以, 咾, 葛咾, 因此, 故所以 dated, 故而 dated, 所以緣故 dated, 為此緣故 dated, 因此緣故 dated |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 故所以 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 故所以 |

### Pronoun

所以
* (literary) the means (literally, "what one uses") by which; how
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Jūnzǐ bù yǐ qí suǒyǐ yǎngrén zhě hàirén. [Pinyin]
    [A] ruler does not injure his people with that wherewith he nourishes them.
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Fūrén suǒyǐ guì zhě, nǎi cǐ nán yě. [Pinyin]
    Madame, the means through which you attain your destined status will be none but this son of yours.
* (literary) the manner in which; how
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Bù huàn wú wèi, huàn suǒyǐ lì. [Pinyin]
    I am not concerned that I have no place; I am concerned how I may fit myself for one.
* (literary) the reason why; why
    所以然 ― suǒyǐrán ― the reason why it is what it is
    之所以 ― zhīsuǒyǐ ― the reason why (chiefly used between subject and predicate)
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Sī mín yě, sāndài zhīsuǒyǐ zhídào ér xíng yě. [Pinyin]
    This people supplied the ground why the three dynasties pursued the path of straightforwardness.
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Suǒyǐ bù bàoxiè zhě, yǐwéi xiǎo lǐ wú suǒyòng. [Pinyin]
    The reason why I have not sought to repay your favour in gratitude is that I do not believe such petty courtesy is of any use to you.

### Noun

所以
* (literary) proper behaviour; manners
    忘乎所以 ― wànghūsuǒyǐ ― to lose self-control (literally, "to forget how one should conduct oneself")

### Derived terms

* 不明所以 (bùmíngsuǒyǐ)
* 不知所以 (bùzhīsuǒyǐ)
* 之所以 (zhīsuǒyǐ)
* 忘乎所以 (wànghūsuǒyǐ)
* 所以呢 (suǒyǐ ne)
* 所以然 (suǒyǐrán)
* 知其然而不知其所以然 (zhī qí rán ér bù zhī qí suǒyǐ rán)

### References

* 蔡俊明 [Cai Junming], editor (1991), “所以 so˥˧꜔꜒ i~˥˧꜕꜖”, in 潮州方言詞滙 / 潮州方言词滙 (Cháozhōu fāngyán cíhuì), 香港 [Hong Kong]: 香港中文大學 / 香港中文大学 [The Chinese University of Hong Kong]

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 所 | 以 |
| ゆえん ||
| Grade: 3 | Grade: 4 |
| jukujikun ||

### Etymology

Shift from ゆえになり (yue ni nari) → ゆえんなり (yue n nari) → ゆえん (yue-n). See ゆえ (yue). The kanji are jukujikun (熟字訓).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ゆえん [yùéń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [jɯ̟ẽ̞ɴ]

### Noun

所以(ゆえん) • (yuen)
* reason, grounds

### References

* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN