# 恐

| 恐 | U+6050, &#24656; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6050 |
| ← 恏 [U+604F] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 恑 → [U+6051] |

## Translingual
### Han character

恐 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+6, 10 strokes, cangjie input 一弓心 (MNP) or 難一弓心 (XMNP), four-corner 1733$_1$, composition ⿱⿰工凡心(GJKV) or ⿱⿰工⿹⺄㐅心(HT))

#### Derived characters

* 𠺱, 𢟈, 𦃵, 𫻐, 𦶐, 𮅱

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 384, character 8
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10552
* Dae Jaweon: page 714, character 25
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2289, character 8
* Unihan data for U+6050

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 缸 | *kroːŋ, *ɡroːŋ |
| 篢 | *kluːmʔ, *koːŋ |
| 贑 | *kluːmʔ |
| 涳 | *ŋr'oːŋ, *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ |
| 江 | *kroːŋ |
| 肛 | *kroːŋ, *qʰroːŋ |
| 扛 | *kroːŋ |
| 杠 | *kroːŋ |
| 豇 | *kroːŋ |
| 茳 | *kroːŋ |
| 釭 | *kroːŋ, *koːŋ, *kuːŋ |
| 矼 | *kroːŋ |
| 玒 | *kroːŋ, *koːŋ |
| 虹 | *kroːŋs, *koːŋs, *ɡoːŋ |
| 腔 | *kʰroːŋ |
| 崆 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ |
| 羫 | *kʰroːŋ |
| 控 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋs |
| 椌 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ |
| 悾 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs |
| 跫 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoŋ, *ɡoŋ |
| 啌 | *qʰroːŋ |
| 谾 | *qʰroːŋ, *qʰoːŋ |
| 舡 | *qʰroːŋ |
| 缻 | *ɡroːŋ |
| 項 | *ɡroːŋʔ |
| 屸 | *ɡ·roːŋ |
| 功 | *koːŋ |
| 工 | *koːŋ |
| 疘 | *koːŋ |
| 魟 | *koːŋ, *qʰoːŋ, *ɡoːŋ |
| 攻 | *koːŋ, *kuːŋ |
| 愩 | *koːŋ |
| 碽 | *koːŋ |
| 貢 | *koːŋs |
| 羾 | *koːŋs |
| 空 | *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs |
| 箜 | *kʰoːŋ |
| 硿 | *kʰoːŋ |
| 埪 | *kʰoːŋ |
| 鵼 | *kʰoːŋ |
| 倥 | *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋʔ, *kʰoːŋs |
| 鞚 | *kʰoːŋs |
| 叿 | *qʰoːŋ |
| 嗊 | *qʰoːŋʔ |
| 訌 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 紅 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 仜 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 葒 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 渱 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 鴻 | *ɡoːŋ, *ɡoːŋʔ |
| 汞 | *ɡoːŋʔ |
| 澒 | *ɡoːŋʔ |
| 鞏 | *koŋʔ |
| 巩 | *koŋʔ |
| 銎 | *kʰoŋ, *qʰoŋ |
| 恐 | *kʰoŋʔ, *kʰoŋs |
| 蛩 | *ɡoŋ |
| 筇 | *ɡoŋ |
| 桏 | *ɡoŋ |
| 邛 | *ɡoŋ |
In the Shuowen Jiezi appears as phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kʰoŋʔ, *kʰoŋs) : phonetic 𢀜 + semantic 心 (“heart”). The modern form can be interpreted as phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kʰoŋʔ, *kʰoŋs) : phonetic 巩 (OC *koŋʔ) + semantic 心 (“heart”)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kǒng (kong$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄨㄥˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hung$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): khiúng
    (Hailu, HRS): kiung$^ˊ$
* Northern Min (KCR): kě̤ng
* Eastern Min (BUC): kṳ̄ng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): koeng$^3$ / kyeng$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): khióng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kiong$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$khon
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kǒng
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄥˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kǒng
*** Wade–Giles: kʻung$^3$
*** Yale: kǔng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: koong
*** Palladius: кун (kun)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰʊŋ²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hung$^2$
*** Yale: húng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hung$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /hʊŋ³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiúng
*** Hakka Romanization System: kiung$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kiung$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯uŋ³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: kiung$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰiuŋ²⁴/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: kě̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰœyŋ²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: kṳ̄ng
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰyŋ³³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: koeng$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰœŋ⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: kyeng$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰyøŋ³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khióng
*** Tâi-lô: khióng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qiorng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰiɔŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰiɔŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰiɔŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰiɔŋ⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: kiong$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khióng
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰioŋ⁵²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$khon
*** MiniDict: khon$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$khon
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰoŋ³⁴/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit恐 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /kʰuŋ²¹⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /kʰuŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /kʰuŋ¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /kʰuŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /kʰəŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /kʰuŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /kʰuŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /kʰuə̃⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /kʰuŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /kʰũn⁴⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /kʰuŋ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /kʰoŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /kʰoŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /kʰoŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /kʰoŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /kʰoŋ²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /kʰəŋ²⁴/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /kʰuəŋ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /kʰuŋ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /kʰũŋ³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /kʰoŋ³⁵/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /kʰoŋ⁵¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /kʰoŋ⁵³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /t͡ɕʰyɔ³⁵/ /kʰoŋ³⁵/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /kʰuʌ̃³⁵/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /kʰan³¹/ ～怖 /t͡ɕʰin³¹/ ～怕 |
| Xiang | Changsha | /kʰoŋ⁴¹/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /kʰən⁴²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /kʰuŋ²¹³/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /kʰiuŋ³¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /kʰioŋ³¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /hoŋ³⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /kʰuŋ³⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /huŋ³⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kʰiɔŋ⁵³/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kʰyŋ³²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kʰɔŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /kʰioŋ⁵³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /xɔŋ³¹/ |
* Middle Chinese: khjowngX, khjowngH
Rime :
| Character | 恐 | 恐 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 鍾 (7) | 鍾 (7) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 丘隴切 | 區用切 |
| Baxter | khjowngX | khjowngH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰɨoŋ$^X$/ | /kʰɨoŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰioŋ$^X$/ | /kʰioŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰioŋ$^X$/ | /kʰioŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰuawŋ$^X$/ | /kʰuawŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰioŋ$^X$/ | /kʰioŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰĭwoŋ$^X$/ | /kʰĭwoŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kʰi̯woŋ$^X$/ | /kʰi̯woŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qiǒng | qiòng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hung$^2$ | hung$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kʰ(r)oŋʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰoŋʔ/, /*kʰoŋs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 恐 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | kǒng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ khjowng$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰ(r)oŋʔ/ |
| English | fear |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 恐 | 恐 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 4071 | 4072 |
| Phonetic component | 工 | 工 |
| Rime group | 東 | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 恐 | 恐 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰoŋʔ/ | /*kʰoŋs/ |

### Definitions

恐
* to fear; to be afraid
* fearful; apprehensive
* perhaps; may (not)

### Compounds

* 唯恐 (wéikǒng)
* 唯恐不及
* 恐嚇 / 恐吓 (kǒnghè)
* 恐後爭先 / 恐后争先 (kǒnghòuzhēngxiān)
* 恐怖 (kǒngbù)
* 恐怕 (kǒngpà)
* 恐怖主義 / 恐怖主义 (kǒngbùzhǔyì)
* 恐怖分子 (kǒngbùfènzǐ)
* 恐怖小說 / 恐怖小说
* 恐怖片兒 / 恐怖片儿
* 恐恐然
* 恐惶 (kǒnghuáng)
* 恐惶悚懼 / 恐惶悚惧 (kǒnghuángsǒngjù)
* 恐慌 (kǒnghuāng)
* 恐慌症 (kǒnghuāngzhèng)
* 恐憂 / 恐忧 (kǒngyōu)
* 恐慮 / 恐虑 (kǒnglǜ)
* 恐懼 / 恐惧 (kǒngjù)
* 恐水病 (kǒngshuǐbìng)
* 恐變症 / 恐变症
* 恐鳥 / 恐鸟 (kǒngniǎo)
* 恐龍 / 恐龙 (kǒnglóng)
* 惟恐 (wéikǒng)
* 惜恐
* 惶恐 (huángkǒng)
* 惴恐
* 惶恐不安 (huángkǒngbù'ān)
* 擔驚受恐 / 担惊受恐 (dānjīngshòukǒng)
* 有恃無恐 / 有恃无恐 (yǒushìwúkǒng)
* 深恐
* 爭先恐後 / 争先恐后 (zhēngxiānkǒnghòu)
* 猶恐 / 犹恐 (yóukǒng)
* 生恐
* 皇恐灘 / 皇恐滩 (Huángkǒng Tān)
* 紅色恐怖 / 红色恐怖 (hóngsè kǒngbù)
* 經濟恐慌 / 经济恐慌 (jīngjì kǒnghuāng)
* 臨死不恐 / 临死不恐 (línsǐbùkǒng)
* 臨難不恐 / 临难不恐 (línnànbùkǒng)
* 誠恐 / 诚恐 (chéngkǒng)
* 誠恐誠惶 / 诚恐诚惶 (chéngkǒngchénghuáng)
* 誠惶誠恐 / 诚惶诚恐 (chénghuángchéngkǒng)
* 震恐 (zhènkǒng)
* 驚恐 / 惊恐 (jīngkǒng)
* 驚恐萬分 / 惊恐万分

### References

* “恐”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* fear; be afraid
* threaten
* probably

#### Readings

* Go-on: く (ku)
* Kan-on: きょう (kyō, Jōyō)
* Kun: おそれる (osoreru, 恐れる, Jōyō)、おそろしい (osoroshii, 恐ろしい, Jōyō)、おそれ (osore)、こわい (kowai, 恐い)、おそらく (osoraku, 恐らく) see

#### Compounds

* 恐(きょう)悦(えつ) (kyōetsu)
* 恐(きょう)喝(かつ) (kyōkatsu)
* 恐々謹言
* 恐(きょう)懼(く) (kyōku)
* 恐(きょう)慌(こう) (kyōkō)
* 恐察
* 恐(きょう)縮(しゅく) (kyōshuku)
* 恐(きょう)怖(ふ) (kyōfu)
* 恐(きょう)竜(りゅう) (kyōryū)

## Korean
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ko̞ŋ]
* Phonetic hangul: [공]

### Hanja

Wikisource 恐 (eumhun 두려울 공 (duryeoul gong))
* hanja form of 공 (“fear, be scared, be apprehensive”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

恐: Hán Việt readings: khúng, khủng
恐: Nôm readings: khủng, thứ
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.