# 自古
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zìgǔ
    (Zhuyin): ㄗˋ ㄍㄨˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zi$^6$ gu$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chhṳ-kú
    (Hailu, HRS): cii$^˖$ gu$^ˊ$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chīr-kó͘ / chū-kó͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ze$^7$ gou$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zìgǔ
*** Zhuyin: ㄗˋ ㄍㄨˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: zìhgǔ
*** Wade–Giles: tzŭ$^4$-ku$^3$
*** Yale: dz̀-gǔ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzyhguu
*** Palladius: цзыгу (czygu)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sz̩⁵¹ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zi$^6$ gu$^2$
*** Yale: jih gú
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzi$^6$ gu$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ji$^6$ gu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siː²² kuː³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhṳ-kú
*** Hakka Romanization System: cii gu$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ci$^4$ gu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵ ku³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: cii$^˖$ gu$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰɨ³³ ku²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chīr-kó͘
*** Tâi-lô: tsīr-kóo
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sɯ⁴¹⁻²² kɔ⁵⁵⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chū-kó͘
*** Tâi-lô: tsū-kóo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zuxkor
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡su³³⁻¹¹ kɔ⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡su³³⁻²¹ kɔ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡su²²⁻²¹ kɔ⁵³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ze$^7$ gou$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsṳ̄ kóu
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɯ¹¹ kou⁵²/
* Middle Chinese: dzijH kuX
Rime :
| Character | 自 | 古 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 從 (15) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 脂 (15) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 疾二切 | 公戸切 |
| Baxter | dzijH | kuX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡ziɪ$^H$/ | /kuo$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡zi$^H$/ | /kuo$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡zjɪ$^H$/ | /ko$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡zi$^H$/ | /kɔ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /d͡zi$^H$/ | /ko$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /d͡zi$^H$/ | /ku$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /d͡zʱi$^H$/ | /kuo$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zì | gǔ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zi$^6$ | gu$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*s.[b]i[t]-s kˤaʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɦljids kaːʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 自 | 古 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zì | gǔ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dzij$^H$ › | ‹ ku$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*s.[b]i[t]-s/ | /*kˁaʔ/ |
| English | to follow; from | ancient |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 自 | 古 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 17879 | 4219 |
| Phonetic component | 自 | 古 |
| Rime group | 至 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 自 | 古 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɦljids/ | /*kaːʔ/ |

### Adverb

自古
* from time immemorial; since ancient times
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE
    Zìgǔ jiē yǒu sǐ, mín wú xìn bù lì. [Pinyin]
    From of old, death has been the lot of all men; but if the people have no faith in their rulers, there is no standing for the state.
    From: 1279, Wen Tianxiang, 《過零丁洋》
    Rénshēng zìgǔ shéi wú sǐ? Liú qǔ dānxīn zhào hànqīng. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Synonyms

* 古來 / 古来 (gǔlái) (literary)
* 終古 / 终古 (zhōnggǔ) (literary)
* 自古以來 / 自古以来 (zìgǔ yǐlái)

#### Derived terms

* 自古以來 / 自古以来 (zìgǔ yǐlái)
* 自古皆有死，人無信不立 / 自古皆有死，人无信不立 (zìgǔ jiē yǒu sǐ, rén wúxìnbùlì)
* 自古皆有死，民無信不立 / 自古皆有死，民无信不立 (zìgǔ jiē yǒu sǐ, mín wúxìnbùlì)
* 自古紅顏多薄命 / 自古红颜多薄命 (zìgǔ hóngyán duō bómìng)