# 誤る
## Japanese

* Kanji in this term
* 誤
* あやま Grade: 6
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spellings
* 謬る (rare) 繆る (rare)

### Etymology

Ultimately from Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.
This was originally just the intransitive counterpart to transitive verb ayamatsu (spelled either 過つ or 誤つ). Both may derive from classical verb ayamu (spelled either 怪む or 危む), itself derived from stem aya related to ideas of danger, as in terms 危うい (ayaui, “risky, dangerous”), 怪しい (ayashii, “questionable, dubious; clumsy, awkward; foreboding (in a bad way); mysterious, bewitching”).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) あやまる [àyámáꜜrù] (Nakadaka –)
* IPA: [a̠ja̠ma̠ɾɯ̟]
* Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「誤る」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary :
| Stem forms ||||
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) | 誤る | あやまる | [àyámáꜜrù] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 誤れ | あやまれ | [àyámáꜜrè] |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 誤られる | あやまられる | [àyámáráréꜜrù] |
| Causative | 誤らせる | あやまらせる | [àyámáráséꜜrù] |
| Potential | - | - | - |
| Volitional | 誤ろう | あやまろー | [àyámáróꜜò] |
| Negative | 誤らない | あやまらない | [àyámáráꜜnàì] |
| Negative perfective | 誤らなかった | あやまらなかった | [àyámáráꜜnàkàttà] |
| Formal | 誤ります | あやまります | [àyámárímáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 誤った | あやまった | [àyámáꜜttà] |
| Conjunctive | 誤って | あやまって | [àyámáꜜttè] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 誤れば | あやまれば | [àyámáꜜrèbà] |

### Verb

誤(あやま)る • (ayamaru) intransitive godan (stem 誤(あやま)り (ayamari), past 誤(あやま)った (ayamatta))
* to make a mistake, to err
    誤(あやま)るのが人(にん)間(げん)である。
       Ayamaru no ga ningen de aru.
       To err is human
* to become in a bad mood, to become troubled or despondent
* to be unreasonable or irregular
誤(あやま)る • (ayamaru) transitive godan (stem 誤(あやま)り (ayamari), past 誤(あやま)った (ayamatta))
* to mistake one thing for another
* to choose in the wrong direction
    身(み)を誤(あやま)る
       mi o ayamaru
       to mistake one's self → to go astray, to go bad
* to deceive someone, to lead astray
    人(ひと)を誤(あやま)る、人(ひと)を誤(あやま)る言(げん)動(どう)
       hito o ayamaru, hito o ayamaru gendō
       to lead someone astray, words and actions that lead someone astray
* to take something through deception, to deceive someone of something
    人(ひと)の金(かね)をあやまり
       hito no kane o ayamari
       deceiving people of their money
* to break a promise, to break one's word
    契(ちぎ)れること誤(あやま)れる人(ひと)に
       chigireru koto ayamareru hito ni
       to a person who could break what they would promise

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 誤ら | あやまら | ayamara |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 誤り | あやまり | ayamari |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 誤る | あやまる | ayamaru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 誤る | あやまる | ayamaru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 誤れ | あやまれ | ayamare |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 誤れ | あやまれ | ayamare |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 誤られる | あやまられる | ayamarareru |
| Causative | 誤らせる 誤らす | あやまらせる あやまらす | ayamaraseru ayamarasu |
| Potential | 誤れる | あやまれる | ayamareru |
| Volitional | 誤ろう | あやまろう | ayamarō |
| Negative | 誤らない | あやまらない | ayamaranai |
| Negative continuative | 誤らず | あやまらず | ayamarazu |
| Formal | 誤ります | あやまります | ayamarimasu |
| Perfective | 誤った | あやまった | ayamatta |
| Conjunctive | 誤って | あやまって | ayamatte |
| Hypothetical conditional | 誤れば | あやまれば | ayamareba |
Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 誤ら | あやまら | ayamara |
| Continuative (連用形) | 誤り | あやまり | ayamari |
| Terminal (終止形) | 誤る | あやまる | ayamaru |
| Attributive (連体形) | 誤る | あやまる | ayamaru |
| Realis (已然形) | 誤れ | あやまれ | ayamare |
| Imperative (命令形) | 誤れ | あやまれ | ayamare |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 誤らず | あやまらず | ayamarazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 誤れど | あやまれど | ayamaredo |
| Causal conjunction | 誤れば | あやまれば | ayamareba |
| Conditional conjunction | 誤らば | あやまらば | ayamaraba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 誤りき | あやまりき | ayamariki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 誤りけり | あやまりけり | ayamarikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 誤りつ | あやまりつ | ayamaritu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 誤りぬ | あやまりぬ | ayamarinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 誤れり 誤りたり | あやまれり あやまりたり | ayamareri ayamaritari |
| Volitional | 誤らむ | あやまらむ | ayamaramu |

### References

* ↑ “謝”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN