# بريد
## Arabic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ba.riːd/

### Etymology 1

Already in the 6th century, from Byzantine Greek βέρηδος (bérēdos), βέρεδος (béredos, “post-horse”), from Latin verēdus.

#### Noun

بَرِيد • (barīd) m (plural بُرُد (burud)) (in verse also بُرْد (burd))
* post, mail, an institution to send messages, intelligence
* (archaic) messenger, courier, express, estafette, a person employed in the institution of mail or intelligence
    Synonyms: رَسُول (rasūl), قَيْنَاب (qaynāb), قَانِب (qānib), فَيْج (fayj), فُرَانِق (furāniq)
* (obsolete) the beast by which messages are sent by the mail institution, a post-horse, post-mule or post-camel
** 6th century, Imru' al-Qais, بعينيَّ ظَعْنُ الحَيّ:عَلى كلّ مَقصُوصِ الذُّنَابى مُعاوِدٍ بَرِيدِ السُّرَى باللّيلِ من خيلِ بَرْبرَا(please add an English translation of this quotation)
* (obsolete) a measure of distance, a postal route
** a. 1229, Yāqūt al-Ḥamawīy, edited by Ferdinand Wüstenfeld, كتاب معجم البلدان [kitāb muʿjam al-buldān]‎, volume 1, Leipzig: F.A. Brockhaus, published 1866, page 37, line 9:فأمّا الْبَرِيد ففيه خلاف وذهب قوم إلى أنه بالبادية اثنا عشر ميلا وبالشام وخراسان ستة أميالAbout the postal route there is disagreement. Folks believed that in the desert it is twelve miles and in Syria and Khorasan six miles.
* (obsolete, rare) post office, a stationed relay

##### Derived terms

* سَاعِي بَرِيدٍ (sāʕī barīdin, “postman”)
* بَرِيدِيّ (barīdiyy, “postal; postmaster; courier”)
* أَبْرَدَ (ʔabrada, “to sent onto the way as a courier; to send a courier to; to send by way of post”)

#### References

* Bernburg, Lutz Richter and EIr (2012-02-23) “Greece xiv. Greek Loanwords in Medieval New Persian”, in Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, New York, embraces Zimmern’s etymology.
* Corriente, Federico, Pereira, Christophe, Vicente, Angeles, editors (2017), Dictionnaire du faisceau dialectal arabe andalou. Perspectives phraséologiques et étymologiques (in French), Berlin: De Gruyter, →ISBN, page 122, recognizes the Latin origin but assumes a Classical Syriac **ܒܪܝܕܐ (**brīdā) mediary which is denied by Ullmann, Manfred (1997) Zur Geschichte des Wortes barīd „Post“ [About the history of the word barīd ‘post’] (Beiträge zur Lexikographie des Klassischen Arabisch; 13)‎ (in German), München: Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Kommission bei der C.H.Beck’schen Verlagsbuchhandlung, →ISBN, page 8 footnote 19 by information from Rainer Degen that it is a dis legomenon transcription for all what is attested of the term in Aramaic, “bˀrwd$^2$”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–, “byryd”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–.
* Ekbal, Kamran (1983) “sursat – Eine Untersuchung zum persischen Steuerwesen in der Kadscharenzeit”, in Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft‎ (in German), volume 133, page 150, repeats after Alois Sprenger 1864 who only relates the common story the etymology from Persian بریده (borida, “docked”) and after Sourdel and Frye the Assyrian one.
* Lane, Edward William (1863) “بريد”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate, page 185, introduces another false etymology connecting the word to Hebrew פֶּרֶד (péreḏ, “mule, hinny”).
* Quatremère, Étienne Marc (1845) Histoire des sultans mamlouks, de l'Égypte. Tome second, deuzième partie.‎ (in French), Paris: Oriental Translation Fund, pages 87–92 footnote 34, already recognized the Roman derivation and refuted Medieval folk-etymologies of which the most persisting is that the word would be related to Persian بریده (burîda, “docked, having the tail clipped”) because the post-horses were marked so by Darius the Great or similar – according to which legend some Persian king according to Yāqūt al-Ḥamawīy (a. 1229) Ferdinand Wüstenfeld, editor, كتاب معجم البلدان [kitāb muʿjam al-buldān]‎ (in Arabic), volume 1, Leipzig: F.A. Brockhaus, published 1866, page 37 line 19 seqq. marked horses of couriers for them to be recognized and provided for by governors.
* Sourdel, Dominique (1960) “Barīd”, in Encyclopaedia of Islam. Second Edition, volume 1, Leiden: Brill, pages 1045–1046, confused as a mere compilator, derives the Arabic from Byzantine and Latin but that from perhaps Assyrian, apparently not knowing its origin in Proto-Celtic *uɸoreidos (“horse”). In the glossary page 182 they suggest that the Assyrian word derives from Latin.
* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “بريد”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen, page 121
* Ullmann, Manfred (1997) Zur Geschichte des Wortes barīd „Post“ [About the history of the word barīd ‘post’] (Beiträge zur Lexikographie des Klassischen Arabisch; 13)‎ (in German), München: Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Kommission bei der C.H.Beck’schen Verlagsbuchhandlung, →ISBN, tracks the history of the word by two hundred quotes.
* Wehr, Hans (1979) “بريد”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN, page 64
* Zimmern, Heinrich (1915) Akkadische Fremdwörter als Beweis für babylonischen Kultureinfluss (in German), Leipzig: A. Edelmann, page 7 knows the Roman derivation but following the topic of his book to list as many Akkadian cultural influences as possible throws out the idea of a borrowing from Akkadian 𒉽𒄬 (PAP.ḪAL /⁠purīdu⁠/, “leg; roaming one”, in the literal sense as well as in the sense of messenger), which comes from 𒄷𒄭 (MUD /⁠parādu⁠/, “to be terrified, to be scared; to be disturbed, to not rest, to keep moving; to run at full speed, to hastily get away, to move urgently”).

### Etymology 2

Apparently from بَرَدَ (barada, “to cut off”).

#### Noun

بَرِيد • (barīd) m
* crumb, piece of bread eaten to a stew for volume
** 577 AH / 1181–82 CE, ابن هشام اللخمي [Ibn Hišām al-Laḵmiyy], edited by José Pérez Lázaro, الْمَدْخَلُ إِلَى تَقْوِيمِ اللِسَانِ وَتَعْلِيمِ الْبَيَانِ (al-madḵalu ʔilā taqwīmi l-lisāni wataʕlīmi l-bayāni) [Introducción a la corrección del lenguaje y la enseñanza de la elocuencia] (Fuentes Arábico-Hispanas; 6), volume I, Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional, published 1990, →ISBN, page 316 Nr. 468:وقولون البَرِيدُ لخبز يلقى عليه الماء تَطْعَمُةُ النِّسَاءُ لِلسُّمْنَةِ. والصّوَاب الْمَبْرُودُ.They call barīd the bread thrown into the water the women eat for volume. The right is mabrūd.

##### Declension
## Pashto
### Etymology 1
#### Noun

بريد • (brid) m
* attack, assault
* beginning, starting point, access

#### See also

* برید کول (“to attack”)

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

بريد • (buríd) m
* separation
* absence
* border