# 精神
## Chinese

* 精神 (Written Standard Chinese)
* Cheng-sîn (Southern Min)

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jīngshén
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄥ ㄕㄣˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zing$^1$ san$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chîn-sṳ̀n
* Eastern Min (BUC): cĭng-sìng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): cheng-sîn
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zêng$^1$ sing$^5$ / zêng$^1$ sêng$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$cin-zen
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jīngshén
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥ ㄕㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jingshén
*** Wade–Giles: ching$^1$-shên$^2$
*** Yale: jīng-shén
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jingshern
*** Palladius: цзиншэнь (czinšɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʂən³⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed) (精神兒 / 精神儿)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jīngshénr
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥ ㄕㄣˊㄦ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jingshénr
*** Wade–Giles: ching$^1$-shên$^2$-ʼrh
*** Yale: jīng-shénr
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jingsherl
*** Palladius: цзиншэньр (czinšɛnʹr)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʂəɻ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zing$^1$ san$^4$
*** Yale: jīng sàhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzing$^1$ san$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: jing$^1$ sen$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵ sɐn²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chîn-sṳ̀n
*** Hakka Romanization System: jin$^ˊ$ siin$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: jin$^1$ sin$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sin²⁴ sɨn¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: cĭng-sìng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siŋ⁵⁵ $^{(s-)}$niŋ⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: cheng-sîn
*** Tâi-lô: tsing-sîn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zengsiin
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sin²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡siɪŋ³³ sin²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sin¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sin²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sin²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: zêng$^1$ sing$^5$ / zêng$^1$ sêng$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tseng sîng / tseng sêng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡seŋ³³⁻²³ siŋ⁵⁵/, /t͡seŋ³³⁻²³ seŋ⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$cin-zen
*** MiniDict: cin$^平$ zen
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$jin-zen
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕin⁵⁵ zən²¹/
* Middle Chinese: tsjeng zyin
Rime :
| Character | 精 | 神 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 精 (13) | 船 (27) |
| Final (韻) | 清 (121) | 眞 (43) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 子盈切 | 食鄰切 |
| Baxter | tsjeng | zyin |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡siᴇŋ/ | /ʑiɪn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡siɛŋ/ | /ʑin/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡siæŋ/ | /ʑjen/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡siajŋ/ | /ʑin/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡siɛŋ/ | /d͡ʑiĕn/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡sĭɛŋ/ | /d͡ʑĭĕn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡si̯ɛŋ/ | /d͡ʑʰi̯ĕn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jīng | shén |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zing$^1$ | san$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*tseŋ Cə.li[n]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ʔsleŋ hlin/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 精 | 神 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jīng | shén |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsjeng › | ‹ zyin › |
| Old Chinese | /*tseŋ/ | /*Cə.li[n]/ |
| English | fine rice; pure | spirit |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 精 | 神 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 11327 | 11245 |
| Phonetic component | 生 | 申 |
| Rime group | 耕 | 眞 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 精 | 神 |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔsleŋ/ | /*hlin/ |

#### Noun

精神
* spirit; soul; will
    創業精神／创业精神 ― chuàngyè jīngshén ― enterprising spirit
    工匠精神 ― gōngjiàng jīngshén ― craftsman's spirit
    批判精神 ― pīpàn jīngshén ― critical spirit
    建黨精神／建党精神 ― jiàndǎng jīngshén ― founding spirit of the party
    昂揚的革命精神／昂扬的革命精神 ― ángyáng de gémìng jīngshén ― elated revolutionary spirit
    From: 1497, 金宗直 (Kim Jong-jik), 《謁夫子廟賦》 (Rhapsody on visiting the temple of Confucius), 《佔畢齋集》
    Hwang Buja ji jeongsin biyeo su ji jae jijung, gu ji jeuk jae. [Sino-Korean]
    Furthermore, the soul of the Sage is akin to how water is underground; if one seeks it out, it shall be there.
    From: 1942, 胡志明 (Hú Zhìmíng) (Hồ Chí Minh), 《獄中日記·無題》 (Prison Diary, “Untitled”); translated based on Foreign Languages Publishing House's 1972 version
    Thân thể tại ngục trung, Tinh thần tại ngục ngoại. Dục thành đại sự nghiệp, Tinh thần cánh yếu đại. [Sino-Vietnamese]
    Thy body is in jail, But thy spirit, never. For the great cause to prevail, Let thy spirit soar higher.
* (psychology, psychiatry) mind; mental state
    精神不健全 ― jīngshén bù jiànquán ― to be mentally unsound; unsoundness of mind
* drive; energy; vigor
       Tā de fùqīn kànqilai shì yī wèi jīngshén juéshuò de lǎorén. [Pinyin]
       His father looks like a sprightly old man.
* essence; gist

##### Synonyms

* (energy):
* 功夫 (gōngfu)
* 氣力 / 气力 (qìlì)
* 氣脈 / 气脉 (qìmài) (chiefly Hakka)
* 精力 (jīnglì)

#### Adjective

精神
* (attributive) spiritual; immaterial; cultural
    精神家園／精神家园 ― jīngshén jiāyuán ― spiritual home
* (attributive) mental; psychiatric; psychological

##### See also

* 神經／神经 (shénjīng, “nerve; neurotic”)

#### Derived terms

* 人文精神 (rénwén jīngshén)
* 人逢喜事精神爽 (rén féng xǐshì jīngshén shuǎng)
* 團隊精神 / 团队精神 (tuánduì jīngshén)
* 契約精神 / 契约精神 (qìyuē jīngshén)
* 工匠精神 (gōngjiàng jīngshén)
* 弄精神
* 打起精神
* 抖搜精神 (dǒusōujīngshén)
* 抖擻精神 / 抖擞精神 (dǒusǒujīngshén)
* 摩羅精神 / 摩罗精神
* 放精神著
* 敬業精神 / 敬业精神
* 時代精神 / 时代精神 (shídài jīngshén)
* 民族精神
* 民族精神教育
* 法律精神 (fǎlǜ jīngshén)
* 科學精神 / 科学精神 (kēxué jīngshén)
* 立國精神 / 立国精神
* 精神出軌 / 精神出轨 (jīngshén chūguǐ)
* 精神分析 (jīngshén fēnxī)
* 精神分裂症 (jīngshén fēnlièzhèng)
* 精神可嘉
* 精神垃圾
* 精神堡壘 / 精神堡垒
* 精神外遇
* 精神失常 (jīngshén shīcháng)
* 精神奕奕 (jīngshényìyì)
* 精神官能症 (jīngshén guānnéng zhèng)
* 精神恍惚
* 精神感召
* 精神感應 / 精神感应
* 精神抖擻 / 精神抖擞 (jīngshéndǒusǒu)
* 精神抑鬱症 / 精神抑郁症 (jīngshén yìyùzhèng)
* 精神支持 (jīngshén zhīchí)
* 精神文化
* 精神文明 (jīngshén wénmíng)
* 精神日本人 (jīngshén rìběnrén)
* 精神暴力
* 精神污染 (jīngshén wūrǎn)
* 精神治療 / 精神治疗 (jīngshén zhìliáo)
* 精神渙散 / 精神涣散
* 精神滿腹 / 精神满腹
* 精神煥發 / 精神焕发 (jīngshénhuànfā)
* 精神生活 (jīngshén shēnghuó)
* 精神產品 / 精神产品 (jīngshén chǎnpǐn)
* 精神病 (jīngshénbìng)
* 精神症
* 精神病學 / 精神病学 (jīngshénbìngxué)
* 精神疾病 (jīngshén jíbìng)
* 精神病院 (jīngshénbìngyuàn)
* 精神療法 / 精神疗法 (jīngshén liáofǎ)
* 精神科 (jīngshénkē)
* 精神綜合法 / 精神综合法 (jīngshén zōnghéfǎ)
* 精神缺陷 (jīngshén quēxiàn)
* 精神藥物 / 精神药物 (jīngshén yàowù)
* 精神衛生 / 精神卫生 (jīngshén wèishēng)
* 精神財富 / 精神财富 (jīngshén cáifù)
* 精神運動 / 精神运动 (jīngshén yùndòng)
* 精神醫學 / 精神医学 (jīngshén yīxué)
* 精神錯亂 / 精神错乱 (jīngshén cuòluàn)
* 精神錦標 / 精神锦标
* 精神面
* 精神食糧 / 精神食粮
* 精神飽滿 / 精神饱满 (jīngshénbǎomǎn)
* 螃蟹精神 (pángxiè jīngshén)
* 補精神 / 补精神
* 費盡精神 / 费尽精神
* 運動精神 / 运动精神
* 開國精神 / 开国精神
* 阿Q精神
* 頤養精神 / 颐养精神
* 首創精神 / 首创精神 (shǒuchuàng jīngshén)
* 體育精神 / 体育精神 (tǐyù jīngshén)
* 龍馬精神 / 龙马精神 (lóngmǎjīngshén)

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jīngshen, jīngshén
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄥ ˙ㄕㄣ, ㄐㄧㄥ ㄕㄣˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zing$^1$ san$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chîn-sṳ̀n
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): cheng-sîn
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jīngshen
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥ ˙ㄕㄣ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jingshe̊n
*** Wade–Giles: ching$^1$-shên$^5$
*** Yale: jīng-shen
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jing.shen
*** Palladius: цзиншэнь (czinšɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʂən²/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jīngshén
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥ ㄕㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jingshén
*** Wade–Giles: ching$^1$-shên$^2$
*** Yale: jīng-shén
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jingshern
*** Palladius: цзиншэнь (czinšɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʂən³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zing$^1$ san$^4$
*** Yale: jīng sàhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzing$^1$ san$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: jing$^1$ sen$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵ sɐn²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chîn-sṳ̀n
*** Hakka Romanization System: jin$^ˊ$ siin$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: jin$^1$ sin$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sin²⁴ sɨn¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: cheng-sîn
*** Tâi-lô: tsing-sîn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zengsiin
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sin²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡siɪŋ³³ sin²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sin¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sin²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sin²³/

#### Adjective

精神
* lively; active; brisk; in good spirits; spirited; energetic
    笑到精神嗮 [Cantonese] ― siu$^3$ dou$^3$ zing$^1$ san$^4$ saai$^3$ [Jyutping] ― to laugh oneself awake
* (Northeastern Mandarin) pretty; handsome
* (Jianghuai Mandarin) cautious; alert
* (Jiaoliao Mandarin) shrewd

#### Verb

精神
* (Hokkien) to wake up; to be awake

##### Synonyms

* 睡醒 (shuìxǐng)
* (Cantonese) 瞓醒／𰥛醒, 瞓醒覺／𰥛醒觉
* (Hokkien) 睏醒／困醒, 精英

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 精神(せいしん) (seishin)
* → Korean: 정신(精神) (jeongsin)
* → Vietnamese: tinh thần (精神)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 精 | 神 |
| せい Grade: 5 | しん Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 精神 (kyūjitai)

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) せーしん [séꜜèshìǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [se̞ːɕĩɴ]

### Noun

精(せい)神(しん) • (seishin)
* psyche; spirit; soul; mind; will
** 2003 November 20, “ゴギガ・ガガギゴ [Gogiga Gagagigo]”, in 天空の聖域 [The Sanctuary in the Sky], Konami:
    既(すで)に精(せい)神(しん)は崩(ほう)壊(かい)し、肉(にく)体(たい)は更(さら)なるパワーを求(もと)めて暴(ぼう)走(そう)する。その姿(すがた)にかつての面(おも)影(かげ)はない…。
       Sude ni seishin wa hōkaishi, nikutai wa saranaru pawā o motomete bōsōsuru. Sono sugata ni katsute no omokage wa nai….
       His mind long since collapsed, his body recklessly continues craving even more power. He no longer resembles his former self….

#### Derived terms

* 精神界(せいしんかい) (seishinkai, “the spiritual world”)
* 精神的(せいしんてき) (seishin-teki, “mental, emotional”)
* 精神論(せいしんろん) (seishin-ron)
* 精神(せいしん)病(びょう) (seishinbyō, “a mental illness”)
* 精神(せいしん)力(りょく) (seishinryoku, “mental power”)
* 精神(せいしん)医(い)学(がく) (seishin igaku, “psychiatry”)
* 精神(せいしん)異(い)常(じょう) (seishin ijō, “mental derangement”)
* 精神衛生(せいしんえいせい) (seishin eisei, “mental health”)
* 精神鑑定(せいしんかんてい) (seishin kantei, “a psychiatric test”)
* 精神(せいしん)教(きょう)育(いく) (seishin kyōiku, “moral education”)
* 精神主(せいしんしゅ)義(ぎ) (seishin shugi, “spiritualism, idealism”)
* 精神障害(せいしんしょうがい) (seishin shōgai, “mental disorder”)
* 精神状態(せいしんじょうたい) (seishin jōtai, “one's state of mind”)
* 精神神経(せいしんしんけい)科(か) (seishin shinkeika, “neuropsychiatry”)
* 精神(せいしん)遅(ち)滞(たい) (seishin chitai, “mental retardation”)
* 精神年齢(せいしんねんれい) (seishin nenrei, “mental age”)
* 精神薄(せいしんはく)弱(じゃく) (seishin hakujaku, “mental deficiency”)
* 精神病院(せいしんびょういん) (seishin byōin, “a mental hospital”)
* 精神病学(せいしんびょうがく) (seishin byōgaku, “psychiatry”)
* 精神分析(せいしんぶんせき) (seishin bunseki, “psychoanalysis”)
* 精神療(せいしんりょう)法(ほう) (seishin ryōhō, “psychotherapy”)
* 精神安定剤(せいしんあんていざい) (seishin anteizai, “a tranquilizer”)
* 精神的外(せいしんてきがい)傷(しょう) (seishin-teki gaishō, “a trauma”)
* 精神分裂(せいしんぶんれつ)症(しょう) (seishin bunretsushō, “schizophrenia”)
* 時(じ)代精神(だいせいしん) (jidaiseishin, “zeitgeist”)
* 開拓者精神(かいたくしゃせいしん) (kaitakushaseishin, “frontier spirit”)
* 団体精神(だんたいせいしん) (dantaiseishin)
* 抵抗精神(ていこうせいしん) (teikōseishin)
* 反骨精神(はんこつせいしん) (hankotsuseishin)
* 反俗精神(はんぞくせいしん) (hanzokuseishin)
* 民族精神(みんぞくせいしん) (minzokuseishin)
* 起(き)業(ぎょう)家(か)精神(せいしん) (kigyōkaseishin)

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 精 | 神 |

### Noun

精神 • (jeongsin) (hangeul 정신)
* hanja form of 정신 (“spirit, mind”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 精 | 神 |

### Noun

精神
* chữ Hán form of tinh thần (“spirit, mind”).