# ऊर्ध्व
## Sanskrit
### Alternative forms

* ঊৰ্ধ্ব (Assamese script)
* ᬊᬃᬥ᭄ᬯ (Balinese script)
* ঊর্ধ্ব (Bengali script)
* 𑰅𑰨𑰿𑰠𑰿𑰪 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀊𑀭𑁆𑀥𑁆𑀯 (Brahmi script)
* ဦရ်္ဓွ (Burmese script)
* ઊર્ધ્વ (Gujarati script)
* ਊਰ੍ਧ੍ਵ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌊𑌰𑍍𑌧𑍍𑌵 (Grantha script)
* ꦈꦴꦂꦣ꧀ꦮ (Javanese script)
* 𑂈𑂩𑂹𑂡𑂹𑂫 (Kaithi script)
* ಊರ್ಧ್ವ (Kannada script)
* ឩធ៌្វ (Khmer script)
* ອູຣ຺ຘ຺ວ (Lao script)
* ഊര്ധ്വ (Malayalam script)
* ᡠᡠᡵᢡᠣᠸᠠ (Manchu script)
* 𑘅𑘨𑘿𑘠𑘿𑘪 (Modi script)
* ᠤᠤᠷᢑᠾᢦ (Mongolian script)
* 𑦥𑧈𑧠𑧀𑧠𑧊 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐅𑐬𑑂𑐢𑑂𑐰 (Newa script)
* ଊର୍ଧ୍ଵ (Odia script)
* ꢇꢬ꣄ꢤ꣄ꢮ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆈𑆫𑇀𑆣𑇀𑆮 (Sharada script)
* 𑖅𑖨𑖿𑖠𑖿𑖪 (Siddham script)
* ඌර්‍ධ‍්ව (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩐𑩒𑩛𑩼 𑪙𑩮 𑪙𑩾 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚅𑚤𑚶𑚜𑚶𑚦 (Takri script)
* ஊர்த்⁴வ (Tamil script)
* ఊర్ధ్వ (Telugu script)
* อูรฺธฺว (Thai script)
* ཨཱུ་རྡྷྭ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒆𑒩𑓂𑒡𑓂𑒫 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨀𑨃𑨊𑨫𑩇𑨜𑩇𑨭 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *r̥Hdʰwás (“high, upright”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥dʰ-wó-s (“high, upright”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬡𐬀 (ər$^ə$δβa), Ancient Greek ὀρθός (orthós), Latin arduus, Old Norse ǫrðugr (“steep”).

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /uːɾdʱ.ʋɐ́/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /ˈuːɾd̪ʱ.ʋɐ/

### Adjective

ऊर्ध्व • (ūrdhvá) stem
* rising or tending upwards, raised, elevated, erected, erect, upright, high, above
** c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 1.36.13:ऊ॒र्ध्व ऊ॒ षु ण॑ ऊ॒तये॒ तिष्ठा॑ दे॒वो न स॑वि॒ता। ऊ॒र्ध्वो वाज॑स्य॒ सनि॑ता॒ यद॒ञ्जिभि॑र्वा॒घद्भि॑र्वि॒ह्वया॑महे॥ūrdhvá ū ṣú ṇa ūtáye tíṣṭhā devó ná savitā́. ūrdhvó vā́jasya sánitā yádañjíbhirvāghádbhirvihváyāmahe.Stand up erect to lend us aid, stand up like Savitā the God: Erect as strength-bestower we call aloud, with unguents and with priests, on thee.

#### Usage notes

In Classical Sanskrit occurring chiefly in compounds.

#### Descendants

* Pali: uddha, ubbha
* Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀉𑀤𑁆𑀥 (uddha), 𑀉𑀩𑁆𑀪 (ubbha)
** Awadhi: ऊभ (ūbh)
** Old Gujarati: ऊभउं (ūbhaũ)
*** Gujarati: ઊભું (ūbhũ)
*** Marwari: ऊभौ (ūbhau)
** Nepali: उभो (ubho)
* Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀉𑀩𑁆𑀪 (ubbha)
** Marathi: उभे (ubhe)
** Konkani: उभो (ubho)

### Noun

ऊर्ध्व • (ūrdhvá) stem, n
* height, elevation
* anything placed above or higher (+ ablative)
    ऊर्ध्वं-गच्छति ― √gam ― to go upwards or into heaven, die

#### Declension
### Preposition

ऊर्ध्व • (ūrdhvá)
* in the sequel, in the later part (e.g. of a book or manuscript; because in Sanskrit manuscripts the later leaves stand above), subsequent, after (with ablative)
    अत ऊर्ध्वम् (ata ūrdhvam), or इत ऊर्ध्वम् (ita ūrdhvam) ― hence forward, from that time forward, after that passage, hereafter
    ऊर्ध्वं संवत्सरात् ― ūrdhvaṃ saṃvatsarāt ― after a year
    ऊर्ध्वं देहात् ― ūrdhvaṃ dehāt ― after life, after death
* after, after the death of (+ ablative)
    ऊर्ध्वं पितुः ― ūrdhvaṃ pituḥ ― after the father's death
* in a high tone, aloud

#### Descendants

* Pali: uddha, ubbha
* Phalura:
    Latin script: huṇḍ
    Arabic script: ہُنڈ
* Prakrit: 𑀉𑀟𑁆𑀠 (uḍḍha), 𑀉𑀤𑁆𑀥 (uddha), 𑀉𑀩𑁆𑀪 (ubbha) (see there for further descendants)
* Irula: உத்த்ய (uttya)

### Further reading

* Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “ūrdhvá”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 115