# 劣

| 劣 | U+52A3, &#21155; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-52A3 |
| ← 劢 [U+52A2] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 劤 → [U+52A4] |
| 劣 | U+F99D, &#63901; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F99D |
| ← 列 [U+F99C] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 咽 → [U+F99E] |

## Translingual
### Alternative forms

* A CJK compatibility ideograph exists at U+F99D with no change in composition.
* Note that in Japanese Kanji, Korean Hanja and Vietnamese Nom, the middle stroke of the top component 小 is written 亅 with a hook whereas in modern Chinese scripts the middle stroke is written 丨 with no downward hook.

### Han character

劣 (Kangxi radical 19, 力+4, 6 strokes, cangjie input 火竹大尸 (FHKS), four-corner 9042$_7$, composition ⿱少力)

#### Derived characters

* 挘, 㭞, 𨦒, 𨾻, 𩷈, 𠢣, 𠣇, 𬏩

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 146, character 17
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2302
* Dae Jaweon: page 330, character 6
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 367, character 5
* Unihan data for U+52A3
* Unihan data for U+F99D

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 劣 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : 少 (“little, less”) + 力 (“strength”). 少 (OC *hmjewʔ, *hmjews) also functions as phonetic.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): liè, lüè (lie$^4$, lüe$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄝˋ, ㄌㄩㄝˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): nie$^2$ / ne$^2$
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): lüě
    (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): lie̊q
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): lyut$^3$ / lyut$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): lut$^2$
* Gan (Wiktionary): liet$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): lot
    (Hailu, HRS): lod$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): lod$^5$
* Jin (Wiktionary): lyeh$^4$
* Northern Min (KCR): lṳĕ
* Eastern Min (BUC): luók
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): loa̍t / loat / lia̍t
    (Teochew, Peng'im): luag$^4$ / luêg$^4$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): luag$^4$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^8$liq / $^8$laq
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): lie$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: liè
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄝˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: liè
*** Wade–Giles: lieh$^4$
*** Yale: lyè
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lieh
*** Palladius: ле (le)
*** Sinological IPA : /li̯ɛ⁵¹/
** (Beijing dialect, colloquial)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lüè
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄩㄝˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lyuè
*** Wade–Giles: lüeh$^4$
*** Yale: lywè
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: liueh
*** Palladius: люэ (ljue)
*** Sinological IPA : /ly̯ɛ⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: nie$^2$ / ne$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: lie / le
*** Sinological IPA : /niɛ²¹/, /nɛ²¹/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: lüě
*** Sinological IPA : /lyɛ²¹/
** (Nanjing)
*** Nanjing Pinyin: lie̊q
*** Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): lieq$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /lieʔ⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lyut$^3$ / lyut$^6$
*** Yale: lyut / lyuht
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lyt$^8$ / lyt$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lüd$^3$ / lüd$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /lyːt̚³/, /lyːt̚²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: lut$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /lut̚⁵⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: liet$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /liɛt̚⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lot
*** Hakka Romanization System: lod$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: lod$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /lot̚²/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: lod$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /lot²/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: lod$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /lɔt̚¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: lyeh$^4$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /lyəʔ²/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lṳĕ
*** Sinological IPA : /lyɛ²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: luók
*** Sinological IPA : /l̃uɔʔ²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: loa̍t
*** Tâi-lô: lua̍t
*** Phofsit Daibuun: loat
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /luat̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /luat̚⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: loat
*** Tâi-lô: luat
*** Phofsit Daibuun: load
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /luat̚⁵/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lia̍t
*** Tâi-lô: lia̍t
*** Phofsit Daibuun: liat
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /liɛt̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /liɛt̚⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: luag$^4$ / luêg$^4$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: luak / luek
*** Sinological IPA : /luak̚²/, /luek̚²/
* luag4 - Shantou;
* luêg4 - Chaozhou.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit劣 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /lyɛ⁵¹/ /liɛ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /liɛ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /lie⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /liə²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /liə⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /lyo²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /lyɛ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /lɨ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /lie¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /lyə¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /lyɤ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /nie²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /nie³¹/ /ne³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /nie²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /liɛ³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /lieʔ⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /liɐʔ⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /lyəʔ²/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /liʌʔ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /liaʔ⁴³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /liɪʔ¹/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /liəʔ³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /lɑʔ²/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /le²¹³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /le²²/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /liɛ¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /lie²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /nie²⁴/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /liɛʔ⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /lot̚¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /lyt̚³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /lyt̚³³/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /lyt̚³/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /luat̚⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /luɔʔ²³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /lyɛ²⁴/ /liɛ²⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /luak̚²/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /luak̚⁵/ |
* Middle Chinese: ljwet
Rime :
| Character | 劣 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 薛 (82) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 力輟切 |
| Baxter | ljwet |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /liuᴇt̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /lʷiɛt̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ljuæt̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /lwiat̚/ |
| Li Rong | /liuɛt̚/ |
| Wang Li | /lĭuɛt̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /li̯wɛt̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | lüè |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | lyut$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*rod/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 劣 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 8142 |
| Phonetic component | 劣 |
| Rime group | 月 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 劣 |
| Old Chinese | /*rod/ |
| Notes | 力少會意，說文少聲非 |

### Definitions

劣
* (literary, or in compounds) small and weak; puny
* (literary, or in compounds) bad; poor; inferior
* (literary, or in compounds) slightly

#### Synonyms

* (small and weak): 弱小 (ruòxiǎo)
* (bad):
* 不善 (bùshàn)
* 不好
* 不妙 (bùmiào)
* 不怎麼樣 / 不怎么样 (bùzěnmeyàng)
* 不濟 / 不济 (bùjì)
* 不腆 (bùtiǎn) (Classical Chinese, self-deprecatory)
* 了丁 (Min Nan)
* 低下 (dīxià)
* 低劣 (dīliè)
* 低路 (Min Nan)
* 垃圾 (lājī) (colloquial)
* 屎 (Cantonese)
* 差 (chà)
* 差勁 / 差劲 (chàjìn) (colloquial)
* 差氣 / 差气 (Hokkien)
* 拙劣 (zhuōliè)
* 推扳 ($^1$the-pe) (Shanghainese)
* 梢跤 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 梢跤軟蹄 / 梢跤软蹄 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 梢蹬 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 欠佳 (qiànjiā)
* 水皮 (seoi$^2$ pei$^4$) (Cantonese)
* 潮 (cháo) (colloquial, of quality or technique)
* 無良 / 无良 (wúliáng) (formal)
* 破 (pò) (colloquial)
* 跤梢 (Xiamen Hokkien)
* 蹩腳 / 蹩脚 (biéjiǎo)
* 鄙劣 (bǐliè) (literary)

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “bad”): 優／优 (yōu)

### Compounds

* 下劣 (xiàliè)
* 不劣方頭 / 不劣方头
* 乖劣
* 了劣
* 低劣 (dīliè)
* 優劣 / 优劣 (yōuliè)
* 優勝劣敗 / 优胜劣败
* 劣勢 / 劣势 (lièshì)
* 劣化 (lièhuà)
* 劣化警報 / 劣化警报
* 劣匠
* 劣品
* 劣弧
* 劣怯
* 劣性
* 劣憋
* 劣把
* 劣把頭 / 劣把头
* 劣敗 / 劣败
* 劣株
* 劣根性 (liègēnxìng)
* 劣比
* 劣相
* 劣種 / 劣种 (lièzhǒng)
* 劣等 (lièděng)
* 劣筆 / 劣笔
* 劣等生 (lièděngshēng)
* 劣紳 / 劣绅 (lièshēn)
* 劣缺
* 劣缺搊搜 / 劣缺𫼝搜
* 劣藥 / 劣药
* 劣行 (lièxíng)
* 劣角
* 劣貨 / 劣货
* 劣質 / 劣质 (lièzhì)
* 劣跡 / 劣迹 (lièjì)
* 劣跡昭著 / 劣迹昭著
* 劣蹶
* 劣酒
* 劣馬 / 劣马
* 卑劣 (bēiliè)
* 卑劣手段
* 土豪劣紳 / 土豪劣绅 (tǔháo lièshēn)
* 惡劣 / 恶劣 (èliè)
* 愚劣
* 憋劣
* 拙劣 (zhuōliè)
* 方頭不劣 / 方头不劣
* 日趨惡劣 / 日趋恶劣
* 狠劣
* 窳劣 (yǔliè)
* 粗劣 (cūliè)
* 粗衣劣食
* 羸劣
* 臞劣
* 蕪劣 / 芜劣
* 薄劣
* 闇劣 / 暗劣
* 陋劣
* 頑劣 / 顽劣 (wánliè)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* bad, poor, inferior

#### Readings

* Go-on: れち (rechi)
* Kan-on: れつ (retsu, Jōyō)
* Kun: おとる (otoru, 劣る, Jōyō)

#### Compounds

* 劣(れつ)悪(あく) (retsuaku)
* 劣(れつ)位(い) (retsui)
* 劣(れつ)後(ご) (retsugo)
* 劣(れっ)等(とう) (rettō)
* 愚(ぐ)劣(れつ) (guretsu)
* 下(げ)劣(れつ) (geretsu)
* 拙(せつ)劣(れつ) (setsuretsu)
* 卑(ひ)劣(れつ) (hiretsu)
* 優(ゆう)劣(れつ) (yūretsu)

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 劣 (MC ljwet).
* Recorded as Middle Korean ᄅᆑᇙ〮 (Yale: lyuyelq) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 렬 (lyel) (Yale: lyel) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 녈 (nyel) (Yale: nyel) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ɾjʌ̹ɭ] ~ [jʌ̹ɭ]
* Phonetic hangul: [렬/열]

### Hanja

Wikisource 劣 (eumhun 못할 렬 (mothal ryeol), word-initial (South Korea) 못할 열 (mothal yeol))
* hanja form of 렬/열 (“bad; poor”)
* hanja form of 렬/열 (“inferior”)
** 1929, 신채호 [Han: 申采浩, Sin Chaeho], 조선사 연구 초 [Joseonsayeon-gucho, Han: 朝鮮史硏究草, Exploratory Studies in Korean History]:이는 彼等피등 諸史제사의 價値가치가 모두 《三國史記》삼국사기보다 劣열한 明證명증이 아닌가?Ineun pideung jesaui gachiga modu Samguksagiboda yeolhan myeongjeung-i anin-ga?Wouldn't it be clear evidence that the value of all those historical records is inferior to the Samguk sagi?

#### Compounds

* 비열 (卑劣, biyeol)
* 승렬 (勝劣, seungnyeol)
* 악렬 (惡劣, angnyeol)
* 열등 (劣等, yeoldeung)
* 열등감 (劣等感, yeoldeunggam)
* 열성 (劣性, yeolseong)
* 열세 (劣勢, yeolse)
* 열악 (劣惡, yeorak)
* 열위 (劣位, yeorwi)
* 열종 (劣種, yeoljong)
* 열후 (劣後, yeolhu)
* 용렬 (庸劣, yongnyeol)
* 우열 (優劣, uyeol)
* 저열 (低劣, jeoyeol)
* 졸렬 (拙劣, jollyeol)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

劣: Hán Nôm readings: liệt, lẹt
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation