# 灌

| 灌 | U+704C, &#28748; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-704C |
| ← 灋 [U+704B] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 灍 → [U+704D] |

## Translingual
### Han character

灌 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+18 in traditional Chinese and Korean, 水+17 in mainland China and Japanese, 21 strokes in traditional Chinese and Korean, 20 strokes in mainland China and Japanese, cangjie input 水廿口土 (ETRG), four-corner 3411$_4$, composition ⿰氵雚)

#### Derived characters

* 𪈸, 𫕷

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 662, character 35
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 18759
* Dae Jaweon: page 1071, character 30
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1786, character 13
* Unihan data for U+704C

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 觀 | *koːn, *koːns |
| 灌 | *koːns |
| 鸛 | *koːns |
| 瓘 | *koːns |
| 矔 | *koːns, *kroːns |
| 懽 | *koːns, *qʰoːn |
| 爟 | *koːns |
| 雚 | *koːns |
| 罐 | *koːns |
| 鑵 | *koːns |
| 歡 | *qʰoːn |
| 驩 | *qʰoːn |
| 貛 | *qʰoːn |
| 酄 | *qʰoːn |
| 獾 | *qʰoːn |
| 讙 | *qʰoːn, *qʰon |
| 嚾 | *qʰoːns |
| 權 | *ɡron |
| 顴 | *ɡron |
| 孉 | *ɡron |
| 蠸 | *ɡron |
| 虇 | *kʰonʔ, *kʰons |
| 勸 | *kʰons |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *koːns) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 雚 (OC *koːns).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): guàn (guan$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gun$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kon
* Northern Min (KCR): go̤̿ng
* Eastern Min (BUC): guáng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): guang$^4$ / guong$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): koàn
    (Teochew, Peng'im): guang$^3$ / guêng$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: guàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: guàn
*** Wade–Giles: kuan$^4$
*** Yale: gwàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guann
*** Palladius: гуань (guanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku̯än⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gun$^3$
*** Yale: gun
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gun$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gun$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kuːn³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kon
*** Hakka Romanization System: gon
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gon$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /kon⁵⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: go̤̿ng
*** Sinological IPA : /kɔŋ³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: guáng
*** Sinological IPA : /kuɑŋ²¹³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: guang$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kuaŋ⁴²/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: guong$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kuoŋ⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: koàn
*** Tâi-lô: kuàn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: koaxn
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kuan²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kuan⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kuan²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kuan¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kuan²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: guang$^3$ / guêng$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kuàng / kuèng
*** Sinological IPA : /kuaŋ²¹³/, /kueŋ²¹³/
* guang3 - Shantou;
* guêng3 - Chaozhou.
* Middle Chinese: kwanH
Rime :
| Character | 灌 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 桓 (62) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 古玩切 |
| Baxter | kwanH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kuɑn$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʷɑn$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kuɑn$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kwan$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kuɑn$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kuɑn$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kuɑn$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | guàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gun$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[C.qʷ]ˤar-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*koːns/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 灌 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | guàn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kwan$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[C.qʷ]ˁar-s/ |
| English | pour, drip |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 灌 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 4478 |
| Phonetic component | 雚 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 貫 |
| Old Chinese | /*koːns/ |

### Definitions

灌
* to fill (with liquid); to pour
* to irrigate; to water
* to record (music)
    灌唱片 ― guàn chàngpiàn ― to make a record
* (Taiwan) to install (software)
    重灌軟體／重灌软体 ― zhòngguàn ruǎntǐ ― to reinstall software

#### Synonyms

* (to irrigate):
* 浸灌 (jìnguàn)
* 澆灌 / 浇灌 (jiāoguàn)
* 灌溉 (guàngài)

#### Compounds

* 倒灌 (dàoguàn)
* 冬灌
* 半灌木
* 叢灌 / 丛灌
* 噴灑灌溉 / 喷洒灌溉
* 如湯灌雪 / 如汤灌雪
* 如雷灌耳 (rúléiguàněr)
* 抱甕灌圃 / 抱瓮灌圃
* 排灌
* 提灌
* 春灌
* 海水倒灌
* 淹灌
* 溝灌 / 沟灌 (gōuguàn)
* 漫灌
* 潛灌 / 潜灌
* 澆灌 / 浇灌 (jiāoguàn)
* 灌區 / 灌区
* 灌口二郎
* 灌唱片
* 灌園食力 / 灌园食力
* 灌夫罵坐 / 灌夫骂坐
* 灌救
* 灌木 (guànmù)
* 灌水 (guànshuǐ)
* 灌注 (guànzhù)
* 灌注器 (guànzhùqì)
* 灌溉 (guàngài)
* 灌溉工程
* 灌溉渠
* 灌滌 / 灌涤
* 灌漿 / 灌浆
* 灌灌
* 灌瓜之義 / 灌瓜之义
* 灌籃 / 灌篮 (guànlán)
* 灌精兒 / 灌精儿
* 灌腸 / 灌肠
* 灌膿 / 灌脓
* 灌輸 / 灌输 (guànshū)
* 灌迷湯 / 灌迷汤
* 灌酒
* 灌醉 (guànzuì)
* 灌錄 / 灌录 (guànlù)
* 灌音
* 灌頂 / 灌顶 (guàndǐng)
* 灌香腸 / 灌香肠
* 灌黃湯 / 灌黄汤
* 畦溝灌溉 / 畦沟灌溉
* 盤灌法 / 盘灌法
* 絳灌 / 绛灌
* 罵坐灌夫 / 骂坐灌夫
* 自流灌溉
* 莽灌夫
* 負壺灌區 / 负壶灌区
* 輪流灌溉 / 轮流灌溉
* 醍醐灌頂 / 醍醐灌顶 (tíhúguàndǐng)
* 錄灌 / 录灌

### References

* “灌”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* William Campbell (1913) A dictionary of the Amoy vernacular spoken throughout the prefectures of Chin-Chiu, Chiang-Chiu and Formosa (in Hokkien), 8th edition, Tainan: Taiwan Church Press, published 1961, →OCLC, page 351.
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “灌”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 81.

## Japanese

| Shinjitai (extended) | 潅 |
| Kyūjitai | 灌 |

### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 潅)
* to pour

#### Readings

* Go-on: かん (kan)、がん (gan)
* Kan-on: かん (kan)
* Kun: そそぐ (sosogu, 灌ぐ)

#### Compounds

* 灌(かん)域(いき) (kan'iki)
* 灌(かん)園(えん) (kan'en)
* 灌(かん)漑(がい) (kangai)
* 灌(かん)灌(かん) (kankan)
* 灌(かん)所(じょ) (kanjo)
* 灌(かん)頂(じょう) (kanjō)
* 灌(かん)寖(しん), 灌(かん)浸(しん) (kanshin)
* 灌(かん)水(すい) (kansui)
* 灌(かん)注(ちゅう) (kanchū)
* 灌(かん)腸(ちょう) (kanchō) (浣(かん)腸(ちょう))
* 灌(かん)頂(ちょう) (kanchō)
* 灌(かん)田(でん) (kanden)
* 灌(かん)仏(ぶつ) (kanbutsu)
* 灌(かん)仏(ぶつ)会(え) (kanbutsue)
* 灌(かん)木(ぼく) (kanboku)
* 灌(かん)莽(もう) (kanmō)
* 灌(かん)沐(もく) (kanmoku)
* 灌(かん)輸(ゆ) (kan'yu)
* 灌(かん)沃(よく) (kan'yoku)
* 漑(がい)灌(かん) (gaikan)
* 澆(ぎょう)灌(かん) (gyōkan)
* 浸(しん)灌(かん) (shinkan)
* 沃(よっ)灌(かん) (yokkan)

## Korean
### Hanja

灌 • (gwan) (hangeul 관)
* pour
* water
* irrigate, flood

## Vietnamese
### Han character

灌: Hán Nôm readings: quán
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.