# pakana
## Finnish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Old East Slavic поганъ (poganŭ), from Latin pāgānus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpɑkɑnɑ/, [ˈpɑ̝kɑ̝nɑ̝]
* Rhymes: -ɑkɑnɑ
* Hyphenation: pa‧ka‧na

### Noun

pakana
* pagan; heathen; gentile

#### Declension

Possessive forms of pakana (Kotus type 12/kulkija, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
pakanani
pakanani
accusative
nom.
pakanani
pakanani
gen.
pakanani
genitive
pakanani
pakanoideni pakanoitteni pakanaini $^{rare}$
partitive
pakanaani
pakanoitani
inessive
pakanassani
pakanoissani
elative
pakanastani
pakanoistani
illative
pakanaani
pakanoihini
adessive
pakanallani
pakanoillani
ablative
pakanaltani
pakanoiltani
allative
pakanalleni
pakanoilleni
essive
pakananani
pakanoinani
translative
pakanakseni
pakanoikseni
abessive
pakanattani
pakanoittani
instructive
comitative
—pakanoineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
pakanasi
pakanasi
accusative
nom.
pakanasi
pakanasi
gen.
pakanasi
genitive
pakanasi
pakanoidesi pakanoittesi pakanaisi $^{rare}$
partitive
pakanaasi
pakanoitasi
inessive
pakanassasi
pakanoissasi
elative
pakanastasi
pakanoistasi
illative
pakanaasi
pakanoihisi
adessive
pakanallasi
pakanoillasi
ablative
pakanaltasi
pakanoiltasi
allative
pakanallesi
pakanoillesi
essive
pakananasi
pakanoinasi
translative
pakanaksesi
pakanoiksesi
abessive
pakanattasi
pakanoittasi
instructive
comitative
—pakanoinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
pakanamme
pakanamme
accusative
nom.
pakanamme
pakanamme
gen.
pakanamme
genitive
pakanamme
pakanoidemme pakanoittemme pakanaimme $^{rare}$
partitive
pakanaamme
pakanoitamme
inessive
pakanassamme
pakanoissamme
elative
pakanastamme
pakanoistamme
illative
pakanaamme
pakanoihimme
adessive
pakanallamme
pakanoillamme
ablative
pakanaltamme
pakanoiltamme
allative
pakanallemme
pakanoillemme
essive
pakananamme
pakanoinamme
translative
pakanaksemme
pakanoiksemme
abessive
pakanattamme
pakanoittamme
instructive
comitative
—pakanoinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
pakananne
pakananne
accusative
nom.
pakananne
pakananne
gen.
pakananne
genitive
pakananne
pakanoidenne pakanoittenne pakanainne $^{rare}$
partitive
pakanaanne
pakanoitanne
inessive
pakanassanne
pakanoissanne
elative
pakanastanne
pakanoistanne
illative
pakanaanne
pakanoihinne
adessive
pakanallanne
pakanoillanne
ablative
pakanaltanne
pakanoiltanne
allative
pakanallenne
pakanoillenne
essive
pakanananne
pakanoinanne
translative
pakanaksenne
pakanoiksenne
abessive
pakanattanne
pakanoittanne
instructive
comitative
—pakanoinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
pakanansa
pakanansa
accusative
nom.
pakanansa
pakanansa
gen.
pakanansa
genitive
pakanansa
pakanoidensa pakanoittensa pakanainsa $^{rare}$
partitive
pakanaansa
pakanoitaan pakanoitansa
inessive
pakanassaan pakanassansa
pakanoissaan pakanoissansa
elative
pakanastaan pakanastansa
pakanoistaan pakanoistansa
illative
pakanaansa
pakanoihinsa
adessive
pakanallaan pakanallansa
pakanoillaan pakanoillansa
ablative
pakanaltaan pakanaltansa
pakanoiltaan pakanoiltansa
allative
pakanalleen pakanallensa
pakanoilleen pakanoillensa
essive
pakananaan pakananansa
pakanoinaan pakanoinansa
translative
pakanakseen pakanaksensa
pakanoikseen pakanoiksensa
abessive
pakanattaan pakanattansa
pakanoittaan pakanoittansa
instructive
comitative
—pakanoineen pakanoinensa :

#### Derived terms

* pakanallinen
* pakanasti
* pakanuus
* pakanakristitty
* pakanamaa
* pakanauskonto
* uuspakana

### Further reading

* “pakana”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

### Anagrams

* pankaa

## Ingrian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Old East Slavic поганъ (poganŭ). Cognates include Finnish pakana and Estonian pagan.

### Pronunciation

* (Ala-Laukaa) IPA: /ˈpɑkɑnɑ/, [ˈpɑkɑn]
* (Soikkola) IPA: /ˈpɑkɑːnɑ/, [ˈpɑkˑɑːnɑ]
* Rhymes: -ɑkɑn, -ɑkɑːnɑ
* Hyphenation: pa‧ka‧na

### Noun

pakana
* heathen
* abomination (disgusting food)

### Adjective

pakana (comparative pakanamp)
* evil
* heathen

#### Declension
### References

* Fedor Tumansky (1790) “пагана”, in Опытъ повѣствованїя о дѣянїях, положенїи, состоянїи и раздѣленїи Санкт-Петербургской губернїи [An experiment of an account of the acts, location, condition and division of the Saint Petersburg gubernia], Краткїй словарь ижерскаго, финскаго, эстонскаго, чюдскаго, и ямскаго нарѣчїя съ россїйскимъ переводомъ [A short dictionary of the Ingrian, Finnish, Estonian, Chud and Yamtian dialects with a Russian translation], page 675
* Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 377

## Swahili
### Etymology

From Proto-Bantu [Term?].

### Pronunciation

* Audio (Kenya):(file)

### Verb

-pakana (infinitive kupakana)
* to border, to share a border

#### Conjugation

Conjugation of -pakana :
| Positive present | -napakana |
| Subjunctive | -pakane |
| Negative | -pakani |
| Imperative singular | pakana |
Infinitives :
| Positive | kupakana |
| Negative | kutopakana |
Imperatives :
| Singular | pakana |
| Plural | pakaneni |
Tensed forms :
| Habitual | hupakana |
| Positive past | positive subject concord + -lipakana |
| Negative past | negative subject concord + -kupakana |
| Positive future | positive subject concord + -tapakana |
| Negative future | negative subject concord + -tapakana |
| Negative subjunctive | positive subject concord + -sipakane |
| Positive present conditional | positive subject concord + -ngepakana |
| Negative present conditional | positive subject concord + -singepakana |
| Positive past conditional | positive subject concord + -ngalipakana |
| Negative past conditional | positive subject concord + -singalipakana |
| Perfect | positive subject concord + -mepakana |
| "Already" | positive subject concord + -meshapakana |
| "Not yet" | negative subject concord + -japakana |
| "If/When" | positive subject concord + -kipakana |
| "If not" | positive subject concord + -sipopakana |
| Consecutive | kapakana / positive subject concord + -kapakana |
| Consecutive subjunctive | positive subject concord + -kapakane |
Relative forms :
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information. :

#### Derived terms

* Verbal derivations:
** Applicative: -pakania
** Causative: -pakanisha
** Stative: -pakanika

## Tagalog
### Etymology

From pa- +‎ kana.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /pakaˈnaʔ/ [pɐ.xɐˈn̪aʔ]
* Rhymes: -aʔ
* Syllabification: pa‧ka‧na

### Noun

pakanâ (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜃᜈ)
* advantage; benefit
    Synonym: pakinabang
* determination
* goal; objective
    Synonym: layunin
* plot; evil scheme; conspiracy; stratagem
    Synonyms: masamang balak, kutsabahan
* (by extension) idea; invention
    Synonym: kaisipan
* intention to deceive
    Synonyms: daya, loko

#### Derived terms

* kapakanan

### Anagrams

* napaka-