# 塚

| 塚 | U+585A, &#22618; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-585A |
| ← 塙 [U+5859] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 塛 → [U+585B] |
| 塚 | U+FA10, &#64016; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA10 |
| ← 﨏 [U+FA0F] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 﨑 → [U+FA11] |
| 塚 | U+FA7C, &#64124; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA7C |
| ← 嗢 [U+FA7B] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 墳 → [U+FA7D] |

## Translingual

| Japanese | 塚 |
| Simplified | 冢 |
| Traditional | 塚 |

### Alternative forms

* There are two Unicode z-variants, at code points U+585A and U+FA10. The latter form (U+FA10) has the next to last stroke of 豖 connected to the top horizontal stroke (similar to 衣).
* The Japanese form of the character is written with 豕 instead of 豖 as its bottom right component. However both 塚 (Japanese) and 塚 (traditional Chinese) forms are encoded under the same codepoint.

### Han character

塚 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+10 in Chinese, 土+9 in Japanese, 13 strokes in Chinese, 12 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 土月一人 (GBMO), four-corner 4713$_2$, composition ⿰土冢(GHTK) or ⿰土⿱冖豕(J))

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 236, character 2
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5345
* Dae Jaweon: page 473, character 18
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 476, character 7
* Unihan data for U+585A
* Unihan data for U+FA10
* Unihan data for U+FA7C

### Usage notes

The Kangxi dictionary lists 塚 as the unorthodox form (俗字) of 冢. The usage of 塚 persists in Japan with one stroke removed. 冢 is the prescribed form in simplified Chinese, but 塚 is also used occasionally. Both 塚 and 冢 are used in traditional Chinese, with the former being more common.

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 冢 | *toŋʔ |
| 塚 | *toŋʔ |
| 涿 | *rtoːɡ |
| 琢 | *rtoːɡ |
| 啄 | *rtoːɡ, *toːɡ |
| 諑 | *rtoːɡ |
| 剢 | *toːɡ |
| 瘃 | *toɡ |
| 豖 | *tʰoɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *toŋʔ) : semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 冢 (OC *toŋʔ) – an earthen mound, a tomb of earth.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhǒng (zhong$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄨㄥˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): cung$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chhúng
    (Meixian, Guangdong): cung$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): dě̤ng
* Eastern Min (BUC): tūng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): thióng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): tong$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$tson
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhǒng
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄥˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhǒng
*** Wade–Giles: chung$^3$
*** Yale: jǔng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: joong
*** Palladius: чжун (čžun)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: cung$^2$
*** Yale: chúng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsung$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰʊŋ³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhúng
*** Hakka Romanization System: cung$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: cung$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰuŋ³¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: cung$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰʊŋ³¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: dě̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /tœyŋ²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: tūng
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰuŋ³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thióng
*** Tâi-lô: thióng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tiorng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tʰiɔŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰiɔŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tʰiɔŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰiɔŋ⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: tong$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thóng
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰoŋ⁵²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$tson
*** MiniDict: tson$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$tson
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡soŋ³⁴/
* Middle Chinese: trjowngX
Rime :
| Character | 塚 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 知 (9) |
| Final (韻) | 鍾 (7) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 知隴切 |
| Baxter | trjowngX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʈɨoŋ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʈioŋ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȶioŋ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʈuawŋ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ȶioŋ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ȶĭwoŋ$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȶi̯woŋ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhǒng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zung$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*toŋʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 塚 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 1617 |
| Phonetic component | 豖 |
| Rime group | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 冢 |
| Old Chinese | /*toŋʔ/ |
| Notes | 冢轉註俗字 |

### Definitions

塚
* tomb; burial mound

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 墳墓, 墳 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 墳 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 墳 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 墓, 墳墓 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 墳 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 墳 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 墳, 墳地, 塋地, 墳墓 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 墳, 墓 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 墳, 墓 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 墳墓, 墳 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 墳塋 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 墳 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 墳, 墳墓 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 墳, 墳墓 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 墳 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 墳, 墳墓 large |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 墳 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 墳, 山 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dagudi (Maliba) | 墳堆 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Reshuitang (Longling) | 墳堆 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Salong (Lancang) | 墳堆 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Sai (Tengchong) | 墳 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 墳 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 墳, 墳攤, 墳攤堆子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 墳堰 |
| Mandarin | Fuzhou (Qinjiang, Changle) | 墳 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 山墳, 山, 墳 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 山墳, 墳, 墓, 墳墓, 山 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 墳頭 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 墳頭 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 墳頭 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 墳墓 |
| Cantonese | Taishan (Guanghai) | 墳墓 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 墓 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 山, 墳山 |
| Cantonese | Maoming (Xinpo) | 墳山 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 墳山 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 墳山 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 墳山 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 墳山, 山 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Shatian) | 山 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 墳, 山 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Nankang) | 墳 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Yingpan) | 山, 墳山 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 墳墓, 墳頭, 墳山 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 墳墓, 墳山 |
| Cantonese | Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 墳墓 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 山墳, 義山 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 墳墓 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 山墳 |
| Cantonese | Móng Cái | 墳墓 |
| Cantonese | Mandalay (Taishan) | 墳山, 墳墓 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 墳 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 墳, 墳塋 large |
| Gan | Jianning | 地 |
| Gan | Taining | 地 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 地, 墓 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 泥壠 first burial, 地 second burial |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 地 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 墳頭 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 地, 地墳 |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 地 |
| Hakka | Wengyuan | 地墳 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 地 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 地 second burial |
| Hakka | Liannan | 墳 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 地 |
| Hakka | Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) | 地 |
| Hakka | Pinghe (Jiufeng) | 地 |
| Hakka | Changting | 地 |
| Hakka | Shanghang | 地 |
| Hakka | Longyan (Yongding) | 地 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 地 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Yanqian) | 地, 死佬 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 地 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 地 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 地 |
| Hakka | Qingliu | 地 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 地 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 地, 風水 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 地 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 地 |
| Hakka | Tonggu (Sandu) | 墳, 地 |
| Hakka | Ganzhou (Panlong) | 地 |
| Hakka | Dayu | 地 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 風水 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 風水 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 風水 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 風水 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 風水 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 地, 風水 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 墳頭 |
| Hakka | Yangxi (Tangkou) | 山 |
| Hakka | Yangchun (Sanjia) | 山, 山頭 |
| Hakka | Xinyi (Sihe) | 山地 |
| Hakka | Xinyi (Qianpai) | 墳山 |
| Hakka | Gaozhou (Xindong) | 墳地 |
| Hakka | Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai) | 墳山 |
| Hakka | Huazhou (Xin'an) | 墳地 |
| Hakka | Lianjiang (Shijiao) | 墳, 墳地 |
| Hakka | Lianjiang (Qingping) | 墳, 地 without a body buried |
| Hakka | Mengshan (Xihe) | 墳地 |
| Hakka | Luchuan | 山 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 墳, 風水, 義山 |
| Hakka | Senai (Hepo) | 墳墓, 地 dated |
| Hakka | Singkawang | 地, 地門堂 |
| Hakka | Pontianak (Meixian) | 地 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 墳, 墓 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 塚 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou (Dikou) | 塚 |
| Northern Min | Songxi | 塚 |
| Northern Min | Zhenghe | 塚 |
| Northern Min | Zhenghe (Zhenqian) | 塚 |
| Northern Min | Jianyang | 塚 |
| Northern Min | Wuyishan | 塚 |
| Northern Min | Pucheng (Shibei) | 塚 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 墓 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou (Changle) | 墓 |
| Eastern Min | Lianjiang | 墓 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 墓 |
| Eastern Min | Pingtan | 墓 |
| Eastern Min | Yongtai | 墓 |
| Eastern Min | Minqing | 墓 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 地, 墓 |
| Eastern Min | Pingnan | 墓 |
| Eastern Min | Luoyuan | 墓 |
| Eastern Min | Fu'an | 墓 |
| Eastern Min | Ningde | 墓 |
| Eastern Min | Xiapu | 墓 |
| Eastern Min | Zherong | 墓 |
| Eastern Min | Shouning | 墓 |
| Eastern Min | Zhouning | 墓 |
| Eastern Min | Fuding | 墓 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 墓, 墓仔, 風水 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 墓 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 墓, 風水 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 墓 |
| Southern Min | Nan'an | 墓 |
| Southern Min | Shishi | 墓 |
| Southern Min | Hui'an | 墓 |
| Southern Min | Anxi | 墓 |
| Southern Min | Yongchun | 墓 |
| Southern Min | Dehua | 墓 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 墓, 墓仔, 風水 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou (Longhai) | 墓 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou (Changtai) | 墓 |
| Southern Min | Hua'an | 墓 |
| Southern Min | Nanjing | 墓 |
| Southern Min | Pinghe | 墓仔 |
| Southern Min | Zhangpu | 墓 |
| Southern Min | Yunxiao | 墓 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 墓 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 墓 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 墓, 風水 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 墓 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 墓 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 墓, 墓地, 公司山 dated |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 墓, 風水 |
| Southern Min | Longyan | 墓 |
| Southern Min | Zhangping | 墓 |
| Southern Min | Datian | 墓 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 墳, 風水 |
| Southern Min | Lufeng | 風水 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 風水 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 墳, 義山 |
| Southern Min | Chiang Mai (Teochew) | 墳 |
| Southern Min | Hat Yai (Teochew) | 墳 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 墳, 義山 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 墳 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 墓 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 墓 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 墓 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 墓 |
| Central Min | Yong'an | 墳 |
| Central Min | Sanming (Sanyuan) | 墳 |
| Central Min | Sanming (Shaxian) | 墳 |
| Shaojiang Min | Shaowu | 墓 |
| Shaojiang Min | Guangze | 墓 |
| Shaojiang Min | Jiangle | 地 |
| Shaojiang Min | Mingxi | 地 |
| Shaojiang Min | Shunchang | 塚, 墳 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 墳墓, 山 |
| Shehua | Fu'an | 墓 |
| Shehua | Fuding | 墓 |
| Shehua | Luoyuan | 墳 |
| Shehua | Sanming | 墳 |
| Shehua | Shunchang | 墳 |
| Shehua | Hua'an | 墳 |
| Shehua | Guixi (Zhangping) | 墳 |
| Shehua | Cangnan | 墳 |
| Shehua | Jingning (Hexi) | 墳 |
| Shehua | Lishui | 墳 |
| Shehua | Longyou | 墳 |
| Shehua | Chaozhou | 墳 |
| Shehua | Fengshun | 墳 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 墳, 墳墓, 墓 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 墳 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 墳 |
| Wu | Danyang | 墳墓 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 墳 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 墳, 墓 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 墳 |
| Wu | Yiwu | 墳頭 |
| Wu | Pucheng | 墳 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 墳 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 墳, 墓 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 墳, 墓 |
| Xiangnan Tuhua | Jiangyong | 祖 |

### Compounds

* 亂塚 / 乱冢
* 垌塚 / 垌冢 (Tóngzhǒng)
* 塚中枯骨 / 冢中枯骨 (zhǒngzhōngkūgǔ)
* 塚仔埔 / 冢仔埔
* 塚埔 / 冢埔
* 塚山 / 冢山
* 墳塚 / 坟冢 (fénzhǒng)
* 孤墳野塚 / 孤坟野冢
* 疑塚 / 疑冢
* 義塚 / 义冢 (yìzhǒng)
* 荒塚 / 荒冢
* 衣冠塚 / 衣冠冢 (yīguānzhǒng)
* 貝塚 / 贝冢 (Bèizhǒng)
* 墨池筆塚 / 墨池笔冢

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 塚 |
| Kyūjitai | 塚 &#xFA10; or 塚+&#xFE00; |
| Kyūjitai | 塚󠄁 塚+&#xE0101; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 塚󠄅 塚+&#xE0105; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Alternative forms

* 冢

### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 塚)
* mound, hillock, tumulus (implies a manmade origin)

#### Readings

* Go-on: ちゅう (chū)
* Kan-on: ちょう (chō)
* Kun: つか (tsuka, 塚, Jōyō)
* Nanori: つか (tsuka)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 塚
* つか Grade: S
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 塚 (kyūjitai)
Cognate with Old Japanese verb 築く (tsuku, “to build up using earth and/or stone”).
The /a/ ending may indicate that tsuka developed as the nominalization of the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis form”) of the verb, suggesting an original meaning of "that which is being built up into an earthworks (but isn't finished yet)". The irrealis is also the root form for constructing the passive form of all Japanese verbs, so the original meaning might instead have been just the passive sense of "that which is built up into an earthworks".

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) つか [tsùkáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])
* IPA: [t͡sɨ̥ka̠]

### Noun

塚(つか) • (tsuka)
* a mound or hillock, generally manmade
* a grave, a tumulus or burial mound

#### Synonyms

* (grave, small burial mound): 墓(はか) (haka)
* (tumulus, large burial mound): 古墳(こふん) (kofun)

#### Derived terms

* 蟻(あり)塚(づか), 垤(ありづか) (arizuka): anthill
* 一(いち)里(り)塚(づか) (ichirizuka): a milestone
* 鶯(うぐいす)塚(づか) (Uguisuzuka): the kabuki play, Mukashigatari Uguisuzuka
* 鰻(うなぎ)塚(づか) (unagizuka)
* 貝(かい)塚(づか) (kaizuka): a shell mound or midden
* 狐(きつね)塚(づか) (kitsunezuka): foxhole

### References

* ↑ “塚”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎ (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2025
* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

塚 • (chong) (hangeul 총, revised chong, McCune–Reischauer ch'ong)
* cemetery
* tomb, burial mound

## Vietnamese
### Han character

塚: Hán Nôm readings: trủng
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.