# 憂

| 憂 | U+6182, &#24962; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6182 |
| ← 憁 [U+6181] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 憃 → [U+6183] |

## Translingual
### Han character

憂 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+11, 15 strokes, cangjie input 一月心竹水 (MBPHE), four-corner 1024$_7$, composition ⿱㥑夂(GJKV) or ⿱㥑夊(HT))

#### Derived characters

* 優, 嚘, 𭒩, 𢖒, 懮, 擾, 瀀, 𭐰, 櫌, 𤛾, 獶, 瓇, 𥜚, 𥣯, 𥽟, 纋, 耰, 䜡, 𧾤, 𨇄, 䥳, 𩽇(𩾎), 鄾, 㱊, 𢥀, 𡔀, 𢥙, 𧀥, 𢋣, 𭼵

#### Related characters

* 忧 (Simplified form of 憂)

#### Descendants

* 𛀌 (Hentaigana character derived from Man'yōgana)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 401, character 26
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11170
* Dae Jaweon: page 741, character 13
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2341, character 14
* Unihan data for U+6182

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 憂 :
| Warring States | Warring States | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Small seal script |
| | Old Chinese |
| 憂 | *qu |
| 優 | *qu |
| 瀀 | *qu |
| 櫌 | *qu |
| 鄾 | *qu |
| 嚘 | *qu |
| 耰 | *qu |
| 獶 | *qu |
| 纋 | *qu |
| 懮 | *quʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *qu) : phonetic 㥑 + semantic 夊.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yōu (you$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄡ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jau$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yû
* Northern Min (KCR): iú
* Eastern Min (BUC): iŭ
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): iu$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): iu
    (Teochew, Peng'im): iu$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yōu
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄡ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: you
*** Wade–Giles: yu$^1$
*** Yale: yōu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: iou
*** Palladius: ю (ju)
*** Sinological IPA : /joʊ̯⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jau$^1$
*** Yale: yāu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jau$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yeo$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɐu̯⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yû
*** Hakka Romanization System: iu$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yiu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /i̯u²⁴/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yû
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)iu$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yiu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯u²⁴/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: iú
*** Sinological IPA : /iu⁵⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: iŭ
*** Sinological IPA : /ieu⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: iu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /iu⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iu
*** Tâi-lô: iu
*** Phofsit Daibuun: iw
*** IPA (Xiamen): /iu⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /iu³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /iu⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /iu⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /iu⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: iu$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: iu
*** Sinological IPA : /iu³³/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit憂 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /iou⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /iou⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /iou²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /iou²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /iou²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /iou²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /iou²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /iɯ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /iəu⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /iou³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /iɤu⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /iəu⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /iəu⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /iəu⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /iəu⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /iəɯ³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /iɯ²¹/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /iəu¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /iəu¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /iəu³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /iɤ⁵³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /iɤ⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ʔiø³³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /j̠au³³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /iu³¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /iu¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /iəu³³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /iəɯ³³/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /iu⁴²/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /iu¹¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /ʒiu¹¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /jɐu⁵³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /jɐu⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /jɐu⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /iu⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /ieu⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /iu⁵⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /iu³³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /iu²³/ |
* Middle Chinese: 'juw
Rime :
| Character | 憂 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 尤 (136) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 於求切 |
| Baxter | 'juw |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʔɨu/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʔiu/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʔiəu/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʔuw/ |
| Li Rong | /ʔiu/ |
| Wang Li | /ĭəu/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʔi̯ə̯u/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yōu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jau$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ʔ(r)u/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qu/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 憂 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yōu |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ʔjuw › |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔ(r)u/ |
| English | grief, grieved |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 憂 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 15493 |
| Phonetic component | 憂 |
| Rime group | 幽 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 憂 |
| Old Chinese | /*qu/ |

### Definitions

憂
* sad; grieved
* grief; melancholy

### Compounds

* 丁憂 / 丁忧 (dīngyōu)
* 丁母憂 / 丁母忧 (dīngmǔyōu)
* 丁父憂 / 丁父忧 (dīngfùyōu)
* 不憂 / 不忧
* 主憂臣辱 / 主忧臣辱
* 伯道之憂 / 伯道之忧
* 備嘗憂患 / 备尝忧患
* 先憂後樂 / 先忧后乐
* 內憂 / 内忧
* 內憂外患 / 内忧外患 (nèiyōuwàihuàn)
* 內顧之憂 / 内顾之忧
* 分憂 / 分忧 (fēnyōu)
* 分憂共患 / 分忧共患 (fēnyōu gòng huàn)
* 分憂解勞 / 分忧解劳
* 受怕擔憂 / 受怕担忧
* 同憂相救 / 同忧相救
* 國憂 / 国忧
* 埋憂 / 埋忧
* 報憂 / 报忧 (bàoyōu)
* 堪憂 / 堪忧 (kānyōu)
* 嫠憂宗周 / 嫠忧宗周
* 嫠緯之憂 / 嫠纬之忧
* 宅憂 / 宅忧
* 安枕無憂 / 安枕无忧
* 宵旰憂勞 / 宵旰忧劳 (xiāo gàn yōu láo)
* 寅憂夕惕 / 寅忧夕惕
* 寫憂 / 写忧
* 居憂 / 居忧
* 帶憂 / 带忧
* 幽憂 / 幽忧
* 後顧之憂 / 后顾之忧 (hòugùzhīyōu)
* 心腹之憂 / 心腹之忧
* 忘憂 / 忘忧 (wàngyōu)
* 忘憂物 / 忘忧物
* 忘憂草 / 忘忧草 (wàngyōucǎo)
* 忽喜忽憂 / 忽喜忽忧
* 性命之憂 / 性命之忧
* 思深憂遠 / 思深忧远
* 恐憂 / 恐忧 (kǒngyōu)
* 悲憂 / 悲忧
* 憂傷 / 忧伤 (yōushāng)
* 憂公如家 / 忧公如家
* 憂公忘私 / 忧公忘私
* 憂公無私 / 忧公无私
* 憂勞 / 忧劳
* 憂喜交集 / 忧喜交集 (yōuxǐ jiāojí)
* 憂喜參半 / 忧喜参半
* 憂國 / 忧国 (yōuguó)
* 憂國哀民 / 忧国哀民
* 憂國如家 / 忧国如家
* 憂國忘家 / 忧国忘家
* 憂國忘私 / 忧国忘私
* 憂國忘身 / 忧国忘身
* 憂國恤民 / 忧国恤民
* 憂國愛民 / 忧国爱民
* 憂國憂時 / 忧国忧时
* 憂國憂民 / 忧国忧民 (yōuguóyōumín)
* 憂尋 / 忧寻
* 憂形於色 / 忧形于色
* 憂心 / 忧心 (yōuxīn)
* 憂心如惔 / 忧心如惔
* 憂心如擣 / 忧心如捣
* 憂心如焚 / 忧心如焚 (yōuxīnrúfén)
* 憂心如薰 / 忧心如薰
* 憂心如酲 / 忧心如酲
* 憂心如醉 / 忧心如醉
* 憂心忡忡 / 忧心忡忡 (yōuxīnchōngchōng)
* 憂心悄悄 / 忧心悄悄
* 憂心若醉 / 忧心若醉
* 憂思 / 忧思 (yōusī)
* 憂患 / 忧患 (yōuhuàn)
* 憂悒 / 忧悒
* 憂患意識 / 忧患意识
* 憂惙 / 忧惙
* 憂悶 / 忧闷 (yōumèn)
* 憂惱 / 忧恼 (yōunǎo)
* 憂愁 / 忧愁 (yōuchóu)
* 憂愁夫人 / 忧愁夫人
* 憂慮 / 忧虑 (yōulǜ)
* 憂憤 / 忧愤
* 憂憶 / 忧忆
* 憂懼 / 忧惧 (yōujù)
* 憂戚 / 忧戚 (yōuqī)
* 憂民 / 忧民 (yōumín)
* 憂民憂國 / 忧民忧国 (yōumínyōuguó)
* 憂深思遠 / 忧深思远
* 憂煩 / 忧烦 (yōufán)
* 憂煎 / 忧煎
* 憂疑 / 忧疑 (yōuyí)
* 憂能傷人 / 忧能伤人
* 憂色 / 忧色 (yōusè)
* 憂葵 / 忧葵
* 憂虞 / 忧虞 (yōuyú)
* 憂闕 / 忧阙
* 憂鬱 / 忧郁 (yōuyù)
* 憂鬱症 / 忧郁症 (yōuyùzhèng)
* 懷憂 / 怀忧
* 懷憂喪志 / 怀忧丧志
* 抗憂鬱藥 / 抗忧郁药
* 排難解憂 / 排难解忧
* 擔憂 / 担忧 (dānyōu)
* 擔隔夜憂 / 担隔夜忧
* 杞人之憂 / 杞人之忧
* 杞人憂天 / 杞人忧天 (qǐrényōutiān)
* 杞國憂天 / 杞国忧天
* 杞憂 / 杞忧 (qǐyōu)
* 樂以忘憂 / 乐以忘忧
* 樂而忘憂 / 乐而忘忧
* 死無遺憂 / 死无遗忧
* 殷憂 (yīnyōu)
* 殷憂啟聖 / 殷忧启圣
* 沉憂 / 沉忧
* 消憂 / 消忧
* 湛憂 / 湛忧
* 滿腹憂愁 / 满腹忧愁
* 無憂無慮 / 无忧无虑 (wúyōuwúlǜ)
* 無慮無憂 / 无虑无忧 (wúlǜwúyōu)
* 疇咨之憂 / 畴咨之忧
* 癙憂 / 癙忧
* 百憂 / 百忧
* 破鏡之憂 / 破镜之忧
* 積憂成疾 / 积忧成疾
* 耽憂 / 耽忧 (dānyōu)
* 肘腋之憂 / 肘腋之忧
* 與民同憂 / 与民同忧
* 覆餗之憂 / 覆𫗧之忧
* 解憂 / 解忧 (jiěyōu)
* 解難排憂 / 解难排忧
* 負薪之憂 / 负薪之忧
* 軫憂 / 轸忧
* 轉憂成喜 / 转忧成喜
* 轉憂為喜 / 转忧为喜
* 近憂 / 近忧 (jìnyōu)
* 采薪之憂
* 隱憂 / 隐忧 (yǐnyōu)
* 離憂 / 离忧
* 面帶憂容 / 面带忧容
* 面有憂色 / 面有忧色
* 飽經憂患 / 饱经忧患
* 高枕勿憂 / 高枕勿忧
* 高枕無憂 / 高枕无忧 (gāozhěnwúyōu)
* 魯女憂葵 / 鲁女忧葵

### References

* “憂”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “忧”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 288.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* anxiety, worry
* mourning

#### Readings

* Go-on: う (u)
* Kan-on: ゆう (yū, Jōyō)
* Kun: うい (ui, 憂い, Jōyō)、うれい (urei, 憂い, Jōyō)、うれえる (ureeru, 憂える, Jōyō)

#### Compounds

* 憂(ゆう)鬱(うつ) (yūutsu)
* 憂惧(ゆうぐ), 憂虞(ゆうぐ) (yūgu)
* 憂懼(ゆうく) (yūku)
* 憂(ゆう)国(こく) (yūkoku)
* 憂思(ゆうし) (yūshi)
* 憂愁(ゆうしゅう) (yūshū)
* 憂慮(ゆうりょ) (yūryo)
* 一喜(いっき)一(いち)憂(ゆう) (ikki-ichiyū)
* 鬱憂(うつゆう) (utsuyū)
* 杞憂(きゆう) (kiyū)
* 喜憂(きゆう) (kiyū)
* 先憂後(せんゆうこう)楽(らく) (sen'yūkōraku)
* 大憂(たいゆう) (taiyū)
* 同憂(どうゆう) (dōyū)
* 内憂(ないゆう) (naiyū)
* 忘憂(ぼうゆう) (bōyū)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 憂
* う Grade: S
* kun'yomi
Stem of classical adjective 憂し (ushi), modern 憂い (ui, “gloomy, sad”).

### Noun

憂(う) • (u)
* grief, pain, sorrow

#### Derived terms

* あな憂(う) (anau)
* 心(こころ)憂(う) (kokorō)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

憂 • (u) (hangeul 우, revised u, McCune–Reischauer u, Yale wu)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

憂: Hán Nôm readings: ưu, âu
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.