# 膜

| 膜 | U+819C, &#33180; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-819C |
| ← 膛 [U+819B] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 膝 → [U+819D] |

## Translingual
### Han character

膜 (Kangxi radical 130, 肉+10, 14 (Mainland China, Japan), 15 (Hong Kong) strokes, cangjie input 月廿日大 (BTAK), four-corner 7423$_4$, composition ⿰月莫)

#### Related characters

* 募 墓 幕 慕

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 993, character 1
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29808
* Dae Jaweon: page 1444, character 28
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2100, character 13
* Unihan data for U+819C

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 膜
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 蟆 | *mraː |
| 鬕 | *mraːɡs |
| 饃 | *maːl |
| 模 | *maː |
| 摸 | *maː, *maːɡ |
| 嫫 | *maː |
| 謨 | *maː |
| 膜 | *maː, *maːɡ |
| 摹 | *maː |
| 暮 | *maːɡs |
| 慕 | *maːɡs |
| 募 | *maːɡs |
| 墓 | *maːɡs |
| 慔 | *maːɡs |
| 莫 | *maːɡ |
| 寞 | *maːɡ |
| 漠 | *maːɡ |
| 幕 | *maːɡ |
| 鏌 | *maːɡ |
| 瘼 | *maːɡ |
| 鄚 | *maːɡ |
| 瞙 | *maːɡ |
| 嗼 | *maːɡ, *mraːɡ |
| 塻 | *maːɡ |
| 貘 | *mraːɡ |
| 驀 | *mraːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *maː, *maːɡ) : semantic ⺼ + phonetic 莫 (OC *maːɡ).

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): mó, mò
    (Zhuyin): ㄇㄛˊ, ㄇㄛˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): mok$^6$ / mok$^{6-2}$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): mo̍k
    (Meixian, Guangdong): mog$^5$
* Eastern Min (BUC): mŏ̤h
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): bo̍k / mo̍͘h / bo̍h / mo͘h
    (Teochew, Peng'im): moh$^8$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^8$moq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: mó
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄛˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: mó
*** Wade–Giles: mo$^2$
*** Yale: mwó
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mo
*** Palladius: мо (mo)
*** Sinological IPA : /mu̯ɔ³⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, variant in Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: mò
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄛˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: mò
*** Wade–Giles: mo$^4$
*** Yale: mwò
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: moh
*** Palladius: мо (mo)
*** Sinological IPA : /mu̯ɔ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: mok$^6$ / mok$^{6-2}$
*** Yale: mohk / mók
*** Cantonese Pinyin: mok$^9$ / mok$^{9-2}$
*** Guangdong Romanization: mog$^6$ / mog$^{6-2}$
*** Sinological IPA : /mɔːk̚²/, /mɔːk̚²⁻³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mo̍k
*** Hakka Romanization System: mog
*** Hagfa Pinyim: mog$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /mok̚⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: mog$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /mɔk̚¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: mŏ̤h
*** Sinological IPA : /moʔ⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bo̍k
*** Tâi-lô: bo̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: bok
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /bɔk̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /bɔk̚²⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /bɔk̚⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: mo̍͘h
*** Tâi-lô: mo̍oh
*** Phofsit Daibuun: moh
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /mɔ̃ʔ⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /mɔ̃ʔ¹²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /mɔ̃ʔ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bo̍h
*** Tâi-lô: bo̍h
*** Phofsit Daibuun: boih
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /boʔ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: mo͘h
*** Tâi-lô: mooh
*** Phofsit Daibuun: moq
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /mɔ̃ʔ³²/
* bo̍k - literary;
* mo̍͘h/bo̍h/mo͘h - vernacular (“membrane; film”).
* Middle Chinese: mak
Rime :
| Character | 膜 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 鐸 (103) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 慕各切 |
| Baxter | mak |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /mɑk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /mɑk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /mɑk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /mak̚/ |
| Li Rong | /mɑk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /mɑk̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /mɑk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | mò |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | mok$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*maːɡ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 膜 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 9253 |
| Phonetic component | 莫 |
| Rime group | 鐸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 莫 |
| Old Chinese | /*maːɡ/ |

#### Definitions

膜
* 膜 (Written Standard Chinese)
* Membrane (English)
* membrane; film
    細胞膜／细胞膜 ― xìbāomó ― cell membrane
    保鮮膜／保鲜膜 ― bǎoxiānmó ― plastic wrap
    鍍鋁膜／镀铝膜 ― dùlǚmó ― aluminum-coated polyester film
* (physics) brane
* (obsolete) small gap
* (dialectal, obsolete) to placate
* Alternative form of 漠 (mò)

#### Compounds

* 保鮮膜 / 保鲜膜 (bǎoxiānmó)
* 側膜胎座 / 侧膜胎座
* 內膜 / 内膜 (nèimó)
* 包膜
* 口腔黏膜
* 基底膜 (jīdǐmó)
* 外膜
* 孢膜
* 心內膜 / 心内膜 (xīnnèimó)
* 心內膜炎 / 心内膜炎 (xīnnèimóyán)
* 心外膜 (xīnwàimó)
* 心瓣膜 (xīnbànmó)
* 核膜 (hémó)
* 橫膈膜 / 横膈膜 (hénggémó)
* 液泡膜
* 漿膜 / 浆膜 (jiāngmó)
* 瓣膜 (bànmó)
* 皮膜組織 / 皮膜组织
* 皮裡膜外 / 皮里膜外
* 眼角膜 (yǎnjiǎomó)
* 硬腦膜 / 硬脑膜 (yìngnǎomó)
* 視網膜 / 视网膜 (shìwǎngmó)
* 笛膜 (dímó)
* 筋膜炎 (jīnmóyán)
* 細胞膜 / 细胞膜 (xìbāomó)
* 結膜 / 结膜 (jiémó)
* 結膜炎 / 结膜炎 (jiémóyán)
* 網膜 / 网膜 (wǎngmó)
* 網膜剝離 / 网膜剥离
* 羊膜 (yángmó)
* 羊膜穿刺 (yángmó chuāncì)
* 羊膜類 / 羊膜类
* 耳膜 (ěrmó)
* 肌膜 (jīmó)
* 肋膜
* 肋膜炎
* 肺膜
* 胎膜 (tāimó)
* 脈絡膜 / 脉络膜 (màiluòmó)
* 胸膜 (xiōngmó)
* 胸膜炎 (xiōngmóyán)
* 腸繫膜 / 肠系膜 (chángxìmó)
* 腹膜 (fùmó)
* 腦膜 / 脑膜 (nǎomó)
* 腦膜炎 / 脑膜炎 (nǎomóyán)
* 腹膜炎 (fùmóyán)
* 膈膜 (gémó)
* 膜外
* 膜外概置
* 膜孔 (mókǒng)
* 膜翅類 / 膜翅类
* 膜鳴樂器 / 膜鸣乐器
* 薄膜
* 處女膜 / 处女膜
* 虹彩膜
* 虹膜 (hóngmó)
* 蠟膜 / 蜡膜
* 角膜 (jiǎomó)
* 角膜炎 (jiǎomóyán)
* 豬心瓣膜 / 猪心瓣膜
* 透性膜
* 隔膜 (gémó)
* 鞏膜 / 巩膜 (gǒngmó)
* 頰黏膜 / 颊黏膜
* 骨膜 (gǔmó)
* 骨膜炎
* 髓膜炎
* 黏膜 (niánmó)
* 鼓膜 (gǔmó)
* 鼓膜炎
* 鼻黏膜

### Etymology 2

Clipping of 南膜 (MC nom mu), which is from Sanskrit नमस् (namas, “bow; obeisance; salutation”). Compare 南無.

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): mó (mo$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄇㄛˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): mou$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: mó
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄛˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: mó
*** Wade–Giles: mo$^2$
*** Yale: mwó
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mo
*** Palladius: мо (mo)
*** Sinological IPA : /mu̯ɔ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: mou$^4$
*** Yale: mòuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: mou$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: mou$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /mou̯²¹/
* Middle Chinese: mu
Rime :
| Character | 膜 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 莫胡切 |
| Baxter | mu |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /muo/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /muo/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /mo/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /mɔ/ |
| Li Rong | /mo/ |
| Wang Li | /mu/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /muo/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | mú |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | mou$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*maː/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 膜 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 9245 |
| Phonetic component | 莫 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 模 |
| Old Chinese | /*maː/ |

#### Definitions

膜
* to prostrate

#### Compounds

* 膜唄 / 膜呗
* 膜拜 (móbài)
* 膜蛤 (móhá)

### References

* “膜”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A03361

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* membrane; film

#### Readings

* Go-on: まく (maku, Jōyō)、も (mo)
* Kan-on: ばく (baku)、ぼ (bo)
* Kun: うすかわ (usukawa)

#### Compounds

* 葡萄膜(ぶどうまく) (budōmaku): uvea
* 尿膜管(にょうまくかん) (nyōmakukan): urachus

### Pronunciation

* Kanji in this term
* 膜
* まく Grade: S
* on'yomi
* (Tokyo) まく [màkúꜜ] (Odaka – [2])
* IPA: [ma̠kɯ̟]

### Noun

膜(まく) • (maku)
* membrane; film

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 膜 (MC mak). Recorded as Middle Korean 막〮 (mák) (Yale: mak) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

Wikisource 膜 (eumhun 꺼풀 막 (kkeopul mak))
* hanja form of 막 (“membrane; film”)

#### Compounds

* 각막 (角膜, gangmak)
* 각막염 (角膜炎, gangmagyeom)
* 격막 (膈膜, gyeongmak)
* 고막 (鼓膜, gomak)
* 뇌막 (腦膜, noemak)
* 망막 (網膜, mangmak)
* 복막 (腹膜, bongmak)
* 세포막 (細胞膜, sepomak)
* 점막 (粘膜, jeommak)
* 처녀막 (處女膜, cheonyeomak)
* 횡격막 (橫膈膜, hoenggyeongmak)
* 흉막 (胸膜, hyungmak)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

膜: Hán Nôm readings: màng, mô
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.