# 霜

| 霜 | U+971C, &#38684; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-971C |
| ← 霛 [U+971B] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 霝 → [U+971D] |

## Translingual
### Han character

霜 (Kangxi radical 173, 雨+9, 17 strokes, cangjie input 一月木月山 (MBDBU), four-corner 1096$_3$, composition ⿱雨相)

#### Derived characters

* 孀 灀 礵 䌮 驦(骦) 鸘(鹴) 𢹩 𪴜 𥀸 𮡣

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1376, character 29
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 42363
* Dae Jaweon: page 1885, character 24
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4070, character 2
* Unihan data for U+971C

## Chinese

* 霜 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 霜 (Cantonese)
* sông (Hakka)
* 霜 (Wu)

### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 相 | *slaŋ, *slaŋs |
| 廂 | *slaŋ |
| 湘 | *slaŋ |
| 緗 | *slaŋ |
| 箱 | *slaŋ |
| 葙 | *slaŋ |
| 想 | *slaŋʔ |
| 霜 | *sraŋ |
| 孀 | *sraŋ |
| 鸘 | *sraŋ |
| 驦 | *sraŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *sraŋ) : semantic 雨 (“rain”) + phonetic 相 (OC *slaŋ, *slaŋs).

### Etymology

From 涼 (OC *ɡ·raŋ) with an s- (nominalizer) prefix (Schuessler, 2007).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): shuāng (shuang$^1$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄕㄨㄤ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): suang$^1$
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): fǎng
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): soeng$^1$
    (Dongguan, Jyutping++): soeng$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): song$^1$
    (Yangjiang, Jyutping++): song$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): song$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): sông
    (Hailu, HRS): song$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): song$^1$
* Jin (Wiktionary): suon$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): só̤ng
* Eastern Min (BUC): sŏng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): sung$^1$ / sng$^1$ / sorng$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): sng / song
    (Teochew, Peng'im): seng$^1$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): so$^1$ / suang$^1$
* Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): sung$^1$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^1$saon / $^1$suan
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): xyan$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shuāng
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄨㄤ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shuang
*** Wade–Giles: shuang$^1$
*** Yale: shwāng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shuang
*** Palladius: шуан (šuan)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: suang$^1$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: suong
*** Sinological IPA : /suaŋ⁵⁵/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: fǎng
*** Sinological IPA : /faŋ²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: soeng$^1$
*** Yale: sēung
*** Cantonese Pinyin: soeng$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sêng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sœːŋ⁵⁵/
** (Dongguan, Guancheng)
*** Jyutping++: soeng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /søŋ²¹³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: song$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɔŋ³³/
** (Yangjiang Yue, Jiangcheng)
*** Jyutping++: song$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /ʃɔŋ³³/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: song$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɔŋ⁴²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sông
*** Hakka Romanization System: song$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: song$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /soŋ²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: song$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /soŋ⁵³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: song$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /sɔŋ⁴⁴/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: suon$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /suɒ̃¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: só̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /sɔŋ⁵⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: sŏng
*** Sinological IPA : /souŋ⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: sung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬuŋ⁵³³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: sng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬŋ̍⁵³³/
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: sorng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬɒŋ⁵³³/
* sung1/sng1 - vernacular;
* sorng1 - literary.
* Middle Chinese: srjang
Rime :
| Character | 霜 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 生 (21) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (105) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 色莊切 |
| Baxter | srjang |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʃɨɐŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʃiɐŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʃiɑŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʂɨaŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /ʃiaŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /ʃĭaŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʂi̯aŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shuāng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | song$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[s]raŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*sraŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 霜 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | shuāng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ srjang › |
| Old Chinese | /*[s]raŋ/ |
| English | hoar-frost |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 霜 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 13587 |
| Phonetic component | 相 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 霜 |
| Old Chinese | /*sraŋ/ |

### Definitions

霜
* frost
* frost-like powder
* (medicine) cream
    防曬霜／防晒霜 ― fángshàishuāng ― sunscreen
* (literary, figurative) white
* (Southern Min) ice

#### Synonyms

* (ice):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 冰, 凌 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 冰 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 冰 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 冰 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 冰, 冰冰 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 冰 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 冰 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Wuchang (Yingchengzi) | 冰 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 冰, 凍 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 冰 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Olginsky (Mikhaylovka) | 冰 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 冰 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 冰 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 冰 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Xianxian (Xiaoying) | 凌 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 冰 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 冰 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Weifang (Weicheng) | 凍凍 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Weifang (Fangzi) | 凍凍 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Changle | 凍凍 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shouguang | 凍凍 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Rizhao | 凍凍 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Wulian | 凍凍 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 冰, 凍凍 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 冰 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 冰 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Weifang (Hanting) | 凍凍 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Changyi | 凍凍 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Gaomi | 凍凍 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Zhucheng | 凍凍 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Anqiu | 凍凍 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Linqu | 凍凍 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingzhou | 凍凍 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 冰, 冰凌 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 冬凌 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 冰 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 冰 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Dingbian | 冰 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 冰 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 凍凍, 冰冰, 冰 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Qimen (Anling; Junhua) | 冰凍 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 冰 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 冰, 凍 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 冰, 凌冰, 凌冰兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Muli | 凌冰子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 冰, 凌冰兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 凌, 凌冰, 冰, 凍 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 冰, 凌冰 in nature |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 冰凌 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Pingle | 冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Luzhai | 冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanning (Wuming) | 冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Binyang (Nanjie) | 冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hechi (Yizhou) | 冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Luocheng (Dongmen) | 冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianlin (Langping) | 凝 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangzhou (Nalu) | 冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Reshuitang (Longling) | 冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Salong (Lancang) | 冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Sai (Tengchong) | 冰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Oudomxay | 冰棒 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 冰, 凍 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 冰 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 凍 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 冰凍, 冰 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Chuzhou | 冰凍 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hong'an | 凌冰 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 雪, 冰 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 冰, 雪 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Chongkoumen, Nanlang; Tanka) | 冰, 雪 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Taishan (Guanghai) | 冰, 雪 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 冰, 雪 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Shatian) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Guiping (Jintian) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Guiping (Jiangkou) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Guiping (Madong) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Beiliu | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Baise | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Qinzhou | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Qinzhou (Changtan) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Qinzhou (Xiniujiao) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Nankang) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Yingpan) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Chongzuo (Laituan) | 冰, 霜 dated |
| Cantonese | Fusui (Qujiu) | 冰, 霜 dated |
| Cantonese | Lingchuan (Yangjia) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Danzhou | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Sanya (Yanglan; Maihua) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Móng Cái | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Yangon (Taishan) | 冰 |
| Cantonese | Mandalay (Taishan) | 冰 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 冰, 冰凌 |
| Gan | Pengze | 凌冰 |
| Gan | Yanshan (Hekou) | 冰 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 冰凌 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 冰, 凌冰 dated; in nature |
| Hakka | Meixian | 凝, 冰 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 凝餅 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 凝 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Shuizhai) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 硬凝 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Changbu) | 凝 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Mianyang) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Wengyuan | 冰 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 硬凝 |
| Hakka | Liannan | 冰 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 冰 |
| Hakka | Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Changting | 凌冰 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 凌冰 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Yanqian) | 凌冰 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 硬凝 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 凌冰 |
| Hakka | Liancheng (Peitian) | 凌冰 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 凌冰 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 冰 |
| Hakka | Ningdu | 凌冰 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 凌冰 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 凌冰 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 硬構 |
| Hakka | Tonggu (Sandu) | 凌冰 |
| Hakka | Ganzhou (Panlong) | 凌冰 |
| Hakka | Dayu | 凌冰 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 冰 |
| Hakka | Yangxi (Tangkou) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Yangchun (Sanjia) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Xinyi (Sihe) | 雪 |
| Hakka | Xinyi (Qianpai) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Gaozhou (Xindong) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Huazhou (Xin'an) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Lianjiang (Shijiao) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Lianjiang (Qingping) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Mengshan (Xihe) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Luchuan | 冰 |
| Hakka | Bobai (Shahe) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Bobai (Longtan) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Bobai (Lingping) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Beiliu (Gonghe, Xilang) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Xingye (Gaofeng) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Guilin (Xiaojiang, Lingui) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Pingle (Tong'an) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Yangshuo (Jinbao) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 冰 |
| Hakka | Singkawang | 雪 |
| Hakka | Pontianak (Meixian) | 雪 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 冰, 凍冰 |
| Huizhou | Shexian (Xianggao) | 冰 |
| Huizhou | Shexian (Daguyun) | 冰, 凍冰 |
| Huizhou | Qimen (Anling; Minhua) | 冰凍 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 冰, 冰凌 |
| Jin | Datong | 冰 |
| Jin | Datong (Yunzhou) | 冰 |
| Jin | Datong (Xicetian, Yunzhou) | 冰凌 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 冬蠟 |
| Jin | Changzhi | 冰凌 |
| Jin | Linhe | 冰 |
| Jin | Jining | 冰 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 冰 |
| Jin | Handan | 冰 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 冰, 霜冰 |
| Northern Min | Pucheng (Shibei) | 冰 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 冰 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 冰 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 冰, 霜 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 冰, 霜 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 冰, 霜 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 冰 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 霜, 冰 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 霜, 冰 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 霜 |
| Southern Min | Pingnan (Pingtian) | 冰 |
| Southern Min | Guiping (Xiaowen) | 冰 |
| Southern Min | Guiping (Dongsheng) | 冰 |
| Southern Min | Guilin (Biyange) | 冰 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 霜, 冰 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 冰 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 冰 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 霜水 |
| Southern Min | Phnom Penh (Teochew) | 冰霜 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 冰 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 霜 |
| Southern Min | Pontianak (Teochew) | 冰 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 冰 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 冰 |
| Central Min | Yong'an | 霜冰 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 冰 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 冰 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Gejiayuan) | 冰 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Zhegulu) | 冰 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Silian) | 冰 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Xiuxiang) | 冰 |
| Southern Pinghua | Binyang | 冰 |
| Southern Pinghua | Chongzuo (Laituan) | 冰 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Wutong, Lingui) | 冰 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Liutang, Lingui) | 冰 |
| Northern Pinghua | Lingchuan (Sanjie) | 冰 |
| Northern Pinghua | Lingchuan (Gaoqiao) | 冰 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guanyang (Guanyinge) | 雪 |
| Shehua | Fu'an | 冰 |
| Shehua | Fuding | 冰 |
| Shehua | Luoyuan | 冰 |
| Shehua | Sanming | 冰 |
| Shehua | Shunchang | 冰 |
| Shehua | Hua'an | 冰 |
| Shehua | Guixi (Zhangping) | 冰 |
| Shehua | Cangnan | 冰 |
| Shehua | Jingning (Hexi) | 冰 |
| Shehua | Lishui | 冰 |
| Shehua | Longyou | 冰 |
| Shehua | Chaozhou | 冰 |
| Shehua | Fengshun | 雪 |
| Waxiang | Guzhang (Gaofeng) | 涼槓 |
| Waxiang | Luxi (Liangjiatan) | 凝鉤子 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 冰 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Songjiang) | 冰 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Zhoupu, Pudong) | 冰 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Shuangcaodun, Baoshan) | 冰 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Luodian, Baoshan) | 冰 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 冰 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 冰 |
| Wu | Suzhou (Lili, Wujiang) | 冰 |
| Wu | Suzhou (Shengze, Wujiang) | 冰 |
| Wu | Wuxi | 冰 |
| Wu | Changshu | 冰, 冰凍 |
| Wu | Kunshan | 冰 |
| Wu | Jiaxing | 冰 |
| Wu | Changzhou | 冰, 結冰 |
| Wu | Liyang | 冰 |
| Wu | Yixing | 冰 |
| Wu | Danyang | 冰, 凍 |
| Wu | Danyang (Tongjiaqiao) | 冰 |
| Wu | Jingjiang | 冰 |
| Wu | Jiangyin | 冰 |
| Wu | Huzhou (Shuanglin) | 冰 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 冰 |
| Wu | Hangzhou (Fuyang) | 冰 |
| Wu | Shaoxing | 冰 |
| Wu | Zhuji (Wangjiajing) | 冰凍 |
| Wu | Shengzhou (Chongren) | 冰 |
| Wu | Shengzhou (Taiping) | 冰 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 冰 |
| Wu | Yuyao | 冰 |
| Wu | Taizhou (Huangyan) | 冰 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 冰, 霜冰 in nature |
| Wu | Quzhou | 冰 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 冰 |
| Wu | Jinhua (Tangxi) | 冰 |
| Wu | Yongkang | 冰 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 凌, 凌冰 in nature |
| Xiang | Xiangxiang | 冰 |
| Xiang | Xiangxiang (Meiqiao) | 凌構子 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 構冷子 |
| Xiang | Hengshan | 冰 |
| Xiang | Hengshan (Baiguo) | 冰 |
| Xiang | Qinglong (Changliu Laba Miao) | 冰, 凌, 凌構 |

### Compounds

* 七十瓦上霜，八十不稀奇 (qīshí wǎ shàng shuāng, bāshí bù xīqí)
* 傲雪凌霜
* 傲雪欺霜
* 傲霜
* 傲霜枝
* 傲霜鬥雪 / 傲霜斗雪
* 兩鬢飛霜 / 两鬓飞霜
* 六月飛霜 / 六月飞霜 (liùyuèfēishuāng)
* 冒霜撥露 / 冒霜拨露
* 冰霜 (bīngshuāng)
* 冷若冰霜
* 冷霜霜
* 冽霜
* 凝霜 (níngshuāng)
* 初霜
* 含霜
* 嚴霜 / 严霜
* 字挾風霜 / 字挟风霜
* 孤霜
* 寒霜
* 履霜
* 履霜之戒
* 履霜堅冰 / 履霜坚冰
* 履霜知冰
* 披霜冒露
* 早霜
* 星霜 (xīngshuāng)
* 春露秋霜
* 晚霜
* 柿霜 (shìshuāng)
* 欺霜傲雪
* 滿面雪霜 / 满面雪霜
* 潘鬢成霜 / 潘鬓成霜
* 無霜期 / 无霜期 (wúshuāngqī)
* 琨玉秋霜 (kūnyùqiūshuāng)
* 百草霜
* 眠霜臥雪 / 眠霜卧雪
* 砒霜 (pīshuāng)
* 秋霜
* 糖霜 (tángshuāng)
* 終霜 / 终霜
* 羊霜腸 / 羊霜肠
* 臥月眠霜 / 卧月眠霜
* 臥雪眠霜 / 卧雪眠霜
* 范履霜
* 草上霜
* 茯苓霜
* 葛屨履霜 / 葛屦履霜
* 蔗霜
* 蜜餞砒霜 / 蜜饯砒霜 (mìjiànpīshuāng)
* 蟲霜水旱 / 虫霜水旱
* 貴霜 / 贵霜 (Guìshuāng)
* 貴霜王朝 / 贵霜王朝
* 金雞納霜 / 金鸡纳霜 (jīnjīnàshuāng)
* 鋪霜湧雪 / 铺霜涌雪 (pūshuāngyǒngxuě)
* 防曬霜 / 防晒霜 (fángshàishuāng)
* 防霜林
* 降霜 (jiàngshuāng)
* 除霜 (chúshuāng)
* 雪上加霜 (xuěshàngjiāshuāng)
* 霏霜
* 霜兒 / 霜儿
* 霜凍 / 霜冻 (shuāngdòng)
* 霜天 (shuāngtiān)
* 霜威
* 霜害 (shuānghài)
* 霜月 (Shuāngyuè)
* 霜毫
* 霜淇淋 (shuāngqílín)
* 霜禽
* 霜舂雨薪
* 霜蹄
* 霜鋒 / 霜锋
* 霜降 (Shuāngjiàng)
* 霜隕 / 霜陨
* 霜雪 (shuāngxuě)
* 霜露之思
* 霜鬢 / 霜鬓
* 面霜 (miànshuāng)
* 風刀霜劍 / 风刀霜剑
* 風霜 / 风霜 (fēngshuāng)
* 飛霜 / 飞霜
* 飽經霜雪 / 饱经霜雪
* 飽經風霜 / 饱经风霜 (bǎojīngfēngshuāng)
* 鹽霜 / 盐霜 (yánshuāng)

### Descendants

* → Vietnamese: sương (霜)

### References

* “霜”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* frost
* years
* white as snow, cold as ice, harsh as snow

#### Readings

* Go-on: しょう (shō)
* Kan-on: そう (sō, Jōyō)
* Kun: しも (shimo, 霜, Jōyō)

#### Compounds

* 霜害(そうがい) (sōgai)
* 霜月(そうげつ) (sōgetsu)
* 霜鬢(そうびん) (sōbin)
* 降霜(こうそう) (kōsō)
* 秋霜(しゅうそう) (shūsō)
* 春霜(しゅんそう) (shunsō)
* 除霜(じょそう) (josō)
* 星霜(せいそう) (seisō)
* 霜林(そうりん) (sōrin)
* 氷霜(ひょうそう) (hyōsō)
* 風霜(ふうそう) (fūsō)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 霜
* しも Grade: S
* kun'yomi
⟨simo₁⟩ → /simo/ → /ɕimo/
From Old Japanese, first attested in the Harima Fudoki of 715 CE, in turn from Proto-Japonic *simo.
Thought to be cognate with or derived from 下 (⟨simo$_1$⟩ → shimo, “bottom, lower part”).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しも [shìmóꜜ] (Odaka –)
* IPA: [ɕimo̞]

### Noun

霜(しも) • (shimo)
* frost (ice crystals in objects exposed to the air)
    Synonym: フロスト (furosuto)
* (by extension) ice adhered inside an electric refrigerator
* (figurative) white hair

#### Derived terms

* 霜(しも)曇(ぐもり), 霜曇(しもぐも)り (shimogumori)
* 霜月(しもつき) (shimotsuki)
* 霜(しも)柱(ばしら) (shimobashira)
* 秋霜(あきしも) (akishimo)
* 大霜(おおしも) (ōshimo)
* 晩霜(おそじも) (osojimo)
* 露霜(つゆじも) (tsuyujimo)
* 初霜(はつしも) (hatsushimo)
* 夕霜(ゆうしも) (yūshimo)

#### Idioms

* 霜(しも)を置(お)く (shimo o oku)

#### Proverbs

* 霜(しも)を履(ふ)んで堅氷(けんぴょう)至(いた)る (shimo o funde kenpyō itaru)

### Proper noun

霜(しも) • (Shimo)
* a surname

### References

* ↑ “霜”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 霜 (MC srjang). Recorded as Middle Korean 사ᇰ (sang) (Yale: sang) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

Wikisource 霜 (eumhun 서리 상 (seori sang))
* hanja form of 상 (“frost”)

#### Compounds

* 상강 (霜降, sanggang)
* 상설 (霜雪, sangseol)
* 상해 (霜害, sanghae)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

霜: Hán Nôm readings: sương
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.