# ruma
## Finnish
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *ruma, possibly a North Germanic borrowing. Cognates include Estonian rumal (“stupid”), Ingrian ruma (“ugly”), Livonian rumāli (“dirty”), Livvi ruma, Veps ruma (“ugly; coarse”) and Votic ruma. The Finnic word has been borrowed into Sami; compare Northern Sami ropmi.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈrumɑ/, [ˈrumɑ̝]
* Rhymes: -umɑ
* Hyphenation: ru‧ma

### Adjective

ruma (comparative rumempi, superlative rumin)
* ugly (displeasing to the eye or ear)
    Synonyms: epäesteettinen, pahannäköinen
    Antonym: kaunis
* ugly, dirty (offensive to one's sensibilities or morality)
    Synonyms: moraaliton, ikävä, ilkeä, kelju, kurja, paha
    Hän teki meille ruman tempun. ― He played a dirty trick on us.
* dirty (of a word or language in general: something considered vulgar)
    ruma sana ― dirty word

#### Declension

Possessive forms of ruma (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation) :
Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives. :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
rumani
rumani
accusative
nom.
rumani
rumani
gen.
rumani
genitive
rumani
rumieni rumaini $^{rare}$
partitive
rumaani
rumiani
inessive
rumassani
rumissani
elative
rumastani
rumistani
illative
rumaani
rumiini
adessive
rumallani
rumillani
ablative
rumaltani
rumiltani
allative
rumalleni
rumilleni
essive
rumanani
ruminani
translative
rumakseni
rumikseni
abessive
rumattani
rumittani
instructive
comitative
—rumineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
rumasi
rumasi
accusative
nom.
rumasi
rumasi
gen.
rumasi
genitive
rumasi
rumiesi rumaisi $^{rare}$
partitive
rumaasi
rumiasi
inessive
rumassasi
rumissasi
elative
rumastasi
rumistasi
illative
rumaasi
rumiisi
adessive
rumallasi
rumillasi
ablative
rumaltasi
rumiltasi
allative
rumallesi
rumillesi
essive
rumanasi
ruminasi
translative
rumaksesi
rumiksesi
abessive
rumattasi
rumittasi
instructive
comitative
—ruminesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
rumamme
rumamme
accusative
nom.
rumamme
rumamme
gen.
rumamme
genitive
rumamme
rumiemme rumaimme $^{rare}$
partitive
rumaamme
rumiamme
inessive
rumassamme
rumissamme
elative
rumastamme
rumistamme
illative
rumaamme
rumiimme
adessive
rumallamme
rumillamme
ablative
rumaltamme
rumiltamme
allative
rumallemme
rumillemme
essive
rumanamme
ruminamme
translative
rumaksemme
rumiksemme
abessive
rumattamme
rumittamme
instructive
comitative
—ruminemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
rumanne
rumanne
accusative
nom.
rumanne
rumanne
gen.
rumanne
genitive
rumanne
rumienne rumainne $^{rare}$
partitive
rumaanne
rumianne
inessive
rumassanne
rumissanne
elative
rumastanne
rumistanne
illative
rumaanne
rumiinne
adessive
rumallanne
rumillanne
ablative
rumaltanne
rumiltanne
allative
rumallenne
rumillenne
essive
rumananne
ruminanne
translative
rumaksenne
rumiksenne
abessive
rumattanne
rumittanne
instructive
comitative
—ruminenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
rumansa
rumansa
accusative
nom.
rumansa
rumansa
gen.
rumansa
genitive
rumansa
rumiensa rumainsa $^{rare}$
partitive
rumaansa
rumiaan rumiansa
inessive
rumassaan rumassansa
rumissaan rumissansa
elative
rumastaan rumastansa
rumistaan rumistansa
illative
rumaansa
rumiinsa
adessive
rumallaan rumallansa
rumillaan rumillansa
ablative
rumaltaan rumaltansa
rumiltaan rumiltansa
allative
rumalleen rumallensa
rumilleen rumillensa
essive
rumanaan rumanansa
ruminaan ruminansa
translative
rumakseen rumaksensa
rumikseen rumiksensa
abessive
rumattaan rumattansa
rumittaan rumittansa
instructive
comitative
—rumineen ruminensa :

#### Derived terms

* ruma ankanpoikanen
* rumahko
* rumannäköinen
* rumanvärinen
* rumapiirteinen
* rumasointinen
* rumasti
* rumaääninen
* rumeliini
* rumentaa
* rumeta
* rumilus
* rumistaa
* rumuus
* susiruma

### Further reading

* “ruma”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

### Anagrams

* Amur, mura

## Gothic
### Romanization

rūma
* Romanization of 𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰

## Hiri Motu
### Etymology

From Proto-Oceanic [Term?], from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ʀumaq, from Proto-Austronesian *ʀumaq.

### Noun

ruma
* house (abode)

## Ingrian
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *ruma. Cognates include Finnish ruma and Veps ruma.

### Pronunciation

* (Ala-Laukaa) IPA: /ˈrumɑ/, [ˈrumɑ]
* (Soikkola) IPA: /ˈrumɑ/, [ˈrumɑ]
* Rhymes: -umɑ
* Hyphenation: ru‧ma

### Noun

ruma
* ugly
* bad, poor (of low quality)

#### Synonyms

* (low-quality): prostoi

### References

* Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 491

## Kikuyu
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɾuma/

### Verb

ruma (infinitive kũruma)
* to curse, to abuse

#### Derived terms

(Proverbs)
* kĩonje kĩrumaga mũhiũhia

#### Related terms

(Nouns)
* kĩrumi class 7

### References

* Armstrong, Lilias E. (1940). The Phonetic and Tonal Structure of Kikuyu, p. 363. Rep. 1967. (Also in 2018 by Routledge).

## Latin
### Alternative forms

* rū̆mis

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈruː.ma/, [ˈruːmä] or IPA: /ˈru.ma/, [ˈrʊmä]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈru.ma/, [ˈruːmä]
* The length of the U is not directly attested. It should be short based on the attested short vowel in the derivative irrumō, but a pronunciation with long ū may have developed due to influence from and conflation with rūmen.

### Etymology 1

Unknown. Possibly from Etruscan 𐌓𐌖𐌌 (rum).

#### Noun

rū̆ma f (genitive rū̆mae); first declension
* (anatomy) udder, teat, breast
    Synonyms: ūber, sūmen
** 116 BCE – 27 BCE, Marcus Terentius Varro, Logistorici 7.2, (as cited by Nonius):Ruminae propter rumam, id est prisco vocabulo mammam
** c. 2nd century, Sextus Pompeius Festus, De Verborum Significatione 266:Romulum quidam a fico Ruminali, ali quod lupae ruma nutritus est, appellatum esse ineptissime dixerunt.
** Augustine of Hippo, De Civitate Dei 7.11:Dixerunt eum Victorem, Inuictum, Opitulum, Inpulsorem, Statorem, Centumpedam, Supinalem, Tigillum, Almum, Ruminum et alia quae persequi longum est. Haec autem cognomina inposuerunt uni deo propter causas potestatesque diuersas, non tamen propter tot res etiam tot deos eum esse coegerunt: quod omnia uinceret, quod a nemine uinceretur, quod opem indigentibus ferret, quod haberet inpellendi, statuendi, stabiliendi, resupinandi potestatem, quod tamquam tigillus mundum contineret ac sustineret, quod aleret omnia, quod ruma, id est mamma, aleret animalia.1963 translation by William M. GreenThe pagans have called Jupiter by the titles Victor, Invictus, Opitulus, Impulsor, Stator, Centumpeda, Supinalis, Tigillus, Almus, Ruminus, and still others which it would be tedious to enumerate. They have applied all these names to one god for various reasons and because of his various powers. But they have not, though there are so many functions, compelled him to become as many different gods. The functions are that he is victor over all, and invincible, and brings help to the needy, and has the power of impelling, of causing to stand, of stabilizing, and of laying flat; because he maintains and sustains the world like a beam; because he nourishes all things, and nourishes all animals by the breast (ruma).

##### Declension

First-declension noun.

##### Derived terms

* irrumō
* rū̆migō
* Rū̆mī̆na
* Rū̆mī̆nus
* subrū̆mō
* subrū̆mus

### Etymology 2

From rūmen.

#### Noun

rūma f (genitive rūmae); first declension
* (anatomy) throat, gullet
** Maurus Servius Honoratus, In Vergilii Aeneidos Libros 8.90.9:Quamvis ficum ruminalem alii a Romulo velint dictam, quasi Romularem, alii a lacte infantibus dato: nam pars gutturis ruma dicitur.
* (anatomy) rumen
    Synonym: rūmen
* stomach, abdomen
    Synonyms: venter, pantex

##### Declension

First-declension noun.

### References

* ↑ Ernout, Alfred, Meillet, Antoine (1985) “ruma”, in Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine: histoire des mots‎ (in French), 4th edition, with additions and corrections of Jacques André, Paris: Klincksieck, published 2001, page 580

### Further reading

* “ruma”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* ruma in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)

## Lower Sorbian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈruma/

### Noun

ruma
* inflection of rum:
** genitive singular
** nominative/accusative dual

## Muduapa
### Etymology

From Proto-Oceanic [Term?], from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ʀumaq, from Proto-Austronesian *ʀumaq.

### Noun

ruma
* house (abode)

## Old English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈruː.mɑ/

### Adjective

rūma
* inflection of rūm:
** strong nominative/accusative feminine plural
** weak nominative masculine singular

### Noun

rūma
* genitive plural of rūm

## Portuguese
### Verb

ruma
* inflection of rumar:
** third-person singular present indicative
** second-person singular imperative

## Puyuma
### Etymology

From Proto-Austronesian *ʀumaq.

### Noun

ruma
* house; home
    naniyam ruma piyalaudr tu pitaun.The door of our house is to the east.

### References

* Stacy Fang-Ching Teng (鄧芳青), A Reference Grammar Of Puyuma, An Austronesian Language Of Taiwan, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, 2008.

## Venda
### Verb

ruma
* to send

## Veps
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *ruma, possibly a North Germanic borrowing. Cognates include Finnish ruma.

### Adjective

ruma
* ugly
* coarse, rough

#### Inflection
### References

* Zajceva, N. G., Mullonen, M. I. (2007) “грубый, некрасивый”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary]‎, Petrozavodsk: Periodika

## Votic
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *ruma.

### Pronunciation

* (Luutsa, Liivtšülä) IPA: /ˈrumɑ/, [ˈrumɑ]
* Rhymes: -umɑ
* Hyphenation: ru‧ma

### Adjective

ruma
* plain, bare
* rough
* bad, poor
* ugly

#### Inflection
### References

* Hallap, V., Adler, E., Grünberg, S., Leppik, M. (2012) “ruma”, in Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language], 2nd edition, Tallinn