# 放火
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): fànghuǒ
    (Zhuyin): ㄈㄤˋ ㄏㄨㄛˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): fong$^3$ fo$^2$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): piong-fó
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): pàng-hé / pàng-hóe
    (Teochew, Peng'im): bang$^3$ huê$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: fànghuǒ
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄤˋ ㄏㄨㄛˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: fànghuǒ
*** Wade–Giles: fang$^4$-huo$^3$
*** Yale: fàng-hwǒ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fanqhuoo
*** Palladius: фанхо (fanxo)
*** Sinological IPA : /fɑŋ⁵¹ xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fong$^3$ fo$^2$
*** Yale: fong fó
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fong$^3$ fo$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fong$^3$ fo$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /fɔːŋ³³ fɔː³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: piong-fó
*** Hakka Romanization System: biong fo$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: biong$^4$ fo$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /pi̯oŋ⁵⁵ fo³¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Taipei)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pàng-hé
*** Tâi-lô: pàng-hé
*** Phofsit Daibuun: parnghea
*** IPA (Taipei): /paŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ he⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pàng-hóe
*** Tâi-lô: pàng-hué
*** Phofsit Daibuun: parnghoea
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /paŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ hue⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: bang$^3$ huê$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: pàng hué
*** Sinological IPA : /paŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ hue⁵²⁻²¹/

### Verb

放⫽火 (verb-object)
* (intransitive) to set on fire, specifically to commit arson

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 放火, 縱火 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 放火 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 放火 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 放火 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 放火 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 放火 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 放火 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 放火 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 放火 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 放火 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 放火 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 放火 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 放火 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 放火 |

#### Derived terms

* 一頭放火，一頭放水 / 一头放火，一头放水
* 只許州官放火，不許百姓點燈 / 只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯 (zhǐ xǔ zhōuguān fànghuǒ, bùxǔ bǎixìng diǎndēng)
* 州官放火 (zhōuguānfànghuǒ)
* 放火犯 (fànghuǒfàn)
* 殺人放火 / 杀人放火 (shārénfànghuǒ)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 放(ほう)火(か) (hōka)
* → Korean: 방화(放火) (banghwa)
* → Vietnamese: phóng hoả (放火)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 放 | 火 |
| ほう Grade: 3 | か Grade: 1 |
| on'yomi ||

### Etymology

From Middle Chinese compound 放火 (MC pjangH xwaX, “let loose” + “fire”). Compare modern Chinese 放火 (fànghuǒ).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ほーか [hòóká] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ho̞ːka̠]

### Noun

放(ほう)火(か) • (hōka)
* arson, setting fire to something

#### Derived terms

* 放(ほう)火(か)狂(きょう) (hōkakyō): pyromania
* 放(ほう)火(か)罪(ざい) (hōkazai): (the crime of) arson
* 放(ほう)火(か)者(しゃ) (hōkasha): an arsonist
* 放(ほう)火(か)犯(はん)人(にん) (hōka hannin): an arsonist
* 放(ほう)火(か)魔(ま) (hōkama): a habitual arsonist

### Verb

放(ほう)火(か)する • (hōka suru) intransitive suru (stem 放(ほう)火(か)し (hōka shi), past 放(ほう)火(か)した (hōka shita))
* to set fire to something

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 放火し | ほうかし | hōka shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 放火し | ほうかし | hōka shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 放火する | ほうかする | hōka suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 放火する | ほうかする | hōka suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 放火すれ | ほうかすれ | hōka sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 放火せよ¹ 放火しろ² | ほうかせよ¹ ほうかしろ² | hōka seyo¹ hōka shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 放火される | ほうかされる | hōka sareru |
| Causative | 放火させる 放火さす | ほうかさせる ほうかさす | hōka saseru hōka sasu |
| Potential | 放火できる | ほうかできる | hōka dekiru |
| Volitional | 放火しよう | ほうかしよう | hōka shiyō |
| Negative | 放火しない | ほうかしない | hōka shinai |
| Negative continuative | 放火せず | ほうかせず | hōka sezu |
| Formal | 放火します | ほうかします | hōka shimasu |
| Perfective | 放火した | ほうかした | hōka shita |
| Conjunctive | 放火して | ほうかして | hōka shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 放火すれば | ほうかすれば | hōka sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 放 | 火 |

### Noun

放火 • (banghwa) (hangeul 방화)
* hanja form of 방화 (“arson”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 放 | 火 |

### Verb

放火
* chữ Hán form of phóng hoả (“to set fire”).