# -uus
## Finnish
### Alternative forms

* -us (see the usage notes)

### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *-uc. The declension has been massively reworked by analogy.
* The oblique plural forms originally declined like those of the käsi type, but were replaced by plurals in -ks- from the type 39 (vastaus) declension, formed on the analogy of the suffix -s.
** Words that had acquired a nominal sense early on have crossed over entirely to type 39 (vastaus): e.g. sisarus (“sibling”), originally a semantic extension from *sisarus > sisaruus (“siblinghood”); vanhus (“old person”), originally a semantic extension from *vanhus > vanhuus (“oldness”).
* The long vowel appearing after consonants originates from a contraction *-ude- > *-ue- > -uu- in the genitive singular and nominative plural of bisyllabic stems, in which the third-syllable unstressed e was assimilated. This was generalized to other case forms of such words as well.
* In trisyllabic stems such as korkea → korkeus, rakas → rakkaus, the suffix would in all inflected forms gain secondary stress, preventing the loss of *-d-. From here *-d- was then reintroduced in the gen. sg. and nom. pl. of bisyllabic stems.
* Root-final consonants in trisyllabic stems were by contrast often lost (e.g. *korkeduden > korkeuden, *rakkahuden > rakkauden), leading to the regular retention of short -u- especially after vowels.
** The rare exceptions to this such as sisar → sisaruus have however also acquired the long-vowel allomorph.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-uːs/, [-uːs̠]

### Suffix

-uus (front vowel harmony variant -yys, linguistic notation -UUs)
* Forms nouns from adjectives or other nouns, expressing a quality of being that which is described: -ness, -hood, -ity, -th, -ship
    ‎punainen (“red”) + ‎-uus → ‎punaisuus (“redness”)
    ‎nerokas (“ingenious”) + ‎-uus → ‎nerokkuus (“ingenuity”)
    ‎pyhä (“holy”) + ‎-yys → ‎pyhyys (“holiness”)
    ‎jyrkkä (“steep”) + ‎-yys → ‎jyrkkyys (“steepness”)
    ‎hauras (“brittle”) + ‎-us → ‎hauraus (“brittleness”)
    ‎kaunis (“beautiful”) + ‎-us → ‎kauneus (“beauty”)
    ‎komea (“handsome”) + ‎-us → ‎komeus (“handsomeness”)
    ‎leveä (“wide”) + ‎-ys → ‎leveys (“width”)
    ‎nerokas (“ingenious”) + ‎-uus → ‎nerokkuus (“ingenuity”)
    ‎mestari (“champion”) + ‎-uus → ‎mestaruus (“championship”)

#### Usage notes

As a main rule, the suffix is added to the stem of the adjective, replacing any final vowel:
* ‎kova (“hard”) + ‎-uus → ‎kovuus (“hardness”)
* ‎kylmä (“cold”) + ‎-uus → ‎kylmyys (“coldness”)
* ‎paksu (“thick”) + ‎-uus → ‎paksuus (“thickness”)
* ‎suuri (“big”) + ‎-uus → ‎suuruus (“size”)
* ‎sinise- (“blue”) + ‎-uus → ‎sinisyys (“blueness”)
The stem usually remains in the strong grade, but some exceptions remain as evidence of the original short vowel. In particular, all derivatives based on comparatives show the weak grade, e.g. alempi (“lower”) → *alemmus > alemmuus (“lowerness”), rather than **alempuus.
As noted above, the suffix additionally appears shortened to -us whenever it is preceded by a second vowel. Note that this includes contracted long vowels, as in *harmaɣa > harmaa (“gray”) → harmaus (“grayness”). Derivatives from adjectives ending in -is may in some cases show an unexpected alternation to -e-, as in the above-seen kauneus in place of expected **kaunius.
Some exceptions to this overall scheme occur, e.g. äiti (“mother”) → äitiys (“motherhood”), in place of expected **äityys. Very rarely, both allomorphs may even occur in parallel, e.g. lapsi (“child”) → lapsuus (“childhood; period of life”), yet lapseus (“childhood; state of being a child”).

#### Declension

Possessive forms of -uus (Kotus type 40*F/kalleus, t-d gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-uuteni
-uuteni
accusative
nom.
-uuteni
-uuteni
gen.
-uuteni
genitive
-uuteni
-uuksieni
partitive
-uuttani
-uuksiani
inessive
-uudessani
-uuksissani
elative
-uudestani
-uuksistani
illative
-uuteeni
-uuksiini
adessive
-uudellani
-uuksillani
ablative
-uudeltani
-uuksiltani
allative
-uudelleni
-uuksilleni
essive
-uutenani
-uuksinani
translative
-uudekseni
-uuksikseni
abessive
-uudettani
-uuksittani
instructive
comitative
—-uuksineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-uutesi
-uutesi
accusative
nom.
-uutesi
-uutesi
gen.
-uutesi
genitive
-uutesi
-uuksiesi
partitive
-uuttasi
-uuksiasi
inessive
-uudessasi
-uuksissasi
elative
-uudestasi
-uuksistasi
illative
-uuteesi
-uuksiisi
adessive
-uudellasi
-uuksillasi
ablative
-uudeltasi
-uuksiltasi
allative
-uudellesi
-uuksillesi
essive
-uutenasi
-uuksinasi
translative
-uudeksesi
-uuksiksesi
abessive
-uudettasi
-uuksittasi
instructive
comitative
—-uuksinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-uutemme
-uutemme
accusative
nom.
-uutemme
-uutemme
gen.
-uutemme
genitive
-uutemme
-uuksiemme
partitive
-uuttamme
-uuksiamme
inessive
-uudessamme
-uuksissamme
elative
-uudestamme
-uuksistamme
illative
-uuteemme
-uuksiimme
adessive
-uudellamme
-uuksillamme
ablative
-uudeltamme
-uuksiltamme
allative
-uudellemme
-uuksillemme
essive
-uutenamme
-uuksinamme
translative
-uudeksemme
-uuksiksemme
abessive
-uudettamme
-uuksittamme
instructive
comitative
—-uuksinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-uutenne
-uutenne
accusative
nom.
-uutenne
-uutenne
gen.
-uutenne
genitive
-uutenne
-uuksienne
partitive
-uuttanne
-uuksianne
inessive
-uudessanne
-uuksissanne
elative
-uudestanne
-uuksistanne
illative
-uuteenne
-uuksiinne
adessive
-uudellanne
-uuksillanne
ablative
-uudeltanne
-uuksiltanne
allative
-uudellenne
-uuksillenne
essive
-uutenanne
-uuksinanne
translative
-uudeksenne
-uuksiksenne
abessive
-uudettanne
-uuksittanne
instructive
comitative
—-uuksinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-uutensa
-uutensa
accusative
nom.
-uutensa
-uutensa
gen.
-uutensa
genitive
-uutensa
-uuksiensa
partitive
-uuttaan -uuttansa
-uuksiaan -uuksiansa
inessive
-uudessaan -uudessansa
-uuksissaan -uuksissansa
elative
-uudestaan -uudestansa
-uuksistaan -uuksistansa
illative
-uuteensa
-uuksiinsa
adessive
-uudellaan -uudellansa
-uuksillaan -uuksillansa
ablative
-uudeltaan -uudeltansa
-uuksiltaan -uuksiltansa
allative
-uudelleen -uudellensa
-uuksilleen -uuksillensa
essive
-uutenaan -uutenansa
-uuksinaan -uuksinansa
translative
-uudekseen -uudeksensa
-uuksikseen -uuksiksensa
abessive
-uudettaan -uudettansa
-uuksittaan -uuksittansa
instructive
comitative
—-uuksineen -uuksinensa :

#### Derived terms
### References

* ↑ Hakulinen, Lauri. 1941–2000. Suomen kielen rakenne ja kehitys ('The Structure and Development of the Finnish Language'). Helsinki: Otava/Helsingin yliopisto.

### Anagrams

* suu

## Ingrian
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *-uc. Cognates include Finnish -uus and Estonian -us.

### Pronunciation

* (Ala-Laukaa) IPA: /-uːs/, [-uːz̠]
* (Soikkola) IPA: /-uːs/, [-uːʒ̥]

### Suffix

-uus (front vowel variant -yys)
* Forms nouns from adjectives, expressing a quality; -ness
    ‎syvä (“deep”) + ‎-uus → ‎syvvyys (“depth”)

#### Usage notes

* The suffix is always appended to the oblique stem.
* When following a short stressed syllable, the long form -uus is used. In all other cases, the alternative form -us is used instead:
    ‎pitä- + ‎-uus → ‎pittuus
    ‎vanh- + ‎-uus → ‎vanhus
* Note that since the suffix -kas always carries secondary stress, the derivatives in -uus also always contain a long vowel:
    ‎voimakka- + ‎-uus → ‎voimakkuus

#### Derived terms
### References

* V. I. Junus (1936) Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka‎, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 58

## Latin
### Alternative forms

* -vus

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Italic *-wos, from Proto-Indo-European *-wós‚ from the perfect active participle suffix *-wōs.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /u.us/, [uʊs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /u.us/, [uːs] (stressed on the antepenult)

### Suffix

-uus
* forms adjectives on verbal stems
    contiguus, succiduus, vacuus

#### Usage notes

* Originally forming the perfect active participle, as in ambiguus (“having wandered”), mortuus (“having died”), vacuus (“having been empty”).
* The form -vus is used after vowels, l, and r, and -uus after all other other consonants, with the exception of qu. In this last case, the form -us is used.

#### Declension

First/second-declension adjective.