# castro
## Catalan
### Verb

castro
* first-person singular present indicative of castrar

## Galician
### Alternative forms

* crasto

### Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese castro, from Latin castrum. Cognate with Portuguese castro, Spanish castro. See also alcázar, borrowed from Spanish, which entered through Arabic.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkastɾo/ [ˈkɑs̺.t̪ɾʊ]
* Rhymes: -astɾo
* Hyphenation: cas‧tro

### Noun

castro m (plural castros)
* a local fortified Iron Age village, of which some 3,000 are known in Galicia
* (by extension) any fortified archaeological site

#### Derived terms

* castrexo
* Castrelo
* Castrelos
* Castrillón
* Castro
* Castro Bo
* Castro Caldelas
* Castrobó
* Castromaior
* Castromao
* Castroverde

### See also

* Castro (poboado) on the Galician Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{gl}$

### References

* Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “castro”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “castro”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “castro”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “castro”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “castro”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

## Italian
### Verb

castro
* first-person singular present indicative of castrare

### Anagrams

* crosta, scarto, scartò, scorta, storca

## Latin
### Etymology

From Proto-Italic *kastrāō, denominative in -ō perhaps from a lost instrumental noun, Proto-Italic *kastrom (“knife”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱos-tróm (“cutting tool, knife”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱes- (“to cut up, to slaughter”); compare Sanskrit शस्त्र (śastra, “sword, dagger”). See also castrum, careō.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈkas.troː/, [ˈkäs̠t̪roː]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈkas.tro/, [ˈkäst̪ro]

### Verb

castrō (present infinitive castrāre, perfect active castrāvī, supine castrātum); first conjugation
* to prune
* to amputate
* to punish
* to purge
* to castrate or spay
** Late 8th century, unknown author, Lex Frisionum:
    Qui fanum effregerit, et ibi aliquid de sacris tulerit, ducitur ad mare et in sabulo quod accessus maris operire solet, finduntur aures eius et castratur, et immolatur diis quorum templa violavit.The person who breaks into a temple and takes away some of its holy contents shall be taken to the sea, to that part of the sand that is covered during flood, where his ears shall be torn and he shall be castrated and be sacrificed to the gods whose temple he violated.
* to dock (a tail)

#### Derived terms

* castrātiō
* castrātor
* castrātōrius
* castrātūra
* castrātus
* procestria

#### Related terms

* castrum (?)

#### Descendants

Many reflexes show rhotic metathesis and/or crossing with crista.
* Balkan Romance:
** >? Romanian: cresta
* Italo-Romance:
** Italian: castrare
    Alatri: crastare
** Neapolitan: crastare
** Sicilian: castrari
* Insular Romance:
** Sardinian: crastare
* North Italian:
** Friulian: cjastrâ
** Ligurian: crastâ
** Lombard: crestà
** Piedmontese: castré
** Romansch: chastrer
** Venetan: castrar
* Gallo-Romance:
** Franco-Provençal: châtrar, shôtrô, tsathrâ
** Old French: chastrer
*** French: châtrer
* Occitano-Romance:
** Catalan: castrar, crestar
** Old Occitan: castrar, crastar, crestar
*** Occitan: crestar, castrar
* Ibero-Romance:
** Portuguese: crastar (obsolete?), crestar, castrar
** Spanish: castrar, crestar (Salamanca)
* Borrowings:
** → English: castrate
** → French: castrer
** → German: kastrieren
** → Romanian: castra

### References

* Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 586
* Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “castrare”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume 2: C Q K, page 476
* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “castrō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 97

### Further reading

* “castro”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “castro”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* castro in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* castro in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈkas.tɾu/
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈkas.tɾu/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /ˈkaʃ.tɾu/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˈkas.tɾo/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈkaʃ.tɾu/
* Rhymes: (Brazil) -astɾu, (Portugal, Rio de Janeiro) -aʃtɾu
* Homophone: Castro
* Hyphenation: cas‧tro

### Etymology 1

From Old Galician-Portuguese castro, from Latin castrum, from Proto-Indo-European *kes- (“to cut, cut off, separate”). Cognate with Galician and Spanish castro. Doublet of alcácer, via Arabic.

#### Alternative forms

* crasto

#### Noun

castro m (plural castros)
* fort (of Roman or prehistoric origin)
* a fortified pre-Roman Iron Age village frequently found in the northwestern regions of the Iberian Peninsula

##### Derived terms

* castrejo
* Castro

##### Related terms

* alcácer
* castelo

##### See also

* cividade
* citânia

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

castro
* first-person singular present indicative of castrar

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkastɾo/ [ˈkas.t̪ɾo]
* Rhymes: -astɾo
* Syllabification: cas‧tro

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Latin castrum. Also survives natively in several Spanish toponyms. Doublet of alcázar, which came through Arabic.

#### Noun

castro m (plural castros)
* fort, fortified settlement
    Synonym: fuerte

##### Related terms

* castillo

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

castro
* first-person singular present indicative of castrar

### Further reading

* “castro”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
* Joan Coromines, José A[ntonio] Pascual (1984) “castro”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critic Castilian and Hispanic Etymological Dictionary] (in Spanish), volume I (A–Ca), Madrid: Gredos, →ISBN, page 917