# 道德
## Chinese
### Etymology

Attested in Pre-Qin texts.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): dàodé
    (Zhuyin): ㄉㄠˋ ㄉㄜˊ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): dou$^6$ dak$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): au$^5$ ak$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): tho-tet
    (Hailu, HRS): to$^˖$ ded
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): tō-tek / tǒ͘-tiak / tǒ-tiak
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^6$dau-teq$_7$ / $^4$dau-teq$_7$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dàodé
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄠˋ ㄉㄜˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: dàodé
*** Wade–Giles: tao$^4$-tê$^2$
*** Yale: dàu-dé
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: dawder
*** Palladius: даодэ (daodɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /tɑʊ̯⁵¹ tɤ³⁵/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$到得 道德
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: dou$^6$ dak$^1$
*** Yale: douh dāk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dou$^6$ dak$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: dou$^6$ deg$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /tou̯²² tɐk̚⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: au$^5$ ak$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /au³² ak̚⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tho-tet
*** Hakka Romanization System: to ded$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: to$^4$ ded$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰo⁵⁵ tet̚²/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: to$^˖$ ded
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰo³³ tet⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tō-tek
*** Tâi-lô: tō-tik
*** Phofsit Daibuun: doixdeg
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tɤ³³⁻²¹ tiɪk̚³²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /to³³⁻¹¹ tiɪk̚³²/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /to²²⁻²¹ tiɪk̚³²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tǒ͘-tiak
*** Tâi-lô: tǒo-tiak
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tɔ²² tiak̚⁵/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tǒ-tiak
*** Tâi-lô: tǒ-tiak
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /to²² tiak̚⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$dau-teq$_7$
*** MiniDict: dau$^去$ teh$^入$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$dau-teq$_4$
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /dɔ²² təʔ⁴⁴/
** (Northern: Jiaxing)
*** Wugniu: $^4$dau-teq$_7$
*** MiniDict: dau$^上$ teh$^入$
*** Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /dɔ²² təʔ⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: dawX tok
Rime :
| Character | 道 | 德 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 定 (7) | 端 (5) |
| Final (韻) | 豪 (89) | 德 (131) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 徒晧切 | 多則切 |
| Baxter | dawX | tok |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /dɑu$^X$/ | /tək̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /dɑu$^X$/ | /tək̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /dɑu$^X$/ | /tək̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /daw$^X$/ | /tək̚/ |
| Li Rong | /dɑu$^X$/ | /tək̚/ |
| Wang Li | /dɑu$^X$/ | /tək̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /dʱɑu$^X$/ | /tək̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | dào | de |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | dou$^6$ | dak$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[kə.l]ˤuʔ tˤək/
    (Zhengzhang): /*l'uːʔ tɯːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 道 | 德 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | dào | dé |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ daw$^X$ › | ‹ tok › |
| Old Chinese | /*[kə.l]ˁuʔ/ | /*tˁək/ |
| English | way | virtue |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 道 | 德 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 11669 | 17266 |
| Phonetic component | 首 | 直 |
| Rime group | 幽 | 職 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 道 | 德 |
| Old Chinese | /*l'uːʔ/ | /*tɯːɡ/ |

### Noun

道德
* morality; morals; ethics
    道德教育 ― dàodé jiàoyù ― moral instruction
    道德制高點／道德制高点 ― dàodé zhìgāodiǎn ― moral high ground
    道德敗壞／道德败坏 ― dàodé bàihuài ― moral decay
    他律道德 ― tālǜ dàodé ― heteronomous morality
    有悖於傳統道德／有悖于传统道德 ― yǒubèiyú chuántǒng dàodé ― to violate traditional notions of morality
    From: Han Feizi, circa 2nd century BCE, translated based on W. K. Liao's version
    Shànggǔ jìng yú dàodé, zhōngshì zhú yú zhìmóu, dāngjīn zhēng yú qìlì. [Pinyin]
    Men of remote antiquity strove to be known for their morality and virtue; those of the middle age struggled to be known their wisdom and resourfulness; and now men fight to be known for their vigor and strength.

#### Related terms

* 道義／道义 (dàoyì)
* 公德 (gōngdé)
* 公理 (gōnglǐ)
* 正理 (zhènglǐ)
* 正義／正义 (zhèngyì)

### Adjective

道德
* moral (often used in negation)
    不道德的行為／不道德的行为 ― bù dàodé de xíngwéi ― immoral behaviour

#### Antonyms

* 不道德 (bùdàodé)

### Derived terms

* 不道德 (bùdàodé)
* 仁義道德 / 仁义道德 (rényì dàodé)
* 道德主體 / 道德主体
* 道德制高點 / 道德制高点 (dàodé zhìgāodiǎn)
* 道德恐慌 (dàodé kǒnghuāng)
* 道德法庭 (dàodé fǎtíng)
* 道德準則 / 道德准则 (dàodé zhǔnzé)
* 道德綁架 / 道德绑架 (dàodé bǎngjià)
* 道德風險 / 道德风险 (dàodé fēngxiǎn)
* 道德高地 (dàodé gāodì)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 道(どう)徳(とく) (dōtoku)
* → Korean: 도덕(道德) (dodeok)
* → Vietnamese: đạo đức (道德)

### See also

* 德性 (déxìng)
* 倫理／伦理 (lúnlǐ)
* 美德 (měidé)
* 缺德 (quēdé)
* 道德經／道德经 (Dàodéjīng)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 道 | 德 |
| どう Grade: 2 | とく Jinmeiyō |
| on'yomi ||
For pronunciation and definitions of 道德 – see the following entry. :
| 【道徳どうとく】 | [noun] (philosophy) morality [noun] (philosophy) ethics |
(This term, 道德, is the kyūjitai of the above term.) :

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 道 | 德 |

### Noun

道德 • (dodeok) (hangeul 도덕)
* hanja form of 도덕 (“morality; ethics”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 道 | 德 |

### Noun

道德
* chữ Hán form of đạo đức (“morality; ethics”).