# 恥

| 恥 | U+6065, &#24677; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6065 |
| ← 恤 [U+6064] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 恦 → [U+6066] |

## Translingual
### Han character

恥 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+6, 10 strokes, cangjie input 尸十心 (SJP), four-corner 1310$_0$, composition ⿰耳心)

#### Derived characters

* 𠺨, 𮝡, 𢟛

#### Related characters

* 耻 (Variant form)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 385, character 6
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10585
* Dae Jaweon: page 716, character 2
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2290, character 1
* Unihan data for U+6065

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 恥 :
| Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script |
| | Old Chinese |
| 佴 | *nɯːs, *njɯs |
| 麛 | *miː |
| 弭 | *mniʔ |
| 渳 | *mniʔ |
| 葞 | *mniʔ |
| 髶 | *njis, *njoŋ |
| 聻 | *nɯʔ |
| 恥 | *n̥ʰɯʔ |
| 咡 | *njɯ, *njɯs |
| 誀 | *njɯ, *njɯs |
| 耳 | *njɯʔ |
| 洱 | *njɯʔ, *njɯs |
| 駬 | *njɯʔ |
| 餌 | *njɯs |
| 珥 | *njɯs |
| 衈 | *njɯs |
| 毦 | *njɯs |
| 刵 | *njɯs |
| 眲 | *njɯs, *rnɯːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *n̥ʰɯʔ) : phonetic 耳 (OC *njɯʔ) + semantic 心 (“heart”)

### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-ni (“red”) (STEDT). Cognate with Burmese နီ (ni, “red”), 怩 (OC *nil, “ashamed”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): chǐ (chi$^3$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄔˇ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ci$^3$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ci$^2$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ci$^2$
* Gan (Wiktionary): ci$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chhṳ́
    (Hailu, HRS): chi$^ˊ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ci$^3$
* Jin (Wiktionary): ci$^2$
* Northern Min (KCR): chǐ
* Eastern Min (BUC): tī
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ti$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): thí
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ci$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$tshy
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): chr$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chǐ
*** Zhuyin: ㄔˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chǐh
*** Wade–Giles: chʻih$^3$
*** Yale: chř
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyy
*** Palladius: чи (či)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²¹⁴/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: ci$^3$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: c
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰz̩⁵³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ci$^2$
*** Yale: chí
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsi$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: qi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰiː³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ci$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰi⁵⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: ci$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰz̩²¹³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhṳ́
*** Hakka Romanization System: cii$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ci$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰɨ³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: chi$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡ʃʰi²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: ci$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰz̩³¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: ci$^2$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡sʰz̩⁵³/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: chǐ
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰi²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: tī
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰi³³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ti$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰi⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ti$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰi³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thí
*** Tâi-lô: thí
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tie
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tʰi⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰi⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰi⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tʰi⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰi⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ci$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshí
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰi⁵²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$tshy
*** MiniDict: tshy$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$tshr
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡sʰz̩³⁴/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: chr$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁴¹/
*** Sinological IPA (new-style): /t͡sʰz̩⁴¹/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit恥 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²¹⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /tʃʰz̩⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁴⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /t͡sʰz̩⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /t͡sʰz̩⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /t͡sʰz̩⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²⁴/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡sʰz̩⁵³/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /t͡sʰz̩⁵³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /t͡sʰz̩³⁵/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /t͡sʰz̩ʷ⁵¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /t͡sʰz̩⁵³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /t͡sʰz̩³⁵/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /t͡ɕʰi³⁵/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /t͡ɕʰi³¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /tʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁴¹/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁴²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /t͡sʰz̩²¹³/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /t͡sʰz̩³¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /tʃʰï³¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /t͡sʰi³⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /t͡sʰi³⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /t͡sʰi³⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /tʰi⁵³/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /tʰi³²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /t͡sʰi²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /t͡sʰi⁵³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /t͡si²¹³/ /sun²¹³/ 訓蠢 |
* Middle Chinese: trhiX
Rime :
| Character | 恥 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 徹 (10) |
| Final (韻) | 之 (19) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 敕里切 |
| Baxter | trhiX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʈʰɨ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʈʰɨ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȶʰie$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʈʰɨ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ȶʰiə$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ȶʰĭə$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȶʰi$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | chǐ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ci$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*n̥rəʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*n̥ʰɯʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 恥 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | chǐ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ trhi$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*n̥rəʔ/ |
| English | shame; ashamed |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 恥 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 2780 |
| Phonetic component | 耳 |
| Rime group | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 恥 |
| Old Chinese | /*n̥ʰɯʔ/ |

### Definitions

恥
* (literary) to humiliate; to put to shame
* shame; disgrace; humiliation
    Synonym: 恥辱 / 耻辱 (chǐrǔ)
    體壇之恥／体坛之耻 ― tǐtán zhī chǐ ― disgrace to the sports world
* ashamed
    Synonym: 羞愧 (xiūkuì)

### Compounds

* 一雪前恥 / 一雪前耻 (yīxuěqiánchǐ)
* 不以為恥 / 不以为耻 (bùyǐwéichǐ)
* 不恥 / 不耻 (bùchǐ)
* 不恥下問 / 不耻下问 (bùchǐxiàwèn)
* 不識羞恥 / 不识羞耻
* 五九國恥 / 五九国耻
* 刷恥 / 刷耻
* 包羞忍恥 / 包羞忍耻
* 卑鄙無恥 / 卑鄙无耻 (bēibǐwúchǐ)
* 厚顏無恥 / 厚颜无耻 (hòuyánwúchǐ)
* 可恥 / 可耻 (kěchǐ)
* 含垢忍恥 / 含垢忍耻
* 國恥 / 国耻 (guóchǐ)
* 報仇雪恥 / 报仇雪耻 (bàochóuxuěchǐ)
* 奇恥大辱 / 奇耻大辱 (qíchǐdàrǔ)
* 寡廉鮮恥 / 寡廉鲜耻 (guǎliánxiǎnchǐ)
* 廉恥 / 廉耻 (liánchǐ)
* 復仇雪恥 / 复仇雪耻
* 忍恥偷生 / 忍耻偷生
* 忍恥含垢 / 忍耻含垢
* 忍恥含羞 / 忍耻含羞
* 恬不知恥 / 恬不知耻 (tiánbùzhīchǐ)
* 恥丘 / 耻丘
* 恥居人下 / 耻居人下
* 恥居王後 / 耻居王后
* 恬然不恥 / 恬然不耻
* 恥笑 / 耻笑 (chǐxiào)
* 恥與為伍 / 耻与为伍 (chǐyǔwéiwǔ)
* 恥辱 / 耻辱 (chǐrǔ)
* 恥骨 / 耻骨 (chǐgǔ)
* 明恥教戰 / 明耻教战
* 會稽之恥 / 会稽之耻
* 有恥 / 有耻
* 毀廉蔑恥 / 毁廉蔑耻
* 湔雪前恥 / 湔雪前耻 (jiānxuěqiánchǐ)
* 無恥 / 无耻 (wúchǐ)
* 無恥之尤 / 无耻之尤 (wúchǐzhīyóu)
* 瓶罄罍恥 / 瓶罄罍耻
* 知恥 / 知耻
* 禮義廉恥 / 礼义廉耻 (lǐyìliánchǐ)
* 缾罄罍恥 / 瓶罄罍耻
* 羞恥 / 羞耻 (xiūchǐ)
* 荒淫無恥 / 荒淫无耻 (huāngyínwúchǐ)
* 藏垢懷恥 / 藏垢怀耻
* 行己有恥 / 行己有耻
* 買妻恥樵 / 买妻耻樵
* 雪恥 / 雪耻 (xuěchǐ)

### See also

* 羞 (xiū)

## Japanese
### Alternative forms

* 辱
* 耻

### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* shame
* embarrassment

#### Readings

* Go-on: ち (chi, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: ち (chi, Jōyō)
* Kun: はじ (haji, 恥, Jōyō)、はじる (hajiru, 恥じる, Jōyō)、はじらう (hajirau, 恥じらう, Jōyō)、はずかしい (hazukashii, 恥ずかしい, Jōyō)
* Nanori: はつる (hatsuru)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 恥
* はじ Grade: S
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 耻
Ultimately from Proto-Japonic *pantuy.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) はじ [hàjíꜜ] (Odaka –)
* IPA: [ha̠ʑi]

### Noun

恥(はじ) • (haji)
* shame
** 1948, Osamu Dazai, Ningen Shikkaku [No Longer Human]‎:
    恥(はじ)の多(おお)い生(しょう)涯(がい)を送(おく)って来(き)ました。
       Haji no ōi shōgai o okutte kimashita.
       I have lived a greatly shameful life.

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

恥 • (chi) (hangeul 치, revised chi, McCune–Reischauer ch'i, Yale chi)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

恥: Hán Nôm readings: xỉ, sỉ
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.