# sere
## English
### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /sɪə/
* Audio (Received Pronunciation):(file)
* (General American) IPA: /sɪ(ə)ɹ/
* Rhymes: -ɪə(ɹ)
* Homophone: seer

### Etymology 1

From Middle English ser, sere, seare, seer, seere, seir, seyr (“dry, withered; emaciated, shrivelled; brittle; bare; dead, lifeless; barren, useless”), from Old English sēar, sīere (“dry, withered; barren; sere”), from Proto-West Germanic *sauʀ(ī), from Proto-Germanic *sauzaz (“dry, parched”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂sews-, *sh₂ews- (“to be dry”).
Cognate with Dutch zoor (“dry and coarse”), Greek αὖος (aûos, “dry”), Lithuanian sausas (“dry”), Middle Low German sôr (Low German soor (“arid, dry”)), Old Church Slavonic соухъ (suχŭ, “dry”). Doublet of sear and sare.

#### Adjective

sere (comparative serer, superlative serest)
* (archaic or literary, poetic) Without moisture; dry.
    Synonyms: (Britain, archaic) sare, sear; see also Thesaurus:dry
** 1810, Walter Scott, “Canto III. The Gathering.”, in The Lady of the Lake; […], Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for John Ballantyne and Co.; London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, and William Miller, →OCLC, stanza XVI, page 118:The autumn winds rushing / Waft the leaves that are searest, / But our flower was in flushing, / When blighting was nearest.
** 1868, Henry Lonsdale, “The Græmes, Grames, or Grahams of the Borders”, in The Worthies of Cumberland. The Right Honourable Sir J[ames] R[obert] G[eorge] Graham, Bart. of Netherby, London: George Routledge & Sons, […], →OCLC, page 1:[T]he recitation of Border Minstrelsy, or a well-sung ballad, served to revive the sere and yellow leaf of age by their refreshing memories of the pleasurable past.
** 1905, Vernon Lee [pseudonym; Violet Paget], The Enchanted Woods and Other Essays on the Genius of Places, London, New York, N.Y.: John Lane, →OCLC, page 314:Perhaps it is the scant, delicate detail revealing finer lines, which thus turns corners of Tuscany into an imaginary Hellas. Or perhaps the mere sunny austerity of these rocky sere places, the twitter of birds telling of renewed life, suggesting what, to us, seem the homes of the world's happy youth.
** 1979, Pintíg: Sa Malamig Na Bakal: Lifepulse in Cold Steel: Poems and Letters from Philippine Prisons, Hong Kong: Resource Centre for Philippine Concerns, →OCLC, page 28:[…] a blighted land / More wasted, serer than before.
** 1984, Vernor Vinge, “The Peace War”, in Stanley Schmidt, editor, Analog Science Fiction and Fact, volume 104, New York, N.Y.: Davis Publications, →ISSN, →OCLC, chapter 37, page 47, column 2:Except for their crawlers, and a crow flickering past in the mist, nothing moved: the grass was sere and golden, the dirt beneath white and gravelly.
* (archaic or literary, poetic) Of thoughts, etc.: barren, fruitless.
** 1847, Edgar Allan Poe, Ulalume: A Ballad:Our talk had been serious and sober, But our thoughts they were palsied and sere— Our memories were treacherous and sere—
* (obsolete) Of fabrics: threadbare, worn out.
** 1797–1798 (date written), [Samuel Taylor Coleridge], “The Rime of the Ancyent Marinere”, in Lyrical Ballads, with a Few Other Poems, London: […] J[ohn] & A[rthur] Arch, […], published 1798, →OCLC, part V, page 27:The roaring wind! it roar'd far off, / It did not come anear; / But with its sound it shook the sails / That were so thin and sere.

##### Derived terms

* wood-sere

##### Translations
### Etymology 2

From Latin serere, present active infinitive of serō (“to entwine, interlace, link together; to join in a series, string together”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ser- (“to bind, tie together; to thread”).

#### Noun

sere (plural seres)
* (ecology) A natural succession of animal or plant communities in an ecosystem, especially a series of communities succeeding one another from the time a habitat is unoccupied to the point when a climax community is achieved. [from early 20th c.]
    Synonym: seral community
** 1980 August, Douglas C. Andersen, James A. MacMahon, Michael L. Wolfe, “Herbivorous Mammals along a Montane Sere: Community Structure and Energetics”, in Journal of Mammology‎, volume 61, number 3, Baltimore, Md.: American Society of Mammalogists, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 21 July 2018, page 501:We examined one of several seres found in the middle Rocky Mountains that progress from a subalpine or montane forb-dominated meadow to a climax forest dominated by Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii).
** 1988 December, Walter F. Mueggler, “Approach”, in Aspen Community Types of the Intermountain Region (General Technical Report; INT-250), Ogden, Ut.: Intermountain Research Station, Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, →OCLC, page 5, column 1:[C]ommunity types may represent either climax plant associations or successional communities within a sere.
** 2007, Thomas J. Stohlgren, “History and Background, Baggage and Direction”, in Measuring Plant Diversity: Lessons from the Field, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, part I (The Past and Present), page 31:[S]ome communities persisted as repeating early successional seres ("disclimaxes"), while climax communities could contain small areas of different sere communities.

##### Hyponyms

* hydrosere
* lithosere
* psammosere

##### Derived terms

* seral

##### Translations
### Etymology 3

From Old French serre (modern French serre (“talon”)), from serrer (“to grip tightly; to shut”) (modern French serrer (“to squeeze; to tighten”)), from Vulgar Latin serrāre (“to close, shut”), from Late Latin serāre, present active infinitive of serō (“to fasten with a bolt; to bar, bolt”), from sera (“bar for fastening doors”), from serō (“to bind or join together; entwine, interlace, interweave, plait”); see further at etymology 2.

#### Noun

sere (plural seres)
* (obsolete) A claw, a talon.
** [1611?], Homer, “Book XIX”, in Geo[rge] Chapman, transl., The Iliads of Homer Prince of Poets. […], London: […] Nathaniell Butter, →OCLC; republished as The Iliads of Homer, Prince of Poets, […], new edition, volume I, London: Charles Knight and Co., […], 1843, →OCLC, page 149:Her [Minerva's] seres struck through Achilles' tent, and closely she instill'd / Heaven's most-to-be-desired feast to his great breast, and fill'd / His sinews with that sweet supply, for fear unsavoury fast / Should creep into his knees.The spelling has been modernized.

### Etymology 4

From Middle English ser, sere, schere, seer, seere, seir, seyr, seyre (“different; diverse, various; distinct, individual; parted, separated; many, several”), from Old Norse sér (“for oneself; separately”, dative reflexive pronoun, literally “to oneself”), from sik (“oneself, myself, yourself, herself, himself; ourselves, yourselves, themselves”), from Proto-Germanic *sek (“oneself”), from Proto-Indo-European *swé (“self”). The English word is cognate with Danish sær (“singular”), især (“especially, particularly”), German sich (“oneself; herself, himself, itself; themselves”), Icelandic sig (“oneself; herself, himself, itself; themselves”), Latin sē (“herself, himself, itself; themselves”), Scots seir, Swedish sär (“particularly”).

#### Adjective

sere (comparative more sere, superlative most sere)
* (obsolete or British, dialectal) Individual, separate, set apart.
** 1544 (date written; published 1571), Roger Ascham, Toxophilus, the Schole, or Partitions, of Shooting. […], London: […] Thomas Marshe, →OCLC; republished in The English Works of Roger Ascham, […], London: […] R[obert] and J[ames] Dodsley, […], and J[ohn] Newbery, […], 1761, →OCLC, book 2, page 137:Therefore I have ſeene good ſhooters [archers] which would have for everye bowe a ſere caſe, made of wullen clothe, and then you maye putte three or four of them ſo caſed, into a lether caſe if you will.
* (obsolete or British, dialectal) Different; diverse.
** 1910, James Prior, “Bishoped Porridge”, in Fortuna Chance, London: Constable & Co. Ltd., →OCLC, page 316:Thou wert well-nee moidered [footnote: Distracted.] wi' me, I know, but it thou'd telled me, Mary, I mun do better or else we mun goo our sere-ways [footnote: Different ways.], belike I should a done better. I'm nobbut a mon, Mary, a lundy day-tale mon [footnote: Clumsy day-labourer.].

##### Alternative forms

* seer

##### Derived terms

* serely

### References

* ↑ “sēr(e, adj.(1)”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 28 April 2019.
* 1 2 “sere, sear, adj.$^1$”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1912; “sere$^1$, adj.”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
* ↑ “sere, n.$^2$”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986; “sere$^2$, n.”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
* ↑ “† sere, n.$^1$”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1912.
* ↑ “sẹ̄r(e, adj.(2)”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 28 April 2019.
* 1 2 “sere, adv. and adj.$^2$”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1912.

### Further reading

* sere (ecology) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

### Anagrams

* EERs, Erse, REEs, Rees, SEER, eres, rees, rese, seer

## Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈsɛrɛ]

### Verb

sere
* third-person singular present indicative of srát

## Friulian
### Etymology

From Late Latin sēra, from ellipsis of Latin sēra diēs, from sērus (“late”). Compare Italian sera, Venetan séra, Romansch saira, seira, Romanian seară, French soir.

### Noun

sere f (plural seris)
* evening

#### Derived terms

* buine sere

## Haitian Creole
### Etymology

From French serrer.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /seɣe/

### Verb

sere
* tighten, squeeze

### Adjective

sere
* tight

## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈse.re/
* Rhymes: -ere
* Hyphenation: sé‧re

### Noun

sere f
* plural of sera

### Anagrams

* erse, rese

## Latin
### Etymology 1

Form of the verb serō (“I sow or plant”).

#### Verb

sere
* second-person singular present active imperative of serō

### Etymology 2

Form of the verb serō (“I join or weave”).

#### Verb

sere
* second-person singular present active imperative of serō

### Etymology 3

Form of sērus.

#### Adjective

sēre
* vocative masculine singular of sērus

## Leonese
### Etymology

From Latin esse (“to be”). The present subjunctive is influenced by Latin sedeō (“sit”) (present infinitive sedēre).

### Verb

sere
* to be

#### Conjugation
### References

* AEDLL

## Middle Dutch
### Etymology

From Old Dutch sēro. Equivalent to sêer +‎ -e.

### Adverb

sêre
* strongly, very, to a great degree
* hard, forcefully
* fast, with speed

#### Descendants

* Dutch: zeer
* Limburgish: zieër

### Further reading

* “sere”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
* Verwijs, E., Verdam, J. (1885–1929) “sere”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN

## Middle English
### Etymology 1

From Old English sēar, from Proto-West Germanic *sauʀ(ī). Doublet of sor (“sorrel”).

#### Alternative forms

* seer, seere, seir, ser

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sɛːr/

#### Adjective

sere
* (especially referring to plants) dry, withered, shrunken, brittle
* (of thoughts, etc.) barren, fruitless

##### Descendants

* English: sear, sere, sare

##### References

* “sēr(e, adj.(1)”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 26 March 2018.

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Old Norse sér, dative of sik, from Proto-Germanic *siz, dative and instrumental of *sek, from Proto-Indo-European *swé (“self”).

#### Alternative forms

* schere, seer, seere, seir, ser, seyr, seyre

#### Pronunciation

* (adjective) IPA: /seːr/
* (adverb) IPA: /ˈseːr(ə)/

#### Adjective

sere
* Individual, separate, set apart.
* Different; diverse.
** 1430–1440, “XXII. The Smythis. The Temptation of Jesus.”, in Lucy Toulmin Smith, editor, York Plays: The Plays Performed by the Crafts or Mysteries of York on the Day of Corpus Christi in the 14th, 15th, and 16th Centuries: […] (overall work in Middle English), Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, published 1885, →OCLC, page 183, lines 151–156:Be-halde now, ser, and þou schalt see, / Sere kyngdomes and sere contre; / Alle þis wile I giffe to þe / for euer more, / And þou falle and honour me, / as I saide are.Behold now, sir, and thou shalt see, / Different kingdoms and different country; / All this will I give to thee / forever more, / And thou fall and honour me, / As I said ere.
* Numerous, many, copious.

##### Descendants

* English: sere

##### References

* “sẹ̄r(e, adj.(2)”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 28 April 2019.

#### Adverb

sere
* Separately, severally.
** 1430–1440, “II. Playsterers. The Creation, to the Fifth Day.”, in Lucy Toulmin Smith, editor, York Plays: The Plays Performed by the Crafts or Mysteries of York on the Day of Corpus Christi in the 14th, 15th, and 16th Centuries: […] (overall work in Middle English), Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, published 1885, →OCLC, page 9, lines 17–20:Þe water I will set / to flowe bothe fare and nere, / And þhan þe firmament, / in mydis to set þame sere.The water I will set / to flow both far and near, / And then the firmament, / in their midst to set them separately.

##### References

* “sẹ̄re, adv.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 10 August 2019.

### Etymology 3
#### Adjective

sere
* Alternative form of sure

## Northern Kurdish
### Etymology

From *serde, from Proto-Iranian *carHdáh (> sal (“year”)) + -e (“noun forming suffix”). Compare salî (“old, aged”), used when asking how old.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sɛˈɾɛ/

### Adjective

sere (Arabic spelling سەرە)
* (of people) old, aged, elderly, senior
    Synonyms: kal, mezin, pîr
    Antonyms: cahil, ciwan, naşî, xort

### References

* Chyet, Michael L. (2020) “sere”, in Ferhenga Birûskî: Kurmanji–English Dictionary (Language Series; 2), volume 2, London: Transnational Press, page 236

## Shona
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Adjective

-séré
* eight

#### Inflection
## Turkish
### Alternative forms

* sele

### Noun

sere (definite accusative sereyi, plural sereler)
* (informal) a measure of distance, being the span, when spreading one’s fingers, from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the index finger.

### References

* “sere”, in Turkish dictionaries, Türk Dil Kurumu

## Zazaki
### Etymology

Related to Persian سر (sar).

### Noun

sere
* (anatomy) head