# caballus
## Latin
### Etymology

Uncertain; often cited as borrowed from Gaulish *kaballos, from Proto-Celtic *kaballos, perhaps ultimately an Asiatic borrowing or Wanderwort, compare Ancient Greek καβάλλης (kabállēs, “nag”), Proto-Slavic *kobýla (“mare”), Persian کول (kaval, “second class horse of mixed blood”), and possibly Karakhanid kevel (at) (“well-bred fast (horse)”).
Alternatively, borrowed alongside Greek from Proto-Iranian *kabah, *kabalah, compare Khotanese [script needed] (kabä, “horse”), Persian کول (kaval), and possibly cognate with Latin cabō (“gelding”), perhaps ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kebʰ- (“worn-out horse, nag”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /kaˈbal.lus/, [käˈbälːʲʊs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /kaˈbal.lus/, [käˈbälːus]

### Noun

caballus m (genitive caballī); second declension
* pack-horse, jade, hack
* (Old Latin, Classical Latin, Late Latin) nag

#### Usage notes

* In Classical Latin, the word equus is used for a horse, and caballus is used only by poets. It is only later, in Vulgar and Late Latin, that caballus appears in prose.

#### Declension

Second-declension noun.

#### Derived terms

* caballa
* caballārius
* caballātiō
* caballicō
* caballinus
* caballiō
* cavallus

#### Descendants

* Balkan Romance:
** Aromanian: cal
** Istro-Romanian: co
** Megleno-Romanian: cal
** Romanian: cal
* Dalmatian:
** cavul
* Italo-Romance:
** Corsican: cavaddu, cavallu
    Gallurese: cabaddu, caddu
** Italian: cavallo
*** → Alemannic German: Kawall
*** → Greek: καβάλος (kaválos)
** Sicilian: cavaḍḍu
* Insular Romance:
** Sardinian: cabaddu, cavaddu, covaddu, caaddu, caddu, caddu, cuaddu
* North Italian:
** Gallo-Italic:
*** Emilian: cavàl
*** Ligurian: cavallo
*** Old Lombard: cavel
**** Lombard: càal
*** Old Piedmontese: cavèu
**** Piedmontese: caval
*** Romagnol: cavàl, caval
** Friulian: cjaval, čhaval (alternative orthography)
** Istriot: caval
** Ladin: ciaval
** Romansch: chaval, cavagl, tgavagl, tgaval, chavagl
** Venetan: cavało ⇒ cavałeto
*** → Greek: καβάλα (kavála), καβαλέτο (kavaléto)
* Gallo-Romance:
** Franco-Provençal: chevâl
** Old French: cheval (see there for further descendants)
* Occitano-Romance:
** Catalan: cavall
** Gascon: cavalh, cavath
** Occitan: caval
* Ibero-Romance:
** Aragonese: cavallo, cavall
** Extremaduran: cavallu
** Old Leonese: [Term?]
*** Asturian: caballu
*** Leonese: caballu, cabalu
*** Mirandese: cabalho
** Old Galician-Portuguese: cavalo
*** Fala: cabalu
*** Galician: cabalo
*** Portuguese: cavalo (see there for further descendants)
** Old Spanish: cavallo
*** Ladino: kavayo
*** Spanish: caballo (see there for further descendants)
* Borrowings:
** → Proto-Albanian: *kəβal
*** Albanian: kalë

### References

* ↑ Delamarre, Xavier (2003) “caballos”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 96
* ↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “6l1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page καβάλλης
* ↑ Sakhno, Serguei (2017–2018) “Chapter XIII: Slavic”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Slavic, page 1582
* ↑ Simon, Zsolt (2005) “Die Etymologie von caballus”, in Calboli, Gualtiero, editor, Latina Lingua! Proceedings of the Twelfth International Colloquium on Latin Linguistics (Bologna, 9-14 June 2003), Roma, pages 405-416
* ↑ Hyllested, Adam (2014) Word Exchange at the Gates of Europe: Five Millennia of Language Contact (PhD. dissertation)‎, Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen, pages 91-97
* ↑ “caballus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* ↑ “caballus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* ↑ caballus in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* ↑ caballus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.