# 酵

| 酵 | U+9175, &#37237; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9175 |
| ← 酴 [U+9174] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 酶 → [U+9176] |

## Translingual
### Han character

酵 (Kangxi radical 164, 酉+7, 14 strokes, cangjie input 一田十大木 (MWJKD), four-corner 1464$_7$, composition ⿰酉孝)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1283, character 12
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 39868
* Dae Jaweon: page 1783, character 8
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3582, character 8
* Unihan data for U+9175

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 酵 | *kruːs |
| 窙 | *qʰruː |
| 哮 | *qʰruː, *qʰruːs |
| 庨 | *qʰruː |
| 涍 | *qʰruː, *qʰruːs |
| 孝 | *qʰruːs |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kruːs) : semantic 酉 + phonetic 孝 (OC *qʰruːs) – fermenting in a vessel, making alcoholic drink. 孝 is composed of “young + old”, hence connotations of “aging (in a vase), fermentation”.

### Etymology

In some lects, the pronunciation of 酵 (jiào) is the same as that of 孝 (xiào). This is the result of dubanbian (讀半邊／读半边 (dúbànbiān)).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jiào, xiào
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄠˋ, ㄒㄧㄠˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): haau$^1$ / gaau$^3$ / haau$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kau
    (Meixian, Guangdong): gau$^4$
* Eastern Min (BUC): háu
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kàu / kàⁿ / hàu
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gan$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$ciau; $^5$shiau; $^5$kau
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiào
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄠˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jiào
*** Wade–Giles: chiao$^4$
*** Yale: jyàu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiaw
*** Palladius: цзяо (czjao)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan; variant in Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiào
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄠˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: siào
*** Wade–Giles: hsiao$^4$
*** Yale: syàu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiaw
*** Palladius: сяо (sjao)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: haau$^1$ / gaau$^3$ / haau$^3$
*** Yale: hāau / gaau / haau
*** Cantonese Pinyin: haau$^1$ / gaau$^3$ / haau$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hao$^1$ / gao$^3$ / hao$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /haːu̯⁵⁵/, /kaːu̯³³/, /haːu̯³³/
* haau1 - most common pronunciation;
* gaau3 - prescribed pronunciation;
* haau3 - variant.
* Middle Chinese: kaewH
Rime :
| Character | 酵 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 肴 (90) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 古孝切 |
| Baxter | kaewH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠau$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kᵚau$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kau$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kaɨw$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kau$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kau$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kau$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiào |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gaau$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*kruːs/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 酵 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 13766 |
| Phonetic component | 孝 |
| Rime group | 幽 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 敎 |
| Old Chinese | /*kruːs/ |

### Definitions

酵
* yeast
* to yeast
* (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) dough with yeast

#### Compounds

* 木瓜酵素 (mùguā jiàosù)
* 發酵 / 发酵 (fājiào)
* 發酵乳 / 发酵乳 (fājiàorǔ)
* 發酵乳酸 / 发酵乳酸
* 糖酵解 (tángjiàojiě)
* 酵母 (jiàomǔ)
* 酵母菌
* 酵素 (jiàosù)
* 酵素毒
* 醱酵 / 酦酵 (fājiào)
* 醱酵乳 / 酦酵乳

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: きょう (kyō)
* Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
* Kun: もと (moto, 酵)

#### Compounds

* 酵素(こうそ) (kōso)
* 酵母(こうぼ) (kōbo)
* 発酵(はっこう) (hakkō)
* 醗酵(はっこう) (hakkō)

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 酵 (MC kaewH). The original reading is 교 (gyo); the prominently-used 효 (hyo) is from a corrupted or unorthodox reading.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 교〯 (kyǒ) (Yale: kyǒ) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ço(ː)] ~ [kjo(ː)]
* Phonetic hangul: [효(ː)/교(ː)]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Hanja

Wikisource 酵 (eumhun 삭힐 효 (sakhil hyo)), 酵 (eumhun 삭힐 교 (sakhil gyo))
* hanja form of 효 (“yeast”)

#### Compounds

* 무교병 (無酵餠, mugyobyeong)
* 발효 (醱酵, balhyo)
* 효모 (酵母, hyomo)
* 효소 (酵素, hyoso)
* 효소학 (酵素學, hyosohak)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

酵: Hán Nôm readings: diếu, giếu, dáo, giáo
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.