# -d
## English
### Suffix

-d
* Alternative form of -ed now only standard with words which end in -e, but historically permissable in all the same places as -ed.
    bone → boned, pirouette → pirouetted, learn → learnd
* An empty suffix, perhaps derived from the past-tense suffix above, added in some dialects to the present tense forms of some words which then add an additional -ed in the past tense.
    damn → damnd (→ damnded), drown → drownd (→ drownded)
* Marks ordinals written in digits when the final term of the spelled number is "second" or "third"
    2d grade; 23d century

#### Synonyms

* (marking ordinals ending with "second"): -nd
* (marking ordinals ending with "third"): -rd

## Estonian
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *-t, from Proto-Uralic *-t.

### Suffix

-d
* (case suffix) Forms the nominative and accusative plural.
    ‎elu (“life”) + ‎-d → ‎elud (“lives”)

## Faroese
### Etymology

From Old Norse -d, -ð, from Proto-Germanic *-iþō.

### Suffix

-d f (genitive -dar, plural -dir)
* -th, -ness

#### Derived terms
## Fula
### Affix

-d
* (Pulaar) indicates that the action is performed with someone or something
    ‎haalde (“to say, speak”) + ‎-d → ‎haaldude (“to talk to each other, negotiate, transact”)

#### Usage notes

* placed between the verb stem and the ending

### References

* M. Niang, Pulaar-English English-Pulaar Standard Dictionary, New York: Hippocrene Books, 1997.

## Hungarian
### Etymology 1

From the *mtᴕ̈ second-person personal pronoun of the ancestor language after it was appended to the base word.

#### Suffix

-d
* (possessive suffix) your (second-person singular informal, single possession)
    hajó (“boat”) → a hajód (“your boat”)
    kocsi (“car”) → a kocsid (“your car”)
    palota (“palace”) → a palotád (“your palace”)
    érme (“coin”) → az érméd (“your coin”)
* (personal suffix) Second-person singular personal suffix:
** Definite forms of transitive verbs (followed by a linking vowel in indicative present/past and subjunctive moods; with no linking vowel in conditional mood).
    ‎tud (“to know”) → ‎tudod, tudtad, tudjad, tudnád (“you know / knew / should know / would know it”)
    ‎kér (“to ask [for sth]”) → ‎kéred, kérted, kérjed, kérnéd (“you ask / asked / should ask / would ask for it”)
** Combined form of a covert (∅) allophone of -j (subjunctive suffix) and the regular suffix -(a/e)d (above), marking the short form of the above person of the definite subjunctive (attached directly to a verb stem).
    ‎tud + ‎-d → ‎tudd (= tudjad (“you should know it”)
    ‎kér + ‎-d → ‎kérd (= kérjed) (“you should ask for it”)
** Forming conjugated infinitives (here: “for you to do sth”).
    ‎tanulni (“to study”) + ‎-d → ‎tanulnod kell (“you need to study”, literally “for_you_to_study is_necessary”)
    Csak kérned kell. ― All you have to do is ask [for it]. (literally, “only for_you_to_ask is_necessary”)
** Declined and postpositional forms of the second-person personal pronoun te (“you”).
    ‎-ban/-ben (“in”) + ‎-d → ‎benned (“in you”)
    ‎elé (“in front of”) + ‎-d → ‎eléd (“in front of you”)

##### Usage notes

* (possessive suffix) Variants:
    -d is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.
    -ad is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -od is added to the other back-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -ed is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -öd is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant
* (personal suffix) See variants in the table below.
| Person | Person | Back vowel | Front vowel |
| én | 1st person singular | -jam | -jem |
| te | 2nd person singular | -d | -d |
| te | long form | -jad | -jed |
| ő maga / ön | 3rd person singular | -ja | -je |
| mi | 1st person plural | -juk | -jük |
| ti | 2nd person plural | -játok | -jétek |
| ők maguk / önök | 3rd person plural | -ják | -jék |
| See also: present-tense indefinite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing. ||||
| Verb ending | Assimilation rules of -j | Assimilation rules of -j | Assimilation rules of -j |
| s sz z dz | The -j assimilates to the verb ending:   keres →‎ keress   metsz →‎ metssz   hoz →‎ hozz   edz →‎ eddz (No change in the short -d form of 2nd-person singular definite: keresd, metszd, hozd, edzd.) | The -j assimilates to the verb ending:   keres →‎ keress   metsz →‎ metssz   hoz →‎ hozz   edz →‎ eddz (No change in the short -d form of 2nd-person singular definite: keresd, metszd, hozd, edzd.) | The -j assimilates to the verb ending:   keres →‎ keress   metsz →‎ metssz   hoz →‎ hozz   edz →‎ eddz (No change in the short -d form of 2nd-person singular definite: keresd, metszd, hozd, edzd.) |
| st szt | The -t is removed, the -j assimilates to the -s, -sz:   fest →‎ fess   fáraszt →‎ fárassz Short -d forms: fesd, fáraszd. | The -t is removed, the -j assimilates to the -s, -sz:   fest →‎ fess   fáraszt →‎ fárassz Short -d forms: fesd, fáraszd. | The -t is removed, the -j assimilates to the -s, -sz:   fest →‎ fess   fáraszt →‎ fárassz Short -d forms: fesd, fáraszd. |
| long vowel + t or consonant + t | The -j becomes -s:   segít →‎ segíts   bont →‎ bonts Exceptions: bocsát → bocsáss, lát → láss Short -d forms: segítsd, bontsd; lásd, bocsásd. | The -j becomes -s:   segít →‎ segíts   bont →‎ bonts Exceptions: bocsát → bocsáss, lát → láss Short -d forms: segítsd, bontsd; lásd, bocsásd. | The -j becomes -s:   segít →‎ segíts   bont →‎ bonts Exceptions: bocsát → bocsáss, lát → láss Short -d forms: segítsd, bontsd; lásd, bocsásd. |
| short vowel + t | Both the stem-final -t and the -j become -s:   mutat → mutass, szeret → szeress Short -d forms: mutasd, szeresd. | Both the stem-final -t and the -j become -s:   mutat → mutass, szeret → szeress Short -d forms: mutasd, szeresd. | Both the stem-final -t and the -j become -s:   mutat → mutass, szeret → szeress Short -d forms: mutasd, szeresd. |

### Etymology 2

It can be traced back to Proto-Finno-Ugric *-nt.

#### Suffix

-d
* (noun-forming suffix) Originally, it was probably a diminutive suffix. In this sense, it is no longer productive. It can be found in place names, given names, and a few other words.
    apró (“tiny”) → apród (“page boy”)
    gyenge (“weak”) → gyengéd (“gentle”)
    Árpád (“a male given name”)
* (verb-forming suffix) A frequentative suffix or denoting the beginning of a process.
    -dék
    imád
    szenved
* (fraction-forming suffix) Added to a cardinal number to form a fraction. It is used with a linking vowel, see -ad, -od, -ed, -öd.
    száz (“hundred”) → század (“hundredth”)

##### Derived terms
### See also

* Category:Hungarian noun forms
* Appendix:Hungarian possessive suffixes

### References

* ↑ -d in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)

## Lushootseed
### Suffix

-d
* denotes an action performed on someone or something else (transitive suffix; allows for a direct complement patient, creating a patient-oriented verb)

## Middle English
### Etymology 1
#### Suffix

-d
* Alternative form of -th

### Etymology 2
#### Suffix

-d
* Alternative form of -the (ordinal suffix)

## Ojibwe
### Final

-d
* act on

#### Derived terms

* apakwaadan

#### See also

* -aad
* -N

#### References

* The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/d-final

### Suffix

-d
* A suffix denoting the third-person singular conjunct form of an animate intransitive verb (vai)
* A suffix denoting the third-person singular conjunct form of an animate intransitive verb with an object (vai+o)
* A suffix denoting the third-person singular conjunct form of a Type 3 inanimate transitive verb (vti3)
* A suffix denoting the third-person singular to first-person singular conjunct form of a transitive animate verb (vta) with Cw ending

#### See also

* -ang
* -id
* -k
* -ng
* -ood

## Swedish
### Suffix

-d
* Suffix to form the past participle of weakly inflected verbs, to be used when the corresponding participle belongs with a common noun in indefinite singular form.

#### See also

* -t
* -de