# 朝臣
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): cháochén
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄠˊ ㄔㄣˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ciu$^4$ san$^4$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): tiâu-sîn
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: cháochén
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄠˊ ㄔㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cháochén
*** Wade–Giles: chʻao$^2$-chʻên$^2$
*** Yale: cháu-chén
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chaurchern
*** Palladius: чаочэнь (čaočɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰən³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ciu$^4$ san$^4$
*** Yale: chìuh sàhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsiu$^4$ san$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: qiu$^4$ sen$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ sɐn²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiâu-sîn
*** Tâi-lô: tiâu-sîn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: diausiin
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tiau²⁴⁻²² sin²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tiau²⁴⁻²² sin²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tiau¹³⁻²² sin¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tiau²⁴⁻¹¹ sin²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiau²³⁻³³ sin²³/
* Middle Chinese: drjew dzyin
Rime :
| Character | 朝 | 臣 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 澄 (11) | 常 (25) |
| Final (韻) | 宵 (92) | 眞 (43) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 直遙切 | 植鄰切 |
| Baxter | drjew | dzyin |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɖˠiᴇu/ | /d͡ʑiɪn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɖᵚiɛu/ | /d͡ʑin/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȡiæu/ | /d͡ʑjen/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɖiaw/ | /d͡ʑin/ |
| Li Rong | /ȡjɛu/ | /ʑiĕn/ |
| Wang Li | /ȡĭɛu/ | /ʑĭĕn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȡʱi̯ɛu/ | /ʑi̯ĕn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | cháo | chén |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ciu$^4$ | san$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*m-t<r>aw [ɡ]i[ŋ]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ʔr'ew ɡiŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 朝 | 臣 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | cháo | chén |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ drjew › | ‹ dzyin › |
| Old Chinese | /*m-t<r>aw/ | /*[ɡ]i[ŋ]/ |
| English | (morning) audience at court | slave, subject |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 朝 | 臣 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 1307 | 1342 |
| Phonetic component | 朝 | 臣 |
| Rime group | 宵 | 眞 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 朝 | 辰 |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔr'ew/ | /*ɡiŋ/ |
| Notes | 甲文作日月同在草中表清晨， 非舟聲 | 甲文臧象以戈刺目爲奴， 省戈表不刺者則爲臣， 專指役使於家內者 |

### Noun

朝臣
* courtier (attendant at a royal court); minister
    From: Guanzi, 5th century BCE to 220 CE
    Rúcǐ zhě, fēi cháochén shào yě, zhòng bù wèi yòng yě. [Pinyin]
    [When] matters are such, it is not that the courtiers are few; rather, they are many but of no use.
    From: 《龍灣書事》, by King Seonjo of Korea, 1592
    Tonggok gwansan wol, sangsim Ap su pung. Josin geumil hu, sang ga gaeng seo dong? [Sino-Korean]
    Wailing at the moon by the mountains and passes, grieving by the winds of the Yalu—ministers, after today, can you still dispute over "West" and "East"?

#### Synonyms

* 廷臣 (tíngchén)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 朝臣(ちょうしん) (chōshin)
* → Korean: 조신(朝臣) (josin)
* → Vietnamese: triều thần (朝臣)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 朝 | 臣 |
| あさ > あそ Grade: 2 | おみ > ん Grade: 4 |
| kun'yomi ||
⟨aso$_2$mi$_1$⟩ → */asəmʲɨ/ → */asomʉ/ → /asoɴ/
Shift from asomi below, Old Japanese aso$_2$mi$_1$.
The alternative readings are later-period shifts of the ason spelling.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) あそん [áꜜsòǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [a̠sõ̞ɴ]

#### Noun

朝(あそ)臣(ん) or 朝臣(あそう) or 朝臣(あっそん) • (ason or asō or asson)
* (historical) the second-highest of the 八色の姓 (Yakusa no Kabane, “eight hereditary titles promulgated by Emperor Tenmu”) [from 675 CE]
* (historical) a title given to powerful courtiers and members of the imperial family up to the fourth rank [since the Heian period]

##### Derived terms

* 隆(たか)信(のぶ)朝臣(あそん)集(しゅう) (Takanobu Ason-shū)
* 名(な)朝臣(あそん) (na ason), 名(な)の朝臣(あそん) (na no ason)
* 名(な)乗(の)り朝臣(あそん) (nanori ason)

#### Pronoun

朝(あそ)臣(ん) • (ason)
* (archaic) second-person pronoun used as a form of mutual respect among courtiers, equivalent to あなた (anata) or 君 (kimi)

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 朝 | 臣 |
| あさ > あそ Grade: 2 | おみ > み Grade: 4 |
| kun'yomi ||
⟨asa omi$_1$⟩ → ⟨aso$_2$mi$_1$⟩ → */asəmʲɨ/ → /asomi/
From Old Japanese.
Orthographic borrowing from Middle Chinese 朝臣 (MC drjew dzyin), equivalent to 朝 (asa, kun-reading of chō, “court”) +‎ 臣 (omi, “attendant, retainer”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) あそみ [áꜜsòmì] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [a̠so̞mʲi]

#### Noun

朝(あそ)臣(み) • (asomi)
* (historical) the second-highest of the 八色の姓 (Yakusa no Kabane, “eight hereditary titles promulgated by Emperor Tenmu”) [from 675 CE]
* (historical) a title given to powerful courtiers and members of the imperial family up to the fourth rank [since the Heian period]

##### Coordinate terms

* 八色(やくさ)の姓(かばね) (Yakusa no Kabane): 真(ま)人(ひと) (mahito), 朝臣(あそみ) (asomi), 宿(すく)禰(ね) (sukune), 忌寸(いみき) (imiki), 道(みちの)師(し) (michinoshi), 臣(おみ) (omi), 連(むらじ) (muraji), 稲置(いなぎ) (inagi)

##### Derived terms

* 名(みょう)字(じ)朝臣(あそみ) (myōji asomi)

### Etymology 3

Kanji in this term :
| 朝 | 臣 |
| ちょう Grade: 2 | しん Grade: 4 |
| kan'on ||
/teu ɕin/ → /t͡seuɕin/ → /t͡ɕoːɕin/
From Middle Chinese 朝臣 (MC drjew dzyin).
Compare modern Mandarin 朝臣 (cháochén).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ちょーしん [chòóshíń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [t͡ɕo̞ːɕĩɴ]

#### Noun

朝(ちょう)臣(しん) • (chōshin)
* a courtier (attendant at a royal court)
    Synonym: 廷臣 (teishin)

##### See also

* 朝(ちょう)廷(てい) (chōtei)

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 4 5 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Old Japanese
### Etymology 1

⟨asa omi$_1$⟩ → ⟨aso$_2$mi$_1$⟩
Orthographic borrowing from Middle Chinese 朝臣 (MC drjew dzyin), equivalent to 朝 (asa, kun-reading of teu, “court”) +‎ 臣 (omi$_1$, “attendant, retainer”).

#### Noun

朝臣 (aso$_2$mi$_1$) (kana あそみ)
* (historical) the second-highest of the 八色の姓 (Yakusa no Kabane, “eight hereditary titles promulgated by Emperor Tenmu”)

##### Descendants

* Japanese: 朝臣 (あそみ, asomi, あそん, ason)

### Etymology 2

Short-form of aso$_2$mi$_1$ above.

#### Noun

朝臣 (aso$_2$) (kana あそ)
* (historical) the second-highest of the 八色の姓 (Yakusa no Kabane, “eight hereditary titles promulgated by Emperor Tenmu”)
** 711–712, Kojiki, poem 71:多麻岐波流宇知能阿曾那許曾波余能那賀比登蘇良美都夜麻登能久迩爾加里古牟登岐久夜tama ki$_1$paru uti no$_2$ aso$_2$ na ko$_2$so$_2$ pa yo$_2$ no$_2$ nagapi$_1$to$_2$ so$_1$ra mi$_1$tu Yamato$_2$-no$_2$-kuni ni kari ko$_1$mu to$_2$ ki$_1$ku ya(please add an English translation of this quotation)

##### Derived terms

* 内の朝臣 (uti no$_2$ aso$_2$, “minister of the interior”)