# thew
## English
### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /θjuː/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* (General American) IPA: /θ(j)u/
* Rhymes: -uː

### Etymology 1

From Middle English theu, thew (“way of behaving towards others, bearing, manners; habit, practice; good manners, courtesy; characteristic act; characteristic, trait; custom, tradition; established rule, ordinance; injunction; moral character; (in the plural) set of moral principles, morals; moral quality, virtue or vice; might, power, strength”) [and other forms] (often in the plural form theus, thewes), from Old English þēaw (“general practice of a community, custom, usage; mode of conduct, behaviour, manner; (in the plural) customs, virtue”) [and other forms], from Proto-West Germanic *þauw, from Proto-Germanic *þawwaz (“custom; habit”); further etymology uncertain, tentatively identified by the Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen (Etymological Dictionary of Old High German) as a reflex of an s-less variant of Proto-Indo-European *(s)tāu-, *(s)te- (“to stand; to place”), from *steh₂- (“to stand (up)”).
* Old Frisian thāw
* Old High German dau, thau (“coercion; discipline; tuition”)
* Old Saxon thau (“custom, usage; habit”)

#### Noun

thew (plural thews)
* (archaic, chiefly in the plural, also figuratively)
** An attractive physical attribute; also, physical, mental, or moral strength or vigour.
*** 1850, [Alfred, Lord Tennyson], In Memoriam, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC, Canto CI, page 157:I felt the thews of Anakim, / The pulses of a Titan's heart.
** An aspect of the body which indicates physical strength; hence, muscle and/or sinew; muscular development.
*** c. 1596–1599 (date written), William Shakespeare, The Second Part of Henrie the Fourth, […], quarto edition, London: […] V[alentine] S[immes] for Andrew Wise, and William Aspley, published 1600, →OCLC,:[C]are I for the limbe, the thevves, the ſtature, bulke and big aſſemblance of a man: giue me the ſpirit […]
*** 1599 (first performance), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Iulius Cæsar”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iii], page 113, column 1:[…] Romans novv / Haue Thevves, and Limbes, like to their Anceſtors; / But vvoe the vvhile, our Fathers mindes are dead, / And vve are gouern'd vvith our Mothers ſpirits, / Our yoake, and ſufferance, ſhevv vs VVomaniſh.
*** c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, The Tragicall Historie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke: […] (Second Quarto), London: […] I[ames] R[oberts] for N[icholas] L[ing] […], published 1604, →OCLC,:For nature creſſant does not grovve alone / In thevvs and bulkes, but as this temple vvaxes, / The invvard ſervice of the minde and ſoule / Grovves vvide vvithal, […]For a human being's vital functions, increasing, do not grow alone / In physical development and bulk, but as this "temple" [i.e., the body] waxes, / The inward operation of the mind and soul / Grows wide with them, […]
*** 1791, Homer, “[The Odyssey.] Book XVII.”, in W[illiam] Cowper, transl., The Iliad and Odyssey of Homer, Translated into Blank Verse, […], volume II, London: […] J[oseph] Johnson, […], →OCLC, page 397, lines 269–272:Would'ſt thou afford him to me for a guard / Or ſweeper of my ſtalls, or to ſupply / My kids with leaves, he ſhould on bulkier thewes / Supported ſtand, though nouriſh'd but with whey.
*** 1817 December 31 (indicated as 1818), [Walter Scott], chapter III, in Rob Roy. […], volume I, Edinburgh: […] James Ballantyne and Co. for Archibald Constable and Co. […]; London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, →OCLC, page 60:[M]y fellow traveller, to judge by his thewes and sinews, was a man who might have set danger at defiance with as much impunity as most men. He was strong, and well-built; and, judging from his gold-laced hat and cockade, seemed to have served in the army, or, at least, to belong to the military profession in one capacity or other.
*** 1843, Edward Bulwer[-]Lytton, “Master Marmaduke Nevile Fears for the Spiritual Weal of His Host and Hostess”, in The Last of the Barons, London; New York, N.Y.: George Routledge and Sons […], →OCLC, book III (In which the History Passes from the King’s Court to the Student’s Cell, […]), page 100:[T]hou hast some days yet to rest here and grow stout, for I would not have thee present thyself with a visage of chalk to a man who values his kind mainly by their thews and their sinews.
*** 1851 November 14, Herman Melville, “The Ship”, in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers; London: Richard Bentley, →OCLC, page 77:All round, her unpanelled, open bulwarks were garnished like one continuous jaw, with the long sharp teeth of the sperm whale, inserted there for pins, to fasten her old hempen thews and tendons to. Those thews ran not through base blocks of land wood, but deftly travelled over sheaves of sea-ivory.Used figuratively to refer to ropes.
*** 1856, Walt Whitman, “Song of the Open Road”, in Leaves of Grass […], Philadelphia, Pa.: David McKay, publisher, […], published 1892, →OCLC, stanza 10, page 125:He traveling with me needs the best blood, thews, endurance, / None may come to the trial till he or she bring courage and health, / Come not here if you have already spent the best of yourself, / Only those may come who come in sweet and determin'd bodies, / No diseas'd person, no rum-drinker or venereal taint is permitted here.
*** c. 1863, Emily Dickinson, “[Part 5: The Single Hound] XXXV”, in Martha Dickinson Bianchi and Alfred Leete Hampson, editors, The Poems of Emily Dickinson, centenary edition, Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, and Company, published November 1930, →OCLC, page 234:Still, clad in your mail of ices, / Thigh of granite and thew of steel— / Heedless, alike, of pomp or parting, / Ah, Teneriffe! / I'm kneeling still.
*** 1875–1876, Gerard Manley Hopkins, “The Wreck of the Deutschland”, in Robert Bridges, editor, Poems of Gerard Manley Hopkins: Now First Published […], London: Humphrey Milford, published 1918, →OCLC, stanza 16, page 16:He was pitched to his death at a blow, / For all his dreadnought breast and braids of thew: […]
*** 1896, A[lfred] E[dward] Housman, “[Poem] IV: Reveille”, in A Shropshire Lad, New York, N.Y.: John Lane Company, The Bodley Head, published 1906, →OCLC, stanza 5, page 7:Up, lad: thews that lie and cumber / Sunlit pallets never thrive; / Morns abed and daylight slumber / Were not meant for man alive.
*** 1927 April 28, P[elham] G[renville] Wodehouse, chapter 16, in The Small Bachelor, 13th edition, London: Methuen & Co. […], published 1950, →OCLC, § 1, page 202:As a rule, the Purple Chicken [a restaurant] catered for the intelligentsia of the neighbourhood, and these did not run to thews and sinews. On most nights in the week you would find the tables occupied by wispy poets and slender futurist painters, […]
*** 1960 March 16, Thomas Pynchon, “Low-lands”, in Slow Learner: Early Stories, Boston, Mass., Toronto, Ont.: Little, Brown and Company, published 1984, →ISBN, pages 59–60:A peculiar double of his was sole inhabitant in this tilt of memory: Fortune’s elf child and disinherited darling, young and randy and more a Jolly Jack Tar than anyone human could conceivably be; thews and chin taut against a sixty-knot gale with a well-broken-in briar clenched in the bright defiant teeth; […]
*** 1998 November 2, Byron Roberts, Jonny Maudling, Chris Maudling (lyrics and music), “A Tale from the Deep Woods”, in Battle Magic, performed by Bal-Sagoth:Litha's moon gleams high o'er the tallest oak, / Ancient king in this sylvan court of elm, ash and yew. / The wood-spirits watch from gnarled bough and bole, / As I pull two Mercian shafts from my bloodied thews.
* (obsolete, chiefly in the plural)
** A way of behaving; hence, a characteristic, a trait.
*** 1596, Edmund Spenser, “Book IV, Canto IX”, in The Faerie Queene. […], part II (books IV–VI), London: […] [Richard Field] for William Ponsonby, →OCLC, stanza 14, page 131:He with good thevves and ſpeaches vvell applyde, / Did mollifie, and calme her raging heat.
*** 1805, Robert Southey, “Canto XVIII”, in Madoc, London: […] [F]or Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, and A[rchibald] Constable and Co, […], by James Ballantyne, […], →OCLC, part II (Madoc in Aztlan), page 362:A man of proof / Was Urien in his day; thought worthiest, / In martial thewes and manly discipline, / To train the sons of Owen.
** (specifically) A good characteristic or habit; a virtue.
*** [1575, George Gascoigne, Certayne Notes of Instruction. Concerning the Making of Verse or Ryme in English, […]; reprinted in Edward Arber, editor, 1. Certayne Notes of Instruction in English Verse. 1575. […] (English Reprints; vol. 3, no. 11), large paper edition, London: J. & W. Rider, 1869 October 1, →OCLC, paragraph 12, page 37:This poeticall licence is a ſhrewde fellow, and couereth many faults in a verſe, […] and to conclude it turkeneth all things at pleaſure, for example, ydone for done, adowne for downe, orecome for ouercome, tane for taken, power for powre, heauen for heavn, thewes for good partes or good qualities, and a numbre of whiche were but tedious and needleſſe to rehearſe, ſince your owne iudgement and readyng will ſoone make you eſpie ſuch aduantages.]

##### Derived terms

* thewful (obsolete)
* thewless
* thewness
* thewsome
* thewy

##### Translations
### Etymology 2

From Middle English theuen, thewe (“to instruct in morals or values; to teach, train”) [and other forms], from theu, thew (noun) (see etymology 1) + -en (suffix forming the infinitives of verbs).

#### Verb

thew (third-person singular simple present thews, present participle thewing, simple past and past participle thewed)
* (transitive, obsolete) To instruct (someone) in morals or values; also (more generally) to chastise or discipline (someone); to teach or train (someone).

##### Derived terms

* thewed (adjective)
* thewedly (obsolete, rare)

### References

* ↑ “theu, n.(1)”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
* ↑ “thew, n.$^1$”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, September 2021; “thew, n.”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
* ↑ Lloyd, Albert L., Lühr, Rosemarie (1998) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen (in German), volumes II: bî – ezzo, Göttingen/Zürich: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, →ISBN, page 741
* ↑ “theuen, v.(1)”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
* ↑ “-en, suf.(3)”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
* ↑ Compare “† thew, v.”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, June 2021.

### Further reading

* thew (disambiguation) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

### Anagrams

* whet

## Middle English
### Noun

thew (plural thewes)
* aspect, trait, thew
** c. 1374–1385 (date written)​, Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “The House of Fame. The Thyrde Boke.”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC, folio cccxiiii, verso, column 1:To tel al the tale a ryght / We ben ſhrewes euery wyght / And haue delyte in wickedneſſe / As good folke haue in goodneſſe / And ioye to be knowen ſhrewes / And ful of vyce and wicked thewesTo tell all the tale aright / We are shrews, every person / And have dealt in wickedness / As good folk have in goodness / And joy to be known as shrews / And full of vice and wicked traits

## Tapayuna
### Etymology

From Proto-Northern Jê *tep (“fish”) < Proto-Cerrado *tep (“fish”).

### Pronunciation

IPA: [ˈʈʰɛp̚]

### Noun

thew
* Form of thewe (utterance-medial variant)

## Welsh
### Pronunciation

* (North Wales) IPA: /θeːu̯/
* (South Wales) IPA: /θɛu̯/

### Adjective

thew
* Aspirate mutation of tew.

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.