# 促

| 促 | U+4FC3, &#20419; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4FC3 |
| ← 係 [U+4FC2] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 俄 → [U+4FC4] |

## Translingual
### Han character

促 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+7, 9 strokes, cangjie input 人口卜人 (ORYO), four-corner 2628$_1$, composition ⿰亻足)

#### Derived characters

* 𮚼

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 104, character 5
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 664
* Dae Jaweon: page 220, character 5
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 161, character 2
* Unihan data for U+4FC3

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 促
* Small seal scripts05878
* References:
* Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:
* Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
* Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
* Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
* Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
| | Old Chinese |
| 足 | *ʔsoɡs, *ʔsoɡ |
| 莡 | *sʰaːwɢ |
| 捉 | *ʔsoːɡ |
| 齪 | *sʰroːɡ, *sʰruɡ |
| 娖 | *zroːɡ |
| 浞 | *zroːɡ |
| 鋜 | *zroːɡ |
| 趗 | *sʰoːɡ, *sʰoɡ |
| 珿 | *sʰruɡ |
| 哫 | *ʔsoɡ |
| 促 | *sʰoɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *sʰoɡ) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 足 (OC *ʔsoɡs, *ʔsoɡ).

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): cù (cu$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄘㄨˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): cuk$^1$
* Eastern Min (BUC): ché̤ṳk
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chhiok / chhiak / chhek
    (Teochew, Peng'im): cog$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: cù
*** Zhuyin: ㄘㄨˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cù
*** Wade–Giles: tsʻu$^4$
*** Yale: tsù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tsuh
*** Palladius: цу (cu)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰu⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: cuk$^1$
*** Yale: chūk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsuk$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cug$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰʊk̚⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ché̤ṳk
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰøyʔ²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiok
*** Tâi-lô: tshiok
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chiog
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰiɔk̚³²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /t͡sʰiɔk̚⁵/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiak
*** Tâi-lô: tshiak
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chiag
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰiak̚⁵/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhek
*** Tâi-lô: tshik
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zheg
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰiɪk̚³²/
* chhiok - literary;
* chhiak/chhek - vernacular (“to shorten the distance; to limply tie a knot”).
* Middle Chinese: tshjowk
Rime :
| Character | 促 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 清 (14) |
| Final (韻) | 燭 (8) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 七玉切 |
| Baxter | tshjowk |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡sʰɨok̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡sʰiok̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡sʰiok̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡sʰuawk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡sʰiok̚/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡sʰĭwok̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡sʰi̯wok̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | cu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | cuk$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*sʰoɡ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 促 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 17927 |
| Phonetic component | 足 |
| Rime group | 屋 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 促 |
| Old Chinese | /*sʰoɡ/ |

#### Definitions

促
* short; hurried; urgent (of time)
    From: c. 805～814, Liu Zongyuan (柳宗元),《封建論》 (“On Feudalism”)
    Xià, Shāng, Zhōu, Hàn fēngjiàn ér yán, Qín jùnyì ér cù. [Pinyin]
    The Xia, Shang, Zhou, and Han dynasties implemented feudalism, which prolonged their rule, whereas the Qin dynasty adopted the prefectural-county system, which hastened its demise.
    From: 819 February 11, Han Yu, On a Bone from Buddha’s Body（《論佛骨表》）
    Sòng, Qí, Liáng, Chén, Yuánwèi yǐxià, shì fó jiàn jǐn, niándài yóu cù. [Pinyin]
    During the Song, Qi, Liang, Chen, Northern Wei and afterwards, the reverence for Buddhism gradually increased, but at the same time the durations of these dynasties became increasingly brief.
* to come close to; to become near
    促膝 ― cùxī ― to sit knee to knee
* to urge; to promote
* (Hokkien) to shorten the distance
* (Mainland China Hokkien) to limply tie a knot

#### Compounds

* 促使 (cùshǐ)
* 侷促 (júcù)
* 促促
* 侷促一隅
* 侷促不安
* 促坐
* 促席
* 促忙 (cùmáng)
* 促忙促急
* 促成 (cùchéng)
* 促拍
* 促掐
* 促步 (cùbù)
* 促狹 / 促狭 (cùxiá)
* 促狹鬼 / 促狭鬼
* 促病
* 促發 / 促发
* 促眉
* 促織 / 促织 (cùzhī)
* 促聲 / 促声 (cùshēng)
* 促脈 / 促脉
* 促膝
* 促膝談心 / 促膝谈心
* 促膝長談 / 促膝长谈
* 促裝 / 促装 (cùzhuāng)
* 促請 / 促请 (cùqǐng)
* 促趲 / 促趱
* 促迫 (cùpò)
* 促進 / 促进 (cùjìn)
* 促銷 / 促销 (cùxiāo)
* 促音 (cùyīn)
* 倉促 / 仓促 (cāngcù)
* 催促 (cuīcù)
* 刺促
* 匆促 (cōngcù)
* 局促 (júcù)
* 局促一隅
* 局促不安
* 急促 (jícù)
* 敦促 (dūncù)
* 督促 (dūcù)
* 短促 (duǎncù)
* 短壽促命 / 短寿促命
* 短局促
* 窘促 (jiǒngcù)
* 緊促 / 紧促 (jǐncù)
* 聯合促銷 / 联合促销
* 脆促
* 跼促 (júcù)
* 蹇促
* 迫促 (pòcù)
* 逼促
* 鬼促促

#### Descendants

* → Vietnamese: thúc

### Etymology 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 促 – see 齪 (“cautious; careful; meticulous; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 齪).

### Etymology 3

* For pronunciation and definitions of 促 – see 蹙 (“to knit; to approach; to close in on; etc.”). (This character is the second-round simplified form of 蹙).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: そく (soku, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: しょく (shoku)
* Kun: うながす (unagasu, 促す, Jōyō)、せまる (semaru, 促る)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 促
* そく Grade: S
* goon
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [so̞kɯ̟]

#### Noun

促(そく) • (soku)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

##### Derived terms

* 促(そく)音(おん) (sokuon, “sokuon”)
* 促(そく)進(しん) (sokushin, “promotion”)
* 催(さい)促(そく) (saisoku, “demand, urging”)
* 販(はん)促(そく) (hansoku, “sales promotion”)
* 販(はん)売(ばい)促(そく)進(しん) (hanbaisokushin, “sales promotion”)

## Korean
### Hanja

促 (eum 촉 (chok))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

促: Hán Nôm readings: xúc, thúc
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation