# 肺

| 肺 | U+80BA, &#32954; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-80BA |
| ← 肹 [U+80B9] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 肻 → [U+80BB] |

## Translingual
### Han character

肺 (Kangxi radical 130, 肉+4 in Chinese, 肉+5 in Japanese, 8 strokes in Chinese, 9 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 月十月 (BJB) or 月卜中月 (BYLB), four-corner 7522$_7$, composition ⿰月巿(GHTKV) or ⿰月市(J))

### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 976, character 24
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29328
* Dae Jaweon: page 1428, character 5
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2047, character 2
* Unihan data for U+80BA

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 沛 | *poːbs, *pʰoːbs |
| 芾 | *poːbs, *pubs, *pub |
| 伂 | *poːbs |
| 霈 | *pʰoːbs |
| 旆 | *boːbs |
| 肺 | *pʰobs |
| 杮 | *pʰobs |
| 巿 | *pub |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *pʰobs) : semantic 肉 (“meat; flesh”) + phonetic 巿 (OC *pub).

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *p-wap (“lung”).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): fèi (fei$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄈㄟˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): fei$^4$
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): фи (fi, III)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): fai$^3$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): fei$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): fii$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): fi / hi
    (Meixian, Guangdong): fi$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): fei$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): hi̿
* Eastern Min (BUC): hié
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hi$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hì / hùi
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hui$^3$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): hui$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$fi
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): fei$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: fèi
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄟˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: fèi
*** Wade–Giles: fei$^4$
*** Yale: fèi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fey
*** Palladius: фэй (fɛj)
*** Sinological IPA : /feɪ̯⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: fei$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: fei
*** Sinological IPA : /fei²¹³/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: фи (fi, III)
*** Sinological IPA : /fi⁴⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fai$^3$
*** Yale: fai
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fai$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fei$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /fɐi̯³³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: fei$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /fei³³/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: fii$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /fɨi³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fi / hi
*** Hakka Romanization System: fi / hi
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fi$^4$ / hi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /fi⁵⁵/, /hi⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: fi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /fi⁵³/
* Sixian:
** fi - literary;
** hi - vernacular.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit肺 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /fei⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /fei⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /fei⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /fei²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /fe⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /fi³¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /fi⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /fɨ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /fei¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /fei¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /fei²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /fei³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /fei¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /fei²²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /fei²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /fəi⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /fe⁵³/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /fei⁴⁵/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /xuei³⁵/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /fei⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /fi³⁵/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /fi⁵¹³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /fi⁴⁴⁵/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /fei⁴²/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /fe³²⁴/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /fe⁴²/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /fei⁵⁵/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ɸəi⁵⁵/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /fɨi⁴⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /fi⁵³/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /fui⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /fɐi³³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /fɐi³³/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /fɐi³³/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /hui²¹/ /hi²¹/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /hiɛ²¹²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /xi³³/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /hui²¹³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /hui³⁵/ /fɔi³⁵/ |
* Middle Chinese: phjojH
Rime :
| Character | 肺 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 滂 (2) |
| Final (韻) | 廢 (28) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 方廢切 |
| Baxter | phjojH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /pʰʉɐi$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /pʰʷiɐi$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /pʰiuɐi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /pʰuaj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /pʰiuɐi$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /pʰĭwɐi$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /pʰi̯wɐi$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | fèi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | fai$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*pʰo[t]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*pʰobs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 肺 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | fèi |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ phjoj$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*pʰo[t]-s/ |
| English | lung |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 肺 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 3293 |
| Phonetic component | 巿 |
| Rime group | 祭 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | |
| Old Chinese | /*pʰobs/ |
| Notes | 芳由方校改 |

#### Definitions

肺
* (anatomy) lung

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 肺 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 肺, 肺臟 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 肺 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 肺, 肺子 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 肺 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 肺 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 肺, 肺家 TCM |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 肺 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 肺 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 肺 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 肺子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan) | 肺子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 肺 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 肺子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 肺子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 肺 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 肺 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 肺 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 肺子, 肺 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 肺 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 肺 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 肺 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 肺 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 肺 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 肺 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 肺 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 肺, 肺巴子 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 肺家 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 肺 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 肺 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 肺 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 肺家 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 肺家 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 肺家 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 肺 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 肺 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 肺 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 肺子 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 肺 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 肺 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 肺 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 肺 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 肺 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 肺 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 肺 |
| Wu | Danyang | 肺 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 肺 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 肺, 肺家 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 肺, 肺斗 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 肺 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 肺 |
| Note | TCM - traditional Chinese medicine | TCM - traditional Chinese medicine |

#### Compounds

* 別具肺腸 / 别具肺肠
* 別有肺腸 / 别有肺肠
* 動人肺腑 / 动人肺腑
* 塵肺症 / 尘肺症
* 感人肺肝 (gǎnrénfèigān)
* 感人肺腑 (gǎnrénfèifǔ)
* 戳肺管子 (chuō fèiguǎnzi)
* 水肺 (shuǐfèi)
* 沁人心肺
* 沁人肺腑
* 沁入肺腑
* 沒心沒肺 / 没心没肺 (méixīnméifèi)
* 潛水肺 / 潜水肺
* 照肺 (zhàofèi)
* 狗肺狼心 (gǒufèilángxīn)
* 狼心狗肺 (lángxīngǒufèi)
* 痰熱阻肺 / 痰热阻肺
* 矽肺症
* 硅肺 (guīfèi)
* 祛痰潤肺 / 祛痰润肺
* 肺功能 (fèigōngnéng)
* 肺動脈 / 肺动脉 (fèidòngmài)
* 肺動脈幹 / 肺动脉干 (fèidòngmàigàn)
* 肺吸蟲 / 肺吸虫 (fèixīchóng)
* 肺呼吸
* 肺囊腫 / 肺囊肿
* 肺塵矽症 / 肺尘矽症
* 肺循環 / 肺循环 (fèixúnhuán)
* 肺氣腫 / 肺气肿 (fèiqìzhǒng)
* 肺泡 (fèipào)
* 肺活量 (fèihuóliàng)
* 肺火
* 肺炎 (fèiyán)
* 肺病 (fèibìng)
* 肺癆 / 肺痨 (fèiláo)
* 肺癌 (fèi'ái)
* 肺石
* 肺石風清 / 肺石风清
* 肺結核 / 肺结核 (fèijiéhé)
* 肺肝 (fèigān)
* 肺腑 (fèifǔ)
* 肺腑之言 (fèifǔzhīyán)
* 肺腸 / 肺肠
* 肺膜
* 肺臟 / 肺脏 (fèizàng)
* 肺草 (fèicǎo)
* 肺葉 / 肺叶 (fèiyè)
* 肺蛭 (fèizhì)
* 肺靜脈 / 肺静脉 (fèijìngmài)
* 自有肺腸 / 自有肺肠
* 都市之肺
* 鐵肺 / 铁肺 (tiěfèi)
* 驢心狗肺 / 驴心狗肺
* 驢肝肺 / 驴肝肺

#### Descendants

* → Proto-Tai: *pwɤtᴰ
** Lao: ປອດ (pǭt)
** Phake: ပွတ် (pot)
** Shan: ပွတ်ႇ (pàut)
** Thai: ปอด (bpɔ̀ɔt)
** Zhuang: bwt

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): pèi (pei$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄆㄟˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): pui$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: pèi
*** Zhuyin: ㄆㄟˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: pèi
*** Wade–Giles: pʻei$^4$
*** Yale: pèi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: pey
*** Palladius: пэй (pɛj)
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰeɪ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: pui$^3$
*** Yale: pui
*** Cantonese Pinyin: pui$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: pui$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰuːi̯³³/
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*pʰˤ[a][t]-s/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 肺 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | pèi |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ phaj$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*pʰˁ[a][t]-s/ |
| English | dense, luxuriant (foliage) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||

#### Definitions

肺
* Only used in 肺肺.

### References

* “肺”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)
* lung

#### Readings

* Go-on: ほ (ho)
* Kan-on: はい (hai, Jōyō)
* Kun: まごころ (magokoro)

#### Compounds

* 肺(はい)臓(ぞう) (haizō)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 肺
* はい Grade: 6
* kan'on
From Middle Chinese 肺 (MC phjojH)

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) はい [hàí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ha̠i]

#### Noun

肺(はい) • (hai)
* (anatomy) lung

##### Synonyms

* 肺(はい)臓(ぞう) (haizō)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 肺
* ふくふくし Grade: 6
* kun'yomi
/pukupukusi/ → /ɸukuɸusi/.
From Old Japanese.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɸɯ̟kɯ̟ɸɯ̟kɯ̟ɕi]

#### Noun

肺(ふくふくし) • (fukufukushi)
* (obsolete, anatomy) lung
** 794, Shin'yaku Kegonkyō Ongi Shiki, page 68:心肺 々音辨 々訓布々久々之Heart Lung. Lung pronunciation is divided. Divided reading Pukupukusi.
** 938, Minamoto no Shitagō, Wamyō Ruijushō, volume 2, page 35:肺 白虎通云 音廢 布久布久之 [...] 金之精也 色白 [...] 肺藏也 [...]Lung. Said to be white tigers pipe. Chinese reading is pai, [otherwise read] Pukupukusi. [...] the metal has been polished. [with the] color white [...] the lungs are hidden.

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
   * Unknown (794) Yoshinori Kobayashi, editor, Shin'yaku Kegonkyō Ongi Shiki (Kojisho Ongi Shūsei) (in Japanese), volume 1, Kyūko Shoin, published 1978, →ISBN.
   * Minamoto, Shitagō with Kyōto Daigaku Bungakubu Kokugogaku Kokubungaku Kenkyūshitu (931–938) Shohon Shūsei Wamyō Ruijushō: Honbunhen (in Japanese), Kyōto: Rinsen, published 1968, →ISBN.
   * Takeuchi, Rizō (1962) Nara Ibun: Volume 3 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō Shuppan, →ISBN.

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 肺 (MC phjojH).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 폥〮 (Yale: phyéy) | 폥〮 (Yale: phyéy) |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | 부〮화 (Yale: pwúhwà) | 폐〯 (Yale: phyěy) |

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [pʰje̞(ː)] ~ [pʰe̞(ː)]
* Phonetic hangul: [폐(ː)/페(ː)]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Hanja

Wikisource 肺 (eumhun 허파 폐 (heopa pye))
* hanja form of 폐 (“lungs”) [noun]

#### Compounds

* 폐렴 (肺炎, pyeryeom)
* 폐암 (肺癌, pyeam)
* 폐장 (肺臟, pyejang)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

肺: Hán Nôm readings: phế, phổi, chị, phễ
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.