# 죽다
## Korean
### Etymology

First attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 죽다〮 (Yale: cwùktá). The suppletive honorific 돌아가시다 (doragasida) is first attested in the Memoirs of Lady Hyegyeong, 1805.

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [t͡ɕuk̚t͈a̠]
** Audio:(file)
* Phonetic hangul: [죽따]

### Verb

Korean verb set :
| Base | 죽다 (jukda) |
| Causative | 죽이다 (jugida) |
죽다 • (jukda) (infinitive 죽어, sequential 죽으니) (intransitive)
* to die (to stop living)
    Synonyms: (honorific) 돌아가시다 (doragasida), (euphemistic, now North Korean) 없다 (eopda)
    Antonyms: (to live) 살다 (salda), (to be born) 태어나다 (taeeonada)
    그는 이미 죽은 지 오래이다.Geu-neun imi jug-eun ji orae-ida.He is already long dead.(literally, “It is already long since he died.”)
* to die away, to fade
    여드름 많이 죽었네.Yeodeureum mani jug-eon-ne.Your pimples have died out a lot.
* (of a machine) to die, to stop working
* (of a personal characteristic, energy, etc.) to fade away, to disappear
* (hyperbolic) to be unbearable, to be irresistible [from 20th c.]
    너무 귀여워서 죽겠다 ― neomu gwiyeowoseo juk-get-da ― It's so cute, I'm going to die.
    피곤해 죽겠어요! ― pigonhae juk-gess-eo-yo! ― I am so tired!

#### Conjugation

Honorific: usually 돌아가시다 (doragasida)

#### Synonyms

(formal Sino-Korean equivalents):
* 별세하다 (別世—, byeolsehada)
* 사세하다 (辭歲—, sasehada)
* 서거하다 (逝去—, seogeohada)
* 연세하다 (捐世—, yeonsehada)
* 운명하다 (殞命—, unmyeonghada)
* 운하다 (殞—, unhada)
* 작고하다 (作故—, jakgohada)
* 타계하다 (他界—, tagyehada)
* 하세하다 (下世—, hasehada)

#### See also

(death of a king or emperor):
* 등하하다 (登遐—, deunghahada)
* 붕어하다 (崩御—, bung'eohada)
* 붕하다 (崩—, bunghada)
* 빈천하다 (賓天—, bincheonhada)
* 상빈하다 (上賓—, sangbinhada)
* 선어하다 (仙馭—, seoneohada)
* 승하하다 (昇遐—, seunghahada)
* 예척하다 (禮陟—, yecheokhada)
* 용어하다 (龍馭—, yong'eohada)
* 인가하다 (印可—, in'gahada)
* 척방하다 (陟方—, cheokbanghada)
* 천붕하다 (天崩—, cheonbunghada)

## Middle Korean
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /t͡sùk.tá/, [t͡sùk̚.t͈á]

### Verb

죽다 (cwùktá) (infinitive 주거〮, sequential 주그〮니〮)
* (intransitive) to die
    Antonym: 사〯다〮 (sǎdá, “to live”)
** 14th century?, “滿殿春 (Manjeonchun)”, in 樂章歌詞 (Akjang gasa), published 16th century:어름 우희 댓 닙 자리 보와 님과 나와 어러 주글만뎌ᇰ 情(져ᇰ) 준 오ᄂᆞᆳ 밤 더듸 새오시라 더듸 새오시라elum wuh-uy tay-s nip cali pwowoa nim-kwa na-Gwa ele cwukul mantyeng CYENG cwun wonol-s pam tetuy sayGwosila tetuy sayGwosilaEven if my love and I should freeze to death, having set up [only] a bed of bamboo leaves upon the ice, may this night when we make love pass slowly by, pass slowly by.

#### Usage notes

* Unlike Modern Korean, the Middle Korean verb did not have a suppletive honorific (the verb was even used for the death of the king, which would be scandalous in Modern Korean), though 업스〮시다〮 (èpsúsìtá, “to become absent”) was also used euphemistically.

#### Conjugation

Selected conjugations of 죽다〮 (cwùktá), Accentual class L :
| Note that the majority of the forms below are unattested for any one verb. Orthography and pitch accent assignment can vary between sources. ||||||
| Selected plain sentence-final forms ||||||
| | Declarative | Interrogative | Interrogative | Interrogative | Modulated declarative |
| | Declarative | Polar question | Wh-word question | Second-person subject | Modulated declarative |
| Past | 죽다〮 (cwùktá) 주그〮니라〮 (cwùkúnìlá) | 주근〮가〮 (cwùkúnká) 주그〮녀〮 (cwùkúnyé) | 주근〮고〮 (cwùkúnkwó) 주그〮뇨〮 (cwùkúnyó) | 주근〮다〮 (cwùkúntá) | 주구〮라〮 (cwùkwúlá) |
| Present | 죽ᄂᆞ다〮 (cwùknòtá) 죽ᄂᆞ니〮라〮 (cwùknònílá) | 죽ᄂᆞᆫ가〮 (cwùknònká) 죽ᄂᆞ녀〮 (cwùknònyé) | 죽ᄂᆞᆫ고〮 (cwùknònkwó) 죽ᄂᆞ뇨〮 (cwùknònyó) | 죽ᄂᆞᆫ다〮 (cwùknòntá) | 죽노〮라〮 (cwùknwólá) |
| Conjectural | 주그〮리라〮 (cwùkúlìlá) | 주그ᇙ〮가〮 (cwùkúlqká) 주그〮려〮 (cwùkúlyé) | 주그ᇙ〮고〮 (cwùkúlqkwó) 주그〮료〮 (cwùkúlyó) | 주그ᇙ〮다〮 (cwùkúlqtá) | 주구〮리라〮 (cwùkwúlìlá) |
| Retrospective/ imperfective | 죽더〮라〮 (cwùktélá) 죽더〮니라〮 (cwùkténìlá) | 죽던〮가〮 (cwùkténká) 죽더〮녀〮 (cwùktényé) | 죽던〮고〮 (cwùkténkwó) 죽더〮뇨〮 (cwùktényó) | 죽던〮다〮 (cwùkténtá) | 죽다〮라〮 (cwùktálá) |
| Promissive/Hortative | Promissive/Hortative | Imperative | Imperative | Exclamatory/Emotive | Exclamatory/Emotive |
| 주구〮마〮 (cwùkwúmá, promissive) 죽져〮 (cwùkcyé, hortative) | 주구〮마〮 (cwùkwúmá, promissive) 죽져〮 (cwùkcyé, hortative) | 주그〮라〮 (cwùkúlá, order) 죽고〮라〮 (cwùkwólá, request) | 주그〮라〮 (cwùkúlá, order) 죽고〮라〮 (cwùkwólá, request) | 주근〮뎌〮 (cwùkúntyé), 주글〮쎠〮 (cwùkúlssyé) 죽도〮다〮 (cwùktwótá), 죽돗〮다〮 (cwùktwóstá) 주게〮라〮 (cwùkéylá) | 주근〮뎌〮 (cwùkúntyé), 주글〮쎠〮 (cwùkúlssyé) 죽도〮다〮 (cwùktwótá), 죽돗〮다〮 (cwùktwóstá) 주게〮라〮 (cwùkéylá) |
| Selected highly deferential sentence-final forms ||||||
| Past | 주그〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (cwùkúngìtá) 주그〮니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (cwùkúníngìtá) | 주그〮니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (cwùkúníngìská) | 주그〮니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (cwùkúníngìskwó) | no separate forms | 주구〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (cwùkwúngìtá) |
| Present | 죽ᄂᆞᅌᅵ다〮 (cwùknòngìtá) 죽ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (cwùknòníngìtá) | 죽ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (cwùknòníngìská) | 죽ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (cwùknòníngìskwó) | no separate forms | 죽노〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (cwùknwóngìtá) |
| Conjectural | 주그〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (cwùkúlíngìtá) | 주그〮리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (cwùkúlíngìská) | 주그〮리〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (cwùkúlíngìskwó) | no separate forms | 주구〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (cwùkwúlíngìtá) |
| Promissive/Hortative | Promissive/Hortative | Imperative | Imperative | Exclamatory/Emotive | Exclamatory/Emotive |
| 주구〮마〮 (cwùkwúmá, promissive) 죽사〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (cwùksángìtá, hortative) | 주구〮마〮 (cwùkwúmá, promissive) 죽사〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (cwùksángìtá, hortative) | 주그쇼〮셔〮 (cwùkùsyósyé, order) | 주그쇼〮셔〮 (cwùkùsyósyé, order) | 죽도〮다〮 (cwùktwótá), 죽돗〮다〮 (cwùktwóstá) 주게〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (cwùkéyngìtá) | 죽도〮다〮 (cwùktwótá), 죽돗〮다〮 (cwùktwóstá) 주게〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (cwùkéyngìtá) |
| Selected honorific declarative forms ||||||
| | Past | Present | Conjectural | Retrospective/ imperfective | 거 (-ke-) form |
| Plain subject-honoring | 주그시〮다〮 (cwùkùsítá) 주그시〮니라〮 (cwùkùsínìlá) | 주그시〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (cwùkùsínòtá) 주그시〮ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (cwùkùsínónìlá) | 주그시〮리라〮 (cwùkùsílìlá) | 죽더〮시다〮 (cwùktésìtá) 죽더〮시〮니라〮 (cwùktésínìlá) | 죽거〮시다〮 (cwùkkésìtá) 죽거〮시〮니라〮 (cwùkkésínìlá) |
| Deferential subject-honoring | 주그시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (cwùkùsíngìtá) 주그시〮니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (cwùkùsíníngìtá) | 주그시〮ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (cwùkùsínóngìtá) 주그시〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (cwùkùsínòníngìtá) | 주그시〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (cwùkùsílíngìtá) | 죽더〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (cwùktésíngìtá) 죽더〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (cwùktésìníngìtá) | 죽거〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (cwùkkésíngìtá) 죽거〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (cwùkkésìníngìtá) |
| Selected connective forms ||||||
| Connective | Causative | Conditional/situating | Contrastive/concessive | Purposive/desiderative | Infinitive |
| 죽고〮 (cwùkwó) 주그〮며〮 (cwùkúmyé) 죽다가〮 (cwùktàká) | 주그〮니〮 (cwùkúní) 죽거ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (cwùkkènól) 주글〮ᄊᆡ〮 (cwùkúlssóy) 죽관〮ᄃᆡ〮 (cwùkkwántóy) | 주그〮면〮 (cwùkúmyén) 죽거든〮 (cwùkkètún) 주근〮대〮 (cwùkúntáy) 죽건댄〮 (cwùkkèntáyn) | 주그〮나〮 (cwùkúná) 주구〮ᄃᆡ〮 (cwùkwútóy) 주근〮ᄃᆞᆯ〮 (cwùkúntól) 죽건마ᄅᆞᆫ〮 (cwùkkènmàlón) | 주구〮려〮 (cwùkwúlyé) 죽고〮져〮 (cwùkwócyé, desires one's own action) 죽과〮뎌〮 (cwùkkwátyé, desires other's action) | 주거〮 (cwùké) |
| Adnominal/gerundive forms ||||||
| | Past | Present | Present | Conjectural | Conjectural |
| Unmodulated non-honorific | 주근〮 (cwùkún) | 죽ᄂᆞᆫ (cwùknòn) | 죽ᄂᆞᆫ (cwùknòn) | 주그ᇙ〮 (cwùkúlq) | 주그ᇙ〮 (cwùkúlq) |
| Modulated non-honorific | 주군〮 (cwùkwún) | 죽논〮 (cwùknwón) | 죽논〮 (cwùknwón) | 주구ᇙ〮 (cwùkwúlq) | 주구ᇙ〮 (cwùkwúlq) |
| Unmodulated subject-honoring | 주그신〮 (cwùkùsín) | 주그시〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (cwùkùsínón) | 주그시〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (cwùkùsínón) | 주그시ᇙ〮 (cwùkùsílq) | 주그시ᇙ〮 (cwùkùsílq) |
| Substantive forms ||||||
| Plain | Plain | Plain | Subject-honoring | Subject-honoring | Subject-honoring |
| 주굼〮 (cwùkwúm) | 주굼〮 (cwùkwúm) | 주굼〮 (cwùkwúm) | 주그샴〮 (cwùkùsyám) | 주그샴〮 (cwùkùsyám) | 주그샴〮 (cwùkùsyám) |

#### Descendants

* Korean: 죽다 (jukda)