# 警察
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): jǐngchá
       (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄥˇ ㄔㄚˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): jin$^3$ ca$^2$
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): jìngcǎ
    (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): jǐnchåq
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): җинца (žinca, I-I)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ging$^2$ caat$^3$
* Gan (Wiktionary): 'jin$^3$ cat$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kín-chhat
    (Meixian, Guangdong): gin$^3$ cad$^5$
* Jin (Wiktionary): jing$^2$ ca$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): gěng-chuŏi
* Eastern Min (BUC): gīng-chák
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kèng-chhat / kéng-chhat
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gêng$^6$ cag$^4$
* Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): giang$^2$ caat$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$cin-tshaq
* Xiang
    (Changsha, Wiktionary): jin$^3$ ca$^6$
    (Loudi, Wiktionary): jin$^3$ ca$^{2*}$
    (Hengyang, Wiktionary): jin$^3$ ca$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jǐngchá
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥˇ ㄔㄚˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jǐngchá
*** Wade–Giles: ching$^3$-chʻa$^2$
*** Yale: jǐng-chá
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiingchar
*** Palladius: цзинча (czinča)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: jin$^3$ ca$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ginca
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕin⁵³ t͡sʰa²¹/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: jìngcǎ
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiŋ⁵³ t͡sʰa²¹/
** (Nanjing)
*** Nanjing Pinyin: jǐnchåq
*** Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): jin$^3$ chaq$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕĩ¹¹ ʈ͡ʂʰaʔ⁵/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: җинца (žinca, I-I)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiŋ²⁴ t͡sʰa²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ging$^2$ caat$^3$
*** Yale: gíng chaat
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ging$^2$ tsaat$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ging$^2$ cad$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɪŋ³⁵ t͡sʰaːt̚³/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: 'jin$^3$ cat$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /ˈt͡ɕin²¹³⁻¹³ t͡sʰat̚⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kín-chhat
*** Hakka Romanization System: gin$^ˋ$ cad$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gin$^3$ cad$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /kin³¹ t͡sʰat̚²/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: gin$^3$ cad$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /kin³¹ t͡sʰat̚¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: jing$^2$ ca$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕiŋ⁵³ t͡sʰa¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gěng-chuŏi
*** Sinological IPA : /keiŋ²¹ t͡sʰuɛ²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gīng-chák
*** Sinological IPA : /kiŋ³³⁻⁵⁵ $^{(t͡sʰ-)}$ʒɑʔ²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kèng-chhat
*** Tâi-lô: kìng-tshat
*** Phofsit Daibuun: keangzhad
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡sʰat̚³²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kiɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰat̚³²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sʰat̚⁵/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kiɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰat̚³²/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kéng-chhat
*** Tâi-lô: kíng-tshat
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kefngzhad
*** IPA (Zhangzhou, Taipei): /kiɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰat̚³²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰat̚³²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gêng$^6$ cag$^4$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kĕng tshak
*** Sinological IPA : /keŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰak̚²/
* Southern Pinghua
** (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
*** Jyutping++: giang$^2$ caat$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kiɐŋ³³ t͡sʰat̚³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$cin-tshaq
*** MiniDict: cin$^去$ tshah
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$jin-tshaq
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕin³³ t͡sʰaʔ⁴⁴/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: jin$^3$ ca$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕin⁴¹ t͡sʰa̠²⁴/
** (Loudi)
*** Wiktionary: jin$^3$ ca$^{2*}$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕin⁴² t͡sʰa̠¹³⁻³³/
** (Hengyang)
*** Wiktionary: jin$^3$ ca$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕin³³ t͡sʰä²²/

### Noun

警察
* (uncountable) police; police force
    警察暴力 ― jǐngchá bàolì ― police brutality
       Jǐngchá yòng wǔlì qūgǎn shìwēizhě. [Pinyin]
       The police cleared out the demonstrators by force.
       Jiē shang tǎngzhe gè sǐrén, zhè bù jǐngchá gāng dào. [Pinyin]
       A dead person is lying on the road, and the police has just arrived.
* (countable) police officer (Classifier: 名; 位)
    便衣警察 ― biànyī jǐngchá ― plainclothes police officer

#### Usage notes

* Whilst 警察 usually refers to the police and police officers outside mainland China, the equivalent institution in mainland China is officially known as 公安 (gōng'ān), literally, "public security".

#### Synonyms

* (police): 110 (yāoyāolíng)
* (police officer): 警官 (jǐngguān), (obsolete) 巡警 (xúnjǐng)
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 警察, 警官, 警員 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 警察, 雷子 argot |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 警察 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 警察 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 警察 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 警察 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 警察 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 警察, 馬打 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 警察, 馬打 dated |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 警察 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 警察 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 民警 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 警察 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 警察 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 警察 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 警察 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 警察 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 警察 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 警察 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 警察 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 警察 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 警察 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 警察 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 警察 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 警察 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 警察 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 警察 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 警察 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 警察 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 警察, 警士 dated, 警士先生 dated face-to-face, 貓菜 dated nickname |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 警察 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 警察 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 警察, 警伯 playful |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Binyang (Nanjie) | 警察, 走狗 argot |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangtan (Jiangnan Industries Group koine) | 警察 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dagudi (Maliba) | 警察 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Reshuitang (Longling) | 警察 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Salong (Lancang) | 警察 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Sai (Tengchong) | 警察 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 警察 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 警察 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 警察 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 警察 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 警察, 差人, 差佬 male, 老二 dated |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 警察, 差人, 阿Sir male, madam female, 差佬 male, slightly derogatory, 差婆 female, slightly derogatory, 警犬 derogatory, 狗 derogatory, 龜 derogatory, 老更 dated |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 警察 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 阿Sir, 差佬 |
| Cantonese | Qinzhou | 警察, 差佬 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 警察, 公安 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 警察, 公安, 差佬 |
| Cantonese | Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 警察 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 馬打 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 馬打 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 公安, 綠衣, 警察 |
| Cantonese | Móng Cái | 警察, 公安 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 警察 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 警察 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 警察 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 警察 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 警察 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 警察 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 巡查, 警察 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 警察 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 巡查 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 警察 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 警察 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 警察 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 警察, 小對子 dated |
| Jin | Linhe | 警察 |
| Jin | Jining | 警察 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 警察 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 警察 |
| Jin | Handan | 警察 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 警察 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 警察 |
| Eastern Min | Matsu | 警察 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 警察, 馬打 dated, 烏跤 dated, derogatory |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 警察 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 警察, 烏跤 dated, derogatory |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 大人 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 警察 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 警察 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 警察 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 巡查 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 警察 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 大人, 賊頭 GT, derogatory |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 警察 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 馬打 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 大人 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 馬打 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 馬打, 大狗 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 兵, 警察, 臭兵 derogatory |
| Southern Min | Guilin (Biyange) | 警察 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 警察 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 警察 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 馬打 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 馬打, 大狗, 大狗兄 |
| Southern Min | Batam (Teochew) | 馬打 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 警察 |
| Central Min | Nanping (Wangtai, Yanping) | 警察 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 警察, 差佬 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 警察 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 警察, 黑貓警長, 黑貓, 老貓 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 警察 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 警察 |
| Wu | Danyang | 警察 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 警察, 警察爛眼 derogatory |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 警察 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 警察 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 警察 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 警察 |
| Note | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) |

#### Derived terms

* 人民警察 (rénmín jǐngchá)
* 便衣警察
* 刑事警察 (xíngshì jǐngchá)
* 水上警察 (shuǐshàng jǐngchá)
* 水警 (shuǐjǐng)
* 特種警察 / 特种警察 (tèzhǒng jǐngchá)
* 特警 (tèjǐng)
* 秘密警察 (mìmì jǐngchá)
* 網絡警察 / 网络警察 (wǎngluò jǐngchá)
* 網警 / 网警 (wǎngjǐng)
* 警察國家 / 警察国家 (jǐngchá guójiā)
* 警察局 (jǐngchájú)
* 警察廳 / 警察厅
* 警察署 (jǐngcháshǔ)

#### Descendants

* → Zhuang: gingjcaz

### Verb

警察
* (literary) to be vigilant; to be alert; to watch out
* (literary) to examine oneself critically; to examine one's thoughts and conduct
* (literary) to supervise; to monitor

#### Synonyms

* (to be vigilant): 警戒 (jǐngjiè), 警覺／警觉 (jǐngjué), 警惕 (jǐngtì)
* (to examine oneself critically):
* 反思 (fǎnsī)
* 反省 (fǎnxǐng)
* 反躬 (fǎngōng) (literary)
* 問心 / 问心 (wènxīn) (literary)
* 檢查 / 检查 (jiǎnchá)
* 檢討 / 检讨 (jiǎntǎo)
* 省察 (xǐngchá)
* 自問 / 自问 (zìwèn) (literary)
* 自我反省 (zìwǒ fǎnxǐng)
* 自我批評 / 自我批评 (zìwǒ pīpíng)
* 自省 (zìxǐng) (literary)
* (to supervise):
* 監察 / 监察 (jiānchá)
* 監控 / 监控 (jiānkòng)
* 監測 / 监测 (jiāncè)
* 監督 / 监督 (jiāndū)
* 監視 / 监视 (jiānshì)
* 監管 / 监管 (jiānguǎn)
* 看守 (kānshǒu)
* 看管 (kānguǎn)
* 管制 (guǎnzhì)
* 董督 (dǒngdū) (literary)
* 觀顧 / 观顾 (Hokkien)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 警 | 察 |
| けい Grade: 6 | さつ Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) けーさつ [kèésátsú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ke̞ːsa̠t͡sɨ]

### Noun

警(けい)察(さつ) • (keisatsu)
* police
    警(けい)察(さつ)に逮(たい)捕(ほ)される。
       Keisatsu ni taiho sareru.
       Arrested by the police.
* Short for 警察署 (keisatsusho, “police station”).

#### Derived terms

* 警(けい)察(さつ)官(かん) (keisatsukan, “police officer”)
* 警察(けいさつ)学(がっ)校(こう) (keisatsu gakkō)
* 警察犬(けいさつけん) (keisatsuken)
* 警察(けいさつ)国(こっ)家(か) (keisatsu kokka)
* 警(けい)察(さつ)署(しょ) (keisatsusho, “police station”)
* 警(けい)察(さつ)庁(ちょう) (keisatsuchō, “National Police Agency”)
* 警察(けいさつ)手帳(てちょう) (keisatsu techō)
* 衛生(えいせい)警察(けいさつ) (eisei keisatsu)
* 関税(かんぜい)警察(けいさつ) (kanzei keisatsu)
* 行(ぎょう)政(せい)警察(けいさつ) (gyōsei keisatsu)
* 軍(ぐん)事(じ)警察(けいさつ) (gunji keisatsu)
* 刑(けい)事(じ)警察(けいさつ) (keiji keisatsu)
* 警(けい)備(び)警察(けいさつ) (keibi keisatsu)
* 公安(こうあん)警察(けいさつ) (kōan keisatsu)
* 交通(こうつう)警察(けいさつ) (kōtsū keisatsu)
* 国際(こくさい)警察(けいさつ) (kokusai keisatsu)
* 司(し)法(ほう)警察(けいさつ) (shihō keisatsu)
* 森林(しんりん)警察(けいさつ) (shinrin keisatsu)
* 水(すい)上(じょう)警察(けいさつ) (suijō keisatsu)
* 政(せい)治(じ)警察(けいさつ) (seiji keisatsu)
* 鉄道(てつどう)警察(けいさつ) (tetsudō keisatsu)
* 秘(ひ)密(みつ)警察(けいさつ) (himitsu keisatsu)
* 保(ほ)安(あん)警察(けいさつ) (hoan keisatsu)

#### Descendants

* → Okinawan: 警(きー)察(さち) (kīsachi); 警(ちー)察(さち) (chīsachi)
* → Yami: kisat

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 警 | 察 |

### Noun

警察 • (gyeongchal) (hangeul 경찰)
* hanja form of 경찰 (“police”)

## Okinawan

Kanji in this term :
| 警 | 察 |
| きー Grade: 6 | さち Grade: 4 |
Kanji in this term :
| 警 | 察 |
| ちー Grade: 6 | さち Grade: 4 |

### Etymology

First used around the beginning of the Meiji period, borrowed from Japanese 警察 (keisatsu).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kiːsat͡ɕi~t͡ɕiːsat͡ɕi]

### Noun

警(きー)察(さち) or 警(ちー)察(さち) (kīsachi or chīsachi)
* police

### References

* ↑ Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyūjo (国立国語研究所) (1963) 沖縄語辞典 (Okinawa-go Jiten) [Dictionary of the Okinawan Language] (in Japanese), Tokyo (東京): Okurashō Insatsu Kyoku (財務省印刷局)

### Further reading

* “きーさち・ちーさち【警察】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.
* “キーサチ” in Okinawa Center of Language Study, Shuri-Naha Dialect Dictionary (archived; reopens 2024).
* “チーサチ” in Okinawa Center of Language Study, Shuri-Naha Dialect Dictionary (archived; reopens 2024).$^{(permanentdeadlink)}$

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 警 | 察 |

### Noun

警察
* chữ Hán form of cảnh sát (“(Overseas Vietnamese or chiefly law) the police”).