# 肘

| 肘 | U+8098, &#32920; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8098 |
| ← 肗 [U+8097] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 肙 → [U+8099] |

## Translingual
### Han character

肘 (Kangxi radical 130, 肉+3, 7 strokes, cangjie input 月木戈 (BDI), four-corner 7420$_0$, composition ⿰月寸(GJK) or ⿰⺼寸(HT))

#### Derived characters

* 𤶡

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 974, character 4
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29268
* Dae Jaweon: page 1425, character 26
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2044, character 9
* Unihan data for U+8098

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 肘
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 肘 | *tkuʔ |
| 疛 | *tuʔ, *dus |
| 紂 | *duʔ |
| 葤 | *duʔ |
| 酎 | *l'us |
Originally an ideogram (指事) : a hand (又) with a stroke outlining the elbow. This character was distinct from 寸; however, their shapes were too similar, so the radical 肉/⺼ was added to distinguish it, making it an ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声) .

### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-g(r)u (“elbow, cubit”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): zhǒu (zhou$^3$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄓㄡˇ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): zou$^3$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zau$^2$ / zaau$^2$
* Jin (Wiktionary): zou$^2$
* Eastern Min (BUC): diū
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): diu$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tiú
    (Teochew, Peng'im): iu$^2$ / diu$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$tseu
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): zhou$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhǒu
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄡˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhǒu
*** Wade–Giles: chou$^3$
*** Yale: jǒu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: joou
*** Palladius: чжоу (čžou)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: zou$^3$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: zou
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡səu⁵³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zau$^2$ / zaau$^2$
*** Yale: jáu / jáau
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzau$^2$ / dzaau$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zeo$^2$ / zao$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɐu̯³⁵/, /t͡saːu̯³⁵/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: zou$^2$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡səu⁵³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: diū
*** Sinological IPA : /tieu³³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: diu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /tiu⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: diu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /tiu³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiú
*** Tâi-lô: tiú
*** Phofsit Daibuun: diuo
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tiu⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tiu⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tiu⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tiu⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiu⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: iu$^2$ / diu$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: iú / tiú
*** Sinological IPA : /iu⁵²/, /tiu⁵²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$tseu
*** MiniDict: tseu$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$tseu
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡sɤ³⁴/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: zhou$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ʈ͡ʂəu̯⁴¹/
*** Sinological IPA (new-style): /t͡səu̯⁴¹/
* Middle Chinese: trjuwX
Rime :
| Character | 肘 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 知 (9) |
| Final (韻) | 尤 (136) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 陟柳切 |
| Baxter | trjuwX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʈɨu$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʈiu$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȶiəu$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʈuw$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ȶiu$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ȶĭəu$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȶi̯ə̯u$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhǒu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zau$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*t-[k]<r>uʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*tkuʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 肘 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zhǒu |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ trjuw$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*t-[k]<r>uʔ/ |
| English | elbow |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 肘 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 17544 |
| Phonetic component | 肘 |
| Rime group | 幽 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 肘 |
| Old Chinese | /*tkuʔ/ |
| Notes | 甲金文象手臂下加指示符， 後再加形旁轉註 |

### Definitions

肘
* (anatomy) elbow
* upper part of a leg of pork (as food)

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 肘 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 胳膊肘 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 胳膊肘兒, 胳臂肘兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 手肘 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 胳膊肘子, 胳膊肘兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 胳膊肘, 胳膊肘兒, 胳膊肘子 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 胳膊肘兒, 拐肘, 胳膊彎兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 胳膊肘兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 胳肘子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 胳肘子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 胳杵子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 胳膊肘兒, 胳膊肘子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 胳肘子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 胳肘子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 胳肘子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 胳肘子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 倒拐子, 手倒拐 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 倒拐, 倒拐頭, 拐子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 手道拐 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 手拐子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 手拐, 手膝蓋 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 胳膀垂兒, 胳膀肘兒 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 膀節彎子, 膀彎子, 胳膊肘子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 手彎子, 手拐子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 胳膊肘 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 手㬹 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 手㬹 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 手㬹 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 手鑿 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 手㬹 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 手鑿 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 手㬹 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 斗㬹 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 斗㬹公 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 掌肘 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 手㬹 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 手㬹 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 手㬹 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 手㬹 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 手㬹 |
| Hakka | Changting | 手㬹 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 手㬹角頭 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 手㬹 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 手㬹 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 手㬹 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 手㬹 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 手㬹 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 手㬹 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 手㬹 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 手㬹 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 手㬹 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 手㬹 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 手㬹 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 手㬹 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 手㬹 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 手㬹 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 手㬹角 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 手肘尖 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 肘腮頭 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 胳扭子, 胳肘子, 胳肘, 胳膊肘 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 胳扭 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 手角䟓 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 手𩨑 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 手臂𩨑 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 手後臼, 手後蹬, 手後曲, 手曲 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 手後捅 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 手後捅 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 手後曲, 手曲, 手後臼 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 手後曲 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 手後蹬 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 手後彎 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 手後曲 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 手後曲 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 手後曲 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 手曲 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 手後曲 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 手後曲 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 手後曲 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 手後蹬 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 手後捅 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 手後捅 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 手趺 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 手趺 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 手彎 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 手彎 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 米臂尖 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 臂撐子 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 臂杖子 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 臂膊撐子, 臂膊撐骨 |
| Wu | Danyang | 手臂彎彎 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 手拄撐頭 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 手㬹子頭 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 手㬹頭, 手㬹根頭 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 手臂囊頭 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 倒肘, 手拐子, 倒拐子, 倒拐 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 手杵子 |
| Xiang | Hengyang | 手後跟 |

### Compounds

* 事生肘腋
* 懸肘 / 悬肘
* 手肘 (shǒuzhǒu)
* 拐肘 (guǎizhǒu)
* 捉襟肘見 / 捉襟肘见
* 捉襟見肘 / 捉襟见肘
* 掣肘 (chèzhǒu)
* 掣襟肘見 / 掣襟肘见
* 掣襟露肘
* 禍生肘腋 / 祸生肘腋 (huòshēngzhǒuyè)
* 網球肘 / 网球肘 (wǎngqiúzhǒu)
* 肘子 (zhǒuzi)
* 肘後方 / 肘后方
* 肘手鍊足 / 肘手炼足
* 肘窩 / 肘窝 (zhǒuwō)
* 肘腋
* 肘腋之患
* 肘腋之憂 / 肘腋之忧
* 肘關節 / 肘关节
* 胳膊肘 (gēbozhǒu)
* 胳膊肘子 (gēbozhǒuzi)
* 膝行肘步
* 臂有四肘
* 變生肘腋 / 变生肘腋 (biànshēngzhǒuyè)
* 踵決肘見 / 踵决肘见
* 醬肘子 / 酱肘子
* 頭肘子 / 头肘子

### References

* “肘”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “肘”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 312.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: ちゅう (chū)
* Kan-on: ちゅう (chū)
* Kun: ひじ (hiji, 肘, Jōyō)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 肘
* ひじ Grade: S
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spellings
* 肱 臂
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE. From Proto-Japonic *penti.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ひじ [hìjíꜜ] (Odaka –)
* IPA: [çiʑi]

### Noun

肘(ひじ) • (hiji)
* elbow

### References

* ↑ “肘・肱・臂”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 肘 (MC trjuwX). Recorded as Middle Korean 듀〯 (tyǔ) (Yale: tyu) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

Wikisource 肘 (eumhun 팔꿈치 주 (palkkumchi ju))
* hanja form of 주 (“elbow”)

#### Compounds

* 주관절 (肘關節, jugwanjeol)
* 주액 (肘腋, juaek)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

肘: Hán Nôm readings: khuỷu, trửu
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation