# काण्ड
## Hindi
### Etymology

From Sanskrit काण्ड (kāṇḍa). Alternative spelling of कांड (kāṇḍ). Cognate with Bengali কাণ্ড (kanḍo)

### Pronunciation

* (Delhi) IPA: /kɑːɳɖ/, [kä̃ːɳɖ]

### Noun

काण्ड • (kāṇḍ) m (Urdu spelling کانڈ)
* division, group
* (slang) sin, horrible mistake, incident, event (generally a bad or negative one)

#### Declension
## Sanskrit
### Alternative forms

* खण्ड (khaṇḍa)

### Alternative scripts

* কাণ্ড (Assamese script)
* ᬓᬵᬡ᭄ᬟ (Balinese script)
* কাণ্ড (Bengali script)
* 𑰎𑰯𑰜𑰿𑰚 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀓𑀸𑀡𑁆𑀟 (Brahmi script)
* ကာဏ္ဍ (Burmese script)
* કાણ્ડ (Gujarati script)
* ਕਾਣ੍ਡ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌕𑌾𑌣𑍍𑌡 (Grantha script)
* ꦏꦴꦟ꧀ꦝ (Javanese script)
* 𑂍𑂰𑂝𑂹𑂙 (Kaithi script)
* ಕಾಣ್ಡ (Kannada script)
* កាណ្ឌ (Khmer script)
* ກາຓ຺ຑ (Lao script)
* കാണ്ഡ (Malayalam script)
* ᡬᠠ᠎᠊ᠠᢏᡷᠠ (Manchu script)
* 𑘎𑘰𑘜𑘿𑘚 (Modi script)
* ᢉᠠᢗᢏᢎᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
* 𑦮𑧑𑦼𑧠𑦺 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐎𑐵𑐞𑑂𑐜 (Newa script)
* କାଣ୍ଡ (Odia script)
* ꢒꢵꢠ꣄ꢞ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆑𑆳𑆟𑇀𑆝 (Sharada script)
* 𑖎𑖯𑖜𑖿𑖚 (Siddham script)
* කාණ‍්ඩ (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩜𑩛𑩪 𑪙𑩨 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚊𑚭𑚘𑚶𑚖 (Takri script)
* காண்ட³ (Tamil script)
* కాణ్డ (Telugu script)
* กาณฺฑ (Thai script)
* ཀཱ་ཎྜ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒏𑒰𑒝𑓂𑒛 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨋𑨊𑨘𑩇𑨖 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

Of unclear origin; the wide range of meanings, all which appear to be etymologically related, make tracing the original sense and further origins difficult, and consequently have resulted in a diverse set of viable explanations, both Indo-European (particularly with the word's Vedic attestation) and substrate. Such theories include a derivation from a Proto-Indo-European *kolndo- and connection to Ancient Greek κόνδῠλος (kóndŭlos, “knuckle, knot”), which is phonetically problematic and implicitly rejected by Beekes (who considers the Greek to derive from Pre-Greek), while others include a Prakritic formation from कृत् (kṛt, “to cut”).
Mayrhofer appears to tentatively favor a borrowing from Dravidian, taking the original sense as "segment of bamboo or sugar cane", whence the other senses; compare Tamil கணு (kaṇu, “joint of a bamboo cane, node”).

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /kɑ́ːɳ.ɖɐ/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /ˈkɑːɳ.ɖɐ/
* (Vedic) IPA: /kɑːɳ.ɖɐ́/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /ˈkɑːɳ.ɖɐ/

### Noun

काण्ड • (kā́ṇḍa, kāṇḍá) stem, m or n
* a joint of the stalk of a cane or bamboo
* section, portion, chapter
* a part of a sacrificial rite
* department of knowledge, subject (AV., TS., ŚBr., R.)
* stalk
* switch, whip (MBh., R., Kauś., Suśr.)
* node of a tree trunk (W.)
* cluster (W.)
* multitude, abundance, quantity (Pāṇ., Kāś., Vcar.)
* arrow (MBh., Hit.)
* a long bone (Suśr.)
* rudder (R.)
* a measurement of area (Pāṇ., Vop.)
* cane (L.)
* opportunity, occasion (L.)
* a private place, privacy (L.)
* praise, flattery (L.)

#### Descendants

* Dardic:
** Burushaski: kāˋ'n
** Dameli: kā̆n
** Gawar-Bati: کانڈ (kāṇḍ), کاݨ (kāṇ)
** Kashmiri: kā̃ḍ
    Devanagari script: काँड्
    Arabic script: کانڈ
    Sharada script: 𑆑𑆳𑆀𑆝𑇀
** Khowar: کن (kan)
** Pashayi:
*** Northeast Pashayi: kōṇ, kō̃
*** Northwest Pashayi: kāṇḍ, kāṇ
*** Southeast Pashayi: kā̃ṛ, kā̃ṛī
** Phalura: کوݨ (kōṇ)
** Shina: کون (kōn)
*** → Domaaki: kōn
** Savi: kā̃ṛa
** Shumashti: kō̃ṛ, kō̃
** Torwali: کن (kan)
* Pali: kaṇḍa
* Prakrit: 𑀓𑀁𑀟 (kaṃḍa), 𑀓𑀁𑀟𑀬 (kaṃḍaya)
** Central:
*** Hindustani: kā̃ṛī, kaṇḍā
**** Hindi: काँड़ी, कंडा
**** Urdu: کاں٘ڑِی, کَنڈا
** Eastern:
*** Assamese: কাঁড় (kãr)
**** ⇒ Assamese: কঁড়িয়া (kõria), কঁৰিয়া (kõria)
*** Bengali: কাঁড় (kãṛ), কাঁড়া (kãṛa), কেঁড়িয়া (kẽṛiẏa)
*** Bihari: काँड़ा (kā̃ṛā)
**** Bhojpuri: कंडा (kaṇḍā)
**** Maithili: काँड़ (kā̃ṛ), काँड़ी (kā̃ṛī)
*** Odia: କାଣ୍ଡ (kāṇḍa), କାଁଡ଼ (kā̃ṛa)
** Northern:
*** Western Pahari:
**** Bhadrawahi: कान् (kān)
**** Jaunsari: काँड् (kā̃ḍ)
*** Eastern Pahari:
**** Nepali: काँड (kā̃ḍ), काँडो (kā̃ḍo)
** Northwestern:
*** Punjabi: kānnā, kānī
    Gurmukhi script: ਕਾੱਨਾ, ਕਾਨੀ
    Shahmukhi script: کانّا, کانِی
*** Sindhi: kānu, kāno, kānī
    Arabic script: ڪانُ, ڪانو, ڪانِي
    Devanagari script: कानु, कानो, कानी
** Southern:
*** Marathi: कांड (kāṇḍa), कांडें (kāṇḍẽ), कांडी (kāṇḍī)
*** Sinhalese: කඩය (kaḍaya)
** Western:
*** Gujarati: કાંડ (kā̃ḍ), કાંડું (kā̃ḍũ), કાંડી (kā̃ḍī)
* → Hindustani:
** Hindi: काण्ड
** Urdu: کانڈ
* → Sinhalese: කාණ්ඩය (kāṇḍaya)
* → Tamil: காண்டம் (kāṇṭam)
* → Proto-Nuristani:
** Northern Nuristani:
*** Kamkata-viri: kåṇ
    Kamviri: źarë́
    Kativiri: zërë́
*** Prasuni: kə̃
** Southern Nuristani:
*** Ashkun: kaṇ
*** Tregami: źó
*** Waigali: kāṇ, kŕä̃

### References

* ↑ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) “kā́ṇḍa-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 336-7
* ↑ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956) “kā́ṇḍaḥ”, in Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎ (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 197

### Further reading

* Monier Williams (1899) “काण्ड”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0269/2.
* Monier Williams (1899) “काण्ड”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1324/2.
* Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “kāṇḍa”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press