# 擁

| 擁 | U+64C1, &#25793; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-64C1 |
| ← 擀 [U+64C0] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 擂 → [U+64C2] |

## Translingual
### Han character

擁 (Kangxi radical 64, 手+13, 16 strokes, cangjie input 手卜女土 (QYVG), four-corner 5001$_4$, composition ⿰扌雍)

#### Derived characters

* 𡃵

#### Related characters

* 拥 (Simplified Chinese)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 457, character 26
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 12781
* Dae Jaweon: page 806, character 9
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1972, character 1
* Unihan data for U+64C1

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 擁 :
| Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script |
| | Old Chinese |
| 郺 | *qoːŋʔ, *qoŋ |
| 齆 | *qoːŋs |
| 甕 | *qoːŋs |
| 罋 | *qoːŋs, *qoŋ |
| 雍 | *qoŋ, *qoŋs |
| 邕 | *qoŋ |
| 嗈 | *qoŋ |
| 灉 | *qoŋ, *qoŋs |
| 癰 | *qoŋ |
| 廱 | *qoŋ |
| 雝 | *qoŋ |
| 壅 | *qoŋ, *qoŋʔ, *qoŋs |
| 饔 | *qoŋ |
| 噰 | *qoŋ |
| 澭 | *qoŋ |
| 擁 | *qoŋ, *qoŋʔ |
| 臃 | *qoŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *qoŋ, *qoŋʔ) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 雍 (OC *qoŋ, *qoŋs).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yōng, yǒng
    (Zhuyin): ㄩㄥ, ㄩㄥˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jung$^2$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yúng
* Eastern Min (BUC): é̤ṳng / ṳ̆ng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): iong / ióng / iòng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): iong$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$ion; $^5$ion
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland; variant in Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yōng
*** Zhuyin: ㄩㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yong
*** Wade–Giles: yung$^1$
*** Yale: yūng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: iong
*** Palladius: юн (jun)
*** Sinological IPA : /jʊŋ⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yǒng
*** Zhuyin: ㄩㄥˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yǒng
*** Wade–Giles: yung$^3$
*** Yale: yǔng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yeong
*** Palladius: юн (jun)
*** Sinological IPA : /jʊŋ²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jung$^2$
*** Yale: yúng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jung$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /jʊŋ³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yúng
*** Hakka Romanization System: iung$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yung$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /i̯uŋ³¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yúng
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)iung$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yung$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯uŋ³¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: é̤ṳng / ṳ̆ng
*** Sinological IPA : /øyŋ²¹³/, /yŋ⁵⁵/
* é̤ṳng - colloquial;
* ṳ̆ng - literary.
* Middle Chinese: 'jowngX
Rime :
| Character | 擁 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 鍾 (7) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 於隴切 |
| Baxter | 'jowngX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʔɨoŋ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʔioŋ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʔioŋ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʔuawŋ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ʔioŋ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ĭwoŋ$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʔi̯woŋ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yǒng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jung$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*qoŋ/, /*qoŋʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 擁 | 擁 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 15416 | 15418 |
| Phonetic component | 邕 | 邕 |
| Rime group | 東 | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 邕 | 擁 |
| Old Chinese | /*qoŋ/ | /*qoŋʔ/ |

#### Definitions

擁
* to embrace; to hug someone
* to wrap around; to squeeze
* to gather around; to crowd
* to provide support; to protect
* to have something; to possess; to hold
* crowd of people
* (dialectal Mandarin) to push
* Alternative form of 壅 (“to obstruct”)

#### Compounds

* 一擁而上 / 一拥而上 (yīyǒng'érshàng)
* 一擁而進 / 一拥而进
* 分符擁節 / 分符拥节
* 前呼後擁 / 前呼后拥 (qiánhūhòuyǒng)
* 前推後擁 / 前推后拥
* 前遮後擁 / 前遮后拥 (qiánzhēhòuyōng)
* 剪莽擁篲 / 剪莽拥篲
* 坐擁書城 / 坐拥书城
* 坐擁百城 / 坐拥百城
* 左擁右抱 / 左拥右抱 (zuǒyōngyòubào)
* 後擁前呼 / 后拥前呼
* 後擁前推 / 后拥前推
* 後擁前遮 / 后拥前遮
* 後擁前驅 / 后拥前驱
* 持衡擁璇 / 持衡拥璇
* 擁入 / 拥入
* 擁兵 / 拥兵 (yōngbīng)
* 擁兵玩寇 / 拥兵玩寇
* 擁兵自固 / 拥兵自固
* 擁兵自重 / 拥兵自重 (yōngbīngzìzhòng)
* 擁堵 / 拥堵 (yōngdǔ)
* 擁塞 / 拥塞 (yōngsè)
* 擁彗先驅 / 拥彗先驱
* 擁彗迎門 / 拥彗迎门
* 擁戴 / 拥戴 (yōngdài)
* 擁抱 / 拥抱 (yōngbào)
* 擁擠 / 拥挤 (yōngjǐ)
* 擁政愛民 / 拥政爱民
* 擁旄 / 拥旄
* 擁書 / 拥书
* 擁有 / 拥有 (yōngyǒu)
* 擁立 / 拥立 (yōnglì)
* 擁篲 / 拥篲
* 擁簇 / 拥簇
* 擁篲清道 / 拥篲清道
* 擁腫 / 拥肿
* 擁護 / 拥护 (yōnghù)
* 擁躉 / 拥趸 (yōngdǔn)
* 擁軍優屬 / 拥军优属
* 擁霧翻波 / 拥雾翻波
* 擁鼻 / 拥鼻
* 擁鼻吟 / 拥鼻吟
* 珠圍翠擁 / 珠围翠拥
* 相擁而泣 / 相拥而泣
* 簇擁 / 簇拥 (cùyōng)
* 蜂擁 / 蜂拥 (fēngyōng)
* 蜂擁而上 / 蜂拥而上 (fēngyǒng'érshàng)
* 蜂擁而至 / 蜂拥而至 (fēngyǒng'érzhì)

### Pronunciation 2

* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ung$^2$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): uung$^2$
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ung$^2$
*** Yale: úng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ung$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /ʊŋ³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: uung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɵŋ⁵⁵/

#### Definitions

擁
* (Cantonese) to push
    擁車仔／拥车仔 [Cantonese] ― ung$^2$ ce$^1$ zai$^2$ [Jyutping] ― to push a cart

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 推 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 推, 㩳, 搡 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 推 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 㩳, 搡 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 推 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 推 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 擁 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 掀, 推 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 搑 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 推, 揎, 捎, 搊, 㩳 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 推, 㩳, 揎 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 推 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 推, 搡 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 推, 搡 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 推, 擁 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 推, 擁 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 擁 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 擁 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 宿, 擁, 𢱤 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 推, 揎, 㩳 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 𢱤 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 𢱤 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 𢱤 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 擁 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 擁 |
| Hakka | Changting | 𢱤 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 𢱤 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 𢱤 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 𢱤 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 𢱤 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 𢱤 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 𢱤 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 𢱤 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 𢱤 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 𢱤 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 𢱤 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 𢱤 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 𢱤 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 𢱤 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 𢳪 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 推, 𢱤, 擁 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 推 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 捵, 𢱤 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 捵, 𢱤 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 挨, 捵 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 㧣, 捒, 攄 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 捒, 攄 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 㧣 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 㧣, 捒, 攄 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 攄 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 攄 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 攄 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 攄 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 攄, 㧣 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 攄, 㧣 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 攄 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 攄, 㧣 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 攄, 㧣 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 攄 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 捒, 攄 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 㧣 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 㧣 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 攆, 舁 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 推, 攆 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 攆 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 攆, 㧣 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 推 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 推 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 推 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 㨄, 推 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 寵, 推 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 攮, 搡 |

#### Compounds

* 擁火 / 拥火
* 擁開 / 拥开
* 神推鬼擁 / 神推鬼拥

### References

* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A01677
* “擁”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* to hold
* to embrace
* to protect

#### Readings

* Go-on: ゆ (yu)
* Kan-on: よう (yō, Jōyō)
* Kun: いだく (idaku, 擁く)、だく (daku, 擁く)、まもる (mamoru, 擁る)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 擁
* よう Grade: S
* kan'on
From Middle Chinese 擁 (MC 'jowngX).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [jo̞ː]

### Affix

擁(よう) • (yō)
* to embrace; to protect

#### Derived terms

* 擁(よう)遏(あつ) (yōatsu)
* 擁(よう)閼(あつ) (yōatsu)
* 擁(よう)衛(えい) (yōei)
* 擁(よう)掩(えん) (yōen)
* 擁(よう)経(けい) (yōkei)
* 擁(よう)護(ご) (yōgo, “to protect; to advocate; to support”)
* 擁(よう)膝(しつ) (yōshitsu)
* 擁(よう)腫(しょう) (yōshō)
* 擁(よう)彗(すい) (yōsui)
* 擁(よう)する (yōsuru, “to have; to possess”)
* 擁(よう)擠(せい) (yōsei)
* 擁(よう)塞(そく) (yōsoku)
* 擁(よう)戴(たい) (yōtai)
* 擁(よう)覆(ふく) (yōfuku)
* 擁(よう)蔽(へい) (yōhei) (壅(よう)蔽(へい))
* 擁(よう)壁(へき) (yōheki, “retaining wall”)
* 擁(よう)佑(ゆう), 擁(よう)右(ゆう), 擁(よう)祐(ゆう) (yōyū)
* 擁(よう)立(りつ) (yōritsu, “to field; to recruit a candidate”)
* 培(ばい)擁(よう) (baiyō) (培(ばい)壅(よう))
* 抱(ほう)擁(よう) (hōyō, “to embrace; to hug”)

## Korean
### Hanja

擁 (eumhun 낄 옹 (kkil ong))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

擁: Hán Nôm readings: ủng
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation