# 鰹

| 鰹 | U+9C39, &#39993; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9C39 |
| ← 鰸 [U+9C38] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 鰺 → [U+9C3A] |

## Translingual
### Han character

鰹 (Kangxi radical 195, 魚+11, 22 strokes, cangjie input 弓火尸水土 (NFSEG), four-corner 2731$_4$, composition ⿰魚堅)
* a skipjack tuna, a bonito, Katsuwonus pelamis (Japanese)
* a great eel (Classical Chinese)
* a kind of shark

### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1477, character 2
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 46437
* Dae Jaweon: page 2008, character 28
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4709, character 14
* Unihan data for U+9C39

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 臤 | *kʰaːn, *kʰriːn, *ɡiːn, *kʰins |
| 掔 | *kʰriːn, *kʰiːn |
| 慳 | *kʰriːn |
| 藖 | *ɡriːn, *ɡriːns |
| 堅 | *kiːn |
| 鋻 | *kiːn, *kiːns |
| 鰹 | *kiːn |
| 蜸 | *kʰiːnʔ |
| 菣 | *kʰiːns, *kʰins |
| 賢 | *ɡiːn |
| 礥 | *ɡiːn, *ɢrin |
| 臔 | *ɡiːnʔ |
| 挋 | *kiŋs |
| 臣 | *ɡiŋ |
| 茞 | *ɡiŋ |
| 腎 | *ɡjinʔ |
| 頣 | *hŋiŋʔ |
| 緊 | *kinʔ |
| 嚚 | *ŋɡriŋ |
| 鏗 | *kʰreːŋ |
| 摼 | *kʰreːŋ |
| 硻 | *kʰreːŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kiːn) : semantic 魚 + phonetic 堅 (OC *kiːn).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jiān (jian$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gin$^1$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kian
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiān
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jian
*** Wade–Giles: chien$^1$
*** Yale: jyān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jian
*** Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gin$^1$
*** Yale: gīn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gin$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gin$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kiːn⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kian
*** Tâi-lô: kian
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kiefn
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kiɛn⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɛn³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɛn⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kiɛn⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɛn⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: ken
Rime :
| Character | 鰹 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 先 (85) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | IV |
| Fanqie | 古賢切 |
| Baxter | ken |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ken/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ken/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kɛn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kɛn/ |
| Li Rong | /ken/ |
| Wang Li | /kien/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kien/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiān |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gin$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*kiːn/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 鰹 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 1332 |
| Phonetic component | 臣 |
| Rime group | 眞 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 堅 |
| Old Chinese | /*kiːn/ |
| Notes | 見爾雅 |

### Definitions

鰹
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Compounds

* 鰹魚 / 鲣鱼 (jiānyú)
* 鰹魚花 / 鲣鱼花
* 鰹鳥 / 鲣鸟 (jiānniǎo)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* skipjack tuna, oceanic bonito

#### Readings

* Go-on: けん (ken)
* Kan-on: けん (ken)
* Kun: かつお (katsuo, 鰹)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 鰹
* かつお Hyōgai
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spellings
* 堅魚 松魚
From Old Japanese katuwo. Found in the Man'yōshū of 759.
/katuwo/ → /kat͡suwo/ → /kat͡suo/
Two possible derivations:
* A shift from a compound of 堅 (kata-, stem meaning "firm, hard") +‎ 魚 (uo, “fish”), from the long-standing practice of drying lower-grade tuna into hard blocks, in part due to the common presence of parasites. A folk etymology also derives this kanji character, compare 木工 → 杢 (moku, “woodworker”, archaic) and 麻呂 → 麿 (maro, first-person pronoun, archaic).
* A shift from a compound of 勝つ (katsu, “to win”) +‎ 魚 (uo, “fish”).
Considering the rules of Old Japanese phonology, specifically that two vowels are not allowed in sequence, resulting in elision or fusion, the kata + uo → katuo shift seems likely.
The kanji spelling is an example of 国(こっ)訓(くん) (kokkun, “Japanese-specific kun'yomi”) and its use may stem from the 堅魚 spelling.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かつお [kàtsúó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ka̠t͡sɨo̞]

### Noun

鰹(かつお) or 鰹(カツオ) • (katsuo)
* a skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis
* Short for 鰹木 (katsuogi): a log on the roof of a shrine set perpendicular to the ridgepole
* Short for 鰹節 (katsuobushi): smoked and dried skipjack tuna
* (obsolete) Short for 鰹虫 (katsuomushi): a biting midge; a water strider

#### Derived terms

* 秋(あき)鰹(がつお) (akigatsuo, “bonito caught in autumn”, obscure)
* 鰹(かつお)木(ぎ) (katsuogi, “shrine log”)
* 鰹(カツオ)鯨(クジラ) (katsuokujira, “Eden's whale, Bryde's whale”, Balaenoptera edeni)
* 鰹(かつお)だし, 鰹(かつお)出汁(だし), 鰹(かつお)出(だ)し (katsuodashi, “(dried) bonito stock”)
* 鰹(カツオ)鳥(ドリ) (katsuodori, “brown booby”, Sula leucogaster)
* 鰹(かつお)の烏(え)帽(ぼ)子(し) (katsuo no eboshi, “Portuguese man-of-war”, Physalia physalis)
* 鰹節(かつぶし) (katsubushi), 鰹(かつ)節(おぶし) (katsuobushi, “katsuobushi”)
* 鰹(かつお)味噌(みそ) (katsuomiso, “miso mixed with bonito”)
* 縞(シマ)鰹(ガツオ) (shimagatsuo, “Pacific pomfret”, Brama japonica)
* 宗(ソウ)太(ダ)鰹(ガツオ) (sōdagatsuo, “frigate tuna”, genus Auxis spp.)
* 歯(ハ)鰹(ガツオ) (hagatsuo, “striped bonito”, Sarda orientalis)
* 初松(はつ)魚(がつお), 初(はつ)鰹(がつお) (hatsugatsuo, “first bonito of the season”)
* 花(はな)鰹(かつお) (hanakatsuo), 花(はな)鰹(がつお) (hanagatsuo, “dried bonito shavings​”)
* 真(マ)魚(ナ)鰹(ガツオ) (managatsuo, a species of butterfish, Pampus punctatissimus)

#### Descendants

* New Latin: Katsuwonus

### Proper noun

鰹(かつお) • (katsuo)
* a surname

### References

* ↑ c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 9, poem 1740:, available online here. Katuwo appears spelled as 堅魚. While this does not phonetically spell katuwo itself, given the meter of the poetry, this word must have three morae, and given Old Japanese phonology, we know that this cannot have been kata uwo due to the restriction on successive vowels.
* ↑ Dictionary of Japanese-created Kanji 2014 (和製漢字の辞典2014) (entry #3047)
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

### Further reading

* Entry at Nihon Jiten (in Japanese)
* Entry at Gogen Yurai Jiten ("Etymology Derivation Dictionary", in Japanese)

## Korean
### Hanja

鰹 • (gyeon) (hangeul 견, revised gyeon, McCune–Reischauer kyŏn, Yale kyen)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

鰹: Hán Nôm readings: kiên
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.