# շանթ
## Armenian
### Etymology

From Old Armenian շանթ (šantʻ).

### Pronunciation

* (Eastern Armenian) IPA: /ʃɑntʰ/, [ʃɑntʰ]
* (Western Armenian) IPA: /ʃɑnt/, [ʃɑntʰ]
* Audio (Eastern Armenian):(file)

### Noun

շանթ • (šantʻ)
* lightning
* lightning strike

#### Synonyms

* (lightning): կայծակ (kaycak)

#### Derived terms

* շանթառաք (šantʻaṙakʻ), շանթարգել (šantʻargel), շանթամբոխ (šantʻambox)

### References

* Aġayan, Ēduard (1976) “շանթ”, in Ardi hayereni bacʻatrakan baṙaran [Explanatory Dictionary of Contemporary Armenian] (in Armenian), Yerevan: Hayastan
* “շանթ”, in Žamanakakicʻ hayocʻ lezvi bacʻatrakan baṙaran [Explanatory Dictionary of Contemporary Armenian] (in Armenian), Yerevan: Academy Press, 1969–1980

## Old Armenian
### Alternative forms

* շանդ (šand)

### Etymology

Uncertain. An overview of opinions follows.
According to Petersson, Pokorny and J̌ahukyan, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ḱwn̥ti-, from the root *ḱew- (“to shine; bright”), with such cognates as Sanskrit शोण (śoṇa, “red, purple”), Avestan 𐬯𐬎𐬭𐬆𐬨 (surəm, “early in the morning”), etc. This is rejected by Ačaṙyan and Olsen, who consider the origin of շանթ (šantʻ)/շանդ (šand) to be unknown.
Alternatively, according to Tērvišean and Bugge, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *skand- (“to shine, to glow; bright”) and cognate with Sanskrit चन्द् (cand-, “to shine, glitter”), चन्द्र (candrá), Latin candeo and Ancient Greek κάνδαρος (kándaros, “charcoal”). This is considered uncertain by Hübschmann and rejected by Ačaṙyan, who takes խանդ (xand) to be the reflex of this Indo-European root. Martirosyan remarks, that the connection between խանդ (xand) and շանթ (šantʻ)/շանդ (šand) should not be ruled out.
The word has also been compared to the Luwian theonym 𒀭𒊭𒀭𒋫 ($^d$ša-an-ta /⁠šanta⁠/, “Šanta”) and the Hurrian theonym 𒀭𒊭𒀭𒋫𒇻𒊌𒃷 ($^d$ša-an-ta-lu-uk-kan$_2$ /⁠Šantaluggan⁠/, literally “Shining or Brilliant Šanta”). Martirosyan notes that the Luwian theonym may be related to Hittite 𒊭𒀀𒀭𒋫 (ša-a-an-ta /⁠šānt-⁠/, “being furious, enraged”) and that Armenian may theoretically go back to Proto-Anatolian *šant- (“to be angry/furious”).
After a lengthy discussion Martirosyan concludes "Arm[enian] šantʿ, basically meaning ‘lightning-stroke, thunderbolt’ or ‘burning (by lightning-stroke)’ and referring also to devils, snakes and the like (originally, perhaps, to the mythological Thunder Dragon), may be compared with Luwian Šanta, the “brilliant” one, a god of war (armed with a bow) which can cause pestilence and in the Hellenistic period is equated with Herakles. It seems more likely that the theonym derives from the appellative. If the existence of Armenian loans in Anatolian languages proves acceptable, the Luwian theonym may be treated as borrowed from Arm[enian] šantʿ ‘lightning-stroke; heavenly fire’. This would imply that Arm[enian] šantʿ was deified by the Armenians in the 2nd and 1st millennia BC. In the period of the Iranian influx, the Armenian god *Šantʿ has been replaced by Vahagn which subsequently, exactly like Luwian Šanta, was identified with Herakles. The appellative šantʿ itself may be of P[roto-]I[ndo-]E[uropean] origin, although the etymological details are not entirely clear."

### Noun

շանթ • (šantʻ)
* lightning, thunderbolt; (fiery) bolt
** 5th century, Bible, Job 38.35:Արձակիցե՞ս շանթս` եւ գնայցեն․ եւ ասիցեն ցքեզ թէ զի՞նչ է։Arjakicʻe$^?$s šantʻs` ew gnaycʻen; ew asicʻen cʻkʻez tʻē zi$^?$nčʻ ē.Translation by Claude E. CoxWill you send out thunderbolts—and will they go? And will they say to you, ‘What is it?’
* heavenly fire
* spark, flash
* red-hot iron
    հրացեալ շանթիւք պսակել զոք ― hracʻeal šantʻiwkʻ psakel zokʻ ― to crown with a bent, red hot spit
** 16–17th centuries, Eremia Mełrecʻi, Baṙgirkʻ hayocʻ [Armenian Dictionary] Շ.49:շանթ· հրացեալ երկաթն էšantʻ· hracʻeal erkatʻn ēšantʿ = the fiery iron
* ingot; a kind of measure of weight
* (attributively) red-hot

#### Usage notes

In Job, translates Ancient Greek κεραυνός (keraunós).

#### Derived terms

* շանդական (šandakan)
* շանդի (šandi)
* շանդիկ (šandik)
* շանթագոյն (šantʻagoyn)
* շանթական (šantʻakan)
* շանթակեաց (šantʻakeacʻ)
* շանթակէզ (šantʻakēz)
* շանթահար (šantʻahar)
* շանթահարութիւն (šantʻaharutʻiwn)
* շանթաձիգ (šantʻajig)
* շանթային (šantʻayin)
* շանթեմ (šantʻem)
* շանթեռանդն (šantʻeṙandn)
* շանթեքար (šantʻekʻar)
* շանթընկէց (šantʻənkēcʻ)
* շանթի (šantʻi)
* շանթիկ (šantʻik)

#### Descendants

* Armenian: շանթ (šantʻ)
* → Georgian: შანთი (šanti)

### References

* ↑ Cox, Claude E. (2006) Armenian Job: reconstructed Greek text, critical edition of the Armenian with English translation (Hebrew University Armenian studies; 8), Leuven – Paris – Dudley, MA: Peeters, page 247
* ↑ Amalyan, H. M., editor (1975), Baṙgirkʻ hayocʻ‎ (in Armenian), Yerevan: Academy Press, page 247

### Further reading

* Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1977) “շանթ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume III, Yerevan: University Press, page 494ab
* Awetikʻean, G., Siwrmēlean, X., Awgerean, M. (1836–1837) “շանթ”, in Nor baṙgirkʻ haykazean lezui [New Dictionary of the Armenian Language] (in Old Armenian), Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
* Petrosean, Matatʻeay (1879) “շանթ”, in Nor Baṙagirkʻ Hay-Angliarēn [New Dictionary Armenian–English], Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
* Bugge, Sophus (1893) “Beiträge zur etymologischen Erläuterung der armenischen Sprache”, in Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung (in German), volume 32, page 57
* Eremia Meġrecʻi (1698) “շանթ”, in Baṙgirkʻ hayocʻ [Armenian Dictionary] (in Armenian), Livorno: Sargis Evdokiacʻi Sahetʻči Press, page 243
* Tērvišean, Serovbē (1885) Hndewropakan naxalezu [The Proto-Indo-European Language] (in Armenian), Constantinople: Nšan K. Pērpērean, page 111
* Dervischjan, P. Seraphin (1877) Armeniaca I: Das Altarmenische (in German), Vienna: Mekhitarist Press, page 29
* Hübschmann, Heinrich (1897) Armenische Grammatik. 1. Theil: Armenische Etymologie (in German), Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, page 479
* J̌ahukyan, Geworg (1987) Hayocʻ lezvi patmutʻyun; naxagrayin žamanakašrǰan [History of the Armenian language: The Pre-Literary Period]‎ (in Armenian), Yerevan: Academy Press, page 132
* J̌ahukyan, Geworg (2010) “շանթ”, in Vahan Sargsyan, editor, Hayeren stugabanakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), Yerevan: Asoghik, page 581a
* Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “šant’”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 513–515
* Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 944
* Pokorny, Julius (1959) “²k̂eu-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 594