# boc
## Catalan
### Etymology 1

Pre-Roman, possibly from Old High German boc, from Proto-Germanic *bukkaz, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuǵ-.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈbok]

#### Noun

boc m (plural bocs)
* buck, he-goat, male goat
    Synonym: cabró

##### Derived terms

* boc expiatori
* boquet

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from German Bock.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈbɔk]

#### Noun

boc m (plural bocs)
* pint glass, half-liter jug

## French
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bɔk/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

boc m (plural bocs)
* (Norman dialect) type of horse-drawn carriage

## Irish
### Etymology

From Old Irish boc (“he-goat”) (compare modern poc), from Proto-Celtic *bukkos.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bˠok/, [bˠʌk], [bˠɔk]

### Noun

boc m (genitive singular boic, nominative plural boic)
* fellow, bloke, guy, dude
* (archaic) buck, he-goat

#### Declension

bare forms
case
singular
plural
nominative
boc
boic
vocative
a bhoic
a bhoca
genitive
boic
boc
dative
boc
boic
forms with the definite article
case
singular
plural
nominative
an boc
na boic
genitive
an bhoic
na mboc
dative
leis an mboc don bhoc
leis na boic :

#### Synonyms

* (buck, he-goat): poc

#### Derived terms

* boc mór
* boc seó

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* ↑ de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1977) Gaeilge Chois Fhairrge: An Deilbhíocht [The Irish of Cois Fharraige: Accidence] (in Irish), 2nd edition, Institiúid Ard-Léinn Bhaile Átha Cliath [Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies], page 307
* ↑ Stockman, Gerard (1974) The Irish of Achill, Co. Mayo (Studies in Irish Language and Literature, Department of Celtic, Q.U.B.; vol. 2), Institute of Irish Studies, The Queen’s University of Belfast, section 970, page 100
* ↑ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 411, page 135

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “boc”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN

## Middle Dutch
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Dutch buc

### Noun

boc m
* buck, billygoat, he-goat, male goat

#### Inflection

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

#### Alternative forms

* buc

#### Descendants

* Dutch: bok (see there for further descendants)
* Limburgish: bók
* West Flemish: buk

### Further reading

* “boc”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
* Verwijs, E., Verdam, J. (1885–1929) “buc (II)”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN, page buc

## Middle English
### Noun

boc
* Alternative form of bok

## Old English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /boːk/

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *bōks, whence also Old Frisian bōk (West Frisian boek), Old Saxon bōk (Low German Book), Dutch boek, Old High German buoh (German Buch), Old Norse bók (Danish bog, Norwegian bok), Swedish bok), Gothic 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐌰 (bōka). The Germanic root is often taken to be related to the word for beech, the wood of rune-tablets.

#### Noun

bōc f
* book
** c. 995, Ælfric, Excerptiones de Arte Grammatica Anglice
    Littera is stæf on englisċ and is sē lǣsta dǣl on bōcum and untōdǣledlīċ.Littera means letter in [Old] English and is the indivisible smallest part of books.

##### Declension

Strong consonant stem:

##### Derived terms

* ǣbōc (“lawbook”)
* bōchūs (“library”)
* bōclīċ (“booklike, bookly”)
* bōcstæf (“letter”)
* dōmbōc (“lawbook”)
* ġerīmbōc (“calendar”)
* handbōc (“handbook, manual”)
* lǣċebōc (“medicine, recipe book”)
* landbōc (“charter”)
* mæssebōc (“missal”)
* nambōc (“register”)
* rīmbōc (“calendar”)
* *wordbōc (“dictionary”)

##### Descendants

* Middle English: bok, boc, boke, book, booke, buk, buke
** English: book (see there for further descendants)
** Geordie English: buik, beuk
** Scots: buik, beuk, buke, beuck
** Yola: buke

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *bōkō.

#### Noun

bōc f
* beech
    Synonyms: bōctrēow, bēċe

##### Declension

Strong ō-stem:

## Old High German
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *bukk, from Proto-Germanic *bukkaz, whence also Old English buc, Old Norse bukkr; from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuǵ- (“ram”).

### Noun

boc m
* buck, male deer

#### Descendants

* German: Bock

## Old Irish
### Alternative forms

* bocc

### Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *bukkos.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [bok]

### Noun

boc m (genitive buic, nominative plural buic)
* he-goat
** c. 850-875, Turin Glosses and Scholia on St Mark, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 484–94, Tur. 110c
    Ba bés leusom do·bertis dá boc leu dochum tempuil, ⁊ no·léicthe indala n‑ái fon díthrub co pecad in popuil, ⁊ do·bertis maldachta foir, ⁊ n⟨o⟩·oircthe didiu and ó popul tar cenn a pecthae ind aile.It was a custom with them that two he-goats were brought by them to the temple, and one of the two of them was let go to the wilderness with the sin of the people, and curses were put upon him, and thereupon the other was slain there by the people for their sins.

#### Declension

Masculine o-stem :
| | Singular | Dual | Plural |
| Nominative | boc, bocc | boc$^L$, bocc | buic(c)$^L$ |
| Vocative | buic(c) | boc$^L$, bocc | buccu$^H$ |
| Accusative | boc$^N$, bocc | boc$^L$, bocc | buccu$^H$ |
| Genitive | buic(c)$^L$ | boc, bocc | boc$^N$, bocc |
| Dative | buc(c)$^L$ | bocaib | bocaib |
| Initial mutations of a following adjective: $^H$ = triggers aspiration $^L$ = triggers lenition $^N$ = triggers nasalization ||||

#### Descendants

* Irish: boc
* Scottish Gaelic: boc

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “2 boc”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## Old Saxon
### Noun

boc f
* Alternative spelling of bok

## Romanian
### Etymology

Unknown.

### Noun

boc n (plural bocuri)
* sound of a hammer

#### Declension
### References

* boc in Academia Română, Micul dicționar academic, ediția a II-a, Bucharest: Univers Enciclopedic, 2010. →ISBN

## Scottish Gaelic
### Pronunciation

* (Lewis) IPA: /b̥ɔʰk/
* (Uist) IPA: /b̥ɔxk/
* (Skye, Wester Ross) IPA: /b̥oxk/
* Homophone: bochd (some accents)

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Middle Irish boc, from Old Irish boc, poc(c) (“he-goat”), from Proto-Celtic *bukkos.

#### Noun

boc m (genitive singular buic, plural buic)
* buck, roebuck
* billygoat, he-goat, male goat

##### Derived terms

* boc glas (“large dogfish; shark”)
* boc-Bealltainn (“wild or unmanageable entire horse”)
* boc-caol
* boc-cluigeineach (“bell-wether”)
* boc-dheamhan (“satyr”)
* boc-dubh Innseanach (“Indian blackbuck”)
* boc-earba
* boc-gobhai
* boc-goibhre (“he-goat, billy goat”)
* boc-maighich (“buck-hare”)
* boc-roin (“prawn; shrimp”)
* boc-ruadh
* boc-saic (“snipe”)
* boc-seang
* bocan (“small buck”)
* fear-boc (“roebuck”)
* laos-boc (“castrated goat, wether goat”)

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Verb

boc (past bhoc, future bocaidh, verbal noun bocadh, past participle bocte)
* bounce, leap / jump (up and down), skip
* prance
* flutter

##### Derived terms

* boc-thonn (“breaker (wave)”)

#### Noun

boc m
* deceit, fraud
* blow, box, stroke

### References

* ↑ John MacPherson (1945) The Gaelic dialect of North Uist (Thesis)‎, Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh
* ↑ Borgstrøm, Carl Hj. (1941) A linguistic survey of the Gaelic dialects of Scotland, Vol. II: The dialects of Skye and Ross-shire, Oslo: Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap
* ↑ Roy Wentworth (2003) Gaelic Words and Phrases From Wester Ross / Faclan is Abairtean à Ros an Iar, Inverness: CLÀR, →ISBN

### Further reading

* Edward Dwelly (1911) “boc”, in Faclair Gàidhlig gu Beurla le Dealbhan [The Illustrated Gaelic–English Dictionary]‎, 10th edition, Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited, →ISBN