# μάγγανον
## Ancient Greek
### Etymology

Sanskrit मञ्जुल (mañjula, “charming, lovely”) and मङ्गल (maṅgala, “lucky charm, amulet, talisman”) have been proposed as cognates. Connection to the group of μάσσω (mássō, “to knead”) is unconvincing. Van Beek suggests a comparison with μηχανή (mēkhanḗ, “contrivance”); the pair of words shows prenasalization and interchange of γ and χ, which would be typical reflexes of a Pre-Greek word; however these are typical Semitic variations, and if the movement patterns of a pulley or catapult are compared with that of a sickle, it is easier derived from the family of Aramaic מַגְּלָא / ܡܓܠܐ (maggǝlā), Hebrew מַגָּל (maggā́l), Arabic مِنْجَل (minjal), words of transparent derivation meaning “sickle”, which passed into Old Georgian მანგალი (mangali), Old Armenian մանգաղ (mangał), and formally and geographically remarkably Georgian and Mingrelian მაგანა (magana), still meaning sickle. The senses “philtre”, “charm” and “pulley block”, “bolt”, “catapult” may ultimately have different origins, however both are relatable due to the image of witchcraft being “cast”, like the charge of a catapult is warped or a sickle is rapped.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /máŋ.ɡa.non/ → /ˈmaŋ.ɡa.non/ → /ˈmaŋ.ɡa.non/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /máŋ.ɡa.non/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /ˈmaŋ.ɡa.non/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /ˈmaŋ.ɡa.non/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /ˈmaŋ.ɡa.non/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /ˈmaŋ.ɡa.non/

### Noun

μάγγᾰνον • (mángănon) n (genitive μαγγᾰ́νου); second declension
* philtre, charm, means for bewitching others
* block of a pulley
* bolt, iron peg
* catapult, ballista, tormentum

#### Derived terms

* μαγγανάριος (manganários)
* μαγγανεία (manganeía)
* μαγγάνευμα (mangáneuma)
* μαγγανευτήριον (manganeutḗrion)
* μαγγανευτής (manganeutḗs)
* μαγγανευτικός (manganeutikós)
* μαγγανεύτρια (manganeútria)
* μαγγανεύω (manganeúō)
* μαγγανικά (manganiká)

#### Descendants

* Greek: μάγγανο (mángano), μάγκανο (mágkano)
* → Arabic: مَنْجَنُون (manjanūn), مَنْجَنِين (manjanīn)
* → Aramaic:
    Jewish Palestinian Aramaic: מנגנ
    Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: מַנְגְּנוּן (mangənūn), מַנְגְּנִין (mangənīn)
    Classical Syriac: ܡܢܓܢܘܢ (mangānōn)
* → Middle Armenian: մանգանայ (manganay)
* → Old Armenian: մանգղիոն (mangłion), մանգղոն (mangłon)
* → Ge'ez: መንገን (mängän)
* → Georgian: მანგანა (mangana, “pincers (blacksmith); vice”)
* → Hebrew: מַנְגָּנוֹן (manganṓn)
* → Latin: manganum (plural mangana)
** → Middle High German: mange, mangel
*** German: Mange, Mangel
**** ⇒ German: mangeln
*** → Czech: mandl, mangl
**** ⇒ Czech: mandlovat
**** → Slovak: mangeľ
***** ⇒ Slovak: mangľovať, mangľovňa
*** → Middle Dutch: manghe, mangel
**** → English: mangle
***** → Romanian: mangăl
*** → Finnish: mankeli
*** → Middle Low German: mange
*** → Hungarian: mángorol
*** → Kashubian: mągla
**** ⇒ Kashubian: mąglovac, mąglac
*** → Polish: magiel, maglownica, maglarka, maglarz
**** → Ukrainian: ма́гель (máhelʹ), ма́голь (máholʹ), ма́гіль (máhilʹ), магельни́ца (mahelʹnýca), магля́рка (mahljárka), маглівни́ца (mahlivnýca)
***** ⇒ Ukrainian: маглюва́ти (mahljuváty)
**** ⇒ Polish: maglować
** → Italian: mangano
** Sicilian: mànganu, Mànganu
* →⇒ Laz: მანგანა (mangana), წკარ-მანგანა (ǯǩar-mangana)
* → Ottoman Turkish: منگنه (mengene)
** Turkish: mengene
** → Armenian: մենկենե (menkene), մանգյանա (mangyana)
** → Bulgarian: ме́нгеме (méngeme)
** → Macedonian: менгеме (mengeme)
** → Persian: منگنه (mangane)
** → Romanian: menghină
** → Serbo-Croatian:
    Cyrillic script: ме̏нгеле, ме̑нгеле
    Latin script: mȅngele, mȇngele

### Further reading

* “μάγγανον”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “μάγγανον”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* μάγγανον in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN