# 如何
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): rúhé
    (Zhuyin): ㄖㄨˊ ㄏㄜˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jyu$^4$ ho$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): yì-hò
    (Meixian, Guangdong): yi$^2$ ho$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): lû-hô / lîr-hô͘ / lû-hô͘ / jû-hô / jî-hô
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ru$^5$ ho$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: rúhé
*** Zhuyin: ㄖㄨˊ ㄏㄜˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: rúhé
*** Wade–Giles: ju$^2$-ho$^2$
*** Yale: rú-hé
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ruher
*** Palladius: жухэ (žuxɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʐu³⁵ xɤ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jyu$^4$ ho$^4$
*** Yale: yùh hòh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jy$^4$ ho$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yu$^4$ ho$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /jyː²¹ hɔː²¹/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yì-hò
*** Hakka Romanization System: i$^ˇ$ ho$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yi$^2$ ho$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /i¹¹ ho¹¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yì-hò
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)i$^ˇ$ ho$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yi$^2$ ho$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i¹¹ ho¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: yi$^2$ ho$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /i¹¹ ho¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lû-hô
*** Tâi-lô: lû-hô
*** Phofsit Daibuun: lu'hooi
*** IPA (Taipei): /lu²⁴⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /lu²⁴⁻²² ho²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lîr-hô͘
*** Tâi-lô: lîr-hôo
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /lɯ²⁴⁻²² hɔ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lû-hô͘
*** Tâi-lô: lû-hôo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: lu'hoo
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /lu²⁴⁻²² hɔ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jû-hô
*** Tâi-lô: jû-hô
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ju'hooi
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /zu²³⁻³³ hɤ²³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡zu¹³⁻²² ho¹³/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jî-hô
*** Tâi-lô: jî-hô
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ji'hooi
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /zi²³⁻³³ hɤ²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ru$^5$ ho$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: jû hô
*** Sinological IPA : /d͡zu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ho⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: nyo|nyoH ha
Rime :
| Character | 如 | 如 | 何 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 日 (38) | 日 (38) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 魚 (22) | 魚 (22) | 歌 (94) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III | I |
| Fanqie | 人諸切 | 人恕切 | 胡歌切 |
| Baxter | nyo | nyoH | ha |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ȵɨʌ/ | /ȵɨʌ$^H$/ | /ɦɑ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ȵiɔ/ | /ȵiɔ$^H$/ | /ɦɑ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȵʑiɔ/ | /ȵʑiɔ$^H$/ | /ɣɑ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ȵɨə̆/ | /ȵɨə̆$^H$/ | /ɦa/ |
| Li Rong | /ȵiɔ/ | /ȵiɔ$^H$/ | /ɣɑ/ |
| Wang Li | /ȵʑĭo/ | /ȵʑĭo$^H$/ | /ɣɑ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȵʑi̯wo/ | /ȵʑi̯wo$^H$/ | /ɣɑ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | rú | rù | hé |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jyu$^4$ | jyu$^6$ | ho$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*na [ɡ]ˤaj/
    (Zhengzhang): /*nja|njas ɡaːl/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 如 | 何 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | rú | hé |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ nyo › | ‹ ha › |
| Old Chinese | /*na/ | /*[ɡ]ˁaj/ |
| English | as, like, if | what |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 如 | 如 | 何 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/2 |
| No. | 9623 | 9631 | 7458 |
| Phonetic component | 女 | 女 | 可 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 魚 | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 如 | 洳 | 何 |
| Old Chinese | /*nja/ | /*njas/ | /*ɡaːl/ |

### Adverb

如何 (formal)
* how; what; in what way
       rúhé pāishè yètǐ liúdòng zhàopiàn [Pinyin]
       how to take pictures of flowing liquids
       Tā jiāo wǒ rúhé yóuyǒng. [Pinyin]
       She taught me how to swim.
       Nǐ xiànzài gǎnjué rúhé? [Pinyin]
       How do you feel now?
       Nǐ juéde zhè ge jìhuà rúhé? [Pinyin]
       What do you think of this plan?
       Rúhé ràng yīge nánshēng juéde nǐ hěn tèbié? [Pinyin]
       How can you make a boy think you're special?
       Zài Chén lǎoshī de chūnfēnghuàyǔ xià, wǒ xuéhuì le rúhé dàirénjiēwù. [Pinyin]
       Under the positive influence of Teacher Chen, I've learnt to how to get along with others.
* how about; what about
    下週六如何？／下周六如何？ ― Xià zhōuliù rúhé? ― How about next Saturday?

#### Synonyms

* (how):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 何, 如何 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 怎麼 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 怎麼 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 怎麼 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 怎麼 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 怎麼 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 咋, 咋樣兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 咋, 咋的個, 咋麼, 咋麼個 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 咋, 咋個, 啷個 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 啷個 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 麼, 麼樣, 哪樣 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 井幹 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 怎樣, 怎 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 點, 點樣 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 點, 點樣 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 幾何 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 點 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 點 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 啷, 啷樣 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 仰般, 仰仔 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Meilin) | 仰般 |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 仰來 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 仰般, 仰仔 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 仰仔 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 仰般 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 仰脣, 仰 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 仰般, 仰般形 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 仰子 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 采翹 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 咋, 咋底 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 怎怎, 怎, 怎其 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 安難, 怎生 |
| Eastern Min | Singapore (Fuqing) | 安難 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 按怎, 怎影 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 按怎 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 按怎 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 按怎 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 障仔, 按怎, 怎 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 在生, 乜生, 做呢, 做物 |
| Southern Min | Raoping | 做呢 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 做呢 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 做呢 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 做呢 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 做呢, 做物 |
| Southern Min | Batam (Teochew) | 做呢物, 做物 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 怎作, 作乜 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 咋作 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 怎作 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 哪能 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 捺亨 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 咋, 咋貌, 咋貌介 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 訾那, 訾那能 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 何什, 何裡 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 麼家 |
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 如何, 何以, 若何 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 如何, 怎樣 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 怎麼樣兒, 怎樣兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 怎麼樣, 怎樣, 如何 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 怎麼樣, 怎樣, 如何 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 怎麼樣, 怎樣, 如何 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 怎麼樣 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 咋樣兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 咋個樣, 咋個樣子, 啷個樣, 啷個樣子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 麼樣, 麼樣子, 哪樣, 哪樣子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 啷子樣 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 怎們樣, 哪一個樣, 哪一個樣子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 怎樣 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 點樣, 點 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 點樣, 點 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 點樣 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 點樣, 點 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 點 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 點樣, 點樣做 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 點 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 點 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 點, 點樣 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 點 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 點 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 點子 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Huancheng) | 點子 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Nanlang) | 點子 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Xiaolan) | 點 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Dongsheng, Xiaolan) | 點, 點樣 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Tanbei, Xiaolan) | 點, 點樣 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Henglan) | 點, 點樣 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Dongfeng) | 點, 點樣 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Nantou) | 點, 點樣 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Fusha) | 點, 點樣 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shalang) | 點, 點樣 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Gangkou) | 點, 點樣 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Huangpu) | 點, 點樣 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Langwang, Minzhong) | 點, 點樣 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Minzhong) | 點, 點樣 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Banfu) | 點, 點樣 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Tanzhou) | 點, 點樣 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 點樣 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 點 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 點 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 幾何 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 點樣, 點 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 啷樣, 啷 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 仰般, 仰仔 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 仰般, 仰仔 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 仰仔 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 仰般 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 仰脣, 仰 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 仰般, 仰般形 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 仰子 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 咋, 咋底 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 何如, 何如事 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 將樣, 蔣樣, 蔣其 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 按怎, 怎樣, 啥款 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 障仔, 怎樣, 按怎, 啥款 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 按怎, 怎樣, 啥款 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 按怎, 怎仔樣, 怎樣仔, 啥款 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 按怎 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 按怎 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 障仔, 怎樣 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 在生樣, 乜生樣, 做呢 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 在生 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 在生, 在生樣 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 做呢, 做呢樣 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 做呢, 在生 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 哪, 哪樣 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 哪能, 哪能介, 哪能樣子 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 捺亨 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 訾那, 訾那能 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 何是, 何裡 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 麼家 |
* (how about): (Mandarin) 怎麼樣／怎么样 (zěnmeyàng)

#### Derived terms

* 如何是好
* 無可如何 / 无可如何
* 無論如何 / 无论如何 (wúlùnrúhé)

### Further reading

* “Entry #50014”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 如 | 何 |
| いか ||
| Grade: S | Grade: 2 |
| jukujikun ||
From Old Japanese, in turn from Proto-Japonic *i-ka. Appears in the Man'yōshū completed in 759 CE.
A surface analysis suggests a compound of い (i, uncertain element, likely the same い (i) prefix found in Old Japanese as an interrogative in いずれ (izure, “which”), いつ (itsu, “when”), etc.) +‎ か (ka, the question marker particle).
The kanji spelling is an example of jukujikun (熟字訓), using the corresponding Chinese term 如何 (rúhé, literally “like what”) for the spelling and the underlying Japanese root word for the reading.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) いか [ìkáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])
* IPA: [ika̠]

#### Adjective

如何(いか) • (ika) -na (adnominal 如何(いか)な (ika na), adverbial 如何(いか)に (ika ni))
* what kind of

##### Usage notes

Some dictionaries class this as a bound morpheme. In practice, it generally conjugates and behaves as a regular -na adjective. In formal writing, this is more commonly encountered using the classical attributive form 如何なる (ika naru).

##### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Imperfective (未然形) | 如何だろ | いかだろ | ika daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 如何で | いかで | ika de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 如何だ | いかだ | ika da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 如何な | いかな | ika na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 如何なら | いかなら | ika nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 如何であれ | いかであれ | ika de are |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 如何ではない 如何じゃない | いかではない いかじゃない | ika de wa nai ika ja nai |
| Informal past | 如何だった | いかだった | ika datta |
| Informal negative past | 如何ではなかった 如何じゃなかった | いかではなかった いかじゃなかった | ika de wa nakatta ika ja nakatta |
| Formal | 如何です | いかです | ika desu |
| Formal negative | 如何ではありません 如何じゃありません | いかではありません いかじゃありません | ika de wa arimasen ika ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 如何でした | いかでした | ika deshita |
| Formal negative past | 如何ではありませんでした 如何じゃありませんでした | いかではありませんでした いかじゃありませんでした | ika de wa arimasen deshita ika ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 如何で | いかで | ika de |
| Conditional | 如何なら（ば） | いかなら（ば） | ika nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 如何だったら | いかだったら | ika dattara |
| Volitional | 如何だろう | いかだろう | ika darō |
| Adverbial | 如何に | いかに | ika ni |
| Degree | 如何さ | いかさ | ikasa |

##### Derived terms

* いかに (ikani)
* 争(いか)で (ikade)
* いかなる (ikanaru)

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 如 | 何 |
| いかが ||
| Grade: S | Grade: 2 |
| jukujikun ||
/ika ni ka/ → */ikanka/ → /ikanɡa/ → /ikaɡa/
Originally a phrase consisting of 如何 (ika, “what kind”) +‎ に (ni, adverbial particle) +‎ か (ka, question marker particle).
The uncontracted form ika ni ka appears in the Man'yōshū completed in 759 CE. The fully contracted form ikaga is first cited to the Kokin Wakashū of roughly 905 CE, with evidence of a partially contracted form ikanga in The Tale of the Heike of roughly 1330.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) いかが [ìkáꜜgà] (Nakadaka – [2])
* IPA: [ika̠ɡa̠]

#### Adverb

如何(いかが) • (ikaga) (formal, polite)
* in what manner, how
* what about... (used to make a suggestion)
    お茶(ちゃ)はいかがでしょうか。
       Ocha wa ikaga deshō ka.
       How about some tea?

##### Usage notes

The term ikaga is generally considered more formal and polite than the synonym どう (dō).
More commonly spelled in hiragana as いかが. The kanji spelling is rare.

##### Derived terms

* 如何(いかが)わしい (ikagawashii): dubious, doubtful
* 如何(いかが)しい (ikagashii): (archaic, possibly obsolete) dubious, doubtful

### Etymology 3

Kanji in this term :
| 如 | 何 |
| いかん ||
| Grade: S | Grade: 2 |
| jukujikun ||
* Alternative spellings
* 奈何 奈
/ika ni/ → /ikan/
Originally a phrase consisting of 如何 (ika, “what kind”) +‎ に (ni, adverbial particle), the normal adverbial form of adjective ika above.
The uncontracted form ika ni appears as an adverb in the Man'yōshū completed in 759 CE. The contracted form ikan is first cited to the early 1100s.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) いかん [ìkáꜜǹ] (Nakadaka – [2])
* IPA: [ikã̠ɴ]

#### Noun

如何(いかん) • (ikan)
* the whatevers, the whys and wherefores; however [it may be]
    理(り)由(ゆう)の如何(いかん)を問(と)わず
       riyū no ikan o towazu
       without getting into the whys and wherefores of the reasons

#### Adverb

如何(いかん) • (ikan)
* howsoever, however [it may be]

##### Usage notes

Generally used at the end of a sentence to express doubt.

##### Derived terms

* 如何(いかん)が (ikanga): in what manner, how (superseded by modern ikaga; see above)
* 如何(いかん)せん (ikansen): no matter what (in a negative connotation), unfortunately
* 如何(いかん)ぞ (ikanzo): howsoever, however [it may be] (more intense than ikan on its own)
* 如何(いかん)とも (ikantomo): no matter what (in a negative connotation), unfortunately

### Etymology 4

Kanji in this term :
| 如 | 何 |
| どう ||
| Grade: S | Grade: 2 |
| jukujikun ||
For pronunciation and definitions of 如何 – see the following entry. :
| 【どう】 | [adverb] in what manner, how [adverb] what about... (used to make a suggestion) [interjection] Casual greeting: Howdy? What's new? What's up? [interjection] Casual question: It works? Is it OK? [interjection] Call out to horses or cows to control/stop them: Ho! Hoy! Whoa! Alternative spellings 怎, 怎う |
(This term, 如何, is an alternative spelling (uncommon) of the above term.) :

### See also

| | ko- “this” (close to speaker) | so- “that” (close to listener) | a- “that over there” (far from both) | do- “which” (indeterminate, question) |
| Object | これ (kore) | それ (sore) | あれ (are) | どれ (dore) |
| Object | これら (korera) | それら (sorera) | あれら (arera) | — |
| Determiner | この (kono) | その (sono) | あの (ano) | どの (dono) |
| Determiner | これらの (korera no) | それらの (sorera no) | あれらの (arera no) | — |
| Kind | こんな (konna) | そんな (sonna) | あんな (anna) | どんな (donna) |
| Kind | こういう (kō iu) | そういう (sō iu) | ああいう (ā iu) | どういう (dō iu) |
| Place | ここ (koko) | そこ (soko) | あそこ (asoko)* | どこ (doko) |
| Place | こっから (kokkara) | そっから (sokkara) | — | どっから (dokkara) |
| Direction / Human | こちら (kochira) | そちら (sochira) | あちら (achira) | どちら (dochira) |
| Direction / Human | こなた (konata) | そなた (sonata) | あなた (anata) | どなた (donata) |
| Direction | こっち (kotchi) | そっち (sotchi) | あっち (atchi) | どっち (dotchi) |
| Human | こいつ (koitsu)$^†$ | そいつ (soitsu)$^†$ | あいつ (aitsu)$^†$ | どいつ (doitsu)$^†$ |
| Manner | こう (kō) | そう (sō) | ああ (ā)** | どう (dō) |
| Degree | これくらい (kore kurai) | それくらい (sore kurai) | あれくらい (are kurai) | どれくらい (dore kurai) |
| Degree | これだけ (kore dake) | それだけ (sore dake) | あれだけ (are dake) | どれだけ (dore dake) |
| Degree | これほど (kore hodo) | それほど (sore hodo) | あれほど (are hodo) | どれほど (dore hodo) |
| * irregular ** regular (long vowel) † potentially rude or derogatory |||||

### References

* 1 2 3 4 5 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 4 5 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN