# 葎

| 葎 | U+844E, &#33870; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-844E |
| ← 葍 [U+844D] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 葏 → [U+844F] |

## Translingual
### Han character

葎 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 廿竹人手 (THOQ), four-corner 4425$_7$, composition ⿱艹律)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1044, character 13
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 31397
* Dae Jaweon: page 1505, character 9
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3252, character 4
* Unihan data for U+844E

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 筆 | *prud |
| 潷 | *prud |
| 硉 | *ruːd |
| 律 | *rud |
| 葎 | *b·rud |
| 聿 | *b·lud |
| 銉 | *lud |

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): lǜ (lü$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄩˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): leot$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lǜ
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄩˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lyù
*** Wade–Giles: lü$^4$
*** Yale: lyù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: liuh
*** Palladius: люй (ljuj)
*** Sinological IPA : /ly⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: leot$^6$
*** Yale: leuht
*** Cantonese Pinyin: loet$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lêd$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɵt̚²/
* Middle Chinese: lwit
Rime :
| Character | 葎 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 術 (52) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 呂卹切 |
| Baxter | lwit |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /liuɪt̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /lʷit̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ljuet̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /lwit̚/ |
| Li Rong | /liuĕt̚/ |
| Wang Li | /lĭuĕt̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /li̯uĕt̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | lǜ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | leot$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*b·rud/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 葎 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 15979 |
| Phonetic component | 聿 |
| Rime group | 物 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 律 |
| Old Chinese | /*b·rud/ |

### Definitions

葎
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: りち (richi)
* Kan-on: りつ (ritsu)
* Kun: むぐら (mugura, 葎)、うぐら (ugura, 葎)、もぐら (mogura, 葎)
* Nanori: つ (tsu)

### Etymology 1

| 花八重葎 (hana yae mugura): the “flowering eight-layer mugura”, field madder. | 磯馴葎 (sonare mugura): the “pebble-accustomed mugura”, Hedyotis biflora. |
| 金葎 (kana mugura): the “money mugura”, the Japanese hop plant. | 刺無葎 (toge nashi mugura): the “thornless mugura”, false baby's breath. |
* Kanji in this term
* 葎
* むぐら Hyōgai
* kun'yomi
From Old Japanese. Probably the eastern Japanese form. Compare the alternation in ugura and mugura readings in the etymology of 土竜.
May ultimately derive from obsolete verb 剥る (mukuru, “to peel off, to tear off”), perhaps related to the way that weeds are often removed by tearing the plant out.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) むぐら [mùgúrá] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [mɯ̟ɡɯ̟ɾa̠]

#### Noun

葎(むぐら) • (mugura)
* any of various plants of order Gentianales or Urticales, that form thickets, often have thorns and form vines, and prefer wet or disturbed soils; generally regarded as weeds
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 19, poem 4270:, text here:
    牟具良波布 / 伊也之伎屋戸母 / 大皇之 / 座牟等知者 / 玉之可麻思乎
    葎延ふ / 賎しき宿も / 大君の / 座さむと知らば / 玉敷かましを
       むぐら はふ / いやしき やど も / おほきみ の / まさむ と しらば / たま しかまし を
       Mugura hafu / iyashiki yado mo / ohokimi no / masamu to shiraba / tama shikamashi wo
          Even a shabby house surrounded by weed thickets would be as if strewn with jewels if I knew you were there

##### Usage notes

The plants called by this name are many and varied, and include plants such as madder, cleaver, and hops.
The reading mugura appears to be the most common.
As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as ムグラ.

##### Derived terms

* 葎(むぐら)が門(かど) (mugura ga kado): a gate overgrown with viny weeds
* 葎(むぐら)の門(かど) (mugura no kado): a gate overgrown with viny weeds
* 葎(むぐら)の宿(やど) (mugura no yado): a house overgrown with viny weeds
* 葎生(むぐらふ) (mugurafu): a dense growth of viny weeds
* 茜葎(あかねむぐら) (akane mugura): Rubia jesoensis
* 大双葉葎(おおふたばむぐら) (ōfutaba mugura): literally “big twin-leaf mugura”, Diodella teres or poorjoe
* 金葎(かなむぐら) (kana mugura), 葎草(かなむぐら) (kana mugura): literally “money mugura”, Humulus japonicus, Humulus scandens: the Japanese hop plant
* 磯馴葎(そなれむぐら) (sonare mugura): literally “pebble-accustomed mugura”, Hedyotis biflora var. parvifolia
* 刺無葎(とげなしむぐら) (togenashi mugura): literally “thornless mugura”, Galium mollugo, false baby's breath or hedge bedstraw
* 花八重葎(はなやえむぐら) (hana yae mugura): literally “flowering eight-layer mugura”, Sherardia arvensis or field madder
* 双葉葎(ふたばむぐら) (futaba mugura): literally “twin-leaf mugura”, Hedyotis diffusa
* 八重葎(やえむぐら) (yae mugura): literally “eight-layer mugura”, Galium spurium (false cleaver or Marin County bedstraw)
* 四葉葎(よつばむぐら) (yotsuba mugura): literally “four-leaf mugura”, Galium trachyspermum

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 葎
* うぐら Hyōgai
* kun'yomi
From Old Japanese. Probably the western Japanese form. Compare the alternation in ugura and mugura readings in the etymology of 土竜.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) うぐら [ùgúrá] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɯ̟ɡɯ̟ɾa̠]

#### Noun

葎(うぐら) • (ugura)
* any of various plants of order Gentianales or Urticales, that form thickets, often have thorns and form vines, and prefer wet or disturbed soils; generally regarded as weeds

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 葎
* もぐら Hyōgai
* kun'yomi
Probably an alteration or dialectal variant of mugura above. Appears with this reading in the 本草和名 (Honzō Wamyō, “Japanese Names of the Real Herbs”), a pharmacopoeia written in 923. Still listed as an alternate reading in modern dictionaries.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) もぐら [mògúrá] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [mo̞ɡɯ̟ɾa̠]

#### Noun

葎(もぐら) • (mogura)
* Any of various plants of order Gentianales or Urticales, that form thickets, often have thorns and form vines, and prefer wet or disturbed soils; generally regarded as weeds
** c. 918, 深根輔仁 [Fukane Sukehito], 本草和名 [Japanese Names of Herbs, Honzō Wamyō]:葎草 仁諝、音葎　一名葛律葛　出蘇敬注　一名葛勒蔓　出楕疑　和名毛久良(please add an English translation of this quotation)

### References

* 1 2 3 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
   * Fukane no Sukehito (c. 901–923) Maruyama Yumiko, Wu Qian, editors, Honzō Wamyō: Eiin, Honkoku to Kenkyū) (in Japanese), Kyūko Shoin, published 2021, →ISBN.