OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# ꦠꦫ
## Javanese
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tɔ.rɔ/
* Rhymes: -rɔ
* Hyphenation: ta‧ra

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Javanese tara (“comparative suffix”), from Sanskrit [Term?].

#### Preposition

ꦠꦫ (tara)
* between

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Old Javanese tāra (“star”), from Sanskrit तारा (tārā).

#### Adjective

ꦠꦫ (tara)
* clean
* shining brightly

#### Noun

ꦠꦫ (tara)
* (music) high note
* star

#### Derived terms

* ꦏꦼꦠꦫ (ketara)

### Further reading

* The Linguistic Center of Yogyakarta (2011) “tara”, in Kamus Basa Jawa (Bausastra Jawa) [Javanese Language Dictionary (Javanese Dictionary)] (in Javanese), 2nd edition, Yogyakarta: Kanisius, →ISBN
# nebulozo
## Esperanto
### Etymology

From Latin nebula through Italian nebulosa.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)
* IPA: [nebuˈlozo]
* Rhymes: -ozo
* Hyphenation: ne‧bu‧lo‧zo

### Noun

nebulozo (accusative singular nebulozon, plural nebulozoj, accusative plural nebulozojn)
* (astronomy) nebula

#### Derived terms

* emisia nebulozo (“emission nebula”)
* hela nebulozo (“bright nebula”)
* malhela nebulozo (“dark nebula”)
* planeduma nebulozo (“planetary nebula”)
* reflekta nebulozo (“reflection nebula”)

## Ido
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /nebuˈlozo/

### Noun

nebulozo (plural nebulozi)
* (astronomy) nebula
# mineralo
## Esperanto
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)
* IPA: [mineˈralo]
* Rhymes: -alo
* Hyphenation: mi‧ne‧ra‧lo

### Noun

mineralo (accusative singular mineralon, plural mineraloj, accusative plural mineralojn)
* (mineralogy) mineral

#### Derived terms

* mineralakvo (“mineral water”)
* mineralogio (“mineralogy”)
* mineralogo (“mineralogist”)

## Ido
### Etymology

Borrowed from Esperanto mineralo, English mineral, French minéral, German Mineral, Italian minerale, Russian минера́л (minerál), Spanish mineral.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /mi.neˈra.lo/

### Noun

mineralo (plural minerali)
* (mineralogy) mineral
* (mineralogy, archaic) ore
    Synonym: erco

#### Derived terms

* mineraligar (“to mineralize: transform into a mineral”)
* mineralizar (“to mineralize: to cover or impregnate with mineral”)

#### Related terms

* mineralogio (“mineralogy”)
# zem
## English
### Noun

zem (plural zems)
* (informal) A zemidjan.
** 2009, Anthony Ham, West Africa, page 109:The name of the hotel will draw a blank with most zems so try asking for 'Les Paillotes'.
** 2013, Simon Richmond, Stuart Butler, Lonely Planet Africa:The omnipresence of zems (zemijohns; motorbike taxis) has translated into the near disappearance of car taxis […]

### Anagrams

* MEZ

## Czech
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *zemь, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *źemē (“ground”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰōm. Compare země which comes from Proto-Slavic *zemľa.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈzɛm]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

zem f
* earth
* country (nation state or a political entity)

#### Synonyms

* země

### Further reading

* “zem”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “zem”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* “zem”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech)

## Latvian
### Etymology

Common Balto-Slavic root; compare to zeme.

### Preposition

zem (with genitive)
* under

#### Synonyms

* apakš

#### Related terms

* zeme
* zems, zemisks, zemiskums

## Mandarin
### Romanization

zem
* Nonstandard spelling of zěm.

#### Usage notes

* Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

## Slovak
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *zemľa, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *źemē (“ground”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰōm.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [zem]

### Noun

zem f (declension pattern of dlaň)
* earth

#### Derived terms

* bezzemok
* čiernozem
* cudzozemec
* cudzozemský
* nadzem
* podzemie
* pozemok
* územie
* územný
* zemeguľa
* zemný
* zemský

### See also

* Zem
* zemina

### Further reading

* “zem”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2025

## Sudovian
### Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *źémē, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰōm. Compare Lithuanian žẽmė, Latvian zeme, Old Prussian semmē.

### Noun

zem
* earth, land, soil
** “Pagan dialects from Narew” line 12, (copied by V. Zinov, 1983):ziemie — zemziemie — land

### References

* ↑ Zigmas Zinkevičius (1985) “Lenkų-jotvingių žodynėlis? [A Polish-Yotvingian dictionary?]”, in Baltistica, volume 21, number 1 (in Lithuanian), Vilnius: VU, →DOI, page 82: “zem ‘žemė, l. ziemie’ 12.”
* ↑ “žẽmė” in Hock et al., Altlitauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 2.0 (online, 2020–): “nar. s. zem Erde [...] Nar. zem ist nicht klar.”.
# Qualität
## German
### Etymology

Partly via French qualité, partly directly from Latin qualitās. Compare Hunsrik Qualiteet.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˌkvaliˈtɛːt/, [ˌkʋaliˈtɛːt] (standard; used naturally in western Germany and Switzerland)
* IPA: /ˌkvaliˈteːt/ (overall more common; chiefly northern and eastern regions)
* Hyphenation: Qua‧li‧tät
* Audio:(file)
* Audio (Austria):(file)

### Noun

Qualität f (genitive Qualität, plural Qualitäten)
* quality (level of excellence, level of being free from defects)
    Antonym: Quantität
    Unter Qualität versteht man die Gesamtheit aller Merkmale und Eigenschaften eines Gutes hinsichtlich seiner Eignung, festgelegte oder vorausgeschriebene Erfordernisse zu erfüllen.Quality means the totality of features and characteristics of a good regarding its suitability to fulfil fixed or pre-written requirements.
    Qualität ist dann, wenn sie alle wiederkommen – die Kunden natürlich, nicht die Produkte!Quality exists when they all come back – the customers of course, not the products!

#### Hypernyms

* Merkmal
* Eigenschaft

#### Hyponyms

* Anmutungsqualität
* Arbeitsqualität
* Bildqualität
* Bodenqualität
* Dienstleistungsqualität
* Empfangsqualität
* Erstausrüstungsqualität
* Farbqualität
* Führungsqualität
* Gefühlsqualität
* Gerätequalität
* Geruchsqualität
* Geschmacksqualität
* Hardwarequalität
* Klangqualität
* Lebensqualität
* Luftqualität
* Messqualität
* Nehmerqualität
* Produktionsqualität
* Produktqualität
* Softwarequalität
* Spitzenqualität
* Studioqualität
* Tonqualität
* Topqualität
* Trinkwasserqualität
* Umweltqualität
* Wasserqualität
* Wohnqualität

#### Derived terms

* qualitativ
* qualitätsbewusst
* qualitätsvoll
* qualitätvoll
* Lebensqualität
* Luftqualität
* Qualitätsanforderung
* Qualitätsarbeit
* Qualitätsbezeichnung
* Qualitätserzeugnis
* Qualitätsgarantie
* Qualitätsklasse
* Qualitätskontrolle
* Qualitätskonzept
* Qualitätsmanagement
* Qualitätsmanagementnorm
* Qualitätsmanagementsystem
* Qualitätsmangel
* Qualitätsmaßnahme
* Qualitätsmedium
* Qualitätsmerkmal
* Qualitätsminderung
* Qualitätsnorm
* Qualitätsopfer
* Qualitätsprüfung
* Qualitätsregelkarte
* Qualitätssicherung
* Qualitätssiegel
* Qualitätssteigerung
* Qualitätsstufe
* Qualitätsumschlag
* Qualitätsunterschied
* Qualitätsuntersuchung
* Qualitätsverbesserung
* Qualitätsverminderung
* Qualitätsware
* Qualitätswein
* Qualitätswettbewerb
* Spitzenqualität

### Further reading

* “Qualität” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
* “Qualität” in Uni Leipzig: Wortschatz-Lexikon
* “Qualität” in Duden online
# चूष्
## Sanskrit
### Alternative scripts

* চূষ্ (Assamese script)
* ᬘᬹᬱ᭄ (Balinese script)
* চূষ্ (Bengali script)
* 𑰓𑰳𑰬𑰿 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀘𑀽𑀱𑁆 (Brahmi script)
* စူၑ် (Burmese script)
* ચૂષ્ (Gujarati script)
* ਚੂਸ਼੍ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌚𑍂𑌷𑍍 (Grantha script)
* ꦕꦹꦰ꧀ (Javanese script)
* 𑂒𑂴𑂭𑂹 (Kaithi script)
* ಚೂಷ್ (Kannada script)
* ចូឞ៑ (Khmer script)
* ຈູຩ຺ (Lao script)
* ചൂഷ് (Malayalam script)
* ᢜᡠᡠᢢ (Manchu script)
* 𑘓𑘴𑘬𑘿 (Modi script)
* ᢋᠤᠤᢔ (Mongolian script)
* 𑦳𑧕𑧌𑧠 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐔𑐹𑐲𑑂 (Newa script)
* ଚୂଷ୍ (Odia script)
* ꢗꢹꢰ꣄ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆖𑆷𑆰𑇀 (Sharada script)
* 𑖓𑖳𑖬𑖿 (Siddham script)
* චූෂ් (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩡𑩒𑩛𑪀 𑪙 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚏𑚱𑚶 (Takri script)
* சூஷ் (Tamil script)
* చూష్ (Telugu script)
* จูษฺ (Thai script)
* ཙཱུ་ཥ྄ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒔𑒴𑒭𑓂 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨣𑨃𑨊𑨯𑨴 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

Probably an onomatopoeic root imitative of sucking sounds; compare चुचि (cuci, “the female breast”) and चुम्ब् (cumb, “to kiss”).

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /t͡ɕuːʂ/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /t͡ɕuːʂ/

### Root

चूष् • (cūṣ)
* to suck, suck out
* to be sucked up or dried up (by internal inflammation)

#### Derived terms

* चूषति (cūṣati)
* चूषयति (cūṣayati)
* चूष्यते (cūṣyate)

### References

* Monier Williams (1899) “चूष्”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 401/2.
* William Dwight Whitney, 1885, The Roots, Verb-forms, and Primary Derivatives of the Sanskrit Language, Leipzig: Breitkopf and Härtel, page 48
* Mayrhofer, Manfred (2001) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 3, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 197
# mehter
## Northern Sami
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* (Kautokeino) IPA: /ˈmeːhter/

### Noun

mēhter
* meter (unit)

#### Further reading

* Koponen, Eino, Ruppel, Klaas, Aapala, Kirsti, editors (2002–2008), Álgu database: Etymological database of the Saami languages‎, Helsinki: Research Institute for the Languages of Finland

## Turkish
### Etymology

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish مهتر (mihter, mehter), from Persian مهتر (mehtar).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /mehˈteɾ/, [me̞ɦ.tæɾ̞̊]
* Hyphenation: meh‧ter

### Noun

mehter (definite accusative mehteri, plural mehteran or (uncommon) mehterler or (superseded) mehterân)
* mehter (Ottoman military band member)
    Synonym: (obsolete) çalıcı mehter
* mehter (Ottoman military band)
    Synonyms: mehteran, mehterhane, mehter takımı
** 2023 May, Murat Can DİLBER, Cemal KARABAŞOĞLU, “Mehterhâne-i Hümâyun'dan Mûzıkâ-yı Hümâyun'a Osmanlı Müzik Kurumlarında Batılılaşma Temâyülü”, in Sinop Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, volume 7, number 1, pages 461-478:...mehter kelimesinin 15. yüzyıla kadar mûsikî terimi olduğuna dair bir bilgi bulunmamaktadır. 15. yüzyıla ait kaynaklarda ise bu kelimenin bir mûsikî topluluğunu tanımladığı görülmektedir. Özellikle Fatih Sultan Mehmet döneminde ortaya çıkan çalıcı mehter terimindeki "çalıcı" ifadesi zamanla kullanılmamış ve mehter, tek başına müzik topluluğunu ifade eden bir terim olarak halk diline yerleşmiştir....until the 15th century no information is found that would suggest that mehter is a musical term. In the sources from the 15th century however, it is seen that this term describes a musical group. The term "çalıcı" (player) in the phrase çalıcı mehter, emerged especially during Mehmed II's reign, fell off use in time and mehter settled in the colloquial use as a term that refers to the band by itself.
* The personnel in charge of guarding the sultan’s tent.

#### Derived terms

* mehter marşı
* mehter müziği
* mehter yürüyüşü
* mehterbaşı
* mehterhane

### References

* ↑ Redhouse, James W. (1890) “غمزه”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 2042
* ↑ Kélékian, Diran (1911) “غمزه”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 1251
* ↑ Şemseddin Sâmi (1899–1901) “غمزه”, in قاموس تركی [kamus-ı türki] (in Ottoman Turkish), Constantinople: İkdam Matbaası, page 1436
* ↑ Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “mehter”, in Nişanyan Sözlük

### Further reading

* “mehter”, in Turkish dictionaries, Türk Dil Kurumu
* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “mehter”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 3115
# βρῦτος
## Ancient Greek
### Alternative forms

* βρῦτον (brûton)

### Etymology

From Thracian *brutos (“beer, a type of barley beer”). According to Pokorny, this is ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁- (“to boil, be hot”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /brŷː.tos/ → /ˈβry.tos/ → /ˈvri.tos/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /brŷː.tos/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /ˈbry.tos/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /ˈβry.tos/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /ˈvry.tos/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /ˈvri.tos/

### Noun

βρῦτος • (brûtos) m (genitive βρῡ́του); second declension
* beer made of barley

#### Derived terms

* βρύτεα (brútea)
* βρυτικός (brutikós)
* βρύτινος (brútinos)

### References

* ↑ Duridanov, Ivan Vasiliev (1985) Die Sprache der Thraker [The Language of the Thracians]‎ (in German), Hieronymus Verlag, →ISBN, page 16
* ↑ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “143-45”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 143-45

### Further reading

* “βρῦτος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* βρῦτος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* βρῦτος in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2025)
* Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
# սրամիտ
## Armenian
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Old Armenian սրամիտ (sramit), from սուր (sur) +‎ -ա- (-a-) +‎ միտ (mit).

### Pronunciation

* (Eastern Armenian) IPA: /səɾɑˈmit/, [səɾɑmít]
* (Western Armenian) IPA: /səɾɑˈmid/, [səɾɑmíd]

### Adjective

սրամիտ • (sramit) (superlative ամենասրամիտ)
* sharp-minded; witty

#### Derived terms

* սրամտաբար (sramtabar)
* սրամտել (sramtel)
* սրամտորեն (sramtoren)
* սրամտություն (sramtutʻyun)

### Further reading

* “սրամիտ”, in Žamanakakicʻ hayocʻ lezvi bacʻatrakan baṙaran [Explanatory Dictionary of Contemporary Armenian] (in Armenian), Yerevan: Academy Press, 1969–1980
# penoso
## Italian
### Etymology

From pena +‎ -oso.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /peˈno.zo/, (traditional) /peˈno.so/
* Rhymes: -ozo, (traditional) -oso
* Hyphenation: pe‧nó‧so

### Adjective

penoso (feminine penosa, masculine plural penosi, feminine plural penose, superlative penosissimo)
* pathetic, pitiful
* painful
* anxious
* difficult

#### Derived terms

* penosamente
* penosità

## Portuguese
### Etymology

From pena +‎ -oso.

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /peˈno.zu/
* (Brazil) IPA: /peˈno.zu/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /peˈno.zo/
* (Portugal) IPA: /pɨˈno.zu/
* Rhymes: -ozu
* Hyphenation: pe‧no‧so

### Adjective

penoso (feminine penosa, masculine plural penosos, feminine plural penosas, metaphonic)
* painful
    Synonym: doloroso
* difficult, arduous
    Synonyms: difícil, árduo

#### Derived terms

* penosamente
* penosidade

## Spanish
### Etymology

From pena +‎ -oso.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /peˈnoso/ [peˈno.so]
* Rhymes: -oso
* Syllabification: pe‧no‧so

### Adjective

penoso (feminine penosa, masculine plural penosos, feminine plural penosas)
* tough, difficult
    Synonyms: difícil, arduo, trabajoso
* painful
    Synonym: doloroso
* awful, pitiful
* (Mexico) timid, easily embarrassed
    Synonyms: tímido, vergonzoso

#### Derived terms

* penosidad

### Further reading

* “penoso”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# pulmoner
## Indonesian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Dutch pulmonair (“pulmonary”), from Latin pulmōnārius.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Indonesian) IPA: /pulˈmonɛr/ [pulˈmo.nɛr]
* Rhymes: -onɛr
* Syllabification: pul‧mo‧ner

### Adjective

pulmoner
* pulmonary

#### Alternative forms

* pulmonari (Standard Malay)

#### Related terms

* pulmo

### Further reading

* “pulmoner” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.
# ragam
## English
### Noun

ragam (plural ragams)
* Alternative form of raga (“melodic form in Indian music”).

### Anagrams

* Magar, grama, marga

## Indonesian
### Etymology

From Malay ragam, from Sanskrit राग (rāga). Doublet of raga and ragi.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈraɡam]
* Hyphenation: ra‧gam

### Noun

ragam (uncountable)
* (dated) deed, action, doing
    Synonyms: laku, ulah, tingkah
* variety, kind, type
    Synonyms: macam, jenis
* (rare) color, complexion, shade
    Synonyms: corak, ragi, warna
* (linguistics) style
* (statistics) variance
    Synonym: variansi
    Simpangan baku dapat dihitung dari ragam. ― The standard deviation can be calculated from the variance.

#### Derived terms

* beragam
* beragam-ragam
* berseragam
* keberagaman
* keragaman
* keseragaman
* menyeragamkan
* meragam
* meragamkan
* penyeragaman
* seragam
* ragam akrab
* ragam bahasa
* ragam baku
* ragam cakapan
* ragam hormat
* ragam kasar
* ragam lisan
* ragam resmi
* ragam santai
* ragam tulis

### References

* “ragam” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Latvian
### Noun

ragam m
* dative singular of rags
# ἀσπίς
## Ancient Greek
### Etymology

For the "shield" sense, traditionally derived from ἀ- (a-) +‎ σπίζω (spízō, “to extend”). Beekes implicitly rejects this theory, and instead endorses Melchet's derivation from Proto-Indo-European *h₂esp-i-s, from *h₂esp- (“to cut”), whence also Latin asper (“rough, sharp”), Hittite [script needed] (ḫasp-, “to cut down”).
The "snake" sense is most likely a semantic extension of the "shield" sense above, named after the "shield" formed by the cobra's neck when it rises up or attacks.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /as.pís/ → /asˈpis/ → /asˈpis/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /as.pís/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /asˈpis/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /asˈpis/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /asˈpis/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /asˈpis/

### Noun

ᾰ̓σπίς • (ăspís) f (genitive ᾰ̓σπίδος); third declension
* shield
* collective, body of men-at-arms
* (military) on the left
    Antonym: δόρυ (dóru)
* a round, flat bowl
* a boss or knob on a door
* asp, Egyptian cobra
* ornament in the form of an asp

#### Derived terms

* ἀσπιδιώτης (aspidiṓtēs)
* ἀσπιδοποιός (aspidopoiós)
* ἀσπιδοχελώνη (aspidokhelṓnē)
* ἀσπιστής (aspistḗs)

#### Descendants

* → English: aspis
* Greek: ασπίδα (aspída)
* → Latin: aspis (see there for further descendants)
* → Ukrainian: га́спид (háspyd), а́спид (áspyd), а́спід (áspid)

### References

* ↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἀσπίς 1, -ίδος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 154
* ↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἀσπίς 2, -ίδος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 154

### Further reading

* “ἀσπίς”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “ἀσπίς”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “ἀσπίς”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
* ἀσπίς in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* ἀσπίς in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
* ἀσπίς in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2025)
* “ἀσπίς”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
* G785 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
* Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited. buckler idem, page 102.shield idem, page 765.
* Index in Eustathii commentarios in Homeri Iliadem et Odysseam By Matthaeus Devarius Page 71
* “ἀσπίς”, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011
# kawula
## Indonesian
### Alternative forms

* kaula

### Etymology

Borrowed from Javanese ꦏꦮꦸꦭ (kawula, “servant; subject; I, me”), from Old Javanese kawula (“servant, follower, subject”). Reconstructed as ke- +‎ *wula.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kaˈwula]
* Hyphenation: ka‧wu‧la

### Noun

kawula (uncountable)
* servant
    Synonyms: abdi, hamba
* slave
    Synonym: budak

### Pronoun

kawula
* (archaic) I (me, my)
    Synonym: saya

### Derived terms

* kawula muda

### Related terms

* keluarga

### Further reading

* “kawula” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Javanese
### Romanization

kawula
* Romanization of ꦏꦮꦸꦭ

## Malay
### Alternative forms

* kaula
* kaola (Bahasa Dalam Brunei)

### Etymology

Borrowed from Javanese ꦏꦮꦸꦭ (kawula), from Old Javanese kawula (“servant, follower, subject”).

### Pronunciation

* (Johor-Selangor) IPA: /kaulə/
* (Riau-Lingga) IPA: /kaula/
* Rhymes: -ulə, -lə, -ə

### Noun

kawula
* (Javanese) slave

### Pronoun

kawula
* (Javanese) I (me, my)

#### Synonyms

* aku
* saya

### Further reading

* “kawula” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.

## Old Javanese
### Etymology

Unknown, probably wula +‎ ka-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ka.wu.la/
* Rhymes: -la
* Hyphenation: ka‧wu‧la

### Noun

kawula
* servant, follower, subject

#### Derived terms

* aṅawula
* aṅawulakĕn
* kawuntĕn
* kumawula
* makawula

#### Descendants

* > Javanese: ꦏꦮꦸꦭ (kawula) (inherited)
** → Indonesian: kawula
** → Malay: kawula, kaola

### Further reading

* "kawula" in P.J. Zoetmulder with the collaboration of S.O. Robson, Old Javanese-English Dictionary. 's-Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff, 1982.
# Kukuruz
## German
### Etymology

Since 1737, from Serbo-Croatian kukuruz, further origin disputed. Perhaps from Ottoman Turkish قوقوروز (kukuruz), from Albanian *kokërrëz, from kokërr (“pellet, grain”).
Compare Russian кукуруза (kukuruza), Hungarian kukorica, Slovene koruza, Polish kukurydza, etc.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkʊkurʊt͡s/, /ˈkuːkurʊt͡s/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

Kukuruz m (strong, genitive Kukuruzes or Kukuruz, no plural)
* (southeastern and western Austria, Bavaria) maize, corn
    Synonym: Mais
** 1737 September 28, Mercurii Relation, oder wochentliche Ordinari Zeitungen von underschidlichen Orthen:Die Infanterie/ welche den Marsch nicht wohl folgen können hätte er jenseits der Morava marschiren lassen/ die also einen Tag später anlangen wurde/ Fourage wurde die Cavallerie aufdisem Marsch antreffen/ zumahlen der häufsig angebaute Kukuruz der Orten vollkommen zeitig/ auch ausserdem vorräthigen Heu noch vil Gersten im Feldstunde:(please add an English translation of this quotation)

#### Derived terms

* Kukuruzkolben
* Platzkukuruz

#### Descendants

* → English: kukuruz

### References

* ↑ Turkish Etymological Dictionary

### Further reading

* “Kukuruz” in Duden online
* “Kukuruz” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
# ᮘᮏᮤᮀ
## Sundanese
### Noun

ᮘᮏᮤᮀ • (bajing)
* Sundanese spelling of bajing‎