# 忽然
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): hūrán
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨ ㄖㄢˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): fat$^1$ jin$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): fut-yèn / fut-yàn
    (Hailu, HRS): fud rhan
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hoh$^6$ zeng$^2$ / huoh$^6$ zeng$^2$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hut-liân / hut-jiân
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hūrán
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄨ ㄖㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hurán
*** Wade–Giles: hu$^1$-jan$^2$
*** Yale: hū-rán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: huran
*** Palladius: хужань (xužanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /xu⁵⁵ ʐän³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fat$^1$ jin$^4$
*** Yale: fāt yìhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fat$^7$ jin$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fed$^1$ yin$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /fɐt̚⁵ jiːn²¹/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fut-yèn
*** Hakka Romanization System: fud$^ˋ$ ien$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fud$^5$ yan$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /fut̚² i̯en¹¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fut-yàn
*** Hakka Romanization System: fud$^ˋ$ (r)ian$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fud$^5$ yan$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /fut̚² (j)i̯an¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: fud rhan
*** Sinological IPA: /fut⁵⁻² ʒan⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hoh$^6$ zeng$^2$ [Phonetic: hoh$^7$ zeng$^2$]
*** Sinological IPA : /hɔʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ t͡sɛŋ¹³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: huoh$^6$ zeng$^2$ [Phonetic: huoh$^7$ zeng$^2$]
*** Sinological IPA : /huoʔ²⁻²⁴ t͡sɛŋ¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hut-liân
*** Tâi-lô: hut-liân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hutlieen
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hut̚⁵⁻²⁴ liɛn²⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /hut̚³²⁻⁴ liɛn²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hut-jiân
*** Tâi-lô: hut-jiân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hutjieen
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hut̚³²⁻⁴ ziɛn²³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hut̚³²⁻⁵ d͡ziɛn¹³/
* Middle Chinese: xwot nyen
Rime :
| Character | 忽 | 然 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 曉 (32) | 日 (38) |
| Final (韻) | 沒 (56) | 仙 (77) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 呼骨切 | 如延切 |
| Baxter | xwot | nyen |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /huət̚/ | /ȵiᴇn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /huot̚/ | /ȵiɛn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /xuət̚/ | /ȵʑjæn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /hwət̚/ | /ȵian/ |
| Li Rong | /xuət̚/ | /ȵiɛn/ |
| Wang Li | /xuət̚/ | /ȵʑĭɛn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /xuət̚/ | /ȵʑi̯ɛn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | hu | rán |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | fat$^1$ | jin$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*m̥ˤut [n]a[n]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*hmɯːd njen/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 忽 | 然 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | hū | rán |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ xwot › | ‹ nyen › |
| Old Chinese | /*m̥ˁut/ | /*[n]a[n]/ |
| English | careless; confused | so, thus; (adv suffix) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 忽 | 然 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 13211 | 10756 |
| Phonetic component | 勿 | 肰 |
| Rime group | 物 | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 忽 | 然 |
| Old Chinese | /*hmɯːd/ | /*njen/ |

### Adverb

忽然
* suddenly

#### Synonyms

* 一下 (yīxià)
* 一下子 (yīxiàzi)
* 一舉 / 一举 (yījǔ)
* 一頭 / 一头 (yītóu)
* 乍然 (zhàrán) (literary)
* 倏忽 (literary)
* 卒爾 / 卒尔 (cù'ěr) (literary)
* 忽地 (hūdì)
* 𢫦𢫦風 / 𢫦𢫦风 (Hakka)
* 暫 / 暂 (zàn) (literary)
* 猛 (měng)
* 猝然 (cùrán)
* 猛然 (měngrán)
* 猝爾 / 猝尔 (cù'ěr) (literary)
* 突然 (tūrán)
* 突然間 / 突然间 (tūránjiān)
* 豁然 (huòrán) (literary)
* 遽然 (jùrán) (literary)
* 陡 (dǒu) (literary, or in compounds)
* 陡然 (dǒurán)
* 霍然 (huòrán)
* 頓 / 顿 (literary)
* 頓然 / 顿然 (dùnrán)
* 驀地 / 蓦地
* 驀然 / 蓦然 (mòrán) (formal)
* 驟然 / 骤然 (zhòurán) (literary)
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 突然, 忽然, 猝然 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 突然, 忽然, 猛然, 驀地, 乍然, 倏忽, 驟然, 猝然, 突然間, 冷不防, 一下, 一下子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 忽然間, 冒猛地, 冒猛子, 冒冷子, 乍猛地, 乍乍地, 乍麼實兒, 虎拉巴兒, 一下兒, 一下子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 突然, 忽然, 突然間, 忽然間 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 突然, 忽然, 突然間, 忽然間 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 突乎其然 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 突然, 突然間, 突然之間, 失驚無神, 失驚忘神 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 突然, 突然間, 突然之間, 忽然, 忽然間, 忽然之間, 失驚無神, 失雞無神, 一下 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 忽然間 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 突然之間 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 突然 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 突然 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 玄工, 玄玄風, 突然 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 突然間, 忽然間 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 突然間, 忽然間 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 突然間, 忽然間 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 突然間, 忽然間 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 突然間, 忽然間 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 突然 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 陣時間 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 陣間 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 臨陣, 三不臨陣 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 突然, 忽然, 暴其然, 無張無持, 無張持 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 突然, 忽然, 無張無持, 無張持 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 突然, 忽然, 暴其然, 無張無持, 無張持, 喝一下 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 突然間, 忽然間, 雄雄, 無張持, 步頻 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 雄險 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 突然間, 忽然間 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 忽然間 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 突然 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 突然 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 著生頭裡, 著陌生頭, 著陌生裡, 著末生頭, 辣陌生頭, 辣末生頭, 辣末生裡, 冷陌生頭, 突然之間, 突然, 忽聲能 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 單下 |

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 忽然(こつぜん) (kotsuzen); 忽然(こつねん) (kotsunen)
* → Korean: 홀연(忽然) (horyeon)

### Verb

忽然
* (Classical, euphemistic) to pass away

#### Synonyms

* 下世 (xiàshì) (formal)
* 上天 (shàngtiān) (euphemistic)
* 上路 (shànglù) (euphemistic)
* 不在 (bùzài) (euphemistic)
* 不幸 (bùxìng) (Classical Chinese, euphemistic)
* 不祿 / 不禄 (bùlù) (archaic, euphemistic, of military officers)
* 亡
* 亡故 (wánggù) (literary)
* 仙逝 (xiānshì) (euphemistic)
* 仙遊 / 仙游 (xiānyóu) (euphemistic)
* 作古 (zuògǔ) (literary, euphemistic)
* 做鬼 (zuòguǐ) (colloquial)
* 傾世 / 倾世 (qīngshì) (literary)
* 傾亡 / 倾亡 (qīngwáng) (literary)
* 入寂 (rùjì) (Buddhism, of Buddhist monks)
* 凋謝 / 凋谢 (diāoxiè) (to die of old age)
* 化去 (huàqù) (euphemistic)
* 升天 (shēngtiān) (euphemistic)
* 即世 (jíshì) (literary)
* 去世 (qùshì)
* 合眼 (héyǎn) (euphemistic)
* 喪亡 / 丧亡 (sàngwáng) (literary)
* 喪命 / 丧命 (sàngmìng) (euphemistic)
* 喪生 / 丧生 (sàngshēng) (euphemistic)
* 嗚呼 / 呜呼 (wūhū) (euphemistic)
* 嗝屁 (gěpì) (Mandarin, vulgar, dysphemistic)
* 嚥氣 / 咽气 (yànqì) (colloquial)
* 回老家 (huí lǎojiā) (euphemistic, humorous)
* 圓寂 / 圆寂 (yuánjì) (of Buddhist monks or nuns)
* 壽終正寢 / 寿终正寝 (shòuzhōngzhèngqǐn) (euphemistic)
* 失氣 / 失气 (shīqì) (literary)
* 安息 (ānxī) (euphemistic)
* 安眠 (ānmián) (euphemistic)
* 小喇叭兒吹了 / 小喇叭儿吹了 (xiǎo lǎbār chuī le) (Beijing Mandarin)
* 就義 / 就义 (jiùyì) (to die a martyr)
* 崩 (bēng) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
* 崩殂 (bēngcú) (Classical, of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
* 彈老三 / 弹老三 (Northern Wu, informal, humorous)
* 往生 (wǎngshēng) (euphemistic)
* 掛 / 挂 (guà) (slang, humorous)
* 故 (gù)
* 故世 (gùshì) (euphemistic, chiefly of one's elders)
* 故去 (gùqù) (euphemistic, chiefly of one's elders)
* 斃命 / 毙命 (bìmìng) (pejorative)
* 早死 (zǎosǐ)
* 晏駕 / 晏驾 (yànjià) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
* 枯死 (kūsǐ) (literary, figurative)
* 棄世 / 弃世 (qìshì) (literary)
* 歸天 / 归天 (guītiān) (euphemistic)
* 歸西 / 归西 (guīxī) (euphemistic)
* 歸道山 / 归道山 (guī dàoshān) (literary, euphemistic)
* 死 (sǐ)
* 死亡 (sǐwáng) (formal)
* 死人 (sǐrén)
* 死去 (sǐqù) (informal)
* 死掉 (sǐdiào) (informal)
* 死翹翹 / 死翘翘 (sǐqiàoqiào) (informal, humorous)
* 死脫 / 死脱 ($^5$shi-theq) (Wu)
* 殞 / 殒 (yǔn) (archaic)
* 氣絕 / 气绝 (qìjué) (literary)
* 永眠 (yǒngmián) (euphemistic, honorific)
* 沒世 / 没世 (mòshì) (literary)
* 沉眠 (chénmián) (euphemistic)
* 消忒 (Hakka, euphemistic)
* 物化 (wùhuà) (literary)
* 狗帶 / 狗带 (gǒudài) (slang, neologism)
* 畢命 / 毕命 (bìmìng) (formal, euphemistic)
* 病亡 (bìngwáng) (to die of illness)
* 病故 (bìnggù) (to die of illness)
* 病死 (bìngsǐ) (to die of illness)
* 病逝 (bìngshì) (to die of illness)
* 瘐死 (yǔsǐ) (of deaths in prison)
* 百年歸老 / 百年归老 (bǎiniánguīlǎo) (euphemistic, of the elderly)
* 盡命 / 尽命 (jìnmìng) (literary, euphemistic)
* 終 / 终 (zhōng) (literary, or in compounds, euphemistic)
* 絕 / 绝 (jué) (literary, or in compounds)
* 翹辮子 / 翘辫子 (qiào biànzi) (informal, humorous)
* 老了 (lǎo le) (euphemistic, of the elderly)
* 蒙主寵召 / 蒙主宠召 (méngzhǔchǒngzhào) (Christianity, euphemistic)
* 薨 (hōng) (Classical Chinese, of feudal lords or high officials)
* 薨逝 (hōngshì) (of feudal lords)
* 被難 / 被难 (bèinàn) (to be killed in a disaster, political incident, etc.)
* 見背 / 见背 (jiànbèi) (literary, of one's parents or elders)
* 見閻王 / 见阎王 (jiàn Yánwáng) (figurative)
* 見馬克思 / 见马克思 (jiàn Mǎkèsī) (communism, euphemistic)
* 謝世 / 谢世 (xièshì) (literary)
* 賓天 / 宾天 (bīntiān) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
* 走 (zǒu) (euphemistic)
* 走去踮 (Hokkien, euphemistic)
* 身亡 (shēnwáng) (formal, usually from unnatural causes)
* 辭世 / 辞世 (císhì) (literary)
* 辭塵 / 辞尘 (cíchén) (literary, euphemistic)
* 逝世 (shìshì)
* 進棺材 / 进棺材 (jìn guāncái)
* 過世 / 过世 (guòshì)
* 過去 / 过去 (guòqù) (euphemistic)
* 過往 / 过往 (Hokkien, euphemistic, Teochew, euphemistic)
* 過身 / 过身 (guòshēn) (literary)
* 過面 / 过面 (Hokkien)
* 長山賣鴨卵 / 长山卖鸭卵 (Hakka, euphemistic)
* 長眠 / 长眠 (chángmián) (euphemistic, honorific)
* 閉眼 / 闭眼 (bìyǎn) (euphemistic)
* 隕落 / 陨落 (yǔnluò) (euphemistic)
* 離世 / 离世 (líshì) (euphemistic)
* 駕崩 / 驾崩 (jiàbēng) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
* 駕鶴西去 / 驾鹤西去 (jiàhèxīqù) (euphemistic)
* 駕鶴西遊 / 驾鹤西游 (jiàhèxīyóu) (euphemistic)
* 龍馭上賓 / 龙驭上宾 (lóngyùshàngbīn) (of an emperor)

### References

* “Entry #3935”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 忽 | 然 |
| こつ Jinmeiyō | ぜん Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||

### Adjective

忽(こつ)然(ぜん) • (kotsuzen) $^†$-tari (adnominal 忽(こつ)然(ぜん)とした (kotsuzen to shita) or 忽(こつ)然(ぜん)たる (kotsuzen taru), adverbial 忽(こつ)然(ぜん)と (kotsuzen to) or 忽(こつ)然(ぜん)として (kotsuzen to shite))
* sudden

#### Synonyms

* 忽焉(こつえん) (kotsuen)