# 儒

| 儒 | U+5112, &#20754; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5112 |
| ← 儑 [U+5111] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 儓 → [U+5113] |

## Translingual
### Han character

儒 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+14, 16 strokes, cangjie input 人一月月 (OMBB), four-corner 2122$_7$, composition ⿰亻需)

#### Derived characters

* 𡃽, 𮒯

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 119, character 30
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1220
* Dae Jaweon: page 253, character 8
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 230, character 9
* Unihan data for U+5112

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 儒 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| Small seal scripts05667Transcribed ancient scriptsL30678L30679L30680L03118L03119L03120L03121L03111L03112L03113L03114L03115L03116L03117 ||
| References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script). ||
| | Old Chinese |
| 羺 | *noː |
| 獳 | *noː |
| 擩 | *noːs, *njoʔ, *njos, *njul, *njod |
| 譳 | *noːs |
| 懦 | *noːls, *njo |
| 糯 | *noːls |
| 需 | *sno |
| 繻 | *sno, *njo |
| 鑐 | *sno |
| 儒 | *njo |
| 濡 | *njo, *noːn |
| 襦 | *njo |
| 嚅 | *njo |
| 顬 | *njo |
| 鱬 | *njo |
| 嬬 | *njo |
| 臑 | *njo |
| 醹 | *njo, *njoʔ |
| 蠕 | *njo |
| 孺 | *njos |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *njo) : semantic 亻 (“human”) + phonetic 需 (OC *sno).

### Etymology

Origin obscure. Chen (2013) – following Xu Shen's Shuowen Jiezi, etc. – links 儒 (OC *njo, “sorcerers, intellectuals, government officials, Confucians”) to 柔 (OC *mlju, “soft”) and 懦 (OC *noːls, *njo, “weak, timid”) "probably derived from the nature of the profession, registered by softness, suppleness, and flexibility".

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): rú (ru$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄖㄨˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ru$^2$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jyu$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): yi$^3$
* Gan (Wiktionary): eo$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): yì
    (Meixian, Guangdong): yi$^2$
* Jin (Wiktionary): ru$^2$
* Northern Min (KCR): ṳ̌
* Eastern Min (BUC): ṳ̀
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): lû / jû / jî
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ru$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$zy
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): y$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: rú
*** Zhuyin: ㄖㄨˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: rú
*** Wade–Giles: ju$^2$
*** Yale: rú
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ru
*** Palladius: жу (žu)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʐu³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: ru$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: rhu
*** Sinological IPA : /zu²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jyu$^4$
*** Yale: yùh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jy$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /jyː²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: yi$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /ji²²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: eo$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɵ³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yì
*** Hakka Romanization System: i$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /i¹¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yì
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)i$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: yi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /i¹¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: ru$^2$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ʐu⁵³/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ṳ̌
*** Sinological IPA : /y²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ṳ̀
*** Sinological IPA : /y⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lû
*** Tâi-lô: lû
*** Phofsit Daibuun: luu
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei): /lu²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jû
*** Tâi-lô: jû
*** Phofsit Daibuun: juu
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /zu²³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jî
*** Tâi-lô: jî
*** Phofsit Daibuun: jii
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡zi¹³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ru$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: jû
*** Sinological IPA : /d͡zu⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$zy
*** MiniDict: zy$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$zr
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zz̩²³/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: y$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /y¹³/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit儒 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ʐu³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /lu²¹³/ /ʐu²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /ʐu⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /lu⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /y⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ʐu⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /vu²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /v̩²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ʐu⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /vu⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ʐu⁵¹/ /vu⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /y²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /zu³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /zu²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ʐu²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /ʐu²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /ʐu²⁴/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /zu⁵³/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /zz̩ʷ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /ʐu⁵³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /zz̩²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /zz̩ʷ¹³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /zz̩ʷ²¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /zz̩³¹/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /y⁴⁴/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /y⁴⁴/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /y¹³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /y¹²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /ɵ⁴⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /i¹¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /ʒï¹¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /jy²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /y²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /jy²¹/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /lu³⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /y⁵³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /y²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /zu⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /zu³¹/ /zi³¹/ |
* Middle Chinese: nyu
Rime :
| Character | 儒 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 日 (38) |
| Final (韻) | 虞 (24) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 人朱切 |
| Baxter | nyu |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ȵɨo/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ȵio/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȵʑio/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ȵuə̆/ |
| Li Rong | /ȵio/ |
| Wang Li | /ȵʑĭu/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȵʑi̯u/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | rú |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jyu$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*no/
    (Zhengzhang): /*njo/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 儒 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | rú |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ nyu › |
| Old Chinese | /*no/ |
| English | 侏儒 zhūrú "dwarf", scholar, Confucianism (not in original list) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 儒 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 13969 |
| Phonetic component | 需 |
| Rime group | 侯 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 儒 |
| Old Chinese | /*njo/ |

### Definitions

儒
* scholar; learned person
    儒林外史 ― Rúlín wàishǐ ― Unofficial History of the Scholars (a satirical novel by 吳敬梓 Wu Jingzi)
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE
    Zǐ wèi Zǐxià yuē: “Rǔ wèi jūnzǐ rú, wú wèi xiǎorén rú.” [Pinyin]
    The Master said to Zi Xia, "Do you be a scholar after the style of the superior man, and not after that of the mean man."
    From: Rites of Zhou, circa 3rd century BCE
    Yǐ jiǔ liǎng xì bāngguó zhī mín:...... Sì yuē rú, yǐ dào dé mín........ [Pinyin]
    Use nine working-duos to involve the people of the polities and states: [...] the fourth are called the scholars, who use moral principles to procure people. [...].
* Confucian; Ruist
    From: Yang Xiong, Fa Yan (Exemplary Sayings), 9 CE
    Tōng tiān, dì, rén yuē rú, tōng tiān, dì ér bùtōng rén yuē jì. [Pinyin]
    Having a penetrating understanding of Heaven, Earth, and Man is called ru (Confucian). Having a penetrating understanding of Heaven and Earth, but not understanding Man, is called "clever."
* Confucianism; Ruism
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Mèngzǐ yuē: “Táo Mò bì guī yú Yáng, táo Yáng bì guī yú Rú. Guī, sī shòu zhī ér yǐ yǐ. Jīn zhī yǔ Yángmò biàn zhě, rú zhuī fàng tún, jì rù qí lì, yòu cóng ér zhāo zhī.” [Pinyin]
    Mencius said, 'Those who are fleeing from the errors of Mohism naturally turn to Yangism, and those who are fleeing from the errors of Yang naturally turn to Ruism. When they so turn, they should at once and simply be received. Those who nowadays dispute with the followers of Yangism and Mohism do so as if they were pursuing a stray pig, the leg of which, after they have got it to enter the pen, they proceed to tie.'
* weak; cowardly
* a surname

### Compounds

* 世儒
* 侏儒 (zhūrú)
* 侏儒症 (zhūrúzhèng)
* 侏儒觀戰 / 侏儒观战
* 俗儒
* 俚儒
* 僻儒
* 儒冠
* 儒士 (rúshì)
* 儒學 / 儒学 (rúxué)
* 儒宗
* 儒家 (rújiā)
* 儒將 / 儒将
* 儒巾
* 儒教 (rújiào)
* 儒林 (rúlín)
* 儒林外史 (Rúlín Wàishǐ)
* 儒業 / 儒业
* 儒生 (rúshēng)
* 儒略曆 / 儒略历 (rúlüèlì)
* 儒經 / 儒经 (rújīng)
* 儒者 (rúzhě)
* 儒艮 (rúgèn)
* 儒藏 (rúzàng)
* 儒術 / 儒术 (rúshù)
* 儒醫 / 儒医 (rúyī)
* 儒雅 (rúyǎ)
* 儒風 / 儒风
* 先儒
* 八儒
* 博學鴻儒 / 博学鸿儒
* 名儒 (míngrú)
* 回儒 (huírú)
* 坑儒
* 夙儒
* 大儒 (dàrú)
* 宋儒 (sòngrú)
* 宏儒碩學 / 宏儒硕学
* 宿儒 (sùrú)
* 宿學舊儒 / 宿学旧儒
* 崇儒
* 拘儒
* 拘拘儒儒
* 散儒
* 新儒學 / 新儒学
* 溫文儒雅 / 温文儒雅
* 焚書坑儒 / 焚书坑儒 (fénshūkēngrú)
* 燔書坑儒 / 燔书坑儒
* 犬儒學派 / 犬儒学派
* 瑰儒
* 當世儒宗 / 当世儒宗
* 盜儒 / 盗儒
* 瞀儒
* 碩儒 / 硕儒
* 碩學通儒 / 硕学通儒
* 碩彥名儒 / 硕彦名儒
* 穴見小儒 / 穴见小儒
* 老儒
* 老師宿儒 / 老师宿儒
* 耆儒
* 耆儒碩德 / 耆儒硕德
* 耆儒碩望 / 耆儒硕望
* 耆儒碩老 / 耆儒硕老
* 腐儒 (fǔrú)
* 英儒
* 豎儒 / 竖儒 (shùrú)
* 賈儒商秀 / 贾儒商秀
* 迂儒
* 通儒 (tōngrú)
* 醇儒
* 陋儒 (lòurú)
* 陽儒陰釋 / 阳儒阴释
* 章句儒
* 風流儒雅 / 风流儒雅
* 鴻儒 / 鸿儒 (hóngrú)

### References

* ↑ Chen, Yong (2013) Confucianism as Religion: Controversies and Consequences. Series: Religion in Chinese Societies, Volume 5. Leiden: Brill. pp. 26-29
* “儒”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00253

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* Confucianism
* Confucianist

#### Readings

* Go-on: にゅう (nyū)
* Kan-on: じゅ (ju, Jōyō)
* Kun: やわらか (yawaraka)、うるおす (uruosu)、したがう (shitagau)

#### Compounds

* 儒学(じゅがく) (jugaku)
* 儒教(じゅきょう) (jukyō)
* 碩儒(せきじゅ) (sekiju)
* 宋儒(そうじゅ) (sōju)

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 儒 (MC nyu).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᅀᅲᆼ (Yale: zyù) | ᅀᅲᆼ (Yale: zyù) |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | 션븨 (Yale: syènpùy) | ᅀᅲ (Yale: zyù) |

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ju]
* Phonetic hangul: [유]

### Hanja

Wikisource 儒 (eumhun 선비 유 (seonbi yu))
* hanja form of 유 (“scholar”)
* hanja form of 유 (“Confucianism”)

#### Compounds

* 갱유 (坑儒, gaeng'yu)
* 유가 (儒家, yuga)
* 유교 (儒敎, yugyo)
* 유림 (儒林, yurim)
* 유생 (儒生, yusaeng)
* 유학 (儒學, yuhak)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

儒: Hán Nôm readings: nho, nhu, nhô
* scholar
* Confucianism
* Confucianist
* chữ Nho (Sino-vietnamese word)

#### References

* 1 2 Génibrel (1898).
* 1 2 Bonet (1899).
* ↑ Thiều Chửu (1942).
* ↑ Trần (1999).
* 1 2 Nguyễn (2004).
* 1 2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* ↑ Hồ (1976).
* ↑ Trần (2004).