# graven
## English
### Pronunciation

* Rhymes: -eɪvən

### Etymology 1

From Middle English graven, igraven, from Old English grafen, ġegrafen, from Proto-Germanic *grabanaz, past participle of Proto-Germanic *grabaną (“to dig, trench”).

#### Verb

graven
* past participle of grave
** 1872, James De Mille, The Cryptogram‎, HTML edition, The Gutenberg Project, published 2009:Deep lines were graven on her pale forehead, and on her wan, thin cheeks.

#### Adjective

graven (not comparable)
* carved, engraved
** 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Exodus 20:4:Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image.

##### Derived terms

* graven image

##### Translations
### Etymology 2

From graven (adjective) above.

#### Verb

graven (third-person singular simple present gravens, present participle gravening, simple past and past participle gravened)
* (transitive, archaic) To make graven or engraved
** 1786, Thomas Doolittle, A treatise concerning the Lord's Supper:I saw I was not only gravened upon the palms of his hands, or set as a seal upon his arm, but I was pourtrayed upon his heart.

### Etymology 3

From grave (adjective) +‎ -en.

#### Verb

graven (third-person singular simple present gravens, present participle gravening, simple past and past participle gravened)
* (transitive, intransitive) To make or become grave (serious or sombre)
** 2012, Samuel W Herbert, Avenue:Whatever it was that had cast a dark shadow and gravened the faces of those normally ebullient people was much too complicated for me to understand.

## Catalan
### Verb

graven
* third-person plural present indicative of gravar

## Danish
### Noun

graven c
* definite singular of grav

## Dutch
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɣraː.və(n)/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: gra‧ven
* Rhymes: -aːvən
* Homophone: Graven

### Etymology 1

From Middle Dutch grāven, from Old Dutch gravan, from Proto-West Germanic *graban, from Proto-Germanic *grabaną.

#### Verb

graven
* (transitive or intransitive) to dig physically
* to search for information

##### Synonyms

* delven
* spitten

##### Derived terms

* aangraven
* afgraven
* begraven
* diepgraven
* doorgraven
* gegraaf
* graafbaar
* graafijzer
* graafmachine
* graafwesp
* graver
* ingraven
* omgraven
* ondergraven
* ontgraven
* opengraven
* opgraven
* uitgraven
* vergraven
* weggraven

##### Related terms

* graf

##### Descendants

* Afrikaans: graaf
* Jersey Dutch: xrâve
* Negerhollands: graav, graev

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Noun

graven
* plural of graf

### Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Noun

graven
* plural of graaf

### Anagrams

* vragen

## Middle Dutch
### Etymology

From Old Dutch gravan.

### Verb

grāven
* To dig.
* To bury.

#### Descendants

* Dutch: graven
** Afrikaans: graaf
** Jersey Dutch: xrâve
** Negerhollands: graav, graev
* Limburgish: grave

### Further reading

* “graven”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
* Verwijs, E., Verdam, J. (1885–1929) “graven (I)”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN, page I

## Middle English
### Alternative forms

* grafe, grave, gravyn

### Etymology

From Old English grafan, from Proto-West Germanic *graban, from Proto-Germanic *grabaną.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɡraːvən/

### Verb

graven
* To dig or excavate:
** To bury, especially to inhume or entomb.
** To dig up the ground (for agriculture, excavation, etc.)
** (rare) To dig into one's hands.
* To carve or adorn:
** To carve or engrave (with inscriptions or carvings)
** To sculpt; to carve with a chisel.
** To adorn with precious metal.
* (figurative) To impress deeply on the mind.
** c. 1380s, [Geoffrey Chaucer, William Caxton, editor], The Double Sorow of Troylus to Telle Kyng Pryamus Sone of Troye [...] [Troilus and Criseyde], [Westminster]: Explicit per Caxton, published 1482, →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], book IV, [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:With gold, men may the herte grave.(please add an English translation of this quotation)

#### Conjugation

| infinitive | (to) graven, grave | (to) graven, grave |
| | present tense | past tense |
| 1st-person singular | grave | grof, graved |
| 2nd-person singular | gravest | grove, grof, gravedest |
| 3rd-person singular | graveth | grof, graved |
| subjunctive singular | grave | grove$^1$, graved$^1$ |
| imperative singular | grave | — |
| plural$^2$ | graven, grave | groven, grove, graveden, gravede |
| imperative plural | graveth, grave | — |
| participles | gravynge, gravende | graven, grave, graved, ygraven, ygrave, ygraved |
$^1$Replaced by the indicative in later Middle English. $^2$Sometimes used as a formal 2nd-person singular.

#### Related terms

* grave
* gravere

#### Descendants

* English: grave (obsolete)
** ⇒ English: engrave
* Scots: grave

#### References

* “grāven, v.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Alternative forms

* grava

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɡrɑːʋn̩/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɑːʋn̩
* Hyphenation: grav‧en

### Noun

graven m or f
* definite masculine singular of grav

### Noun

graven m
* definite singular of grave

## Spanish
### Verb

graven
* inflection of gravar:
** third-person plural present subjunctive
** third-person plural imperative

## Swedish
### Noun

graven
* definite singular of grav

### Anagrams

* vargen