# خراج
## Arabic
### Etymology 1

From خ ر ج (ḵ r j) in the sense “to extract” or “take out”, with phono-semantic matching from Middle Persian apparently in an unattested by-form of by-itself Iranian-origin 𐫍𐫡𐫃 (hrg /⁠harg⁠/), 𐫟𐫡𐫃 (xrg /⁠xarg⁠/), 𐫆𐫡𐫵𐫃 (hrːg /⁠harg⁠/, “tribute”) surfacing as Old Armenian հարկ (hark) etc., an already Old Persian contamination *𐏃𐎼𐎠𐎣 (ha-ra-a-ka /⁠*harāka⁠/, “tribute, tax, any public charge based on land property”) on the model of Imperial Aramaic 𐡄𐡋𐡊𐡀 (hlkʾ /⁠hălāḵā⁠/, “tribute, tax, any public charge based on land property”), itself calqued from Akkadian 𒅋𒆪 (il-ku /⁠ilku⁠/, “corvée, tribute, any public charge based on land property”). Also attested several times in Biblical Aramaic הֲלָכָא (/⁠hălāḵā⁠/) but otherwise missing in Aramaic.

#### Noun

خَرَاج • (ḵarāj) m (plural أَخْرَاج (ʔaḵrāj) or أَخْرِجَة (ʔaḵrija))
* public levy, subsidy; poll-tax, tribute

##### Descendants

* → English: kharaj
* → Azerbaijani: xərac
* → French: kharaj
* → Middle Armenian: խարաճ (xarač)
* → Ottoman Turkish: خراج (haraç)
** Turkish: haraç
** → Bulgarian: хара́ч (haráč), хара́дж (harádž)
** → Greek: χαράτσι (charátsi)
** → Hungarian: harács
** → Macedonian: арач (arač)
** → Polish: haracz
** → Romanian: haraci
** → Serbo-Croatian: hàrāč / ха̀ра̄ч
* → Persian: خراج (xarâj)
** → Punjabi: ਖਰਾਜ (kharāj)
** → Urdu: خراج (xarāj)
* → Polish: charadż
* → Russian: хара́дж (xarádž)
* → Spanish: jarach

### Etymology 2

* Root
* خ ر ج (ḵ r j)
* 10 terms

#### Noun

خُرَاج or خُرَّاج • (ḵurāj or ḵurrāj) m (plural خُرَاجَات (ḵurājāt) or خُرَّاجَات (ḵurrājāt))
* abscess, boil, aposteme

##### Alternative forms

* خُرَاجَة (ḵurāja)

##### Descendants

* → Ottoman Turkish: خراج (huraç, hurraç)

### References

* “hlk”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* Burrow, Thomas (1935) “Iranian Words in the Kharoṣṭhi Documents from Chinese Turkestan—II”, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies‎, volume 7, number 4, page 788 of 779–790
* Henning, Walter Bruno (1935) “Arabisch ḫarāǧ”, in Orientalia, volume 4 (Nova Series), →DOI, pages 291–293 = Henning, W. B. (1977) Selected Papers (Acta Iranica; 14)‎, volume 1, Tehran and Liège: Bibliothèque Pahlavi, pages 355–357
* Kaufman, Stephen A. (1974) The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic (The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago Assyriological Studies; 19)‎, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, page 58

## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Arabic خَرَاج (ḵarāj, “public levy; tribute”).

#### Noun

خراج • (harac) (definite accusative خراجی (haracı), plural اخراج (ahrac))
* tax, impost, tribute, a compulsory financial charge or levy imposed by the government
    Synonym: ویركی (vergi)
* (Islam) jizya, a per capita tax levied on a section of an Islamic state's non-Muslim citizens
    Synonym: جزیه (cizye)
* poll tax, capitation, head tax, a tax determined as a uniform, fixed amount per individual

##### Derived terms

* خراججی (haraccı, “tax collector”)
* خراجه كسمك (haraca kesmek, “to extort money from the vanquished”)
* خراجگزار (haraç-güzar, “tributary”)

##### Descendants

* Turkish: haraç
* → Bulgarian: хара́ч (haráč), хара́дж (harádž)
* → Greek: χαράτσι (charátsi)
* → Hungarian: harács
* → Macedonian: арач (arač)
* → Polish: haracz
* → Romanian: haraci
* → Serbo-Croatian: hàrāč / ха̀ра̄ч

#### Further reading

* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “haraç1”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 1871
* Devellioğlu, Ferit (1962) “harâc”, in Osmanlıca-Türkçe Ansiklopedik Lûgat‎‎ (in Turkish), Istanbul: Türk Dil Kurumu, page 390
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “خراج”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 534
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Tributum”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎, Vienna, column 1693
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “خراج”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, column 1871
* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “haraç”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “خراج”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 835

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Arabic خُرَاج (ḵurāj, “abscess, boil, aposteme”).

#### Noun

خراج • (hurac) (definite accusative خراجی (huracı), plural خراجات (huracat))
* pimple, furuncle, boil, pustule, a localized accumulation of pus in the skin, resulting from infection
    Synonyms: چبان (çıban), دمل (dummel), قبارجق (kabarcık)
* abscess, a cavity caused by tissue destruction filled with pus and surrounded by inflamed tissue
    Synonyms: چبان (çıban), دمل (dummel)

##### Descendants

* Turkish: hurac

#### Further reading

* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “hurac”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 2007
* Devellioğlu, Ferit (1962) “hurâc”, in Osmanlıca-Türkçe Ansiklopedik Lûgat‎‎ (in Turkish), Istanbul: Türk Dil Kurumu, page 456
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “خراج”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 534
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “خراج”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, column 1871
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “خراج”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 835