# 冠

| 冠 | U+51A0, &#20896; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51A0 |
| ← 冟 [U+519F] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 冡 → [U+51A1] |

## Translingual
### Han character

冠 (Kangxi radical 14, 冖+7, 9 strokes, cangjie input 月一山戈 (BMUI), four-corner 3721$_4$, composition ⿱冖㝴)

#### Derived characters

* 𫱌, 𬃧, 𥔒, 𨩶, 𠖡, 蒄, 𬏸, 𪑪

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 130, character 23
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1580
* Dae Jaweon: page 292, character 27
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 303, character 18
* Unihan data for U+51A0

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 冠 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 冠 | *kŋoːn, *kŋoːns |
| 莞 | *kŋoːn, *ɦŋoːn, *ɦŋroːnʔ |
| 脘 | *ŋkoːnʔ |
| 筦 | *ŋkoːnʔ |
| 梡 | *ŋ̊ʰoːnʔ, *ɦŋoːn, *ɦŋoːnʔ |
| 岏 | *ŋoːn |
| 刓 | *ŋoːn |
| 园 | *ŋoːn |
| 忨 | *ŋoːn, *ŋoːns |
| 蚖 | *ŋoːn, *ŋon |
| 黿 | *ŋoːn, *ŋon |
| 抏 | *ŋoːn |
| 玩 | *ŋoːns |
| 貦 | *ŋoːns |
| 翫 | *ŋoːns |
| 妧 | *ŋoːns |
| 完 | *ɦŋoːn |
| 捖 | *ɦŋoːn |
| 垸 | *ɦŋoːn, *ɦŋoːns |
| 綄 | *ɦŋoːn, *ɦŋoːnʔ |
| 院 | *ɦŋoːn, *ɦŋons |
| 皖 | *ɦŋoːnʔ, *ɦŋroːnʔ |
| 晥 | *ɦŋoːnʔ |
| 浣 | *ɦŋoːnʔ |
| 頑 | *ŋroːn, *ŋroːn |
| 睆 | *ɦŋroːnʔ |
| 鯇 | *ɦŋroːnʔ |
| 元 | *ŋon |
| 沅 | *ŋon |
| 芫 | *ŋon |
| 杬 | *ŋon |
| 邧 | *ŋon, *ŋonʔ |
| 阮 | *ŋon, *ŋonʔ |
| 俒 | *ɦŋuːn, *ɦŋuːns |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kŋoːn, *kŋoːns) and ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : semantic 冖 (“hat”) + phonetic 元 (OC *ŋon, “head”) + semantic 寸 (“hand”) – a hand putting a hat on the head.
Earlier forms are phono-semantic (形聲 / 形声, OC *kŋoːn, *kŋoːns) : semantic 冃 (“hat”) + phonetic 元 (OC *ŋon).

### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)wa-n (“to put on; to wear; to clothe”). Cognate with Tibetan བགོ (bgo, “to put on; to wear; clothing”), གོས (gos, “clothes; garments; dress”), གོན (gon), གྱོན (gyon, “to put on; to wear”), སྐོན (skon, “to dress; to clothe”).
Pronunciation 2 is the exopassive derivation of pronunciation 1, literally "(make someone to) be capped" (Schuessler, 2007).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): guān (guan$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄢ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gun$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kôn
    (Meixian, Guangdong): guon$^1$
* Eastern Min (BUC): guăng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): koàn
    (Teochew, Peng'im): guang$^1$ / guêng$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$kuoe
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: guān
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: guan
*** Wade–Giles: kuan$^1$
*** Yale: gwān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guan
*** Palladius: гуань (guanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku̯än⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gun$^1$
*** Yale: gūn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gun$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gun$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kuːn⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kôn
*** Hakka Romanization System: gon$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gon$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kon²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: guon$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kuɔn⁴⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: guăng
*** Sinological IPA : /kuaŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: koàn
*** Tâi-lô: kuàn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: koaxn
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kuan²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kuan⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kuan²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kuan¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kuan²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: guang$^1$ / guêng$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kuang / kueng
*** Sinological IPA : /kuaŋ³³/, /kueŋ³³/
* guang1 - Shantou;
* guêng1 - Chaozhou.
* Middle Chinese: kwan
Rime :
| Character | 冠 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 桓 (62) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 古丸切 |
| Baxter | kwan |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kuɑn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʷɑn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kuɑn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kwan/ |
| Li Rong | /kuɑn/ |
| Wang Li | /kuɑn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kuɑn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | guān |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gun$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k.ʔ]ˤor/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kŋoːn/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 冠 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | guān |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kwan › |
| Old Chinese | /*[k.ʔ]ˁor/ |
| English | cap (n.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 冠 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 16107 |
| Phonetic component | 元 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 官 |
| Old Chinese | /*kŋoːn/ |

#### Definitions

冠
* hat; cap
    皇冠 ― huángguān ― crown
    衣冠楚楚 ― yīguānchǔchǔ ― well-groomed
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Gāozǔ wéi tíngzhǎng, nǎi yǐ zhú pí wéi guān. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* hat-shaped thing
    花冠 ― huāguān ― wreath; crown
    雞冠／鸡冠 ― jīguān ― cockscomb

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 冠, 帽 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 帽子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 帽子, 帽兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 帽子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 帽子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 帽子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Olginsky (Mikhaylovka) | 帽子 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 帽子 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 帽子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 帽子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 帽子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 帽子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 帽子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 帽子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 帽子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 帽子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 帽子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 帽子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 帽子, 帽兒 humorous |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 帽子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 帽子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 帽子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 帽子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 帽子 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 帽 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 帽 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 帽 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 帽 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 帽 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Shatian) | 帽 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 帽 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Nankang) | 帽 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Yingpan) | 頭帽 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 帽 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 帽 |
| Cantonese | Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 帽 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 帽 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 帽 |
| Cantonese | Móng Cái | 帽 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 帽子 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 帽子 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 帽仔 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 帽子 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 帽仔 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 帽仔 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 帽仔 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 帽 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 帽仔, 帽 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 帽 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 帽 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 帽 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 帽子, 帽兒 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 帽子 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 帽 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 帽 |
| Eastern Min | Matsu | 帽 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 帽仔 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 帽仔 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 帽仔 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 帽仔 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 帽仔 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 帽仔 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 帽仔 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 帽仔 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 帽仔 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 帽仔 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 帽仔 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 帽 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 帽 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 帽 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 帽, 帽仔 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 帽仔 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 帽 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 帽 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 帽 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 帽 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 帽 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Teochew) | 帽 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 帽 |
| Southern Min | Pontianak (Teochew) | 帽 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 帽 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang) | 帽 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang) | 帽 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu) | 帽, 帽囝 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 帽 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Fengting) | 帽 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Youyang) | 帽 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 帽子, 帽 |
| Waxiang | Guzhang (Gaofeng) | 帽 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 帽子 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 帽子 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 帽子 |
| Wu | Danyang | 帽子 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 帽兒 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 帽子 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 帽 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 帽 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 帽子 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 帽, 帽子 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 帽子 |

#### Compounds

* 不冠不帶 / 不冠不带
* 倒冠落佩
* 儒冠
* 優孟衣冠 / 优孟衣冠
* 免冠 (miǎnguān)
* 免冠解印
* 冠冕 (guānmiǎn)
* 冠冕堂皇 (guānmiǎntánghuáng)
* 冠冕衣裳
* 冠子
* 冠子蟲 / 冠子虫
* 冠履
* 冠履倒易
* 冠履倒置
* 冠履無爽 / 冠履无爽
* 冠帔
* 冠帶 / 冠带 (guāndài)
* 冠帶之國 / 冠带之国
* 冠帶官 / 冠带官
* 冠帶流傳 / 冠带流传
* 冠族
* 冠服 (guānfú)
* 冠毛
* 冠狀動脈 / 冠状动脉
* 冠狀動脈硬化症 / 冠状动脉硬化症
* 冠玉 (guānyù)
* 冠芽
* 冠蓋 / 冠盖
* 冠蓋如雲 / 冠盖如云
* 冠蓋相屬 / 冠盖相属
* 冠蓋相望 / 冠盖相望
* 冠蓋雲集 / 冠盖云集
* 冠蓋高舉 / 冠盖高举
* 冠道履仁
* 加冠 (jiāguān)
* 加冠進祿 / 加冠进禄
* 南冠 (nánguān)
* 南冠楚囚
* 南州冠冕
* 后冠 (hòuguān)
* 合瓣花冠
* 國冠 / 国冠
* 壺狀花冠 / 壶状花冠
* 天冠地屨 / 天冠地屦
* 女冠
* 峨冠
* 峨冠博帶 / 峨冠博带
* 巾冠
* 平天冠
* 張冠李戴 / 张冠李戴 (zhāngguānlǐdài)
* 彈冠 / 弹冠 (tánguān)
* 彈冠振衣 / 弹冠振衣
* 彈冠相慶 / 弹冠相庆 (tánguānxiāngqìng)
* 彈冠結綬 / 弹冠结绶
* 怒髮衝冠 / 怒发冲冠 (nùfàchōngguān)
* 披髮纓冠 / 披发缨冠
* 挂冠 (guàguān)
* 挂衣冠
* 掛冠 / 挂冠 (guàguān)
* 掛冠歸里 / 挂冠归里
* 掛冠而去 / 挂冠而去
* 新沐者必彈冠，新浴者必振衣 / 新沐者必弹冠，新浴者必振衣
* 月桂冠 (yuèguìguān)
* 木猴而冠
* 束帶頂冠 / 束带顶冠
* 束髮金冠 / 束发金冠 (shùfà jīnguān)
* 桂冠 (guìguān)
* 桂冠詩人 / 桂冠诗人
* 極冠 / 极冠
* 正冠李下
* 正冠納履 / 正冠纳履
* 水冠
* 沐猴衣冠
* 法冠
* 漏斗狀花冠
* 濯纓彈冠 / 濯缨弹冠
* 獬冠
* 獬豸冠
* 王冠 (wángguān)
* 王貢彈冠 / 王贡弹冠
* 瓜田不納履，李下不整冠 / 瓜田不纳履，李下不整冠 (guātián bù nà lǚ, lǐxià bù zhěng guān)
* 皇冠 (huángguān)
* 皮冠
* 紙冠 / 纸冠
* 素冠
* 紫金冠
* 縞冠 / 缟冠
* 纓冠 / 缨冠
* 罟罟冠
* 美如冠玉
* 羽冠
* 肉冠 (ròuguān)
* 花冠 (huāguān)
* 蟬冠 / 蝉冠 (chánguān)
* 衝冠 / 冲冠
* 衝冠髮怒 / 冲冠发怒
* 衣冠
* 衣冠不整
* 衣冠中人
* 衣冠優孟 / 衣冠优孟
* 衣冠冢 (yīguānzhǒng)
* 衣冠塚 / 衣冠冢 (yīguānzhǒng)
* 衣冠子女
* 衣冠文物
* 衣冠梟獍 / 衣冠枭獍 (yīguānxiāojìng)
* 衣冠楚楚 (yīguānchǔchǔ)
* 衣冠沐猴
* 衣冠濟楚 / 衣冠济楚
* 衣冠濟濟 / 衣冠济济
* 衣冠甚偉 / 衣冠甚伟
* 衣冠盛事
* 衣冠禮樂 / 衣冠礼乐
* 衣冠禽獸 / 衣冠禽兽 (yīguānqínshòu)
* 衣冠緒餘 / 衣冠绪余
* 衣冠藍縷 / 衣冠蓝缕
* 衣冠赫奕
* 衣冠輻湊 / 衣冠辐凑
* 衣冠雲集 / 衣冠云集
* 衣冠齊楚 / 衣冠齐楚
* 被髮纓冠 / 被发缨冠
* 裂冠毀冕 / 裂冠毁冕
* 角冠
* 豸冠
* 貂蟬冠 / 貂蝉冠
* 貢禹彈冠 / 贡禹弹冠
* 輻狀花冠 / 辐状花冠
* 通天冠
* 進賢冠 / 进贤冠
* 道冠兒 / 道冠儿
* 道袍竹冠
* 金冠 (jīnguān)
* 雞冠 / 鸡冠 (jīguān)
* 雞冠石 / 鸡冠石
* 雞冠花 / 鸡冠花 (jīguānhuā)
* 離瓣花冠 / 离瓣花冠
* 面如冠玉 (miàn rú guānyù)
* 馬冠 / 马冠
* 高冠博帶 / 高冠博带
* 高冠敞袖
* 髮上指冠 / 发上指冠
* 髮上衝冠 / 发上冲冠
* 髮踊衝冠 / 发踊冲冠
* 鳳冠 / 凤冠 (fèngguān)
* 鳳冠霞帔 / 凤冠霞帔
* 鵔鸃冠 / 𱉿𱉌冠
* 鶡冠 / 鹖冠
* 鶡冠子 / 鹖冠子
* 鷸冠 / 鹬冠 (yùguān)
* 鹿皮冠 (lùpíguān)
* 黃冠 / 黄冠
* 黑冠麻鷺 / 黑冠麻鹭 (hēiguān málù)
* 齒冠 / 齿冠 (chǐguān)

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): guàn (guan$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gun$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kon
    (Meixian, Guangdong): guon$^4$
* Eastern Min (BUC): guáng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): koàn / koan
    (Teochew, Peng'im): guang$^3$ / guêng$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$kuoe
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: guàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: guàn
*** Wade–Giles: kuan$^4$
*** Yale: gwàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guann
*** Palladius: гуань (guanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku̯än⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gun$^3$
*** Yale: gun
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gun$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gun$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kuːn³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kon
*** Hakka Romanization System: gon
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gon$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /kon⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: guon$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /kuɔn⁵³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: guáng
*** Sinological IPA : /kuɑŋ²¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, variant in Taiwan, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: koàn
*** Tâi-lô: kuàn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: koaxn
*** IPA (Kaohsiung, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kuan²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kuan⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kuan¹¹/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: koan
*** Tâi-lô: kuan
*** Phofsit Daibuun: koafn
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kuan⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: guang$^3$ / guêng$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kuàng / kuèng
*** Sinological IPA : /kuaŋ²¹³/, /kueŋ²¹³/
* guang3 - Shantou;
* guêng3 - Chaozhou.
* Middle Chinese: kwanH
Rime :
| Character | 冠 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 桓 (62) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 古玩切 |
| Baxter | kwanH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kuɑn$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʷɑn$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kuɑn$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kwan$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kuɑn$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kuɑn$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kuɑn$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | guàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gun$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*k.ʔˤor-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kŋoːns/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 冠 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | guàn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kwan$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*k.ʔˁor-s/ |
| English | cap (v.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 冠 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 16109 |
| Phonetic component | 元 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 貫 |
| Old Chinese | /*kŋoːns/ |

#### Definitions

冠
* (literary) to put on a hat; to wear a hat
    沐猴而冠 ― mùhóu'érguàn ― a macaque wearing a hat
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    “Xǔ zǐ guàn hū?” Yuē: “Guàn.” [Pinyin]
    'Does he wear a cap?' 'He wears a cap.'
* (historical) ceremony marking a male's coming of age at 20
    From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
    Nánzǐ èrshí guàn ér zì. [Pinyin]
    A son at twenty is capped, and receives his appellation.
* (historical, of a male) to reach adulthood
* to rank first; to excel; to surpass
    冠軍／冠军 ― guànjūn ― champion
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Wèi guàn qúnchén, shēng yì hòushì. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (literary) to cover
* to precede (e.g. with a title); to attach; to put on
    冠夫姓 ― guàn fūxìng ― to add on one's husband's surname
* champion; winner; victor
    奪冠／夺冠 ― duóguàn ― to take first prize
* (linguistics) Short for 冠詞／冠词 (guàncí, “article”).
* a surname

##### Synonyms

* (ceremony marking a male's coming of age at 20): 元服 (yuánfú)

#### Compounds

* 三冠王
* 不定冠詞 / 不定冠词 (bùdìng guàncí)
* 冠世之才
* 冠亞軍 / 冠亚军
* 冠子
* 冠禮 / 冠礼 (guànlǐ)
* 冠絕 / 冠绝 (guànjué)
* 冠絕古今 / 冠绝古今
* 冠群
* 冠者
* 冠詞 / 冠词 (guàncí)
* 冠軍 / 冠军 (guànjūn)
* 冠軍賽 / 冠军赛 (guànjūnsài)
* 勇冠三軍 / 勇冠三军
* 及冠
* 奪冠 / 夺冠 (duóguàn)
* 弱冠 (ruòguàn)
* 未冠
* 氣冠三軍 / 气冠三军
* 沐猴冠冕 (mùhóuguànmiǎn)
* 沐猴而冠 (mùhóu'érguàn)
* 濯冠
* 笄冠
* 美冠一方
* 虎而冠
* 豔冠群芳 / 艳冠群芳
* 貴冠履，忘頭足 / 贵冠履，忘头足
* 超今冠古
* 連冠 / 连冠

### References

* “冠”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00304

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* crown
* best, peerless

#### Readings

* Go-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)
* Kun: かんむり (kanmuri, 冠, Jōyō)
* Nanori: かもり (kamori)、まさる (masaru)

#### Compounds

* 冠(かん)詞(し) (kanshi, “article”)

#### Derived terms

* 瓜(か)田(でん)に履(くつ)を納(い)れず、李(り)下(か)に冠(かんむり)を正(ただ)さず (kaden ni kutsu o irezu, rika ni kanmuri o tadasazu)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 冠
* かがふり Grade: S
* kun'yomi
/kaɡapuri/ → /kaɡafuri/
From Old Japanese.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ka̠ɡa̠ɸɯ̟ɾʲi]

#### Noun

冠(かがふり) • (kagafuri)
* (archaic, possibly obsolete) head covering; headdress, crown
* (by extension, archaic) order, rank

##### See also

* 位(い)階(かい) (ikai, “court rank”)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 冠
* かぶり Grade: S
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spellings
* 被り 頭
Likely a shift from kagafuri above, ancient kagapuri. (Can this etymology be sourced?)

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かぶり [kàbúríꜜ] (Odaka – [3])
* IPA: [ka̠bɯ̟ɾʲi]

#### Noun

冠(かぶり) • (kaburi)
* headdress, crown
* (theater) large attendance, full house
    Synonym: 大入り (ōiri)
* (archaic) order, rank

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 冠
* かむり Grade: S
* kun'yomi
A shift from kaburi above. (Can this etymology be sourced?)

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かむり [kàmúrí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ka̠mɯ̟ɾʲi]

#### Noun

冠(かむり) • (kamuri)
* headdress, crown
* distance from the tunnel's roof to the surface directly above it
* (poetry) first (traditionally, five) morae of a haiku, etc.; specifically, the first verse or line of a poem

### Etymology 4

* Kanji in this term
* 冠
* こうぶり Grade: S
* kun'yomi
A shift from kagafuri above, ancient kagapuri.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ko̞ːbɯ̟ɾʲi]

#### Noun

冠(こうぶり) • (kōburi)
* headdress, crown
* order, rank
* Synonym of 年爵 (“an annual salary in the Heian period”)

##### Compounds

* 初(うい)冠(こうぶり) (uikōburi, “crowning a boy for the first time at a coming-of-age ceremony​”)

### Etymology 5

* Kanji in this term
* 冠
* かんむり Grade: S
* kun'yomi
The modern spelling. A shift from kōburi above, historical kauburi. Also encountered is kanburi.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かんむり [kàńmúrí] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) かんむり [kàńmúꜜrì] (Nakadaka – [3])
* IPA: [kã̠mːɯ̟ɾʲi]
* IPA: [kã̠mbɯ̟ɾʲi]

#### Noun

冠(かんむり) or 冠(かんぶり) • (kanmuri or kanburi)
* a crown (royal headdress)
** 1999 November 18, “冠(かんむり)を戴(いただ)く蒼(あお)き翼(つばさ) [Crowned Blue Wings]”, in Vol.6, Konami:
    頭(あたま)の毛(け)が冠(かんむり)のように見(み)える、青(あお)白(じろ)く燃(も)えるトリ。
       Atama no ke ga kanmuri no yō ni mieru, aojiroku moeru tori.
       A bluish fiery bird whose feathers on its head resemble a crown.
* a type of traditional cap
* name; title; named sponsorship of a program, event, team, etc.​
* the top radical of a kanji, such as 冖 as in 冠 itself

##### Compounds

* 冠(カンムリ)海(ウミ)雀(スズメ) (kanmuri-umisuzume, “Japanese murrelet (Synthliboramphus wumizusume)”)
* 冠(カンムリ)鳰(カイツブリ) (kanmuri-kaitsuburi, “great crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus)”)
* 冠(カンムリ)狐(キツネ)猿(ザル) (kanmuri-kitsunezaru, “crowned lemur (Eulemur coronatus)”)
* かんむり座(ざ) (Kanmuriza, “Corona Borealis)”)
* 冠雲雀(カンムリヒバリ) (kanmuri hibari)
* 冠(カンムリ)鷲(ワシ) (kanmuriwashi, “crested serpent eagle (Spilornis cheela)”)
* 初(うい)冠(かんむり) (uikanmuri, “type of cap in Noh”)
* お冠(かんむり), 御(お)冠(かんむり) (o-kanmuri, “bad temper, bad mood”)
* 麻(あさ)冠(かんむり) (asa-kanmuri, "hemp" radical)
* 穴(あな)冠(かんむり) (ana-kanmuri, "hole" radical)
* 雨(あま)冠(かんむり) (ama-kanmuri), 雨(あめ)冠(かんむり) (ame-kanmuri, "rain" radical)
* ウ冠(かんむり) (u-kanmuri, katakana "u" radical)
* 老(おい)冠(かんむり) (oi-kanmuri, "old" radical)
* 髪(かみ)冠(かんむり) (kami-kanmuri, "hair" radical)
* 草(くさ)冠(かんむり) (kusa-kanmuri, "grass" radical)
* 卦(けい)算(さん)冠(かんむり) (keisan-kanmuri, "kettle lid" radical)
* 尸(しかばね)冠(かんむり) (shikabane-kanmuri, "corpse" radical)
* 大(だい)冠(かんむり) (dai-kanmuri, top "big" radical)
* 竹(たけ)冠(かんむり) (take-kanmuri, "bamboo" radical)
* 爪(つめ)冠(かんむり) (tsume-kanmuri, top "claw" radical)
* 戸(と)冠(かんむり) (to-kanmuri, "door" radical)
* 虎(とら)冠(かんむり) (tora-kanmuri, "tiger" radical)
* 山(やま)冠(かんむり) (yama-kanmuri, top "mountain" radical)
* ワ冠(かんむり) (wa-kanmuri), 平(ひら)冠(かんむり) (hira-kanmuri), 冖(べき)冠(かんむり) (beki-kanmuri, katakana "wa" radical)

#### Proper noun

冠(かんむり) • (Kanmuri)
* a female given name
* a surname

### Etymology 6

* Kanji in this term
* 冠
* さか Grade: S
* irregular
Clipping of 鶏(と)冠(さか) (tosaka). (Can this etymology be sourced?)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sa̠ka̠]

#### Noun

冠(さか) • (saka)
* comb, crest (of a bird, particularly a chicken or pheasant); cockscomb

### Etymology 7

* Kanji in this term
* 冠
* かん Grade: S
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 冠 (MC kwan|kwanH).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かん [káꜜǹ] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [kã̠ɴ]

#### Noun

冠(かん) • (kan)
* headpiece, crown

##### Derived terms

* 冠(かん)たる (kantaru, “best, unrivalled”)

##### Compounds

* 冠(かん)位(い) (kan'i)
* 冠(かん)水(すい) (kansui, “being covered in water; being submerged or inundated”)
* 栄(えい)冠(かん) (eikan, “laurels, garland”)
* 王(おう)冠(かん) (ōkan, “crown”)
* 極(きょっ)冠(かん) (kyokkan, “polar cap”)
* 鶏(けい)冠(かん) (keikan, “cockscomb”)
* 月(げっ)桂(けい)冠(かん) (gekkeikan, “laurel wreath”)
* 主(しゅ)教(きょう)冠(かん) (shukyōkan, “mitre, miter”)
* 戴(てい)冠(かん) (teikan, “coronation”)
* 宝(ほう)冠(かん) (hōkan, “diadem”)
* 林(ほう)冠(かん) (hōkan, “tree canopy”)

#### Adjective

冠(かん) • (kan) $^†$-tari (adnominal 冠(かん)とした (kan to shita) or 冠(かん)たる (kan taru), adverbial 冠(かん)と (kan to) or 冠(かん)として (kan to shite))
* crown; champion

### References

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 冠 (MC kwan|kwanH). Recorded as Middle Korean 관 (kwan) (Yale: kwan) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

Wikisource 冠 (eumhun 갓 관 (gat gwan))
* hanja form of 관 (“crown; hat”)

#### Compounds

* 관례 (冠禮, gwallye, “capping ceremony”)
* 관사 (冠詞, gwansa, “(grammar) article”)
* 왕관 (王冠, wanggwan, “crown”)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

冠: Hán Nôm readings: quan, quán
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.