# proces
## Czech
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin processus or German Prozess.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈprot͡sɛs]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

proces m inan
* process

#### Related terms

* See cese
* procesí
* procesní

#### See also

* děj

### Further reading

* “proces”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “proces”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* “proces”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech)

## Danish
### Etymology

Borrowed ultimately from Latin prōcessus (“process, progress, progression”).

### Noun

proces c (singular definite processen, plural indefinite processer)
* process

#### Synonyms

* forløb

#### Derived terms

* arbejdsproces
* beslutningsproces
* demokratiseringsproces
* dødsproces
* fornyelsesproces
* fredsproces
* fremstillingsproces
* livsproces
* læreproces
* omstillingsproces
* proceslinje
* procesoperatør
* procesret
* processere
* processkrift
* processkrivning
* processtyring
* procesteknologi
* produktionsproces
* skabelsesproces
* skriveproces
* udviklingsproces

### References

* “proces” in Den Danske Ordbog

## Dutch
### Etymology

From Middle Dutch proces, from Old French procés (“journey”), from Latin processus, past participle of procedo.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /proːˈsɛs/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: pro‧ces
* Rhymes: -ɛs

### Noun

proces n (plural processen, diminutive procesje n)
* a process, sequential proceeding
* (law) a trial, court case, lawsuit

#### Synonyms

* (process) procedure
* (law) rechtsgeding, rechtszaak

#### Derived terms

* beroepsproces
* marionettenproces
* monsterproces
* moordproces
* proces-verbaal
* procesgang
* proceskosten
* procesrecht
* processaal
* processtuk
* schijnproces
* strafproces
* denkproces
* genezingsproces
* groeiproces
* leerproces
* procesmatig
* procestheologie
* rouwproces
* veranderingsproces
* veranderproces
* ziekteproces

#### Related terms

* procedé
* procederen
* procedure
* procedureel
* processie
* processor

#### Descendants

* Afrikaans: proses
* → Indonesian: proses (“process”)
* → Indonesian: acara (“trial; court exam”) (semantic loan)
* → Papiamentu: proces (dated)
* → West Frisian: proses

## Latin
### Verb

procēs
* second-person singular present active subjunctive of procō

## Old French
### Noun

proces oblique singular, m (oblique plural proces, nominative singular proces, nominative plural proces)
* Alternative form of procés

## Polish
### Etymology

Internationalism; possibly borrowed from German Prozess or French procès, ultimately from Latin prōcessus. First attested in the 16th century.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈprɔ.t͡sɛs/
* (Middle Polish) IPA: /ˈprɔ.t͡sɛs/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔt͡sɛs
* Syllabification: pro‧ces

### Noun

proces m inan (diminutive procesik, related adjective procesowy)
* process (series of events to produce a result)
* (sciences) process (series of physical or chemical changes causally related to each other)
* (law) trial (appearance at judicial court) [with o (+ accusative) ‘for what’ and przeciw (+ dative) ‘against whom’]
    Synonyms: postępowanie, przewód sądowy, rozprawa, sprawa
* (computing) process (executable task or program)

#### Derived terms

* procesować impf

#### Descendants

* → Kashubian: proces

### Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), proces is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 84 times in scientific texts, 34 times in news, 67 times in essays, 6 times in fiction, and 4 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 195 times, making it the 283rd most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.

### References

* ↑ Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “proces”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
* ↑ Mirosław Bańko, Lidia Wiśniakowska (2021) “proces”, in Wielki słownik wyrazów obcych, →ISBN
* ↑ Stanisław Dubisz, editor (2003), “proces”, in Uniwersalny słownik języka polskiego [Universal dictionary of the Polish language]‎ (in Polish), volumes 1-4, Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN SA, →ISBN
* ↑ Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “proces”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
* ↑ Ida Kurcz (1990) “proces”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 435

### Further reading

* proces in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* proces in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* “PROCES”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 2023 June 12
* Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “proces”, in Słownik języka polskiego
* Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “proces”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
* A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1908), “proces”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 4, Warsaw, page 1005

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from French procès, Italian processo, Latin processus. Cf. also purces, possibly an inherited doublet.

### Noun

proces n (plural procese)
* process
* trial (in court)
* lawsuit, legal case

#### Derived terms

* procesa
* proces verbal

#### Related terms

* proceda
* procesiune

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

Borrowed ultimately from Latin processus; cf. French procès.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /prǒt͡ses/
* Hyphenation: pro‧ces

### Noun

pròces m (Cyrillic spelling про̀цес)
* process