# 拓

| 拓 | U+62D3, &#25299; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-62D3 |
| ← 拒 [U+62D2] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 拔 → [U+62D4] |
| 拓 | U+FA02, &#64002; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA02 |
| ← 度 [U+FA01] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 糖 → [U+FA03] |

## Translingual
### Han character

拓 (Kangxi radical 64, 手+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 手一口 (QMR), four-corner 5106$_0$, composition ⿰扌石)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 425, character 13
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11958
* Dae Jaweon: page 774, character 2
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1849, character 6
* Unihan data for U+62D3
* Unihan data for U+FA02

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 拓 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 柘 | *tjaɡs |
| 妬 | *taːɡs |
| 蠹 | *taːɡs |
| 沰 | *taːɡ, *tʰaːɡ |
| 拓 | *tʰaːɡ, *tjaɡ |
| 橐 | *tʰaːɡ |
| 袥 | *tʰaːɡ |
| 驝 | *tʰaːɡ, *raːɡ |
| 斫 | *tjaɡ |
| 磭 | *ŋrɯnʔ, *ŋ̊ʰjaɡ, *ŋaɡ |
| 磔 | *rtaːɡ |
| 跖 | *tjaɡ |
| 石 | *djaɡ |
| 碩 | *djaɡ |
| 祏 | *djaɡ |
| 鉐 | *djaɡ |
| 鼫 | *djaɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *tʰaːɡ, *tjaɡ) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 石 (OC *djaɡ).

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *l-t(j)ak (“upper surface, top, above, palate; to climb, lift, ascend”) (STEDT). See Burmese တက် (tak, “to climb up, get in a vehicle”) for more cognates.

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tuò (tuo$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨㄛˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): tok$^3$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): thok
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tuò
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄨㄛˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tuò
*** Wade–Giles: tʻo$^4$
*** Yale: twò
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tuoh
*** Palladius: то (to)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰu̯ɔ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: tok$^3$
*** Yale: tok
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tok$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: tog$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰɔːk̚³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thok
*** Tâi-lô: thok
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tog
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tʰɔk̚³²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰɔk̚⁵/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰɔk̚³²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tʰɔk̚³²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰɔk̚³²/
* Middle Chinese: thak
Rime :
| Character | 拓 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 透 (6) |
| Final (韻) | 鐸 (103) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 他各切 |
| Baxter | thak |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tʰɑk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /tʰɑk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /tʰɑk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /tʰak̚/ |
| Li Rong | /tʰɑk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /tʰɑk̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /tʰɑk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | tuo |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | tok$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*tʰaːɡ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 拓 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 11458 |
| Phonetic component | 石 |
| Rime group | 鐸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 託 |
| Old Chinese | /*tʰaːɡ/ |
| Notes | 見小爾雅 |

#### Definitions

拓
* to open up; to develop; to expand
* to stretch
* to push open
* a surname

#### Compounds

* 拓土開疆 / 拓土开疆
* 拓地 (tuòdì)
* 拓宇
* 拓寬 / 拓宽 (tuòkuān)
* 拓展 (tuòzhǎn)
* 拓撲 / 拓扑
* 拓撲學 / 拓扑学
* 拓殖 (tuòzhí)
* 拓荒 (tuòhuāng)
* 拓荒者 (tuòhuāngzhě)
* 拓落
* 拓落不羈 / 拓落不羁
* 拓跋 (Tuòbá)
* 拓邊 / 拓边
* 拓都 (tuòdū)
* 拓銷 / 拓销 (tuòxiāo)
* 落拓 (luòtuò)
* 落拓不羈 / 落拓不羁 (luòtuò bùjī)
* 開拓 / 开拓 (kāituò)
* 開拓性 / 开拓性
* 開拓者 / 开拓者 (kāituòzhě)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tà (ta$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄚˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): taap$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tà
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄚˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tà
*** Wade–Giles: tʻa$^4$
*** Yale: tà
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tah
*** Palladius: та (ta)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰä⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: taap$^3$
*** Yale: taap
*** Cantonese Pinyin: taap$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: tab$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰaːp̚³/

#### Definitions

拓
* to make rubbings on something (e.g. inscriptions)

##### Synonyms

* 拓印 (tàyìn)

#### Compounds

* 拓印 (tàyìn)
* 拓本 (tàběn)
* 拓片 (tàpiàn)
* 拓碑
* 魚拓 / 鱼拓

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tuō (tuo$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨㄛ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tuō
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄨㄛ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tuo
*** Wade–Giles: tʻo$^1$
*** Yale: twō
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tuo
*** Palladius: то (to)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

#### Definitions

拓
* Alternative form of 托 (tuō, “to support with hands; to lift”)

### Etymology 4
#### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): thuh
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thuh
*** Tâi-lô: thuh
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tuq
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tʰuʔ³²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰuʔ⁵/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰuʔ³²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tʰuʔ³²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰuʔ³²/

#### Definitions

拓
* (Hokkien) to shovel; to level off; to scrape
* (Hokkien) shoveling tool; scraping tool
* (Hokkien) to push upward or lift with the palms of the hand
* (Hokkien) to support; to prop (with a long object)
* (Hokkien) to uncover someone's secret or private matter
* (Quanzhou, Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien) to compete; to contend for
* (Taiwanese Hokkien) to poke with something sharp
* (Zhangzhou Hokkien) to refute; to rebut; to contend

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 擉 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 戳 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 戳 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 篤, 㓤 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 篤, 㓤 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 篤, 㓤 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 篤 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 篤 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 篤 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 篤 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 㓤 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 篤 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 篤 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 篤 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 戳 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 戳 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 篤 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 篤 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 篤 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 篤 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 篤 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 篤 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 篤 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 篤 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 篤 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 戳 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 篤 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 㓤 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 篤 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 篤 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 㓤 |
| Hakka | Meixian | ⿰㞘刂 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 揰 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 揰 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 揰 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 揰 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 揰 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 揰 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 鑿, 揬, 拓 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 鑿, 揬, 拓 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 鑿 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 鑿, 揬, 拓 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 鑿 GT, 揬 GT, 拓 GT |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 鑿 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 捅 |
| Southern Min | Puning | 𠜙 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 戳 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 戳 |
| Wu | Wuxi | 戳 |
| Note | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) |
* (to refute): 反駁／反驳 (fǎnbó)

#### Compounds

* 拓仔
* 拓兵
* 拓卒
* 拓塗機 / 拓涂机
* 拓破
* 拓空
* 拓臭
* 拓鼎
* 齒拓 / 齿拓

### Etymology 5

* For pronunciation and definitions of 拓 – see 摭 (“to pick up; to collect; to gather; to find”). (This character is a variant form of 摭).

### References

* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A01533
* “拓”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* expand
* open
* pioneer

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): たく (taku, Jōyō)、せき (seki)
* Kun: ひらく (hiraku, 拓く)、ひろう (hirou, 拓う)
* Nanori: ひろ (hiro)、ひろし (hiroshi)

### Proper noun

拓(たく) • (Taku)
* a male given name

## Korean
### Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 拓 (MC tsyek).

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [t͡ɕʰʌ̹k̚]
* Phonetic hangul: [척]

#### Hanja

Wikisource 拓 (eumhun 넓힐 척 (neolpil cheok))
* hanja form of 척 (“to open; to develop; to expand”)

#### Compounds

* 간척 (干拓, gancheok, “land reclamation”)
* 개척 (開拓, gaecheok)
* 척식 (拓殖/拓植, cheoksik, “colonization”)
* 척지 (拓地, cheokji)

### Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 拓 (MC thak). Recorded as Middle Korean 탁 (thak)$^訓$ (Yale: thak) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [tʰa̠k̚]
* Phonetic hangul: [탁]

#### Hanja

拓 (eumhun 박을 탁 (bageul tak))
* hanja form of 탁 (“to make rubbings on something (e.g. inscriptions)”)

#### Compounds

* 탁발씨 (拓跋氏, takbalssi, “Tuoba”)
* 탁본 (拓本, takbon)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

拓: Hán Nôm readings: đo, đó, đố, thác
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.