# 楓

| 楓 | U+6953, &#26963; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6953 |
| ← 楒 [U+6952] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 楔 → [U+6954] |

## Translingual
### Han character

楓 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+9, 13 strokes, cangjie input 木竹弓戈 (DHNI), four-corner 4791$_0$, composition ⿰木風)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 539, character 8
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 15126
* Dae Jaweon: page 926, character 21
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1253, character 8
* Unihan data for U+6953

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 嵐 | *b·ruːm |
| 葻 | *b·uːm |
| 釩 | *pʰomʔ |
| 汎 | *pʰoms, *bum |
| 凡 | *bom |
| 帆 | *bom, *boms |
| 颿 | *bom, *boms |
| 軓 | *bomʔ |
| 梵 | *bloms, *bum |
| 芃 | *boːŋ, *bum |
| 風 | *plum, *plums |
| 飌 | *plum |
| 楓 | *plum |
| 猦 | *plum |
| 偑 | *plum |
| 檒 | *plum |
| 瘋 | *plum |
| 諷 | *plums |
| 堸 | *blum |
| 渢 | *blum |
| 鳳 | *bums |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *plum) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 風 (OC *plum, *plums)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): fēng (feng$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄈㄥ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): fung$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): phûng
    (Meixian, Guangdong): fung$^1$
* Eastern Min (BUC): hŭng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): png / puiⁿ / hong
    (Teochew, Peng'im): bung$^1$ / beng$^1$ / bang$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$fon
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: fēng
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: fong
*** Wade–Giles: fêng$^1$
*** Yale: fēng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: feng
*** Palladius: фэн (fɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /fɤŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fung$^1$
*** Yale: fūng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fung$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /fʊŋ⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: phûng
*** Hakka Romanization System: pung$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: pung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /pʰuŋ²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: fung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /fʊŋ⁴⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: hŭng
*** Sinological IPA : /huŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: png
*** Tâi-lô: png
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pngf
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /pŋ̍³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /pŋ̍⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: puiⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: puinn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pvuy
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /puĩ⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hong
*** Tâi-lô: hong
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hofng
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔŋ³³/
* png/puiⁿ - vernacular;
* hong1 - literary.
* Middle Chinese: pjuwng
Rime :
| Character | 楓 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 幫 (1) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (2) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 方戎切 |
| Baxter | pjuwng |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /pɨuŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /piuŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /piuŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /puwŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /piuŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /pĭuŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /pi̯uŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | fēng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | fung$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*plum/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 楓 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 2923 |
| Phonetic component | 凡 |
| Rime group | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 風 |
| Old Chinese | /*plum/ |

### Definitions

楓
* maple (tree)

#### Synonyms

* 槭 (qī)

#### Compounds

* 三角楓 / 三角枫 (sānjiǎofēng)
* 丹楓 / 丹枫 (dānfēng)
* 元寶楓 / 元宝枫
* 八角楓科 / 八角枫科 (bājiǎo fēngkē)
* 廉錦楓 / 廉锦枫
* 椏楓 / 桠枫
* 楓丹白露 / 枫丹白露 (Fēngdānbáilù)
* 楓宸 / 枫宸
* 楓林 / 枫林 (Fēnglín)
* 楓林上城 / 枫林上城 (Fēnglínshàngchéng)
* 楓梨 / 枫梨 (fēnglí)
* 楓樹 / 枫树 (fēngshù)
* 楓橋 / 枫桥 (Fēngqiáo)
* 楓橋夜泊 / 枫桥夜泊 (fēngqiáoyèbó)
* 楓糖 / 枫糖 (fēngtáng)
* 楓香 / 枫香
* 雲楓 / 云枫 (Yúnfēng)
* 青楓 / 青枫

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* maple
* Liquidambar formosana, Chinese sweetgum tree, Formosan sweetgum tree

#### Readings

* Go-on: ふう (fū)
* Kan-on: ほう (hō)
* Kun: かえで (kaede, 楓)、かいで (kaide, 楓)、かつら (katsura, 楓)、おかつら (okatsura, 楓)、おかづら (okazura, 楓)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 楓
* かえで Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spellings
* 槭 槭樹
/kaperu te/ → /kaperude/ → /kaferude/ → /kafede/ → /kaede/
From Old Japanese かへるて, as this word first appears in the Man'yōshū of 759 CE.
Originally a compound of 蛙 (kaeru, “frog”) +‎ 手 (te, “hand”), with the te changing to de due to rendaku (連濁), and the ru dropping out over time. From the way the palmate leaves resemble a frog's foot.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かえで [kàédé] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ka̠e̞de̞]

#### Noun

楓(かえで) or 楓(カエデ) • (kaede)
* the maple tree
* a color scheme for 襲 (kasane, “layered kimono”, literally “layering”), where both the outer and inner layers are light green
* a kind of 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”), featuring a maple-leaf design
* (term of endearment) a child's hand (from the resemblance in shape between a hand with splayed fingers and a maple leaf)

##### Usage notes

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as カエデ.

##### Derived terms

* カエデ科(か), 楓科(かえでか) (kaedeka): the maple family, Aceraceae
* 楓棚(かえでだな) (kaededana): a type of shelf in a tokonoma or study, with four legs and eight shelves
* 楓鳥(かえでちょう) (kaedechō): the black-rumped waxbill, a type of estrildid finch common in Africa and introduced to Japan in the 1960s
* 楓(かえで)の木(き) (kaede no ki), 楓(かえで)の樹(き) (kaede no ki): a maple tree
* 楓(かえで)の間(ま) (Kaede no Ma): the Maple Room, one of the shogun sitting rooms in Edo Castle
* 楓紅葉(かえでもみじ) (kaede momiji): maple leaves that have turned red in autumn; a style of layered clothing with light yellow-green on the outside and yellow or orange-red on the inside
* 細柄楓(ホソガラカエデ) (hosogara-kaede)

#### Proper noun

楓(かえで) • (Kaede)
* a female given name

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 楓
* かいで Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
/kaede/ → /kaide/
Shift in pronunciation of kaede.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ka̠ide̞]

#### Noun

楓(かいで) • (kaide)
* (uncommon, possibly obsolete) alternative for kaede above: the maple tree

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 楓
* かつら Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
From Old Japanese. Less common spelling for 桂 (katsura).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かつら [kàtsúrá] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ka̠t͡sɨɾa̠]

#### Noun

楓(かつら) or 楓(カツラ) • (katsura)
* 桂: the katsura tree, Cercidiphyllum japonicum
* 桂: (Chinese mythology) the kind of tree that grows on the moon

##### Usage notes

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as カツラ.
The katsura reading is rare for this kanji. When referring to the katsura tree, the 桂 spelling is used more often to avoid confusion.

### Etymology 4

* Kanji in this term
* 楓
* おかつら Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 男桂 (archaic)
From Old Japanese. Alternative spelling for 男桂 (okatsura, “male katsura”), an archaic name for the katsura tree. Compare 女桂 (mekatsura, “female katsura: the cinnamon tree”), also spelled 桂. Appears with this reading in the 和名類聚抄 (Wamyō Ruijushō), a Japanese dictionary of Chinese characters completed in 938.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [o̞ka̠t͡sɨɾa̠]

#### Noun

楓(おかつら) or 楓(おかづら) • (okatsura or okazura)
* (obsolete) the katsura tree, Cercidiphyllum japonicum

### Etymology 5

* Kanji in this term
* 楓
* ふう Jinmeiyō
* goon
From Middle Chinese 楓 (MC pjuwng).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ふう [fúꜜù] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ɸɯ̟ː]

#### Noun

楓(ふう) or 楓(フウ) • (fū)
* the Formosan sweetgum tree, Liquidambar formosana
* in certain kanji compounds, the maple tree

##### Usage notes

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as フウ.

##### Derived terms

* 楓蚕(ふうさん) (fūsan): alternative for 天蚕蛾 (tegusuga, “Japanese silkworm moth, Antheraea yamamai”)
* 風樹(ふうじゅ) (fūju): the Formosan gum tree; the maple
* 楓糖(ふうとう) (fūtō): maple syrup
* 楓葉(ふうよう) (fūyō): maple leaves that have turned red in autumn

##### Idioms

* 楓呉江(ふうごこう)に落(お)つ (fū Gokō ni otsu): “the fū leaves falling in Wujiang” → being disappointed in the reality of something after having lofty ideas about it; from a story in the New Book of Tang about an inspiring poem from an otherwise uninspiring poet
* 楓葉衰(ふうようおとろ)えて盧橘花開(ろきつはなひら)く (fūyō otoroete rokitsu hana hiraku): “the red sweetgum/maple leaves fade, and the kumquat flowers open” → a metaphor for the turning of the seasons

### References

* 1 2 3 4 5 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 4 5 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 8, poem 1623:, text online here

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 楓 (MC pjuwng).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | Recorded as Middle Korean 보ᇰ (Yale: pwòng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. | Recorded as Middle Korean 보ᇰ (Yale: pwòng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | 싣나모 푸ᇰ | Recorded as Middle Korean 푸ᇰ (phwung) (Yale: phwùng) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527. |
| Gwangju Cheonjamun, 1575 | 싯나모 풍 | Recorded as Middle Korean 풍 (phwung) (Yale: phwung) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576. |

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [pʰuŋ]
* Phonetic hangul: [풍]

### Hanja

楓 (eumhun 단풍나무 풍 (danpungnamu pung))
* hanja form of 풍 (“maple (tree)”)

#### Compounds

* 관풍 (觀楓, gwanpung)
* 단풍 (丹楓, danpung)
* 상풍 (霜楓, sangpung)
* 풍국 (楓菊, pungguk)
* 풍림 (楓林, pungnim)
* 풍엽 (楓葉, pung'yeop)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

楓: Hán Nôm readings: phong
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.