# θυγάτηρ
## Ancient Greek
### Etymology

From earlier *θύγατηρ (*thúgatēr) (compare with the Homeric accusative form θύγατρα (thúgatra) created to avoid the four syllables of θυγατέρα (thugatéra) and fit the hexameter) via Limitation Law which required the accent to be placed on the last two syllables, due to the long final syllable. Further via Proto-Hellenic *tʰúgatēr (compare Mycenaean Greek 𐀶𐀏𐀳 (tu-ka-te /⁠tʰúgatēr⁠/)), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰugh₂tḗr. Cognate with Sanskrit दुहितृ (dúhitṛ), Gothic 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌰𐍂 (dauhtar), Old Church Slavonic дъщи (dŭšti), Old English dohtor (whence English daughter) and Old High German tohter (cp. German Tochter).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tʰy.ɡá.tɛːr/ → /θyˈɣa.tir/ → /θiˈɣa.tir/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /tʰy.ɡá.tɛːr/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /tʰyˈɡa.te̝r/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /θyˈɣa.tir/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /θyˈɣa.tir/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /θiˈɣa.tir/

### Noun

θυγάτηρ • (thugátēr) f (genitive θῠγᾰτέρος or θῠγᾰτρός); third declension
* daughter
* female slave, maid-servant

#### Usage notes

The forms with three or more syllables do not fit the meter of Homer and other Epic poets, so in these forms the ῠ (ŭ) of the stem is usually lengthened to ῡ (ū). In the following example, the σ (s) of the dative plural ending has also been doubled to σσ (ss) to make it fit the meter.
* 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 15.197–198:θῡγατέρεσσιν γάρ τε καὶ υἱάσι βέλτερον εἴη ἐκπάγλοις ἐπέεσσιν ἐνισσέμεν οὓς τέκεν αὐτόςthūgatéressin gár te kaì huiási bélteron eíē ekpáglois epéessin enissémen hoùs téken autóssince it would be better for him to use his violent words to attack the daughters and sons whom he himself beget
In the following example, the accusative singular ending -ᾰ (-ă) appears to be lengthened to ᾱ (ā), because its syllable is heavy (long), but the actual reason that the syllable is heavy is because in Homer's time the possessive pronoun ἥν (hḗn) began with a doubled voiceless /ʍʍ/ (continuing PIE *sw) that was changed to an initial ῾ (rough breathing) in the Attic version of the text.
* 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.374–376:Ὀθρυονεῦ περὶ δή σε βροτῶν αἰνίζομ’ ἁπάντων / εἰ ἐτεὸν δὴ πάντα τελευτήσεις ὅσ’ ὑπέστης / Δαρδανίδῃ Πριάμῳ· ὃ δ' ὑπέσχετο θῡγατέρᾱ ἥν [= *-ᾰ ϝ̔ήν].Othruoneû perì dḗ se brotôn ainízom’ hapántōn / ei eteòn dḕ pánta teleutḗseis hós’ hupéstēs / Dardanídēi Priámōi; hò d' hupéskheto thūgatérā hḗn [= *-ă whḗn].Othryoneus, I congratulate you beyond all mortals / if you will truly bring to pass what you promised / to Priam son of Dardanus: he has promised [you] his daughter.

#### Derived terms

* θυγατριδή (thugatridḗ)
* θυγατριδοῦς (thugatridoûs)
* θυγάτριον (thugátrion)
* θυγατρίς (thugatrís)
* θυγατρόγαμος (thugatrógamos)
* θυγατρογόνος (thugatrogónos)
* θυγατρόπαις (thugatrópais)
* θυγατροποιός (thugatropoiós)

#### Descendants

* Greek: θυγατέρα (thygatéra), δυχατέρα (dychatéra)
* Doric Greek: συγάτηρ (sugátēr)
** Tsakonian: σάτη (sáti)

### Further reading

* “θυγάτηρ”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “θυγάτηρ”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “θυγάτηρ”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
* θυγάτηρ in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* θυγάτηρ in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
* θυγάτηρ in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2025)
* “θυγάτηρ”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
* G2364 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
* Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited. daughter idem, page 196.