OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# hazaña
## Spanish
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Spanish fazaña, façaña, from Arabic حَسَنَة (ḥasana, “good deed, alms”), via Andalusian Arabic. Cognate with Portuguese façanha (which may be a borrowing from Hispano-Romance anyway). Coromines and Pascual suggest influence of Old Spanish fazer, from Latin facere. Such a derivation would help explain the voiced /dz/ of the Old Spanish term, already attested with -z- in the 12th and 13th centuries, including its first attestation by 1150.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Spain) /aˈθaɲa/ [aˈθa.ɲa]
* IPA: (Latin America, Philippines) /aˈsaɲa/ [aˈsa.ɲa]
* Rhymes: -aɲa
* Syllabification: ha‧za‧ña

### Noun

hazaña f (plural hazañas)
* feat; deed
    Synonyms: gesta, acción, hombrada
** 2021 January 27, Álvaro Sánchez, “Una legión de foreros de Reddit hace perder miles de millones a fondos bajistas de Wall Street”, in El País‎:Pese a que su inversión no se basa en criterios objetivos sobre la situación económica de la compañía, los foreros han celebrado como una hazaña su capacidad de enfrentarse de tú a tú a gigantes de Wall Street, en lo que muchos de ellos ven como una venganza tras años de ver cómo eran los grandes fondos los que manipulaban el mercado a su antojo.In spite of their investment not being based on objective criteria of the company's economic situation, the board users have celebrated it as a feat that they've been able to confront Wall Street giants as equals, which many of them see as revenge after years of observing how the great funds manipulated the market as they pleased.

#### Derived terms

* hazañoso

### References

* ↑ Joan Coromines, José A[ntonio] Pascual (1984) “hazaña”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critic Castilian and Hispanic Etymological Dictionary] (in Spanish), volume III (G–Ma), Madrid: Gredos, →ISBN, pages 332-334

### Further reading

* “hazaña”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# viihteellistyä
## Finnish
### Etymology

viihteellinen +‎ -tyä

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈʋiːhteːlːistyæˣ/, [ˈʋiːçt̪e̞ːlˌlis̠tyæ(ʔ)]
* Rhymes: -istyæ
* Hyphenation: viih‧teel‧lis‧tyä

### Verb

viihteellistyä
* (intransitive) to become (more) entertaining or entertainment-like

#### Derived terms

* viihteellistyminen

### Further reading

* “viihteellistyä”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-04
# Mërkaat
## Hunsrik
### Etymology

Borrowed from Brazilian Portuguese mercado.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /merˈkɔːt/
* Rhymes: -ɔːt
* Syllabification: Mër‧kaat

### Noun

Mërkaat m (plural Mërkaate)
* market; grocery store
    Synonym: Vend

#### Derived terms

* Akzionemërkaate

### References

* ↑ Piter Kehoma Boll (2021) “Mërkaat”, in Dicionário Hunsriqueano Riograndense–Português (in Portuguese), 3rd edition, Ivoti: Riograndenser Hunsrickisch, page 109, column 2
# contractivity
## English
### Etymology

From contractive +‎ -ity.

### Noun

contractivity (countable and uncountable, plural contractivities)
* (uncountable) The condition of being contractive.
* (countable) The extent to which something is contractive.

#### Derived terms

* hypercontractivity
* supercontractivity
* ultracontractivity
# 刀圭
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): dāoguī
    (Zhuyin): ㄉㄠ ㄍㄨㄟ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dāoguī
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄠ ㄍㄨㄟ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: daoguei
*** Wade–Giles: tao$^1$-kuei$^1$
*** Yale: dāu-gwēi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: dauguei
*** Palladius: даогуй (daoguj)
*** Sinological IPA : /tɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

### Noun

刀圭
* (historical) a knife-shaped object for measuring medicine dosage
* (figurative, literary) medicine; art of healing

#### Derived terms

* 一刀圭

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 刀 | 圭 |
| とう Grade: 2 | けい Jinmeiyō |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) とーけー [tòókéé] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [to̞ːke̞ː]

### Noun

刀(とう)圭(けい) • (tōkei)
* (historical) medicine spoon
* (figurative) medicine, medical doctor

#### Derived terms

* 刀圭家(とうけいか) (tōkeika, “medical doctor”)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
# burton
## English
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Noun

burton (plural burtons)
* (archaic) An arrangement of blocks and pulleys, especially for tightening rigging on a ship.
* (archaic) Storage of cargo athwartships.

#### Derived terms

* go for a burton
* Spanish burton

#### Related terms

* aburton

### Anagrams

* Bruton, to burn

## Middle English
### Verb

burton
* Alternative form of bourden (“to conflict”)
# 張り
## Japanese
### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 張
* は Grade: 5
* kun'yomi
The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 張る (haru, “to stretch”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) はり [hàrí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ha̠ɾʲi]

#### Noun

張(は)り or 張(ハ)り • (hari)
* stretching
* tenseness; lack of wrinkles
    Coordinate term: 落ち (ochi)
    ハリのある肌(はだ) ― hari no aru hada ― smooth, youthful skin
    ハリのある服(ふく) ― hari no aru fuku ― clothing that doesn't wrinkle
    ハリ感(かん) ― hari-kan ― the impression of being wrinkleless

##### Derived terms

* 鶯(うぐいす)張(ば)り (uguisubari): nightingale floor
* ハリボテ (haribote): decorative prop or fake facade

### Verb

張(は)り • (hari)
* stem or continuative form of 張る (haru) [godan]

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 張
* は > ば Grade: 5
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 張り – see the following entry. :
| 【ばり】 | [suffix] like (a person) |
(This term, 張り, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
# Ukrainianize
## English
### Alternative forms

* Ukrainianise
* Ukrainise
* Ukrainize

### Etymology

1915, Ukrainian +‎ -ize. The shorter form, cognate of Ukrainization/Ukrainisation is influenced by Russian украиниза́ция (ukrainizácija) or Ukrainian україніза́ція (ukrajinizácija).

### Verb

Ukrainianize (third-person singular simple present Ukrainianizes, present participle Ukrainianizing, simple past and past participle Ukrainianized)
* (transitive) To render Ukrainian in character; impose Ukrainian culture, language, or ethnic identity.
* (intransitive) To become Ukrainian in character; adopt Ukrainian culture, language, or ethnic identity.

#### Quotations

* For quotations using this term, see Citations:Ukrainianize.

#### Derived terms

* Ukrainianization, Ukrainianisation
* Ukrainianized, Ukrainianised
* Ukrainization, Ukrainisation
* Ukrainized, Ukrainised
# paubretat
## Occitan
### Alternative forms

* pauretat (Languedoc)

### Etymology

From Old Occitan paubretat.

### Noun

paubretat f (plural paubretats) (Limousin)
* poverty; poorness

#### Related terms

* paubre

### Further reading

* Yves Lavalade, Dictionnaire d'usage occitan/français - Limousin, Marche, Périgord, Institut d'Estudis Occitans dau Lemosin, 2010, →ISBN; page 428

## Old Occitan
### Alternative forms

* pauretá

### Etymology

Inherited from Latin paupertātem. Compare Old French poverté.

### Noun

paubretat f (oblique plural paubretats, nominative singular paubretat, nominative plural paubretats)
* poverty; poorness

#### Related terms

* paubre

#### Descendants

* Occitan: paubretat, pauretat
# كارثة
## Arabic

* Root
* ك ر ث (k r ṯ)
* 1 term

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kaː.ri.θa/

### Noun

كَارِثَة • (kāriṯa) f (plural كَوَارِث (kawāriṯ))
* catastrophe, disaster
    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:مصيبة
** 2018 January 9, “مجلس السعدية: 550 إصابة بحبة بغداد في مجمع حمرين ولا توجد ةدون وجود جرع للعلاج”, in The Baghdad Post‎, archived from the original on 2018-01-09:مُضِيفًا أَنَّ "ٱلْمَرْكَزَ ٱلصِّحِيَّ فِي ٱلْمَجْمَعِ يَفْتَقِرُ إِلَى لِقَاحَاتِ مَرَضِ حَبَّةِ بَغْدَادَ بِشَكْلٍ عَامٍ وَلَا تُوجَدُ فِيهِ جُرْعَةُ عِلَاجٍ وَاحِدَةٍ ٱلْآنَ"، دَاعِيًا وِزَارَةَ ٱلصِّحَةِ إِلَى "ٱلتَّدَخُّلِ بِأَسْرَعِ وَقْتٍ مُمْكِنٍ لِإِنْقَاذِ قُرَى حَمْرِين مِنْ كَارِثَةٍ صِحِّيَّةٍ أَصْبَحَتْ تُلَوِّحُ فِي ٱلْأُفُقِ".muḍīfan ʔanna "l-markaza ṣ-ṣiḥiyya fī l-majmaʕi yaftaqiru ʔilā liqāḥāti maraḍi ḥabbati baḡdāda bišaklin ʕāmin walā tūjadu fīhi jurʕatu ʕilājin wāḥidatin l-ʔāna", dāʕiyan wizārata ṣ-ṣiḥati ʔilā "t-tadaḵḵuli biʔasraʕi waqtin mumkinin liʔinqāḏi qurā ḥamrīn min kāriṯatin ṣiḥḥiyyatin ʔaṣbaḥat tulawwiḥu fī l-ʔufuqi".Adding that “the health centre in the community misses vaccines against leishmaniasis in a general extent and there is now not a single treatment dose in it”, calling out the Ministry of Health to “intervene in the shortest possible time to save the villages of Ḥamrīn from a health disaster that looms in the horizon”.
# bilar
## Bikol Central
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /biˈlaɾ/ [biˈl̪aɾ]
* Hyphenation: bi‧lar

### Noun

bilár (Basahan spelling ᜊᜒᜎᜍ᜔)
* Alternative spelling of belar

## Cebuano
### Etymology

Borrowed from Spanish velar.

### Pronunciation

* Hyphenation: bi‧lar
* IPA: /biˈlaɾ/ [bɪˈl̪aɾ̪]

### Noun

bilar
* a vigil
* a vigil in a wake that may include gambling and drinking
* (by extension) to elucubrate; burn the midnight oil; pull an all-nighter

#### Related terms

* haya
* lubong
* lungon
* mananabtan
* menteryo
* purlon

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Noun

bilar m
* indefinite plural of bil

## Polish
### Etymology

Borrowed from French billard. First attested in 1787.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈbi.lar/
* Rhymes: -ilar
* Syllabification: bi‧lar

### Noun

bilar m inan
* Archaic form of biliard.

#### Derived terms

* bilarowy

### References

* ↑ Gazeta Warszawska‎, number 37, 1787, page 2
* ↑ bilar in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego

### Further reading

* bilar in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Swedish
### Noun

bilar
* indefinite plural of bil

### Verb

bilar
* present indicative of bila

## Tagalog
### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /biˈlaɾ/ [bɪˈlaɾ]
* Rhymes: -aɾ
* Syllabification: bi‧lar

### Adjective

bilár (Baybayin spelling ᜊᜒᜎᜇ᜔) (Batangas, Rizal, informal)
* Alternative form of bilad

### Noun

bilár (Baybayin spelling ᜊᜒᜎᜇ᜔) (Batangas, Rizal, informal)
* Alternative form of bilad
# bergamottin
## English
### Etymology

From bergamot +‎ -in.

### Noun

bergamottin (countable and uncountable, plural bergamottins)
* (organic chemistry) Any of a group of furanocoumarins found principally in grapefruit juice, but also in bergamot oil; thought to be responsible for its effect on the metabolism of some pharmaceuticals.
# communication disorders
## English
### Noun

communication disorders
* plural of communication disorder
# selective mutism
## English
### Noun

selective mutism (uncountable)
* (clinical psychology, psychiatry) A severe form of social anxiety disorder characterized by a total inability to speak or communicate orally in certain social settings.
    Synonym: (outdated) elective mutism

#### Derived terms

* selectively mute

#### Further reading

* selective mutism on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
# ræb
## Danish
### Verb

ræb
* imperative of ræbe
# climbing fern
## English
### Noun

climbing fern (plural climbing ferns)
* Any member of species in genus Lygodium of ferns.

### References

* Lygodium on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* Lygodium on Wikispecies.Wikispecies
* Lygodium on Wikimedia Commons.Wikimedia Commons
# louh
## Czech
### Alternative forms

* luh (rare, archaic)

### Etymology

A Germanic borrowing, from Middle High German louge, from Old High German louga, from Proto-West Germanic *laugu, from Proto-Germanic *laugō (“lye, soap, wash”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈlou̯x]

### Noun

louh m inan
* lye

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “louh”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “louh”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* “louh”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech), 2008–2025
# despolvar
## Spanish
### Verb

despolvar (first-person singular present despolvo, first-person singular preterite despolvé, past participle despolvado)
* dusting, the act of removing dust from, as a household chore
* (transitive or reflexive) to dust (to remove dust)
    Synonym: desempolvar

#### Conjugation

$^1$Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language. $^2$Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.

#### Related terms

* polvo

### Further reading

* “despolvar”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# balung
## Balinese
### Romanization

balung
* Romanization of ᬩᬮᬸᬂ

## Hiligaynon
### Pronunciation

* Hyphenation: ba‧lung
* IPA: /baˈluŋ/ [baˈluŋ]

### Adjective

balúng
* Alternative spelling of balong (“drunk; intoxicated”)

## Indonesian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈbalʊŋ]
* Hyphenation: ba‧lung

### Etymology 1

borrowed from Javanese ꦧꦭꦸꦁ (balung).

#### Noun

balung (uncountable)
* cockscomb
    Synonym: jengger
* (dialect, Java) bone
    Synonym: tulang

##### Derived terms

* berbalung

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

balung (uncountable)
* serpentine ghost
    Synonym: hantu badai

### Etymology 3
#### Noun

balung (uncountable)
* place for hardening parang.

### Further reading

* “balung” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Javanese
### Etymology

From Old Javanese baluṅ.

### Noun

balung
* bone

### Romanization

balung
* Romanization of ꦧꦭꦸꦁ.

## Malay
### Pronunciation

* (Johor-Selangor) IPA: /baloŋ/
* (Riau-Lingga) IPA: /balʊŋ/
* Rhymes: -luŋ, -loŋ, -uŋ, -oŋ

### Noun

balung (Jawi spelling بالوڠ, plural balung-balung, informal 1st possessive balungku, 2nd possessive balungmu, 3rd possessive balungnya)
* cockscomb (fleshy red crest of a rooster)

#### Alternative forms

* balong

### Further reading

* “balung” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.

## Taroko
### Etymology

Compare Atayal bazing.

### Noun

balung
* (Tgdaya, Truku) egg
# rapor
## Indonesian
### Etymology

From Malay rapor, from Dutch rapport, from Middle Dutch rapport, from Middle French rapport. Doublet of lapor.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈra.pɔr]
* Hyphenation: ra‧por
* Rhymes: -pɔr, -ɔr

### Noun

rapor (plural rapor-rapor)
* report
    Synonym: laporan
* (education) report card

#### Alternative forms

* (report card): (nonstandard) rapot, (nonstandard) raport

#### Compounds

* meraporkan
* raporan

### Further reading

* “rapor” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Turkish
### Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish راپور (rapor), from French rapport. Other forms in Ottoman included راپورت and راپورط (raport) from French and راپورتو and راپورطو (raporto) from Italian rapporto.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɾa.pɔɾ/

### Noun

rapor (definite accusative raporu, plural raporlar)
* report
* (healthcare) health report

#### Synonyms

* yazanak

### References

* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “rapor”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “راپور”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 610
# gemuk
## Indonesian
### Etymology

From Malay gemuk.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɡəmʊʔ/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: gê‧muk

### Adjective

gêmuk
* fat (carrying a larger than normal amount of fat on one's body)
* fertile

### Noun

gêmuk (plural gemuk-gemuk)
* fat
* fertilizer
* grease

### Derived terms

* kegemukan
* menggemuk
* menggemukkan
* penggemuk
* penggemukan

### Further reading

* “gemuk” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Malay
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡəmuk/
* Rhymes: -əmuk, -muk, -uk

### Adjective

gemuk (Jawi spelling ݢموق)
* fat (carrying a larger than normal amount of fat on one's body)
    Synonyms: berisi, debab, tambun

### Noun

gemuk (Jawi spelling ݢموق, plural gemuk-gemuk, informal 1st possessive gemukku, 2nd possessive gemukmu, 3rd possessive gemuknya)
* fat; a specialized animal tissue with high lipid content, used for long-term storage of energy: fat tissue
    Synonym: lemak
* fertilizer, manure
    Synonyms: baja, pupuk

### Further reading

* “gemuk” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.
# গৌরব
## Bengali
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit গৌরৱ (gaürava). Compare Assamese গৌৰব (gourobo), Odia ଗଉରବ (gauraba), Hindustani گورو / गौरव (gaurav).

### Pronunciation

* (Rarh) IPA: /ɡou̯ɾɔb/, [ɡou̯ɾɔb]
    Audio:(file)
* (Dhaka) IPA: /ɡou̯ɹɔb/, [ɡou̯ɹɔb]

### Noun

গৌরব • (gōurob)
* honour, glory
    গৌরবের বিষয় ― gōurber biśoẏ ― a glorious achievement
* respectability, pride

#### Derived terms

* অগৌরব (ogōurob)
* গুণগৌরব (gungōurob)
* গৌরবান্বিত (gōurbannito)
* গৌরবি (gōurbi)
* গৌরবিত (gōurbito)
* গৌরমণ্ডিত (gōuromonḍito)
* সগৌরব (śogōurob)

### References

* Subhasha Bhattacarya, Sailendra Biswas, Sailendra Biswas, and Jnanendramohana Dasa (2022) “গৌরব”, in Digital Dictionaries of South Asia [Combined Bengali Dictionaries]
* Accessible Dictionary, Bengali-English, গৌরব, Government of Bangladesh
# ちお
## Japanese

For pronunciation and definitions of ちお – see the following entry. :
| 【千芳ちほ】 | [proper noun] a female given name Alternative spelling ちよ |
(This term, ちお (chio), is the hiragana spelling of the above term.) :
# viivästää
## Finnish
### Etymology

viivä- +‎ -stää, from the same root as viipyä.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈʋiːʋæstæːˣ/, [ˈʋiːʋæs̠tæː(ʔ)]
* Rhymes: -iːʋæstæː
* Hyphenation: vii‧väs‧tää

### Verb

viivästää (rare)
* (transitive, usually atelic) to delay (much more commonly viivästyttää or viivyttää)

#### Derived terms

* viivästellä
* viivästyä

### Further reading

* “viivästää”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-04
# incruste
## French
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛ̃.kʁyst/
* Homophones: incrustent, incrustes

### Etymology 1

Deverbal from incruster

#### Noun

incruste m (plural incrustes)
* (informal) gatecrasher, parasite, bad penny

##### Derived terms

* taper l’incruste

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

incruste
* inflection of incruster:
** first/third-person singular present indicative/subjunctive
** second-person singular imperative

## Galician
### Verb

incruste
* inflection of incrustar:
** first/third-person singular present subjunctive
** third-person singular imperative

## Portuguese
### Verb

incruste
* inflection of incrustar:
** first/third-person singular present subjunctive
** third-person singular imperative

## Spanish
### Verb

incruste
* inflection of incrustar:
** first/third-person singular present subjunctive
** third-person singular imperative
# Crossotheca
## Translingual
### Proper noun

Crossotheca
* A taxonomic genus within the order Lyginopteridales – certain extinct seed ferns.
# VTV
## English
### Proper noun

VTV
* Initialism of VTV (Belarusian TV channel).
* Initialism of VTV (Pakistan).
* Initialism of VTV (Salvadoran TV channel).
* Initialism of VTV (Australian TV station).
* Initialism of Vietnam Television.
* Initialism of Vale TV.
* Initialism of Venezolana de Televisión.
* Initialism of VTV (Maldives).
* Initialism of VTV (Indonesia).

## Vietnamese
### Proper noun

VTV
* Initialism of Vietnam Television.
# brucan
## Old English
### Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *brūkan (“to enjoy, use”).
Cognate with Old Frisian brūka, Old Saxon brūkan, Old Dutch *brūkan, Old High German brūhhan, Gothic 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (brukjan). The Indo-European root was also the source of Latin fruor (“enjoy”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈbruː.kɑn/

### Verb

brūcan (+ genitive)
* to use
* to enjoy
** late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
    Uton nū brūcan þisses undernmetes swā þā sċulon þe heora ǣfenġifl on helle ġefeċċan sċulon.Now let's enjoy this breakfast as comrades who must fetch their dinner in hell.
* to harness, take advantage of, employ, exploit

#### Synonyms

* nēotan
* notian
* nyttian

#### Derived terms

* brūcing
* ġebrūcan
* þurhbrūcan

#### Descendants

* Middle English: brouken
** English: brook
** Scots: brook, brouk
# sittan
## Old English
### Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *sittjan.
Cognate with Old Frisian sitta (West Frisian sitte), Old High German sizzen (German sitzen), Old Saxon sittian, Dutch zitten, Old Norse sitja (Icelandic sitja, Faroese sita, Swedish sitta), Gothic 𐍃𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (sitan). The Proto-Indo-European root is also the source of Sanskrit सीदति (sīdati), Old Armenian նիստ (nist, “sitting”), Old Irish saidid (Irish suigh), Ancient Greek ἕζομαι (hézomai), Latin sedeō, Old Church Slavonic сѣдѣти (sěděti) (Russian сиде́ть (sidétʹ)).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsit.tɑn/

### Verb

sittan
* to sit
** 10th century, Exeter Book Riddle 8‎:Þonne iċ būgendre stefne styrme, stille on wīcum sittað hnīgende.When I shout with bending voice, the still men sit bowing in dwellings.

#### Derived terms

* besittan
* foresittan
* forsittan
* ġesittan
* ofersittan
* ymbsittan

#### Descendants

* Middle English: sitten, zitten, zitte (Kent)
** English: sit
** Scots: sit
** Yola: zit
# hafoc
## Old English
### Alternative forms

* hebuc
* hafuc, hæfuc
* heafoc, heafuc — Mercian

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *habuk.
Cognate with Old Frisian havek, Old Saxon havuk, Old Dutch havek, Old High German habuh, Old Norse haukr.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈxɑ.fok/, [ˈhɑ.vok]

### Noun

hafoc m
* hawk
** 10th century, Exeter Book Riddle 24‎:Iċ eom wunderliċu wiht, wrǣsne mīne stefne, hwīlum beorce swā hund, hwīlum blǣte swā gāt, hwīlum grǣde swā gōs, hwīlum ġielle swā hafoc,…I am a wonderful thing, change my voice, sometimes bark like a hound, sometimes bleat like a goat, sometimes cry like a goose, sometimes yell like a hawk,…

#### Declension

Strong a-stem:

#### Derived terms

* gūþhafoc
* hafoccynn
* hafocere
* hafocfugol
* *hafocian
* hafocung
* hafocwyrt

#### Descendants

* Middle English: hauk, hafek, havek, havk, hawk, hawke, hafvek, hævek, heavek, hevek (Early Middle English)
** English: hawk
*** Sranan Tongo: aka
** Scots: hawk
* → Old Irish: sebac
** Irish: seabhac
** Manx: shawk
** Scottish Gaelic: seabhag
* → Old Welsh: hebauc
** Welsh: hebog

### See also

* hǣswealwe
# frampès
## Yola
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /framps/

### Noun

frampès
* plural of frump: fits of ill-humor

#### References

* Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828) William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published 1867, page 40