# 蝸牛
## Chinese

* 蝸牛

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): wōniú, guāniú
       (Zhuyin): ㄨㄛ ㄋㄧㄡˊ, ㄍㄨㄚ ㄋㄧㄡˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): o$^1$ nyou$^2$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): wo$^1$ ngau$^4$
* Gan (Wiktionary): uo$^1$ nyiu$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): ve$^1$ niou$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): o-gû / o-giû / o-ngiû
    (Teochew, Peng'im): o$^1$ ghu$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$ku-gnieu
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): o$^1$ nyiou$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wōniú
*** Zhuyin: ㄨㄛ ㄋㄧㄡˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wonióu
*** Wade–Giles: wo$^1$-niu$^2$
*** Yale: wō-nyóu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: uoniou
*** Palladius: воню (vonju)
*** Sinological IPA : /wɔ⁵⁵ ni̯oʊ̯³⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wōniúr
*** Zhuyin: ㄨㄛ ㄋㄧㄡˊㄦ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wonióur
*** Wade–Giles: wo$^1$-niu$^2$-ʼrh
*** Yale: wō-nyóur
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: uonioul
*** Palladius: вонюр (vonjur)
*** Sinological IPA : /wɔ⁵⁵ ni̯ɤʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: guāniú
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄚ ㄋㄧㄡˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: guanióu
*** Wade–Giles: kua$^1$-niu$^2$
*** Yale: gwā-nyóu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guaniou
*** Palladius: гуаню (guanju)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku̯ä⁵⁵ ni̯oʊ̯³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: o$^1$ nyou$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: onou
*** Sinological IPA : /o⁵⁵ nʲəu²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: wo$^1$ ngau$^4$
*** Yale: wō ngàuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: wo$^1$ ngau$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: wo$^1$ ngeo$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /wɔː⁵⁵ ŋɐu̯²¹/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: uo$^1$ nyiu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /uo⁴² n̠ʲiu³⁵/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: ve$^1$ niou$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /vɤ¹¹ niəu¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: o-gû
*** Tâi-lô: o-gû
*** Phofsit Daibuun: oi'guu
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /o³³ ɡu²⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /o⁴⁴⁻²² ɡu²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /o⁴⁴⁻²² ɡu¹³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: o-giû
*** Tâi-lô: o-giû
*** Phofsit Daibuun: oi'giuu
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡiu²³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /o⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡiu²⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /o⁴⁴⁻²² ɡiu²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /o³³ ɡiu²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: o-ngiû
*** Tâi-lô: o-ngiû
*** Phofsit Daibuun: oingiuu
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /o⁴⁴⁻²² ŋiũ¹³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: o$^1$ ghu$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: o gû
*** Sinological IPA : /o³³⁻²³ ɡu⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$ku-gnieu
*** MiniDict: ku$^去$ nyeu
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$ku-nyieu
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ku³³ n̠ʲiɤ⁴⁴/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: o$^1$ nyiou$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /o³³ n̠ʲi̯əu̯¹³/
* Middle Chinese: kwea|kwae ngjuw
Rime :
| Character | 蝸 | 蝸 | 牛 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 見 (28) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 佳 (32) | 麻 (99) | 尤 (136) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | II | II | III |
| Fanqie | 古娃切 | 古華切 | 語求切 |
| Baxter | kwea | kwae | ngjuw |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠuɛ/ | /kˠua/ | /ŋɨu/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʷᵚæ/ | /kʷᵚa/ | /ŋiu/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kuæi/ | /kua/ | /ŋiəu/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kwaɨj/ | /kwaɨ/ | /ŋuw/ |
| Li Rong | /kuɛ/ | /kua/ | /ŋiu/ |
| Wang Li | /kwai/ | /kwa/ | /ŋĭəu/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kwai/ | /kwa/ | /ŋi̯ə̯u/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | guā | guā | yóu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gwaai$^1$ | gwaa$^1$ | ngau$^4$ |

### Noun

蝸牛
* land snail

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 蝸蜒 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 蝸牛 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 水牛兒, 牛兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 蝸牛 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Langfang | 蝸牛 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 蝸牛 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 蛤蜊牛 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 蝸牛, 水摸牛兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 蝸牛, 水牛兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 蝸牛 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 蝸牛 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 蝸牛, 牛磨磨兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 蝸牛 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 牛兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 蝸牛兒, 劉劉出門兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 蛤拉蚰, 蛤拉蚰子 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 蝸牛 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 蝸子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Daming | 蝸牛兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 蝸牛 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 阿子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 蝸蝸牛, 蝸蝸牛兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 拔牛兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 蝸牛, 烏斗牛兒, 烏斗牛 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 蝸牛 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 蝸蝸牛, 蝸牛 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 蝸蝸牛兒, 蝸蝸牛, 蝸蝸子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 牛牛兒, 牛牛, 蝸牛 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 山螺螄, 牛牛兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 蝸牛, 天螺螄 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 蝸牛 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 蝸牛 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 蝸牛 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 蝸牛 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 蝸牛 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 蝸牛 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 蝸牛 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 旱螺螄, 蝸牛 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 蝸牛, 田螺摩, 田螺蟲 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 蝸牛 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 緣牛, 蝸牛 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 蝸牛 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 蝸牛 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 鼻涕蟲 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Shatian) | 屎坑螺 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 蝸牛 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Nankang) | 蝸牛 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Yingpan) | 山螺 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 蝸牛 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 蝸牛 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 天螺頭 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 螔螺哥, 螔螺仔 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 螔螺哩 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 蝸牛 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 螔螺仔 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 螔螺仔 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 蝓螺 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 蝓螺 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 蝓螺 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 露螺 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 蜒蚰 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 螺螄 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 蝸牛 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 蝸牛, 海螺子 |
| Jin | Linhe | 蝸牛 |
| Jin | Jining | 蝸牛 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 蝸牛 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 蝸牛, 水牛 |
| Jin | Handan | 蝸牛, 巴牛, 牤牛 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 鉗螺 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 牛母牛囝 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 露螺 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 鼻痕螺, 鼻痕 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 𧌄花螺 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 紅螺螺 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 露螺 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Tamsui) | 露螺 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 露螺 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Pingxi) | 露螺 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 露螺 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Cijin) | 露螺 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang) | 露螺 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang) | 露螺 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Tianliao) | 露螺 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 露螺 |
| Southern Min | Yilan (Toucheng) | 露螺 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 露螺 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 露螺 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 露螺 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 露螺 |
| Southern Min | Tainan (Anping) | 露螺 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 露螺 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 露螺 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 露螺 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 露螺 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Xiyu) | 露螺 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 露螺 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 庵螺 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 庵螺蟲 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 庵螺 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 蝸牛 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 麻露螺 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 過路螺 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 毛露螺 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 蝸牛 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Sanxiang) | 咚咚螺, 狗囝螺螺 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 螺螄蟲 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 蝸牛 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 蝸牛 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 蝸牛, 背包蜒蚰 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 蝸牛 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 蜒蚰螺, 蜒螺 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 蜒蚰螺 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 蚰蚰螺 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 蝸牛, 天螺陀 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 山螺頭 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 蝸牛, 山田螺 |

#### Derived terms

* 無殼蝸牛 / 无壳蜗牛 (wúké-wōniú)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 蝸 | 牛 |
| か Hyōgai | ぎゅう Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||
From Middle Chinese compound 蝸牛 / 蜗牛 (kwæ ngjuw, literally “snail + cow”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かぎゅう [kàgyúú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ka̠ɡʲɨː]

#### Noun

蝸(か)牛(ぎゅう) • (kagyū)
* a snail
* (anatomy) cochlea

##### Derived terms

* 蝸(か)牛(ぎゅう)角(かく)上(じょう)の争(あらそ)い (kagyūkakujō no arasoi)
* 蝸(か)牛(ぎゅう)管(かん) (kagyūkan)

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 蝸 | 牛 |
| Hyōgai | Grade: 2 |
| irregular ||
Alteration of katatsuburi, in turn a compound of 堅 (kata, stem of adjective 固い (katai, “hard”)) + つぶり (tsuburi, “small round thing”, cognate with 頭 (tsuburi, “head”), 粒 (tsubu, “grain or kernel of rice”)).
The kanji spelling is jukujikun (熟字訓).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かたつむり [kàtátsúꜜmùrì] (Nakadaka –)
* IPA: [ka̠ta̠t͡sɨmɯ̟ɾʲi]

#### Noun

蝸牛(かたつむり) or 蝸牛(カタツムリ) • (katatsumuri)
* a snail
** 1999 March 18, “デビルツムリ [Devilsnail]”, in Starter Box(スターターボックス), Konami:
    闇(やみ)の力(ちから)で進(しん)化(か)したカタツムリ。手(て)や足(あし)があり、速(はや)く動(うご)ける。
       Yami no chikara de shinka shita katatsumuri. Te ya ashi ga ari, hayaku ugokeru.
       A snail that evolved with the help of dark power. It can move quickly now that it has limbs.
** 2000 April 20, “メカニカルスネイル [Mechanical Snail]”, in Magic Ruler －魔法の支配者－, Konami:
    機(き)械(かい)に改(かい)造(ぞう)されたカタツムリ。しかし、スピードはあまり変(か)わらない。
       Kikai ni kaizō sareta katatsumuri. Shikashi, supīdo wa amari kawaranai.
       A snail that was mechanically enhanced, which didn’t make it any quicker.

##### Usage notes

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as カタツムリ.

##### Synonyms

* (snail): 舞(まい)舞(まい) (maimai), 舞(まい)舞(まい)螺(つぶり) (maimaitsuburi)

##### Derived terms

* 食(しょく)用(よう)蝸(かた)牛(つむり) (shokuyōkatatsumuri)

### Etymology 3

Kanji in this term :
| 蝸 | 牛 |
| Hyōgai | Grade: 2 |
| irregular ||
Alteration of ででむし (dedemushi, “snail”), itself a compound of でで (dede, from 出 (de, “come out”), from an old children's nursery rhyme calling for a snail to put out its eyestalks) + 虫 (mushi, “bug”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) でんでんむし [dèńdéꜜǹmùshì] (Nakadaka –)
* IPA: [dẽ̞ndẽ̞mːɯ̟ɕi]

#### Noun

蝸牛(でんでんむし) • (dendenmushi)
* a snail

### Compounds

* 薄皮蝸牛(うすかわまいまい) (usukawamaimai)
* 左(ひだり)巻蝸牛(まきまいまい) (hidarimakimaimai)
* 一条蝸牛(ひとすじまいまい) (hitosujimaimai)
* 蝸牛(まいまい)被(かぶり) (maimaikaburi)
* 三条(みすじ)蝸牛(まいまい) (misujimaimai)

### References

* 1 2 3 4 5 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 蝸 | 牛 |

### Noun

蝸牛 • (wau) (hangeul 와우)
* hanja form of 와우 (“snail”)