# 混

| 混 | U+6DF7, &#28151; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6DF7 |
| ← 淶 [U+6DF6] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 淸 → [U+6DF8] |

## Translingual
### Han character

混 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 水日心心 (EAPP), four-corner 3611$_1$, composition ⿰氵昆)

#### Derived characters

* 𠽞, 𮭓, 𦹲

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 632, character 14
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17694
* Dae Jaweon: page 1036, character 2
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1648, character 9
* Unihan data for U+6DF7

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 混
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 昆 | *kuːn |
| 琨 | *kuːn |
| 鯤 | *kuːn |
| 菎 | *kuːn |
| 崐 | *kuːn |
| 蜫 | *kuːn |
| 惃 | *kuːn, *kuːnʔ |
| 錕 | *kuːn, *kuːnʔ |
| 猑 | *kuːn |
| 騉 | *kuːn |
| 緄 | *kuːnʔ |
| 輥 | *kuːnʔ |
| 棍 | *kuːns, *ɡuːnʔ |
| 餛 | *ɡuːn |
| 混 | *ɡuːnʔ |
| 焜 | *ɡuːnʔ |
| 倱 | *ɡuːnʔ |
| 掍 | *ɡuːnʔ |
| 箟 | *kʰrun |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡuːnʔ) : semantic 氵 + phonetic 昆 (OC *kuːn).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): hùn, hún, hǔn (hun$^4$, hun$^2$, hun$^3$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄣˋ, ㄏㄨㄣˊ, ㄏㄨㄣˇ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): хун (hun, III)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): wan$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): vun$^5$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): fun
* Eastern Min (BUC): hông
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hūn / hùn
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hung$^6$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^6$wen / $^6$wen; $^5$huen
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese; Beijing dialect)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hùn
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄣˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hùn
*** Wade–Giles: hun$^4$
*** Yale: hwùn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: huenn
*** Palladius: хунь (xunʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /xu̯ən⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese, variant; Beijing dialect)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hún
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hún
*** Wade–Giles: hun$^2$
*** Yale: hwún
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hwen
*** Palladius: хунь (xunʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /xu̯ən³⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, variant in Taiwan; Beijing dialect)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hǔn
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄣˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hǔn
*** Wade–Giles: hun$^3$
*** Yale: hwǔn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hoen
*** Palladius: хунь (xunʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /xu̯ən²¹⁴/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: хун (hun, III)
*** Sinological IPA : /xuŋ⁴⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: wan$^6$
*** Yale: wahn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: wan$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: wen$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /wɐn²²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: vun$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /vun³²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fun
*** Hakka Romanization System: fun
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fun$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /fun⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: hông
*** Sinological IPA : /houŋ²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hūn
*** Tâi-lô: hūn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hun
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hun⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hun³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hun²²/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hùn
*** Tâi-lô: hùn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: huxn
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hun²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: hung$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hŭng
*** Sinological IPA : /huŋ³⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$wen
*** MiniDict: wen$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$hhun
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦuən²³/
** (Northern: Suzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^6$wen; $^5$huen
*** MiniDict: wen$^去$; huen$^去$
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /ɦuən²³¹/, /huən⁵²³/
* Middle Chinese: hwonX
Rime :
| Character | 混 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 魂 (55) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 胡本切 |
| Baxter | hwonX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦuən$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦuon$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣuən$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦwən$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣuən$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣuən$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣuən$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | hùn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | wan$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡuːnʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 混 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 7536 |
| Phonetic component | 昆 |
| Rime group | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 混 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡuːnʔ/ |

#### Definitions

混
* (literary, obsolete) torrential
* (literary or dialectal) turbid
* to mix; to blend
    搞混 ― gǎohùn ― to confuse (two things); to mix up
    混為一談／混为一谈 ― hùnwéiyītán ― to equate; to muddle
       bǎ hóngdòu hé lǜdòu hùn zài yīqǐ [Pinyin]
       to mix red beans and green beans
* to pass off as
    魚目混珠／鱼目混珠 ― yúmùhùnzhū ― to pass off fake products as genuine (literally, “to pass off fish eyes as pearls”)
       Zhè rén shì zěnme hùn jìn lái de? [Pinyin]
       How did that person sneak in?
* to muddle along
    混日子 ― hùnrìzi ― to muck around; to drift through the days
* to get along with somebody
       Wǒ hěn kuài jiù gēn tāmen hùn shú le. [Pinyin]
       I quickly became familiar with them.
       Bié gēn liúmáng hùn zài yīqǐ. [Pinyin]
       Stop hanging out with hooligans.
* thoughtlessly; casually
* (literary) to unite; to combine
* (literary) to stir up trouble; to throw into disorder; to disrupt
* (Teochew) to disturb (someone)
* (literary) to joke
* Used in 混沌 (hùndùn).

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 混 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 摳, 撈 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 摳, 撈 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 摳 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 混 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 混 |

#### Compounds

* 一混湯子 / 一混汤子
* 二混子
* 含混 (hánhùn)
* 廝混 / 厮混 (sīhùn)
* 打混
* 打混葫蘆 / 打混葫芦
* 摑混 / 掴混
* 攪混 / 搅混
* 流言混語 / 流言混语
* 混一 (hùnyī)
* 混一口飯 / 混一口饭
* 混世魔王
* 混亂 / 混乱 (hùnluàn)
* 混事
* 混人
* 混作
* 混俗和光
* 混元
* 混充 (hùnchōng)
* 混入 (hùnrù)
* 混冥
* 混凝
* 混凝劑 / 混凝剂
* 混凝土
* 混合
* 混名
* 混同 (hùntóng)
* 混合使用
* 混合層 / 混合层
* 混合林 (hùnhélín)
* 混合比
* 混同江
* 混吃混玩
* 混合物 (hùnhéwù)
* 混合疫苗
* 混合經濟 / 混合经济 (hùnhé jīngjì)
* 混合裁判
* 混合語 / 混合语
* 混合齒列 / 混合齿列
* 混和 (hùnhé)
* 混唚 / 混吣
* 混嚼舌根
* 混在
* 混堂 (hùntáng)
* 混夷
* 混子 (hùnzi)
* 混家
* 混居 (hùnjū)
* 混帳 / 混帐
* 混帳東西 / 混帐东西
* 混帳話 / 混帐话
* 混成
* 混戰 / 混战 (hùnzhàn)
* 混打
* 混攪 / 混搅
* 混日子 (hùnrìzi)
* 混棍
* 混水
* 混水摸魚 / 混水摸鱼
* 混汞法
* 混沌 (hùndùn)
* 混沌世界
* 混混
* 混淆
* 混淪 / 混沦
* 混淆不清
* 混混兒 / 混混儿
* 混淆是非
* 混混沌沌
* 混淆視聽 / 混淆视听
* 混淆黑白
* 混濁 / 混浊 (hùnzhuó)
* 混為一談 / 混为一谈 (hùnwéiyītán)
* 混然
* 混猜
* 混球 (húnqiú)
* 混球兒 / 混球儿
* 混糖
* 混紡 / 混纺 (hùnfǎng)
* 混纏 / 混缠
* 混芒
* 混茫
* 混號 / 混号
* 混蛋
* 混蟲 / 混虫
* 混血 (hùnxuè)
* 混血兒 / 混血儿 (hùnxuè'ér)
* 混話 / 混话 (hùnhuà)
* 混說 / 混说
* 混賴 / 混赖
* 混跡 / 混迹
* 混踐 / 混践
* 混身
* 混造黑白
* 混錢 / 混钱
* 混雜 / 混杂
* 混音 (hùnyīn)
* 混頭混腦 / 混头混脑
* 混飯吃 / 混饭吃 (hùnfànchī)
* 混鬧 / 混闹
* 營混子 / 营混子
* 玄混
* 玉石混淆
* 白混
* 矇混 / 蒙混 (ménghùn)
* 老混忘
* 胡廝混 / 胡厮混
* 胡拉混扯
* 胡掄混鬧 / 胡抡混闹
* 胡混
* 舉世混濁 / 举世混浊 (jǔshìhǔnzhuó)
* 蒙混 (ménghùn)
* 阿混
* 香水混堂
* 鬼混 (guǐhùn)
* 魚目混珠 / 鱼目混珠 (yúmùhùnzhū)
* 魚龍混雜 / 鱼龙混杂 (yúlónghùnzá)
* 黑白混淆
* 龍蛇混雜 / 龙蛇混杂 (lóngshéhùnzá)

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): hún (hun$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄣˊ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hún
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hún
*** Wade–Giles: hun$^2$
*** Yale: hwún
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hwen
*** Palladius: хунь (xunʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /xu̯ən³⁵/

#### Definitions

混
* Used in personal names.
* Alternative form of 渾 / 浑

### Pronunciation 3

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gǔn (gun$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄣˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gwan$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gǔn
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄣˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gǔn
*** Wade–Giles: kun$^3$
*** Yale: gwǔn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: goen
*** Palladius: гунь (gunʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku̯ən²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gwan$^2$
*** Yale: gwán
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gwan$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: guen$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʷɐn³⁵/

#### Definitions

混
* Only used in 混混 (gǔngǔn, “alternative form of 滾滾; rolling along”).

### Pronunciation 4

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kūn (kun$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄨㄣ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kūn
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄣ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kun
*** Wade–Giles: kʻun$^1$
*** Yale: kwūn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuen
*** Palladius: кунь (kunʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰu̯ən⁵⁵/

#### Definitions

混
* Used in 混夷.
* Alternative form of 崑 / 昆 (Kūn)

### References

* “混”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)
* to blend, mix, merge (Can we add an example for this sense?)
* to confuse

#### Readings

* Go-on: こん (kon, Jōyō)、ごん (gon)
* Kan-on: こん (kon, Jōyō)
* Kun: まぜる (mazeru, 混ぜる, Jōyō)、まじる (majiru, 混じる, Jōyō)、まざる (mazaru, 混ざる, Jōyō)、こむ (komu, 混む, Jōyō)

## Korean
### Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 混 (MC hwonX).
* Recorded as Middle Korean ᅘᅩᆫ〯 (Yale: hhwǒn) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 혼〯 (hwǒn) (Yale: hwǒn) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ɸʷo̞(ː)n]
* Phonetic hangul: [혼(ː)]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

#### Hanja

Wikisource 混 (eumhun 섞을 혼 (seokkeul hon)) 混 (eumhun 흐릴 혼 (heuril hon))
* hanja form of 혼 (“mix; confuse; blend”)
* hanja form of 혼 (“turbid; unclear; confuse”)

#### Compounds

* 혼돈 (混沌/渾沌, hondon, “chaos; confusion”)
* 혼동 (混同, hondong, “confusion, mixing up”)
* 혼란 (混亂, hollan, “confusion; disorder; chaos”)
* 혼선 (混線, honseon, “crossed line; confusion”)
* 혼용 (混用, honyong, “mixed use”)
* 혼잡 (混雜, honjap, “confusion, traffic congestion”)
* 혼탁 (混濁/溷濁/渾濁, hontak, “being turbid”)
* 혼합 (混合, honhap, “mixture”)
* 혼혈 (混血, honhyeol, “mixed race”)

### Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 混 (MC kwon).
* Recorded as Middle Korean 곤 (Yale: kwon) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.

#### Hanja

混 (eumhun 오랑캐 이름 곤 (orangkae ireum gon))
* hanja form of 곤 (“a barbarian”)

#### Compounds

* 곤이 (混夷, Goni, “tribes west of ancient China”)
* 곤이태의 (混夷駾矣, gonitae'ui)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

混: Hán Nôm readings: hổn, hộn, hỗn, xổn, cổn, hỏn
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation