# 喪

| 喪 | U+55AA, &#21930; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-55AA |
| ← 喩 [U+55A9] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 喫 → [U+55AB] |

## Translingual
### Han character

喪 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 土口口女 (GRRV), four-corner 4073$_2$, composition ⿱⿻土吅⿰𠄌⿺乀丿(GJKV) or ⿸⿱⿻土吅𠄌⿺乀丿(HT))

#### Derived characters

* 𣾓, 𰘧, 𦅇, 𰷑, 𬦟, 𫟣, 𩦌, 𫛑

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 200, character 12
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3985
* Dae Jaweon: page 421, character 23
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 650, character 3
* Unihan data for U+55AA

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 喪 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 忙 | *maːŋ |
| 芒 | *maːŋ, *maŋ |
| 茫 | *maːŋ |
| 恾 | *maːŋ |
| 吂 | *maːŋ, *maːŋs |
| 汒 | *maːŋ, *maŋs |
| 朚 | *maːŋ, *hmaːŋ, *maŋ, *mraːŋ, *mraːŋs |
| 邙 | *maːŋ, *maŋ |
| 杗 | *maːŋ, *maŋ |
| 荒 | *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋs |
| 肓 | *hmaːŋ |
| 衁 | *hmaːŋ |
| 巟 | *hmaːŋ |
| 詤 | *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋʔ, *hmaŋʔ |
| 慌 | *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋʔ |
| 謊 | *hmaːŋʔ |
| 喪 | *smaːŋs, *smaːŋ |
| 亡 | *maŋ |
| 望 | *maŋ, *maŋs |
| 莣 | *maŋ |
| 朢 | *maŋ, *maŋs |
| 鋩 | *maŋ |
| 硭 | *maŋ |
| 忘 | *maŋ, *maŋs |
| 网 | *mlaŋʔ |
| 罔 | *mlaŋʔ |
| 蛧 | *maŋʔ |
| 網 | *mlaŋʔ |
| 輞 | *maŋʔ |
| 棢 | *maŋʔ |
| 惘 | *maŋʔ |
| 菵 | *maŋʔ |
| 誷 | *maŋʔ |
| 魍 | *maŋʔ |
| 妄 | *maŋs |
| 盲 | *mraːŋ |
| 蝱 | *mraːŋ |
| 虻 | *mraːŋ |
| 氓 | *mraːŋ |
| 甿 | *mraːŋ |
Originally phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *smaːŋs, *smaːŋ) : phonetic 桑 (OC *sŋaːŋ, “mulberry tree”) + semantic 㗊 (“many mouths”). The number of mouths frequently varied. Sometimes 走 (“run”) was included as a semantic component, and later 亡 (OC *maŋ, “die”) was added as a phonetic (and also possibly semantic) component.
In the seal script became phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *smaːŋs, *smaːŋ) and ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : semantic 哭 (“cry”) + phonetic 亡 (OC *maŋ, “die”), from which the modern form derives.
Compare 咢 and 噩, which may be derived from or originally the same character as 喪.

### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma (“not”). Cognate with 亡 (OC *maŋ, “to disappear”). The level-toned pronunciation has a nominal prefix *s-, lit. "circumstances associated with disappearance (death)", whereas the departing-toned pronunciation has a formally identical causative prefix *s- and an exoactive suffix *-s, lit. "to cause to disappear".

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): sāng (sang$^1$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄙㄤ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): sang$^1$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): song$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): song$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): sông
    (Meixian, Guangdong): sang$^1$
* Jin (Wiktionary): son$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): só̤ng
* Eastern Min (BUC): sŏng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): song / sng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): seng$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$saon
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: sāng
*** Zhuyin: ㄙㄤ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sang
*** Wade–Giles: sang$^1$
*** Yale: sāng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sang
*** Palladius: сан (san)
*** Sinological IPA : /sɑŋ⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: sang$^1$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: sang
*** Sinological IPA : /saŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: song$^1$
*** Yale: sōng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: song$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: song$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɔːŋ⁵⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: song$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɔŋ⁴²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sông
*** Hakka Romanization System: song$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: song$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /soŋ²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: sang$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /saŋ⁴⁴/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: son$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /sɒ̃¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: só̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /sɔŋ⁵⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: sŏng
*** Sinological IPA : /souŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: song / sng
*** Tâi-lô: song / sng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sofng, sngf
*** IPA (Xiamen): /sɔŋ⁴⁴/, /sŋ̍⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /sɔŋ³³/, /sŋ̍³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /sɔŋ⁴⁴/, /sŋ̍⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /sɔŋ⁴⁴/, /sŋ̍⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /sɔŋ⁴⁴/, /sŋ̍⁴⁴/
* song - literary;
* sng - vernacular.
* Middle Chinese: sang
Rime :
| Character | 喪 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 心 (16) |
| Final (韻) | 唐 (101) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 息郎切 |
| Baxter | sang |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /sɑŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /sɑŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /sɑŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /saŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /sɑŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /sɑŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /sɑŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | sāng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | song$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-mˤaŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*smaːŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 喪 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | sāng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ sang › |
| Old Chinese | /*s-mˁaŋ/ |
| English | mourning, burial |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 喪 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 12661 |
| Phonetic component | 亡 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 桑 |
| Old Chinese | /*smaːŋ/ |

#### Definitions

喪
* mourning; funeral ceremony
* corpse; dead body
* misfortune; misadventure
* to mourn; to be in mourning
* to grieve over the death of

#### Compounds

* 三年之喪 / 三年之丧 (sān nián zhī sāng)
* 伐喪 / 伐丧
* 停喪 / 停丧
* 免喪 / 免丧
* 出喪 / 出丧 (chūsāng)
* 初喪 / 初丧
* 匍匐奔喪 / 匍匐奔丧
* 匿喪 / 匿丧
* 告喪 / 告丧 (gàosāng)
* 告喪帖 / 告丧帖
* 哭喪棒 / 哭丧棒 (kūsāngbàng)
* 哭喪臉 / 哭丧脸
* 哭喪著臉 / 哭丧著脸 (kūsāng zhe liǎn)
* 喪主 / 丧主
* 喪亂 / 丧乱 (sāngluàn)
* 喪亂帖 / 丧乱帖
* 喪事 / 丧事 (sāngshì)
* 喪具 / 丧具
* 喪冢 / 丧冢
* 喪天害理 / 丧天害理
* 喪家 / 丧家 (sāngjiā)
* 喪居 / 丧居 (sāngjū)
* 喪服 / 丧服 (sāngfú)
* 喪榜 / 丧榜
* 喪煞 / 丧煞
* 喪祭 / 丧祭
* 喪禮 / 丧礼 (sānglǐ)
* 喪紀 / 丧纪
* 喪聲嚎氣 / 丧声嚎气
* 喪聲歪氣 / 丧声歪气
* 喪葬 / 丧葬 (sāngzàng)
* 喪鐘 / 丧钟 (sāngzhōng)
* 喪門 / 丧门
* 喪門星 / 丧门星 (sàngménxīng)
* 囚首喪面 / 囚首丧面
* 國喪 / 国丧 (guósāng)
* 執喪 / 执丧
* 報喪 / 报丧 (bàosāng)
* 報喪帖 / 报丧帖
* 大出喪 / 大出丧
* 大喪 / 大丧
* 奔喪 / 奔丧 (bēnsāng)
* 婚喪喜慶 / 婚丧喜庆 (hūnsāngxǐqìng)
* 守喪 / 守丧 (shǒusāng)
* 居喪 / 居丧 (jūsāng)
* 弔喪 / 吊丧 (diàosāng)
* 弔喪問疾 / 吊丧问疾
* 心喪 / 心丧
* 扛喪 / 扛丧
* 探喪 / 探丧
* 摔喪 / 摔丧
* 撞喪 / 撞丧
* 服喪 / 服丧 (fúsāng)
* 母喪 / 母丧
* 治喪 / 治丧 (zhìsāng)
* 浪子喪門 / 浪子丧门
* 無服之喪 / 无服之丧
* 父喪 / 父丧
* 發喪 / 发丧 (fāsāng)
* 號喪 / 号丧 (háosāng)
* 護喪 / 护丧
* 送喪 / 送丧 (sòngsāng)
* 開喪 / 开丧
* 闖喪 / 闯丧
* 除喪 / 除丧
* 頂喪駕靈 / 顶丧驾灵
* 鬧喪鼓兒 / 闹丧鼓儿

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 喪(そう) (sō)
* → Korean: 상(喪) (sang)
* → Vietnamese: tang (喪)

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): sàng (sang$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄙㄤˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): song$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): song
* Eastern Min (BUC): sáung
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): sòng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): sang$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$saon
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: sàng
*** Zhuyin: ㄙㄤˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sàng
*** Wade–Giles: sang$^4$
*** Yale: sàng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sanq
*** Palladius: сан (san)
*** Sinological IPA : /sɑŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: song$^3$
*** Yale: song
*** Cantonese Pinyin: song$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: song$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɔːŋ³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: song
*** Hakka Romanization System: song
*** Hagfa Pinyim: song$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /soŋ⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: sáung
*** Sinological IPA : /sɑuŋ²¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sòng
*** Tâi-lô: sòng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: soxng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /sɔŋ²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /sɔŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /sɔŋ²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /sɔŋ¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /sɔŋ²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: sang$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sàng
*** Sinological IPA : /saŋ²¹³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$saon
*** MiniDict: saon$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$saan
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /sɑ̃³⁴/
* Middle Chinese: sangH
Rime :
| Character | 喪 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 心 (16) |
| Final (韻) | 唐 (101) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 蘇浪切 |
| Baxter | sangH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /sɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /sɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /sɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /saŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /sɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /sɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /sɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | sàng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | song$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-mˤaŋ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*smaːŋs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 喪 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | sàng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ sang$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*s-mˁaŋ-s/ |
| English | lose; destroy |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 喪 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 12660 |
| Phonetic component | 亡 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 喪 |
| Old Chinese | /*smaːŋs/ |
| Notes | 說文從亡亡亦聲， 甲文借桑字金文始加亡 |

#### Definitions

喪
* to forfeit; to lose; to be deprived of
* to die; to pass away
* to be defeated; to be destroyed; to perish
* to escape; to flee
* to forget; to fail to remember
* to be discouraged; to lose heart
* (Hong Kong Cantonese) wildly; extremely

#### Compounds

* 一言喪邦 / 一言丧邦
* 亡魂喪膽 / 亡魂丧胆
* 亡魂喪魄 / 亡魂丧魄
* 低頭喪氣 / 低头丧气
* 喪亡 / 丧亡 (sàngwáng)
* 喪人 / 丧人
* 喪偶 / 丧偶 (sàng'ǒu)
* 喪元 / 丧元
* 喪命 / 丧命 (sàngmìng)
* 喪失 / 丧失 (sàngshī)
* 喪家之犬 / 丧家之犬 (sàngjiāzhīquǎn)
* 喪家之狗 / 丧家之狗 (sàngjiāzhīgǒu)
* 喪家狗 / 丧家狗
* 喪師 / 丧师 (sàngshī)
* 喪心 / 丧心
* 喪心病狂 / 丧心病狂 (sàngxīnbìngkuáng)
* 喪志 / 丧志 (sàngzhì)
* 喪敗 / 丧败
* 喪明 / 丧明
* 喪明之痛 / 丧明之痛
* 喪權 / 丧权
* 喪權辱國 / 丧权辱国 (sàngquánrǔguó)
* 喪氣 / 丧气
* 喪生 / 丧生 (sàngshēng)
* 喪盡天良 / 丧尽天良 (sàngjìntiānliáng)
* 喪膽 / 丧胆 (sàngdǎn)
* 喪膽亡魂 / 丧胆亡魂
* 喪膽銷魂 / 丧胆销魂
* 喪著臉 / 丧著脸
* 喪蕩游魂 / 丧荡游魂
* 喪謗 / 丧谤
* 喪身 / 丧身 (sàngshēn)
* 喪魂落魄 / 丧魂落魄
* 嗒喪 / 嗒丧
* 垂頭喪氣 / 垂头丧气 (chuítóusàngqì)
* 垂首喪氣 / 垂首丧气
* 失魂喪魄 / 失魂丧魄
* 彫喪 / 雕丧
* 心神喪失 / 心神丧失
* 心驚膽喪 / 心惊胆丧
* 懊喪 / 懊丧 (àosàng)
* 懷憂喪志 / 怀忧丧志
* 敗國喪家 / 败国丧家
* 斲喪 / 斲丧
* 本喪 / 本丧
* 氣喪 / 气丧
* 沮喪 / 沮丧 (jǔsàng)
* 淪喪 / 沦丧 (lúnsàng)
* 灰心喪意 / 灰心丧意
* 灰心喪氣 / 灰心丧气 (huīxīnsàngqì)
* 玩人喪德 / 玩人丧德
* 玩物喪志 / 玩物丧志 (wànwùsàngzhì)
* 破膽喪魂 / 破胆丧魂
* 聞風喪膽 / 闻风丧胆 (wénfēngsàngdǎn)
* 膽喪心驚 / 胆丧心惊
* 蹙國喪師 / 蹙国丧师
* 頹喪 / 颓丧 (tuísàng)
* 魂飛魄喪 / 魂飞魄丧

### References

* “喪”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* mourning
* loss

#### Readings

* Go-on: そう (sō, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: そう (sō, Jōyō)
* Kun: も (mo, 喪, Jōyō)、うしなう (ushinau, 喪う)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 喪
* も Grade: S
* kun'yomi

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) も [mò] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) も [móꜜ] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [mo̞]

#### Noun

喪(も) • (mo)
* mourning
* calamity; misfortune

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 喪
* そう Grade: S
* on'yomi

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [so̞ː]

#### Noun

喪(そう) • (sō)
* mourning

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

喪 • (sang) (hangeul 상, revised sang, McCune–Reischauer sang)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

喪: Hán Nôm readings: tang, táng, tảng
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.