OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 刀背
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): dāobèi
       (Zhuyin): ㄉㄠ ㄅㄟˋ
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): dǎobēi
* Cantonese (Jyutping): dou$^1$ bui$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): tô-poi
* Southern Min (Teochew, Peng'im): do$^1$ bu$^3$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^1$tau-pe$_5$ / $^1$tau-pei$_5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dāobèi
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄠ ㄅㄟˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: daobèi
*** Wade–Giles: tao$^1$-pei$^4$
*** Yale: dāu-bèi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: daubey
*** Palladius: даобэй (daobɛj)
*** Sinological IPA : /tɑʊ̯⁵⁵ peɪ̯⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed) (刀背兒 / 刀背儿)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dāobèir
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄠ ㄅㄟˋㄦ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: daobèir
*** Wade–Giles: tao$^1$-pei$^4$-ʼrh
*** Yale: dāu-bèir
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: daubell
*** Palladius: даобэйр (daobɛjr)
*** Sinological IPA : /tɑʊ̯⁵⁵ pəɻ⁵¹/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: dǎobēi
*** Sinological IPA : /tau²¹ pei⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: dou$^1$ bui$^3$
*** Yale: dōu bui
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dou$^1$ bui$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: dou$^1$ bui$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /tou̯⁵⁵ puːi̯³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tô-poi
*** Hakka Romanization System: do$^ˊ$ boi
*** Hagfa Pinyim: do$^1$ boi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /to²⁴⁻¹¹ poi̯⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: do$^1$ bu$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: to pù
*** Sinological IPA : /to³³⁻²³ pu²¹³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai, Suzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^1$tau-pe$_5$
*** MiniDict: tau$^平$ pe$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$tau-pe$_2$
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /tɔ⁵⁵ pe²¹/
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /tæ⁴⁴ pe/
** (Northern: Hangzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^1$tau-pei$_5$
*** MiniDict: tau$^平$ pei$^去$
*** Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /tɔ³³ pei³⁴/

### Noun

刀背
* back of a knife blade

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 刀背 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 刀背 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 刀背兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 刀背 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 刀背 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 刀背 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 刀背 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 刀背 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 刀背 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 刀背 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 刀背 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 刀背 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 刀背子 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 刀背脊 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 刀枕 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 刀銎 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 刀銎 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 刀銎 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 刀銎 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 刀背 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 刀背 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 刀背 |
| Wu | Danyang | 刀背 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 刀背 |
# ainmich
## Scottish Gaelic
### Etymology

From ainm +‎ -ich.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɛnɛmjɪç/

### Verb

ainmich (past dh'ainmich, future ainmichidh, verbal noun ainmeachadh, past participle ainmichte)
* name
* mention
* nominate

#### Derived terms

* ainmneach
* ath-ainmich

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Scottish Gaelic. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* Edward Dwelly (1911) “ainmich”, in Faclair Gàidhlig gu Beurla le Dealbhan [The Illustrated Gaelic–English Dictionary]‎, 10th edition, Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited, →ISBN
# Republica Namibia
## Romanian
### Proper noun

Republica Namibia f
* Republic of Namibia
# -bacter
## Translingual
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Suffix

-bacter
* Used to form genus names of Prokaryota
# Mahayana
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit महायान (mahāyāna, literally “Great Vehicle”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˌmɑːhəˈjɑːnə/, /ˌmʌhəˈjɑːnə/

### Proper noun

Mahayana
* (Buddhism) A school of Buddhism widely practised in East Asia and Vietnam which accepts non-Pali canon scriptures, recognizes a broader array of buddhas and bodhisattvas, and whose spiritual objective is to achieve Buddhahood and liberate other beings, rather than simply to achieve personal enlightenment, as in Theravada Buddhism.
    Synonym: Great Vehicle

#### Hyponyms

* (school of Buddhism): Zen

#### Derived terms

* Mahayanic, Mahayanism, Mahayanist, Mahayanistic

#### Translations
### See also

* Madhyamika

### References

* “Mahayana”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.

## Irish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit महायान (mahāyāna, literally “Great Vehicle”).

### Proper noun

Mahayana m (genitive Mahayana)
* (Buddhism) Mahayana

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.
# krótko
## Polish
### Etymology

From krótki +‎ -o.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkrut.kɔ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -utkɔ
* Syllabification: krót‧ko

### Adverb

krótko (comparative krócej, superlative najkrócej)
* short, briefly
    Antonym: długo

#### Related terms

* krótki

### Further reading

* krótko in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* krótko in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# 絎針
## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 絎 | 針 |
| くけ Hyōgai | はり > ばり Grade: 6 |
| kun'yomi ||

### Noun

絎(くけ)針(ばり) • (kukebari)
* a long needle used for blind stitch
# roemrefidine
## English
### Noun

roemrefidine (uncountable)
* An isoquinoline alkaloid.
# raśpla
## Polish
### Pronunciation

* (Lesser Poland):
** (Przemyśl) IPA: [ˈraɕ.plʲa]

### Noun

raśpla m inan
* (Przemyśl) Alternative form of raszpla

### Further reading

* Aleksander Saloni (1908) “raśpla”, in “Lud rzeszowski”, in Materyały Antropologiczno-Archeologiczne i Etnograficzne (in Polish), volume 10, Kraków: Akademia Umiejętności, page 340
# cuntas
## Irish
### Alternative forms

* cunntas, cúntas, cuntus, cúntus, cunntus

### Etymology

From Middle Irish cuntas, borrowed from Anglo-Norman cuntes.

### Pronunciation

* (Munster) IPA: /ˈkuːn̪ˠt̪ˠəsˠ/
* (Connacht) IPA: /ˈkʊn̪ˠt̪ˠəsˠ/
* (Ulster) IPA: /ˈkʌn̪ˠt̪ˠəsˠ/

### Noun

cuntas m (genitive singular cuntais, nominative plural cuntais)
* verbal noun of cuntais
* amount
* account (bank; narration; etc.)
* reckoning

#### Declension

bare forms
case
singular
plural
nominative
cuntas
cuntais
vocative
a chuntais
a chuntasa
genitive
cuntais
cuntas
dative
cuntas
cuntais
forms with the definite article
case
singular
plural
nominative
an cuntas
na cuntais
genitive
an chuntais
na gcuntas
dative
leis an gcuntas don chuntas
leis na cuntais :
* Alternative plural: cuntaisí (Cois Fharraige)

#### Derived terms

* ar chuntas ar bith
* breac-chuntas
* cuntas a thabhairt ar
* cuntas airgid
* cuntas bainc
* cuntas béil
* cuntas caipitil
* cuntas coigiltis
* cuntas costas
* cuntas deiridh
* cuntas iarbháis
* cuntas reatha
* cuntas speansas
* cuntasach
* cuntasóir
* lá an chuntais
* leabhar cuntais
* mionchuntas
* seic-chuntas
* stoc-chuntas

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* “cuntas”, in Historical Irish Corpus, 1600–1926, Royal Irish Academy
* Dinneen, Patrick S. (1904) “cunntas”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 1st edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 217
* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “cuntas”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* “cuntas”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2025
* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “cuntas”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## Middle English
### Noun

cuntas
* Alternative form of countesse
# allumino
## Italian
### Verb

allumino
* inflection of allumare:
** third-person plural present subjunctive
** third-person plural imperative

## Latin
### Etymology

From ad- +‎ lūminō. Attested from the eighth century CE, possibly also the seventh.

### Verb

allūminō (present infinitive allūmināre, perfect active allūmināvī, supine allūminātum); first conjugation (Early Medieval Latin)
* to illuminate

#### Descendants

* Italo-Romance:
** Italian: alluminare
* Gallo-Romance:
** Old Catalan: alumenar, aluminar
** Franco-Provençal: alumar
** Old French: alumer (see there for further descendants)
** Occitan: alumar
* Ibero-Romance:
** Asturian: allumar
** Old Galician-Portuguese: alumẽar
*** Galician: alumar, alumear
*** Portuguese: alumiar
** Spanish: alumbrar

### References

* ↑ Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “*allūmĭnare”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volumes 24: Refonte A–Aorte, page 344
# Gulf of Riga
## English
### Proper noun

Gulf of Riga
* The inland body of water that is part of the Baltic Sea in eastern Europe and is near Latvia and Estonia.

#### Synonyms

* Bay of Riga
* Gulf of Livonia
# demokraattistua
## Finnish
### Etymology

demokraattistaa +‎ -ua

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈdemoˌkrɑːtːistuɑˣ/, [ˈde̞mo̞ˌkrɑ̝ːt̪ːis̠ˌtuɑ̝(ʔ)]
* Rhymes: -uɑ
* Hyphenation: demo‧kraattis‧tua, de‧mok‧raat‧tis‧tua

### Verb

demokraattistua
* (intransitive) to become democratic

#### Synonyms

* demokratisoitua

#### Derived terms

* demokraattistuminen

#### Related terms

* demokraattistaa

### Further reading

* “demokraattistua”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-02
# قاكلی
## Ottoman Turkish
### Alternative forms

* قاكلو (kañlı)

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kaŋlï, ultimately from Tocharian A klānk- (“to ride”). Cognate with Chagatai [script needed] (qaŋlï), Khakas хаңаа (xañaa), Kipchak [script needed] (qanłï), Old Uyghur 𐽲𐽰𐽺𐽷𐾁𐽶 (kaŋlï), Salar gañli, Shor қаңаа (qaŋā) and Turkmen gaňňa.

### Noun

قاكلی • (kañlı)
* any cart with two wheels which are solid and fixed to the axle, like a chariot, oxcart, or gig

#### Descendants

* Turkish: kağnı

### References

* ↑ Clauson, Gerard (1972) “kaŋlı”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 638

### Further reading

* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “kağnı”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 2333
* Hindoglu, Artin (1838) “قاكلو”, in Hazine-i lûgat ou dictionnaire abrégé turc-français‎, Vienna: F. Beck, page 351b
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “قاكلی”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 932
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Cisium”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎, Vienna, column 186
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “قاكلو”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, column 3591
* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “kağnı”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “قاكلی”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1419
# circumplanetary
## English
### Etymology

From circum- +‎ planetary.

### Adjective

circumplanetary (not comparable)
* (astronomy) Surrounding a planet

#### Derived terms

* circumplanetary disk
# Republica Letonia
## Romanian
### Proper noun

Republica Letonia f
* Republic of Latvia
# fumigo
## Catalan
### Verb

fumigo
* first-person singular present indicative of fumigar

## Italian
### Verb

fumigo
* first-person singular present indicative of fumigare

## Latin
### Etymology

fūmus (“smoke”) +‎ -igō

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈfuː.mi.ɡoː/, [ˈfuːmɪɡoː]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈfu.mi.ɡo/, [ˈfuːmiɡo]

### Verb

fūmigō (present infinitive fūmigāre, perfect active fūmigāvī, supine fūmigātum); first conjugation
* to smoke, fumigate, treat with smoke

#### Derived terms

* fūmigābundus
* fūmigāns

#### Descendants

* Balkan Romance:
** Aromanian: fumig
** Romanian: fumega
* Italo-Romance:
** Italian: fumigare, fumicare (Tuscan)
* Gallo-Romance:
** Old French: fungier, (northern) *funquier
*** Norman: funquer, feunquir
**** → English: funk
*** Picard: funquer, finquer
* Ibero-Romance:
** Galician: fumegar
** Portuguese: fumegar
* ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *fūmizāre (see there for further descendants)
* Borrowings:
** → Catalan: fumigar
** → English: fumigate
** → Middle French: fumiger
*** French: fumiger
** → Portuguese: fumigar
** → Spanish: fumigar

### References

* Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “fūmĭgare”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volumes 3: D–F, page 825

### Further reading

* “fumigo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* fumigo in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.

## Portuguese
### Verb

fumigo
* first-person singular present indicative of fumigar

## Spanish
### Verb

fumigo
* first-person singular present indicative of fumigar
# łopucha
## Polish
### Alternative forms

* łapucha (Kuyavia)

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /wɔˈpu.xa/
* Rhymes: -uxa
* Syllabification: ło‧pu‧cha

### Noun

łopucha f
* wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum)
    Synonym: rzodkiew świrzepa
* (colloquial) white goosefoot (Chenopodium album)
    Synonyms: komosa biała, lebioda, łoboda, mączyniec, warmuz, zielenina

#### Declension
### Further reading

* łopucha in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# freeze-drying
## English
### Verb

freeze-drying
* present participle and gerund of freeze-dry

### Noun

freeze-drying (uncountable)
* The process of dehydration by sublimation for preservation or convenience; the removal of moisture from a frozen material using vacuum.
    Synonyms: cryodesiccation, lyophilization, lyophilizing
    Hypernyms: drying, dessication, dehydration

#### Related terms

* freeze distillation
# 藍染屋
## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 藍 | 染 | 屋 |
| あい Grade: S | そめ > ぞめ Grade: 6 | や Grade: 3 |
| kun'yomi |||

### Etymology

Compound of 藍染(あいぞめ) (aizome) + 屋(や) (ya).
First cited in the 1710s.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) あいぞめや [àízóméyá] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [a̠izo̞me̞ja̠]

### Noun

藍(あい)染(ぞめ)屋(や) • (aizomeya)
* [from 1710s] indigo dyer
    Synonym: 藍屋 (aiya)

### References

* ↑ “藍染屋”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
# polar cod
## English
### Noun

polar cod (plural polar cod or polar cods)
* A north Atlantic fish of the family Gadidae (cod, haddock, whitings and pollock), Boreogadus saida.
    Synonym: Arctic cod

#### See also

* Arctic cod (Arctogadus glacialis)

### Anagrams

* coal drop
# intensitas
## Indonesian
### Etymology

Affixed intens +‎ -itas, a learned borrowing from Latin intēnsitās.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɪntɛnˈsitas]
* Hyphenation: in‧tèn‧si‧tas
* Rhymes: -tas, -as, -s

### Noun

intènsitas (uncountable)
* intensity

#### Synonyms

* keamatan (Standard Malay)
* inténsiti (Standard Malay)

#### Derived terms

* berintensitas
* intensitas cahaya
* intensitas curah hujan
* intensitas gerakan
* intensitas kompensasi cahaya
* intensitas radiasi
* intensitas terang

#### Related terms

* intens
* intensi
* intensif
* intensifikasi
* tensi

### Further reading

* “intensitas” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Latin
### Etymology

From intēnsus +‎ -tās.

### Noun

intēnsitās f (genitive intēnsitātis); third declension
* intensity

#### Declension

Third-declension noun.

#### Related terms

* intensio

#### Descendants

* → Indonesian: intènsitas

### References

* intensitas in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
# Republica Libaneză
## Romanian
### Proper noun

Republica Libaneză f
* Lebanese Republic
# marque
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from French marque. Doublet of mark. Ultimately cognate with marquee.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈmɑː(ɹ)k/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɑː(ɹ)k
* Homophones: mark, Mark

### Noun

marque (plural marques)
* A brand of a manufactured product, especially of a motor car.
    Synonym: make
    Hypernym: brand
    Coordinate term: model
** 2001 January 31, Nicholas Bannister, “BMW's unofficial input into new MGs”, in The Guardian‎:The group wants Rover as its luxury marque and MG as the performance car.
** 2020 December 3, Brett Berk, “The S.U.V.-ification of Everything Comes to Classic British Marques”, in The New York Times‎, →ISSN:And there seems to be an intrinsic disconnect between a high-end marque and the utilitarian nature of an S.U.V.
* A license to pass the limits of a jurisdiction, or boundary of a country, for the purpose of making reprisals or privateering; the document recording this license.
    Synonyms: letter of marque, letter of marque and reprisal
* A ship commissioned for making captures.
    Synonym: letter of marque

#### Derived terms

* letter of marque and reprisal

#### Translations
## French
### Etymology

From Middle French marque (15th c.), deverbal from marquer, which see for more. Related with marc (“a weight”), mark (“a currency”), marche (“frontier”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /maʁk/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -aʁk
* Homophones: Marc, mark, marks, marques (general), marc, marcs (one pronunciation)

### Noun

marque f (plural marques)
* mark (spot)
* brand (of a company)
* mark (on one's body, e.g. a birthmark)

#### Derived terms

* à vos marques, prêts, partez
* hôte de marque
* image de marque
* marque commerciale
* marque de fabrique
* marque déposée
* marque-page
* marquer
* nom de marque
* ouvrir la marque
* prendre ses marques
* trouver ses marques

#### Descendants

* → English: marque
* → Persian: مارک (mârk)
* → German: Marke
** → Kashubian: merk
** → Yiddish: מאַרקע (marke)

#### See also

* signe

### Verb

marque
* inflection of marquer:
** first/third-person singular present indicative/subjunctive
** second-person singular imperative

### Further reading

* “marque”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Galician
### Verb

marque
* inflection of marcar:
** first/third-person singular present subjunctive
** third-person singular imperative

## Portuguese
### Verb

marque
* inflection of marcar:
** first/third-person singular present subjunctive
** third-person singular imperative

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈmaɾke/ [ˈmaɾ.ke]
* Rhymes: -aɾke
* Syllabification: mar‧que

### Verb

marque
* inflection of marcar:
** first/third-person singular present subjunctive
** third-person singular imperative
# butter dish
## English
### Noun

butter dish (plural butter dishes)
* A specialized dish for serving butter, typically consisting of a base with a separate fitting lid with its own handle.

#### See also

* butter keeper

### Anagrams

* disturbeth
# काष्ठ
## Sanskrit
### Alternative scripts

* কাষ্ঠ (Assamese script)
* ᬓᬵᬱ᭄ᬞ (Balinese script)
* কাষ্ঠ (Bengali script)
* 𑰎𑰯𑰬𑰿𑰙 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀓𑀸𑀱𑁆𑀞 (Brahmi script)
* ကာၑ္ဌ (Burmese script)
* કાષ્ઠ (Gujarati script)
* ਕਾਸ਼੍ਠ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌕𑌾𑌷𑍍𑌠 (Grantha script)
* ꦏꦴꦰ꧀ꦜ (Javanese script)
* 𑂍𑂰𑂭𑂹𑂘 (Kaithi script)
* ಕಾಷ್ಠ (Kannada script)
* កាឞ្ឋ (Khmer script)
* ກາຩ຺ຐ (Lao script)
* കാഷ്ഠ (Malayalam script)
* ᡬᠠ᠎᠊ᠠᢢᡱᠠ (Manchu script)
* 𑘎𑘰𑘬𑘿𑘙 (Modi script)
* ᢉᠠᢗᢔᢍᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
* 𑦮𑧑𑧌𑧠𑦹 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐎𑐵𑐲𑑂𑐛 (Newa script)
* କାଷ୍ଠ (Odia script)
* ꢒꢵꢰ꣄ꢝ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆑𑆳𑆰𑇀𑆜 (Sharada script)
* 𑖎𑖯𑖬𑖿𑖙 (Siddham script)
* කාෂ‍්ඨ (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩜𑩛𑪀 𑪙𑩧 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚊𑚭𑚶𑚕 (Takri script)
* காஷ்ட² (Tamil script)
* కాష్ఠ (Telugu script)
* กาษฺฐ (Thai script)
* ཀཱ་ཥྛ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒏𑒰𑒭𑓂𑒚 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨋𑨊𑨯𑩇𑨕 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

Of uncertain origin.
Hiersche derives the word from an unattested *कर्ष्ट (karṣṭa) / *कृष्ट (kṛṣṭa), with the sequence of sound changes being *कर्ष्ट (karṣṭa) > *कट्ठ (kaṭṭha) > *काठ (kāṭha) > (via hyper-Sanskritism) काष्ठ (kāṣṭha). He further derives this from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kr̥štás, from Proto-Indo-European *kr̥stós (“(something) cut off”), from the root *(s)kers-, an enlargement of *(s)ker- (“to cut off”).
Less likely, cognate with Ancient Greek κάστον (káston, “wood”). Compare also Ashkun kaṭë (“beam”), Kamkata-viri kaṭë (“beam”), Prasuni këṭë (“beam”), Waigali kāṭa (“beam”).

### Noun

काष्ठ • (kāṣṭha) stem, n
* wood, timber

#### Descendants

* Pali: kattha
* Prakrit: 𑀓𑀝𑁆𑀞 (kaṭṭha)
** Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: 𑀓𑀝𑁆𑀞 (kaṭṭha)
*** → Tamil: கட்டை (kaṭṭai)
*** → Telugu: కట్టె (kaṭṭe), కట్టియ (kaṭṭiya)
** Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀓𑀝𑁆𑀞 (kaṭṭha)
*** Assamese: কাঠ (kath)
*** Bengali: কাঠ (kaṭh)
** Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀓𑀝𑁆𑀞 (kaṭṭha)
*** Hindi: कठ (kaṭh)
*** Nepali: काठ (kāṭh)
*** Punjabi: ਕਾਠ (kāṭh)
*** Romani: kaśt
** Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀓𑀝𑁆𑀞 (kaṭṭha)
*** Old Marathi: काडा (kāḍā)
**** Marathi: काढ (kāḍh)
* Telugu: కాష్ఠము (kāṣṭhamu)
* Malayalam: കാഷ്ഠം (kāṣṭhaṁ)

### References

* Monier Williams (1899) “काष्ठ”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 281/1.
* Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 345-6
* Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956) Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎ (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 205