# 曰

| 曰 | U+66F0, &#26352; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-66F0 |
| ← 曯 [U+66EF] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 曱 → [U+66F1] |
| ⽈ | U+2F48, &#12104; KANGXI RADICAL SAY |
| ← ⽇ [U+2F47] | Kangxi Radicals | ⽉ → [U+2F49] |

## Translingual
### Han character

曰 (Kangxi radical 73, 曰+0, 4 strokes, cangjie input 日 (A) or 難日 (XA), four-corner 6010$_0$, composition ⿴囗一)
* Kangxi radical #73, ⽈.

#### Derived characters

* Appendix:Chinese radical/曰
* 抇, 汩, 㫗, 𡿯, 𣅕, 𣌰, 𧴴, 𬵅, 昌, 㫚, 𣆩, 㑹, 暜, 魯, 䖜, 曆

#### Usage notes

* Not to be confused with 日, which is generally slimmer and taller, and has a middle stroke that often extends to both sides in non-regular script fonts. In some handwritten forms, the horizontal and vertical stroke at the upper left corner are not connected because of the glyph origin.

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 502, character 1
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14278
* Dae Jaweon: page 872, character 30
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1482, character 2
* Unihan data for U+66F0

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 曰 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | Libian (compiled in Qing) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts | Clerical script |
| | Old Chinese |
| 曰 | *ɢʷad |
| 汩 | *kʷɯːd, *ɡʷɯd |
Ideogram (指事) : a mouth (口) with word or breath (一) coming out. Compare 言, in which a small stroke on top of a bifurcated tongue (舌) is also used to represent words; see also 四 and 只. Unrelated to 甘.

### Etymology

Cognate with 話 (OC *ɡroːds) according to Sagart (1999); if so, it is from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *grwas (“to speak; word”), whence Tibetan གྲོས་སྡུར་བྱེད་པ (gros sdur byed pa, “to consult; to discuss”) (STEDT).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): yuē (yue$^1$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄩㄝ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): yue$^1$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jyut$^6$ / joek$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yet / yat
* Northern Min (KCR): uā
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): oa̍t
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^8$yoq; $^8$yuq / $^8$yuaeq
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ye$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yuē
*** Zhuyin: ㄩㄝ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yue
*** Wade–Giles: yüeh$^1$
*** Yale: ywē
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: iue
*** Palladius: юэ (jue)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɥɛ⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: yue$^1$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ye
*** Sinological IPA : /ye⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jyut$^6$ / joek$^6$
*** Yale: yuht / yeuhk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jyt$^9$ / joek$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yud$^6$ / yêg$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /jyːt̚²/, /jœːk̚²/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yet
*** Hakka Romanization System: ied$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yad$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /i̯et̚²/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yat
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)iad$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yad$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯at̚²/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: uā
*** Sinological IPA : /ua⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: oa̍t
*** Tâi-lô: ua̍t
*** Phofsit Daibuun: oat
*** IPA (Xiamen): /uat̚⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /uat̚²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /uat̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /uat̚⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /uat̚⁴/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^8$yoq; $^8$yuq
*** MiniDict: yoh$^入$; yuih$^入$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^5$hhioq; $^5$hhyq
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦioʔ¹²/, /ɦyɪʔ¹²/
** (Northern: Suzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^8$yuaeq
*** MiniDict: yuaeh$^入$
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /ɦyaʔ²³/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: ye$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /y̯e̞²⁴/
* Middle Chinese: hjwot
Rime :
| Character | 曰 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 云 (35) |
| Final (韻) | 月 (68) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 王伐切 |
| Baxter | hjwot |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦʉɐt̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦʷiɐt̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣiuɐt̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦuat̚/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣiuɐt̚/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣĭwɐt̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /i̯wɐt̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yuè |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jyut$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ʷat/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɢʷad/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 曰 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yuē |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hjwot › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɢ]ʷat/ |
| English | say |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 曰 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 16312 |
| Phonetic component | 曰 |
| Rime group | 月 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 越 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɢʷad/ |

### Definitions

曰
* (literary or Shuangfeng Xiang) to say; to speak
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Zǐ yuē: “Wēn gù ér zhī xīn, kěyǐ wèi shī yǐ.” [Pinyin]
    The Master said, "If a man keeps cherishing his old knowledge, so as continually to be acquiring new, he may be a teacher of others."
    From: 聊齋志異, 第2卷
    Wēng xiào yuē: “Píng xī bù xiàng wǎng hái, hé yóu yí hún wú jiā?” [Pinyin]
    The old man laughed and said, "In normal days we don't have much of a relation, why would you want to call back the dead's soul in my house?"
* (literary) to be called (the name of)
    From: The Verses of Chu, 4th century BCE – 2nd century CE
    Dì Gāoyáng zhī miáoyì xī, zhèn huángkǎo yuē Bóyōng. [Pinyin]
    Springing forth from the seeds of King Gaoyang My glorious late Father was styled Boyong.

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 言, 云, 曰, 道 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 說, 道 literary |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 說 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 說, 講 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 說, 講 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 說, 講 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 說 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 說 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 說, 講 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 說 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 說 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 說 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 說 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 講 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangtan (Jiangnan Industries Group koine) | 講 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Pematangsiantar | 講 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 講 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 講, 話 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 講, 話 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 講, 話 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 講, 話 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 講 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 話 |
| Cantonese | Taishan (Guanghai) | 講 |
| Cantonese | Yunfu | 話 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 講, 話 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 講 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 講 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 講 |
| Cantonese | Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 講 |
| Cantonese | Danzhou | 講 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 講, 話 |
| Cantonese | Penang (Guangfu) | 講, 話 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 講, 話 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 講 |
| Cantonese | Móng Cái | 講 |
| Cantonese | Mandalay (Taishan) | 講 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 話 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 講, 話 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Meilin) | 講 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 講 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 講 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 講 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 講 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 講 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 講 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 講 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 講 |
| Hakka | Singapore (Dabu) | 講 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 講 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 說 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 話 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 講 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 講 |
| Eastern Min | Singapore (Fuqing) | 講 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 講 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 講 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 說 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 說 |
| Southern Min | Shishi | 說, 講 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 講 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 呾, 講 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 講 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 講 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 講 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 講 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 講 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 講 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 說, 講 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 呾 |
| Southern Min | Raoping | 呾 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 呾 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 呾 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 呾 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 呾 |
| Southern Min | Lufeng | 講 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 講 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 呾 |
| Southern Min | Phnom Penh (Teochew) | 呾 |
| Southern Min | Ho Chi Minh City (Teochew) | 呾 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 呾 |
| Southern Min | Pontianak (Teochew) | 呾 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 講 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 講 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 講 |
| Southern Min | Qionghai | 講 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 講 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 講 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 講 |
| Southern Pinghua | Binyang | 講, 說 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 講 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 話 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 講, 說 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 說, 話, 講 |
| Wu | Hangzhou (Yuhang) | 講, 話 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 講, 話 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 講 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 講 |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | 講 |
| Xiang | Xiangxiang | 講 |
| Xiang | Xiangxiang (Meiqiao) | 講 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 曰, 講 |

### Compounds

* 吊子曰兒 / 吊子曰儿
* 子曰 (zǐyuē)
* 子曰行
* 子曰詩云 (zǐyuēshīyún)
* 念子曰
* 或曰 (huòyuē)
* 詩云子曰
* 調子曰兒 / 调子曰儿

### References

* “曰”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* say

#### Readings

(Can we verify this pronunciation?)
* Go-on: おち (ochi)
* Kan-on: えつ (etsu)
* Kun: いう (iu, 曰う)、いわく (iwaku, 曰く)、のたばく (notabaku, 曰ばく)、のたまう (notamau, 曰う)、のたもう (notamou, 曰う)、のたまわく (notamawaku, 曰く)、のたまわす (notamawasu, 曰わす)、のとうぶ (notōbu, 曰ぶ)

#### Usage notes

Named as 平日 (hirabi, literally “wide hi”) to distinguish from the 日 (hi, “sun, day”) kanji.

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 曰 (MC hjwot).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᅌᅯᇙ〮 (Yale: ngwélq) | ᅌᅯᇙ〮 (Yale: ngwélq) |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 | ᄀᆞᆯ (Yale: kol) | 왈 (Yale: wal) |

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [wa̠ɭ]
* Phonetic hangul: [왈]

### Hanja

曰 (eumhun 가로 왈 (garo wal))
* hanja form of 왈 (“...said (denoting the creator of a quote)”) [adverb]

#### Compounds

* 왈가왈부 (曰可曰否, walgawalbu)
* 자왈 (子曰, jawal)
* 혹왈 (或曰, hogwal)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

曰: Hán Việt readings: viết (王(vương)伐(phạt)切(thiết))
曰: Nôm readings: viết, vít, vết, vịt, vệt, vắt, vất
* Nôm form of viết (“to write”).
* Nôm form of vít (“wound; scar”).

### References

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Nguyễn (2014).
* 1 2 3 4 5 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* 1 2 Trần (2004).
* 1 2 3 Bonet (1899).
* 1 2 Génibrel (1898).
* 1 2 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
* 1 2 3 Hồ (1976).