# 淘汰
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): táotài
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄠˊ ㄊㄞˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): tou$^4$ taai$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thò-thai
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): tô-thài / tô͘-thài
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: táotài
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄠˊ ㄊㄞˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: táotài
*** Wade–Giles: tʻao$^2$-tʻai$^4$
*** Yale: táu-tài
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: taurtay
*** Palladius: таотай (taotaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: tou$^4$ taai$^3$
*** Yale: tòuh taai
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tou$^4$ taai$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: tou$^4$ tai$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰou̯²¹ tʰaːi̯³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thò-thai
*** Hakka Romanization System: to$^ˇ$ tai
*** Hagfa Pinyim: to$^2$ tai$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰo¹¹ tʰai̯⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tô-thài
*** Tâi-lô: tô-thài
*** Phofsit Daibuun: doi'taix
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tɤ²³⁻³³ tʰai²¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /to²⁴⁻²² tʰai²¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /to¹³⁻²² tʰai²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /to²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰai¹¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tô͘-thài
*** Tâi-lô: tôo-thài
*** Phofsit Daibuun: do'taix
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tɔ²⁴⁻²² tʰai⁴¹/
* Middle Chinese: thajH
Rime :
| Character | 汰 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 透 (6) |
| Final (韻) | 泰 (25) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 他蓋切 |
| Baxter | thajH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tʰɑi$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /tʰɑi$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /tʰɑi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /tʰaj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /tʰɑi$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /tʰɑi$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /tʰɑi$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | tài |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | taai$^3$ |

### Verb

淘汰
* (literal) to rinse; to wash away
* (figurative) to eliminate (something bad or unsuitable); to weed out; to make (something) fall into disuse
    加速淘汰 ― jiāsù táotài ― to hasten elimination
* (sports) to eliminate (a team or player); to knock out

#### Synonyms

* (to eliminate):
* 免
* 免除 (miǎnchú)
* 刷 (colloquial)
* 削 (literary, or in compounds)
* 削除 (xuēchú)
* 去掉 (qùdiào)
* 去除 (qùchú)
* 報銷 / 报销 (bàoxiāo) (figurative, humorous)
* 屏除 (bǐngchú)
* 廓清 (kuòqīng)
* 打掉 (dǎdiào)
* 掃 / 扫
* 排解 (páijiě)
* 掃除 / 扫除 (sǎochú) (figurative)
* 排除 (páichú)
* 摒除 (bìngchú)
* 撤 (chè)
* 撤除 (chèchú)
* 消 (xiāo)
* 消弭 (xiāomǐ) (literary)
* 消解 (xiāojiě)
* 消釋 / 消释 (xiāoshì) (figurative)
* 消除 (xiāochú)
* 清洗 (qīngxǐ) (figurative)
* 清除 (qīngchú)
* 破 (pò) (literary, or in compounds)
* 破壞 / 破坏 (pòhuài)
* 破除 (pòchú)
* 祛除 (qūchú)
* 罷 / 罢
* 翦落 (jiǎnluò) (literary)
* 肅清 / 肃清 (sùqīng)
* 蕩 / 荡 (dàng) (literary, or in compounds)
* 解釋 / 解释 (jiěshì) (archaic)
* 解除 (jiěchú)
* 鋤 / 锄 (chú)
* 鏟除 / 铲除 (chǎnchú)
* 除
* 除去 (chúqù)
* 除忒 (Hakka)
* 除掉 (chúdiào)
* 除開 / 除开 (chúkāi)
* 革除 (géchú)
* 驅散 / 驱散 (qūsàn)
* 驅走 / 驱走 (qūzǒu)
* 驅除 / 驱除 (qūchú)

#### Derived terms

* 單淘汰 / 单淘汰
* 天然淘汰
* 淘汰賽 / 淘汰赛 (táotàisài)
* 自然淘汰 (zìrán táotài)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 淘(とう)汰(た) (tōta)
* → Korean: 도태(淘汰) (dotae)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 淘 | 汰 |
| とう Hyōgai | た Grade: S |
| kan'on | kan'yōon |
* Alternative spelling
* 洮汰

### Etymology

/tau ta/ → /tɔːta/ → /toːta/
Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 淘汰 (táotài).
Equivalent to a compound of Middle Chinese-derived elements 淘 (tō, “wash in sieve”) +‎ 汰 (ta, “scour”).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) とーた [tóꜜòtà] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [to̞ːta̠]

### Noun

淘(とう)汰(た) • (tōta)
* a culling out, weeding out
* (especially in biology) a selection
    Synonym: 選択 (sentaku)

#### Derived terms

* 淘(とう)汰(た)圧(あつ) (tōtātsu, “selection pressure”)
* 淘(とう)汰(た)盤(ばん) (tōtaban)
* 群(ぐん)淘(とう)汰(た) (guntōta)
* 血(けつ)縁(えん)淘(とう)汰(た) (ketsuen tōta)
* 自(し)然(ぜん)淘(とう)汰(た) (shizen tōta)
* 雌(し)雄(ゆう)淘(とう)汰(た) (shiyū tōta)
* 社(しゃ)会(かい)淘(とう)汰(た) (shakai tōta)
* 人(じん)為(い)淘(とう)汰(た) (jin'i tōta)
* 性(せい)淘(とう)汰(た) (seitōta)

### Verb

淘(とう)汰(た)する • (tōta suru) transitive suru (stem 淘(とう)汰(た)し (tōta shi), past 淘(とう)汰(た)した (tōta shita))
* to cull out, weed out

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 淘汰し | とうたし | tōta shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 淘汰し | とうたし | tōta shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 淘汰する | とうたする | tōta suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 淘汰する | とうたする | tōta suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 淘汰すれ | とうたすれ | tōta sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 淘汰せよ¹ 淘汰しろ² | とうたせよ¹ とうたしろ² | tōta seyo¹ tōta shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 淘汰される | とうたされる | tōta sareru |
| Causative | 淘汰させる 淘汰さす | とうたさせる とうたさす | tōta saseru tōta sasu |
| Potential | 淘汰できる | とうたできる | tōta dekiru |
| Volitional | 淘汰しよう | とうたしよう | tōta shiyō |
| Negative | 淘汰しない | とうたしない | tōta shinai |
| Negative continuative | 淘汰せず | とうたせず | tōta sezu |
| Formal | 淘汰します | とうたします | tōta shimasu |
| Perfective | 淘汰した | とうたした | tōta shita |
| Conjunctive | 淘汰して | とうたして | tōta shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 淘汰すれば | とうたすれば | tōta sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### See also

* 選(せん)別(べつ) (senbetsu)
* 篩(ふる)い落(お)とし (furuiotoshi)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 淘 | 汰 |

### Noun

淘汰 • (dotae) (hangeul 도태)
* hanja form of 도태 (“a culling out, weeding out”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 淘 | 汰 |

### Verb

淘汰
* chữ Hán form of đào thải (“to purge; to get rid of”).