# og
## English
### Etymology 1
#### Noun

og (plural ogs)
* Initialism of own goal.

### Etymology 2

og
* (stenoscript) Abbreviation of organize and related forms of that word (organized, organizes, organizing, organizer, organizable, organization, organizational, organizationally, etc.)

### Anagrams

* -go-, G.O., GO, Go, Goα, g'ô, go

## Cebuano
### Alternative forms

* ug
* 'g — contraction, appended to the preceding word

### Etymology

Standardized form of ug as an article in contrast to its conjunctional function.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʔuɡ/ [ʔʊɡ]

### Article

og
* indefinite indirect marker for nouns other than personal names.
    Coordinate term: sa — for definite nouns
    Mikaon og isda ang iring.The cat ate a fish.
    Gikaon og iring ang isda.A cat ate the fish.
* refers to motion towards an indefinite location:
    Moadto siya og merkado unya. ― He's going to a market later.
* refers to accompaniment with an indefinite partner or object: with a
    Synonyms: uban (og/ang), kuyog (og/ang)
    Nagpakuyog si Juan og guwardiya. ― Juan went with a security guard.
* refers to an indefinite tool or instrument used for doing: with, through, by
    Synonym: gamit (ang)
    Iyang gibunalan og silhig. ― He struck him with a broom.
* shows relation between two grammatical parts:
** preceding infinitives (replacing a prefix pag-)
    Naglisod ko og saka. ― I had a hard time going up.
** with adjectives of manner
    Nilakaw siya og kusog. ― He walked away fast.
** after ayaw (“don't”)
    Ayaw og adto. ― Don't go.
* (adjective + og + noun) having, possessing as an attribute:
    Synonym: may
    Dako og bukton. ― Having big arms.
    Kanindot niya og mata! ― What beautiful eyes s/he has!

#### Usage notes

* See usage notes under sa.

#### See also

| | | Direct | Direct | Indirect | Indirect | Oblique |
| | | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Oblique |
| Common | Singular | ang | ing$^†$, 'y | sa, sang$^†$ | og | sa |
| Common | Plural | ang mga | ing mga$^†$, 'y mga | sa mga, sang mga$^†$ | og mga | sa mga |
| Personal | Singular | si | si | ni | ni | kang* |
| Personal | Plural | sila ni, silang sa$^†$ | sila ni, silang sa$^†$ | nila ni, nilang na$^†$ | nila ni, nilang na$^†$ | (kan)ila ni*, (kan)ilang* ka$^†$ |
| $^†$Archaic *Indirect personal forms used instead in colloquial speech. |||||||

## Danish
### Etymology

From Old Norse ok (“and, also”), from Proto-Germanic *auk. Cognate with Swedish och (“and”), ock (“also”), Dutch ook (“also”), and German auch (“also”).

### Pronunciation

IPA: [ʌ], [ɒw]

### Conjunction

og
* and

### Adverb

og
* (archaic, dialect) also
    Synonym: også

## Elfdalian
### Etymology

From Old Norse ok, from Proto-Germanic *auk. Cognate with Swedish och.

### Conjunction

og
* and

## Faroese
### Etymology

From Old Norse ok.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /oː/, [oːo̞]
* Homophones: ov (‘too’)

### Conjunction

og
* and
    Hanus og Janus
       Hans and Jens
    her og har
       here and there

### See also

* bæði ... og

## Gothic
### Romanization

ōg
* Romanization of 𐍉𐌲

## Icelandic
### Etymology

From Old Norse ok.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɔːɣ/
* Rhymes: -ɔːɣ

### Conjunction

og
* and
    Kona og maður.A woman and a man.
    Ég heiti Baldur og þetta er Jón.My name is Baldur and this is Jón.

#### Derived terms

* Adam og Eva
* á milli steins og sleggju
* ár og síð
* bölva í sand og ösku
* bölva og ragna
* dömur mínar og herrar
* eins og
* ekki verður bæði sleppt og haldið
* fyrst og fremst
* gegnum súrt og sætt
* heilu og höldnu
* hægt og bítandi
* í húð og hár
* með kurt og pí
* pomp og prakt
* rigna eldi og brennisteini
* sem og
* um og ó
* þú og hvaða her

## Kunjen
### Noun

og
* water

### References

* Australian Languages: Classification and the comparative method (2004, →ISBN

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

From Old Norse ok (“and”), from earlier auk (“and”), from Proto-Germanic *auk (“also, too, furthermore”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewg- (“to increase, enlarge”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɔ/
* IPA: /ɔɡʲ/ (less common)

### Conjunction

og
* and

### References

* “og” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

From Old Norse ok.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɔ/
* Homophone: å

### Conjunction

og
* and

### References

* “og” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Old Irish
### Etymology

Uncertain. Originally a neuter s-stem, perhaps *ugos.
This word cannot be derived from Proto-Celtic *āwyom (from which Brittonic words Welsh wy (“egg”) descend), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ōwyóm, because the -g- and the vowel in Old Irish are unaccounted for.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [oɣ]

### Noun

og n or m or f (genitive ugae, nominative plural ugae)
* egg
* (anatomy) testicle

#### Declension

Neuter s-stem :
| | Singular | Dual | Plural |
| Nominative | og$^N$ | og$^N$ | ugae$^L$ |
| Vocative | og$^N$ | og$^N$ | ugae$^L$ |
| Accusative | og$^N$ | og$^N$ | ugae$^L$ |
| Genitive | ugae$^L$ | ugae | ugae$^N$ |
| Dative | uig$^L$ | ugaib | ugaib |
| Initial mutations of a following adjective: $^H$ = triggers aspiration $^L$ = triggers lenition $^N$ = triggers nasalization ||||

#### Descendants

* Irish: ubh
* Manx: ooh
* Scottish Gaelic: ugh

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* ↑ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*āwyo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 50
* ↑ Jochem Schindler (1969) “Die idg. Wörter 'Vogel' und 'Ei'”, in Die Sprache, volume 15, page 162

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 og”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, retrieved 26 July 2024
* Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940) D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, § 338, page 216; reprinted 2017