# 泉

| 泉 | U+6CC9, &#27849; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6CC9 |
| ← 泈 [U+6CC8] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 泊 → [U+6CCA] |

## Translingual
### Han character

泉 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+5, 9 strokes, cangjie input 竹日水 (HAE), four-corner 2623$_2$, composition ⿱白水)

#### Derived characters

* 腺, 𫇋, 𧪒, 𤀁

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 615, character 12
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17274
* Dae Jaweon: page 1009, character 9
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1576, character 10
* Unihan data for U+6CC9

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 泉 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script |
| | Old Chinese |
| 線 | *sqʰeːns |
| 泉 | *sɡʷen |
| 葲 | *sɡʷen |
| 灥 | *kʰʷjen, *sɢʷin |
Pictogram (象形) or ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : 白 (“spring mouth”) + 水 (“water”) – water flowing from the source of a spring. See also 原.

### Etymology

Schuessler (2007) minimally reconstructs the Old Chinese as *dzwan and also reconstructs Proto-Tibeto-Burman *tso (“to bubble; to boil”) (> Tibetan འཚོད་པ ('tshod pa, “to be boiled”), Tibetan བཙོས (btsos, “to cook in boiling water”), Burmese ဆူ (hcu, “to boil; to bubble”)), and considers 泉 (OC *sɡʷen, “spring (of water)”) to be cognate to it (with an n-suffix nominalization). However, STEDT considers the above three Tibeto-Burman terms to be descended from Proto-Tibeto-Burman *tsjow (“to boil; to burn; to bake; to bake”), to which 焦 (OC *ʔsew, “to roast; to burn; to scorch”) is cognate.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): quán (quan$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄩㄢˊ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): cyun$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): tun$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chhièn
    (Hailu, HRS): can
    (Meixian, Guangdong): can$^2$
* Jin (Wiktionary): qye$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): cṳ̂ing
* Eastern Min (BUC): ciòng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): syo$^2$ / syaⁿ$^2$ / zuiⁿ$^2$ / zyⁿ$^2$ / soeng$^2$ / syeng$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chôaⁿ / choân
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zuan$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$zhi
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): jienn$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: quán
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄩㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cyuán
*** Wade–Giles: chʻüan$^2$
*** Yale: chywán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyuan
*** Palladius: цюань (cjuanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: cyun$^4$
*** Yale: chyùhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsyn$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: qun$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰyːn²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: tun$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰun²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhièn
*** Hakka Romanization System: qien$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: qian$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰi̯en¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: can
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰan⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: can$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰan¹¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: qye$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕʰye¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cṳ̂ing
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡syiŋ³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ciòng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡suoŋ⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: syo$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬyɒ¹³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: syaⁿ$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬỹã¹³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: zuiⁿ$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sũĩ¹³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: zyⁿ$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sỹ¹³/
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: soeng$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬœŋ¹³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: syeng$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬyøŋ¹³/
* syo2/syaⁿ2 - vernacular;
* zuiⁿ2 - vernacular (only used in 泉州, more common);
* zyⁿ2 - vernacular (only used in 泉州, less common);
* soeng2/syeng2 - literary.
* Middle Chinese: dzjwen
Rime :
| Character | 泉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 從 (15) |
| Final (韻) | 仙 (78) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 疾緣切 |
| Baxter | dzjwen |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡ziuᴇn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡zʷiɛn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡zjuæn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡zwian/ |
| Li Rong | /d͡ziuɛn/ |
| Wang Li | /d͡zĭwɛn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /d͡zʱi̯wɛn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | quán |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | cyun$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-N-ɢʷar/
    (Zhengzhang): /*sɡʷen/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 泉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | quán |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dzjwen › |
| Old Chinese | /*s-N-ɢʷar/ (MC I!) |
| English | spring, source |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 泉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 10728 |
| Phonetic component | 泉 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 全 |
| Old Chinese | /*sɡʷen/ |

### Definitions

泉
* springwater (Classifier: 口 m; 眼 m)
    溫泉／温泉 ― wēnquán ― hot spring
    甘泉 ― gānquán ― sweet springwater
* mouth of a spring
* mythical abode of the dead
    黃泉／黄泉 ― huángquán ― netherworld
* (historical) an ancient type of coin
* Short for 泉州 (Quánzhōu, “Quanzhou”).

#### Synonyms

* (springwater):
* 水泉 (shuǐquán) (literary or Min Nan)
* 泉水 (quánshuǐ)
* (mouth of a spring):
* 泉眼 (quányǎn)
* 泉空 (Hokkien)
* 浸水眼 (cin$^4$ xyei$^3$ ngan$^3$) (Xiang)

### Compounds

* 三泉
* 下泉
* 不飲盜泉 / 不饮盗泉
* 九泉 (jiǔquán)
* 乳泉
* 五眼泉 (Wǔyǎnquán)
* 冷泉 (lěngquán)
* 冽泉 (lièquán)
* 千泉 (Qiānquán)
* 卓刀泉 (Zhuódāoquán)
* 噴泉 / 喷泉 (pēnquán)
* 奔泉
* 寒泉之思
* 寶泉局 / 宝泉局
* 山泉 (shānquán)
* 平泉莊 / 平泉庄
* 廉泉
* 思如泉湧 / 思如泉涌
* 思如湧泉 / 思如涌泉
* 思若湧泉 / 思若涌泉
* 息影林泉
* 操瓶湧泉 / 操瓶涌泉
* 文思泉湧 / 文思泉涌
* 月牙泉 (Yuèyáquán)
* 林泉 (línquán)
* 毖泉
* 水泉 (shuǐquán)
* 氿泉 (guǐquán)
* 泉下 (quánxià)
* 泉世 (quánshì)
* 泉口 (Quánkǒu)
* 泉壤 (quánrǎng)
* 泉子
* 泉州 (Quánzhōu)
* 泉幣 / 泉币 (quánbì)
* 泉幣文字 / 泉币文字
* 泉扃
* 泉水 (quánshuǐ)
* 沸泉 (fèiquán)
* 泉湧 / 泉涌
* 泉源 (quányuán)
* 泉溪 (Quánxī)
* 泉溝 / 泉沟 (Quángōu)
* 泉眼 (quányǎn)
* 泉石 (quánshí)
* 泉石膏肓
* 泉脈 / 泉脉 (quánmài)
* 泉臺 / 泉台 (quántái)
* 泉貝 / 泉贝
* 泉路 (quánlù)
* 洪泉 (hóngquán)
* 流泉 (liúquán)
* 淚如泉湧 / 泪如泉涌 (lèirúquányǒng)
* 清泉 (qīngquán)
* 淵泉 / 渊泉
* 湧泉 / 涌泉
* 湯泉 / 汤泉 (tāngquán)
* 渴驥奔泉 / 渴骥奔泉
* 源泉 (yuánquán)
* 溫泉 / 温泉 (wēnquán)
* 溫泉浴 / 温泉浴
* 源泉萬斛 / 源泉万斛
* 澧泉
* 濆泉 / 𣸣泉
* 瀵泉
* 火然泉達 / 火然泉达
* 玉泉 (Yùquán)
* 玻璃泉
* 甘泉 (gānquán)
* 甘泉必竭
* 白泉 (báiquán)
* 盜泉 / 盗泉 (Dàoquán)
* 盜泉寧渴 / 盗泉宁渴
* 石泉
* 硫磺泉
* 碧落黃泉 / 碧落黄泉
* 礦泉 / 矿泉 (kuàngquán)
* 礦泉水 / 矿泉水 (kuàngquánshuǐ)
* 神泉
* 萬斛泉源 / 万斛泉源
* 窮泉 / 穷泉
* 荒漠甘泉
* 言泉 (yánquán)
* 誓泉之譏 / 誓泉之讥
* 謀如湧泉 / 谋如涌泉
* 貨泉 / 货泉
* 貪泉酌飲 / 贪泉酌饮
* 趵突泉
* 趵突泉詩 / 趵突泉诗
* 酒泉 (jiǔquán)
* 醴泉
* 重泉 (zhòngquán)
* 間歇噴泉 / 间歇喷泉
* 間歇泉 / 间歇泉 (jiànxiēquán)
* 阪泉
* 飛泉 / 飞泉 (fēiquán)
* 馬跑泉 / 马跑泉
* 鹽泉 / 盐泉
* 黃泉 / 黄泉 (huángquán)
* 龍泉 / 龙泉 (lóngquán)
* 龍泉窯 / 龙泉窑

### References

* “泉”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市政协文化文史和学习委员会 [Culture, History and Learning Committee of Putian CPPCC], editor (2021), “泉”, in 莆仙方言大词典 [Comprehensive Dictionary of Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 517.
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “泉”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 194.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)
* spring (source of water)

#### Readings

* Go-on: ぜん (zen)
* Kan-on: せん (sen, Jōyō)
* Kun: いずみ (izumi, 泉, Jōyō)
* Nanori: いず (izu)、ずい (zui)、ずみ (zumi)、ぜい (zei)、ぜん (zen)、の (no)

#### Compounds

* 温(おん)泉(せん) (onsen, “hot spring”)
* 源(げん)泉(せん) (gensen, “source, origin”)
* 鉱(こう)泉(せん) (kōsen, “mineral spring”)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 泉
* いずみ Grade: 6
* kun'yomi
/idumi/ → /id͡zumi/ → (for most modern Japanese dialects; see also Yotsugana) /izumi/
From Old Japanese. Found in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.
Compound of 出づ (ancient reading idu, modern izu, “to come out”) +‎ 水 (mi, “water”).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) いずみ [ìzúmí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [izɨmʲi]

### Noun

泉(いずみ) • (izumi)
* natural spring, a wellspring
    Synonyms: 湧泉, 涌泉 (yūsen)
    若(わか)返(がえ)りの泉(いずみ)
       Wakagaeri no Izumi
       The Fountain of Youth
** 1999 August 26, “泉(いずみ)の妖(よう)精(せい) [Fairy of the Fountain]”, in BOOSTER 4, Konami:
    泉(いずみ)を守(まも)る妖(よう)精(せい)。泉(いずみ)を汚(けが)す者(もの)を容(よう)赦(しゃ)なく攻(こう)撃(げき)。
       Izumi o mamoru yōsei. Izumi o kegasu mono o yōsha naku kōgeki.
       A fairy who mercilessly assaults anyone who dares contaminate the fountain she’s sworn protects.

### Proper noun

泉(いずみ) • (Izumi)
* a place name
* a surname
* a female given name

### References

* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 泉 (MC dzjwen).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᄍᆑᆫ (Yale: ccyyèn) | ᄍᆑᆫ (Yale: ccyyèn) |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | ᄉᆡᆷ〯 (Yale: sǒym) | 쳔 (Yale: chyèn) |

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [t͡ɕʰʌ̹n]
* Phonetic hangul: [천]

### Hanja

Wikisource 泉 (eumhun 샘 천 (saem cheon))
* hanja form of 천 (“spring”)

#### Compounds

* 간헐천 (間歇泉, ganheolcheon)
* 온천 (溫泉, oncheon)
* 원천 (源泉, woncheon)
* 횡천 (黃泉, hoengcheon)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

泉: Hán Nôm readings: tuyền
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.