# 灘

| 灘 | U+7058, &#28760; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7058 |
| ← 灗 [U+7057] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 灙 → [U+7059] |

## Translingual
### Han character

灘 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+19, 22 strokes, cangjie input 水廿人土 (ETOG), four-corner 3011$_4$, composition ⿰氵難)

### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 663, character 22
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 18784
* Dae Jaweon: page 1072, character 14
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1794, character 4
* Unihan data for U+7058

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 灘
* Warring States
* Bronze inscriptions
| | Old Chinese |
| 儺 | *naːl |
| 臡 | *naːl, *neːl, *njeːl |
| 嘆 | *n̥ʰaːn, *n̥ʰaːns |
| 灘 | *n̥ʰaːn, *naːns, *hnaːnʔ, *hnaːns |
| 擹 | *n̥ʰaːn |
| 攤 | *n̥ʰaːn, *naːnʔ, *naːns |
| 癱 | *n̥ʰaːn |
| 歎 | *n̥ʰaːns |
| 難 | *n̥ʰaːn, *naːns |
| 暵 | *hnaːnʔ, *hnaːns |
| 熯 | *hnaːnʔ, *hnaːns, *njanʔ |
| 漢 | *hnaːns |
| 戁 | *rnaːnʔ, *njanʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *n̥ʰaːn, *naːns, *hnaːnʔ, *hnaːns) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 難 (OC *n̥ʰaːn, *naːns).

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tān (tan$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄢ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): taan$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): thân
    (Meixian, Guangdong): tan$^1$
* Eastern Min (BUC): tăng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): thoaⁿ / than
    (Teochew, Peng'im): tuan$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tān
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tan
*** Wade–Giles: tʻan$^1$
*** Yale: tān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tan
*** Palladius: тань (tanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰän⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: taan$^1$
*** Yale: tāan
*** Cantonese Pinyin: taan$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: tan$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰaːn⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thân
*** Hakka Romanization System: tan$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: tan$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰan²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: tan$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰan⁴⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: tăng
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰaŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thoaⁿ / than
*** Tâi-lô: thuann / than
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tvoaf, tafn
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tʰuã⁴⁴/, /tʰan⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰuã³³/, /tʰan³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰuã⁴⁴/, /tʰan⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tʰuã⁴⁴/, /tʰan⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰuã⁴⁴/, /tʰan⁴⁴/
* thoaⁿ - vernacular;
* than - literary.
* Middle Chinese: than
Rime :
| Character | 灘 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 透 (6) |
| Final (韻) | 寒 (61) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 他干切 |
| Baxter | than |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tʰɑn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /tʰɑn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /tʰɑn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /tʰan/ |
| Li Rong | /tʰɑn/ |
| Wang Li | /tʰɑn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /tʰɑn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | tān |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | taan$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*n̥ˤar/
    (Zhengzhang): /*n̥ʰaːn/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 灘 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | tān |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ than › |
| Old Chinese | /*n̥ˁar/ (E dialect: *n̥ˁ- > MC th-) |
| English | foreshore |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 灘 |
| Reading # | 1/4 |
| No. | 4891 |
| Phonetic component | 暵 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 灘 |
| Old Chinese | /*n̥ʰaːn/ |

#### Definitions

灘
* shoal
* beach
* Classifier for liquid or paste spread over a surface: pool; puddle

##### Synonyms

* (classifier for liquid or paste): (Sichuanese) 𣲩 (pá)

#### Compounds

* 一灘 / 一滩
* 上海灘 / 上海滩 (Shànghǎitān)
* 回灘 / 回滩
* 廟灘 / 庙滩 (Miàotān)
* 打地灘兒 / 打地滩儿
* 打灘 / 打滩
* 搶灘 / 抢滩 (qiǎngtān)
* 新灘 / 新滩 (Xīntān)
* 方灘 / 方滩 (Fāngtān)
* 暗灘 / 暗滩 (àntān)
* 李灘 / 李滩 (Lǐtān)
* 杭州灘簧 / 杭州滩簧
* 沙灘 / 沙滩 (shātān)
* 河漫灘 / 河漫滩 (hémàntān)
* 河灘 / 河滩 (hétān)
* 海灘 / 海滩 (hǎitān)
* 涒灘 / 涒滩
* 海灘排球 / 海滩排球 (hǎitān páiqiú)
* 淺灘 / 浅滩 (qiǎntān)
* 灘子 / 滩子
* 灘師 / 滩师
* 灘戶 / 滩户
* 灘簧 / 滩簧 (tānhuáng)
* 灘線 / 滩线
* 灘羊 / 滩羊
* 灘船 / 滩船
* 灘頭 / 滩头 (tāntóu)
* 灘黃 / 滩黄
* 熊灘 / 熊滩 (Xióngtān)
* 王灘 / 王滩 (Wángtān)
* 白水灘 / 白水滩
* 皇恐灘 / 皇恐滩 (Huángkǒng Tān)
* 石灘 / 石滩 (shítān)
* 紅柳灘 / 红柳滩 (Hóngliǔtān)
* 金沙灘 / 金沙滩
* 長灘 / 长滩 (Chángtān)
* 險灘 / 险滩 (xiǎntān)
* 鹽灘 / 盐滩
* 黃灘 / 黄滩 (Huángtān)
* 龍困淺灘 / 龙困浅滩

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): hàn (han$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄢˋ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hàn
*** Wade–Giles: han$^4$
*** Yale: hàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hann
*** Palladius: хань (xanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /xän⁵¹/
* Middle Chinese: xanX
Rime :
| Character | 灘 |
| Reading # | 2/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 曉 (32) |
| Final (韻) | 寒 (61) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 呼旱切 |
| Baxter | xanX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /hɑn$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /hɑn$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /xɑn$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /han$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /xɑn$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /xɑn$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /xɑn$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | hǎn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hon$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*hnaːnʔ/, /*hnaːns/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 灘 | 灘 |
| Reading # | 3/4 | 4/4 |
| No. | 4902 | 4908 |
| Phonetic component | 暵 | 暵 |
| Rime group | 元 | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 䍐 | 漢 |
| Old Chinese | /*hnaːnʔ/ | /*hnaːns/ |
| Notes | | 原隹作鳥據旱韻又音校改 |

#### Definitions

灘
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): nàn (nan$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄋㄢˋ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: nàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄋㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: nàn
*** Wade–Giles: nan$^4$
*** Yale: nàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nann
*** Palladius: нань (nanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /nän⁵¹/
* Middle Chinese: nanH
Rime :
| Character | 灘 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 泥 (8) |
| Final (韻) | 寒 (61) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 奴案切 |
| Baxter | nanH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /nɑn$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /nɑn$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /nɑn$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /nan$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /nɑn$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /nɑn$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /nɑn$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | nàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | naan$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*naːns/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 灘 |
| Reading # | 2/4 |
| No. | 4901 |
| Phonetic component | 暵 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 攤 |
| Old Chinese | /*naːns/ |

#### Definitions

灘
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

### References

* “Entry #13246”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.

## Japanese

| Shinjitai (extended) | Shinjitai (extended) |
| 灘󠄂 灘+&#xE0102; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) | Shinjitai (extended) |
| Kyūjitai | 灘 |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: たん (tan)
* Kan-on: たん (tan)
* Kan’yō-on: だん (dan)
* Kun: なだ (nada, 灘)、せ (se, 灘)
* Nanori: だな (dana)、なん (nan)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 灘
* なだ Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *nanta.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) なだ [náꜜdà] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [na̠da̠]

### Noun

灘(なだ) • (nada)
* area of a sea or an ocean with strong winds or surging waves; rough sea
    玄界(げんかい)灘(なだ)
       Genkai Nada
       Genkai Sea

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 灘 (MC than). Recorded as Middle Korean 탄 (than) (Yale: than) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

Wikisource 灘 (eumhun 여울 탄 (yeoul tan))
* hanja form of 탄 (“shoal”)

#### Compounds

* 광탄천 (鑛灘川, Gwangtancheon)
* 신탄진 (新灘津, Sintanjin, “Sintanjin-dong”)
* 한탄강 (漢灘江, Hantan'gang, “Hantan River”)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

灘: Hán Nôm readings: than
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.