# 礙

| 礙 | U+7919, &#31001; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7919 |
| ← 礘 [U+7918] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 礚 → [U+791A] |

## Translingual
### Han character

礙 (Kangxi radical 112, 石+14, 19 strokes, cangjie input 一口心大人 (MRPKO), four-corner 1768$_1$, composition ⿰石疑)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 837, character 46
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24542
* Dae Jaweon: page 1255, character 7
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2461, character 11
* Unihan data for U+7919

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 礙 | *ŋɯːs |
| 儗 | *ŋɯːs, *hŋɯːs, *ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯs |
| 懝 | *ŋɯːs, *ŋɯɡ |
| 譺 | *ŋrɯːs, *ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯs |
| 癡 | *ŋ̊ʰl'ɯ |
| 疑 | *ŋɯ |
| 嶷 | *ŋɯ, *ŋɯɡ |
| 觺 | *ŋɯ |
| 擬 | *ŋɯʔ |
| 薿 | *ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯɡ |
| 凝 | *ŋrɯŋ, *ŋrɯŋs |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ŋɯːs): semantic 石 + phonetic 疑 (OC *ŋɯ).

### Etymology

Uncertain, possibly Sino-Tibetan; compare Proto-Lolo-Burmese *ʔgak, Tibetan འགག ('gag, “obstruction, stoppage”), བཀག (bkag, “blockage, barricade, barrier”), དགག (dgag, “block, inhibit, obstruct”) & འགེགས་པ ('gegs pa, “hinder, thwart, obstruct”) (Bodman, 1980), as Tibeto-Burman voice stops sometimes correspond to Chinese nasal initials (Schuessler, 2007).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): ài (ai$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄞˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ngoi$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ngoi
    (Hailu, HRS): ngoi$^˖$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ngoi$^4$
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ngai$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): gāi
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ghai$^7$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$nge
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: ài
*** Zhuyin: ㄞˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ài
*** Wade–Giles: ai$^4$
*** Yale: ài
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ay
*** Palladius: ай (aj)
*** Sinological IPA : /ˀaɪ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ngoi$^6$
*** Yale: ngoih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ngoi$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ngoi$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋɔːi̯²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngoi
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngoi
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngoi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋoi̯⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngoi$^˖$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋoi³³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: ngoi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋoɪ⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ngai$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋai²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gāi
*** Tâi-lô: gāi
*** Phofsit Daibuun: gai
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ɡai²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡai⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡai²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ɡai³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡai³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ghai$^7$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: gāi
*** Sinological IPA : /ɡai¹¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$nge
*** MiniDict: nge$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$nge
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ŋe²³/
* Middle Chinese: ngojH
Rime :
| Character | 礙 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 咍 (41) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 五漑切 |
| Baxter | ngojH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ŋʌi$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ŋəi$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ŋɒi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ŋəj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ŋᴀi$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ŋɒi$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ŋɑ̆i$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | ài |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ngoi$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋɯːs/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 礙 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 14888 |
| Phonetic component | 疑 |
| Rime group | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋɯːs/ |

### Definitions

礙
* to obstruct; to hinder; to block; to deter
    From: Liezi, 1st – 5th century CE
    Dú wǎng dú lái, dú chū dú rù, shú néng ài zhī? [Pinyin]
    They come and go on their own, they exit and enter on their own. Who can block their way?
* obstruction; hindrance
    From: Yang Xiong, Fa Yan (Exemplary Sayings), 9 CE, translated based on Jeffrey S. Bullock's version
    Jūnzǐ zhī xíng, dú wú'ài hū? [Pinyin]
    How can the superior person's path alone be without obstruction? How can he be direct?

### Compounds

* 不相妨礙 / 不相妨碍
* 不礙事 / 不碍事
* 了無罣礙 / 了无罣碍
* 凝血障礙 / 凝血障碍
* 大礙 / 大碍 (dà'ài)
* 妨礙 / 妨碍 (fáng'ài)
* 干礙
* 庢礙 / 庢碍
* 恚礙 / 恚碍
* 意識障礙 / 意识障碍
* 拘礙 / 拘碍
* 掛礙 / 挂碍 (guà'ài)
* 方何礙 / 方何碍
* 方礙 / 方碍
* 有礙觀瞻 / 有碍观瞻 (yǒu'àiguānzhān)
* 渾無罣礙 / 浑无罣碍
* 滯礙 / 滞碍 (zhì'ài)
* 無掛無礙 / 无挂无碍
* 無礙 / 无碍 (wú'ài)
* 發音障礙 / 发音障碍 (fāyīn zhàng'ài)
* 礙事 / 碍事 (àishì)
* 礙口 / 碍口 (àikǒu)
* 礙口飾羞 / 碍口饰羞
* 礙手 / 碍手
* 礙手礙腳 / 碍手碍脚 (àishǒu'àijiǎo)
* 礙眼 / 碍眼 (àiyǎn)
* 礙虐 / 碍虐 (gāi-gio̍h) (Min Nan)
* 礙難 / 碍难 (àinán)
* 礙難照辦 / 碍难照办
* 窒礙 / 窒碍 (zhì'ài)
* 窒礙難行 / 窒碍难行
* 罣礙 / 罣碍 (guà'ài)
* 聽力障礙 / 听力障碍
* 躓礙 / 踬碍
* 身心障礙 / 身心障碍 (shēnxīn zhàng'ài)
* 辯才無礙 / 辩才无碍 (biàncáiwú'ài)
* 違礙 / 违碍 (wéi'ài)
* 關礙 / 关碍 (guān'ài)
* 阻礙 / 阻碍 (zǔ'ài)
* 障礙 / 障碍 (zhàng'ài)
* 障礙物 / 障碍物 (zhàng'àiwù)
* 障礙賽跑 / 障碍赛跑

## Japanese

| Shinjitai (extended) | 碍 |
| Kyūjitai | 礙 |

### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 碍)
* obstruction

#### Readings

* Go-on: げ (ge)
* Kan-on: がい (gai)
* Kun: さまたげる (samatageru, 礙げる)

## Korean
### Hanja

礙 • (ae) (hangeul 애, revised ae, McCune–Reischauer ae, Yale ay)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

礙: Hán Nôm readings: ngại, ngái
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.