# πήγνυμι
## Ancient Greek
### Alternative forms

* πηγνύω (pēgnúō)
* πήσσω (pḗssō)

### Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *peh₂ǵ- (“to coagulate, become fixed”). Cognates include Latin pangō and Old English fōn (English fang).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pɛ̌ː.ɡnyː.mi/ → /ˈpi.ɣny.mi/ → /ˈpi.ɣni.mi/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /pɛ̌ː.ɡnyː.mi/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /ˈpe̝.ɡny.mi/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /ˈpi.ɣny.mi/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /ˈpi.ɣny.mi/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /ˈpi.ɣni.mi/

### Verb

πήγνῡμῐ • (pḗgnūmĭ)
* to secure, stick in, fix on
** 440 BCE – 390 BCE, Andocides, Against Alcibiades 30
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.119
** 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Works and Days 430
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.460
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.570
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 11.129
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 12.15
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 23.276
** 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Nemean Ode 7.26
** 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 871c
** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 821
** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 420
** to fixate upon
*** 129 CE – 216 CE, Galen, Collected Works 16.610
*** 460 BCE – 370 BCE, Hippocrates, Prorrhetics 1.46
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 3.217
*** 331 CE – 363 CE, Julian, Orations 3.123b
*** Philostr.Jun., Im. 11
*** 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 530d
*** 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 605a
* to fasten, put together, unite, build
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.83
** 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Works and Days 455
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.664
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 5.163
** 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedrus 246c
* to make solid, stiffen, freeze, curdle
** 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 67
** 472 BCE, Aeschylus, The Persians 496
** 408 BCE – 334 BCE, Antiphanes Comicus, Collected Works 166.7
** 446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, The Acharnians 139
** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Generation of Animals 752a.35
** 350 BCE, Aristotle, Parts of Animals 676a.14
** 175 CE – 235 CE, Claudius Aelianus, On the Nature of Animals 2.11
** 40 CE – 90 CE, Dioscorides, Materia medica 4.95
** 416 BCE, Euripides, Herakles 1395
** 129 CE – 216 CE, Galen, Thrasybulus 7
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.28
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.119
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 22.453
** 125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian, A True Story 1.24
** 300 BCE – 200 BCE, Theocritus, Collected Works 23.31
** 371 BCE – 287 BCE, Theophrastus, On the Causes of Plants 5.12.10
** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.23
** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 4.5.3
** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 7.4.3
* (figuratively) to fix, establish, determine
** 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1198
** Carc. 6.2
** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Aristogiton 1 90
** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, First Philippic 8
** 407 BCE, Euripides, Iphigenia in Aulis 395
** 300 CE – 400 CE, Himerius, Orations 16.6
** 396 BCE – 323 BCE, Lycurgus of Athens, Collected Works 73
** 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Nemean Ode 3.62
** 90 CE – 168 CE, Ptolemy, Tetrabiblos 103
** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.92

#### Derived terms

* ἀγριοπηγός (agriopēgós)
* ἀκροπᾰγής (akropăgḗs)
* ἀμφῐπήγνῠμαι (amphĭpḗgnŭmai)
* ἀνᾰπήγνῡμῐ (anăpḗgnūmĭ)
* ἀντῐπήγνῡμῐ (antĭpḗgnūmĭ)
* ἀπᾰγής (apăgḗs)
* ἀποπήγνῡμῐ (apopḗgnūmĭ)
* ἀρτῐπᾰγής (artĭpăgḗs)
* αὐτοπᾰγής (autopăgḗs)
* βῐβλῐοπηγός (bĭblĭopēgós)
* βυρσοοπᾰγής (bursoopăgḗs)
* γᾰλακτοπᾰγής (gălaktopăgḗs)
* γλακτοπᾰγής (glaktopăgḗs)
* γομφοπᾰγής (gomphopăgḗs)
* γουνοπᾰγής (gounopăgḗs)
* γυιοπᾰγής (guiopăgḗs)
* δῐᾰπήγνῡμῐ (dĭăpḗgnūmĭ)
* δορῠπᾰγής (dorŭpăgḗs)
* δροσοπᾰγής (drosopăgḗs)
* δρῠοπᾰγής (drŭopăgḗs)
* ἐκπήγνῡμῐ (ekpḗgnūmĭ)
* ἐμπήγνῡμῐ (empḗgnūmĭ)
* ἐπῐπήγνῡμῐ (epĭpḗgnūmĭ)
* εὐπᾰγής (eupăgḗs)
* ζεσελαιοπᾰγής (zeselaiopăgḗs)
* ἡλοπᾰγής (hēlopăgḗs)
* ἡμιπᾰγής (hēmipăgḗs)
* θειοπᾰγής (theiopăgḗs)
* ἰχθῠπᾰγής (ikhthŭpăgḗs)
* κᾰτᾰπήγνῡμῐ (kătăpḗgnūmĭ)
* κεδροπᾰγής (kedropăgḗs)
* κηροπᾰγής (kēropăgḗs)
* κρῡμοπᾰγής (krūmopăgḗs)
* μεσοπᾰγής (mesopăgḗs)
* μετᾰπήγνῡμῐ (metăpḗgnūmĭ)
* μετριοπᾰγής (metriopăgḗs)
* Ναύπακτος (Naúpaktos)
* ναυπηγός (naupēgós)
* νεοπᾰγής (neopăgḗs)
* ξῠλοπᾰγής (xŭlopăgḗs)
* ὀξῠπᾰγής (oxŭpăgḗs)
* ὀρθοπᾰγής (orthopăgḗs)
* πᾰλίμπηγᾰ (pălímpēgă)
* πᾰρᾰπήγνῡμῐ (părăpḗgnūmĭ)
* περιπήγνῡμῐ (peripḗgnūmĭ)
* ποντοπᾰγής (pontopăgḗs)
* προπήγνῡμῐ (propḗgnūmĭ)
* προσπήγνῡμῐ (prospḗgnūmĭ)
* πρωτοπᾰγής (prōtopăgḗs)
* ῥιζοπᾰγής (rhizopăgḗs)
* σαρκοπᾰγής (sarkopăgḗs)
* σησᾰμοτῡροπᾰγής (sēsămotūropăgḗs)
* σκηνοπᾰγής (skēnopăgḗs)
* στερεοπᾰγής (stereopăgḗs)
* σῠμπήγνῡμῐ (sŭmpḗgnūmĭ)
* ὑγροπᾰγής (hugropăgḗs)
* ὑδροπᾰγής (hudropăgḗs)
* ὑπερπήγνῠμαι (huperpḗgnŭmai)
* ὑποπήγνῡμῐ (hupopḗgnūmĭ)
* χαλκοπᾰγής (khalkopăgḗs)
* χρῡσοπᾰγής (khrūsopăgḗs)

#### Related terms

* ἅπαξ (hápax)
* ἀπηξία (apēxía)
* πᾰγερός (păgerós)
* πάγη (págē)
* πάγῐος (págĭos)
* πᾰγίς (păgís)
* πάγος (págos)
* πάσσᾰλος (pássălos)
* πάχνη (pákhnē)
* πηγάς (pēgás)
* πῆγμᾰ (pêgmă)
* πηγός (pēgós)
* πηγῠλίς (pēgŭlís)
* πηκτῐκός (pēktĭkós)
* πηκτίς (pēktís)
* πηκτός (pēktós)
* πῆξῐς (pêxĭs)

### References

* ↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πήγνυμι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1184

### Further reading

* “πήγνυμι”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “πήγνυμι”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “πήγνυμι”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
* πήγνυμι in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
* πήγνυμι in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
* G4078 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible