# 虜

| 虜 | U+865C, &#34396; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-865C |
| ← 虛 [U+865B] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 虝 → [U+865D] |
| 虜 | U+F936, &#63798; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F936 |
| ← 蘆 [U+F935] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 路 → [U+F937] |
| 虜 | U+2F9B4, &#194996; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9B4 |
| ← 虐 [U+2F9B3] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement | 虧 → [U+2F9B5] |

## Translingual
### Han character

虜 (Kangxi radical 141, 虍+6, 13 strokes, cangjie input 卜心田大尸 (YPWKS), four-corner 2122$_7$, composition ⿸虍男(GHJV) or ⿸虍⿱⿻毌力(TK) or ⿸虍⿱⿻囗十力(TK))
| Traditional | 虜 |
| Simplified | 虏 |
| Japanese | 虜 |
| Korean | 虜 |

#### Derived characters

* 𠿛, 𢢛, 擄, 𪷓, 𭧷, 㯭, 艣, 鐪, 䲐, 𩯜, 㢚, 𤺿

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1074, character 13
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 32710
* Dae Jaweon: page 1542, character 1
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2827, character 3
* Unihan data for U+865C
* Unihan data for U+F936
* Unihan data for U+2F9B4

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 唬 | *qʰraːs, *kʷraːɡ |
| 戲 | *qʰral, *qʰrals, *qʰaː |
| 巇 | *qʰra |
| 隵 | *qʰra |
| 嚱 | *qʰras |
| 盧 | *b·raː |
| 鑪 | *raː |
| 壚 | *raː |
| 籚 | *raː |
| 蘆 | *raː, *ra |
| 顱 | *b·raː |
| 髗 | *b·raː |
| 鱸 | *raː |
| 攎 | *raː |
| 櫨 | *raː |
| 轤 | *raː |
| 黸 | *raː |
| 獹 | *raː |
| 鸕 | *raː |
| 艫 | *raː |
| 纑 | *raː |
| 瀘 | *raː |
| 瓐 | *raː |
| 爐 | *raː |
| 嚧 | *raː |
| 矑 | *b·raː |
| 罏 | *raː |
| 蠦 | *raː |
| 虜 | *raːʔ |
| 擄 | *raːʔ |
| 艣 | *raːʔ |
| 鐪 | *raːʔ |
| 虖 | *qʰaː, *qʰʷa, *qʰaː, *qʰʷa |
| 虍 | *qʰaː |
| 雐 | *qʰʷlaː |
| 虎 | *qʰlaːʔ |
| 琥 | *qʰlaːʔ |
| 萀 | *qʰlaːʔ |
| 臚 | *b·ra |
| 廬 | *ra |
| 驢 | *b·ra |
| 藘 | *ra |
| 爈 | *ra, *ras |
| 櫖 | *ra, *ras |
| 儢 | *raʔ |
| 慮 | *ras |
| 勴 | *ras |
| 鑢 | *ras |
| 濾 | *ras |
| 攄 | *r̥ʰa |
| 處 | *kʰljaʔ, *kʰljas |
| 豦 | *kas, *ɡa |
| 據 | *kas |
| 鐻 | *kas, *ɡa, *ɡaʔ |
| 澽 | *kas, *ɡas |
| 虛 | *kʰa, *qʰa |
| 墟 | *kʰa |
| 懅 | *ɡa |
| 蘧 | *ɡa, *ɡʷa |
| 籧 | *ɡa |
| 醵 | *ɡa, *ɡas, *ɡaɡ |
| 璩 | *ɡa |
| 虡 | *ɡaʔ |
| 遽 | *ɡas |
| 勮 | *ɡas |
| 噓 | *qʰa, *qʰas |
| 驉 | *qʰa |
| 歔 | *qʰa |
| 魖 | *qʰa |
| 膚 | *pla |
| 虧 | *kʰʷral |
| 噱 | *ɡaɡ |
| 臄 | *ɡaɡ |
| 劇 | *ɡaɡ |
| 諕 | *qʰʷraːɡ |

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): lǔ, luǒ (lu$^3$, luo$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄨˇ, ㄌㄨㄛˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): lou$^5$
* Eastern Min (BUC): lū / luō
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): lou$^3$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): ló͘
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lǔ
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄨˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lǔ
*** Wade–Giles: lu$^3$
*** Yale: lǔ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: luu
*** Palladius: лу (lu)
*** Sinological IPA : /lu²¹⁴/
** (Standard Chinese, variant in Taiwan; Beijing dialect)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: luǒ
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄛˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: luǒ
*** Wade–Giles: lo$^3$
*** Yale: lwǒ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: luoo
*** Palladius: ло (lo)
*** Sinological IPA : /lu̯ɔ²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lou$^5$
*** Yale: lóuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lou$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lou$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /lou̯¹³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: lū / luō
*** Sinological IPA : /l̃u³³/, /l̃uo³³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: lou$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɔu⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: lou$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɔu³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ló͘
*** Tâi-lô: lóo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: lor
*** IPA (Xiamen): /lɔ⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /lɔ⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /lɔ⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /lɔ⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /lɔ⁴¹/
* Middle Chinese: luX
Rime :
| Character | 虜 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 郎古切 |
| Baxter | luX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /luo$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /luo$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /lo$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /lɔ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /lo$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /lu$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /luo$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | lǔ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | lou$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.rˤaʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*raːʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 虜 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | lǔ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ lu$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*C.rˁaʔ/ |
| English | captive; imprison |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 虜 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 5222 |
| Phonetic component | 虍 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 魯 |
| Old Chinese | /*raːʔ/ |

### Definitions

虜
* to capture; to imprison
* to plunder; to rob
* captive; prisoner of war
    From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
    Xiànmínlǔzhě cāo yòumèi. [Pinyin]
    He who is presenting a captive should hold him by the right sleeve.
* (literary, derogatory) enemy
    From: The New Book of Tang, 1060 CE
    Lǔ bù yú jūn zhì, yīn dà kuì. [Pinyin]
    The enemies did not anticipate the armies' arrival, so they were utterly routed.
* (literary, derogatory) northern barbarian
    From: 18th century, Yongzheng Emperor,《大義覺迷錄》"Resolving Confusion with a Discourse on Righteousness", translated by Devin Fitzgerald & annotated by Maura Dykstra
    Shìyǐ běirén dǐ nán wèi dǎoyí, nánrén zhǐ běi wèi suǒlǔ, zài dāngrì zhī rén, bù wù xiūdé xíngrén, ér tú shì kǒushé xiàng jī, yǐ wèi zhìbēi zhìlòu zhī jiàn. [Pinyin]
    So, the northerners began to slander southerners by calling them “isolated outlanders” and southerners began pointing to northerns as “braided savages.” During that time, people did not labor to perfect virtue and practice righteousness. Instead, they served the trivial matter of ridiculing each other, making their perspective only crude and base.
* (literary) slave; servant
    From: The Book of Lord Shang, circa 3rd century BCE, translated based on J.J.L. Duyvendak's version
    Juélì ér wèi xiànwèi, zé cì lǔ, liù jiā wǔqiān liùbǎi. [Pinyin]
    When an officer is raised to the rank of a district commander [...] then he is presented with six prisoner-slaves, and provided with 5,000 soldiers and an income of 600 piculs of grain.

#### Compounds

* 俘虜 / 俘虏 (fúlǔ)
* 守財虜 / 守财虏
* 守錢虜 / 守钱虏
* 寇虜 / 寇虏
* 強虜 / 强虏
* 索虜 / 索虏
* 索頭虜 / 索头虏
* 胡虜 / 胡虏 (húlǔ)
* 虜獲 / 虏获 (lǔhuò)
* 虜餌 / 虏饵
* 討虜 / 讨虏
* 販鹽虜 / 贩盐虏
* 鄧虜淪敦 / 邓虏沦敦
* 醜虜 / 丑虏
* 韃虜 / 鞑虏 (dálǔ)

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 虜 |
| Kyūjitai | 虜 &#xF936; or 虜+&#xFE00; |
| Kyūjitai | 虜󠄀 虜+&#xE0100; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 虜󠄃 虜+&#xE0103; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: る (ru)
* Kan-on: ろ (ro)
* Kan’yō-on: りょ (ryo, Jōyō)
* Kun: つよい (tsuyoi, 虜い)、とりこ (toriko, 虜)

### Noun

虜(とりこ) • (toriko)
* prisoner, captive, slave

#### Alternative forms

* 擒
* 俘

### References

* ↑ “虜”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎ (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2025

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 虜 (MC luX).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | Recorded as Middle Korean 롱〯 (Yale: lwǒ$^?$) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. | Recorded as Middle Korean 롱〯 (Yale: lwǒ$^?$) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | 되〯 로〮 | Recorded as Middle Korean 로〮 (lwó) (Yale: lwó) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527. |
| Gwangju Cheonjamun, 1575 | 되 로 / 사ᄅᆞ자ᄇᆞᆯ 로 | Recorded as Middle Korean 로 (lwo) (Yale: lwo) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576. |

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ɾo̞] ~ [no̞]
* Phonetic hangul: [로/노]

### Hanja

Wikisource 虜 (eumhun 사로잡을 로 (sarojabeul ro), word-initial (South Korea) 사로잡을 노 (sarojabeul no))
* hanja form of 로/노 (“to capture”)

#### Compounds

* 노획 (虜獲, nohoek)
* 부로 (俘虜, buro)
* 포로 (捕虜, poro)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

虜: Hán Việt readings: lỗ
虜: Nôm readings: lũ
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.