# 荼

| 荼 | U+837C, &#33660; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-837C |
| ← 荻 [U+837B] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 荽 → [U+837D] |

## Translingual
### Han character

荼 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 廿人一木 (TOMD), four-corner 4490$_4$, composition ⿱艹余)

#### Derived characters

* 𨝛, 𠻬, 𢴉, 瑹, 𣘻, 𦹍, 䅷, 𭱻, 𮌵, 𨢬, 𮜌, 鷋, 𩻓

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1032, character 21
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 31008
* Dae Jaweon: page 1492, character 8
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3221, character 11
* Unihan data for U+837C

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 荼 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 斜 | *lja, *laː |
| 茶 | *rlaː |
| 荼 | *rlaː, *ɦlja, *l'aː |
| 梌 | *rlaː, *l̥ʰaː, *l'aː |
| 搽 | *rlaː |
| 塗 | *rlaː, *l'aː |
| 佘 | *ɦlja |
| 賒 | *hljaː |
| 畬 | *hljaː, *la |
| 舍 | *hljaːʔ, *hljaːs |
| 捨 | *hljaːʔ |
| 騇 | *hljaːʔ, *hljaːs |
| 涻 | *hljaːs |
| 稌 | *l̥ʰaː, *l̥ʰaːʔ |
| 悇 | *l̥ʰaː, *l̥ʰas, *las |
| 庩 | *l̥ʰaː |
| 捈 | *l̥ʰaː, *l'aː |
| 途 | *l'aː |
| 酴 | *l'aː |
| 駼 | *l'aː |
| 鵌 | *l'aː, *la |
| 涂 | *l'aː, *l'a |
| 嵞 | *l'aː |
| 峹 | *l'aː |
| 筡 | *l'aː, *l̥ʰa |
| 蒤 | *l'aː |
| 徐 | *lja |
| 俆 | *lja |
| 敘 | *ljaʔ |
| 漵 | *ljaʔ |
| 除 | *l'a, *l'as |
| 篨 | *rla |
| 滁 | *rla |
| 蒢 | *rla |
| 蜍 | *ɦlja, *la |
| 鵨 | *hljaː |
| 瑹 | *hlja |
| 余 | *la |
| 餘 | *la |
| 艅 | *la |
| 狳 | *la |
| 雓 | *la |
| 悆 | *las |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *rlaː, *ɦlja, *l'aː) : semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 余 (OC *la)

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tú (tu$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): tou$^4$
* Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): tu$^2$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): tô͘
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tú
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄨˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tú
*** Wade–Giles: tʻu$^2$
*** Yale: tú
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: twu
*** Palladius: ту (tu)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰu³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: tou$^4$
*** Yale: tòuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tou$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: tou$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰou̯²¹/
* Hakka
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: tu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰu¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tô͘
*** Tâi-lô: tôo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: doo
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tɔ²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tɔ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tɔ¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tɔ²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tɔ²³/
* Middle Chinese: drae, du, zyae
Rime :
| Character | 荼 | 荼 | 荼 |
| Reading # | 3/3 | 1/3 | 2/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 澄 (11) | 定 (7) | 船 (27) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (98) | 模 (23) | 麻 (100) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | II | I | III |
| Fanqie | 宅加切 | 同都切 | 食遮切 |
| Baxter | drae | du | zyae |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɖˠa/ | /duo/ | /ʑia/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɖᵚa/ | /duo/ | /ʑia/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȡa/ | /do/ | /ʑia/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɖaɨ/ | /dɔ/ | /ʑia/ |
| Li Rong | /ȡa/ | /do/ | /d͡ʑia/ |
| Wang Li | /ȡa/ | /du/ | /d͡ʑĭa/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȡʱa/ | /dʱuo/ | /d͡ʑʰi̯a/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | chá | tú | shé |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | caa$^4$ | tou$^4$ | se$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*lˤra/
    (Zhengzhang): /*rlaː/, /*l'aː/, /*ɦlja/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 荼 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | chá |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dræ › |
| Old Chinese | /*lˁra/ |
| English | (name of a plant) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 荼 | 荼 | 荼 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 3/3 | 2/3 |
| No. | 15748 | 15776 | 15761 |
| Phonetic component | 余 | 余 | 余 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 魚 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 𡨀 | 徒 | 蛇 |
| Old Chinese | /*rlaː/ | /*l'aː/ | /*ɦlja/ |

#### Definitions

荼
* a type of bitter vegetable, possibly sow thistle or other plants of Asteraceae
* (figurative) pain; suffering
* spikes of cogon (or other grasses) with long whitish hair
    如火如荼 ― rúhuǒrútú ― (red) like fire, (white) like cogon spikes
* pappus
** 1803, 程瑤田, 釋草小記:
    芺、薊者……荼卽其華之實所戴者。Thistle... The pappus is what its flower's fruit wears.
* white
    荼首 ― túshǒu ― hoary head

##### Usage notes

* 荼 can refer to one of several types of bitter tasting vegetables. Early Chinese texts are rather vague in their description, which makes it difficult to determine which species it originally referred to.

#### Compounds

* 含荼
* 如火如荼 (rúhuǒrútú)
* 如荼如火
* 旃荼羅 / 旃荼罗 (zhāntúluó)
* 曼荼羅 / 曼荼罗 (màntúluó)
* 秋荼
* 苦荼 (kǔtú)
* 茹荼
* 荼毒 (túdú)
* 荼毒生靈 / 荼毒生灵
* 荼毗 (túpí)
* 荼炭
* 荼蓼
* 荼蘼 (túmí)
* 荼首
* 鳩槃荼 / 鸠槃荼 (jiūpántú)

### Pronunciation 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 荼 – see 茶 (“tea; tea; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 茶).

### Pronunciation 3

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yé (ye$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄝˊ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yé
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄝˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yé
*** Wade–Giles: yeh$^2$
*** Yale: yé
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ye
*** Palladius: е (je)
*** Sinological IPA : /jɛ³⁵/

#### Definitions

荼
* a surname

### Pronunciation 4

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shū (shu$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄕㄨ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): syu$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shū
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄨ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shu
*** Wade–Giles: shu$^1$
*** Yale: shū
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shu
*** Palladius: шу (šu)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂu⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: syu$^1$
*** Yale: syū
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sy$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: xu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /syː⁵⁵/

#### Definitions

荼
* Only used in 神荼 (Shēnshū).

#### Compounds

* 神荼
* 神荼鬱壘 / 神荼郁垒
* 鬱壘神荼 / 郁垒神荼

### Pronunciation 5

* For pronunciation and definitions of 荼 – see 舒 (“to open up; to unfold; to stretch out; to relax; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 舒).

### References

* “荼”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* Ixeridium dentatum
* kanji used to transliterate Buddhist terms borrowed from Sanskrit

#### Readings

* Go-on: じゃ (ja)、ど (do)
* Kan-on: た (ta)、と (to)
* Kan’yō-on: だ (da)
* Kun: にがな (nigana, 荼)

#### Compounds

* 荼枳尼天(だきにてん), 荼吉尼天(だきにてん) (Dakiniten), 荼枳尼(だきに), 荼吉尼(だきに) (Dakini)
* 荼毘(だび), 荼毗(だび) (dabi)
* 荼(と)毒(どく) (todoku)
* 鳩槃荼(くはんだ) (Kuhanda)
* 軍荼利(ぐんだり)明王(みょうおう) (Gundari Myōō), 軍荼利(ぐんだり) (Gundari)
* 分荼離迦(ふんだりか) (fundarika)
* 曼荼羅(まんだら) (mandara)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

荼: Hán Nôm readings: đồ, dưa, giưa
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.