# grief
## English
### Alternative forms

* greefe (obsolete), griefe (obsolete)

### Etymology

From Middle English greef, gref, from Old French grief (“grave, heavy, grievous, sad”), from Latin gravis (“heavy, grievous, sad”). Doublet of grave.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡɹiːf/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Audio (UK):(file)
* Rhymes: -iːf

### Noun

grief (countable and uncountable, plural griefs or grieves)
* Suffering, hardship. [from early 13th c.]
    Synonyms: difficulty, trouble; see also Thesaurus:distress
    The neighbour's teenage give me grief every time they see me.
* Emotional pain, generally arising from misfortune, significant personal loss, bereavement, misconduct of oneself or others, etc.; sorrow; sadness. [from early 14th c.]
    Synonyms: dejection, misery; see also Thesaurus:sadness
    She was worn out from so much grief.
    The betrayal caused Jeff grief.
** 1576, George Whetstone, “The Ortchard of Repentance: […]”, in The Rocke of Regard, […], London: […] [H. Middleton] for Robert Waley, →OCLC; republished in J[ohn] P[ayne] Collier, editor, The Rocke of Regard, […] (Illustrations of Early English Poetry; vol. 2, no. 2), London: Privately printed, [1867?], →OCLC, page 291:And ſure, although it was invented to eaſe his mynde of griefe, there be a number of caveats therein to forewarne other young gentlemen to foreſtand with good government their folowing yl fortunes; […]
* (countable) A cause or instance of sorrow or pain; that which afflicts or distresses; a trial.
    Synonyms: hardship, sorrow; see also Thesaurus:woe
** 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Isaiah 53:4:Surely, he hath borne our griefs, and carried our sorrows.

#### Derived terms

* climate grief
* come to grief
* eco-grief
* give someone grief
* good grief
* grief counselor
* griefful
* grief knot
* griefless
* grieflike
* griefsome
* grief-stricken
* grief tourist

#### Translations

Albanian: pikëllim (sq) m, mjerim (sq) m
Arabic: غَمّ m (ḡamm), حُزْن m (ḥuzn), كَآبَة f (kaʔāba), كَدَر m (kadar), أَسَى m (ʔasā)
Armenian: սուգ (hy) (sug), վիշտ (hy) (višt)
Azerbaijani: qəm (az), kədər (az), hüzn, dərd (az), ələm, qüssə (az), qəm-qüssə
Bashkir: ҡайғы (qayğı)
Belarusian: го́ра (be) n (hóra), сму́так m (smútak), туга́ f (tuhá), ту́га f (túha), жаль m (žalʹ), журба́ f (žurbá), журбо́та f (žurbóta)
Bengali: দুঃখ (bn) (dukkho), দেরেগ (bn) (dereg), গোসা (bn) (gōśa), নারাজী (naraji)
Bulgarian: мъ́ка (bg) f (mǎ́ka), скръб (bg) f (skrǎb), печа́л (bg) f (pečál), тъга́ (bg) f (tǎgá)
Burmese: ပရိဒေဝ (my) (pa.ri.dewa.), အဆွေး (my) (a.hcwe:)
Buryat: гуниг (gunig)
Catalan: dolor (ca) m, pena (ca) f
Chinese:
Mandarin: 悲苦 (zh) (bēikǔ), 感傷 / 感伤 (zh) (gǎnshāng), 悲哀 (zh) (bēi'āi)
Czech: žal (cs) m, smutek (cs) m
Danish: sorg (da) c
Dutch: rouw (nl) m, leedwezen (nl) n, smart (nl) f, verdriet (nl) n
Egyptian: (jꜥnw)
Esperanto: ĉagreno
Estonian: lein
Ewe: konyifafa
Finnish: suru (fi), murhe (fi)
French: douleur (fr) f, peine (fr) f
Galician: pena (gl) f, coita (gl) f, pesar (gl) m, dor (gl) f, mágoa (gl) f, dó (gl) m
Georgian: წუხილი (c̣uxili)
German: Kummer (de) m, Gram (de) m, Leid (de) n
Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌰 (gauriþa)
Greek: πόνος (el) m (pónos), θλίψη (el) f (thlípsi), οδύνη (el) f (odýni), συντριβή (el) f (syntriví)
Ancient: λύπη f (lúpē)
Hebrew: אֵבֶל (he) m (ével)
Hindi: दुःख (hi) m (duḥkh), शोक (hi) m (śok), ग़म m (ġam), मातम (hi) m (mātam)
Hungarian: gyász (hu), bánat (hu), bú (hu), búbánat (hu), szomorúság (hu)
Icelandic: sorg (is) f
Ido: chagreno (io)
Indonesian: pilu (id)
Ingrian: hallia, murhe, suru
Irish: brón m, cumha m
Italian: dolore (it) m, pena (it) f, sofferenza (it) f
Japanese: 悲しみ (ja) (かなしみ, kanashimi), 悲哀 (ja) (ひあい, hiai)
Kazakh: қайғы (qaiğy)
Khmer: ពិធុរ (km) (pithuʼ), សំណោក (km) (sɑmnaok), អនុសោក (ʼaʼnusaok)
Kikuyu: kĩeha
Korean: 비애(悲哀) (ko) (biae), 슬픔 (ko) (seulpeum)
Kurdish:
Central Kurdish: خەفەت (xefet)
Northern Kurdish: derd (ku), keser (ku), kovan (ku), xem (ku)
Kyrgyz: кайгы (ky) (kaygı)
Lao: ຄວາມໂສກເສົ້າ (lo) (khuām sōk sao)
Latin: aegritudo f, dolor (la) m, tristitudo f
Latvian: skumjas f pl, bēdas f pl, sirdēsti m pl
Lithuanian: sielvartas m, širdgėla f
Macedonian: тага (mk) f (taga), жал (mk) f (žal)
Malay: duka (ms), ratapan (ms), sugul (ms), dukachita, hiba
Maori: pāmamae, rāwakiwaki, pāpōuri, auhi
Mongolian:
Cyrillic: зовлон (mn) (zovlon), гашуудал (mn) (gašuudal), гуниг (mn) (gunig), гансрал (mn) (gansral), гаслан (mn) (gaslan), уй (mn) (uj)
Norwegian:
Bokmål: sorg (no) m or f
Old Church Slavonic:
Cyrillic: гор҄е n (gorʹje), тѫга f (tǫga)
Old East Slavic: туга f (tuga), печаль f (pečalĭ)
Old English: caru f
Pashto: غم (ps) m (ǧam), خپګان m (xapgān), خفګان m (xafgān)
Persian: غم (fa) (ğam), سوگ (fa) (sug)
Polish: żal (pl) m, smutek (pl) m, zmartwienie (pl) n
Portuguese: pesar (pt)
Quechua: phutiy
Romanian: tristețe (ro) f, întristare (ro) f, mâhnire (ro) f
Russian: го́ре (ru) n (góre), печа́ль (ru) f (pečálʹ), скорбь (ru) f (skorbʹ), кручи́на (ru) f (kručína), туга́ (ru) f (tugá)
Sango: vundü (sg)
Sanskrit: दुःख (sa) n (duḥkhá)
Scottish Gaelic: bròn m, dòlas m, doilgheas m, èislean m, mulad m
Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic: ту́га f, бе́да f, бије́да f
Roman: túga (sh) f, béda (sh) f, bijéda (sh) f
Slovak: žiaľ m, smútok m
Slovene: žalost (sl) f
Spanish: pesar (es) m, pesadumbre (es) f, dolor (es), sufrimiento (es), pena (es), calamidad (es), sinsabor (es) m, duelo (es)
Swahili: ghamu (sw)
Swedish: sorg (sv) c, bedrövelse (sv) c
Tajik: ғам (ġam), суг (sug)
Tatar: кайгы (tt) (qaygı)
Thai: ความเศร้า (th) (kwaam-sâo)
Turkish: hüzün (tr), keder (tr), yas (tr)
Turkmen: hasrat
Ukrainian: го́ре n (hóre), жаль m (žalʹ), печа́ль f (pečálʹ), скорбо́та f (skorbóta), сму́ток m (smútok), ту́га f (túha), журба́ f (žurbá), жа́лощі f pl (žálošči), журбо́та f (žurbóta)
Urdu: غَم (ur) m (ġam)
Uyghur: قايغۇ (qayghu), دەرد (derd), ھەسرەت (hesret), غەم (ghem)
Uzbek: qaygʻu (uz), gʻam (uz), dogʻ (uz), hasrat (uz), dard (uz)
Vietnamese: buồn (vi), buồn rầu (vi)
Welsh: gofid (cy) m, galar (cy) m
Zazaki: keder (diq) m, qaxu m, ğem m :

### Verb

grief (third-person singular simple present griefs, present participle griefing, simple past and past participle griefed)
* (online gaming) To deliberately harass and annoy or cause grief to other players of a game in order to interfere with their enjoyment of it; especially, to do this as one’s primary activity in the game, and especially by exploiting game mechanics without using cheats to do so, often through acts of destruction or vandalism. [from late 1990s]
    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:pester, Thesaurus:vex
** 2008 January 18, Julian Dibbell, “Mutilated Furries, Flying Phalluses: Put the Blame on Griefers, the Sociopaths of the Virtual World”, in Wired‎:While ban and his pals stand squarely in this tradition, they also stand for something new: the rise of organized griefing, grounded in online message-board communities and thick with in-jokes, code words, taboos, and an increasingly articulate sense of purpose. No longer just an isolated pathology, griefing has developed a full-fledged culture.

#### Usage notes

* This verb is most commonly found in the gerund-participle griefing and the derived noun griefer.

#### Related terms

* grievance
* grieve
* grievous

### Further reading

* grief on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* griefer on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* “grief”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
* “grief”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911, →OCLC.
* “grief”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.

## Dutch
### Etymology

From Middle Dutch grief, from Old French grief, from Early Medieval Latin grevem, alteration of Latin gravem.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɣrif/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: grief
* Rhymes: -if

### Noun

grief f (plural grieven, diminutive griefje n)
* (chiefly in the plural) grievance, complaint, bone to pick, issue

#### Derived terms

* grieven

## French
### Etymology

Inherited from Old French grief, from Early Medieval Latin grevem, alteration of Latin gravem. Doublet of grave, a borrowing from Latin.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡʁi.jɛf/
* Audio:(file)

### Adjective

grief (feminine griève, masculine plural griefs, feminine plural grièves)
* (archaic, literary) grievous

#### Derived terms

* grièvement

### Noun

grief m (plural griefs)
* complaint
* grief
* grievance (formal complaint filed with an authority)

### Further reading

* “grief”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

### Anagrams

* figer

## Ladin
### Etymology

From Early Medieval Latin grevem, alteration of Latin gravem.

### Adjective

grief m (feminine singular grieva, masculine plural griefs, feminine plural grieves)
* arduous
* difficult
* steep

## Old French
### Alternative forms

* gref (typically Anglo-Norman)

### Etymology

From Early Medieval Latin grevem, alteration of Latin gravem.

### Noun

grief oblique singular, m (oblique plural griés, nominative singular griés, nominative plural grief)
* pain; anguish; suffering

#### Descendants

* French: grief
* → Middle Dutch: grief
** Dutch: grief
* → Middle English: greef, gref
** English: grief

### Adjective

grief m (oblique and nominative feminine singular grieve)
* sad
** late 12th century, anonymous author, “La Folie de Tristan d'Oxford”, in Le Roman de Tristan, Champion Classiques edition, →ISBN, page 386, line 552:Mult ai le quer gref e marri.(please add an English translation of this quotation)

#### Descendants

* French: grief (archaic, literary)