# tahan
## English
### Etymology

From Malay tahan.

### Pronunciation

* (Singapore) IPA: /ˈta.han/, [ˈta˧.han˦]

### Verb

tahan (invariable)
* (colloquial, Malaysia, Singapore) To endure; to bear.
** 2017, Wong Kim Hoh, It Changed My Life: What Tan Swie Hian wants - a free mind, The Sunday Times:"Many local artists cannot tahan me," he says, using the Malay word for "tolerate". "If you live next to Picasso, can you tahan or not?"
** 2017, Zhangxin Zheng, Here’s why you shouldn’t be alarmed by pictures of “flooding” in Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park, Mothership.sg
    The 3.2km meandering naturalised river at Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park used to be a 2.7 km long straight concrete Kallang channel in the past, which would not otherwise have been able to tahan as much rainwater as it now does.
** 2017, 8 Things Malaysians Immediately Do When They Get a New Car... Which One Have You Done?, CILISOS (Current Issues Tambah Pedas)
    If you’re buying a new car, especially a better one than your previous, it’s gonna be able to tahan your need for speed. Step on the pedal only la, why so kancheong?

#### Derived terms

* buay tahan

### Anagrams

* tanha, tanah, athan, Atnah, thana, Anath, Thana, Athan, Ahtna

## Estonian
### Verb

tahan
* first-person singular present indicative of tahtma

## Indonesian
### Etymology

Inherited from Malay tahan, from Proto-Malayic *tahan, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taqan.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Indonesian) IPA: /ˈtahan/ [ˈt̪a.han]
* Rhymes: -ahan
* Syllabification: ta‧han

### Verb

tahan (active menahan, passive ditahan)
* to endure, tolerate
* to hold (to grasp or grip)
* to hold, have, keep or save
* to hold, detain
* to hold, restrain
* to hold back (to contain)

### Adjective

tahan
* durable, strong, tolerate
* resistant
* Synonym of cukup (“enough, sufficient”)

#### Derived terms

* bertahan (“to stay; to last; to persist; to defend”)
* bertahan-tahan
* pertahankan (“to maintain, preserve; to defend”)
* tahani
* tahankan
* tertahan (“stuck; restrained; detained”)
* tertahan-tahan
* tertahankan
* kebertahanan (“staidness; lastingness; persistence; defence”)
* ketahanan (“endurance; resilience”)
* pemertahanan
* penahan (“holder”)
* penahanan (“holding; detention”)
* pertahanan (“defense; fortress”)
* tahanan (“detainee, prisoner; obstacle”)

### References

* Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*taqan”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI

### Further reading

* “tahan” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Malay
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ta.han/, [ˈt̪ähän]
* Hyphenation: ta‧han
* Rhymes: -ahan

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Malayic *tahan, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taqan.

#### Verb

tahan (Jawi spelling تاهن)
* to endure, to bear, to withstand, to resist
    tahan lapar ― to endure hunger
    tahan sakit ― to endure the pain
* to be lasting, to be persisting (in)
* to be sufficient (for a certain period)
* (of an object) to be firm, to be strong
* (of a disease) to improve, to be on the mend

##### Derived terms

Regular affixed derivations:
* bertahan (“to be holding fast to”) [stative / habitual] (beR-)
* dipertahankan (“to be persisted”) [causative passive + patient focus + causative benefactive] (peR- + di- + -kan)
* pertahan (“to be held back”) [causative passive] (peR-)
* pertahani (“to be controlled”) [causative passive + causative (locative) benefactive] (peR- + -i)
* pertahankan (“to be endured”) [causative passive + causative benefactive] (peR- + -kan)
* ketahanan (“defensiveness; durability”) [abstract / locative] (ke-an)
* memertahankan (“to maintain; to preserve”) [causative passive + agent focus + causative benefactive] (peR- + meN- + -kan)
* menahan (“to block; to hold back”) [agent focus] (meN-)
* menahani (“to block; to control”) [agent focus + causative (locative) benefactive] (meN- + -i)
* menahankan (“to make something durable”) [agent focus + causative benefactive] (meN- + -kan)
* penahan (“defender”) [agentive / qualitative / instrumental / abstract / measure] (peN-)
* penahanan (“defending; controlling”) [agentive / qualitative / instrumental / abstract / measure + resultative / locative / collective / variety / verbal noun / fruit] (peN- + -an)
* pertahan (“defence”) [causative passive] (peR-)
* tahanan (“hindrance; obstacle”) [resultative / locative / collective / variety / verbal noun / fruit] (-an)
* tahankan (“to cause something or someone to block”) [causative benefactive] (-kan)
* tertahan (“to be able to block”) [agentless action] (teR-)
* tertahani (“to be controllable”) [agentless action + causative (locative) benefactive] (teR- + -i)
* tertahan-tahan (“(already be) off and on; disjointed(ly)”) [reduplication + agentless action] (redup + teR-)

##### Descendants

* Indonesian: tahan
* → Cantonese: 打限 (daa$^2$ haan$^6$)
* → English: tahan
* → Min Nan: 打限 (tá-hān)

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taqan, *taqan, from Proto-Austronesian *taqan (“to set a trap, to set a snare”).

#### Verb

tahan (Jawi spelling تاهن)
* to cast a net (to catch fish), to set a trap (to catch animal, fish, etc.)

##### Derived terms

Regular affixed derivations:
* tertahan (“(already be) cast a net”) [agentless action] (teR-)

### Etymology 3
#### Noun

tahan (Jawi spelling تاهن, plural tahan-tahan, informal 1st possessive tahanku, 2nd possessive tahanmu, 3rd possessive tahannya)
* (navigation) a rope installed from the top of a mast to the rear of a boat

### Further reading

* “tahan” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.

## Tagalog
### Etymology 1

Possibly borrowed from Malay tahan (“holding out against; resistance; restraint; to sustain”), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taqan (“to hold back, to keep in reserve”). Possible doublet of taan.

#### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog)
** IPA: /ˈtahan/ [ˈt̪aː.hɐn̪], /taˈhan/ [t̪ɐˈhan̪] (noun, interjection)
*** Rhymes: -ahan, -an
** IPA: /taˈhan/ [t̪ɐˈhan̪] (adjective)
*** Rhymes: -an
* Syllabification: ta‧han

#### Noun

tahan or tahán (Baybayin spelling ᜆᜑᜈ᜔)
* stopping from crying
* (loosely) stopping; ceasing (of rain, running, etc.)
    Synonyms: hinto, tigil, humpay, tugot, likat, paghinto, pagtigil, paghumpay, pagtugot, paglikat
* temporary suspension (of work)
    Synonyms: pagkatigil, pagkapatigil, pagkahinto, pagkapahinto

##### Derived terms

* itahan
* magpatahan
* magtahan
* makapagpatahan
* pagtahan
* patahanin
* tumahan

#### Interjection

tahan or tahán (Baybayin spelling ᜆᜑᜈ᜔)
* said to someone crying to stop crying: stop crying!

#### Adjective

tahán (Baybayin spelling ᜆᜑᜈ᜔)
* no longer crying (especially of a baby or child)
* not moving; resting; at rest
    Synonyms: tigil, nakatigil, hinto, nakahinto
* not working; resting
    Synonyms: namamahinga, nagpapahinga

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tahan (“abode, place of residence”), from a metathesis of Proto-Austronesian *taNaS (“village; place of residence”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ˈtahan/ [ˈt̪aː.hɐn̪], /taˈhan/ [t̪ɐˈhan̪]
* Rhymes: -ahan, -an
* Syllabification: ta‧han

#### Noun

tahan or tahán (Baybayin spelling ᜆᜑᜈ᜔)
* residing; living (in a house, etc.)
    Synonyms: tira, pagtira, paninirahan
* temporary stay or sojourn
    Synonyms: tuloy, pagtuloy, panunulayan
* staying of water in a low place (as after rain)
    Synonym: pamamahay

##### Derived terms

* haligi ng tahanan
* ilaw ng tahanan
* itahan
* magpatahan
* makapagpatahan
* manahan
* matatahanan
* pagtahan
* panahanan
* pananahanan
* pantahanan
* patahanan
* patahanin
* tahanan
* tumahan

### References

* ↑ Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) loan “bear, endure”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI
* ↑ Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*taNaS”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI

### Further reading

* “tahan”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018

## Tetum
### Noun

tahan
* flap
* leaf
* page