# 執

| 執 | U+57F7, &#22519; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-57F7 |
| ← 埶 [U+57F6] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 埸 → [U+57F8] |

## Translingual
### Han character

執 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 土十大弓戈 (GJKNI), four-corner 4541$_7$, composition ⿰幸丸)

#### Derived characters

* 𠌷, 蓻, 𢄢, 摯(挚), 𡠗, 蟄(蛰), 鷙(鸷), 騺, 墊(垫), 慹, 𩅀, 䙝, 𡪐, 謺, 𣊓, 䠟, 𦎷

#### Related characters

* 执 (Simplified Chinese)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 231, character 9
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5193
* Dae Jaweon: page 467, character 15
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 457, character 5
* Unihan data for U+57F7

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 執 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 騺 | *tibs |
| 摯 | *tjibs |
| 贄 | *tjibs |
| 鷙 | *tjibs |
| 墊 | *tiːms, *diːb |
| 慹 | *tjeb, *ndiːb, *sdib, *tjib |
| 謺 | *tjeb |
| 褺 | *diːb |
| 蓻 | *stib |
| 縶 | *tib |
| 漐 | *tʰib |
| 蟄 | *dib |
| 執 | *tjib |
| 瓡 | *tjib |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : 㚔 (“criminal / handcuffs”) + 丮 (“hand”): to arrest. In the present form, 㚔 (niè) and 丮 (jǐ) have been replaced by 幸 (xìng) and 丸 (wán), respectively.
Also phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *tjib) : phonetic 㚔 + semantic 丮.

### Etymology

Possibly related to Tibetan ཆབ (chab, “power; dominion”) or Khmer ចាប់ (cap, “to grasp; to seize”) (Schuessler 2007). Korean 집 (jip-, “to pick up; to grab”) is probably coincidental.

#### “to go bankrupt and close down”

    Short for 執笠／执笠.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhí (zhi$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄓˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zap$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chṳp
    (Hailu, HRS): zhib
    (Meixian, Guangdong): zeb$^5$
* Northern Min (KCR): cĭ
* Eastern Min (BUC): cék
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): zih$^6$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chip
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zib$^4$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^7$tseq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhí
*** Zhuyin: ㄓˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhíh
*** Wade–Giles: chih$^2$
*** Yale: jŕ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jyr
*** Palladius: чжи (čži)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zap$^1$
*** Yale: jāp
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzap$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zeb$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɐp̚⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chṳp
*** Hakka Romanization System: ziib$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: zib$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sɨp̚²/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: zhib
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡ʃip⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: zeb$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡səp̚¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cĭ
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡si²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: cék
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɛiʔ²⁴/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: zih$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siʔ¹/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: zih$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siʔ²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chip
*** Tâi-lô: tsip
*** Phofsit Daibuun: cib
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sip̚³²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sip̚⁵/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sip̚³²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sip̚³²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sip̚³²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: zib$^4$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsip
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sip̚²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^7$tseq
*** MiniDict: tseh$^入$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^4$tseq
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡səʔ⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: tsyip
Rime :
| Character | 執 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 章 (23) |
| Final (韻) | 緝 (141) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 之入切 |
| Baxter | tsyip |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ɕiɪp̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡ɕip̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ɕjep̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /cip̚/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ɕiəp̚/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ɕĭĕp̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡ɕi̯əp̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zap$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[t]ip/
    (Zhengzhang): /*tjib/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 執 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zhí |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsyip › |
| Old Chinese | /*[t]ip/ |
| English | seize |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 執 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 17290 |
| Phonetic component | 執 |
| Rime group | 緝 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 執 |
| Old Chinese | /*tjib/ |
| Notes | 甲金文象梏人雙手， 幸象梏非聲 |

### Definitions

執
* to hold in the hand
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Zhí zǐ zhī shǒu, yǔ zǐ xié lǎo. [Pinyin]
    With your hand in mine, we grow old together.
    From: 《看山》("Touring the mountains") by Kim Byeong'yeon (金炳淵), 1800s
    Gwon ma gan san ho, jip pyeon go bul ga. [Sino-Korean]
    When touring the mountains, a lazy horse is good; holding my whip, I therefore use it not.
* to hold (authority, etc.); to manage
* to keep; to hold to; to insist
    固執／固执 ― gùzhí ― to stubbornly persist
* to carry out
* (literary) to arrest; to capture
    From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
    Cǐ néng wèi dà yǐ, ér bù néng zhí shǔ. [Pinyin]
    It is large indeed, but it cannot catch mice.
    From: Lü Buwei, Master Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals, 239 BCE
    Wáng xìn zhī, shǐ zhí Liányǐn. Tàizǐ Jiàn chūbēn. [Pinyin]
    The king believed him, and had Lianyin arrested. Crown Prince Jian escaped.
* (Cantonese) to pick up
    執垃圾／执垃圾 [Cantonese] ― zap$^1$ laap$^6$ saap$^3$ [Jyutping] ― to pick up rubbish
** 1985, “最緊要好玩”, in 林振強 (lyrics), 最緊要好玩, performed by 許冠傑:
       ngo$^5$ soeng$^2$ paan$^1$ dang$^1$ fo$^2$ saan$^1$, zap$^1$ faai$^3$ sek$^6$ tau$^4$ jung$^6$ lei$^4$ zin$^1$ daan$^{6-2}$ [Jyutping]
       I want to climb a volcano, get a rock, and use it to fry an egg
* (Cantonese) to clean up; to tidy up
       heoi$^3$ zap$^1$ haa$^5$ nei$^5$ gaan$^1$ fong$^{4-2}$ hou$^2$ wo$^3$. [Jyutping]
       You should go clean up your room.
* (Cantonese) to go bankrupt and close down
       gaan$^1$ pou$^3$ tau$^{4-2}$ zap$^1$ zo$^2$ hou$^2$ noi$^6$ laa$^3$. [Jyutping]
       The shop closed down a long time ago.
* (Cantonese) Classifier for pinches (small amount that could be held between fingertips) of objects.
    一執鹽／一执盐 [Cantonese] ― jat$^1$ zap$^1$ jim$^4$ [Jyutping] ― a pinch of salt
    一執頭髮／一执头发 [Cantonese] ― jat$^1$ zap$^1$ tau$^4$ faat$^3$ [Jyutping] ― a small bunch of hair

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 執(しゅう) (shū)
* → Korean: 집(執) (jip)
* → Vietnamese: chấp (執)

### Compounds

* 三世執戟 / 三世执戟
* 三代執金 / 三代执金
* 中執法 / 中执法
* 主執 / 主执
* 九執 / 九执
* 交執 / 交执
* 代執行 / 代执行
* 仗義執言 / 仗义执言 (zhàngyìzhíyán)
* 侍執 / 侍执
* 侍執巾櫛 / 侍执巾栉
* 俘執 / 俘执
* 保外執行 / 保外执行
* 修執 / 修执
* 倒執手版 / 倒执手版
* 偏執 / 偏执 (piānzhí)
* 偏執狂 / 偏执狂 (piānzhíkuáng)
* 偏執症 / 偏执症
* 假執行 / 假执行
* 僻執 / 僻执
* 允執其中 / 允执其中
* 允執厥中 / 允执厥中
* 公執 / 公执
* 典執法 / 典执法
* 劫執 / 劫执
* 友執 / 友执
* 古執 / 古执
* 右執法 / 右执法
* 司籩執豆 / 司笾执豆
* 各執一詞 / 各执一词 (gèzhíyīcí)
* 各執己見 / 各执己见 (gèzhíjǐjiàn)
* 各執所見 / 各执所见
* 囚執 / 囚执
* 回執 / 回执 (huízhí)
* 固執 / 固执
* 固執己見 / 固执己见 (gùzhíjǐjiàn)
* 固執成見 / 固执成见
* 執一 / 执一
* 執丈 / 执丈
* 執中 / 执中
* 執事 / 执事 (zhíshì)
* 執事人 / 执事人
* 執仇 / 执仇
* 執仔婆 / 执仔婆
* 執伐 / 执伐
* 執作 / 执作
* 執信 / 执信
* 執備 / 执备
* 執兩用中 / 执两用中
* 執共 / 执共
* 執別 / 执别
* 執刺 / 执刺
* 執剛 / 执刚
* 執劫 / 执劫
* 執勇 / 执勇
* 執務 / 执务
* 執勞 / 执劳
* 執勢 / 执势
* 執勤 / 执勤 (zhíqín)
* 執友 / 执友 (zhíyǒu)
* 執古 / 执古
* 執吝 / 执吝
* 執告 / 执告
* 執命 / 执命
* 執咎 / 执咎
* 執問 / 执问
* 執喪 / 执丧
* 執囚 / 执囚
* 執固 / 执固
* 執圭 / 执圭
* 堅執 / 坚执 (jiānzhí)
* 執壺 / 执壶
* 執失 / 执失
* 執夷 / 执夷
* 執契 / 执契
* 執奏 / 执奏
* 執威 / 执威
* 執媽 / 执妈
* 執守 / 执守
* 執定 / 执定
* 執將 / 执将
* 執導 / 执导 (zhídǎo)
* 執履 / 执履
* 執巾櫛 / 执巾栉
* 執帛 / 执帛
* 執幡 / 执幡
* 執幹 / 执干
* 執引 / 执引
* 執役 / 执役
* 執徐 / 执徐
* 執御 / 执御
* 執德 / 执德
* 執心 / 执心
* 執志 / 执志
* 執念 / 执念 (zhíniàn)
* 執怨 / 执怨
* 執性 / 执性
* 執意 / 执意 (zhíyì)
* 執憑 / 执凭
* 執憲 / 执宪
* 執憑文帖 / 执凭文帖
* 執戟 / 执戟 (zhíjǐ)
* 執手 / 执手 (zhíshǒu)
* 執手禮 / 执手礼
* 執把 / 执把
* 執扭 / 执扭
* 執拘 / 执拘
* 執抶 / 执抶
* 執拗 / 执拗
* 執披 / 执披
* 執持 / 执持
* 執拾 / 执拾
* 執掌 / 执掌 (zhízhǎng)
* 執掙 / 执挣
* 執搏 / 执搏
* 執摯 / 执挚
* 執操 / 执操
* 執據 / 执据
* 執政 / 执政 (zhízhèng)
* 執政黨 / 执政党 (zhízhèngdǎng)
* 執教 / 执教 (zhíjiào)
* 執教鞭 / 执教鞭
* 執文害意 / 执文害意
* 執料 / 执料
* 執斲 / 执斲
* 執方 / 执方
* 執旗將 / 执旗将
* 執服 / 执服
* 執本 / 执本
* 執杖 / 执杖
* 執板 / 执板
* 執柄 / 执柄
* 執柔 / 执柔
* 執柯 / 执柯
* 執柯作伐 / 执柯作伐
* 執梢 / 执梢
* 執梃 / 执梃
* 執業 / 执业 (zhíyè)
* 執權 / 执权
* 執正 / 执正
* 執死雞 / 执死鸡
* 執殳 / 执殳
* 執法 / 执法 (zhífǎ)
* 執泥 / 执泥
* 執法不阿 / 执法不阿
* 執法如山 / 执法如山
* 執滯 / 执滞
* 執火 / 执火
* 執炊 / 执炊
* 執照 / 执照 (zhízhào)
* 執熱 / 执热
* 執爨 / 执爨
* 執爭 / 执争
* 執牛耳 / 执牛耳 (zhí niú'ěr)
* 執獄 / 执狱
* 執獲 / 执获
* 執玉 / 执玉
* 執玩 / 执玩
* 執珪 / 执珪
* 執生 / 执生
* 執用 / 执用
* 執異 / 执异
* 執略 / 执略
* 執盟 / 执盟
* 執相 / 执相
* 執禁 / 执禁
* 執禮 / 执礼
* 執秩 / 执秩
* 執競 / 执竞
* 執竿 / 执竿
* 執笏 / 执笏
* 執符 / 执符
* 執笠 / 执笠
* 執策 / 执策
* 執筆 / 执笔 (zhíbǐ)
* 執筆法 / 执笔法
* 執節 / 执节
* 執箕帚 / 执箕帚
* 執簡 / 执简
* 執籌 / 执筹
* 執籥 / 执籥
* 執粗井灶 / 执粗井灶
* 執紖 / 执纼
* 執索 / 执索
* 執組 / 执组
* 執紼 / 执绋 (zhífú)
* 執結 / 执结
* 執經 / 执经
* 執綍 / 执𰬘
* 執綏 / 执绥
* 執經問難 / 执经问难
* 執縛 / 执缚 (zhífù)
* 執義 / 执义
* 執而不化 / 执而不化
* 執耳 / 执耳
* 執職 / 执职
* 執脩 / 执脩
* 執膰 / 执膰
* 執色 / 执色
* 執著 / 執着 / 执著 / 执着 (zhízhuó)
* 執蓋 / 执盖
* 執薪 / 执薪
* 執虎子 / 执虎子
* 執行 / 执行 (zhíxíng)
* 執行主席 / 执行主席
* 執行機關 / 执行机关
* 執衣 / 执衣
* 執袂 / 执袂
* 執要 / 执要
* 執見 / 执见
* 執言 / 执言
* 執訊 / 执讯 (zhíxùn)
* 執詞 / 执词
* 執論 / 执论
* 執謙 / 执谦
* 執證 / 执证
* 執議 / 执议
* 執讎 / 执雠
* 執質 / 执质
* 執贄 / 执贽
* 執輸 / 执输
* 執輿 / 执舆
* 執轡 / 执辔
* 執辨 / 执辨
* 執辭 / 执辞
* 執迷 / 执迷 (zhímí)
* 執迷不反 / 执迷不反
* 執迷不悟 / 执迷不悟 (zhímíbùwù)
* 執迷不返 / 执迷不返
* 執迷不醒 / 执迷不醒
* 執道 / 执道
* 執金吾 / 执金吾 (zhí jīnwú)
* 執鈞 / 执钧
* 執錄 / 执录
* 執録 / 执录
* 執鍼 / 执针
* 執雌 / 执雌
* 執靮 / 执靮
* 執鞚 / 执鞚
* 執鞭 / 执鞭 (zhíbiān)
* 執鞭墜鐙 / 执鞭坠镫
* 執鞭隨鐙 / 执鞭随镫
* 執馘 / 执馘
* 執馭 / 执驭
* 執骨 / 执骨
* 奉公執法 / 奉公执法
* 妄執 / 妄执
* 存執 / 存执
* 孤執 / 孤执
* 定執 / 定执
* 宰執 / 宰执
* 封執 / 封执
* 專執 / 专执
* 幻執 / 幻执
* 幽執 / 幽执
* 建築執照 / 建筑执照
* 強制執行 / 强制执行
* 強執 / 强执
* 循執 / 循执
* 懷執 / 怀执
* 我執 / 我执 (wǒzhí)
* 拗執 / 拗执
* 拘執 / 拘执 (jūzhí)
* 披堅執銳 / 披坚执锐
* 抱關執籥 / 抱关执籥
* 指執 / 指执
* 捕執 / 捕执
* 挺執 / 挺执
* 掌執 / 掌执
* 揚執戟 / 扬执戟
* 提牌執戟 / 提牌执戟
* 搏執 / 搏执
* 摯執 / 挚执
* 擇善固執 / 择善固执 (zéshàngùzhí)
* 擒執 / 擒执
* 擇執 / 择执
* 操執 / 操执
* 擐甲執兵 / 擐甲执兵
* 擐甲執銳 / 擐甲执锐
* 攫戾執猛 / 攫戾执猛
* 攬執 / 揽执
* 收執 / 收执
* 收執聯 / 收执联
* 政策執行 / 政策执行
* 敬執 / 敬执
* 方執 / 方执
* 明火執仗 / 明火执仗
* 明火執杖 / 明火执杖
* 明火執械 / 明火执械
* 朋執 / 朋执
* 朦昧執迷 / 朦昧执迷
* 楊執戟 / 杨执戟
* 楚執珪 / 楚执珪
* 泥執 / 泥执
* 法執 / 法执
* 深執 / 深执
* 準執 / 准执
* 滯執 / 滞执
* 潤筆執政 / 润笔执政
* 無執 / 无执
* 爭執 / 争执 (zhēngzhí)
* 父執 / 父执 (fùzhí)
* 父執輩 / 父执辈
* 生執 / 生执
* 百執 / 百执
* 百執事 / 百执事
* 破執 / 破执
* 硜執 / 硁执
* 確執 / 确执
* 祖執 / 祖执
* 禁執 / 禁执
* 秉執 / 秉执
* 秉要執本 / 秉要执本
* 移執事 / 移执事
* 穿執 / 穿执
* 窘執 / 窘执
* 管執 / 管执
* 繡衣執法 / 绣衣执法
* 膠執 / 胶执
* 良執 / 良执
* 行車執照 / 行车执照
* 被堅執銳 / 被坚执锐
* 被甲執兵 / 被甲执兵
* 被甲執銳 / 被甲执锐
* 要執 / 要执
* 誣執 / 诬执
* 論執 / 论执
* 謙執 / 谦执
* 譬執 / 譬执
* 貌執 / 貌执
* 負堅執銳 / 负坚执锐
* 迂執 / 迂执
* 迷執 / 迷执
* 違執 / 违执
* 遭執 / 遭执
* 遵執 / 遵执
* 邊執 / 边执
* 邪執 / 邪执
* 部執 / 部执
* 部執異論 / 部执异论
* 閒執 / 闲执
* 面執 / 面执
* 馬執事 / 马执事
* 駕駛執照 / 驾驶执照 (jiàshǐ zhízhào)
* 騎羊執穗 / 骑羊执穗
* 驅執 / 驱执

### References

* “執”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* tenacious, take hold, grasp, take to heart

#### Readings

* Go-on: しゅう (shū, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: しゅう (shū, Jōyō)
* Kan’yō-on: しつ (shitsu, Jōyō)
* Kun: とる (toru, 執る, Jōyō)、とらえる (toraeru, 執える)
* Nanori: し (shi)

#### Compounds

* 偏(へん)執(しつ) (henshitsu)
* 固(こ)執(しゅう) (koshū)
* 執(しっ)刀(とう) (shittō)
* 執(しっ)政(せい) (shissei)
* 執(しっ)権(けん) (shikken)
* 執(しっ)行(こう) (shikkō)
* 執(しつ)事(じ) (shitsuji)
* 執(しつ)務(む) (shitsumu)
* 執(しつ)意(い) (shitsui)
* 執(しつ)拗(よう) (shitsuyō)
* 執(しゅう)心(しん) (shūshin)
* 執(しゅう)念(ねん) (shūnen)
* 執(しゅう)着(ちゃく) (shūchaku)
* 妄(もう)執(しゅう) (mōshū)
* 我(が)執(しゅう) (gashū)
* 確(かく)執(しつ) (kakushitsu)

### Proper noun

執(まもる) • (Mamoru)
* a male given name

## Korean
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [t͡ɕip̚]
* Phonetic hangul: [집]

### Hanja

Wikisource 執 (eum 집 (jip))
* hold in hand, keep, carry out

## Vietnamese
### Han character

執: Hán Việt readings: chấp
執: Nôm readings: chắp, giúp, chập, giập, xấp, chặp, chụp, chấp, xắp, xúp, chộp, xóp, xụp, chợp, giộp
* chữ Hán form of chấp.

#### Compounds

* 執行 (chấp hành)

### References

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Nguyễn (2014).
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Trần (2004).
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Hồ (1976).