# 凶

| 凶 | U+51F6, &#20982; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51F6 |
| ← 凵 [U+51F5] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 凷 → [U+51F7] |

## Translingual
### Han character

凶 (Kangxi radical 17, 凵+2, 4 strokes, cangjie input 山大 (UK), four-corner 2277$_0$, composition ⿶凵㐅)

#### Derived characters

* 㐫

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 135, character 2
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1803
* Dae Jaweon: page 300, character 28
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 306, character 19
* Unihan data for U+51F6

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 凶 :
| Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| Small seal scripts05171Transcribed ancient scriptsL30005L00905L00906L00907L00908L00909 |||
| References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script). |||
| | Old Chinese |
| 酗 | *qʰos |
| 凶 | *qʰoŋ |
| 匈 | *qʰoŋ |
| 兇 | *qʰoŋ, *qʰoŋʔ |
| 訩 | *qʰoŋ |
| 胸 | *qʰoŋ |
| 胷 | *qʰoŋ |
| 洶 | *qʰoŋ, *qʰoŋʔ |
| 恟 | *qʰoŋ |
| 詾 | *qʰoŋ, *qʰoŋʔ |
Pictogram (象形) and/or Ideogram (指事) - with the '凵' component representing a hole in the ground and with the '㐅' component (if an ideogram) indicating the existence of a hole and/or (if a pictogram) representing rock, mud, stone or bamboo in the hole. Alternately, could be derived from the upper component of '㚇'.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xiōng (xiong$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄩㄥ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hung$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hiûng
* Eastern Min (BUC): hṳ̆ng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hoeng$^1$ / hyeng$^1$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hiong
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiōng
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄩㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: syong
*** Wade–Giles: hsiung$^1$
*** Yale: syūng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiong
*** Palladius: сюн (sjun)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ʊŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hung$^1$
*** Yale: hūng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hung$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /hʊŋ⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hiûng
*** Hakka Romanization System: hiung$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: hiung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /hi̯uŋ²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: hṳ̆ng
*** Sinological IPA : /hyŋ⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hoeng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /hœŋ⁵³³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hyeng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /hyøŋ⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiong
*** Tâi-lô: hiong
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hiofng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hiɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hiɔŋ³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hiɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /hiɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hiɔŋ⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: xjowng
Rime :
| Character | 凶 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 曉 (32) |
| Final (韻) | 鍾 (7) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 許容切 |
| Baxter | xjowng |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /hɨoŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /hioŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /xioŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /huawŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /xioŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /xĭwoŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /xi̯woŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xiōng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hung$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*qʰ(r)oŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qʰoŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 凶 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xiōng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ xjowng › |
| Old Chinese | /*qʰ(r)oŋ/ |
| English | unlucky |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 凶 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 13889 |
| Phonetic component | 凶 |
| Rime group | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 胷 |
| Old Chinese | /*qʰoŋ/ |

### Definitions

凶
* inauspicious; bad luck; bad omen
    Antonym: 吉 (jí)
* to have a famine due to crop failure
    凶年 ― xiōngnián ― year of bad harvest and famine
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Hé nèi xiōng, zé yí qí mín yú hé dōng, yí qí sù yú hé nèi; hé dōng xiōng yì rán. [Pinyin]
    If the year be bad on the inside of the river, I remove as many of the people as I can to the east of the river, and convey grain to the country in the inside. When the year is bad on the east of the river, I act on the same plan.
* fierce; ferocious
    alt. forms: 兇 / 凶 (xiōng)
* terrible; fearful
    alt. forms: 兇 / 凶 (xiōng)
* act of violence; murder; evil
    alt. forms: 兇 / 凶 (xiōng)
* ruffian; evildoer; criminal
    alt. forms: 兇 / 凶 (xiōng)

### Compounds

* 元凶 (yuánxiōng)
* 凶事 (xiōngshì)
* 凶兆 (xiōngzhào)
* 凶器 (xiōngqì)
* 凶宅 (xiōngzhái)
* 凶悍 (xiōnghàn)
* 凶暴 (xiōngbào)
* 凶橫 (xiōnghèng)
* 凶焰 (xiōngyàn)
* 趨吉避凶 (qūjíbìxiōng)
* 逞凶 (chěngxiōng)

### See also

* For pronunciation and definitions of 凶 – see 兇 (“terrible; ferocious”). (This character is the simplified and variant traditional form of 兇).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

### References

* “Entry #592”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “凶”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 266.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* ominous
* killing, terrible

#### Readings

* Go-on: く (ku)、くう (kū)
* Kan-on: きょう (kyō, Jōyō)
* Kun: わるい (warui, 凶い)

#### Compounds

* 凶(きょう)悪(あく) (kyōaku)
* 凶(きょう)漢(かん) (kyōkan)
* 凶(きょう)旱(かん) (kyōkan)
* 凶(きょう)器(き) (kyōki)
* 凶(きょう)虐(ぎゃく) (kyōgyaku)
* 凶(きょう)逆(ぎゃく) (kyōgyaku)
* 凶(きょう)渠(きょ) (kyōkyo)
* 凶(きょう)凶(きょう) (kyōkyō)
* 凶(きょう)饉(きん) (kyōkin)
* 凶(きょう)桀(けつ) (kyōketsu)
* 凶(きょう)行(こう) (kyōkō)
* 凶(きょう)荒(こう) (kyōkō)
* 凶(きょう)狡(こう) (kyōkō)
* 凶(きょう)歳(さい) (kyōsai)
* 凶(きょう)作(さく) (kyōsaku)
* 凶(きょう)札(さつ) (kyōsatsu)
* 凶(きょう)残(ざん) (kyōzan)
* 凶(きょう)事(じ) (kyōji)
* 凶(きょう)日(じつ) (kyōjitsu)
* 凶(きょう)手(しゅ) (kyōshu)
* 凶(きょう)状(じょう) (kyōjō)
* 凶(きょう)刃(じん) (kyōjin)
* 凶(きょう)瑞(ずい) (kyōzui)
* 凶(きょう)賊(ぞく) (kyōzoku)
* 凶(きょう)弾(だん) (kyōdan)
* 凶(きょう)兆(ちょう) (kyōchō)
* 凶(きょう)徒(と) (kyōto)
* 凶(きょう)党(とう) (kyōtō)
* 凶(きょう)年(ねん) (kyōnen)
* 凶(きょう)敗(はい) (kyōhai)
* 凶(きょう)服(ふく) (kyōfuku)
* 凶(きょう)聞(ぶん) (kyōbun)
* 凶(きょう)変(へん) (kyōhen)
* 凶(きょう)報(ほう) (kyōhō)
* 凶(きょう)暴(ぼう) (kyōbō)
* 凶(きょう)夢(む) (kyōmu)
* 凶(きょう)猛(もう) (kyōmō)
* 凶(きょう)門(もん) (kyōmon)
* 凶(きょう)冷(れい) (kyōrei)
* 凶(きょう)礼(れい) (kyōrei)
* 凶(きょう)戻(れい) (kyōrei)
* 吉(きっ)凶(きょう) (kikkyō)
* 元(げん)凶(きょう) (genkyō)
* 豊(ほう)凶(きょう) (hōkyō)

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) きょー [kyóꜜò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [kʲo̞ː]

### Noun

* Kanji in this term
* 凶
* きょう Grade: S
* kan'on
* Alternative spelling
* 兇
凶(きょう) • (kyō)
* ill fortune

### References

* ↑ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

凶 (eumhun 흉할 흉 (hyunghal hyung))
* hanja form of 흉 (“ominous; terrible”)

#### Compounds

* 흉악 (凶惡, hyung'ak, “evil”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

凶: Hán Nôm readings: hung
* chữ Hán form of hung (“inauspicious, unlucky, ominous”).

#### References

* ↑ Génibrel (1898).
* ↑ Bonet (1899).
* ↑ Thiều Chửu (1942).
* ↑ Nguyễn (1974).
* ↑ Trần (1999).
* ↑ Nguyễn et al. (2009).