# χάρτης
## Ancient Greek
### Etymology

According to Strong's Biblical Concordance, from χαράσσω (kharássō, “I scratch, inscribe”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer- (“to scratch”) (compare Lithuanian žerti (“to scrape”)). Modern scholarship rejects this (Beekes, Chantraine) and considers the etymology unknown. An Egyptian derivation was supposed, without any convincing etymon found, because of the Egyptian origin of papyrus. Consistent with the Phoenician influence on Greece in the field of writing (the Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabet), it has been suggested that χάρτης could derive from the Phoenician word 𐤇𐤓𐤈𐤉𐤕 (ḥrṭyt), interpreted as "something written", cognate with Biblical Hebrew חֶרֶט (ḫereṭ, “stylus; style of writing”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kʰár.tɛːs/ → /ˈxar.tis/ → /ˈxar.tis/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /kʰár.tɛːs/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /ˈkʰar.te̝s/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /ˈxar.tis/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /ˈxar.tis/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /ˈxar.tis/

### Noun

χᾰ́ρτης • (khắrtēs) m (genitive χᾰ́ρτου); first declension
* sheet of paper, paper
* book

#### Derived terms

* χαρτίον (khartíon)
* χαρτοθήκη (khartothḗkē)

#### Descendants

* Greek: χάρτης (chártis)
** → Romanian: hartă
* → Aramaic:
    Syriac script: ܟܼܲܪܛܝܼܣܵܐ (ḵarṭīsā), ܟܪܛܐܣܐ
    Hebrew script: כַּרְטִיסָא (karṭīsā), קַרְטִיסָא (qarṭīsā), קַרְטָאסָא (qarṭāsā),
** → Arabic: قُرْطَاس (qurṭās), قَرْطَس (qarṭas) (obsolete) (see there for further descendants)
* → Bulgarian: хартия (hartija)
* → Hebrew: כַּרְטִיס (kartís)
* → Latin: charta (see there for further descendants)
* → Old Armenian: քարտ (kʻart), քարտէզ (kʻartēz), քարտէն (kʻartēn), քարտէս (kʻartēs)
** → Armenian: քարտ (kʻart), քարտեզ (kʻartez), քարտես (kʻartes) (learned)
** → Old Georgian: ქარტეზი (karṭezi)
* → Russian: хартия (xartija)
* ⇒ Koine Greek: χαρτίον (khartíon)
** Greek: χαρτί (chartí) (see there for further descendants)

### References

* ↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “χάρτης”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1615-6
* ↑ Dictionnaire Etymologique De La Langue Grecque, Pierre Chantraine, 2009, page 1249
* ↑ Gary A. Rendsburg, The Etymology of χάρτης 'Papyrus Roll', Scripta Classica Israelica, vol. XXXVI 2017, pp. 149-169. https://jewishstudies.rutgers.edu/docman/rendsburg/660-sci-etymology-of-chartes/file
* ↑ [https://web.archive.org/web/20210126085853/https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?t=kjv&strongs=h2747
* ↑ https://biblehub.com/hebrew/2747.htm Gesenius' Hebrew-Chaldee Lexicon]

### Further reading

* “χάρτης”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “χάρτης”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* χάρτης in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
* G5489 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible

## Greek
### Etymology

Learnedly, from Ancient Greek χάρτης (“a papyrus scroll”), semantic loan from Italian carta or from English chart, from Latin charta, from Ancient Greek χάρτης (khártēs). Doublet of κάρτα (kárta, “card”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈxar.tis/
* Hyphenation: χάρ‧της

### Noun

χάρτης • (chártis) m (plural χάρτες)
* (navigation) map, chart
* charter, project charter, constitution
    καταστατικός χάρτης ― katastatikós chártis ― charter
* (dated) synonym of χαρτί n (chartí, “paper”) in the set phrase
    εμπόριο χάρτου (empório chártou, “trading of paper”)

#### Declension

Formal dated genitive singular: χάρτου

#### Derived terms

* άσκηση επί χάρτου (áskisi epí chártou)
* ο Χάρτης του ΟΗΕ (o Chártis tou OIE, “Charter of the United Nations”)

#### Related terms

* χαρτο-, χαρτό-, χαρτ-
* χάρτα f (chárta, “chart”) (dated, formal)
* χαρτί n (chartí, “paper”) and derivatives
Related to maps:
* αχαρτογράφητος (achartográfitos, “uncharted”)
* χαρτογράφηση f (chartográfisi, “mapping, making a map”)
* χαρτογραφία f (chartografía, “cartography”)
* χαρτογραφικός (chartografikós, adjective)
* χαρτογράφος m or f (chartográfos, “cartographer”)
* χαρτογραφώ (chartografó, “to map”)

#### Descendants

* → Romanian: hartă

### References

* ↑ χάρτης, in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998 at the Centre for the Greek language

### Further reading

* χάρτης on the Greek Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{el}$