# 焼く
## Japanese

* Kanji in this term
* 焼
* や Grade: 4
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 燒く (kyūjitai)

### Etymology

From Old Japanese. Appears in the Kojiki of 712 CE, and in the Man'yōshū completed some time after 759 CE. From Proto-Japonic *yaku.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) やく [yàkú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ja̠kɯ̟]
* Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「焼く」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary :
| Stem forms ||||
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) | 焼く | やく | [yàkú] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 焼け | やけ | [yàké] |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 焼かれる | やかれる | [yàkárérú] |
| Causative | 焼かせる | やかせる | [yàkásérú] |
| Potential | 焼ける | やける | [yàkérú] |
| Volitional | 焼こう | やこー | [yàkóꜜò] |
| Negative | 焼かない | やかない | [yàkánáí] |
| Negative perfective | 焼かなかった | やかなかった | [yàkánáꜜkàttà] |
| Formal | 焼きます | やきます | [yàkímáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 焼いた | やいた | [yàítá] |
| Conjunctive | 焼いて | やいて | [yàíté] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 焼けば | やけば | [yàkéꜜbà] |

### Verb

焼(や)く • (yaku) transitive godan (stem 焼(や)き (yaki), past 焼(や)いた (yaita))
Japanese verb pair :
| active | 焼く |
| mediopassive | 焼ける |
* to change something by means of fire, light, chemicals, or other means:
** to burn
*** [from 712] to set on fire, to light on fire
*** [from 720] to burn to ashes
** to burn (to write data to a permanent storage medium)
** [from 720] to use heat or flame to prepare something for eating or using:
*** (cooking) to grill
*** (cooking) to broil
*** (cooking) to fry
*** (cooking) to toast
*** (cooking) to roast
*** (cooking) to bake
*** (pottery) to fire
** [from 850] to apply moxibustion
** [from 1966] to expose to sunlight and cause to change color: to tan one's skin
** [from 1908] (photography) to print a photograph by shining a light through a negative
** [from 1884] to rub chemicals
** [from 1960] to have a sensation, to burn (the heart)
* (figuratively) to convey feelings from the heart:
** [from 759] to worry
** to care
** [from 1687] 妬く: to envy, to be jealous
** [from 1662] to make someone happy

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 焼か | やか | yaka |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 焼き | やき | yaki |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 焼く | やく | yaku |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 焼く | やく | yaku |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 焼け | やけ | yake |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 焼け | やけ | yake |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 焼かれる | やかれる | yakareru |
| Causative | 焼かせる 焼かす | やかせる やかす | yakaseru yakasu |
| Potential | 焼ける | やける | yakeru |
| Volitional | 焼こう | やこう | yakō |
| Negative | 焼かない | やかない | yakanai |
| Negative continuative | 焼かず | やかず | yakazu |
| Formal | 焼きます | やきます | yakimasu |
| Perfective | 焼いた | やいた | yaita |
| Conjunctive | 焼いて | やいて | yaite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 焼けば | やけば | yakeba |
Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 焼か | やか | yaka |
| Continuative (連用形) | 焼き | やき | yaki |
| Terminal (終止形) | 焼く | やく | yaku |
| Attributive (連体形) | 焼く | やく | yaku |
| Realis (已然形) | 焼け | やけ | yake |
| Imperative (命令形) | 焼け | やけ | yake |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 焼かず | やかず | yakazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 焼けど | やけど | yakedo |
| Causal conjunction | 焼けば | やけば | yakeba |
| Conditional conjunction | 焼かば | やかば | yakaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 焼きき | やきき | yakiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 焼きけり | やきけり | yakikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 焼きつ | やきつ | yakitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 焼きぬ | やきぬ | yakinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 焼けり 焼きたり | やけり やきたり | yakeri yakitari |
| Volitional | 焼かむ | やかむ | yakamu |

#### Derived terms

* 焼(や)き芋(いも) (yakiimo): a baked sweet potato
* 焼(や)き印(いん) (yakiin): a branding iron; a brand (the mark made by the branding iron)
* 焼(や)き塩(しお) (yakishio): table salt
* 焼(や)き海苔(のり) (yakinori): grilled nori, grilled laver
* 焼(や)き絵(え) (yakie): a pyrograph, pokerwork, woodburning
* 焼(や)き魚(ざかな) (yakizakana): a grilled or broiled fish
* 焼(や)き蕎麦(そば) (yakisoba): yakisoba, stir-fried noodles
* 焼(や)き玉(だま)機(き)関(かん) (yakidamakikan): a semidiesel engine
* 焼(や)き金(がね) (yakigane): a branding iron
* 焼(や)き串(ぐし) (yakigushi): a spit, a skewer
* 焼(や)き栗(ぐり) (yakiguri): a roasted chestnut
* 焼(や)き殺(ころ)す (yakikorosu): to burn to death, to kill by burning
* 焼(や)き捨(す)てる (yakisuteru): to dispose of by burning, to incinerate
* 焼(や)き上(あ)がる (yakiagaru): to be finished baking, broiling, firing, printing, etc.
* 焼(や)き上(あ)げる (yakiageru): to finish baking, broiling, firing, printing, etc. something
* 焼(や)き場(ば) (yakiba): a crematorium
* 焼(や)き石(いし) (yakiishi): a heated stone
* 焼(や)き切(き)る (yakikiru): to burn something off, to separate something by burning; to fully broil, roast, etc. something
* 焼(や)き金(きん) (yakikin): smelted gold, purified gold
* 焼(や)き物(もの) (yakimono): pottery, ceramics, stoneware, china
* 照(て)り焼(や)き (teriyaki): teriyaki

### Verb

焼(や)く • (yaku) intransitive $^†$nidan
* (obsolete) to change on its own by means of fire, light, chemicals, or other means: to burn, to tan, to be cooked

#### Usage notes

The intransitive use of yaku is now obsolete, and has been superseded by the modern form 焼ける (yakeru).

#### Conjugation

Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 焼け | やけ | yake |
| Continuative (連用形) | 焼け | やけ | yake |
| Terminal (終止形) | 焼く | やく | yaku |
| Attributive (連体形) | 焼くる | やくる | yakuru |
| Realis (已然形) | 焼くれ | やくれ | yakure |
| Imperative (命令形) | 焼けよ | やけよ | yakeyo |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 焼けず | やけず | yakezu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 焼くれど | やくれど | yakuredo |
| Causal conjunction | 焼くれば | やくれば | yakureba |
| Conditional conjunction | 焼けば | やけば | yakeba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 焼けき | やけき | yakeki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 焼けけり | やけけり | yakekeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 焼けつ | やけつ | yaketu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 焼けぬ | やけぬ | yakenu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 焼けたり | やけたり | yaketari |
| Volitional | 焼けむ | やけむ | yakemu |

### References

* ↑ “焼”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* ↑ 711–712, Kojiki, poem 74:, text here
* ↑ c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 15, poem 3652:, text here
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN