# 堪

| 堪 | U+582A, &#22570; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-582A |
| ← 堩 [U+5829] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 堫 → [U+582B] |

## Translingual
### Han character

堪 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 土廿一女 (GTMV), four-corner 4411$_1$, composition ⿰土甚)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 233, character 27
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5266
* Dae Jaweon: page 471, character 4
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 460, character 1
* Unihan data for U+582A

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 堪 :
| Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 湛 | *ʔl'uːm, *r'uːmʔ, *l'um |
| 媅 | *ʔl'uːm |
| 黮 | *l̥ʰuːmʔ, *l'uːmʔ |
| 糂 | *sluːmʔ |
| 堪 | *kʰluːm |
| 戡 | *kʰluːm, *ʔl'umʔ |
| 嵁 | *kʰluːm, *ŋɡluːm, *ŋɡluːmʔ, *sɡruːmʔ, *kʰruːm |
| 歁 | *kʰluːmʔ, *kʰluːb |
| 勘 | *kʰluːms |
| 磡 | *kʰuːms |
| 墈 | *kʰuːms |
| 偡 | *r'uːmʔ |
| 碪 | *ʔl'um |
| 椹 | *ʔl'um |
| 揕 | *ʔl'ums |
| 踸 | *l̥ʰumʔ |
| 鍖 | *l̥ʰumʔ |
| 斟 | *kljum |
| 諶 | *ɡljum |
| 愖 | *ɡljum |
| 瘎 | *ɡljum |
| 煁 | *ɡljum |
| 甚 | *ɡljumʔ, *ɡljums |
| 葚 | *ɦljumʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kʰluːm) and ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 甚 (OC *ɡljumʔ, *ɡljums, “extreme, profound”) — originally meaning “heavy mountain/earthen protrusion”, it later came to signify the act of “enduring” that earth's weight.

### Etymology

Sino-Tibetan; compare Burmese ခံ (hkam, “to receive; to endure”), Jingpho khàm (“to endure”) (Schuessler, 2007).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kān (kan$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄢ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ham$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khâm
* Northern Min (KCR): káng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kham
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kam$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kān
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kan
*** Wade–Giles: kʻan$^1$
*** Yale: kān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kan
*** Palladius: кань (kanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰän⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ham$^1$
*** Yale: hām
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ham$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hem$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɐm⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khâm
*** Hakka Romanization System: kam$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kam$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰam²⁴/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: káng
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰaŋ⁵⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kham
*** Tâi-lô: kham
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qafm
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰam⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰam³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰam⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰam⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰam⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: kam$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kham
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰam³³/
* Middle Chinese: khom
Rime :
| Character | 堪 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 覃 (159) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 口含切 |
| Baxter | khom |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰʌm/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰəm/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰɒm/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰəm/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰᴀm/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰɒm/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kʰăm/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | kān |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ham$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[kʰ]ˤ[ə]m/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰluːm/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 堪 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | kān |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ khom › |
| Old Chinese | /*[kʰ]ˁ[ə]m/ |
| English | able to bear |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 堪 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 11271 |
| Phonetic component | 甚 |
| Rime group | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 龕 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰluːm/ |

### Definitions

堪
* may; can; to be capable of; to be able to
    From: Tang dynasty, author unknown, traditionally ascribed to Du Qiuniang (杜秋娘), 金縷衣 (jīnlǚyī)
    Huā kāi kān zhé zhíxū zhé, mò dài wú huā kōng zhé zhī. [Pinyin]
    When flowers bloom and you’re able to do so, pick them immediately: don’t wait until there are none left to only pick twigs.
* to bear; to stand; to resist; to endure
    不堪一擊／不堪一击 ― bùkānyījī ― cannot withstand a single blow
* (obsolete) protrusion in the earth

### Compounds

* 七不堪
* 不堪 (bùkān)
* 不堪一擊 / 不堪一击 (bùkānyījī)
* 不堪七
* 不堪之物
* 不堪入目 (bùkānrùmù)
* 不堪入耳 (bùkānrù'ěr)
* 不堪其擾 / 不堪其扰 (bùkānqírǎo)
* 不堪回首 (bùkānhuíshǒu)
* 不堪言狀 / 不堪言状
* 不堪設想 / 不堪设想 (bùkānshèxiǎng)
* 不堪負荷 / 不堪负荷
* 不堪造就
* 不復堪命 / 不复堪命
* 仲堪
* 任堪
* 何堪
* 依瑪堪 / 依玛堪
* 克堪
* 凌亂不堪
* 可堪
* 國不堪貳 / 国不堪贰 (guóbùkān'èr)
* 堪㐨
* 堪可
* 堪坏
* 堪培拉 (Kānpéilā)
* 堪堪
* 堪士
* 堪巖 / 堪岩
* 堪布 (kānbù)
* 堪忍
* 堪憂 / 堪忧 (kānyōu)
* 堪比
* 堪火
* 堪稱 / 堪称 (kānchēng)
* 堪笑
* 堪能 (kānnéng)
* 堪薩 / 堪萨
* 堪薩斯 / 堪萨斯 (Kānsàsī)
* 堪薩斯州 / 堪萨斯州
* 堪虞 (kānyú)
* 堪輿 / 堪舆 (kānyú)
* 堪輿家 / 堪舆家
* 堪達罕 / 堪达罕 (kāndáhǎn)
* 富堪敵國 / 富堪敌国
* 差堪
* 弗堪
* 情何以堪 (qínghéyǐkān)
* 擁擠不堪 / 拥挤不堪
* 斯堪的納維亞 / 斯堪的纳维亚 (Sīkāndínàwéiyà)
* 會堪得 / 会堪得 (ē-kham-tit)
* 民不堪命
* 無堪 / 无堪
* 狼狽不堪 / 狼狈不堪
* 痛不堪忍
* 百無一堪 / 百无一堪
* 石堪子
* 破敗不堪 / 破败不堪
* 破爛不堪 / 破烂不堪 (pòlànbùkān)
* 破舊不堪 / 破旧不堪
* 秀色堪餐
* 自堪
* 苦不堪言 (kǔbùkānyán)
* 誰堪 / 谁堪
* 那堪
* 鄙俗不堪
* 門堪羅雀 / 门堪罗雀
* 門庭冷落，門堪羅雀 / 门庭冷落，门堪罗雀
* 難堪 / 难堪 (nánkān)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: こん (kon)
* Kan-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)
* Kan’yō-on: たん (tan)
* Kun: たえる (taeru, 堪える, Jōyō)、こらえる (koraeru, 堪える)、こたえる (kotaeru, 堪える)、たまる (tamaru, 堪る)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 堪
* かん Grade: S
* kan'on
From Middle Chinese 堪 (MC khom).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kã̠ɴ]

### Affix

堪(かん) • (kan)
* to bear; to endure
* capable

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 堪 (MC khom).
* Recorded as Middle Korean 캄 (Yale: kham) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 감 (kam) (Yale: kam) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ka̠m]
* Phonetic hangul: [감]

### Hanja

Wikisource 堪 (eumhun 견딜 감 (gyeondil gam))
* hanja form of 감 (“to endure; to bear”)
* hanja form of 감 (“capable”)

#### Compounds

* 감내 (堪耐, gamnae, “perseverance”)
* 감능 (堪能, gamneung, “patience, perseverance”)
* 감당 (堪當, gamdang, “coping with; managing”)
* 감인 (堪忍, gamin, “patience, forbearance”)
* 난감 (難堪, nan'gam, “being intolerable; being unbearable; embarrassment”)
* 불감 (不堪, bulgam)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

堪: Hán Nôm readings: kham, khom, khăm
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.