# 沌

| 沌 | U+6C8C, &#27788; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6C8C |
| ← 沋 [U+6C8B] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 沍 → [U+6C8D] |

## Translingual
### Han character

沌 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 水心山 (EPU), four-corner 3511$_7$, composition ⿰氵屯)

### Further reading

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 610, character 10
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17193
* Dae Jaweon: page 1003, character 4
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1561, character 9
* Unihan data for U+6C8C

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 躉 | *tuːnʔ |
| 窀 | *rduːn, *duːn, *tun |
| 沌 | *donʔ, *duːn, *duːnʔ |
| 盹 | *tuːnʔ, *tjuns |
| 頓 | *tuːns |
| 扽 | *tuːns |
| 黗 | *tʰuːn, *tʰuːnʔ |
| 吨 | *tʰuːnʔ |
| 屯 | *duːn, *tun |
| 飩 | *duːn |
| 豘 | *duːn |
| 軘 | *duːn |
| 坉 | *duːn |
| 邨 | *duːn, *stʰuːn |
| 忳 | *duːn |
| 芚 | *duːn |
| 庉 | *duːn, *duːnʔ |
| 囤 | *duːnʔ |
| 迍 | *tun |
| 杶 | *tʰun |
| 瑃 | *tʰun |
| 椿 | *tʰun |
| 偆 | *tʰunʔ, *tʰjunʔ |
| 肫 | *tjun |
| 訰 | *tjun, *tjuns |
| 純 | *tjunʔ, *djun |
| 春 | *tʰjun |
| 蠢 | *tʰjunʔ |
| 踳 | *tʰjunʔ |
| 惷 | *tʰjunʔ |
| 蒓 | *djun |
| 賰 | *hljunʔ |
| 鬊 | *hljuns |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *donʔ, *duːn, *duːnʔ) : semantic 氵 + phonetic 屯 (OC *duːn, *tun).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): dùn (dun$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄣˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): deon$^6$
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): dong$^5$ / duong$^5$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): tūn
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$den
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dùn
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄣˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: dùn
*** Wade–Giles: tun$^4$
*** Yale: dwùn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duenn
*** Palladius: дунь (dunʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /tu̯ən⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: deon$^6$
*** Yale: deuhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: doen$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: dên$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /tɵn²²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: dong$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /tɔŋ²¹/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: duong$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /tuoŋ²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tūn
*** Tâi-lô: tūn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dun
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tun²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tun⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tun²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tun³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tun³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$den
*** MiniDict: den$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$den
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /dən²³/
* Middle Chinese: dwonX
Rime :
| Character | 沌 |
| Reading # | 2/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 定 (7) |
| Final (韻) | 魂 (55) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 徒損切 |
| Baxter | dwonX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /duən$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /duon$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /duən$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /dwən$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /duən$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /duən$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /dʱuən$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | dùn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | deon$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*duːnʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 沌 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| No. | 12558 |
| Phonetic component | 屯 |
| Rime group | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 囤 |
| Old Chinese | /*duːnʔ/ |

#### Definitions

沌
* benighted; ignorant
* disorderly; chaotic

#### Compounds

* 悶沌沌 / 闷沌沌
* 沌沌 (dùndùn)
* 混沌 (hùndùn)
* 混沌世界
* 混混沌沌
* 渾沌 / 浑沌 (hùndùn)
* 鑿渾沌 / 凿浑沌

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhuàn (zhuan$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄨㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): cyun$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhuàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhuàn
*** Wade–Giles: chuan$^4$
*** Yale: jwàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: juann
*** Palladius: чжуань (čžuanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂu̯än⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: cyun$^5$
*** Yale: chyúhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsyn$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: qun$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰyːn¹³/
* Middle Chinese: drjwenX
Rime :
| Character | 沌 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 澄 (11) |
| Final (韻) | 仙 (80) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 持兖切 |
| Baxter | drjwenX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɖˠiuᴇn$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɖʷᵚiɛn$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȡiuæn$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɖwian$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ȡjuɛn$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ȡĭwɛn$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȡʱi̯wɛn$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhuàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zyun$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*donʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 沌 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| No. | 12539 |
| Phonetic component | 屯 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 篆 |
| Old Chinese | /*donʔ/ |

#### Definitions

沌
* (～河) Zhuan River (a river in Hubei)
* Used in 沌口 (“name of an ancient county”).

### Pronunciation 3

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tún (tun$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨㄣˊ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tún
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄨㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tún
*** Wade–Giles: tʻun$^2$
*** Yale: twún
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: twen
*** Palladius: тунь (tunʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰu̯ən³⁵/
* Middle Chinese: dwon
Rime :
| Character | 沌 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 定 (7) |
| Final (韻) | 魂 (55) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 徒渾切 |
| Baxter | dwon |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /duən/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /duon/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /duən/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /dwən/ |
| Li Rong | /duən/ |
| Wang Li | /duən/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /dʱuən/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | tún |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | teon$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*duːn/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 沌 |
| Reading # | 2/3 |
| No. | 12552 |
| Phonetic component | 屯 |
| Rime group | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 屯 |
| Old Chinese | /*duːn/ |

#### Definitions

沌
* (of waves) billowing

#### Compounds

* 沌沌 (túntún)

### References

* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “沌”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 57.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* primeval chaos

#### Readings

* Go-on: どん (don)
* Kan-on: とん (ton)
* Kun: ふさがる (fusagaru, 沌がる)、くらい (kurai, 沌い)、おろか (oroka, 沌か)

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 沌 (MC dwonX). Recorded as Middle Korean 돈〯 (twǒn) (Yale: twon) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

Wikisource 沌 (eumhun 엉길 돈 (eonggil don))
* hanja form of 돈 (“disorderly; chaotic”)

#### Compounds

* 혼돈 (混沌/渾沌, hondon, “chaos; confusion”)
* 혼돈씨 (混沌氏, hondonssi)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

沌: Hán Nôm readings: xộn
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.