# मा
## Garhwali
### Verb

मा (mā) (transitive)
* have
    मेमा यअक किताब न्ही च।memā yaak kitāb nhī ca.I don't have a book.

## Nepali
### Etymology

Ultimately from Sanskrit मध्य (madhya), cognate with Hindi में (mẽ).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [mä]
* Phonetic Devanagari: मा

### Postposition

मा • (mā)
* in, at, on

## Newar
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ma]

### Noun

मा • (mā) ? (Newa Spelling 𑐩𑐵)
* plant

## Sanskrit
### Alternative scripts

* মা (Assamese script)
* ᬫᬵ (Balinese script)
* মা (Bengali script)
* 𑰦𑰯 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀫𑀸 (Brahmi script)
* မာ (Burmese script)
* મા (Gujarati script)
* ਮਾ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌮𑌾 (Grantha script)
* ꦩꦴ (Javanese script)
* 𑂧𑂰 (Kaithi script)
* ಮಾ (Kannada script)
* មា (Khmer script)
* ມາ (Lao script)
* മാ (Malayalam script)
* ᠮᠠᢇ (Manchu script)
* 𑘦𑘰 (Modi script)
* ᠮᠠ᠋᠎ᠠ (Mongolian script)
* 𑧆𑧑 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐩𑐵 (Newa script)
* ମା (Odia script)
* ꢪꢵ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆩𑆳 (Sharada script)
* 𑖦𑖯 (Siddham script)
* මා (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩴𑩛 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚢𑚭 (Takri script)
* மா (Tamil script)
* మా (Telugu script)
* มา (Thai script)
* མཱ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒧𑒰 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨢𑨊 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /mɑ́ː/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /mɑː/

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *maH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *maH, from Proto-Indo-European *meh₁ (prohibitive particle). Cognate with Albanian mo (“do not”), Ancient Greek μή (mḗ, “not, do not”), Old Armenian մի (mi, “no, not”), Avestan 𐬨𐬁 (mā), Old Persian 𐎶𐎠 (m-a /⁠mā⁠/) (whence Persian مـ (ma-)).

#### Particle

मा • (mā́)
* don't (prohibitive particle)
** c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 1.5.10:मा नो॒ मर्ता॑ अ॒भि द्रु॑हन्। त॒नूना॑मिंद्र गिर्वणः। ईशा॑नो यवया व॒धम्॥mā́ no mártā abhí druhan tanū́nām indra girvaṇaḥ ī́śāno yavayā vadhámO Indra, thou who lovest song, do not let any man hurt our bodies. Keep slaughter far from us for thou canst.

##### Derived terms

* माकिम् (mākim)
* माकिस् (mākis)

##### Descendants

* Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀫𑀸 (mā)
** Prakrit: 𑀫𑀸 (mā)
*** Apabhramsa: म (ma) (see there for further descendants)
** ⇒ Prakrit: 𑀫𑀸𑀇𑀅 (māia), 𑀫𑀸𑀇 (māi), 𑀫𑀇𑀅 (maïa)
** ⇒ Prakrit: 𑀫𑀁𑀢 (maṃta)
*** Takka Apabhramsa:
**** Old Punjabi: ਮਤ (mata), ਮਤਿ (mati), ਮਤੁ (matu)
***** Punjabi: mat
    Gurmukhi script: ਮਤ
    Shahmukhi script: مَت
*** Vracada Apabhramsa:
**** Sindhi:
    Arabic script: مَتان, مَتَڻ, مَتُڻِ
    Devanagari script: मतां, मतण, मतुणि
*** Sauraseni Prakrit:
**** Sauraseni Apabhramsa:
***** Hindustani: mat
    Hindi: मत
    Urdu: مَت (mat)
* Dardic:
** Kalasha: mo
** Kashmiri: مَہ (mah)
* Gandhari: 𐨨 (ma)
* Pali: mā

### Etymology 2

Shortened from माम् (mā́m).

#### Pronoun

मा • (mā)
* (enclitic) accusative singular of अहम् (ahám)

### Etymology 3

Onomatopoeic; compare मय (maya, “horse”) and मयु (mayu, “antelope, deer”), which are probably connected to the root, as well as similar formations throughout Indo-European such as Ancient Greek μῐνῠρῐ́ζω (mĭnŭrĭ́zō, “to whimper, warble”).

#### Root

मा • (mā)
* to sound, bellow, bleat

##### Derived terms
###### Primary Verbal Forms

* मिमाति (mímāti, Present)
* मिमाय (mimā́ya, Perfect)

###### Non-Finite Forms

* मातवै (mātavai, Infinitive)

###### Derived Nominal Forms

* मायु (māyú)

### Etymology 4

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *maH-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *maH-, from Proto-Indo-European *meh₁- (“to measure”).

#### Root

मा • (mā)
* to measure

##### Derived terms
###### Primary Verbal Forms

* मिमीते (mímīte, Present)
* माति (mā́ti, Present)
* मायते (māyate, Present)
* मास्यति (māsyáti, Future)
* माता (mātā́, Periphrastic Future)
* अमासि (ámāsi, Aorist)
* अमासीत् (ámāsīt, Aorist)
* ममौ (mamáu, Perfect)
* ममे (mamé, Perfect)

###### Secondary Forms

* मीयते (mīyáte, Passive)
* अमायि (ámāyi, Passive Aorist)
* मापयति (māpáyati, Causative)
* अमीमपत् (ámīmapat, Causative Aorist)
* मित्सति (mitsati, Desiderative)
* मेमीयते (memīyate, Intensive)
* मामाति (māmāti, Intensive)

###### Non-Finite Forms

* मित (mitá, Past Participle)
* मातुम् (mātum, Infinitive)
* मितुम् (mitum, Infinitive)
* मामे (māme, Infinitive)
* मामै (māmái, Infinitive)
* मित्वा (mitvā́, Gerund)
* मीत्वा (mītvā́, Gerund)
* माय (mā́ya, Gerundive)
* मातव्य (mātavyá, Gerundive)

###### Derived Nominal Forms

* मा (mā́)
* मान (mā́na)
* मिति (miti)
* मातृ (mā́tṛ)
* मात्रा (mā́trā)
* माया (māyā́)
* मायु (māyú)
* मास् (mā́s)
* मास (māsa)
* मस् (mas)
* मेय (méya)
* मित्सा (mitsā)
* मापक (māpaka)
* माप्य (māpya)
* मापन (māpana)
* अवमाय (avamāya)

###### Prefixed Root Forms

* प्रतिमा (pratimā)
* अनुमा (anumā)
* उपमा (upamā)
* निमा (nimā)
* संमा (saṃmā)

##### Descendants
### Etymology 5

From the above root.

#### Noun

मा • (mā) stem, f (root मा)
* measure
* authority
* light
* knowledge
* binding, fettering
* death

##### Declension
### References

* Monier Williams (1899) “मा”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, pages 804/1-2.
* William Dwight Whitney, 1885, The Roots, Verb-forms, and Primary Derivatives of the Sanskrit Language, Leipzig: Breitkopf and Härtel, page 119
* ↑ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 343
* ↑ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 341
* ↑ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 341-3