# 岩

| 岩 | U+5CA9, &#23721; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5CA9 |
| ← 岨 [U+5CA8] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 岪 → [U+5CAA] |

## Translingual
### Han character

岩 (Kangxi radical 46, 山+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 山一口 (UMR), four-corner 2260$_1$, composition ⿱山石)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 309, character 19
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7985
* Dae Jaweon: page 609, character 13
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 766, character 7
* Unihan data for U+5CA9

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 岩 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : 山 (“hill”) + 石 (“rock”).
Originally written as 巖 – phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ŋraːm) : semantic 山 (“hill”) + phonetic 嚴 (OC *ŋam). The variant form 岩 first appeared in the clerical script in the Han dynasty era.

### Etymology

Cognate with 嚴 (OC *ŋam, “majestic; stern; grave”) and 儼 (OC *ŋamʔ, “dignified; majestic”). See 嚴 for more.
癌 (ái, “cancer”) is a derivative of 岩.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yán (yan$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄢˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ngaam$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ngàm
    (Hailu, HRS): ngam
* Eastern Min (BUC): ngàng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ngang$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): gâm / giâm
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ngam$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$yi; $^6$nge
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yán
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yán
*** Wade–Giles: yen$^2$
*** Yale: yán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yan
*** Palladius: янь (janʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /jɛn³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ngaam$^4$
*** Yale: ngàahm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ngaam$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ngam$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋaːm²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngàm
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngam$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngam$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋam¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngam
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋam⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ngàng
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋaŋ⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ngang$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋaŋ¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gâm
*** Tâi-lô: gâm
*** Phofsit Daibuun: gaam
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /ɡam²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡam²³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡam¹³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: giâm
*** Tâi-lô: giâm
*** Phofsit Daibuun: giaam
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡiam²³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /ɡiam²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡiam¹³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ngam$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngâm
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋam⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$yi; $^6$nge
*** MiniDict: yi$^去$; nge$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$hhi; $^3$nge
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦi²³/, /ŋe²³/
* Middle Chinese: ngaem
Rime :
| Character | 岩 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 銜 (149) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 五銜切 |
| Baxter | ngaem |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ŋˠam/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ŋᵚam/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ŋam/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ŋaɨm/ |
| Li Rong | /ŋam/ |
| Wang Li | /ŋam/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ŋam/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yán |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ngaam$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ]ˤr[a]m/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋraːm/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 岩 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yán |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ngæm › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ŋ]ˁr[a]m/ (< uvular?) |
| English | rocky, lofty |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 岩 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 3684 |
| Phonetic component | 敢 |
| Rime group | 談 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 巖 |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋraːm/ |

### Definitions

岩
* cliff
* rock; stone; -ite
* mountain peak
* cave
* (obsolete) tall; steep
* (obsolete) precipitous and strategically located
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
    Zhì, yán yì yě, Guó Shū sǐ yān. [Pinyin]
    The Zhi area is a dangerous and strategic place, Guo Shu died there.

### Compounds

* 七星岩 (Qīxīngyán)
* 七里岩 (Qīlǐyán)
* 偉晶岩 / 伟晶岩
* 冰岩
* 冰磧岩 / 冰碛岩
* 凝灰岩 (nínghuīyán)
* 千岩萬壑 / 千岩万壑 (qiānyánwànhè)
* 噴出岩 / 喷出岩
* 大岩桐
* 大慈岩 (Dàcíyán)
* 安山岩 (ānshānyán)
* 岩圈
* 岩基
* 岩壁 (yánbì)
* 岩層 / 岩层
* 岩岸
* 岩床
* 岩心
* 岩棉
* 岩洞 (yándòng)
* 岩溶 (yánróng)
* 岩漿 / 岩浆 (yánjiāng)
* 岩灣 / 岩湾 (Yánwān)
* 岩田
* 岩石 (yánshí)
* 岩石圈 (yánshíquān)
* 岩石學 / 岩石学 (yánshíxué)
* 岩礁
* 岩羊 (yányáng)
* 岩脈 / 岩脉
* 岩鹽 / 岩盐
* 巉岩 (chányán)
* 懸岩 / 悬岩
* 攀岩 (pānyán)
* 斑岩 (bānyán)
* 板岩 (bǎnyán)
* 梅家岩 (Méijiāyán)
* 水成岩 (shuǐchéngyán)
* 沉積岩 / 沉积岩 (chénjīyán)
* 泥板岩 (níbǎnyán)
* 油頁岩 / 油页岩
* 流紋岩 / 流纹岩
* 浮岩 (fúyán)
* 深成岩
* 瀉水岩 / 泻水岩 (Xièshuǐyán)
* 火山岩 (huǒshānyán)
* 火成岩 (huǒchéngyán)
* 熔岩 (róngyán)
* 片岩 (piànyán)
* 片麻岩 (piànmáyán)
* 玄武岩 (xuánwǔyán)
* 玢岩 (bīnyán)
* 瘦岩岩
* 白雲岩 / 白云岩 (báiyúnyán)
* 石灰岩 (shíhuīyán)
* 石英岩
* 矽質岩 / 矽质岩
* 砂岩 (shāyán)
* 硬頁岩 / 硬页岩
* 磨變岩 / 磨变岩
* 礁岩
* 礫岩 / 砾岩 (lìyán)
* 粘板岩
* 粒變岩 / 粒变岩
* 粗面岩
* 紅岩寺 / 红岩寺 (Hóngyánsì)
* 結晶岩 / 结晶岩
* 膨土岩
* 花崗岩 / 花岗岩 (huāgāngyán)
* 角礫岩 / 角砾岩 (jiǎolìyán)
* 角頁岩 / 角页岩
* 輝綠岩 / 辉绿岩
* 輝長岩 / 辉长岩
* 鑼圈岩 / 锣圈岩 (Luóquānyán)
* 頁岩 / 页岩 (yèyán)
* 骨岩岩
* 高白岩 (Gāobáiyán)
* 黃牛岩 / 黄牛岩 (Huángniúyán)
* 黑曜岩 (hēiyàoyán)
* 龍巖 / 龙岩 (Lóngyán)

### References

* “岩”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: げん (gen)
* Kan-on: がん (gan, Jōyō)
* Kun: いわ (iwa, 岩, Jōyō)

#### Compounds

* 岩(がん)漿(しょう) (ganshō): magma
* 松(しょう)脂(し)岩(がん) (shōshigan): pitchstone

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 岩
* いわ Grade: 2
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spellings
* 巌 磐
/ipa/ → /ifa/ → /iwa/
From Old Japanese. Found in the Man'yōshū finished some time after 759 CE.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) いわ [ìwáꜜ] (Odaka –)
* IPA: [iβ̞a̠]

#### Noun

岩(いわ) • (iwa)
* rock
** 1999 July 22, “岩(がん)窟(くつ)魔(ま)人(じん)オーガ・ロック [Cave Jinn Ogre Rock]”, in Vol.4, Konami:
    体(からだ)が岩(いわ)のため守(しゅ)備(び)は高(たか)い。太(ふと)い腕(うで)のひと振(ふ)りに注(ちゅう)意(い)。
       Karada ga iwa no tame shubi wa takai. Futoi ude no hitofuri ni chūi.
       Its defence is strong thanks to its rock body. Watch out for a swing of its massive arms.

##### Derived terms

* 岩穴(いわあな) (iwaana)
* 巌(いわお) (iwao)
* 岩鏡(イワカガミ) (iwakagami)
* 岩陰(いわかげ) (iwakage)
* 岩蟹(イワガニ) (iwagani)
* 岩国(いわくに) (Iwakuni)
* 岩倉(いわくら) (Iwakura)
* 岩菖蒲(イワショウブ) (iwashōbu)
* 岩代(いわしろ) (Iwashiro)
* 岩茸(イワタケ) (iwatake)
* 岩煙草(イワタバコ) (iwatabako)
* 岩狸(イワダヌキ) (iwadanuki)
* 岩手(いわて) (Iwate)
* 岩梨(イワナシ) (iwanashi)
* 岩登(いわのぼ)り (iwanobori)
* 岩鼻(いわはな) (iwahana)
* 岩場(いわば) (iwaba)
* 岩袋(イワブクロ) (iwabukuro)
* 岩髭(イワヒゲ) (iwahige)
* 岩屋(いわや) (iwaya)
* 岩(イワ)ワラビー (iwawarabī)
* 天(あま)の岩戸(いわと) (Ama no Iwato)
* 浮岩(うきいわ) (ukiiwa)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 岩
* がん Grade: 2
* kan'on
From Middle Chinese 岩 (MC ngaem).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɡã̠ɴ]

#### Affix

岩(がん) • (gan)
* rock

### References

* ↑ c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 15, poem 3590:, text here
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

岩 (eum 암 (am))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Miyako
### Kanji

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Kun: ぴぃし (pїshi)

### Etymology

From Proto-Ryukyuan *piri (compare 平良 (Pïsara, “Hirara”) < *pirara), from Proto-Japonic *piri (possibly related to *pira (“slope”)).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [pɨɕi]

### Noun

岩(ぴぃし) (psïshi)
* rock

### References

* ↑ Pellard, Thomas. "A (more) comparative approach to some Japanese etymologies." Studies in Japanese and Korean historical and theoretical linguistics and beyond (2017): 55-64.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

岩: Hán Nôm readings: nham, nhàm, nhem
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.