# 憲

| 憲 | U+61B2, &#25010; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-61B2 |
| ← 憱 [U+61B1] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 憳 → [U+61B3] |
| 憲 | U+2F8AC, &#194732; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F8AC |
| ← 憎 [U+2F8AB] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement | 憤 → [U+2F8AD] |

## Translingual
### Han character

憲 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+12, 16 strokes, cangjie input 十手一心 (JQMP), four-corner 3033$_6$, composition ⿱𡩜心)

#### Derived characters

* 幰 㦥 攇 櫶 瀗 䘆 䜢 䧮 藼 𢖘 𪺅 𪼭 𨏥(𨐊) 𨯶 𩍹 𧾨 𤼂 𡾢 𮨥

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 404, character 11
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11269
* Dae Jaweon: page 744, character 17
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2351, character 9
* Unihan data for U+61B2
* Unihan data for U+2F8AC

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 轄 | *kʰaːds, *ɡraːd |
| 害 | *ɡaːds |
| 犗 | *kraːds |
| 幰 | *qʰanʔ |
| 攇 | *qʰanʔ |
| 憲 | *hŋans |
| 瀗 | *qʰans |
| 割 | *kaːd |
| 磍 | *kreːd, *kʰraːd |
| 瞎 | *qʰraːd |
| 鎋 | *ɡraːd |
| 鶷 | *ɡraːd |
| 縖 | *ɡraːd |
| 豁 | *qʰʷaːd |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *hŋans) and ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 𡩜 (, “a form of punishment involving tattooing the eyes”). The character conveys the meaning of "law" or "rule."

#### References

* ↑ Digital Shinjigen 2017

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): xiàn (xian$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄢˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): xian$^4$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): hin$^3$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): hen$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): xien$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): hién / hián
    (Hailu, HRS): hien$^ˊ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): hian$^3$
* Jin (Wiktionary): xie$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): hṳ̿ing
* Eastern Min (BUC): hióng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hoeng$^4$ / hyeng$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hiàn
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hiang$^3$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): hieng$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$shi
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): xienn$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: siàn
*** Wade–Giles: hsien$^4$
*** Yale: syàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiann
*** Palladius: сянь (sjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: xian$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xian
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕiɛn²¹³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hin$^3$
*** Yale: hin
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hin$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hin$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /hiːn³³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: hen$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /hen³³/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: xien$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕiɛn²¹³/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hién
*** Hakka Romanization System: hien$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: hian$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /hi̯en³¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hián
*** Hakka Romanization System: hian$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: hian$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /hi̯an³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: hien$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /hien²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: hian$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /hian³¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: xie$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕie⁴⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hṳ̿ing
*** Sinological IPA : /xyiŋ³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: hióng
*** Sinological IPA : /hyɔŋ²¹³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hoeng$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /hœŋ⁴²/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hyeng$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /hyøŋ⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiàn
*** Tâi-lô: hiàn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hiexn
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hiɛn²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hiɛn⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hiɛn²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /hiɛn¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hiɛn²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: hiang$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hiàng
*** Sinological IPA : /hiaŋ²¹³/
** (Leizhou)
*** Leizhou Pinyin: hieng$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /hieŋ²¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$shi
*** MiniDict: shi$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$xi
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɕi³⁴/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: xienn$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ẽ⁴⁵/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit憲 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ɕian⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ɕian⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /ɕian⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /ɕiã²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /ɕiã⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ɕian³¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /ɕiã⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /ɕiã²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ɕian¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ɕiɛ̃n¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ɕian²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /ɕiɛn³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /ɕian¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /ɕian²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ɕiɛ̃²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /ɕien⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /ɕiĩ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /ɕie⁴⁵/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /ɕie̞³⁵/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /ɕie⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ɕi³⁵/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ɕiɪ⁵¹³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ɕiẽ̞⁴⁴⁵/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ɕi⁴²/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /ɕie³²⁴/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /ɕiɛ¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /ɕiẽ⁵⁵/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ɕiẽ⁵⁵/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /ɕiɛn²¹³/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /hian³¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /hien³¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /hin³³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /hin³³/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /hin³³/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /hian²¹/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /hyɔŋ²¹²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /xuiŋ³³/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /hiaŋ²¹³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /hin³⁵/ |
* Middle Chinese: xjonH
Rime :
| Character | 憲 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 曉 (32) |
| Final (韻) | 元 (65) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 許建切 |
| Baxter | xjonH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /hɨɐn$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /hiɐn$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /xiɐn$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /hɨan$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /xiɐn$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /xĭɐn$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /xɨ̯ɐn$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xiàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hin$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*qʰar/
    (Zhengzhang): /*hŋans/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 憲 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xiàn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ xjon$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*qʰar/ (~ *qʰar-s) |
| English | law; model; rule |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 憲 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 4849 |
| Phonetic component | 害 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 獻 |
| Old Chinese | /*hŋans/ |

### Definitions

憲
* (literary) law; statute
* Short for 憲法／宪法 (xiànfǎ, “constitution”).
* (archaic) example; model
* (archaic) to promulgate; to publish
* (archaic) to follow an example; to emulate

#### Compounds

* 三權憲法 / 三权宪法
* 五五憲草 / 五五宪草
* 五權憲法 / 五权宪法
* 修憲 / 修宪 (xiūxiàn)
* 刊憲 / 刊宪 (kānxiàn)
* 刑憲 / 刑宪
* 制憲 / 制宪 (zhìxiàn)
* 制憲權 / 制宪权
* 剛性憲法 / 刚性宪法
* 原憲貧 / 原宪贫
* 合憲 / 合宪 (héxiàn)
* 君主立憲 / 君主立宪
* 國憲 / 国宪 (guóxiàn)
* 大憲章 / 大宪章 (Dà Xiànzhāng)
* 天憲 / 天宪
* 威瑪憲法 / 威玛宪法
* 官憲 / 官宪
* 布憲 / 布宪
* 彝憲 (yíxiàn)
* 恪守成憲 / 恪守成宪
* 憲令 / 宪令
* 憲兵 / 宪兵 (xiànbīng)
* 憲兵隊 / 宪兵队 (xiànbīngduì)
* 憲典 / 宪典
* 憲則 / 宪则
* 憲司 / 宪司
* 憲報 / 宪报 (Xiànbào)
* 憲憲 / 宪宪
* 憲政 / 宪政 (xiànzhèng)
* 憲政時期 / 宪政时期
* 憲書 / 宪书
* 憲法 / 宪法 (xiànfǎ)
* 憲牌 / 宪牌
* 憲節 / 宪节
* 憲網 / 宪网
* 憲綱 / 宪纲
* 憲罰 / 宪罚
* 憲臺 / 宪台
* 憲章 / 宪章 (xiànzhāng)
* 成文憲法 / 成文宪法
* 時憲書 / 时宪书 (shíxiànshū)
* 朝憲 / 朝宪
* 柔性憲法 / 柔性宪法
* 洪憲 / 洪宪 (Hóngxiàn)
* 洪憲帝制 / 洪宪帝制
* 火憲 / 火宪
* 禮憲 / 礼宪
* 程序修憲 / 程序修宪
* 立憲 / 立宪 (lìxiàn)
* 立憲政體 / 立宪政体
* 立憲運動 / 立宪运动
* 聯邦憲法 / 联邦宪法
* 行憲 / 行宪 (xíngxiàn)
* 違憲 / 违宪 (wéixiàn)
* 釋憲 / 释宪 (shìxiàn)
* 靈憲 / 灵宪
* 風憲 / 风宪
* 體憲 / 体宪

#### References

* “憲”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* (Taiwanese Hokkien) “Entry #11672”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.
* (Taiwanese Hakka) “Entry #9659”, in 臺灣客語辭典 [Dictionary of Taiwan Hakka] (overall work in Chinese and Hakka), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2022.

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 憲 |
| Kyūjitai | 憲 &#x2F8AC; or 憲+&#xFE00; |
| Kyūjitai | 憲󠄁 憲+&#xE0101; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 憲󠄆 憲+&#xE0106; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| Kyūjitai | 憲󠄂 憲+&#xE0102; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 憲󠄅 憲+&#xE0105; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 憲)
* constitution; basic law

#### Readings

* Go-on: こん (kon)
* Kan-on: けん (ken, Jōyō)
* Kun: おきて (okite, 憲)、のり (nori, 憲)
* Nanori: あきら (akira)、かず (kazu)、さだ (sada)、ただし (tadashi)、ただす (tadasu)、とし (toshi)、のり (nori)

#### Compounds

* 違(い)憲(けん) (iken)
* 改(かい)憲(けん) (kaiken)
* 家(か)憲(けん) (kaken)
* 官(かん)憲(けん) (kanken)
* 憲(けん)法(ぽう) (kenpō)
* 憲(けん)兵(ぺい) (kenpei)
* 国(こっ)憲(けん) (kokken)
* 合(ごう)憲(けん) (gōken)
* 護(ご)憲(けん) (goken)
* 朝(ちょう)憲(けん) (chōken)
* 立(りっ)憲(けん) (rikken)

### References

* ↑ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 901 (paper), page 500 (digital)

## Korean
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [hʌ̹n]
* Phonetic hangul: [헌]

### Hanja

Wikisource 憲 (eumhun 법 헌 (beop heon))
* hanja form of 법 (“law”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

憲: Hán Nôm readings: hiến
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.