# calumnia
## Latin
### Alternative forms

* kalumnia

### Etymology

From Proto-Italic *kalwomnjā, from unattested *kalwomnos (“deceiving, accusing”), which is equal to a (hypothetical) mediopassive participle of calvor.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /kaˈlum.ni.a/, [käˈɫ̪ʊmniä]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /kaˈlum.ni.a/, [käˈlumniä]

### Noun

calumnia f (genitive calumniae); first declension
* A cunning device, trickery, artifice, sophistry, chicanery.
* A pretence, evasion, subterfuge.
* A misrepresentation, false statement, fallacy, cavil.
* A false accusation or prosecution, malicious charge.

#### Declension

First-declension noun.

#### Derived terms

* calumnior
* calumniōsus

#### Related terms

* calumniātor
* calumniātrīx
* calumniōsē

#### Descendants

* → Catalan: calúmnia (learned)
* → Italian: calunnia (learned)
* → Middle French: calomnie (learned)
** → English: calumny
** French: calomnie
*** → Romanian: calomnie
* → Galician: calumnia (learned)
* Old French: chalonge, chalange, chalenge, calenge, calonge, calunge
** → English: challenge
*** → French: challenge (orthographic)
*** → Japanese: チャレンジ (charenji)
*** → Russian: че́ллендж (čéllendž)
** French: challenge (partially)
** Norman: calenge
* Old Galician-Portuguese: cooyma (“reparations”)
** Galician: coima
** Portuguese: coima
* → Polish: kalumnia (learned)
* → Portuguese: calúnia (learned)
* Sicilian: calugna, calunnia
* Old Spanish: caloña
* → Spanish: calumnia (learned)

### References

* De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “calvor”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 85
* “calumnia”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “calumnia”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* calumnia in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* calumnia in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. chicanery (specially of wrongfully accusing an innocent man): calumniae litium (Mil. 27. 74)
* “calumnia”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “calumnia”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin

## Portuguese
### Noun

calumnia f (plural calumnias)
* Pre-reform spelling (used until 1943 in Brazil and 1911 in Portugal) of calúnia.
** 1878, Eça de Queirós, chapter V, in O Primo Basílio:Elle exclamou logo, vivamente: —Para evitar qualquer calumnia d'essas linguas damnadas!He soon exclaimed, vividly: "To avoid any calumny from these damned people!"

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kaˈlumnja/ [kaˈlũm.nja]
* Audio (Colombia):(file)
* Rhymes: -umnja
* Syllabification: ca‧lum‧nia

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Latin calumnia.

#### Noun

calumnia f (plural calumnias)
* slander, calumny, aspersion, libel, defamation

##### Related terms

* calumniador
* calumniar
* calumnioso

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

calumnia
* inflection of calumniar:
** third-person singular present indicative
** second-person singular imperative

### Further reading

* “calumnia”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10