OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# fremo
## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈfrɛ.mo/
* Rhymes: -ɛmo
* Hyphenation: frè‧mo

### Verb

fremo
* first-person singular present indicative of fremere

### Anagrams

* -forme, Fermo, fermo, fermò, forme

## Latin
### Etymology

From Proto-Italic *fremō, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrém-e-ti, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrem-. Cognates include Ancient Greek βρέμω (brémō), Middle High German bremen, Welsh brefu, and obsolete English breme (“famous; tempestuous”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈfre.moː/, [ˈfrɛmoː]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈfre.mo/, [ˈfrɛːmo]

### Verb

fremō (present infinitive fremere, perfect active fremuī, supine fremitum); third conjugation
* (transitive, with accusative) to murmur, mutter, grumble, growl at or after something
    Synonym: mussitō
** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.559–560:Tālibus Īlioneus; cūnctī simul ōre fremēbant / Dardanidae.With such [words spoke] Ilioneus; together all the Dardans were murmuring aloud [their assent]. (Ilioneus and other Dardan, i.e. Trojan, envoys are addressing Queen Dido; the meaning in-context is that of agreement which is audible – ore, “by or with mouth” – yet respectful to her royal court.)
* (transitive, with accusative) to complain loudly
    Synonyms: conqueror, queror, plōrō
* (intransitive) to roar, growl, hum, rumble, buzz, howl, snort, rage, murmur, mutter

#### Derived terms

* affremō
* circumfremō
* cōnfremō
* dēfremō
* fremebundus
* fremitō
* fremitus
* fremor
* īnfremō

#### Descendants

* Catalan: fremir
* French: frémir
* Friulian: fremi
* Italian: fremere, fremitare
* Occitan: fermir
* Portuguese: fremir
* Romanian: fremăta
* Spanish: fremir
* Venetan: frèmer

#### References

* “fremo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “fremo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* fremo in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* ↑ http://www.indoeuropean.nl/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=leiden&morpho=0&basename=\data\ie\greek&first=1581
# простъ
## Old Church Slavonic
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *prostъ.

### Adjective

простъ • (prostŭ)
* simple, free, straight

#### Derived terms

* простити (prostiti)
* просто (prosto)
* простовласъ (prostovlasŭ)
* простость (prostostĭ)
* простꙑни (prostyni)
* простьць (prostĭcĭ)
* прѣпрость (prěprostĭ)
* съпроста (sŭprosta)

#### Descendants

* → Romanian: prost
* → Russian: просто (prosto), прост (prost) — youth slang, Internet
** → Armenian: պռոստը (pṙostə)
** → Azerbaijani: prostu
** → Georgian: პროსტა (ṗrosṭa) (slang)
* → Czech: prostý
* → Serbo-Croatian: prost

### References

* Андрей Бояджиев, Старобългарска читанка, София, 2016.
# πρώτος
## Greek
### Etymology

From Ancient Greek πρῶτος (prôtos).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpɾotos/

### Adjective

πρώτος • (prótos) m (feminine πρώτη, neuter πρώτο)
* (ordinal numeral) first
    ο Πρώτος Παγκόσμιος Πόλεμος ― o Prótos Pagkósmios Pólemos ― the First World War

#### Declension

Notes: There are no comparative forms.

#### Coordinate terms

* ένα (éna, “one”)
* μονός (monós, “single”)
* Greek number and measurement

#### Related terms

* πρώτα (próta, “first”, adverb)
* Πρωταπριλιά f (Protapriliá, “April Fools' Day”)
* πρώτο όνομα n (próto ónoma, “first name”)
* Πρωτομαγιά f (Protomagiá, “May Day”)
* πρωτοπορία f (protoporía, “vanguard”)
* πρώτος αριθμός m (prótos arithmós, “prime number”)
* Πρωτοχρονιά f (Protochroniá, “New Year's Day”)
# έτσι
## Greek
### Alternative forms

* (adverb): έτσ’ (éts’) — elided form

### Etymology

Ultimately from Ancient Greek οὕτως (hoútōs). There is a strengthened form οὑτωσῑ́ (houtōsī́) in Attic Greek. Middle forms include Byzantine Greek έτις (étis), possibly via the variants *έτω (*étō) or *έτωσι (*étōsi). Derivation from Latin etsi should be ruled out for semantic reasons.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈetsi/
* Hyphenation: έτ‧σι

### Adverb

έτσι • (étsi)
* thus; like this; like that.
* (colloquial) for no reason or for no money

#### Derived terms

* είτε έτσι είτε αλλιώς (eíte étsi eíte alliós, “one way or another”)
* έτσι δεν είναι; (étsi den eínai;, “Isn't that right?”)
* έτσι και (étsi kai, “if, as long as”)
* έτσι και έτσι (étsi kai étsi), έτσι κέτσι (étsi kétsi, “so-so”)
* έτσι κι αλλιώς (étsi ki alliós, “anyway”)
* έτσι που λες! (étsi pou les!, “so you say!”)
* έτσι το ’πα (étsi to ’pa, “that's how I said it!”)
* όχι και έτσι (óchi kai étsi, “enough”)
* ώστε έτσι; (óste étsi;, “is it?”)

### Noun

έτσι • (étsi) n (indeclinable)
* (colloquial) (always with article) indicates a known person

### References

* ↑ έτσι, in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998 at the Centre for the Greek language
# μέμφομαι
## Ancient Greek
### Etymology

Sometimes derived from a Proto-Indo-European *me(-)mbʰ-e-, see also obsolete English mump (“to cheat, swindle”), Gothic 𐌱𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌼𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽 (bimampjan, “to mock”). However, while Kroonen claims the Greek and Germanic forms are reconcilable, Beekes rejects this, stating that Germanic -p- cannot here correspond to Greek -φ- and that this etymological connection is not widely considered reliable.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /mém.pʰo.mai̯/ → /ˈmem.ɸo.mɛ/ → /ˈmem.fo.me/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /mém.pʰo.mai̯/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /ˈmem.pʰo.mɛ/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /ˈmem.ɸo.mɛ/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /ˈmem.fo.me/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /ˈmem.fo.me/

### Verb

μέμφομαι • (mémphomai)
* (with dative or accusative of person) to accuse, to blame

#### Derived terms

* ἀντιμέμφομαι (antimémphomai)
* ἀπομέμφομαι (apomémphomai)
* διαμέμφομαι (diamémphomai)
* ἐπιμέμφομαι (epimémphomai)
* καταμέμφομαι (katamémphomai)
* προσμέμφομαι (prosmémphomai)
* ὑπομέμφομαι (hupomémphomai)

#### Related terms

* ἄμεμπτος (ámemptos)
* ἀμεμφής (amemphḗs)
* μεμπτέος (memptéos)
* μεμπτός (memptós)
* μέμφειρα (mémpheira)
* μεμφητός (memphētós)
* μεμφωλή (memphōlḗ)
* μέμψις (mémpsis)
* μομφή (momphḗ)

#### Descendants

* Greek: μέμφομαι (mémfomai, “to blame”)

#### References

* “μέμφομαι”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “μέμφομαι”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* μέμφομαι in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* “μέμφομαι”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
* G3201 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
* Encyclopedia Papyrus Larousse (1963)
* ↑ Guus Kroonen (2013) “mump”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 375
* ↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 930

## Greek
### Etymology

Inherited from Ancient Greek μέμφομαι (mémphomai).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈmem.fo.me/
* Hyphenation: μέμ‧φο‧μαι

### Verb

μέμφομαι • (mémfomai) deponent (past μέμφθηκα, active -)
* (learned) to blame

#### Related terms

* άμεμπτος (ámemptos, “blameless”)
* αξιόμεμπτος (axiómemptos)
* επίμεμπτος (epímemptos)
* μεμπτός (memptós, “blamable”)
* μεμψιμοιρία f (mempsimoiría)
* μεμψίμοιρος (mempsímoiros, “complaining”)
* μεμψιμοιρώ (mempsimoiró, “complain”)

### Further reading

* μέμφομαι, in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998 at the Centre for the Greek language
# ὕω
## Ancient Greek
### Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *sh₂ew-. Cognate with Hittite [script needed] (suhhai, “to pour out”) and Tocharian B [Term?] (suwaṃ, “to rain”). Possibly related to Ὑάς (Huás).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /hy̌ː.ɔː/ → /ˈy.o/ → /ˈi.o/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /hy̌ː.ɔː/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /ˈ(h)y.o/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /ˈy.o/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /ˈy.o/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /ˈi.o/

### Verb

ῡ̔́ω • (hū́ō)
* to rain
** 423 BCE, Aristophanes, The Clouds 368
** 423 BCE, Aristophanes, The Clouds 1118
** 300 BCE – 200 BCE, Herodas, Collected Works 7.46
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.13
** 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Works and Days 488
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 12.25
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 14.457
** 161 CE – 180 CE, Marcus Aurelius, Meditations 5.7
** 6th century BC, Theognis of Megara, Elegies 26
** (with accusative of place) to rain on
*** 300 BCE – 250 BCE, Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 2.1115
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.151
*** 110 CE – 180 CE, Pausanias Periegeta, Graeciae Descriptio 2.29.7
** (with cognate accusative)
*** 423 BCE, Aristophanes, The Clouds 1280
*** 125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian, A True Story 2.14
*** 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Olympian Ode 7.50
** (with dative of mode)
*** 250 CE – 350 CE, Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 8.333a
* (passive voice) to be drenched with rain
** 375 BCE – 275 BCE, Alexis 62.8
** 519 BCE – 422 BCE, Cratinus, Collected Works 52
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.193
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.13
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.10
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 6.131
** 371 BCE – 287 BCE, Theophrastus, Enquiry into Plants 8.11.4
* (passive voice) to fall as rain
** 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Moralia 2.912a
** 64 BCE – 24 CE, Strabo, Geography 14.2.10

#### Derived terms

* ἐφύω (ephúō)
* κᾰθύομαι (kăthúomai)
* περιύομαι (periúomai)

#### Related terms

* ὑετηρία (huetēría)
* ὑετία (huetía)
* ὑετίζω (huetízō)
* ὑέτῐος (huétĭos)
* ὑετός (huetós)
* ὑετώδης (huetṓdēs)
* Ὕης (Húēs)
* ὗσῐς (hûsĭs)
* ὕσμᾰ (húsmă)

#### References

* “ὕω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “ὕω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “ὕω”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
* ὕω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* ὕω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
# 미술
## Korean
### Etymology

Sino-Korean word from 美術 (“art”).

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ˈmi(ː)sʰuɭ]
* Phonetic hangul: [미(ː)술]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Noun

미술 • (misul) (hanja 美術)
* visual art
    Hypernym: 예술(藝術) (yesul)

#### Derived terms

* 미술사(美術史) (misulsa)
* 미술품(美術品) (misulpum)
# 꼴

| 꼴 | U+AF34, &#44852; HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOL |
| Composition: | ㄲ + ㅗ + ㄹ |
| ← 꼳 [U+AF33] | Hangul Syllables | 꼵 → [U+AF35] |
꼬꼭꼮꼯꼰꼱꼲 꼳꼴꼵꼶꼷꼸꼹 꼺꼻꼼꼽꼾꼿꽀 꽁꽂꽃꽄꽅꽆꽇 :
| 꼐 ← | → 꽈 |

## Korean
### Etymology

First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean 골 (Yale: kwol).

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [k͈o̞ɭ]
* Phonetic hangul: [꼴]

### Noun

꼴 • (kkol)
* (rare) the shape or appearance of a thing
* (derogatory) the condition or state of someone or something
* fodder, grass
    Synonyms: 먹이 (meogi), 사료(飼料) (saryo)

#### Derived terms

* 글꼴 (geulkkol, “font”)
* 꼴꼴 (kkolkkol, “trickling, gurgling, rippling, flowing”)
* 꼴불견(不見) (kkolbulgyeon, “something disgusting or indecent”)
* 꼴사납다 (kkolsanapda, “ugly, unsightful, unseemly”)
* 꼴찌 (kkoljji, “worst, last, bottom”)
* 네모꼴 (nemokkol, “quadrangle”)
* 눈꼴사납다 (nunkkolsanapda, “unsightly, unseemly, offensive to the eye”)
* 몰골 (molgol, “a shabby or repulsive appearance”)
* 부채꼴 (buchaekkol, “circular sector”)
* 세모꼴 (semokkol, “triangle”)
* 젖꼴만들기 (jeotkkolmandeulgi, “mammoplasty”)
* 활꼴 (hwalkkol, “circular segment”)
# сковрада
## Old Church Slavonic
### Alternative forms

* ⱄⰽⱁⰲⱃⰰⰴⰰ (skovrada) — Glagolitic

### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *skovorda.

### Noun

сковрада • (skovrada) f
* pan of coals
* fireplace
* altar for burnt offerings

#### Derived terms

* сковрадьникъ (skovradĭnikŭ)

### References

* Бояджиев, Андрей (2016) Старобългарска читанка‎, София
# ноужда
## Old Church Slavonic
### Alternative forms

* нѫжда (nǫžda)

### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *nuďa.

### Noun

ноужда • (nužda) f
* need, necessity

#### Derived terms

* нѫждати (nǫždati)
* нѫждьникъ (nǫždĭnikŭ)
* нѫждьнъ (nǫždĭnŭ)
* нѫждьнѣ (nǫždĭně)
* понѫждати (ponǫždati)

#### Descendants

* > Bulgarian: ну́жда (núžda) (inherited)
* → Russian: нужда́ (nuždá)
* → Ukrainian: ну́жда́ (núždá)

### References

* Old Church Slavonic: An Elementary Grammar by S. C. Gardiner, Cambridge University Press, 2008.
* “ноужда”, in GORAZD (overall work in Czech, English, and Russian), http://gorazd.org, 2016—2025
# šum
## Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈʃum]
* Hyphenation: šum
* Rhymes: -um

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *šumъ.

#### Noun

šum m inan
* noise (sound or signal generated by random fluctuations)

##### Derived terms

* bílý šum m

##### Related terms

* šumivý
* šumný
* šumot
* šumět
* šumívat

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from German Schaum.

#### Noun

šum m inan
* (rare) foam, froth
    Synonym: pěna

##### Declension
### Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

šum
* second-person singular imperative of šumět
    Synonym: šuměj

### Further reading

* “šum”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “šum”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* “šum”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech), 2008–2025

## Phalura
### Etymology

Borrowed from Urdu شُوم (śūm), from Arabic شُؤْم (šuʔm).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɕum/

### Adjective

šum (invariable, Perso-Arabic spelling شُم)
* stingy

### References

* Henrik Liljegren, Naseem Haider (2011) “šum”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎, Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *šumъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃûːm/

### Noun

šȗm m (Cyrillic spelling шу̑м)
* noise (sound or signal generated by random fluctuations)

#### Derived terms

* šȗman
* šúmēćī
* šúmiti
* šúmjeti
* šȗmnīk
* šȗmno
* šȕmor

### Further reading

* “šum”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025

## Slovak
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *šumъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ʃum]

### Noun

šum m inan (relational adjective šumový)
* noise (sound or signal generated by random fluctuations)

#### Related terms

* šumieť
* šumný

### Further reading

* “šum”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2025

## Slovene
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *šumъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃúːm/

### Noun

šȗm m inan
* noise

#### Inflection
### Further reading

* “šum”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran
* “šum”, in Termania, Amebis
* See also the general references
# vinník
## Old Slovak
### Noun

vinník m pers
* culprit

#### Descendants

* Slovak: vinník

### Further reading

* Majtán, Milan et al., editors (1991–2008), “vinník”, in Historický slovník slovenského jazyka [Historical Dictionary of the Slovak Language] (in Slovak), volumes 1–7 (A – Ž), Bratislava: VEDA, →OCLC
# skjǫldr
## Old Norse
### Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *skelduz (“shield”). Cognate with Old English sċield, sċeld, sċild, sċyld, Old Frisian skeld, Old Saxon skild, Old High German skild, skilt, Gothic 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍃 (skildus). The different case and number forms show various sound changes: breaking (e > ja), u-umlaut (ja > jǫ), and i-umlaut (e > i).

### Pronunciation

* (9th century West Norse) IPA: /skeɒ̯ldɹ̝/, [s̠cøɵ̯lˠd̥ɹ̻̊˔]
* (12th century Icelandic) IPA: /ˈskjɒldr̩/

### Noun

skjǫldr m (genitive skjaldar, dative skildi, plural skildir)
* shield
** Sverris saga konungs 95, in 1834, F. Magnússon, C.C. Rafn, Fornmanna sögur. Volume VIII. Copenhagen, page 232:
    Þeir skutu skildi undir líkit, ok hófu upp í skutina þá, er konúngr var á.They put a shield under the corpse, and lifted it up into the ship where the king was.

#### Derived terms

* skjaldarband (“shield-strap”)
* skjaldarbukl (“shield-boss”)
* skjaldarfetill (“shield-strap”)
* skjaldarrǫnd (“shield-rim”)
* skjaldarsporðr (“lower part of a shield”)
* skjaldaskirfl (“old worn-out shields”)
* skjaldborg (“wall of shields”)
* skjaldfimr (“dexterous with a shield”)
* skjaldhvalr (“a kind of whale”)
* skjaldjǫtunn (“war-engine”)
* skjaldmær (“amazon”)
* skjaldrim (“shield-rim”)
* skjaldsveinn (“shield-bearer”)
* skjaldþili (“wainscotting”)

#### Related terms

* skjalda (“to cover with a shield”)
* Skjǫldr (legendary hero)
* skjǫldungr (“sheldrake”)

#### Descendants

* Icelandic: skjöldur
* Faroese: skjøldur
* Norwegian Nynorsk: skjold m or n; (dialectal) skjøld m or n
* Elfdalian: stjöld
* Old Swedish: skiolder, skiølder
** Swedish: sköld
* Old Danish: skiold
** Danish: skjold
*** Norwegian Bokmål: skjold n
* Gutnish: skiåld

### Further reading

* Richard Cleasby, Guðbrandur Vigfússon (1874) “skjǫldr”, in An Icelandic-English Dictionary, 1st edition, Oxford: Oxford Clarendon Press, page 553
* Zoëga, Geir T. (1910) “skjöldr”, in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 379; also available at the [https://archive.org/stream/concisedictionar001857
* page/379 Internet Archive]
# espalhar
## Portuguese
### Etymology

From es- +‎ palha (“straw”) +‎ -ar, from Latin palea (“straw”).

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /is.paˈʎa(ʁ)/ [is.paˈʎa(h)], /es.paˈʎa(ʁ)/ [es.paˈʎa(h)]
* (Brazil) IPA: /is.paˈʎa(ʁ)/ [is.paˈʎa(h)], /es.paˈʎa(ʁ)/ [es.paˈʎa(h)]
** (São Paulo) IPA: /is.paˈʎa(ɾ)/, /es.paˈʎa(ɾ)/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /iʃ.paˈʎa(ʁ)/ [iʃ.paˈʎa(χ)], /eʃ.paˈʎa(ʁ)/ [eʃ.paˈʎa(χ)]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /es.paˈʎa(ɻ)/
* (Portugal) IPA: /(i)ʃ.pɐˈʎaɾ/
* (Portugal) IPA: /(i)ʃ.pɐˈʎaɾ/
** (Southern Portugal) IPA: /(i)ʃ.pɐˈʎa.ɾi/
* Hyphenation: es‧pa‧lhar

### Verb

espalhar (first-person singular present espalho, first-person singular preterite espalhei, past participle espalhado)
* to spread; to scatter
    Synonyms: difundir, distribuir, dispersar
* to rumor (to tell a rumour or gossip to a number of people)
* to thresh
    Synonym: malhar

#### Conjugation

$^1$Brazilian Portuguese. $^2$European Portuguese.

#### Derived terms

* espalha-brasa

#### Related terms

* espalhada
* espalhadeira
* espalhado
* espalhador
* espalhafato
* espalhafatoso
* espalhamento
* palha
# coeficiente
## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ko.e.fi.siˈẽ.t͡ʃi/ [ko.e.fi.sɪˈẽ.t͡ʃi], (faster pronunciation) /ko.e.fiˈsjẽ.t͡ʃi/
* (Brazil) IPA: /ko.e.fi.siˈẽ.t͡ʃi/ [ko.e.fi.sɪˈẽ.t͡ʃi], (faster pronunciation) /ko.e.fiˈsjẽ.t͡ʃi/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ko.e.fi.siˈẽ.te/ [ko.e.fi.sɪˈẽ.te], (faster pronunciation) /ko.e.fiˈsjẽ.te/
* (Portugal) IPA: /kwɛ.fiˈsjẽ.tɨ/, /ˌkɔ.ɛ.fiˈsjẽ.tɨ/

### Adjective

coeficiente m or f (plural coeficientes)
* coefficient (cooperating)

### Noun

coeficiente m (plural coeficientes)
* (mathematics) coefficient (algebraic constant)
* coefficient (measure of some property or characteristic)

#### Derived terms

* coeficiente angular
* coeficiente de acoplamento
* coeficiente de atrito
* coeficiente de inteligência
* coeficiente linear

## Spanish
### Adjective

coeficiente m or f (masculine and feminine plural coeficientes)
* coefficient

### Noun

coeficiente m (plural coeficientes)
* (mathematics) coefficient

#### Derived terms

* coeficiente de escorrentía
* coeficiente intelectual

### Further reading

* “coeficiente”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# humaniter
## Latin
### Etymology

From hūmānus (“humane, noble”) +‎ -ter.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /huːˈmaː.ni.ter/, [huːˈmäːnɪt̪ɛr]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /uˈma.ni.ter/, [uˈmäːnit̪er]

### Adverb

hūmāniter (comparative hūmānius, superlative hūmānissimē)
* humanly, in a human manner.
* humanely, kindly, politely; in a humane manner.

#### Synonyms

* (humanly): hūmānē, hūmānitus
* (humanely): hūmānē, hūmānitus

#### Related terms

* hūmāna
* hūmānē
* hūmānitās
* hūmānitus
* hūmānō
* hūmānum
* hūmānus

### References

* “humaniter”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “humaniter”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* humaniter in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
# vinnik
## Dutch
### Contraction

vinnik
* (informal) Contraction of vind ik.
# paluster
## Latin
### Etymology

From palūd- (“swamp, bog”) +‎ -ter, alternative form of -tris.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /paˈluːs.ter/, [päˈɫ̪uːs̠t̪ɛr]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /paˈlus.ter/, [päˈlust̪er]

### Adjective

palūster (feminine palūstris, neuter palūstre); third-declension three-termination adjective
* swampy, marshy; boggy.

#### Declension

Third-declension three-termination adjective.

#### Synonyms

* (swampy): palūdester, palūdōsus

#### Related terms

* palūdester
* palūdicola
* palūdifer
* palūdigena
* palūdivagus
* palūdōsus
* palūs

#### Descendants

* Catalan: palustre
* French: palustre
* Italian: palustre
* Portuguese: palustre
* Russian: Полюстрово (Poljustrovo)
* Spanish: palustre

### References

* “paluster”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “paluster”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* paluster in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
# sponsalia
## Latin
### Etymology

From spōnsālis, from spōnsa (“spouse”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /sponˈsaː.li.a/, [s̠põːˈs̠äːlʲiä]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /sponˈsa.li.a/, [sponˈsäːliä]

### Noun

spōnsālia n pl (genitive spōnsālium); third declension (plural only)
* betrothal, espousal
* wedding

#### Declension

Third-declension noun (neuter, “pure” i-stem), plural only.

#### Related terms

* spondeō
* spōnsa
* spōnsiō
* spōnsor
* spōnsum
* spōnsus

#### Descendants

* → German: Sponsalien
* → Spanish: esponsales

### References

* “sponsalia”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* sponsalia in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
# gravanter
## Latin
### Etymology

From gravāns, participle of gravō (“burden, make heavy”).

### Adverb

gravanter (comparative gravantius, superlative gravantissimē)
* reluctantly

#### Synonyms

* (reluctantly): grāvatē

#### Related terms

* graviditās
* gravidus
* gravis
* gravitās
* graviter
* gravō
* gravor

### References

* “gravanter”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, 1st edition. (Oxford University Press)
# gracilitas
## Latin
### Etymology

From gracilis (“slender, thin”) +‎ -tās.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ɡraˈki.li.taːs/, [ɡräˈkɪlʲɪt̪äːs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ɡraˈt͡ʃi.li.tas/, [ɡräˈt͡ʃiːlit̪äs]

### Noun

gracilitās f (genitive gracilitātis); third declension
* slenderness, thinness, meagerness
* plainness, simplicity

#### Declension

Third-declension noun.

#### Synonyms

* (slenderness): gracilitūdō

#### Related terms

* gracilēns
* gracilentus
* gracilescō
* gracilis
* graciliter
* gracilitūdō

### References

* “gracilitas”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “gracilitas”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* gracilitas in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.