# кошмар
## Bulgarian
### Etymology

Borrowed from French cauchemar, from Middle French cauchemare, from Old French cauquemare. First element from Latin calcō (“I trample, tread on”); second element from Middle Dutch mare (“phantom, spirit, nightmare”), from Proto-Germanic *marǭ (“nightmare, incubus”), from Proto-Indo-European *mer- (“to die”). See cauchemar.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [koʃˈmar]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ar

### Noun

кошма́р • (košmár) m (relational adjective кошма́рен)
* nightmare

#### Declension
## Macedonian
### Etymology

Borrowed from French cauchemar, from Middle French cauchemare, from Old French cauquemare. First element from Latin calcare (“I trample, tread on”); second element from Middle Dutch mare (“phantom, spirit, nightmare”), from Proto-Germanic *marǭ (“nightmare, incubus”), from Proto-Indo-European *mer- (“to die”). See cauchemar.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈkɔʃmar]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

кошмар • (košmar) m (plural кошмари, relational adjective кошмарен)
* nightmare
* (figurative) shock
* chaos, disarray

#### Declension
## Russian
### Alternative forms

* кошма́ръ (košmár) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)

### Etymology

Connected to French cauchemar, from Middle French cauchemare, from Old French cauquemare. First element from Latin calcare (“I trample, tread on”); second element from Middle Dutch mare (“phantom, spirit, nightmare”), from Proto-Germanic *marǭ (“nightmare, incubus”), from Proto-Indo-European *mer- (“to die”). See cauchemar.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kɐʂˈmar]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ar

### Noun

кошма́р • (košmár) m inan (genitive кошма́ра, nominative plural кошма́ры, genitive plural кошма́ров, relational adjective кошма́рный)
* nightmare
* (figuratively) disaster, horror (something extremely unpleasant)
    Synonyms: у́жас (úžas), пизде́ц (pizdéc) (vulgar), абза́ц (abzác) (euphemistic)

#### Derived terms

* кошма́рный (košmárnyj)

#### Descendants

* → Belarusian: кашмар (kašmar)
* → Georgian: კოშმარი (ḳošmari), კაშმარი (ḳašmari) — nonstandard
* → Kazakh: кошмар (koşmar)

### Interjection

кошма́р • (košmár)
* it's terrible!
    Synonym: у́жас (úžas)

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

Borrowed from French cauchemar, from Middle French cauchemare, from Old French cauquemare. First element from Latin calcare (“I trample, tread on”); second element from Middle Dutch mare (“phantom, spirit, nightmare”), from Proto-Germanic *marǭ (“nightmare, incubus”), from Proto-Indo-European *mer- (“to die”). See cauchemar.

### Noun

ко̏шма̄р m (Latin spelling kȍšmār)
* nightmare
* incubus

#### Declension
## Ukrainian
### Etymology

Borrowed from French cauchemar, from Middle French cauchemare, from Old French cauquemare. First element from Latin calcare (“I trample, tread on”); second element from Middle Dutch mare (“phantom, spirit, nightmare”), from Proto-Germanic *marǭ (“nightmare, incubus”), from Proto-Indo-European *mer- (“to die”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kɔʃˈmar]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

кошма́р • (košmár) m inan (genitive кошма́ру, nominative plural кошма́ри, genitive plural кошма́рів, relational adjective кошма́рний)
* nightmare

#### Declension
### Further reading

* Bilodid, I. K., editor (1970–1980), “кошмар”, in Словник української мови: в 11 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 11 vols] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka
* Shyrokov, V. A., editor (2010–2023), “кошмар”, in Словник української мови: у 20 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 20 vols] (in Ukrainian), volumes 1–14 (а – префере́нція), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka; Ukrainian Lingua-Information Fund, →ISBN
* “кошмар”, in Горох – Словозміна [Horokh – Inflection] (in Ukrainian)
* “кошмар”, in Kyiv Dictionary (in English)
* “кошмар”, in Словник.ua [Slovnyk.ua] (in Ukrainian)