# bráthair
## Irish
### Etymology

* PIE word
* *bʰréh₂tēr
From Old Irish bráthair (“brother”), from Proto-Celtic *brātīr, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈbˠɾˠɑːhəɾʲ/

### Noun

bráthair m (genitive singular bráthar, nominative plural bráithre)
* (religion) brother (male fellow member of a religious community)
** friar
** kinsman (member of society)
* monkfish, angel shark

#### Declension

bare forms
case
singular
plural
nominative
bráthair
bráithre
vocative
a bhráthair
a bhráithre
genitive
bráthar
bráithre
dative
bráthair
bráithre
forms with the definite article
case
singular
plural
nominative
an bráthair
na bráithre
genitive
an bhráthar
na mbráithre
dative
leis an mbráthair don bhráthair
leis na bráithre :

#### Derived terms

* bráthair an dreoilín (“hedge-sparrow”)
* bráithre bána (“white-crested waves; grubs of bees”)
* praiseach bhráthar (“Good-King-Henry”)

#### Related terms

* bráithriúil (“brotherly”, adjective)
* bráithriúlacht m (“brotherliness”)
* deartháir m (“brother, male sibling”)

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “bráthair”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “bráthair”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
* Finck, F. N. (1899) Die araner mundart [The Aran Dialect] (in German), volume II, Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 49
* “bráthair”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2025

## Old Irish
### Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *brātīr, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈbraːθirʲ/

### Noun

bráthair m (genitive bráthar, nominative plural bráithir)
* brother, cousin, kinsman
** c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 7$^d$8
    Do·beir-som ainm bráthre doib, arná·epret is ara miscuis in cúrsachad, act is ara seircc.He calls them brothers, lest they should say the reprimand is because of hatred for them, but it is because of love for them.
** c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 10$^c$21
    Ba torad sa⟨í⟩thir dúun in chrud so ce du·melmis cech túari et ce du·gnemmis a ndu·gníat ar céli, act ní bad nertad na mbráithre et frescsiu fochricce as móo.It would be a fruit of labor for us in this way if we consumed every food and if we did what our fellows do, but it would not be a strengthening of the brothers and a hope of a greater reward.
** c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 34$^a$4
    ɔrabad cech bráthair post alium .i. is huisse ce ru·samaltar fri Crístso that each brother should be after the other, i.e. it is right that he be compared to Christ

#### Inflection

Masculine r-stem :
| | Singular | Dual | Plural |
| Nominative | bráthair | bráthair$^L$ | bráithir |
| Vocative | bráthair | bráthair$^L$ | bráithrea |
| Accusative | bráthair$^N$ | bráthair$^L$ | bráithrea |
| Genitive | bráthar | bráthar | bráthar$^N$, brá(i)thre$^N$ |
| Dative | bráthair$^L$ | bráithrib | bráithrib |
| Initial mutations of a following adjective: $^H$ = triggers aspiration $^L$ = triggers lenition $^N$ = triggers nasalization ||||

#### Derived terms

* bráthardacht
* bráthardae
* bráthirse
* derbráthair
* sinserbráthair

#### Descendants

* Irish: bráthair
* Manx: braar
* Scottish Gaelic: bràthair
* ⇒ Middle Irish: bráithremail

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “bráthair”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language