# 支那
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Zhīnà
    (Zhuyin): ㄓ ㄋㄚˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zi$^1$ naa$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): Chṳ̂-na
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): Chi-ná
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$tsy-na
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Zhīnà
*** Zhuyin: ㄓ ㄋㄚˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Jhihnà
*** Wade–Giles: Chih$^1$-na$^4$
*** Yale: Jr̄-nà
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Jynah
*** Palladius: Чжина (Čžina)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ nä⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zi$^1$ naa$^4$
*** Yale: jī nàh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzi$^1$ naa$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ji$^1$ na$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siː⁵⁵ naː²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Chṳ̂-na
*** Hakka Romanization System: zii$^ˊ$ na
*** Hagfa Pinyim: zi$^1$ na$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sɨ²⁴⁻¹¹ na⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Chi-ná
*** Tâi-lô: Tsi-ná
*** Phofsit Daibuun: cinar
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡si⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡si³³ nã⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡si⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡si⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡si⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁴¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$tsy-na
*** MiniDict: tsy$^平$ na
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$tsr-na
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡sz̩⁵⁵ na²¹/
* Middle Chinese: tsye na
Rime :
| Character | 支 | 那 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 章 (23) | 泥 (8) |
| Final (韻) | 支 (11) | 歌 (94) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 章移切 | 諾何切 |
| Baxter | tsye | na |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ɕiᴇ/ | /nɑ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡ɕiɛ/ | /nɑ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ɕjɛ/ | /nɑ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ciə̆/ | /na/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ɕie/ | /nɑ/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ɕǐe/ | /nɑ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡ɕie̯/ | /nɑ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhī | nuó |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zi$^1$ | no$^4$ |

### Etymology 1

From Sanskrit चीन (cīna), which in turn is likely from Old Chinese 秦 (*zin), but other theories have been proposed, including derivation from 晉 / 晋 (jìn, “Jin”) < Middle Chinese 晉 (t͡siɪn$^H$) < Old Chinese 晉 (*ʔsins) (Zhengzhang, 2006), 荊 / 荆 (jīng, “Jing”), or the Zina of 夜郎 (Yèláng, “Yelang”). Cognate with English China. See "Names of China", "Chinas" and "Shina (word)" at Wikipedia.

#### Proper noun

支那
* (originally neutral, now derogatory and offensive) China
    From: 1914, Sun Yat-sen, 《致日本首相大隈重信勸助中國革命函》
    Zhīnà nǎng zhě kǔ Mǎnqīng nüèzhèng, guómín gòng qǐ gé zhuānzhì wèi gònghé. [Pinyin]
    China suffered from the Manchurian Qing tyranny in the past, and so the people of the nation rose up, overthrew the autocrat and established the republic.

##### Usage notes

* Originally used in ancient Indian records and some Chinese Buddhist texts. This term was popular in China as a neutral word after the Meiji Restoration, but became derogatory and offensive during and after the Second Sino-Japanese War due to its association with Japanese war crimes. Now it is usually only used in some technical terms, such as 印度支那 (Yìndù-Zhīnà, “Indochina”) and 交趾支那 (Jiāozhǐ-Zhīnà, “Cochinchina”), or by Hong Kong and Taiwan independence activists as a deliberate slur for mainland China.

##### Synonyms

* 中 (abbreviation)
* 中共國 / 中共国 (zhōnggòngguó) (derogatory)
* 中原 (Zhōngyuán)
* 中國 / 中国 (Zhōngguó)
* 中華 / 中华
* 九州 (Jiǔzhōu) (literary)
* 唐山 (Tángshān)
* 域中 (yùzhōng) (literary, figurative)
* 天下 (tiānxià) (lofty)
* 天朝 (Tiāncháo) (historical or Internet slang)
* 契弟 (qìdì) (Internet slang, derogatory)
* 德祐 (Déyòu) (Myanmar)
* 支那 (Zhīnà) (obsolete, now usually derogatory or offensive)
* 桃花石 (Táohuāshí) (obsolete)
* 牆國 / 墙国 (qiángguó) (Taiwan, derogatory, sarcastic)
* 猜拿 (Cāiná) (transliteration of English China)
* 祖國 / 祖国 (zǔguó)
* 神州 (Shénzhōu) (literary)
* 種花家 / 种花家 (Zhònghuājiā) (slang, humorous)
* 脂那 (Zhīnà) (obsolete)
* 至那 (Zhìnà) (obsolete)
* 華 / 华 (abbreviation)
* 華夏 / 华夏 (Huáxià)
* 虫國 (chóngguó) (Hong Kong, offensive, Internet slang)
* 蚛蟈 / 蚛蝈 (Hong Kong, offensive, Internet slang)
* 諸夏 / 诸夏 (Zhūxià)
* 諸華 / 诸华 (Zhūhuá)
* 貴支 / 贵支 (guìzhī) (Mainland China, Internet slang, neologism, derogatory, sarcastic, offensive)
* 贏國 / 赢国 (Hong Kong, humorous, derogatory, sarcastic)
* 赤縣 / 赤县 (Chìxiàn) (literary)
* 赤縣神州 / 赤县神州 (Chìxiàn Shénzhōu) (literary)
* 震旦 (Zhèndàn) (archaic)

##### Derived terms

* 交趾支那 (Jiāozhǐ-Zhīnà)
* 印度支那 (Yìndù-Zhīnà)
* 支語 / 支语 (zhīyǔ)
* 支那人 (zhīnàrén)
* 支那語 / 支那语 (zhīnàyǔ)
* 支那通 (zhīnàtōng)
* 滯臺支那人 / 滞台支那人 (zhì Tái zhīnàrén)
* 貴支 / 贵支 (guìzhī)

##### Related terms

* 震旦 (Zhèndàn)

##### Descendants

* → Japanese: 支(し)那(な) (Shina)
* → Korean: 지나(支那) (Jina)
* → Vietnamese: Chi Na (支那)

##### See also

* Thesaurus:中國

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Proper noun

支那
* (～鄉) Zhina (a township in Yingjiang, Dehong prefecture, Yunnan, China)

### References

* Ding, Fubao (丁福保) (1922), “支那” in 佛學大辭典 [A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms].
* ↑ Yule, Henry (2005) Cathay and the Way Thither‎, →ISBN, pages 2–3
* ↑ Dr M. R. Singh (1972) Geographical Data in Early Puranas, page 172
* 1 2 Wade Geoff (2009-05) “The Polity of Yelang and the Origin of the Name 'China'”, in Sino-Platonic Papers‎, number 188

### Further reading

* 支那 on the Chinese Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{zh}$
* Shina (word) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 支 | 那 |
| し Grade: 5 | な Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||

### Alternative forms

* シナ

### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 支那 (MC tsye na), a phonetic transcription of Sanskrit चीन (cīna), itself likely deriving from Old Chinese 秦 (*zin), the name of the Qin Dynasty and the Qin state.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɕina̠]

### Proper noun

支(し)那(な) or 支那(シナ) • (Shina)
* (prewar, often considered derogatory, offensive in modern speech, ethnic slur) China
* (offensive, ethnic slur) Ryukyuan people

#### Usage notes

The kanji spelling 支那 was more common historically, and is still encountered with some frequency when this word is used. Modern usage includes シナ in katakana. However, this term as a whole is used less frequently than in the past, due to changes in geopolitics and the use of this word as an ethnic slur.

#### Derived terms

* 東(ひがし)支(し)那(な)海(かい) (Higashi Shina Kai, “East China Sea”)
* 南(みなみ)支(し)那(な)海(かい) (Minami Shina Kai, “South China Sea”)
* 支(し)那(な)蕎(そ)麦(ば) (Shina soba, “Chinese noodles, ramen”)
* 支(し)那(な)竹(ちく) (Shina chiku, “menma (cooked bamboo sprout, a kind of ramen topping)”)
* 支(し)那(な)薄(うす)色(いろ)海豚(いるか) (Shina usuiro iruka, “Chinese white dolphin”)
* 交(こう)趾(ち)支(し)那(な) (Kōchi Shina, “Cochin China”)

### References

* ↑ Police officer dispatched from Osaka insults protesters in Okinawa, The Japan Times

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 支 | 那 |

### Proper noun

支那 • (Jina) (hangeul 지나)
* hanja form of 지나 (“(prewar, often considered derogatory in modern speech) China”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 支 | 那 |

### Proper noun

支那
* chữ Hán form of Chi Na (“China”).