# 謙

| 謙 | U+8B19, &#35609; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8B19 |
| ← 謘 [U+8B18] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 謚 → [U+8B1A] |

## Translingual
### Han character

謙 (Kangxi radical 149, 言+10, 17 strokes, cangjie input 卜口廿難金 (YRTXC), four-corner 0863$_7$, composition ⿰訁兼)

#### Derived characters

* 𡄫

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1175, character 20
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 35821
* Dae Jaweon: page 1639, character 36
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4009, character 2
* Unihan data for U+8B19

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 謙 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 譧 | *r'eːms |
| 賺 | *r'eːms |
| 尲 | *kreːm |
| 鹻 | *kreːmʔ |
| 歉 | *kʰreːms, *kʰreːmʔ, *kʰeːmʔ, *kʰeːms |
| 槏 | *kʰreːmʔ |
| 鰜 | *ɡreːm, *keːm |
| 稴 | *ɡreːm, *ɡ·reːm, *ɡ·reːmʔ, *ɡ·reːms, *ɡeːm |
| 豏 | *ɡreːmʔ, *ɡreːms |
| 甉 | *ɡreːmʔ, *ɡraːm |
| 廉 | *ɡ·rem |
| 鎌 | *ɡ·rem |
| 鬑 | *ɡ·rem, *ɡ·reːm |
| 鐮 | *ɡ·rem |
| 簾 | *ɡ·rem |
| 薕 | *ɡ·rem, *ɡ·reːm |
| 蠊 | *ɡ·rem |
| 嬚 | *ɡ·remʔ |
| 溓 | *ɡ·remʔ, *ɡ·reːm, *ɡ·reːmʔ |
| 嵰 | *kʰremʔ |
| 隒 | *ŋɡremʔ |
| 熑 | *ɡ·reːm |
| 濂 | *ɡ·reːm |
| 燫 | *ɡ·reːm |
| 兼 | *keːm, *keːms |
| 縑 | *keːm |
| 鶼 | *keːm |
| 蒹 | *keːm |
| 搛 | *keːm |
| 謙 | *kʰeːm |
| 膁 | *kʰeːmʔ |
| 嗛 | *kʰeːmʔ |
| 慊 | *kʰeːmʔ, *kʰeːb |
| 傔 | *kʰeːms |
| 馦 | *qʰeːm |
| 嫌 | *ɡeːm |
| 鼸 | *ɡeːmʔ |
| 尷 | *kreːm |

### Etymology

Cognate with 歉 (OC *kʰreːms, *kʰreːmʔ, *kʰeːmʔ, *kʰeːms, “deficient”), 廉 (OC *ɡ·rem, “upright; having integrity; uncorrupt”) (Schuessler, 2007), Tibetan ཁྲམ་པ (khram pa, “modest”) (Geilich, 1995).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): qiān (qian$^1$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄢ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): qian$^1$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): him$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): him$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): qien$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): khiâm
    (Meixian, Guangdong): kiam$^1$
* Jin (Wiktionary): qie$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): gíng / kíng
* Eastern Min (BUC): kiĕng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): khiam
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kiam$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$chi
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): qienn$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qiān
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cian
*** Wade–Giles: chʻien$^1$
*** Yale: chyān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chian
*** Palladius: цянь (cjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: qian$^1$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: kian
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰiɛn⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: him$^1$
*** Yale: hīm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: him$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: him$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /hiːm⁵⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: him$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /him³³/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: qien$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰiɛn⁴²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiâm
*** Hakka Romanization System: kiam$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kiam$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯am²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: kiam$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰiam⁴⁴/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: qie$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕʰie¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gíng / kíng
*** Sinological IPA : /kiŋ⁵⁴/, /kʰiŋ⁵⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: kiĕng
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰieŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiam
*** Tâi-lô: khiam
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qiafm
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰiam⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiam³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰiam⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰiam⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰiam⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: kiam$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khiam
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰiam³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$chi
*** MiniDict: chi$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$qi
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕʰi⁵³/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: qienn$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ẽ³³/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit謙 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /t͡ɕʰian⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /t͡ɕʰian⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /t͡ɕʰian²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /t͡ɕʰiã²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /t͡ɕʰiã²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /t͡ɕʰian²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /t͡ɕʰiã²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /t͡ɕʰiã⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /t͡ɕʰian⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /t͡ɕʰiɛ̃n³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /t͡ɕʰian⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /t͡ɕʰiɛn⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /t͡ɕʰian⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /t͡ɕʰian⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /t͡ɕʰiɛ̃⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /t͡ɕʰien⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /t͡ɕʰiĩ²¹/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡ɕʰie¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /t͡ɕʰie̞¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /t͡ɕʰie³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /t͡ɕʰi⁵³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /t͡ɕʰiɪ⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /t͡ɕʰiẽ̞³³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /t͡ɕʰi³³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /t͡ɕʰie³¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /t͡sʰiɛ¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /t͡ɕʰiẽ³³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /t͡ɕʰiẽ³³/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /t͡ɕʰiɛn⁴²/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /kʰiam⁴⁴/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /kʰiɑm²⁴/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /him⁵³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /him⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /him⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kʰiam⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kʰieŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kiŋ⁵⁴/ /kʰiŋ⁵⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /kʰiam³³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /xiam²³/ |
* Middle Chinese: khem
Rime :
| Character | 謙 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 添 (157) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | IV |
| Fanqie | 苦兼切 |
| Baxter | khem |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰem/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰem/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰɛm/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰɛm/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰem/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰiem/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kʰiem/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qiān |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | him$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*k-r̥ˤem/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰeːm/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 謙 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | qiān |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ khem › |
| Old Chinese | /*k-r̥ˁem/ |
| English | modest |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 謙 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 6070 |
| Phonetic component | 兼 |
| Rime group | 談 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 謙 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰeːm/ |

### Definitions

謙
* humble; modest
* 15th hexagram of the I Ching

### Compounds

* 一謙四益 / 一谦四益
* 你謙我讓 / 你谦我让
* 和謙 / 和谦 (Héqiān)
* 太謙 / 太谦
* 平易謙沖 / 平易谦冲
* 恭謹謙和 / 恭谨谦和
* 撝謙 / 㧑谦
* 滿招損，謙受益 / 满招损，谦受益 (mǎn zhāosǔn, qiān shòuyì)
* 益謙虧盈 / 益谦亏盈
* 者者謙謙 / 者者谦谦
* 自謙 / 自谦 (zìqiān)
* 謙以下士 / 谦以下士
* 謙光 / 谦光
* 謙克 / 谦克
* 謙卑 / 谦卑 (qiānbēi)
* 謙卑感 / 谦卑感
* 謙卑自牧 / 谦卑自牧
* 謙厚 / 谦厚
* 謙受益 / 谦受益
* 謙和 / 谦和 (qiānhé)
* 謙善 / 谦善
* 謙恭 / 谦恭 (qiāngōng)
* 謙恭下士 / 谦恭下士
* 謙恭厚道 / 谦恭厚道
* 謙抑 / 谦抑 (qiānyì)
* 謙挹 / 谦挹
* 謙沖 / 谦冲 (qiānchōng)
* 謙沖自牧 / 谦冲自牧 (qiānchōngzìmù)
* 謙洽 / 谦洽
* 謙稱 / 谦称 (qiānchēng)
* 謙虛 / 谦虚 (qiānxū)
* 謙虛自牧 / 谦虚自牧
* 謙詞 / 谦词 (qiāncí)
* 謙誠 / 谦诚 (qiānchéng)
* 謙語 / 谦语
* 謙謝 / 谦谢
* 謙謙 / 谦谦
* 謙謙下士 / 谦谦下士
* 謙謙君子 / 谦谦君子 (qiānqiānjūnzǐ)
* 謙謹 / 谦谨
* 謙讓 / 谦让 (qiānràng)
* 謙辭 / 谦辞 (qiāncí)
* 謙退 / 谦退
* 謙遜 / 谦逊 (qiānxùn)
* 謙遜下士 / 谦逊下士
* 進履之謙 / 进履之谦
* 過謙 / 过谦 (guòqiān)

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 謙 |
| Kyūjitai | 謙󠄁 謙+&#xE0101; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 謙󠄃 謙+&#xE0103; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* humble; modest (Can we add an example for this sense?)

#### Readings

* Go-on: けん (ken, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: けん (ken, Jōyō)
* Kun: へりくだる (herikudaru, 謙る)

### References

* ↑ “謙”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎ (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2025

## Korean
### Hanja

謙 (eumhun 사양할 겸 (sayanghal gyeom))
* hanja form of 겸 (“refuse, decline”)
* hanja form of 겸 (“humble, modest”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

謙: Hán Việt readings: khiêm
謙: Nôm readings: khem, khiêm, khom, khòm, khọm
* Chữ Hán form of khiêm (“humble, self-effacing”).
* Nôm form of khem (“to put on a diet”). See kiêng khem.
* Nôm form of khom (“to make a bow, to bend (one's body), to walk with a stoop”). See lom khom.
* Nôm form of khòm (“to make a bow, to bend (one's body), to walk with a stoop”).
* Nôm form of khọm (“very old”). See già khọm.

#### Compounds

* 謙恭 (khiêm cung)
* 謙讓 (khiêm nhường)
* 謙遜 (khiêm tốn)

### References

* 1 2 3 Nguyễn (2014).
* 1 2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* 1 2 Trần (2004).
* 1 2 Hồ (1976).