# おる
## Japanese
### Etymology 1

* Alternative spelling
* 居る
/woru/ → /oru/
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE in the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) with the phonetic man'yōgana spelling of 袁理 (⟨wori⟩). Also attested in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.
Listed in some sources as derived from the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) wi of verb wiru (modern いる (iru)) + ある (aru). The conjugation paradigm for woru is indeed the same as aru for Classical and Old Japanese. However, the resulting compounded *wiaru form would ordinarily become yaru or (w)eru via historical phonetic change, and the vowel shift to /o/ is unexplainable in this hypothesis.
Alternatively, from *wu + ari or *wo + ari, where *wu or *wo is the root of the verb wiru (modern いる (iru), and ari is the Old Japanese form of modern ある (aru).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) おる [óꜜrù] (Atamadaka – [1])
* (Mishima) おる [óꜜrù] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [o̞ɾɯ̟]
* Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「居る」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary :
| Stem forms ||||
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) | 居る | おる | [óꜜrù] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 居れ | おれ | [óꜜrè] |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 居られる | おられる | [òráréꜜrù] |
| Causative | 居らせる | おらせる | [òráséꜜrù] |
| Potential | 居れる | おれる | [òréꜜrù] |
| Volitional | 居ろう | おろー | [òróꜜò] |
| Negative | 居らない | おらない | [òráꜜnàì] |
| Negative perfective | 居らなかった | おらなかった | [òráꜜnàkàttà] |
| Formal | 居ります | おります | [òrímáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 居った | おった | [óꜜttà] |
| Conjunctive | 居って | おって | [óꜜttè] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 居れば | おれば | [óꜜrèbà] |

#### Verb

おる • (oru) intransitive godan (stem おり (ori), past おった (otta))
* (of animate objects) to exist, to be, to have
    むかしあるところに一人(ひとり)の欲(よく)ばりの坊(ぼう)さんがおりました。
       Mukashi aru tokoro ni hitori no yokubari no bōsan ga orimashita.
       Once upon a time, there was a greedy priest somewhere.
* (after a transitive verb in the て conjunctive form) to be (doing): indicates a progressive or continuous sense; the verb ending -ておる (-te oru) is often contracted to とる (-toru)
    ぼくは眼(め)をほそめて海(うみ)を見(み)ておった
       Boku wa me o hosomete umi o miteotta
       I was staring at the sea with a squinted eye
* (Chūgoku, Shikoku, Kyūshū, after a verb in the conjunctive form) to be (doing); a continuous sense; often transformed to よる (yoru)
    毎(まい)朝(あさ)、私(わたし)、観(かん)音(のん)様(さま)にお願(がん)を掛(か)けよるんじゃものきっと通(とお)るわ。
       Maiasa, watashi, Kannon-sama ni o-gan o kakeyoru n ja mono kitto tōru wa.
       Since I am making a wish to Kannon every morning, he will certainly pass his exams.

##### Usage notes

* A variation of いる (iru) used mainly in western Japan.
* In standard Japanese, it is usually used in 謙(けん)譲(じょう)語(ご) (kenjōgo, “humble language”) or 丁(てい)寧(ねい)語(ご) (teineigo, “polite language”) as おります form or in certain archaic/literary expressions.

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | おら | ora |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | おり | ori |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | おる | oru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | おる | oru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | おれ | ore |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | おれ | ore |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | おられる | orareru |
| Causative | おらせる おらす | oraseru orasu |
| Potential | おれる | oreru |
| Volitional | おろう | orō |
| Negative | おらない | oranai |
| Negative continuative | おらず | orazu |
| Formal | おります | orimasu |
| Perfective | おった | otta |
| Conjunctive | おって | otte |
| Hypothetical conditional | おれば | oreba |
Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | をら | をら | wora |
| Continuative (連用形) | をり | をり | wori |
| Terminal (終止形) | をり | をり | wori |
| Attributive (連体形) | をる | をる | woru |
| Realis (已然形) | をれ | をれ | wore |
| Imperative (命令形) | をれ | をれ | wore |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | をらず | をらず | worazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | をれど | をれど | woredo |
| Causal conjunction | をれば | をれば | woreba |
| Conditional conjunction | をらば | をらば | woraba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | をりき | をりき | woriki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | をりけり | をりけり | worikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | をりつ | をりつ | woritu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | をりぬ | をりぬ | worinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | をりたり$^{[1]}$ | をりたり$^{[1]}$ | woritari |
| Volitional | をらむ | をらむ | woramu |
| $^{[1]}$Often proscribed due to a redundancy of having 2 あり. ||||

### Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of おる – see the following entries. :
| 【折る】 | [verb] to bend, to fold |
| 【織る】 | [verb] to weave |
(This term, おる (oru), is the hiragana spelling of the above terms.) For a list of all kanji read as おる, see Category:Japanese kanji read as おる.) :
(The following entries are uncreated: 下る, 愚る.)

### References

* ↑ “居”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* ↑ c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 5, poem 886:, text here
* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Frellesvig, Bjarke (2010) A History of the Japanese Language, Cambridge University Press, New York, →ISBN, page 351
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Uwano, Zendo (2002 October 31) “見島方言の用言のアクセント調査報告 [A Report on the Accentual Surveys of Verbs and Adjectives in the Mishima Dialect]”, in 環太平洋の「消滅に瀕した言語」にかんする緊急調査研究 [Endangered languages of the Pacific Rim]‎, →ISSN, archived from the original on 25 September 2022