# tort
## English
### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /tɔːt/
* Audio (Received Pronunciation):(file)
* (General American) enPR: tô(ɹ)t, IPA: /tɔɹt/
* Audio (General American):(file)
* Homophones: torte; taught, taut (non-rhotic)
* Rhymes: -ɔː(ɹ)t

### Etymology 1

From Middle English tort (“(uncountable) wrong; (countable) an injury, a wrong”), from Old French tort (“misdeed, wrong”) (modern French tort (“an error, wrong; a fault”)), from Medieval Latin tortum (“injustice, wrong”), a noun use of a neuter singular participle form of Latin tortus (“crooked; twisted”), the perfect passive participle of torqueō (“to bend or twist awry, distort”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *terkʷ- (“to spin; to turn”).
* Galician torto (“(adjective) bent; crooked; twisted; (noun, archaic) harm, offence; injustice, wrong, tort”)
* Italian torto (“(adjective) bent; crooked; twisted; (noun, archaic) injustice, wrong”)
* Norwegian Bokmål tort (dated, now only in fixed expressions)
* Norwegian Nynorsk tort (dated, now only in fixed expressions)
* Occitan tort
* Old French tort (modern French tort)
* Portuguese torto (“(adjective) bent; crooked; twisted; (noun, archaic) harm, offence; injustice, wrong”)
* Spanish tuerto (“injury, offence”)

#### Noun

tort (plural torts)
* (law) A wrongful act, whether intentional or negligent, regarded as non-criminal and unrelated to a contract, which causes an injury and can be remedied in civil court, usually through the awarding of damages. [from late 16th c.]
    Synonym: (Scots law) delict
** [1628, Edw[ard] Coke, “Of Rents”, in The First Part of the Institutes of the Lawes of England. […], London: […] [Adam Islip] for the Societe of Stationers, →OCLC, book 2, chapter 12, section 234, folio 158, verso:[…] Wrong or Iniury, is in French aptly called Tort, becauſe Iniury & wrong is wreſted or crooked, being contrary to that which is right and ſtreight. […] And Britton ſaith that Tort a la ley eſt contrarye [a wrong to the law is contrary], and as aptly for the cauſe aforeſaid is iniury in English called wrong.]
** 1768, William Blackstone, “Of Wrongs, and Their Remedies, Respecting the Rights of Persons”, in Commentaries on the Laws of England, book III (Of Private Wrongs), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 117:Personal actions are ſuch vvhereby a man claims a debt, or perſonal duty, or damages in lieu thereof; and likevviſe vvhereby a man claims a ſatisfaction in damages for ſome injury done to his perſon or property. The former are ſaid to be founded on contracts, the latter upon torts or vvrongs: […] of the latter all actions for treſpaſſes, nuſances, aſſaults, defamatory vvords, and the like.
** 1891, Henry Campbell Black, “TORT”, in A Dictionary of Law […], St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing Co., →OCLC, page 1178, column 1:A tort is a legal wrong committed upon the person or property independent of contract. It may be either (1) a direct invasion of some legal right of the individual; (2) the infraction of some public duty by which special damage accrues to the individual; (3) the violation of some private obligation by which like damage accrues to the individual.
* (obsolete) An injury or wrong. [late 14th – 18th c.]
** 1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book I, Canto XII”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 4, page 172:Then gan triumphant Trompets ſovvnd on hye, / That ſent to heuen the ecchoed report / Of their nevv ioy, and happie victory / Gainſt him, that had them long oppreſt with tort, / And faſt impriſoned in ſieged fort.
** 1591, Ed[mund] Sp[enser], “Prosopopoia. Or Mother Hubberds Tale.”, in Complaints. Containing Sundrie Small Poemes of the Worlds Vanitie. […], London: […] William Ponsonbie, […], →OCLC, signature P3, verso:For no vvild beaſts ſhould do them any torte / There or abroad, ne vvould his maieſtye / Vſe them but vvell, vvith gracious clemencye, / As vvhome he knevv to him both faſt and true; […]

##### Derived terms

* tort law
* torts (“synonym of tort law”)

##### Related terms

* cotortfeasor
* de son tort
* tortfeasance
* tortfeasor
* tortionary (obsolete, rare)
* tortious
* tortiously

##### Translations
### Etymology 2

From Middle English tort, torte (“contorted, crooked; twisted”), from Old French tort, torte (“crooked; twisted”), or from its etymon Latin tortus (“crooked; twisted”): see further at etymology 1.

#### Adjective

tort
* (obsolete) Twisted.
** 1569, Richard Grafton, “Edwarde the Seconde”, in A Chronicle at Large and Meere History of the Affayres of Englande […], volume II, London: […] Henry Denham, […], for Richarde Tottle and Humffrey Toye, →OCLC, page 210:And the firſt that came and gaue them moſt comfort was Henry Erle of Lãcaſter with yͤ wrie neck, called Tort coll [torticollis], who was brother to Thomas Erle of Lãcaſter yͭ was behedded, as ye haue heard before, who was a right vertuous & good knight as after ye ſhal here.

### Etymology 3

A variant of tart.

#### Adjective

tort (comparative more tort, superlative most tort)
* (British, dialectal) Synonym of tart (“sharp- or sour-tasting; (figuratively) keen, severe, sharp”)

##### Translations
### Etymology 4

A variant of taut.

#### Adjective

tort (comparative torter, superlative tortest) (British, dialectal, obsolete)
* Synonym of taut (“stretched tight; under tension”)
** 1847, R[alph] W[aldo] Emerson, “Initial, Dæmonic, and Celestial Love”, in Poems, Boston, Mass.: James Munroe and Company, →OCLC, part I (The Initial Love), page 158:Yet holds he them with tortest rein, / That they may seize and entertain / The glance that to their glance opposes, / Like fiery honey sucked from roses.
* (nautical) Of a boat: watertight.

##### Translations
### Etymology 5

Clipping of tortoise.

#### Noun

tort (plural torts)
* (slang) Clipping of tortoise.

##### Translations
### Etymology 6

Clipping of tortoiseshell.

#### Noun

tort (plural torts)
* (slang) Clipping of tortoiseshell (“a domestic cat, guinea pig, rabbit, or other animal whose fur has black, brown, and yellow markings”); a tortie.

##### Translations
### References

* ↑ “tort, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
* ↑ “tort, n.”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, March 2022; “tort, n.”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
* ↑ “tort(e, adj.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
* ↑ “† tort, adj.”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, March 2021.
* 1 2 Joseph Wright, editor (1905), “TORT”, in The English Dialect Dictionary: […], volume VI (T–Z, Supplement, Bibliography and Grammar), London: Henry Frowde, […], publisher to the English Dialect Society, […]; New York, N.Y.: G[eorge] P[almer] Putnam’s Sons, →OCLC, page 198, column 2.
* ↑ Joseph Wright, editor (1905), “TART, adj. and sb.$^2$”, in The English Dialect Dictionary: […], volume VI (T–Z, Supplement, Bibliography and Grammar), London: Henry Frowde, […], publisher to the English Dialect Society, […]; New York, N.Y.: G[eorge] P[almer] Putnam’s Sons, →OCLC, page 35.
* ↑ Joseph Wright, editor (1905), “TAUT, adj. and v.$^1$”, in The English Dialect Dictionary: […], volume VI (T–Z, Supplement, Bibliography and Grammar), London: Henry Frowde, […], publisher to the English Dialect Society, […]; New York, N.Y.: G[eorge] P[almer] Putnam’s Sons, →OCLC, page 42, column 2.

### Further reading

* tort on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

### Anagrams

* ROTT, Rott, TRTO, Trot, trot

## Catalan
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Catalan tort, from Latin tortus (“twisted”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [ˈtɔrt]
* IPA: (Valencia) [ˈtɔɾt]
* Rhymes: -ɔɾt

### Adjective

tort (feminine torta, masculine plural torts, feminine plural tortes)
* bent, twisted, crooked, askew, wonky
* one-eyed
    Synonym: borni

#### Derived terms

* a tort i a dret
* camatort
* colltort

#### Related terms

* tòrcer
* tortura

### Noun

tort m (plural torts)
* harm, injury
    Synonym: dany

### References

* “tort” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “tort” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

## Estonian
### Etymology

Borrowed from German Torte.

### Noun

tort (genitive tordi, partitive torti)
* large cake; cream cake, gateau
    Synonyms: kook, keeks

#### Declension
## French
### Etymology

Inherited from Old French tort, from Latin tortum, substantive use of tortus, the past participle of torqueō (“twist, turn”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tɔʁ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔʁ
* Homophones: tord, tords, tore, tores, tors, torts (general), taure, taures (one pronunciation)

### Noun

tort m (plural torts)
* fault
    Elle a le tort d’avoir trop de précipitation. ― Her trouble is, she's too hasty.
    Le mari n’a aucun tort. ― The husband is not to blame.
* wrong, error
    Je regrette, vous avez tort. I'm afraid you are mistaken.
    Nous avons fait notre choix, à tort ou à raison. We have made our choice, rightly or wrongly.
** 1837, Louis Viardot, L’Ingénieux Hidalgo Don Quichotte de la Manche‎, translation of El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha by Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, Volume I, Chapter IV:[J]e suis le valeureux don Quichotte de la Manche, le défaiseur de torts et le réparateur d’iniquités.... I am the valiant Don Quixote of La Mancha, the undoer of wrongs and the repairer of iniquities.

#### Derived terms

* à tort
* à tort ou à raison
* avoir tort
* donner tort
* en tort

#### Related terms

* tordre
* torture
* tourte

### Further reading

* “tort”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

### Anagrams

* trot

## Hungarian
### Etymology

tor +‎ -t (accusative suffix)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈtort]
* Hyphenation: tort

### Noun

tort
* accusative singular of tor

## Middle English
### Etymology

From Old French tort, from Latin tortum.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tɔrt/

### Noun

tort (plural tortes)
* (rare, especially law) tort (wrong)

#### Descendants

* English: tort
* Scots: tort

#### References

* “tort, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

Borrowed from French tort, from Latin tortum.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tuʈ/
* Rhymes: -uʈ

### Noun

tort
* (law) offense against someone, an insult or inconvenience caused to someone

#### Usage notes

Only used in the legal phrase tort og svie.

#### Related terms

* tortur

### References

* “tort” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Verb

tort
* supine of tora

## Old French
### Etymology

From Latin tortum, substantive use of tortus, the past participle of torqueō (“twist, turn”).

### Noun

tort oblique singular, m (oblique plural torz or tortz, nominative singular torz or tortz, nominative plural tort)
* wrong; misdeed (something considered wrong)
** 12th Century, Béroul, Tristan et Iseut:Sovent regrete le roi Marc Son oncle, qui a fait tel tortKing Mark often regretted That his uncle had done such a bad thing

#### Derived terms

* torcious

#### Related terms

* tordre

#### Descendants

* French: tort
* → Middle English: tort
** English: tort
** Scots: tort

## Old Occitan
### Etymology

From Latin tortum, substantive use of tortus, the past participle of torqueō (“twist, turn”).

### Noun

tort m (oblique plural tortz, nominative singular tortz, nominative plural tort)
* wrong (immoral act)
* error; mistake

### References

* Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “torquēre”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume 2: C Q K, page 1010

## Polish
### Etymology

Borrowed from German Torte.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈtɔrt/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔrt
* Syllabification: tort

### Noun

tort m inan (diminutive torcik, related adjective tortowy)
* torte, gateau (type of cake)
* birthday cake

#### Derived terms

* tortownica

### Further reading

* tort in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* tort in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Romanian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tort/

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Latin tortus.

#### Noun

tort n (plural torturi)
* thread (spun and made of hemp)
* quantity of spun threads

##### Related terms

* toarce

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from German Torte.

#### Alternative forms

* tortă

#### Noun

tort n (plural torturi)
* cake

##### See also

* turtă, prăjitură

## Veps
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Noun

tort
* tart
* cake

#### Inflection
### References

* Zajceva, N. G., Mullonen, M. I. (2007) “торт”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary]‎, Petrozavodsk: Periodika