# civitas
## English
### Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from Latin cīvitās. Doublet of city.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (closer to Classical Latin) /ˈki.wɪˌtɑs/, (closer to Ecclesiastical Latin) /ˈt͡ʃiviˌtɑs/
** Audio (US, closer to Classical Latin):(file)
** Audio (US, closer to Ecclesiastical Latin):(file)

### Noun

civitas (plural civitates)
* (Roman history) the social body of the citizens united by law
* (Roman history) a city and its territory
* (pedantic) a community
* (pedantic) a state, (chiefly) a city-state

#### References

* Merriam-Webster Online. "civitas". 2015.

### Anagrams

* cavitis

## Latin
### Alternative forms

* ceivitās (Old Latin)
* cibitās, civetās (Medieval Latin)

### Etymology

From earlier ceivitās, from Proto-Italic *keiwitāts. Equivalent to cīvis (“citizen”) +‎ -tās.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈkiː.u̯i.taːs/, [ˈkiːu̯ɪt̪äːs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈt͡ʃi.vi.tas/, [ˈt͡ʃiːvit̪äs]

### Noun

cīvitās f (genitive cīvitātis); third declension
* (Classical Latin) citizenship and its rights; often referring to Roman citizenship
* (Classical Latin) the state, body politic, citizens of a territory (collectively)
* (Classical Latin, metonymically) a city and all external territory (thus distinguished from urbs)
* (Classical Latin, metonymically) city-states, kingdoms, or tribes, especially under Roman rule.
* (Medieval Latin) a city: a major, biblical, or specially incorporated town, particularly cathedral cities
    His diebus Langobardi Italia invaserunt, Vincentiam Veronamque et reliquas Venetiarum civitates coepit, et per tres annos Ticino possedit.In those days that the Lombards invaded Italy, he began Vincentia & Verona and the rest of the Venetian cities, and possessed Ticino for three years.
* (Medieval Latin) a borough: a walled settlement, sometimes particularly former Roman towns
* (Ecclesiastical Latin) either the Church or Heaven

#### Declension

Third-declension noun.
The genitive plural in -um is the etymologically expected one as well as the more frequent.

#### Derived terms

* Aurēliāna civitas
* civitas Aurēliāni
* cīvitātula
* cūrātor cīvitātis
* dēfēnsor cīvitātis
* exāctor cīvitātis

#### Related terms

* cīvicus
* cīvīle
* cīvīlis
* cīvīlitās
* cīvīliter
* cīvis

#### Descendants

* Insular Romance:
** ⇒ Sardinian: Sa Chitade
* Balkan Romance:
** Aromanian: tsitati
** Istro-Romanian: četåte
** Romanian: cetate
* Italo-Dalmatian:
** Dalmatian: cituot
** Istriot: sità
** Italian: città, cittade (archaic)
*** → Sardinian: tzitade
*** → Slavomolisano: čita
** Neapolitan: cità, cetate
** Sicilian: cità, citati
** Venetan: sità
* Rhaeto-Romance:
** Friulian: citât
** Ladin: zità
** Romansch: citad
* Gallo-Italic:
** Ligurian: çittæ
** Lombard: çitâ, citâ
** Piedmontese: sità
* Gallo-Romance:
** Old Catalan: ciutat
*** Catalan: ciutat
** Old French: citet (see there for further descendants)
** Old Occitan: ciutat, ciptat, ciu
*** Occitan: ciutat
* Ibero-Romance:
** Navarro-Aragonese: ciudat, çiudat, ciudad
*** Aragonese: ciudat
** Old Galician-Portuguese: cidade, çibdade
*** Galician: cidade, Cidá (toponym)
*** Portuguese: cidade
** Old Leonese: ciubdad
*** Asturian: ciodá, ciudá
*** Leonese: ciudá
*** Mirandese: cidade
** Old Spanish: cibdat, çibdad, cipdad, cipdat
*** Ladino: sivdad
*** Spanish: ciudad (see there for further descendants)
* Borrowings:
** → English: civitas
** → Proto-Albanian:
*** Albanian: qytet
** → Proto-Brythonic: *kiwdọd (see there for further descendants)

### References

* “civitas”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “civitas”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* civitas in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* civitas in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. Plato's ideal republic: civitas optima, perfecta Platonis Plato's ideal republic: illa civitas Platonis commenticia Plato's ideal republic: illa civitas, quam Plato finxit universal history: omnis memoria, omnis memoria aetatum, temporum, civitatum or omnium rerum, gentium, temporum, saeculorum memoria the constitution: descriptio civitatis to give the state a constitution: civitati leges, iudicia, iura describere to be the chief man in the state: principem civitatis esse the head of the state: rector civitatis (De Or. 1. 48. 211) to make a man a citizen: civitate donare aliquem (Balb. 3. 7) to enroll as a citizen, burgess: in civitatem recipere, ascribere, asciscere aliquem to present a person with the freedom of the city: civitatem alicui dare, tribuere, impertire to naturalise oneself as a citizen of another country: civitatem mutare (Balb. 11. 27) the dregs of the people: faex populi, plebis, civitatis aristocracy (as a form of government): civitas, quae optimatium arbitrio regitur democracy: imperium populi or populare, civitas or res publica popularis to banish a person, send him into exile: ex urbe (civitate) expellere, pellere aliquem to banish a person, send him into exile: de, e civitate aliquem eicere to expel a person from the city, country: exterminare (ex) urbe, de civitate aliquem (Mil. 37. 101) to keep the citizens in servile subjection: civitatem servitute oppressam tenere (Dom. 51. 131) to extort money from the communities: pecuniam cogere a civitatibus to compel communities to provide troops: imperare milites civitatibus to compel communities to provide hostages: obsides civitatibus imperare
* “civitas”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “civitas”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin cīvitās.

### Noun

civitas n (plural civitasuri)
* civitas

#### Declension
### References

* civitas in Academia Română, Micul dicționar academic, ediția a II-a, Bucharest: Univers Enciclopedic, 2010. →ISBN