# 推敲
## Chinese
### Etymology

From the story of the Tang dynasty poet Jia Dao (779–843). Legend has it that one day while he was riding on his donkey, he was deliberating over the following line in his poem:
    Niǎo sù chí biān shù, sēng tuī yuè xià mén. [Pinyin]
    Birds built their nests by a serene pond up the tree; Beneath the Moon, a monk pushes on the door wooden.
He was pondering whether the 推 (“to push”) should be replaced by 敲 (“to knock”).
In fact, he was so engrossed in his deliberation that he did not notice an official's convoy coming, and ran straight into it. He was then taken for questioning on why he failed to avoid the convoy, and he explained that he was deep in thought about a poem he composed. The official whom Jia ran into was Han Yu, a famous Tang dynasty essayist and poet. After deliberation, Han said 敲 (“to knock”) would be a better word choice in this verse, since it highlights the quietness of the night. Jia regarded Han as his “one-character teacher” (一字之師／一字之师 (yīzìzhīshī)), followed his advice, and finalised verses of the poem.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tuīqiāo
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨㄟ ㄑㄧㄠ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): teoi$^1$ haau$^1$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): thui-khau
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tuīqiāo
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄨㄟ ㄑㄧㄠ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tueiciao
*** Wade–Giles: tʻui$^1$-chʻiao$^1$
*** Yale: twēi-chyāu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tueichiau
*** Palladius: туйцяо (tujcjao)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: teoi$^1$ haau$^1$
*** Yale: tēui hāau
*** Cantonese Pinyin: toey$^1$ haau$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: têu$^1$ hao$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰɵy̯⁵⁵ haːu̯⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thui-khau
*** Tâi-lô: thui-khau
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tui'qaw
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰui³³ kʰau³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /tʰui⁴⁴⁻²² kʰau⁴⁴/

### Verb

推敲
* to deliberate; to think over; to give a thought to; to weigh up; to scrutinize
    經不起推敲／经不起推敲 ― jīngbùqǐ tuīqiāo ― to be unable to stand up to scrutiny
    反覆推敲／反复推敲 ― fǎnfù tuīqiāo ― to repeatedly scrutinize

#### Synonyms

* 冥思 (míngsī)
* 冥想 (míngxiǎng)
* 品味 (pǐnwèi)
* 尋味 / 寻味 (xúnwèi)
* 尋思 / 寻思
* 念 (niàn)
* 思 (literary, or in compounds)
* 思想 (sīxiǎng)
* 思慮 / 思虑 (sīlǜ)
* 思索 (sīsuǒ)
* 思維 / 思维 (sīwéi)
* 思考 (sīkǎo)
* 思裁 (si$^1$ cai$^2$) (Sichuanese)
* 思量 (sīliáng)
* 慎思 (shènsī)
* 掂掇 (diānduo) (colloquial)
* 掂量 (diānliáng)
* 揣摩 (chuǎimó)
* 斟酌 (zhēnzhuó) (figuratively)
* 沉思 (chénsī)
* 深思 (shēnsī)
* 照顧 / 照顾 (zhàogù)
* 玩味 (wánwèi)
* 玩弄 (Classical Chinese)
* 琢磨 (zuómo)
* 算計 / 算计 (suànjì)
* 考慮 / 考虑 (kǎolǜ)
* 苦思 (kǔsī)
* 著想 / 着想 (zhuóxiǎng)
* 計算 / 计算 (jìsuàn)
* 計較 / 计较
* 設想 / 设想 (shèxiǎng)
* 顧全 / 顾全 (gùquán)
* 顧及 / 顾及 (gùjí)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 推 | 敲 |
| すい Grade: 6 | こう Hyōgai |
| on'yomi | kan'on |

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) すいこー [sùíkóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [sɨiko̞ː]

### Noun

推(すい)敲(こう) • (suikō)
* revising, polishing of a text
    推(すい)敲(こう)に推(すい)敲(こう)を重(かさ)ねた。
       Suikō ni suikō o kasaneta.
       We made revision on top of revision.

### Verb

推(すい)敲(こう)する • (suikō suru) transitive suru (stem 推(すい)敲(こう)し (suikō shi), past 推(すい)敲(こう)した (suikō shita))
* revise, polish a text
    Synonym: 練り直す (nerinaosu)

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 推敲し | すいこうし | suikō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 推敲し | すいこうし | suikō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 推敲する | すいこうする | suikō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 推敲する | すいこうする | suikō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 推敲すれ | すいこうすれ | suikō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 推敲せよ¹ 推敲しろ² | すいこうせよ¹ すいこうしろ² | suikō seyo¹ suikō shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 推敲される | すいこうされる | suikō sareru |
| Causative | 推敲させる 推敲さす | すいこうさせる すいこうさす | suikō saseru suikō sasu |
| Potential | 推敲できる | すいこうできる | suikō dekiru |
| Volitional | 推敲しよう | すいこうしよう | suikō shiyō |
| Negative | 推敲しない | すいこうしない | suikō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 推敲せず | すいこうせず | suikō sezu |
| Formal | 推敲します | すいこうします | suikō shimasu |
| Perfective | 推敲した | すいこうした | suikō shita |
| Conjunctive | 推敲して | すいこうして | suikō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 推敲すれば | すいこうすれば | suikō sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 推 | 敲 |

### Noun

推敲 • (toego) (hangeul 퇴고)
* hanja form of 퇴고