# μάρτυς
## Ancient Greek
### Alternative forms

* μαίτυρς (maíturs) — Cretan
* μᾰ́ρτῠρ (mắrtŭr) — Aeolic
* μάρτυρος (márturos) — Epic

### Etymology

Often assigned to Proto-Indo-European *(s)mer- (“to fall into thinking, remember, care for”), which is acknowledged by Beekes, but he finds it unconvincing and instead derives it from Pre-Greek based on the ending of the word. Compare Latin mas and Latin maritus.
Le Feuvre (2021) maintains the usual derivation from *(s)mer- (“to fall into thinking, remember, care for”) and explains the ending of the word from a zero-grade of *twerH- (“to seize, bind”), whence also σειρά (seirá, “rope, cord”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /már.tys/ → /ˈmar.tys/ → /ˈmar.tis/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /már.tys/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /ˈmar.tys/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /ˈmar.tys/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /ˈmar.tys/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /ˈmar.tis/

### Noun

μᾰ́ρτῠς • (mắrtŭs) m or f (genitive μᾰ́ρτῠρος); third declension
* witness
* martyr

#### Related terms

* μᾰ́ρτῠρ m (mắrtŭr)
* μᾰρτῠρέω (mărtŭréō)
* μᾰρτῠρῐ́ᾱ f (mărtŭrĭ́ā)
* μᾰρτῠ́ρῐον n (mărtŭ́rĭon)
* ψευδομᾰ́ρτῠς m (pseudomắrtŭs)
and see words with μαρτυρ-, μάρτυς @perseus.tufts.edu

#### Descendants

* Greek: μάρτυρας (mártyras)
* → Latin: martyr (see there for further descendants)
* → Old Armenian: մարտիրոս (martiros)
** Armenian: մարտիրոս (martiros)
* → Old Georgian: მარტჳლი (marṭwili), მარტჳრი (marṭwiri)
** Georgian: მარტვილი (marṭvili)

### References

* ↑ Roberts, Edward A. (2014) A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Spanish Language with Families of Words based on Indo-European Roots, Xlibris Corporation, →ISBN
* ↑ John A. Simpson and Edmund S. C. Weiner, editors (1989), “μάρτυς”, in The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN.
* ↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “μάρτυς”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 908-9
* ↑ Le Feuvre, Claire (2021) “Greek μάρτυς ‘witness’, σειρά ‘rope’ and PIE *tṷer(H)- ‘to bind’”, in Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics‎, volume 134, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG), →ISSN, →JSTOR, retrieved May 12, 2023, pages 225–238

### Further reading

* “μάρτυς”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “μάρτυρος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “μάρτυς”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* μάρτυς in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
* “μάρτυς”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
* G3144 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
* Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited. authority idem, page 53.witness idem, page 985.
* “μάρτυς”, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011