# μάρμαρος
## Ancient Greek
### Alternative forms

* μάρμᾰρον (mármăron)

### Etymology

Of uncertain origin. Based on the original sense of "stone, rock", Frisk derives the word from the root of μᾰ́ρνᾰμαι (mắrnămai, “to fight, battle”) (perhaps in a sense of "stone weapons"), with folk-etymological semantic influence from μαρμαίρω (marmaírō, “I sparkle”); others, such as Mazon, prefer to directly connect the word to μαρμαίρω (marmaírō). Due to the lack of strong evidence of connection to other words, as well as perhaps the semantic category of "local rocks", Beekes suggests Pre-Greek origin.
An alternative theory by Roberts suggests a reduplicative formation from Proto-Indo-European *mer- (“to rub away, cause harm, to die”), in the sense of marble's fragility.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /már.ma.ros/ → /ˈmar.ma.ros/ → /ˈmar.ma.ros/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /már.ma.ros/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /ˈmar.ma.ros/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /ˈmar.ma.ros/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /ˈmar.ma.ros/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /ˈmar.ma.ros/

### Noun

μάρμᾰρος • (mármăros) m (genitive μαρμᾰ́ρου); second declension
* crystalline rock
* marble
** anything made of marble, tombstone
** marble chips

#### Derived terms

* μαρμαράριος (marmarários)
* μαρμάρεος (marmáreos)
* μαρμαρεργατέω (marmarergatéō)
* μαρμαρίζω (marmarízō)
* μαρμαρικός (marmarikós)
* μαρμάρινος (marmárinos)
* μαρμαρῖτις (marmarîtis)
* μαρμαρογλύπτης (marmaroglúptēs)
* μαρμαρογλυφία (marmarogluphía)
* μαρμαρόεις (marmaróeis)
* μαρμαροκονία (marmarokonía)
* μαρμαροποιός (marmaropoiós)
* μαρμαρόπτερος (marmarópteros)
* μαρμαρουργός (marmarourgós)
* μαρμαρόω (marmaróō)
* μαρμαρώδης (marmarṓdēs)
* μαρμαρῶπις (marmarôpis)
* μαρμάρωσις (marmárōsis)
* μαρμαρωσσός (marmarōssós)

#### Descendants

* Greek: μάρμαρο (mármaro)
* → Arabic: مرمر (marmar)
* → Bulgarian: мра́мор (mrámor)
* → Latin: marmor (see there for further descendants)
** → English: marble
** → Old Church Slavonic: мраморъ (mramorŭ)
*** → Russian: мра́мор (mrámor)
** → Old Polish: marmor
*** → Lithuanian: mármoras
* → Old Armenian: մարմար (marmar), մարմարիոն (marmarion), մարմարիովն (marmariovn)
** Middle Armenian: մարմար (marmar), մարմառ (marmaṙ), մառմառ (maṙmaṙ)
*** Armenian: մարմար (marmar)
** →? Old Georgian: მარმალი (marmali)
* → Old Georgian: მარმარილოჲ (marmariloy), მარმარინოჲ (marmarinoy)
** Georgian: მარმარილო (marmarilo)
*** → Bats: მარმარილო̆ (marmarilŏ)
*** → Mingrelian: მარმარილო (marmarilo)
* → Old East Slavic: мороморъ (moromorŭ), мироморъ (miromorŭ)
* → Persian: مرمر (marmar)
** → Azerbaijani: mərmər
** → Bashkir: мәрмәр (mərmər)
** → Karachay-Balkar: мәрмәр
** → Kazakh: мәрмәр (märmär)
** → Northern Kurdish: mermer
** → Nogai: мәрмәр
** → Ottoman Turkish: مرمر (mermer)
*** Turkish: mermer
*** → Armenian: մէռմէռ (mēṙmēṙ)
** → Punjabi:
    Gurmukhi script: ਮਰਮਰ (marmar)
    Shahmukhi script: مرمر (marmar)
** → Tatar: мәрмәр (märmär), märmär
** → Turkmen: mermer
** → Uyghur: مەرمەر (mermer)
** → Uzbek: marmar

### References

* ↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “μάρμαρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 907
* ↑ Roberts, Edward A. (2014) “marmaros”, in A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Spanish Language with Families of Words based on Indo-European Roots, Xlibris Corporation, →ISBN, page 844

### Further reading

* “μάρμαρος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “μάρμαρος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “μάρμαρος”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
* μάρμαρος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
* μάρμαρος in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
* G3139 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
* μάρμαρος in Trapp, Erich, et al. (1994–2007) Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität besonders des 9.-12. Jahrhunderts [the Lexicon of Byzantine Hellenism, Particularly the 9th–12th Centuries], Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
* Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1977) “մարմար”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume III, Yerevan: University Press, page 387a
* Boisacq, Émile (1916) “μάρμαρος”, in Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque (in French), Heidelberg: Carl Winter, page 611
* “μάρμαρος”, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011