# տորոն
## Armenian
### Alternative forms

* տօրոն (tōron) — Mush
* տօրօն (tōrōn) — Akhaltsikhe, Goris
* դօրօն (dōrōn) — Kharberd
* տօրուն (tōrun) — Shamakhi, Salmas
* տօռուն (tōṙun) — Maragheh
* տուրուն (turun) — Karabakh, Moks, Van
* տա՛րան (táran) — Agulis
* տոնիր (tonir) — New Julfa
* տօ՛նիր (tṓnir) — Ararat

### Etymology

From Middle Armenian տորոն (toron).

### Pronunciation

* (Eastern Armenian) IPA: /toˈɾon/, [toɾón]
* (Western Armenian) IPA: /doˈɾon/, [doɾón]

### Noun

տորոն • (toron)
* madder, Rubia tinctorum (plant and dye)

#### Usage notes

The plant is very common in Armenia and was exported from it. The red dye from its roots is used in carpet-making. The Armenian Jean Althen famously established madder cultivation in France.

#### Descendants

* → Turkish: doron, dorun (dialectal)

### References

* ↑ Gayayan, Harutʻyun (1977) “Gorgagorcutʻyan meǰ kiraṙvoġ hayeren pʻoxaṙyal baṙer tʻurkʻerenum [Armenian Borrowings in Turkish, Used in Carpet Making]”, in Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri [Herald of the Social Sciences]‎ (in Armenian), number 8, page 99

### Further reading

* Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1979) “տորոն”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume IV, Yerevan: University Press, page 423ab

## Middle Armenian
### Alternative forms

* տորուն (torun), տօրուն (tōrun), տաւրուն (tawrun), տօրոն (tōron)
* սարուն (sarun) — misspelling

### Etymology

The origin is unknown. An overview of opinions follows.
Ališan identifies with the name of the Armenian region Տարօն (Tarōn), where the plant is common. Norayr is intrigued by Italian deron listed as a synonym of robbia by Nor baṙgirkʿ haykazean lezui, but he is not able to identify such a word in Italian. Ačaṙean tentatively compares with Kyrgyz таран (taran, “root of Aconogonon used in tanning”) and with Ingush торониш (toroniš, “root”); for the first see Steblin-Kamenskij, where also Tajik торон (toron), торун (torun, “Polygonum bucharicum”) is listed; the second is found in Pallas, but not in modern dictionaries, the standard Ingush word for "root" being овла (ovla). Kerestedjian compares with Chagatai توری (/⁠twry⁠/, “red of a dark shade”).

### Noun

տորոն • (toron)
* madder, Rubia tinctorum
    Synonym: ֆուվայ (fuvay)
** 6th–12th? centuries, Baṙkʻ Gałianosi [The Greek–Armenian Dictionary to Galen] :ելիանդրանոն (vars. եղիթադրանոն, եղարդրանոն) = տորուն (var. տօրուն)։eliandranon (vars. ełitʻadranon, ełardranon) = torun (var. tōrun).ἐρυθρόδανον (eruthródanon) = madder
** 1184, Mxitʻar Heracʻi, J̌ermancʻ mxitʻarutʻiwn [Relief of Fevers] :Առ լոք ընտրած, և տորուն, և անիսոն […] Aṙ lokʻ əntrac, ew torun, ew anison […]Take choice lac, madder, anise […]
** 1478 – 1492, Amirdovlatʻ Amasiacʻi, Angitacʻ anpēt [Useless for Ignoramuses] :եւ իր փոխանն տորունն է։ew ir pʻoxann torunn ē.And its substitute is the madder.
** 1478 – 1492, Amirdovlatʻ Amasiacʻi, Angitacʻ anpēt [Useless for Ignoramuses] :Տորուն․ որ է ֆուվայ, որ է պ. ըռունասն․ յիշած է ի վերայ ֆէին:Torun; or ē fuvay, or ē p. əṙunasn; yišac ē i veray fēin:Madder = It is the fuvay, i.e. in Persian روناس (ronâs). It is mentioned under "f".
** 1466 – 1469, Amirdovlatʻ Amasiacʻi, Ogut bžškutʻean [The Benefits of Medicine] 192:Ա՛ռ թրմուս և շէտարաճ և տորուն և քունտուս […] Áṙ tʻrmus ew šētarač ew torun ew kʻuntus […]
** 1438, Hovhannes hekʻimi bžskaran [Medical book of healer Hovhannes] :Տաւրուն․ արապկ. ֆուէ․ ի լադին ըռոյպիայ […] Tawrun; arapk. fuē; i ladin əṙoypiay […]Madder = In Arabic فُوَّة (fuwwa), in Latin rubia
** 16th century, Alēkʻsianos, Bžškaran [Medical Book] 58a:Ա՛ռ տորոն, ձէթ և ձիւթ սապռ […] Áṙ toron, jētʻ ew jiwtʻ sapṙ […]

#### Derived terms

* տորնուկ (tornuk)
* տորոն խոտ (toron xot)

#### Descendants

* Armenian: տորոն (toron), տօրոն (tōron) — Mush, տօրօն (tōrōn) — Akhaltsikhe, Goris, դօրօն (dōrōn) — Kharberd, տօրուն (tōrun) — Shamakhi, Salmas, տօռուն (tōṙun) — Maragheh, տուրուն (turun) — Karabakh, Moks, Van, տա՛րան (táran) — Agulis, տոնիր (tonir) — New Julfa, տօ՛նիր (tṓnir) — Ararat
** → Turkish: doron, dorun (dialectal)

### References

* ↑ Awetikʻean, G., Siwrmēlean, X., Awgerean, M. (1837) “ստեպղին վայրի”, in Nor baṙgirkʻ haykazean lezui [New Dictionary of the Armenian Language] (in Old Armenian), volume II, Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy, page 745a
* ↑ Steblin-Kamenskij, I.M. (1982) Očerki po istorii leksiki pamirskix jazykov. Nazvanija kulʹturnyx rastenij [Essays on the history of Pamir languages. Names of cultivated plants] (in Russian), Moscow: Nauka, page 121
* ↑ Kerestedjian, Bedros (1945) Kerest Haig, editor, Étude philologique et lexicographique de 6000 mots et noms arméniens avec des comparaisons de 100.000 mots de 900 langues et des données historiques et géographiques‎ (in French), London: Bernard Quaritch Ltd., page 398
* ↑ Courteille, Abel Pavet de (1870) “տորոն”, in Dictionnaire turk-oriental [Eastern Turkic Dictionary]‎ (in French), Paris: Imprimerie Impériale, page 229
* ↑ Greppin, John A. C. (1985) Baṙkʿ Gaɫianosi: The Greek–Armenian Dictionary to Galen‎, Delmar, New York: Caravan Books, page 41
* ↑ Mxitʻar Heracʻi (1832) J̌ermancʻ mxitʻarutʻiwn [Relief of Fevers] (Matenagrutʻiwnkʻ naxneacʻ) (in Middle Armenian), Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy, pages 145–146
* ↑ Seidel, Ernst (1908) Mechithar’s, des Meisterarztes aus Her, ‘Trost bei Fiebern’: nach dem Venediger Druck vom Jahre 1832 zum ersten Male aus dem Mittelarmenischen übersetzt und erläutert (in German), Leipzig: Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth, page 104
* ↑ Mxitʻar Heracʻi (1968) S. S. Arevšatjan, editor, Utešenije pri lixoradkax [Relief of Fevers] (in Russian), 2nd edition, Yerevan: Hayastan, page 191
* ↑ Basmaǰean, K. Y., editor (1926), Amirtovlatʻi Amasiacʻwoy angitacʻ anpēt [Useless for Ignoramuses of Amirdovlatʿ Amasiacʿi]‎, Vienna: Mekhitarist Press, § 2692, page 454
* ↑ Vardanjan, Stella (1990) Амирдовлат Амасиаци, Ненужное для неучей (in Russian), Moscow: Nauka, § 2362, page 367
* ↑ Basmaǰean, K. Y., editor (1926), Amirtovlatʻi Amasiacʻwoy angitacʻ anpēt [Useless for Ignoramuses of Amirdovlatʿ Amasiacʿi]‎, Vienna: Mekhitarist Press, § 3503, page 580
* ↑ Vardanjan, Stella (1990) Амирдовлат Амасиаци, Ненужное для неучей (in Russian), Moscow: Nauka, § 3140, page 467
* ↑ Amirtovlatʻ Amasiacʻi (1940) St. Malxaseancʻ, editor, Ōgut bžškutʻean [The Benefits of Medicine]‎, Yerevan: Academy Press, page 461
* ↑ Karst, Joseph (1904) “Das trilingue Medizinalglossar aus Ms. 310 der Wiener Mechitaristen-Bibliothek”, in Zeitschrift für Armenische Philologie, volume II, Marburg (Hessen): N. G. Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 133
* ↑ Ġazaryan, Ṙuben, Avetisyan, Henrik (2009) “տորոն”, in Miǰin hayereni baṙaran [Dictionary of Middle Armenian] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, Yerevan: University Press, page 764b
* ↑ Gayayan, Harutʻyun (1977) “Gorgagorcutʻyan meǰ kiraṙvoġ hayeren pʻoxaṙyal baṙer tʻurkʻerenum [Armenian Borrowings in Turkish, Used in Carpet Making]”, in Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri [Herald of the Social Sciences]‎ (in Armenian), number 8, page 99

### Further reading

* Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1979) “տորոն”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume IV, Yerevan: University Press, page 423ab
* Ališan, Ġewond (1895) “տորոն”, in Haybusak kam haykakan busabaṙutʻiwn [Armenian Botany] (in Armenian), Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy, § 2981, pages 613–614
* Amirtovlatʻ Amasiacʻi (1940) St. Malxaseancʻ, editor, Ōgut bžškutʻean [The Benefits of Medicine]‎, Yerevan: Academy Press, page 574b
* Awetikʻean, G., Siwrmēlean, X., Awgerean, M. (1837) “տորոն”, in Nor baṙgirkʻ haykazean lezui [New Dictionary of the Armenian Language] (in Old Armenian), volume II, Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy, page 890a
* Ġazaryan, Ṙuben, Avetisyan, Henrik (2009) “տորուն”, in Miǰin hayereni baṙaran [Dictionary of Middle Armenian] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, Yerevan: University Press, pages 764–765
* Mxitʻar Heracʻi (1968) S. S. Arevšatjan, editor, Utešenije pri lixoradkax [Relief of Fevers] (in Russian), 2nd edition, Yerevan: Hayastan, page 215
* Norayr N. Biwzandacʻi (1925) Kʻnnadatutʻiwn Haybusaki [A Critique of Haybusak] (Azgayin matenadaran; 109) (in Armenian), Vienna: Mekhitarist Press, pages 119–120
* Seidel, Ernst (1908) Mechithar’s, des Meisterarztes aus Her, ‘Trost bei Fiebern’: nach dem Venediger Druck vom Jahre 1832 zum ersten Male aus dem Mittelarmenischen übersetzt und erläutert (in German), Leipzig: Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth, § 397, page 269