# خندق
## Arabic
### Etymology 1

An Iranian borrowing: compare Persian کندک (kandak), کنده (kanda), Old Armenian քանդակ (kʻandak) (also from Iranian).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /xan.da.qa/

#### Verb

خَنْدَقَ • (ḵandaqa) Iq (non-past يُخَنْدِقُ (yuḵandiqu), verbal noun خَنْدَقَة (ḵandaqa))
* to dig a trench, to make a trench
* to dig a moat, to make a moat

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /xan.daq/
** (Hijazi) IPA: /xan.daɡ/

#### Noun

خَنْدَق • (ḵandaq) m (plural خَنَادِق (ḵanādiq))
* trench
* moat

##### Descendants

* → Old Armenian: խանդակ (xandak)
** Middle Armenian: խանդակ (xandak)
*** → Armenian: խանդակ (xandak)
* → Middle Armenian: խանտակ (xantak)
* → Byzantine Greek: Χάνδαξ (Khándax), Χάνδακας (Khándakas)
** → Latin: Candia
*** → English: Candy
** ⇒ Byzantine Greek: χανδάκιον (khandákion), χαντάκιον (khantákion)
*** Greek: χαντάκι (chantáki), χανδάκι (chandáki)
* → Northern Kurdish: xendek, xendeq
* → Persian: خندق (xandaq), کنده (kanda), کندک (kandak), خندک (xandak)
** → Azerbaijani: xəndək
** → Hindustani:
    Hindi: खन्दक (khandak)
    Urdu: خندق (xandaq)
    Marathi: खंदक (khandak)
    Kannada: ಕಂದಕ (kandaka)
    Konkani: खंदक (khandak)
    Odia: ଖନ୍ଦକ (khandaka)
    Punjabi: ਖੱਡਾ (khaḍḍā)
    Telugu: కందకము (kandakamu)
** → Ottoman Turkish: خندق (hendek)
*** Turkish: hendek
*** → Albanian: hendek
*** → Aromanian: hãndac, hãnacup, hãndachi, hindechi, endec, endecu
*** → Middle Armenian: խէնտէկ (xēntēk), խէնդէկ (xēndēk)
*** → Romanian: hindichi
*** → Serbo-Croatian: јѐндек / jendek
* → Swahili: handaki
* → Tajik: хандақ (xandaq)
** → Uzbek: xandaq
* → Uyghur: خەندەك (xendek)

### Further reading

* Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1973) “խանդակ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume II, Yerevan: University Press, page 330b

## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Persian خندق (xandaq), itself from Arabic خَنْدَق (ḵandaq, “trench, moat”), ultimately from Middle Persian *handag.

### Noun

خندق • (hendek) (definite accusative خندقی (hendeki), plural خنادق (henadik))
* (military) trench, a narrow excavation as used in warfare
    Synonym: سپر (siper)
* moat, fosse, a deep and defensive ditch normally filled with water
    Synonym: صو خندقی (su hendeki)
* ditch, trench, gutter, dyke, any long, shallow indentation dug to conduct water
    Synonym: آرق (ark) (irrigation ditch)

#### Derived terms

* برج خندقی (burc hendeki, “fosse, moat”)
* دوه‌یه خندق آتلاتمق (deveye hendek atlatmak, “to force an obstinate man to do a thing”, literally “to make a camel leap a ditch”)
* صو خندقی (su hendeki, “moat”)
* صولی خندق (sulu hendek, “flooded trench”)
* قورو خندق (kuru hendek, “dried ditch”)
* یول خندقی (yol hendeki, “ditch at the side of a road”)

#### Descendants

* Turkish: hendek
* → Albanian: hendek
* → Aromanian: hãndac, hãnacup, hãndachi, hindechi, endec, endecu
* → Middle Armenian: խէնտէկ (xēntēk), խէնդէկ (xēndēk)
* → Romanian: hindichi
* → Serbo-Croatian: јѐндек / jendek

### Proper noun

خندق • (hendek)
* Hendek (a town and district in Sakarya province, Turkey)

#### Descendants

* Turkish: Hendek

### Further reading

* Barbier de Meynard, Charles (1881) “خندق”, in Dictionnaire turc-français, volume I, Paris: E. Leroux, page 714
* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “hendek”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 1932
* Hindoglu, Artin (1838) “خندق”, in Hazine-i lûgat ou dictionnaire abrégé turc-français‎, Vienna: F. Beck, page 212b
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “خندق”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 552
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Fossa”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎, Vienna, column 608
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “خندق”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, column 1951
* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “hendek”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
* Nişanyan, Sevan (2010–) “Hendek”, in Nişanyan Yeradları: Türkiye ve Çevre Ülkeler Yerleşim Birimleri Envanteri [Index Anatolicus: An inventory of place names of Turkey and surrounding countries] (in Turkish)
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “خندق”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 866
* Sezen, Tahir (2017) “Hendek”, in Osmanlı Yer Adları [Ottoman Place Names]‎, 2nd edition, Ankara: T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü, page 344

## Persian
### Alternative forms

* کنده (kanda), کندک (kandak), خندک (xandak)

### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic خَنْدَق (ḵandaq), from Middle Persian *handag (whence Persian هندک (handak, “moat”)).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [xan.daq]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [xän̪.d̪äq]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [xän̪.d̪äq]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [xän̪.d̪äq]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [xän̪.d̪äq]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [xæn̪.d̪æɢ̥]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [χän̪.d̪äq]

### Noun

خندق • (xandaq) (plural خندق‌ها (xandaq-hâ))
* moat

#### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: xəndək
* → Hindustani:
    Hindi: खन्दक (khandak)
    Urdu: خندق (xandaq)
    Marathi: खंदक (khandak)
    Kannada: ಕಂದಕ (kandaka)
    Konkani: खंदक (khandak)
    Odia: ଖନ୍ଦକ (khandaka)
    Punjabi: ਖੱਡਾ (khaḍḍā)
    Telugu: కందకము (kandakamu)
* → Ottoman Turkish: خندق (hendek)
** Turkish: hendek
** → Albanian: hendek
** → Aromanian: hãndac, hãnacup, hãndachi, hindechi, endec, endecu
** → Middle Armenian: խէնտէկ (xēntēk), խէնդէկ (xēndēk)
** → Romanian: hindichi
** → Serbo-Croatian: јѐндек / jendek