# turbo
## English
### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈtɜː.bəʊ/
* (General American) IPA: /ˈtɝ.boʊ/
** Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɜː(ɹ)bəʊ

### Etymology 1

From turbine.

#### Noun

turbo (countable and uncountable, plural turbos)
* (informal) A turbine.
* Clipping of turbocharger.
** 2008 February 17, Don Sherman, “More Power? Add Pressure”, in New York Times‎:Superchargers are generally heavier and more expensive than turbos […]
* Clipping of turbojet.
* Clipping of turbomolecular pump.

##### Derived terms

* turbo broiler
* turbo mode

### Etymology 2

From turbocharged (“increased power”). Also figurative, from the action of a turbocharger, which increases the speed of an automobile through the increase in power of an engine.

#### Noun

turbo (plural turbos)
* (video games) Autofire.
    Controllers with turbo features are banned from most competitive tournaments.

#### Adjective

turbo (not comparable)
* (said of a poker tournament) With rapidly-increasing blind levels.
    This is a turbo tournament: the blinds increase every 5 minutes! Level 1 = 150/300; level 2 = 200/400; etc.
* (computing, video games) Causing or relating to increased speed.
    a turbo button on a controller; a PC equipped with a turbo mode
* (informal, nonstandard) Very, super, etc.; usually relating to a qualitative value (as opposed to quantitative).
    They act turbo wasted when they have more than a few beers in them.

#### Verb

turbo (third-person singular simple present turbos, present participle turboing, simple past and past participle turboed)
* (video games) To autofire.

#### Derived terms

* e-turbo
* turbo cancer
* turbo chook
* turbo controller
* Turbo Diesel
* turbo mode
* turbo roundabout
* turbo trainer
* turbo yeast

### Etymology 3

From the New Latin name of the genus Turbo.

#### Noun

turbo (plural turbos)
* (malacology) A turban shell.

## Czech
### Etymology

Derived from Latin turbo.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈturbo]

### Noun

turbo n
* turbo

#### Related terms

* disturbance
* turbína
* turbodmychadlo
* turbogenerátor
* turbulence
* turbulentní

### Further reading

* “turbo”, in Kartotéka Novočeského lexikálního archivu (in Czech)
* turbo in Akademický slovník cizích slov, 1995, at prirucka.ujc.cas.cz
* “turbo”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech)

## Esperanto
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “from Latin "tornado"?”)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈturbo]
* Rhymes: -urbo
* Hyphenation: tur‧bo

### Noun

turbo (accusative singular turbon, plural turboj, accusative plural turbojn)
* spinning top
** 1916, L'Amerika Esperantisto, page 53:[…] dum sur la pupitro antaŭ li estis videblaj diversaj kontrabandaj objektoj kaj malpermesitaj bataliloj, trovitaj ĉe maldiligentaj buboj; ekzemple duon-manĝitaj pomoj, blovpafiloj, turboj, muŝkaptiloj kaj tutaj legioj da batalpretaj vetkoketoi el papero.(please add an English translation of this quotation)
** 1923, British Esperantist, page 9:Kelkaj knaboj ŝatas multe Brikojn, turbojn, kaj pafilojn.(please add an English translation of this quotation)

## Finnish
### Etymology

From English turbo.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈturbo/, [ˈt̪urbo̞]
* Rhymes: -urbo
* Hyphenation: tur‧bo

### Noun

turbo
* turbo

#### Declension

Possessive forms of turbo (Kotus type 1/valo, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
turboni
turboni
accusative
nom.
turboni
turboni
gen.
turboni
genitive
turboni
turbojeni
partitive
turboani
turbojani
inessive
turbossani
turboissani
elative
turbostani
turboistani
illative
turbooni
turboihini
adessive
turbollani
turboillani
ablative
turboltani
turboiltani
allative
turbolleni
turboilleni
essive
turbonani
turboinani
translative
turbokseni
turboikseni
abessive
turbottani
turboittani
instructive
comitative
—turboineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
turbosi
turbosi
accusative
nom.
turbosi
turbosi
gen.
turbosi
genitive
turbosi
turbojesi
partitive
turboasi
turbojasi
inessive
turbossasi
turboissasi
elative
turbostasi
turboistasi
illative
turboosi
turboihisi
adessive
turbollasi
turboillasi
ablative
turboltasi
turboiltasi
allative
turbollesi
turboillesi
essive
turbonasi
turboinasi
translative
turboksesi
turboiksesi
abessive
turbottasi
turboittasi
instructive
comitative
—turboinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
turbomme
turbomme
accusative
nom.
turbomme
turbomme
gen.
turbomme
genitive
turbomme
turbojemme
partitive
turboamme
turbojamme
inessive
turbossamme
turboissamme
elative
turbostamme
turboistamme
illative
turboomme
turboihimme
adessive
turbollamme
turboillamme
ablative
turboltamme
turboiltamme
allative
turbollemme
turboillemme
essive
turbonamme
turboinamme
translative
turboksemme
turboiksemme
abessive
turbottamme
turboittamme
instructive
comitative
—turboinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
turbonne
turbonne
accusative
nom.
turbonne
turbonne
gen.
turbonne
genitive
turbonne
turbojenne
partitive
turboanne
turbojanne
inessive
turbossanne
turboissanne
elative
turbostanne
turboistanne
illative
turboonne
turboihinne
adessive
turbollanne
turboillanne
ablative
turboltanne
turboiltanne
allative
turbollenne
turboillenne
essive
turbonanne
turboinanne
translative
turboksenne
turboiksenne
abessive
turbottanne
turboittanne
instructive
comitative
—turboinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
turbonsa
turbonsa
accusative
nom.
turbonsa
turbonsa
gen.
turbonsa
genitive
turbonsa
turbojensa
partitive
turboaan turboansa
turbojaan turbojansa
inessive
turbossaan turbossansa
turboissaan turboissansa
elative
turbostaan turbostansa
turboistaan turboistansa
illative
turboonsa
turboihinsa
adessive
turbollaan turbollansa
turboillaan turboillansa
ablative
turboltaan turboltansa
turboiltaan turboiltansa
allative
turbolleen turbollensa
turboilleen turboillensa
essive
turbonaan turbonansa
turboinaan turboinansa
translative
turbokseen turboksensa
turboikseen turboiksensa
abessive
turbottaan turbottansa
turboittaan turboittansa
instructive
comitative
—turboineen turboinensa :

#### Derived terms

* turboahdettu
* turboahdin
* turboahtaa
* turbogeneraattori
* turbokone
* turbomoottori

### Further reading

* “turbo”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈtur.bo/
* Rhymes: -urbo
* Hyphenation: tùr‧bo

### Verb

turbo
* first-person singular present indicative of turbare

### Anagrams

* Bruto, bruto

## Latin
### Etymology

From turba.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈtur.boː/, [ˈt̪ʊrboː]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈtur.bo/, [ˈt̪urbo]

### Noun

turbō m (genitive turbinis); third declension
* tornado, whirlwind
    Synonyms: tempestās, procella
* spinning top, wheel
* spinning motion

#### Declension

Third-declension noun.

#### Descendants

* Italo-Dalmatian:
** Italian: turbine
** Sicilian: tùrbinu
* Old Leonese:
** Asturian: torbón, turbón
* Old Galician-Portuguese: torvon
** Portuguese: trovão
** Galician: trebón
* Old Spanish: turbón
** Spanish: turbón, turbión, tolvanera
* ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *turbininus
** Catalan: terbolí
** Asturian: torbolín, terbulín
** Old Spanish: torbelino, torbenino
*** Spanish: torbellino
* Borrowings:
** → Catalan: torb
** → French: turbine
*** → Catalan: turbina
*** → Danish: turbine
*** → English: turbine
*** → Galician: turbina
*** → Italian: turbina
*** → Norwegian Bokmål: turbin
*** → Norwegian Nynorsk: turbin
*** → Portuguese: turbina
*** → Serbo-Croatian: turbína, турби́на
*** → Spanish: turbina

### Verb

turbō (present infinitive turbāre, perfect active turbāvī, supine turbātum); first conjugation
* to disturb, unsettle, agitate, perturb
    Synonyms: perturbō, sollicitō, agitō, angō, concitō, disturbō, īnfestō, percieō, concieō, cieō, irrītō, stimulō, ēvertō, peragō, occīdō, agō, moveō, versō, ūrō
    Antonym: cōnsōlor
** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.514–515:[...] avidī coniungere dextrās ārdēbant; sed rēs animōs incognita turbat.Ardently [Aeneas and Achates] desire to clasp the hands [of their comrades]; however, the strange happenings unsettle [their] spirits.
* to upset

#### Conjugation

$^1$At least one use of the Old Latin "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.

#### Derived terms

* conturbō
* disturbō
* exturbō
* masturbātiō
* masturbor
* perturbō
* turbātiō
* turbellae

#### Descendants

* Balkan Romance:
** Aromanian: turbu, turbedz, turbedzu, nturbu, trub, trubu, turbari
** Romanian: turba, turbare
* → Albanian: tërboj
* Catalan: torbar
* Galician: turbar, turbiar
* Italian: turbare
* → Polish: turbować
** → Ukrainian: турбува́ти (turbuváty)
** → Belarusian: турбава́ць (turbavácʹ)
* Portuguese: turbar, turvar, torvar
* Sardinian: trubare, truvare, turbare, turvare
* Spanish: turbar

### References

* “turbo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “turbo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* turbo in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* turbo in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. there is a storm at sea: mare ventorum vi agitatur et turbatur to upset a person: alicuius mentem turbare, conturbare, perturbare to cause universal disorder: omnia turbare ac miscere to break the ranks: ordines turbare, perrumpere to throw the rearguard into confusion: novissimos turbare (ambiguous) a demagogue, agitator: plebis dux, vulgi turbator, civis turbulentus, civis rerum novarum cupidus
* “turbo”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “turbo”, in William Smith, editor (1848), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London: John Murray
* “turbo”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin

## Portuguese
### Verb

turbo
* first-person singular present indicative of turbar

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈtuɾbo/ [ˈt̪uɾ.β̞o]
* Rhymes: -uɾbo
* Syllabification: tur‧bo

### Etymology 1

Clipping of turbocompresor.

#### Adjective

turbo (invariable) turbo (feminine turba, masculine plural turbos, feminine plural turbas)
* turbo

#### Noun

turbo m (plural turbos)
* turbo

### Etymology 2
#### Verb

turbo
* first-person singular present indicative of turbar

### Further reading

* “turbo”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

## Swedish
### Noun

turbo c
* (often in compounds) turbo ((gas) turbine, especially in an internal combustion engine, sometimes of the entire engine or vehicle)
* (colloquial, in compounds) turbo (something fast, powerful, or the like)

#### Derived terms

* turbojetmotor
* turbotorsk

### References

* turbo in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* turbo in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* turbo in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)