# gradus
## English
### Etymology

From Gradus ad Parnassum (Latin, literally, a step to Parnassus), a 17th-century prosody dictionary long used in British schools. Doublet of grade.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɡɹeɪdəs/

### Noun

gradus (plural graduses)
* A handbook used as an aid in a difficult art or practice, specifically, a dictionary of Greek or Latin prosody used as a guide in writing of poetry in Greek or Latin.

### Anagrams

* Dagurs, Dugars, Guards, draugs, durags, guards

## French
### Etymology

Ellipsis of Gradus ad Parnassum (literally “a step to Parnassus”), a 17th-century prosody dictionary long used in British schools. Doublet of grade.

### Noun

gradus m (plural gradus)
* gradus
* any books of instruction, or guides, in which gradual progress in literature, language instruction, music, or the arts in general, is sought

### Further reading

* “gradus”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Latin
### Etymology

From Proto-Italic *graðus, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰredʰ- (“to walk, go”). See gradior (“to step, walk”) for discussion on cognates.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈɡra.dus/, [ˈɡräd̪ʊs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈɡra.dus/, [ˈɡräːd̪us]

### Noun

gradus m (genitive gradūs); fourth declension
* a step, pace
* a grade
* a stage, degree
* a rank
    Synonyms: ōrdō, classis, sors
* (by extension) a position, station, ground
* firm position, stand
* a step, stair, rung of a ladder
* a braid of hair
* (mathematics) degree
** 1553, Luminarum atque Planetarum motuum Tabulae octogina quinque, omnium ex his quae Alphonsum sequuntur quam faciles‎:Motus, seu locus, per signa, gradus, minuta, et secunda constitutus, intelligitur (secundum regulam Alphonsi) signa physica, id est quodlibet signum ex 60 gradibus compositum, et quilibet gradus ex 60 minutis, et quodlibet minutum ex 60 secundis, et sic succesivem: et per consequens, sex signa totum circulum perficiunt.A motion, or location, for a sign, being composed of degrees, minutes, and seconds, is understood (according to the rule of Alphonse) to be a physical sign, that is, every sign is composed of 60 degrees, and every degree of 60 minutes, and every minute of 60 seconds, and so on and so forth: and in consequence, six signs make up an entire circle.

#### Declension

* Archaic genitive singular graduis is occasionally found.
Fourth-declension noun.

#### Derived terms

* gradālis
* gradārius
* gradātim
* gradātiō
* gradātus
* gradilis

#### Related terms

* gradior

#### Descendants

* Asturian: grau
* Catalan: grau
** → Spanish: grao
* Italian: grado
* Occitan: gra
* Old Galician-Portuguese: grao, graao
** Galician: grao
** Portuguese: grau
* Old Spanish: grado
** Spanish: grado
* ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *grada
** Catalan: grada
** Emilian: grada
** Sicilian: grada
** Spanish: grada
** Occitan: grasa
* ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *dēgradus
** Old French: degré
*** → English: degree
*** French degré
*** Norman: dégré
** Occitan: degrà
** Portuguese: degrau
* → English: gradus
* → Esperanto: grado
* → Hungarian: grádus
* → Middle French: grade
** French: grade
*** → Romanian: grad
** → English: grade
* → Old High German: grād (from Gallo-Romance)
** German: Grad
* → Old Irish: grád
** Middle Irish: grád
*** Irish: grádh
*** ⇒ Irish: grád (with d replacing expected dh under English and French influence)
* → Old Norse: gráða (“step, degree; podium”) (from Gallo-Romance)
** Icelandic: gráða
* → Portuguese: grado
* → Proto-Brythonic: *grað
** Welsh: gradd
* → Russian: градус (gradus)
* → Swedish: grad

### References

* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “gradior, gradī”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 268

### Further reading

* “gradus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “gradus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* gradus in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* gradus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. to take a step: gradum facere to increase one's pace: gradum addere (sc. gradui) (Liv. 26. 9) on tiptoe: suspenso gradu to retreat step by step: gradum sensim referre to disconcert a person: animum alicuius de statu, de gradu demovere (more strongly depellere, deturbare) to lose one's composure; to be disconcerted: de gradu deici, ut dicitur to occupy a very high position in the state: in altissimo dignitatis gradu collocatum, locatum, positum esse to depose, bring down a person from his elevated position: aliquem ex altissimo dignitatis gradu praecipitare (Dom. 37. 98) to overthrow a person (cf. sect. IX. 6): aliquem de dignitatis gradu demovere to overthrow a person (cf. sect. IX. 6): aliquem gradu movere, depellere or de gradu (statu) deicere to attain a position of dignity: dignitatis gradum ascendere to reach the highest grade of office: amplissimos honorum gradus assequi, adipisci to advance rapidly: citato gradu incedere (cf. sect. II. 5) to halt: gradum sistere to march on the enemy: gradum inferre in hostem
* “gradus”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “gradus”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin