# 免

| 免 | U+514D, &#20813; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-514D |
| ← 兌 [U+514C] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 兎 → [U+514E] |
| 免 | U+FA32, &#64050; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA32 |
| ← 僧 [U+FA31] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 勉 → [U+FA33] |
| 免 | U+2F80E, &#194574; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F80E |
| ← 𠘺 [U+2F80D] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement | 兔 → [U+2F80F] |

## Translingual

| Japanese | 免 |
| Simplified | 免 |
| Traditional | 免 |

### Alternative forms

A variant form with 刀 rather than ⺈ on top exists.
There is another variant, in which the left-handed stroke ㇓ is written as two separate components. This variant is adopted by Japanese shinjitai.

### Han character

免 (Kangxi radical 10, 儿+5 in Chinese, 儿+6 in Japanese, 7 strokes in Chinese, 8 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 弓日竹山 (NAHU), four-corner 2741$_6$, composition ⿱⺈⿸⿻口丿乚(GHTK) or ⿳⺈𫩏儿(JV) or ⿱刀⿸⿻口丿乚(U+FA32))

#### Derived characters

* 俛, 凂, 𠲶, 𰉲, 娩, 㝃, 𡷭, 㡈, 悗, 挽, 浼, 𮥊, 𨓜, 晚(晩), 梚, 𬊕, 㻊, 脕, 𥙵, 𪽿, 睌, 䅋, 𧚇, 絻(𰬜), 𰰃, 𧖵, 𧨕, 𮚻, 𨁙, 𨉏, 輓(𬨈), 𠬍, 鋔, 𩈦, 鞔, 𩛟, 𡽏, 𣚻, 𩣦, 𰫌, 鮸(𩾃), 𮭵, 𭐅, 𩆊
* 兔, 𪞁, 勉, 𫰲, 𣆶, 𤿯, 𥇅, 𪞂, 𨌜, 𨽺, 𡢎, 𠒾, 𠓄, 𬷖, 𠓍, 𫥎, 𪾐, 𭀰, 𡨚, 𡸊, 莬, 冕, 𤲈, 𥦙, 𬞎, 𪳟, 𭔑, 𫙁, 𡿢, 𨵃

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 124, character 23
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1358
* Dae Jaweon: page 264, character 3
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 270, character 9
* Unihan data for U+514D
* Unihan data for U+FA32
* Unihan data for U+2F80E

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 免 :
| Shang | Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States |
| Bronze inscriptions | Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script |
| Bronze inscriptionsb12515b12516b12517b12518b12519b12520Transcribed ancient scriptsL34720L34721L34722L34723L34724 ||||
| References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script). ||||
| | Old Chinese |
| 免 | *mronʔ |
| 娩 | *mronʔ, *mronʔ, *m̥ʰons, *monʔ, *mons, *muns |
| 勉 | *mronʔ |
| 俛 | *mronʔ |
| 鮸 | *mronʔ |
| 冕 | *mronʔ |
| 絻 | *mronʔ, *moːn, *muns |
| 婏 | *m̥ʰos |
| 浼 | *muːlʔ |
| 鞔 | *moːn |
| 悗 | *moːn |
| 嬎 | *m̥ʰons |
| 晚 | *monʔ |
| 挽 | *monʔ |
| 輓 | *monʔ, *mons |
| 脕 | *monʔ, *mons, *muns |
| 莬 | *muns |
Pictogram (象形) – a man wearing a ceremonial hat. Then borrowed for abstract meanings. The derivative 冕 (OC *mronʔ) refers to the original word.
See also 敖, 冒, and 美.

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): miǎn (mian$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄇㄧㄢˇ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): min$^5$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): men$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): miên
    (Hailu, HRS): mien$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): mên$^1$
* Eastern Min (BUC): miēng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): meng$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): bián / mián
    (Teochew, Peng'im): miang$^2$ / miêng$^2$ / ming$^2$ / mêng$^2$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): mieng$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$mi
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: miǎn
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄧㄢˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: miǎn
*** Wade–Giles: mien$^3$
*** Yale: myǎn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mean
*** Palladius: мянь (mjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /mi̯ɛn²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: min$^5$
*** Yale: míhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: min$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: min$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /miːn¹³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: men$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ᵐben²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: miên
*** Hakka Romanization System: mien$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: mian$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /mi̯en²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: mien$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /mien⁵³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: mên$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /mɛn⁴⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: miēng
*** Sinological IPA : /mieŋ³³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: meng$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /mɛŋ⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: meng$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /mɛŋ³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bián
*** Tâi-lô: bián
*** Phofsit Daibuun: biern
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /biɛn⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /biɛn⁴¹/
*** IPA (Singapore): /biɛn⁴²/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /biɛn⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: mián
*** Tâi-lô: mián
*** Phofsit Daibuun: miern
*** IPA (Singapore): /miɛn⁴²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: miang$^2$ / miêng$^2$ / ming$^2$ / mêng$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: miáng / miéng / míng / méng
*** Sinological IPA : /miaŋ⁵²/, /mieŋ⁵²/, /miŋ⁵²/, /meŋ⁵²/
* miang2/miêng2 - literary (including “there is no need”, miêng2 - Chaozhou);
* ming2/mêng2 - vernacular (mêng2 - Jieyang).
* Middle Chinese: mjenX
Rime :
| Character | 免 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 仙 (79) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 亡辨切 |
| Baxter | mjenX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /mˠiᴇn$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /mᵚiɛn$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /miæn$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /mian$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /mjɛn$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /mĭɛn$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /mi̯ɛn$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | miǎn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | min$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*mr[o][r]ʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*mronʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 免 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | miǎn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ mjen$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*mr[o][r]ʔ/ |
| English | avoid |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 免 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 9065 |
| Phonetic component | 免 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 免 |
| Old Chinese | /*mronʔ/ |

#### Definitions

免
* to take off; to remove from the body
* to avoid; to escape; to evade
    From: The Book of Lord Shang, circa 3rd century BCE, translated based on J.J.L. Duyvendak's version
    Tóng guān zhī rén, zhī ér jié zhī shàng zhě, zì miǎn yú zuì. [Pinyin]
    Colleagues who, knowing their offence, inform their superiors will themselves escape punishment.
* to release; to set free
* to excuse from; to exempt
* to discharge; to waive; to forgive
* to remove; to dismiss (from office)
* to be not allowed; to be forbidden to
* (Southern Min) it is not necessary; there is no need
* (obsolete) Alternative form of 娩

##### Synonyms

* (to remove):
* 免除 (miǎnchú)
* 刷 (colloquial)
* 削 (literary, or in compounds)
* 削除 (xuēchú)
* 去掉 (qùdiào)
* 去除 (qùchú)
* 報銷 / 报销 (bàoxiāo) (figurative, humorous)
* 屏除 (bǐngchú)
* 廓清 (kuòqīng)
* 打掉 (dǎdiào)
* 掃 / 扫
* 排解 (páijiě)
* 掃除 / 扫除 (sǎochú) (figurative)
* 排除 (páichú)
* 摒除 (bìngchú)
* 撤 (chè)
* 撤除 (chèchú)
* 消 (xiāo)
* 消弭 (xiāomǐ) (literary)
* 消解 (xiāojiě)
* 消釋 / 消释 (xiāoshì) (figurative)
* 消除 (xiāochú)
* 淘汰 (táotài)
* 清洗 (qīngxǐ) (figurative)
* 清除 (qīngchú)
* 破 (pò) (literary, or in compounds)
* 破壞 / 破坏 (pòhuài)
* 破除 (pòchú)
* 祛除 (qūchú)
* 罷 / 罢
* 翦落 (jiǎnluò) (literary)
* 肅清 / 肃清 (sùqīng)
* 蕩 / 荡 (dàng) (literary, or in compounds)
* 解釋 / 解释 (jiěshì) (archaic)
* 解除 (jiěchú)
* 鋤 / 锄 (chú)
* 鏟除 / 铲除 (chǎnchú)
* 除
* 除去 (chúqù)
* 除忒 (Hakka)
* 除掉 (chúdiào)
* 除開 / 除开 (chúkāi)
* 革除 (géchú)
* 驅散 / 驱散 (qūsàn)
* 驅走 / 驱走 (qūzǒu)
* 驅除 / 驱除 (qūchú)
* (to evade): 避開／避开 (bìkāi)
* (it is not necessary):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 不必, 無須, 毋庸 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 不必, 毋須, 無須, 無須乎, 不待 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 甭, 不用, 甭用 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 不用 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 甭 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 不用 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 不用, 不必 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 甭 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 不用 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 不消 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 不消, 用不著 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 不用 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 用不著 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 不用 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 唔使 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 唔使 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 唔使 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 唔使, 冇使 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 唔使 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 無使, 使乜 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 冇使 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Shatian) | 冇使 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 冇使 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Nankang) | 冇使 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Yingpan) | 冇使 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 冇使 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 冇使 |
| Cantonese | Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 冇使 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 唔使 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 唔使 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 不消, 用不著 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 唔使 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 唔使 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 唔使 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 唔使 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 唔使 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 唔使 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 唔使 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 唔使 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 不用 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 伓讓 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 伓使 |
| Eastern Min | Matsu | 伓使 |
| Eastern Min | Singapore (Fuqing) | 伓使 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 毋免, 免, 毋使 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 毋免, 免 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 毋免, 免, 毋使 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 毋免, 免 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 毋免, 免 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 毋免, 免 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 毋免, 免 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 毋免, 免 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 免, 免用 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 免, 免用 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 免 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 免 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 免, 免用 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 免 |
| Southern Min | Pontianak (Teochew) | 免 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 無用 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 無用 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 唔使 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 勿要, 覅, 用勿著, 勿用, 好勿要, 好覅 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 用勿著 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 甮, 好甮 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 覅用, 否用 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 不消 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 不消, 不要 |

#### Compounds

* 不免 (bùmiǎn)
* 不能自免
* 乞免
* 以免 (yǐmiǎn)
* 倖免 / 幸免 (xìngmiǎn)
* 俱免
* 僅以身免 / 仅以身免
* 免丁
* 免不了 (miǎnbùliǎo)
* 免不得
* 免乳
* 免俗
* 免冠 (miǎnguān)
* 免冠解印
* 免刑
* 免卻 / 免却
* 免參 / 免参
* 免喪 / 免丧
* 免官 (miǎnguān)
* 免客氣 / 免客气 (bián kheh-khì)
* 免帖
* 免席 (miǎnxí)
* 免役 (miǎnyì)
* 免得 (miǎnde)
* 免戰牌 / 免战牌
* 免洗餐具
* 免疫 (miǎnyì)
* 免疫作用
* 免疫力 (miǎnyìlì)
* 免疫系統 / 免疫系统 (miǎnyì xìtǒng)
* 免疫血清 (miǎnyì xuèqīng)
* 免票 (miǎnpiào)
* 免禮 / 免礼
* 免稅 / 免税 (miǎnshuì)
* 免稅口岸 / 免税口岸
* 免稅品 / 免税品
* 免稅商店 / 免税商店
* 免稅額 / 免税额
* 免簽 / 免签 (miǎnqiān)
* 免罪 (miǎnzuì)
* 免職 / 免职 (miǎnzhí)
* 免苦錢 / 免苦钱
* 免訴 / 免诉
* 免試 / 免试 (miǎnshì)
* 免試升學 / 免试升学
* 免談 / 免谈 (miǎntán)
* 免責權 / 免责权
* 免費 / 免费 (miǎnfèi)
* 免費軟體 / 免费软体 (miǎnfèi ruǎntǐ)
* 免身
* 免除 (miǎnchú)
* 免黜
* 在所不免
* 在所難免 / 在所难免 (zàisuǒnánmiǎn)
* 基礎免疫 / 基础免疫
* 天然免疫
* 宥免
* 寬免 / 宽免 (kuānmiǎn)
* 幸免 (xìngmiǎn)
* 庶免
* 抵免 (dǐmiǎn)
* 推免 (tuīmiǎn)
* 擔免 / 担免
* 放免
* 斃監免議 / 毙监免议
* 未免 (wèimiǎn)
* 未能免俗
* 減免 / 减免 (jiǎnmiǎn)
* 無一倖免 / 无一幸免 (wúyīxìngmiǎn)
* 病免
* 矜免
* 罷免 / 罢免 (bàmiǎn)
* 罷免權 / 罢免权 (bàmiǎnquán)
* 能免則免 / 能免则免 (néngmiǎnzémiǎn)
* 臨難苟免 / 临难苟免 (línnàngǒumiǎn)
* 自然免疫
* 苟免 (gǒumiǎn)
* 蠲免 (juānmiǎn)
* 被動免疫 / 被动免疫
* 豁免 (huòmiǎn)
* 豁免權 / 豁免权 (huòmiǎnquán)
* 赦免 (shèmiǎn)
* 避免 (bìmiǎn)
* 陽狂自免 / 阳狂自免
* 難免 / 难免 (nánmiǎn)
* 黜免 (chùmiǎn)

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): wèn (wen$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄨㄣˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): man$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wèn
*** Zhuyin: ㄨㄣˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wùn
*** Wade–Giles: wên$^4$
*** Yale: wèn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wenn
*** Palladius: вэнь (vɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /wən⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: man$^6$
*** Yale: mahn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: man$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: men$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /mɐn²²/

#### Definitions

免
* (historical) Alternative form of 絻 / 𰬜 (wèn, “a kind of mourning apparel”)
* bud

#### Compounds

* 袒免

### Further reading

* “Entry #2885”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 免 |
| Kyūjitai | 免 &#xFA32; or 免+&#xFE00; |
| Kyūjitai | 免󠄁 免+&#xE0101; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 免󠄄 免+&#xE0104; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* to avoid, to escape
* to release, to set free, to discharge
* to exempt
* to forgive
* to dismiss, to discharge
    Antonyms : 任

#### Readings

* Go-on: めん (men, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: べん (ben)
* Kun: まぬかれる (manukareru, 免れる, Jōyō)、まぬがれる (manugareru, 免れる)、ぬぐ (nugu, 免ぐ)、ゆるす (yurusu, 免す)

#### Compounds

* (to avoid) 免疫
* (to set free) 免許, 放免
* (to exempt) 免除, 免税
* (to forgive) 赦免
* (to dismiss) 免官, 免職, 任免, 罷免

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) めん [méꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [mẽ̞ɴ]

### Noun

免(めん) • (men)
* dismissal, being made to quit

### References

* ↑ “免”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎ (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2025
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

免 (eumhun 해산할 문 (haesanhal mun))
* hanja form of 문 (“dismiss, discharge, disband”)
免 (eumhun 면할 면 (myeonhal myeon))
* hanja form of 면 (“spare, excuse from, evade”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

免: Hán Nôm readings: miễn, mấy, mến, mém, mễm
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.