# cruth
## English
### Noun

cruth (plural cruths)
* Alternative spelling of crwth

### References

* “cruth”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.

### Anagrams

* rutch

## Irish
### Pronunciation

* (Munster) IPA: /kɾˠɞh/, /kɾˠɯh/
* (Connacht, Ulster) IPA: /kɾˠʊ(h)/

### Etymology 1

From Old Irish cruth (“shape, form”), from Proto-Celtic *kʷritus, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷer- (“to do, make”).

#### Noun

cruth m (genitive singular crutha, nominative plural cruthanna)
* shape, appearance
* state, condition
* manner, mode

##### Declension

bare forms
case
singular
plural
nominative
cruth
cruthanna
vocative
a chruth
a chruthanna
genitive
crutha
cruthanna
dative
cruth
cruthanna
forms with the definite article
case
singular
plural
nominative
an cruth
na cruthanna
genitive
an chrutha
na gcruthanna
dative
leis an gcruth don chruth
leis na cruthanna :

##### Derived terms

* anchruth
* athchruth (“change of shape”)
* beathachruth
* buanchruth
* -chruthach
* comhchruthach
* creatchruth
* cruthach (“shapely”)
* cruthaigh (“create”)
* cruthlíne (“form line”)
* cruthúil (“shapely”)
* dea-chruthach
* droch-chruthach
* ilchruthach
* ilchruthacht (“polymorphism”)
* imchruth
* leabhairchruth
* míchruthach
* scáthchruth
* tonnchruth (“wave shape”)
* ubhchruth

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

cruth m (genitive singular cruith, nominative plural cruitheacha)
* Ulster form of crú (“horseshoe”)

##### Declension

bare forms
case
singular
plural
nominative
cruth
cruitheacha
vocative
a chruith
a chruitheacha
genitive
cruith
cruitheacha
dative
cruth
cruitheacha
forms with the definite article
case
singular
plural
nominative
an cruth
na cruitheacha
genitive
an chruith
na gcruitheacha
dative
leis an gcruth don chruth
leis na cruitheacha :

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* ↑ Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931) Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry [Phonetics of an Irish Dialect of Kerry] (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, page 81
* ↑ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, page 77
* ↑ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 cruth”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “cruth”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN

## Old Irish
### Alternative forms

* crud

### Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *kʷritus (compare Welsh pryd), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷer- (“to do, make”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kruθ/

### Noun

cruth m (genitive crotha)
* form, shape
** c. 760 Blathmac mac Con Brettan, published in "A study of the lexicon of the poems of Blathmac Son of Cú Brettan" (2017; PhD thesis, National University of Ireland Maynooth), edited and with translations by Siobhán Barrett, stanza 8
    Sainemlu cech dóen a chruth,More excellent his form than that of any human being,
* manner, way (used adverbially)
** c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 3$^d$27
    is in chuth sin bimmi nóib-nii.e. it is in that way we shall be holy.

#### Declension

Masculine u-stem :
| | Singular | Dual | Plural |
| Nominative | cruth, crud | cruth$^L$, crud | crothae$^H$ |
| Vocative | cruth, crud | cruth$^L$, crud | crothu |
| Accusative | cruth$^N$, crud | cruth$^L$, crud | crothu |
| Genitive | crotho$^H$, crotha$^H$ | crotho$^L$, crotha$^L$ | crothae$^N$ |
| Dative | cruth$^L$, crud | crothaib | crothaib |
| Initial mutations of a following adjective: $^H$ = triggers aspiration $^L$ = triggers lenition $^N$ = triggers nasalization ||||

#### Derived terms

* cruthaigidir
* in chrud so
* in chruth sin

#### Descendants

* Irish: cruth
* Manx: croo
* Scottish Gaelic: cruth

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 cruth”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## Scottish Gaelic
### Etymology

From Old Irish cruth (“shape, form”), from Proto-Celtic *kʷritus, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷer- (“to do, make”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kɾuh/

### Noun

cruth m (genitive singular crutha, plural cruthan or cruthannan)
* shape, form
    Synonym: cumadh

#### Derived terms

* cruth-clò
* cruth-tìre

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Scottish Gaelic. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Edward Dwelly (1911) “cruth”, in Faclair Gàidhlig gu Beurla le Dealbhan [The Illustrated Gaelic–English Dictionary]‎, 10th edition, Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited, →ISBN
* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 cruth”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language