# 勤

| 勤 | U+52E4, &#21220; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-52E4 |
| ← 勣 [U+52E3] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 勥 → [U+52E5] |
| 勤 | U+FA34, &#64052; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA34 |
| ← 勉 [U+FA33] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 卑 → [U+FA35] |
| 勤 | U+2F827, &#194599; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F827 |
| ← 勉 [U+2F826] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement | 勺 → [U+2F828] |

## Translingual
### Han character

勤 (Kangxi radical 19, 力+11 in Chinese, 力+10 in Japanese, 13 strokes in Chinese, 12 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 廿一大尸 (TMKS), four-corner 4412$_7$, composition ⿰堇力 or ⿰𦰌力(J))

#### Derived characters

* 懄, 㢙, 懃
* 𡀣, 𣝀, 𤯺, 𠪲, 𥵚, 𤐂
* 𭏶, 𫦽, 𮜺

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 149, character 6
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2415
* Dae Jaweon: page 336, character 13
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 378, character 3
* Unihan data for U+52E4
* Unihan data for U+FA34
* Unihan data for U+2F827

## Chinese
### Etymology 1
#### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 囏 | *krɯːn |
| 螼 | *kʰrɯnʔ, *kʰrɯns |
| 堇 | *ɡrɯn, *kɯnʔ |
| 墐 | *ɡrɯn, *ɡrɯns |
| 𥎊 | *ɡrɯn |
| 僅 | *ɡrɯns |
| 瑾 | *ɡrɯns |
| 覲 | *ɡrɯns |
| 殣 | *ɡrɯns |
| 饉 | *ɡrɯns |
| 廑 | *ɡrɯns |
| 瘽 | *ɡrɯns, *ɡɯn, *ɡɯnʔ |
| 歏 | *ɡrɯns |
| 鄞 | *ŋɡrɯn, *ŋɡɯn |
| 謹 | *kɯnʔ |
| 槿 | *kɯnʔ |
| 漌 | *kɯnʔ |
| 慬 | *kɯnʔ, *ɡɯn |
| 勤 | *ɡɯn |
| 懃 | *ɡɯn |
| 懄 | *ɡɯn |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡɯn) : phonetic 堇 (OC *ɡrɯn, *kɯnʔ) + semantic 力 (“strong”) – to work hard, to be diligent.

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qín (qin$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄣˊ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): kan$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): kin$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): khiùn
    (Meixian, Guangdong): kiun$^2$
* Eastern Min (BUC): kṳ̀ng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): khûn / khîn
    (Teochew, Peng'im): keng$^5$ / kêng$^5$ / king$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$jin
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qín
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cín
*** Wade–Giles: chʻin$^2$
*** Yale: chín
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyn
*** Palladius: цинь (cinʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰin³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: kan$^4$
*** Yale: kàhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: kan$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ken$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɐn²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: kin$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰin²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiùn
*** Hakka Romanization System: kiun$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kiun$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯un¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: kiun$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰiun¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: kṳ̀ng
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰyŋ⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khûn
*** Tâi-lô: khûn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: quun
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen): /kʰun²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khîn
*** Tâi-lô: khîn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qiin
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰin²³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰin¹³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: keng$^5$ / kêng$^5$ / king$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khṳ̂ng / khêng / khîng
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɯŋ⁵⁵/, /kʰeŋ⁵⁵/, /kʰiŋ⁵⁵/
* keng5 - Chaozhou, Shantou, Chenghai;
* kêng5 - Jieyang;
* king5 - Chaoyang.
* Middle Chinese: gj+n
Rime :
| Character | 勤 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 群 (30) |
| Final (韻) | 欣 (57) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 巨斤切 |
| Baxter | gj+n |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɡɨn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɡɨn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɡiən/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /gɨn/ |
| Li Rong | /ɡiən/ |
| Wang Li | /ɡĭən/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /gi̯ən/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qín |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | kan$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ər/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡɯn/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 勤 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | qín |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ gjɨn › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɡ]ər/ |
| English | toil, diligent, devoted |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 勤 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 6749 |
| Phonetic component | 堇 |
| Rime group | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 勤 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡɯn/ |

#### Definitions

勤
* industrious; diligent; attentive
    辛勤 ― xīnqín ― hardworking
    勤於政事／勤于政事 ― qínyú zhèngshì ― to be diligent in attending to government affairs
* (literary, or in compounds) laborious; hard; miserable; exhausting
* (literary, or in compounds) duties; service
    外勤 ― wàiqín ― fieldwork
    執勤／执勤 ― zhíqín ― to be on duty
* frequent (done or occurring often)
    勤洗手 ― qín xǐshǒu ― wash hands frequently
    From: 1943, Zhu Shenghao, 《漢姆萊脫》 (translation of Hamlet)
    Zìcóng tā dào Fǎguó qù le yǐhòu, wǒ liànxí dé hěn qín; wǒ yīdìng kěyǐ bǎ tā dǎbài. [Pinyin]
    Since he went into France, I haue beene in continuall practice; I shall winne at the oddes.
* 80th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "laboring" (𝍕)
* a surname

##### Synonyms

* (laborious):
* 不容易 (bùróngyì)
* 困難 / 困难
* 疑難 / 疑难 (yínán)
* 良苦 (liángkǔ) (literary)
* 艱巨 / 艰巨 (jiānjù)
* 艱苦 / 艰苦 (jiānkǔ)
* 艱辛 / 艰辛 (jiānxīn)
* 艱難 / 艰难 (jiānnán)
* 苦難 / 苦难 (kǔnàn)
* 辛勞 / 辛劳 (xīnláo)
* 辛苦 (xīnkǔ)
* 難 / 难
* (duties): 勤務／勤务 (qínwù)
* (frequent):
* 頻仍 / 频仍 (pínréng) (literary)
* 頻密 / 频密 (pínmì)
* 頻數 / 频数 (pínshuò) (literary)
* 頻繁 / 频繁 (pínfán)

#### Compounds

* 倦勤
* 值勤 (zhíqín)
* 克儉克勤 / 克俭克勤
* 克勤克儉 / 克勤克俭 (kèqínkèjiǎn)
* 內勤 / 内勤 (nèiqín)
* 全勤
* 出勤 (chūqín)
* 加二殷勤
* 勤儉 / 勤俭 (qínjiǎn)
* 勤兒 / 勤儿
* 勤力 (qínlì)
* 勤勉 (qínmiǎn)
* 勤務 / 勤务 (qínwù)
* 勤務兵 / 勤务兵 (qínwùbīng)
* 勤務召集 / 勤务召集
* 勤務員 / 勤务员 (qínwùyuán)
* 勤勞 / 勤劳 (qínláo)
* 勤奮 / 勤奋 (qínfèn)
* 勤學 / 勤学
* 勤快 (qínkuài)
* 勤恤
* 勤慎
* 勤懇 / 勤恳 (qínkěn)
* 勤政 (qínzhèng)
* 勤政愛民 / 勤政爱民 (qínzhèng'àimín)
* 勤敏
* 勤有功，戲無益 / 勤有功，戏无益 (qínyǒugōng, xìwúyì)
* 勤王 (qínwáng)
* 勤練 / 勤练
* 勤能補拙 / 勤能补拙 (qínnéngbǔzhuō)
* 勤苦 (qínkǔ)
* 勤行
* 勤謹 / 勤谨
* 勤雜人員 / 勤杂人员
* 地勤 (dìqín)
* 執勤 / 执勤 (zhíqín)
* 外勤 (wàiqín)
* 夜勤 (yèqín)
* 專勤制度 / 专勤制度
* 將勤補拙 / 将勤补拙 (jiāngqínbǔzhuō)
* 後勤 / 后勤 (hòuqín)
* 恩勤
* 懋勤殿
* 打勤勞 / 打勤劳
* 打勤獻趣 / 打勤献趣
* 服勤
* 查勤
* 業精於勤 / 业精于勤
* 業精於勤，荒於嬉 / 业精于勤，荒于嬉 (yè jīng yú qín, huāng yú xī)
* 殷勤 (yīnqín)
* 殷殷勤勤
* 父母恩勤
* 特勤 (tèqín)
* 獻勤 / 献勤
* 獻殷勤 (xiàn yīnqín)
* 矢勤矢勇
* 空勤 (kōngqín)
* 精勤
* 缺勤 (quēqín)
* 考勤 (kǎoqín)
* 耄勤
* 耒耜之勤
* 聯勤總部 / 联勤总部
* 調勤 / 调勤
* 警勤區 / 警勤区
* 警察勤務 / 警察勤务
* 辛勤 (xīnqín)
* 通勤 (tōngqín)
* 通勤圈
* 電子通勤 / 电子通勤
* 顏勤禮碑 / 颜勤礼碑

### Etymology 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 勤 – see 懃. (This character is the simplified form of 懃).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 勤 |
| Kyūjitai | 勤 &#xFA34; or 勤+&#xFE00; |
| Kyūjitai | 勤󠄁 勤+&#xE0101; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 勤󠄃 勤+&#xE0103; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)
* diligence

#### Readings

* Go-on: ごん (gon, Jōyō $^†$)
* Kan-on: きん (kin, Jōyō)
* Kun: つとめる (tsutomeru, 勤める, Jōyō)、つとまる (tsutomaru, 勤まる, Jōyō)、いそう (isou, 勤う)、いそし (isoshi, 勤し)、いそしむ (isoshimu, 勤しむ)、つとめ (tsutome, 勤め)
* Nanori: いそ (iso)、いそし (isoshi)、すすむ (susumu)、つとむ (tsutomu)、とし (toshi)、のり (nori)、ゆき (yuki)

#### Compounds

* 勤(きん)学(がく) (kingaku)
* 勤(きん)苦(く) (kinku)
* 勤(きん)倹(けん) (kinken)
* 勤(きん)続(ぞく) (kinzoku)
* 勤(きん)惰(だ) (kinda)
* 勤(きん)怠(たい) (kintai)
* 勤(きん)王(のう) (kinnō)
* 勤(きん)皇(のう) (kinnō)
* 勤(きん)王(のう)攘(じょう)夷(い) (kinnō jōi)
* 勤(きん)番(ばん) (kinban)
* 勤(きん)勉(べん) (kinben)
* 勤(きん)務(む) (kinmu)
* 勤役
* 勤(きん)労(ろう) (kinrō)
* 勤(ごん)行(ぎょう) (gongyō)
* 勤(ごん)求(ぐ) (gongu)
* 勤修

### Proper noun

勤(つとむ) • (Tsutomu)
* a male given name

### References

* ↑ “勤”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎ (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2025

## Korean
### Hanja

勤 (eumhun 부지런할 근 (bujireonhal geun))
* hanja form of 근 (“industrious, diligent, attentive”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

勤: Hán Nôm readings: cần, cùn
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.