# 懺

| 懺 | U+61FA, &#25082; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-61FA |
| ← 懹 [U+61F9] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 懻 → [U+61FB] |

## Translingual
### Han character

懺 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+17, 20 strokes, cangjie input 心人戈一 (POIM), four-corner 9305$_0$, composition ⿰忄韱)

#### Derived characters

* 𭍃

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 408, character 34
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11478
* Dae Jaweon: page 750, character 9
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2370, character 15
* Unihan data for U+61FA

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 讖 | *sʰrims |
| 攕 | *sreːm |
| 櫼 | *sreːm, *ʔsem |
| 懺 | *sʰraːms |
| 殲 | *ʔsem |
| 瀸 | *ʔsem |
| 鑯 | *ʔsem |
| 虃 | *ʔslem |
| 籤 | *sʰem |
| 韯 | *sem |
| 纖 | *sem |
| 孅 | *sem |
| 韱 | *sem |
| 襳 | *sem, *srem, *srim |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *sʰraːms) : semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 韱 (OC *sem).

### Etymology

Clipping of 懺摩 (MC tsrhaemH ma, “repentance”), from Sanskrit क्षमा (kṣamā, “patience; forbearance; indulgence”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chàn (chan$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): caam$^3$ / cim$^3$
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): cang$^3$ / cieng$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chhàm
    (Teochew, Peng'im): cam$^3$ / ciam$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$tshe
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chàn
*** Wade–Giles: chʻan$^4$
*** Yale: chàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chann
*** Palladius: чань (čanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰän⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: caam$^3$ / cim$^3$
*** Yale: chaam / chim
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsaam$^3$ / tsim$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cam$^3$ / qim$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰaːm³³/, /t͡sʰiːm³³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: cang$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰaŋ⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: cang$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰaŋ³³²/
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: cieng$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰiɛŋ⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: cieng$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰiɛŋ³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhàm
*** Tâi-lô: tshàm
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhaxm
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰam²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰam⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰam²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰam¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰam²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: cam$^3$ / ciam$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshàm / tshiam
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰam²¹³/, /t͡sʰiam³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$tshe
*** MiniDict: tshe$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$tshe
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡sʰe³⁴/
* Middle Chinese: tsrhaemH
Rime :
| Character | 懺 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 初 (19) |
| Final (韻) | 銜 (149) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 楚鑑切 |
| Baxter | tsrhaemH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ʃʰˠam$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʈ͡ʂʰᵚam$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ʃʰam$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʈ͡ʂʰaɨm$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ʃʰam$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ʃʰam$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʈ͡ʂʰam$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | chàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | caam$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*sʰraːms/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 懺 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 13476 |
| Phonetic component | 韱 |
| Rime group | 談 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 懺 |
| Old Chinese | /*sʰraːms/ |
| Notes | 梵譯kṣama |

### Definitions

懺
* to repent
* to confess on account of repentance

### Compounds

* 大悲懺 / 大悲忏
* 寶懺 / 宝忏
* 悔過自懺 / 悔过自忏
* 懺七 / 忏七
* 懺事 / 忏事
* 懺悔 / 忏悔 (chànhuǐ)
* 懺悔錄 / 忏悔录
* 懺法 / 忏法
* 懺禮 / 忏礼
* 拜懺 / 拜忏 (bàichàn)
* 拜水懺 / 拜水忏
* 梁皇寶懺 / 梁皇宝忏
* 梁皇懺
* 水懺 / 水忏
* 禮懺 / 礼忏
* 經懺 / 经忏

### References

* “懺”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “忏”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 26.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: ぜん (zen)
* Kan-on: さん (san)
* Kan’yō-on: ざん (zan)
* Kun: くいる (kuiru, 懺いる)

## Korean
### Hanja

懺 • (cham) (hangeul 참, revised cham, McCune–Reischauer ch'am, Yale cham)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

懺: Hán Việt readings: sám
懺: Nôm readings: sám, sắm, rám
* chữ Hán form of sám (“repent”).

#### References

* 1 2 3 4 Nguyễn (2014).
* 1 2 3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* 1 2 3 Trần (2004).
* ↑ Trần (1999).
* ↑ Nguyễn (1974).
* ↑ Thiều Chửu (1942).