# 乾燥
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gānzào
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄢ ㄗㄠˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gon$^1$ cou$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kôn-châu
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kan-sò / kan-chàu
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gānzào
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄢ ㄗㄠˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ganzào
*** Wade–Giles: kan$^1$-tsao$^4$
*** Yale: gān-dzàu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gantzaw
*** Palladius: ганьцзао (ganʹczao)
*** Sinological IPA : /kän⁵⁵ t͡sɑʊ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gon$^1$ cou$^3$
*** Yale: gōn chou
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gon$^1$ tsou$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gon$^1$ cou$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɔːn⁵⁵ t͡sʰou̯³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kôn-châu
*** Hakka Romanization System: gon$^ˊ$ zau$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gon$^1$ zau$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kon²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sau̯²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kan-sò
*** Tâi-lô: kan-sò
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kansoix
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kan³³ so⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kan⁴⁴⁻²² so²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kan⁴⁴⁻³³ so¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kan⁴⁴⁻³³ sɤ²¹/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kan-chàu
*** Tâi-lô: kan-tsàu
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kanzaux
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kan⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sau²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kan³³ t͡sau⁴¹/

### Adjective

乾燥
* dry; arid
    皮膚乾燥／皮肤干燥 ― pífū gānzào ― dry skin
* uninteresting; dull

#### Synonyms

* (dry):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 乾 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 乾 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 乾 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 乾 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 乾 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 乾 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 乾 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 乾 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 乾 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 乾 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 乾 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 乾, 乾燥, 乾迸 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 乾 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 乾 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 乾 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 乾 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 燥 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 燥 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 燥 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 乾, 燥 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 乾 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 燥 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 乾 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 乾 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 乾, 燥 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 乾 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 燥 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 燥 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 燥 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 燥 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 燥 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 燥 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 燥 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 燥 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 燥 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 燥 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 燥 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 乾 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 乾 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 焦 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 焦, 乾 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 焦 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 焦 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 焦 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 焦 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 焦 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 焦 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 焦 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 焦 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 焦 |
| Southern Min | Raoping | 焦 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 焦 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 焦 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 乾 |
| Southern Min | Qionghai | 乾 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 乾, 焦 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 乾 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 乾 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 乾 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 乾, 燥 |
| Wu | Danyang | 乾 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 燥 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 乾 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 乾, 燥 |
* (uninteresting):
* 乏味 (fáwèi)
* 乾癟 / 干瘪 (gānbiě) (of writing)
* 俗 (Hokkien, Teochew)
* 單一 / 单一 (dānyī)
* 單調 / 单调 (dāndiào)
* 枯燥 (kūzào)
* 枯索 (kūsuǒ) (literary)
* 沒趣 / 没趣 (méiqù)
* 無俗 / 无俗 (Quanzhou Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien)
* 無味 / 无味 (wúwèi)
* 無局 / 无局 (Quanzhou Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien)
* 無想俗 / 无想俗 (Quanzhou Hokkien)
* 無聊 / 无聊 (wúliáo)
* 無藝 / 无艺 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien, Taiwanese Hokkien)
* 無藝量 / 无艺量 (Xiamen Hokkien, Taiwanese Hokkien)
* 無趣 / 无趣 (wúqù)

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “dry”): 潮濕／潮湿 (cháoshī)
* (antonym(s) of “uninteresting”): 有趣 (yǒuqù), 有意思 (yǒuyìsi)

### Noun

乾燥
* desiccation

### Verb

乾燥
* to dry

#### Synonyms

* (literary or Min Nan) 焦燥 (jiāozào)

#### Derived terms

* 乾燥劑 / 干燥剂
* 乾燥機 / 干燥机 (gānzàojī)
* 乾燥箱 / 干燥箱

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 乾燥(かんそう) (kansō)
* → Korean: 건조(乾燥) (geonjo)

### See also

* 乾枯／干枯 (gānkū)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 乾 | 燥 |
| かん Grade: S | そう Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かんそー [kàńsóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [kã̠ɰ̃so̞ː]

### Noun

乾(かん)燥(そう) • (kansō)
* aridity, dehydration, desiccation

#### Derived terms

* 乾(かん)燥(そう)ゲル (kansō geru)
* 乾(かん)燥(そう)剤(ざい) (kansōzai)
* 乾(かん)燥(そう)卵(らん) (kansōran)
* 乾(かん)燥(そう)地(ち)形(けい) (kansō chikei)
* 乾(かん)燥(そう)季(き) (kansōki)
* 乾(かん)燥(そう)室(しつ) (kansōshitsu)
* 乾(かん)燥(そう)帯(たい) (kansōtai)
* 乾(かん)燥(そう)指(し)数(すう) (kansō shisū)
* 乾(かん)燥(そう)断(だん)熱(ねつ)減(げん)率(りつ) (kansō dannetsu genritsu)
* 乾(かん)燥(そう)材(ざい) (kansōzai)
* 乾(かん)燥(そう)果(か) (kansōka)
* 乾(かん)燥(そう)林(りん) (kansōrin)
* 乾(かん)燥(そう)機(き) (kansōki)
* 乾(かん)燥(そう)気(きこ)候(う) (kansō kikō)
* 乾(かん)燥(そう)油(ゆ) (kansōyu)
* 乾(かん)燥(そう)洗(せん)濯(たく) (kansō sentaku)
* 乾(かん)燥(そう)炉(ろ) (kansōro)
* 乾(かん)燥(そう)無(む)味(み) (kansō mumi)
* 乾(かん)燥(そう)肥(ひ)料(りょう) (kansō hiryō)
* 乾(かん)燥(そう)芋(いも) (kansōimo)
* 乾(かん)燥(そう)血(けっ)漿(しょう) (kansō kesshō)
* 乾(かん)燥(そう)酵(こう)母(ぼ) (kansō kōbo)
* 乾(かん)燥(そう)野(や)菜(さい) (kansō yasai)
* 人(じん)工(こう)乾(かん)燥(そう) (jinkō kansō)
* 冷(れい)凍(とう)乾(かん)燥(そう) (reitō kansō)
* 凍(とう)結(けつ)乾(かん)燥(そう) (tōketsu kansō)
* 天(てん)然(ねん)乾(かん)燥(そう) (tennen kansō)
* 無(む)味(み)乾(かん)燥(そう) (mumi kansō)

### Verb

乾(かん)燥(そう)する • (kansō suru) transitive or intransitive suru (stem 乾(かん)燥(そう)し (kansō shi), past 乾(かん)燥(そう)した (kansō shita))
* to dry, to dehydrate, to desiccate

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 乾燥し | かんそうし | kansō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 乾燥し | かんそうし | kansō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 乾燥する | かんそうする | kansō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 乾燥する | かんそうする | kansō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 乾燥すれ | かんそうすれ | kansō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 乾燥せよ¹ 乾燥しろ² | かんそうせよ¹ かんそうしろ² | kansō seyo¹ kansō shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 乾燥される | かんそうされる | kansō sareru |
| Causative | 乾燥させる 乾燥さす | かんそうさせる かんそうさす | kansō saseru kansō sasu |
| Potential | 乾燥できる | かんそうできる | kansō dekiru |
| Volitional | 乾燥しよう | かんそうしよう | kansō shiyō |
| Negative | 乾燥しない | かんそうしない | kansō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 乾燥せず | かんそうせず | kansō sezu |
| Formal | 乾燥します | かんそうします | kansō shimasu |
| Perfective | 乾燥した | かんそうした | kansō shita |
| Conjunctive | 乾燥して | かんそうして | kansō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 乾燥すれば | かんそうすれば | kansō sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN
* ↑ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 乾 | 燥 |

### Noun

乾燥 • (geonjo) (hangeul 건조)
* hanja form of 건조 (“dryness; drying”)