# 癌

| 癌 | U+764C, &#30284; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-764C |
| ← 癋 [U+764B] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 癍 → [U+764D] |

## Translingual
### Han character

癌 (Kangxi radical 104, 疒+12, 17 strokes, cangjie input 大口口山 (KRRU), four-corner 0017$_2$, composition ⿸疒嵒)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: not present, would follow page 781, character 10
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 22538
* Dae Jaweon: page 1190, character 23
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2697, character 4
* Unihan data for U+764C

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声) : semantic 疒 + phonetic 嵒 (OC *ŋrɯːm, *ŋjab); 嵒 / 岩 (yán) is a variant of 岩 (yán).

### Etymology

From 岩 (yán, “cliff; rock, stone”), since some cancers present as lumps or outgrowths on the body.
In Mandarin, this character used to be pronounced identically as 岩 (yán). Its pronunciation was changed to ái in December 1962 to avoid the homophony between 癌 (yán, “cancer”) and 炎 (yán, “inflammation”) (compare 肺炎 (fèiyán, “pneumonia”) and 肺癌 (fèi'ái, “lung cancer”)). The new pronunciation ái stems from dialectal pronunciations of 岩 (“rock; cliff”) /ŋai/, influenced by 崖 (yá, yái, “cliff”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): ái, yán
       (Zhuyin): ㄞˊ, ㄧㄢˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ngai$^2$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ngaam$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ngam$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ngàm
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ngam$^2$
* Jin (Wiktionary): ghai$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): ngâng
* Eastern Min (BUC): ngàng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): gâm
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ngam$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$nge
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: ái
*** Zhuyin: ㄞˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ái
*** Wade–Giles: ai$^2$
*** Yale: ái
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: air
*** Palladius: ай (aj)
*** Sinological IPA : /ˀaɪ̯³⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, variant in Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yán
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yán
*** Wade–Giles: yen$^2$
*** Yale: yán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yan
*** Palladius: янь (janʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /jɛn³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: ngai$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ngai
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋai²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ngaam$^4$
*** Yale: ngàahm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ngaam$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ngam$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋaːm²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ngam$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /ᵑɡam²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngàm
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngam$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngam$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋam¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: ngam$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋam¹¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: ghai$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɣai¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ngâng
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋaŋ³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ngàng
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋaŋ⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Nan'an, Hui'an, Yongchun, Changtai, Zhangpu, General Taiwanese, Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gâm
*** Tâi-lô: gâm
*** Phofsit Daibuun: gaam
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Nan'an, Hui'an, Yongchun, Changtai, Taipei, Philippines): /ɡam²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡam²³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡam¹³/
*** IPA (Zhangpu): /ɡam²¹³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ngam$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngâm
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋam⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$nge
*** MiniDict: nge$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$nge
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ŋe²³/

### Definitions

癌
* cancer; carcinoma
    癌症 ― áizhèng ― cancer
    致癌 ― zhì'ái ― to cause cancer
    肺癌 ― fèi'ái ― lung cancer
    直男癌 ― zhínán'ái ― male chauvinism (literally, “straight men's cancer”)

#### Compounds

* 乳癌 (rǔ'ái)
* 乳腺癌 (rǔxiàn'ái)
* 前列腺癌 (qiánlièxiàn'ái)
* 卵巢癌 (luǎncháo'ái)
* 口腔癌 (kǒuqiāng'ái)
* 喉癌 (hóu'ái)
* 大腸癌 / 大肠癌 (dàcháng'ái)
* 子宮癌 / 子宫癌 (zǐgōng'ái)
* 子宮頸癌 / 子宫颈癌 (zǐgōngjǐng'ái)
* 宮頸癌 / 宫颈癌 (gōngjǐng'ái)
* 患癌 (huàn'ái)
* 抗癌 (kàng'ái)
* 淋巴癌 (línbā'ái)
* 癌症 (áizhèng)
* 癌瘤 (áiliú)
* 癌細胞 / 癌细胞 (áixìbāo)
* 癌腫 / 癌肿 (áizhǒng)
* 癌變 / 癌变 (áibiàn)
* 皮膚癌 / 皮肤癌 (pífū'ái)
* 直男癌 (zhínán'ái)
* 直腸癌 / 直肠癌 (zhícháng'ái)
* 肝癌 (gān'ái)
* 肺癌 (fèi'ái)
* 胃癌 (wèi'ái)
* 胰腺癌 (yíxiàn'ái)
* 腎癌 / 肾癌 (shèn'ái)
* 腎臟癌 / 肾脏癌 (shènzàng'ái)
* 腸癌 / 肠癌 (cháng'ái)
* 腺癌 (xiàn'ái)
* 腦癌 / 脑癌 (nǎo'ái)
* 膀胱癌 (pángguāng'ái)
* 致癌 (zhì'ái)
* 血癌 (xuè'ái)
* 防癌 (fáng'ái)
* 食道癌 (shídào'ái)
* 骨癌 (gǔ'ái)
* 鼻咽癌 (bíyān'ái)

### References

* “癌”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 普通話異讀詞審音表初稿(第三編) [Third List of Pronunciation Standards for Words with Multiple Readings in Putonghua, Draft] (in Chinese), 文字改革 [Script Reform], Issue 85, December 1962, page 1

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* cancer

#### Readings

* Go-on: げん (gen)
* Kan-on: がん (gan)

#### Compounds

* 胃(い)癌(がん) (igan): stomach cancer
* 咽(いん)頭(とう)癌(がん) (intōgan)
* 癌(がん)遺(い)伝(でん)子(し) (gan'idenshi)
* 癌(がん)ウイルス (gan'uirusu)
* 癌(がん)化(か) (ganka)
* 癌(がん)細(さい)胞(ぼう) (gansaibō)
* 肝(かん)細(さい)胞(ぼう)癌(がん) (kansaibōgan)
* 癌(がん)腫(しゅ) (ganshu): carcinoma
* 肝(かん)臓(ぞう)癌(がん) (kanzōgan)
* 癌(がん)抑(よく)制(せい)遺(い)伝(でん)子(し) (gan'yokuseīdenshi)
* 結(けっ)腸(ちょう)癌(がん) (ketchōgan)
* 抗(こう)癌(がん)剤(ざい) (kōganzai)
* 口(こう)腔(くう)癌(がん) (kōkūgan)
* 甲(こう)状(じょう)腺(せん)癌(がん) (kōjōsengan)
* 硬(こう)性(せい)癌(がん) (kōseigan)
* 喉(こう)頭(とう)癌(がん) (kōtōgan)
* 子(し)宮(きゅう)癌(がん) (shikyūgan)
* 子(し)宮(きゅう)頸(けい)癌(がん) (shikyūkeigan): cervical cancer
* 子(し)宮(きゅう)体(たい)癌(がん) (shikyūtaigan)
* 小(しょう)児(に)癌(がん) (shōnigan)
* 食(しょく)道(どう)癌(がん) (shokudōgan): esophageal cancer
* 腎(じん)臓(ぞう)癌(がん) (jinzōgan)
* 水(すい)癌(がん) (suigan): noma
* 膵(すい)臓(ぞう)癌(がん) (suizōgan)
* 制(せい)癌(がん)剤(ざい) (seiganzai)
* 制(せい)癌(がん)物(ぶっ)質(しつ) (seiganbusshitsu)
* 舌(ぜつ)癌(がん) (zetsugan)
* 腺(せん)癌(がん) (sengan): adenocarcinoma
* 前(ぜん)癌(がん)状(じょう)態(たい) (zenganjōtai)
* 前(ぜん)立(りつ)腺(せん)癌(がん) (zenritsusengan)
* 早(そう)期(き)癌(がん) (sōkigan)
* タール癌(がん) (tārugan)
* 大(だい)腸(ちょう)癌(がん) (daichōgan)
* 胆(たん)管(かん)癌(がん) (tankangan)
* 胆(たん)囊(のう)癌(がん) (tannōgan)
* 腸(ちょう)癌(がん) (chōgan)
* 直(ちょく)腸(ちょう)癌(がん) (chokuchōgan)
* 乳(にゅう)癌(がん) (nyūgan): breast cancer
* 粘(ねん)膜(まく)内(ない)癌(がん) (nenmakunaigan)
* 肺(はい)癌(がん) (haigan): lung cancer
* 発(はつ)癌(がん) (hatsugan): carcinogenesis
* 皮(ひ)膚(ふ)癌(がん) (hifugan): skin cancer
* 扁(へん)平(ぺい)上(じょう)皮(ひ)癌(がん) (henpeijōhigan)
* 膀(ぼう)胱(こう)癌(がん) (bōkōgan): bladder cancer
* 未(み)分(ぶん)化(か)癌(がん) (mibunkagan)
* 卵(らん)巣(そう)癌(がん) (ransōgan)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 癌
* がん Hyōgai
* kan'on
From Middle Chinese 癌.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) がん [gáꜜǹ] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɡã̠ɴ]

### Noun

癌(がん) or 癌(ガン) • (gan)
* (medicine, oncology, pathology) cancer
    彼(かれ)の祖(そ)母(ぼ)は癌(がん)で死(し)んだ。
       Kare no sobo wa gan de shinda.
       His grandmother died of cancer.
** 1997 September 1 [1996 October 10], Fujiko F. Fujio, “くたばれ評(ひょう)論(ろん)家(か)　の巻(まき) [The Drop-Dead Critic]”, in エスパー魔美 [Esper Mami], 4th edition, volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 151:
    え？剣(つるぎ)鋭(えい)介(すけ)がガン⁉文(ぶん)化(か)部(ぶ)の立(たち)原(はら)さんにきいたの、再(さい)発(はつ)ですって。ガン細(さい)胞(ぼう)があちこち転(てん)移(い)してて、こんどはダメだろうと………
       E? Tsurugi Eisuke ga gan⁉
       What? Eisuke Tsurugi has cancer!?
       Bunkabu no Tachihara-san ni kiita no, saihatsu desu tte. Gan saibō ga achi kochi ten'i shite te, kondo wa dame darō to………
       I heard that from Mr. Tachihara of the Department of Culture, sounds like it’s a recurrence. The cancer cells have been spreading, seems like there’s not much hope this time around...
* (figurative) cancer
    中(ちゅう)央(おう)集(しゅう)権(けん)体(たい)制(せい)は社(しゃ)会(かい)の癌(がん)になっている。
       Chūō shūken taisei wa shakai no gan ni natte iru.
       The centralized administrative system has become a cancer of society.

#### Usage notes

* This term is often spelled in katakana, especially in medical contexts, as ガン.

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 癌.

### Hanja

Wikisource 癌 (eumhun 암 암 (am am))
* hanja form of 암 (“cancer”)

#### Compounds

* 간암 (肝癌, ganam)
* 궤양암 (潰瘍癌, gweyang'am)
* 뇌암 (腦癌, noeam)
* 대장암 (大腸癌, daejang'am)
* 발암 (發癌, baram)
* 발암물질 (發癌物質, barammuljil)
* 방광암 (膀胱癌, banggwang'am)
* 설암 (舌癌, seoram)
* 수암 (水癌, suam)
* 암세포 (癌細胞, amsepo)
* 암유 (癌乳, amyu)
* 암적 (癌的, amjeok)
* 암종 (癌腫, amjong)
* 위암 (胃癌, wiam)
* 유방암 (乳房癌, yubang'am)
* 자궁암 (子宮癌, jagung'am)
* 직장암 (直腸癌, jikjang'am)
* 췌암 (膵癌, chweam)
* 폐암 (肺癌, pyeam)
* 폐장암 (肺臟癌, pyejang'am)
* 피부암 (皮膚癌, pibuam)
* 항암 (抗癌, hang'am)
* 항암제 (抗癌劑, hang'amje)
* 후두암 (喉頭癌, huduam)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

癌: Hán Việt readings: nham
癌: Nôm readings: nham
* chữ Hán form of nham (“cancer, mainly in compounds”).

#### References

* 1 2 Trần (2004).
* ↑ Nguyễn (1974).
* ↑ Thiều Chửu (1942).