# 凹

| 凹 | U+51F9, &#20985; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51F9 |
| ← 凸 [U+51F8] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 出 → [U+51FA] |

## Translingual
### Han character

凹 (Kangxi radical 17, 凵+3, 5 strokes, cangjie input 尸尸山 (SSU), four-corner 7777$_0$, composition ⿶凵⿰㇅⿱一丨)

#### Derived characters

* 垇 㾎 兕 𠚆 𠱃 𪵲 𧰽 𧱃 𤉡 𩡿

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 135, character 10
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1810
* Dae Jaweon: page 301, character 6
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 308, character 3
* Unihan data for U+51F9

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Pictogram (象形) .

### Etymology

* This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Related to 坳 (ào) or 䫜／𬱮 (āo)?”

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): āo, yāo (ao$^1$, yao$^1$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄠ, ㄧㄠ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): wa$^4$ / ye$^2$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): nap$^1$ / aau$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): âu / ngiap
    (Hailu, HRS): au / ngiab
    (Meixian, Guangdong): au$^1$ / ngiab$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): au / nah / lap
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ao$^1$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^1$au
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: āo
*** Zhuyin: ㄠ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ao
*** Wade–Giles: ao$^1$
*** Yale: āu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: au
*** Palladius: ао (ao)
*** Sinological IPA : /ˀɑʊ̯⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, variant in Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yāo
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄠ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yao
*** Wade–Giles: yao$^1$
*** Yale: yāu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: iau
*** Palladius: яо (jao)
*** Sinological IPA : /jɑʊ̯⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: wa$^4$ / ye$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ua / ie
*** Sinological IPA : /ua²¹³/, /iɛ²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: nap$^1$ / aau$^3$
*** Yale: nāp / aau
*** Cantonese Pinyin: nap$^7$ / aau$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: neb$^1$ / ao$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /nɐp̚⁵/, /aːu̯³³/
* nap1 - semantic (訓讀), common;
* aau3 - variant, used in place names.
* Middle Chinese: 'eap
Rime :
| Character | 凹 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 洽 (152) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 烏洽切 |
| Baxter | 'eap |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʔˠɛp̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʔᵚæp̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʔɐp̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʔəɨp̚/ |
| Li Rong | /ʔɐp̚/ |
| Wang Li | /ɐp̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʔăp̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | ya |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | aap$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*qriːw/, /*qriːb/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 凹 | 凹 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 36 | 37 |
| Phonetic component | 凹 | 凹 |
| Rime group | 幽 | 緝 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 䫜 | 𨂁 |
| Old Chinese | /*qriːw/ | /*qriːb/ |

#### Definitions

凹
* concave; hollow; sunken; dented
    凹透鏡／凹透镜 ― āotòujìng ― concave lens
    凹頭／凹头 [Cantonese] ― aau$^3$ tau$^{4-2}$ [Jyutping] ― Au Tau (a place in Yuen Long District, Hong Kong)
* to cave in; to be sunken; to dent; to be concave
    床中間凹下去。／床中间凹下去。 ― Chuáng zhōngjiān āo xià qù. ― The bed sunk in the middle.
       zung$^1$ gaan$^1$ nap$^1$ zo$^2$ lok$^6$ heoi$^3$ [Jyutping]
       has a dent in the middle
* indentation; depression
    山凹 ― shān'āo ― mountain cave
    酒凹 [Cantonese] ― zau$^2$ nap$^1$ [Jyutping] ― dimple
       Hit tiâu lō͘ tiong-ng ū chi̍t nah, lí tio̍h-ài khah sè-jī leh. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       There's a depression on that road, you have to be more careful.

##### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “concave”): 凸 (tū, “convex”)

#### Compounds

* 低凹 (dī'āo)
* 儉腸凹肚 / 俭肠凹肚 (Hokkien)
* 冷鼻凹
* 凹下
* 凹凸 (āotū)
* 凹凸不平 (āotūbùpíng)
* 凹凸有致 (āotūyǒuzhì)
* 凹地 (āodì)
* 凹字 (Hokkien)
* 凹心硯 / 凹心砚
* 凹心臉兒 / 凹心脸儿
* 凹版 (āobǎn)
* 凹版印刷 (āobǎn yìnshuā)
* 凹版畫 / 凹版画
* 凹狀 / 凹状
* 凹腰 (Hokkien)
* 凹透鏡 / 凹透镜 (āotòujìng)
* 凹陷 (āoxiàn)
* 凹面鏡 / 凹面镜 (āomiànjìng)
* 凹鼻 (Hokkien)
* 北潭凹
* 山凹 (shān'āo)
* 照相凹版
* 窩窩凹凹 / 窝窝凹凹
* 胃小凹 (wèixiǎo'āo)
* 鼻凹
* 鼻凹糖

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): wā (wa$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄨㄚ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): waa$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wā
*** Zhuyin: ㄨㄚ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wa
*** Wade–Giles: wa$^1$
*** Yale: wā
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ua
*** Palladius: ва (va)
*** Sinological IPA : /wä⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: waa$^1$
*** Yale: wā
*** Cantonese Pinyin: waa$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: wa$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /waː⁵⁵/

#### Definitions

凹
* Alternative form of 窪 / 洼 (wā)
    賈平凹／贾平凹 ― Jiǎ Píngwā ― Jia Pingwa (a Chinese writer)

### Pronunciation 3

* Cantonese (Jyutping): nip$^1$
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: nip$^1$
*** Yale: nīp
*** Cantonese Pinyin: nip$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: nib$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /niːp̚⁵/

#### Definitions

凹
* (Cantonese) Alternative form of 𠱃

### Pronunciation 4

* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): nah
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nah
*** Tâi-lô: nah
*** Phofsit Daibuun: naq
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /nãʔ³²/

#### Definitions

凹
* (Zhangzhou Hokkien) swollen bumps on the skin
       Kui bīn lóng sī hō͘ báng-á kā ê nah. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       His/her entire face is covered with swollen mosquito bites.
* (Zhangzhou Hokkien) Classifier for swollen bumps on the skin.
       Bīn hō͘ báng-á kā chi̍t nah. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       His face was bit by the mosquito with one swollen bump.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: よう (yō)
* Kan-on: おう (ō, Jōyō)
* Kun: くぼ (kubo, 凹)、くぼい (kuboi, 凹い)、くぼか (kuboka, 凹か)、くぼむ (kubomu, 凹む)、くぼめる (kubomeru, 凹める)、くぼまる (kubomaru, 凹まる)、くぼます (kubomasu, 凹ます)、くぼやか (kuboyaka, 凹やか)、なかくぼ (nakakubo)、へこむ (hekomu, 凹む)、ぼこ (boko, 凹)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 凹
* おう Grade: S
* on'yomi
/apu/ → /afu/ → /au/ → /ɔː/ → /oː/
From Middle Chinese 凹 (MC 'eap). Compare modern Mandarin reading āo, Min Nan au.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) おー [óꜜò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [o̞ː]

#### Affix

凹(おう) • (ō)
* concave

##### Usage notes

The character 凹 with the reading ō is only used in compounds, and never in isolation.

##### Compounds

* 凹(おう)角(かく) (ōkaku): a reflex angle
* 凹(おう)型(がた) (ōgata): a die or other three-dimensional shape having a concave cross-section
* 凹(おう)形(けい) (ōkei): a concave shape
* 凹(おう)状(じょう) (ōjō): concavity
* 凹(おう)多(た)角(かく)形(けい) (ō takakukei): a polygon with at least one internal reflex angle
* 凹(おう)地(ち) (ōchi): an area where the ground is noticeable lower than the surrounding area
* 凹(おう)凸(とつ) (ōtotsu): bumpiness, unevenness; inequality, variation, ups and downs
* 凹(おう)凸(とつ)画(が) (ōtotsu ga): a style of Sui-Dynasty wall painting using trompe l'œil techniques to look three-dimensional
* 凹(おう)凸(とつ)レンズ (ōtotsu renzu): a concavo-convex lens
* 凹(おう)版(はん) (ōhan): an intaglio
* 凹(おう)版(はん)印(いん)刷(さつ) (ōhan insatsu): intaglio printing
* 凹(おう)面(めん) (ōmen): a concave surface
* 凹(おう)面(めん)鏡(きょう) (ōmenkyō): a concave mirror
* 準(じゅん)凹(おう) (jun'ō): quasiconcavity
* 凸(でこ)凹(ぼこ) (dekoboko): bumpiness, unevenness; inequality, variation, ups and downs
* 凸(とつ)凹(おう)瘢(はん)痕(こん) (totsuō hankon): an uneven scar
* 凸(とつ)凹(おう)レンズ (totsuō renzu): a convexo-concave lens

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 凹
* くぼ Grade: S
* kun'yomi
Unknown. Sound similarities might suggest a connection to words related to darkness or deep interior, such as 雲 (kumo, “cloud”), 蜘蛛 (kumo, “spider”), 隈 (kuma, “a recess, a deep interior corner”), 黒 (kuro, “black”), 暗 (kura, “darkness”); more at 黒. Alternately, these broad similarities might be pure coincidence.

#### Alternative forms

* 窪(くぼ)

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) くぼ [kùbó] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) くぼ [kúꜜbò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [kɯ̟bo̞]

#### Noun

凹(くぼ) • (kubo)
* an area with sides higher than the center: an indentation, a depression, a dip, a divot, a hole
* (slang) female genitalia, the vagina

##### Synonyms

* (indentation): 窪(くぼ)み, 窪(くぼみ), 凹(くぼ)み, 凹(くぼみ) (kubomi)
* (female genitalia): 前門(ぜんもん) (zenmon), まんこ (manko)

##### Derived terms

* 窪(くぼ)い, 凹(くぼ)い (kuboi): hollowed out, indented; of low status, mean
* 窪(くぼ)か, 凹(くぼ)か (kuboka): hollowed out, indented, depressed (physically), low
* 窪(くぼ)む, 凹(くぼ)む (kubomu): to become hollowed out or indented; to hollow out or indent something; to sink inwardly, to collapse inwardly; to fall upon hard times, to become poor
* 窪(くぼ)み, 窪(くぼみ), 凹(くぼ)み, 凹(くぼみ) (kubomi): see below
* 窪(くぼ)まる, 凹(くぼ)まる (kubomaru): to become hollowed out or indented; to squat for a while, to sink into a crouch
* 窪(くぼ)める, 凹(くぼ)める (kubomeru): to make something sink or collapse inwardly; to dent something; to make something into a hollowed out shape
* 窪(くぼ)やか, 凹(くぼ)やか (kuboyaka): hollowed out, indented, depressed (physically), low
* 窪(くぼ)窪(くぼ), 凹(くぼ)凹(くぼ) (kubokubo): in a hollowed out or indented way
* 窪(くぼ)地(ち), 凹(くぼ)地(ち) (kubochi): a hollow, a dip, a depression or low spot in the ground
* 窪(くぼ)田(た), 凹(くぼ)田(た) (kubota): a paddy or wet field in a low place
* 窪(くぼ)目(め), 窪(くぼ)眼(め), 凹(くぼ)目(め), 凹(くぼ)眼(め) (kubome): deep-set eyes, sunken eyes
* 窪(くぼ)溜(たまり), 凹(くぼ)溜(たまり) (kubotamari): a low place where water tends to gather
* 笑(え)窪(くぼ), 靨(えくぼ) (ekubo): a dimple, particularly one from smiling
* 大(おお)窪(くぼ), 大(おお)久保(くぼ) (Ōkubo): a surname
* 落(おち)窪(くぼ), 落(お)ち窪(くぼ) (ochikubo): a dip in the floor or ground
* 手(て)窪(くぼ), 手(て)凹(くぼ) (tekubo); 手(て)の窪(くぼ), 手(て)の凹(くぼ) (te no kubo): a cupped hand; a rice ball; eating rice by hand; a one-night stand, a fling or short-term romance
* 中(なか)窪(くぼ), 凹(なかくぼ) (nakakubo): see below
* 盆(ぼん)の窪(くぼ) (bon no kubo): the hollow of the nape of the neck; a hairstyle for infants in the Edo period, shaving the whole head except for a small area on the nape of the neck
* 目(め)窪(くぼ), 目(め)凹(くぼ) (mekubo): sunken eyes; a person with sunken or deep-set eyes

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 凹
* くぼみ Grade: S
* kun'yomi
Noun stem of verb 凹む (kubomu, “to become hollow, to become sunken, to become indented”), itself a compound of 凹 (kubo, “an indentation, a dip”) +‎ む (mu, “to become like something”, auxiliary verb attaching to nouns or adjective stems, cognate with びる (biru) biru).

#### Alternative forms

* 窪(くぼ)み, 窪(くぼみ), 凹(くぼ)み

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) くぼみ [kùbómí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [kɯ̟bo̞mʲi]

#### Noun

凹(くぼみ) • (kubomi)
* a pit, a hollow, a cavity, a depression, a dent

##### Usage notes

The 凹(くぼ)み or 窪(くぼ)み spelling with the okurigana み is more common when used as a standalone term. The spelling without the okurigana is more common in compounds.

##### Derived terms

* 凹(くぼみ)石(いし) (kubomi ishi), 窪(くぼみ)石(いし) (kubomi ishi): an artifact from the Jōmon period, consisting of a flat stone with one to several indentations, of uncertain utility but thought to be used to help start fires

### Etymology 4

* Kanji in this term
* 凹
* なかくぼ Grade: S
* kun'yomi
Compound of 中 (naka, “inside, inner”) +‎ 窪 (kubo, “pit, indentation”).

#### Alternative forms

* 中(なか)窪(くぼ)

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) なかくぼ [nàkákúbó] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) なかくぼ [nàkáꜜkùbò] (Nakadaka – [2])
* IPA: [na̠ka̠kɯ̟bo̞]

#### Noun

凹(なかくぼ) • (nakakubo)
* a sunken center
* a place or object with a sunken center

##### Usage notes

The 中(なか)窪(くぼ) spelling is more common.

##### Synonyms

* 中(なか)低(びく) (nakabiku)

### Etymology 5

* Kanji in this term
* 凹
* へこみ Grade: S
* kun'yomi
Noun stem of verb 凹む (hekomu, “to become hollow, to become sunken, to become indented”), itself an abbreviated compound of 減り (heri, noun stem of verb 減る (heru, “to reduce, to decrease, to diminish”)) +‎ 込む (komu, “to go inwardly”).

#### Alternative forms

* 凹(へこ)み (hekomi)

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) へこみ [hèkómí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [he̞ko̞mʲi]

#### Noun

凹(へこみ) • (hekomi)
* a pit, a hollow, a cavity, a depression, a dent
* a mistake, and error
* a moment of weakness or confusion, being at a loss

##### Usage notes

The 凹(へこ)み (hekomi) spelling is more common.

##### Synonyms

* (hollow): 窪(くぼ)み (kubomi), 窪(くぼみ) (kubomi), 凹(くぼ)み (kubomi), 凹(くぼみ) (kubomi) (also see above)
* (mistake): 失(しっ)策(さく) (shissaku)
* (mistake): 失(しっ)敗(ぱい) (shippai)
* (at a loss): 困(こん)惑(わく) (konwaku)

### Etymology 6

* Kanji in this term
* 凹
* ぼこ Grade: S
* kun'yomi
Uncertain. Possibly onomatopoeic from the sound of a wheel bouncing in a rut or pothole, or from the sound of something hollow when tapped. Compare adverb ぼこぼこ (bokoboko, “full of holes; hollowly”).
Alternately, may be compound of ぼ (bo, “empty?”, uncertain; possibly related to verb 掘る (horu, “to dig, to dig out”)) +‎ こ (ko, “place”, suffixing element seen in other words such as そこ (soko, “there”) or 端っこ (hashikko, “edge, end, tip”)). Compare 凸 (deko, “protrusion”), likely a compound of 出 (de, “coming out”) + こ (ko, “place”, suffixing element).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ぼこ [bóꜜkò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [bo̞ko̞]

#### Noun

凹(ぼこ) • (boko)
* an indentation, a dip or divot, a hollow, a dent in a surface

##### Derived terms

* ぼこぼこ (bokoboko): unevenly, bumpily, pitted, dented (in multiple places), full of holes; hollowly
* 穴(あな)ぼこ (anaboko): a hole, a rut, a pothole
* 凸(でこ)凹(ぼこ) (dekoboko): unevenness, bumpiness, jaggedness; inequality, disparity

### References

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* 1 2 3 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

凹 (eumhun 오목할 요 (omokhal yo))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

凹: Hán Nôm readings: ao
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.