# 夜叉
## Chinese

* 夜叉

### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit यक्ष (yakṣa).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yèchā
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄝˋ ㄔㄚ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): je$^6$ caa$^1$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): iā-chhe
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yèchā → yècha (toneless final syllable variant)
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄝˋ ㄔㄚ → ㄧㄝˋ ˙ㄔㄚ (toneless final syllable variant)
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yèchå
*** Wade–Giles: yeh$^4$-chʻa$^5$
*** Yale: yè-cha
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yeh.cha
*** Palladius: еча (ječa)
*** Sinological IPA : /jɛ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰä⁵⁵/ → /jɛ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰä¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: je$^6$ caa$^1$
*** Yale: yeh chā
*** Cantonese Pinyin: je$^6$ tsaa$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yé$^6$ ca$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɛː²² t͡sʰaː⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iā-chhe
*** Tâi-lô: iā-tshe
*** Phofsit Daibuun: iaxzhef
*** IPA (Taipei): /ia³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰe⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ia³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰe⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: yaeH tsrhae
Rime :
| Character | 夜 | 叉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 以 (36) | 初 (19) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (100) | 麻 (98) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | II |
| Fanqie | 羊謝切 | 初加切 |
| Baxter | yaeH | tsrhae |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /jia$^H$/ | /t͡ʃʰˠa/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /jia$^H$/ | /ʈ͡ʂʰᵚa/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ia$^H$/ | /t͡ʃʰa/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /jia$^H$/ | /ʈ͡ʂʰaɨ/ |
| Li Rong | /ia$^H$/ | /t͡ʃʰa/ |
| Wang Li | /jĭa$^H$/ | /t͡ʃʰa/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /i̯a$^H$/ | /ʈ͡ʂʰa/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yè | chā |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | je$^6$ | caa$^1$ |

### Noun

夜叉
* (Buddhism) yaksha (a malevolent spirit)
* (by extension) a ferocious and hideous looking person
* (figurative, humorous, dated) wife

#### Synonyms

* 藥叉／药叉

#### Derived terms

* 夜叉國 / 夜叉国
* 夜叉婆
* 夜叉星
* 母夜叉 (mǔyèchā)
* 笑面夜叉
* 魔王夜叉

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 夜(や)叉(しゃ) (yasha)
* → Korean: 야차(夜叉) (yacha)
* → Vietnamese: dạ-xoa (夜叉)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 夜 | 叉 |
| や Grade: 2 | しゃ Jinmeiyō |
| on'yomi ||

### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 夜叉 (yæ$^H$ cha?), itself a transliteration of Sanskrit यक्ष (yakṣa).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) やしゃ [yáꜜshà] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ja̠ɕa̠]

### Noun

夜(や)叉(しゃ) • (yasha)
* yaksha, a broad class of nature spirits or minor deities who appear in Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain mythology. May be male or female, benevolent or malevolent.
* (Buddhism) in Buddhism, yakshas are held to be followers of 毘沙門天 (Bishamonten, “Vaiśravaṇa, the chief of the Four Heavenly Kings”), and guardians of the north
* (figurative) a demon
    あの女(おんな)の子(こ)は怒(おこ)るとまさに夜叉(やしゃ)のようだよ。
       Ano onna no ko wa okoru to masa ni yasha no yō da yo.
       When that girl gets angry, she's a real demon.

#### Idioms

* 夜叉(やしゃ)が馬(うま)を見(み)たよう (yasha ga uma o mita yō): "like when the yaksha saw the horse" → an expression of extreme happiness, from a story of a yaksha who lost his horse

#### Synonyms

* 薬叉(やくしゃ) (yakusha)

#### Derived terms

* 夜叉五倍子(ヤシャブシ) (yashabushi): Alnus firma, a type of alder tree
* 夜叉竹(ヤシャダケ) (yashadake): Semiarundinaria yashadake, a type of bamboo
* 夜叉柄杓(ヤシャビシャク) (yashabishaku): Ribes ambiguum, a type of flowering plant related to currants and gooseberry
* 夜叉薇(ヤシャゼンマイ) (yashazenmai): Osmunda lancea, the Japanese lancea flowering fern

### References

* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 夜 | 叉 |

### Noun

夜叉 • (yacha) (hangeul 야차)
* hanja form of 야차 (“yaksha”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 夜 | 叉 |

### Noun

夜叉
* chữ Hán form of dạ-xoa (“yaksha”).