# -가
## Jeju
### Etymology

See Korean 가 (-ga).

### Particle

가 (-ga)
* Synonym of 이 (-i, nominative case marker) used after words ending with a vowel.

## Korean
### Etymology 1

Uncertain. It was not attested in texts from the 15th century, and its first attestation has been variously placed at 1572 CE or mid-17th century.
It was initially of limited distribution and used in a complementary manner to 이 (-i). The development of its usage is as follows:
* Since the mid-17th century: used after nouns ending in -i or -y,
    e.g. pwuli-ka ("mouth"), nay-ka ("scent"), poy-ka ("boat");
* Since the mid-18th century: used after nouns ending in vowels/semivowels other than -i,
    e.g. ca-ka ("one who"), soyngswo-ka, nwongso-ka ("farm work");
* During the end of the 18th century: used briefly in the form of double particle -i/yka after nouns ending in vowels/semivowels other than -i,
    e.g. to-yka ("road"), inkwu-yka ("population"), nwongso-yka ("farm work").
Various theories exist regarding its origin:
* Developed from the interrogative particle 가 (-ga);
* Developed from the vocative case particle 하 (-ha)/아 (-a);
* Developed from the connective ending 다가 (-daga);
* Developed from the verb 가 (ga-, “to go”);
* Borrowed from the Japanese nominative particle が (ga).

#### Particle

가 • (-ga)
* Synonym of 이 (-i, nominative case marker) used after words ending with a vowel.
    내가 말했잖아. ― Nae-ga malhaetjana. ― I said it.
    어디가 좋을까? ― eodi-ga jo'eulkka? ― Which place is best?
    의자가 있다. ― Uija-ga itda. ― There is a chair. Audio:(file)

### Etymology 2

From Middle Korean 가〮 (Yale: -ká), from Old Korean 去 (*-ka). In Old and Middle Korean, the word was not a suffix but an interrogative particle for yes-no questions, combining directly with nouns and taking the Old Korean nominalized forms of verbs, whence ㄴ가 (-n'ga) and ㄹ까 (-lkka).
In the standard Seoul dialect of the language, the suffix is no longer used in isolation (nor reserved for yes-no questions); see "Related terms" below.

#### Suffix

가 • (-ga)
* (Gyeongsang) In the plain style, an interrogative suffix marking yes-no questions. It is only used for the copula 이다 (-ida, “to be”) and 아이다 (aida, “to not be”).
    아이가? ― ai-ga? ― Isn't it?
    이기 니 이름이가? ― igi ni ireum-i-ga? ― Is this your name?
    느그들이 성제가? ― neugeu-deur-i seongje-ga? ― Are you brothers?

##### Usage notes

* Its wh-word question equivalent is 고 (-go).
* For non-copula stems, 나 (-na) is used.

##### Related terms

* 나 (-na)
* 는가 (-neun'ga)
* 던가 (-deon'ga)
* 습니까 (-seumnikka)
* 을까 (-eulkka)

#### Particle

가 • (-ga)
* (Gyeongsang) See above; sometimes appended directly to the noun, as in older forms of the language.
    이기 니 이름가? ― igi ni ireum-ga? ― Is this your name?

### Etymology 3

From Old Korean 果 (*-kwa). Unlike Middle Korean and most other dialects, Yukjin was apparently unaffected by the lenition to 와 (-wa) in intervocalic environments. Until the early twentieth century, the pronunciation was still 과 (-gwa), but it has since shifted.

#### Pronunciation

* (Yukjin) IPA: [ɡá]

#### Particle

가 • (-ga)
* Yukjin and Russia form of 과 (-gwa, “with, and”)
* Yukjin and Russia form of 와 (-wa, “with, and”)
    한 동네에 여자가 남자 살았지. (Koryo-mar, Shymkent)Han dongne-e yeojaga namja saratji.In a neighbourhood lived a lady with a man.
*   * Excerpt of the folk tale, 'The Foolish Husband who Caught a Bear with his Wife's Wisdom'.
** 2019, 곽충구 [gwakchunggu, Kwak Chung-gu], 두만강 유역의 조선어 방언 사전 [duman'gang yuyeogui joseoneo bang'eon sajeon, Dictionary of Korean Dialects of the Tumen River Area], volume II, Taehaksa, →ISBN, page 3717:내가 너느 야댜하는 쳐지다. (Yukjin)Nae-ga neo-neu yadyahaneun cheoji-da.You and I are in a relationship where we don't use honorifics.
** 2019, 곽충구 [gwakchunggu, Kwak Chung-gu], 두만강 유역의 조선어 방언 사전 [duman'gang yuyeogui joseoneo bang'eon sajeon, Dictionary of Korean Dialects of the Tumen River Area], volume II, Taehaksa, →ISBN, page 3717:슬기가 여끼 따다. (Yukjin)Seulgi-ga yeokki ttada.A leopard cat and a fox are different.
* (for a verb of speech) to
** 2019, 곽충구 [gwakchunggu, Kwak Chung-gu], 두만강 유역의 조선어 방언 사전 [duman'gang yuyeogui joseoneo bang'eon sajeon, Dictionary of Korean Dialects of the Tumen River Area], volume II, Taehaksa, →ISBN, page 3717:동미가 말했지. (Yukjin)Dongmi-ga malhaetji.I spoke to my friend.
** 2019, 곽충구 [gwakchunggu, Kwak Chung-gu], 두만강 유역의 조선어 방언 사전 [duman'gang yuyeogui joseoneo bang'eon sajeon, Dictionary of Korean Dialects of the Tumen River Area], volume II, Taehaksa, →ISBN, page 3717:네가 무스거 물어보더야? (Yukjin)ne-ga museugeo mureo-bodeoya?What were they asking [to] you?

##### Usage notes

* As mentioned above, the particle does not change depending on whether the noun ends in a vowel or not.
* There is no potential for confusion with the subject-marking particle 가 (-ga) because it is not used in Yukjin.
* Some speakers attach 가 (-ga) to both nouns being connected, as in Old or Middle Korean.

### References

* ↑ 洪允杓, 主格語尾 「-가」에 대하여, 國語學 제3집, 1975.12, 65-91.
* ↑ 고광모, 주격조사 ‘-가’의 발달, 사단법인 한국언어학회 2013년 겨울학술대회 발표논문집, 2013.12, 69-78.
* ↑ 홍윤표, 近代國語硏究(Ⅰ), 태학사, 1994, pp. 412-413.
* ↑ 이숭녕, 주격(主格) '가'의 발달(發達)과 그 해석(解釋), 국어국문학 제19권, 1958.6, 53-57.
* ↑ 辛兌鉉, 鷄林類事·華夷譯語의 朝鮮 古語 續考, 한글, 1941.3, 9-2(통권84), pp. 1-2.
* ↑ Ramstedt, G.J., Studies in Korean Etymology, 1949, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
* ↑ 李承旭, 副動詞의 虛辭化, 진단학보, (51), 1981, 183-202.
* ↑ 鄭光, 主格 ‘가’의 發達에 대하여: 近代國語資料의 解釋을 中心으로, 우리문화, 2.