# 命令
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): mìnglìng
       (Zhuyin): ㄇㄧㄥˋ ㄌㄧㄥˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): min$^4$ nin$^4$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ming$^6$ ling$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): min-lin
* Jin (Wiktionary): ming$^3$ ling$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): bēng-lēng / bǐn-lǐn
    (Teochew, Peng'im): mêng$^6$ lêng$^6$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^6$min-lin$_6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: mìnglìng
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄧㄥˋ ㄌㄧㄥˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: mìnglìng
*** Wade–Giles: ming$^4$-ling$^4$
*** Yale: mìng-lìng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: minqlinq
*** Palladius: минлин (minlin)
*** Sinological IPA : /miŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ liŋ⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: min$^4$ nin$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: minlin
*** Sinological IPA : /min²¹³ nin²¹³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ming$^6$ ling$^6$
*** Yale: mihng lihng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ming$^6$ ling$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ming$^6$ ling$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /mɪŋ²² lɪŋ²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: min-lin
*** Hakka Romanization System: min lin
*** Hagfa Pinyim: min$^4$ lin$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /min⁵⁵ lin⁵⁵/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: ming$^3$ ling$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /miŋ⁴⁵ liŋ⁴⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bēng-lēng
*** Tâi-lô: bīng-līng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: bexngleng
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /biɪŋ²²⁻²¹ liɪŋ²²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /biɪŋ³³⁻²¹ liɪŋ³³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /biɪŋ³³⁻¹¹ liɪŋ³³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /biɪŋ⁴¹⁻²² liɪŋ⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Longyan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bǐn-lǐn
*** Tâi-lô: bǐn-lǐn
*** IPA (Longyan): /bin⁵³⁻¹¹ lin⁵³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: mêng$^6$ lêng$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: mĕng lĕng
*** Sinological IPA : /meŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ leŋ³⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai, Jiaxing)
*** Wugniu: $^6$min-lin$_6$
*** MiniDict: min$^去$ lin$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$min-lin$_3$
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /min²² lin⁴⁴/
*** Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /min¹³ lin²¹/

### Noun

命令
* order; command; directive
    執行命令／执行命令 ― zhíxíng mìnglìng ― to execute an order
       Shéi chuándá de zhè dào mìnglìng? [Pinyin]
       Who passed on this order?

#### Synonyms

* 上級給下級的指示 / 上级给下级的指示 (shàngjí gěi xiàjí de zhǐshì)
* 令
* 指令 (zhǐlìng)
* 號令 / 号令 (hàolìng)
* 誡命 / 诫命 (jièmìng) (literary)

### Verb

命令
* to order; to command

#### Synonyms

* 下令 (xiàlìng)
* 令
* 吩咐 (fēnfù)
* 指令 (zhǐlìng)
* 申令 (shēnlìng) (formal)
* 著令 (zhuólìng)
* 號令 / 号令 (hàolìng)
* 責令 / 责令 (zélìng)
* 責成 / 责成 (zéchéng)
* 飭令 / 饬令 (chìlìng) (dated, usually in official documents)

### Derived terms

* 命令主義 / 命令主义 (mìnglìngzhǔyì)
* 命令句 (mìnglìngjù)
* 命令式
* 支付命令
* 法庭命令 (fǎtíng mìnglìng)
* 緊急命令 / 紧急命令
* 行政命令 (xíngzhèng mìnglìng)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 命令(めいれい) (meirei)
* → Korean: 명령(命令) (myeongnyeong)
* → Vietnamese: mệnh lệnh (命令)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 命 | 令 |
| めい Grade: 3 | れい Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) めーれー [mèéréé] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [me̞ːɾe̞ː]

### Noun

命(めい)令(れい) • (meirei)
* order, direction, instruction, commandment
    命令(めいれい)を受(う)ける
       meirei o ukeru
       to receive a command
    命令(めいれい)だ。
       Meirei da.
       It's an order.
    ご主人様(しゅじんさま)、ご命令(めいれい)を。
       Go-shujin-sama, go-meirei o.
       I await your orders, master.
* decree from a court

### Verb

命(めい)令(れい)する • (meirei suru) transitive suru (stem 命(めい)令(れい)し (meirei shi), past 命(めい)令(れい)した (meirei shita))
* to order, to command
    Synonym: 命ずる
* to issue a decree

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 命令し | めいれいし | meirei shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 命令し | めいれいし | meirei shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 命令する | めいれいする | meirei suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 命令する | めいれいする | meirei suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 命令すれ | めいれいすれ | meirei sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 命令せよ¹ 命令しろ² | めいれいせよ¹ めいれいしろ² | meirei seyo¹ meirei shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 命令される | めいれいされる | meirei sareru |
| Causative | 命令させる 命令さす | めいれいさせる めいれいさす | meirei saseru meirei sasu |
| Potential | 命令できる | めいれいできる | meirei dekiru |
| Volitional | 命令しよう | めいれいしよう | meirei shiyō |
| Negative | 命令しない | めいれいしない | meirei shinai |
| Negative continuative | 命令せず | めいれいせず | meirei sezu |
| Formal | 命令します | めいれいします | meirei shimasu |
| Perfective | 命令した | めいれいした | meirei shita |
| Conjunctive | 命令して | めいれいして | meirei shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 命令すれば | めいれいすれば | meirei sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### Derived terms

* 命(めい)令(れい)法(ほう) (meireihō, “imperative mood”)

### Related terms

* 指(し)令(れい) (shirei, “order, command”)
* 指(さし)図(ず) (sashizu, “instruction”)

### References

* 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 命 | 令 |

### Noun

命令 • (myeongnyeong) (hangeul 명령)
* hanja form of 명령 (“order, command”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 命 | 令 |

### Verb

命令
* chữ Hán form of mệnh lệnh (“to command”).

### Noun

命令
* chữ Hán form of mệnh lệnh (“command; order”).