# 刮

| 刮 | U+522E, &#21038; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-522E |
| ← 刭 [U+522D] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 刯 → [U+522F] |

## Translingual
### Han character

刮 (Kangxi radical 18, 刀+6, 8 strokes, cangjie input 竹口中弓 (HRLN), four-corner 2260$_0$, composition ⿰舌刂)

#### Derived characters

* 𠵯, 𢯔, 𣈛, 𠟥, 𮢏

### Further reading

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 138, character 29
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1943
* Dae Jaweon: page 314, character 7
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 335, character 3
* Unihan data for U+522E

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 咶 | *qʰroːds, *qʰroːds, *ɡroːd |
| 話 | *ɡroːds |
| 刮 | *kroːd |
| 鴰 | *kroːd, *koːd |
| 趏 | *kroːd, *kʰroːd |
| 舌 | *ɡroːd, *ɦbljed |
| 姡 | *ɡroːd, *ɡoːd |
| 頢 | *ɡroːd, *koːd |
| 括 | *koːd |
| 活 | *koːd, *ɡoːd |
| 适 | *koːd, *kʰoːd |
| 栝 | *koːd, *l̥ʰeːmʔ |
| 佸 | *koːd, *ɡoːd |
| 髺 | *koːd |
| 聒 | *koːd |
| 銛 | *koːd, *slem, *l̥ʰeːmʔ |
| 葀 | *koːd |
| 懖 | *koːd |
| 筈 | *koːd, *kʰoːd |
| 萿 | *koːd |
| 蛞 | *kʰoːd |
| 闊 | *kʰoːd |
| 秳 | *ɡoːd |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kroːd) : phonetic 𠯑 (OC *ɡroːd) + semantic 刀 (“knife”).

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): guā (gua$^1$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄚ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): гуа (gua, II)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gwaat$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): koat
    (Meixian, Guangdong): guad$^5$
* Jin (Wiktionary): guah$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): koat / koah / kuih / koeh / khe / khoe
    (Teochew, Peng'im): guêh$^4$ / guah$^4$ / huah$^4$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^7$kuaq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: guā
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄚ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gua
*** Wade–Giles: kua$^1$
*** Yale: gwā
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gua
*** Palladius: гуа (gua)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku̯ä⁵⁵/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: гуа (gua, II)
*** Sinological IPA : /kua⁵¹/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gwaat$^3$
*** Yale: gwaat
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gwaat$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: guad$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʷaːt̚³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: koat
*** Hakka Romanization System: guad$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: guad$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /ku̯at̚²/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: guad$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /kuat̚¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: guah$^4$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /kuaʔ²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: koat
*** Tâi-lô: kuat
*** Phofsit Daibuun: koad
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kuat̚⁵/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kuat̚³²/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: koah
*** Tâi-lô: kuah
*** Phofsit Daibuun: koaq
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kuaʔ⁵/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kuaʔ³²/
** (Hokkien: Taipei, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kuih
*** Tâi-lô: kuih
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kuiq
*** IPA (Taipei, Xiamen): /kuiʔ³²/
** (Hokkien: Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: koeh
*** Tâi-lô: kueh
*** Phofsit Daibuun: koeq
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kueʔ³²/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khe
*** Tâi-lô: khe
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qef
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Zhangzhou): /kʰe⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, variant in Taiwan, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khoe
*** Tâi-lô: khue
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qoef
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰue³³/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen): /kʰue⁴⁴/
* koat - literary;
* koah - vernacular;
* kuih/koeh - vernacular (俗);
* khe/khoe - 磎 is used in the Mainland.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit刮 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /kua⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /kua²¹³/ ～風 /kʰua⁴⁴/ ～鬍子 |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /kuɑ¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /kua²¹³/ /kʰua²¹³/ ～臉 |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /kua⁵⁵/ ～風 /kʰua⁵⁵/ ～臉 |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /kua²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /kua²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /kua⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /kua¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /kua¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /kua²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /kua²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /kua³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /kua²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /kua̠³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /kuɑʔ⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /kuɐʔ⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /kuaʔ²/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /kuʌʔ¹³/ ～風 /kuɑ¹³/ ～鬍子 |
| Jin | Hohhot | /kuaʔ⁴³/ ～風 /kua³¹/ 耳～子 |
| Wu | Shanghai | /kuaʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /kuaʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /kuɑʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ko²¹³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /kuaʔ²¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /kuːə⁵/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /kua²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /kuɒ²⁴/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /kuaʔ⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /kuat̚¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /kuɑt̚²²/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /kwat̚³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /kʷat̚³³/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /kwat̚³/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kuat̚³²/ /kuaʔ³²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kuɑʔ²³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kua²⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /kuaʔ²/ /kueʔ²/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /kuak̚⁵/ |
* Middle Chinese: kwaet
Rime :
| Character | 刮 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 黠 (72) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 古䫄切 |
| Baxter | kwaet |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠuat̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʷᵚat̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kuɐt̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kwaɨt̚/ |
| Li Rong | /kuat̚/ |
| Wang Li | /kwat̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kwăt̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gua |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gwaat$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[kʷˤ]r[a]t/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kroːd/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 刮 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | guā |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kwæt › |
| Old Chinese | /*[kʷˁ]r[a]t/ |
| English | scrape (v.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 刮 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 7559 |
| Phonetic component | 桰 |
| Rime group | 月 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 刮 |
| Old Chinese | /*kroːd/ |

#### Definitions

刮
* to shave; to pare off; to scrape
       m$^4$ siu$^2$ sam$^1$ bei$^2$ di$^1$ je$^5$ gwaat$^3$ can$^1$ [Jyutping]
       to accidentally scrape oneself on something
    From: Wu Jingzi, The Scholars, 1750 CE
    Zǒu dào chúxià, bǎ yú jiē zài shǒu nèi, ná dāo guā le sān sì guā, līn zhù wěibā, wàng gǔntāng guō lǐ yī guàn. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* Alternative form of 颳 / 刮 (guā, “to blow”)
* to wipe; to sweep
* to plunder; to extort
* (colloquial) to reprimand; to scold
* (Cantonese, slang) to find someone
       faai$^3$ di$^1$ heoi$^3$ gwaat$^3$ keoi$^5$ ceot$^1$ lei$^4$ laa$^1$! [Jyutping]
       Hurry up and go look for him!

#### Compounds

* 刮削
* 刮痧 (guāshā)
* 刮目相看 (guāmùxiāngkàn)
* 刮臉 / 刮脸 (guāliǎn)
* 刮補 / 刮补
* 刮鬍子 / 刮胡子 (guā húzi)
* 打耳刮子
* 搜刮 (sōuguā)
* 耳刮子

#### Descendants

* → Thai: กวาด (gwàat)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): guad$^6$
* Hakka
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: guad$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /kuat̚⁵/

#### Definitions

刮
* (Hakka) very
    刮唔好意思 [Meixian Hakka] ― guad$^6$ m$^2$ hau$^3$ yi$^4$ si$^1$ [Hakka Transliteration Scheme] ― very embarrassed

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 甚, 孔 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 很, 非常, 十分 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 挺, 很, 倍兒, 怪 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 很, 好, 非常, 超, 蠻, 超級 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 很 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 很, 蠻, 非常 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 挺, 很, 傻, 老, 倍兒, 齁兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 挺, 楞 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 很 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 很, 好 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 很 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 蠻, 很 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 蠻, 稀, 很 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 很 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 好, 非常之 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 好, 非常, 非常之, 超, 勁, 十分之, 無敵 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 好 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 好, 十分之 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 好 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 好 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 好, 非常之, 非常 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 蠻 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 好, 刮, 已, 還, 異, 還 exclamation |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 好 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Meilin) | 好 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 頂 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 好 |
| Hakka | Changting | 野 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 已, 刮 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 樣 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 好 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 蠻 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 蠻 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 蠻 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 當, 已, 還 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 蓋, 盡, 還 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 當, 盡, 已, 還 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 當, 已, 還 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 當, 已, 還 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 足, 真, 實在 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 好 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Bao'an) | 好 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 很 |
| Hakka | Singapore (Dabu) | 好 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 很, 挺 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 盡 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 野, 真 |
| Eastern Min | Singapore (Fuqing) | 真 |
| Eastern Min | Sitiawan (Gutian) | 真 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 真, 野, 誠, 有夠, 萬代, 死人, 非常, 真正, 設汰, 一 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 真 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 真, 野, 誠, 有夠, 萬代, 死人, 設汰 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 野 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 盡, 蓋, 足, 足範, 有夠, 出奇, 極死, 見死, 死了了, 死人, 設汰, 設汰仔 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 很, 真, 死絕, 好, 非常 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 真, 非常 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 真, 誠 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 真, 誠 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 有夠, 足, 真, 誠, 蓋 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 有夠, 足, 誠, 盡 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 真, 誠 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 誠, 蓋, 足 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 有夠, 足, 真, 誠, 蓋 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 真, 誠 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 足, 誠 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 真, 誠 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 真, 誠, 真正 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 真, 死爸, 真正, 誠, 足, 有夠 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 野, 真, 萬代, 真誠, 誠, 有夠 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 過, 好, 非常, 死爸 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 過, 鐵, 好, 很, 死爸, 死絕 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 好, 死絕 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 好, 非常 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 過, 好, 死爸, 死絕 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 好 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 好 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 真, 死爸, 非常 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 極, 但顧, 真 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 但顧 |
| Southern Min | Qionghai | 但顧, 真 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 但顧, 真 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 好, 蠻 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 蠻, 老, 邪氣, 老老, 瞎, 絕, 十分, 十二萬分, 非常, 非常之, 畢, 畢畢, 來得, 來得個, 煞, 交關, 十二分 rare, 窮 dated, 野 dated, 邪 dated |
| Wu | Suzhou | 蠻, 窮 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 蠻, 交關, 木佬佬, 冒 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 交關, 蠻, 堪, 𣍐好, 𣍐派, 甮派, 出格, 木牢牢 rare, 猛 rare |
| Wu | Zhoushan | 交關, 蠻, 猛, 堪, 出格, 木牢牢 rare |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 蠻, 蒙, 顯 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 很, 蠻 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 蠻 |

### References

* “刮”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): かつ (katsu)、けち (kechi)
* Kun: けずる (kezuru, 刮る)、きさぐ (kisagu, 刮ぐ)、きさげ (kisage)、こそぐ (kosogu, 刮ぐ)、こそげる (kosogeru, 刮げる)

#### Compounds

* 刮(かつ)眼(がん) (katsugan)
* 刮(かつ)目(もく) (katsumoku)

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 刮 (MC kwaet).

### Hanja

Wikisource 刮 (eumhun 깎을 괄 (kkakkeul gwal))
* hanja form of 괄 (“to cut; to shave; to peel”)

#### Compounds

* 괄구마광 (刮垢摩光, gwalgumagwang)
* 괄목 (刮目, gwalmok)
* 괄목상대 (刮目相對, gwalmoksangdae)
* 괄삭 (刮削, gwalsak)
* 귀배괄모 (龜背刮毛, gwibaegwalmo)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Alternative forms

* 𠜵 (quát)

### Han character

刮: Hán Việt readings: quát
刮: Nôm readings: quát
* chữ Hán form of quát (“to scrape off; to pare; to make thin”).
* Nôm form of quát (“to shout; to storm; to yell”).

### References

* 1 2 3 Bonet (1899).
* ↑ Trần (2004).
* 1 2 Génibrel (1898).
* ↑ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).