OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# ꦮꦢꦤ
## Javanese
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Javanese wadana (“face; chief, head”), from Sanskrit वदन (vadana, “mouth, face”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /wa.da.na/, /wa.dɔ.nɔ/
* Rhymes: -na
* Hyphenation: wa‧da‧na

### Noun

ꦮꦢꦤ (wadana)
* face
    Synonym: ꦫꦲꦶ (rahi)
* (literary) mouth
* (literary) leader
* head of an administrative district.

#### Alternative forms

* ꦮꦼꦢꦤ (wedana)

#### Derived terms

* ꦏꦮꦢꦤ (kawadana)
* ꦩꦢꦤꦤꦶ (madanani)

#### Descendants

* → Indonesian: wedana (“assistant regent”)

### Further reading

* The Linguistic Center of Yogyakarta (2011) “wadana”, in Kamus Basa Jawa (Bausastra Jawa) [Javanese Language Dictionary (Javanese Dictionary)] (in Javanese), 2nd edition, Yogyakarta: Kanisius, →ISBN
# ком
## Ossetian
### Noun

ком • (kom)
* (Iron, Digor) mouth, jaws
* canyon, ravine, gorge
* blade, point, cutting edge

#### Derived terms

* ком бӕттын (kom bættyn)
* ком дарын (kom daryn)
* ком дӕттын (kom dættyn)
* ком раттын (kom rattyn)
* коммӕ кӕсын (kommæ kæsyn)

### References

* Abajev, V. I. (1958–1995) Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Ossetian Language] (in Russian), Moscow and Leningrad: Academy Press
* Bigulajev, B. B., Gagkajev, K. Je., Kulajev, N. X., Tuajeva, O. N. (1970) “ком”, in A. M. Kasajev, editor, Осетинско-русский словарь [Ossetian–Russian Dictionary], 3rd edition, Ordzhonikidze: Ir
* Takazov, F. M. (2003) “ком”, in Дигорско-русский словарь [Digor–Russian Dictionary], Vladikavkaz: Alania

## Russian
### Alternative forms

* комъ (kom) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kom]
* Audio:(file)

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *komъ.

#### Noun

ком • (kom) m inan (genitive ко́ма, nominative plural ко́мья$^*$, genitive plural ко́мьев$^*$) (* The plural noun forms are non-standard.)
* lump, clod
    пе́рвый блин всегда́ ко́мом ― pérvyj blin vsegdá kómom ― you must spoil before you spin, practice makes perfect (literally, “first pancake is always a blob”)

##### Declension

$^△$Irregular. $^*$The plural noun forms are non-standard.

##### Related terms

* комо́к m (komók)
* ко́мкать (kómkatʹ)

##### Descendants

* → Ingrian: koma

### Etymology 2
#### Pronoun

ком • (kom)
* prepositional of кто (kto)

### Etymology 3
#### Noun

ком • (kom) f inan pl
* genitive plural of ко́ма (kóma)

## Serbo-Croatian
### Pronunciation

* (dative) IPA: /kôm/
* (locative) IPA: /kǒm/

### Pronoun

ко̏м (Latin spelling kȍm) or ко̀м (Latin spelling kòm)
* to whom (dative)
* who (locative)

#### Declension
## Tatar
### Noun

ком • (qom)
* sand

## Ukrainian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kɔm]

### Noun

ком • (kom) f inan
* genitive plural of ко́ма (kóma)

## Urum
### Noun

ком • (kom)
* farm
# sebevražedný
## Czech
### Etymology

From sebevražda +‎ -ný.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈsɛbɛvraʒɛdniː]

### Adjective

sebevražedný
* suicidal

#### Related terms

* sebevrah m
* sebevražda f

### Further reading

* “sebevražedný”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “sebevražedný”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
# scissio
## Latin
### Etymology

From scindō (“I cut, cleave, divide”) (supine scissum) +‎ -tiō (“-tion”, abstract noun suffix).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈskis.si.oː/, [ˈs̠kɪs̠ːioː]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈʃis.si.o/, [ˈʃisːio]

### Noun

scissiō f (genitive scissiōnis); third declension
* A cleaving, dividing, scission (of a number).

#### Declension

Third-declension noun.

#### Related terms

* scindō
* scindula
* scissilis
* scissim
* scissus

#### Descendants

* Catalan: escissió
* English: scission
* French: scission
* Italian: scissione
* Portuguese: cisão, cissão
* Spanish: escisión

### References

* “scissio”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* scissio in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* scissio in Ramminger, Johann (2016 July 16 (last accessed)) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎, pre-publication website, 2005-2016
# gasconne
## French
### Noun

gasconne f (plural gasconnes)
* Gascon (breed)
    Synonym: gasconne des Pyrénées
    Hypernym: grise des steppes

#### Derived terms

* gasconne aréolée
* gasconne des Pyrénées

### Adjective

gasconne
* feminine singular of gascon

### Further reading

* “gasconne”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
# root rot
## English
### Alternative forms

* rootrot

### Etymology

Compound of root +‎ rot.

### Noun

root rot (countable and uncountable, plural root rots)
* (phytopathology) Any of several plant fungal diseases caused by having overwet roots.
    Hyponym: root disease

#### Derived terms

* Armillaria root rot
* black root rot
* cotton root rot
* Fusarium root rot
* laminated root rot
* mushroom root rot
* raspberry root rot
* shoestring root rot
* Texas root rot
* Thielaviopsis root rot
* Tomentosus root rot
* violet root rot
# legionela
## Portuguese
### Etymology

Borrowed from translingual Legionella. Compare Spanish legionela.

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /le.ʒi.oˈnɛ.lɐ/ [le.ʒɪ.oˈnɛ.lɐ], (faster pronunciation) /le.ʒjoˈnɛ.lɐ/
* (Brazil) IPA: /le.ʒi.oˈnɛ.lɐ/ [le.ʒɪ.oˈnɛ.lɐ], (faster pronunciation) /le.ʒjoˈnɛ.lɐ/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /le.ʒi.oˈnɛ.la/ [le.ʒɪ.oˈnɛ.la], (faster pronunciation) /le.ʒjoˈnɛ.la/
* (Portugal) IPA: /lɨ.ʒjuˈnɛ.lɐ/
* Hyphenation: le‧gi‧o‧ne‧la

### Noun

legionela f (plural legionelas)
* Legionnaires' disease

#### Related terms

* legião
* legionário
* ler

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /lexjoˈnela/ [le.xjoˈne.la]
* Rhymes: -ela
* Syllabification: le‧gio‧ne‧la

### Noun

legionela f (uncountable)
* Legionnaires' disease
** 2016 December, “Hermana Paciencia: una gran sonrisa contra el Ébola - Diario Rombe”, in Diario Rombe‎, archived from the original on 2 December 2020:por qué se le ha dado bombo a esta enfermedad y no otras como a la legionela cuando ésta se ha cobrado 10 muertes (8 más que el ébola)?(please add an English translation of this quotation)

### Further reading

* “legionela”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# gascon
## French
### Etymology

Inherited from Middle French gascon, from Old French gascon, Guascuinz, gascoign, gascun, from Latin vascōnem, from Proto-Basque or Aquitanian euskara. The initial -g- is likely due to influence from Germanic (Visigothic) pronunciation. Doublet of basque.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡas.kɔ̃/

### Adjective

gascon (feminine gasconne, masculine plural gascons, feminine plural gasconnes)
* Gascon

### Noun

gascon m (uncountable)
* Gascon

#### Coordinate terms

* niçois
* provençal
* languedocien
* limousin
* auvergnat

#### Derived terms

* gasconisme
* gasconnade
* gasconner
* gasconnisme

#### Related terms

* basque
* Gascogne
* vascon

### Further reading

* “gascon”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

### Anagrams

* cognas, congas

## Occitan
### Etymology

From Old Occitan [Term?], from Latin vascōnem, from Proto-Basque or Aquitanian euskara. The initial -g- is likely due to influence from Germanic (Visigothic) pronunciation.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Noun

gascon m (plural gascons, feminine gascona, feminine plural gasconas)
* (uncountable) Gascon dialect
* (countable) Gascon (person)

### Adjective

gascon m (feminine singular gascona, masculine plural gascons, feminine plural gasconas)
* Gascon (all meanings)

## Old French
### Alternative forms

* Guascuinz, gascoign, gascun

### Etymology

From Latin vascōnem, from Proto-Basque or Aquitanian euskara. The initial -g- is likely due to influence from Germanic (Visigothic) pronunciation.

### Adjective

gascon m (oblique and nominative feminine singular gascone)
* Gascon (all meanings)

#### Descendants

* Middle French: gascon
** French: gascon
# likuiditas
## Indonesian
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin liquiditas.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [likuiˈd̪it̪as]
* Hyphenation: li‧ku‧i‧di‧tas

### Noun

likuiditas (uncountable)
* liquidity.

#### Related terms

* likuid
* likuida
* likuidasi
* likuidator

### Further reading

* “likuiditas” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.
# geofisika
## Indonesian
### Etymology

From Dutch geofysica.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɡeofiˈsika]
* Hyphenation: gé‧o‧fi‧si‧ka

### Noun

geofisika (uncountable)
* geophysics.

#### Related terms

* fisika
* geologi

### Further reading

* “geofisika” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.
# gerbong
## Indonesian
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡərˈbɔŋ/
* Rhymes: -bɔŋ
* Hyphenation: gêr‧bong

### Noun

gêrbong
* coach (railroad car drawn by a locomotive)
* train wagon

#### Derived terms

* bergerbong
* segerbong
* gerbong administrasi
* gerbong datar
* gerbong kereta
* gerbong kereta
* gerbong koalisi
* gerbong kuda
* gerbong lekuk
* gerbong makan
* gerbong ternak
* gerbong tidur

### Further reading

* “gerbong” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.
# barrejar
## Catalan
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin verrere (“sweep”) + -ejar.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [bə.rəˈʒa]
* IPA: (Valencia) [ba.reˈd͡ʒaɾ]
* Audio:(file)
* Homophone: barrejà
* Rhymes: -a(ɾ)

### Verb

barrejar (first-person singular present barrejo, first-person singular preterite barregí, past participle barrejat); root stress: (Central) /ɛ/; (Valencia) /e/; (Balearic) /ə/
* (transitive, intransitive, pronominal) to mix (mix together)
    Synonym: mesclar

#### Derived terms

* aiguabarrejar
* barreig
* barreja
* barrejadís
* barrejadissa
* barrejadora

### References

* “barrejar” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

### Further reading

* “barrejar” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “barrejar”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025
* “barrejar” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.

## Occitan
### Etymology

Akin to the above Catalan verb.

### Pronunciation

* Audio (Gascony):(file)

### Verb

barrejar
* to mix (mix together)
# ꦒꦺꦒꦺꦂ
## Javanese
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Javanese geger (“tumultuous confusion”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡɛ.ɡɛr/
* Rhymes: -ɡɛr
* Hyphenation: gè‧gèr

### Noun

ꦒꦺꦒꦺꦂ (gègèr)
* chaos, tumult, turbulence.

#### Derived terms

* ꦒꦺꦒꦺꦫꦤ꧀ (gègèran)
* ꦔ꧀ꦒꦺꦒꦺꦫꦏꦺ (nggègèraké)

#### Descendants

* → Indonesian: geger

### Further reading

* The Linguistic Center of Yogyakarta (2011) “gègèr”, in Kamus Basa Jawa (Bausastra Jawa) [Javanese Language Dictionary (Javanese Dictionary)] (in Javanese), 2nd edition, Yogyakarta: Kanisius, →ISBN
# επίδραση
## Greek
### Etymology

Learnedly from επιδρώ (epidró) +‎ -ση (-si). Alternatively analyzable as επί (epí) +‎ δράση (drási).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /eˈpi.ðɾa.si/
* Hyphenation: ε‧πί‧δρα‧ση

### Noun

επίδραση • (epídrasi) f (plural επιδράσεις)
* effect
* impact (a significant or strong influence or effect)
* influence

#### Declension

Older or formal genitive singular: επιδράσεως (epidráseos)

#### Derived terms

* αλληλεπίδραση f (allilepídrasi)

#### Related terms

* see: επιδρώ (epidró)

### References

* ↑ επίδραση, in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998 at the Centre for the Greek language
# sol·licitar
## Catalan
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin sollicitāre. First attested in the 14th century.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central) [sul.li.siˈta]
* IPA: (Balearic) [sol.li.siˈta]
* IPA: (Valencia) [sol.li.siˈtaɾ]
* Rhymes: -a(ɾ)

### Verb

sol·licitar (first-person singular present sol·licito, first-person singular preterite sol·licití, past participle sol·licitat)
* to request; to ask for
* to encourage; to put pressure on (someone to do something)

#### Related terms

* sol·lícit
* sol·licitació
* sol·licitador
* sol·licitant
* sol·licitud

### References

* ↑ “sol·licitar”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025

### Further reading

* “sol·licitar” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “sol·licitar” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
* “sol·licitar” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
# kilted
## English
### Etymology

From kilt +‎ -ed.

### Adjective

kilted
* Having on a kilt.
* Plaited after the manner of kilting.
* Tucked or fastened up; said of petticoats, etc.

#### Synonyms

* (wearing a kilt): bekilted

#### Derived terms

* high-kilted
* kilted sausage

### Anagrams

* kidlet
# decay time
## English
### Noun

decay time (countable and uncountable, plural decay times)
* (physics) The amount of time required for a collection of atoms of a specific radionuclide to decay to a fraction of the initial number, equivalent to 1/e, where e = 2.71828.

#### Derived terms

* gust decay time
* pulse decay time

### Anagrams

* time decay
# visitasi
## Indonesian
### Etymology

From Dutch visitatie, from Middle French [Term?], from Old French visitacion, from Latin vīsitātiō.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [visiˈtasi]
* Hyphenation: vi‧si‧ta‧si

### Noun

visitasi (uncountable)
* visit, visitation.
    Synonym: kunjungan

#### Related terms

* visite

### Further reading

* “visitasi” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.
# diversitat
## Catalan
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin dīversitātem.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central) [di.βər.siˈtat]
* IPA: (Balearic) [di.vər.siˈtat]
* IPA: (Valencia) [di.veɾ.siˈtat]

### Noun

diversitat f (plural diversitats)
* diversity (state or quality of being diverse)

#### Derived terms

* biodiversitat
* neurodiversitat

#### Related terms

* divers

### Further reading

* “diversitat” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “diversitat”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025
* “diversitat” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
* “diversitat” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
# stupide
## Danish
### Adjective

stupide
* inflection of stupid:
** definite singular
** plural

## French
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin stupidus (“struck senseless, amazed”), from stupeō (“be amazed or confounded, be struck senseless”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sty.pid/
* Audio:(file)
* Audio (Paris):(file)

### Adjective

stupide (plural stupides)
* stupid
    Synonym: con
** 2005 November 1, “Humour de rire : Zoo Zin Zin [Humor for Laughs: Zoo Zin Zin]”, in Picsou Magazine (fiction), Disney Hachette Presse, page 144:Un hamster stupide se balade au bord d’une rivière. Tout à coup, il aperçoit son copain le hamster crétin de l’autre côté de la rive. Il veut le rejoindre et l’appelle : - Eh ! Hamster crétin, comment faire pour passer de l’autre côté de la rivière ? - Hamster stupide… T’es déjà de l’autre côté !A stupid hamster is walking on the riverside. All of sudden, he sees his buddy, the cretin hamster, on the other side of the bank. He wants to join him and calls him: - Hey! Cretin hamster, how can I get to the other side of the river? - Stupid hamster… Yer awready on the other side!

#### Related terms

* stupéfier
* stupeur

### Further reading

* “stupide”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

### Anagrams

* dispute, disputé

## Italian
### Adjective

stupide f pl
* feminine plural of stupido

### Noun

stupide f pl
* feminine plural of stupido

### Anagrams

* dispute

## Latin
### Adjective

stupide
* vocative masculine singular of stupidus

## Romanian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [stuˈpide]

### Adjective

stupide f pl or n pl
* feminine/neuter plural of stupid
# ցերեկ
## Armenian
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Armenian ցերեկ (cʻerek).

### Pronunciation

* (Eastern Armenian) IPA: /t͡sʰeˈɾek/, [t͡sʰeɾék]
* (Western Armenian) IPA: /t͡seˈɾeɡ/, [t͡sʰeɾéɡ]
* Audio (Eastern Armenian):(file)

### Noun

ցերեկ • (cʻerek)
* daytime, day, morning or afternoon
    Synonyms: օր (ōr), (archaic) տիվ (tiv)

#### Declension
## Old Armenian
### Alternative forms

* ցերեակ (cʻereak)
* ցորեկ (cʻorek) — dialectal

### Etymology

ց- (cʻ-, “until”) +‎ երեկ (erek, “evening”)

### Noun

ցերեկ • (cʻerek)
* daytime, day
    զցայգ եւ զցերեկ ― zcʻayg ew zcʻerek ― day and night
    զցերեակ ― zcʻereak ― all day long

#### Declension

the declension here follows Baṙgirkʿ Haykazean Lezui

### Adverb

ցերեկ • (cʻerek)
* by day, in daytime, during the day, in broad daylight
    զօրն ցերեկ ― zōrn cʻerek ― all day long

#### Derived terms

* ցերեկապահ (cʻerekapah)
* ցերեկութիւն (cʻerekutʻiwn)

#### Descendants

* Armenian: ցերեկ (cʻerek)

### References

* Petrosean, Matatʻeay (1879) “ցերեկ”, in Nor Baṙagirkʻ Hay-Angliarēn [New Dictionary Armenian–English], Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
* Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1971–1979) “ցերեկ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, Yerevan: University Press
* “ցերեկ”, in Baṙgirkʻ Haykazean lezui [Dictionary of the Armenian Language] (in Old Armenian), Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy, 1749–1769
# ոստայն
## Armenian
### Etymology

From Old Armenian ոստայն (ostayn).

### Pronunciation

* (Eastern Armenian) IPA: /vosˈtɑjn/, [vostɑ́jn]
* (Western Armenian) IPA: /vosˈdɑjn/, [vostɑ́jn]

### Noun

ոստայն • (ostayn)
* (spider's) web, cobweb
* (archaic) weaver's loom
* (archaic) yarn, thread

#### Synonyms

* (spider’s web): սարդոստայն (sardostayn)

## Old Armenian
### Etymology

Uncertain.
According to Ačaṙean, analyzable as *ոստ (*ost) +‎ -այն (-ayn), the *ոստ (*ost) being of unknown origin and surviving in modern dialects as ոստ (ost, “the spun yarn collected around the spindle”).
According to Olsen, *ոստ (*ost) might go back to Proto-Indo-European *poḱ-ti-, ultimately from *peḱ-, whence also Old English feht and Middle Dutch vacht, and -այն (-ayn) may be from Proto-Indo-European *ten- (“to stretch, to extend”).
J̌ahukyan connects with ոստ (ost, “branch, bough; knot, joint”), assuming Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“to sit”) is underlying both, because textile "sits" on the spindle.

### Noun

ոստայն • (ostayn)
* texture, tissue, web, weft
    ոստայն սարդի ― ostayn sardi ― cob-web, spider's web
    խզել զոստայն կենաց ― xzel zostayn kenacʻ ― to cut the thread of life

#### Derived terms

* միոստայնի (miostayni)
* ոստայնագործ (ostaynagorc)
* ոստայնագործեմ (ostaynagorcem)
* ոստայնանգութիւն (ostaynangutʻiwn)
* ոստայնանկ (ostaynank)
* ոստայնանկեմ (ostaynankem)
* ոստայնանկութիւն (ostaynankutʻiwn)
* սարդիոստայն (sardiostayn)

#### Descendants

* Armenian: ոստայն (ostayn)

### References

* ↑ Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1977) “ոստայն”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume III, Yerevan: University Press, page 569b
* ↑ Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pages 285–286
* ↑ Olsen, Birgit Anette (2017 July 26) “Armenian Textile Terminology”, in Gaspa, Salvatore, Michel, Cécile, Nosch, Marie-Louise, editors, Textile Terminologies from the Orient to the Mediterranean and Europe, 1000 BC to 1000 AD‎, Lincoln, Nebraska: Zea Books, →DOI, →ISBN, page 190
* ↑ J̌ahukyan, Geworg (1979) “Stugabanutʻyunner [Etymologies]”, in Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri [Herald of the Social Sciences]‎ (in Armenian), number 3, Yerevan: Academy Press, page 30 of 23–34
* ↑ J̌ahukyan, Geworg (2010) “ոստ I”, in Vahan Sargsyan, editor, Hayeren stugabanakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), Yerevan: Asoghik, page 604ab

### Further reading

* Awetikʻean, G., Siwrmēlean, X., Awgerean, M. (1836–1837) “ոստայն”, in Nor baṙgirkʻ haykazean lezui [New Dictionary of the Armenian Language] (in Old Armenian), Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
* Petrosean, Matatʻeay (1879) “ոստայն”, in Nor Baṙagirkʻ Hay-Angliarēn [New Dictionary Armenian–English], Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy, page 565a
# virgatus
## Latin
### Etymology

From virga (“twig, switch”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /u̯irˈɡaː.tus/, [u̯ɪrˈɡäːt̪ʊs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /virˈɡa.tus/, [virˈɡäːt̪us]

### Adjective

virgātus (feminine virgāta, neuter virgātum); first/second-declension adjective
* made of twigs
* striped

#### Declension

First/second-declension adjective.

#### Related terms

* virga
* virgātor
* virgētum
* virgeus
* vīrgidēmia

#### Descendants

* English: virgate
* French: vergé
* Italian: vergato
* Megleno-Romanian: virgat
* Romanian: vărgat

### References

* “virgatus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “virgatus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* virgatus in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* virgatus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
# excello
## Latin
### Etymology

From ex- +‎ Proto-Italic *kelnō (“to rise”), a lost verb whose past participle resulted in celsus, from Proto-Indo-European *kelH- (“to rise”) (whence collis, columen etc.).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /eksˈkel.loː/, [ɛks̠ˈkɛlːʲoː]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /eksˈt͡ʃel.lo/, [eksˈt͡ʃɛlːo]

### Verb

excellō (present infinitive excellere, perfect active excelluī, supine excelsum); third conjugation
* to elevate, raise up
    Synonyms: levō, ēlevō, allevō, ērigō, tollō, scandō, ēvehō, efferō, sublīmō, surgō, ēdō
    Antonyms: dēiciō, abiciō
* to rise, elevate oneself
* to exult, be elated
* to excel, surpass
    Synonyms: antecēdō, anteeō, praeēmineō, trānseō
* to be eminent
    Synonyms: ēmineō, exstō, liqueō, antecēdō, praeēmineō, ēniteō

#### Derived terms

* excellēns
* excellenter
* excellentia
* excelsē
* excelsitās
* excelsum
* excelsus

#### Related terms

* antecellō
* praecellō

#### Descendants

* Catalan: excel·lir
* English: excel
* French: exceller
* Italian: eccellere
* Occitan: excellir
* Romanian: excela
* Portuguese: exceler

### References

* “excello”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “excello”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* excello in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. the aristocracy (as a social class): nobiles; nobilitas; qui nobilitate generis excellunt
* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 105

## Portuguese
### Verb

excello
* first-person singular present indicative of exceller