# 強化
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qiánghuà
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄤˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): koeng$^4$ faa$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kiông-hòa / kiâng-hòa
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kiang$^5$ huê$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qiánghuà
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄤˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ciánghuà
*** Wade–Giles: chʻiang$^2$-hua$^4$
*** Yale: chyáng-hwà
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyanghuah
*** Palladius: цянхуа (cjanxua)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: koeng$^4$ faa$^3$
*** Yale: kèuhng fa
*** Cantonese Pinyin: koeng$^4$ faa$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: kêng$^4$ fa$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰœːŋ²¹ faː³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiông-hòa
*** Tâi-lô: kiông-huà
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kionghoax
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² hua⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² hua²¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɔŋ²³⁻³³ hua²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hua¹¹/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiâng-hòa
*** Tâi-lô: kiâng-huà
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kianghoax
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiaŋ¹³⁻²² hua²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: kiang$^5$ huê$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khiâng huè
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue²¹³/

### Verb

強化
* to strengthen; to fortify
* (wine) to fortify (to add spirits to wine to increase the alcohol content)
* (food) to fortify (to increase the nutritional value of food by adding ingredients)
    鈣強化豆奶／钙强化豆奶 ― gài qiánghuà dòunǎi ― calcium-fortified soy milk

#### Synonyms

* (to strengthen):
* 充實 / 充实 (chōngshí)
* 加固 (jiāgù)
* 加強 / 加强 (jiāqiáng)
* 堅定 / 坚定 (jiāndìng)
* 增強 / 增强 (zēngqiáng)
* 壯 / 壮
* 壯大 / 壮大 (zhuàngdà)
* 鞏固 / 巩固 (gǒnggù)
* (to fortify wine): 加強／加强 (jiāqiáng)

#### Derived terms

* 強化食品 / 强化食品

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 強化(きょうか) (kyōka)
* → Korean: 강화(強化) (ganghwa)
* → Vietnamese: cường hoá (強化)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 強 | 化 |
| きょう Grade: 2 | か Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||

### Etymology

From 強 (kyō, “strengthen”) + 化 (ka, “cause to become”).

### Noun

強(きょう)化(か) • (kyōka)
* strengthening, intensification, buildup, reinforcement, augmenting

#### Antonyms

* 弱化(じゃっか) (jakka, “weakening”)

#### Derived terms

* 強化合宿 (kyōka gasshuku): training camp
* 強化米 (kyōkamai): fortified rice
* 強化食品 (kyōka shokuhin): fortified foods
* 機能強化 (kinō kyōka): (computing) functional enhancement
* 警備強化 (keibi kyōka): increased or beefed up security
* 関係強化 (kankei kyōka): strengthening of relations

### Verb

強(きょう)化(か)する • (kyōka suru) suru (stem 強(きょう)化(か)し (kyōka shi), past 強(きょう)化(か)した (kyōka shita))
* to strengthen

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 強化し | きょうかし | kyōka shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 強化し | きょうかし | kyōka shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 強化する | きょうかする | kyōka suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 強化する | きょうかする | kyōka suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 強化すれ | きょうかすれ | kyōka sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 強化せよ¹ 強化しろ² | きょうかせよ¹ きょうかしろ² | kyōka seyo¹ kyōka shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 強化される | きょうかされる | kyōka sareru |
| Causative | 強化させる 強化さす | きょうかさせる きょうかさす | kyōka saseru kyōka sasu |
| Potential | 強化できる | きょうかできる | kyōka dekiru |
| Volitional | 強化しよう | きょうかしよう | kyōka shiyō |
| Negative | 強化しない | きょうかしない | kyōka shinai |
| Negative continuative | 強化せず | きょうかせず | kyōka sezu |
| Formal | 強化します | きょうかします | kyōka shimasu |
| Perfective | 強化した | きょうかした | kyōka shita |
| Conjunctive | 強化して | きょうかして | kyōka shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 強化すれば | きょうかすれば | kyōka sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||