# 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽
## Gothic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈwisan/

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Germanic *wesaną (“to be, remain”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wes-. Compare Latin Vesta (“goddess of the hearth”), Sanskrit वसति (vásati, “dwell”). Some forms are suppletive and instead derive from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti.

#### Verb

𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 • (wisan)
* to be

##### Usage notes

* To express the imperative mood, morphologically subjunctive forms of this verb are used instead of morphologically imperative forms (thus sijaiþ is used with imperative meaning instead of wisiþ, for example; occurrences of wisiþ belong to the verb meaning "remain, abide" below instead).

##### Conjugation

Multiple variant forms are attested:
* 𐍃𐌹𐌰𐌹 (siai), 𐍃𐌹𐌰𐌹𐍃 (siais), 𐍃𐌹𐌰𐌿 (siau), 𐍃𐌹𐌿𐌼 (sium), 𐍃𐌹𐌿𐌳 (siud), 𐍃𐌹𐌿𐌸 (siuþ).
* 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹𐍃 (weiseis), 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌿 (weisjau), 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌿𐌽 (weisun).
Class 5 strong, irregular, suppletive :
| Infinitive | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 wisan | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 wisan | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 wisan |
| Indicative | Present | Past | Present passive |
| 1st singular | 𐌹𐌼 im | 𐍅𐌰𐍃 was | — |
| 2nd singular | 𐌹𐍃 is | 𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍄 wast | — |
| 3rd singular | 𐌹𐍃𐍄 ist | 𐍅𐌰𐍃 was | — |
| 1st dual | 𐍃𐌹𐌾𐌿 siju | 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿 wēsu | — |
| 2nd dual | 𐍃𐌹𐌾𐌿𐍄𐍃 sijuts | 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐍄𐍃 wēsuts | — |
| 1st plural | 𐍃𐌹𐌾𐌿𐌼 sijum | 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌼 wēsum | — |
| 2nd plural | 𐍃𐌹𐌾𐌿𐌸 sijuþ | 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌸 wēsuþ | — |
| 3rd plural | 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 sind | 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 wēsun | — |
| Subjunctive | Present | Past | Present passive |
| 1st singular | 𐍃𐌹𐌾𐌰𐌿 sijau | 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌿 wēsjau | — |
| 2nd singular | 𐍃𐌹𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍃 sijais | 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌴𐌹𐍃 wēseis | — |
| 3rd singular | 𐍃𐌹𐌾𐌰𐌹 sijai | 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌹 wēsi | — |
| 1st dual | 𐍃𐌹𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 sijaiwa | 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰 wēseiwa | — |
| 2nd dual | 𐍃𐌹𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 sijaits | 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 wēseits | — |
| 1st plural | 𐍃𐌹𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌰 sijaima | 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 wēseima | — |
| 2nd plural | 𐍃𐌹𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌸 sijaiþ | 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌸 wēseiþ | — |
| 3rd plural | 𐍃𐌹𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 sijaina | 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 wēseina | — |
| Imperative | | | |
| 2nd singular | — | | |
| 3rd singular | — | | |
| 2nd dual | — | | |
| 2nd plural | — | | |
| 3rd plural | — | | |
| | Present | Past | |
| Participles | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 wisands | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽𐍃 wisans | |

##### Derived terms

* 𐌰𐍄𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (atwisan)
* 𐌹𐌽𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 (inwisands)
* 𐌼𐌹𐌸𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (miþwisan)
* 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (ufarwisan)
* 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (faurawisan)

##### Related terms

* 𐌱𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌰𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌴𐌹 (balwawēsei, “wickedness”)
* 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (wists, “nature, essence, being”)

#### Verb

𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 • (wisan)
* to remain, abide

##### Conjugation

(Attested relatively rarely compared to the above sense to be. For a full list of attestations, refer to Köbler.)
Class 5 strong :
| Infinitive | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 wisan | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 wisan | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 wisan |
| Indicative | Present | Past | Present passive |
| 1st singular | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰 wisa | 𐍅𐌰𐍃 was | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌳𐌰 wisada |
| 2nd singular | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌹𐍃 wisis | 𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍄 wast | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌶𐌰 wisaza |
| 3rd singular | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌹𐌸 wisiþ | 𐍅𐌰𐍃 was | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌳𐌰 wisada |
| 1st dual | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍉𐍃 wisōs | 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿 wēsu | — |
| 2nd dual | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍄𐍃 wisats | 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐍄𐍃 wēsuts | — |
| 1st plural | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌼 wisam | 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌼 wēsum | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 wisanda |
| 2nd plural | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌹𐌸 wisiþ | 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌸 wēsuþ | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 wisanda |
| 3rd plural | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳 wisand | 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 wēsun | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 wisanda |
| Subjunctive | Present | Past | Present passive |
| 1st singular | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿 wisau | 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌿 wēsjau | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 wisaidau |
| 2nd singular | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍃 wisais | 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌴𐌹𐍃 wēseis | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌿 wisaizau |
| 3rd singular | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹 wisai | 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌹 wēsi | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 wisaidau |
| 1st dual | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 wisaiwa | 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰 wēseiwa | — |
| 2nd dual | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 wisaits | 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 wēseits | — |
| 1st plural | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌰 wisaima | 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 wēseima | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 wisaindau |
| 2nd plural | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌸 wisaiþ | 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌸 wēseiþ | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 wisaindau |
| 3rd plural | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 wisaina | 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 wēseina | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 wisaindau |
| Imperative | | | |
| 2nd singular | 𐍅𐌹𐍃 wis | | |
| 3rd singular | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿 wisadau | | |
| 2nd dual | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍄𐍃 wisats | | |
| 2nd plural | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌹𐌸 wisiþ | | |
| 3rd plural | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 wisandau | | |
| | Present | Past | |
| Participles | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 wisands | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽𐍃 wisans | |

##### Derived terms

* 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (gawisan)
* 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (þairhwisan)

##### Related terms

* 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (wists)

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Germanic *wesaną (“to consume, feast”), from Proto-Indo-European *wes- (“to graze”). The usage of the adverb 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌰 (waila) to qualify this verb is very common (three out of the four total attestations of wisan); the resulting phrase waila wisan (in various conjugated forms) seemingly represents a calque of Ancient Greek εὐφραίνεσθαι (euphraínesthai), which it translates. However, the same Greek verb may also be translated simply as wisan without the adverb waila (Luke 15:24).

#### Verb

𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 • (wisan)
* to feast, make merry

##### Conjugation

(Attested relatively rarely compared to the above sense to be. For a full list of attestations, refer to Köbler.)
Class 5 strong :
| Infinitive | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 wisan | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 wisan | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 wisan |
| Indicative | Present | Past | Present passive |
| 1st singular | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰 wisa | 𐍅𐌰𐍃 was | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌳𐌰 wisada |
| 2nd singular | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌹𐍃 wisis | 𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍄 wast | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌶𐌰 wisaza |
| 3rd singular | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌹𐌸 wisiþ | 𐍅𐌰𐍃 was | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌳𐌰 wisada |
| 1st dual | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍉𐍃 wisōs | 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿 wēsu | — |
| 2nd dual | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍄𐍃 wisats | 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐍄𐍃 wēsuts | — |
| 1st plural | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌼 wisam | 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌼 wēsum | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 wisanda |
| 2nd plural | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌹𐌸 wisiþ | 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌸 wēsuþ | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 wisanda |
| 3rd plural | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳 wisand | 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 wēsun | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 wisanda |
| Subjunctive | Present | Past | Present passive |
| 1st singular | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿 wisau | 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌿 wēsjau | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 wisaidau |
| 2nd singular | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍃 wisais | 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌴𐌹𐍃 wēseis | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌿 wisaizau |
| 3rd singular | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹 wisai | 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌹 wēsi | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 wisaidau |
| 1st dual | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 wisaiwa | 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰 wēseiwa | — |
| 2nd dual | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 wisaits | 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 wēseits | — |
| 1st plural | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌰 wisaima | 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 wēseima | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 wisaindau |
| 2nd plural | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌸 wisaiþ | 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌸 wēseiþ | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 wisaindau |
| 3rd plural | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 wisaina | 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 wēseina | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 wisaindau |
| Imperative | | | |
| 2nd singular | 𐍅𐌹𐍃 wis | | |
| 3rd singular | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿 wisadau | | |
| 2nd dual | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍄𐍃 wisats | | |
| 2nd plural | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌹𐌸 wisiþ | | |
| 3rd plural | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 wisandau | | |
| | Present | Past | |
| Participles | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 wisands | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽𐍃 wisans | |

##### Derived terms

* 𐌱𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (biwisan)
* 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (frawisan)

### Further reading

* Streitberg, Wilhelm (1910). Die gotische Bibel. Zweiter Teil: Gotisch-griechisch-deutsches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung, p. 175
* Streitberg, Wilhelm (1910). Die gotische Bibel. Zweiter Teil: Gotisch-griechisch-deutsches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung, p. 176