# 鰻

| 鰻 | U+9C3B, &#39995; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9C3B |
| ← 鰺 [U+9C3A] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 鰼 → [U+9C3C] |

## Translingual
### Han character

鰻 (Kangxi radical 195, 魚+11, 22 strokes, cangjie input 弓火日田水 (NFAWE), four-corner 2634$_7$, composition ⿰魚曼)

#### Descendants

* 鳗

### Further reading

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1477, character 7
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 46443
* Dae Jaweon: page 2008, character 34
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4710, character 8
* Unihan data for U+9C3B

## Chinese

* 鰻 (Southern Min)
* 鰻 (Wu)
* 鰻 (Cantonese)
* 鰻 (Written Standard Chinese)

### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 鰻
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 獌 | *mroːn, *moːns, *mons |
| 鬘 | *mroːn |
| 謾 | *mroːn, *mroːns, *mon, *moːn, *moːns |
| 慢 | *mroːns |
| 嫚 | *mroːns |
| 縵 | *mroːns, *moːns |
| 曼 | *moːn, *mons |
| 饅 | *moːn |
| 蔓 | *moːn, *mons |
| 鰻 | *moːn, *mons |
| 墁 | *moːn, *moːns |
| 鏝 | *moːn, *moːns |
| 槾 | *moːn |
| 漫 | *moːns |
| 幔 | *moːns |
| 蟃 | *mons |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *moːn, *mons) : semantic 魚 (“fish”) + phonetic 曼 (OC *moːn, *mons) – a kind of fish.

### Etymology

Note similarities to Burmese ငါးမန်း (nga:man:, “shark”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): mán, màn (man$^2$, man$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄇㄢˊ, ㄇㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): maan$^4$ / mun$^4$ / maan$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): màn
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): môa
    (Teochew, Peng'im): muan$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$moe; $^6$me
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: mán
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: mán
*** Wade–Giles: man$^2$
*** Yale: mán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: man
*** Palladius: мань (manʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /män³⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, common nonstandard variant)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: màn
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: màn
*** Wade–Giles: man$^4$
*** Yale: màn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mann
*** Palladius: мань (manʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /män⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: maan$^4$ / mun$^4$ / maan$^6$
*** Yale: màahn / mùhn / maahn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: maan$^4$ / mun$^4$ / maan$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: man$^4$ / mun$^4$ / man$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /maːn²¹/, /muːn²¹/, /maːn²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: màn
*** Hakka Romanization System: man$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: man$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /man¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: môa
*** Tâi-lô: muâ
*** Phofsit Daibuun: moaa
*** IPA (Xiamen): /muã²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /muã²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /muã¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /muã²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /muã²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: muan$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: muâⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /mũã⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$moe; $^6$me
*** MiniDict: moe$^去$; me$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$moe; $^3$me
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /mø²³/, /me²³/
* Middle Chinese: man, mjonH
Rime :
| Character | 鰻 | 鰻 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 桓 (62) | 元 (66) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Closed |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 母官切 | 無販切 |
| Baxter | man | mjonH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /muɑn/ | /mʉɐn$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /mʷɑn/ | /mʷiɐn$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /muɑn/ | /miuɐn$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /mwan/ | /muan$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /muɑn/ | /miuɐn$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /muɑn/ | /mĭwɐn$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /muɑn/ | /mi̯wɐn$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | mán | wàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | mun$^4$ | maan$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*moːn/, /*mons/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 鰻 | 鰻 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 8744 | 8758 |
| Phonetic component | 曼 | 曼 |
| Rime group | 元 | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 瞞 | 万 |
| Old Chinese | /*moːn/ | /*mons/ |

### Definitions

鰻
* eel

### Compounds

* 七鰓鰻 / 七鳃鳗 (qīsāimán)
* 八目鰻 / 八目鳗 (bāmùmán)
* 尖頭鰻 / 尖头鳗 (jiāntóumán)
* 泥鰻 / 泥鳗
* 海鰻 / 海鳗 (hǎimán)
* 盲鰻 / 盲鳗 (mángmán)
* 電鰻 / 电鳗 (diànmán)
* 鰻精 / 鳗精
* 鰻魚 / 鳗鱼 (mányú)
* 鰻鱺 / 鳗鲡 (mánlí)

### Descendants

* → Indonesian: mua

### References

* “鰻”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* zi.tools

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* eel

#### Readings

* Go-on: まん (man)、もん (mon)
* Kan-on: ばん (ban)
* Kun: うなぎ (unagi, 鰻)、うな (una, 鰻)、う (u, 鰻)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 鰻
* むなぎ Hyōgai
* kun'yomi
⟨munaɡi$_1$⟩ → /munaɡi/
From Old Japanese, first attested in the Man'yōshū (c. 759 CE).
Speculatively, might be from 身 (mu, “body”, ancient compounding form of modern mi) +‎ 長 (nagi, “long”, irregular shift from expected reading naga). However, the naga → nagi shift is otherwise unattested.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [mɯ̟na̠ɡʲi]

#### Noun

鰻(むなぎ) • (munagi)
* (archaic, possibly obsolete) an eel
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 16, poem 3853:, text here
    石(いは)麻呂(まろ)尓(に)吾物(われもの)申(まをす)夏痩(なつやせ)尓(に)吉(よし)跡(と)云物(いふもの)曽(ぞ)武奈伎(むなぎ)取喫(とりめせ) [Man'yōgana]
    石(いは)麻呂(まろ)に我(わ)れ物(もの)申(まを)す夏(なつ)痩(や)せによしといふものぞ鰻(むなぎ)捕(と)り食(め)せ [Modern spelling]
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 16, poem 3854:, text here
    痩々(やすやす)母(も)生(い)有(けら)者(ば)将在(あらむ)乎(を)波多也波多(はたやはた)武奈伎(むなぎ)乎漁取跡(をとると)河(かは)尓(に)流(ながる)勿(な) [Man'yōgana]
    痩(や)す痩(や)すも生(い)けらばあらむをはたやはた鰻(むなぎ)を捕(と)ると川(かは)に流(なが)るな [Modern spelling]

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 鰻
* うなぎ Hyōgai
* kun'yomi
/munaɡi/ → /unaɡi/
Sound shift from munagi above.
First cited to a text from 1241.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) うなぎ [ùnágí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɯ̟na̠ɡʲi]

#### Noun

鰻(うなぎ) or 鰻(ウナギ) • (unagi)
* [from 1241] eel, especially the Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica)

##### Derived terms

* 鰻攫(ウナギツカミ) (unagitsukami)
* 鰻(うなぎ)筒(づつ) (unagi-zutsu, “eel trap”)
* 鰻(うなぎ)の寝(ね)床(どこ) (unagi no nedoko, “long, narrow house; eel bed”)
* 鰻(うなぎ)上(のぼ)り (unagi-nobori, “rising rapidly”)
* 鰻(うなぎ)屋(や) (unagi-ya, “eel restaurant”)
* 大(おお)鰻(うなぎ) (ōunagi, “marbled eel”)
* 日(ニ)本(ホン)鰻(ウナギ) (Nihon unagi, “Japanese eel”)
* ヨーロッパ鰻(ウナギ) (Yōroppa unagi, “European eel”)

#### See also

* 穴(アナ)子(ゴ) (anago, “conger eel”)
* 鱓(ウツボ) (utsubo, “moray eel”)

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 鰻
* うな Hyōgai
* kun'yomi
Abbreviation of unagi above, used in some compounds.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) うな [úꜜnà] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ɯ̟na̠]

#### Noun

鰻(うな) • (una)
* (only in compounds) Synonym of うなぎ (see above).

##### Derived terms

* 鰻(うな)重(じゅう) (unajū)
* 鰻(うな)茶漬(ちゃづ)け (una-chazuke)
* 鰻(うな)丼(どん) (unadon, “bowl of eel and rice”)

### Etymology 4

* Kanji in this term
* 鰻
* う Hyōgai
* kun'yomi
Another abbreviation of unagi above, used in some compounds.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) う [úꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ɯ̟]

#### Noun

鰻(う) • (u)
* (only in compounds) Synonym of うなぎ (see above).

##### Usage notes

* Found in restaurant signboards, for example.

##### Derived terms

* 鰻(う)作(ざく) (u-zaku)
* 鰻(う)鍋(なべ) (u-nabe)
* 鰻(う)巻(ま)き (u-maki)

### References

* ↑ 語源由来辞典 (Gogen Yurai Jiten, “Etymology Derivation Dictionary”) (in Japanese). Entry available online here.
* ↑ Paula Doe, Yakamochi Ōtomo (1982) A Warbler's Song in the Dusk: The Life and Work of Ōtomo Yakamochi (718-785), illustrated edition, University of California Press, →ISBN, page 81
* ↑ Robin D. Gill (2009) A Dolphin in the Woods Composite Translation, Paraversing & Distilling Prose, illustrated edition, Paraverse Press, →ISBN, page 215
* 1 2 3 4 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ “鰻”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

鰻 (eumhun 뱀장어 만 (baemjang'eo man))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

### References

* Naver Hanja Dictionary: 鰻

## Okinawan
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)

#### Readings

* Kun: っんなじ ('nnaji)

### Etymology

/ʔunaɡi/ → /ʔɴ̩nad͡ʑi/
Cognate with Japanese 鰻.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ʔn̩nad͡ʑi]

### Noun

鰻(っんなじ) ('nnaji)
* an eel

## Vietnamese
### Han character

鰻: Hán Việt readings: man
鰻: Nôm readings: man
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

### References

* Nom Foundation