# 長生
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chángshēng
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄤˊ ㄕㄥ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): coeng$^4$ sang$^1$ / coeng$^4$ saang$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chhòng-sên
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tiông-sng / tiông-seng / tiâng-seng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): qiang$^5$ sê$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chángshēng
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄤˊ ㄕㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chángsheng
*** Wade–Giles: chʻang$^2$-shêng$^1$
*** Yale: cháng-shēng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: charngsheng
*** Palladius: чаншэн (čanšɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: coeng$^4$ sang$^1$ / coeng$^4$ saang$^1$
*** Yale: chèuhng sāng / chèuhng sāang
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsoeng$^4$ sang$^1$ / tsoeng$^4$ saang$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cêng$^4$ seng$^1$ / cêng$^4$ sang$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ sɐŋ⁵⁵/, /t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ saːŋ⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhòng-sên
*** Hakka Romanization System: cong$^ˇ$ sen$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: cong$^2$ sen$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ sen²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiông-sng
*** Tâi-lô: tiông-sng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: diongsngf
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sŋ̍³³/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiông-seng
*** Tâi-lô: tiông-sing
*** Phofsit Daibuun: diongsefng
*** IPA (Taipei): /tiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ siɪŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiɔŋ²³⁻³³ siɪŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiâng-seng
*** Tâi-lô: tiâng-sing
*** Phofsit Daibuun: diangsefng
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tiaŋ¹³⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: qiang$^5$ sê$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: qiâng se
*** Sinological IPA : /qiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ se³³/
* Middle Chinese: drjang sraeng|sraengH
Rime :
| Character | 長 | 生 | 生 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 澄 (11) | 生 (21) | 生 (21) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (105) | 庚 (109) | 庚 (109) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | II | II |
| Fanqie | 直良切 | 所庚切 | 所敬切 |
| Baxter | drjang | sraeng | sraengH |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɖɨɐŋ/ | /ʃˠæŋ/ | /ʃˠæŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɖiɐŋ/ | /ʃᵚaŋ/ | /ʃᵚaŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȡiɑŋ/ | /ʃaŋ/ | /ʃaŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɖɨaŋ/ | /ʂaɨjŋ/ | /ʂaɨjŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ȡiaŋ/ | /ʃɐŋ/ | /ʃɐŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ȡĭaŋ/ | /ʃɐŋ/ | /ʃɐŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȡʱi̯aŋ/ | /ʂɐŋ/ | /ʂɐŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | cháng | shēng | shèng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | coeng$^4$ | sang$^1$ | sang$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*Cə-[N]-traŋ sreŋ|sreŋ|sreŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*daŋ sʰleːŋ|sreŋs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 長 | 生 | 生 | 生 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | cháng | shēng | shēng | shēng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ drjang › | ‹ sræng › | ‹ sræng › | ‹ srjæng › |
| Old Chinese | /*Cə-[N]-traŋ/ | /*sreŋ/ (MC srj- > sr-; or *s.reŋ ?) | /*sreŋ/ | /*sreŋ/ (or *s.reŋ ?) |
| English | long (adj.) | bear, be born; live | fresh, raw | bear, be born; live |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 長 | 生 | 生 |
| Reading # | 2/3 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 1276 | 11312 | 11322 |
| Phonetic component | 長 | 生 | 生 |
| Rime group | 陽 | 耕 | 耕 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 長 | 生 | 生 |
| Old Chinese | /*daŋ/ | /*sʰleːŋ/ | /*sreŋs/ |

### Verb

長生
* (literary) to live forever; to have longevity

#### Derived terms

* 不老長生 / 不老长生
* 長生不死 / 长生不死
* 長生不滅 / 长生不灭
* 長生不老 / 长生不老 (chángshēngbùlǎo)
* 長生久視 / 长生久视
* 長生店 / 长生店
* 長生庫 / 长生库
* 長生果 / 长生果 (chángshēngguǒ)
* 長生殿 / 长生殿 (Chángshēng Diàn)
* 長生牌位 / 长生牌位
* 長生祿位 / 长生禄位

### Noun

長生
* (dialectal Hakka, Teochew, euphemistic) coffin

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 棺, 木, 棺木 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 棺材, 棺木, 壽材 † |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 棺材, 材 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 棺材 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 棺材, 壽材 † |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 棺材 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 棺材, 壽材 † |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 棺材, 壽材 † |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 棺材, 坷漏 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 壽木 † |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 枋, 棺子, 棺材, 材, 壽材 † |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 棺材, 棺木, 壽材 † |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 棺材, 壽板 †, 壽材 † |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 棺材, 壽材 † |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 棺材, 枋子, 壽枋 †, 壽木 † |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 棺材, 壽木 † |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 木頭, 大木, 材子, 老家 †, 大老家 †, 壽木 † |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 棺材 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 棺木, 棺材, 四塊半, 壽枋 †, 壽板 †, 長生板 † |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dagudi (Maliba) | 棺材 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Reshuitang (Longling) | 棺材 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Salong (Lancang) | 棺材, 壽木 † |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Sai (Tengchong) | 棺材 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 棺材, 四塊板, 壽材 † |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 棺材, 壽材 † |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 棺材 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 棺材, 四塊半, 四塊板, 四方竇, 長生板, 壽板 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 棺材, 四塊半, 長生板, 壽板 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 棺材, 壽板 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 棺材 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 棺材 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 棺材 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 棺材, 壽板 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 棺材 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 棺材 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 棺材 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 棺材 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 棺材 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 棺材 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 棺材 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 棺材 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 棺材 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 棺材 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 壽木 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 棺材 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 棺材 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 棺材 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 棺材 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 棺材 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 木, 棺材 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 棺材 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 棺材 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 棺材, 四塊半, 木訥, 壽材 †, 壽方 † |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 棺材 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 棺材 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 棺材, 四塊半, 壽板 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 棺材 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 棺材, 壽材 † |
| Gan | Lichuan | 棺材, 壽木 †, 壽材 † |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 棺材, 長生, 料, 壽樹 † |
| Hakka | Meixian | 棺材, 棺木, 長生板, 壽材 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 長生 |
| Hakka | Dabu (Xihe) | 棺材, 壽枋 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 棺材 |
| Hakka | Huiyang | 棺材, 長生 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 長生, 大屋 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 棺材 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 棺材 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 棺材 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Shuizhai) | 棺材 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 棺材 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Changbu) | 棺材 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Mianyang) | 棺材 |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 棺材 |
| Hakka | Wengyuan | 木頭 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 木頭 |
| Hakka | Liannan | 壽棺材 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 棺材 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 長生大屋, 長生板 |
| Hakka | Luhe | 棺材 |
| Hakka | Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) | 棺木 |
| Hakka | Changting | 壽木 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 木頭 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Yanqian) | 棺木, 福板 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 長生木 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 木頭 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 壽木, 老屋, 壽具, 蓄樹 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 棺材, 壽床, 老屋, 壽木 † |
| Hakka | Ningdu | 萬年床 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 壽櫃 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 壽木 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 壽木 |
| Hakka | Tonggu (Sandu) | 壽材 |
| Hakka | Ganzhou (Panlong) | 壽木 |
| Hakka | Dayu | 壽木 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 棺材, 壽房 |
| Hakka | Yangxi (Tangkou) | 棺材 |
| Hakka | Yangchun (Sanjia) | 長生 |
| Hakka | Xinyi (Sihe) | 棺材 |
| Hakka | Xinyi (Qianpai) | 棺材 |
| Hakka | Gaozhou (Xindong) | 棺材 |
| Hakka | Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai) | 棺材 |
| Hakka | Huazhou (Xin'an) | 棺材 |
| Hakka | Lianjiang (Shijiao) | 長生, 壽板 |
| Hakka | Lianjiang (Qingping) | 棺材 |
| Hakka | Mengshan (Xihe) | 壽 |
| Hakka | Luchuan | 壽木 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Longchuan) | 棺材 |
| Hakka | Kuala Lumpur (Dabu) | 棺材, 壽板, 棺木 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 棺材, 四塊半, 長生板 |
| Hakka | Senai (Hepo) | 棺材 |
| Hakka | Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa (Hepo) | 棺樵, 大屋 |
| Hakka | Singkawang | 棺材 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 棺材, 材, 壽材 †, 壽木 † |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 棺材, 壽材 †, 壽木 † |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 棺材, 壽器 †, 大頭 † |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 棺木, 四塊板 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 棺材, 棺木, 壽板 † |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 棺柴, 棺, 壽板 †, 壽柴, 大厝 dated |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 棺柴, 棺, 壽柴 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 壽板, 老壽 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 棺柴, 棺, 壽板 †, 壽柴 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 棺柴, 大壽 ‡, 壽板 ‡ |
| Southern Min | Taipei (Wanhua) | 棺柴 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Tamsui) | 棺柴, 大壽 ‡ |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 棺柴, 壽板 ‡ |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Pingxi) | 棺柴 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 棺柴, 壽 ‡, 壽板 ‡ |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 棺柴, 大壽 ‡, 壽板 ‡ |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 棺柴, 大壽 ‡, 壽 ‡ |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 棺柴, 棺木 ‡ |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 棺柴 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 棺柴, 板仔, 大厝 ‡, 壽板 ‡, 大壽 ‡, 壽 ‡ |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 棺柴 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 棺柴, 大壽 ‡ |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 棺柴, 壽板 ‡, 壽枋 ‡, 大厝 ‡, 棺木 ‡ |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 棺柴, 壽 ‡ |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 棺柴, 大厝 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 棺柴, 棺 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 棺柴 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 棺柴, 大厝, 長生 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 棺柴 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 棺柴, 大厝 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 棺柴 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 棺柴, 大厝 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 大厝, 四個半 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 棺柴 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 棺材, 壽板 † |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 棺材 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 棺材, 四塊半, 四合板, 壽木 †, 壽板 † |
| Wu | Shanghai | 棺材, 壽材 †, 壽器 † |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 棺材, 材, 壽材 † |
| Wu | Suzhou | 棺材, 壽材 †, 壽器 † |
| Wu | Danyang | 棺材, 壽材 † |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 棺材, 壽材 † |
| Wu | Ningbo | 棺材, 壽材 † |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 棺材, 枋 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 棺材, 材, 壽材 †, 壽屋 † |
| Xiang | Changsha | 棺材, 料, 棺木, 壽枋 † |
| Xiang | Loudi | 棺材, 料, 長生 †, 壽器 † |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 木, 大料 |
| Note | † - prepared before one's death; ‡ - elegant form | † - prepared before one's death; ‡ - elegant form |

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 長(ちょう)生(せい) (chōsei)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 長 | 生 |
| ちょう Grade: 2 | せい Grade: 1 |
| kan'on ||

### Noun

長(ちょう)生(せい) • (chōsei)
* longevity
    Synonym: 長生き (nagaiki)
    不(ふ)老(ろう)長(ちょう)生(せい) ― furōchōsei ― perennial youth (literally, “unageing longevity”)

### Verb

長(ちょう)生(せい)する • (chōsei suru) intransitive suru (stem 長(ちょう)生(せい)し (chōsei shi), past 長(ちょう)生(せい)した (chōsei shita))
* to live for a long time
    Synonym: 長生きする (nagaiki suru)

### See also

* 長(なが)生(い)き (nagaiki)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 長 | 生 |

### Verb

長生
* chữ Hán form of trường sinh (“longevity”).