OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# kriegen
## German
### Etymology

From Middle High German kriegen (“to war, to conquer property or land”). Verbalisation of Krieg (“war”). Cognate to Bavarian kriagn, Dutch krijgen, Hunsrik krien.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard, Germany) IPA: /ˈkriːɡən/, [ˈkʰʁ̞̊iːɡ(ə)n], [ˈkʰʁ̞̊iːŋ̩]
* (Southern Germany) IPA: /ˈkriəɡən/, [ˈkriɐɡ̊ɐn], [kʁ̞̊iɛɡɐ(n)]
* Rhymes: -iːɡən
* Hyphenation: krie‧gen
* Audio:(file)

### Verb

kriegen (weak, third-person singular present kriegt, past tense kriegte, past participle gekriegt, auxiliary haben)
* (colloquial) to get
    Synonyms: bekommen, erhalten
* (colloquial) to catch, to come down with
* (colloquial) to get (something to a desired state)
    Wirst du es heute fertig kriegen?Will you get it ready today?
* (auxiliary, colloquial) to get (with the past participle form of a verb)
    Synonym: bekommen
    Hab ich geschenkt gekriegt. ― I got it as a present.
    Ich krieg's geschenkt. ― I get it for free.
* (dated, rare) to war
    Synonym: bekriegen

#### Usage notes

* Kriegen is relatively infrequent in the formal standard language, which prefers bekommen or erhalten instead. However, kriegen is very frequent in colloquial German, where the verb often retains the vowel shortening that is occurring in local dialects in the second and third person singular of verbs. Thus, (du) kriegst is often pronounced /krɪ(ç)s(t)/, (er) kriegt may be /krɪkt/, /krɪç(t)/. These pronunciations are not used for the rare sense “to war”.

#### Conjugation

$^1$Rare except in very formal contexts; alternative in würde normally preferred.

#### Derived terms

* abkriegen
* aufkriegen
* auseinanderkriegen
* bekriegen
* drankriegen
* drüberkriegen
* durchkriegen
* einkriegen
* herauskriegen
* herumkriegen
* herunterkriegen
* hinauskriegen
* hineinkriegen
* hinkriegen
* hinunterkriegen
* hochkriegen
* loskriegen
* mitkriegen
* niederkriegen
* rauskriegen
* rüberkriegen
* runterkriegen
* unterkriegen
* zerkriegen
* zusammenkriegen

### Further reading

* “kriegen” in Duden online
* “kriegen” in Duden online
* “kriegen” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
* “kriegen” in Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm, 16 vols., Leipzig 1854–1961.

## German Low German
### Alternative forms

* krygen (New Saxon Spelling)

### Etymology

From Middle Low German krîgen. Verbalisation of krich (“war”). Compare German kriegen, Dutch krijgen.

### Verb

kriegen (past singular kreeg, past participle kregen, auxiliary verb hebben)
* to get
* to catch
* to come down with
# എട്ട്
## Malayalam
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Dravidian *eṇṭṭu. Cognate with Kannada ಎಂಟು (eṇṭu), Tamil எட்டு (eṭṭu), Telugu ఎనిమిది (enimidi) and Tulu ಎಣ್ಮ (eṇma).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /eʈʈɨ̆/
* Audio:(file)

### Numeral

എട്ട് • (eṭṭŭ)
* eight (numeral: ൮).

#### Derived terms

* എട്ടര (eṭṭara)
* എട്ടുകാലി (eṭṭukāli)
* എട്ടുകെട്ട് (eṭṭukeṭṭŭ)
* എട്ടുനോമ്പ് (eṭṭunōmpŭ)
* എട്ട് നിലയിൽ പൊട്ടുക (eṭṭŭ nilayil poṭṭuka)

### References

* Gundert, Hermann (1872) “എട്ടു”, in A Malayalam and English dictionary, Mangalore, London: C. Stolz; Trübner & Co.
* Warrier, M. I. (2008) “എട്ട്”, in Malayalam-English Dictionary (in Malayalam), 22nd edition, Kottayam: DC Books
* Burrow, T., Emeneau, M. B. (1984) “eṭṭu”, in A Dravidian etymological dictionary, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, →ISBN.
* https://dict.sayahna.org/stv/40061/
# katimbang
## Bikol Central
### Etymology

From ka- +‎ timbang.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /katimˈbaŋ/ [ka.timˈbaŋ]
* Hyphenation: ka‧tim‧bang

### Noun

katimbáng (Basahan spelling ᜃᜆᜒᜋ᜔ᜊᜅ᜔)
* a person that equally weighs with someone or something
* a person opposite of one's self, across from one's self
    Synonym: kahampang

#### Derived terms

* makatimbang

## Javanese
### Romanization

katimbang
* Romanization of ꦏꦠꦶꦩ꧀ꦧꦁ

## Makasar
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kaˈtimbaŋ]

### Noun

katimbang (Lontara spelling ᨀᨈᨗᨅ)
* grasshopper
# luì
## Italian
### Noun

luì m
* any of several warblers, including the chiffchaff

#### Derived terms

* luì bianco
* luì grosso
* luì piccolo
* luì verde

### Anagrams

* ulì

## Mandarin
### Romanization

luì (lui$^4$, Zhuyin ㄌㄨㄟˋ)
* Hanyu Pinyin reading of 淚 / 泪
# befreien
## German
### Etymology

be- +‎ frei (“free”) +‎ -en. Compare with Swedish befria, English befree, Norwegian Bokmål befri, Dutch bevrijden.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bəˈfʁaɪ̯ən/
* Audio:(file)

### Verb

befreien (weak, third-person singular present befreit, past tense befreite, past participle befreit, auxiliary haben)
* (transitive) to free (make free), to liberate
* (reflexive) to escape

#### Conjugation

$^1$Rare except in very formal contexts; alternative in würde normally preferred.

#### Derived terms

* Befreien
* befreiend
* Befreier
* befreit
* Befreiung

### Further reading

* “befreien” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
* “befreien” in Uni Leipzig: Wortschatz-Lexikon
* “befreien” in Duden online
* “befreien” in OpenThesaurus.de
# judaísmo
## Portuguese
### Etymology

Borrowed from Late Latin iūdaismus, from Ancient Greek Ἰουδαῖος (Ioudaîos, “Jew”), from Hebrew יְהוּדָה (Yehuda, “Judah”).

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ʒu.daˈiz.mu/
* (Brazil) IPA: /ʒu.daˈiz.mu/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /ʒu.daˈiʒ.mu/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ʒu.daˈiz.mo/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ʒu.dɐˈiʒ.mu/ [ʒu.ðɐˈiʒ.mu]
* Hyphenation: ju‧da‧ís‧mo

### Noun

judaísmo m (uncountable)
* Judaism

### Further reading

* “judaísmo”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2025

## Spanish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Late Latin iūdaismus, from Ancient Greek Ἰουδαῖος (Ioudaîos, “Jew”), from Hebrew יְהוּדָה (Yehuda, “Judah”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /xudaˈismo/ [xu.ð̞aˈiz.mo]
* Rhymes: -ismo
* Syllabification: ju‧da‧ís‧mo

### Noun

judaísmo m (uncountable)
* Judaism

#### Related terms

* judaico
* judío

### Further reading

* “judaísmo”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# تفاخر
## Arabic

* Root
* ف خ ر (f ḵ r)
* 8 terms

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ta.faː.xa.ra/

#### Verb

تَفَاخَرَ • (tafāḵara) VI (non-past يَتَفَاخَرُ (yatafāḵaru), verbal noun تَفَاخُر (tafāḵur))
* to show off

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2

Verbal noun of تَفاخَرَ (tafāḵara).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ta.faː.xur/

#### Noun

تَفَاخُر • (tafāḵur) m
* verbal noun of تَفاخَرَ (tafāḵara) (form VI)
* boasting, showing off
    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:كبرياء

##### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: təfaxür
* → Ottoman Turkish: تفاخر (tefâhur)
* → Persian: تفاخر
* → Urdu: تفاخر
# չուլան
## Armenian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Russian чула́н (čulán).

### Pronunciation

* (Eastern Armenian) IPA: /t͡ʃʰuˈlɑn/, [t͡ʃʰulɑ́n]

### Noun

չուլան • (čʻulan) (colloquial Eastern Armenian)
* pantry, storeroom
    Synonym: խորդանոց (xordanocʻ)
# dwoje
## Polish
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *dъvojь.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈdvɔ.jɛ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔjɛ
* Syllabification: dwo‧je
* Homophone: dwoję

### Numeral

dwoje
* (collective) two

#### Declension

| | plural |
| nominative | dwoje |
| genitive | dwojga |
| dative | dwojgu |
| accusative | dwoje |
| instrumental | dwojgiem |
| locative | dwojgu |
| vocative | dwoje |

#### Coordinate terms

| | —0 | —1 | —2 | —3 | —4 | —5 | —6 | —7 | —8 | —9 |
| 0— | — | — | dwoje, oboje, obydwoje | troje | czworo | pięcioro | sześcioro | siedmioro | ośmioro | dziewięcioro |
| 1— | dziesięcioro | jedenaścioro | dwanaścioro | trzynaścioro | czternaścioro | piętnaścioro | szesnaścioro | siedemnaścioro | osiemnaścioro | dziewiętnaścioro |
| 2— | dwadzieścioro | dwadzieścioro jeden | dwadzieścioro dwoje | dwadzieścioro troje | dwadzieścioro czworo | dwadzieścioro pięcioro | dwadzieścioro sześcioro | dwadzieścioro siedmioro | dwadzieścioro ośmioro | dwadzieścioro dziewięcioro |
| 3— | trzydzieścioro | trzydzieścioro jeden | trzydzieścioro dwoje | trzydzieścioro troje | trzydzieścioro czworo | trzydzieścioro pięcioro | trzydzieścioro sześcioro | trzydzieścioro siedmioro | trzydzieścioro ośmioro | trzydzieścioro dziewięcioro |
| 4— | czterdzieścioro | czterdzieścioro jeden | czterdzieścioro dwoje | czterdzieścioro troje | czterdzieścioro czworo | czterdzieścioro pięcioro | czterdzieścioro sześcioro | czterdzieścioro siedmioro | czterdzieścioro ośmioro | czterdzieścioro dziewięcioro |
| 5— | pięćdziesięcioro | pięćdziesięcioro jeden | pięćdziesięcioro dwoje | pięćdziesięcioro troje | pięćdziesięcioro czworo | pięćdziesięcioro pięcioro | pięćdziesięcioro sześcioro | pięćdziesięcioro siedmioro | pięćdziesięcioro ośmioro | pięćdziesięcioro dziewięcioro |
| 6— | sześćdziesięcioro | sześćdziesięcioro jeden | sześćdziesięcioro dwoje | sześćdziesięcioro troje | sześćdziesięcioro czworo | sześćdziesięcioro pięcioro | sześćdziesięcioro sześcioro | sześćdziesięcioro siedmioro | sześćdziesięcioro ośmioro | sześćdziesięcioro dziewięcioro |
| 7— | siedemdziesięcioro | siedemdziesięcioro jeden | siedemdziesięcioro dwoje | siedemdziesięcioro troje | siedemdziesięcioro czworo | siedemdziesięcioro pięcioro | siedemdziesięcioro sześcioro | siedemdziesięcioro siedmioro | siedemdziesięcioro ośmioro | siedemdziesięcioro dziewięcioro |
| 8— | osiemdziesięcioro | osiemdziesięcioro jeden | osiemdziesięcioro dwoje | osiemdziesięcioro troje | osiemdziesięcioro czworo | osiemdziesięcioro pięcioro | osiemdziesięcioro sześcioro | osiemdziesięcioro siedmioro | osiemdziesięcioro ośmioro | osiemdziesięcioro dziewięcioro |
| 9— | dziewięćdziesięcioro | dziewięćdziesięcioro jeden | dziewięćdziesięcioro dwoje | dziewięćdziesięcioro troje | dziewięćdziesięcioro czworo | dziewięćdziesięcioro pięcioro | dziewięćdziesięcioro sześcioro | dziewięćdziesięcioro siedmioro | dziewięćdziesięcioro ośmioro | dziewięćdziesięcioro dziewięcioro |

#### Derived terms

* na dwoje babka wróżyła

### Further reading

* dwoje in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* dwoje in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# Hobson's choice
## English
### Etymology

Named after Thomas Hobson (1544–1631) of Cambridge, England, who rented horses and had an extensive stable of some 40 horses. This gave the appearance to his customers that, upon entry, they would have their choice of mounts, when in fact there was only one: Hobson required his customers to take the horse in the stall closest to the door. This was to prevent the best horses from always being chosen, which would have caused those horses to become overused.

### Pronunciation

* Audio (US):(file)

### Noun

Hobson's choice (plural Hobson's choices)
* A choice in which it seems that one has multiple options, but only one good thing is actually offered; a choice of the form "take it or leave it".
** 1847, James Fenimore Cooper, chapter 23, in The Crater:When Hobson's choice is placed before one, deliberation is of no great use.
** 1887, George Bernard Shaw, chapter 5, in An Unsocial Socialist:In other words, they might go to the devil and starve—Hobson's choice!—for all the other factories were owned by men who offered no better terms.
** 2009 November 20, Stephen King, “Raymond Carver’s Life and Stories”, in The New York Times‎, →ISSN:This Hobson’s choice is the beating heart of “Raymond Carver: A Writer’s Life.” Any writer might wonder what he’d do in such a case.
** 2011 January 13, Lawrence Wright, “Lebanon’s Tragic Hero”, in The New Yorker‎, New York, N.Y.: Condé Nast Publications, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-06-03:Such Hobson's choices are the stuff of high drama, but unfortunately for poor, lovely Lebanon it is a tragedy that never seems to end.
** 2022, Stephen King, chapter 8, in Fairy Tale, page 132:"Hobson's Choice." He was still stroking Radar, long glides of his hand from nape to tail. "In the end, it seems to me that one or two good months are better than six bad ones. If it works at all, that is."
* (Cockney rhyming slang) The voice.
    Synonym: (ellipsis) Hobson's
** 1959, Ray Galton, Alan Simpson, Hancock's Half Hour; quoted in Green's Dictionary of Slang‎, n.d.:'He's claiming copyright on his hobson's.' 'I beg your pardon.' 'His hobson's choice — his voice'.

#### Related terms

* non-choice, nonchoice
* Sophie's choice

### See also

* cut the Gordian knot
* take it or leave it

### References

* “Hobson's (choice) n.”, in Green’s Dictionary of Slang, Jonathon Green, 2016–present

### Further reading

* “Hobson's choice”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.
* Hobson's choice on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
# 文獻
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): wénxiàn
    (Zhuyin): ㄨㄣˊ ㄒㄧㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): man$^4$ hin$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): vùn-hien / vùn-hian
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): bûn-hiàn
    (Teochew, Peng'im): bhung$^5$ hiang$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wénxiàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄨㄣˊ ㄒㄧㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wúnsiàn
*** Wade–Giles: wên$^2$-hsien$^4$
*** Yale: wén-syàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wenshiann
*** Palladius: вэньсянь (vɛnʹsjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /wən³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: man$^4$ hin$^3$
*** Yale: màhn hin
*** Cantonese Pinyin: man$^4$ hin$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: men$^4$ hin$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /mɐn²¹ hiːn³³/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: vùn-hien
*** Hakka Romanization System: vun$^ˇ$ hien
*** Hagfa Pinyim: vun$^2$ hian$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /vun¹¹ hi̯en⁵⁵/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: vùn-hian
*** Hakka Romanization System: vun$^ˇ$ hian
*** Hagfa Pinyim: vun$^2$ hian$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /vun¹¹ hi̯an⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bûn-hiàn
*** Tâi-lô: bûn-hiàn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: bunhiexn
*** IPA (Xiamen): /bun²⁴⁻²² hiɛn²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /bun²⁴⁻²² hiɛn⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /bun¹³⁻²² hiɛn²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /bun²⁴⁻¹¹ hiɛn¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /bun²³⁻³³ hiɛn²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: bhung$^5$ hiang$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: bûng hiàng
*** Sinological IPA : /buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hiaŋ²¹³/

### Noun

文獻
* literature (of an academic or historical nature); research material; document; data
    歷史文獻／历史文献 ― lìshǐ wénxiàn ― historical document
    古代文獻／古代文献 ― gǔdài wénxiàn ― ancient document
    出土文獻／出土文献 ― chūtǔ wénxiàn ― excavated text
    傳世文獻／传世文献 ― chuánshì wénxiàn ― received text
    古典文獻／古典文献 ― gǔdiǎn wénxiàn ― classical literature
* Short for 文獻學／文献学 (wénxiànxué, “paleography; philology; study of ancient Chinese texts”).

#### Synonyms

* (literature):
* 典籍 (diǎnjí) (classical literature)
* 古事 (gǔshì) (literary)
* 文學 / 文学 (wénxué)
* 文籍 (wénjí) (literary)
* 詩書 / 诗书 (shīshū)
* 風騷 / 风骚 (fēngsāo) (figurative)

#### Derived terms

* 參考文獻 / 参考文献 (cānkǎo wénxiàn)
* 文獻學 / 文献学 (wénxiànxué)
* 文獻檢索 / 文献检索
* 文獻片 / 文献片
* 文獻綜述 / 文献综述 (wénxiàn zōngshù)
* 文獻通考 / 文献通考 (Wénxiàn Tōngkǎo)
* 灰色文獻 / 灰色文献 (huīsè wénxiàn)

### References

* “Entry #1210”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 文 | 獻 |
| ぶん Grade: 1 | けん Hyōgai |
| kan'on ||
For pronunciation and definitions of 文獻 – see the following entry. :
| 【文献ぶんけん】 | [noun] literature [noun] research materials, documents |
(This term, 文獻, is the kyūjitai of the above term.) :

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 文 | 獻 |

### Noun

文獻 • (munheon) (hangeul 문헌)
* hanja form of 문헌 (“literature”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 文 | 獻 |

### Noun

文獻
* chữ Hán form of văn hiến (“long-standing cultural traditions (of a people); civilisation”).
# yínhuīsè
## Mandarin
### Romanization

yínhuīsè (Zhuyin ㄧㄣˊ ㄏㄨㄟ ㄙㄜˋ)
* Hanyu Pinyin reading of 銀灰色 / 银灰色
# arcsecond
## English
### Etymology

From arc +‎ second.

### Pronunciation

* Audio (US):(file)

### Noun

arcsecond (plural arcseconds)
* A unit of angle; 1/60th of an arcminute, or 1/3600th of a degree.

#### Synonyms

* second of arc
* as (symbol)
* arcsec (abbreviation)

#### Derived terms

* microarcsecond
* milliarcsecond
* subarcsecond

#### Related terms

* arcminute

#### Translations
### Anagrams

* decacorns
# evaluate
## English
### Etymology

Back-formation from evaluation.

### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ɨˈvaljʊeɪt/
* (General American) IPA: /ɪ̈ˈvaljəˌweɪt/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Hyphenation: eval‧u‧ate

### Verb

evaluate (third-person singular simple present evaluates, present participle evaluating, simple past and past participle evaluated)
* (transitive) To draw conclusions from examining; to assess; to appraise.
    It will take several years to evaluate the material gathered in the survey.
** 2005, Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, David Kessler, On Grief and Grieving, →ISBN, page 151:Death is a factor that changes all our views as we are forced to evaluate our worth and what ultimately matters in life.
* (transitive, mathematics, computing) To compute or determine the value of (an expression).
    Evaluate this integral.
* (intransitive, computing, mathematics) To return or have a specific value.
** 2006, Lev Sabinin, Larissa Sbitneva, Ivan Shestakov, Non-Associative Algebra and Its Applications, CRC Press, →ISBN, page 201:Since element (15.1) evaluates to an element of the center in any alternative algebra, (15.1) has to evaluate to a scalar multiple of the identity element of the Cayley-Dickson algebra.
** 2007, James E. Gentle, Matrix Algebra: Theory, Computations, and Applications in Statistics, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 165:In one type of such an integral, the integrand is only the probability density function, and the integral evaluates to a probability, which of course is a scalar.

#### Derived terms

* coevaluate
* evaluable
* evaluatable
* evaluatee
* evaluative
* evaluator
* evaluatory
* misevaluate
* overevaluate
* reevaluate
* re-evaluate
* self-evaluate
* underevaluate
* unevaluated

#### Translations
### References

* Evaluation (disambiguation) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

### Further reading

* “evaluate”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
* “evaluate”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911, →OCLC.
* “evaluate”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.

## Ido
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /evaˈluate/

### Verb

evaluate
* adverbial present passive participle of evaluar

## Spanish
### Verb

evaluate
* second-person singular voseo imperative of evaluar combined with te
# niebla
## Spanish
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Spanish nevla, from Latin nebula (possibly through a contracted Vulgar Latin form *nebla), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *nébʰos (“cloud”). Compare Galician néboa, Portuguese névoa, and Italian nebbia.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈnjebla/ [ˈnje.β̞la]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ebla
* Syllabification: nie‧bla

### Noun

niebla f (plural nieblas)
* fog (a thick cloud that forms near the ground)
    Hay niebla.It’s foggy.
* fog (a state of mind characterized by lethargy and confusion)

#### Derived terms

* antiniebla
* banco de niebla
* neblina

#### Related terms

* aneblar
* nebuloso

### References

* ↑ Joan Coromines, José A[ntonio] Pascual (1983–1991) “niebla”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critic Castilian and Hispanic Etymological Dictionary] (in Spanish), Madrid: Gredos

### Further reading

* “niebla”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# baisser
## French
### Etymology

Inherited from Old French baissier, from Vulgar Latin *bassiāre, from Late Latin bassus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bɛ.se/ ~ /be.se/
* (Quebec) IPA: /bɛ.se/, /bɛː.se/
* Audio:(file)

### Verb

baisser
* to lower
* to turn down (as a volume/setting)
* to go down, fall
* to fail
* (reflexive) to lower oneself; to bend over

#### Derived terms

* baisser de rideau
* baisser d’un ton
* baisser la garde
* baisser le rideau
* baisser les bras
* baisser sa garde
* tête baissée

#### Related terms

* bas

#### See also

* baiser

### Further reading

* “baisser”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

### Anagrams

* baisers
* braises

## Old French
### Verb

baisser
* Alternative form of baissier

#### Conjugation

This verb conjugates as a first-group verb ending in -er. The forms that would normally end in *-ss, *-sss, *-sst are modified to s, s, st. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.

## Swedish
### Noun

baisser
* indefinite plural of baisse
# balaclava
## English
### Alternative forms

* Also called balaclava helmet.

### Etymology

From the city of Balaklava in Crimea, from Ottoman Turkish بالقلاوه (modern Turkish balıklava), alteration of بالقلاغه (balıklaga, “fishing ground”). During the Crimean War the British troops suffered from cold due to improper clothing. When the news spread in the home front after the Battle of Balaclava in 1854, the people began knitting warm clothing for the soldiers, including woollen caps to be worn under the helmet, which were named balaclavas by the troops.

### Pronunciation

* (UK, US) IPA: /ˌbæl.əˈklɑː.və/, /ˌbɑː.ləˈklɑː.və/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɑːvə

### Noun

balaclava (plural balaclavas)
* A type of warm headgear covering the neck, head, and often part of the face, with apertures left as necessary, often made out of wool.
* (chiefly UK, Canada) A ski mask with holes for the eyes and, sometimes, the nose and mouth, which may be rolled up and worn like a toque or pulled over the face for greater protection.
** 1969 January 10, “Robbed seven banks, Balaclava Bill given 15-year term in jail”, in Globe and Mail, Toronto, page 1:George Ronald Waite, 33, known as Balaclava Bill because of the dark blue woollen hood he wore while robbing seven banks of $46,200 over the past two years, was sentenced yesterday to 15 years in Kingston Penitentiary.

#### Derived terms

* balaclavaed

#### Translations
## Italian
### Alternative forms

* balaklava

### Etymology

From the city of Balaklava in Crimea.

### Noun

balaclava f (plural balaclave)
* balaclava

## Portuguese
### Etymology

From the city of Balaklava in Crimea.

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ba.laˈkla.vɐ/
* (Brazil) IPA: /ba.laˈkla.vɐ/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ba.laˈkla.va/
* (Portugal) IPA: /bɐ.lɐˈkla.vɐ/
* (Portugal) IPA: /bɐ.lɐˈkla.vɐ/
** (Northern Portugal) IPA: /bɐ.lɐˈkla.bɐ/ [bɐ.lɐˈkla.βɐ]
* Rhymes: -avɐ

### Noun

balaclava f (plural balaclavas)
* balaclava (headgear)

### Further reading

* “balaclava”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2025
* “balaclava”, in Dicionário infopédia da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Porto: Porto Editora, 2003–2025
# bookcrossing
## English
### Verb

bookcrossing
* present participle and gerund of bookcross

### Noun

bookcrossing (countable and uncountable, plural bookcrossings)
* The practice of leaving a book in a public location to be found and read by others, who then do the same.

#### Translations
## Polish
### Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from English bookcrossing.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bukˈkrɔ.siŋk/
* Rhymes: -ɔsiŋk
* Syllabification: book‧cro‧ssing

### Noun

bookcrossing m inan (related adjective bookcrossingowy)
* bookcrossing (practice of leaving a book in a public location to be found and read by others, who then do the same)

#### Related terms

* bookcrosserski
* bookcrosser

### Further reading

* bookcrossing in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* bookcrossing in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Spanish
### Noun

bookcrossing m (plural bookcrossings)
* bookcrossing
# group dynamics
## English
### Noun

group dynamics (uncountable)
* The behaviour of a group of people governed by their mutual interaction.
* The study of this behaviour.
# ᡩᠠᠰᠠᠨ
## Manchu
### Etymology

ᡩᠠᠰᠠ᠊ (dasa-, “to govern”) +‎ ᠊ᠨ (-n)

### Pronunciation

* (standard) IPA: [ta.san]

### Noun

ᡩᠠᠰᠠᠨ • (dasan)
* politics
    ᡩᠠᠰᠠᠨ ᡳ ᠪᠠᡳᡨᠠ ― dasan-i baita ― governmental affair

#### Derived terms

* ᡩᠠᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᠮᠪᡳ (dasan aisilambi)
* ᡩᠠᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠠᠮᡠᠨ (dasan yamun)