# 播種
## Chinese
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): bōzhǒng, bòzhǒng
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄛ ㄓㄨㄥˇ, ㄅㄛˋ ㄓㄨㄥˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): bo$^3$ zung$^2$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): pò͘-chéng
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland; variant in Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bōzhǒng
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄛ ㄓㄨㄥˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bojhǒng
*** Wade–Giles: po$^1$-chung$^3$
*** Yale: bwō-jǔng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bojoong
*** Palladius: бочжун (bočžun)
*** Sinological IPA : /pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$嶓冢 播種 / 播种
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bòzhǒng
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄛˋ ㄓㄨㄥˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bòjhǒng
*** Wade–Giles: po$^4$-chung$^3$
*** Yale: bwò-jǔng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bohjoong
*** Palladius: бочжун (bočžun)
*** Sinological IPA : /pu̯ɔ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: bo$^3$ zung$^2$
*** Yale: bo júng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: bo$^3$ dzung$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: bo$^3$ zung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /pɔː³³ t͡sʊŋ³⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pò͘-chéng
*** Tâi-lô: pòo-tsíng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: porzeang
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /pɔ²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡siɪŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /pɔ¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɪŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɪŋ⁵³/

#### Verb

播⫽種 (verb-object)
* (intransitive) to sow seeds

##### Synonyms

* 下子 (xiàzǐ)
* 下種 / 下种
* 播
* 撒種 / 撒种 (sǎzhǒng)
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 下種 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 播種, 撒種, 下種, 下子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 播種, 撒種 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 下種, 播種 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 下種 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 下種 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 撒種 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 下子, 下種 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 下種 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 播種, 撒種 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 播種, 撒種 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 下種, 播種 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 落種 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 播種 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 下種, 落種 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 落種 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 落種 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 撒秧 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 撒秧 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 落種 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 播種 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 落種 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 落種 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 下種 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 下秧 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 下種 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 下種 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 落種 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 下種 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 下秧 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 下秧 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 下秧 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 下秧 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 下秧 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 下秧 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 落種 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 下秧 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 下種 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 下秧, 下種 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 下種 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 下種, 下穀種 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 落穀 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 種子子 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 滴子兒 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 下種, 撒種 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 䆊種 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 掖種, 放種, 落種, 落塗 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 掖種, 掖子, 落種, 落塗 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 掖種, 掖子, 放子, 落種, 落塗 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 掖種 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 落種 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 掖種, 落塗 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 掖種 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 下秧 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 撒種 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 下種子 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 下種 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 間種 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 下種 |

##### Derived terms

* 播種機 / 播种机

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): bōzhòng, bòzhòng
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄛ ㄓㄨㄥˋ, ㄅㄛˋ ㄓㄨㄥˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): bo$^3$ zung$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): pô-chung
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): pò͘-chèng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): bua$^3$ zêng$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland; variant in Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bōzhòng
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄛ ㄓㄨㄥˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bojhòng
*** Wade–Giles: po$^1$-chung$^4$
*** Yale: bwō-jùng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bojonq
*** Palladius: бочжун (bočžun)
*** Sinological IPA : /pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bòzhòng
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄛˋ ㄓㄨㄥˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bòjhòng
*** Wade–Giles: po$^4$-chung$^4$
*** Yale: bwò-jùng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bohjonq
*** Palladius: бочжун (bočžun)
*** Sinological IPA : /pu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: bo$^3$ zung$^3$
*** Yale: bo jung
*** Cantonese Pinyin: bo$^3$ dzung$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: bo$^3$ zung$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /pɔː³³ t͡sʊŋ³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: pô-chung
*** Hakka Romanization System: bo$^ˊ$ zung
*** Hagfa Pinyim: bo$^1$ zung$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /po²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡suŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pò͘-chèng
*** Tâi-lô: pòo-tsìng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: porzexng
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɪŋ²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siɪŋ⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: bua$^3$ zêng$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: puà tsèng
*** Sinological IPA : /pua²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡seŋ²¹³/

#### Verb

播種
* (transitive) to grow by sowing seeds

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 播 | 種 |
| は Jinmeiyō | しゅ Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi | goon |
Appears to be a learned borrowing from Chinese 播種 / 播种. Ultimately from Middle Chinese compound 播種 / 播种 (pa$^H$ tsyowng$^X$, literally “to sow + seed”) or 播種 / 播种 (pa$^H$ tsyowng$^H$, literally “to sow + to sow”). First cited in Japanese to 1872.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) はしゅ [háꜜshù] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ha̠ɕɨ]

#### Noun

播(は)種(しゅ) • (hashu)
* [from 1872] sowing, the spreading of seed on the ground for growing a crop
    Synonym: 種蒔き (tanemaki)
* [date unknown] (rare, medicine) dissemination (the spreading out of cells within the body, particularly cells of an invasive disease or of cancer)
    Synonyms: 散在 (sanzai), 汎発 (hanpatsu)
    Hyponym: 転移 (ten'i, “metastasis”)

##### Derived terms

* 播種機(はしゅき) (hashuki) a sower, a device or machine for sowing seeds
* 播種性(はしゅせい) (hashusei) disseminated (said of a disease)

#### Verb

播(は)種(しゅ)する • (hashu suru) suru (stem 播(は)種(しゅ)し (hashu shi), past 播(は)種(しゅ)した (hashu shita))
* [from 1872] (transitive) to sow, to spread seed on the ground for growing a crop
    Synonym: 種蒔き (tanemaki)
* [date unknown] (rare, intransitive, medicine) to disseminate (to spread out within the body, particularly for cells of an invasive disease or of cancer)
    Synonyms: 散在 (sanzai), 汎発 (hanpatsu)
    Hyponym: 転移 (ten'i, “metastasize”)

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 播種し | はしゅし | hashu shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 播種し | はしゅし | hashu shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 播種する | はしゅする | hashu suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 播種する | はしゅする | hashu suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 播種すれ | はしゅすれ | hashu sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 播種せよ¹ 播種しろ² | はしゅせよ¹ はしゅしろ² | hashu seyo¹ hashu shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 播種される | はしゅされる | hashu sareru |
| Causative | 播種させる 播種さす | はしゅさせる はしゅさす | hashu saseru hashu sasu |
| Potential | 播種できる | はしゅできる | hashu dekiru |
| Volitional | 播種しよう | はしゅしよう | hashu shiyō |
| Negative | 播種しない | はしゅしない | hashu shinai |
| Negative continuative | 播種せず | はしゅせず | hashu sezu |
| Formal | 播種します | はしゅします | hashu shimasu |
| Perfective | 播種した | はしゅした | hashu shita |
| Conjunctive | 播種して | はしゅして | hashu shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 播種すれば | はしゅすれば | hashu sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 播 | 種 |
| はん Jinmeiyō | しゅ Grade: 4 |
| kan'yōon | goon |
Variation of hashu reading, using the kan'yōon of han for the first character. First cited to 1879.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [hã̠ɰ̃ɕɨ]

#### Noun

播(はん)種(しゅ) • (hanshu)
* [from 1879] (rare) sowing, the spreading of seed on the ground for growing a crop
    Synonym: 種蒔き (tanemaki)
* [date unknown] (medicine) dissemination (the spreading out of cells within the body, particularly cells of an invasive disease or of cancer)
    Hyponym: 転移 (ten'i, “metastasis”)

#### Verb

播(はん)種(しゅ)する • (hanshu suru) suru (stem 播(はん)種(しゅ)し (hanshu shi), past 播(はん)種(しゅ)した (hanshu shita))
* [from 1879] (rare, transitive) to sow, to spread seed on the ground for growing a crop
    Synonym: 種蒔き (tanemaki)
* [date unknown] (intransitive, medicine) to disseminate (to spread out within the body, particularly for cells of an invasive disease or of cancer)
    Hyponym: 転移 (ten'i, “metastasize”)

##### Usage notes

* Although some dictionaries list this separate reading with a distinct sense, other dictionaries do not list any hanshu reading, and if they include the medical dissemination sense, they do so under the hanshu reading.
* The Microsoft IME for Japanese only recognizes the hashu reading for this kanji compound.

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 播種し | はしゅし | hashu shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 播種し | はしゅし | hashu shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 播種する | はしゅする | hashu suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 播種する | はしゅする | hashu suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 播種すれ | はしゅすれ | hashu sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 播種せよ¹ 播種しろ² | はしゅせよ¹ はしゅしろ² | hashu seyo¹ hashu shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 播種される | はしゅされる | hashu sareru |
| Causative | 播種させる 播種さす | はしゅさせる はしゅさす | hashu saseru hashu sasu |
| Potential | 播種できる | はしゅできる | hashu dekiru |
| Volitional | 播種しよう | はしゅしよう | hashu shiyō |
| Negative | 播種しない | はしゅしない | hashu shinai |
| Negative continuative | 播種せず | はしゅせず | hashu sezu |
| Formal | 播種します | はしゅします | hashu shimasu |
| Perfective | 播種した | はしゅした | hashu shita |
| Conjunctive | 播種して | はしゅして | hashu shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 播種すれば | はしゅすれば | hashu sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

##### Further reading

* Disseminated disease on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

### References

* 1 2 3 4 “播種”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
* ↑ http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/149124/m3u/%E6%92%AD%E7%A8%AE/
* ↑ “播種”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen]‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months