# 天文
## Chinese
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Literally, “heavenly patterns”, further defined by Morgan & Chaussende (2019) as "the study of heaven that deals with observation, cosmology (above), observational instruments, star charts, star catalogues, omen interpretation (zhan 占) and omenological record-keeping."

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tiānwén
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄧㄢ ㄨㄣˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): tin$^1$ man$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thiên-vùn
* Eastern Min (BUC): tiĕng-ùng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): thian-bûn
    (Teochew, Peng'im): tiêng$^1$ bhung$^5$ / tiang$^1$ bhung$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$thi-ven
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tiānwén
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄧㄢ ㄨㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tianwún
*** Wade–Giles: tʻien$^1$-wên$^2$
*** Yale: tyān-wén
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tianwen
*** Palladius: тяньвэнь (tjanʹvɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ wən³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: tin$^1$ man$^4$
*** Yale: tīn màhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tin$^1$ man$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: tin$^1$ men$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰiːn⁵⁵ mɐn²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thiên-vùn
*** Hakka Romanization System: tien$^ˊ$ vun$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: tian$^1$ vun$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰi̯en²⁴ vun¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: tiĕng-ùng
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰieŋ⁵⁵ $^{(Ø-)}$ŋuŋ⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thian-bûn
*** Tâi-lô: thian-bûn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tienbuun
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² bun²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰiɛn³³ bun²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² bun¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ bun²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ bun²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: tiêng$^1$ bhung$^5$ / tiang$^1$ bhung$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thieng bûng / thiang bûng
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰieŋ³³⁻²³ buŋ⁵⁵/, /tʰiaŋ³³⁻²³ buŋ⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$thi-ven
*** MiniDict: thi$^平$ ven
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$thi-ven
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /tʰi⁵⁵ vən²¹/

### Noun

天文
* astronomy
* (literary) celestial objects (stars, moon etc.); the heavens

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “astronomy”): 地理 (dìlǐ)

#### Derived terms

* 上知天文，下知地理 (shàng zhī tiānwén, xià zhī dìlǐ)
* 天文儀 / 天文仪
* 天文單位 / 天文单位 (tiānwén dānwèi)
* 天文地理
* 天文學 / 天文学 (tiānwénxué)
* 天文年
* 天文座標 / 天文座标
* 天文攝影 / 天文摄影 (tiānwén shèyǐng)
* 天文數字 / 天文数字 (tiānwén shùzì)
* 天文時 / 天文时
* 天文望遠鏡 / 天文望远镜
* 天文物理學 / 天文物理学 (tiānwén wùlǐxué)
* 天文生 (tiānwénshēng)
* 天文臺 / 天文台 (tiānwéntái)
* 天文鐘 / 天文钟
* 天文館 / 天文馆 (tiānwénguǎn)
* 天文點 / 天文点 (Tiānwéndiǎn)
* 太空天文臺 / 太空天文台
* 射電天文學 / 射电天文学
* 巴洛馬天文臺 / 巴洛马天文台
* 格林威治天文臺 / 格林威治天文台

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 天文(てんもん) (tenmon); 天文(てんぶん) (tenbun)
* → Korean: 천문(天文) (cheonmun)
* → Vietnamese: thiên văn (天文)

### References

* ↑ Morgan, Danial Patrick, Chaussende, Damien (2019) “Introduction”, in Morgan, D. P. & Chaussende, D., editors, Monographs in Tang Official Historiography (Why the Sciences of the Ancient World Matter), Springer Publishing, Appendix, pages 1-25

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 天 | 文 |
| てん Grade: 1 | もん Grade: 1 |
| on'yomi | goon |
From Old Japanese, in turn from Middle Chinese 天文 (MC then mjun, literally “heavens + patterns”). Compare modern Cantonese reading tin$^1$ man$^4$.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) てんもん [tèńmóń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [tẽ̞mːõ̞ɴ]

#### Noun

天(てん)文(もん) • (tenmon)
* (colloquial) astronomy
    Synonym: (more formal) 天文学 (tenmongaku)

##### Derived terms

* 天(てん)文(もん)学(がく) (tenmongaku): astronomy
* 天(てん)文(もん)方(かた) (tenmonkata): (historical) an official government position during the Edo period, responsible for astronomy, calendars, and measurements, among other matters
* 天(てん)文(もん)航(こう)法(ほう) (tenmon kōhō): astronomical navigation, navigating by the stars
* 天(てん)文(もん)時(じ) (tenmonji): astronomical time
* 天(てん)文(もん)台(だい) (tenmondai): astronomical observatory
* 天(てん)文(もん)単(たん)位(い) (tenmon tan'i): astronomical unit, AU
* 天(てん)文(もん)潮(ちょう) (tenmonchō): astronomical tide
* 天(てん)文(もん)道(どう) (tenmondō): (historical) an ancient area of study of the movements of heavenly bodies and their influence on events, similar to astrology
* 天(てん)文(もん)時(ど)計(けい) (tenmon-dokei): astronomical clock
* 天(てん)文(もん)博(はか)士(せ) (tenmon hakase): (historical) an official government position in the Ritsuryō system, responsible for astronomy, calendars, and the training of astronomers
* 天(てん)文(もん)薄(はく)明(めい) (tenmon hakumei): astronomical twilight

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 天 | 文 |
| てん Grade: 1 | ぶん Grade: 1 |
| on'yomi | kan'on |
From Middle Chinese 天文 (MC then mjun, literally “heavens + patterns”). Likely a later borrowing. Compare modern Min Nan reading thian-bûn.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [tẽ̞mbɯ̟̃ɴ]

#### Noun

天(てん)文(ぶん) • (tenbun)
* (rare, possibly obsolete) astronomy (see the tenmon reading above)

#### Proper noun

天(てん)文(ぶん) • (Tenbun)
* the Tenbun era, 1532–1555

##### See also

* 享禄(きょうろく) (Kyōroku) (era preceding Tenbun)
* 弘治(こうじ) (Kōji) (era following Tenbun)

### References

* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 天 | 文 |

### Noun

天文 • (cheonmun) (hangeul 천문)
* hanja form of 천문 (“astronomy”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 天 | 文 |

### Noun

天文
* chữ Hán form of thiên văn (“astronomy”).