# 開封
## Chinese

* 開封 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 開封 (Cantonese)
* Kăi-hŭng (Eastern Min)
* Khai-hong-chhī (Southern Min)
* 开封市 (Wu)

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kāifēng
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄞ ㄈㄥ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hoi$^1$ fung$^1$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khui-hong
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kāifēng
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄞ ㄈㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kaifong
*** Wade–Giles: kʻai$^1$-fêng$^1$
*** Yale: kāi-fēng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kaifeng
*** Palladius: кайфэн (kajfɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ fɤŋ⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kāifēngr
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄞ ㄈㄥㄦ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kaifongr
*** Wade–Giles: kʻai$^1$-fêng$^1$-ʼrh
*** Yale: kāi-fēngr
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kaifengl
*** Palladius: кайфэнр (kajfɛnr)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ fɤ̃ɻ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hoi$^1$ fung$^1$
*** Yale: hōi fūng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hoi$^1$ fung$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hoi$^1$ fung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɔːi̯⁵⁵ fʊŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khui-hong
*** Tâi-lô: khui-hong
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qui'hofng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰui⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰui³³ hɔŋ³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰui⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰui⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰui⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: khoj pjowng
Rime :
| Character | 開 | 封 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) | 幫 (1) |
| Final (韻) | 咍 (41) | 鍾 (7) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 苦哀切 | 府容切 |
| Baxter | khoj | pjowng |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰʌi/ | /pɨoŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰəi/ | /pioŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰɒi/ | /pioŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰəj/ | /puawŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰᴀi/ | /pioŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰɒi/ | /pĭwoŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kʰɑ̆i/ | /pi̯woŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | kāi | fēng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hoi$^1$ | fung$^1$ |

#### Verb

開封
* to unseal, to break open a seal
    From: 811, Bai Juyi（白居易）,《詠慵》, translated into English as Lazy Man's Song by Arthur Waley, 1919.
    Qīnpéng jìshū zhì, yù dú yōng kāifēng. [Pinyin]
    My friends and relatives write me long letters; I should like to read them, but they're such a bother to open.

#### Synonyms

* 啟封／启封 (qǐfēng)

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Kāifēng
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄞ ㄈㄥ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hoi$^1$ fung$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): Khôi-fûng
    (Meixian, Guangdong): koi$^1$ fung$^1$
* Eastern Min (BUC): Kăi-hŭng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): Khai-hong
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kai$^1$ hong$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$khe-fon
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Kāifēng → Kāifeng (toneless final syllable variant)
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄞ ㄈㄥ → ㄎㄞ ˙ㄈㄥ (toneless final syllable variant)
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Kaifo̊ng
*** Wade–Giles: Kʻai$^1$-fêng$^5$
*** Yale: Kāi-feng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Kai.feng
*** Palladius: Кайфэн (Kajfɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ fɤŋ⁵⁵/ → /kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ fɤŋ²/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hoi$^1$ fung$^1$
*** Yale: hōi fūng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hoi$^1$ fung$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hoi$^1$ fung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɔːi̯⁵⁵ fʊŋ⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Khôi-fûng
*** Hakka Romanization System: koi$^ˊ$ fung$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: koi$^1$ fung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰoi̯²⁴⁻¹¹ fuŋ²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: koi$^1$ fung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰoɪ⁴⁴ fʊŋ⁴⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: Kăi-hŭng
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰai⁵⁵ $^{(h-)}$uŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Khai-hong
*** Tâi-lô: Khai-hong
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qai'hofng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰai³³ hɔŋ³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: kai$^1$ hong$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khai hong
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰai³³⁻²³ hoŋ³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$khe-fon
*** MiniDict: khe$^平$ fon
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$khe-fon
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰe⁵⁵ foŋ²¹/

### Etymology

The city was named in the late 8th century BCE by the Duke Zhuang of Zheng originally as 啓封 / 启封 (qǐfēng), literally opening up a new domain. Later in 156 BCE, for the new emperor's name happened to be 啓／启, the character was displaced by its closest synonym 開／开, hence the current name.

#### Proper noun

開封
* (～市) Kaifeng (a city in Henan, China)

##### Synonyms

* (archaic, historical) 汴梁 (Biànliáng)

##### Descendants

* → Japanese: 開(かい)封(ふう) (kaifū)
* → Korean: 개봉(開封) (gaebong)
* → Thai: ไคฟง

### References

* "Kaifeng—Ancient Capital" from the China Internet Information Center, State Council Information Office of the PRC

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 開 | 封 |
| かい Grade: 3 | ふう Grade: S |
| goon ||

#### Noun

開(かい)封(ふう) • (kaifū)
* breaking-open of a seal
    未(み)開(かい)封(ふう)のまま賞(しょう)味(み)期(き)限(げん)を過(す)ぎてしまった牛(ぎゅう)乳(にゅう)
       mikaifū no mama shōmi kigen o sugiteshimatta gyūnyū
       milk that has passed its expiration date without ever being opened
* unsealed mail

#### Verb

開(かい)封(ふう)する • (kaifū suru) suru (stem 開(かい)封(ふう)し (kaifū shi), past 開(かい)封(ふう)した (kaifū shita))
* to break open a seal

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 開封し | かいふうし | kaifū shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 開封し | かいふうし | kaifū shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 開封する | かいふうする | kaifū suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 開封する | かいふうする | kaifū suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 開封すれ | かいふうすれ | kaifū sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 開封せよ¹ 開封しろ² | かいふうせよ¹ かいふうしろ² | kaifū seyo¹ kaifū shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 開封される | かいふうされる | kaifū sareru |
| Causative | 開封させる 開封さす | かいふうさせる かいふうさす | kaifū saseru kaifū sasu |
| Potential | 開封できる | かいふうできる | kaifū dekiru |
| Volitional | 開封しよう | かいふうしよう | kaifū shiyō |
| Negative | 開封しない | かいふうしない | kaifū shinai |
| Negative continuative | 開封せず | かいふうせず | kaifū sezu |
| Formal | 開封します | かいふうします | kaifū shimasu |
| Perfective | 開封した | かいふうした | kaifū shita |
| Conjunctive | 開封して | かいふうして | kaifū shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 開封すれば | かいふうすれば | kaifū sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 開 | 封 |
| かい Grade: 3 | ほう Grade: S |
| kan'on ||

#### Proper noun

開(かい)封(ほう) • (Kaihō)
* Kaifeng (a city in Henan, China)

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 開 | 封 |

### Noun

開封 • (gaebong) (hangeul 개봉)
* hanja form of 개봉