# borb
## Irish
### Etymology

From Old Irish borb (“foolish, ignorant”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈbˠɔɾˠəbˠ/
* (Kerry) IPA: /ˈbˠʌɾˠəbˠ/
* (Ulster) IPA: /ˈbˠɔɾˠəbˠ/, (as if spelled barb) /ˈbˠaɾˠəbˠ/

### Adjective

borb (genitive singular masculine boirb, genitive singular feminine boirbe, plural borba, comparative boirbe)
* brusque, gruff, abrupt; rude
    Synonym: drochmhúinte
* pungent

#### Declension

$^1$ When the preceding noun is lenited and governed by the definite article. $^2$ When the preceding noun ends in a slender consonant.

#### Related terms

* boirbe f (“gruffness, rudeness”)

### Verb

borb (present analytic borbann, future analytic borbfaidh, verbal noun borbadh, past participle borbtha)
* (intransitive) Alternative form of borbaigh (“get angry, rude”)

#### Conjugation

| | | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural | relative | autonomous |
| | | first | second | third | first | second | third | relative | autonomous |
| indicative | present | borbaim | borbann tú; borbair$^†$ | borbann sé, sí | borbaimid | borbann sibh | borbann siad; borbaid$^†$ | a bhorbann; a bhorbas / a mborbann* | borbtar |
| indicative | past | bhorb mé; bhorbas | bhorb tú; bhorbais | bhorb sé, sí | bhorbamar; bhorb muid | bhorb sibh; bhorbabhair | bhorb siad; bhorbadar | a bhorb / ar bhorb* | borbadh |
| indicative | past habitual | bhorbainn / mborbainn‡‡ | bhorbtá / mborbtá‡‡ | bhorbadh sé, sí / mborbadh sé, sí‡‡ | bhorbaimis; bhorbadh muid / mborbaimis‡‡; mborbadh muid‡‡ | bhorbadh sibh / mborbadh sibh‡‡ | bhorbaidís; bhorbadh siad / mborbaidís‡‡; mborbadh siad‡‡ | a bhorbadh / a mborbadh* | bhorbtaí / mborbtaí‡‡ |
| future | future | borbfaidh mé; borbfad | borbfaidh tú; borbfair$^†$ | borbfaidh sé, sí | borbfaimid; borbfaidh muid | borbfaidh sibh | borbfaidh siad; borbfaid$^†$ | a bhorbfaidh; a bhorbfas / a mborbfaidh* | borbfar |
| conditional | conditional | bhorbfainn / mborbfainn‡‡ | bhorbfá / mborbfá‡‡ | bhorbfadh sé, sí / mborbfadh sé, sí‡‡ | bhorbfaimis; bhorbfadh muid / mborbfaimis‡‡; mborbfadh muid‡‡ | bhorbfadh sibh / mborbfadh sibh‡‡ | bhorbfaidís; bhorbfadh siad / mborbfaidís‡‡; mborbfadh siad‡‡ | a bhorbfadh / a mborbfadh* | bhorbfaí / mborbfaí‡‡ |
| subjunctive | present | go mborba mé; go mborbad$^†$ | go mborba tú; go mborbair$^†$ | go mborba sé, sí | go mborbaimid; go mborba muid | go mborba sibh | go mborba siad; go mborbaid$^†$ | — | go mborbtar |
| subjunctive | past | dá mborbainn | dá mborbtá | dá mborbadh sé, sí | dá mborbaimis; dá mborbadh muid | dá mborbadh sibh | dá mborbaidís; dá mborbadh siad | — | dá mborbtaí |
| imperative | imperative | borbaim | borb | borbadh sé, sí | borbaimis | borbaigí; borbaidh$^†$ | borbaidís | — | borbtar |
| verbal noun | verbal noun | borbadh | borbadh | borbadh | borbadh | borbadh | borbadh | borbadh | borbadh |
| past participle | past participle | borbtha | borbtha | borbtha | borbtha | borbtha | borbtha | borbtha | borbtha |
* indirect relative † archaic or dialect form ‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* ↑ Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931) Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry [Phonetics of an Irish Dialect of Kerry] (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, page 28
* ↑ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, page 7

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “borb”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “borb”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* Dinneen, Patrick S. (1904) “borb”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 1st edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 77
* de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “borb”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
* Finck, F. N. (1899) Die araner mundart [The Aran Dialect] (in German), volume II, Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 47
* “borb”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2025
* Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, page 54

## Old Irish
### Alternative forms

* borp

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈborb/

### Adjective

borb
* foolish, silly, senseless; stupid, ignorant, unlearned; rude, uncouth
* fierce, rough, rude, violent, harsh; arrogant

#### Declension

o/ā-stem :
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | borb | borb | borb |
| Vocative | buirb* borb** | borb | borb |
| Accusative | borb | buirb | borb |
| Genitive | buirb | buirbe | buirb |
| Dative | burb | buirb | burb |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine/neuter | Feminine/neuter |
| Nominative | buirb | borba | borba |
| Vocative | burbu borba† | borba | borba |
| Accusative | burbu borba† | borba | borba |
| Genitive | borb | borb | borb |
| Dative | borbaib | borbaib | borbaib |
| Notes | *modifying a noun whose vocative is different from its nominative **modifying a noun whose vocative is identical to its nominative † not when substantivized | *modifying a noun whose vocative is different from its nominative **modifying a noun whose vocative is identical to its nominative † not when substantivized | *modifying a noun whose vocative is different from its nominative **modifying a noun whose vocative is identical to its nominative † not when substantivized |

#### Derived terms

* burbae

#### Descendants

* Irish: borb
* Scottish Gaelic: borb
* Manx: barb

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “borb”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## Scottish Gaelic
### Etymology

From Old Irish borb (“foolish, silly, senseless; stupid, ignorant, unlearned; rude, uncouth; fierce, rough, rude, violent, harsh; arrogant”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpɔrɔp/

### Adjective

borb (comparative buirbe)
* barbaric, barbarous
* boisterous
* brusque
* brutish, crude
* cruel, savage, fierce
* harsh
* knockabout
* rabid

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Scottish Gaelic. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* Edward Dwelly (1911) “borb”, in Faclair Gàidhlig gu Beurla le Dealbhan [The Illustrated Gaelic–English Dictionary]‎, 10th edition, Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited, →ISBN
* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “borb”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language