OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# siklus
## Afrikaans
### Etymology

From Dutch cyclus, from Latin cyclus, from Ancient Greek κύκλος (kúklos, “circle”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsi.klœs/

### Noun

siklus (plural siklusse)
* A cycle, a complete rotation.
* A cycle, a repeatable series.

## Indonesian
### Etymology

From Dutch cyclus, from Latin cyclus, from Ancient Greek κύκλος (kúklos, “circle”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷékʷlos (“circle, wheel”). Cognate of Afrikaans siklus. Doublet of cakra and cakram.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈsɪklʊs]
* Rhymes: -lʊs, -ʊs, -s
* Hyphenation: sik‧lus

### Noun

siklus (plural siklus-siklus)
* cycle, a repeatable series.

#### Synonyms

* daur
* kitar (Standard Malay)

#### Derived terms

* siklus akuntansi
* siklus bisnis
* siklus estrus
* siklus hidup
* siklus kardiak
* siklus kori
* siklus mode
* siklus nitrogen
* siklus regang-kerut
* siklus tebang

#### Related terms

* cakra
* cakram
* siklik
* siklis

### Further reading

* “siklus” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.
# cograil
## English
### Etymology

From cog +‎ rail.

### Noun

cograil (plural cograils)
* One of the rails of a cog railway, which engages the cog; the rack of a rack railway.

#### Related terms

* cog
* cog railway
* rail
* railroad
* railway

### Anagrams

* Argolic
# bezúg
## Hungarian
### Etymology

be- +‎ zúg

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈbɛzuːɡ]
* Hyphenation: be‧zúg
* Rhymes: -uːɡ

### Verb

bezúg
* (transitive, literary, rare) to fill a place with a strong, booming noise
* (intransitive, slang) to fall down, to fall into, to fall deeper
* (intransitive, education, slang) to fail, to get an F (in something: -ból/-ből) (to get an unsatisfactory grade)
    Bezúgtam matekból. ― I got an F in math.

#### Derived terms

* bezúgat
* bezúgás

### Further reading

* bezúg in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
* bezúg in Nóra Ittzés, editor, A magyar nyelv nagyszótára [A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (Nszt.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031 (work in progress; published a–ez as of 2024).
* bezúg in Wikiszótár
# salmone rosso
## Italian
### Etymology

Literally, “red salmon”, due to it being primarily red in hue during spawning.

### Noun

salmone rosso m (plural salmoni rossi)
* sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

#### Related terms

* salmone argentato
* salmone del Danubio
* salmone dell'Atlantico
* salmone giapponese
* salmone keta
* salmone reale
* salmone rosa

### Further reading

* Oncorhynchus nerka on the Italian Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{it}$
# magsunog
## Tagalog
### Etymology

From mag- +‎ sunog.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /maɡsuˈnoɡ/ [mɐɡ.sʊˈn̪oɡ̚], /maɡˈsunoɡ/ [mɐɡˈsuː.n̪oɡ̚]
* Rhymes: -oɡ, -unoɡ
* Syllabification: mag‧su‧nog

### Verb

magsunóg or magsunog (complete nagsunog, progressive nagsusunog, contemplative magsusunog, Baybayin spelling ᜋᜄ᜔ᜐᜓᜈᜓᜄ᜔)
* to burn; to set on fire

#### Derived terms

* magsunog ng kilay

#### Related terms

* pagsunog
* pagsusunog
# kılıç
## Turkish
### Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish قلج (kılıc), from Proto-Turkic *kïlï̄č (“sword”).
Cognate with Old Uyghur [script needed] (qïlïč, “sword”); Kazakh қылыш (qylyş, “sword”), Shor қылыш (qïlïš, “sword”), Yakut кылыс (kılıs, “combat knife; sabre”), etc.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kɯˈɫɯtʃ/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: kı‧lıç

### Noun

kılıç (definite accusative kılıcı, plural kılıçlar)
* sword
** 1936 February 5, headline in Ulusal Birlik:
    Habeşler, Makalleyi aldılar ve garnizonlardaki askerleri kılıçtan geçirdiler(please add an English translation of this quotation)
       The Abyssinians took Mekelle and put the soldiers in the garrisons to the sword

#### Derived terms

* kılıç alayı
* kılıç bacak
* kılıç balığı
* kılıç çalmak
* kılıç çekmek
* kılıç pabucu
* kılıç sallamak
* kılıççı
* kılıççılık

### Further reading

* “kılıç”, in Turkish dictionaries, Türk Dil Kurumu
* Ayverdi, İlhan (2010) “kılıç”, in Misalli Büyük Türkçe Sözlük, a reviewed and expanded single-volume edition, Istanbul: Kubbealtı Neşriyatı
# ugsong
## Bikol Central
### Pronunciation

* Hyphenation: ug‧song
* IPA: /ˈʔuɡsoŋ/ [ˈʔuɡ.soŋ]

### Noun

ugsong
* thick dirt on the skin
    Synonym: daldag

#### Derived terms

* ugsungon
# bunu'
## Tausug
### Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bunuq.

### Pronunciation

* (Sinūgan Parianun) IPA: /bunuʔ/ [bʊˈn̪uʔ]
* Rhymes: -uʔ
* Syllabification: bu‧nu'

### Noun

bunu' (Sulat Sūg spelling بُنُؤْ)
* fighting; killing

#### Derived terms

* bunua
* bunuun
* mabunu'
* magbunu'
* mamumunu'
* pagbunuan
* pagbunuan
* piyagbunuan
# plasmodial
## English
### Adjective

plasmodial (not comparable)
* (biology) Resembling or relating to a plasmodium.
    plasmodial behaviour
    the plasmodial form of a life cycle
    plasmodial mitosis
    plasmodial myosin
    plasmodial phase
* Of or relating to Plasmodium, a parasite.
    plasmodial infection

#### Derived terms

* antiplasmodial
* plasmodial slime mold

#### Translations
### References

“plasmodial”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.

### Anagrams

* psalmodial
# bekerít
## Hungarian
### Etymology

be- +‎ kerít

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈbɛkɛriːt]
* Hyphenation: be‧ke‧rít
* Rhymes: -iːt

### Verb

bekerít
* (transitive) to enclose, fence in (to enclose with a fence)
* (transitive, military) to surround, encircle, outflank (to enclose or confine on all sides so as to prevent escape)

#### Derived terms

* bekerítés
* bekeríthető
* bekeríttet

### Further reading

* bekerít in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
* bekerít in Nóra Ittzés, editor, A magyar nyelv nagyszótára [A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (Nszt.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031 (work in progress; published a–ez as of 2024).
# trak
## Bislama
### Etymology

From English truck.

### Noun

trak
* car

## Cebuano
### Etymology

Borrowed from English truck, perhaps a shortening of truckle, related to Latin trochus (“iron hoop, wheel”) from Ancient Greek τροχός (trokhós).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈtɾak/ [ˈt̪ɾ̪ak]
* Hyphenation: trak

### Noun

trak (Badlit spelling ᜆ᜔ᜇᜃ᜔)
* truck (US, Canada, Australia); lorry (UK)

#### Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:trak.

## Kashubian
### Etymology

Borrowed from English track.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈtrak/
* Rhymes: -ak
* Syllabification: trak

### Noun

trak m inan
* (Canada) track

### Further reading

* Stanislow Frymark (2020) “trak”, in Kashubian Language in Canada, the USA and New Zealand; Lexical Interferences in Kashubian Language in Canada, the USA and New Zealand, Zómk Zôbòrsczi, →ISBN

## Maguindanao
### Etymology

From English truck.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Maguindanaon) IPA: /ˈtɾak/ [ˈʈɽak̚]
* Rhymes: -ak
* Syllabification: trak

### Noun

trak (Jawi spelling تْرَکْ)
* truck (US, Canada, Australia); lorry (UK)

## Malay
### Etymology

From English truck.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈtrak/ [ˈt̪raʔ]

### Noun

trak (Jawi spelling ترک, plural trak-trak, informal 1st possessive trakku, 2nd possessive trakmu, 3rd possessive traknya)
* truck

#### Usage notes

Standard Malay uses trak for any type of truck, whereas lori is used with medium and heavy trucks (such as semi-trailer trucks/articulated lorries) only.

#### Alternative forms

* truk (Indonesian Malay, Standard Indonesian)

#### Synonyms

* lori (heavy truck)

### Further reading

* “trak” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.

## Phalura
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /trak/

### Noun

trak m (Perso-Arabic spelling ترک)
* scale for firewood

#### Inflection

i-decl (Obl, pl): -í

### References

* Henrik Liljegren, Naseem Haider (2011) “trak”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎, Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN

## Serbo-Croatian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /trâːk/

### Noun

trȃk m (Cyrillic spelling тра̑к)
* ribbon
    trak svjetla ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

### Further reading

* “trak”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025

## Tagalog
### Alternative forms

* tarak

### Etymology

Borrowed from English truck.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ˈtɾak/ [ˈt̪ɾak̚]
* Rhymes: -ak
* Syllabification: trak

### Noun

trak (Baybayin spelling ᜆ᜔ᜇᜃ᜔)
* truck

#### Derived terms

* magtrak
* trakin

#### See also

* kamyon

### References

* “trak”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018

## Tok Pisin
### Etymology

From English truck.

### Noun

trak
* truck
# ကေသာ
## Burmese
### Etymology

Borrowed from Pali kesa. Doublet of ကေ (ke) and ကေသ (kesa.).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kèθà/
* Romanization: MLCTS: kesa • ALA-LC: kesā • BGN/PCGN: ketha • Okell: keitha

### Noun

ကေသာ • (kesa)
* (poetic) hair

#### Synonyms

* ဆံ (hcam)
* ဆံပင် (hcampang)

#### Derived terms

* ဆံကေသာ (hcamkesa)

### Further reading

* “ကေသာ” in Myanmar–English Dictionary (Myanmar Language Commission 1993). Searchable online at SEAlang.net.
# lingga
## Indonesian
### Etymology

From Sanskrit लिङ्ग (liṅga).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈlɪŋ.ɡa]
* Hyphenation: ling‧ga

### Noun

lingga (plural lingga-lingga)
* (archaeology) lingam.
* phallus.

#### Derived terms

* lingga alam
* lingga api
* lingga prasasti

### Further reading

* “lingga” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Javanese
### Romanization

lingga
* Romanization of ꦭꦶꦁꦒ
# ճիռ
## Armenian
### Alternative forms

* ճիռն (čiṙn) — Karabakh
* ճուռ (čuṙ) — dialectal

### Etymology

From Old Armenian ճիռ (čiṙ).

### Pronunciation

* (Eastern Armenian) IPA: /t͡ʃir/, [t͡ʃir]
* (Western Armenian) IPA: /d͡ʒiɾ/, [d͡ʒiɾ]

### Noun

ճիռ • (čiṙ)
* small bunch of grapes or a single fruit left after a harvest
* (Karabakh) sour unripe grape
    Synonym: ազոխ (azox)

#### Derived terms

* ճռիկ (čṙik)
* ճռտիկ (čṙtik)
* ճեռվոր (čeṙvor)

### Further reading

* Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1971–1979) “ճիռ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, Yerevan: University Press

## Old Armenian
### Etymology

The origin is unknown.

### Noun

ճիռ • (čiṙ)
* small bunch of grapes
** 5th century, Bible, Isaiah 65.8:Այսպէս ասէ Տէր․ Զոր օրինակ եթէ գտանիցի ճիռ ի մէջ ողկուզոց, եւ ասիցեն․ Մի՛ ապականեր զդա՝ զի օրհնութիւնՏեառն գոյ ի դմա․ այնպէս արարից վասն ծառայից իմոց, վասն որոյ ոչ կորուսից զամենեսեան։Ayspēs asē Tēr; Zor ōrinak etʻē gtanicʻi čiṙ i mēǰ ołkuzocʻ, ew asicʻen; Mí apakaner zda, zi ōrhnutʻiwnTeaṙn goy i dma; aynpēs araricʻ vasn caṙayicʻ imocʻ, vasn oroy očʻ korusicʻ zamenesean.Translation by Brenton Septuagint TranslationThus saith the Lord, As a grape-stone shall be found in the cluster, and they shall say, Destroy it not; for a blessing is in it: so will I do for the sake of him that serves me, for his sake I will not destroy them all.
* an insignificant fruit left on an olive tree

#### Derived terms

* ճռախիտ (čṙaxit)
* ճռաքաղ (čṙakʻał)
* ճռաքաղեմ (čṙakʻałem)
* ճռաքաղութիւն (čṙakʻałutʻiwn)
* մշտնջենաճիռ (mštnǰenačiṙ)

#### Descendants

* Middle Armenian: ճիռ (čiṙ), ճիւռ (čiwṙ), ճեռ (čeṙ), ճուռ (čuṙ)
** Armenian: ճիռ (čiṙ), ճիռն (čiṙn) — Karabakh, ճուռ (čuṙ) — dialectal

### Further reading

* Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1971–1979) “ճիռ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, Yerevan: University Press
* Awetikʻean, G., Siwrmēlean, X., Awgerean, M. (1836–1837) “ճիռ”, in Nor baṙgirkʻ haykazean lezui [New Dictionary of the Armenian Language] (in Old Armenian), Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
* Martirosyan, Hrach (2019) “Traces of Indo-European ‘Father Sky, God’ in Armenian”, in U. Bläsing, J. Dum-Tragut, T.M. van Lint, editors, Armenian, Hittite, and Indo-European Studies: A Commemoration Volume for Jos J.S. Weitenberg (Hebrew University Armenian Studies; 15), Leuven: Peeters, page 196, footnote 10
* Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 936
* Petrosean, Matatʻeay (1879) “ճիռ”, in Nor Baṙagirkʻ Hay-Angliarēn [New Dictionary Armenian–English], Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
# tumapon
## Tagalog
### Etymology

From tapon +‎ -um-.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /tuˈmapon/ [t̪ʊˈmaː.pon̪]
* Rhymes: -apon
* Syllabification: tu‧ma‧pon

### Verb

tumapon (complete tumapon, progressive tumatapon, contemplative tatapon, Baybayin spelling ᜆᜓᜋᜉᜓᜈ᜔)
* to be accidentally spilled (from a container)
    Tumapon 'yung gatas.The milk got spilled.
* complete aspect of tumapon

#### Related terms

* ipatapon
* itapon
* magtapon
* matapon
* matapunan
* tapunan
# cron
## English
### Etymology

From chrono-, from Ancient Greek χρόνος (khrónos, “time”). Originating as the name of a specific program, but since generalized to analogous ones.

### Noun

cron (uncountable)
* (computing) A scheduler or timer that automatically starts a job, program, task.

#### Derived terms

* cronjob
* cron job
* crontab
* cron task

## Irish
### Etymology

Middle Irish cron (“crime, blame, fault”).

### Noun

cron m (genitive singular croin)
* fault, defect, blemish
* Reproving look, notice.

#### Declension

bare forms
case
singular
nominative
cron
vocative
a chruin
genitive
cruin
dative
cron
forms with the definite article
case
singular
nominative
an cron
genitive
an chruin
dative
leis an gcron don chron :

#### Derived terms

* cronaigh (“to miss”)

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “cron”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN

## Scottish Gaelic
### Etymology

Middle Irish cron (“crime, blame, fault”).

### Noun

cron m (genitive singular croin, plural croin)
* harm, injury, defect
* delinquency, blame, fault

#### Derived terms

* cronachadh m (“criticism, denunciation, reproach, reproof”)
* cronaich (“rebuke, chide, scold”, verb)
# controllo
## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /konˈtrɔl.lo/
* Rhymes: -ɔllo
* Hyphenation: con‧tròl‧lo

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from French contrôle.

#### Noun

controllo m (plural controlli)
* check, control, verification, examination, inspection
    Synonyms: esame, ispezione, verifica
* (medicine) test, check, checkup, visit
    Synonyms: esame, visita
* surveillance, watch
    Synonym: sorveglianza
* command, control
    Synonym: comando

##### Derived terms

* autocontrollo
* controllare
* controllo delle nascite
* controllo sociale
* fuori controllo
* pannello di controllo
* sotto controllo

##### Related terms

* controllabile
* controllabilità
* controllato
* controllore

### Etymology 2
#### Verb

controllo
* first-person singular present indicative of controllare

### Further reading

* controllo in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
# cavall
## Catalan
### Etymology

Inherited from Late Latin caballus (“horse”), from Latin caballus (“pack horse”), of Gaulish origin.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central) [kəˈβaʎ]
* IPA: (Balearic) [kəˈvaʎ]
* IPA: (Valencia) [kaˈvaʎ]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -aʎ

### Noun

cavall m (plural cavalls)
* horse
* (chess) knight
* (drug slang) horse, H

#### Derived terms

* a cavall regalat, no li miris el dentat
* cavall de vapor
* cavall frisó
* cavall marí
* cavallet
* cavallfort
* cavallí
* cavalló
* encavallar

#### Related terms

* cavalcar
* cavaller

### See also

Chess pieces in Catalan · peces d'escacs (layout · text) :
| rei | reina, dama | torre | alfil | cavall | peó |

### Further reading

* “cavall” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “cavall”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025
* “cavall” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
* “cavall” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

## Lombard
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin caballus.
Akin to Italian cavallo.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kaˈval/ (Milanese)
* IPA: /kaˈal/ (Bergamasque)

### Noun

cavall m (plural cavai)
* horse
# սապռ
## Middle Armenian
### Alternative forms

* սապր (sapr)

### Etymology

From Arabic صَبْر (ṣabr, “aloe”).
Kʿaǰuni has սաբր (sabr, “Cimolian earth”), but it should be identified with սապռ (sapṙ, “aloe”).

### Noun

սապռ • (sapṙ)
* aloe

#### Related terms

* սապռ սկունդրի (sapṙ skundri)
* սապռ սուկուտրի (sapṙ sukutri)
* սապռի սկուտրի (sapṙi skutri)
* սապրի սկուդրի (sapri skudri)

#### Descendants

* Armenian: սապռ (sapṙ), սապր (sapr, “bitter substance spread on nipples to wean off babies”) (dialectal)

### References

* ↑ Kʻaǰuni, Manuēl (1893) “սաբր”, in Baṙgirkʻ aruesticʻ ew gitutʻeancʻ ew gełecʻik dprutʻeancʻ. Hamaṙōt baṙgirkʻ gitutʻeancʻ ew aruesticʻ ew gełecʻik dprutʻeancʻ hayerēn-gałłieren [Dictionary of Arts and Sciences and Belles Lettres. Concise Armenian–French Dictionary of Arts and Sciences and Belles Lettres], volume III (overall work in Old Armenian and French), Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy, page 213a
* ↑ Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1979) “սապռ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume IV, Yerevan: University Press, page 152a
* ↑ Malxaseancʻ, Stepʻan (1945) “սաբր”, in Hayerēn bacʻatrakan baṙaran [Armenian Explanatory Dictionary] (in Armenian), volume IV, Yerevan: State Publishing House, page 167a

### Further reading

* Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1971–1979) “սապռ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, Yerevan: University Press
* Awetikʻean, G., Siwrmēlean, X., Awgerean, M. (1836–1837) “սապռ”, in Nor baṙgirkʻ haykazean lezui [New Dictionary of the Armenian Language] (in Old Armenian), Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
* Hübschmann, Heinrich (1897) Armenische Grammatik. 1. Theil: Armenische Etymologie (in German), Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, page 276
* Ġazaryan, Ṙuben, Avetisyan, Henrik (2009) “սապռ”, in Miǰin hayereni baṙaran [Dictionary of Middle Armenian] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, Yerevan: University Press, pages 686–687
* Petrosean, Matatʻeay (1879) “սապռ”, in Nor Baṙagirkʻ Hay-Angliarēn [New Dictionary Armenian–English], Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
* Sargsyan, Artem et al., editors (2001–2012), “սապռ”, in Hayocʻ lezvi barbaṙayin baṙaran [Dialectal Dictionary of the Armenian Language] (in Armenian), Yerevan: Hayastan
# astinggal
## Tagalog
### Etymology

Borrowed from Malay istinggar, ultimately from Portuguese espingarda.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ʔastiŋˈɡal/ [ʔɐs.t̪ɪŋˈɡal]
* Rhymes: -al
* Syllabification: as‧ting‧gal

### Noun

astinggál (Baybayin spelling ᜀᜐ᜔ᜆᜒᜅ᜔ᜄᜎ᜔) (archaic, firearms)
* harquebus
    Synonym: alkabus

#### Related terms

* astinggalero

#### See also

* arkabusero

### Further reading

* “astinggal”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018
# blacktail
## English
### Etymology

Compound of black +‎ tail.

### Noun

blacktail (plural blacktails)
* A fish: the ruffe or pope (Gymnocephalus cernua)
** 1601, Pliny the Elder, translated by Philemon Holland, The Historie of the World, London: A. Islip, published 1634, page 452:[…] the blacke taile Perch [which ſome take for a Ruffe, others for a ſea Breame:]
** 1706, Edward Phillips, compiler, J[ohn] K[ersey the younger], “Melarunus”, in The New World of Words: Or, Universal English Dictionary. […], 6th edition, London: […] J. Phillips, […]; N. Rhodes, […]; and J. Taylor, […], →OCLC:Melarunus, the Black-tail, a kind of Perch of Ruff, a Fiſh; it alſo taken for a Sea-bream: […]
** 1912, Harry Thurston Peck, The Standard Illustrated Book of Facts, New York, N.Y.: Syndicate Publishing Company, page 764:A perch-like fish of European waters, the blacktail, striped or stone perch, is also known as a ruff or ruffe.
* A black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus), of California and Oregon.
* A mule deer, of the Rocky Mountains.
* Certain fish with black tails:
** (UK) Salmo trutta
** (South Africa, Namibia) Diplodus capensis, Diplodus sargus
** (Jamaica) Haemulon carbonarium

#### Derived terms

* blacktail buckbill eel (Saurenchelys fierasfer)
* blacktail butterflyfish (Chaetodon austriacus)
* blacktail comber (Serranus atricauda)
* blacktail humbug (Dascyllus melanurus)
* blacktail pike-conger (Hoplunnis diomediana)
* blacktail redhorse (Moxostoma poecilurum)
* blacktail reef shark (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos)
* blacktail shark (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos)
* blacktail shiner (Cyprinella venusta)
* blacktail snapper (Lutjanus fulvus)
* blacktail triplefin (Enneapterygius spp. etc)

### References

* “black-tail, n.”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, launched 2000.
# langgar
## Indonesian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈlaŋ.ɡar]
* Hyphenation: lang‧gar
* Rhymes: -ar

### Etymology 1

From Malay langgar.

#### Verb

langgar
* to violate.

##### Derived terms

* berlanggar-langgar
* berlanggaran
* langgar-melanggar
* melanggar
* melanggarkan
* pelanggar
* pelanggaran
* perlanggaran
* terlanggar

### Etymology 2

From Malay langgar, from Classical Persian لنگر (langar, “the house or monastery of the Calendars or Muhammadan monks”, literally “anchor”),
* from Ancient Greek ἄγκῡρα (ánkūra), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enk- (“corner, hirn”).
* form Iranian, from Indo-Iranian. Cognate to Sanskrit लङ्गल (laṅgala, “anchor”).

#### Noun

langgar (plural langgar-langgar)
* (Islam) a small mosque.
    Synonyms: surau, musala

### Further reading

* “langgar” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Malay
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈlaŋ.ɡar]
* Rhymes: -aŋɡar, -ar

### Etymology 1

Unknown

#### Verb

langgar (Jawi spelling لڠݢر)
* to violate
* to collide, to hit or crash into

##### Derived terms

* berlanggar
* berlanggar-langgar
* berlanggar-langgaran
* berlanggaran
* langgar-melanggar
* melanggar
* melanggarkan
* pelanggar
* pelanggaran
* perlanggaran
* terlanggar

### Etymology 2

From Classical Persian لنگر (langar, “the house or monastery of the Calendars or Muhammadan monks”, literally “anchor”), from Ancient Greek ἄγκῡρα (ánkūra), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enk- (“corner, hirn”).

#### Noun

langgar (Jawi spelling لڠݢر, plural langgar-langgar, informal 1st possessive langgarku, 2nd possessive langgarmu, 3rd possessive langgarnya)
* (Islam) a small mosque.
    Synonyms: surau, madrasah

### Further reading

* “langgar” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.