# 柯

| 柯 | U+67EF, &#26607; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-67EF |
| ← 柮 [U+67EE] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 柰 → [U+67F0] |

## Translingual
### Han character

柯 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+5, 9 strokes, cangjie input 木一弓口 (DMNR), four-corner 4192$_0$, composition ⿰木可)

#### Derived characters

* 𫈥, 樖

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 520, character 22
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14658
* Dae Jaweon: page 908, character 17
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1178, character 6
* Unihan data for U+67EF

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 砢 | *ɡ·raːlʔ |
| 柯 | *kaːl |
| 菏 | *kaːl, *ɡaːl |
| 牁 | *kaːl |
| 滒 | *kaːl |
| 哥 | *kaːl |
| 歌 | *kaːl |
| 謌 | *kaːl |
| 鴚 | *kaːl |
| 哿 | *kaːlʔ |
| 舸 | *kaːlʔ |
| 笴 | *kaːlʔ, *kaːnʔ |
| 軻 | *kʰaːl, *kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls |
| 珂 | *kʰaːl |
| 可 | *kʰaːlʔ |
| 岢 | *kʰaːlʔ |
| 坷 | *kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls |
| 蚵 | *kʰaːls, *ɡaːl |
| 呵 | *qʰaːl, *qʰaːls |
| 訶 | *qʰaːl |
| 抲 | *qʰaːl |
| 荷 | *qʰaːls, *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ |
| 何 | *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ |
| 河 | *ɡaːl |
| 苛 | *ɡaːl |
| 魺 | *ɡaːl |
| 袔 | *ɡaːls |
| 阿 | *qaːl |
| 妸 | *qaːl, *qaːlʔ |
| 疴 | *qaːl, *kʰraːls |
| 鈳 | *qaːl |
| 娿 | *qaːl, *qaːlʔ |
| 痾 | *qaːl |
| 跒 | *kʰraːlʔ |
| 閜 | *qʰraːlʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kaːl) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ).

### Etymology 1

Same word as 牁 (OC *kaːl, “mooring post for a boat”) and related to 軻 (OC *kʰaːl, *kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls, “a pair of wheels upon an axle tree”); perhaps related to 幹 (OC *kaːns, “stem, support”) but distinct from 竿 (OC *kaːn, “pole”) (Schuessler, 2007).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kē (ke$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄜ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): o$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): khô
    (Hailu, HRS): ko$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ko$^1$
* Eastern Min (BUC): kŏ̤
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gua$^1$ / ko$^1$ / kor$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): koa / kho
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gua$^1$ / ko$^1$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^1$khu / $^1$khou
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kē
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄜ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ke
*** Wade–Giles: kʻo$^1$
*** Yale: kē
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ke
*** Palladius: кэ (kɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɤ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: o$^1$
*** Yale: ō
*** Cantonese Pinyin: o$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: o$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɔː⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khô
*** Hakka Romanization System: ko$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ko$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰo²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: ko$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰo⁵³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: ko$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰo⁴⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: kŏ̤
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰo⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gua$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kua⁵³³/
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ko$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰo⁵³³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ko$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɵ⁵³³/
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: kor$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɒ⁵³³/
* gua1 - vernacular (incl. surname);
* ko1 - vernacular;
* kor1 - literary.
* Middle Chinese: ka
Rime :
| Character | 柯 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 歌 (94) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 古俄切 |
| Baxter | ka |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɑ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kɑ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kɑ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ka/ |
| Li Rong | /kɑ/ |
| Wang Li | /kɑ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kɑ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gē |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | go$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ˤar/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kaːl/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 柯 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | kē |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ka › |
| Old Chinese | /*[k]ˁar/ |
| English | axe-handle |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 柯 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 7433 |
| Phonetic component | 可 |
| Rime group | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 歌 |
| Old Chinese | /*kaːl/ |

#### Definitions

柯
* (literary) axe handle
* (literary) stalk; branch
* a surname
    柯文哲 ― Kē Wénzhé ― Ko Wen-je (Taiwanese politician)
* Short for 柯爾克孜／柯尔克孜 (kē'ěrkèzī, “Kyrgyz (the people, language, etc.)”).
* Lithocarpus; stone oak

##### Descendants

* → English: Ke, Ko, Ker, Or, O, Quah, Qua, Kuah, Kua, Kwa
* → Tagalog: Cua (via Hokkien)

#### Compounds

* 南柯 (nánkē)
* 南柯一夢 / 南柯一梦 (nánkēyīmèng)
* 古柯 (gǔkē)
* 尼柯西亞 / 尼柯西亚 (Níkēxīyà)
* 柯克亞 / 柯克亚 (Kēkèyà)
* 柯則 / 柯则
* 柯化
* 柯南 (Kēnán)
* 柯坪 (Kēpíng)
* 柯子 (kēzǐ)
* 柯打
* 柯欽 / 柯钦
* 柯爾克孜 / 柯尔克孜 (kē'ěrkèzī)
* 柯駕 / 柯驾
* 牂柯

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): koa
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gua$^1$
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: koa
*** Tâi-lô: kua
*** Phofsit Daibuun: koaf
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kua⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kua³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kua⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kua⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kua⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gua$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kua
*** Sinological IPA : /kua³³/

#### Definitions

柯
* (Hokkien, of fruits, vegetable, etc.) fibrous; stringy; tough; withered
* (Teochew) dry; dried up; unmoist
* (Hokkien) lost one's youthfulness; old

### Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): koa
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: koa
*** Tâi-lô: kua
*** Phofsit Daibuun: koaf
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kua⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kua³³/

#### Definitions

柯
* (Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) copper coin
* (Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) yuan (unit of currency)

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 圓, 元 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 塊 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 塊 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 塊 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 塊 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 塊 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 塊 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 塊 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 塊 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 塊 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 塊 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 塊 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 塊 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 塊 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 塊 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 塊 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 塊 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 塊 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 塊 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 塊 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 塊 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanning (Wuming) | 塊 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Shanglin (Sanli) | 塊 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 塊 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 塊 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 塊 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 蚊, 蚊雞, 雞士, 個, 銀, 度嘢 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 蚊, 蚊雞, 雞士, 個, 銀, 雞嘢, 皮 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 文 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 蚊雞 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 蚊雞 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 蚊, 蚊雞 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Qingyuan | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Fogang | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Yingde (Hanguang) | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Yangshan | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Lianshan (Butian) | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Lianzhou (Qingshui; Sihui) | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Renhua | 蚊雞 |
| Cantonese | Lechang | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Zhaoqing (Gaoyao) | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Sihui | 蚊雞 |
| Cantonese | Deqing | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Huaiji | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Fengkai (Nanfeng) | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Yunfu | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Xinxing | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Luoding | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Yunan (Pingtai) | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 蚊, 個 |
| Cantonese | Lianjiang | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Qinzhou | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 箍, 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Penang (Guangfu) | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 蚊, 箍 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 蚊 |
| Cantonese | Móng Cái | 蚊 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 塊 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 塊 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 塊 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 塊 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 吊 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 塊 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 個 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 個 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 個 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 個 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 個 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 銀, 箍 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 塊, 蚊 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Longchuan) | 箍 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 箍 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 箍 |
| Hakka | Singkawang | 盾 |
| Hakka | Singapore (Dabu) | 箍 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 塊 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 塊 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 塊 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 塊 |
| Northern Min | Pucheng (Shibei) | 塊 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 塊 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 塊 |
| Eastern Min | Matsu | 塊 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 箍 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 箍 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 箍 |
| Southern Min | Shishi | 箍 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 箍 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 箍 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 箍 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 箍 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 箍 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 箍 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 箍 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 箍 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 箍 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 箍 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 箍 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 箍 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 箍 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 箍 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 箍 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 箍 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 銀, 箍, 個, 個銀 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 銀, 個, 箍 dated, 個銀 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 銀 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 個, 個銀 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 個銀 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 箍 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 箍, 個銀 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 個 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 銀, 個 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 個銀, 銀 |
| Southern Min | Qionghai | 銀 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 箍 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 個 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 個 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Sanxiang) | 蚊 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 蚊, 蚊雞 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Dahe) | 塊 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 塊 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 塊 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 塊 |
| Wu | Danyang | 塊 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 塊 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 個 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 塊 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 塊 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 塊 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 塊 |
| Xiang | Quanzhou | 塊 |

### References

* (Min Nan) “Entry #5074”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: か (ka)
* Kan-on: か (ka)
* Kun: え (e, 柯)

## Korean
### Hanja

柯 • (ga) (hangeul 가, revised ga, McCune–Reischauer ka, Yale ka)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

柯: Hán Nôm readings: kha
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation