OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# στρωμνή
## Ancient Greek
### Etymology

From στρώννυμι (strṓnnumi, “to spread, make one's bed”) +‎ -ή (-ḗ).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /strɔːm.nɛ̌ː/ → /stromˈni/ → /stromˈni/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /strɔːm.nɛ̌ː/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /stromˈne̝/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /stromˈni/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /stromˈni/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /stromˈni/

### Noun

στρωμνή • (strōmnḗ) f (genitive στρωμνῆς); first declension
* bed spread or prepared
* (in general) bed, couch
    Synonyms: κλίνη (klínē), λέκτρον (léktron)
* mattress, bedding
    Synonyms: κράββατος (krábbatos), στρῶμα (strôma)

#### Derived terms

* στρωμνάομαι (strōmnáomai)
* στρωμνηφόρος (strōmnēphóros)

### Further reading

* “στρωμνή”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “στρωμνή”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* στρωμνή in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
# αποξενώνω
## Greek
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /a.po.kseˈno.no/
* Hyphenation: α‧πο‧ξε‧νώ‧νω

### Verb

αποξενώνω • (apoxenóno) (past αποξένωσα, passive αποξενώνομαι, p‑past αποξενώθηκα, ppp αποξενωμένος)
* to estrange, alienate

#### Related terms

* αποξένωση f (apoxénosi, “alienation, estrangement”)
* and see: ξένος (xénos, “foreign, alien”, adjective)
# কাপুৰ
## Assamese
### Alternative forms

* কাপোৰ (kapür) — Standard

### Etymology

Inherited from Early Assamese কাপোড় (kapöṛo), Sanskrit কৰ্পট (karpaṭa, “patched garment”). Cognate with Bengali কাপড় (kapoṛ), Sylheti ꠇꠣꠙꠞ (xafor), Chittagonian hoor, Hindi कपड़ा (kapṛā).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈka.puɾ/, /ˈqa.puɾ/

### Noun

কাপুৰ • (kapur)
* (Kamrupi) cloth
    Synonym: (less common) কানি (kani)
    সৰু খুঈৰাকে ভাত খ টেবুলখান মুইচ্পা ফাটা কাপুৰ আকখান ৰমলাক খুইজ্লাক।xoru khuirake bhat kho tebulkhan muispa phata kapur akkhan romolak khuizlak.The younger aunt asked Ramala a torn cloth to wipe the rice-eating table.

#### Derived terms

* কাপুৰ-কানি (kapur-kani)
# ხოპი
## Georgian
### Etymology

Akin to Mingrelian ხოპი (xoṗi), Laz ხოპე (xop̌e), Old Armenian խոփ (xopʻ).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [χopʼi]
* Hyphenation: ხო‧პი

### Noun

ხოპი • (xoṗi)
* oar
    Alternative form: ხოფი (xopi)
* crab carapace
* (Racha) wooden scraper (to clean plough, chop salad)

#### Derived terms

* მეხოფე (mexope)
* მეხოპე (mexoṗe)
* ხოფიანი (xopiani)

### References

* Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1973) “խոփ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume II, Yerevan: University Press, pages 423–424
* Čikobava, Arnold et al., editors (1964), “ხოპი”, in Kartuli enis ganmarṭebiti leksiḳoni [Explanatory Dictionary of the Georgian language] (in Georgian), volume VIII, Tbilisi: Academy Press, column 1488
* Čubinov, David (1840) “ხოპი”, in Грузинско-русско-французский словарь [Georgian–Russian–French Dictionary], Saint Petersburg: Academy Press, page 681a, derives from Ancient Greek κώπη (kṓpē)
* Rayfield, Donald, editor (2006), “ხოპი”, in A Comprehensive Georgian–English Dictionary‎, volume II, London: Garnett Press, page 1703a
* Rayfield, Donald, editor (2006), “ხოფი”, in A Comprehensive Georgian–English Dictionary‎, volume II, London: Garnett Press, page 1704b
* Thorsø, Rasmus (2023) Prehistoric loanwords in Armenian: Hurro-Urartian, Kartvelian, and the unclassified substrate‎, PhD dissertation, Leiden University, page 58

## Mingrelian
### Alternative forms

* ხოფი (xopi), ხობი (xobi)

### Etymology

Akin to Georgian ხოპი (xoṗi), Laz ხოპე (xop̌e), Old Armenian խոփ (xopʻ).

### Noun

ხოპი • (xoṗi)
* oar
* shovel
* sluice gate in a sluice channeling water toward a water mill

#### Derived terms

* ხოპამი (xoṗami)

### References

* Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1973) “խոփ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume II, Yerevan: University Press, pages 423–424
* Kadshaia, Otar, Fähnrich, Heinz (2001) “ხოპი”, in Mingrelisch-Deutsches Wörterbuch (Kaukasienstudien; 3), Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 652a
* Kajaia, Otar (2005) “ხოპი”, in Megrul-kartuli leksiḳoni [Mingrelian–Georgian Dictionary]‎, online version prepared by Joost Gippert, Frankfurt am Main, published 2001–2004
* Kipšidze, Iosif (1914) “ხოპი”, in Грамматика мингрельского (иверского) языка с хрестоматией и словарем [Grammar of the Mingrelian (Iverian) Language with a Reader and a Dictionary] (Материалы по яфетическому языкознанию; 7)‎ (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Academy Press, page 406b
* Thorsø, Rasmus (2023) Prehistoric loanwords in Armenian: Hurro-Urartian, Kartvelian, and the unclassified substrate‎, PhD dissertation, Leiden University, page 58
# spath
## English
### Pronunciation

* (US) IPA: /spæθ/

### Etymology 1

From New Latin, shortening of the genus name Spathiphyllum, from Ancient Greek σπάθη (spáthē, “blade”) + φύλλον (phúllon, “leaf”).

#### Noun

spath (plural spaths)
* (informal) Any plant of the genus Spathiphyllum of peace lilies.
** 2016, Ana Agüera, Dimitra Lambropoulou, “New Challenges for the Analytical Evaluation of Reclaimed Water and Reuse Applications”, in Despo Fatta-Kassinos, Dionysios D. Dionysiou, Klaus Kümmerer, editors, Wastewater Reuse and Current Challenges (The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry; 44), Springer, →ISBN, page 37:Besides the aforementioned field study, in vitro uptake of triclosan, hydrocinnamic acid, tonalide, ibuprofen, naproxen and clofibric acid by lettuce (Lactuca sativa L) and spath (Spathiphyllum spp.) was investigated by the same research group [139] in order to evaluate the reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation of agricultural crops.

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

spath (plural spaths)
* Archaic form of spathe.

### Anagrams

* paths, phats, shapt, staph

## French
### Etymology

From German Spath, an obsolete spelling of Spat (“spar”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /spat/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

spath m (plural spaths)
* (mineralogy) spar

#### Derived terms

* spathifier

### Further reading

* “spath”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
# եղջիւր
## Old Armenian
### Alternative forms

* եղջեւր (ełǰewr)

### Etymology

The oldest form is եղջեւր (ełǰewr), of unknown origin.

### Noun

եղջիւր • (ełǰiwr)
* horn (of animals)
    եղջիւր խողովակաւոր ― ełǰiwr xołovakawor ― tubulated horn
* vessel or cup made of horn
* an ornament for corners
* (figuratively, Hebraic style) power, force; glory, honour, praise
    եղջիւր ածել ― ełǰiwr acel ― to puff oneself up with pride; to threaten, to menace
    ամբառնալ, բերձացուցանել զեղջիւրս, համբառնալ ի բարձունս զեղջիւրս, բարձրանալ եղջեր ամբարտաւանութեան ― ambaṙnal, berjacʻucʻanel zełǰiwrs, hambaṙnal i barjuns zełǰiwrs, barjranal ełǰer ambartawanutʻean ― to lift up the horns, to become insolent, arrogant, proud, tyrannical; to raise one's crest, to rebel
    փշրել, խորակել զեղջիւր ամբարտաւանութեան ― pʻšrel, xorakel zełǰiwr ambartawanutʻean ― to break the horns, to humble, to humiliate, to break down, to lower the pride
    եղջիւր փրկութեան իմոյ ― ełǰiwr pʻrkutʻean imoy ― horn of my salvation; reliance, support, strength, prop
    բարձր եղիցի եղջիւր արդարոյ ― barjr ełicʻi ełǰiwr ardaroy ― the just shall lift up his head; the righteous shall be exalted
* (botany) carob bean

#### Usage notes

The word has two combining forms եղջեր- (ełǰer-) and -եղջիւր (-ełǰiwr).

#### Derived terms

* ամաղթեղջիւր (amałtʻełǰiwr)
* այծեղջիւր (aycełǰiwr)
* բարձրեղջիւր (barjrełǰiwr)
* եղջերաբոյս (ełǰeraboys)
* եղջերագեղ (ełǰerageł)
* եղջերակնճիթ (ełǰeraknčitʻ)
* եղջերաւոր (ełǰerawor)
* եղջերեայ (ełǰereay)
* եղջերենի (ełǰereni)
* եղջերի (ełǰeri)
* եղջերիկ (ełǰerik)
* եղջերոյ (ełǰeroy)
* եղջերու (ełǰeru)
* եղջերուահար (ełǰeruahar)
* եղջերուաքաղ (ełǰeruakʻał)
* եղջերցեմ (ełǰercʻem)
* եղջերփող (ełǰerpʻoł)
* եղջիւրաբոյս (ełǰiwraboys)
* եղջիւրակնճիթ (ełǰiwraknčitʻ)
* եղջիւրահանդիպեալ (ełǰiwrahandipeal)
* եղջիւրահար (ełǰiwrahar)
* եղջիւրաւոր (ełǰiwrawor)
* եղջիւրենի (ełǰiwreni)
* եղջիւրեւոր (ełǰiwrewor)
* եղջիւրիկ (ełǰiwrik)
* ըռընգեղջիւր (əṙəngełǰiwr)
* մահիկեղջիւր (mahikełǰiwr)
* մաղթեղջիւր (małtʻełǰiwr)
* միեղջերի (miełǰeri)
* միեղջերու (miełǰeru)
* միեղջերուի (miełǰerui)
* միեղջիւր (miełǰiwr)
* միեղջիւրու (miełǰiwru)
* ռնգեղջիւր (ṙngełǰiwr)
* սղոցեղջիւր (słocʻełǰiwr)
* սրեղջիւր (srełǰiwr)
* փրփրեղջիւր (pʻrpʻrełǰiwr)

#### Descendants

* → Armenian: եղջյուր (eġǰyur) (literary)
* Armenian: ախջիր (axǰir), ախջՙիր (axǰʻir), ախջՙէր (axǰʻēr), ախջՙէյ (axǰʻēy), էխջՙիյ (ēxǰʻiy), յէխչիուր (yēxčʻiur) (dialectal)

### References

* Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1971–1979) “եղջիւր”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, Yerevan: University Press
* Petrosean, Matatʻeay (1879) “եղջիւր”, in Nor Baṙagirkʻ Hay-Angliarēn [New Dictionary Armenian–English], Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
* Awetikʻean, G., Siwrmēlean, X., Awgerean, M. (1836–1837) “եղջիւր”, in Nor baṙgirkʻ haykazean lezui [New Dictionary of the Armenian Language] (in Old Armenian), Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
# tannu
## Sicilian
### Etymology

From Latin tandem.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈt̪anːu/
* Hyphenation: tan‧nu

### Adverb

tannu
* at the time, at that time
* once, formerly

#### Related terms

* annunca
* avannu
* cumunca
* dunca
* n'atr'annu
* squasi
# a-katorse
## Tagalog
### Alternative forms

* a-14 — abbreviation
* akatorse, a katorse

### Etymology

From a- +‎ katorse.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ʔa kaˈtoɾse/ [ʔɐ xɐˈt̪oɾ.sɛ]
* Rhymes: -oɾse
* Syllabification: a-ka‧tor‧se

### Noun

a-katorse (Baybayin spelling ᜀᜃᜆᜓᜇ᜔ᜐᜒ)
* fourteenth day of the month
    Synonym: ikalabing-apat

#### See also

* a-primero
* a-uno
* a-dos
* a-tres
* a-kuwatro
* a-singko
* a-seis
* a-siyete
* a-otso
* a-nuwebe
* a-diyes
* a-onse
* a-dose
* a-trese
* a-kinse
* a-disiseis
* a-disisiyete
* a-disiotso
* a-disinuwebe
* a-beynte
* a-beynte uno
* a-beynte dos
* a-beynte tres
* a-beynte kuwatro
* a-beynte singko
* a-beynte seis
* a-beynte siyete
* a-beynte otso
* a-beynte nuwebe
* a-treynta
* a-treynta y uno
# penunjuk
## Indonesian
### Etymology

peng- +‎ tunjuk.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pəˈnʊɲ.d͡ʒʊʔ/
* Rhymes: -d͡ʒʊʔ
* Hyphenation: pê‧nun‧juk

### Noun

pênunjuk
* guide
** An tool which guide to do something
* someone who became guide to someplace.

#### Compounds

* penunjuk jalan

### References

* “penunjuk” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.
# αποσπώ
## Greek
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /a.poˈspo/
* Hyphenation: α‧πο‧σπώ

### Verb

αποσπώ • (apospó) (past απέσπασα, passive αποσπώμαι, p‑past αποσπάστηκα, ppp αποσπασμένος)
* to extort, extract
    Synonym: ανασπώ (anaspó)
* to distract (to stop someone's task)
* to second, lend (on temporary work assignment)

#### Related terms

* αναπόσπαστος (anapóspastos, “nondetachable”)
* απόσπαση f (apóspasi)
* απόσπασμα n (apóspasma, “detachment, squad, excerpt”)
* αποσπασματικός (apospasmatikós)
* αποσπασματικότητα f (apospasmatikótita)
* and see: σπάζω (spázo, “break”)
# ꦧꦛꦁ
## Javanese
### Etymology

From Old Javanese baṭaṅ, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bataŋ. Doublet of ꦮꦠꦁ (watang).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ba.ʈaŋ/
* Rhymes: -ʈaŋ
* Hyphenation: ba‧thang

### Noun

ꦧꦛꦁ (bathang)
* corpse

#### Derived terms

* ꦩ꧀ꦧꦛꦁ (mbathang)

#### Descendants

* → Indonesian: batang (semantic loan)
* → Malay: batang (semantic loan)

### Further reading

* “bathang” in Javanese-Indonesian Dictionary [Kamus Bahasa Jawa-Indonesia], Yogyakarta, Indonesia: The Linguistic Center of Yogyakarta Special [Balai Bahasa Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta], 2023.
# agaw-buhay
## Tagalog
### Etymology

From agaw +‎ buhay.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ˌʔaɡaw ˈbuhaj/ [ˌʔaː.ɣaʊ̯ ˈbuː.haɪ̯]
* Rhymes: -uhaj
* Syllabification: a‧gaw-bu‧hay

### Adjective

agaw-buhay (Baybayin spelling ᜀᜄᜏ᜔ᜊᜓᜑᜌ᜔)
* (idiomatic) in agony or critical state, usually nearing death
    Synonyms: patawirin, abot-dili
* (idiomatic, by extension) in serious hardship, usually financially

### Noun

agaw-buhay (Baybayin spelling ᜀᜄᜏ᜔ᜊᜓᜑᜌ᜔)
* state of agony
    Synonyms: paghihingalo, pag-aabot-dili

#### Derived terms

* mag-agaw-buhay
* pag-aagaw-buhay

### Further reading

* “agaw-buhay”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018
# 妬

| 妬 | U+59AC, &#22956; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-59AC |
| ← 妫 [U+59AB] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 妭 → [U+59AD] |

## Translingual

| Japanese | 妬 |
| Simplified | 妒 |
| Traditional | 妒 |

### Han character

妬 (Kangxi radical 38, 女+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 女一口 (VMR), four-corner 4146$_2$, composition ⿰女石)

#### Derived characters

* 𠊜, 𣔧, 𪥾, 𦲼, 𥯉, 𪦆

#### Related characters

* 妒

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 257, character 12
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 6121
* Dae Jaweon: page 522, character 8
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1035, character 10
* Unihan data for U+59AC

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 柘 | *tjaɡs |
| 妬 | *taːɡs |
| 蠹 | *taːɡs |
| 沰 | *taːɡ, *tʰaːɡ |
| 拓 | *tʰaːɡ, *tjaɡ |
| 橐 | *tʰaːɡ |
| 袥 | *tʰaːɡ |
| 驝 | *tʰaːɡ, *raːɡ |
| 斫 | *tjaɡ |
| 磭 | *ŋrɯnʔ, *ŋ̊ʰjaɡ, *ŋaɡ |
| 磔 | *rtaːɡ |
| 跖 | *tjaɡ |
| 石 | *djaɡ |
| 碩 | *djaɡ |
| 祏 | *djaɡ |
| 鉐 | *djaɡ |
| 鼫 | *djaɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *taːɡs) : semantic 女 + phonetic 石 (OC *djaɡ).

### Definitions

* For pronunciation and definitions of 妬 – see 妒 (“to be jealous of her husband or another woman; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 妒).

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* jealousy; envy

#### Readings

* Kan-on: と (to, Jōyō)
* Kun: ねたむ (netamu, 妬む, Jōyō)、そねむ (sonemu, 妬む)、つもる (tsumoru, 妬る)、ふさぐ (fusagu, 妬ぐ)

## Korean
### Alternative forms

* 妒

### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 妒 (MC tuH).

### Hanja

Wikisource 妬 (eumhun 샘낼 투 (saemnael tu))
* hanja form of 투 (“to envy”)

#### Compounds

* 질투 (嫉妬, jiltu)
* 투기 (妬忌, tugi)
* 투심 (妬心, tusim)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

妬: Hán Nôm readings: đó, đố, đủ, đo, đú
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation
# Ajami
## English
### Etymology

From Arabic عَجَمِيّ (ʕajamiyy). By surface analysis, Ajam +‎ -i.

### Adjective

Ajami (comparative more Ajami, superlative most Ajami)
* Non-Arab; Persian.

#### Derived terms

* Ajami Iraq
* Ajami Turkic

#### Translations
### Proper noun

Ajami
* The Ajami script.

#### Translations
### Related terms

* Ajam
# բաժանեմ
## Old Armenian
### Alternative forms

* բարժանեմ (baržanem) — hypercorrect

### Etymology

Denominal verb of *բաժան (*bažan, “sharing”), borrowed from an unattested Middle Iranian cognate of Sanskrit भजन (bhajana, “the act of sharing, distribution”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g- (“to divide, distribute, allot”).

### Verb

բաժանեմ • (bažanem)
* (transitive) to divide, separate

#### Derived terms

* անբաժան (anbažan)
* անբաժանաբար (anbažanabar)
* անբաժանական (anbažanakan)
* անբաժանապէս (anbažanapēs)
* անբաժանելի (anbažaneli)
* անբաժանութիւն (anbažanutʻiwn)
* անբաժանօրէն (anbažanōrēn)
* անբարժանաբար (anbaržanabar)
* անբարժանապէս (anbaržanapēs)
* անբարժանելի (anbaržaneli)
* բաժան (bažan)
* բաժանաբար (bažanabar)
* բաժանած (bažanac)
* բաժանակ (bažanak)
* բաժանակալ (bažanakal)
* բաժանակամ (bažanakam)
* բաժանական (bažanakan)
* բաժանակից (bažanakicʻ)
* բաժանասէր (bažanasēr)
* բաժանարար (bažanarar)
* բաժանաւոր (bažanawor)
* բաժանիմ (bažanim)
* բաժանողական (bažanołakan)
* բաժանողականութիւն (bažanołakanutʻiwn)
* բաժանողութիւն (bažanołutʻiwn)
* բաժանորդ (bažanord)
* բաժանութիւն (bažanutʻiwn)
* բաժանումն (bažanumn)
* բարժանակութիւն (baržanakutʻiwn)
* բարժանող (baržanoł)
* բարժանողութիւն (baržanołutʻiwn)
* բարժանումն (baržanumn)
* երկրաբաժանական (erkrabažanakan)
* զուգաբաժանեմ (zugabažanem)
* ընդդիմաբաժանեմ (ənddimabažanem)
* հակաբաժանեմ (hakabažanem)
* մակաբաժանումն (makabažanumn)
* ներբաժանեմ (nerbažanem)
* ստորաբաժանեմ (storabažanem)
* ստորաբաժանումն (storabažanumn)
* տարաբաժանիմ (tarabažanim)

#### Related terms

* բագին (bagin)
* բաժ (baž)
* բաժակ (bažak)
* բախտ (baxt)
* բաշխ (bašx)

#### Descendants

* Armenian: բաժանել (bažanel)

### References

* Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1971) “բաժանել”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume I, Yerevan: University Press, pages 381–382
* Awetikʻean, G., Siwrmēlean, X., Awgerean, M. (1836–1837) “բաժանեմ”, in Nor baṙgirkʻ haykazean lezui [New Dictionary of the Armenian Language] (in Old Armenian), Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
* Hübschmann, Heinrich (1897) Armenische Grammatik. 1. Theil: Armenische Etymologie (in German), Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, page 115
* Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 265
# ratificar
## Catalan
### Etymology

Borrowed from Medieval Latin ratificāre, from Latin ratus (“established, authoritative; fixed, certain”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [rə.ti.fiˈka]
* IPA: (Valencia) [ra.ti.fiˈkaɾ]

### Verb

ratificar (first-person singular present ratifico, first-person singular preterite ratifiquí, past participle ratificat)
* to ratify

#### Related terms

* ratificació

### Further reading

* “ratificar” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “ratificar”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025
* “ratificar” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
* “ratificar” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

## Portuguese
### Etymology

Borrowed from Medieval Latin ratificāre, from Latin ratus (“established, authoritative; fixed, certain”).

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ʁa.t͡ʃi.fiˈka(ʁ)/ [ha.t͡ʃi.fiˈka(h)]
* (Brazil) IPA: /ʁa.t͡ʃi.fiˈka(ʁ)/ [ha.t͡ʃi.fiˈka(h)]
** (São Paulo) IPA: /ʁa.t͡ʃi.fiˈka(ɾ)/ [ha.t͡ʃi.fiˈka(ɾ)]
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /ʁa.t͡ʃi.fiˈka(ʁ)/ [χa.t͡ʃi.fiˈka(χ)]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ʁa.t͡ʃi.fiˈka(ɻ)/ [ha.t͡ʃi.fiˈka(ɻ)]
* (Portugal) IPA: /ʁɐ.ti.fiˈkaɾ/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ʁɐ.ti.fiˈkaɾ/
** (Southern Portugal) IPA: /ʁɐ.ti.fiˈka.ɾi/
* Hyphenation: ra‧ti‧fi‧car

### Verb

ratificar (first-person singular present ratifico, first-person singular preterite ratifiquei, past participle ratificado)
* to ratify

#### Usage notes

Not to be confused with retificar (“rectify”).

#### Conjugation

$^1$Brazilian Portuguese. $^2$European Portuguese.

#### Related terms

* ratificação

### Further reading

* “ratificar”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2025

## Spanish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Medieval Latin ratificāre, from Latin ratus (“established, authoritative; fixed, certain”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ratifiˈkaɾ/ [ra.t̪i.fiˈkaɾ]
* Rhymes: -aɾ
* Syllabification: ra‧ti‧fi‧car

### Verb

ratificar (first-person singular present ratifico, first-person singular preterite ratifiqué, past participle ratificado)
* to ratify

#### Conjugation

$^1$Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language. $^2$Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.
These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

#### Related terms

* ratificación

### Further reading

* “ratificar”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# aseytera
## Tagalog
### Alternative forms

* asetera, asitera

### Etymology

Borrowed from Spanish aceitera.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ʔasejˈteɾa/ [ʔɐ.seɪ̯ˈt̪ɛː.ɾɐ]
* Rhymes: -eɾa
* Syllabification: a‧sey‧te‧ra

### Noun

aseytera (Baybayin spelling ᜀᜐᜒᜌ᜔ᜆᜒᜇ)
* oil bottle
    Synonyms: langisan, (obsolete) sisidlang-langis, (obsolete) sisidlang-lana, (obsolete) panlalanahan
* oiler; oilcan
    Synonym: langisan

#### Related terms

* aseyte
* aseyte-de-kastor
* aseytuna
* aseytuno

#### See also

* tampayak

### Further reading

* “aseytera”, in KWF Diksiyonaryo ng Wikang Filipino, Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino, 2024
* Panganiban, José Villa (1973) Diksyunaryo-Tesauro Pilipino-Ingles (overall work in Tagalog and English), Quezon City: Manlapaz Publishing Co., page 77
# παρελθών
## Ancient Greek
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pa.rel.tʰɔ̌ːn/ → /pa.relˈθon/ → /pa.relˈθon/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /pa.rel.tʰɔ̌ːn/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /pa.relˈtʰon/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /pa.relˈθon/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /pa.relˈθon/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /pa.relˈθon/

### Participle

πᾰρελθών • (părelthṓn) m (feminine πᾰρελθοῦσᾰ, neuter πᾰρελθόν); first/third declension
* aorist active participle of πᾰρέρχομαι (părérkhomai)

#### Inflection
### References

* Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited. by-gone idem, page 107.past idem, page 597.

## Greek
### Etymology

Learnedly, from Ancient Greek παρελθών (parelthṓn), past participle of παρέρχομαι (parérchomai), see παρῆλθον (parêlthon) and ἐλθών (elthṓn). Found mostly as an adjective, and substantivised as the neuter noun παρελθόν (parelthón).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pa.relˈθon/
* Hyphenation: πα‧ρελ‧θών
* Homophone: παρελθόν (parelthón)

### Participle

παρελθών • (parelthón) m (feminine παρελθούσα, neuter παρελθόν)
* (formal, dated) one who passed, past, last
    Ο νέος νόμος ανακοινώθηκε την παρελθούσα εβδομάδα.O néos nómos anakoinóthike tin parelthoúsa evdomáda.The new law was announced last week.
    παρελθόντων ετών ― parelthónton etón ― of previous years

#### Antonyms

* μέλλων (méllon, “future”)

#### Related terms

* παρελθόν n (parelthón, “past”) (as noun, and as participle)
* παρελθοντικός (parelthontikós, “of the past”)
* παρελθοντολογία f (parelthontología, “speaking of the past”) (negative sense)
* παρελθοντολογώ (parelthontologó, “I speak of the past”) (negative sense)
* and see: έρχομαι (érchomai, “I come”)

### References

* ↑ παρελθών, in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998 at the Centre for the Greek language
# pulmonary
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin pulmōnārius (“of the lungs”), from pulmō (“lung”) + -ārius, from Proto-Indo-European *pléu-mon-. Cognate with Greek πλεμόνι (plemóni), French poumon, Lithuanian plauciai, Polish płuco and Russian пла́вать (plávatʹ, “to swim”).

### Adjective

pulmonary (not comparable)
* (anatomy) Pertaining to, having, or affecting the lungs.

#### Synonyms

* pneumonic
* pulmonic

#### Derived terms

* aorticopulmonary
* aortopulmonary
* bronchopulmonary
* cardiopulmonary
* chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
* extrapulmonary
* hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy
* interpulmonary
* intrapulmonary
* nasopulmonary
* nonpulmonary
* pleuropulmonary
* pulmonary alveolus
* pulmonary artery
* pulmonary cancer
* pulmonary circulation
* pulmonary docimasia
* pulmonary edema
* pulmonary embolism
* pulmonary emphysema
* pulmonary fibrosis
* pulmonary function test
* pulmonary oedema
* pulmonary pleura
* pulmonary toilet
* pulmonary trunk
* pulmonary tuberculosis
* pulmonary valve
* pulmonary vein
* pulmonology
* sinopulmonary
* subpulmonary
* tracheo-broncho-pulmonary
* transpulmonary

#### Related terms

* float