OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# hidroponía
## Spanish
### Etymology

From hidro- (“water”) +‎ Ancient Greek πόνος (pónos, “work, labour”) +‎ -ía.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /idɾopoˈnia/ [i.ð̞ɾo.poˈni.a]
* Rhymes: -ia
* Syllabification: hi‧dro‧po‧ní‧a

### Noun

hidroponía f (uncountable)
* hydroponics

#### Derived terms

* hidropónico

### Further reading

* “hidroponía”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# pumpata
## Esperanto
### Verb

pumpata (accusative singular pumpatan, plural pumpataj, accusative plural pumpatajn)
* singular present passive participle of pumpi

## Finnish
### Etymology

From Swedish pumpa (“to pump”); from the same origin as pumppu.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpumpɑtɑˣ/, [ˈpumpɑ̝t̪ɑ̝(ʔ)]
* Rhymes: -umpɑtɑ
* Hyphenation: pum‧pa‧ta

### Verb

pumpata
* (transitive) to pump

#### Derived terms

* pumppaamo
* pumppaus

#### Related terms

* pumppaus
* pumppu

### Further reading

* “pumpata”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

### Anagrams

* tamppua
# মিথ্যা
## Bengali
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit मिथ्या (mithyā). Doublet of মিছা (micha).

### Pronunciation

* (Rarh) IPA: /mit̪ʰːa/, [ˈmit̪ʰːaˑ]
    Audio:(file)
* (Dhaka) IPA: /mit̪ʰːa/, [ˈmit̪ʰːaˑ]

### Noun

মিথ্যা • (mittha)
* falsehood, lie
    Synonym: অলীক (olik)

#### Declension
### Adjective

মিথ্যা • (mittha) (comparative আরও মিথ্যা, superlative সবচেয়ে মিথ্যা)
* untrue, false
    Synonym: অলীক (olik)
* imaginary, fanciful
* baseless, causeless, unprovoked
    Synonym: অলীক (olik)
* affected, feigned
* futile, vain, useless
    Synonym: অলীক (olik)

#### Derived terms

* মিথ্যাচরণ (mitthacoron)
* মিথ্যাচার (mitthacar)
* মিথ্যাচারিণী (mitthacarini)
* মিথ্যাচারী (mitthacari)
* মিথ্যাজ্ঞান (mitthaggên)
* মিথ্যাপবাদ (mitthapbad)
* মিথ্যাবর্ণন (mitthabornon)
* মিথ্যাবাক্য (mitthabakko)
* মিথ্যাবাদ (mitthabad)
* মিথ্যাবাদিতা (mitthabadita)
* মিথ্যাবাদিনী (mitthabadini)
* মিথ্যাবাদী (mitthabadi)
* মিথ্যাভাষণ (mitthabhaśon)
* মিথ্যাভাষিণী (mitthabhaśini)
* মিথ্যাভাষিতা (mitthabhaśita)
* মিথ্যাভাষী (mitthabhaśi)
* মিথ্যাসাক্ষী (mitthaśakkhi)
* মিথ্যাসাক্ষ্য (mitthaśakkkho)

### References

* Subhasha Bhattacarya, Sailendra Biswas, Sailendra Biswas, and Jnanendramohana Dasa (2022) “মিথ্যা”, in Digital Dictionaries of South Asia [Combined Bengali Dictionaries]
* Accessible Dictionary, Bengali-English, মিথ্যা, Government of Bangladesh
# àskàskwe
## Unami
### Etymology

From
* /àskàskwe/ - (be green)
* /-w/ - third person suffix
Cognate with Munsee askáskweew (“it is green”), Mohegan-Pequot askaqáyu (“it is green”), Massachusett ashkashki (“it is green”), Penobscot skàtste (“it is green”), Mahican uth-kuth-twau-yuk (“it is green”).

### Verb

àskàskwe inan (plural àskàskweyo) (vii)
* it is green
    askaskwe skiko ― (it is) green grass

#### Related terms

* àskàskaonke
* àskàskhèmpës
* àskàskhòne
* àskàskikw
* àskàskontpat
* àskàskwinakòt
* àskàskwsit
* àskàskwsu
* àskàskàt
* àskàskòkunk
* àskàskòxkuk

### References

* Rementer, Jim with Pearson, Bruce L. (2005) “àskàskwe”, in Leneaux, Grant, Whritenour, Raymond, editors, The Lenape Talking Dictionary, The Lenape Language Preservation Project
# nabízet
## Czech
### Etymology

From na- +‎ bízet.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈnabiːzɛt]
* Audio:(file)

### Verb

nabízet impf (perfective nabídnout)
* to offer
* to market (to make products available for sale and promoting them)

#### Conjugation

| Infinitive | nabízet, nabízeti | Active adjective | nabízející |
| Verbal noun | nabízení | Passive adjective | nabízený |
| Present forms | indicative | indicative | imperative | imperative |
| | singular | plural | singular | plural |
| 1st person | nabízím | nabízíme | — | nabízejme |
| 2nd person | nabízíš | nabízíte | nabízej | nabízejte |
| 3rd person | nabízí | nabízejí, nabízí | — | — |
* The future tense: a combination of a future form of být + infinitive nabízet.
| Participles | Past participles | Past participles | Passive participles | Passive participles |
| | singular | plural | singular | plural |
| masculine animate | nabízel | nabízeli | nabízen | nabízeni |
| masculine inanimate | nabízel | nabízely | nabízen | nabízeny |
| feminine | nabízela | nabízely | nabízena | nabízeny |
| neuter | nabízelo | nabízela | nabízeno | nabízena |
| Transgressives | present | past |
| masculine singular | nabízeje | — |
| feminine + neuter singular | nabízejíc | — |
| plural | nabízejíce | — |

#### Related terms

* nabídka
* pobídka
* pobízet
* podbízet
* podbízivý
* vybízet

### Further reading

* “nabízeti”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “nabízeti”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* “nabízet”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech)
# nástup
## Czech
### Etymology

Deverbal from nastoupit.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈnaːstup]

### Noun

nástup m inan
* getting on, boarding (entering a vehicle)
    Antonym: výstup
    Ukončete, prosím, výstup a nástup, dveře se zavírají. ― Please finish getting on and off; the doors are closing.
* muster (of soldiers)

#### Derived terms

* nástupní

#### Related terms

* nastoupit

### Further reading

* “nástup”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “nástup”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* “nástup”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech)
# dubbio
## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈdub.bjo/
* Rhymes: -ubbjo
* Hyphenation: dùb‧bio

### Etymology 1

Learned borrowing from Latin dubius.

#### Adjective

dubbio (feminine dubbia, masculine plural dubbi, feminine plural dubbie)
* doubtful, uncertain, dubious, questionable
    Synonyms: incerto, discutibile, dubbioso
    Antonyms: indubbio, sicuro

##### Derived terms

* dubbiamente
* dubbiare
* dubbietà
* dubbiezza
* dubbioso
* indubbio

##### Related terms

* dubitare

#### Further reading

* dubbio$^1$ in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

### Etymology 2

Learned borrowing from Latin dubium.

#### Noun

dubbio m (plural dubbi)
* doubt, uncertainty, suspicion
    Synonyms: incertezza, sospetto

#### Further reading

* dubbio$^2$ in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

### Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

dubbio
* first-person singular present indicative of dubbiare
# טחון
## Hebrew

* Root
* ט־ח־ן (ṭ-kh-n)
* 5 terms

### Adjective

טָחוּן • (takhún) (feminine טְחוּנָה, masculine plural טְחוּנִים, feminine plural טְחוּנוֹת)
* ground, shredded, milled, pulverised, scrunched
* (slang) heavily discussed, hashed and rehashed
* (slang) rich, wealthy, well off
# avaluar
## Catalan
### Verb

avaluar (first-person singular present avaluo, first-person singular preterite avaluí, past participle avaluat)
* (transitive) to evaluate, to assess, to appraise

#### Derived terms

* avaluació

#### Further reading

* “avaluar” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.

## Spanish
### Etymology

From a- +‎ valuar.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /abaˈlwaɾ/ [a.β̞aˈlwaɾ]
* Rhymes: -aɾ
* Syllabification: a‧va‧luar

### Verb

avaluar (first-person singular present avalúo, first-person singular preterite avalué, past participle avaluado)
* (transitive) Synonym of valuar

#### Conjugation

$^1$Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language. $^2$Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.
These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

#### Derived terms

* avalúo

### Further reading

* “avaluar”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# connotative
## English
### Adjective

connotative (comparative more connotative, superlative most connotative)
* that implies or suggests something else
    Antonym: denotative

#### Derived terms

* connotatively
* nonconnotative

#### Related terms

* connotation
* connote

#### Translations
## French
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kɔ.nɔ.ta.tiv/
* Homophone: connotatives

### Adjective

connotative
* feminine singular of connotatif

## Italian
### Adjective

connotative f pl
* feminine plural of connotativo
# mumbo jumbo
## English
### Alternative forms

* mumbo-jumbo

### Etymology

Probably from Mandinka maamajomboo (“mask; masked dancer”); or perhaps from /l/-vocalization in the words "mumble" and "jumble".

### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /mʌmbəʊˈdʒʌmbəʊ/
* (General American) IPA: /ˌmʌmboʊˈdʒʌmboʊ/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Rhymes: -ʌmbəʊ

### Noun

mumbo jumbo (countable and uncountable, plural mumbo jumbos)
* (historical) A deity or other supernatural being said to have been worshipped by certain West African peoples; an idol.
** 1831, Thomas Carlyle, “Symbols”, in Sartor Resartus: The Life and Opinions of Herr Teufelsdröckh. […], London: Chapman and Hall, […], →OCLC, 3rd book, page 155:So likewise a day comes when the Runic Thor, with his Eddas, must withdraw into dimness; and many an African Mumbo-Jumbo and Indian Pawpaw be utterly abolished.
* (religion) Any object of superstition; religious words and/or actions which are seen as superstitious or fraudulent.
    Rev. Quack's healing services are little more than mumbo jumbo.
** 1966, James Workman, The Mad Emperor, Melbourne, Sydney: Scripts, page 91:"And what have you got to say? Another lot of mumbo-jumbo like your learned associates over there?"
** 1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 179:What is going on in all this religious mumbo-jumbo that is so foreign to the positivism of contemporary scholarship is a reenactment of the history of the soul before the beginning of terrestrial evolution.
* (by extension) Any confusing or meaningless speech; nonsense, gibberish.
    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:nonsense
    Football lingo is mumbo jumbo to me.
** 1938, Norman Lindsay, Age of Consent, 1st Australian edition, Sydney, N.S.W.: Ure Smith, published 1962, →OCLC, page 89:He escaped from that experience confounded, horrified, and conscious of degradation. Those infernal bandogs of the law had treated him as a piece of insensate property to their drivelling mumbo-jumbo, as if mere contact with it had robbed him of all rights to the dignity and integrity of his own ego.
** 1985, Robert Hayden, “Frederick Douglass”, in Collected Poems:When it is truly instinct, brain matter, diastole, systole, / Reflex action; when it is finally won; when it is more / Than the gaudy mumbo jumbo of politicians:
** 2020 February 3, Rowena Mason, “Boris Johnson hints at allowing GM food imports from US”, in The Guardian‎:He also said Britain would be “governed by science, not mumbo-jumbo” when looking at whether imported food was acceptable for consumption in the UK.

#### Translations
### Further reading

* “mumbo jumbo”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
* Douglas Harper (2001–2025) “mumbo jumbo”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.
# bemoeizucht
## Dutch
### Etymology

From bemoeien (“interfere”) +‎ zucht (“desire”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bəˈmui̯ˌzʏxt/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: be‧moei‧zucht

### Noun

bemoeizucht f (uncountable)
* intrusiveness, meddlesomeness; a strong desire to meddle with other people's business
    Synonym: bemoeizuchtigheid

#### Derived terms

* bemoeizuchtig
# vizio
## Esperanto
### Etymology

From Latin vīsiō, from videō (“to see”). Doublet of vidi.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [viˈzio]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -io
* Hyphenation: vi‧zi‧o

### Noun

vizio (accusative singular vizion, plural vizioj, accusative plural viziojn)
* a preternatural appearance; vision, apparition.
* (figuratively) something imaginary; hallucination, mirage.
    Mi estis tiel malsata, ke mi havis viziojn de sukplenaj bifstekoj k frititaj terpomoj.I was so hungry that I had hallucinations of juicy steaks and fries.

#### Derived terms

* vizii
* viziulo

## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈvit.t͡sjo/
* Rhymes: -ittsjo
* Hyphenation: vì‧zio

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Latin vitium. Doublet of vezzo, which was inherited.

#### Noun

vizio m (plural vizi)
* vice
* bad habit
* flaw, defect
* error, fault (grammatical)

##### Related terms

* vizioso
* vizi capitali

### Etymology 2
#### Verb

vizio
* first-person singular present indicative of viziare

### Further reading

* vizio in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
# calcanean
## English
### Adjective

calcanean (not comparable)
* (anatomy) Synonym of calcaneal: relating to the calcaneus (heel bone).

#### Derived terms

* astragalocalcanean
# autokrytyka
## Polish
### Etymology 1

From auto- +‎ krytyka.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: (prescriptive) /aw.tɔˈkrɘ.tɘ.ka/, (colloquial) /aw.tɔ.krɘˈtɘ.ka/
* Rhymes: -ɘtɘka, -ɘka
* Syllabification: au‧to‧kry‧ty‧ka

#### Noun

autokrytyka f
* (literary) self-criticism (public display of criticism of oneself)
    Synonym: samokrytyka

##### Derived terms

* autokrytyczny
* autokrytycznie
* autokrytyk

##### Related terms

* autokrytyczny
* autokrytycznie
* autokrytycyzm

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /aw.tɔ.krɘˈtɘ.ka/
* Rhymes: -ɘka
* Syllabification: au‧to‧kry‧ty‧ka

#### Noun

autokrytyka m pers
* genitive/accusative singular of autokrytyk

### Further reading

* autokrytyka in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* autokrytyka in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# päihtyä
## Finnish
### Etymology

päi- +‎ -htyä

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpæi̯htyæˣ/, [ˈpæi̯ht̪yæ(ʔ)]
* Rhymes: -æihtyæ
* Hyphenation: päih‧tyä

### Verb

päihtyä
* (intransitive) To get drunk, to become intoxicated.
    Juotuaan liikaa olutta hän päihtyi.After drinking too much beer he got drunk.

#### Synonyms

* juopua

#### Derived terms

* päihde
* päihdyksiin
* päihdyksissä
* päihdyttää
* päihtyminen
* päihtymys
* päihtynyt

### Further reading

* “päihtyä”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03
# spowinowacić
## Polish
### Etymology

From s- +‎ powinowacić.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /spɔ.vi.nɔˈva.t͡ɕit͡ɕ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -at͡ɕit͡ɕ
* Syllabification: spo‧wi‧no‧wa‧cić

### Verb

spowinowacić pf (imperfective spowinowacać)
* (transitive) to connect by marriage
    Synonyms: skoligacić, skoligować
* (reflexive with się) to become related by marriage [with z (+ instrumental) ‘with whom’]
    Synonyms: skoligacić się, skoligować się

#### Related terms

* powinowaty
* powinowactwo
* powinowata
* powinowaty

### Further reading

* spowinowacić in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* spowinowacić in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego
# nieprawdopodobny
## Polish
### Etymology

From nie- +‎ prawdopodobny.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɲɛ.prav.dɔ.pɔˈdɔb.nɘ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔbnɘ
* Syllabification: nie‧praw‧do‧po‧dob‧ny

### Adjective

nieprawdopodobny (not comparable, derived adverb nieprawdopodobnie)
* implausible, improbable, incredible, unlikely (not very credible; not considered real)
    Synonyms: nie do uwierzenia, nie do pojęcia, nie do pomyślenia, nie z tej ziemi, niestworzony, niewyobrażalny
    Antonym: prawdopodobny
* impossible (not possible; not able to be done or happen)
    Synonym: niemożliwy
* incredible, jaw-dropping, unbelievable, unthinkable (very large or intense; unusual)
    Synonyms: niesamowity, ogromny, wielki

#### Related terms

* nieprawdopodobieństwo

### Further reading

* nieprawdopodobny in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* nieprawdopodobny in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# tentativní
## Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈtɛntatɪvɲiː], [ˈtɛntatiːvɲiː]

### Adjective

tentativní
* tentative

#### Derived terms

* tentativně

#### See also

* nejistý
# nieczczenie
## Polish
### Etymology

From nie- +‎ czczenie; equivalent to nie- +‎ czcić +‎ -enie.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɲɛˈt͡ʂt͡ʂɛ.ɲɛ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛɲɛ
* Syllabification: nie‧czcze‧nie

### Noun

nieczczenie n
* verbal noun of nie czcić

#### Related terms

* czcigodny
* czcigodnie
* cześć
* bezcześć
* czciciel
* czcicielka
* czczenie
* cześć
* bezcześcić
* czcić
* poczcić
* uczcić
* zbezczeszczać
* zbezcześcić
# czczenie
## Polish
### Etymology

From czcić +‎ -enie.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈt͡ʂt͡ʂɛ.ɲɛ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛɲɛ
* Syllabification: czcze‧nie

### Noun

czczenie n
* verbal noun of czcić

#### Derived terms

* nieczczenie

#### Related terms

* czcigodny
* czcigodnie
* cześć
* bezczeszczenie
* bezcześć
* czciciel
* cześć
* bezcześcić
* czcić
* poczcić
* uczcić
* zbezczeszczać
* zbezcześcić

### Further reading

* czczenie in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# enjarre
## Spanish
### Noun

enjarre m (plural enjarres)
* (construction) plaster
** 2016 December, “Alistan La Joya para los XV años de Rubí”, in Frontera.info‎:Hay varias viviendas de migrantes o ganaderos bien construidas, con techo de concreto, enjarres y herrería; la de Rubí es una casa de dos pisos identificada con el número 6 en el medidor de luz, con un amplio patio al frente y a los costados; desde el exterior son visibles un corral de chivas y tres camionetas.(please add an English translation of this quotation)

#### Derived terms

* enjarrar
# puesta de relieve
## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˌpwesta de reˈljebe/ [ˌpwes.t̪a ð̞e reˈlje.β̞e]
* Syllabification: pues‧ta de re‧lie‧ve

### Noun

puesta de relieve f (plural puestas de relieve)
* highlighting

#### Related terms

* poner de relieve
# oviedismo
## Spanish
### Noun

oviedismo m (plural oviedismos)
* Collectively, the fans of Real Oviedo
* The state of being a fan of Real Oviedo

#### Related terms

* oviedista
# žíznivý
## Czech
### Etymology

From žízeň (“thirst”) +‎ -ivý.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈʒiːzɲɪviː]
* Rhymes: -ɪviː
* Hyphenation: žíz‧ni‧vý

### Adjective

žíznivý (comparative žíznivější, superlative nejžíznivější, adverb žíznivě)
* thirsty

#### Derived terms

* žíznivec
* žíznivka
* žíznivost

#### Related terms

* žizný
* žízeň
* žíznit

#### See also

* hladový

### Further reading

* “žíznivý”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “žíznivý”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* “žíznivý”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech)
# pier table
## English
### Noun

pier table (plural pier tables)
* A small table, usually set against the wall between two windows.

#### Hypernyms

* table

#### Related terms

* pier glass
* pierglass
# ציפורן
## Hebrew
### Etymology

* Root
* צ־פ־ר (ts-p-r)
* 3 terms
Inherited from Proto-Semitic *θ̣upr-, *θ̣ipr- (“nail, claw”). Cognate with Akkadian 𒌢 (ṣuprum) and Arabic ظُفْر (ẓufr).

### Pronunciation

* (Modern Israeli Hebrew) IPA: /t͡siˈpoʁen/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

ציפורן / צִפֹּרֶן • (tsipóren) f (plural indefinite ציפורניים / צִפָּרְנַיִם)
* claw, nail (fingernail or toenail)
** Tanach, Deuteronomy 21:12, with translation of NASB:וַהֲבֵאתָהּ, אֶל־תּוֹךְ בֵּיתֶךָ; וְגִלְּחָה אֶת־רֹאשָׁהּ, וְעָשְׂתָה אֶת־צִפָּרְנֶיהָ.vəhavetáh el-toch bētécha; vəgilləḥá et-rōšáh və'asətá et-tzippornéha.Then you shall bring her into your home, and she shall shave her head and trim her nails.
* dianthus, carnation
* (uncountable, countable) clove
* (biblical) stylus
** Tanach, Jeremiah 17:1, with translation of NASB:חַטַּאת יְהוּדָה, כְּתוּבָה בְּעֵט בַּרְזֶל – בְּצִפֹּרֶן שָׁמִיר; חֲרוּשָׁה עַל־לוּחַ לִבָּם, וּלְקַרְנוֹת מִזְבְּחוֹתֵיכֶם.ḥattaʾṯ yəhûḏâ kəṯûḇâ, bəʿēṯ barzel – bəṣippóren šāmîr; ḥărûšâ ʿal-lû́aḥ libbām, ûləqarnôṯ mizbəḥôṯêchem.The sin of Judah is written with an iron stylus; With a diamond point it is engraved on the tablet of their hearts And on the horns of their altars.

#### Alternative forms

* צִפּוֹרֶן

#### Synonyms

* (nail, claw): טֹפֶר (tófer)

#### Derived terms

* ציפורן חודרנית / צִפֹּרֶן חוֹדְרָנִית (tsipóren khodranít)
* צִפָּרְנֵי חָתוּל (tzippornḗ ḥatúl, “marigold, Calendula”)

### References

* “ציפורן” in the Hebrew Terms Database of the Academy of Hebrew Language
* H6856 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible

### Further reading

* ציפורן on the Hebrew Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{he}$
* ציפורן (פרח) on the Hebrew Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{he}$
# քարշ
## Armenian
### Alternative forms

* քաշ (kʻaš)

### Etymology

From Old Armenian քարշ (kʻarš).

### Pronunciation

* (Eastern Armenian) IPA: /kʰɑɾʃ/, [kʰɑɾʃ]
* (Western Armenian) IPA: /kɑɾʃ/, [kʰɑɾʃ]
* Audio (Eastern Armenian):(file)

### Noun

քարշ • (kʻarš)
* the act of pulling or of being pulled (found mainly in set phrases)
    քարշ գալ ― kʻarš gal ― to drag, to trail, to be dragged/trailed
    քարշ տալ ― kʻarš tal ― to drag, to pull
* traction

#### Declension
## Old Armenian
### Alternative forms

* քաշ (kʻaš)

### Etymology

Borrowed from Iranian *karš-. Compare Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬭𐬱- (karš-, “to drag, to draw furrows, plough”), Persian کشیدن (kašidan, “to draw, extract”). The spelling քաշ (kʻaš) is a later form.

### Noun

քարշ • (kʻarš) indeclinable
* the act of drawing to, dragging or drawing along
    ի քարշ, ընդ քարշ ― i kʻarš, ənd kʻarš ― trailingly, creepingly
    ըստ/ի քարշ ածել, արկանել, ձգել ― əst/i kʻarš acel, arkanel, jgel ― to train, to trail, to draggle, to drag or draw along
    ի քարշ գնալ ― i kʻarš gnal ― to crawl, to creep in the belly
* (music) a kind of khaz
* (grammar) Armenian abbreviations symbol (՟)

#### Derived terms

* ատենաքարշ (atenakʻarš)
* գետնաքարշ (getnakʻarš)
* գետնաքարշիմ (getnakʻaršim)
* գետնաքարշութիւն (getnakʻaršutʻiwn)
* գիշաքարշ (gišakʻarš)
* դիւրաքարշ (diwrakʻarš)
* երկրաքարշ (erkrakʻarš)
* երկրաքարշական (erkrakʻaršakan)
* երկրաքարշիմ (erkrakʻaršim)
* երկրաքարշութիւն (erkrakʻaršutʻiwn)
* ընդվայրաքարշիմ (əndvayrakʻaršim)
* ինքնաքարշ (inkʻnakʻarš)
* ձեռնաքարշութիւն (jeṙnakʻaršutʻiwn)
* յարաքարշեմ (yarakʻaršem)
* յինքնաքարշումն (yinkʻnakʻaršumn)
* նաւաքարշութիւն (nawakʻaršutʻiwn)
* նրբաքարշ (nrbakʻarš)
* պնդաքարշ (pndakʻarš)
* ստորաքարշ (storakʻarš)
* ստորաքարշեմ (storakʻaršem)
* ստորաքարշիչ (storakʻaršičʻ)
* ստորաքարշութիւն (storakʻaršutʻiwn)
* ստորաքարշումն (storakʻaršumn)
* ստորնաքարշ (stornakʻarš)
* ստորոտաքարշ (storotakʻarš)
* վայրաքարշ (vayrakʻarš)
* վայրաքարշութիւն (vayrakʻaršutʻiwn)
* վայրաքարշումն (vayrakʻaršumn)
* տարաքարշեմ (tarakʻaršem)
* քաշանք (kʻašankʻ)
* քաշեմ (kʻašem)
* քարշագործ (kʻaršagorc)
* քարշած (kʻaršac)
* քարշահետ (kʻaršahet)
* քարշանք (kʻaršankʻ)
* քարշեմ (kʻaršem)
* քարշողական (kʻaršołakan)
* քարշութիւն (kʻaršutʻiwn)
* քարշումն (kʻaršumn)

#### Descendants

* Armenian: քարշ (kʻarš)

### References

* Petrosean, Matatʻeay (1879) “քարշ”, in Nor Baṙagirkʻ Hay-Angliarēn [New Dictionary Armenian–English], Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
* Awetikʻean, G., Siwrmēlean, X., Awgerean, M. (1836–1837) “քարշ”, in Nor baṙgirkʻ haykazean lezui [New Dictionary of the Armenian Language] (in Old Armenian), Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
* Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1971–1979) “քարշ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, Yerevan: University Press