# 孔

| 孔 | U+5B54, &#23380; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5B54 |
| ← 孓 [U+5B53] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 孕 → [U+5B55] |

## Translingual
### Han character

孔 (Kangxi radical 39, 子+1, 4 strokes, cangjie input 弓木山 (NDU), four-corner 1241$_0$, composition ⿰子乚)

#### Derived characters

* 吼, 𪣂, 𢗵, 𢪬, 犼, 𭥛, 𦙥, 𣏺, 𤆺, 𬗆, 𧉔, 𫁎, 𡰼, 芤, 𥥅, 𩫂, 𡵾, 𥤾, 𡦀

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 277, character 9
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 6933
* Dae Jaweon: page 544, character 3
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1008, character 4
* Unihan data for U+5B54

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 孔 :
| Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 吼 | *qʰloːʔ, *qʰloːs |
| 孔 | *kʰloːŋʔ |
Bronze inscriptions: Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : 丿 (“opening”) + 子 (“child”) – opening in the skull of a newborn, i.e. fontanelle.

### Etymology
#### "hole"

    From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)uŋ (“hole; orifice; inner part”). 孔 (OC *kʰloːŋʔ, “hole”) is probably the endoactive derivation of 空 (OC *kʰoːŋ, “hollow; empty”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Tibetan ཁུང (khung, “hole”), Jingpho ladi hku (lədî hkū, “nostril”), Chepang घाङ् (gʰaŋ, “hole”), Burmese အခေါင်း (a.hkaung:, “hollow place; cavity”), Naxi kho³³ (“cave; hole; pit”) (STEDT).

#### "peacock"

    Starostin reconstructs 孔 (OC *khōŋ) and compares it to Proto-Vietic *k-voːŋ. Compare also Semai kuwok, Semnam kwɔːŋ.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): kǒng (kong$^3$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄎㄨㄥˇ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): kong$^3$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): hung$^2$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): huung$^2$
* Gan (Wiktionary): kung$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): khúng
    (Hailu, HRS): kung$^ˊ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): kung$^3$
* Jin (Wiktionary): kung$^2$
* Eastern Min (BUC): kūng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kháng / khóng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kong$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$khon
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kǒng
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄥˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kǒng
*** Wade–Giles: kʻung$^3$
*** Yale: kǔng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: koong
*** Palladius: кун (kun)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰʊŋ²¹⁴/
** (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kǒngr
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄥˇㄦ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kǒngr
*** Wade–Giles: kʻung$^3$-ʼrh
*** Yale: kǔngr
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: koongl
*** Palladius: кунр (kunr)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰʊ̃ɻ²¹⁴/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: kong$^3$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: kung
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰoŋ⁵³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hung$^2$
*** Yale: húng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hung$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /hʊŋ³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: huung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɵŋ⁵⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: kung$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰuŋ²¹³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khúng
*** Hakka Romanization System: kung$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kung$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰuŋ³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: kung$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰuŋ²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: kung$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰʊŋ³¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: kung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /kʰuŋ⁵³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: kūng
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰuŋ³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kháng
*** Tâi-lô: kháng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qarng
*** IPA (Taipei, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kʰaŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰaŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰaŋ⁵⁵⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khóng
*** Tâi-lô: khóng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qorng
*** IPA (Taipei, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kʰɔŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰɔŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
* kháng - vernacular;
* khóng - literary.
* Middle Chinese: khuwngX
Rime :
| Character | 孔 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (1) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 康董切 |
| Baxter | khuwngX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰuŋ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰuŋ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰuŋ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰəwŋ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰuŋ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰuŋ$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kʰuŋ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | kǒng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hung$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ʰˤoŋʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰloːŋʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 孔 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | kǒng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ khuwng$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[k]ʰˁoŋʔ/ |
| English | (surname) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 孔 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 7489 |
| Phonetic component | 孔 |
| Rime group | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 孔 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰloːŋʔ/ |
| Notes | 金文象就乳，與古候切從子殼聲字（說文乳也）同源 |

### Definitions

孔
* hole; aperture; opening
    鼻孔 ― bíkǒng ― nostril
* classifier for cave dwellings, oil wells, etc..
* (literary, for irrigation, drainage) ditch; trench; canal; channel
* (literary, or in compounds) profound; far-reaching
* (literary, or in compounds) unimpeded; unblocked
* (literary, or in compounds) large
* (literary, or in compounds) fine
* (literary, or in compounds) very; extremely
* (literary, or in compounds) peacock; peafowl
* a surname
    孔祥熙 ― Kǒng Xiángxī ― H. H. Kung (Chinese banker and politician)
* (specifically) Short for 孔子 (Kǒngzǐ, “Confucius”).
    祭孔 ― jì Kǒng ― worship of Confucius
    批林批孔 ― pī Lín pī Kǒng ― (historical) Criticize Lin Biao and Confucius movement
* (Quanzhou Hokkien) classifier for partitioned grid units in a tool.

#### Synonyms

* (hole):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 孔, 洞, 穴 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 孔, 洞, 孔洞, 空洞, 空穴, 窿 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 窟窿 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 洞 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 窟窿 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 窟窿 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 窟窿 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 窟窿子, 窟窿 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 窟窿, 洞洞, 洞 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 窟窿, 窟眼, 洞洞, 洞 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 窿 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 窟窿 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 洞, 窟窿 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 窟窿, 洞 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 窿, 咕窿 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 窿, 咕窿 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 孔 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 窿 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 窿 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 窿 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 洞 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 窿仔, 窿空仔 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 空 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 空 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 空 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 空 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 空 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 空 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 窟窿, 窟子 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 川 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 空空 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 空, 空口 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 空 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 空口 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou (Changtai) | 空 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 空 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 空 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 空 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 空 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 空 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 空, 洞 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 空 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 空 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 空 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 窿 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 洞 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 洞, 窟, 窟窿 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 窟窿 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 洞, 洞子 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 眼貢, 洞 |
* (ditch): 渠道 (qúdào), 水道 (shuǐdào)
* (profound):
* 幽幽 (yōuyōu)
* 延延 (yányán) (literary)
* 深入 (shēnrù)
* 深刻 (shēnkè)
* 深厚 (shēnhòu)
* 深層 / 深层 (shēncéng)
* 深篤 / 深笃 (shēndǔ)
* 深遠 / 深远 (shēnyuǎn)
* 篤深 / 笃深 (dǔshēn)
* (very):
* 不要太 (bùyàotài) (slang)
* 十分 (shífēn)
* 危險 / 危险 (Wu)
* 壞 / 坏 (huài)
* 很 (hěn)
* 極其 / 极其 (jíqí)
* 極度 / 极度 (jídù)
* 極為 / 极为 (jíwéi)
* 極端 / 极端 (jíduān)
* 滾 / 滚 (gǔn) (literary, or in compounds)
* 異常 / 异常 (yìcháng)
* 老大 (lǎodà) (colloquial, usually in the negative)
* 良
* 超 (chāo)
* 非常 (fēicháng)
* 頗 / 颇 (pō) (literary)
* 頗為 / 颇为 (pōwéi) (literary)
* (peacock): 孔雀 (kǒngquè)
* (Confucius):
* 仲尼 (Zhòngní)
* 先師 / 先师 (xiānshī)
* 先聖 / 先圣 (xiānshèng)
* 夫子 (fūzǐ)
* 孔丘 (Kǒng Qiū)
* 孔夫子 (Kǒng Fūzǐ)
* 孔子 (Kǒngzǐ)
* 孔子公 (Hokkien)
* 素王 (sùwáng)

### Compounds

* 一孔之見 / 一孔之见 (yīkǒngzhījiàn)
* 一孔出氣 / 一孔出气
* 七孔 (qīkǒng)
* 七孔流血
* 七孔生煙 / 七孔生烟
* 九孔 (jiǔkǒng)
* 人孔 (rénkǒng)
* 六案孔目
* 千孔百瘡 / 千孔百疮
* 千瘡百孔 / 千疮百孔 (qiānchuāngbǎikǒng)
* 卵孔
* 呼吸孔
* 周情孔思
* 噴氣孔 / 喷气孔 (pēnqìkǒng)
* 威儀孔時 / 威仪孔时
* 孔佛
* 孔叢子 / 孔丛子 (Kǒngcóngzǐ)
* 孔嘉
* 孔坡
* 孔型
* 孔壁古文
* 孔壠 / 孔垄 / 孔垅 (Kǒnglǒng)
* 孔多 (kǒngduō)
* 孔夫子 (Kǒng Fūzǐ)
* 孔子 (Kǒngzǐ)
* 孔子家語 / 孔子家语
* 孔子廟 / 孔子庙 (Kǒngzǐmiào)
* 孔子白
* 孔孟 (Kǒng-Mèng)
* 孔孟之道 (Kǒng-Mèng zhī dào)
* 孔孟學會 / 孔孟学会
* 孔宙碑
* 孔席不暖
* 孔廟 / 孔庙 (Kǒngmiào)
* 孔徑 / 孔径
* 孔德
* 孔急 (kǒngjí)
* 孔懷 / 孔怀
* 孔教 (kǒngjiào)
* 孔方 (kǒngfāng)
* 孔方兄 (kǒngfāngxiōng)
* 孔明 (Kǒngmíng)
* 孔明借箭
* 孔明燈 / 孔明灯 (kǒngmíngdēng)
* 孔林 (Kǒnglín)
* 孔武有力 (kǒngwǔyǒulì)
* 孔洞 (kǒngdòng)
* 孔灣 / 孔湾 (Kǒngwān)
* 孔版
* 孔版印刷
* 孔版畫 / 孔版画
* 孔目
* 孔目房
* 孔眼
* 孔穴 (kǒngxué)
* 孔竅 / 孔窍
* 孔翠
* 孔融讓梨 / 孔融让梨
* 孔道 (kǒngdào)
* 孔門 / 孔门
* 孔隙
* 孔雀 (kǒngquè)
* 孔雀座 (Kǒngquèzuò)
* 孔雀王朝 (Kǒngquè Wángcháo)
* 孔雀石 (kǒngquèshí)
* 孔雀綠 / 孔雀绿
* 孔雀舞 (kǒngquèwǔ)
* 孔雀開屏 / 孔雀开屏
* 孔雁
* 孔章望斗
* 孔鯉過庭 / 孔鲤过庭
* 彰化孔廟 / 彰化孔庙
* 心孔
* 打孔 (dǎkǒng)
* 打孔機 / 打孔机 (dǎkǒngjī)
* 打孔紙帶 / 打孔纸带
* 拉孔
* 晚娘面孔
* 有孔蟲 / 有孔虫
* 椎孔 (zhuīkǒng)
* 椎間孔 / 椎间孔 (zhuījiānkǒng)
* 橋孔 / 桥孔
* 毛孔 (máokǒng)
* 氣孔 / 气孔 (qìkǒng)
* 泌水孔
* 漏孔
* 漢孔宙碑 / 汉孔宙碑
* 無孔不入 / 无孔不入 (wúkǒngbùrù)
* 生面孔
* 白孔六帖
* 百孔千創 / 百孔千创
* 百孔千瘡 / 百孔千疮 (bǎikǒngqiānchuāng)
* 皮孔
* 眼孔 (yǎnkǒng)
* 瞳孔 (tóngkǒng)
* 祀孔
* 祭孔 (jìkǒng)
* 程孔傾蓋 / 程孔倾盖
* 穿孔 (chuānkǒng)
* 羊真孔草
* 老面孔
* 耳孔 (ěrkǒng)
* 胃穿孔 (wèichuānkǒng)
* 腸穿孔 / 肠穿孔
* 膜孔 (mókǒng)
* 臉孔 / 脸孔 (liǎnkǒng)
* 臺南孔廟 / 台南孔庙
* 蟲孔 / 虫孔
* 裂孔
* 謀夫孔多 / 谋夫孔多
* 針孔 / 针孔 (zhēnkǒng)
* 針孔現象 / 针孔现象
* 鏜孔 / 镗孔
* 鑽孔 / 钻孔 (zuānkǒng)
* 隄潰蟻孔 / 隄溃蚁孔
* 需才孔亟
* 需款孔急
* 面孔 (miànkǒng)
* 革帶移孔 / 革带移孔
* 顏苦孔卓 / 颜苦孔卓
* 鼻孔 (bíkǒng)

### References

* “孔”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* cavity

#### Readings

* Go-on: く (ku)、くう (kū)
* Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
* Kun: あな (ana, 孔)、はなはだ (hanahada, 孔だ)

#### Compounds

* 孔(く)雀(じゃく) (kujaku)
* 孔(く)雀(じゃく)石(せき) (kujakuseki)
* 孔(く)雀(じゃく)妙(みょう)王(おう) (kujakumyōō)
* 孔子(こうし) (Kōshi)
* 孔版(こうはん) (kōhan)
* 孔孟(こうもう) (Kō-Mō)
* 孔門(こうもん) (kōmon)
* 毛(け)孔(あな) (keana)
* 眼孔(がんこう) (gankō)
* 気孔(きこう) (kikō)
* 空(くう)気(き)孔(こう) (kūkikō)
* 細孔(さいこう) (saikō)
* 鑽孔(さんこう) (sankō)
* 鑽孔(さんこう)機(き) (sankōki)
* 鑚孔(さんこう)機(き) (sankōki)
* 耳孔(じこう) (jikō)
* 人孔(じんこう) (jinkō): manhole
* 穿孔(せんこう) (senkō)
* 穿孔(せんこう)機(き) (senkōki)
* 多孔(たこう) (takō)
* 多(た)孔性(こうせい) (takōsei)
* 単孔類(たんこうるい) (tankōrui)
* 通(つう)気(き)孔(こう) (tsūkikō)
* 通風孔(つうふうこう) (tsūfūkō)
* 瞳孔(どうこう) (dōkō)
* 排水孔(はいすいこう) (haisuikō)
* 鼻(び)孔(こう) (bikō)
* 噴(ふん)気(き)孔(こう) (funkikō)
* 有孔虫(ゆうこうちゅう) (yūkōchū)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 孔
* あな Grade: S
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 孔 – see the following entry. :
| 【穴あな】6 | [noun] hole [noun] opening, aperture [noun] pit [noun] cave, cavern [noun] lair, den, burrow [noun] loss, deficit [noun] flaw, defect |
(This term, 孔, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

## Korean
### Hanja

孔 (eumhun 구멍 공 (gumeong gong))
* hanja form of 공 (“opening, hole”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

孔: Hán Nôm readings: khổng, hỏng, hổng, khỏng, khủng
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.