# 駒

| 駒 | U+99D2, &#39378; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-99D2 |
| ← 駑 [U+99D1] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 駓 → [U+99D3] |

## Translingual
### Han character

駒 (Kangxi radical 187, 馬+5, 15 strokes, cangjie input 尸火心口 (SFPR), four-corner 7732$_0$, composition ⿰馬句)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1436, character 5
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 44663
* Dae Jaweon: page 1960, character 30
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4549, character 2
* Unihan data for U+99D2

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 駒 :
| Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 勾 | *koː, *koːs |
| 鉤 | *koː |
| 鴝 | *koː, *ɡo |
| 句 | *koː, *koːs, *kos, *ɡo |
| 夠 | *koː, *koːs, *kʰoː |
| 枸 | *koː, *koːʔ, *koʔ |
| 軥 | *koː, *koːs, *ɡo |
| 狗 | *koːʔ |
| 苟 | *koːʔ |
| 岣 | *koːʔ, *ko |
| 笱 | *koːʔ |
| 玽 | *koːʔ |
| 耇 | *koːʔ |
| 豿 | *koːʔ, *qʰroːɡ |
| 敂 | *koːʔ |
| 怐 | *koːs, *kʰoːs, *qʰoːs, *kos |
| 雊 | *koːs |
| 竘 | *kʰoːʔ, *kʰoʔ |
| 齁 | *qʰoː |
| 呴 | *qʰoːʔ, *qʰos |
| 蚼 | *qʰoːʔ, *ɡo |
| 豞 | *qʰoːs |
| 訽 | *qʰoːs, *ɡoːs |
| 佝 | *qʰoːs |
| 拘 | *ko |
| 駒 | *ko |
| 眗 | *ko |
| 跔 | *ko |
| 鮈 | *ko |
| 痀 | *ko |
| 蒟 | *koʔ, *kos |
| 絇 | *kos, *ɡo |
| 邭 | *kos |
| 劬 | *ɡo |
| 朐 | *ɡo |
| 鼩 | *ɡo |
| 斪 | *ɡo |
| 翑 | *ɡo |
| 葋 | *ɡo |
| 姁 | *ɡo, *qʰo, *qʰoʔ, *qʰos |
| 欨 | *qʰo, *qʰoʔ |
| 喣 | *qʰoʔ |
| 煦 | *qʰoʔ, *qʰos |
| 昫 | *qʰos |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ko) : semantic 馬 (“horse”) + phonetic 句 (OC *koː, *koːs, *kos, *ɡo).

### Etymology

Ultimately from Sanskrit घोट (ghoṭa), घोड (ghoḍa) (see घोटक (ghoṭaka) for Indo-Aryan descendants), which has been borrowed into many Sino-Tibetan languages; cognate with Proto-Tani *kɯ, Mizo sa-kawr (STEDT 6023).
Alternatively, Wang (1982) relates this to 狗 (OC *koːʔ, “dog; puppy”), 羔 (OC *kluː, “lamb”), 𤘽 (“calf”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): jū (ju$^1$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄐㄩ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ju$^1$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): keoi$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): kui$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): jy$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kî
    (Meixian, Guangdong): gi$^1$
* Jin (Wiktionary): jy$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): kṳ́
* Eastern Min (BUC): kṳ̆
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): ku / khu / khi
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ku$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$ciu
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): jy$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jū
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄩ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jyu
*** Wade–Giles: chü$^1$
*** Yale: jyū
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiu
*** Palladius: цзюй (czjuj)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕy⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: ju$^1$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gy
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕy⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: keoi$^1$
*** Yale: kēui
*** Cantonese Pinyin: koey$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: kêu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɵy̯⁵⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: kui$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰui³³/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: jy$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕy⁴²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kî
*** Hakka Romanization System: gi$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gi$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: gi$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki⁴⁴/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: jy$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕy¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: kṳ́
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰy⁵⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: kṳ̆
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰy⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ku
*** Tâi-lô: ku
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kw
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ku⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ku³³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khu
*** Tâi-lô: khu
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qw
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kʰu⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khi
*** Tâi-lô: khi
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qy
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰi⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ku$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khu
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰu³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$ciu
*** MiniDict: ciu$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$jy
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕy⁵³/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: jy$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕy³³/
* Middle Chinese: kju
Rime :
| Character | 駒 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 虞 (24) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 舉朱切 |
| Baxter | kju |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɨo/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kio/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kio/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kuə̆/ |
| Li Rong | /kio/ |
| Wang Li | /kĭu/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ki̯u/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jū |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | geoi$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ko/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 駒 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 7094 |
| Phonetic component | 句 |
| Rime group | 侯 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 拘 |
| Old Chinese | /*ko/ |

### Definitions

駒
* foal (young horse)
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Lǎomǎ fǎn wéi jū, bù gù qí hòu. [Pinyin]
    An old horse, notwithstanding, thinks himself a colt, and has no regard to the future.
* a surname

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 駒, 馬駒 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 小馬 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 馬駒兒, 馬駒子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 馬駒子 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 馬駒兒, 馬駒子 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 馬駒兒, 馬駒子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 馬駒子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 馬駒子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 馬駒兒, 馬駒子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 尕馬兒, 馬駒子兒, 馬駒子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 馬駒子, 馬駒駒 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 馬駒子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 小馬兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 小馬 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 小馬崽, 小馬兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 馬崽 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 小馬 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 小馬 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 馬仔 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 馬仔 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 馬仔 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 馬仔 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 馬崽子 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 馬崽兒 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 細馬仔 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 細馬 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 馬子 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 馬子 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 馬子 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 馬子 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 馬子 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 馬么 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 馬駒, 馬駒子 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 馬仔 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 馬囝 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 馬仔囝, 馬仔 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 馬仔 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 馬仔 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 馬囝 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 馬囝 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 馬囝 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 馬崽 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 小馬 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 馬兒 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 馬崽子 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 馬崽基 |

### Compounds

* 千里駒
* 名駒 / 名驹
* 咫角驂駒 / 咫角骖驹
* 玄駒 / 玄驹
* 白駒 / 白驹 (báijū)
* 白駒空谷 / 白驹空谷
* 白駒過隙 / 白驹过隙 (báijūguòxì)
* 老馬為駒 / 老马为驹
* 良駒 / 良驹 (liángjū)
* 轅下駒 / 辕下驹
* 過隙白駒 / 过隙白驹
* 隙駒 / 隙驹
* 馬駒 / 马驹 (mǎjū)
* 駒光 / 驹光
* 駒兒隙 / 驹儿隙
* 駒影 / 驹影
* 駒臺 / 驹台
* 駒齒未落 / 驹齿未落
* 駿駒 / 骏驹
* 驢駒子 / 驴驹子 (lǘjūzi)
* 驪駒 / 骊驹
* 驪駒在門 / 骊驹在门
* 龍駒 / 龙驹 (lóngjū)
* 龍駒鳳雛 / 龙驹凤雏

### References

* “駒”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: く (ku)
* Kan-on: く (ku)
* Kun: こま (koma, 駒, Jōyō)

#### Compounds

* 駒(く)隙(げき) (kugeki, “months and days passing quickly”)
* 隙(げき)駒(く) (gekiku, “months and days passing quickly”)
* 白(はっ)駒(く) (hakku, “white horse; time”)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 駒
* こま Grade: S
* kun'yomi
Compound of 子(こ) (ko, “child”) + 馬(ま) (ma, “horse”).
See also 子馬(こうま) (kouma).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こま [kóꜜmà] (Atamadaka –) (all except "bridge" sense)
* (Tokyo) こま [kòmá] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ko̞ma̠]

### Noun

駒(こま) • (koma)
* (rare) foal, young horse (or generally) horse
* (shogi, chess) piece, man
** 2013, Habu Yoshiharu: Shōgi-shi o nuri-kaeta otoko [Yoshiharu Habu: The man who changed the face of shogi history], page 88:
    ポーンは一(いっ)歩(ぽ)斜(なな)めにある駒(こま)を取(と)ることができます。
       Pōn wa ippo naname ni aru koma o toru koto ga dekimasu.
       A pawn can take a piece that is one step away diagonally.
* someone controlled by another: a pawn, a puppet
* (music) bridge (the piece, on string instruments, that supports the strings from the sounding board)

#### Synonyms

* (horse): 馬(うま) (uma)

#### Derived terms

* 駒草(こまそう) (komasō)
* 駒(こま)台(だい) (komadai)
* 駒鶇(こまつぐみ) (komatsugumi)
* 駒繋(こまつなぎ) (komatsunagi)
* 駒(こま)鳥(どり) (komadori, “Japanese robin”)
* 駒(こま)を進(すす)める (koma o susumeru, “to advance”)

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ku]
* Phonetic hangul: [구]

### Hanja

Wikisource 駒 • (gu) (hangeul 구, revised gu, McCune–Reischauer ku, Yale kwu)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

駒: Hán Nôm readings: câu
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.