# χράω
## Ancient Greek
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kʰrá.ɔː/ → /ˈxra.o/ → /ˈxra.o/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /kʰrá.ɔː/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /ˈkʰra.o/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /ˈxra.o/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /ˈxra.o/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /ˈxra.o/

### Etymology 1

* This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “From Proto-Indo-European *gʰrewH- (“to rush in, attack”). Cognate with Latin ingruō (“to attack”), Lithuanian griáuti (“to destroy”), griū́ti (“to crumble”).”

#### Verb

χράω • (khráō)
* (with dative of person) to fall upon, attack, assail
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 5.396
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 10.64
** Palatine Anthology 5.296
* (with dative of object) to inflict upon a person
** 200 BCE – 100 BCE, Nicander, Theriaca 315
* (with infinitive) to be bent on doing, to be eager to do
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 21.369
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 21.69

##### Usage notes

Only used by Homer, Plato, Thucydides, Xenophon, and Philo.

##### Inflection
#### References

* ↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “χραεῑν”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1645
* ↑ “χράω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press

### Etymology 2

See χράομαι (khráomai, “to desire, use”).

#### Verb

χράω • (khráō)
* (active voice, of the gods and their oracles) to furnish the needful answer, to declare, pronounce, proclaim
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 8.79
** 7th–6th centuries BC, Homeric Hymn to Apollo 396
** 6th century BC, Theognis of Megara, Elegies 807
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.55
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.155
** 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 4.6
** 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Eumenides 798
** 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1083
** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 35
** 424 BCE, Euripides, Hecuba 1268
** 458 BCE, Euripides, Electra 1267
** 408 BCE, Euripides, The Phoenician Women 409
** 413 BCE, Euripides, Ion 681
** 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Eumenides 202
** 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 1030
** 422 BCE, Aristophanes, The Wasps 159
** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.102
** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 5.32
** 396 BCE – 323 BCE, Lycurgus of Athens, Collected Works 99
* (passive voice) to be declared, proclaimed, delivered
** 413 BCE, Euripides, Ion 792
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.49
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 9.94
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.143
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.63
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.178
** 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Olympian Ode 2.39
** 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 604
** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.96
** 406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 355
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.164
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.141
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.147
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.220
* (middle voice, of the person to whom the response is given) to consult a god or oracle, to inquire of a god or oracle, consult them
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 10.492
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 10.565
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.47
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.157
** 389 BCE – 314 BCE, Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon 124
** 414 BCE, Aristophanes, The Birds 7.24
** 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 686A
** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 1.1.3
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.57
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 8.81
** 7th–6th centuries BC, Homeric Hymn to Apollo 252
** 7th–6th centuries BC, Homeric Hymn to Apollo 292
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.46
** 408 BCE, Euripides, The Phoenician Women 957
** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.126
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.220
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.150
** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Rhetoric 1398B.33
** 472 BCE, Aeschylus, The Persians 829
** Marcellin., Vit.Thuc. 6
** AD 254–270, Plotinus, Enneades 5.3.14
** 7th–6th centuries BC, Homeric Hymn to Apollo 132
** (of applicants seeking something of the great king)
** (in perfect passive) to receive an oracular response
* to furnish with a thing
** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Nicostratus 12
** 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Pompey 29
** 371 BCE – 287 BCE, Theophrastus, Characters 5.10
** 371 BCE – 287 BCE, Theophrastus, Characters 10.13
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.58
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.89
** 411 BCE, Aristophanes, Thesmophoriazusae 219
** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 3.11.18
** 445 BCE – 380 BCE, Lysias, On the Property of Aristophanes 24
** 405 BCE, Aristophanes, The Frogs 1159
** 450 BCE – 350 BCE, Plato Comicus, Collected Works 205
** 200 BCE – 118 BCE, Polybius, The Histories 29.21.6
** 36 BCE – 30 BCE, Diodorus Siculus, Historical Library 31.10
** 95 CE – 165 CE, Appian, Civil Wars 2.29
** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Aphobus 1 11
** 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Moralia 2.534B
** 371 BCE – 287 BCE, Theophrastus, Characters 30.20
** Palatine Anthology 584.10
** 458 BCE, Euripides, Electra 191
** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics 1162B.33
** 300 BCE – 200 BCE, Septuagint, Exodus 11.3
** 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Pompey 24
** 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Philopoemen 13
** 458 BCE, Euripides, Electra 191
** 371 BCE – 287 BCE, Theophrastus, Characters 30.20
** 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Demodocus 384B–C
* (deponent) to use
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 23.834
** 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, Third Tetralogy 3.3
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.195
** 405 BCE, Aristophanes, The Frogs 1061
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.36
** 408 BCE, Euripides, The Phoenician Women 954
** 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 333B
** 391 BCE, Aristophanes, Assemblywomen 822
** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Symposium 2.10
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.43
** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.3
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.153
** 389 BCE – 314 BCE, Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon 21
** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 3.10.1
** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Oeconomicus 4.4
** 413 BCE, Euripides, Ion 602
** 391 BCE, Aristophanes, Assemblywomen 183
** 390 BCE – 322 BCE, Hyperides, In Defence of Euxenippus 28
** 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, To Philip 81
** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Callippus 3
** 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Archidamus 50
** to bring into action some feeling, faculty, passion, state of mind; to exercise, indulge
*** (of external things) to experience, be subject to
**** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.29
**** 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Nemean Ode 4.58
**** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.50
**** 310 BCE – 240 BCE, Callimachus, Epigrams 33.3
**** 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, On the Murder of Herodes 21
**** 330 BCE, Demosthenes, On the Crown 194
**** 36 BCE – 30 BCE, Diodorus Siculus, Historical Library 13.41
**** 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, On the Murder of Herodes 22
**** 405 BCE, Aristophanes, The Frogs 959
**** 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 953
**** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.173
**** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.216
**** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 1.2.24
**** 407 BCE, Euripides, Iphigenia in Aulis 546
**** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 193
**** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.35
**** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.41
**** 430 BCE, Euripides, Herakles' Children 714
**** 440 BCE – 390 BCE, Andocides, On the Mysteries 67
**** 440 BCE – 390 BCE, Andocides, On the Mysteries 120
**** 386 BCE – 367 BCE, Plato, Meno 72A
**** 440 BCE – 390 BCE, Andocides, Against Alcibiades 31
**** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.42
**** 431 BCE, Euripides, Medea 347
**** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.117
**** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.137
**** 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1241
**** 300 BCE – 200 BCE, Septuagint, Job 10.17
**** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.83
**** 460 BCE – 370 BCE, Hippocrates, On Decorum 4
**** 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, Second Tetralogy 3.2
**** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.68
**** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.15
**** 400 BCE – 387 BCE, Plato, Apology 18D
**** 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, Third Tetralogy 3.4
**** 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, On the Peace 104
**** 55 CE – 56 CE, Paul the Apostle, Second Epistle to the Corinthians 1:17
*** (paraphrases the verb cognate to its dative)
**** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.14
**** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.101
**** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.134
**** 390 BCE – 322 BCE, Hyperides, In Defence of Euxenippus 11
**** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.121
**** 460 BCE – 370 BCE, Hippocrates, On Decorum 13
*** (with duplicate dative) to use as such and such
**** 460 BCE – 370 BCE, Democritus, Collected Works 173
**** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.15
**** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 3.14.4
*** to use for an end or purpose
**** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.34
**** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Oeconomicus 11.13
**** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 1.2.9
**** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Oeconomicus 9.6
**** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 3.5.10
**** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.95
**** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.193
**** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.11
**** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 5.105
**** 446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, The Acharnians 935
**** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 1.3.18
**** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 60
**** 445 BCE – 380 BCE, Lysias, Against Simon 10
** (of persons, with an adverb of manner) to treat them in such a manner
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.209
*** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.53
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 4.2.8
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 4.3.12
*** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Dionysodorus 12
*** 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 324
*** 438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 801
*** 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, On the Murder of Herodes 63
*** 440 BCE – 390 BCE, Andocides, Against Alcibiades 2
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 3.2.4
**** to be intimate with, to deal with, make use of, employ
***** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hiero 5.2
***** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 4.8.11
***** 440 BCE – 390 BCE, Andocides, On the Mysteries 49
***** 460 BCE – 370 BCE, Democritus, Collected Works 277
***** 460 BCE – 370 BCE, Hippocrates, The Art 5
***** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.99
***** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Agesilaus 11.13
***** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 2.6.5
***** 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Archidamus 44
*** (especially of sexual intercourse)
**** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.181
**** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 1.2.29
**** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 2.1.30
**** 4th century BC, Isaeus, Pyrrhus 10
**** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Neaera 67
*** to make use of oneself or one's powers
**** 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Nicias 17
**** 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Eumenes 16
**** 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Alexander the Great 45
**** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.2.13
**** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 8.1.5
** (absolute or with an adverb) to be wont to do
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 4.3.23
** (with accusative of object)
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Agesilaus 11.11
*** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Oec. 1350A.7
*** 300 BCE – 200 BCE, Septuagint, Wisdom of Solomon 7.14
*** 53 CE – 55 CE, Paul the Apostle, First Epistle to the Corinthians 7:31
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.99
** (perfect with a present sense) to be in need or want of, to yearn after
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 19.262
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 1.13
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 14.124
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 17.421
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 20.378
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 22.50
*** 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 1264
*** 407 BCE, Euripides, Iphigenia in Aulis 382
*** 480 BCE – 406 BCE, Euripides, Cyclops 98
*** 431 BCE, Euripides, Medea 334
*** 300 BCE – 200 BCE, Theocritus, Collected Works 26.18
*** 300 BCE – 200 BCE, Theocritus, Collected Works 16.73
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 14.155
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 17.347
*** 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Works and Days 317
*** 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Works and Days 500
*** 423 BCE, Euripides, The Suppliants 327
*** 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 717C
*** (perfect as a strengthened present) to have in use, to have, possess
** (aorist passive)
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.144
*** 361 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Midias 16

##### Derived terms

* ἀποχράω (apokhráō)
* χρησμός (khrēsmós)

##### Related terms

* χρῄζω (khrḗizō)
* χρηστός (khrēstós)

#### References

* “χράω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “χράω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “χράω”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
* χράω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* χράω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
* “χράω”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
* G5531 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible