# invidia
## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /inˈvi.dja/
* Rhymes: -idja
* Hyphenation: in‧vì‧dia

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Latin invidia (“envy”). Doublet of the obsolete inveggia, itself probably taken from Old Occitan.

#### Noun

invidia f (plural invidie)
* envy

##### Related terms

* invidiabile
* invidiare
* invidioso
* invido

##### Descendants

* → Friulian: invidie
* → Ligurian: invìdia
* → Neapolitan: 'mmìdia
* → Romanian: invidie
* → Sicilian: mmìdia, mmija
* → Venetan: invìdia

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

invidia
* inflection of invidiare:
** third-person singular present indicative
** second-person singular imperative

### See also

* sette peccati capitali

### Anagrams

* divinai, in via di, indivia

## Latin
### Etymology

From invidus (“envious”), from invideō (“envy, grudge”). Cognate to Proto-Slavic *zavistь (“envy”), Proto-Slavic *nenavistь (“hate”), Proto-Slavic *obvida (“resentment, indignation”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /inˈu̯i.di.a/, [ɪnˈu̯ɪd̪iä]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /inˈvi.di.a/, [iɱˈviːd̪iä]

### Noun

invidia f (genitive invidiae); first declension
* envy, grudge, grudging, jealousy, prejudice, spite
* odium, unpopularity, dislike, hatred, infamy, malice, resentment, ill-will
** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.347–350:“[...] Sī tē Karthāginis arcēs, Phoenissam, Libycaeque aspectus dētinet urbis, quae tandem, Ausoniā Teucrōs cōnsīdere terrā, invidia est? [...]”“If the towers of Carthage detain you, [Dido] – a Phoenician – having looked upon this Libyan city, why then, [when we] Trojans [seek] to settle on Ausonian land, is [there any] resentment?” (Translations – Mackail, 1885: “what wrong is it”; Knight, 1956: “what is the objection”; Mandelbaum, 1971: “why … begrudge”; Ahl, 2007: “why … evil your eye”; Ruden, 2021: “how can you resent”.)

#### Declension

First-declension noun.

#### Derived terms

* invidiōsus

#### Related terms

* invidēns
* invidentia
* invideō
* invidiōsē
* invidus

#### Descendants

* Gallo-Romance:
** Franco-Provençal: envia, evia
** Old French: enveie (early texts), envie (/i/ via Latin influence)
*** French: envie
*** → Middle English: envie, anvie, envi, envy, envye, invie
**** English: envy
*** → Old Italian: envia
*** → Piedmontese: anvia
*** Lorrain: eveye, inveye
*** Walloon: eevie, invie
* Occitano-Romance:
** Catalan: enveja
** Old Occitan: enveja, enveia
*** Occitan: enveja, envea
*** → Old Italian: inveggia
*** Sicilian: mmija
* Ibero-Romance:
** Asturian: enveya
** Old Galician-Portuguese: enveja
*** Galician: envexa
*** Portuguese: inveja (/i/ via Latin influence)
* Borrowings:
** → Italian: invidia
*** → Friulian: invidie
*** → Ligurian: invìdia
*** → Neapolitan: 'mmìdia
*** → Romanian: invidie
*** → Sicilian: mmìdia, mmija
*** → Venetan: invìdia
** → Portuguese: invídia
** → Spanish: envidia

### References

* Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “ĭnvĭdĭa”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume 4: G H I, page 799

### Further reading

* “invidia”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “invidia”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* invidia in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* invidia in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. to be hated by some one: odio, invidiae esse alicui to be hated by some one: in invidia esse alicui to be detested: invidia flagrare, premi to incur a person's hatred: in odium, in invidiam venire alicui to incur a person's hatred: invidiam colligere (aliqua re) to make a person odious, unpopular: in invidiam, odium (alicuius) vocare aliquem to make a person odious, unpopular: in invidiam adducere aliquem to make a person odious, unpopular: invidiam alicui conflare (Catil. 1. 9. 23) to make a person odious, unpopular: invidiam, odium ex-, concitare alicui, in aliquem to be consumed with hatred: odio or invidia alicuius ardere to profit by the unpopularity of the senate to gain influence oneself: crescere ex invidia senatoria unpopularity: invidia the feeling against the dictator: invidia dictatoria (Liv. 22. 26) to use some one's unpopularity as a means of making oneself popular: ex invidia alicuius auram popularem petere (Liv. 22. 26)
* “invidia”, in William Smith, editor (1848), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London: John Murray

## Romanian
### Etymology

From invidie +‎ -a or Italian invidiare.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Verb

a invidia (third-person singular present invidiază, past participle invidiat) 1st conjugation
* to envy

#### Conjugation
## Spanish
### Noun

invidia f (plural invidias)
* Obsolete spelling of envidia.

### Further reading

* “invidia”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10