# 芝

| 芝 | U+829D, &#33437; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-829D |
| ← 芜 [U+829C] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 芞 → [U+829E] |
| 芝 | U+2F991, &#194961; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F991 |
| ← 芋 [U+2F990] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement | 劳 → [U+2F992] |

## Translingual
### Han character

芝 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+3, 7 strokes in traditional Chinese, 6 strokes in mainland China and Japanese and Korean, cangjie input 廿戈弓人 (TINO), four-corner 4430$_7$, composition ⿱艹之)

#### Derived characters

* 𡝳, 徔, 𪫿, 𣷸, 𣔰, 𤦧, 𮐘

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1019, character 15
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30699
* Dae Jaweon: page 1477, character 3
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3176, character 5
* Unihan data for U+829D
* Unihan data for U+2F991

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 芝
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 之 | *tjɯ |
| 芝 | *tjɯ |
| 志 | *tjɯs |
| 痣 | *tjɯs |
| 娡 | *tjɯs |
| 誌 | *tjɯs |
| 蚩 | *tʰjɯ |
| 妛 | *tʰjɯ |
| 嗤 | *tʰjɯ |
| 媸 | *tʰjɯ |
| 旹 | *djɯ |
| 滍 | *diʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *tjɯ) : semantic 艹 (“grass”) + phonetic 之 (OC *tjɯ) – a type of plant.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): zhī (zhi$^1$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄓ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): zi$^1$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): zi$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): zi$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): zi$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chṳ̂
    (Meixian, Guangdong): zi$^1$
* Jin (Wiktionary): zi$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): cí
* Eastern Min (BUC): ciĕ
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chi
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ze$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$tsy
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): zhr$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhī
*** Zhuyin: ㄓ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhih
*** Wade–Giles: chih$^1$
*** Yale: jr̄
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jy
*** Palladius: чжи (čži)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: zi$^1$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: z
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sz̩⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zi$^1$
*** Yale: jī
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzi$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ji$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siː⁵⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: zi$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡si³³/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: zi$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sz̩⁴²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chṳ̂
*** Hakka Romanization System: zii$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: zi$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sɨ²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: zi$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sz̩⁴⁴/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: zi$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡sz̩¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cí
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡si⁵⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ciĕ
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sie⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chi
*** Tâi-lô: tsi
*** Phofsit Daibuun: cy
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡si⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡si³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡si⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡si⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡si⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ze$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsṳ
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɯ³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$tsy
*** MiniDict: tsy$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$tsr
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡sz̩⁵³/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: zhr$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³³/
*** Sinological IPA (new-style): /t͡sz̩³³/
* Middle Chinese: tsyi
Rime :
| Character | 芝 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 章 (23) |
| Final (韻) | 之 (19) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 止而切 |
| Baxter | tsyi |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ɕɨ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡ɕɨ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ɕie/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /cɨ/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ɕiə/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ɕĭə/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡ɕi/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhī |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zi$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*tjɯ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 芝 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 17189 |
| Phonetic component | 之 |
| Rime group | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 之 |
| Old Chinese | /*tjɯ/ |

### Definitions

芝
* lingzhi; Ganoderma
    靈芝／灵芝 ― língzhī ― lingzhi
* Alternative form of 芷
* Used in 芝麻 (zhīma, “sesame”).
* Used in 芝城 (Zhīchéng, “city of Chicago”).
* a surname

### Compounds

* 三芝 (Sānzhī)
* 劉蘭芝 / 刘兰芝
* 張芝 / 张芝
* 得挹芝眉
* 斑芝 (pan-chi) (Min Nan)
* 焚芝
* 焚芝鋤蕙 / 焚芝锄蕙
* 王仙芝
* 瑞芝
* 紫芝
* 紫芝眉宇
* 肉芝
* 芝儀 / 芝仪
* 芝加哥 (Zhījiāgē)
* 芝宇
* 芝標 / 芝标
* 芝焚蕙嘆 / 芝焚蕙叹
* 芝田
* 芝眉
* 芝艾俱焚
* 芝草 (zhīcǎo)
* 芝草無根 / 芝草无根
* 芝蘭 / 芝兰
* 芝蘭之化 / 芝兰之化
* 芝蘭之室 / 芝兰之室
* 芝蘭氣味 / 芝兰气味
* 芝蘭玉樹 / 芝兰玉树
* 芝顏 / 芝颜
* 芝麻 (zhīma)
* 芝麻官 (zhīmaguān)
* 芝麻小事 (zhīmaxiǎoshì)
* 芝麻油 (zhīmayóu)
* 芝麻灣 / 芝麻湾 (Zhīmawān)
* 芝麻秸
* 芝麻糊 (zhīmahù)
* 芝麻綠豆 / 芝麻绿豆 (zhīma lǜdòu)
* 芝麻醬 / 芝麻酱 (zhīmajiàng)
* 鄭芝龍 / 郑芝龙
* 野芝麻
* 雲芝 / 云芝
* 靈芝 / 灵芝 (língzhī)
* 龍芝茶 / 龙芝茶

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* turf, lawn, grass

#### Readings

* Go-on: し (shi)
* Kan-on: し (shi)
* Kun: しば (shiba, 芝, Jōyō)、しざま (shizama)
* Nanori: こげ (koge)、しは (shiha)、しば (shiba)、しはざき (shihazaki)、しばさき (shibasaki)、しばざき (shibazaki)、しばたか (shibataka)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 芝
* しば Grade: S
* kun'yomi
From Old Japanese. One of the oldest attested words in the Japanese language, used in the Man'yōshū and Nihon Shoki.
This character usually means a type of fungus in Chinese. However, it was also used phonetically in 芝麻 (*chimæ, “sesame”) (modern Mandarin 芝麻 (zhīmá)), and it seems that the Japanese use of this character for the sense of grass may have come from this sesame sense in Chinese.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しば [shìbá] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɕiba̠]

#### Noun

芝(しば) • (shiba)
* grass, turf, green
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 14, poem 3508:
    芝(しば)付(つき)乃(の)　御(み)宇(う)良(ら)佐(さ)伎(き)奈流(なる)　根(ね)都(つ)古(こ)具(ぐ)佐(さ)　安(あ)比(ひ)見(み)受(ず)安(あ)良(ら)婆(ば)　安(あ)礼(れ)古(こ)非(ひ)米(め)夜(や)母(も)。
       Shibatsuki no Miurasaki naru netsukogusa ahi mizu araba are kohi meyamo.
       The anemone flowers on grassy Miura Point; if we hadn't seen each other, I probably wouldn't be so in love.
* Short for 芝見 (shibami): hiding in the grass and spying on one's enemies or scouting out the situation; a spy in the grass

##### Derived terms

* 芝(しば)居(い) (shibai)
* 芝(しば)芋(いも) (shibaimo)
* 芝(しば)打(うち) (shiba uchi)
* 芝(しば)打(うち)長(なが) (shiba uchinaga)
* 芝(しば)浦(うら) (shibaura)
* 芝(しば)蝦(えび), 芝(しば)海(え)老(び) (shiba ebi)
* 芝(しば)起(おこし) (shiba okoshi)
* 芝(しば)刈(かり) (shiba kari)
* 芝(しば)刈(かり)機(き) (shiba kariki)
* 芝(しば)切(きり) (shibakiri)
* 芝(しば)切(きり)神(しん)事(じ) (Shibakiri Shinji)
* 芝(しば)草(くさ) (shibakusa): longer form of 芝(しば) (shiba)
* 芝(しば)競(くらべ) (shiba kurabe)
* 芝(しば)公(こう)園(えん) (shiba kōen)
* 芝(しば)采(ざい) (shibazai)
* 芝(しば)魚(ざかな), 芝(しば)肴(ざかな) (shibazakana)
* 芝(しば)桜(ざくら) (shibazakura)
* 芝(しば)神(しん)明(めい) (Shiba Shinmei): synonym of 芝(しば)大(だい)神(じん)宮(ぐう) (Shiba Daijingū)
* 芝(しば)神(しん)明(めい)祭(まつり) (Shiba Shinmei Matsuri)
* 芝(しば)菅(すげ) (shibasuge)
* 芝(しば)祐(すけ)泰(ひろ) (Shiba Sukehiro)
* 芝(しば)摺(すり) (shibasuri)
* 芝(しば)全(ぜん)交(こう) (Shiba Zenkō)
* 芝(しば)茸(たけ) (shibatake): synonym of 網(あみ)茸(たけ) (amitake), a type of mushroom
* 芝(しば)大(だい)神(じん)宮(ぐう) (Shiba Daijingū)
* 芝(しば)地(ち) (shibachi): synonym of 芝(しば)生(ふ) (shibafu)
* 芝(しば)手(ちょう)水(ず) (shibachōzu)
* 芝(しば)築(つい)地(じ) (shibatsuiji)
* 芝(しば)突(つき) (shibatsuki)
* 芝(しば)繋(つなぎ) (shiba tsunagi)
* 芝(しば)露(つゆ) (shiba tsuyu): dew on grass
* 芝(しば)手(て) (shibate)
* 芝(しば)田(でん)楽(がく) (shiba dengaku)
* 芝(しば)土(ど)居(い) (shiba doi)
* 芝(しば)菜(な) (shibana)
* 芝(しば)煮(に) (shibani)
* 芝(しば)野(の) (shibano)
* 芝(しば)能(のう) (Shiba Nō): synonym of 薪(たきぎ)能(のう) (Takigi Nō), a type of Noh play
* 芝(しば)の砌(みぎり) (shiba no migiri)
* 芝(しば)派(は) (shibaha)
* 芝(しば)浜(はま) (shibahama): synonym of 芝(しば)浦(うら) (shibaura), or a type of rakugo
* 芝(しば)原(はら) (shibahara)
* 芝(しば)火(び) (shibabi)
* 芝(しば)引(ひき) (shibahiki)
* 芝(しば)生(ふ) (shibafu)
* 芝(しば)見(み) (shibami)
* 芝(しば)矢(や) (shibaya)
* 芝(しば)屋(や) (shibaya): archaic synonym of 芝(しば)居(い) (shibai)
* 芝(しば)焼(やき) (shibayaki): synonym of 野(の)焼(やき) (noyaki)
* 芝(しば)山(やま) (shibayama)
* 芝(しば)山(やま)古(こ)墳(ふん)群(ぐん) (Shibayama Kofun-gun): a group of kofun tombs in Chiba Prefecture
* 芝(しば)離(り)宮(きゅう) (Shiba Rikyū): an imperial villa, formerly located on the shores of the bay in Minato-ku, Tōkyō, later converted into a park
* 芝(し)蘭(らん)堂(どう) (Shirandō): an academy of Western learning in the late Edo period

#### Proper noun

芝(しば) • (Shiba)
* a surname

#### Verb

芝(しば)する • (shiba suru) suru (stem 芝(しば)し (shiba shi), past 芝(しば)した (shiba shita))
* short for 芝見 (​shibami): to hide in the grass and spy on one's enemies or scout out the situation

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 芝し | しばし | shiba shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 芝し | しばし | shiba shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 芝する | しばする | shiba suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 芝する | しばする | shiba suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 芝すれ | しばすれ | shiba sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 芝せよ¹ 芝しろ² | しばせよ¹ しばしろ² | shiba seyo¹ shiba shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 芝される | しばされる | shiba sareru |
| Causative | 芝させる 芝さす | しばさせる しばさす | shiba saseru shiba sasu |
| Potential | 芝できる | しばできる | shiba dekiru |
| Volitional | 芝しよう | しばしよう | shiba shiyō |
| Negative | 芝しない | しばしない | shiba shinai |
| Negative continuative | 芝せず | しばせず | shiba sezu |
| Formal | 芝します | しばします | shiba shimasu |
| Perfective | 芝した | しばした | shiba shita |
| Conjunctive | 芝して | しばして | shiba shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 芝すれば | しばすれば | shiba sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 芝
* しざま Grade: S
* kun'yomi
Compound of し (shi, adjectival ending) +‎ 様 (sama, “kind, type”). The sama changes to zama as an instance of rendaku (連濁). The kanji 芝 was used as an ateji, probably based on its on'yomi of shi.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɕiza̠ma̠]

#### Noun

芝(しざま) • (shizama)
* (grammar, obsolete) “shi-type”, referring to the i adjective in Japanese grammar, specifically the ク活用 (ku katsuyō, “ku inflection”), corresponding to modern Japanese adjectives ending in -i but not -shii
    This is the nomenclature used in the grammar devised by 富士谷成章 (Fujitani Nariakira), a classical Japanese scholar and grammarian in the middle Edo period. Modern i adjectives still had the 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”) ending in -shi in the mid-Edo period, hence Fujitani's description of these as the “shi-type” of adjective.

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 芝
* し Grade: S
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 芝 (*chi). Compare modern Mandarin 芝 (zhī).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɕi]

#### Affix

芝(し) • (shi)
* the 万年茸 (​mannentake) mushroom

##### Derived terms

* 芝(し)翫(かん)下(げ)駄(た) (Shikangeta): a type of geta sandal popular in the Edo period
* 芝(し)翫(かん)縞(じま) (Shikanjima): a particular striped pattern for kimono, popular in the Edo period
* 芝(し)翫(かん)茶(ちゃ) (Shikancha): a color for dyeing cloth, a slightly reddish-purple shade of chestnut
* 芝(し)仙(せん)延(えん)年(ねん) (shisen ennen): a theme for traditional painting in China, Korea, and Japan, depicting the 万(まん)年(ねん)茸(たけ) (mannentake) mushroom, pines, and rocky crags
* 芝(し)仙(せん)祝(しゅく)寿(じゅ) (shisenshukuju): a theme for traditional painting in China, Korea, and Japan, depicting the 万(まん)年(ねん)茸(たけ) (mannentake) mushroom, cranes (the birds), bamboo, and plum trees
* 芝(し)草(そう) (shisō): alternate for 万(まん)年(ねん)茸(たけ) (mannentake), a type of mushroom
* 芝(し)眉(び) (shibi): an honorific term for referring to someone else's face
* 芝(し)蘭(らん) (shiran): fragrant grass; (metaphorically) an excellent person
* 霊(れい)芝(し) (reishi): alternate for 万(まん)年(ねん)茸(たけ) (mannentake), a type of mushroom

### Etymology 4

Used as ateji in various surnames.

#### Proper noun

芝(しはざき) • (Shihazaki)
* a surname

#### Proper noun

芝(しばさき) • (Shibasaki)
* a surname

#### Proper noun

芝(しばざき) • (Shibazaki)
* a surname

#### Proper noun

芝(しばたか) • (Shibataka)
* a surname

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

芝 • (ji) (hangeul 지, revised ji, McCune–Reischauer chi, Yale ci)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

芝: Hán Nôm readings: chi
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.