# 謬

| 謬 | U+8B2C, &#35628; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8B2C |
| ← 謫 [U+8B2B] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 謭 → [U+8B2D] |

## Translingual
### Han character

謬 (Kangxi radical 149, 言+11, 18 strokes, cangjie input 卜口尸一竹 (YRSMH), four-corner 0762$_2$, composition ⿰訁翏)
* error, exaggeration
* erroneous

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1177, character 27
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 35872
* Dae Jaweon: page 1642, character 1
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4015, character 12
* Unihan data for U+8B2C

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 醪 | *ruːw |
| 嫪 | *ruːw, *rɯːws |
| 嘐 | *ɡ·ruːw, *krɯːw, *qʰrɯːw |
| 賿 | *rrɯːw, *rrɯːwʔ |
| 顟 | *rrɯːw |
| 膠 | *krɯːw, *krɯːws, *kʰrɯːw |
| 轇 | *krɯːw |
| 摎 | *krɯːw, *rɯw |
| 髎 | *riw, *rɯːw |
| 熮 | *riws, *rɯːw, *rɯwʔ |
| 廖 | *rɯːw, *rɯːws, *rɯws |
| 憀 | *rɯːw, *rɯw |
| 豂 | *rɯːw |
| 漻 | *rɯːw |
| 翏 | *ɡ·rɯːw, *ɡ·rɯws |
| 寥 | *rɯːw, *rɯːwɢ |
| 蓼 | *rɯːwʔ, *rɯwɢ |
| 鄝 | *rɯːwʔ |
| 鷚 | *mɡlɯw, *rɯwɢs, *mɡrɯw, *ɡrɯw |
| 繆 | *mlɯw, *mɡrɯw, *mrɯws, *mlɯwɢ |
| 勠 | *rɯw, *rɯwɢs, *rɯwɢ |
| 疁 | *rɯw |
| 飂 | *rɯw, *rɯws |
| 鏐 | *rɯw, *rɯw |
| 僇 | *rɯwɢs, *rɯwɢ |
| 瘳 | *r̥ʰɯw |
| 璆 | *ɡlɯw, *ɡrɯw |
| 謬 | *mrɯws |
| 蟉 | *ɡ·rɯw, *ɡrɯw, *ɡrɯwʔ |
| 樛 | *krɯw |
| 磟 | *ruːwɢ, *rɯwɢ |
| 戮 | *rɯwɢ |
| 剹 | *rɯwɢ |
| 穋 | *rɯwɢ |

### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-kiː(l/r) (“to bend; to wind; to twist; to roll”), i.e. “to twist words; to twist the truth”. Related to 糾 (OC *krɯwʔ, “to entangle”), 絞 (OC *kreːwʔ, “to twist; to strangle”), 摎 (OC *krɯːw, “to strangle”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): miù, niù (miu$^4$, niu$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄇㄧㄡˋ, ㄋㄧㄡˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): miu$^4$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): mau$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): mau$^5$
* Gan (Wiktionary): mieu$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): meu
    (Meixian, Guangdong): miau$^3$
* Jin (Wiktionary): niou$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): miāu
* Eastern Min (BUC): miêu
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): biu$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): biū
    (Teochew, Peng'im): niu$^6$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$mieu
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): miau$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: miù
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄧㄡˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: miòu
*** Wade–Giles: miu$^4$
*** Yale: myòu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: miow
*** Palladius: мю (mju)
*** Sinological IPA : /mi̯oʊ̯⁵¹/
** (Beijing dialect)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: niù
*** Zhuyin: ㄋㄧㄡˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: niòu
*** Wade–Giles: niu$^4$
*** Yale: nyòu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: niow
*** Palladius: ню (nju)
*** Sinological IPA : /ni̯oʊ̯⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: miu$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: miu
*** Sinological IPA : /miəu²¹³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: mau$^6$
*** Yale: mauh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: mau$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: meo$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /mɐu̯²²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: mau$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ᵐbau³²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: mieu$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /miɛu¹¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: meu
*** Hakka Romanization System: meu
*** Hagfa Pinyim: meu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /meu̯⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: miau$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /miau³¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: niou$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /niəu⁴⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: miāu
*** Sinological IPA : /miau⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: miêu
*** Sinological IPA : /miɛu²⁴²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: biu$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /piu²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: biū
*** Tâi-lô: biū
*** Phofsit Daibuun: biu
*** IPA (Xiamen): /biu²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /biu⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /biu²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /biu³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /biu³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: niu$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: niŭ
*** Sinological IPA : /niu³⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$mieu
*** MiniDict: mieu$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$mieu
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /miɤ²³/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: miau$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /mi̯ɒu̯⁴⁵/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit謬 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /miou⁵¹/ /niou⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /niou⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /niou⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /ȵiou²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /niou⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /niou³¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /niou⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /miɯ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /niəu¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ȵiou¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ȵiɤu²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /miau³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /miau¹³/ /miəu¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /miəu²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /miəu²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /miɔo⁴⁴/ /miəɯ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /liɯ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /niəu⁴⁵/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | |
| Jin | Hohhot | /niəu⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /miɤ²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /mɤ³¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ȵiu¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /miɛ²²/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /miɔ²²/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /miu¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /miau⁵⁵/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /miaɯ⁵⁵/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | |
| Hakka | Meixian | /miau³¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /mɐu²²/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /mɐu²²/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /mɐu²²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /biu²²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /miɛu²⁴²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /niau⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /nĩu³⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /miu³⁵/ |
* Middle Chinese: mjiwH
Rime :
| Character | 謬 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 幽 (138) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 靡幼切 |
| Baxter | mjiwH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /miɪu$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /mɨu$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /mieu$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /mjiw$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /miĕu$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /miəu$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /mieu$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | miào |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | mau$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*m-riw-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*mrɯws/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 謬 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | miù |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ mjiw$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*m-riw-s/ (dialect: *m-r- > *mr-) |
| English | lie, error < 'twist the truth' |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 謬 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 8388 |
| Phonetic component | 翏 |
| Rime group | 幽 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 謬 |
| Old Chinese | /*mrɯws/ |

### Definitions

謬
* false; wrong; erroneous
* error; mistake
* to deceive; to twist the truth
* a surname

### Compounds

* 乖謬 / 乖谬 (guāimiù)
* 剌謬 / 剌谬
* 匡謬 / 匡谬
* 大謬不然 / 大谬不然 (dàmiùbùrán)
* 悖謬 / 悖谬 (bèimiù)
* 悠謬 / 悠谬
* 析疑匡謬 / 析疑匡谬
* 歸謬法 / 归谬法 (guīmiùfǎ)
* 疵蒙謬累 / 疵蒙谬累
* 秕謬 / 秕谬
* 紕謬 / 纰谬 (pīmiù)
* 繩愆糾謬 / 绳愆纠谬
* 荒謬 / 荒谬 (huāngmiù)
* 荒謬劇 / 荒谬剧
* 荒謬小說 / 荒谬小说
* 荒謬絕倫 / 荒谬绝伦 (huāngmiùjuélún)
* 訛謬 / 讹谬 (émiù)
* 誤謬 / 误谬 (wùmiù)
* 謬以千里
* 謬妄 / 谬妄 (miùwàng)
* 謬悠之說 / 谬悠之说
* 謬愛 / 谬爱
* 謬採虛聲 / 谬采虚声
* 謬斯 / 谬斯
* 謬獎 / 谬奖 (miùjiǎng)
* 謬種 / 谬种 (miùzhǒng)
* 謬種流傳 / 谬种流传
* 謬耄 / 谬耄
* 謬見 / 谬见 (miùjiàn)
* 謬言 / 谬言
* 謬誤 / 谬误 (miùwù)
* 謬誤百出 / 谬误百出
* 謬論 / 谬论 (miùlùn)
* 謬識 / 谬识
* 謬讚 / 谬赞
* 謬領 / 谬领

### References

* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “谬”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 159.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* mistake

#### Readings

* Go-on: みゅう (myū)
* Kan-on: びゅう (byū)
* Kun: あやまる (ayamaru, 謬る)

#### Compounds

* 乖謬(かいびゅう) (kaibyū)
* 過謬(かびゅう) (kabyū)
* 誤謬(ごびゅう) (gobyū)
* 錯謬(さくびゅう) (sakubyū)
* 粃謬(ひびゅう) (hibyū)
* 謬計(びゅうけい) (byūkei)
* 謬見(びゅうけん) (byūken)
* 謬言(びゅうげん) (byūgen)
* 謬錯(びゅうさく) (byūsaku)
* 謬算(びゅうさん) (byūsan)
* 謬説(びゅうせつ) (byūsetsu)
* 謬想(びゅうそう) (byūsō)
* 謬伝(びゅうでん) (byūden)
* 謬論(びゅうろん) (byūron)
* 無謬(むびゅう) (mubyū)
* 迷謬(めいびゅう) (meibyū)

## Korean
### Etymology

From a corrupted or unorthodox reading. The original reading is 무 (mu) based on Middle Chinese 謬 (MC mjiwH).
* Recorded as Middle Korean 뮤ᇢ〮 (Yale: myúw) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ɾju] ~ [ju]
* Phonetic hangul: [류/유]

### Hanja

Wikisource 謬 (eumhun 그릇될 류 (geureutdoel ryu), word-initial (South Korea) 그릇될 유 (geureutdoel yu))
* hanja form of 류/유 (“false; wrong; erroneous”)

#### Compounds

* 과류 (過謬, gwaryu)
* 오류 (誤謬, oryu)
* 유견 (謬見, yugyeon)
* 유론 (謬論, yuron)
* 유상 (謬想, yusang)
* 유오 (謬誤, yuo)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

謬: Hán Việt readings: mậu
* chữ Hán form of mậu (“mistake”).

#### References

* ↑ Trần (2004).
* ↑ Trần (1999).
* ↑ Nguyễn (1974).
* ↑ Thiều Chửu (1942).