# iugum
## Latin
### Alternative forms

* jugum (post-classical)

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈi̯u.ɡum/, [ˈi̯ʊɡʊ̃ˑ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈju.ɡum/, [ˈjuːɡum]

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Italic *jugom, from Proto-Indo-European *yugóm, from *yewg- (“to yoke, harness, join”) + *-óm. Cognate with Sanskrit युग (yuga), Ancient Greek ζῠγόν (zŭgón), and Gothic 𐌾𐌿𐌺 (juk). Equivalent to a substantivization of the adjective iugus (“belonging together”).

#### Noun

iugum n (genitive iugī); second declension
* (literal) a yoke (for oxen or cattle) or collar (for a horse)
** 45 BCE, Cicero, De Natura Deorum 2.60.151:Nos onera quibusdam bestiis, nos iuga inponimus; […]
** 8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 4.825–826:inde premēns stīvam dēsignat moenia sulcō; alba iugum niveō cum bove vacca tulitFrom there, pressing the plow handle, he marks out the city walls with a furrow; a white cow with a snow-white bull bore the yoke. (Romulus uses a plow to mark where the defensive walls of Rome are to be built. The flexibility of Latin word order allows Ovid to join bove vacca – ‘‘bull cow’’ – side-by-side, just as the two animals themselves would have been yoked for plowing.)
* (transferred sense)
** a yoke, pair, team of draft oxen; a pair of horses; a chariot
*** 21 BCE, Marcus Terentius Varro, De Re Rustica 1.19.3:Quod addit asinos, qui stercus vectent, treis, asinum molarium; in vinea iugerum iugum boum, asinorum iugum, asinum molarium; […] As to his addition of three donkeys to haul manure and one for the mill; for a vineyard of 100 jugera, a yoke of oxen, a pair of donkeys, and one for the mill; […]
*** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 10.594:Lucage, nulla tuos currus fuga segnis equorum prodidit aut uanae uertere ex hostibus umbrae: ipse rotis saliens iuga deseris.
*** a pair of anything
**** c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 10.5.16:ex eo notatum, non fere legionis umquam hiberna esse castra ubi aquilarum non sit iugum.
** a juger of land
    Synonym: iūgerum
*** 1st c. BCE, Marcus Terentius Varro, Rerum rusticarum libri III 1.10:Ille, Modos, quibus metirentur rura, alius alios constituit. Nam in Hispania ulteriore metiuntur iugis, in Campania versibus, apud nos in agro Romano ac Latino iugeris. Iugum vocant, quod iuncti boves uno die exarare possint.Each country has its own method of measuring land. Thus in farther Spain the unit of measure is the iugum, in Campania the versus, with us here in the district of Rome and in Latium the iugerum. The iugum is the amount of land which a yoke of oxen can plough in a day.)
** in Kent, a yoke of land, quarter sulung
** (architecture) a horizontal beam or rail fastened perpendicular to a post or pole; a crossbeam, crossrail
*** c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 17.35.175:Tertius vineae annus palmitem velocem robustumque emittit et quem faciat aetas vitem. hic in iugum insilit.
*** any of various types of horizontal structural member: the beam which united the upright posts of a loom, the crossbar of a lyre, the crossrail of a trellis, the thwart or cross-bench of a boat (the rower's bench)
**** 8 CE, Ovid, Metamorphoses 6.55: […]: tela iugo vincta est, stamen secernit harundo, […]
**** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 6.411:inde alias animas, quae per iuga longa sedebant, deturbat laxatque foros; simul accipit alueo ingentem Aenean.
** a makeshift archway of three spears under which a vanquished enemy was made to pass in humiliation
** a scalebeam; (metonymically) a pair of scales; (astronomy) the Libra
    Synonyms: bilanx, lībra, statēra, trutina
*** 45 BCE, Cicero, De divinatione 2.47.98:L. quidem Tarutius Firmanus, familiaris noster, in primis Chaldaeicis rationibus eruditus, urbis etiam nostrae natalem diem repetebat ab iis Pardibus, quibus eam a Romulo conditam accepimus, Romamque, in iugo cum esset Luna, natam esse dicebat, nec eius fata canere dubitabat.
** the summit or ridge of a mountain; a chain or range of mountains
*** c. 15 BCE, Vitruvius, De architectura 2.10.1:Eius vero montis iugum se circumagens et media curvatura prope tangens oras maris Hadriani pertingit circumitionibus contra fretum.The ridge of this mountain range then bends in an arch and almost reaches the middle part of the Adriatic coast, while, completing the arch, it ends up touching the Strait (of Messina).
* (figuratively) the bond (of slavery, matrimony, etc.)
** c. 190 BCE, Plautus, Curculio 1.1.50:Iamne ea fert iugum?

##### Inflection

Second-declension noun (neuter).

##### Derived terms

* bīga
* biiugus
* iugālis
* iugārius
* *iugaster
* iugō
* iugōsus
* iugulum
* quadrīga
* quadriiugis
* quadriiugus
* trīga

##### Related terms

* iugātiō
* Iugula
* iugulātiō
* iugulātor
* iugulō
* iugūmentō
* iugūmentum
* iugus
* iungō

##### Descendants

* Balkan Romance:
** Aromanian: giug
** Romanian: jug
* Dalmatian:
** zaug
* Italo-Romance:
** Italian: giogo
*** → Sicilian: giugu
** Neapolitan: jugo
** Sicilian: jugu, juvu
* North Italian:
** Emilian: zu, zof, zov
** Friulian: jôf, jôv
** Ligurian: zôvo
** Lombard: zof, xof, giov
** Piedmontese: giou, gio, xof, xovo
** Romagnol: zof, zov, zouf
** Romansch: giuf
** Venetan: dóvo, dógo, dóo, zóo, dhovo, dóf
* Northern Gallo-Romance:
** Franco-Provençal: jog
** Old French: jug, jou, jof
*** French: joug
** Walloon: djeu
* Southern Gallo-Romance:
** Aragonese: chuvo
** Catalan: jou, jeu, jova
** Occitan: jo, joc
    Gascon: jun
* Ibero-Romance:
** Old Leonese: yugo
*** Asturian: xugu
** Galician: xugo
** Portuguese: jugo
** Spanish: yugo
* Insular Romance:
** Sardinian: giú, giubu, giuu, giuvu, yuu
* Borrowings:
** → English: jugum
** Esperanto: jugo
** Tashelhit: tayuga

#### See also

* versus (land measure)

#### References

* “iugum”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “iugum”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* iugum in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* iugum in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. to submit to the yoke of slavery: iugum servitutis accipere to shake off the yoke of slavery: iugum servitutis excutere to shake off the yoke of slavery: iugum servile a cervicibus deicere (Phil. 1. 2. 6) to deliver some one from slavery: iugum servile alicui demere to deliver some one from slavery: ab aliquo servitutem or servitutis iugum depellere (ambiguous) a perpetual spring: aqua iugis, perennis
* “iugum”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Adjective

iugum
* inflection of iugus:
** accusative masculine singular
** nominative/accusative/vocative neuter singular