# قطران
## Arabic
### Etymology 1

Compare Hebrew קִטֵּר (qiṭer), Hebrew קְטרֶת (qiṭret, “incense”), Aramaic קְטָר (qəṭār, “incense”), Aramaic עִטְרָן (ʿiṭerān, “cedar resin, pitch”), Classical Syriac ܥܶܛܪܳܢܳܐ (ʿeṭrānā, “cedar resin, pitch”), Classical Syriac ܥܰܛܪܳܢܳܐ (ʿaṭrānā, “cedar resin, pitch”), Classical Syriac ܥܶܛܪܳܐ (ʿeṭrā, “pitch”), Akkadian 𒇒 (/⁠iṭṭū⁠/, “raw bitumen”), further also Old Armenian խայտաղան (xaytałan), Middle Armenian խայծղան (xaycġan, “a kind of pitch or resin”). The historic mutual relations are conjectural; at least secondarily both قَطْر (qaṭr, “syrup, drops, driblets”) and عِطْر (ʕiṭr, “essence, scented material”) seem related, with the ending ـَان (-ān) more likely added in Aramaic, in spite of the combination of it with beginning قـ (q-) being unattested there; note also the Ethiopian Semitic shape ዕጣን (ʿəṭan, “incense”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /qatˤ.raːn/, /qitˤ.raːn/, /qa.tˤi.raːn/

#### Noun

قَطْرَان or قِطْرَان or قَطِرَان • (qaṭrān or qiṭrān or qaṭirān) m
* tar
* asphalt

##### Descendants

* Maltese: qatran
* → Azerbaijani: qatran
* → Catalan: quitrà
* → Italian: catrame
* → Latin: catarannus
** → Old French: catran
*** Middle French: goutren
**** French: goudron
***** → English: goudron
***** → Romanian: gudron
* → Ottoman Turkish: قطران (katran)
** Turkish: katran
** → Albanian: katrani
** → Armenian: խաթրան (xatʻran), խաթռան (xatʻṙan), կաթրան (katʻran)
** → Aromanian: cãtrani, cãtrane
** → Bulgarian: катра́н (katrán)
** → Macedonian: катран (katran)
** → Romanian: catran
** → Serbo-Croatian:
    Cyrillic script: ка̀тран
    Latin script: kàtran
* → Persian: قطران (qatrân)
* → Piedmontese: catram
* → Portuguese: alcatrão
** → Bengali: আলকাতরা (alkatra)
* → Spanish: alquitrán
* → Uzbek: qatron

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /qa.tˤa.raːn/

#### Noun

قَطَرَان • (qaṭarān) m
* verbal noun of قَطَرَ (qaṭara) (form I)

##### Declension
### References

* Fraenkel, Siegmund (1886) Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen (in German), Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 150
* Fraenkel, Siegmund (1886) Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen (in German), Leiden: E. J. Brill, pages 291–292
* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “katran1”, in Nişanyan Sözlük

## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic قَطْرَان (qaṭrān, “tar, asphalt”).

### Noun

قطران • (katran) (definite accusative قطرانی (katranı), plural قطرانلر (katranlar))
* pitch, tar, a black, oily substance derived from organic materials such as wood, peat, or coal
    Synonyms: زفت (zift), قره ساقز (kara sakız), قیر (kir)
* asphalt, a sticky and highly viscous liquid or semisolid composed almost entirely of bitumen
    Synonym: آسفالت (asfalt)
* (historical) Chian turpentine, Cyprus turpentine, a preparation from the resin of the terebinth

#### Derived terms

* آردج قطرانی (ardıç katranı, “juniper tar”)
* قطران آغاجی (katran ağacı, “turpentine tree”)
* قطران روحی (katran ruhu, “creosote”)
* قطران صویی (katran suyu, “tar water”)
* قطران طاشی (katran taşı, “bitumen”)
* قطران طولومی (katran tulumu, “skin vessel for holding tar”)
* قطران قیوسی (katran kuyusu, “bitumen or naphta well”)
* قطران كوپوكی (katran köpüğü, “agaric”)
* قطران چامی (katran çamı, “Scotch pine”)
* قطرانلامق (katranlamak, “to smear with tar”)
* قطرانلو (katranlı, “tarred”)
* قطرانی (katranî, “pertaining to tar”)

#### Descendants

* Turkish: katran
* → Albanian: katrani
* → Armenian: խաթրան (xatʻran), խաթռան (xatʻṙan), կաթրան (katʻran)
* → Aromanian: cãtrani, cãtrane
* → Bulgarian: катра́н (katrán)
* → Macedonian: катран (katran)
* → Romanian: catran
* → Serbo-Croatian:
    Cyrillic script: ка̀тран
    Latin script: kàtran

### Further reading

* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “katran”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 2475
* Eren, Hasan (1999) “katran”, in Türk Dilinin Etimolojik Sözlüğü [Etymological Dictionary of the Turkish Language] (in Turkish), Ankara: Bizim Büro Basım Evi, page 218b
* Hindoglu, Artin (1838) “قطران”, in Hazine-i lûgat ou dictionnaire abrégé turc-français‎, Vienna: F. Beck, page 366b
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “قطران”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 964
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Pix”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎, Vienna, column 1304
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “قطران”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, column 3721
* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “katran”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “قطران”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1461

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic قَطْرَان (qaṭrān). Also Persian کتران (katrân, “tar; (cedar) resin, pitch”).

### Noun

| Dari | قطران |
| Iranian Persian | قطران |
| Tajik | қатрон |
قطران • (qatrân)
* tar