# solus
## English
### Etymology

From Latin sōlus.

### Adjective

solus (not comparable)
* alone, unaccompanied (as a stage direction)

### Anagrams

* souls

## Latin
### Etymology

* PIE word
* *swé
* Often derived from earlier *swolos, from Proto-Italic *swelos, from Proto-Indo-European *swé (reflexive pronoun) (whence se (“oneself”)) + *-los, hence meaning "by oneself";
* De Vaan refers it to *solh₂- (“whole, healthy”), which would make it akin to sollus and salvus.
* Others connect it with Proto-Germanic *sēliz (Gothic 𐍃𐌴𐌻𐍃 (sēls, “happy, good”), Old English sēlra (“better”)), from Proto-Indo-European *selh₂- (whence sōlor (“to console”)).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈsoː.lus/, [ˈs̠oːɫ̪ʊs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈso.lus/, [ˈsɔːlus]

### Adjective

sōlus (feminine sōla, neuter sōlum); first/second-declension adjective (pronominal)
* alone, sole, only, by oneself with no others around
** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.22-23:“[...] sōlus hic īnflexit sēnsūs, animumque labantem / impulit [...].”“[...] this [is the] only [man who] swayed [my] feelings, and stirred [my] wavering heart [...].”
* solitary, uninhabited

#### Declension

First/second-declension adjective (pronominal).

#### Derived terms

* dēsōlō
* Sōlifidiānus
* sōligenitus
* sōlitārius
* sōlitās
* sōlitātim
* sōlitūdo
* sōlum

#### Descendants

* Asturian: solu
* Catalan: sol, sols
* Old French: sol, seul, soul, sul
** French: seul
** → English: sole
* Friulian: sôl
* Istriot: sulo
* Italian: solo
** → English: solo
** → French: solo
** → Portuguese: solo
* Occitan: sol
* Old Galician-Portuguese: soo, sol
** Galician: só
** Portuguese: só
* Romansch: sul
* Sardinian: solus (medieval), solu, sou
* Sicilian: sulu
* Spanish: solo

### References

* De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “sōlus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 573
* “solus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “solus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* solus in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* solus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. (ambiguous) sunrise; sunset: ortus, occasus solis (ambiguous) an eclipse of the sun: solis defectio (ambiguous) to be dried up by the sun's heat: ardore solis torreri (ambiguous) the east winds are blowing: venti ab ortu solis flant (ambiguous) to be situate to the north-west: spectare inter occasum solis et septentriones (ambiguous) Solon, one of the seven sages: Solo, unus de septem (illis) (ambiguous) Solo ordained by law that..: Solo lege sanxit, ut or ne (ambiguous) to leave one's country (only used of exiles): solum vertere, mutare (Caecin. 34. 100) (ambiguous) Solon made it a capital offence to..: Solo capite sanxit, si quis... (Att. 10. 1) (ambiguous) to raze a town to the ground: oppidum solo aequare (ambiguous) this is as clear as daylight: hoc est luce (sole ipso) clarius
* “solus”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “solus”, in William Smith, editor (1854, 1857), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, volume 1 & 2, London: Walton and Maberly

## Middle Irish
### Etymology

From Old Irish solus.

### Adjective

solus
* bright
* clear (of sound)
* (intellectually) clear, lucid

### Noun

solus m
* light
* clarity, intelligibility

#### Derived terms

* solusta

#### Descendants

* Irish: solas
* Manx: sollys
* Scottish Gaelic: solas

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Middle Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “solus”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## Old Irish
### Etymology

so- +‎ lés (compare Middle Irish dolus)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsolus/

### Adjective

solus (equative soilsidir)
* bright, clear

#### Inflection

u-stem :
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | solus | solus | solus |
| Vocative | solus | solus | solus |
| Accusative | solus | soluis | solus |
| Genitive | soluis | soilse | soluis |
| Dative | solus | soluis | solus |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine/neuter | Feminine/neuter |
| Nominative | soilsi | soilsi | soilsi |
| Vocative | soilsi | soilsi | soilsi |
| Accusative | soilsi | soilsi | soilsi |
| Genitive | * | * | * |
| Dative | soilsib | soilsib | soilsib |
| Notes | *not attested in Old Irish; same as nominative singular masculine in Middle Irish | *not attested in Old Irish; same as nominative singular masculine in Middle Irish | *not attested in Old Irish; same as nominative singular masculine in Middle Irish |

#### Derived terms

* follus
* soilse

#### Descendants

* Middle Irish: solus
** Irish: solas
** Manx: sollys
** Scottish Gaelic: solas

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “solus”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## Sardinian
### Etymology

From Latin solus (“alone (adj.)”).

### Adverb

solus
* (obsolete, archaic) alone, by oneself

### References

Hall, Robert Anderson. 1984. Proto-Romance morphology: Comparative Romance grammar. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Page 31.