# 留守
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): liúshǒu
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄡˊ ㄕㄡˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): lau$^4$ sau$^2$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): liû-siú
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: liúshǒu
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄡˊ ㄕㄡˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lióushǒu
*** Wade–Giles: liu$^2$-shou$^3$
*** Yale: lyóu-shǒu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lioushoou
*** Palladius: люшоу (ljušou)
*** Sinological IPA : /li̯oʊ̯³⁵ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lau$^4$ sau$^2$
*** Yale: làuh sáu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lau$^4$ sau$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: leo$^4$ seo$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɐu̯²¹ sɐu̯³⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liû-siú
*** Tâi-lô: liû-siú
*** Phofsit Daibuun: liusiuo
*** IPA (Xiamen): /liu²⁴⁻²² siu⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /liu²⁴⁻²² siu⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /liu¹³⁻²² siu⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /liu²⁴⁻¹¹ siu⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /liu²³⁻³³ siu⁴¹/
* Middle Chinese: ljuw syuwX
Rime :
| Character | 留 | 守 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) | 書 (26) |
| Final (韻) | 尤 (136) | 尤 (136) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 力求切 | 書九切 |
| Baxter | ljuw | syuwX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /lɨu/ | /ɕɨu$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /liu/ | /ɕiu$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /liəu/ | /ɕiəu$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /luw/ | /ɕuw$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /liu/ | /ɕiu$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /lĭəu/ | /ɕĭəu$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /li̯ə̯u/ | /ɕi̯ə̯u$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | liú | shǒu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | lau$^4$ | sau$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.ru s-tuʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*m·ru qʰljuʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 留 | 守 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | liú | shǒu |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ljuw › | ‹ syuw$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*C.ru/ | /*s-tuʔ/ |
| English | stay, remain | keep, guard |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 留 | 守 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/2 |
| No. | 8882 | 11666 |
| Phonetic component | 卯 | 守 |
| Rime group | 幽 | 幽 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 劉 | 首 |
| Old Chinese | /*m·ru/ | /*qʰljuʔ/ |
| Notes | 說文丣聲誤，金文實卯聲 | 從宀從寸象掌守護家業之事， 或許肘亦聲 |

### Verb

留守
* (historical) to act as the monarch during his absence from the capital
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Lǚhòu niánzhǎng, cháng liúshǒu, xī jiàn shàng, yì shū. [Pinyin]
    As Empress Lü grew old, she often presided for the Emperor as he toured the country, but she was seldom with him, and their intimacy waned day by day.
* to stay behind; to remain for military duty while the main forces depart
* to be left behind
    留守兒童／留守儿童 ― liúshǒu értóng ― left-behind children
    From: c. 578, Yu Xin (庾信), The Lament for the South (《哀江南賦》)
    Zhōng Yí jūnzǐ, rùjiù nánguān zhī qiú; Jìsūn xíngrén, liúshǒu xīhé zhī guǎn. [Pinyin]
    A junzi like Zhong Yi, I too in captivity remained firm; A mere officer, I was left behind as others went back.

#### Derived terms

* 留守兒童 / 留守儿童 (liúshǒu értóng)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 留 | 守 |
| る Grade: 5 | す Grade: 3 |
| goon ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) るす [rúꜜsù] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɾɯ̟sɨ]

### Noun

留(る)守(す) • (rusu)
* absence
** 1964, Abe Tomoji, “Warai to hangeki [Counter-attack with laughter]”, in Shinchō, volume 61, page 14:
    妻(つま)は彼(かれ)の留(る)守(す)に信(のぶ)貴(たか)から電(でん)話(わ)がかかってきた
       tsuma wa kare no rusu ni Nobutaka kara denwa ga kakatte-kita
       His wife received a phone call from Nobutaka during his absence

#### Derived terms

* 居(い)留(る)守(す) (irusu): pretending to be absent from home
* 御(お)留(る)守(す) (o-rusu)
* 神(かみ)の留(る)守(す) (kami no rusu)
* 留(る)守(す)居(い) (rusui)
* 留(る)守(す)中(ちゅう) (rusuchū)
* 留(る)守(す)勝(が)ち (rusugachi)
* 留(る)守(す)神(がみ) (rusugami)
* 留(る)守(す)宅(たく) (rusutaku)
* 留(る)守(す)所(どころ) (rusudokoro)
* 留(る)守(す)番(ばん) (rusuban)
* 留(る)守(す)録(ろく) (rusuroku)
* 留(る)守(す)を預(あず)かる (rusu o azukaru)
* 留(る)守(す)を使(つか)う (rusu o tsukau)

### Verb

留(る)守(す)する • (rusu suru) intransitive suru (stem 留(る)守(す)し (rusu shi), past 留(る)守(す)した (rusu shita))
* be absent, be out

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 留守し | るすし | rusu shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 留守し | るすし | rusu shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 留守する | るすする | rusu suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 留守する | るすする | rusu suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 留守すれ | るすすれ | rusu sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 留守せよ¹ 留守しろ² | るすせよ¹ るすしろ² | rusu seyo¹ rusu shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 留守される | るすされる | rusu sareru |
| Causative | 留守させる 留守さす | るすさせる るすさす | rusu saseru rusu sasu |
| Potential | 留守できる | るすできる | rusu dekiru |
| Volitional | 留守しよう | るすしよう | rusu shiyō |
| Negative | 留守しない | るすしない | rusu shinai |
| Negative continuative | 留守せず | るすせず | rusu sezu |
| Formal | 留守します | るすします | rusu shimasu |
| Perfective | 留守した | るすした | rusu shita |
| Conjunctive | 留守して | るすして | rusu shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 留守すれば | るすすれば | rusu sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 留 | 守 |

### Noun

留守 • (yusu) (hangeul 유수)
* hanja form of 유수