# haka
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Maori haka, from Proto-Polynesian *saka, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sakaŋ. The word is cognate with Hawaiian haʻa (“dance”), Mangarevan ʻaka (“to perform a traditional dance; a usually warlike dance accompanied by a chant”), Rarotongan ʻaka (“dance”), Samoan saʻa (“dance”), Tokelauan haka (“dance”), Tongan haka (“hand action made while singing”).

### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈhɑːkə/, /ˈhæ-/
** Audio (Southern England); /ˈhæ-/:(file)
* (General American) IPA: /ˈhɑkə/, /ˈhæ-/
* (New Zealand) IPA: /ˈhaka/, /ˈhaːka/
* Rhymes: -ɑːkə, -ækə
* Homophone: Hakka (in some dialects)
* Hyphenation: ha‧ka

### Noun

haka (plural hakas or haka)
* A group dance of New Zealand's Maori people featuring rhythmic chanting, vigorous facial and arm movements, and foot stamping. Traditionally a war dance, today it is also performed to welcome guests, as a mark of respect at occasions such as commemorations and funerals, as a challenge to opposing teams at sports events, and for artistic purposes.
** 1838, J[oel] S[amuel] Polack, chapter III, in New Zealand: Being a Narrative of Travels and Adventures during a Residence in that Country between the Years 1831 and 1837. [...] In Two Volumes, volume I, London: Richard Bentley, New Burlington Street, publisher in ordinary to Her Majesty, →OCLC, page 81:After each of my retinue were presented to the chief, partaking of the honour of the ougi, or salutation, the hákà, or dance of welcome, was performed; this was commenced by our entertainers, who placed themselves in an extended line, in ranks four deep. This dance, to a stranger witnessing it for the first time, is calculated to excite the most alarming fears; […]
** 1876 January, “A Week among the Maoris of Lake Taupo”, in The Cornhill Magazine, volume XXXIII, number 193, London: Smith, Elder & Co., 15 Waterloo Place, →OCLC, page 65:A "Haka" is the native dance, answering to the corroboree of the Australian aboriginals, and we were anxious to see it. […] Later in the evening, however, the complaisant Herekiekie entertained a small and select party at a "Haka" in his "whare" or house (pronounced wharry). It was exactly what I expected. The performers, all male, stood in a row, one, slightly advanced, acting as fugleman. They shouted and gesticulated with the most hideous and revolting gestures, grimaces, and yells.
** 1986, Sylvia Ashton-Warner, “Life in a Maori School”, in Teacher (A Touchstone Book), 1st Touchstone edition, New York, N.Y.: Simon & Schuster, →ISBN, pages 198 and 200:[T]he children might get up and dance in the middle of their sums. Matawhero might stand up and lead a haka if I'm not careful. Oh dear.
** 2011 October 23, Tom Fordyce, “2011 Rugby World Cup Final: New Zealand 8 – 7 France”, in BBC Sport‎, archived from the original on 3 April 2017:An already febrile atmosphere within the ground before the start had been stoked still further when France's players formed an arrow formation to face down the haka, and then advanced slowly over halfway as the capacity crowd roared.
** 2013, Matt J. Rossano, “Mountain Rituals”, in Mortal Rituals: What the Story of the Andes Survivors Tells Us about Human Evolution, New York, N.Y., Chichester, West Sussex: Columbia University Press, →ISBN, pages 105–106:The Maori haka ritual has been made famous by the All Blacks, New Zealand's national rugby team. Before each match, the All Blacks face their opponents and engage in a synchronized display of hand-slapping, feet-stomping, chest-pumping, tongue-wagging, and eye-popping chanting and dancing designed to intimidate their opponents. The All Blacks' version of the haka is called ka-mate, a war haka or peruperu. […] But hakas are not restricted to war; they are also used as a welcome to strangers, as part of a funeral, or as part of various celebrations and ceremonies.

#### Derived terms

* kapa haka

#### Translations
### Verb

haka (third-person singular simple present hakas, present participle hakaing, simple past and past participle hakaed)
* (intransitive) To perform the haka.
** 1870, Richard Taylor, “Traditions and Legends. (Continued.) [The Story of Tama te Kapua, and His Brother Wakaturia.]”, in Te Ika a Maui; or, New Zealand and Its Inhabitants. Illustrating the Origin, Manners, Customs, Mythology, Religion, Rites, Songs, Proverbs, Fables, and Language of the Maori and Polynesian Races in General; together with the Geology, Natural History, Productions, and Climate of the Country, 2nd edition, London: William Macintosh, 24, Paternoster Row; Wanganui, New Zealand: H. Ireson Jones, →OCLC, page 274:[T]hey hoisted him up to the ridge pole and lighted the fire; they began to haka, when they were tired of that they sang songs, […]
** 1888, John White, “Hotu-nui. (Nga-ti-maru.)”, in The Ancient History of the Maori, His Mythology and Traditions. Tai-Nui, volume IV, Wellington: By authority; George Didsbury, government printer, →OCLC, pages 213–214:[page 213] The haka is one of the Maori's most honourable games that can be performed to entertain strangers; and when such is played it is a sign of a people of chiefs and days of peace. The people played this game to her that Te-kahu-rere-moa might haka and entertain them, that they might see how beautifully she could haka. […] [page 214] She hakaed for some time, and all the people were quite in love with her.
** 2011, Glyn Harper, editor, Letters from Gallipoli: New Zealand Soldiers Write Home‎, Auckland: Auckland University Press, →ISBN:We captured the trenches midst our hakas and cheering. The other party did well, we could hear them on the opposite hill cheering, and hakaing as they went along.

#### Translations
### Further reading

* haka on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* haka (sports) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

### Anagrams

* Akha

## 'Are'are
### Noun

haka
* boat

### References

* Kateřina Naitoro, A Sketch Grammar of 'Are'are: The Sound System and Morpho-Syntax (2013)

## Czech
### Etymology

Borrowed from Maori haka.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈɦaka]
* Rhymes: -aka
* Hyphenation: ha‧ka

### Noun

haka f
* haka (dance of New Zealand's Maori people featuring rhythmic chanting, vigorous facial and arm movements, and foot stamping.)
** 2015 September 22, Pavel Jahoda, “Nejenom haka straší na MS soupeře. K vidění jsou i sipi tau či bole”, in ČT sport‎:Haka k Novému Zélandu a některým jeho sportovním týmům neodmyslitelně patří, ale nejznámější je ve spojení právě s ragby. Sport známý svou tvrdostí získává slavným tancem, při němž hráči používají všemožné grimasy včetně vyplazování jazyka, tleskají, plácají se po stehnech a rytmicky zpívají, kouzlo, které uchvátilo davy fanoušků po celém světě.Haka is inseparable from rugby. The sport, which is known for rough play, gets another charm thanks to the dance, during which the players use various facial expressions including sticking out their tongues, clap their hands and slap their thighs.

#### Declension
## Finnish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈhɑkɑ/, [ˈhɑ̝kɑ̝]
* Rhymes: -ɑkɑ
* Hyphenation: ha‧ka

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from dialectal Swedish haka (compare standard hake).

#### Noun

haka
* hook, clasp (type of fastener)

##### Declension

Possessive forms of haka (Kotus type 9*D/kala, k-∅ gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
hakani
hakani
accusative
nom.
hakani
hakani
gen.
hakani
genitive
hakani
hakojeni hakaini $^{rare}$
partitive
hakaani
hakojani
inessive
haassani
haoissani
elative
haastani
haoistani
illative
hakaani
hakoihini
adessive
haallani
haoillani
ablative
haaltani
haoiltani
allative
haalleni
haoilleni
essive
hakanani
hakoinani
translative
haakseni
haoikseni
abessive
haattani
haoittani
instructive
comitative
—hakoineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
hakasi
hakasi
accusative
nom.
hakasi
hakasi
gen.
hakasi
genitive
hakasi
hakojesi hakaisi $^{rare}$
partitive
hakaasi
hakojasi
inessive
haassasi
haoissasi
elative
haastasi
haoistasi
illative
hakaasi
hakoihisi
adessive
haallasi
haoillasi
ablative
haaltasi
haoiltasi
allative
haallesi
haoillesi
essive
hakanasi
hakoinasi
translative
haaksesi
haoiksesi
abessive
haattasi
haoittasi
instructive
comitative
—hakoinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
hakamme
hakamme
accusative
nom.
hakamme
hakamme
gen.
hakamme
genitive
hakamme
hakojemme hakaimme $^{rare}$
partitive
hakaamme
hakojamme
inessive
haassamme
haoissamme
elative
haastamme
haoistamme
illative
hakaamme
hakoihimme
adessive
haallamme
haoillamme
ablative
haaltamme
haoiltamme
allative
haallemme
haoillemme
essive
hakanamme
hakoinamme
translative
haaksemme
haoiksemme
abessive
haattamme
haoittamme
instructive
comitative
—hakoinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
hakanne
hakanne
accusative
nom.
hakanne
hakanne
gen.
hakanne
genitive
hakanne
hakojenne hakainne $^{rare}$
partitive
hakaanne
hakojanne
inessive
haassanne
haoissanne
elative
haastanne
haoistanne
illative
hakaanne
hakoihinne
adessive
haallanne
haoillanne
ablative
haaltanne
haoiltanne
allative
haallenne
haoillenne
essive
hakananne
hakoinanne
translative
haaksenne
haoiksenne
abessive
haattanne
haoittanne
instructive
comitative
—hakoinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
hakansa
hakansa
accusative
nom.
hakansa
hakansa
gen.
hakansa
genitive
hakansa
hakojensa hakainsa $^{rare}$
partitive
hakaansa
hakojaan hakojansa
inessive
haassaan haassansa
haoissaan haoissansa
elative
haastaan haastansa
haoistaan haoistansa
illative
hakaansa
hakoihinsa
adessive
haallaan haallansa
haoillaan haoillansa
ablative
haaltaan haaltansa
haoiltaan haoiltansa
allative
haalleen haallensa
haoilleen haoillensa
essive
hakanaan hakanansa
hakoinaan hakoinansa
translative
haakseen haaksensa
haoikseen haoiksensa
abessive
haattaan haattansa
haoittaan haoittansa
instructive
comitative
—hakoineen hakoinensa :

##### Derived terms

* entraushaka
* haka-avain
* hakaliitos
* hakalukko
* hakaluu
* hakanen
* hakaneula
* hakapyssy
* hakarauta
* hakaristi
* hakasauma
* hakasulje
* hakasulku
* hakaus
* hakaviivain
* hakaviivoitin
* ikkunanhaka
* jousihaka
* karbiinihaka
* kiertohaka
* latomahaka
* palohaka
* salpahaka
* tuulihaka
* uittohaka
* vannehaka
* vasikkahaka

#### Further reading

* “1. haka”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-01

### Etymology 2

Probably borrowed from Old Swedish hagha, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *hagô (“enclosure, yard; pasture”).

#### Noun

haka
* corral, paddock, croft (enclosure for livestock)

##### Declension

Possessive forms of haka (Kotus type 9*D/kala, k-∅ gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
hakani
hakani
accusative
nom.
hakani
hakani
gen.
hakani
genitive
hakani
hakojeni hakaini $^{rare}$
partitive
hakaani
hakojani
inessive
haassani
haoissani
elative
haastani
haoistani
illative
hakaani
hakoihini
adessive
haallani
haoillani
ablative
haaltani
haoiltani
allative
haalleni
haoilleni
essive
hakanani
hakoinani
translative
haakseni
haoikseni
abessive
haattani
haoittani
instructive
comitative
—hakoineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
hakasi
hakasi
accusative
nom.
hakasi
hakasi
gen.
hakasi
genitive
hakasi
hakojesi hakaisi $^{rare}$
partitive
hakaasi
hakojasi
inessive
haassasi
haoissasi
elative
haastasi
haoistasi
illative
hakaasi
hakoihisi
adessive
haallasi
haoillasi
ablative
haaltasi
haoiltasi
allative
haallesi
haoillesi
essive
hakanasi
hakoinasi
translative
haaksesi
haoiksesi
abessive
haattasi
haoittasi
instructive
comitative
—hakoinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
hakamme
hakamme
accusative
nom.
hakamme
hakamme
gen.
hakamme
genitive
hakamme
hakojemme hakaimme $^{rare}$
partitive
hakaamme
hakojamme
inessive
haassamme
haoissamme
elative
haastamme
haoistamme
illative
hakaamme
hakoihimme
adessive
haallamme
haoillamme
ablative
haaltamme
haoiltamme
allative
haallemme
haoillemme
essive
hakanamme
hakoinamme
translative
haaksemme
haoiksemme
abessive
haattamme
haoittamme
instructive
comitative
—hakoinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
hakanne
hakanne
accusative
nom.
hakanne
hakanne
gen.
hakanne
genitive
hakanne
hakojenne hakainne $^{rare}$
partitive
hakaanne
hakojanne
inessive
haassanne
haoissanne
elative
haastanne
haoistanne
illative
hakaanne
hakoihinne
adessive
haallanne
haoillanne
ablative
haaltanne
haoiltanne
allative
haallenne
haoillenne
essive
hakananne
hakoinanne
translative
haaksenne
haoiksenne
abessive
haattanne
haoittanne
instructive
comitative
—hakoinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
hakansa
hakansa
accusative
nom.
hakansa
hakansa
gen.
hakansa
genitive
hakansa
hakojensa hakainsa $^{rare}$
partitive
hakaansa
hakojaan hakojansa
inessive
haassaan haassansa
haoissaan haoissansa
elative
haastaan haastansa
haoistaan haoistansa
illative
hakaansa
hakoihinsa
adessive
haallaan haallansa
haoillaan haoillansa
ablative
haaltaan haaltansa
haoiltaan haoiltansa
allative
haalleen haallensa
haoilleen haoillensa
essive
hakanaan hakanansa
hakoinaan hakoinansa
translative
haakseen haaksensa
haoikseen haoiksensa
abessive
haattaan haattansa
haoittaan haoittansa
instructive
comitative
—hakoineen hakoinensa :

##### Derived terms

* Hakala
* Hakanen
* Haanperä
* Haanpää
* hakahapero
* Hakalahti
* hakamaa
* Hakamaa
* Hakamäki
* Hakasalo
* Kivihaka
* Koivuhaka
* Kruununhaka
* lehmihaka

#### Further reading

* “2. haka”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-01

### Etymology 3

From dialectal Swedish hake.

#### Adjective

haka (not comparable) (informal)
* (indeclinable) very good, skilled, masterful

##### Usage notes

Chiefly used in the verb phrase olla haka (+ inessive), meaning "to be (very) good at something, to be a master at". Only used predicatively in any case (never attributively).

##### Declension

Indeclinable.

##### Derived terms

* hakamies

### Anagrams

* kaha

## Hadza
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɦaka/

### Verb

haka
* to go
    Synonym: etlhikwa

## Hawaiian
### Etymology

From Proto-Polynesian *fata (compare with Maori whata “shelf, raised platform for food”, Tahitian fata “altar of a marae”, Tongan fata, Samoan fata), from Proto-Oceanic *pataʀ (compare with Fijian vata) from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pataʀ (compare with Iban pantar “outer longhouse verandah”, Malay pelantar “platform”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈha.ka/, [ˈhɐ.kə]

### Noun

haka
* shelf
* platform

### References

* ↑ Pukui, Mary Kawena, Elbert, Samuel H. (1986) “haka”, in Hawaiian Dictionary, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, pages 48-9
* ↑ Ross Clark and Simon J. Greenhill, editors (2011), “fata.1”, in POLLEX-Online: The Polynesian Lexicon Project Online
* ↑ Ross, Malcolm D., Pawley, Andrew, Osmond, Meredith (1998) The lexicon of Proto-Oceanic, volume 1: Material Culture, Canberra: Australian National University, →ISBN, page 57

## Icelandic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈhaːka/
* Rhymes: -aːka

### Etymology 1

From Old Norse haka.

#### Noun

haka f (genitive singular höku, nominative plural hökur)
* (anatomy) chin

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

See haki (“pick”).

#### Verb

haka (weak verb, third-person singular past indicative hakaði, supine hakað)
* to pick (with a pickaxe)
* to mark [with við ‘with a check mark’]

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 3
#### Noun

haka
* indefinite accusative singular of haki
* indefinite dative singular of haki
* indefinite genitive singular of haki
* indefinite accusative plural of haki
* indefinite genitive plural of haki

## Japanese
### Romanization

haka
* Rōmaji transcription of はか

## Khoekhoe
### Numeral

haka
* four

## Kikuyu
### Etymology

Hinde (1904) records kuhaka as an equivalent of English paint in “Jogowini dialect” of Kikuyu.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /haka/

### Verb

haka (infinitive kũhaka)
* to paint, to smear
* to propitiate by gift
* to bribe

### References

* ↑ Hinde, Hildegarde (1904). Vocabularies of the Kamba and Kikuyu languages of East Africa, pp. 44–45. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* 1 2 Armstrong, Lilias E. (1940). The Phonetic and Tonal Structure of Kikuyu, p. 361. Rep. 1967. (Also in 2018 by Routledge).
* 1 2 Barlow, A. Ruffell (1960). Studies in Kikuyu Grammar and Idiom, pp. 64, 229.

## Maori
### Etymology

From Proto-Polynesian *saka (compare with cognates with Hawaiian haʻa (“dance”), Mangarevan ʻaka (“to perform a traditional dance; a usually warlike dance accompanied by a chant”), Rarotongan ʻaka (“dance”), Samoan saʻa (“dance”), Tokelauan haka (“dance”), Tongan haka (“hand action made while singing”)), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sakaŋ (compare with Malay sengkang (“to stand with legs bent apart, athwart”), Tagalog sakang (“bowlegged”)).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈha.ka/, [ˈhɐ.kɐ]

### Noun

haka
* A war dance; a haka.

#### Usage notes

Used in the form haka-a.

#### Derived terms

* haka taparahi (a ceremonial haka)
* kapa haka (the participants in the haka)

#### Related terms

* peruperu (the proper term for the war dance)

#### Descendants

* → English: haka
** → Norwegian Nynorsk: haka
* → Czech: haka

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Alternative forms

* haken

### Noun

haka c
* definite feminine singular of hake (Etymology 1)

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from English haka, from Maori haka.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈhɑː.kɑ/

#### Noun

haka m (definite singular hakaen)
* haka dance

### Etymology 2

To the noun hake m.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /²hɑ(ː).kɑ/

#### Verb

haka (present tense hakar, past tense haka, past participle haka, passive infinitive hakast, present participle hakande, imperative haka/hak)
* a-infinitive and split infinitive form of hake

### Etymology 3

From Old Norse haka f.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /²hɑ(ː).kɑ/

#### Noun

haka f
* definite singular of hake (“chin”)
* (pre-2012) alternative form of hake

### Etymology 4

H-insertion on ake with split infinitive. From Old Norse aka, from Proto-Germanic *akaną, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵeti.

#### Verb

haka (past tense hok)
* (dialectal, Eastern Norway) alternative form of aka (“to go; glide”)
** 1953, Reidar Holtvedt, Historier fra Krokskauen, Oslo: Aschehoug, page 196:Ja, guttungen hok der forrige daen, han, og je har nå høki der je au, sa han.Yeah. The kid went there the other day, he. And I have gone there as well, says he.

### Etymology 5

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈhɑː.kɑ/

#### Noun

haka n
* definite plural of hak

### References

* “haka” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
* “haka”, in Norsk Ordbok: ordbok over det norske folkemålet og det nynorske skriftmålet, Oslo: Samlaget, 1950-2016
* “haka” in Ivar Aasen (1873) Norsk Ordbog med dansk Forklaring

## Old Norse
### Etymology

Related to the root of haki (“hook, pick”), from Proto-Germanic *hakô, referring to something pointing out.

### Noun

haka f (genitive hǫku, plural hǫkur)
* chin

#### Descendants

* Icelandic: haka
* Faroese: høka
* Norwegian: hake
* Swedish: haka
* Danish: hage

### References

* ↑ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “537-538”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 537-538

### Further reading

Zoëga, Geir T. (1910) “haka”, in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press; also available at the Internet Archive

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈxa.ka/
* Rhymes: -aka
* Syllabification: ha‧ka

### Noun

haka m inan
* genitive/accusative singular of hak

## Rapa Nui
### Etymology

From Proto-Polynesian *faka-. Cognates include Hawaiian haʻa- and Maori whaka-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈha.ka/
* Hyphenation: ha‧ka

### Particle

haka
* Used to indicate the causative aspect.

#### Derived terms

* haka'ite

### References

* Veronica Du Feu (1996) Rapanui (Descriptive Grammars), Routledge, →ISBN, page 153
* Paulus Kieviet (2017) A grammar of Rapa Nui‎, Berlin: Language Science Press, →ISBN, page 441

## Swedish
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Etymology 1

From Old Norse haka.

#### Noun

haka c
* (anatomy) chin (lower part of face)

##### Declension

| | | nominative | genitive |
| singular | indefinite | haka | hakas |
| singular | definite | hakan | hakans |
| plural | indefinite | hakor | hakors |
| plural | definite | hakorna | hakornas |

##### See also

* kind (“cheek”)

### Etymology 2

hake (“hook”) +‎ -a

#### Verb

haka (present hakar, preterite hakade, supine hakat, imperative haka)
* (often with fast, på, or upp) to hook (attach with something hook-like)
* (often with i) to get hooked (stuck on something hook-like, not figuratively)

##### Derived terms

* haka på
* haka upp sig

### References

* haka in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* haka in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* haka in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)
* Svensk MeSH

## Tagalog
### Alternative forms

* haca — obsolete, Spanish-based orthography

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ˈhakaʔ/ [ˈhaː.xɐʔ]
* Rhymes: -akaʔ
* Syllabification: ha‧ka

### Noun

hakà (Baybayin spelling ᜑᜃ)
* idea; opinion
    Synonyms: palagay, kuro, kuro-kuro, opinyon
* notion; understanding
    Synonyms: pagkaunawa, pagkaintindi, pagkahiwatig
* belief
    Synonyms: paniwala, paniniwala
* guess
    Synonym: hula
* suspicion
    Synonyms: hinala, paghihinala

#### Derived terms

* di-mahaka
* haka-haka
* hakain
* paghahaka

### Anagrams

* kaha