# Fukien
## English
### Alternative forms

* Fu-kien, Fu Kien, Fu kien, Fuh-kien, Fuh-Kien, Fuhkien (archaic)
* Fuhkeen, Fuhkeën (obsolete)
* Fookien (Philippines)

### Etymology

From the Postal Romanization of the Nanjing court dialect Mandarin 福建 (Fújiàn), from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/. Doublet of Hokkien. Compare Spanish Fokien, Portuguese Foquiem.

### Pronunciation

* enPR: fo͞oʹkyěnʹ
* (US, Philippines) IPA: /ˈfuːˈkjɛn/
* (Philippines) IPA: /ˈfuk.jɛn/, /ˈfuʔ.kjɛn/

### Proper noun

Fukien
* (dated) Alternative form of Fujian
** 1973 May 11, “Taiwan Fisherman Compatriots Rescued”, in Peking Review‎, volume 16, number 19, archived from the original on 12 May 2019, page 4:On April 27, 12 fishermen from a trawler of the Hsinhuatai Co. in Keelung City, Taiwan Province, that had sunk near the island of Tungyin because of an engine breakdown were rescued by fishermen of the Haifeng Brigade of the Huangchi People's Commune in Lienchiang County, Fukien Province.
** 1976, Lawrence D. Kessler, K'ang-hsi and the Consolidation of Ch'ing Rule 1661-1684‎, pages 43-44:In the following year, over 30,000 people of T'ung-shan were evacuated. But during the rebellion of the three feudatories, when Cheng Ching again had a foothold on the mainland, the people of Fukien returned to their homes along the coast.
** 1977 July 24, T. K. Yang, “Freedom seeker says m'land people fight pigs for food”, in Free China Weekly‎, volume XVIII, number 29, Taipei, page 2:Looking through the window into the misty morning sky over Taipei from his suite at a guest house on Yangmingshan on July 8, Fan Yuan-yen's eyes were filled with tears of joy-an experience that he had never before known. Just the day before, he had made a successful flight to freedom in a MIG19, from Chingkiang in Fukien Province on the Chinese mainland to an air force base in southern Taiwan.
** 1985, Diana Lary, Warlord Soldiers: Chinese Common Soldiers 1911-1937, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 135:An experience we had in a village called Liang-a, Fukien [Fujian] will give an idea of some of the present difficulties.
** 1992, Richard Nixon, “The Pacific Triangle”, in Seize the Moment‎, Simon & Schuster, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 175:If the United States revoked MFN status, tariffs would skyrocket on the goods such as textiles, shoes, and toys that are primarily produced by private enterprises. Coastal provinces, such as Guangdong near Hong Kong and Fukien near Taiwan, that have served as the beachhead for free-market economics would suffer the worst blow.
** 2001, Felipe Fernández-Armesto, Civilizations‎, Pan Books, →ISBN, page 409:Opportunities to seaward, however risky, are more inviting than those on land. The first sign that those opportunities were being exploited is a rapid expansion of population indicated by censuses of the late seventh and eighth centuries. It may have been caused by refugees, attracted by the very inaccessibility of the region and content to farm as best they could on marginal and reclaimed lands. But by the ninth century there are numerous references in documents to the 'trade of the South Sea' on the Fukien coast.
** 2008 October, “Land and Climate”, in Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics Executive Yuan, Republic of China, editor, Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of China 2007‎, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 27 May 2021, page 1:Taiwan, also know as Formosa, is an island about 160 kilometers off the southeast coast of mainland Chain. It is separated from Fukien Province on the mainland China by the Taiwan Straits.
** 2009, Leonard H. D. Gordon, Confrontation Over Taiwan: Nineteenth-Century China and the Powers, Lexington Books, →ISBN:Resembling the shape of a tobacco leaf, Taiwan lies ninety miles off the coast of China and stretches nearly two hundred miles from north to south along the turbulent strait that bears its name separating the island from Fukien (Fujian) province ...
** (Can we date this quote?), “Introduction”, in Taitung Police Precinct, Taitung County Police Bureau‎, archived from the original on 20 October 2011‎:In addition to lowland aboriginals and mountain aboriginals, the residents primarily originate from the southern part of Fukien Province and Guangdong Province. […] The local residents primarily originate from the southern part of Fukien Province and make a living by fishing. Lang Yu Hsiang occupies an area of 45 square meters, accommodating 3144 persons, and has one police post and three police stations.
** 2017 September 27, Gerrit van der Wees, “Taiwan’s history:student edition”, in Taipei Times‎, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 02 October 2017, Features, page 13‎:The period of Koxinga family rule was seen positively by those who felt that he had brought new immigrants from Fukien province to Taiwan to develop agriculture, laid the foundation of a new Han Chinese society and for introducing a preliminary schooling system at the site of the Confucius Temple in Tainan.
** 2021 November 19, Dan Nakasone, “Featured Story – GETTING TO THE ROOT OF BENI IMO”, in The Hawaiʻi Herald‎, archived from the original on 28 January 2022:According to George Kerr’s book, “Okinawa, The History of an Island People,” beni imo was brought to Okinawa in 1606 by Noguni Sōkan, who was stationed at a Ryūkyū (Okinawa) trading post in the southern coastal district of the Fukien Province, China.
* (Philippines) The Hokkien language.
** 2000, Norbert Weissinger, Soul of the Algorithm‎, San Jose: Authors Choice Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 39:I thought it was faster than what they taught in school, but I've forgotten how to speak Fukien.
** 2006, Jolan Hsieh, Collective Rights of Indigenous Peoples: Identity-Based Movement of Plain Indigenous in Taiwan, New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 51:Linguistically, the mainlanders speak Mandarin Chinese, the Fulow speak Fukien/Southern dialects, and the Hakka speak their own dialects.
** 2016, Brian M. Howell, Christianity in the Local Context: Southern Baptists in the Philippines, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, →ISBN, page 52:However, their first priority in the earliest years was language learning with the local Chinese population with whom they could practice Mandarin and Fukien.
** 2022 February 2, Iris Gonzales, “Injecting young blood into the empire”, in The Philippine Star‎, archived from the original on 3 February 2022:But more importantly, Capt. Stanley speaks the language of the Tan family, perhaps literally and otherwise. He is the son-in-law of the taipan, married to Tan’s daughter Lilybeth, also a veteran PAL pilot. He speaks fluent Mandarin, Cantonese, Fukien, English, and Filipino.

#### Synonyms

* (language): Hokkien, Fookien, Fukienese, Fujianese, Hoklo, Amoy

#### Hypernyms

* (language): Southern Min, Min Nan, Minnan, Quanzhou–Zhangzhou, Chinchew–Changchew

#### Hyponyms

* (language): Taiwanese, Quanzhou dialect, Chinchew, Xiamen dialect, Amoy, Xiamenese, Zhangzhou dialect, Changchew

### Noun

Fukien (plural Fukien or Fukiens)
* (Philippines) A (member of a) group of Han Chinese people whose traditional ancestral homes are in southern Fujian, South China, especially those that ancestrally spoke the Hokkien language.
** 1954, Zhengming Huang, The Legal Status of the Chinese Abroad:The Fukiens are to-day the most numerous of the Chinese race in Johore, Kelantan and the Straits Settlements. Taking British Malaya as a whole, there are 39 Chinese in every hundred of the population, while the percentage of Malays is 37.5 ...
** 1955, Ernest Henry George Dobby, Senior Geography for Malayans:The differences between South Chinese clans have been jealously kept, particularly among the Fukiens who, in Malaya, are called Hokkien if from the Kiulung Valley near Amoy, Teochiu if from the Han Valley behind Chaochow and Swatow, ...
** 1993, Tran Khanh, The Ethnic Chinese and Economic Development in Vietnam, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, →ISBN, page 30:Whereas the Teochews in Thailand and Cambodia, and the Fukiens in the Philippines, Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia are the largest groups within their respective Chinese communities and hold the most powerful economic positions, ...
** 2008, Ethnicity and Migration in the Mekong River Delta of Vietnam, 1975-2007:The Fukiens were skilled in trading, import and export, building ships and ocean shipping, intermediary business, running hotels and restaurants and manufacturing rubber products.

### Adjective

Fukien (not comparable)
* Of or relating to the province of Fujian in China, the Fujianese people, or the Hokkien language.
** 1937, Robert Lockhart Hobson, Handbook of the Pottery & Porcelain of the Far East in the Department of Oriental Antiquities and of Ethnography, page 118:A few more Fukien figures and groups are included in the porcelain showing European influences in Bay VI; and it is curious to note that in several cases the European figure is apparently credited with divine attributes.
** 1976, Hwang, M.D., Qinghuang Yan, Chʻing-huang Yen, The Overseas Chinese and the 1911 Revolution, page 9:Two of the schools were Cantonese while the other was Fukien.
** 2004, Bennett Alan Weinberg, Bonnie K. Bealer, The World of Caffeine:The most celebrated tea of the Ming period was Fukien tea, grown in the hills of Wu I, which the Chinese believed could purify the blood and renew health.
** 2013, John Franklin Copper, The KMT Returns to Power: Elections in Taiwan 2008 to 2012, page 148:The south is more rural, more provincial, and more Fukien Taiwanese.

#### Derived terms

* Fukienese

### References

* ↑ Kaske, Elisabeth (2008) The Politics of Language in Chinese Education, 1895–1919‎, Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV, →ISBN, page 52

### Further reading

* “Fukien”, in Collins English Dictionary.
* “Fukien, pn.”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
* “Fukien”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
* “Fukien”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.
* “Fukien” in TheFreeDictionary.com, Huntingdon Valley, Pa.: Farlex, Inc., 2003–2025.

## Tagalog
### Alternative forms

* Fookien, Pukyen

### Etymology

From the Postal Romanization of the Nanjing court dialect Mandarin 福建 (Fújiàn), from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/. Doublet of Hokkien. Compare Spanish Fokien, Portuguese Foquiem.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ˈfukjen/ [ˈfuk.jɛn̪]
** IPA: (more native-sounding) /ˈpukjen/ [ˈpuk.jɛn̪]
* Rhymes: -ukjen
* Syllabification: Fuk‧ien

### Proper noun

Fukien (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜓᜃ᜔ᜌᜒᜈ᜔)
* the Hokkien language
    wikang FukienLanguage of Fukien
    salitang FukienFukien language word; Fukien Language
* (dated) Former name of Fujian, a southeastern province of China

### Noun

Fukien (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜓᜃ᜔ᜌᜒᜈ᜔)
* (colloquial) A group of Han Chinese people whose traditional ancestral homes are in southern Fujian, South China, especially those that ancestrally spoke the Hokkien language
* (dated) Any person from Fujian

### Adjective

Fukien (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜓᜃ᜔ᜌᜒᜈ᜔)
* of or relating to the province of Fujian in China
* (colloquial) of or relating to the Fujianese people
* (colloquial) of or relating to the Hokkien language

#### Synonyms

* Hokkien
* Amoy

### Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:Fukien.

### References

* ↑ Kaske, Elisabeth (2008) The Politics of Language in Chinese Education, 1895–1919‎, Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV, →ISBN, page 52