# خلق
## Arabic

* Root
* خ ل ق (ḵ l q)
* 14 terms

### Etymology 1.1

Inherited from Proto-Semitic *ḫalaq-, as Biblical Hebrew חָלַק (ḥɔláq, “to be smooth, slippery”) and Akkadian 𒄩𒀀 (ḫalāqum, “to vanish”), with a basic meaning of “to shift”, “to shake (off)”, “to shoehorn figuratively”, ultimately extended from the root which is in Arabic خ ل ل (ḵ-l-l) related to transfixation, as is خ ل س (ḵ-l-s) related to something being snatched, in Arabic further spawning ideas of a particularly shape or fitting.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /xa.la.qa/

#### Verb

خَلَقَ • (ḵalaqa) I (non-past يَخْلُقُ (yaḵluqu), verbal noun خَلْق (ḵalq))
* to create, to make
* to shape, to form

##### Descendants

* → Lishana Deni: כלאקא (xalāqa)

### Etymology 1.2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /xa.lu.qa/

#### Verb

خَلُقَ • (ḵaluqa) I (non-past يَخْلُقُ (yaḵluqu), verbal noun خَلَاقَة (ḵalāqa))
* to be suitable, be fit

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 1.3

Probably denominal from the perfume compound خَلُوق (ḵalūq), خِلَاق (ḵilāq), which is then from the base stem “to create, to compose” above.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /xal.la.qa/

#### Verb

خَلَّقَ • (ḵallaqa) II (non-past يُخَلِّقُ (yuḵalliqu), verbal noun تَخْلِيق (taḵlīq))
* to perfume

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 1.4
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /xalq/

#### Noun

خَلْق • (ḵalq) m
* verbal noun of خَلَقَ (ḵalaqa) (form I)
* creation
* (collective) creation (“all which exists”), creatures
* (collective) people
** 10th century, Al-Mutanabbi :أَنَامُ مِلْءَ جُفُونِي عَنْ شَوارِدِهَا / وَيَسْهَرُ الْخَلْقُ جَرَّاهَا وَيَخْتَصِمُʔanāmu milʔa jufūnī ʕan šawāridihā / wayasharu al-ḵalqu jarrāhā wayaḵtaṣimu
* pleb, plebeian

##### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: xəlq, xalq
* → Bashkir: халыҡ (xalıq)
* → Classical Persian: خَلْق (xalq) (see there for further descendants)
* → Chechen: халкь (xalkʲ)
* → Crimean Tatar: halq
* → Eastern Mari: калык (kalyk)
* → Georgian: ხალხი (xalxi)
** → Bats: ხალხ (xalx)
** → Mingrelian: ხარხი (xarxi)
** → Svan: ხა̈ლხ (xälx)
* → Khakas: халых (xalıx)
* → Kumyk: халкъ (xalq)
* → Lezgi: халкь (χalq̇)
* → Middle Armenian: խալխ (xalx)
** → Armenian: խալխ (xalx)
* → Nogai: халк (xalk)
* → Northern Kurdish: xelq
* → Ottoman Turkish: خلق
** Turkish: halk
* → Shor: қалық
* → Southern Altai: калык (kalïk)
* → Tatar: халык (xalıq)

### Etymology 1.5
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /xu.luq/

#### Noun

خُلُق • (ḵuluq) m (dual خُلُقَانِ (ḵuluqāni), plural أَخْلَاق (ʔaḵlāq))
* natural disposition, character, nature
* inborn quality
* manners, character
* morals, morality
** (Can we date this quote?) Ahmad Shawqi
    وَإِنَّمَا ٱلْأُمَمُ ٱلْأَخْلَاقُ مَا بَقِيَتْ / فَإِنْ هُمُ ذَهَبَتْ أَخْلَاقُهُمْ ذَهَبُواwaʔinnamā l-ʔumamu l-ʔaḵlāqu mā baqiyat / faʔin humu ḏahabat ʔaḵlāquhum ḏahabū(please add an English translation of this quotation)
* (Modern Standard Arabic) anger, irritation
* (Modern Standard Arabic) bravery
* (Modern Standard Arabic) religion
* (Modern Standard Arabic) humanity
* (Modern Standard Arabic) refinement

##### Descendants

* → Persian: خلق (xolq)
* → Turkish: kılık
* → Bashkir: холоҡ (xoloq)
* → Kazakh: құлық (qūlyq)
(via plural form أَخْلَاق (ʔaḵlāq))
* → Azerbaijani: əxlaq
* → Classical Malay: اخلاق
** → Malay: akhlak
** → Indonesian: akhlak
* → Persian: اخلاق
** Urdu: اخلاق
* → Ottoman Turkish: اخلاق
** → Turkish: ahlak
** → Crimean Tatar: ahlâq
* → Uyghur: ئەخلاق (exlaq)
* → Uzbek: axloq

### Etymology 1.6
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /xi.laq/

#### Noun

خِلَق • (ḵilaq) pl
* plural of خِلْقَة (ḵilqa)

### Etymology 2.1

Plausibly a liquid variant of خ ر ق (ḵ-r-q), but it is sensible that it rather relates to the rest of خ ل ق (ḵ-l-q) via the idea of a rag being fitted into somewhere or onto a body or item, until serving purposes of polishing and making things smoother.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /xa.lu.qa/, /xa.li.qa/, /xa.la.qa/

#### Verb

خَلُقَ • (ḵaluqa) I (non-past يَخْلُقُ (yaḵluqu), verbal noun خُلُوقَة (ḵulūqa) or خَلَاقَة (ḵalāqa)) خَلِقَ • (ḵaliqa) I (non-past يَخْلَقُ (yaḵlaqu), verbal noun خَلَق (ḵalaq)) خَلَقَ • (ḵalaqa) I (non-past يَخْلُقُ (yaḵluqu), verbal noun خُلُوق (ḵulūq))
* to be old and worn out (of a garment)
* to be smooth and soft (of an item, through wear)

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2.2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /xa.laq/

#### Noun

خَلَق • (ḵalaq) m or f (plural خُلْقَان (ḵulqān) or أَخْلَاق (ʔaḵlāq))
* verbal noun of خَلِقَ (ḵaliqa) (form I)
* rags
* old age
* men, people

##### Declension
#### Adjective

خَلَق • (ḵalaq) (feminine خَلَق (ḵalaq), common plural خُلْقَان (ḵulqān) or أَخْلَاق (ʔaḵlāq))
* worn, threadbare

##### Declension
### References

* “خلق” in Almaany
* ↑ Corriente, Federico, Pereira, Christophe, Vicente, Angeles, editors (2017), Dictionnaire du faisceau dialectal arabe andalou. Perspectives phraséologiques et étymologiques (in French), Berlin: De Gruyter, →ISBN, page 431

## Hijazi Arabic

* Root
* خ ل ق
* 1 term

### Etymology 1

From Arabic خَلَقَ (ḵalaqa).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /xa.laɡ/

#### Verb

خَلَق • (ḵalag) I (non-past يِخْلق (yiḵlug, yiḵlig))
* to create, to make
* to shape, to form

##### Conjugation

Conjugation of خلق (ḵalag) :
| | | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural |
| | | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person |
| past | m | خلقت (ḵalagt) | خلقت (ḵalagt) | خلق (ḵalag) | خلقنا (ḵalagna) | خلقتوا (ḵalagtu) | خلقوا (ḵalagu) |
| past | f | خلقت (ḵalagt) | خلقتي (ḵalagti) | خلقت (ḵalagat) | خلقنا (ḵalagna) | خلقتوا (ḵalagtu) | خلقوا (ḵalagu) |
| non-past | m | أخلق (ʔaḵlug) | تخلق (tiḵlug) | يخلق (yiḵlug) | نخلق (niḵlug) | تخلقوا (tiḵlugu) | يخلقوا (yiḵlugu) |
| non-past | f | أخلق (ʔaḵlug) | تخلقي (tiḵlugi) | تخلق (tiḵlug) | نخلق (niḵlug) | تخلقوا (tiḵlugu) | يخلقوا (yiḵlugu) |
| imperative | m | | اخلق (aḵlug) | | | اخلقوا (aḵlugu) | |
| imperative | f | | اخلقي (aḵlugi) | | | اخلقوا (aḵlugu) | |
Conjugation of خلق (ḵalag) :
| | | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural |
| | | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person |
| past | m | خلقت (ḵalagt) | خلقت (ḵalagt) | خلق (ḵalag) | خلقنا (ḵalagna) | خلقتوا (ḵalagtu) | خلقوا (ḵalagu) |
| past | f | خلقت (ḵalagt) | خلقتي (ḵalagti) | خلقت (ḵalagat) | خلقنا (ḵalagna) | خلقتوا (ḵalagtu) | خلقوا (ḵalagu) |
| non-past | m | أخلق (ʔaḵlig) | تخلق (tiḵlig) | يخلق (yiḵlig) | نخلق (niḵlig) | تخلقوا (tiḵligu) | يخلقوا (yiḵligu) |
| non-past | f | أخلق (ʔaḵlig) | تخلقي (tiḵligi) | تخلق (tiḵlig) | نخلق (niḵlig) | تخلقوا (tiḵligu) | يخلقوا (yiḵligu) |
| imperative | m | | اخلق (aḵlig) | | | اخلقوا (aḵligu) | |
| imperative | f | | اخلقي (aḵligi) | | | اخلقوا (aḵligu) | |

### Etymology 2

From Arabic خُلُق (ḵuluq).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /xilɡ/, /xulɡ/

#### Noun

خِلق or خُلق • (ḵilg or ḵulg) m (plural أخلاق (ʔaḵlag))
* manner
* morals, morality
* endurance

### Etymology 3

From Arabic خَلْق (ḵalq).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /xalɡ/

#### Noun

خَلْق • (ḵalg) m
* (collective) creation (“all which exists”), creatures
* (collective) people

## Persian
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Arabic خَلْق (ḵalq).

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [xalq]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [xälq]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [xälq]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [xälq]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [xälq]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [xælɢ̥]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [χälq]

#### Noun

| Dari | خلق |
| Iranian Persian | خلق |
| Tajik | халқ |
خلق • (xalq) (plural خلق‌ها (xalq-hâ))
* creation
    Synonym: آفرینش (âfarineš)
* pleb, plebeian
* (socialism or dated) people, folk
    Synonym: مردم (mardom)
    جمهوری خلق چین ― jomhuri-ye xalq-e čin ― the People's Republic of China
    حزب دموکراتیک خلق افغانستان ― hizb-i dimōkrātīk-i xalq-i afğānistān ― People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan

##### Derived terms

* خلق شدن (xalq šodan)
* خلق کردن (xalq kardan)

##### Descendants

* → Chagatai: خلق
** Uyghur: خەلق (xelq)
** Uzbek: xalq
* → Hindustani:
    Hindi: ख़लक़ (xalq)
    Urdu: خلق (xalq)
* → Kazakh: халық (xalyq)
* → Kyrgyz: калк (kalk)
* → Pashto: خلک (xalk)
* → Punjabi:
    Gurmukhi script: ਖਲਕ (khalak)
    Shahmukhi script: خلق (xalq)
* → Sindhi:
    Arabic script: خَلْقُ (xalqu)
    Devanagari script: ख़ल्क़ु (xalqu)
* → Turkmen: halk

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Arabic خُلْق (ḵulq).

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [xul.(u)q]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [xʊl.(ʊ)q]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [xʊl.(ʊ)q]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [xʊl.(ʊ)q]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [xul.(u)q]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [xol.(o)ɢ̥]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [χul.(u)q]

#### Noun

خلق • (xolq) (plural اخلاق (axlâq))
* temperament, disposition, character, personality
    خلق آرام ― xolq-e ârâm ― calm personality
* custom, habit, manner, behaviour
* humour, mood
    خلق تنگ ― xolq-e tang ― unpleasant mood

##### Usage notes

* Note that the plural اخلاق (axlâq) is usually used with the meaning of “morality; ethics” rather than as the plural of خلق (xolq).

##### Derived terms

* بدخلق (bad-xolq)
* خلق و خو (xolq-o-xu)
* خلقی (xolqi)
* خوش‌خلق (xoš-xolq)
* کج‌خلق (kaj-xolq)
* کج‌خلقی (kaj-xolqi)

### Etymology 3

Borrowed from Arabic خَلَق (ḵalaq).

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [xa.ˈlaq]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [xä.lǽq]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [xä.lǽq]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [xä.lǽq]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [xä.lǽq]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [xæ.lǽɢ̥]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [χä.lǽq]

#### Noun

خلق • (xalaq) (plural خلق‌ها (xalaq-hâ) or خلقان (xolqân))
* rags

#### Adjective

خلق • (xalaq)
* ragged; shabby

## Sindhi
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic خَلْق (ḵalq).

### Noun

خَلْقَ • (xalqu) m (Devanagari ख़ल्क़ु)
* people

### Further reading

* Parmanand, Mewaram (1910) “خَلْقَ”, in Sindhi-English Dictionary, Hyderabad, Sindh: The Sind Juvenile Co-operative Society
* “خلق”, in Sindhi-English Dictionary, University of Chicago: Center for Language Engineering, Pakistan, 1866–1938

## Urdu
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian خلق (xalq), from Arabic خَلْق (ḵalq).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /xəlq/

### Noun

خلق • (xalq) m (Hindi spelling ख़लक़)
* mankind, humanity
* (religion) creation, world

#### Declension

Declension of خلق :
| | singular | plural |
| direct | خلق (xalq) | خلق (xalq) |
| oblique | خلق (xalq) | خلقوں (xalqõ) |
| vocative | خلق (xalq) | خلقو (xalqo) |

## Ushojo
### Etymology

From Persian خلق (xalq).

### Noun

خلق (xalq)
* people