# kalma
## Finnish
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kalma, likely from Proto-Uralic *kalma (whence e.g. Erzya калмо (kalmo, “grave”)) and a doublet with kuolema.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkɑlmɑ/, [ˈkɑ̝lmɑ̝]
* Rhymes: -ɑlmɑ
* Hyphenation: kal‧ma

### Noun

kalma (literary)
* death
    Synonyms: see kuolema
    kalman haju ― the odor of death

#### Declension

Possessive forms of kalma (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
kalmani
kalmani
accusative
nom.
kalmani
kalmani
gen.
kalmani
genitive
kalmani
kalmojeni kalmaini $^{rare}$
partitive
kalmaani
kalmojani
inessive
kalmassani
kalmoissani
elative
kalmastani
kalmoistani
illative
kalmaani
kalmoihini
adessive
kalmallani
kalmoillani
ablative
kalmaltani
kalmoiltani
allative
kalmalleni
kalmoilleni
essive
kalmanani
kalmoinani
translative
kalmakseni
kalmoikseni
abessive
kalmattani
kalmoittani
instructive
comitative
—kalmoineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
kalmasi
kalmasi
accusative
nom.
kalmasi
kalmasi
gen.
kalmasi
genitive
kalmasi
kalmojesi kalmaisi $^{rare}$
partitive
kalmaasi
kalmojasi
inessive
kalmassasi
kalmoissasi
elative
kalmastasi
kalmoistasi
illative
kalmaasi
kalmoihisi
adessive
kalmallasi
kalmoillasi
ablative
kalmaltasi
kalmoiltasi
allative
kalmallesi
kalmoillesi
essive
kalmanasi
kalmoinasi
translative
kalmaksesi
kalmoiksesi
abessive
kalmattasi
kalmoittasi
instructive
comitative
—kalmoinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
kalmamme
kalmamme
accusative
nom.
kalmamme
kalmamme
gen.
kalmamme
genitive
kalmamme
kalmojemme kalmaimme $^{rare}$
partitive
kalmaamme
kalmojamme
inessive
kalmassamme
kalmoissamme
elative
kalmastamme
kalmoistamme
illative
kalmaamme
kalmoihimme
adessive
kalmallamme
kalmoillamme
ablative
kalmaltamme
kalmoiltamme
allative
kalmallemme
kalmoillemme
essive
kalmanamme
kalmoinamme
translative
kalmaksemme
kalmoiksemme
abessive
kalmattamme
kalmoittamme
instructive
comitative
—kalmoinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
kalmanne
kalmanne
accusative
nom.
kalmanne
kalmanne
gen.
kalmanne
genitive
kalmanne
kalmojenne kalmainne $^{rare}$
partitive
kalmaanne
kalmojanne
inessive
kalmassanne
kalmoissanne
elative
kalmastanne
kalmoistanne
illative
kalmaanne
kalmoihinne
adessive
kalmallanne
kalmoillanne
ablative
kalmaltanne
kalmoiltanne
allative
kalmallenne
kalmoillenne
essive
kalmananne
kalmoinanne
translative
kalmaksenne
kalmoiksenne
abessive
kalmattanne
kalmoittanne
instructive
comitative
—kalmoinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
kalmansa
kalmansa
accusative
nom.
kalmansa
kalmansa
gen.
kalmansa
genitive
kalmansa
kalmojensa kalmainsa $^{rare}$
partitive
kalmaansa
kalmojaan kalmojansa
inessive
kalmassaan kalmassansa
kalmoissaan kalmoissansa
elative
kalmastaan kalmastansa
kalmoistaan kalmoistansa
illative
kalmaansa
kalmoihinsa
adessive
kalmallaan kalmallansa
kalmoillaan kalmoillansa
ablative
kalmaltaan kalmaltansa
kalmoiltaan kalmoiltansa
allative
kalmalleen kalmallensa
kalmoilleen kalmoillensa
essive
kalmanaan kalmanansa
kalmoinaan kalmoinansa
translative
kalmakseen kalmaksensa
kalmoikseen kalmoiksensa
abessive
kalmattaan kalmattansa
kalmoittaan kalmoittansa
instructive
comitative
—kalmoineen kalmoinensa :

#### Derived terms

* kalmannos
* kalmea
* kalmo
* kalmanhaju
* kalmankalpea
* kalmankatkuinen

### Further reading

* “kalma”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-02

### Anagrams

* malka

## Hausa
### Etymology

From Arabic كَلِمَة (kalima).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kál.màː/
** (Standard Kano Hausa) IPA: [kál.màː]

### Noun

kalmā̀ f (plural kalmōmī, possessed form kalmàr̃)
* word

## Ido
### Etymology

Borrowed from English calm, French calme, Italian calmo, Spanish calmo. Decision no. 14, Progreso II.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkalma/

### Adjective

kalma
* (objects, people or figuratively) calm, still, placid

#### Usage notes

Kalma indicates a completely passive and material state that does not move: maro kalma a calm sea (i.e. not agitated by the wind). Tranquila has the sense of simultaneously material and mental, but preferably active: which does not agitate itself, does not move itself without usefulness or reason: vicini tranquila tranquil neighborhoods (which are not noisy). Lastly, quieta expresses a mental state, better defined by its opposition desquieteso (“disquietude, inquietude”) and desquieta (“disquiet”).

#### Derived terms

* kalmeskar (“to calm”) (intransitive)
* kalmigar (“to calm”) (transitive)
* kalmigiva (“anodyne, sedative”)
* kalmigivo (“anodyne, sedative”)

### References

* Progreso I (in Ido), 1908–1909, page 713
* Progreso II (in Ido), 1909–1910, page 578
* kalma in Ido-English Dictionary by L. H. Dyer, 1924

## Ingrian
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kalma. Cognates include Finnish kalma and Estonian kalm.

### Pronunciation

* (Ala-Laukaa) IPA: /ˈkɑlmɑ/, [ˈkɑɫm]
* (Soikkola) IPA: /ˈkɑlmɑ/, [ˈkɑɫmɑ]
* Rhymes: -ɑlm, -ɑlmɑ
* Hyphenation: kal‧ma

### Noun

kalma
* burial mound
** 1916, Volmari Porkka, quoting Maaroi Tarinaisista, “1455. Soikkola, Viistinä. III 326.”, in Väinö Salminen, V. Alava, editor, Suomen Kansan Vanhat Runot. Länsi-Inkerin runot‎, volume III2, Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, lines 14-15:Ku katson meroin kivvooja // Niiku suuren kalman päälle:When I look at the stones of the sea // It's like a big burial mound:
* (in the plural) graveyard

#### Synonyms

* (burial mound): hautapeentara

#### Derived terms

* kalmaluu

### References

* Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 128

## Kabuverdianu
### Alternative forms

* kalmá (Barlavento)

### Etymology

From Portuguese acalmar.

### Verb

kalma
* (Sotavento) to calm
    Synonyms: (Sotavento) branda, (Barlavento) sosegá

### References

* Gonçalves, Manuel (2015) Capeverdean Creole-English dictionary, →ISBN
* Veiga, Manuel (2012) Dicionário Caboverdiano-Português, Instituto da Biblioteca Nacional e do Livro

## Kapampangan
### Alternative forms

* calma (Súlat Bacúlud, Ámung Sámson)

### Etymology

From Sanskrit कर्मन् (karman).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kəlˈmaʔ/ [kəlˈmäʔ]

### Noun

kalmâ
* fate; fortune

#### Descendants

* → Tagalog: kalma

## Livonian
### Alternative forms

* (Courland) kālma

### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kalma.

### Noun

kalma
* grave

## Tagalog
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Spanish calma, from Late Latin cauma, ultimately from Ancient Greek καῦμα (kaûma).

#### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog)
** IPA: /ˈkalma/ [ˈkal.mɐ] (noun)
*** Rhymes: -alma
** IPA: /kalˈma/ [kɐlˈma] (adjective)
*** Rhymes: -a
* Syllabification: kal‧ma

#### Noun

kalma (Baybayin spelling ᜃᜎ᜔ᜋ)
* calmness; peace; stillness
    Synonyms: hinahon, pagkahinahon, kapayapaan
* silence
    Synonym: katahimikan

#### Adjective

kalmá (Baybayin spelling ᜃᜎ᜔ᜋ)
* calm; peaceful; still
    Synonyms: kalmado, mahinahon, payapa
* silent
    Synonym: tahimik

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Kapampangan kalma, ultimately from Sanskrit कर्मन् (karman). Doublet of karma.

#### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /kalˈmaʔ/ [kɐlˈmaʔ]
* Rhymes: -aʔ
* Syllabification: kal‧ma

#### Noun

kalmâ (Baybayin spelling ᜃᜎ᜔ᜋ)
* good fortune or pleasure

### Further reading

* “kalma”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018