# χάσκω
## Ancient Greek
### Alternative forms

* χαίνω (khaínō) — post-Classical

### Etymology

Per Rix (LIV), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₂-n (“to yawn, to gape”) with inchoative suffix -σκω (-skō). Often derived from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₁y- (“to yawn, gape”) despite the phonetic difficulties, in which case cognates include Latin hiō, Tocharian A śew, Tocharian B kāyā, Lithuanian žioti, Russian зия́ть (zijátʹ), Sanskrit विजिहीते (vijihīte), and Proto-Germanic *gīnaną. Proto-Germanic *ganōną (English yawn) has been variously derived from both roots.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kʰás.kɔː/ → /ˈxas.ko/ → /ˈxas.ko/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /kʰás.kɔː/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /ˈkʰas.ko/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /ˈxas.ko/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /ˈxas.ko/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /ˈxas.ko/

### Verb

χᾰ́σκω • (khắskō)
* to yawn, gape, open wide
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.182
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 8.150
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 17.417
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 16.350
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 20.168
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 12.350
** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Fragments 508
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.68
** 4th century BC, Eubulus, Collected Works 115
** 161 CE – 180 CE, Marcus Aurelius, Meditations 3.2
** (chiefly in Comic Poets) to gape in eager expectation
*** 446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, The Acharnians 10
*** 446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, Fragments 337
*** 4th century BC, Eubulus, Collected Works 15.11
*** 300 BCE – 200 BCE, Euphro, Collected Works 1.30
*** 423 BCE, Aristophanes, The Clouds 996
*** 424 BCE, Aristophanes, The Knights 651
*** 424 BCE, Aristophanes, The Knights 804
*** 234 CE – 305 CE, Porphyry, To Marcella 9
*** 170 CE – 250 CE, Philostratus, Life of Apollonius of Tyana 2.7
*** 423 BCE, Aristophanes, The Clouds 172
*** 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 529B
*** 405 BCE, Aristophanes, The Frogs 990
*** 424 BCE, Aristophanes, The Knights 261
*** 422 BCE, Aristophanes, The Wasps 617
** to yawn from weariness, ennui or inattention
*** 446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, The Acharnians 30
*** 424 BCE, Aristophanes, The Knights 1032
*** 425 BCE, Aristophanes, Lysistrata 426
*** 400 BCE – 300 BCE, Mnesimachus, Collected Works 4.22
* (less common) to speak with open mouth, to utter
** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 1227
** 422 BCE, Aristophanes, The Wasps 342
** 310 BCE – 240 BCE, Callimachus, Hymn to Apollo 24
* to open and swallow
** 110 CE – 180 CE, Pausanias Periegeta, Graeciae Descriptio 6.21.13

#### Derived terms

* χάσις (khásis)
* χασκάζω (khaskázō)
* χάσκανον (kháskanon)
* χάσκαξ (kháskax)
* χασκωρέω (khaskōréō)
* χάσμα (khásma)
* χασμαθυπουργός (khasmathupourgós)
* χασμάομαι (khasmáomai)
* χασματίας (khasmatías)
* χασμάτιον (khasmátion)
* χασμέομαι (khasméomai)
* χάσμη (khásmē)
* χάσμημα (khásmēma)
* χάσμησις (khásmēsis)
* χασμωδέω (khasmōdéō)
* χασμώδης (khasmṓdēs)
* χασμωδία (khasmōdía)
* Κεχηναῖοι (Kekhēnaîoi)
* κεχηνότως (kekhēnótōs)
* κεχηνώδης (kekhēnṓdēs)

#### Descendants

* → Vulgar Latin: *casco
** Aromanian: cascu
** Romanian: căsca

### References

* ↑ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*ǵʰan-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 193
* ↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “χάσκω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1616-7

### Further reading

* “χάσκω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “χάσκω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “χάσκω”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
* χάσκω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* “χάσκω”, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011