# 膏

| 膏 | U+818F, &#33167; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-818F |
| ← 膎 [U+818E] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 膐 → [U+8190] |

## Translingual
### Han character

膏 (Kangxi radical 130, 肉+10, 14 strokes, cangjie input 卜口月月 (YRBB), four-corner 0022$_7$, composition ⿱高月)

#### Derived characters

* 𭳇 𣎪 𧀎

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 992, character 1
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29800
* Dae Jaweon: page 1444, character 4
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2103, character 8
* Unihan data for U+818F

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 高 | *kaːw |
| 膏 | *kaːw, *kaːws |
| 篙 | *kaːw |
| 稿 | *kaːwʔ |
| 稾 | *kaːwʔ, *kʰaːws |
| 槁 | *kaːwʔ, *kʰaːwʔ |
| 縞 | *kaːwʔ, *kaːws |
| 暠 | *kaːwʔ |
| 槀 | *kaːwʔ |
| 藁 | *kaːwʔ |
| 燺 | *kʰaːwʔ |
| 薧 | *kʰaːwʔ, *kʰaːws, *qʰaːw |
| 犒 | *kʰaːws |
| 蒿 | *qʰaːw |
| 藃 | *qʰaːws, *qʰraːw, *qʰraw |
| 豪 | *ɡaːw |
| 毫 | *ɡaːw |
| 壕 | *ɡaːw |
| 濠 | *ɡaːw |
| 鎬 | *ɡaːwʔ |
| 滈 | *ɡaːwʔ, *qʰraːwɢ |
| 鄗 | *ɡaːwʔ, *kʰraːw, *qʰaːwɢ |
| 鰝 | *ɡaːwʔ, *qʰaːwɢ |
| 薃 | *ɡaːwʔ |
| 搞 | *kruːʔ |
| 敲 | *kʰraːw, *kʰraːws |
| 髇 | *qʰraːw |
| 嗃 | *qʰraːw, *qʰraːws, *qʰaːwɢ |
| 巐 | *kʰl'awʔ |
| 歊 | *qʰraw, *qʰoːwɢ |
| 謞 | *qʰaːwɢ, *qʰraːwɢ |
| 熇 | *qʰaːwɢ, *qʰoːwɢ, *qʰoːɡ |
| 碻 | *kʰraːwɢ |
| 塙 | *kʰraːwɢ |
| 毃 | *kʰraːwɢ |
| 翯 | *qʰraːwɢ, *ɡraːwɢ, *ɡoːwɢ |
| 瀥 | *qʰraːwɢ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kaːw, *kaːws) : phonetic 高 (OC *kaːw) + semantic 肉 (“meat”).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gāo (gao$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄠ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gou$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kâu / kò
* Eastern Min (BUC): gŏ̤
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): ko / ko͘ / kō
    (Teochew, Peng'im): go$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$kau
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gāo
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄠ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gao
*** Wade–Giles: kao$^1$
*** Yale: gāu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gau
*** Palladius: гао (gao)
*** Sinological IPA : /kɑʊ̯⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gou$^1$
*** Yale: gōu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gou$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gou$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kou̯⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kâu / kò
*** Hakka Romanization System: gau$^ˊ$ / go$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gau$^1$ / go$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /kau̯²⁴/, /ko¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gŏ̤
*** Sinological IPA : /ko⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ko
*** Tâi-lô: ko
*** Phofsit Daibuun: koy
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɤ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ko³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /ko⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ko͘
*** Tâi-lô: koo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kof
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kɔ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔ³³/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kō
*** Tâi-lô: kō
*** Phofsit Daibuun: koi
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɤ³³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ko³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: go$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ko
*** Sinological IPA : /ko³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$kau
*** MiniDict: kau$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$kau
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kɔ⁵³/
* Middle Chinese: kaw
Rime :
| Character | 膏 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 豪 (89) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 古勞切 |
| Baxter | kaw |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɑu/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kɑu/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kɑu/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kaw/ |
| Li Rong | /kɑu/ |
| Wang Li | /kɑu/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kɑu/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gāo |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gou$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*Cə.kˤaw/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kaːw/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 膏 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gāo |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kaw › |
| Old Chinese | /*Cə.kˁaw/ |
| English | lard (n.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 膏 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 3727 |
| Phonetic component | 高 |
| Rime group | 宵 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 髙 |
| Old Chinese | /*kaːw/ |

#### Definitions

膏
* fat; grease; oil
* fatty; oily; rich
* paste; cream; ointment; poultice
* sleek; glossy
* fertile
* (historical) fatty tissue located at the tip of the heart

#### Compounds

* 二冬膏 (èrdōng gāo)
* 刺五加浸膏 (cìwǔjiā jìngāo)
* 土膏
* 太陽膏 / 太阳膏
* 少林風濕跌打膏 / 少林风湿跌打膏 (shàolín fēngshī diēdǎ gāo)
* 投膏止火
* 枇杷膏 (pípágāo)
* 梨膏
* 橡皮膏 (xiàngpígāo)
* 歪膏揤斜 (oai-ko-chhi̍h-chhoa̍h) (Min Nan)
* 殘膏賸馥 / 残膏剩馥
* 民脂民膏 (mínzhīmíngāo)
* 民膏民脂
* 泉石膏肓
* 浸膏
* 溲膏
* 焚膏繼晷 / 焚膏继晷 (féngāojìguǐ)
* 煙膏 / 烟膏 (yāngāo)
* 煎膏炊骨
* 熟石膏
* 熬膏
* 燒石膏 / 烧石膏
* 燃膏繼晷 / 燃膏继晷 (rángāojìguǐ)
* 牙膏 (yágāo)
* 狗皮膏 (gǒu pí gāo)
* 狗皮膏藥 / 狗皮膏药
* 生石膏
* 病入膏肓 (bìngrùgāohuāng)
* 病在膏肓
* 病染膏肓
* 石膏 (shígāo)
* 石膏像
* 石膏模型 (shígāo móxíng)
* 硬石膏 (yìngshígāo)
* 硬膏
* 福壽膏 / 福寿膏
* 繼晷焚膏 / 继晷焚膏 (jìguǐféngāo)
* 脂膏 (zhīgāo)
* 脂膏不潤 / 脂膏不润
* 脣膏 / 唇膏 (chúngāo)
* 腴膏
* 膏劑 / 膏剂
* 膏壤
* 膏子
* 膏恩
* 膏捐
* 膏沐
* 膏潤 / 膏润
* 膏澤 / 膏泽
* 膏火
* 膏火自煎
* 膏粱 (gāoliáng)
* 膏粱之子
* 膏粱厚味
* 膏粱子弟
* 膏粱文繡 / 膏粱文绣
* 膏粱紈綺 / 膏粱纨绮
* 膏粱錦繡 / 膏粱锦绣
* 膏肓 (gāohuāng)
* 膏肓之疾
* 膏脣拭舌 / 膏唇拭舌
* 膏腴 (gāoyú)
* 膏腴之地 (gāoyúzhīdì)
* 膏藥 / 膏药 (gāoyào)
* 膏藥油子 / 膏药油子
* 膏血
* 膏雨
* 膏露
* 茅膏菜
* 茶膏
* 藥膏 / 药膏 (yàogāo)
* 蘭膏 / 兰膏
* 豨膏 (xīgāo)
* 賣膏藥的 / 卖膏药的
* 身膏鼎鑊 / 身膏鼎镬
* 軟膏 / 软膏 (ruǎngāo)
* 阿魏化痞膏 (āwèi huàpǐ gāo)
* 雪花膏 (xuěhuāgāo)
* 餘膏剩馥 / 余膏剩馥
* 鷿鷈膏 / 䴙鷈膏
* 龜苓膏 / 龟苓膏 (guīlínggāo)

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gào (gao$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄠˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gou$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kò
* Eastern Min (BUC): gó̤
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gào
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄠˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gào
*** Wade–Giles: kao$^4$
*** Yale: gàu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gaw
*** Palladius: гао (gao)
*** Sinological IPA : /kɑʊ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gou$^3$
*** Yale: gou
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gou$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gou$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kou̯³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kò
*** Hakka Romanization System: go$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: go$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /ko¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gó̤
*** Sinological IPA : /kɔ²¹³/
* Middle Chinese: kawH
Rime :
| Character | 膏 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 豪 (89) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 古到切 |
| Baxter | kawH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɑu$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kɑu$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kɑu$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kaw$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kɑu$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kɑu$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kɑu$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gào |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gou$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ˤaw-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kaːws/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 膏 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gāo |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kaw$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[k]ˁaw-s/ |
| English | smear with lard (v.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 膏 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 3736 |
| Phonetic component | 高 |
| Rime group | 宵 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 誥 |
| Old Chinese | /*kaːws/ |

#### Definitions

膏
* to moisten; to grease; to lubricate
* to apply (cream, ointment)
* to dip a brush in ink

#### Compounds

* 膏潤 / 膏润
* 膏筆 / 膏笔
* 膏車 / 膏车
* 膏車秣馬 / 膏车秣马

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): こう (kō)
* Kun: あぶら (abura)

#### Compounds

* 亜鉛華軟膏(あえんかなんこう) (aenkanankō)
* 按摩膏(あんまこう) (anmakō)
* 内股膏薬(うちまたこうやく) (uchimatakōyaku), 内股膏薬(うちまたごうやく) (uchimatagōyaku)
* 眼軟膏(がんなんこう) (gannankō)
* 膏血(こうけつ) (kōketsu)
* 膏肓(こうこう) (kōkō)
* 膏薬(こうやく) (kōyaku)
* 石膏(せっこう) (sekkō)
* 石膏像(せっこうぞう) (sekkōzō)
* 軟膏(なんこう) (nankō)
* 絆創膏(ばんそうこう) (bansōkō)
* 二股膏薬(ふたまたこうやく) (futamatakōyaku)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 膏
* あぶら Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 膏 – see the following entry. :
| 【あぶら】 | [noun] 油, 膏: oil Alternative spelling 油 |
(This term, 膏, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

## Korean
### Hanja

膏 • (go) (hangeul 고, McCune–Reischauer ko, Yale ko)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

膏: Hán Việt readings: cao
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Compounds

* 石膏 (thạch cao)