# οὐρανός
## Ancient Greek
### Alternative forms

* ὄρᾰνος (órănos) — Aeolic
* ὠρᾰνός (ōrănós) — Doric, Boeotian

### Etymology

Of disputed origin, with multiple theories proposed:
* Perhaps from an older *(ϝ)ορσανός (*(w)orsanós), which may be related to Proto-Indo-European *h₁worseye-, from *h₁wers- (“rain”) (compare Sanskrit वर्षति (varṣati, “it rains”). Beekes appears to favor this derivation.
* From Proto-Indo-European *wers- (“to rise, protrude”), and compared to Lithuanian viršùs (“top, upper”), Sanskrit वर्ष्मन् (varṣman, “height, top”). This is not favored by Beekes.
* From Proto-Indo-European *h₁wer- (“broad”), and compared with Sanskrit वरुण (váruṇa, “sea god”) and अर्णव (arṇava, “ocean”). This is categorically rejected by Beekes.
* Based on the infix -αν- (-an-), which is difficult to explain as an old Indo-European formation, perhaps Pre-Greek; however, as the sky was very important to Indo-European groups, it is unlikely that a non-Indo-European formation for "sky" would become the dominant word in an Indo-European language.
A folk etymology advanced by Aristotle interpreted it as ὅρος (hóros, “limit”) and ἄνω (ánō, “up”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /uː.ra.nós/ → /u.raˈnos/ → /u.raˈnos/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /uː.ra.nós/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /u.raˈnos/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /u.raˈnos/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /u.raˈnos/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /u.raˈnos/

### Noun

οὐρᾰνός • (ourănós) m (genitive οὐρᾰνοῦ); second declension
* the vaulted sky, on which the stars were attached and the sun traveled: sky, heaven
* the region above this vault, the home of the gods
* (philosophy) the universe
* anything shaped like the sky: vaulted ceiling, tent

#### Derived terms

* Οὐρανία (Ouranía)
* οὐράνιος (ouránios)
* οὐρᾰνῐ́σκος (ourănĭ́skos)
* Οὐρανίωνες (Ouraníōnes)
* οὐρανόθεν (ouranóthen)
* οὐρανόθι (ouranóthi)
* Οὐρανός (Ouranós)
* οὐρανοσκόπος (ouranoskópos)
* οὐρᾰνοῦχος (ourănoûkhos)
* οὐρανόφι (ouranóphi)
* οὐρανόω (ouranóō)
* ὑπερουρᾰ́νῐος (huperourắnĭos)

#### Descendants

* Greek: ουρανός (ouranós)
* Mariupol Greek: урано́с (uranós), урано́ (uranó)

### References

* ↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “οὐρανός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1128

### Further reading

* “οὐρανός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “οὐρανός”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “οὐρανός”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
* οὐρανός in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
* οὐρανός in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
* “οὐρανός”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
* G3772 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
* οὐρανός in Trapp, Erich, et al. (1994–2007) Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität besonders des 9.-12. Jahrhunderts [the Lexicon of Byzantine Hellenism, Particularly the 9th–12th Centuries], Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
* Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited. air idem, page 21.firmament idem, page 322.heaven idem, page 393.palate idem, page 589.sky idem, page 781.uranus idem, page 939.weather idem, page 971.welkin idem, page 973.