# 認識
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): rènshi, rènshì
    (Zhuyin): ㄖㄣˋ ˙ㄕ, ㄖㄣˋ ㄕˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jing$^6$ sik$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ngin-sṳt
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ngin$^4$ sed$^5$
* Eastern Min (BUC): nêng-sék
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): līn-siak / jīn-sek / līn-sek / jīn-sit
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$gnin-seq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, mainland China)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: rènshi
*** Zhuyin: ㄖㄣˋ ˙ㄕ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: rènshi̊h
*** Wade–Giles: jên$^4$-shih$^5$
*** Yale: rèn-shr
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: renn.shy
*** Palladius: жэньши (žɛnʹši)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʐən⁵¹ ʂʐ̩¹/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: rènshì
*** Zhuyin: ㄖㄣˋ ㄕˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: rènshìh
*** Wade–Giles: jên$^4$-shih$^4$
*** Yale: rèn-shr̀
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: rennshyh
*** Palladius: жэньши (žɛnʹši)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʐən⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jing$^6$ sik$^1$
*** Yale: yihng sīk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jing$^6$ sik$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ying$^6$ xig$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɪŋ²² sɪk̚⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngin-sṳt
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngin siid$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngin$^4$ sid$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋin⁵⁵ sɨt̚²/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: ngin$^4$ sed$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋin⁵³⁻⁵⁵ sət̚¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: nêng-sék
*** Sinological IPA : /nˡiŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ $^{(s-)}$nɛiʔ²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: līn-siak
*** Tâi-lô: līn-siak
*** Phofsit Daibuun: lixnsiag
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /lin⁴¹⁻²² siak̚⁵/
** (Hokkien: Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jīn-sek
*** Tâi-lô: jīn-sik
*** Phofsit Daibuun: jixnseg
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /zin³³⁻²¹ siɪk̚³²/
** (Hokkien: Taipei, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: līn-sek
*** Tâi-lô: līn-sik
*** Phofsit Daibuun: lixnseg
*** IPA (Xiamen): /lin²²⁻²¹ siɪk̚³²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /lin³³⁻¹¹ siɪk̚³²/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jīn-sit
*** Tâi-lô: jīn-sit
*** Phofsit Daibuun: jixnsid
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡zin²²⁻²¹ sit̚³²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$gnin-seq
*** MiniDict: nyin$^去$ seh
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$nyin-seq
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /n̠ʲin²² səʔ⁴⁴/

### Verb

認識 (transitive)
* (Mandarin) to know (somebody); to be acquainted with
       Tā shì tōngguò diànnǎo hóngniáng rènshi tā qīzi de. [Pinyin]
       He met his wife through a computer dating agency.
* to recognize (somebody or something)
       Hǎoxiàng tā gēnběn jiù bù rènshi zhōuwéi de rènhé rén. [Pinyin]
       It seems he does not recognize any people around him.
* to know; to understand; to be familiar with
       Nǐ rènshi suǒyǒu de zìmǔ ma? [Pinyin]
       Do you know your ABCs?
    你不認識字嗎？／你不认识字吗？ ― Nǐ bù rènshi zì ma? ― Can't you read?
       Wǒmen jiějué yīge wèntí bì xiān rènshi zhè ge wèntí de běnzhì. [Pinyin]
       To solve a problem we must first understand its nature.
* to be aware of; to appreciate
       Xiànzài yuèláiyuè duō de rén rènshi dào huánjìngbǎohù de zhòngyàoxìng. [Pinyin]
       Now more and more people are aware of the importance of environmental protection.

#### Usage notes

The sense "to be aware of; to appreciate" is often followed by the verb 到 (dào).

#### Synonyms

* (to know somebody):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 認識 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 認識 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 認識 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 認識 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 識得, 識 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 識得, 識 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 識 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 識得, 識 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 識 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 識 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 識得 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 識, 識得 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 識 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 識 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 識 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 識 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 識 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 識 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 識 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 認得 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 捌, 捌傳 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 捌 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 捌 |
| Southern Min | Shishi | 捌 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 捌 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 捌 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 捌 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 捌 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 捌 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 捌 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 捌 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 捌 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 捌 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 捌 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 捌 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 捌 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 捌 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 捌 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 捌 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 捌 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 捌 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 捌 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 捌 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 捌 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 捌 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 捌 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 捌 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 捌 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 捌 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 捌, 捌得 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 認得, 相熟 dated |
| Wu | Suzhou | 認得 |
| Wu | Wuxi | 認識 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 識 |
* (to recognize): 認得／认得 (rènde)
* (to understand):
* 了解 (liǎojiě)
* 佔有 / 占有 (zhànyǒu)
* 分曉 / 分晓 (fēnxiǎo)
* 參悟 / 参悟 (cānwù)
* 悟 (wù) (literary, or in compounds)
* 懂 (dǒng)
* 懂得 (dǒngde)
* 打生 (Wenzhounese)
* 把握 (bǎwò)
* 掌握 (zhǎngwò)
* 明 (ming$^4$) (Cantonese)
* 明白
* 明瞭 / 明了 (míngliǎo)
* 曉得 / 晓得 (xiǎode)
* 會悟 / 会悟 (huìwù) (literary)
* 洞悉 (dòngxī)
* 清亮 (mainland China)
* 清楚
* 熟似 (Hokkien)
* 熟悉 (shúxī)
* 熟稔 (shúrěn) (literary)
* 熟識 / 熟识 (shúshí)
* 理會 / 理会 (lǐhuì)
* 理解 (lǐjiě)
* 瞭悟 / 了悟 (liǎowù) (literary)
* 知影 (Hokkien, Teochew)
* 知悉 (zhīxī) (literary)
* 知曉 / 知晓 (zhīxiǎo)
* 知識 / 知识 (zhīshí) (literary)
* 知道 (zhīdào)
* 覺 / 觉
* 覺悟 / 觉悟 (juéwù)
* 覺醒 / 觉醒 (juéxǐng)
* 諳曉 / 谙晓 (ānxiǎo) (literary)
* 諳達 / 谙达 (āndá) (literary)
* 貫通 / 贯通 (guàntōng)
* 通曉 / 通晓 (tōngxiǎo)
* 通解 (tōngjiě) (literary)
* 通達 / 通达 (tōngdá)
* 達 / 达 (literary, or in compounds)
* 醒悟 (xǐngwù)
* 開悟 / 开悟 (kāiwù) (literary)
* 領悟 / 领悟 (lǐngwù)
* 領會 / 领会 (lǐnghuì)
* 領略 / 领略 (lǐnglüè)

### Noun

認識
* knowledge; understanding; cognition
    認識過程／认识过程 ― rènshi guòchéng ― cognitive process

#### Synonyms

* 字目 (Taiwanese Hokkien)
* 學問 / 学问 (xuéwèn)
* 心得 (xīndé) (knowledge gained)
* 所知 (suǒzhī) (literary)
* 智識 / 智识 (zhìshí) (literary, or Min Nan and Cantonese)
* 知識 / 知识
* 聞見 / 闻见 (wénjiàn) (literary)
* 見聞 / 见闻 (jiànwén)
* 見識 / 见识 (jiànshí)
* 識見 / 识见 (shíjiàn) (literary)

### Derived terms

* 感性認識 / 感性认识
* 認識論 / 认识论

### See also

* 曉得／晓得 (xiǎode)
* 知道 (zhīdào)
* 識認／识认 (shírèn)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 認 | 識 |
| にん Grade: 6 | しき Grade: 5 |
| on'yomi ||

### Etymology

From Old Japanese compound 認識 / 认识 (nyin$^H$ syik, literally “know, recognize; know, remember”). Compare modern Mandarin rènshi, Eastern Min nêng-sék.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) にんしき [nìńshíkí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɲ̟ĩɰ̃ɕi̥kʲi]

### Noun

認(にん)識(しき) • (ninshiki)
* recognition, awareness
* understanding
    その認識(にんしき)で正(ただ)しいと思(おも)う。
       Sono ninshiki de tadashii to omou.
       I believe you are correct.
       (literally, “I believe your understanding is correct.”)
* (computing) recognition
    音声(おんせい)認識(にんしき)
       onsei ninshiki
       speech recognition

#### Derived terms

* 再(さい)認(にん)識(しき) (saininshiki)
* 認(にん)識(しき)票(ひょう) (ninshikihyō, “dog tag”)
* 認(にん)識(しき)論(ろん) (ninshikiron, “epistemology”)

### Verb

認(にん)識(しき)する • (ninshiki suru) transitive suru (stem 認(にん)識(しき)し (ninshiki shi), past 認(にん)識(しき)した (ninshiki shita))
* to recognize something, to be aware of something
* to understand something
* (computing) to recognize something

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 認識し | にんしきし | ninshiki shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 認識し | にんしきし | ninshiki shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 認識する | にんしきする | ninshiki suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 認識する | にんしきする | ninshiki suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 認識すれ | にんしきすれ | ninshiki sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 認識せよ¹ 認識しろ² | にんしきせよ¹ にんしきしろ² | ninshiki seyo¹ ninshiki shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 認識される | にんしきされる | ninshiki sareru |
| Causative | 認識させる 認識さす | にんしきさせる にんしきさす | ninshiki saseru ninshiki sasu |
| Potential | 認識できる | にんしきできる | ninshiki dekiru |
| Volitional | 認識しよう | にんしきしよう | ninshiki shiyō |
| Negative | 認識しない | にんしきしない | ninshiki shinai |
| Negative continuative | 認識せず | にんしきせず | ninshiki sezu |
| Formal | 認識します | にんしきします | ninshiki shimasu |
| Perfective | 認識した | にんしきした | ninshiki shita |
| Conjunctive | 認識して | にんしきして | ninshiki shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 認識すれば | にんしきすれば | ninshiki sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
   * 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 認 | 識 |

### Noun

認識 • (insik) (hangeul 인식)
* hanja form of 인식 (“recognition”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 認 | 識 |

### Noun

認識
* chữ Hán form of nhận thức (“awareness”).