# 相撲
## Chinese

* 相撲

### Etymology
#### “sumo”

    Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 相撲 (sumō).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xiāngpū
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄤ ㄆㄨ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): soeng$^1$ pok$^3$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): siong-phok
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$shian-phoq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiāngpū
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄤ ㄆㄨ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: siangpu
*** Wade–Giles: hsiang$^1$-pʻu$^1$
*** Yale: syāng-pū
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiangpu
*** Palladius: сянпу (sjanpu)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ pʰu⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: soeng$^1$ pok$^3$
*** Yale: sēung pok
*** Cantonese Pinyin: soeng$^1$ pok$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sêng$^1$ pog$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /sœːŋ⁵⁵ pʰɔːk̚³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siong-phok
*** Tâi-lô: siong-phok
*** Phofsit Daibuun: siongphog
*** IPA (Xiamen): /siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² pʰɔk̚³²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /siɔŋ³³ pʰɔk̚⁵/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² pʰɔk̚³²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰɔk̚³²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰɔk̚³²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$shian-phoq
*** MiniDict: shian$^去$ phoh
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$xian-phoq
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɕiã³³ pʰoʔ⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: sjang phuwk
Rime :
| Character | 相 | 撲 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 心 (16) | 滂 (2) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (105) | 屋 (3) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 息良切 | 普木切 |
| Baxter | sjang | phuwk |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /sɨɐŋ/ | /pʰuk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /siɐŋ/ | /pʰuk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /siɑŋ/ | /pʰuk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /sɨaŋ/ | /pʰəwk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /siaŋ/ | /pʰuk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /sĭaŋ/ | /pʰuk̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /si̯aŋ/ | /pʰuk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xiāng | pu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | soeng$^1$ | puk$^1$ |

### Noun

相撲
* mutually rushing at; fighting
* xiangpu (traditional Chinese wrestling)
* sumo (traditional Japanese wrestling)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 相撲(そうぼく) (sōboku)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 相 | 撲 |
| すもう ||
| Grade: 3 | Grade: S |
| jukujikun ||
* Alternative spelling
* 角力
Derived from Old Japanese verb 争ふ (sumapu), modern 争う (sumau, “to contend, resist, compete (in sumo, for example)”).
There are two leading theories regarding the derivation:
* May be a nominalization of the 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”) and 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) sumapu:
    /sumapu/ → /sumaɸu/ → */sumawu/ → /sumau/ → /sumɔː/ → /sumoː/
* May be an instance of ウ音便 (u onbin, ““u” sound shift”), found in terms with bilabial consonants (/m/, /b/, /w/) followed by i:
    ⟨sumapi$_1$⟩ → */sumapʲi/ → /sumaɸi/ → /sumawi/ → */sumawu/ → /sumau/ → /sumɔː/ → /sumoː/
That said, the nominalization of terminal/attributive verb forms is quite rare in Japanese, whereas the “u” sound shift pattern is not uncommon.
The kanji spelling is either from the native sumai or Sino-Japanese sōboku readings below.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) すもー [sùmóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [sɨmo̞ː]

#### Noun

相撲(すもう) • (sumō)
* sumo (Japanese traditional wrestling)
    Synonym: 角力 (kakuryoku)
* Short for 相撲取り (sumōtori): a sumo wrestler
    Synonyms: 力士 (rikishi), お相撲さん (osumōsan)
* (historical) Short for 相撲の節 (Sumō no Sechi) or 相撲の節会 (Sumō no Sechie): in the Heian period, a special ceremonial sumo match held in July to help ensure a good harvest

##### Derived terms

* 相撲(すもう)絵(え) (sumō-e)
* 相撲(スモウ)草(グサ) (sumōgusa)
* 相撲(すもう)酒(さか)盛(も)り (sumō sakamori)
* 相撲(すもう)甚(じん)句(く) (sumō jinku)
* 相撲(すもう)茶(ぢゃ)屋(や) (sumō-jaya)
* 相撲(すもう)取(と)り (sumōtori)
* 相撲(すもう)割(わ)り (sumōwari)
* 相撲(すもう)部(べ)屋(や) (sumō-beya)
* 相撲(すもう)の節(せち) (Sumō no Sechi)
* 相撲(すもう)の節(せち)会(え) (Sumō no Sechie)
* 足(あし)相撲(ずもう) (ashizumō)
* 居(い)相撲(ずもう) (izumō)
* 牛(うし)相撲(ずもう) (ushizumō)
* 腕(うで)相撲(ずもう) (udezumō)
* 扇(おうぎ)相撲(ずもう) (ōgi-zumō)
* 大(おお)相撲(ずもう) (ōzumō)
* 押(お)し相撲(ずもう) (oshizumō)
* 女(おんな)相撲(ずもう) (onnazumō)
* 抱(かか)え相撲(ずもう) (kakaezumō)
* 紙(かみ)相撲(ずもう) (kamizumō)
* 蚊(か)相撲(ずもう) (Kazumō)
* 勝(か)ち相撲(ずもう) (kachizumō)
* 勧進(かんじん)相撲(ずもう) (kanjin-zumō)
* 菊(きく)相撲(ずもう) (kikuzumō)
* 給(きゅう)金(きん)相撲(ずもう) (kyūkin-zumō)
* 草(くさ)相撲(ずもう) (kusazumō)
* 句(く)相撲(ずもう) (kuzumō)
* 拳(けん)相撲(ずもう) (kenzumō)
* 小(こ)相撲(ずもう) (kozumō)
* 御(ご)当所(とうしょ)相撲(ずもう) (gotōsho-zumō)
* 鷺(さぎ)相撲(ずもう) (sagizumō)
* 座(ざ)頭(とう)相撲(ずもう) (zatō-zumō)
* 上(じょう)覧(らん)相撲(ずもう) (jōran-zumō)
* 神(しん)事(じ)相撲(ずもう) (shinji-zumō)
* 座(すわ)り相撲(ずもう) (suwari-zumō)
* 旅(たび)相撲(ずもう) (tabizumō)
* 力(ちから)相撲(ずもう) (chikarazumō)
* 注(ちゅう)文(もん)相撲(ずもう) (chūmon-zumō)
* 辻(つじ)相撲(ずもう) (tsujizumō)
* 連(つら)相撲(ずもう) (tsurazumō)
* 手(て)相撲(ずもう) (tezumō)
* 唐(とう)相撲(ずもう) (Tōzumō), 唐人(とうじん)相撲(ずもう) (Tōjin-zumō)
* 泣(な)き相撲(ずもう) (nakizumō)
* 人情(にんじょう)相撲(ずもう) (ninjō-zumō)
* 野(の)相撲(ずもう) (nozumō)
* 花(はな)相撲(ずもう) (hanazumō)
* 一人(ひとり)相撲(ずもう), 独(ひと)り相撲(ずもう) (hitori-zumō)
* 文(ふみ)相撲(ずもう) (Fumizumō), 文(ふ)相撲(ずもう) (Fuzumō)
* 本(ほん)相撲(ずもう) (honzumō)
* 奉(ほう)納(のう)相撲(ずもう) (hōnō-zumō)
* 前(まえ)相撲(ずもう) (maezumō)
* 負(ま)け相撲(ずもう) (makezumō)
* 宮(みや)相撲(ずもう) (miyazumō)
* 無(む)気(き)力(りょく)相撲(ずもう) (mukiryoku-zumō)
* 蒙(もう)古(こ)相撲(ずもう) (Mōko-zumō)
* 指(ゆび)相撲(ずもう) (yubizumō)
* 横(よこ)綱(づな)相撲(ずもう) (yokozuna-zumō)
* 四(よ)つ相撲(ずもう) (yotsuzumō)
* 寄(よ)り相撲(ずもう) (yorizumō)

##### Idioms

* 相撲(すもう)が尽(つ)くれば行(ぎょう)司(じ)が出(で)て転(ころ)ぶ (sumō ga tsukureba gyōji ga dete korobu): “if the sumo [wrestlers] run out, the referee comes out and [you] fall” → if you beat all worthy opponents and then lose your edge, you can be beaten even by someone who would normally have been no challenge
* 相撲(すもう)に勝(か)って勝(しょう)負(ぶ)に負(ま)ける (sumō ni katte shōbu ni makeru): “to win at the sumo, but lose the match” → performing well, but ultimately failing
* 相撲(すもう)にならない (sumō ni naranai): “to not become sumo” → to not be worthy of a match, to be so mismatched to not be a contest
* 相撲(すもう)に負(ま)けて妻(つま)の面(つら)張(は)る (sumō ni makete tsuma no tsura haru): “to lose at sumo and slap one's wife's face” → the weak turn on the weaker
* 相撲(すもう)の果(は)ては喧(けん)嘩(か)になり博(ばく)奕(ち)の果(は)ては盗(ぬす)みになる (sumō no hate wa kenka ni nari bakuchi no hate wa nusumi ni naru): “the extreme of sumo is a fight, and the extreme of gambling is a theft” → a warning not to lose oneself in one's activities
* 相撲(すもう)も立(た)つ方(かた) (sumō mo tatsu kata): “take a stand even when in sumo” → show involvement even for a while
* 相撲(すもう)を取(と)る (sumō o toru): “take sumo” → compete in sumo

##### Descendants

* → German: Sumo
* → English: sumo
* → Finnish: sumo
* → French: sumo
* → Irish: súmó
* → Italian: sumo
* → Polish: sumo
* → Portuguese: sumo, sumô (Brazil)
* → Spanish: sumo

#### Proper noun

相撲(すもう) • (Sumō)
* a surname

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 相 | 撲 |
| すまい ||
| Grade: 3 | Grade: S |
| jukujikun ||
* Alternative spelling
* 角力
⟨sumapi$_1$⟩ → */sumapʲi/ → /sumaɸi/ → /sumawi/ → /sumai/
The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of Old Japanese verb 争ふ (sumapu), modern 争う (sumau, “to contend, resist, compete (in sumo, for example)”), likely derived in turn from verb 済む (sumu, “to settle, finish”, intransitive) as the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) suma + auxiliary verb ふ (fu, indicating repetitive or ongoing action) → “on the verge of being settled” → “to be in competition”.
The kanji spelling is an orthographic borrowing from Middle Chinese 相撲 (MC sjang phuwk, literally “mutually striking”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sɨma̠i]

#### Noun

相撲(すまい) • (sumai)
* (archaic, possibly obsolete) a competition of power and skill, similar to modern-day sumo
** 938, Minamoto no Shitagō, Wamyō Ruijushō, volume 4:相撲　漢武故事云：「角觝［丁礼反。訓与突同］今之相撲也。」王隱晉書云：「相撲［撲音。蒲角反。和名：須末比。本朝相撲記有占手、垂髪、総角、最手、助手、等之名別。亦有立合、相撲長也。］下伎也。」(please add an English translation of this quotation)
* (archaic, possibly obsolete) Short for 相撲取り (sumaitori): a sumo wrestler
    Synonym: 相撲人 (sumaibito)
* (historical, archaic) Short for 相撲の節 (Sumai no Sechi) or 相撲の節会 (Sumai no Sechie): in the Heian period, a special ceremonial sumo match held in July to help ensure a good harvest

##### Derived terms

* 相撲(スマイ)草(グサ) (sumaigusa)
* 相撲(すまい)取(と)り (sumaitori)
* 相撲(すまい)の長(おさ) (sumai no osa)
* 相撲(すまい)の還(かえ)り饗(あるじ) (Sumai no Kaeriaruji)
* 相撲(すまい)の節(せち) (Sumai no Sechi)
* 相撲(すまい)の節(せち)会(え) (Sumai no Sechie)
* 相撲(すまい)の使(つかい) (Sumai no Tsukai)
* 相撲(すまい)の司(つかさ) (Sumai no Tsukasa)
* 相撲(すまい)人(びと) (sumaibito)

##### Idioms

* 相撲(すまい)も立(た)つ方(かた) (sumai mo tatsu kata, “take a stand even when in sumo → show involvement even for a while”)

### Etymology 3

Kanji in this term :
| 相 | 撲 |
| すもん ||
| Grade: 3 | Grade: S |
| jukujikun ||
/sumɔː/ → /sumɔɴ/ → /sumoɴ/
Edo-period shift from sumō above.

#### Noun

相撲(すもん) • (sumon)
* (obsolete) Same as すもう (sumō) above

### Etymology 4

Kanji in this term :
| 相 | 撲 |
| そう Grade: 3 | ぼく Grade: S |
| goon | kan'yōon |
/sauboku/ → /sɔːboku/ → /soːboku/
From Middle Chinese 相撲 (MC sjang phuwk). (Can this etymology be sourced?)

#### Noun

相(そう)撲(ぼく) • (sōboku)
* (obsolete) a competition of power and skill, similar to modern-day sumo

### References

* 1 2 3 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 “相撲”, in 日本大百科全書：ニッポニカ (Nippon Dai Hyakka Zensho: Nipponica, “Encyclopedia Nipponica”)‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 1984
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Old Japanese
### Alternative forms

* 捔力

### Etymology

The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 爭ふ (sumapu, “to contend, resist”), likely derived in turn from verb 濟む (sumu, “to settle, finish”, intransitive) as the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) suma + auxiliary verb ふ (pu, indicating repetitive or ongoing action).
The kanji spelling is an orthographic borrowing from Middle Chinese 相撲 (MC sjang phuwk, literally “mutually striking”).

### Noun

相撲 (sumapi$_1$) (kana すまひ)
* a competition of power and skill, similar to modern-day sumo
** 720, Nihon Shoki, Emperor Suinin; seventh year of the seventh lunar month:卽日、遣倭直祖長尾市、喚野見宿禰。於是、野見宿禰、自出雲至。則當摩蹶速與野見宿禰令捔力。(please add an English translation of this quotation)
** 720, Nihon Shoki, Emperor Yūryaku; thirteenth year of the ninth lunar month:乃喚集采女、使脱衣裙而著犢鼻、露所相撲。(please add an English translation of this quotation)

#### Descendants

* Japanese: 相撲 (sumai → sumō)