# 研

| 研 | U+7814, &#30740; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7814 |
| ← 砓 [U+7813] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 砕 → [U+7815] |

## Translingual

| Traditional | 研 |
| Simplified | 研 |
| Japanese | 研 |
| Korean | 硏 |

### Han character

研 (Kangxi radical 112, 石+4, 9 strokes, cangjie input 一口一廿 (MRMT), four-corner 1164$_0$, composition ⿰石开)

#### Derived characters

* 揅, 䊙, 𨨵, 𭱍, 𬪮

#### See also

* 硏 (Original form of 研)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: not present, would follow page 828, character 24
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24080
* Dae Jaweon: page 1243, character 3
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2418, character 14
* Unihan data for U+7814

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 研 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 笄 | *kŋeː |
| 枅 | *kŋeː |
| 蚈 | *kŋeː, *ŋ̊ʰeːn |
| 羿 | *ŋeːs |
| 栞 | *ŋ̊ʰaːn |
| 雃 | *ŋaːn, *ŋ̊ʰeːn |
| 詽 | *ŋreːn, *tŋ̊ʰeːn |
| 揅 | *ŋeːn |
| 幵 | *kŋeːn |
| 鳽 | *kŋeːn, *ŋeːn, *ŋ̊ʰreːŋ, *ŋreːɡ |
| 豣 | *kŋeːn, *ŋeːns |
| 麉 | *kŋeːn, *ŋ̊ʰeːn |
| 趼 | *kŋeːnʔ, *ŋeːn, *ŋeːns |
| 汧 | *ŋ̊ʰeːn, *ŋ̊ʰeːns |
| 岍 | *ŋ̊ʰeːn |
| 研 | *ŋɡeːn, *ŋeːns |
| 妍 | *ŋeːn |
| 訮 | *hŋeːn |
| 鈃 | *ɡeːŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ŋɡeːn, *ŋeːns) : semantic 石 + phonetic 幵 (OC *kŋeːn).

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): yán (yan$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄧㄢˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): nyian$^1$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jin$^4$ / ngaan$^4$
* Gan (Wiktionary): nyien$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ngân / ngiên / ngiân
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ngan$^1$
* Jin (Wiktionary): ie$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): ngǎing
* Eastern Min (BUC): ngiēng / ngiĕng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): gián / géng / ngúi / gán / ngái
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ngiêng$^2$ / ngiang$^2$ / ngiêng$^5$ / ngiang$^5$ / ngoin$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$gni
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): nyienn$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yán
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yán
*** Wade–Giles: yen$^2$
*** Yale: yán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yan
*** Palladius: янь (janʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /jɛn³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: nyian$^1$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: nian
*** Sinological IPA : /nʲiɛn⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jin$^4$ / ngaan$^4$
*** Yale: yìhn / ngàahn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jin$^4$ / ngaan$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yin$^4$ / ngan$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /jiːn²¹/, /ŋaːn²¹/
* jin4 - literary;
* ngaan4 - vernacular (“to grind”).
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit研 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ian³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ian²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /ian⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /iã⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /iã⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ian⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /iã²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /iã²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ian⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /iɛ̃n⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ian⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /niɛn⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /ȵian⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /nian⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /iɛ̃³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /ien²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /iĩ⁵⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /ie¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /ȵie̞¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /ie³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ȵi⁵³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ȵiɪ¹³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ȵiẽ̞³³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ȵi³¹/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /ne³⁵/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /ȵiɛ⁴⁴/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /ȵiẽ³³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ȵiẽ³³/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /ȵiɛn²¹³/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /ŋan⁴⁴/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /ŋien²⁴/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /jin²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /in²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /jin²¹/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /gian³⁵/ /giŋ⁵³/ 俗 |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /ŋieŋ³²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /ŋaiŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /ŋiaŋ⁵³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /ŋin²³/ ～究 /ŋai²¹³/ ～碎 |
* Middle Chinese: ngenH
Rime :
| Character | 研 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 先 (85) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | IV |
| Fanqie | 吾甸切 |
| Baxter | ngenH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ŋen$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ŋen$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ŋɛn$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ŋɛn$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ŋen$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ŋien$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ŋien$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jin$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ]ˤe[r]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋɡeːn/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 研 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yán |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ngen › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ŋ]ˁe[r]/ |
| English | grind; examine |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 研 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 6171 |
| Phonetic component | 幵 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 姸 |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋɡeːn/ |

#### Definitions

研
* to grind; to rub; to sharpen
* to investigate; to study; to research
    Synonym: 究 (jiū)
* Short for 研究生 (yánjiūshēng, “postgraduate studies or student”).

#### Compounds

* 中研 (Zhōngyán)
* 作業研究 / 作业研究
* 個案研究 / 个案研究 (gè'àn yánjiū)
* 學術研究 / 学术研究
* 工研院
* 極深研幾 / 极深研几
* 焚研
* 研京練都 / 研京练都
* 研修 (yánxiū)
* 研判 (yánpàn)
* 研商 (yánshāng)
* 研幾探賾 / 研几探赜
* 研幾析理 / 研几析理
* 研擬 / 研拟 (yánnǐ)
* 研末
* 研析
* 研桑心計 / 研桑心计
* 研深覃精
* 研發 / 研发 (yánfā)
* 研磨 (yánmó)
* 研磨機 / 研磨机 (yánmójī)
* 研究 (yánjiū)
* 研究員 / 研究员 (yánjiūyuán)
* 研究室
* 研究所 (yánjiūsuǒ)
* 研究生 (yánjiūshēng)
* 研究院 (yánjiūyuàn)
* 研窮 / 研穷
* 研精苦思
* 研精覃奧 / 研精覃奥
* 研精覃思
* 研精鉤深 / 研精钩深
* 研精靜慮 / 研精静虑
* 研經鑄史 / 研经铸史
* 研習 / 研习 (yánxí)
* 研習營 / 研习营
* 研習班 / 研习班
* 研製 / 研制 (yánzhì)
* 研覈
* 研訂 / 研订
* 研討 / 研讨 (yántǎo)
* 研詰 / 研诘
* 研議 / 研议
* 研讀 / 研读 (yándú)
* 研墨 (yánmò)
* 精研 (jīngyán)
* 考研 (kǎoyán)
* 讀研 / 读研 (dúyán)
* 鑽研 / 钻研 (zuānyán)

### Etymology 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 研 – see 硯 (“inkstone”). (This character is a variant form of 硯).

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 研 |
| Kyūjitai | 硏 |

### Kanji

(Third grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 硏)
* to polish
    Synonym: 磨
* study of ...
* to sharpen
* inkstone
    Synonym: 硯
* a surname

#### Readings

From Middle Chinese 研 (MC ngen); compare Mandarin 研 (yán):
* Go-on: げん (gen)
* Kan-on: げん (gen)
* Kan’yō-on: けん (ken, Jōyō)
From Middle Chinese 研 (MC ngenH); compare Mandarin 研 (yàn):
* Go-on: げん (gen)
* Kan-on: げん (gen)
* Kan’yō-on: けん (ken, Jōyō)
From native Japanese roots:
* Kun: とぐ (togu, 研ぐ, Jōyō)、する (suru, 研る)、みがく (migaku, 研く)
* Nanori: あき (aki)、かず (kazu)、きし (kishi)、きよ (kiyo)、よし (yoshi)

#### Compounds

* 研(けん)学(がく) (kengaku)
* 研(けん)究(きゅう) (kenkyū): research, investigate
** 研(けん)究(きゅう)者(しゃ) (kenkyūsha): researcher
** 研(けん)究(きゅう)室(しつ) (kenkyūshitsu): laboratory
** 研(けん)究(きゅう)員(いん) (kenkyūin): research fellow, lab worker
** 研(けん)究(きゅう)所(しょ) (kenkyūsho): research institute
* 研(けん)鑽(さん) (kensan)
* 研(けん)修(しゅう) (kenshū): training, induction
** 研(けん)修(しゅう)生(せい) (kenshūsei): trainee
* 研(けん)磨(ま), 研(けん)摩(ま) (kenma)
* 薬(や)研(げん) (yagen)

## Korean
### Hanja

研 (eumhun 갈 연 (gal yeon))
* Alternative form of 硏 (“hanja form of 연 (“grinding”)”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

研: Hán Việt readings: nghiên, nghiễn
研: Nôm readings: nghiên, nghiền, nghiện, tên
* chữ Hán form of nghiên (“to study, to research”).
* Nôm form of nghiền (“to grind”).

#### References

* 1 2 Trần (1999).
* ↑ Trần (1999)；.
* 1 2 Trần (2004).
* ↑ Hồ (1976).
* Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
* Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999