# 因果
## Chinese

* 因果

### Etymology

Calque of Sanskrit हेतु (hetu, “impulse, cause”) and फल (phala, “fruit, result”) arising from translation of Buddhist texts. (Dassanayake (2021), pg. 124)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yīnguǒ
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄣ ㄍㄨㄛˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jan$^1$ gwo$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): yîn-kó
    (Hailu, HRS): rhin$^ˋ$ go$^ˊ$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): in-kó / in-kó͘
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yīnguǒ
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄣ ㄍㄨㄛˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yinguǒ
*** Wade–Giles: yin$^1$-kuo$^3$
*** Yale: yīn-gwǒ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: inguoo
*** Palladius: иньго (inʹgo)
*** Sinological IPA : /in⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jan$^1$ gwo$^2$
*** Yale: yān gwó
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jan$^1$ gwo$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yen$^1$ guo$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɐn⁵⁵ kʷɔː³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yîn-kó
*** Hakka Romanization System: in$^ˊ$ go$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yin$^1$ go$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /in²⁴ ko³¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yîn-kó
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)in$^ˊ$ go$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yin$^1$ go$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)in²⁴ ko³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: rhin$^ˋ$ go$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /ʒin⁵³ ko²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: in-kó
*** Tâi-lô: in-kó
*** Phofsit Daibuun: inkoir
*** IPA (Taipei): /in⁴⁴⁻³³ ko⁵³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /in⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /in⁴⁴⁻³³ kɤ⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: in-kó͘
*** Tâi-lô: in-kóo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: inkor
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /in³³ kɔ⁵⁵⁴/

### Noun

因果
* cause and effect
* (Buddhism) karma; fate

#### Derived terms

* 三世因果
* 因果報應 / 因果报应 (yīnguǒ bàoyìng)
* 因果律 (yīnguǒlǜ)
* 因果關係 / 因果关系 (yīnguǒ guānxì)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 因果(いんが) (inga)
* → Korean: 인과(因果) (in'gwa)
* → Vietnamese: nhân quả (因果)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 因 | 果 |
| いん Grade: 5 | か > が Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) いんが [íꜜǹgà] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ĩŋɡa̠]

### Adjective

因(いん)果(が) • (inga) -na (adnominal 因(いん)果(が)な (inga na), adverbial 因(いん)果(が)に (inga ni))
* fateful, unlucky

### Noun

因(いん)果(が) • (inga)
* cause and effect; karma; fate

#### Derived terms

* 因(いん)果(が)応(おう)報(ほう) (inga ōhō): retributive justice; retribution
* 因(いん)果(が)関(かん)係(けい) (inga kankei)
* 因(いん)果(が)経(きょう) (ingakyō)
* 因(いん)果(が)経(きょう)絵(え)巻(まき) (ingakyōemaki)
* 因(いん)果(が)晒(ざら)し (ingazarashi)
* 因(いん)果(が)性(せい) (ingasei)
* 因(いん)果(がて)覿(き)面(めん) (ingate kimen)
* 因(いん)果(が)と (inga to)
* 因(いん)果(が)人(にん) (inganin)
* 因(いん)果(が)の小(お)車(ぐるま) (inga no oguruma)
* 因(いん)果(が)は皿(さら)の縁(ふち) (inga wa sara no fuchi)
* 因(いん)果(が)法(ほう)則(そく) (inga hōsoku)
* 因(いん)果(が)者(もの) (ingamono)
* 因(いん)果(が)物(もの)語(がたり) (inga monogatari)
* 因(いん)果(が)律(りつ) (ingaritsu)
* 因(いん)果(が)を含(ふく)める (inga o fukumeru)
* 絵(え)因(いん)果(が)経(きょう) (eingakyō)
* 親(おや)の因(いん)果(が)が子(こ)に報(むく)う (oya no inga ga ko ni mukū)
* 過(か)去(こ)現(げん)在(ざい)因(いん)果(が)経(きょう) (kakogenzaīngakyō)
* 過(か)去(こ)現(げん)在(ざい)因(いん)果(が)経(きょう)絵(え)巻(まき) (kakogenzaīngakyōemaki)
* 三(さん)世(ぜ)因(いん)果(が) (sanzeinga)
* 惚(ほ)れたが因(いん)果(が) (horeta ga inga)
* 回(めぐ)る因(いん)果(が) (meguru inga)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 因 | 果 |

### Noun

因果
* chữ Hán form of nhân quả (“karma, causality”).