# 波斯
## Chinese

* 波斯

### Etymology

Borrowed from Old Persian 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿 (Pārsa) (alternatively, from a Sogdian term); first used during the Northern Wei dynasty to refer to the Sasanian Empire.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Bōsī
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄛ ㄙ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): bo$^1$ si$^1$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): Pho-su / Pho-sir
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Bōsī
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄛ ㄙ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Bosih
*** Wade–Giles: Po$^1$-ssŭ$^1$
*** Yale: Bwō-sz̄
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Bosy
*** Palladius: Босы (Bosy)
*** Sinological IPA : /pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: bo$^1$ si$^1$
*** Yale: bō sī
*** Cantonese Pinyin: bo$^1$ si$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: bo$^1$ xi$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /pɔː⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Pho-su
*** Tâi-lô: Pho-su
*** Phofsit Daibuun: phoisw
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /pʰɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ su⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /pʰo⁴⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /pʰo⁴⁴⁻³³ su⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Pho-sir
*** Tâi-lô: Pho-sir
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /pʰo³³ sɯ³³/
* Middle Chinese: pa sje
Rime :
| Character | 波 | 斯 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 幫 (1) | 心 (16) |
| Final (韻) | 戈 (95) | 支 (11) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 博禾切 | 息移切 |
| Baxter | pa | sje |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /puɑ/ | /siᴇ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /puɑ/ | /siɛ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /puɑ/ | /sjɛ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /pwa/ | /siə̆/ |
| Li Rong | /puɑ/ | /sie/ |
| Wang Li | /puɑ/ | /sǐe/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /puɑ/ | /sie̯/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | bō | sī |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | bo$^1$ | si$^1$ |

### Proper noun

波斯
* (historical) Persia
    From: c. 551-554, 魏書 (Book of Wei) by Wei Shou, 卷一百二　列傳第九十　(西域) (Volume 102, Biographies 90: Western Regions)
    Bōsī guó, dōu Sùlì chéng, zài Niǔmì xī, gǔ Tiáozhī guó yě. [Pinyin]
    The state of Persia [Sasanian Empire]: its capital is Istakhr. It is located west of Niumi [in the Anxi Protectorate]. It was formerly the state of Tiaozhi [perhaps Seleucia].
    From: c. 728, 《往五天竺國傳》 (Account of the Journey to the Five Indias)
    Jí'è fēngsú, hūnyīn jiāozá. Nà mǔ jí zǐmèi wéi qī. Bōsī guó yì nà mǔ wéi qī. [Pinyin]
    An extremely evil custom [in these lands] is that their marriage practices are filthy. They take their mother and sisters as wives. In the country of Persia, they also take their mothers as wives.

#### Derived terms

* 波斯人 (Bōsīrén, “Persian (person)”)
* 波斯國 / 波斯国 (Bōsī Guó)
* 波斯地毯
* 波斯帝國 / 波斯帝国
* 波斯教
* 波斯灣 / 波斯湾 (Bōsī Wān, “Persian Gulf”)
* 波斯皁莢 / 波斯皂荚
* 波斯菊
* 波斯語 / 波斯语 (bōsīyǔ)
* 波斯貓 / 波斯猫 (bōsīmāo)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 波斯(はし) (Hashi)
* → Korean: 파사(波斯) (Pasa)
* → Vietnamese: Ba Tư (波斯)

#### See also

* 伊朗 (Yīlǎng)

#### References

* ↑ Schottenhammer, Angela (2016) “China's Gate to the Indian Ocean: Iranian and Arab Long-Distance Traders”, in Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies‎, volume 76, number 1, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 139–140

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 波 | 斯 |
| は Grade: 3 | し Jinmeiyō |
| on'yomi ||
From Middle Chinese 波斯 (MC pa sje), ultimately from Old Persian 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿 (Pārsa).
First cited to the Utsubo Monogatari of the late 900s.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ha̠ɕi]

#### Proper noun

波(は)斯(し) • (Hashi)
* [from late 900s] (archaic, possibly obsolete) Persia, especially ancient Persia

##### Usage notes

Usage might be restricted to contexts about ancient China.

##### Derived terms

* 波(は)斯(し)国(こく) (Hashikoku)
* 波(は)斯(し)匿(のく) (Hashinoku)
* 波(は)斯(し)匿(のく)王(おう) (Hashinokuō)

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 波 | 斯 |
| はるしゃ ||
| Grade: 3 | Jinmeiyō |
| jukujikun ||
Kanji in this term :
| 波 | 斯 |
| はるしあ ||
| Grade: 3 | Jinmeiyō |
| jukujikun ||
Borrowed from Dutch Perzië (“Persia”) during the Edo period.
First cited in 1708.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ha̠ɾɯ̟ɕa̠]

#### Proper noun

波斯(ハルシャ) or 波斯(ハルシア) • (Harusha or Harushia)
* [from 1708] (historical, Edo) Persia

##### Derived terms

* 波斯(ハルシャ)革(がわ) (Harusha-gawa)
* 波斯(ハルシャ)菊(ぎく) (Harusha-giku)

### Etymology 3

Kanji in this term :
| 波 | 斯 |
| ぺるしゃ Grade: 3 | ぺるしあ Jinmeiyō |
| jukujikun ||
Borrowed from English Persia.
First cited in 1839.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ぺるしゃ [péꜜrùshà] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [pe̞ɾɯ̟ɕa̠]

#### Proper noun

波斯(ペルシャ) or 波斯(ペルシア) • (Perusha or Perushia)
* [from 1839] Persia

##### Usage notes

* The kanji spelling 波斯 is uncommon in modern usage.
* Both forms ペルシャ (Perusha) and ペルシア (Perushia) are attested. The former is preferred in various resources.

### References

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 “波斯”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* 1 2 3 4 5 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 波 | 斯 |

### Proper noun

波斯
* chữ Hán form of Ba Tư.
** Persia
** (dated) Iran (a country in West Asia, in the Middle East)