# 壕

| 壕 | U+58D5, &#22741; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-58D5 |
| ← 壔 [U+58D4] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 壖 → [U+58D6] |

## Translingual
### Han character

壕 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+14, 17 strokes, cangjie input 土卜口人 (GYRO), four-corner 4013$_2$, composition ⿰土豪)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 241, character 12
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5559
* Dae Jaweon: page 481, character 2
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 497, character 5
* Unihan data for U+58D5

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 高 | *kaːw |
| 膏 | *kaːw, *kaːws |
| 篙 | *kaːw |
| 稿 | *kaːwʔ |
| 稾 | *kaːwʔ, *kʰaːws |
| 槁 | *kaːwʔ, *kʰaːwʔ |
| 縞 | *kaːwʔ, *kaːws |
| 暠 | *kaːwʔ |
| 槀 | *kaːwʔ |
| 藁 | *kaːwʔ |
| 燺 | *kʰaːwʔ |
| 薧 | *kʰaːwʔ, *kʰaːws, *qʰaːw |
| 犒 | *kʰaːws |
| 蒿 | *qʰaːw |
| 藃 | *qʰaːws, *qʰraːw, *qʰraw |
| 豪 | *ɡaːw |
| 毫 | *ɡaːw |
| 壕 | *ɡaːw |
| 濠 | *ɡaːw |
| 鎬 | *ɡaːwʔ |
| 滈 | *ɡaːwʔ, *qʰraːwɢ |
| 鄗 | *ɡaːwʔ, *kʰraːw, *qʰaːwɢ |
| 鰝 | *ɡaːwʔ, *qʰaːwɢ |
| 薃 | *ɡaːwʔ |
| 搞 | *kruːʔ |
| 敲 | *kʰraːw, *kʰraːws |
| 髇 | *qʰraːw |
| 嗃 | *qʰraːw, *qʰraːws, *qʰaːwɢ |
| 巐 | *kʰl'awʔ |
| 歊 | *qʰraw, *qʰoːwɢ |
| 謞 | *qʰaːwɢ, *qʰraːwɢ |
| 熇 | *qʰaːwɢ, *qʰoːwɢ, *qʰoːɡ |
| 碻 | *kʰraːwɢ |
| 塙 | *kʰraːwɢ |
| 毃 | *kʰraːwɢ |
| 翯 | *qʰraːwɢ, *ɡraːwɢ, *ɡoːwɢ |
| 瀥 | *qʰraːwɢ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡaːw) : semantic 土 (“earth; dirt”) + phonetic 豪 (OC *ɡaːw).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): háo (hao$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄠˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hou$^4$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hô / hô͘ / ô
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: háo
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄠˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: háo
*** Wade–Giles: hao$^2$
*** Yale: háu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: haur
*** Palladius: хао (xao)
*** Sinological IPA : /xɑʊ̯³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hou$^4$
*** Yale: hòuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hou$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hou$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /hou̯²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Zhangpu, Lukang, Sanxia, Taipei, Yilan, Tainan, Kaohsiung, Kinmen, Magong, Hsinchu, Taichung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hô
*** Tâi-lô: hô
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hooi
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ho¹³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Lukang, Taipei, Yilan, Kinmen): /ho²⁴/
*** IPA (Tainan): /hɤ²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɤ²³/
*** IPA (Zhangpu): /ho²¹³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hô͘
*** Tâi-lô: hôo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoo
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /hɔ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ô
*** Tâi-lô: ô
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ooi
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /o²⁴/
* hô/hô͘ - literary;
* ô - vernacular.
* Middle Chinese: haw
Rime :
| Character | 壕 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 豪 (89) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 胡刀切 |
| Baxter | haw |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦɑu/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦɑu/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣɑu/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦaw/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣɑu/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣɑu/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣɑu/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | háo |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hou$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡaːw/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 壕 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 3749 |
| Phonetic component | 高 |
| Rime group | 宵 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 豪 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡaːw/ |
| Notes | 同濠 |

### Definitions

壕
* moat; channel
* (military) trench
* (Internet slang) Alternative form of 土豪 (tǔháo)

### Compounds

* 城壕 (chéngháo)
* 塹壕 / 堑壕 (qiànháo)
* 壕溝 / 壕沟 (háogōu)
* 戰壕 / 战壕 (zhànháo)
* 防空壕 (fángkōngháo)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* moat, trench

#### Readings

* Go-on: ごう (gō)
* Kan-on: こう (kō)
* Kun: ほり (hori, 壕)

#### Compounds

* 掩壕(えんごう) (engō)
* 掩蔽壕(えんぺいごう) (enpeigō)
* 壕舎(ごうしゃ) (gōsha)
* 塹壕(ざんごう) (zangō)
* 散兵壕(さんぺいごう) (sanpeigō)
* 城壕(じょうごう) (jōgō)
* 待避壕(たいひごう) (taihigō)
* 防空壕(ぼうくうごう) (bōkūgō)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 壕
* ごう Jinmeiyō
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 壕 (háo).

#### Alternative forms

* 濠

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ごー [góꜜò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɡo̞ː]

#### Noun

壕(ごう) • (gō)
* moat, trench

##### Usage notes

濠 implies one with water, 壕 implies one without water.

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 壕
* ほり Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 掘る (horu, “to dig”).

#### Alternative forms

* 堀, 濠

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ほり [hòríꜜ] (Odaka – [2])
* IPA: [ho̞ɾʲi]

#### Noun

壕(ほり) • (hori)
* ditch, canal
* moat

##### Derived terms

* 内壕(うちぼり) (uchibori)
* 空壕(からぼり) (karabori)
* 城壕(しろぼり) (shirobori)
* 捨(す)て壕(ぼり) (sutebori)
* 外壕(そとぼり) (sotobori)

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

壕 • (ho) (hangeul 호, revised ho, McCune–Reischauer ho)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

壕: Hán Nôm readings: hào
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.