# 人生
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): rénshēng
    (Zhuyin): ㄖㄣˊ ㄕㄥ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jan$^4$ sang$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ngin$^3$ sang$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ngìn-sên
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): lîn-seng / lîn-sng / jîn-seng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): nang$^5$ sên$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$zen-sen
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: rénshēng
*** Zhuyin: ㄖㄣˊ ㄕㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: rénsheng
*** Wade–Giles: jên$^2$-shêng$^1$
*** Yale: rén-shēng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: rensheng
*** Palladius: жэньшэн (žɛnʹšɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʐən³⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$人生 人聲 / 人声
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jan$^4$ sang$^1$
*** Yale: yàhn sāng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jan$^4$ sang$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yen$^4$ seng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɐn²¹ sɐŋ⁵⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ngin$^3$ sang$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /ᵑɡin²² saŋ³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngìn-sên
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngin$^ˇ$ sen$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngin$^2$ sen$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋin¹¹ sen²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei, Kinmen, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lîn-seng
*** Tâi-lô: lîn-sing
*** Phofsit Daibuun: linsefng
*** IPA (Kinmen): /lin²⁴⁻¹² siɪŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /lin²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Singapore): /lin²⁴⁻²¹ seŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /lin²⁴⁻¹¹ siɪŋ⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lîn-sng
*** Tâi-lô: lîn-sng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: linsngf
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines): /lin²⁴⁻²² sŋ̍³³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jîn-seng
*** Tâi-lô: jîn-sing
*** Phofsit Daibuun: jinsefng
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡zin¹³⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /zin²³⁻³³ siɪŋ⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: nang$^5$ sên$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: nâng seⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /naŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sẽ³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$zen-sen
*** MiniDict: zen$^去$ sen
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$zen-sen
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zən²² sən⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: nyin sraeng|sraengH
Rime :
| Character | 人 | 生 | 生 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 日 (38) | 生 (21) | 生 (21) |
| Final (韻) | 眞 (43) | 庚 (109) | 庚 (109) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | II | II |
| Fanqie | 如鄰切 | 所庚切 | 所敬切 |
| Baxter | nyin | sraeng | sraengH |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ȵiɪn/ | /ʃˠæŋ/ | /ʃˠæŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ȵin/ | /ʃᵚaŋ/ | /ʃᵚaŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȵʑjen/ | /ʃaŋ/ | /ʃaŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ȵin/ | /ʂaɨjŋ/ | /ʂaɨjŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ȵiĕn/ | /ʃɐŋ/ | /ʃɐŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ȵʑĭĕn/ | /ʃɐŋ/ | /ʃɐŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȵʑi̯ĕn/ | /ʂɐŋ/ | /ʂɐŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | rén | shēng | shèng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jan$^4$ | sang$^1$ | sang$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ni[ŋ] sreŋ|sreŋ|sreŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*njin sʰleːŋ|sreŋs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 人 | 生 | 生 | 生 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | rén | shēng | shēng | shēng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ nyin › | ‹ sræng › | ‹ sræng › | ‹ srjæng › |
| Old Chinese | /*ni[ŋ]/ | /*sreŋ/ (MC srj- > sr-; or *s.reŋ ?) | /*sreŋ/ | /*sreŋ/ (or *s.reŋ ?) |
| English | (other) person | bear, be born; live | fresh, raw | bear, be born; live |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 人 | 生 | 生 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 10800 | 11312 | 11322 |
| Phonetic component | 人 | 生 | 生 |
| Rime group | 眞 | 耕 | 耕 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 仁 | 生 | 生 |
| Old Chinese | /*njin/ | /*sʰleːŋ/ | /*sreŋs/ |

### Noun

人生
* life (i.e. human life) (Classifier: 段 m)
    人生的真諦／人生的真谛 ― rénshēng de zhēndì ― the true meaning of life
    璀璨人生 ― cuǐcàn rénshēng ― splendid life
    人生道理 ― rénshēng dàolǐ ― philosophies of life
    懷疑人生／怀疑人生 ― huáiyí rénshēng ― to want to give up on life
    人生的十字路口 ― rénshēng de shízìlùkǒu ― crossroads of life
    科學的人生態度／科学的人生态度 ― kēxué de rénshēng tàidù ― scientific attitude to life
    人生嘅真諦／人生嘅真谛 [Cantonese] ― jan$^4$ sang$^1$ ge$^3$ zan$^1$ dai$^3$ [Jyutping] ― the true meaning of life
       Rénshēng yǒngyuǎn méiyǒu tài wǎn de kāishǐ. [Pinyin]
       No beginning has ever been proved to be too late.

#### Synonyms

* (literary) 人世 (rénshì)

#### Derived terms

* 人生一世，草生一秋
* 人生七十古來稀 / 人生七十古来稀 (rénshēng qīshí gǔlái xī)
* 人生不滿百，常懷千歲憂 / 人生不满百，常怀千岁忧
* 人生伴侶 / 人生伴侣 (rénshēng bànlǚ)
* 人生何處不相逢 / 人生何处不相逢 (rénshēng héchù bù xiāngféng)
* 人生在世
* 人生如夢 / 人生如梦 (rénshēngrúmèng)
* 人生如寄
* 人生如戲 / 人生如戏
* 人生如朝露
* 人生如萍
* 人生如風燈 / 人生如风灯
* 人生導師 / 人生导师 (rénshēng dǎoshī)
* 人生教練 / 人生教练 (rénshēng jiàoliàn)
* 人生朝露
* 人生無常 / 人生无常
* 人生自古誰無死 / 人生自古谁无死
* 人生觀 / 人生观 (rénshēngguān)
* 人生識字憂患始 / 人生识字忧患始 (rénshēng shízì yōuhuàn shǐ)
* 人生開口笑難逢 / 人生开口笑难逢
* 人生面不熟

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 人生(じんせい) (jinsei)
* → Korean: 인생(人生) (insaeng)
* → Vietnamese: nhân sinh (人生)

#### See also

* 生活 (shēnghuó)
* 生命 (shēngmìng)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 人 | 生 |
| じん Grade: 1 | せい Grade: 1 |
| on'yomi ||

### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 人生 (ȵiɪn ʃˠæŋ).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) じんせー [jíꜜǹsèè] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [d͡ʑĩɰ̃se̞ː]

### Noun

人(じん)生(せい) • (jinsei)
* life
    それが人生(じんせい)
       sore ga jinsei
       such is life
* Literally, person's past. Used when speaking about the former life of a dead person.

#### Usage notes

人生 is distinct from several other Japanese words that may also be translated to English as "life". In particular, it means "a person's narrative, experience, and/or accomplishments from birth to death". Compare the terms below, which may also be rendered as "life" in English:
* 生活 (seikatsu, “life”): Day-to-day life as it is experienced; lifestyle; one's usual activities, habits, and routines.
* 生存 (seizon, “life”): Action involved in staying alive, as in "signs of life".
* 命 (inochi, “life”): The state of being alive, an animating force, or life as a whole (from birth to death).
* 生命 (seimei, “life”): Biological life in general, particularly in scientific contexts.
* 存在 (sonzai, “life”): Being; either the state of existing or a thing that exists.
* 寿命 (jumyō, “life”): Lifespan or life expectancy.
* 残機 (zanki, “life”): A video-game life; a chance to play.
* 元気 (genki, “life”): Liveliness.

#### Derived terms

* 芸術(げいじゅつ)は長(なが)く人生(じんせい)は短(みじか)し (geijutsu wa nagaku jinsei wa mijikashi, “ars longa, vita brevis”)
* 人生意気(じんせいいき)に感(かん)ず (jinsei iki ni kanzu)
* 人生観(じんせいかん) (jinseikan)
* 人生訓(じんせいくん) (jinseikun)
* 人生劇場(じんせいげきじょう) (jinsei gekijō)
* 人生行路(じんせいこうろ) (jinsei kōro)
* 人生行路難(じんせいこうろかた)し (jinsei kōro katashi)
* 人生七十古来稀(じんせいしちじゅうこらいまれ)なり (jinsei shichijū korai marenari)
* 人生朝露(じんせいちょうろ)の如(ごと)し (jinsei chōro no gotoshi)
* 人生哲学(じんせいてつがく) (jinsei tetsugaku)
* 人生(じんせい)のための芸術(げいじゅつ) (jinsei no tame no geijutsu)
* 人生派(じんせいは) (jinseiha)
* 人生模様(じんせいもよう) (jinsei moyō)
* 人生論(じんせいろん) (jinseiron)
* 人生僅(じんせいわず)か五十年(ごじゅうねん) (jinsei wazuka gojūnen)
* 自然(しぜん)と人生(じんせい) (shizen to jinsei)
* 実人生(じつじんせい) (jitsujinsei)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
   * 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 人 | 生 |

### Noun

人生 • (insaeng) (hangeul 인생)
* hanja form of 인생 (“life”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 人 | 生 |

### Noun

人生
* chữ Hán form of nhân sinh (“life”).