# 同志
## Chinese
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “history of modern senses”)
Sense 2 was first appropriated by Sun Yat-sen in the early 20th century to describe his supporters, and later used by the Chinese Communist Party as an address for anyone.
Sense 4 was coined by the Hong Kong writer Mai Ke (迈克) in the 1980s. He explained that his use of this term for gay people to represent solidarity. Popularised since 1989 by the activist Edward Lam as part of the Chinese name for the Hong Kong Lesbian & Gay Film Festival (香港同志影展).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): tóngzhì
       (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨㄥˊ ㄓˋ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): тунзы (tunzɨ, I-II)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): tung$^4$ zi$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thùng-chṳ
* Eastern Min (BUC): dùng-cé
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): tông-chì
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$don-tsy
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tóngzhì
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄨㄥˊ ㄓˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tóngjhìh
*** Wade–Giles: tʻung$^2$-chih$^4$
*** Yale: túng-jr̀
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: torngjyh
*** Palladius: тунчжи (tunčži)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰʊŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$同志 同治 同質 / 同质 童稚
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: тунзы (tunzɨ, I-II)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰuŋ²⁴ t͡sz̩⁵¹/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: tung$^4$ zi$^3$
*** Yale: tùhng ji
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tung$^4$ dzi$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: tung$^4$ ji$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰʊŋ²¹ t͡siː³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thùng-chṳ
*** Hakka Romanization System: tung$^ˇ$ zii
*** Hagfa Pinyim: tung$^2$ zi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰuŋ¹¹ t͡sɨ⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: dùng-cé
*** Sinological IPA : /tuŋ⁵³⁻²¹ $^{(t͡s-)}$ʒɛi²¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tông-chì
*** Tâi-lô: tông-tsì
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dongcix
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡si²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡si⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡si²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡si¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡si²¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$don-tsy
*** MiniDict: don$^去$ tsy
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$don-tsr
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /doŋ²² t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

### Noun

同志
* someone sharing similar interests or aspirations; kindred spirit
    From: 416, Faxian（法顯）, 《佛國記》, translation based on H. A. Giles's version
    Fǎxiǎn, Dàozhěng chū dào Qíhuán jīngshè, niàn xī shìzūn zhù cǐ èrshíwǔ nián, zìshāng shēng zài biāndì, gòng zhūtóngzhì yóulì zhūguó, ér huò yǒu huán zhě, huò yǒu wúcháng zhě, jīnrì nǎi jiàn fó kōng chù, chuàngrán xīn bēi. [Pinyin]
    When Fâ-Hien and Tâo-Ching first arrived at the Jetavana monastery, and thought how the World-honoured one has formerly resided there for twenty-five years, painful reflections arose in their minds. Born in a borderland, along with their like-minded friends, they had travelled through so many kingdoms; some of those friends had returned (to their own land), and some had died, proving the impermanence and uncertainty of life; and today seeing the place where Buddha had lived now unoccupied, they were melancholy through their pain of heart.
    From: c. late 9th century to early 900s, Du Xunhe (杜荀鶴), 《寄詩友》
    Yǔ wǒ wéi tóngzhì, rú jūn néng jǐ rén. [Pinyin]
    You and I are kindred spirits. Like you how many can there be?
    From: Cao Xueqin, Dream of the Red Chamber, mid-18th century CE
    Lèdé yǔ èrsān tóngzhì, jiǔ yú fàn bǎo, yǔ xī dēng chuāng zhī xià, tóng xiāo jìmò. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* fellow member of a political party
** 1925, Wang Jingwei, Last Will and Testament of Sun Yat-sen‎:
       Xiànzài gémìng shàngwèi chénggōng, fán wǒ tóngzhì, wùxū yīzhào yú suǒ zhù “jiànguó fānglüè”, “jiànguó dàgāng”, “sānmínzhǔyì” jí “dìyī cì quánguó dàibiǎo dàhuì xuānyán”, jìxù nǔlì, yǐqiú guànchè. [Pinyin]
       The Revolution is yet successful, my every comrades shall continue to strive and implement my writings of Plan for National Reconstruction, State-building Outlines, Three Principles of the People and Declaration of the First National Representative Congress.
* (communism) comrade (Classifier: 個／个; 位; 名)
    領導同志／领导同志 ― lǐngdǎo tóngzhì ― leading comrade
    列寧同志／列宁同志 ― Lièníng tóngzhì ― Comrade Lenin
       Tóngzhì, qǐngwèn qù Rénmín Guǎngchǎng zěnme zǒu? [Pinyin]
       Hello, comrade. Could you please tell me how to get to the People's Square?
    From: 1962, Lü Shuxiang, 《关于“语言单位的同一性”等等》 [The Identity of Linguistic Units and Related Matters], in 《中国语文》, →ISSN
    Wǒmen zhèxiē fántǐzì chūshēn de rén huì bùjiǎsīsuǒ dì shuō “言” shì chángtǐ, “讠” shì biàntǐ. Dànshì jiǎntǐzì chūshēn de tóngzhì wèibì huì tóngyì. [Pinyin]
    Those of us who grew up with traditional Chinese characters will not hesitate to say that 言 (yán) is orthodox and that 讠 (yán) is a variant. But those comrades who grew up with simplified Chinese characters may not necessarily agree.
    From: 1995, 北京大学中文语言文学系语言学教研室, 《汉语方言词汇》, 2nd edition, 前言 (written in 1988)
    Yǔyánxué Jiàoyánshì Wáng Hóngjūn tóngzhì biānzhì le pǔtōnghuà yīnxù suǒyǐn. [Pinyin]
    Comrade Wang Hongjun of the Linguistics Teaching and Research Section compiled the Putonghua alphabetical index.
    From: 2013, 谢宝瑜, 《玫瑰坝》, page 752
    Guǒrán, cóngcǐ yǐhòu, qítā gōngzuòzǔ de tóngzhì zài yǔ dírén tūrán zāoyù shí jiù bùzài xiàng guòqù nàyàng jīnghuāngshīcuò le. [Pinyin]
    Sure enough, from then on, comrades in other working groups did not panic as before when they encounter enemies without notice.
* (neologism) homosexual; gay (Classifier: 個／个; 位; 名)
    From: 2003 November 19, 玉萍, 《做第三性，无怨无悔》, on 夏世莲, archived on Internet Archive
    Wǒ sìhū xiǎng biànxìng hòu, chéngwéi nǚ “tóngzhì”, ài biéde nǚxìng yě bèi biéde nǚxìng suǒ ài. Wǒ duì nánxìng de yīqiè dōu bù gǎnxìngqù. [Pinyin]
    It seems that, after my transition, I wanted to be a lesbian, to love other women and be loved by other women. I was not interested in anything male.
    From: 2009, 謝文宜 (Wen-Yi Shieh), 蕭英玲 (Ying-Ling Hsiao), 曾秀雲 (Hsiu-Yun Tseng), 台灣同志伴侶與夫妻關係品質之比較研究 (A Comparative Study of Relationship Quality of Same-sex Couples and Married Couples in Taiwan), 摘要 (Abstract), in 《輔導與諮商學報》 (The Archive of Guidance & Counseling), volume 31, issue 2
    Běn yánjiū cǎi lìyì qǔyàng, shòushìzhě niánlíng zài 20 zhì 45 suì zhījiān, zhēnduì huíshōu 90 wèi tóngzhì yǔ 128 wèi yǐhūnzhě de wènjuǎn jìnxíng bǐjiào fēnxī. [Pinyin]
    Purposeful sampling was applied. The participants ranged from 20 to 45 years old, and comparative analysis was based on responses from 90 same-sex partners and 128 married partners.
    From: 2012, 馬嘉蘭 (Fran Martin), 臺灣文學中的性越界, in 廖炳惠, 孫康宜, 王德威 (editors), 《臺灣及其脈絡》, page 329
    Tóngyàng shòudào huānyíng de, háiyǒu “Rè'ài” hé “Tǔgǒu” liǎng bù 90 niándài de tóngzhì zázhì, zhè liǎng bù zázhì dìngqī liánzǎi tóngzhì xiǎoshuō, pínglùn běntǔ jí zhōngyì xiǎoshuō, lìngwài yě kāndēng táiwān rénqì tóngzhì zuòjiā de duǎnpiān. [Pinyin]
    Also as popular were G & L and Together, two gay magazines from the 90s. These two magazines regularly published gay fiction in instalments, reviewed local and translated novels, and published short pieces by Taiwan's popular gay authors.
* (neologism) person of a non-mainstream sexuality or gender identity; LGBTI person; queer (Classifier: 個／个; 位; 名)
       Běijīng Tóngzhì Zhōngxīn [Pinyin]
       Beijing LGBT Center
    From: 2011, Vancouver School Board, 《性别变异和跨性别青少年父母和家人的疑问解答》 [Questions & Answers for Parents and Family Members of Gender Variant and Transgendered Youth (English)], page 14
    C.A.L.L. OUT! Yǔ Bēishī Shěng gèdì de jīgòu hézuò, ràng tóngxìngliàn, shuāngxìngliàn, kuàxìngbié, shuānglíngrén, tóngzhì, duì xìngqīngxiàng yǒu yíwèn de qīngshàonián hé tāmen de méngyǒu cānyǔ jiànkāng hé yǒu yìyì de huódòng, tígāo tāmen de lǐngdǎo nénglì hé shèqū liánxì. [Pinyin]
    C.A.L.L. Out! works with organizations across BC to engage Lesbian, Gay, Bi, Trans, Two-Spirit, Queer, Questioning and Allied youth in healthy, meaningful activities that increase their leadership capacity and connection to community.
    From: 2018, United Nations Development Programme, China Women's University, 《跨性别者性别认同的法律承认：中国相关法律和政策的评估报告》, page 37
    Chángdá 1 xiǎoshí de jiémù qiángjiā gěi Xiǎo Fāng de “bùnánbùnǚ” de biāoqiān hé xìngbié kèbǎn de guīxùn lìng tā hé tā de jiārén zāoshòu xiūrǔ, yě lìng tóngzhì shèqún fènnù de shēngtǎo zhège jiémù. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Derived terms

* 同志合道
* 同志天地
* 同志婚姻 (tóngzhì hūnyīn)
* 同志酒吧
* 女同 (nǚtóng)
* 女同志 (nǚtóngzhì)
* 男同 (nántóng)
* 男同志 (nántóngzhì)
* 直同志 (zhítóngzhì)
* 道同志合

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 同(どう)志(し) (dōshi)
* → Korean: 동지(同志) (dongji)
* → Vietnamese: đồng chí (同志)
Others:
* → Zhuang: dungzci

#### See also

* 達瓦里希 (dáwǎlǐxī)
* 耽美 (dānměi)
* 斷背／断背 (duànbèi)
* 拉拉 (lālā)
* 同性戀／同性恋 (tóngxìngliàn)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 同 | 志 |
| どう Grade: 2 | し Grade: 5 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) どーし [dóꜜòshì] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [do̞ːɕi]

### Noun

同(どう)志(し) • (dōshi)
* like-minded people, comrades in a general sense

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 同 | 志 |

### Noun

同志 • (dongji) (hangeul 동지)
* hanja form of 동지 (“comrade”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 同 | 志 |

### Noun

同志
* chữ Hán form of đồng chí (“comrade”).