# 石綿
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shímián
    (Zhuyin): ㄕˊ ㄇㄧㄢˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): sek$^6$ min$^4$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chio̍h-mî
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shímián
*** Zhuyin: ㄕˊ ㄇㄧㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shíhmián
*** Wade–Giles: shih$^2$-mien$^2$
*** Yale: shŕ-myán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyrmian
*** Palladius: шимянь (šimjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂʐ̩³⁵ mi̯ɛn³⁵/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$石棉 石綿 / 石绵
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: sek$^6$ min$^4$
*** Yale: sehk mìhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sek$^9$ min$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ség$^6$ min$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɛːk̚² miːn²¹/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$石棉 石綿 / 石绵
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chio̍h-mî
*** Tâi-lô: tsio̍h-mî
*** Phofsit Daibuun: cioiqmii
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ mĩ²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sio(ʔ)²⁴⁻² mĩ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sio(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ mĩ¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ mĩ²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡siɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ mĩ²³/

### Noun

石綿
* (chiefly Taiwan) Alternative form of 石棉 (shímián, “asbestos”)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 石 | 綿 |
| いし Grade: 1 | わた Grade: 5 |
| kun'yomi ||
Compound of 石 (ishi, “stone”) +‎ 綿 (wata, “cotton, batting”).
The first appearance of this term is unknown. The material was known in Japan at least as early as 1764, when Rangaku scholar Hiraga Gennai had asbestos cloth created based on Chinese techniques. However, he called this cloth 火浣布 (kakanpu, literally “fire + wash + cloth”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) いしわた [ìshíwátá] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [iɕiβ̞a̠ta̠]

#### Noun

石(いし)綿(わた) • (ishiwata)
* asbestos

##### Usage notes

When used as a standalone noun, the ishiwata reading appears to be more common.
When used in compounds, the sekimen reading appears to be more common.

##### Synonyms

* アスベスト (asubesuto)
* (dated) 石絨(せきじゅう) (sekijū)
* (dated) 温石棉(おんじゃくめん) (onjakumen)

##### Derived terms

* 石綿瓦(いしわたがわら) (ishiwatagawara): an asbestos roof tile, asbestos roofing

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 石 | 綿 |
| せき Grade: 1 | めん Grade: 5 |
| on'yomi ||
May be a borrowing from Middle Chinese compound 石綿 / 石绵 (dzyek miɛn, literally “stone + wool, cotton”). Compare modern Cantonese 石棉 (sek$^6$ min$^4$). (Can this etymology be sourced?)
Alternatively, may have been coined in Japan as a wasei kango (和製漢語) from Middle Chinese-derived elements as a compound of 石 (seki, “stone”) +‎ 綿 (men, “cotton, batting”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) せきめん [séꜜkìmèǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [se̞kʲimẽ̞ɴ]

#### Noun

石(せき)綿(めん) • (sekimen)
* asbestos

##### Usage notes

When used as a standalone noun, the ishiwata reading appears to be more common.
When used in compounds, the sekimen reading appears to be more common.

##### Synonyms

* アスベスト (asubesuto)
* 石絨(せきじゅう) (sekijū)
* 温石棉(おんじゃくめん) (onjakumen)

##### Derived terms

* 石綿糸(せきめんし) (sekimenshi): asbestos thread
* 石綿(せきめん)スレート (sekimen surēto): asbestos slate
* 石綿(せきめん)フェルト (sekimen feruto): asbestos felt

### References

* 1 2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN