# 拘る
## Japanese
### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 拘
* こだわ Grade: S
* kun'yomi
From こ (ko-, “a small thing: 小, 個”) +‎ たわる (tawaru, “to lose oneself in something, to obsess over something: 戯る, 狂る”). The tawaru changes to dawaru as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
Tawaru derives from the same tawa element in words such as 戯ける (tawakeru, “to mess around, to act crazy, to be nonsensical”) or 戯言 (tawagoto, “nonsense, crazy talk”), indicating "actions or state out of the ordinary: eccentricity, preposterousness, absurdity": tawa + auxiliary verb る (ru, indicating spontaneous or passive action).
Tawa may be the nominalized imperfective form of root verb たう (tau, “to stand up to pressure, to remain unchanged, to last; to be appropriate to a task, to have value: 堪う, 耐う, 勝う”), with the imperfective possibly indicating “not lasting: fickle, changing; not being appropriate, not having value”.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こだわる [kòdáwáꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [3])
* IPA: [ko̞da̠β̞a̠ɾɯ̟]
* Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「こだわる」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary :
| Stem forms ||||
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) | こだわる | こだわる | [kòdáwáꜜrù] |
| Imperative (命令形) | こだわれ | こだわれ | [kòdáwáꜜrè] |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | こだわられる | こだわられる | [kòdáwáráréꜜrù] |
| Causative | こだわらせる | こだわらせる | [kòdáwáráséꜜrù] |
| Potential | こだわれる | こだわれる | [kòdáwáréꜜrù] |
| Volitional | こだわろう | こだわろー | [kòdáwáróꜜò] |
| Negative | こだわらない | こだわらない | [kòdáwáráꜜnàì] |
| Negative perfective | こだわらなかった | こだわらなかった | [kòdáwáráꜜnàkàttà] |
| Formal | こだわります | こだわります | [kòdáwárímáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | こだわった | こだわった | [kòdáwáꜜttà] |
| Conjunctive | こだわって | こだわって | [kòdáwáꜜttè] |
| Hypothetical conditional | こだわれば | こだわれば | [kòdáwáꜜrèbà] |

#### Verb

拘(こだわ)る • (kodawaru) intransitive godan (stem 拘(こだわ)り (kodawari), past 拘(こだわ)った (kodawatta))
* to get hung up on something, to not proceed smoothly
    些細(ささい)なことに拘(こだわ)って納品(のうひん)が遅(おく)れた。
       Sasai na koto ni kodawatte nōhin ga okureta.
       He got hung up on minor details, and he was late delivering [the product].
* to be concerned over something that is not worth attention: to be overly fastidious or particular
    無視(むし)すればよいのに、どうして拘(こだわ)るの。
       Mushi sureba yoi no ni, dōshite kodawaru no.
       You should be ignoring that, so why are you worrying about it?
** 2014, Kimura Sōta, Terebi ga tsutaenai Kenpō no hanashi [What TV doesn’t say about the Constitution], page 191:
    そういう奇(き)妙(みょう)な拘(こだわ)りを持(も)つ人(ひと)が強(きょう)調(ちょう)するのは、決(き)まって、日(に)本(ほん)国(こく)憲(けん)法(ぽう)の制(せい)定(てい)経(けい)緯(い)である。
       Sō iu kimyō na kodawari o motsu hito ga kyōchō suru no wa, kimatte, Nihonkoku Kenpō no seitei keī de aru.
       People who have that strange fixation always emphasize, without fail, the process through which the Japanese Constitution was established.
* to nitpick about something
    メニューの言葉遣(ことばづか)いに拘(こだわ)り文句(もんく)を言(い)う
       menyū no kotobazukai ni kodawari monku o iu
       to nitpick and complain about the wording of the menu
* to take special care over something, to be particular (in a positive way)
    品質(ひんしつ)に拘(こだわ)る
       hinshitsu ni kodawaru
       to be careful about quality, to be particular about quality
** 2013 September 29, Matsuyama Iwao, “‘Bunshi no yūjō Yoshiyuki Junnosuke no koto nado’ Yasuoka Shōtarō cho tomo no kioku, bungaku e no kakugo [‘Bunshi no yūjō Yoshiyuki Junnosuke no koto nado’ by Yasuoka Shotaro: memories of a friend, determination toward literature]”, in Yomiuri Shimbun, page 13:
    だがその実(じつ)、記(き)憶(おく)を蘇(よみがえ)らせつつ、例(たと)えば吉(よし)行(ゆき)の初(しょ)期(き)短(たん)篇(ぺん)を再(さい)読(どく)する過(か)程(てい)で、安(やす)岡(おか)の小(しょう)説(せつ)への真(しん)摯(し)な拘(こだわ)りが明(あき)らかになる。
       Da ga sono jitsu, kioku o yomigaerase tsutsu, tatoeba Yoshiyuki no shoki tanpen o saidoku suru katei de, Yasuoka no shōsetsu e no shinshi na kodawari ga akiraka ni naru.
       But in fact, through this remembrance, for example in the process of rereading Yoshiyuki’s early short fiction, Yasuoka’s sincere commitment to the novel becomes clear.

##### Usage notes

This term is often spelled in hiragana.
Though intransitive, this verb usually takes an indirect object followed by the particle に (ni).
The positive connotations of sense 4 appear to be a more recent development. Some speakers and writers may caution against using the word this way.

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 拘ら | こだわら | kodawara |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 拘り | こだわり | kodawari |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 拘る | こだわる | kodawaru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 拘る | こだわる | kodawaru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 拘れ | こだわれ | kodaware |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 拘れ | こだわれ | kodaware |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 拘られる | こだわられる | kodawarareru |
| Causative | 拘らせる 拘らす | こだわらせる こだわらす | kodawaraseru kodawarasu |
| Potential | 拘れる | こだわれる | kodawareru |
| Volitional | 拘ろう | こだわろう | kodawarō |
| Negative | 拘らない | こだわらない | kodawaranai |
| Negative continuative | 拘らず | こだわらず | kodawarazu |
| Formal | 拘ります | こだわります | kodawarimasu |
| Perfective | 拘った | こだわった | kodawatta |
| Conjunctive | 拘って | こだわって | kodawatte |
| Hypothetical conditional | 拘れば | こだわれば | kodawareba |

##### Synonyms

* (negative: get stuck on, get hung up about): 拘泥(こうでい) (kōdei)
* (positive: be careful about): 極(きわ)める (kiwameru)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 拘
* かかわ Grade: S
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spellings
* 拘わる 関わる 係わる
Derived from the explicitly intransitive or passive form of root verb かかう (kakau, “to carry, to be carried: 抱う, 香う”): kakau > imperfective form kakawa + auxiliary verb る (ru, indicating spontaneous or passive action).
In turn, kakau derives from root verb かく (kaku, “to catch one thing atop another: 掛く, 懸く”): kaku > imperfective form kaka + auxiliary verb ふ (fu, indicating repetition or ongoing state: modern verb ending う u).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かかわる [kàkáwáꜜrù] (Nakadaka –)
* (Tokyo) かかわる [kàkáwárú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ka̠ka̠β̞a̠ɾɯ̟]
* Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「係わる」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary :
| Stem forms ||||
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) | 係わる | かかわる | [kàkáwáꜜrù] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 係われ | かかわれ | [kàkáwáꜜrè] |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 係わられる | かかわられる | [kàkáwáráréꜜrù] |
| Causative | 係わらせる | かかわらせる | [kàkáwáráséꜜrù] |
| Potential | 係われる | かかわれる | [kàkáwáréꜜrù] |
| Volitional | 係わろう | かかわろー | [kàkáwáróꜜò] |
| Negative | 係わらない | かかわらない | [kàkáwáráꜜnàì] |
| Negative perfective | 係わらなかった | かかわらなかった | [kàkáwáráꜜnàkàttà] |
| Formal | 係わります | かかわります | [kàkáwárímáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 係わった | かかわった | [kàkáwáꜜttà] |
| Conjunctive | 係わって | かかわって | [kàkáwáꜜttè] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 係われば | かかわれば | [kàkáwáꜜrèbà] |

#### Verb

拘(かかわ)る • (kakawaru) intransitive godan (stem 拘(かかわ)り (kakawari), past 拘(かかわ)った (kakawatta))
* to be in relation to, to be relevant to, to be involved in
    その事件(じけん)にかかわっていません。
       Sono jiken ni kakawatte imasen.
       I was not involved in that incident.
* to be involved in a negative way: to meddle, to interfere
    家族(かぞく)の件(けん)ですのでかかわらない方(ほう)が良(い)いです。
       Kazoku no ken desu node kakawaranai hō ga ii desu.
       It's a family affair, so it would be best not to interfere.
* to have a substantial effect on something, to endanger something
    命(いのち)にかかわること
       inochi ni kakawaru koto
       a matter of life and death
    名誉(めいよ)にかかわる問題(もんだい)
       meiyo ni kakawaru mondai
       a problem affecting / impinging upon one's honor
* to get hung up on something
    こんな平凡(へいぼん)なことになぜかかわるのか。
       Konna heibon na koto ni naze kakawaru no ka.
       Why are you getting hung up on / why are you worrying over such a humdrum issue?

##### Usage notes

Usually written in hiragana. When written in kanji, sense 4, “to get hung up on something,” is generally written as 拘る or 拘わる, with the other senses written as 関わる or 係わる.
Though intransitive, this verb usually takes an indirect object followed by the particle に (ni).

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 拘ら | かかわら | kakawara |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 拘り | かかわり | kakawari |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 拘る | かかわる | kakawaru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 拘る | かかわる | kakawaru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 拘れ | かかわれ | kakaware |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 拘れ | かかわれ | kakaware |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 拘られる | かかわられる | kakawarareru |
| Causative | 拘らせる 拘らす | かかわらせる かかわらす | kakawaraseru kakawarasu |
| Potential | 拘れる | かかわれる | kakawareru |
| Volitional | 拘ろう | かかわろう | kakawarō |
| Negative | 拘らない | かかわらない | kakawaranai |
| Negative continuative | 拘らず | かかわらず | kakawarazu |
| Formal | 拘ります | かかわります | kakawarimasu |
| Perfective | 拘った | かかわった | kakawatta |
| Conjunctive | 拘って | かかわって | kakawatte |
| Hypothetical conditional | 拘れば | かかわれば | kakawareba |

##### Synonyms

* (be related to, be relevant to): 関係(かんけい) (kankei)
* (to affect): 影響(えいきょう)する (eikyō suru)
* (to endanger): 危(あや)うくする (ayauku suru)
* (to meddle): 干渉(かんしょう)する (kanshō suru)
* (get stuck on, get hung up about): 拘泥(こうでい)する (kōdei suru)

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN