# عبد
## Arabic

* Root
* ع ب د (ʕ b d)
* 9 terms

### Etymology 1.1

A Central Semitic innovation, cognate with Hebrew עֶבֶד (ʿéḇeḏ), Phoenician 𐤏𐤁𐤃 (ʿbd), Ugaritic 𐎓𐎁𐎄 (ʿbd), Classical Syriac ܥܒܕܐ (ʿaḇdā), Old South Arabian 𐩲𐩨𐩵 (ʿbd).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʕabd/

#### Noun

عَبْد • (ʕabd) m (plural عَبِيد (ʕabīd) or عِبَاد (ʕibād) or عُبْدَان (ʕubdān) or أَعْبُد (ʔaʕbud), feminine أَمَة (ʔama))
* a person who is under the ownership of another, a slave, a bondservant
    Synonyms: (dated) مَوْلَى (mawlā, “servant”), رَقِيق (raqīq, “slave”)
    Coordinate terms: (dated) مَوْلَى (mawlā, “overlord”), رَبّ (rabb, “lord”), سَيِّد (sayyid, “master”)
** 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 24:32:وَأَنْكِحُوا ٱلْأَيَامَى مِنْكُمْ وَٱلصَّالِحِينَ مِنْ عِبَادِكُمْ وَإِمَائِكُمْ إِنْ يَكُونُوا فُقَرَاءَ يُغْنِهِمُ ٱللَّهُ مِنْ فَضْلِهِ وَٱللَّهُ وَاسِعٌ عَلِيمٌwaʔankiḥū l-ʔayāmā minkum waṣ-ṣāliḥīna min ʕibādikum waʔimāʔikum ʔin yakūnū fuqarāʔa yuḡnihimu l-lahu min faḍlihi wal-lahu wāsiʕun ʕalīmunAnd marry the unmarried among you and the righteous among your male slaves and female slaves. If they should be poor, Allah will enrich them from His bounty, and Allah is all-Encompassing and Knowing
** (Can we date this quote?), عَميرة بن جُعَل التَّغْلِبيّ, (Please provide the book title or journal name):جَمَعْتُ رُدَيْنِيًّا كَأَنَّ سِنَانَهُ / سَنَا لَهَبٍ لَمْ يَسْتَعِنْ بِدُخَانِ لَيَالِيَ إِذْ أَنْتُمْ لِرَهْطِيَ أَعْبُدٌ / بِرَمَّانَ لَمَّا أَجْدَبَ ٱلحَرَمَانِjamaʕtu rudayniyyan kaʔanna sinānahu / sanā lahabin lam yastaʕin biduḵāni layāliya ʔiḏ ʔantum lirahṭiya ʔaʕbudun / birammāna lammā ʔajdaba l-ḥaramāniI held up my Rudayni spear, its teeth like splendid, smokeless flames For nights, you were bondsmen for my troop, in Ramān, when the Sanctuaries dried.
** someone resembling, likened to, or related to a slave (as in status, worth, condition, and so on)
*** (Can we date this quote?), اَلْمُتَنَبِّيّ, (Please provide the book title or journal name):أَكُلَّمَا ٱغْتَالَ عَبْدُ السَّوْءِ سَيِّدَهُ / أَوْ خَانَهُ فَلَهُ فِي مِصْرَ تَمْهِيدُ صَارَ الْخَصِيُّ إِمَامَ الْآبِقِينَ بِهَا / فَٱلْحُرُّ مُسْتَعْبَدٌ وَٱلْعَبْدُ مَعْبُودُ نَامَتْ نَوَاطِيرُ مِصْرٍ عَنْ ثَعَالِبِهَا / فَقَدْ بَشِمْنَ وَمَا تَفْنَى العَنَاقِيدُ الْعَبْدُ لَيْسَ لِحُرٍّ صَالِحٍ بِأَخٍ / لَوْ أَنَّهُ فِي ثِيَابِ الْحُرِّ مَوْلُودُ لَا تَشْتَرِ الْعَبْدَ إِلَّا وَٱلْعَصَا مَعَهُ / إِنَّ الْعَبِيدَ لَأَنْجَاسٌ مَنَاكِيدُ مَا كُنْتُ أَحْسَبُنِي أَحْيَا إِلَى زَمَنٍ / يُسِيءُ بِي فِيهِ كَلْبٌ وَهْوَ مَحْمُودُʔakullamā ḡtāla ʕabdu s-sawʔi sayyidahu / ʔaw ḵānahu falahu fī miṣra tamhīdu ṣāra l-ḵaṣiyyu ʔimāma l-ʔābiqīna bihā / fal-ḥurru mustaʕbadun wal-ʕabdu maʕbūdu nāmat nawāṭīru miṣrin ʕan ṯaʕālibihā / faqad bašimna wamā tafnā l-ʕanāqīdu al-ʕabdu laysa liḥurrin ṣāliḥin biʔaḵin / law ʔannahu fī ṯiyābi l-ḥurri mawlūdu lā taštari l-ʕabda ʔillā wal-ʕaṣā maʕahu / ʔinna l-ʕabīda laʔanjāsun manākīdu mā kuntu ʔaḥsabunī ʔaḥyā ʔilā zamanin / yusīʔu bī fīhi kalbun wahwa maḥmūduCan any fiendish slave who slew or stabbed his master find in Egypt refuge, there to be advanced? The Castrate King became the Chief of Runaways! The servants are revered; the freeman is disgraced! The Egyptian shepherds, they all are now asleep, and foxes roam, and all were drowsed with endless grapes! A freeman and a slave are neither peers nor brothers, though the slave may be in freemen's clothing raised. Never pay for any slave without the stick too: a slave, to noble men, is foul, and vile, and damned! I never thought that I would live and see a dog degrading me while he himself is hailed and praised!
* (vulgar, ethnic slur, offensive, colloquial) term of abuse for a black person, equivalent to English nigger

##### Derived terms

* عَبْد الرَّحْمٰن (ʕabd ar-raḥmān)
* عَبْد اللَّٰه (ʕabd allāh)
* عَبْد النَّاصِر (ʕabd an-nāṣir)

##### Descendants

* Libyan Arabic: عبد (ʕabəd)
* Maltese: għabd (obsolete, chiefly in names), għabid (obsolete, from the plural عَبِيد (ʕabīd))
* South Levantine Arabic: عبد (ʕabad)
* → English: abid
* → Malay: abdi, abid
** Indonesian: abdi, abid
* → Maranao: abdo
* → Ottoman Turkish: عبد (abd)
** Turkish: abit
* → Persian: عبد ('abd)
* → Sundanese: abdi
* → Tajik: абд (abd)

### Etymology 1.2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʕa.ba.da/

#### Verb

عَبَدَ • (ʕabada) I (non-past يَعْبُدُ (yaʕbudu), verbal noun عِبَادَة (ʕibāda) or عُبُودَة (ʕubūda) or عُبُودِيَّة (ʕubūdiyya))
* to worship, to serve, to be devoted to; to venerate or adore in a subservient manner

##### Descendants

* Maltese: għabad (obsolete)

### Etymology 1.3
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʕab.ba.da/

#### Verb

عَبَّدَ • (ʕabbada) II (non-past يُعَبِّدُ (yuʕabbidu), verbal noun تَعْبِيد (taʕbīd))
* to enslave, to subjugate, to subject
** 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 26:22:وَتِلْكَ نِعْمَةٌ تَمُنُّهَا عَلَيَّ أَنْ عَبَّدْتَ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَwatilka niʕmatun tamunnuhā ʕalayya ʔan ʕabbadta banī ʔisrāʔīla(please add an English translation of this quotation)

##### Descendants

* → Swahili: abada

### References

* Wehr, Hans (1979) “عبد”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN

## Libyan Arabic

* Root
* ع ب د
* 1 term

### Noun

عبد (ʕabd) m (plural عبيد (ʕbīd) or عبدّة (ʕbədda))
* slave

### Noun

عبد (ʕabd) m (plural عبيد (ʕbīd))
* (derogatory, ethnic slur) black man

### Verb

عبد (ʕbad) I
* to worship

## Malay
### Proper noun

عبد
* Jawi spelling of Abdul‎.

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic عَبْد (ʕabd).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ʔaβð]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʔäbd̪]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʔäbd̪]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [ʔäbd̪]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [ʔäbd̪̥]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [ʔæbd̪̥]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [ʔäbd̪]

### Noun

| Dari | عبد |
| Iranian Persian | عبد |
| Tajik | абд |
عَبْد • ('abd) (plural عباد)
* slave
* servant

#### Synonyms

* بَنْدِه (bande)
* غُلام (ğolâm)

## South Levantine Arabic

* Root
* ع ب د
* 1 term

### Etymology 1

From Arabic عَبَدَ (ʕabada).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʕa.bad/, [ˈʕa.bad]
* Audio (al-Lidd):(file)

#### Verb

عبد • (ʕabad) I (present بعبد (boʕbod))
* to worship

##### Conjugation

Conjugation of عبد (ʕabad) :
| | | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural |
| | | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person |
| past | m | عبدت (ʕabadt) | عبدت (ʕabadt) | عبد (ʕabad) | عبدنا (ʕabadna) | عبدتو (ʕabadtu) | عبدو (ʕabadu) |
| past | f | عبدت (ʕabadt) | عبدتي (ʕabadti) | عبدت (ʕabdat) | عبدنا (ʕabadna) | عبدتو (ʕabadtu) | عبدو (ʕabadu) |
| present | m | بعبد (baʕbod) | بتعبد (btoʕbod) | بعبد (boʕbod) | منعبد (mnoʕbod) | بتعبدو (btoʕbodu) | بعبدو (boʕbodu) |
| present | f | بعبد (baʕbod) | بتعبدي (btoʕbodi) | بتعبد (btoʕbod) | منعبد (mnoʕbod) | بتعبدو (btoʕbodu) | بعبدو (boʕbodu) |
| subjunctive | m | أعبد (ʔaʕbod) | تعبد (toʕbod) | يعبد (yoʕbod) | نعبد (noʕbod) | تعبدو (toʕbodu) | يعبدو (yoʕbodu) |
| subjunctive | f | أعبد (ʔaʕbod) | تعبدي (toʕbodi) | تعبد (toʕbod) | نعبد (noʕbod) | تعبدو (toʕbodu) | يعبدو (yoʕbodu) |
| imperative | m | | اعبد (oʕbod) | | | اعبدو (oʕbodu) | |
| imperative | f | | اعبدي (oʕbodi) | | | اعبدو (oʕbodu) | |

### Etymology 2

Learned borrowing from Arabic عَبَّدَ (ʕabbada).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʕab.bad/, [ˈʕab.bad]
* Audio (al-Lidd):(file)

#### Verb

عبّد • (ʕabbad) II (present بعبّد (biʕabbed))
* to pave
    Synonym: زفّت (zaffat)

##### Conjugation

Conjugation of عبّد (ʕabbad) :
| | | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural |
| | | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person |
| past | m | عبّدت (ʕabbadt) | عبّدت (ʕabbadt) | عبّد (ʕabbad) | عبّدنا (ʕabbadna) | عبّدتو (ʕabbadtu) | عبّدو (ʕabbadu) |
| past | f | عبّدت (ʕabbadt) | عبّدتي (ʕabbadti) | عبّدت (ʕabbadat) | عبّدنا (ʕabbadna) | عبّدتو (ʕabbadtu) | عبّدو (ʕabbadu) |
| present | m | بعبّد (baʕabbed) | بتعبّد (bitʕabbed) | بعبّد (biʕabbed) | منعبّد (minʕabbed) | بتعبّدو (bitʕabbdu) | بعبّدو (biʕabbdu) |
| present | f | بعبّد (baʕabbed) | بتعبّدي (bitʕabbdi) | بتعبّد (bitʕabbed) | منعبّد (minʕabbed) | بتعبّدو (bitʕabbdu) | بعبّدو (biʕabbdu) |
| subjunctive | m | اعبّد (aʕabbed) | تعبّد (tʕabbed) | يعبّد (yʕabbed) | نعبّد (nʕabbed) | تعبّدو (tʕabbdu) | يعبّدو (yʕabbdu) |
| subjunctive | f | اعبّد (aʕabbed) | تعبّدي (tʕabbdi) | تعبّد (tʕabbed) | نعبّد (nʕabbed) | تعبّدو (tʕabbdu) | يعبّدو (yʕabbdu) |
| imperative | m | | عبّد (ʕabbed) | | | عبّدو (ʕabbdu) | |
| imperative | f | | عبّدي (ʕabbdi) | | | عبّدو (ʕabbdu) | |