# sumu
## English
### Etymology

From Mandarin 蘇木 / 苏木 (sūmù), from Mongolian ᠰᠤᠮᠤ (sumu), from Manchu ᠨᡳᡵᡠ (niru, “a large arrow, militia company, district”). Ultimately from Proto-Mongolic *sumun (“arrow”).

### Noun

sumu (plural sumu or sumus)
* Alternative form of sum (“Mongolian administrative division”), sometimes used in relation to Inner Mongolia.

### Anagrams

* USUM, umus

## Dongxiang
### Etymology

From Proto-Mongolic *sumun, compare Mongolian сум (sum).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /suˈmu/

### Noun

sumu
* arrow

## Estonian
### Etymology

From Finnish sumu.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsumu/, [ˈsumu]
* Rhymes: -umu
* Hyphenation: su‧mu

### Noun

sumu (genitive sumu, partitive sumu)
* haze, mist
    Synonym: udu

#### Derived terms

* sumune

### References

* sumu in Sõnaveeb (Eesti Keele Instituut)
* “sumu”, in [EKSS] Eesti keele seletav sõnaraamat [Descriptive Dictionary of the Estonian Language] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2009

## Finnish
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *sumu. Related to sumea, Ingrian sumu, Karelian sumu, Veps sumeg. Possible non-Balto-Finnic cognates include Northern Sami sopmu (probably borrowed from Finnic) and Erzya сув (suv).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsumu/, [ˈs̠umu]
* Rhymes: -umu
* Hyphenation: su‧mu

### Noun

sumu
* fog, mist
* (astronomy) nebula

#### Usage notes

* The words sumu, usva and utu all describe "water vapor lightly suspended near the ground", but – strictly speaking – at different degrees. However, they may often be used synonymously with no discretion.
** Utu describes very light vapor near the ground, especially that occurring in the morning and therefore it is translated usually as "mist" or "haze".
** Usva describes a bit thicker vapor than utu near the ground, especially when considering the water travelling conditions. Therefore, it is translated usually as "mist", "haze" or "fog".
** Sumu describes very thick vapor obscuring the visibility near the ground and thus, it is translated usually as "mist" or "fog".

#### Declension

Possessive forms of sumu (Kotus type 1/valo, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
sumuni
sumuni
accusative
nom.
sumuni
sumuni
gen.
sumuni
genitive
sumuni
sumujeni
partitive
sumuani
sumujani
inessive
sumussani
sumuissani
elative
sumustani
sumuistani
illative
sumuuni
sumuihini
adessive
sumullani
sumuillani
ablative
sumultani
sumuiltani
allative
sumulleni
sumuilleni
essive
sumunani
sumuinani
translative
sumukseni
sumuikseni
abessive
sumuttani
sumuittani
instructive
comitative
—sumuineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
sumusi
sumusi
accusative
nom.
sumusi
sumusi
gen.
sumusi
genitive
sumusi
sumujesi
partitive
sumuasi
sumujasi
inessive
sumussasi
sumuissasi
elative
sumustasi
sumuistasi
illative
sumuusi
sumuihisi
adessive
sumullasi
sumuillasi
ablative
sumultasi
sumuiltasi
allative
sumullesi
sumuillesi
essive
sumunasi
sumuinasi
translative
sumuksesi
sumuiksesi
abessive
sumuttasi
sumuittasi
instructive
comitative
—sumuinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
sumumme
sumumme
accusative
nom.
sumumme
sumumme
gen.
sumumme
genitive
sumumme
sumujemme
partitive
sumuamme
sumujamme
inessive
sumussamme
sumuissamme
elative
sumustamme
sumuistamme
illative
sumuumme
sumuihimme
adessive
sumullamme
sumuillamme
ablative
sumultamme
sumuiltamme
allative
sumullemme
sumuillemme
essive
sumunamme
sumuinamme
translative
sumuksemme
sumuiksemme
abessive
sumuttamme
sumuittamme
instructive
comitative
—sumuinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
sumunne
sumunne
accusative
nom.
sumunne
sumunne
gen.
sumunne
genitive
sumunne
sumujenne
partitive
sumuanne
sumujanne
inessive
sumussanne
sumuissanne
elative
sumustanne
sumuistanne
illative
sumuunne
sumuihinne
adessive
sumullanne
sumuillanne
ablative
sumultanne
sumuiltanne
allative
sumullenne
sumuillenne
essive
sumunanne
sumuinanne
translative
sumuksenne
sumuiksenne
abessive
sumuttanne
sumuittanne
instructive
comitative
—sumuinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
sumunsa
sumunsa
accusative
nom.
sumunsa
sumunsa
gen.
sumunsa
genitive
sumunsa
sumujensa
partitive
sumuaan sumuansa
sumujaan sumujansa
inessive
sumussaan sumussansa
sumuissaan sumuissansa
elative
sumustaan sumustansa
sumuistaan sumuistansa
illative
sumuunsa
sumuihinsa
adessive
sumullaan sumullansa
sumuillaan sumuillansa
ablative
sumultaan sumultansa
sumuiltaan sumuiltansa
allative
sumulleen sumullensa
sumuilleen sumuillensa
essive
sumunaan sumunansa
sumuinaan sumuinansa
translative
sumukseen sumuksensa
sumuikseen sumuiksensa
abessive
sumuttaan sumuttansa
sumuittaan sumuittansa
instructive
comitative
—sumuineen sumuinensa :

#### Derived terms

* aamusumu
* aivosumu
* emissiosumu
* haihtumissumu
* heijastussumu
* hernerokkasumu
* höyrysumu
* jääsumu
* kaasusumu
* kierteissumu
* kissansilmäsumu
* kyynelsumu
* merisumu
* Orionin sumu
* planetaarinen sumu
* rengassumu
* savusumu
* sekoitussumu
* siirtymäsumu
* Sumiainen
* sumuaine
* sumuharso
* sumuinen
* sumukammio
* sumukuivaus
* sumumainen
* sumumerkki
* sumupaalu
* sumupeite
* sumupilvi
* sumupisara
* sumusireeni
* sumusuihku
* sumuta
* sumutorvi
* sumuttaa
* sumuvaippa
* sumuvalo
* sumuvarjo
* sumuverho
* säteilysumu
* tähtisumu

### References

* ↑ Itkonen, Erkki, Kulonen, Ulla-Maija, editors (1992–2000), Suomen sanojen alkuperä [The origin of Finnish words]‎ (in Finnish) (online version; note: also includes other etymological sources; this source is labeled "SSA 1992–2000"), Helsinki: Institute for the Languages of Finland/Finnish Literature Society, →ISBN

### Further reading

* “sumu”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

### Anagrams

* musu

## Ingrian
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *sumu. Cognates include Finnish sumu and Livvi sumu.

### Pronunciation

* (Ala-Laukaa) IPA: /ˈsumu/, [ˈs̠umu]
* (Soikkola) IPA: /ˈsumu/, [ˈʃumu]
* Rhymes: -umu
* Hyphenation: su‧mu
* Homophone: šumu

### Noun

sumu
* Synonym of tomakka

#### Declension
### References

* Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 550

## Japanese
### Romanization

sumu
* Rōmaji transcription of すむ

## Old English
### Pronoun

sumu
* inflection of sum:
** feminine nominative singular
** neuter nominative/accusative plural

## Swahili
### Etymology

From Arabic سُمّ (summ).

### Pronunciation

* Audio (Kenya):(file)

### Noun

sumu class IX (plural sumu class X)
* poison
* venom

#### Descendants

* → Kikuyu: thumu

## Ternate
### Etymology

Likely through Proto-Ternate-Tidore, from Malay sumur or Javanese ꦱꦸꦩꦸꦂ (sumur), both from Old Javanese sumur.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsu.mu/

### Noun

sumu
* a well

#### Descendants

* → Galela: sumu
* → Loloda: sumu
* → Tobelo: humu (Heleworuru, Boeng)
* → Pagu: sumu
* → Tabaru: sumu

### References

* Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

## Yakan
### Adverb

sumu
* tomorrow