# kulak
## English
### Alternative forms

* koulak, kulack, Kulak

### Etymology

1877. From Russian кула́к (kulák, “wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person”), plural кулаки́ (kulakí). Compare also Russian раскула́чивание (raskuláčivanije, “dekulakization”), подкула́чник (podkuláčnik, “subkulak”).

### Pronunciation

* (UK) IPA: /ˈkuːlak/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* (US) IPA: /ˈkulæk/

### Noun

kulak (plural kulaks or kulaki)
* (historical) A prosperous peasant in the Russian Empire or the Soviet Union, who owned land and could hire workers.
** 2002 Sep, Christopher Hitchens, “Martin Amis: Lightness at Midnight”, in The Atlantic:The “internal organs,” as the CHEKA and the GPU and the KGB used to style themselves, were asked to police the mind for heresy as much as to torture kulaks to relinquish the food they withheld from the cities.
** 2015 February 6, Nick Gillespie, “To the Barricades, Brooklyn Yuppies!”, in The Dailey Beast‎, retrieved 20150206:We are the “upper middle class”, the new kulaks whose antisocial self-interest and lack of submission to the aims of the revolutionary vanguard must be extinguished.

#### Usage notes

During Soviet state collectivization of farming in the 1920s and 1930s the label kulak, implying “tight-fisted”, was applied pejoratively to land-owning peasants in general.

#### Quotations

* For quotations using this term, see Citations:kulak.

#### Synonyms

* kurkul

#### Hypernyms

* employer  [⇒ thesaurus]
* landlord
* petit bourgeois

#### Derived terms

* anarcho-kulak
* kulakism
* kulakize, kulakise
* kulakisation, kulakization
* dekulakise, de-kulakise, dekulakize, de-kulakize
* dekulakisation, de-kulakisation, dekulakization, de-kulakization
* self-dekulakisation, self-dekulakization
* subkulak

#### Translations
### References

Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary: Tenth Edition 1997

### Anagrams

* Kukla, Kulka

## Czech
### Etymology

Borrowed from Russian кула́к (kulák, “wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈkulak]
* Rhymes: -ulak
* Hyphenation: ku‧lak

### Noun

kulak m anim
* (historical, derogatory) kulak, a prosperous peasant marked as an enemy of the people by the communist regime, especially in the time of forced collectivization (e. g. in Czechoslovakia 1948–cca 1960)
** 2003, Jaroslav Čejka, Lidé, čas a zvířata‎, Praha: Baronet, →ISBN, page 144:Pan Kubrycht byl prý původně bohatý sedlák, čili – jak se v padesátých letech říkalo – kulak, kterého vyhnali z jeho statku.People say that Mr. Kubrycht was originally a rich farmer, or – as it was said in 1950s – a kulak, who was forced to leave his farm.

#### Derived terms

* dekulakizace
* kulacký
* kulačka
* rozkulačení
* rozkulačený
* rozkulačit
* rozkulačovaný
* rozkulačovat
* rozkulačování

### Further reading

* “kulak”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “kulak”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* “kulak”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech)

### Anagrams

* kalku
* klaku
* kluka
* kukal
* kukla
* kulka

## Italian
### Alternative forms

* culaco (uncommon)

### Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from Russian кула́к (kulák, “wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kuˈlak/
* Rhymes: -ak
* Hyphenation: ku‧làk

### Noun

kulak m (plural kulaki)
* (historical) kulak (prosperous peasant in Russia)

### Further reading

* kulak in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Noun

kulak m (definite singular kulaken, indefinite plural kulaker, definite plural kulakene)
* form removed with the spelling reform of 2005; superseded by kulakk

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Noun

kulak m (definite singular kulaken, indefinite plural kulakar, definite plural kulakane)
* (pre-2005) alternative form of kulakk

## Portuguese
### Noun

kulak m (plural kulaks)
* (historical) kulak (prosperous peasant in Russia)

## Turkish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ku.ˈɫɑk/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: ku‧lak

### Etymology 1

From Ottoman Turkish قولاق (qulaq, “ear”), Old Anatolian Turkish قلاق (qulaq, “ear”), from Proto-Turkic *kulkak (“ear”). Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰸𐰆𐰞𐰴𐰴 (q̊¹ul¹qq /⁠qulqaq⁠/). A possible cognate with Finnish kuulla

#### Noun

kulak (definite accusative kulağı, plural kulaklar)
* (anatomy) ear

##### Derived terms

* dış kulak
* iç kulak
* kulağakaçan
* kulak altı bezi
* kulak arkası etmek
* kulak asmak
* kulak demiri
* kulak dolgunluğu
* kulak erimi
* kulak kabartmak
* kulak kanalı
* kulak kemiği
* kulak kepçesi
* kulak kesilmek
* kulak kıvırmak
* kulak kulağa
* kulak memesi
* kulak misafiri
* kulak sadakası
* kulak tıkamak
* kulak tırmalamak
* kulak tutmak
* kulak zarı
* kulakçı
* kulakdavulu
* kulaklı
* kulaklık
* kulaksız
* kuzukulağı
* orta kulak

### Etymology 2

From Russian кула́к (kulák).

#### Noun

kulak (definite accusative kulağı, plural kulaklar)
* kulak

### References

* ↑ 1799, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 4, p. 495
* ↑ 1971, etimológiai szótár, p. 254
* ↑ 1981, Urwörter der Menschheit: eine Archäologie der Sprache, p. 59