# 蝦夷
## Chinese

* 蝦夷

### Etymology

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 蝦夷 (Emishi, Ezo).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xiāyí
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄚ ㄧˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): haa$^1$ ji$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiāyí
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄚ ㄧˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: siayí
*** Wade–Giles: hsia$^1$-i$^2$
*** Yale: syā-yí
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiayi
*** Palladius: сяи (sjai)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ i³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: haa$^1$ ji$^4$
*** Yale: hā yìh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: haa$^1$ ji$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ha$^1$ yi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /haː⁵⁵ jiː²¹/

### Noun

蝦夷
* Emishi (ancient ethnic group living in eastern Japan)

#### Derived terms

* 蝦夷共和國 / 虾夷共和国
* 蝦夷蔥 / 虾夷葱 (xiāyícōng)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 蝦 | 夷 |
| えぞ ||
| Jinmeiyō | Jinmeiyō |
| jukujikun ||
First cited in the 久安百首 (Kyūan Hyaku Shu, “Hundred Songs of the Kyūan Era”) of 1153.
There are conflicting theories regarding the derivation of the term Ezo. The Daijirin, Shinmeikai, and Gakken dictionaries all suggest that Ezo may be a borrowing from Ainu エンチウ, enciw (“person; people, humanity”), presumably via a phonological shift somewhat like the below:
    /ent͡siw/ → */ent͡ʃiu/ → */ent͡ʃu/ → */end͡ʑu/ → /ezo/
The Kokugo Dai Jiten dictionary instead derives synonymous reading Emishi from enciw, but the phonological shifts required for such a derivation seem unlikely.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) えぞ [éꜜzò] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [e̞zo̞]

#### Noun

蝦夷(えぞ) • (Ezo)
* [from 1153] (historical) those people living in the northeast of Japan, regardless of ethnicity, with customs and culture and government that differ from the central Japanese imperial state
* [from 1485] (historical) an ancient ethnic group that once lived in what is now the 関東 (Kantō), 北陸 (Hokuriku) and 東北 (Tōhoku) regions, likely as far as Hokkaido; likely related to the Ainu people
** 1153, Kyūan Hyakushu (poem 34 by Fujiwara no Chikataka)
    えぞが住(す)む津(つ)軽(がろ)の野辺(のべ)の萩盛(はぎさか)りこや錦(にしき)木(ぎ)の立(た)てるなるらん
       Ezo ga sumu Tsugaro-no-nobe no hagi sakari koya nishikigi no taterunaruran
       In Tsugaro where the Ezo live, the fields are abloom with clover; by now they will be setting up wooden trees, brocaded with desire.
    Synonyms: 蝦夷 (Emishi), 夷 (Ebisu)
* (regional) short for 蝦夷松 (Ezo matsu): Yezo spruce (Picea jezoensis)

##### Derived terms

* 蝦夷(えぞ)地(ち) (Ezochi, broadly, Hokkaidō, Sakhalin, and the Kuril Islands, literally “Ezo Land”)
* 赤(あか)蝦夷(えぞ) (Akaezo, Japanese term for Russians in the Kuril Islands, literally “red Ezo”)

#### Proper noun

蝦夷(えぞ) • (Ezo)
* (historical) short for 蝦夷地 (Ezochi): collective name for Hokkaido (mostly), the Kuril Islands, and Sakhalin before the Meiji period

##### Derived terms

* 蝦夷(えぞ)赤(あか)蛙(がえる) (Ezo akagaeru)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)貽(い)貝(がい) (Ezo igai)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)磯(いそ)蜆(しじみ) (Ezo isoshijimi)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)鼬(いたち) (Ezo itachi)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)板(い)屋(たや) (Ezo itaya)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)岩(いわ)魚(な) (Ezo iwana)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)芋(いも) (Ezo imo)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)狼(おおかみ) (Ezo ōkami)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)芥(がら)子(し) (Ezo-garashi)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)萱(かん)草(ぞう) (Ezo kanzō)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)管(かん)領(れい) (Ezo Kanrei)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)菊(ぎく) (Ezo-giku)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)金(きん)霊(れい)花(か) (Ezo kinreika)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)久(く)保(ぼ)貝(がい) (Ezo kubogai)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)山(ざん)椒(しょう) (Ezo-zanshō)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)山(さん)椒(しょう)魚(うお) (Ezo sanshōuo)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)志(し) (Ezoshi) * 蝦夷(えぞ)鹿(しか) (Ezo shika)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)白(しろ)蝶(ちょう) (Ezo shirochō)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)白(しろ)根(ね) (Ezo shirone)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)透(すかし)百合(ゆり) (Ezo sukashiyuri)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)砂(すな)海星(ひとで) (Ezo sunahitode)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)桷(ずみ) (Ezo zumi)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)菫(すみれ) (Ezo sumire)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)蝉(ぜみ) (Ezo-zemi)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)仙(せん)入(にゅう), 蝦夷(えぞ)潜(せん)入(にゅう) (Ezo sennyū)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)代(だい)官(かん) (Ezo Daikan)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)狸(たぬき) (Ezo tanuki)
* 蝦夷地(えぞち) (Ezochi)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)梅雨(つゆ) (Ezo tsuyu)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)貂(てん) (Ezo ten)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)泥(ど)鰌(じょう) (Ezo dojō)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)富魚(とみよ) (Ezo tomiyo)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)錦(にしき) (Ezo nishiki)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)葱(ねぎ) (Ezo negi)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)鼠(ねずみ)兔(うさぎ) (Ezo nezumiusagi)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)蛽(ばい) (Ezo bai)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)馬鹿(ばか)貝(がい) (Ezo bakagai)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)鰰(はたはた) (Ezo hatahata)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)馬(ば)糞(ふん) (Ezo bafun)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)蛤(はまぐり) (Ezo hamaguri)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)蟾蜍(ひきがえる) (Ezo hikigaeru)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)鶲(びたき) (Ezo-bitaki)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)奉(ぶ)行(ぎょう) (Ezo Bugyō)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)富(ふ)士(じ) (Ezo Fuji)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)法螺(ぼら) (Ezo-bora)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)盆(ぼん) (Ezo bon)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)松(まつ) (Ezo matsu)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)馬刀(まて) (Ezo mate)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)樅(もみ) (Ezo momi)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)鼯鼠(ももんが) (Ezo momonga)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)柳(やなぎ) (Ezo yanagi)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)瓔(よう)珞(らく) (Ezo yōraku)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)艾(よもぎ) (Ezo yomogi)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)山(やま)桃(もも) (Ezo yamamomo)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)雷(らい)鳥(ちょう) (Ezo raichō)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)栗鼠(りす) (Ezo risu)
* 蝦夷(えぞ)若(わか)布(め) (Ezo wakame)
* 北(きた)蝦夷(えぞ) (Kita-Ezo)

##### Descendants

* → English: Ezo, Yezo

##### See also

* 樺太(からふと) (Karafuto, “Sakhalin”)
* 千(ち)島(しま) (Chishima, “Kuril Islands”)
* えびすめ

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 蝦 | 夷 |
| えみし ||
| Jinmeiyō | Jinmeiyō |
| jukujikun ||
⟨emi$_1$si⟩ → */emʲisɨ/ → /emiɕi/
From Old Japanese 蝦夷 (Emi$_1$si). First cited in the Nihon Shoki of 720, where the word is also found with the phonetic man'yōgana spelling 愛瀰詩 (Emi$_1$si). Further derivation unclear. Possibly from Ainu emush or emus (“sword”) via metonymous use to refer to a warrior.
According to the Kojiki-den, the kanji spelling 蝦 (“shrimp”) + 夷 (“barbarian”) is in reference to their hairiness and savagery.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) えみし [éꜜmìshì] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [e̞mʲiɕi]

#### Noun

蝦夷(えみし) • (Emishi)
* [from 720] (historical, archaic) an ancient ethnic group that once lived on what is now the 関東 (Kantō), 北陸 (Hokuriku) and 東北 (Tōhoku) regions, likely as far as Hokkaido; likely related to the Ainu people

##### Usage notes

This term is considered as an insult to modern Ainu people.

##### Descendants

* → English: Emishi, Yemishi

#### Proper noun

蝦夷(えみし) • (Emishi)
* short for 蘇我蝦夷 (Soga no Emishi): Asuka-period statesman of the Yamato court, son of Soga no Umako and father of Soga no Iruka

### Etymology 3

Kanji in this term :
| 蝦 | 夷 |
| えびす ||
| Jinmeiyō | Jinmeiyō |
| jukujikun ||
⟨emi$_1$si⟩ → */emʲisɨ/ → /emisʉ/ → /emisu/ → /ebisu/
Either a shift from Emishi or directly from Emisu, with the nasal /m/ becoming a plosive /b/. This reading is traditionally ascribed to the 蝦夷 spelling in the 肥前国風土記 (Hizen no Kuni no Fudoki) of the 730s, but the first unambiguous instance of this reading appears in the 宇津保物語 (Utsubo Monogatari) of the late 900s.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) えびす [éꜜbìsù] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [e̞bʲisɨ]

#### Noun

蝦夷(えびす) • (Ebisu)
* [from 730s, or from late 900s] (historical, archaic) an ancient ethnic group that once lived on what is now the 関東 (Kantō), 北陸 (Hokuriku) and 東北 (Tōhoku) regions, likely as far as Hokkaido; likely related to the Ainu people

##### Derived terms

* 夷(えびす), 戎(えびす) (ebisu, “barbarian; foreigner”)
* 東(あずま)蝦夷(えびす) (azuma ebisu, “eastern Emishi or barbarians”)

### Etymology 4

Kanji in this term :
| 蝦 | 夷 |
| えみす ||
| Jinmeiyō | Jinmeiyō |
| jukujikun ||
⟨emi$_1$si⟩ → */emʲisɨ/ → /emisʉ/ → /emisu/
Shift from Emishi. This reading appears in the Heian-period Nihon Shoki Shiki, a lectural interpretation of the Nihon Shoki compiled in different editions, from the years 721 through 967.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) えみす [éꜜmìsù] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [e̞mʲisɨ]

#### Noun

蝦夷(えみす) • (Emisu)
* (historical, rare) an ancient ethnic group that once lived on what is now the 関東 (Kantō), 北陸 (Hokuriku) and 東北 (Tōhoku) regions, likely as far as Hokkaido; likely related to the Ainu people

### See also

* 陸奥(みちのく) (Michinoku)

### References

* 1 2 “蝦夷”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* 1 2 3 4 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ “蝦夷 (Ezo)”, in 学研国語大辞典 [Gakken Big Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: Gakken, (Can we date this quote?): “《参考》(アイヌ)enju(=人)から。 ― «Sankō» (Ainu) enju (= hito) kara. ― «Reference» From (Ainu) enju (= person)”
* ↑ David Bialock (2007) Eccentric Spaces, Hidden Histories: Narrative, Ritual, and Royal Authority from The Chronicles of Japan to The Tale of the Heike (Asian Religions and Cultures)‎, Stanford University Press, →ISBN, page 196
* 1 2 3 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 “えみし 【蝦夷】”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
* 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Old Japanese
### Etymology

Borrowed from Ainu, either from エンジュ (*enzyu) or エㇺチウ (*emchiu), both meaning “man, person”.
According to the Kojiki-den, the kanji spelling 蝦 (“shrimp”) + 夷 (“barbarian”) is in reference to their hairiness and savagery.

### Noun

蝦夷 (Emi$_1$si) (kana えみし)
* an ancient ethnic group that once lived on eastern and northeastern Japan and was possibly related to the Ainu people
** 720, Nihon Shoki (poem 11)
    愛瀰詩烏毗儾利毛毛那比苔比苔破易陪廼毛多牟伽毗毛勢儒Emi$_1$si wo pi$_1$dari momo na pi$_1$to$_2$ pi$_1$to$_2$ pa ipe$_2$do$_2$ mo tamukapi$_1$ mo sezuA single Emishi is worth a hundred men, so they say, yet they did not resist.
    For more quotations using this term, see Citations:蝦夷.

#### Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:蝦夷.

#### Derived terms

* 荒蝦夷 (ara-Emi$_1$si, “rough Emishi opposed to the Yamato court”)
* 熟蝦夷 (niki$_1$-Emi$_1$si, “gentle Emishi allied with the Yamato court”)

#### Descendants

* Japanese: 蝦夷 (Emishi, Emisu, Ebisu, Ezo)

### References

* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ “えみし 【蝦夷】”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
* ↑ Sakamoto, Tarō with Ienaga Saburō, Inoue Mitsusada, Ōno Susumu (1965) Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei: Nihon Shoki (vol. 1), Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN

### Further reading

* “Emisi” at Oxford-NINJAL Corpus of Old Japanese