# 紺

| 紺 | U+7D3A, &#32058; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7D3A |
| ← 紹 [U+7D39] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 紻 → [U+7D3B] |

## Translingual
### Han character

紺 (Kangxi radical 120, 糸+5, 11 strokes, cangjie input 女火廿一 (VFTM), four-corner 2497$_0$, composition ⿰糹甘)
* dark blue or reddish color

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 920, character 18
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 27362
* Dae Jaweon: page 1352, character 14
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3378, character 12
* Unihan data for U+7D3A

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 紺 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 紺 | *kɯːms |
| 姏 | *mɡaːm |
| 嵌 | *sɡaːmʔ, *kʰraːm |
| 甘 | *kaːm |
| 柑 | *kaːm |
| 苷 | *kaːm |
| 泔 | *kaːm |
| 坩 | *kaːm, *kʰaːm |
| 蚶 | *ɢaːm, *ɢaːm |
| 酣 | *ɢaːm |
| 甝 | *ɢaːm |
| 魽 | *ɢaːm |
| 邯 | *ɡaːm, *ɡaːm |
| 鉗 | *ɡram |
| 箝 | *ɡram |
| 黚 | *ɡram, *ɡrɯm |
| 拑 | *ɡram |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kɯːms) : semantic 糸 (“silk; thread”) + phonetic 甘 (OC *kaːm).

### Etymology 1

An areal word. Compare Proto-Tai *klamᴮ (“dark (red)”) (whence Thai คล้ำ (klám, “dark”)), Proto-Austronesian *kelam (“dark”) (Schuessler, 2007). See also 黔 and 黮.

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gàn (gan$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gam$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kàm
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gam$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$koe
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gàn
*** Wade–Giles: kan$^4$
*** Yale: gàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gann
*** Palladius: гань (ganʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /kän⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gam$^3$
*** Yale: gam
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gam$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gem$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɐm³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kàm
*** Tâi-lô: kàm
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kaxm
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kam²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kam⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kam²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kam¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kam²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gam$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kam
*** Sinological IPA : /kam³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$koe
*** MiniDict: koe$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$koe
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kø³⁴/
* Middle Chinese: komH
Rime :
| Character | 紺 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 覃 (159) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 古暗切 |
| Baxter | komH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʌm$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kəm$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kɒm$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kəm$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kᴀm$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kɒm$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kăm$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gam$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*kɯːms/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 紺 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 3649 |
| Phonetic component | 甘 |
| Rime group | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 紺 |
| Old Chinese | /*kɯːms/ |

#### Definitions

紺
* purple; violet; blackish red

#### Compounds

* 發紺 / 发绀 (fāgàn)
* 紺坊 / 绀坊
* 紺宇 / 绀宇
* 紺殿 / 绀殿
* 紺珠 / 绀珠
* 紺紫 / 绀紫
* 紺青 / 绀青

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Japanese 紺 (kon), from Middle Chinese 紺 (kʌm$^H$), see previous etymology for detail.

#### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khóng
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khóng
*** Tâi-lô: khóng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qorng
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰɔŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰɔŋ⁵³/

#### Definitions

紺
* (Taiwanese Hokkien) navy blue; dark blue

#### Synonyms

* 紺色／绀色

### References

* “紺”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* navy blue

#### Readings

* Go-on: こん (kon, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: かん (kan)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 紺
* こん Grade: S
* on'yomi

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こん [kóꜜǹ] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [kõ̞ɴ]

### Noun

紺(こん) • (kon)
* navy blue, dark blue

### See also

Colors in Japanese · 色(いろ) (iro) (layout · text) :
| 白(しろ) (shiro) | 灰(はい)色(いろ) (haiiro), 鼠(ねずみ)色(いろ) (nezumiiro) (dated) | 黒(くろ) (kuro) |
| 赤(あか) (aka); 深(しん)紅(く) (shinku), クリムゾン (kurimuzon), 紅(べに)色(いろ) (beniiro), 紅(くれない)色(いろ) (kurenaiiro), 茜(あかね)色(いろ) (akaneiro) | 橙(だいだい)色(いろ) (daidaiiro), オレンジ (orenji); 茶(ちゃ)色(いろ) (chairo), 褐(かっ)色(しょく) (kasshoku) | 黄(き)色(いろ) (kiiro); クリーム色(いろ) (kurīmuiro) |
| 黄(き)緑(みどり) (kimidori) | 緑(みどり) (midori), 青(あお) (ao) (dated) | 若(わか)緑(みどり) (wakamidori) |
| 水(みず)色(いろ) (mizuiro), シアン (shian); 鴨(かも)の(の)羽(はね)色(いろ) (kamo no hane iro) | 空(そら)色(いろ) (sorairo), 縹(はなだ) (hanada); 青(あお) (ao) | 紺(こん)藍(あい) (kon'ai); 紺(こん) (kon) |
| 菫(すみれ)色(いろ) (sumireiro); 藍(あい)色(いろ) (aiiro), インジゴ (injigo) | 赤(あか)紫(むらさき) (akamurasaki), マゼンタ (mazenta); 紫(むらさき) (murasaki) | 桃(もも)色(いろ) (momoiro), ピンク (pinku) |

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 紺 (MC komH). Recorded as Middle Korean 감〯 (kǎm) (Yale: kǎm) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ka̠m]
* Phonetic hangul: [감]

### Hanja

Wikisource 紺 (eumhun 감색 감 (gamsaek gam))
* hanja form of 감 (“navy blue; dark blue”)

#### Compounds

* 감벽 (紺碧, gambyeok)
* 감색 (紺色, gamsaek)
* 감청 (紺靑, gamcheong)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Chữ Hán

紺: Hán Nôm readings: cám, tim, tím
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.