# 荷

| 荷 | U+8377, &#33655; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8377 |
| ← 荶 [U+8376] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 荸 → [U+8378] |

## Translingual
### Han character

荷 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 廿人一口 (TOMR), four-corner 4422$_1$, composition ⿱艹何)

#### Derived characters

* 嗬, 𬄋

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1032, character 13
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 31000
* Dae Jaweon: page 1491, character 23
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3220, character 4
* Unihan data for U+8377

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 荷
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 砢 | *ɡ·raːlʔ |
| 柯 | *kaːl |
| 菏 | *kaːl, *ɡaːl |
| 牁 | *kaːl |
| 滒 | *kaːl |
| 哥 | *kaːl |
| 歌 | *kaːl |
| 謌 | *kaːl |
| 鴚 | *kaːl |
| 哿 | *kaːlʔ |
| 舸 | *kaːlʔ |
| 笴 | *kaːlʔ, *kaːnʔ |
| 軻 | *kʰaːl, *kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls |
| 珂 | *kʰaːl |
| 可 | *kʰaːlʔ |
| 岢 | *kʰaːlʔ |
| 坷 | *kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls |
| 蚵 | *kʰaːls, *ɡaːl |
| 呵 | *qʰaːl, *qʰaːls |
| 訶 | *qʰaːl |
| 抲 | *qʰaːl |
| 荷 | *qʰaːls, *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ |
| 何 | *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ |
| 河 | *ɡaːl |
| 苛 | *ɡaːl |
| 魺 | *ɡaːl |
| 袔 | *ɡaːls |
| 阿 | *qaːl |
| 妸 | *qaːl, *qaːlʔ |
| 疴 | *qaːl, *kʰraːls |
| 鈳 | *qaːl |
| 娿 | *qaːl, *qaːlʔ |
| 痾 | *qaːl |
| 跒 | *kʰraːlʔ |
| 閜 | *qʰraːlʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *qʰaːls, *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ) : semantic 艸 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 何 (OC *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ).

### Etymology 1

Possibly related to Burmese ကြာ (kra, “water lily”).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): hé (he$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄜˊ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ho$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ho$^3$
* Gan (Wiktionary): ho$^2$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hò
* Jin (Wiktionary): he$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): ǒ̤
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hô / hô͘ / ô / hâ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): o$^5$ / ho$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$wu
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ho$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hé
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄜˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hé
*** Wade–Giles: ho$^2$
*** Yale: hé
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: her
*** Palladius: хэ (xɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /xɤ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ho$^4$
*** Yale: hòh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ho$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ho$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɔː²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ho$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /hᵘɔ²²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: ho$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /ho²⁴/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hò
*** Hakka Romanization System: ho$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ho$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /ho¹¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: he$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /xɤ¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ǒ̤
*** Sinological IPA : /ɔ²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hô
*** Tâi-lô: hô
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hooi
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ho¹³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /ho²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɤ²³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hô͘
*** Tâi-lô: hôo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoo
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ô
*** Tâi-lô: ô
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ooi
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /o¹³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /o²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɤ²³/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hâ
*** Tâi-lô: hâ
*** Phofsit Daibuun: haa
*** IPA (Taipei): /ha²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ha²³/
* hô/hô͘ - literary;
* ô - vernacular;
* hâ - in 荷包 (hâ-pau).
* Middle Chinese: ha
Rime :
| Character | 荷 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 歌 (94) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 胡歌切 |
| Baxter | ha |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦɑ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦɑ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣɑ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦa/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣɑ/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣɑ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣɑ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | hé |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ho$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤaj/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡaːl/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 荷 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | hé |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ha › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɡ]ˁaj/ |
| English | lotus |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 荷 |
| Reading # | 2/3 |
| No. | 7463 |
| Phonetic component | 可 |
| Rime group | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 何 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡaːl/ |

#### Definitions

荷
* lotus
* lotus leaf
* Short for 荷蘭／荷兰 (Hélán, “Netherlands”).
* a surname

##### Compounds

* 令箭荷花
* 團荷 / 团荷
* 性荷爾蒙 / 性荷尔蒙
* 愛荷華 / 爱荷华 (Àihéhuá)
* 愛達荷 / 爱达荷 (Àidáhé)
* 煙袋荷包 / 烟袋荷包
* 繡荷包 / 绣荷包
* 芰荷
* 荷包 (hébāo)
* 荷包蛋 (hébāodàn)
* 荷塘 (hétáng)
* 荷月 (Héyuè)
* 荷爾蒙 / 荷尔蒙
* 荷珠配
* 荷花 (héhuā)
* 荷花出水
* 荷花堰 (Héhuāyàn)
* 荷花大少
* 荷花燈 / 荷花灯
* 荷荷芭 (héhébā)
* 荷葉先師 / 荷叶先师
* 荷葉肉 / 荷叶肉
* 荷蘭 / 荷兰 (Hélán)
* 荷蘭乳牛 / 荷兰乳牛
* 荷蘭水 / 荷兰水 (hélánshuǐ)
* 荷蘭王國 / 荷兰王国 (Hélán Wángguó)
* 荷蘭豆 / 荷兰豆 (hélándòu)
* 荷蘭豬 / 荷兰猪 (hélánzhū)
* 荷衣
* 荷錢 / 荷钱
* 荷馬史詩 / 荷马史诗
* 菊老荷枯
* 藕荷 (ǒuhé)
* 蘘荷 (ránghé, “myoga”)
* 達荷美 / 达荷美 (Dáhéměi)
* 香荷包
* 墨荷

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Related to Etymology 1?”)

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): he (he$^5$／he$^0$)
    (Zhuyin): ˙ㄏㄜ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ho$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ho$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hò
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hô / hǒ͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ho$^3$
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ho$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: he
*** Zhuyin: ˙ㄏㄜ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: he̊
*** Wade–Giles: ho$^5$
*** Yale: he
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: .he
*** Palladius: хэ (xɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /xə/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ho$^4$
*** Yale: hòh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ho$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ho$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɔː²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ho$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /hᵘɔ²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hò
*** Hakka Romanization System: ho$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ho$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /ho¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hô
*** Tâi-lô: hô
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hooi
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /ho²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɤ²³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hǒ͘
*** Tâi-lô: hǒo
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔ²²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ho$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hò
*** Sinological IPA : /ho²¹³/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: ho$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /xo⁴⁵/
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*qʰaːls/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 荷 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| No. | 7457 |
| Phonetic component | 可 |
| Rime group | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 呵 |
| Old Chinese | /*qʰaːls/ |
| Notes | 薄荷（𦽅）的今字 |

#### Definitions

荷
* Only used in 薄荷 (bòhé).

##### Compounds

* 薄荷 (bòhé)
* 薄荷油 (bòhéyóu)
* 薄荷精
* 薄荷腦 / 薄荷脑 (bòhénǎo)

### Etymology 3

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-kal ~ *s-gal (“back (lower); kidney; load; carry”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan སྒལ་པ (sgal pa, “small of the back”), Mizo kal (“kidney”), Chepang गल् (gəl, “kidney”), Tangut 𗹼 (*khiwa¹, “kidney”), Burmese ခါး (hka:, “waist”), 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ, “to be able to”).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): hè (he$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄜˋ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ho$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ho$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hō / hō͘ / hǒ͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): o$^6$
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ho$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hè
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄜˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hè
*** Wade–Giles: ho$^4$
*** Yale: hè
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: heh
*** Palladius: хэ (xɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /xɤ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ho$^6$
*** Yale: hoh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ho$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ho$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɔː²²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ho$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /hᵘɔ³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hō
*** Tâi-lô: hō
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoi
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ho²²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɤ³³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ho⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ho³³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hō͘
*** Tâi-lô: hōo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ho
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔ⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hǒ͘
*** Tâi-lô: hǒo
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔ²²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: o$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ŏ
*** Sinological IPA : /o³⁵/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: ho$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /xo⁴⁵/
* Middle Chinese: haX
Rime :
| Character | 荷 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 歌 (94) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 胡可切 |
| Baxter | haX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦɑ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦɑ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣɑ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦa$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣɑ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣɑ$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣɑ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | hè |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ho$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤajʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡaːlʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 荷 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | hè |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ha$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɡ]ˁajʔ/ |
| English | carry |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 荷 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| No. | 7465 |
| Phonetic component | 可 |
| Rime group | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 荷 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡaːlʔ/ |

#### Definitions

荷
* to carry (a load on one's shoulder); to hold
* to shoulder; to bear (e.g. responsibilities)
* load; burden
* (physics) load; charge

##### Compounds

* 不勝負荷 / 不胜负荷 (bùshèngfùhè)
* 不堪負荷 / 不堪负荷
* 不念荷戈
* 感恩荷德
* 戴笠荷鋤 / 戴笠荷锄
* 投袂荷戈
* 擔荷 / 担荷
* 為荷 / 为荷
* 父析子荷
* 荷懼 / 荷惧
* 荷擔 / 荷担
* 荷槍實彈 / 荷枪实弹 (hèqiāngshídàn)
* 荷蓑
* 荷負 / 荷负
* 荷質比 / 荷质比
* 荷載 / 荷载
* 荷重
* 荷鋤 / 荷锄
* 負荷 / 负荷 (fùhè)
* 負荷量 / 负荷量
* 超荷子 (chāohèzǐ)
* 載荷 / 载荷 (zàihè)
* 電荷 / 电荷 (diànhè)

### Etymology 4

* For pronunciation and definitions of 荷 – see 苛 (“trifling; tedious”). (This character is an obsolete form of 苛).

### Etymology 5

* For pronunciation and definitions of 荷 – see 訶 (“to investigate; to interrogate”). (This character is an obsolete form of 訶).

### References

* ↑ Luce, G. H. (1981) “-A Finals (> 13. Lotus; Water lily (Nelumbium; Nymphaea)”, in A Comparative Word-List of Old Burmese, Chinese and Tibetan, London: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, →ISBN, page 1

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)
* load, cargo
* luggage

#### Readings

* Go-on: が (ga)
* Kan-on: か (ka, Jōyō)
* Kun: に (ni, 荷, Jōyō)、になう (ninau, 荷う)

#### Compounds

* 稲荷(いなり) (Inari)
* 出荷(しゅっか) (shukka)
* 荷(に)物(もつ) (nimotsu)
* 入荷(にゅうか) (nyūka)
* 薄荷(はっか) (hakka)
* 負荷(ふか) (fuka)
* 茗(みょう)荷(が) (myōga), 蘘(みょう)荷(が) (myōga): myoga or Japanese ginger (Zingiber mioga); a dimwit, an idiot, a stupid person; a kind of kamon, family crest

### Counter

荷(か) • (-ka)
* loads that can be carried on one's shoulders

## Korean
### Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 荷 (MC haX, “load”).
* Recorded as Middle Korean ᅘᅡᆼ〯 (Yale: hhǎ) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 하 (ha)$^訓$ (Yale: ha) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ha̠]
* Phonetic hangul: [하]

#### Hanja

Wikisource 荷 (eumhun 멜 하 (mel ha))
* hanja form of 하 (“load; burden; cargo; freight”)
* hanja form of 하 (“to bear; to undertake; to take charge; to owe”)

#### Compounds

* 부하 (負荷, buha, “load; workload”)
* 선하 (船荷, seonha, “shippped cargo”)
* 입하 (入荷, ipha, “arrival of cargo”)
* 하물 (荷物, hamul, “freight; cargo; goods”)
* 하역 (荷役, hayeok)
* 하주 (荷主, haju, “owner of goods”)
* 하중 (荷重, hajung, “load; weight”)
* 하치 (荷置, hachi, “unloading”)

### Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 荷 (MC ha, “lotus”).
* Recorded as Middle Korean ᅘᅡᆼ (Yale: hha) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 하 (ha)$^訓$ (Yale: ha) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 하 (ha)$^訓$ (Yale: ha) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ha̠]
* Phonetic hangul: [하]

#### Hanja

荷 (eumhun 연꽃 하 (yeonkkot ha))
* hanja form of 하 (“lotus; water lily”)
    Synonym: 蓮 (련/연 (ryeon/yeon))

#### Compounds

* 양하 (蘘荷, yangha, “myoga”)
* 하엽 (荷葉, hayeop, “lotus leaf”)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

荷: Hán Nôm readings: hà
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.