# 散る
## Japanese
### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 散
* ち Grade: 4
* kun'yomi
From Old Japanese. Appears in the Kojiki, completed 712 CE.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ちる [chìrú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [t͡ɕiɾɯ̟]
* Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「散る」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary :
| Stem forms ||||
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) | 散る | ちる | [chìrú] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 散れ | ちれ | [chìré] |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 散られる | ちられる | [chìrárérú] |
| Causative | 散らせる | ちらせる | [chìrásérú] |
| Potential | - | - | - |
| Volitional | 散ろう | ちろー | [chìróꜜò] |
| Negative | 散らない | ちらない | [chìránáí] |
| Negative perfective | 散らなかった | ちらなかった | [chìránáꜜkàttà] |
| Formal | 散ります | ちります | [chìrímáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 散った | ちった | [chìttá] |
| Conjunctive | 散って | ちって | [chìtté] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 散れば | ちれば | [chìréꜜbà] |
* (Kyoto) ちる [chírú] (Kōki – [0])

#### Verb

散(ち)る • (chiru) intransitive godan (stem 散(ち)り (chiri), past 散(ち)った (chitta))
Japanese verb pair :
| active | 散(ち)らす |
| mediopassive | 散(ち)る |
* to become separated and scatter, such as leaves or blossoms
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 5, poem 798:伊毛何美斯 阿布知乃波那波 知利奴倍斯 和何那久那美多 伊摩陀飛那久尓いもがみし あふちのはなは ちりぬべし わがなくなみた いまだひなくに imo ga mi shi afuchi no hana wa chirinu beshi wa ga naku namita ima da hi naku ni

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 散ら | ちら | chira |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 散り | ちり | chiri |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 散る | ちる | chiru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 散る | ちる | chiru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 散れ | ちれ | chire |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 散れ | ちれ | chire |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 散られる | ちられる | chirareru |
| Causative | 散らせる 散らす | ちらせる ちらす | chiraseru chirasu |
| Potential | 散れる | ちれる | chireru |
| Volitional | 散ろう | ちろう | chirō |
| Negative | 散らない | ちらない | chiranai |
| Negative continuative | 散らず | ちらず | chirazu |
| Formal | 散ります | ちります | chirimasu |
| Perfective | 散った | ちった | chitta |
| Conjunctive | 散って | ちって | chitte |
| Hypothetical conditional | 散れば | ちれば | chireba |
Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 散ら | ちら | tira |
| Continuative (連用形) | 散り | ちり | tiri |
| Terminal (終止形) | 散る | ちる | tiru |
| Attributive (連体形) | 散る | ちる | tiru |
| Realis (已然形) | 散れ | ちれ | tire |
| Imperative (命令形) | 散れ | ちれ | tire |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 散らず | ちらず | tirazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 散れど | ちれど | tiredo |
| Causal conjunction | 散れば | ちれば | tireba |
| Conditional conjunction | 散らば | ちらば | tiraba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 散りき | ちりき | tiriki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 散りけり | ちりけり | tirikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 散りつ | ちりつ | tiritu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 散りぬ | ちりぬ | tirinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 散れり 散りたり | ちれり ちりたり | tireri tiritari |
| Volitional | 散らむ | ちらむ | tiramu |

##### Synonyms

* (fall): 落(お)ちる (ochiru)
* (fall): 落下(らっか)する (rakka suru)

##### Derived terms

* 散(ち)り (chiri), 散(ちり) (chiri): (construction) a misalignment between two adjoining surfaces
* 塵(ちり) (chiri): dust; trash
* 散(ち)らす (chirasu): to scatter or disperse something; to distract or divert attention
* 散(ち)らし (chirashi): a flier, a handbill
* 散(ち)らし寿司(ずし) (chirashizushi): chirashi sushi: sushi topped with various ingredients
* 砕(くだ)け散(ち)る (kudakechiru): to be smashed up, to break to pieces

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 散
* あ Grade: 4
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 離る
From Old Japanese. Appears in the Kojiki, completed 712 CE. Currently obsolete.
Cognate with 荒い (arai, “rough, harsh”), 荒れる (areru, “to become wild, rough, unkempt, dilapidated; to be violent, crazy, wild, disordered”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [a̠ɾɯ̟]

#### Verb

散(あ)る • (aru) intransitive $^†$nidan
* (obsolete) to become scattered
* (obsolete) to become distant, to fade away, to wane

##### Conjugation

Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 散れ | あれ | are |
| Continuative (連用形) | 散れ | あれ | are |
| Terminal (終止形) | 散る | ある | aru |
| Attributive (連体形) | 散るる | あるる | aruru |
| Realis (已然形) | 散るれ | あるれ | arure |
| Imperative (命令形) | 散れよ | あれよ | areyo |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 散れず | あれず | arezu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 散るれど | あるれど | aruredo |
| Causal conjunction | 散るれば | あるれば | arureba |
| Conditional conjunction | 散れば | あれば | areba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 散れき | あれき | areki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 散れけり | あれけり | arekeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 散れつ | あれつ | aretu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 散れぬ | あれぬ | arenu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 散れたり | あれたり | aretari |
| Volitional | 散れむ | あれむ | aremu |

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 散
* あか Grade: 4
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 別る
From Old Japanese. Appears in the Kagerō Nikki, dated 974 CE. Currently obsolete.
Plural counterpart to 分かる (wakaru, “one thing separates from another”), implying more a sense of scatter (as of many things). Intransitive counterpart to 散つ (akatsu, “to separate or scatter multiple things”), itself the plural counterpart to 分かつ (wakatsu, “to separate one thing from another”). Compare underlying root verbs aku (明く, 開く, 空く: "to open, to spread, to empty") and waku (分く, 別く: "to split, to divide").

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) あかる [àkáꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [2])
* IPA: [a̠ka̠ɾɯ̟]

#### Verb

散(あか)る • (akaru) intransitive $^†$nidan
* (obsolete) to scatter, to become dispersed

##### Conjugation

Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 散れ | あかれ | akare |
| Continuative (連用形) | 散れ | あかれ | akare |
| Terminal (終止形) | 散る | あかる | akaru |
| Attributive (連体形) | 散るる | あかるる | akaruru |
| Realis (已然形) | 散るれ | あかるれ | akarure |
| Imperative (命令形) | 散れよ | あかれよ | akareyo |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 散れず | あかれず | akarezu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 散るれど | あかるれど | akaruredo |
| Causal conjunction | 散るれば | あかるれば | akarureba |
| Conditional conjunction | 散れば | あかれば | akareba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 散れき | あかれき | akareki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 散れけり | あかれけり | akarekeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 散れつ | あかれつ | akaretu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 散れぬ | あかれぬ | akarenu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 散れたり | あかれたり | akaretari |
| Volitional | 散れむ | あかれむ | akaremu |

### References

* 1 2 3 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* 1 2 “ち・る 【散】”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
* ↑ “あか・る 【散・別】”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here