# 蹴る
## Japanese

* Kanji in this term
* 蹴
* け Grade: S
* kun'yomi

### Etymology

*/kuwu/ → /kuweru/ → /kʷeru/ → /keru/
From Old Japanese verb 蹴う (kuu).
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.
The conjugation shifted from 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “bigrade conjugation”) (/kuwe-/, /kuu/) to 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “monograde conjugation”) (/kʷe-/, /kʷeru/) in Early Middle Japanese. This verb was the only shimo ichidan verb in Early Middle Japanese.
Pronunciation of /kʷe/ changed to /ke/ before around 1300.
The conjugation irregularly shifted from 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “monograde conjugation”) (/ke-/, /keru/) to 四段活用 (yodan katsuyō, “quadrigrade conjugation”) (/ker-/, /keru/) after the early Edo period.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ける [kéꜜrù] (Atamadaka – [1]) as a godan verb
* IPA: [ke̞ɾɯ̟]
* Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「蹴る」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary :
| Stem forms ||||
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) | 蹴る | ける | [kéꜜrù] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 蹴れ | けれ | [kéꜜrè] |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 蹴られる | けられる | [kèráréꜜrù] |
| Causative | 蹴らせる | けらせる | [kèráséꜜrù] |
| Potential | 蹴れる | けれる | [kèréꜜrù] |
| Volitional | 蹴ろう | けろー | [kèróꜜò] |
| Negative | 蹴らない | けらない | [kèráꜜnàì] |
| Negative perfective | 蹴らなかった | けらなかった | [kèráꜜnàkàttà] |
| Formal | 蹴ります | けります | [kèrímáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 蹴った | けった | [kéꜜttà] |
| Conjunctive | 蹴って | けって | [kéꜜttè] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 蹴れば | ければ | [kéꜜrèbà] |

### Verb

蹴(け)る • (keru) transitive godan (stem 蹴(け)り (keri), past 蹴(け)った (ketta))
* to kick (something)
    ボールを蹴(け)った。
       Bōru o ketta.
       (He) kicked the ball.
* to leave a place, particularly in a wild, angry, or violent fashion: to storm out (in the form 席を蹴る (seki o keru, “to kick one's seat”))
    会(かい)議(ぎ)の席(せき)を蹴(け)って部屋(へや)を出(で)た。
       Kaigi no seki o kette heya o deta.
       (He) stormed out of the conference room.
* to reject
    申(もう)し出(で)を蹴(け)った。
       Mōshide o ketta.
       (He) refused the proposal.

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 蹴ら | けら | kera |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 蹴り | けり | keri |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 蹴る | ける | keru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 蹴る | ける | keru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 蹴れ | けれ | kere |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 蹴れ | けれ | kere |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 蹴られる | けられる | kerareru |
| Causative | 蹴らせる 蹴らす | けらせる けらす | keraseru kerasu |
| Potential | 蹴れる | けれる | kereru |
| Volitional | 蹴ろう | けろう | kerō |
| Negative | 蹴らない | けらない | keranai |
| Negative continuative | 蹴らず | けらず | kerazu |
| Formal | 蹴ります | けります | kerimasu |
| Perfective | 蹴った | けった | ketta |
| Conjunctive | 蹴って | けって | kette |
| Hypothetical conditional | 蹴れば | ければ | kereba |
* Old Japanese:
Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 蹴ゑ | くゑ | kuwe |
| Continuative (連用形) | 蹴ゑ | くゑ | kuwe |
| Terminal (終止形) | 蹴う | くう | kuu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 蹴うる | くうる | kuuru |
| Realis (已然形) | 蹴うれ | くうれ | kuure |
| Imperative (命令形) | 蹴ゑよ | くゑよ | kuweyo |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 蹴ゑず | くゑず | kuwezu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 蹴うれど | くうれど | kuuredo |
| Causal conjunction | 蹴うれば | くうれば | kuureba |
| Conditional conjunction | 蹴ゑば | くゑば | kuweba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 蹴ゑき | くゑき | kuweki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 蹴ゑけり | くゑけり | kuwekeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 蹴ゑつ | くゑつ | kuwetu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 蹴ゑぬ | くゑぬ | kuwenu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 蹴ゑたり | くゑたり | kuwetari |
| Volitional | 蹴ゑむ | くゑむ | kuwemu |
* Early Middle Japanese, early Late Middle Japanese (before around 1300):
Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 蹴ゑ | くゑ | kwe |
| Continuative (連用形) | 蹴ゑ | くゑ | kwe |
| Terminal (終止形) | 蹴ゑる | くゑる | kweru |
| Attributive (連体形) | 蹴ゑる | くゑる | kweru |
| Realis (已然形) | 蹴ゑれ | くゑれ | kwere |
| Imperative (命令形) | 蹴ゑよ | くゑよ | kweyo |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 蹴ゑず | くゑず | kwezu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 蹴ゑれど | くゑれど | kweredo |
| Causal conjunction | 蹴ゑれば | くゑれば | kwereba |
| Conditional conjunction | 蹴ゑば | くゑば | kweba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 蹴ゑき | くゑき | kweki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 蹴ゑけり | くゑけり | kwekeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 蹴ゑつ | くゑつ | kwetu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 蹴ゑぬ | くゑぬ | kwenu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 蹴ゑたり | くゑたり | kwetari |
| Volitional | 蹴ゑむ | くゑむ | kwemu |
* Late Middle Japanese since around 1300:
Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 蹴 | け | ke |
| Continuative (連用形) | 蹴 | け | ke |
| Terminal (終止形) | 蹴る | ける | keru |
| Attributive (連体形) | 蹴る | ける | keru |
| Realis (已然形) | 蹴れ | けれ | kere |
| Imperative (命令形) | 蹴よ | けよ | keyo |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 蹴ず | けず | kezu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 蹴れど | けれど | keredo |
| Causal conjunction | 蹴れば | ければ | kereba |
| Conditional conjunction | 蹴ば | けば | keba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 蹴き | けき | keki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 蹴けり | けけり | kekeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 蹴つ | けつ | ketu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 蹴ぬ | けぬ | kenu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 蹴たり | けたり | ketari |
| Volitional | 蹴む | けむ | kemu |
* Modern Japanese, classical conjugation:
Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 蹴ら | けら | kera |
| Continuative (連用形) | 蹴り | けり | keri |
| Terminal (終止形) | 蹴る | ける | keru |
| Attributive (連体形) | 蹴る | ける | keru |
| Realis (已然形) | 蹴れ | けれ | kere |
| Imperative (命令形) | 蹴れ | けれ | kere |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 蹴らず | けらず | kerazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 蹴れど | けれど | keredo |
| Causal conjunction | 蹴れば | ければ | kereba |
| Conditional conjunction | 蹴らば | けらば | keraba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 蹴りき | けりき | keriki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 蹴りけり | けりけり | kerikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 蹴りつ | けりつ | keritu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 蹴りぬ | けりぬ | kerinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 蹴れり 蹴りたり | けれり けりたり | kereri keritari |
| Volitional | 蹴らむ | けらむ | keramu |

#### Derived terms

* 蹴(け)り (keri)
* 蹴(け)り上(あ)げる (keriageru)
* 蹴(け)り込(こ)む (kerikomu)
* 蹴(け)り出(だ)す (keridasu)
* 蹴(け)り板(いた) (keriita), 蹴(け)板(いた) (keita)
* 蹴(け)り彫(ぼ)り (keribori)
* 飛(と)び蹴(げ)り, 跳(と)び蹴(げ)り (tobigeri)
* 足(あし)蹴(げ)り (ashigeri)
* 石(いし)蹴(け)り (ishikeri)
* 缶(かん)蹴(け)り (kankeri)
* 二(に)枚(まい)蹴(げ)り (nimai-geri)
* 回(まわ)し蹴(げ)り (mawashigeri)

### References

* 1 2 3 “蹴”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN