# já
## Czech
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech jáz, from Proto-Slavic *azъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈjaː]
* Audio:(file)

### Pronoun

já (first person)
* I

#### Derived terms

* jáství

#### Related terms
### Noun

já n (indeclinable)
* (psychoanalysis) ego
    Synonym: ego

#### See also

* nadjá n
* ono n

### Further reading

* “já”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “já”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* “já”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech)

## Icelandic
### Etymology

From Old Norse já (“yes”), Proto-Germanic *ja (“yes”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /jauː/
* Rhymes: -auː

### Adverb

já
* yes
    Synonyms: (informal) jamm; (informal, joyful) jahá

### Interjection

já
* (informal) yes (as an exclamation of joy or excitement)
    Synonyms: (informal) jess; (informal) jei; (informal) jahá

## Inari Sami
### Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *jahw.

### Conjunction

já
* and

#### Further reading

* Koponen, Eino, Ruppel, Klaas, Aapala, Kirsti, editors (2002–2008), Álgu database: Etymological database of the Saami languages‎, Helsinki: Research Institute for the Languages of Finland

## Indo-Portuguese
### Etymology

From Portuguese já (“already; now”), from Old Galician-Portuguese ja, from Latin iam (“already”).

### Particle

já
* used in conjunction with the past tense
** 1883, Hugo Schuchardt, Kreolische Studien, volume 3:Já fallou par su pai aquêl mais piquin, […]The youngest one told his father, […]

## Khiamniungan Naga
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tʃɑ⁵⁵/
* Audio:(file)

### Verb

já
* (Patsho) connect, attach, link
    Kheunyoh nüko meikü ja-i kü noi naih, alumtshouko asheu nü epje.Through proper connection with people brings positive results.

## Macanese
### Alternative forms

* jâ

### Etymology

From Indo-Portuguese já, from Portuguese já (“already; now”), from Old Galician-Portuguese ja, from Latin iam (“already”). Semantically, compare Chavacano ya.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /d͡ʒa/

### Particle

já
* past tense marker; marks that an event has reached completion
    Iou já falâ ― I spoke
    Vôs já uví? ― Have you heard?
    Atútu já vêm di América ― Artur returned from America
    Já têm-ia! ― I've got it!

#### Usage notes

* Placing já before a verb in the past tense is optional.
* Past tense (or any other tense) may not necessarily be marked using já; verb tense is present by default but may have to be inferred through context, a feature possibly influenced by Cantonese grammar.

### Conjunction

já … já
* sometimes … sometimes
    Já churâ, já rí ― Sometimes laughing, sometimes crying

### References

* https://www.macaneselibrary.org/pub/english/uipatua.htm

## Northern Sami
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* (Kautokeino) IPA: /ˈjaː/

### Adverb

já
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Further reading

* Koponen, Eino, Ruppel, Klaas, Aapala, Kirsti, editors (2002–2008), Álgu database: Etymological database of the Saami languages‎, Helsinki: Research Institute for the Languages of Finland

## Old Norse
### Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *ja (“yes”).

### Adverb

já
* yes

### Interjection

já
* (informal) yes (as an exclamation of joy or excitement)

#### Descendants

* Icelandic: já
* Faroese: ja
* Norwegian Nynorsk: ja
* Norwegian Bokmål: ja
* Old Swedish: iā
** Swedish: ja
** → Finnish: jaa
* Danish: ja, jo

## Portuguese
### Alternative forms

* ja (obsolete)
* jah (Internet slang)

### Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese ja, from Latin iam (“already”).

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈʒa/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈʒa/
* Rhymes: -a
* Hyphenation: já

### Adverb

já (not comparable)
* (usually preceding verbs in the past tense) already (indicating that something has happened before)
    Já li esse livro.I have already read this book.
* (usually following verbs in the present tense) now (at this instant)
    Synonym: agora
    Consigo fazer isso já.I can do this right now.
    Compre já!Buy now!
* (in negative sentences, preceding the adverb não ) any more; any longer
    Synonym: mais
    Eu já não leio mais muitos livros.I don’t read many books any more.
* (usually preceding verbs in the present tense) in a minute; soon
    Synonyms: logo; já, já
    Não me apresse, eu já faço isso.Don’t rush me, I will do this in a minute.
* (preceding noun phrases) on the other hand, however
    Synonyms: por outro lado, no entanto
    Gosto de ler, já a minha mãe não lê nem as notícias.I enjoy reading, my mother, on the other hand, doesn’t even read the news.
* (preceding a verb in the passive participle) ever
    O melhor bolo já feitoThe best cake ever made

#### Usage notes

In Portuguese, já is said more frequently than the English equivalents. It is sometimes left untranslated altogether.

#### Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:já.

#### Derived terms

* como já era de se esperar
* já agora
* já era
* já era hora
* já era tempo
* já que
* já sei
* já vai tarde
* já volto

#### Descendants

* Angolar: dha
* Annobonese: za
* Guinea-Bissau Creole: dja
* Indo-Portuguese: já
* Kabuverdianu: dja
* Korlai Creole Portuguese: ja, ya
* Macanese: já
* Kristang: jah
* Principense: za
* Sãotomense: za