# 彊

| 彊 | U+5F4A, &#24394; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5F4A |
| ← 彉 [U+5F49] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 彋 → [U+5F4B] |

## Translingual
### Han character

彊 (Kangxi radical 57, 弓+13, 16 strokes, cangjie input 弓一田一 (NMWM), four-corner 1121$_6$, composition ⿰弓畺)

#### Derived characters

* 疆, 䕬, 𠣀, 𠣃, 𡾪, 𦇤, 𧖑, 𧟂, 𨯞, 𫕘

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 361, character 6
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9872
* Dae Jaweon: page 679, character 5
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1003, character 1
* Unihan data for U+5F4A

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 畺 | *kaŋ |
| 畕 | *kaŋ |
| 礓 | *kaŋ |
| 繮 | *kaŋ |
| 韁 | *kaŋ |
| 橿 | *kaŋ |
| 薑 | *kaŋ |
| 疆 | *kaŋ |
| 壃 | *kaŋ |
| 僵 | *kaŋ |
| 彊 | *kaŋs, *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ |
| 麠 | *kaŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kaŋs, *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ) : semantic 弓 (“bow”) + phonetic 畺 (OC *kaŋ). Bow is powerful.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qiáng (qiang$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄤˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): koeng$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khiòng
* Eastern Min (BUC): giòng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kiûⁿ / kiông / kiâng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kiang$^5$ / kiang$^3$ / gion$^5$ / giên$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$jian
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qiáng
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄤˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ciáng
*** Wade–Giles: chʻiang$^2$
*** Yale: chyáng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyang
*** Palladius: цян (cjan)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: koeng$^4$
*** Yale: kèuhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: koeng$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: kêng$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰœːŋ²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiòng
*** Hakka Romanization System: kiong$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kiong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯oŋ¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: giòng
*** Sinological IPA : /kyoŋ⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiûⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: kiûnn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kviuu
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /kiũ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiông
*** Tâi-lô: kiông
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kioong
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /kiɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɔŋ²³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiâng
*** Tâi-lô: kiâng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kiaang
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiaŋ¹³/
* kiûⁿ - vernacular;
* kiông/kiâng - literary.
* Middle Chinese: gjang
Rime :
| Character | 彊 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 群 (30) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (105) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 巨良切 |
| Baxter | gjang |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɡɨɐŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɡiɐŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɡiɑŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /gɨaŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /ɡiaŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /ɡĭaŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /gi̯aŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qiáng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | koeng$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*kaŋs/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 彊 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| No. | 6264 |
| Phonetic component | 畺 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 彊 |
| Old Chinese | /*kaŋs/ |

### Definitions

彊
* (archaic) Alternative form of 強 / 强
* 36th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "strength" (𝌩)
* a surname

#### Compounds

* 丁彊 / 丁强
* 不畏彊禦 / 不畏强御
* 不避彊禦 / 不避强御
* 博聞彊志 / 博闻强志
* 博聞彊記 / 博闻强记
* 富彊 / 富强 (fùqiáng)
* 彊幹弱枝 / 强干弱枝
* 彊弩之末 / 强弩之末 (qiángnǔzhīmò)
* 彊志 / 强志
* 彊本 / 强本
* 彊本弱末 / 强本弱末
* 彊本節用 / 强本节用
* 彊梁
* 彊禦 / 强御
* 彊記博聞 / 强记博闻
* 按彊助弱 / 按强助弱
* 相倚為彊 / 相倚为强
* 禺彊 / 禺强

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* Alternative form of 強 (“strong”)

#### Readings

* Go-on: ごう (gō)
* Kan-on: きょう (kyō)
* Kun: つよい (tsuyoi, 彊い)、つよし (tsuyoshi, 彊し)、しいる (shiiru, 彊る)
* Nanori: あき (aki)、つとむ (tsutomu)、つよし (tsuyoshi)、ひさし (hisashi)

### Proper noun

彊(つとむ) • (Tsutomu)
* a male given name

### See also

* 彁, a ghost kanji

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 彊 (MC gjang|gjangX).

### Hanja

Wikisource 彊 (eumhun 굳셀 강 (gutsel gang))
* (literary) hanja form of 강 (“to be strong”)

#### Synonyms

* 強 (강 (gang))
* 勍 (경 (gyeong))

#### Compounds

* 강구 (彊求, ganggu)
* 강기 (彊記, ganggi)
* 강어 (彊禦, gang'eo)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

彊: Hán Nôm readings: cương, cường
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.