# dunkel
## English
### Etymology

From German dunkel (“dark”).

### Noun

dunkel (countable and uncountable, plural dunkels)
* A type of dark German lager, typically ranging in color from amber to dark reddish brown, and characterized by its smooth malty flavor.
** 1994, A Stomach for Dissent: The Life of Raymond Postgate, 1896-1971, Keele University Press, page 168:I drank dunkel export beer in the Bier Halle where all the girls were called Therese;
** 1997, The New Brewer, page 120:Recently, for instance, he brewed all dunkels for a period, only with different yeast strains.
** 2008, The Beer Book, DK, page 104:Bavarian dunkels are deep reddish-brown in colour.
** 2014, Gavin D. Smith, Beer: A Global History (The Edible Series), Reaktion Books, →ISBN:Dunkels tend to be moderately hopped, made using dark malts, and offer malty, toffee, chocolate flavours. While weissbiers, helles and dunkels are not actually indigenous to Germany, altbier has its origins around the city of Düsseldorf, […].

### Further reading

* Dunkel on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

## Danish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈdɔˀŋɡl̩/

### Adjective

dunkel (neuter dunkelt, plural and definite singular attributive dunkle, comparative dunklere, superlative (predicative) dunklest, superlative (attributive) dunkleste)
* dark (with connotations of sinisterness)

#### Derived terms

* dunkelhed

### Further reading

* “dunkel” in Den Danske Ordbog

## German
### Alternative forms

* dunckel, tunckel, tunkel (obsolete)

### Etymology

From Middle High German tunkel, from Old High German tunkal, tuncal (“dark”), from Proto-Germanic *dunkalaz (“dark”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰengʷ- (“to smoke, fume”). The modern consonantism is Central and Low German (compare Middle Low German dunker, also dunkel). Cognate to Dutch donker (“dark”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈdʊŋkəl/, [ˈdʊŋkəl], [ˈdʊŋkl̩]
* Audio (Austria):(file)
* Audio:(file)

### Adjective

dunkel (strong nominative masculine singular dunkler, comparative dunkler or (alternatively in Austria) dünkler, superlative am dunkelsten)
* (of light, colour) dark
    Antonym: hell
    Im Winter wird es früher dunkel.In the winter, it gets dark earlier.
    Das dunkle Rot gefällt mir besser.I like the dark red better.
* (of sound) deep
    Synonym: tief
    Antonyms: hell, hoch
    Er hat schon eine ganz dunkle Stimme.He’s already got a very deep voice.
* (of memory, ideas) vague, faint
    Ich habe nur dunkle Erinnerungen an meine Großmutter.I have only faint memories of my grandmother.

#### Usage notes

* The comparative form dünkler is an equal variant of dunkler in Austrian German.

#### Declension

* With contractions (normal form):
$^1$Alternatively in Austria.
* Without contractions (now nonstandard and extremely rare):

#### Derived terms

* dunkelblau
* dunkelblond
* dunkelbraun
* dunkelgelb
* dunkelgrau
* dunkelgrün
* Dunkelheit
* Dunkelkammer
* dunkeln
* dunkelrot
* dunkelviolett
* dunkelweiß
* Dunkelziffer

### Verb

dunkel
* inflection of dunkeln:
** first-person singular present
** singular imperative

### Further reading

* “dunkel” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
* “dunkel” in Uni Leipzig: Wortschatz-Lexikon
* “dunkel” in Duden online

## Norwegian
### Etymology

From Low German (compare Middle Low German dunker, also dunkel). Cognate to Dutch donker (“dark”).

### Adjective

dunkel
* dark
* unclear, uncertain
* mysterious, obscure

### Further reading

* dunkel in Bokmålsordboka

## Pennsylvania German
### Etymology

Compare German dunkel, Dutch donker.

### Adjective

dunkel
* dark

#### Synonyms

* finschder

## Plautdietsch
### Adjective

dunkel
* dark
* cloudy
* bleak
* dim
* murky
* obscure
* sombre

#### Derived terms

* Dunkelheit

## Swedish
### Etymology

Borrowed from German dunkel, from Proto-Germanic *dunkalaz. Cognate with Old Norse døkkr.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Adjective

dunkel (comparative dunklare, superlative dunklast)
* dark, dim
* (figurative) obscure, opaque, abstruse
* (figurative) dubious

#### Declension

$^1$ The indefinite superlative forms are only used in the predicative. $^2$ Dated or archaic. $^3$ Only used, optionally, to refer to things whose natural gender is masculine.

### Noun

dunkel n
* darkness, dimness
* obscurity

#### Derived terms

* vara höljt i dunkel

### References

* dunkel in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* dunkel in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* dunkel in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)