# dul
## Afar
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈdul/ [ˈdʊl]
* Hyphenation: dul

### Noun

dúl m (plural duulitté f)
* common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius)

#### Declension
### References

* E. M. Parker, R. J. Hayward (1985) “dul”, in An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN

## Aromanian
### Alternative forms

* dhul, dulu, dhulu

### Etymology

From Greek δούλος (doúlos).

### Noun

dul m (plural dulj, feminine equivalent dulã)
* servant

#### Synonyms

* huzmichear, shcljau

## Azerbaijani
### Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *tul, *dul(k) (“widow, widower”).

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Noun

dul (definite accusative dulu, plural dullar)
* widow, widower

#### Declension
## Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈdul]

### Participle

dul
* masculine singular past active participle of dout

## Hamer-Banna
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dúl/, [dúl̥]

### Ideophone

dul
* act of going

### References

* Petrollino, Sara (2016) A Grammar of Hamar: A South Omotic language of Ethiopia‎, Leiden University

## Icelandic
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tʏːl/
* Rhymes: -ʏːl

### Noun

dul f (genitive singular dular, no plural)
* concealment
    Synonym: leynd

#### Related terms

* duld (“neurosis, complex”)
* dulur (“introverted, reticent”)
* dulúð (“occult, mystery”)
* dylja (“to hide, to conceal”)

## Irish
### Pronunciation

* (Munster) IPA: /d̪ˠɞl̪ˠ/
* (Connacht, Ulster) IPA: /d̪ˠʊlˠ/, /d̪ˠʊl̪ˠ/

### Etymology 1

From Old Irish dul, verbal noun of téit (“to go”).

#### Noun

dul m (genitive singular dula)
* verbal noun of téigh
* going, passing, departure
* way, method; means, capability
* proper, natural order
* arrangement, construction, style, version
* condition, state
* time, occasion

##### Declension

bare forms
case
singular
nominative
dul
vocative
a dhul
genitive
dula
dative
dul
forms with the definite article
case
singular
nominative
an dul
genitive
an dula
dative
leis an dul don dul :

##### Synonyms

* goil (Connacht, Ulster)

##### Derived terms

* dul idir

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

dul m (genitive singular dula)
* Alternative form of dol (“loop; noose, snare; cast; draught, haul; turn; batch, lot; group, contingent; number, amount”)

##### Declension

bare forms
case
singular
nominative
dul
vocative
a dhul
genitive
dula
dative
dul
forms with the definite article
case
singular
nominative
an dul
genitive
an dula
dative
leis an dul don dul :

#### Verb

dul (present analytic dulann, future analytic dulfaidh, verbal noun duladh, past participle dulta)
* Alternative form of dol (“loop; snare, ensnare; net”)

##### Conjugation

| | | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural | relative | autonomous |
| | | first | second | third | first | second | third | relative | autonomous |
| indicative | present | dulaim | dulann tú; dulair$^†$ | dulann sé, sí | dulaimid | dulann sibh | dulann siad; dulaid$^†$ | a dhulann; a dhulas / a ndulann* | dultar |
| indicative | past | dhul mé; dhulas | dhul tú; dhulais | dhul sé, sí | dhulamar; dhul muid | dhul sibh; dhulabhair | dhul siad; dhuladar | a dhul / ar dhul* | duladh |
| indicative | past habitual | dhulainn / ndulainn‡‡ | dhultá / ndultá‡‡ | dhuladh sé, sí / nduladh sé, sí‡‡ | dhulaimis; dhuladh muid / ndulaimis‡‡; nduladh muid‡‡ | dhuladh sibh / nduladh sibh‡‡ | dhulaidís; dhuladh siad / ndulaidís‡‡; nduladh siad‡‡ | a dhuladh / a nduladh* | dhultaí / ndultaí‡‡ |
| future | future | dulfaidh mé; dulfad | dulfaidh tú; dulfair$^†$ | dulfaidh sé, sí | dulfaimid; dulfaidh muid | dulfaidh sibh | dulfaidh siad; dulfaid$^†$ | a dhulfaidh; a dhulfas / a ndulfaidh* | dulfar |
| conditional | conditional | dhulfainn / ndulfainn‡‡ | dhulfá / ndulfá‡‡ | dhulfadh sé, sí / ndulfadh sé, sí‡‡ | dhulfaimis; dhulfadh muid / ndulfaimis‡‡; ndulfadh muid‡‡ | dhulfadh sibh / ndulfadh sibh‡‡ | dhulfaidís; dhulfadh siad / ndulfaidís‡‡; ndulfadh siad‡‡ | a dhulfadh / a ndulfadh* | dhulfaí / ndulfaí‡‡ |
| subjunctive | present | go ndula mé; go ndulad$^†$ | go ndula tú; go ndulair$^†$ | go ndula sé, sí | go ndulaimid; go ndula muid | go ndula sibh | go ndula siad; go ndulaid$^†$ | — | go ndultar |
| subjunctive | past | dá ndulainn | dá ndultá | dá nduladh sé, sí | dá ndulaimis; dá nduladh muid | dá nduladh sibh | dá ndulaidís; dá nduladh siad | — | dá ndultaí |
| imperative | imperative | dulaim | dul | duladh sé, sí | dulaimis | dulaigí; dulaidh$^†$ | dulaidís | — | dultar |
| verbal noun | verbal noun | duladh | duladh | duladh | duladh | duladh | duladh | duladh | duladh |
| past participle | past participle | dulta | dulta | dulta | dulta | dulta | dulta | dulta | dulta |
* indirect relative † archaic or dialect form ‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* ↑ Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931) Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry [Phonetics of an Irish Dialect of Kerry] (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, § 180, page 91
* ↑ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 dul”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “dul”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN

## North Wahgi
### Noun

dul
* eye

### Further reading

* Heather and Don Mc Lean, North Wahgi (Yu We) Organised Phonology Data (2005), p. 2

## Old Irish
### Alternative forms

* daul

### Etymology

The u in the term is commonly assumed to have arisen in the first place from u-infection of an original Proto-Celtic *dalus, which may be derived from Proto-Indo-European *dʰelh₁- (“to ooze, spring up”), Ancient Greek θάλλω (thállō, “to bloom, thrive”), Albanian dal (“to go out”). Related to Welsh deillio (“to emanate, arise”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [dul]

### Noun

dul m (genitive dula)
* verbal noun of téit

#### Inflection

Masculine u-stem :
| | Singular | Dual | Plural |
| Nominative | dul | — | — |
| Vocative | dul | — | — |
| Accusative | dul$^N$ | — | — |
| Genitive | dulo$^H$, dula$^H$ | — | — |
| Dative | dul$^L$ | — | — |
| Initial mutations of a following adjective: $^H$ = triggers aspiration $^L$ = triggers lenition $^N$ = triggers nasalization ||||

#### Related terms

* duilne (“foliage”)
* duilesc (“edible seaweed”)

#### Descendants

* Irish: dul
* Scottish Gaelic: dol

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* ↑ Gordon, Randall Clark (2012) Derivational Morphology of the Early Irish Verbal Noun, Los Angeles: University of California, page 327
* ↑ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, page 257

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 dul”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## Scottish Gaelic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /t̪ul̪ˠ/

### Etymology 1

From Old Irish dul (“snare, trap”).

#### Noun

dul m (genitive singular dula, plural dulachan)
* loop, noose, link

##### Synonyms

* lùb

##### Derived terms

* dul-briogais
* dul-iuchrach

#### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Scottish Gaelic. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Etymology 2

From Old Irish dul (“going, to go”), verbal noun of téit.

#### Noun

dul m (genitive singular dul, no plural)
* Ross-shire, Sutherland, East Inverness-shire, and Deeside form of dol

### References

* ↑ Ternes, Elmar (1973) The phonemic analysis of Scottish Gaelic: based on the dialect of Applecross, Ross-shire, Hamburg: Helmut Buske

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “2 dul”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## Sumerian
### Romanization

dul
* Romanization of 𒌋𒌆 (dul)

## Turkish
### Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish طول (dul), from Proto-Turkic *tul. Cognate with Bashkir тол (tol), Old Turkic 𐱄𐰆𐰟 (tul).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈduɫ/
* Hyphenation: dul
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

dul (definite accusative dulu, plural dullar)
* widow, widower
* divorcee

#### Derived terms

* dul kalmak
* dulavrat otu
* karadul

#### Descendants

* → Laz: ტული (ťuli)

### References

* ↑ Clauson, Gerard (1972) “tu:l”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 490
* ↑ Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*dul(k)”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

### Further reading

* “dul”, in Turkish dictionaries, Türk Dil Kurumu
* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “dul”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 1301

## West Flemish
### Adjective

dul
* angry
    Synonyms: kwoad, vys