# 掌

| 掌 | U+638C, &#25484; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-638C |
| ← 掋 [U+638B] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 掍 → [U+638D] |

## Translingual
### Han character

掌 (Kangxi radical 64, 手+8, 12 strokes, cangjie input 火月口手 (FBRQ), four-corner 9050$_2$, composition ⿱𫩠手 or ⿱龸𠰅)

#### Derived characters

* 𰂱, 撑

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 437, character 5
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 12248
* Dae Jaweon: page 786, character 13
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1889, character 2
* Unihan data for U+638C

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 掌 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 當 | *taːŋ, *taːŋs |
| 襠 | *taːŋ |
| 鐺 | *taːŋ, *sʰraːŋ |
| 簹 | *taːŋ |
| 璫 | *taːŋ |
| 檔 | *taːŋ, *taːŋs |
| 儅 | *taːŋ, *taːŋs |
| 蟷 | *taːŋ |
| 擋 | *taːŋʔ, *taːŋs |
| 黨 | *taːŋʔ, *tʰaːŋʔ |
| 讜 | *taːŋʔ |
| 欓 | *taːŋʔ |
| 譡 | *taːŋs |
| 闣 | *taːŋs |
| 瓽 | *taːŋs |
| 鏜 | *tʰaːŋ |
| 闛 | *tʰaːŋ, *daːŋ |
| 鼞 | *tʰaːŋ |
| 曭 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
| 儻 | *tʰaːŋʔ, *tʰaːŋs |
| 戃 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
| 矘 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
| 爣 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
| 攩 | *hl'aːŋʔ, *ɦʷlaːŋʔ, *ɦʷlaːŋs |
| 淌 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
| 倘 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
| 躺 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
| 趟 | *tʰaːŋs, *rtaːŋ, *rtaːŋs |
| 堂 | *daːŋ |
| 坣 | *daːŋ |
| 棠 | *daːŋ |
| 糛 | *daːŋ |
| 螳 | *daːŋ |
| 隚 | *daːŋ |
| 橖 | *daːŋ |
| 掌 | *tjaŋʔ |
| 廠 | *tʰjaŋʔ, *tʰjaŋs |
| 敞 | *tʰjaŋʔ |
| 僘 | *tʰjaŋʔ |
| 氅 | *tʰjaŋʔ |
| 常 | *djaŋ |
| 嘗 | *djaŋ |
| 裳 | *djaŋ |
| 徜 | *djaŋ |
| 尚 | *djaŋ, *djaŋs |
| 甞 | *djaŋ |
| 鋿 | *djaŋ |
| 嫦 | *djaŋ |
| 償 | *djaŋ, *djaŋs |
| 賞 | *hjaŋʔ |
| 瞠 | *rtʰaːŋ |
| 撐 | *rtʰaːŋ |
| 樘 | *rtʰaːŋ |
| 橕 | *rtʰaːŋ |
| 牚 | *rtʰaːŋs |
| 埫 | *tʰoŋʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *tjaŋʔ) : phonetic 尚 (OC *djaŋ, *djaŋs) + semantic 手.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): zhǎng (zhang$^3$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄓㄤˇ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): zang$^3$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zoeng$^2$
* Gan (Wiktionary): zong$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chóng
    (Meixian, Guangdong): zong$^3$
* Jin (Wiktionary): zon$^2$
* Northern Min (KCR): ciǒng
* Eastern Min (BUC): ciēng / ciōng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chiúⁿ / chióⁿ / chńg / chéng / chín / chióng / chiáng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zion$^2$ / ziên$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$tsaon
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): zhan$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhǎng
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄤˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhǎng
*** Wade–Giles: chang$^3$
*** Yale: jǎng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jaang
*** Palladius: чжан (čžan)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂɑŋ²¹⁴/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: zang$^3$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: zang
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡saŋ⁵³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zoeng$^2$
*** Yale: jéung
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzoeng$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zêng$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sœːŋ³⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: zong$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɔŋ²¹³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chóng
*** Hakka Romanization System: zong$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: zong$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡soŋ³¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: zong$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sɔŋ³¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: zon$^2$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡sɒ̃⁵³/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ciǒng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siɔŋ²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ciēng / ciōng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sieŋ³³/, /t͡suoŋ³³/
* ciēng - vernacular (“finger”);
* ciōng - literary.
* Middle Chinese: tsyangX
Rime :
| Character | 掌 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 章 (23) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (105) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 諸兩切 |
| Baxter | tsyangX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ɕɨɐŋ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡ɕiɐŋ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ɕiɑŋ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /cɨaŋ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ɕiaŋ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ɕĭaŋ$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡ɕi̯aŋ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhǎng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zoeng$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k.t]aŋʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*tjaŋʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 掌 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zhǎng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsyang$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[k.t]aŋʔ/ |
| English | palm of the hand |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 掌 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 11146 |
| Phonetic component | 尚 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 掌 |
| Old Chinese | /*tjaŋʔ/ |

### Definitions

掌
* palm of hand
    鼓掌 ― gǔzhǎng ― to clap
* (Min) finger
* sole of foot
* shoe sole or heel
* horseshoe
* to slap
* to hold
    掌旗 ― zhǎng qí ― to hold a flag
* to control
* (dialectal Mandarin) to put (seasoning)
* (Sichuanese) to support; to hold
* (Hakka, Teochew) to watch over; to look after

### Compounds

* 主掌 (zhǔzhǎng)
* 仙人掌 (xiānrénzhǎng)
* 合掌 (hézhǎng)
* 執掌 / 执掌 (zhízhǎng)
* 巴掌 (bāzhang)
* 手掌 (shǒuzhǎng)
* 掌上壓 / 掌上压 (zhǎngshàngyā)
* 掌上明珠 (zhǎngshàngmíngzhū)
* 掌上電腦 / 掌上电脑 (zhǎngshàng diànnǎo)
* 掌中戲 / 掌中戏
* 掌事
* 掌勺 (zhǎngsháo)
* 掌勺儿
* 掌印
* 掌嘴 (zhǎngzuǐ)
* 掌子
* 掌子面
* 掌廚 / 掌厨 (zhǎngchú)
* 掌心 (zhǎngxīn)
* 掌控 (zhǎngkòng)
* 接掌
* 掌握 (zhǎngwò)
* 掌握電腦 / 掌握电脑
* 掌摑 / 掌掴 (zhǎngguāi)
* 掌擊 / 掌击
* 掌故 (zhǎnggù)
* 掌案兒的 / 掌案儿的
* 掌櫃 / 掌柜 (zhǎngguì)
* 掌櫃的 / 掌柜的 (zhǎngguìde)
* 掌權 / 掌权 (zhǎngquán)
* 掌灶 (zhǎngzào)
* 掌燈 / 掌灯
* 掌班
* 掌璽大臣 / 掌玺大臣
* 掌璽官 / 掌玺官
* 掌相
* 掌秤
* 掌管 (zhǎngguǎn)
* 掌紋 / 掌纹 (zhǎngwén)
* 掌聲 / 掌声 (zhǎngshēng)
* 掌聲雷動 / 掌声雷动 (zhǎngshēngléidòng)
* 掌舵 (zhǎngduò)
* 掌鍋 / 掌锅
* 掌門 / 掌门 (zhǎngmén)
* 掌門人 / 掌门人 (zhǎngménrén)
* 掌鞭
* 掌鞭的
* 掌骨 (zhǎnggǔ)
* 揚掌 / 扬掌
* 熊掌 (xióngzhǎng)
* 穿掌
* 蘭花掌 / 兰花掌 (lánhuāzhǎng)
* 馬掌 / 马掌 (mǎzhǎng)
* 鼓掌 (gǔzhǎng)

### Descendants

* → Mongolian: зан (zan, “sole”)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* palm of the hand
* manipulate
* rule; administer

#### Readings

* Go-on: しょう (shō, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: しょう (shō, Jōyō)
* Kun: てのひら (tenohira, 掌)、たなごころ (tanagokoro, 掌)、たなそこ (tanasoko, 掌)、つかさどる (tsukasadoru, 掌る)

#### Compounds

* 掌(しょう)握(あく) (shōaku)
* 掌(しょう)鞅(おう) (shōō)
* 掌(しょう)管(かん) (shōkan)
* 掌(しょう)故(こ) (shōko)
* 掌中(しょうちゅう) (shōchū)
* 掌(しょう)典(てん) (shōten)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 掌
* てのひら Grade: S
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spellings
* 手の平 手のひら
From 手(て) (te, “hand”) + の (no, “-'s”) + 平(ひら) (hira, “flat”). Compare English flat of one's hand.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) てのひら [tènóꜜhìrà] (Nakadaka –)
* (Tokyo) てのひら [téꜜnòhìrà] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [te̞no̞çiɾa̠]

#### Noun

掌(てのひら) • (te-no-hira)
* (anatomy) a palm

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 掌
* たなうら Grade: S
* kun'yomi
From 手(た) (ta-, “hand”) + な (na, “-'s”, archaic) + 裏(うら) (ura, “hidden side”).

#### Noun

掌(たなうら) • (tanaura)
* (anatomy) a palm

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 掌
* たなごころ Grade: S
* kun'yomi
From 手(た) (ta-, “hand”) + な (na, “-'s”, archaic) + 心(こころ) (kokoro, “heart; inside”, rendaku form 心(ごころ) (gokoro)).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) たなごころ [tànágóꜜkòrò] (Nakadaka –)
* (Tokyo) たなごころ [tànágókóró] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) たなごころ [tànágókóróꜜ] (Odaka – [5])
* IPA: [ta̠na̠ɡo̞ko̞ɾo̞]

#### Noun

掌(たなごころ) • (tanagokoro)
* (anatomy) a palm

### Etymology 4

* Kanji in this term
* 掌
* しょう Grade: S
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 掌 (MC tsyangX).

#### Suffix

掌(しょう) • (-shō)
* (martial arts) used in the names of moves that involve hitting and pushing hard with the palm
    条(じゅう)拳(けん)法(ぽう)　八(はっ)卦(け)六(ろく)十(じゅう)四(よん)掌(しょう)
       Jūkenpō Hakke Rokujūyonshō
       Jūkenpō: Eight Trigrams, Sixty-Four Palms
** 2003 September 22, Akinobu Uraku, “第(だい)60話(わ)　少(しょう)女(じょ)の決(けつ)意(い) [Chapter 60: A Girl’s Resolve]”, in 東(とう)京(きょう)アンダーグラウンド [Tokyo Underground], volume 11 (fiction), Square Enix, →ISBN, pages 30–31:
    これがこの赤(セキ)を師(スー)兵(ペイ)の頂(ちょう)点(てん)たらしめる炎(ほのお)だッ!!!我(が)龍(りゅう)双(そう)煉(れん)掌(しょう)
       Kore ga kono Seki o Sūpei no chōten tarashimeru honō da'!!! Garyū Sōrenshō
       This is the flame that helped put me, Seki, at the top of the Supei!!! Garyū Sōrenshō

### References

* 1 2 3 4 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 4 5 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* 1 2 3 4 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 掌 (MC tsyangX). Recorded as Middle Korean 쟈ᇰ〯 (cyǎng) (Yale: cyang) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

Wikisource 掌 (eumhun 손바닥 장 (sonbadak jang))
* hanja form of 장 (“palm of the hand”)

#### Compounds

* 박장 (拍掌, bakjang)
* 분장 (分掌, bunjang)
* 장갑 (掌匣/掌甲, janggap)
* 장악 (掌握, jang'ak)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

掌: Hán Nôm readings: chưởng
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.