# सम्मुख
## Hindi
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit सम्मुख (sam-mukhá). By surface analysis, सम्- (sam-) +‎ मुख (mukh). Cognate with Marathi सम्मुख (sammukh). Doublet of सामना (sāmnā).

### Pronunciation

* (Delhi) IPA: /səm.mʊkʰ/, [sɐ̃m.mʊkʰ]

### Adjective

सम्मुख • (sammukh) (indeclinable, Urdu spelling سمکھ) (formal)
* facing, face to face with
* opposing, competing
* adapted to circumstances, fit, suitable

### Adverb

सम्मुख • (sammukh) (Urdu spelling سمکھ)
* in front of

### Further reading

* Dāsa, Śyāmasundara (1965–1975) “सम्मुख”, in Hindī Śabdasāgara [lit. Sea of Hindi words] (in Hindi), Kashi [Varanasi]: Nagari Pracarini Sabha
* “सम्मुख”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.
* McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “सम्मुख”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press
* Platts, John T. (1884) “सम्मुख”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.

## Marathi
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit सम्मुख (sam-mukhá). Cognate with Hindustani सम्मुख / سمکھ (sammukh). Doublet of सामना (sāmnā).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /səm.mukʰ/, [səm.muːkʰ]

### Adjective

सम्मुख • (sammukh)
* facing or fronting, having the face opposed to, or being opposed to the face of

### Further reading

* Molesworth, James Thomas (1857) “सम्मुख”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press
* दाते, यशवंत रामकृष्ण [Date, Yashwant Ramkrishna] (1932-1950) “सम्मुख”, in महाराष्ट्र शब्दकोश (mahārāṣṭra śabdakoś) (in Marathi), पुणे [Pune]: महाराष्ट्र कोशमंडळ (mahārāṣṭra kośmaṇḍaḷ).

## Sanskrit
### Alternative forms

* संमुख (saṃ-mukhá)

### Alternative scripts

* সম্মুখ (Assamese script)
* ᬲᬫ᭄ᬫᬸᬔ (Balinese script)
* সম্মুখ (Bengali script)
* 𑰭𑰦𑰿𑰦𑰲𑰏 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀲𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀼𑀔 (Brahmi script)
* သမ္မုခ (Burmese script)
* સમ્મુખ (Gujarati script)
* ਸਮ੍ਮੁਖ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌸𑌮𑍍𑌮𑍁𑌖 (Grantha script)
* ꦱꦩ꧀ꦩꦸꦑ (Javanese script)
* 𑂮𑂧𑂹𑂧𑂳𑂎 (Kaithi script)
* ಸಮ್ಮುಖ (Kannada script)
* សម្មុខ (Khmer script)
* ສມ຺ມຸຂ (Lao script)
* സമ്മുഖ (Malayalam script)
* ᠰᠠᠮᠮᡠᡘᠠ (Manchu script)
* 𑘭𑘦𑘿𑘦𑘳𑘏 (Modi script)
* ᠰᠠᠮᠮᠤᠻᠠ (Mongolian script)
* 𑧍𑧆𑧠𑧆𑧔𑦯 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐳𑐩𑑂𑐩𑐸𑐏 (Newa script)
* ସମ୍ମୁଖ (Odia script)
* ꢱꢪ꣄ꢪꢸꢓ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆱𑆩𑇀𑆩𑆶𑆒 (Sharada script)
* 𑖭𑖦𑖿𑖦𑖲𑖏 (Siddham script)
* සම‍්මුඛ (Sinhalese script)
* 𑪁𑩴 𑪙𑩴𑩒𑩝 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚨𑚢𑚶𑚢𑚰𑚋 (Takri script)
* ஸம்முக² (Tamil script)
* సమ్ముఖ (Telugu script)
* สมฺมุข (Thai script)
* ས་མྨུ་ཁ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒮𑒧𑓂𑒧𑒳𑒐 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨰𑨢𑩇𑨢𑨃𑨌 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

From सम्- (sam-) +‎ मुख (múkha).

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /sɐm.mu.kʰɐ́/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /ˈs̪ɐm.mu.kʰɐ/

### Adjective

सम्मुख • (sam-mukhá) stem
* facing, fronting, confronting, being face to face or in front of or opposite to
* present before the eyes
* being about to begin or at the beginning of
* directed or turned towards
* inclined or favourable to, propitious
* intent upon
* adapted to circumstances, fit, suitable
* with the mouth or face

#### Derived terms

* अभिसम्मुख (abhisammukha)
* शत्रुसम्मुखम् (śatrusammukham)
* सम्मुखम् (sammukham)
* सम्मुखविनय (sammukhavinaya)
* स्वसम्मुख (svasammukha)

#### Descendants

* Pali: sammukha
* Prakrit: 𑀲𑀁𑀫𑀼𑀳 (saṃmuha)
    Magadhi Prakrit:
** Bengali: সামনে (śamne)
** Odia: ସାମନା (sāmanā)
    Maharastri Prakrit:
** Marathi: सामना (sāmnā)
    Paisaci Prakrit:
** Punjabi: ਸਾਹਮਣਾ (sāhmaṇā)
    Sauraseni Prakrit:
** Gurjara Apabhramsa:
*** Gujarati: સામું (sāmũ)
** Sauraseni Apabhramsa:
*** Hindustani: sāmnā
    Hindi: सामना
    Urdu: سامنا
* → Marathi: सम्मुख (sammukh) (learned)
* → Hindustani: (learned)
    Hindi: सम्मुख (sammukh)
    Urdu: سمکھ (sammukh)
* → Malay: semuka
** Indonesian: semuka

### Further reading

* Monier Williams (1899) “सम्मुख”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1180, column 3.
* Apte, Vaman Shivram (1890) “संमुख”, in The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary, Poona: Prasad Prakashan
* Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “saṁmukhá”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press