# 出る
## Japanese

* Kanji in this term
* 出
* で Grade: 1
* kun'yomi

### Etymology

⟨idu⟩ → /id͡zu/ → /d͡zu/ → /d͡zuru/ → /deru/
From Old Japanese 出づ (idu), from Proto-Japonic *intu.
The initial i fell out in compounds where the preceding element ended in i. The du form on its own was not used much outside of compounds until the Kamakura period.
The ending then shifted from -duru (modern -dzuru) to -deru, a shift common to all 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs that occurred from the late Muromachi period through the early Edo period.
Some sources trace the development instead as ⟨idu⟩ → ⟨iduru⟩ → /id͡zuru/ → /d͡zuru/ → /deru/.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) でる [déꜜrù] (Atamadaka – [1])
* (Mishima) でる [dèrú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [de̞ɾɯ̟]
* Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「出る」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary :
| Stem forms ||||
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) | 出る | でる | [déꜜrù] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 出ろ | でろ | [déꜜrò] |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 出られる | でられる | [dèráréꜜrù] |
| Causative | 出させる | でさせる | [dèsáséꜜrù] |
| Potential | 出られる | でられる | [dèráréꜜrù] |
| Volitional | 出よう | でよー | [dèyóꜜò] |
| Negative | 出ない | でない | [déꜜnàì] |
| Negative perfective | 出なかった | でなかった | [déꜜnàkàttà] |
| Formal | 出ます | でます | [dèmáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 出た | でた | [déꜜtà] |
| Conjunctive | 出て | でて | [déꜜtè] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 出れば | でれば | [déꜜrèbà] |

### Verb

出(で)る • (deru) intransitive ichidan (stem 出(で) (de), past 出(で)た (deta))
Japanese verb pair :
| active | 出(だ)す |
| mediopassive | 出(で)る |
* to leave a place
    部(へ)屋(や)を出(で)る ― heya o deru ― to leave a room
    Antonym: 入る (hairu)
* to go out
    外(そと)に出(で)る。 ― soto ni deru. ― I'll go outside.
    旅(たび)に出(で)る。 ― tabi ni deru. ― I'll go out on a trip.
* to come forth, to be or become apparent, to appear
    お化(ば)けが出(で)た。 ― obake ga deta. ― A spirit appeared.
    血(ち)が出(で)ているよ。 ― chi ga dete iru yo. ― You're bleeding. (literally, “Blood is coming out.”)
* to make an appearance, to appear
** 2007, various contributors, 石川セリ (Ishikawa Seri), in Japanese Wikipedia,
    もっとテレビに出(で)て下(くだ)さい。
       Motto terebi ni dete kudasai.
       Please make more TV appearances.
    社(しゃ)会(かい)に出(で)る ― shakai ni deru ― to go out into the world; to enter society
* (by extension) to answer (the phone or door)
    電(でん)話(わ)に出(で)る。 ― denwa ni deru. ― I'll answer the phone.
    私(わたし)が出(で)る。 ― watashi ga deru. ― I'll answer the door.
* (vulgar, specifically of semen) to exit the penis during ejaculation
** 2018 March 31, ウナギンチャク (Unaginchaku), “Alexa(アレクサ)による射(しゃ)精(せい)管(かん)理(り) (Arekusa ni yoru shasei kanri)”, in YouTube‎:
    「出(で)ちゃう。」「ほら。ほら。我(が)慢(まん)。我(が)慢(まん)ですよ。許(きょ)可(か)なく出(だ)したらお仕(し)置(お)きですからね？」「出(で)ちゃうー。」
       “Dechau.”“Hora. Hora. Gaman. Gaman desu yo. Kyoka naku dashitara o-shioki desu kara ne?”“Dechaū.”
       "I'm going to come." "Now, now. Patience. Have patience. Because if you come without permission there's a punishment, alright?" "I'm really going to come—."

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 出 | で | de |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 出 | で | de |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 出る | でる | deru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 出る | でる | deru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 出れ | でれ | dere |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 出よ¹ 出ろ² | でよ¹ でろ² | deyo¹ dero² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 出られる | でられる | derareru |
| Causative | 出させる 出さす | でさせる でさす | desaseru desasu |
| Potential | 出られる 出れる³ | でられる でれる³ | derareru dereru³ |
| Volitional | 出よう | でよう | deyō |
| Negative | 出ない 出ぬ 出ん | でない でぬ でん | denai denu den |
| Negative continuative | 出ず | でず | dezu |
| Formal | 出ます | でます | demasu |
| Perfective | 出た | でた | deta |
| Conjunctive | 出て | でて | dete |
| Hypothetical conditional | 出れば | でれば | dereba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential ||||

#### Derived terms

* 出(で) (de)
* 現(あらわ)れ出(で)る (arawarederu)
* 浮(う)かれ出(で)る (ukarederu)
* 染(し)み出(で)る (shimideru)
* 取(と)って出(で)る (tottederu)
* 滲(にじ)み出(で)る (nijimideru)
* 罷(まか)り出(で)る (makarideru)
* 旅(たび)に出(で)る (tabi ni deru)
* 出(で)て来(く)る (detekuru)

#### Idioms

* 出(で)る所(ところ)へ出(で)る (deru tokoro e deru)
* 意(い)表(ひょう)に出(で)る (ihyō ni deru)
* 挙(きょ)に出(で)る (kyo ni deru)
* 下(した)手(て)に出(で)る (shitate ni deru)
* 反(へ)吐(ど)が出(で)る (hedo ga deru)

#### Proverbs

* 出(で)る杭(くい)は打(う)たれる (deru kui wa utareru)
* 出(で)る釘(くぎ)は打(う)たれる (deru kugi wa utareru)

### References

* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Uwano, Zendo (2002 October 31) “見島方言の用言のアクセント調査報告 [A Report on the Accentual Surveys of Verbs and Adjectives in the Mishima Dialect]”, in 環太平洋の「消滅に瀕した言語」にかんする緊急調査研究 [Endangered languages of the Pacific Rim]‎, →ISSN, archived from the original on 25 September 2022