# 杜

| 杜 | U+675C, &#26460; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-675C |
| ← 杛 [U+675B] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 杝 → [U+675D] |

## Translingual
### Han character

杜 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+3, 7 strokes, cangjie input 木土 (DG), four-corner 4491$_0$, composition ⿰木土)

#### Derived characters

* 𠴗, 𢭰, 𬇩, 𨧀, 𬭊, 荰, 𥮊, 𧹥, 𬼦, 𨁥, 𪳌

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 512, character 9
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14477
* Dae Jaweon: page 897, character 10
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1157, character 2
* Unihan data for U+675C

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 杜 :
| Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script |
| | Old Chinese |
| 社 | *ɦljaːʔ |
| 肚 | *ʔl'aːʔ, *l'aːʔ |
| 土 | *l̥ʰaːʔ, *l'aːʔ |
| 吐 | *l̥ʰaːʔ, *l̥ʰaːs |
| 芏 | *l̥ʰaːʔ |
| 杜 | *l'aːʔ |
| 靯 | *l'aːʔ |
| 荰 | *l'aːʔ |

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): dù (du$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨˋ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): dou$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): u$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): thu
    (Hailu, HRS): tu$^˖$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): tu$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): du$^3$
* Eastern Min (BUC): dô
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tō͘ / tǒ͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): dou$^6$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$du
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dù
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄨˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: dù
*** Wade–Giles: tu$^4$
*** Yale: dù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duh
*** Palladius: ду (du)
*** Sinological IPA : /tu⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: dou$^6$
*** Yale: douh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dou$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: dou$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /tou̯²²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: u$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /u³²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thu
*** Hakka Romanization System: tu
*** Hagfa Pinyim: tu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰu⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: tu$^˖$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰu³³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: tu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰu⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: du$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /tu⁴⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: dô
*** Sinological IPA : /tou²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tō͘
*** Tâi-lô: tōo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: do
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tɔ³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /tɔ²²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tǒ͘
*** Tâi-lô: tǒo
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tɔ²²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: dou$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tŏu
*** Sinological IPA : /tou³⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$du
*** MiniDict: du$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$du
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /du²³/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit杜 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /tu⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /tu⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /tu⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /tu²/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /tu⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /tu³¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /tu⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /tv̩²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /tu¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /tu¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /tu²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /təu³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /tu¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /tu²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /tu²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /tu⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /tu⁵³/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /tu⁴⁵/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /tu³⁵/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /tu⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /du²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /dəu³¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /du¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /døy³⁵/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /tʰu²²/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /təu²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /təu⁵⁵/ /təu¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /təɯ⁵⁵/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /tʰu²¹/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /tʰu⁵³/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /tou²²/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /tu²²/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /tou²²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /tɔ²²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /tou²⁴²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /tu⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /tou³⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /ʔdu³³/ ～絕 /ʔdu³⁵/ 姓 |
* Middle Chinese: duX
Rime :
| Character | 杜 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 定 (7) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 徒古切 |
| Baxter | duX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /duo$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /duo$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /do$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /dɔ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /do$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /du$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /dʱuo$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | dù |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | dou$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*l'aːʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 杜 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 12505 |
| Phonetic component | 土 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 杜 |
| Old Chinese | /*l'aːʔ/ |

#### Definitions

杜
* birch-leaved pear (Pyrus betulifolia)
* to stop; to prevent; to block
    防微杜漸／防微杜渐 ― fángwēidùjiàn ― to nip in the bud
* to reject
* (obsolete) to pound; to strike
* (obsolete, dialectal) astringent
* (obsolete, dialectal) root
* Asarum forbesii
* Pollia japonica
* name of an ancient pre-Qin state located in present-day Xi'an, Shaanxi
* a surname
    杜甫 ― Dù Fǔ ― Du Fu (Tang dynasty Chinese poet)

#### Compounds

* 召父杜母
* 小杜
* 慎防杜漸 / 慎防杜渐
* 憑空杜撰
* 房杜姚宋
* 房謀杜斷 / 房谋杜断
* 有杕之杜
* 杜口 (dùkǒu)
* 杜口吞聲 / 杜口吞声
* 杜口無言 / 杜口无言
* 杜口絕舌 / 杜口绝舌
* 杜口結舌 / 杜口结舌
* 杜口絕言 / 杜口绝言
* 杜口裹足
* 杜塞
* 杜宇 (dùyǔ)
* 杜山 (Dùshān)
* 杜工部
* 杜康 (dùkāng)
* 杜弊
* 杜微慎防
* 杜撰 (dùzhuàn)
* 李杜 (Lǐ-Dù)
* 杕杜
* 杜梨 (dùlí)
* 杜漸防微 / 杜渐防微
* 杜漸防萌 / 杜渐防萌
* 杜漸除微 / 杜渐除微
* 杜瓦 (Dùwǎ)
* 杜皮 (Dùpí)
* 杜絕 / 杜绝 (dùjué)
* 杜絕後患 / 杜绝后患
* 杜若 (dùruò)
* 杜茅柴
* 杜蘅 (dùhéng)
* 杜諫 / 杜谏
* 杜郵之戮 / 杜邮之戮
* 杜門 / 杜门 (dùmén)
* 杜門不出 / 杜门不出
* 杜門卻掃 / 杜门却扫
* 杜門屏跡 / 杜门屏迹
* 杜門晦跡 / 杜门晦迹
* 杜門株守 / 杜门株守
* 杜門自絕 / 杜门自绝
* 杜門謝客 / 杜门谢客
* 杜陵 (Dùlíng)
* 杜鵑 / 杜鹃 (dùjuān)
* 杜鵑啼血 / 杜鹃啼血
* 杜鵑窩 / 杜鹃窝
* 杜鵑花 / 杜鹃花 (dùjuānhuā)
* 柅杜
* 萬那杜 / 万那杜 (Wànnàdù)
* 結舌杜口 / 结舌杜口
* 老杜
* 臺灣杜鵑 / 台湾杜鹃
* 蘅杜
* 防微杜漸 / 防微杜渐 (fángwēidùjiàn)
* 防萌杜漸 / 防萌杜渐
* 韋杜 / 韦杜

#### Descendants

* → Vietnamese: Đỗ (杜)
Others:
* → English: Du, Tu, To, Toh

### Etymology 2

Possibly be a Kra-Dai substrate word; compare Zhuang duz (classifier for animals), which is a prefix found in the vocabulary for many animals like duzgip (“centipede”), duzgyau (“spider”) and duzlingz (“monkey”) (Zhao, 1991; Tu, 2018).

#### Pronunciation

* Eastern Min (BUC): dô
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tō͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): dou$^6$
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: dô
*** Sinological IPA : /tou²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tō͘
*** Tâi-lô: tōo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: do
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tɔ³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /tɔ²²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: dou$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tŏu
*** Sinological IPA : /tou³⁵/

#### Definitions

杜
* (Eastern Min, Southern Min) Prefix found in the names of certain animals.

#### Compounds

* 杜伯仔
* 杜墊 / 杜垫
* 杜定
* 杜猴
* 杜蚓
* 杜蚓仔
* 杜豬 / 杜猪

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* careless
* woods; grove
* Chinese family name "Du"

#### Readings

* Go-on: ず (zu)
* Kan-on: と (to)
* Kun: もり (mori, 杜)、ふさぐ (fusagu, 杜ぐ)、やまなし (yamanashi, 杜)

#### Compounds

* 杜若(かきつばた) (kakitsubata)
* 杜撰(ずさん) (zusan): careless, slipshod, faulty
* 杜漏(ずろう) (zurō): careless, negligent
* 杜氏(とじ) (toji): chief brewer at a sake brewery
* 杜絶(とぜつ) (tozetsu), 途絶(とぜつ) (tozetsu): stoppage; interruption; cessation; suspension
* 杜仲(とちゅう) (tochū)
* 杜松(ねず) (nezu)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 杜
* もり Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 森

#### Noun

杜(もり) • (mori)
* a shrine grove
* a forest

##### Derived terms

* 杜(もり)の都(みやこ) (mori no miyako): lit. City of Trees. Nickname for Sendai, Japan
* 鎮守(ちんじゅ)の杜(もり) (chinju no mori): grove of the village shrine

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 杜
* やまなし Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi

#### Noun

杜(やまなし) • (yamanashi)
* wild Japanese pear or mountain pear

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 杜
* と Jinmeiyō
* kan'on

#### Proper noun

杜(と) • (To)
* Du Fu, Chinese poet

## Korean
### Hanja

杜 • (du) (hangeul 두, revised du, McCune–Reischauer tu, Yale twu)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

杜: Hán Việt readings: đỗ (動(động)五(ngũ)切(thiết)), đổ
杜: Nôm readings: đỗ, đậu, đổ, dỏ, đũa, đỏ, dỗ, đủ, giỗ, rổ, trỗ
* chữ Hán form of Đỗ (“a surname”).
    杜氏海燕 ― Đỗ Thị Hải Yến

### References

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Nguyễn (2014).
* 1 2 3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Trần (2004).
* 1 2 3 4 Bonet (1899).
* 1 2 3 4 Génibrel (1898).
* 1 2 3 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
* 1 2 3 Hồ (1976).