# traho
## Latin
### Alternative forms

* traō (11th century)
* tragō (Early Medieval Latin)

### Etymology

Unclear. Its relationship (if any) to Proto-Germanic *draganą (“to drag, draw”) is debated. Since Latin initial t- and Germanic initial *d- is not normally a regular correspondence, some consider it impossible for both to be inherited from a common Proto-Indo-European root (though De Vaan thinks they could be related as loans from some common non-Indo-European source). Others derive both from a PIE or post-PIE root *dʰragʰ-, with the Latin form showing dissimilation to *dragʰ- (a controversial sound change for Latin: Weiss argues that the liquid after the first stop was an essential condition for this "Limited Latin Grassmann's Law"), followed by devoicing of dr to tr (a more generally accepted sound change). Schrijver argues that the presence of -ā- in the perfect stem and in some related forms such as trāgula is a sure sign of an original laryngeal in the root, and proposes *dʰr(e)Hgʰ- as a possible form.
De Vaan reconstructs a non-Indo-European root *trHgʰ- or *trā̆gʰ-, borrowed into Italic and Celtic, as a potential source of both Latin trahō and Old Irish tethraig (“ran away, receded”), Middle Welsh treul (“trouble, weakness”) < Proto-Celtic *trāglo-.
Other possible cognates include
* Proto-Celtic *tregess (“foot”), Gothic 𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (þragjan, “to run”), Proto-Slavic *tragъ, but semantically problematic.
* Latin tergus (“back, rear”)/Latin tergum, Ancient Greek τρέχω (trékhō), Proto-Germanic *trekaną (“to push, drag, scratch”), *trudaną (“to tread, to step on”)

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈtra.hoː/, [ˈt̪rä(ɦ)oː]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈtra.o/, [ˈt̪räːo]

### Verb

trahō (present infinitive trahere, perfect active trāxī, supine tractum); third conjugation
* to drag, pull
    Synonyms: efferō, portō, ferō, gerō, vehō, addūcō
* to trail
* to extract, withdraw
* to plunder, squander
    Synonyms: dēpraedor, praedor, dīripiō, populor, expugnō, agō
* to draw out, extend, lengthen, prolong
    Synonyms: extendō, distendō, pandō, prōlongō, porrigō, prōferō, explicō, prōtrahō
* (of time) to protract, drag out, linger
    Synonyms: retardō, moror, cūnctor, tardō, prōtrahō, dubitō, extrahō, differō
    Antonyms: ruō, accurrō, currō, festīnō, prōvolō, properō, corripiō, affluō, mātūrō
* to weigh, ponder, consider
    Synonyms: cōnsīderō, dubitō, ponderō, pendō, perpendō, dēlīberō, circumspiciō, cōnsultō, putō, reputō, videō
* (figuratively) to attract, draw (someone; their attention)
* (by extension) to attract the support of, sway, win over
    Synonyms: persuādeō, convincō, perpellō, flectō, admoneō
** 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita 26.1:Ea tum cura maxime intentos habebat Romanos, non ab ira tantum, quae in nullam unquam ciuitatem iustior fuit, quam quod urbs tam nobilis ac potens, sicut defectione sua traxerat aliquot populos, ita recepta inclinatura rursus animos uidebatur ad ueteris imperii respectum.This concern in particular troubled the mindful Romans at the time, not so much because of anger, which has never been more justified against any other city, rather because a city so noble and powerful, in the same way that it had attracted the support of a number of communities by its revolt, was thought would again turn attention back towards respect for the previous government once recaptured.

#### Derived terms

* abstrahō
* attrahō
* circumtrahō
* contrahō
* dētrahō
* distrahō
* extrahō
* intertrahō
* intrahō
* obtrahō
* pertrahō
* prōtrahō
* retrahō
* subtrahō
* supertrahō
* tractābilis
* tractābilitās
* tractābiliter
* tractātiō
* tractātor
* tractātōrium
* tractātrīx
* Tractīcius
* tractim
* tractō
* tractōria
* tractōriae
* tractōrius
* tractum
* tractuōsus
* tractus
* traha
* trahārius
* trahax
* trahea
* trahitōrius

#### Related terms

* trāgula

#### Descendants

* Aragonese: trayer
* Aromanian: trag, tradziri
* Asturian: trayer, traer
* Catalan: traure, treure
* Corsican: trascinà, trescinà, triscinà, strascinà
* Dalmatian: trairo, truar
* Extremaduran: trael, trayel
* Friulian: trai
* Gallurese: trai
* Italian: trarre
* Leonese: trayere
* Ligurian: trâ
* Mirandese: traer, traier
* Navarro-Aragonese: traer, traher, trayer
* Occitan: tréger, traire
* Old French: traire, treire, trere
** Middle French: traire
*** French: traire
*** Norman: traire (Guernsey), traithe (Jersey)
* Old Occitan: traire
* Old Galician-Portuguese: trager, traer, traier, trajer, trazer
** Galician: traer, traguer, traiguer, trazer (reintegrationist)
** Portuguese: trazer
* Old Spanish: traer, traher, trayer
** Spanish: traer
* Piedmontese: trené
* Romanian: trage, tragere
* Romansch: trair, trer, trar
* Sardinian: tràere, trai, tragare, tràghere, tragai
* Sicilian: tràjiri
* Venetan: traxer, trar

### References

* ↑ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*dragan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 99
* 1 2 3 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “trahō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 626-627
* ↑ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 188
* 1 2 Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 188-189
* ↑ Weiss, Michael (2018) “Limited Latin Grassmann's Law: Do We Need It?”, in Dieter Gunkel, Stephanie W. Jamison, Angelo O. Mercado and Kazuhiko Yoshida, editors, Vina Diem Celebrent: Studies in Linguistics and Philology in Honor of Brent Vine, Ann Arbor: Beech Stave Press, pages 438-447

### Further reading

* “traho”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “traho”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* traho in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. to trace one's descent from some one: originem ab aliquo trahere, ducere to be guided by ambition: laudis studio trahi to feel an attraction for study: litterarum studio trahi to feel an attraction for study: trahi, ferri ad litteras to protract, prolong a war: bellum ducere, trahere, extrahere