# स्वर्
## Sanskrit
### Alternative scripts

* স্বৰ্ (Assamese script)
* ᬲ᭄ᬯᬃ (Balinese script)
* স্বর্ (Bengali script)
* 𑰭𑰿𑰪𑰨𑰿 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀲𑁆𑀯𑀭𑁆 (Brahmi script)
* သွရ် (Burmese script)
* સ્વર્ (Gujarati script)
* ਸ੍ਵਰ੍ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌸𑍍𑌵𑌰𑍍 (Grantha script)
* ꦱ꧀ꦮꦂ (Javanese script)
* 𑂮𑂹𑂫𑂩𑂹 (Kaithi script)
* ಸ್ವರ್ (Kannada script)
* ស្វរ៑ (Khmer script)
* ສ຺ວຣ຺ (Lao script)
* സ്വര് (Malayalam script)
* ᠰᠣᠸᠠᡵ (Manchu script)
* 𑘭𑘿𑘪𑘨𑘿 (Modi script)
* ᠰᢦᠷ (Mongolian script)
* 𑧍𑧠𑧊𑧈𑧠 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐬𑑂 (Newa script)
* ସ୍ଵର୍ (Odia script)
* ꢱ꣄ꢮꢬ꣄ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆱𑇀𑆮𑆫𑇀 (Sharada script)
* 𑖭𑖿𑖪𑖨𑖿 (Siddham script)
* ස‍්වර් (Sinhalese script)
* 𑪁 𑪙𑩾𑩼 𑪙 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚨𑚶𑚦𑚤𑚶 (Takri script)
* ஸ்வர் (Tamil script)
* స్వర్ (Telugu script)
* สฺวรฺ (Thai script)
* སྭ་ར྄ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒮𑓂𑒫𑒩𑓂 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨰𑩇𑨭𑨫𑨴 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *súHar (“sun”), from Proto-Indo-European *sóh₂wl̥ (“sun”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬵𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭 (huuar), Ancient Greek ἥλιος (hḗlios), Latin sōl, Persian خور (xvar), English sun. Doublet of हेलि (heli).

#### Alternative forms

* सुवर् (súvar) (in Yajurveda)

#### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /sú.ʋɐɾ/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /s̪ʋɐɾ/

#### Noun

स्वर् • (svàr) stem, n
* the sun
** c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 5.14.4:अ॒ग्निर्जा॒तो अ॑रोचत॒ घ्नन्दस्यू॒ञ्ज्योति॑षा॒ तमः॑ । अवि॑न्द॒द्गा अ॒पः स्वः॑ ॥agnírjātó arocata ghnándásyūñjyótiṣā támaḥ. ávindadgā́ apáḥ svàḥ.Agni shone bright when born, with light killing the Dasyus and the darkness: He found the Kine, the Waters, the Sun.
* sunshine, light
* sky, heaven
** c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda
* space between the sun and the polar star, as the third of the व्याहृति (vyāhṛti, “names of the upper worlds used as mystical utterance”)
** c. 200 BCE – 200 CE, Manusmṛti
** c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata

##### Declension

स्वर् (svàr) is indeclinable in later Sanskrit.

##### Derived terms

* स्वरतिक्रम (svaratikrama, “stepping beyond heaven”)
* स्वरधीत (svaradhīta, “reaching heaven”)
* स्वरापगा (svarāpagā, “river of heaven, the Ganges”)
* स्वर्ग (svargá, “heaven”)
* स्वर्गत (svargata, “being in heaven; gone to heaven; dead”)
* स्वर्गमन (svargamana, “going to heaven; death”)
* स्वर्वत् (svàrvat, “bright, shining, celestial”)
* स्वर्वैद्य (svarvaidya, “physician of heaven; either of the two Aśvins”)

##### Related terms

* सूर्य (sū́rya)
* सूर (sū́ra)
* सूर्त (sū́rta)

#### Proper noun

स्वर् • (svar) stem, m
* a name of Shiva
** c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata

#### References

* Monier Williams (1899) “स्वर्”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1281, column 1.
* Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 793-794

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“to resound; whistle; shout loudly; swear”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *svãrъ (“quarrel, strife, trouble”); Latin sermō; English swear, (an)swer.

#### Alternative forms

* स्वृ (svṛ)

#### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /sʋɐɾ/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /s̪ʋɐɾ/

#### Root

स्वर् • (svar)
* to sound, resound, utter a sound
* to sing praises of

##### Derived terms
###### Primary Verbal Forms

* स्वरति (svárati, Present)
* स्वरिष्यति (svariṣyati, Future)
* स्वर्ता (svartā, Periphrastic Future)
* स्वरिता (svaritā, Periphrastic Future)
* अस्वार् (ásvār, Aorist)
* अस्वारीत् (ásvārīt, Aorist)
* सस्वार (sasvāra, Perfect)

###### Secondary Forms

* स्वरयति (svaráyati, Causative)
* असिस्वरत् (asisvarat, Causative Aorist)
* स्वर्यते (svaryate, Passive of Causative)
* सिस्वरिषति (sisvariṣati, Desiderative)
* सास्वर्ति (sāsvarti, Intensive)

###### Non-Finite Forms

* स्वरितोस् (svaritos, Infinitive)
* स्वार्य (svārya, Gerundive)

###### Derived Nominal Forms

* अभिस्वर् (abhisvár)
* अभिस्वर्तृ (abhisvartṛ́)
* स्वर (svara)
* स्वरण (sváraṇa)
* स्वरितृ (sváritṛ)
* स्वर्य (svaryà)
* स्वार (svārá)

###### Prefixed Root Forms

* अतिस्वर् (atisvar)
* अनुस्वर् (anusvar)
* अभिस्वर् (abhisvar)
* निःस्वर् (niḥsvar)
* संस्वर् (saṃsvar)

#### References

* Monier Williams (1899) “स्वृ”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1285, column 1.
* William Dwight Whitney, 1885, The Roots, Verb-forms, and Primary Derivatives of the Sanskrit Language, Leipzig: Breitkopf and Härtel, page 201-202
* Otto Böhtlingk, Richard Schmidt (1879-1928) “स्वर्”, in Walter Slaje, Jürgen Hanneder, Paul Molitor, Jörg Ritter, editors, Nachtragswörterbuch des Sanskrit [Dictionary of Sanskrit with supplements] (in German), Halle-Wittenberg: Martin-Luther-Universität, published 2016
* Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1893) “स्वर्”, in A practical Sanskrit dictionary with transliteration, accentuation, and etymological analysis throughout, London: Oxford University Press
* Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 353
* Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 613
* Pokorny, Julius (1959) “1. su̯er-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1049
* Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 792-793