# chwarae
## Welsh
### Alternative forms

gwarwy, gwary

### Etymology

From Middle Welsh chwarae, from Old Welsh guaroimaou (“playground”). Of uncertain ultimate origin; VGK suggests Proto-Celtic *worigo-, related to Irish fuirech (*fo-rig), second element possibly related to *regeti (“to stretch, straighten”)).
Cognate with Cornish gwari and Breton c'hoari.

### Pronunciation

* (North Wales, standard) IPA: /ˈχwaraɨ̯/
** (North Wales, colloquial) IPA: /ˈχwarɛ/, /ˈχwara/
* (South Wales, standard) IPA: /ˈχwa(ː)rai̯/
** (South Wales, colloquial) IPA: /ˈχwa(ː)rɛ/, /ˈʍa(ː)rɛ/, /ˈwa(ː)rɛ/
* Rhymes: -araɨ̯

### Verb

chwarae (first-person singular present chwaraeaf, not mutable)
* to play
    Mae’r plant yn chwarae tennis.The children are playing tennis.
* to play, or perform with, a percussive instrument such as a drum. (Should not be used with any other type of instrument – see canu.)
    Dw i'n chwarae'r drymiau.I play the drums.

#### Conjugation

| | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural | impersonal | impersonal |
| | first | second | third | first | second | third | impersonal | impersonal |
| present indicative/future | chwaraeaf | chwaraei | chwery | chwaraewn | chwaraewch | chwaraeant | chwaraeir |
| imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/ conditional | chwaraewn | chwaraeit | chwaraeai | chwaraeem | chwaraeech | chwaraeent | chwaraeid |
| preterite | chwaraeais | chwaraeaist | chwaraeodd | chwaraeasom | chwaraeasoch | chwaraeasant | chwaraewyd |
| pluperfect | chwaraeaswn | chwaraeasit | chwaraeasai | chwaraeasem | chwaraeasech | chwaraeasent | chwaraeasid, chwaraeesid |
| present subjunctive | chwaraewyf | chwaraeych | chwaraeo | chwaraeom | chwaraeoch | chwaraeont | chwaraeer |
| imperative | — | chwarae, chwaraea | chwaraeed | chwaraewn | chwaraewch | chwaraeent | chwaraeer |
| verbal noun | chwarae | chwarae | chwarae | chwarae | chwarae | chwarae | chwarae |
| verbal adjectives | chwaraeedig chwaraeadwy | chwaraeedig chwaraeadwy | chwaraeedig chwaraeadwy | chwaraeedig chwaraeadwy | chwaraeedig chwaraeadwy | chwaraeedig chwaraeadwy | chwaraeedig chwaraeadwy |
| Inflected colloquial forms | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural |
| Inflected colloquial forms | first | second | third | first | second | third |
| future | chwaraea i, chwaraeaf i | chwaraei di | chwaraeith o/e/hi, chwaraeiff e/hi | chwaraewn ni | chwaraewch chi | chwaraean nhw |
| conditional | chwaraewn i, chwaraeswn i | chwaraeet ti, chwaraeset ti | chwaraeai fo/fe/hi, chwaraesai fo/fe/hi | chwaraeen ni, chwaraesen ni | chwaraeech chi, chwaraesech chi | chwaraeen nhw, chwaraesen nhw |
| preterite | chwaraeais i, chwaraees i | chwaraeaist ti, chwaraeest ti | chwaraeodd o/e/hi | chwaraeon ni | chwaraeoch chi | chwaraeon nhw |
| imperative | — | chwaraea | — | — | chwaraewch | — |
| Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh. |||||||

#### Derived terms

* chwarae cis (“game of tag, tick”)
* chwarae ciwri (“game of tag, tick”)
* chwarae chwiw (“hide and seek”)
* chwarae gyda (“play with”)
* chwarae moch duon (“leapfrog”)
* chwarae rhan (“to roleplay”)
* chwarae sbei (“hide and seek”)
* chwarae sgarmes (“to playfight”)
* chwarae taflo (“to play see-saw”)
* chwarae tic (“game of tag, tick”)
* chwarae ymladd (“to playfight”)
* chwarae yn ôl y glust (“to play by ear”)
* chwarae'n fyrfyfyr (“to improvise”)
* chwarae'n llawn (“to play in full”)
* chwaraewr (“player”)
* chwareus, chwaraegar (“playful”)
* rhwng chwarae a difrif (“half-serious, half joking”)

### Noun

chwarae m (plural chwaraeon, not mutable)
* play, activity of playing
* (often in the plural) sport, game
    Synonyms: gêm, sbort

#### Derived terms

* ar y chwarae (“at stake”)
* buarth chwarae (“playground”)
* card chwarae (“playing card”)
* chwarae annheg (“unfair play”)
* chwarae bach (“child's play, small effort”)
* chwarae brwnt (“foul play”)
* chwarae cystadleuol (“competitive play”)
* chwarae cysylltiadol (“associative play”)
* chwarae digymell (“spontaneous play”)
* chwarae llawn dychymyg (“imaginative play”)
* chwarae peryglus (“dangerous play”)
* chwarae rhydd (“freeplay”)
* chwarae sgarmes (“rough and tumble”)
* chwarae teg (“fair play”)
* chwarae therapiwtig (“therapeutic play”)
* chwarae unigol (“solitary play”)
* chwarae ymladd (“playfighting”)
* chwarae ysgogol (“stimulating play”)
* torri ar chwarae rhywun (“to put a spoke in someone's wheel, put an end to someone’s antics”)

### References

* ↑ Schrijver, P. (1995). Studies in British Celtic historical phonology. Netherlands: Rodopi., p. 216
* ↑ Falileyev, A. (2011). Etymological Glossary of Old Welsh. Germany: De Gruyter, p. 64

### Further reading

* R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “chwarae”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
* Delyth Prys, J.P.M. Jones, Owain Davies, Gruffudd Prys (2006) Y Termiadur: termau wedi'u safoni; standardised terminology‎ (in Welsh), Cardiff: Awdurdod cymwysterau, cwricwlwm ac asesu Cymru (Qualifications curriculum & assessment authority for Wales), →ISBN, page 130