OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# գրաբար
## Armenian
### Alternative forms

* գրաբառ (grabaṙ) — misconstruction

### Etymology

From գիր (gir, “writing”) +‎ -աբար (-abar, “adverbial suffix”), as opposed to աշխարհաբար (ašxarhabar), the vernacular language. The formerly common misconstruction գրաբառ (grabaṙ) is due to the influence of բառ (baṙ, “word”).

### Pronunciation

* (Eastern Armenian) IPA: /ɡəɾɑˈpʰɑɾ/, [ɡəɾɑpʰɑ́ɾ]
* (Western Armenian) IPA: /kəɾɑˈpɑɾ/, [kʰəɾɑpʰɑ́ɾ]
* Audio (Western Armenian):(file)
* This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready. Particularly: "Eastern Armenian"

### Noun

գրաբար • (grabar)
* Old Armenian, Grabar (language)

#### Derived terms

* գրաբարաբանություն (grabarabanutʻyun)
* գրաբարագետ (grabaraget)
* գրաբարագիտություն (grabaragitutʻyun)
* գրաբարախառն (grabaraxaṙn)
* գրաբարաձեւ (grabarajew)
* գրաբարամոլ (grabaramol)
* գրաբարամոլություն (grabaramolutʻyun)
* գրաբարային (grabarayin)
* գրաբարայնանալ (grabaraynanal)
* գրաբարայնացնել (grabaraynacʻnel)
* գրաբարայնացում (grabaraynacʻum)
* գրաբարասեր (grabaraser)
* գրաբարասիրություն (grabarasirutʻyun)
* գրաբարացում (grabaracʻum)
* գրաբարյան (grabaryan)

### Adverb

գրաբար • (grabar)
* in Old Armenian

### Adjective

գրաբար • (grabar)
* Old Armenian (of or pertaining to the language)

#### Declension
### Usage notes

In this word alone the suffix -աբար (-abar) is pronounced as [ɑˈpʰɑɾ] in Standard Eastern Armenian instead of the expected [ɑˈbɑɾ].

### Descendants

* → Russian: граба́р (grabár)
* → Ukrainian: граба́р (hrabár)

### See also

* հայերեն (hayeren)

### References

* ↑ Asatryan, M. E. (1976) “Arewelahay grakan lezvi jayneġ paytʻakan baġajayneri artasanutʻyunə [On the pronunciation of voiced consonants in Standard Eastern Armenian]”, in Banber Erewani hamalsarani [“Banber” – Bulletin of Yerevan University] (in Armenian), volume 29, number 2, page 41 of 32–47
# przesłuchać
## Polish
### Etymology

From prze- +‎ słuchać.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pʂɛˈswu.xat͡ɕ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -uxat͡ɕ
* Syllabification: prze‧słu‧chać

### Verb

przesłuchać pf (imperfective przesłuchiwać)
* (transitive, law) to interrogate
* (transitive) to listen to all of
    Synonym: wysłuchać
* (reflexive with się) to interrogate each other

#### Derived terms

* przesłuchanie

### Further reading

* przesłuchać in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* przesłuchać się in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* przesłuchać in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# бульдозер
## Kazakh

Alternative scripts :
| Arabic | بۋلدوزەر |
| Cyrillic | бульдозер |
| Latin | buldozer |
| Yañalif | ʙulьdozer |

### Etymology

Borrowed from Russian бульдо́зер (bulʹdózer), from English bulldozer.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [bʊlʲˈdozʲɪr]

### Noun

бульдозер • (buldozer)
* (vehicles) bulldozer

#### Derived terms

* бульдозерші (buldozerşı)

## Mongolian

| Mongolian | Cyrillic |
| ᠪᠦᠯᠢᠳᠣᠽᠧᠷ (bülidozēr) | бульдозер (bulʹdozer) |

### Etymology

Borrowed from Russian бульдозер (bulʹdozer), from English bulldozer.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pʊɮʲˈtɔt͡sjɵr̥/
* Syllabification: буль‧до́‧зер (3 syllables)

### Noun

бульдозер • (bulʹdozer)
* (vehicles) bulldozer

#### Derived terms

* бульдозерчин (bulʹdozerčin)

## Russian
### Etymology

Borrowed from English bulldozer.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [bʊlʲˈdozʲɪr]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

бульдо́зер • (bulʹdózer) m inan (genitive бульдо́зера, nominative plural бульдо́зеры, genitive plural бульдо́зеров)
* (vehicles) bulldozer

#### Descendants

* → Armenian: բուլդոզեր (buldozer)
* → Kazakh: бульдозер (buldozer)
# Simonet
## English
### Alternative forms

* Simonnet, Simonnett, Simonett

### Etymology

From French Simonet.

### Proper noun

Simonet (plural Simonets)
* A surname from French.

#### Translations
### Anagrams

* tomines, mistone, mestino, Monties, misnote, moisten, sentimo

## French
### Alternative forms

* Simonnet

### Etymology

From Simon +‎ -et.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /si.mɔ.nɛ/

### Proper noun

Simonet ?
* a surname, Simonet

#### Related terms

* Simon
* Simonard
* Simondet
* Simone
* Simoneau
* Simonin

#### Descendants

* English: Simonet
** English: Simonett

### Anagrams

* témoins
# saugoti
## Lithuanian
### Etymology

From saugus, sauga +‎ -oti.

### Verb

sáugoti (third-person present tense sáugo, third-person past tense sáugojo)
* (transitive, intransitive) to protect, take care of, preserve

#### Conjugation

This entry needs an inflection-table template.

#### Derived terms

* saugojimas (“protection”)
* saugotojas (“protector, custodian”)

### Further reading

* “saugoti”, in Lietuvių kalbos žodynas [Dictionary of the Lithuanian language], lkz.lt, 1941–2025
* “saugoti”, in Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas [Dictionary of contemporary Lithuanian], ekalba.lt, 1954–2025
# piruett
## Hungarian
### Etymology

Borrowed from French pirouette.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈpiruɛtː]
* Rhymes: -ɛtː
* Hyphenation: pi‧ru‧ett

### Noun

piruett (plural piruettek)
* pirouette (a whirling or turning on the toes in dancing, primarily in ballet)
* pirouette (the whirling about of a horse)
* pirouette (a wooden mouthpiece assembly or lip rest used in some European double-reed instruments)
    Synonym: ajaktámasz

#### Derived terms

* piruettes
* piruettezik

### References

* ↑ Tótfalusi, István. Idegenszó-tár: Idegen szavak értelmező és etimológiai szótára (’A Storehouse of Foreign Words: an explanatory and etymological dictionary of foreign words’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2005. →ISBN
* ↑ piruett in Tótfalusi, István. Magyar etimológiai nagyszótár (’Hungarian Comprehensive Dictionary of Etymology’). Budapest: Arcanum Adatbázis, 2001; Arcanum DVD Könyvtár →ISBN

### Further reading

* piruett in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN

## Swedish
### Etymology

French pirouette

### Pronunciation

* /pɪrʉˈɛtː/

### Noun

piruett c
* a pirouette; a whirling or turning on the toes while dancing
* a sudden movement similar to the dance maneuver
* a rhetorical feint
* a pirouette; a horse dressage move

#### Declension

| | | nominative | genitive |
| singular | indefinite | piruett | piruetts |
| singular | definite | piruetten | piruettens |
| plural | indefinite | piruetter | piruetters |
| plural | definite | piruetterna | piruetternas |

### References

* piruett in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* piruett in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* piruett in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)
# launch pad
## English
### Alternative forms

* launchpad

### Pronunciation

* (UK) IPA: /ˈlɔːntʃ.pæd/
* (US) IPA: /ˈlɑntʃ.pæd/, /ˈlɔntʃ.pæd/

### Noun

launch pad (plural launch pads)
* The surface or structure from which a launch is made.
* (figuratively) A starting point.
** 2019 September 6, Jordan Weissman, “How Not to Fight Anti-Semitism”, in Slate‎:Unfortunately, she has used the attack as a launch pad for a bizarre and undercooked exercise in rhetorical bothsidesism, in which she argues that American Jews should be just as worried about college students who overzealously criticize Israel as they are about the aspiring Einsatzgruppen who shoot up shuls.

#### Related terms

* launch
* launch center
* launch centre
* launch complex
* launcher
* launch site
* launch vehicle
* pad
# sadsad
## Aklanon
### Verb

sadsad
* to dance

#### Derived terms

* sadsaran

## Cebuano
### Noun

sadsad (Badlit spelling ᜐᜇ᜔ᜐᜇ᜔)
* dancing

### Verb

sadsad (Badlit spelling ᜐᜇ᜔ᜐᜇ᜔)
* to dance with the feet (rather than with the hands or some other part of the body)

## Hiligaynon
### Verb

sadsad
* to trip; to skip; to dance; to step nimbly or lightly
* to step on; to put one's foot upon
* to be supported by; to be founded by

#### Derived terms

* sadsaran

## Tagalog
### Alternative forms

* sarsar — dialectal, Rizal, informal

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /sadˈsad/ [sɐd̪ˈsad̪̚]
* Rhymes: -ad
* Syllabification: sad‧sad
* Homophone: Sadsad

### Adjective

sadsád (Baybayin spelling ᜐᜇ᜔ᜐᜇ᜔)
* aground; dragging (of boats, ships, etc.)
    Synonym: nakasayad

#### Derived terms

* isadsad
* magsadsad
* mapasadsad
* masadsad
* nakasadsad
* pagsadsad
* sadsaran
* sumadsad

### Noun

sadsád (Baybayin spelling ᜐᜇ᜔ᜐᜇ᜔)
* arrival on shore; docking (of boats, ships, etc.)
    Synonyms: duong, pagduong, pundo, pagpundo
* running aground (of boats, ships, etc.)
    Synonyms: sayad, pagsayad, pagsadsad
* sliding; striking (against something)
    Synonyms: balandra, pagbalandra
# kraštovardis
## Lithuanian
### Etymology

From krãštas (“land, country”) +‎ var̃das (“name”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [krɐˈʃtoːʋɐrʲdʲɪs]
* Hyphenation: kraš‧to‧var‧dis

### Noun

kraštóvardis m (plural kraštóvardžiai) stress pattern 1
* choronym (regional toponym)

#### Related terms

* kraštiẽtis
* kraštótyra
* kraštótvarka
* kraštóvaizdis
* krãštas

### Further reading

* “kraštovardis”, in Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas [Dictionary of common Lithuanian], ekalba.lt, n.d.
* kraštovardžiai, entry by Laimutis Bilkis, in Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia)
# gregarius
## Latin
### Etymology

From grex (“flock, herd”) +‎ -arius.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ɡreˈɡaː.ri.us/, [ɡrɛˈɡäːriʊs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ɡreˈɡa.ri.us/, [ɡreˈɡäːrius]

### Adjective

gregārius (feminine gregāria, neuter gregārium); first/second-declension adjective
* of the herd
* common

#### Declension

First/second-declension adjective.

#### Related terms

* gregālis
* gregātim
* grex

#### Descendants

* English: gregarious
* French: grégaire
* Italian: gregario
* Portuguese: gregário
* Romanian: gregar
* Spanish: gregario

### References

* “gregarius”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “gregarius”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* gregarius in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* gregarius in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, 1st edition. (Oxford University Press)
# anarkistis
## Indonesian
### Etymology

From Dutch anarchistich.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [anarˈkɪstɪs]
* Hyphenation: anar‧kis‧tis

### Adjective

anarkistis
* anarchical, anarchic

#### Related terms

* anarki
* anarkis
* anarkisme

### Further reading

* “anarkistis” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.
# drausmė
## Lithuanian
### Etymology

From drausti +‎ -mė.

### Noun

drausmė̃ f (plural draũsmės) stress pattern 4
* discipline

#### Derived terms

* drausmingai
* drausmingas
* drausmingumas
* drausminis
* drausminti

### Further reading

* “drausmė”, in Lietuvių kalbos žodynas [Dictionary of the Lithuanian language], lkz.lt, 1941–2025
* “drausmė”, in Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas [Dictionary of contemporary Lithuanian], ekalba.lt, 1954–2025
# замордувати
## Ukrainian
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Ruthenian замордова́ти (zamordováti, “to torture to death”), By surface analysis, за- (za-) +‎ мордува́ти (morduváty).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [zɐmɔrdʊˈʋate]
* This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.

### Verb

замордува́ти • (zamorduváty) pf (imperfective замордо́вувати)
* to torture/torment to death
    Synonyms: заму́чити (zamúčyty), закатува́ти (zakatuváty), замори́ти (zamorýty)
* (figurative) to exhaust, to drain, to trouble, to torment, to afflict
    Synonyms: виму́чити (vymúčyty), заму́чити (zamúčyty), зму́чити (zmúčyty), звести́ (zvestý), докона́ти (dokonáty), замори́ти (zamorýty)

#### Derived terms

* замордува́ння n (zamorduvánnja)
* замордува́тися impf (zamorduvátysja)

### References

* Bilodid, I. K., editor (1970–1980), “замордувати”, in Словник української мови: в 11 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 11 vols] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka
* Shyrokov, V. A., editor (2010–2023), “замордувати”, in Словник української мови: у 20 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 20 vols] (in Ukrainian), volumes 1–14 (а – префере́нція), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka; Ukrainian Lingua-Information Fund, →ISBN
* A. Rysin, V. Starko, Yu. Marchenko, O. Telemko, et al. (compilers, 2007–2022), “замордувати”, in Russian-Ukrainian Dictionaries
* A. Rysin, V. Starko, et al. (compilers, 2011–2020), “замордувати”, in English-Ukrainian Dictionaries
* “замордувати”, in Горох – Словозміна [Horokh – Inflection] (in Ukrainian)
* “замордувати”, in Kyiv Dictionary (in English)
* “замордувати”, in Словник.ua [Slovnyk.ua] (in Ukrainian)
# seyir
## Turkish
### Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish سیر (seyr, seyir), from Arabic سَيْر (sayr).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /seˈjiɾ/

### Noun

seyir (definite accusative seyri, plural seyirler)
* The way something is going; its course, run.
    hayatın normal seyri ― the normal course of life
* (of vehicles) Movement on a route; progress.
    seyir halindeki araçlar ― vehicles on the move
* The act of watching something for entertainment or education.
    Synonym: (dated) temaşa
    İyi seyirler! ― Enjoy the show! (literally, “Have a good watch!”)
* (archaic) Something to be watched for entertainment.

#### Derived terms

* seyir defteri
* seyir füzesi
* seyirci
* seyirci kalmak
* seyirlik
* seyre dalmak
* seyretmek
* seyrüsefer
* seyyar
* seyyare

### References

* ↑ Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “seyir”, in Nişanyan Sözlük

### Further reading

* “seyir”, in Turkish dictionaries, Türk Dil Kurumu
# sadlak
## Tagalog
### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /sadˈlak/ [sɐd̪ˈl̪ak̚]
* Rhymes: -ak
* Syllabification: sad‧lak

### Noun

sadlák (Baybayin spelling ᜐᜇ᜔ᜎᜃ᜔)
* ignominious fall into disgrace, shame, or misfortune
    Synonyms: rool, pagkabulid, pagkaparool, pagkasawi, pagkapahamak

#### Derived terms

* isadlak
* mapasadlak
* masadlak
* nakasadlak
* pagkasadlak
* sumadlak

### Anagrams

* sakdal
# feudální
## Czech
### Adjective

feudální
* feudal

#### Related terms

* feudál

### Further reading

* “feudální”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “feudální”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
# PGPR
## English
### Noun

PGPR (uncountable)
* Abbreviation of polyglycerol polyricinoleate, a particular emulsifier.

#### Synonyms

* E476
* polyglycerol polyricinoleate

#### Hypernyms

* emulsifier

#### Related terms

* polyglycerol polyricinoleate
# 겨울
## Korean
### Etymology

First attested in the Worin cheon'gangjigok (月印千江之曲 / 월인천강지곡), 1449, as Middle Korean 겨ᅀᅳᆶ〮 (Yale: kyèzúlh).
Compare dialect forms 겨욹 (gyeouk), 저슭 (jeoseuk), 저싥 (jeosik), 줅 (juk), 겨을 (gyeo'eul), 절 (jeol), 줄기 (julgi), 절기 (jeolgi), 저슬 (jeoseul), 저실 (jeosil), etc.).
James Marshall Unger (2001) asserts it is probably the source of Japanese 如月 (kisaragi, “the second month of the lunar calendar”). However this theory is problematic for the following reasons:
* The 2nd month of the East Asian lunar calendar is when the vernal equinox occurs, or the middle month of spring, which is not considered winter.
* The vowel ㅕ (Yale: ye) in Koreanic languages had been constantly transcribed as <e> in Japanese, until its pronunciation changed to [jʌ̹] in standard Korean (cf. 寺(てら) (tera, “temple”, (very likely) borrowed from a Koreanic language (likely Baekje), related to Middle Korean 뎔〮 (Yale: tyél; modern Korean 절 (jeol))), 嶋(セマ) (sema, transliteration of a(n archaic) Baekje/Koreanic word for "island", related to 셤〯 (Yale: syěm; modern Korean 섬 (seom))), 倍留(ぺる) (peru, transliteration of 별 (byeol, “star”) in the Wakan Sansai Zue, 1712).

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [kjʌ̹uɭ]
* Phonetic hangul: [겨울]
* South Gyeongsang (Busan) pitch accent: 겨울의 / 겨울에 / 겨울까지Syllables in red take high pitch. This word always takes high pitch only on the first syllable, and lowers the pitch of subsequent suffixes.

### Noun

겨울 • (gyeoul)
* winter
    Synonym: (Jeonnam) 시한 (sihan)

#### Coordinate terms

Seasons in Korean · 사철 (四철, sacheol), 사계 (四季, sagye, “four seasons”) (layout · text) · category :
| 봄 (bom, “spring”) | 여름 (yeoreum, “summer”) | 가을 (ga'eul, “fall; autumn”) | 겨울 (gyeoul, “winter”) |

#### Derived terms

* 겨우내 (gyeounae, “all winter long”)
* 겨우살이 (gyeousari, “preparation for winter; wintering”)
* 겨울날 (gyeoullal, “winter day”)
* 겨울비 (gyeoulbi, “winter rain”)
* 겨울새 (gyeoulsae, “winter bird”)
* 겨울잠 (gyeouljam, “winter sleep, hibernation”)
* 겨울철 (gyeoulcheol, “winter season”)
* 겨울털 (gyeoulteol, “winter coat, fur coat”)

#### See also

* 冬 (dong), the hanja for winter

### References

* ↑ Rei Fukui (2017 March 28) 小倉進平『朝鮮語方言の研究』所載資料による言語地図とその解釈―第１集‎, 東京大学人文社会系研究科 韓国朝鮮文化研究室
* ↑ Unger, J. Marshall (2001) “Layers of Words and Volcanic Ash in Japan and Korea”, in The Journal of Japanese Studies‎, volume 27, page 104
* ↑ Vovin, Alexander (2010) Koreo-Japonica: A Re-Evaluation of a Common Genetic Origin, University of Hawai’i Press, →ISBN, →JSTOR, pages 151-152
* ↑ Yokoyama, Yasuko (2015) “‘Japan-consciousness’ in the Past, Present and Future : Myself, A User of Chinese Characters, Barbarians, Non-user of Chinese Characters”, in International Japanese Studies, →DOI
# planner
## English
### Etymology

From plan +‎ -er.

### Pronunciation

* (General American) IPA: /ˈplænɚ/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Rhymes: -ænə(ɹ)

### Noun

planner (plural planners)
* One who plans.
    Johnny is a good planner. He starts his work in time to get it finished by the deadline.
    Ms. Gunston is a planner for the county.
* A notebook or software in which one keeps reminders of items such as appointments, tasks, projects, and contacts.
* Synonym of filled pause

#### Derived terms

* daily planner
* day planner
* estate planner
* meeting planner
* personal planner
* route planner
* town planner
* urban planner
* wedding planner

#### Translations
## Dutch
### Etymology

From plannen +‎ -er.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: plan‧ner

### Noun

planner m (plural planners)
* planner, a person in charge of planning
* planner, a notebook for keeping tasks and appointments

#### Synonyms

* (notebook) agenda m

#### Derived terms

* dagplanner
* stadsplanner
# teisėjas
## Lithuanian
### Etymology

From teĩsti, teĩsia, teĩsė (“to judge”) +‎ -ėjas.

### Noun

teisė́jas m (plural teisė́jai, feminine teisė́ja) stress pattern 1
* (law) judge
* (sports) referee, umpire

#### Derived terms

* teisėjauti (“to be a judge”)
* teisėjavimas (“being a judge”)
* Teisė́jų knygà (“Book of Judges”)

### Further reading

* “teisėjas”, in Lietuvių kalbos žodynas [Dictionary of the Lithuanian language], lkz.lt, 1941–2025
* “teisėjas”, in Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas [Dictionary of contemporary Lithuanian], ekalba.lt, 1954–2025
# drych
## Welsh
### Etymology

From Middle Welsh drych, from Proto-Celtic *drikā (altered under the influence of a form related to Middle Breton derch (“aspect”)), from Proto-Indo-European *derḱ-.

### Pronunciation

* (North Wales) IPA: /drɨːχ/
* (South Wales) IPA: /driːχ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɨːχ

### Noun

drych m (plural drychau)
* mirror, looking-glass
* image, form
    Synonyms: llun, delw, delwedd

#### Derived terms

* drychddelwedd
* drychfeddwl
* goddrych
* golygddrych
* gwrthrych
* ysbienddrych

#### Related terms

* edrych (“to look”)

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “drych”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
# schmieren
## German
### Alternative forms

* schmirben, schmirwen (southern, obsolete)

### Etymology

From Middle High German smirn, from older smirwen, from Old High German smirwen, from Proto-West Germanic *smirwijan, from Proto-Germanic *smirwijaną, derived from *smerwą, whence dated German Schmer (“fat”).
The loss of -w- is mostly a Central German development; compare fahl and falb, etc. Cognate with Dutch smeren, English smear.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈʃmiːʁən/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: schmie‧ren
* Rhymes: -iːʁən

### Verb

schmieren (weak, third-person singular present schmiert, past tense schmierte, past participle geschmiert, auxiliary haben)
* to smear
* to butter (bread)
* to grease, oil, lubricate
* to bribe
* (colloquial) to scribble, to scrawl
* to deface (with writing or imagery)
    Hakenkreuze an Mauern schmierento deface walls with swastikas

#### Conjugation

$^1$Rare except in very formal contexts; alternative in würde normally preferred.

#### Derived terms

* Schmierer, Schmierung
* schmierig
* beschmieren, verschmieren

#### Related terms

* abschmieren
* anschmieren
* Schmiere
* Schmieren
* vollschmieren
* zuschmieren
* Schmierblatt
* Schmierenstück
* Schmierentheater
* Schmiergeld
* Schmieröl
* Schmierpapier
* Schmierseife
* Schmierzettel

### Further reading

* “schmieren” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
* “schmieren” in Uni Leipzig: Wortschatz-Lexikon
* “schmieren” in Duden online
* “schmieren” in OpenThesaurus.de

## Luxembourgish
### Etymology

From Middle High German smirn, from older smirwen, from Old High German smirwen, from Proto-West Germanic *smirwijan, from Proto-Germanic *smirwijaną.
Cognate with German schmieren, Dutch smeren, English smear, Icelandic smyrja.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈʃmiəʀən/

### Verb

schmieren (third-person singular present schmiert, past participle geschmiert, auxiliary verb hunn)
* (transitive) to smear, to spread
* (transitive) to grease, to lubricate
* (transitive) to bribe, to butter up
* (intransitive) to scrawl, to write messily
# sakol
## Tagalog
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ˈsakol/ [ˈsaː.xol]
* Rhymes: -akol
* Syllabification: sa‧kol

#### Noun

sakol (Baybayin spelling ᜐᜃᜓᜎ᜔)
* act of cutting sugarcane in the field and taking it to the mill
* worker that does such a job

##### Derived terms

* magsakol
* pagsasakol
* pananakol

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /saˈkol/ [sɐˈxol]
* Rhymes: -ol
* Syllabification: sa‧kol

#### Noun

sakól (Baybayin spelling ᜐᜃᜓᜎ᜔)
* quantity of food the fingers can hold and bring up to the mouth; morsel (especially of rice)
* act of eating with one's bare fingers (especially of rice)

##### Derived terms

* sakulan
* sakulin

### Anagrams

* kalso, salok, kalos
# Kanikuła
## Polish
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin Canīcula.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ka.ɲiˈku.wa/
* Rhymes: -uwa
* Syllabification: Ka‧ni‧ku‧ła
* Homophone: kanikuła

### Proper noun

Kanikuła f
* (astronomy, literary) Sirius (white main-sequence star)
    Synonym: Syriusz

#### Related terms

* kanikularny
* kanikułowy
* kanikuła

### Further reading

* Kanikuła in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* Kanikuła in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# ꦝꦸꦮꦸꦂ
## Javanese
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɖu.wʊr/
* Rhymes: -wʊr
* Hyphenation: dhu‧wur

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Javanese luhur, ruhur, ḍuhur (“above”).

#### Adjective

ꦝꦸꦮꦸꦂ (dhuwur) (ngoko)
* high
* tall

##### Synonyms

* (krama) ꦲꦶꦁꦒꦶꦭ꧀ (inggil)

##### Derived terms

* ꦏꦼꦝꦸꦮꦸꦉꦤ꧀ (kedhuwuren)
* ꦝꦼꦝꦸꦮꦸꦫꦤ꧀ (dhedhuwuran)
* ꦤ꧀ꦝꦸꦮꦸꦂ (ndhuwur)
* ꦤ꧀ꦝꦸꦮꦸꦫꦏꦺ (ndhuwuraké)
* ꦤ꧀ꦝꦸꦮꦸꦫꦶ (ndhuwuri)
* ꦥꦤ꧀ꦝꦸꦮꦸꦂ (pandhuwur)
* ꦥꦤ꧀ꦝꦸꦮꦸꦫꦤ꧀ (pandhuwuran)

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Arabic ظُهْر (ẓuhr).

#### Noun

ꦝꦸꦮꦸꦂ (dhuwur)
* (Islam) midday prayer

### Further reading

* The Linguistic Center of Yogyakarta (2011) “dhuwur”, in Kamus Basa Jawa (Bausastra Jawa) [Javanese Language Dictionary (Javanese Dictionary)] (in Javanese), 2nd edition, Yogyakarta: Kanisius, →ISBN