OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# ढुण्ढ्
## Sanskrit
### Alternative scripts

* ঢুণ্ঢ্ (Assamese script)
* ᬠᬸᬡ᭄ᬠ᭄ (Balinese script)
* ঢুণ্ঢ্ (Bengali script)
* 𑰛𑰲𑰜𑰿𑰛𑰿 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀠𑀼𑀡𑁆𑀠𑁆 (Brahmi script)
* ဎုဏ္ဎ် (Burmese script)
* ઢુણ્ઢ્ (Gujarati script)
* ਢੁਣ੍ਢ੍ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌢𑍁𑌣𑍍𑌢𑍍 (Grantha script)
* ꦞꦸꦟ꧀ꦞ꧀ (Javanese script)
* 𑂛𑂳𑂝𑂹𑂛𑂹 (Kaithi script)
* ಢುಣ್ಢ್ (Kannada script)
* ឍុណ្ឍ៑ (Khmer script)
* ຒຸຓ຺ຒ຺ (Lao script)
* ഢുണ്ഢ് (Malayalam script)
* ᢟᡠᢏᢟ (Manchu script)
* 𑘛𑘳𑘜𑘿𑘛𑘿 (Modi script)
* ᢎᠾᠤᢏᢎᠾ (Mongolian script)
* 𑦻𑧔𑦼𑧠𑦻𑧠 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐝𑐸𑐞𑑂𑐝𑑂 (Newa script)
* ଢୁଣ୍ଢ୍ (Odia script)
* ꢟꢸꢠ꣄ꢟ꣄ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆞𑆶𑆟𑇀𑆞𑇀 (Sharada script)
* 𑖛𑖲𑖜𑖿𑖛𑖿 (Siddham script)
* ඪුණ‍්ඪ් (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩩𑩒𑩪 𑪙𑩩 𑪙 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚗𑚰𑚘𑚶𑚗𑚶 (Takri script)
* டு⁴ண்ட்⁴ (Tamil script)
* ఢుణ్ఢ్ (Telugu script)
* ฒุณฺฒฺ (Thai script)
* ཌྷུ་ཎྜྷ྄ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒜𑒳𑒝𑓂𑒜𑓂 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨗𑨃𑨘𑩇𑨗𑨴 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

Of obscure, possibly substrate, origin.

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /ɖʱuɳɖʱ/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /ɖʱuɳɖʱ/

### Root

ढुण्ढ् • (ḍhuṇḍh)
* to search, investigate

#### Derived terms

* ढुण्ढन (ḍhuṇḍhana)

### References

* Monier Williams (1899) “ढुण्ढ्”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 431/1.
* Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “dhūṇḍh”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press
# tahrik
## Turkish
### Etymology

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish تحریك (taḥrik, “a moving, causing to move or vibrate, inciting, impelling, instigating, a medicine's moving the bowels”), from Arabic تَحْرِيك (taḥrīk), verbal noun of حَرَّكَ (ḥarraka, “to move, to put in motion, to activate”). Cognates with Azerbaijani təhrik.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tahˈɾic/, (definite accusative) /tah.ɾiːˈci/
* Hyphenation: tah‧rik

### Noun

tahrik (definite accusative tahriki, plural tahrikler or (dated) tahrikât)
* An act of arousing sexual desire; excitation, stimulation.
* An act of inciting someone into doing something sinister; sedition, provocation, instigation.
* (obsolete) An act of putting into motion, setting off on the road.

#### Derived terms

* tahrik etmek
* tahrik olmak
* tahrikât
* tahrikçi

#### Related terms

* harekât
* hareke
* hareket
* muharrik
* müteharrik

### References

* ↑ Redhouse, James W. (1890) “تحریك”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 506
* ↑ Kélékian, Diran (1911) “تحریك”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 349
* ↑ Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “tahrik”, in Nişanyan Sözlük

### Further reading

* “tahrik”, in Turkish dictionaries, Türk Dil Kurumu
* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “tahrik”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 4540
# hriþ
## Old English
### Etymology 1

From Proto-West Germanic *hrīþu, from Proto-Germanic *hrīþō (“sudden attack; seizure; fit; storm”). Cognate with Old Norse hríð.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /xriːθ/, [r̥iːθ]

#### Noun

hrīþ f
* snowstorm; storm, tempest
** Hrið hreosende hrusan bindeð.The falling snowstorm binds the earth.(The Wanderer)

### Etymology 2

From Proto-West Germanic *hriþi, from Proto-Germanic *hriþiz. Cognate with Old High German rito. Perhaps ultimately from the same source as Welsh cryd.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /xriθ/, [r̥iθ]

#### Noun

hriþ m
* fever

### Etymology 3

From Proto-West Germanic *hrinþ, from Proto-Germanic *hrinþaz. Cognate with Old High German hrind, rind.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /xriːθ/, [r̥iːθ]

#### Noun

hrīþ n (nominative plural hrīþeru or hrīþera)
* a neat
* (in the plural) cattle

##### Related terms

* hrīþer
* hrūþ
# hagdan
## Bikol Central
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /haɡˈdan/ [haɡˈd̪an̪]
* IPA: /ʔaɡˈdan/ [ʔaɡˈd̪an̪] (h-dropping)
* Hyphenation: hag‧dan

### Noun

hagdán (Basahan spelling ᜑᜄ᜔ᜇᜈ᜔)
* (dialectal, Daet) Alternative form of hagyan (“step, stair”)

## Cebuano
### Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *haʀəzan.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈhaɡdan/ [ˈhaɡ.d̪ɐn̪]
* Hyphenation: hag‧dan

### Noun

hágdan (Badlit spelling ᜑᜄ᜔ᜇᜈ᜔)
* ladder
* stairs; stairway; staircase

#### Derived terms

* hagdan maya
* hagdan og uwak
* hagdan-hagdan
* hagdanan

## Tagalog
### Alternative forms

* hagran — dialectal, Rizal, informal

### Etymology

From Proto-Philippine *haʀdan, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *haʀəzan. Compare Bikol Central hagyan, Dupaningan Agta agden, Ilocano agdan, Kapampangan eran, Mansaka agdan, Ngaju hejan, Tausug hagdan and Yogad addan.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /haɡˈdan/ [hɐɡˈd̪an̪]
* Rhymes: -an
* Syllabification: hag‧dan

### Noun

hagdán (Baybayin spelling ᜑᜄ᜔ᜇᜈ᜔)
* ladder
* step of a staircase; stair
    Synonym: baitang
* (by extension) stairway; staircase
    Synonym: hagdanan
    Paikot ang hagdang paakyat sa taas ng bahay.The stairs are winding up to the top of the house.
* (figurative) stepping stone; instrument for success; means for advancement
    Synonyms: batong-tuntungan, kasangkapan

#### Derived terms

* hagdambato
* hagdan-hagdan
* Hagdan-hagdang Palayan ng Banawe
* hagdanan
* hagdanin
* inang-hagdan
* kabunsurang-hagdan

#### See also

* bunsod

### References

* “hagdan”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018
* Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*haRezan”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI
* San Buena Ventura, Fr. Pedro de (1613) Juan de Silva, editor, Vocabulario de lengua tagala: El romance castellano puesto primero‎, La Noble Villa de Pila, page 297: “Eſcalera) Hagdan (pc) de palo caña tablas o piedra”

### Anagrams

* hangad

## Tausug
### Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *haʀəzan.

### Pronunciation

* (Sinūgan Parianun) IPA: /haɡdan/ [hɑɡ̚ˈd̪an̪]
* Rhymes: -an
* Syllabification: hag‧dan

### Noun

hagdan (Sulat Sūg spelling هَݢْدَنْ)
* ladder
* stairs; stairway; staircase
# リチウム
## Japanese
### Etymology

Borrowed from New Latin lithium by Japanese scientist Udagawa Yōan in 1837 in his book 舎密開宗 (Seimi Kaisō, “Introduction to Chemistry”). Later influenced by German Lithium, English lithium.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) リチウム [rìchíꜜùmù] (Nakadaka – [2])
* IPA: [ɾʲit͡ɕiɯ̟mɯ̟]

### Noun

リチウム • (richiumu)
* lithium

#### Derived terms

* リチウム電(でん)池(ち) (richiumu denchi): lithium battery
* リチウム爆(ばく)弾(だん) (richiumu bakudan): lithium bomb
* リチウムイオン電(でん)池(ち) (richiumu-ion denchi), リチウムイオンバッテリー (richiumu-ion batterī): lithium-ion battery
* リチウムポリマー電(でん)池(ち) (richiumu porimā denchi), リチウムポリマーバッテリ (richiumu porimā batteri): lithium polymer battery

### References

* ↑ Shizuo Fujiwara and Yūko Okamoto, 舎密開宗における現代化学用語 (Seimi Kaisō ni okeru Gendai Kagaku Yōgo)
* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
# kërr
## Albanian
### Etymology

Possibly related to Sanskrit खर (khára), Persian خر (xar, “donkey”). Alternatively, compare Persian کره (korre), Armenian քուռակ (kʻuṙak, “foal, colt”).

### Noun

kërr m (plural kërre, definite kërri)
* donkey colt
    Synonym: kërriç
* grey-haired horse; white horse with grey spots

#### Derived terms

* kërriç

### Adjective

kërr (feminine kërre)
* grey, grey-haired; with little or no hair (of animals)
    Synonyms: i përhimë, çil
    kalë kërr ― grey horse
* barren, with no vegetation
    Synonym: i zhveshur
    kodër kërre ― barren hill

### References

* ↑ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “kërr”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 183

### Further reading

* “kërr”, in FGJSH: Fjalor i gjuhës shqipe [Dictionary of the Albanian language] (in Albanian), 2006
* “kërr”, in FGJSSH: Fjalor i gjuhës së sotme shqipe [Dictionary of the modern Albanian language]‎ (in Albanian), 1980
# լույս
## Armenian
### Alternative forms

* լուս (lus), լիս (lis) — dialectal
* լոյս (loys) — traditional orthography

### Etymology

From Old Armenian լոյս (loys).

### Pronunciation

* (Eastern Armenian) IPA: /lujs/, [lujs]
* (Western Armenian) IPA: /lujs/, [lujs]
* Audio (Eastern Armenian):(file)

### Noun

լույս • (luys)
* light
    աղոտ լույս ― aġot luys ― dull/faint light
* dawn, daybreak
    լույսը բացվում է ― luysə bacʻvum ē ― it is dawning
* (colloquial) electricity, power
    լույսերը տարան ― luyserə taran ― they cut the power, the power is gone
    լույսերը տվեցին ― luyserə tvecʻin ― the power is back

#### Declension

There is an alternative dative singular լուսո (luso), used in high literary style and in idioms. It is a remnant of the Old Armenian o-type declension: see լոյս (loys)

#### Derived terms

* բարի լույս (bari luys)
* լուսազդանշան (lusazdanšan)
* լուսանկար (lusankar)
* լուսատարի (lusatari)
* լուսատտիկ (lusattik)
* լուսատտնիկ (lusattnik)
* լուսաֆոր (lusafor)
* վերջալույս (verǰaluys)
* վերջնալույս (verǰnaluys)
# tóxico
## Asturian
### Adjective

tóxico
* neuter of tóxicu

## Galician
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin toxicum (“arrow poison”), from Ancient Greek τοξικόν (toxikón, “arrow poison”), from τοξικός (toxikós, “pertaining to bows”), from τόξον (tóxon, “bow”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈtɔksiko/ [ˈt̪ɔk.s̺i.kʊ]
* Rhymes: -ɔksiko
* Hyphenation: tó‧xi‧co

### Adjective

tóxico (feminine tóxica, masculine plural tóxicos, feminine plural tóxicas)
* toxic

#### Derived terms

* toxicidade

### Further reading

* “tóxico”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2025

## Portuguese
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin toxicum (“arrow poison”), from Ancient Greek τοξικόν (toxikón, “arrow poison”), from τοξικός (toxikós, “pertaining to bows”), from τόξον (tóxon, “bow”).

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈtɔk.si.ku/, /ˈtɔ.ʃi.ku/
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈtɔk.si.ku/, /ˈtɔ.ʃi.ku/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˈtɔk.si.ko/, /ˈtɔ.ʃi.ko/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈtɔ.ksi.ku/, /ˈtɔ.ʃi.ku/
* Hyphenation: tó‧xi‧co

### Noun

tóxico m (plural tóxicos)
* (toxicology) poison (substance harmful to a living organism)
    Synonyms: peçonha, toxina, veneno
* a recreational drug
    Synonyms: droga, narcótico

### Adjective

tóxico (feminine tóxica, masculine plural tóxicos, feminine plural tóxicas)
* (toxicology) toxic (harmful to a living organism)
    Synonyms: intoxicante, peçonhento, venenoso

#### Antonyms

* atóxico

#### Related terms

* endotóxico
* intoxicação
* intoxicado
* intoxicamento
* intoxicante
* intoxicar
* toxicar
* toxicemia
* toxicêmico
* toxicidade
* toxicofobia
* toxicófobo

## Spanish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin toxicum (“arrow poison”), from Ancient Greek τοξικόν (toxikón, “arrow poison”), from τοξικός (toxikós, “pertaining to bows”), from τόξον (tóxon, “bow”). Cf. also tósigo.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈtoɡsiko/ [ˈt̪oɣ̞.si.ko]
* Rhymes: -oɡsiko
* Syllabification: tó‧xi‧co

### Adjective

tóxico (feminine tóxica, masculine plural tóxicos, feminine plural tóxicas)
* toxic
    Synonym: venenoso

#### Derived terms

* agrotóxico
* antitóxico
* endotóxico
* exotóxico
* masculinidad tóxica

#### Related terms

* tósigo
* toxicidad
* toxicómano
* toxina

### Further reading

* “tóxico”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# descoger
## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /deskoˈxeɾ/ [d̪es.koˈxeɾ]
* Rhymes: -eɾ
* Syllabification: des‧co‧ger

### Verb

descoger (first-person singular present descojo, first-person singular preterite descogí, past participle descogido)
* to unfold; to spread out (e.g. a map)
    Synonym: desplegar

#### Conjugation

$^1$Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language. $^2$Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.
These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

### Further reading

* “descoger”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# tellurico
## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /telˈlu.ri.ko/
* Rhymes: -uriko
* Hyphenation: tel‧lù‧ri‧co

### Adjective

tellurico (feminine tellurica, masculine plural tellurici, feminine plural telluriche)
* (chemistry, geology) telluric

#### Derived terms

* intratellurico (“intratelluric”, adjective)

#### Related terms

* acido tellurico
* tellurio
* telluroso
# hyrst
## Old English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /xyrst/, [hyrˠst]

### Etymology 1

From Proto-West Germanic *hursti (“thicket, eyrie, scrub, bush”).

#### Noun

hyrst f (nominative plural hurste or hursta)
* hurst, hillock, eminence, height, wood, wooded eminence
** Wermōd hēr on hyrstum heasewe standeþ.Wormwood here in the woods stands dusky.

##### Declension

Strong i-stem:
* Occasionally masculine:
Strong i-stem:

##### Descendants

* Middle English: hirste, hurst, hurste
** English: hurst (mostly in placenames; obsolete hirst)
** Scots: hirst, hist

### Etymology 2

From Proto-West Germanic *hrusti (“armour, armament”).

#### Noun

hyrst f
* (poetic) ornament, decoration, jewel; accoutrements, trappings, armor
** Bēg and siglu eall swylce hyrsta swylce on horde ǣr men genumen hæfdon.Rings and jewels, all such ornaments as before men had taken in the hoard.(Beowulf: Th. 6309; B. 3165)

##### Derived terms

* ġehyrst (“ornament”)
* ġehyrstan (“to adorn, decorate; to fry, roast”)
* heofonhyrst (“ornament of the heavens”)
* hyrstan (“to decorate, adorn, ornament, equip”)
* īsenhyrst (“with iron fittings”)
* trindhyrst (“circular copse”)
* wīġhyrst (“war-gear, accoutrements”)
# disipador
## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /disipaˈdoɾ/ [d̪i.si.paˈð̞oɾ]
* Rhymes: -oɾ
* Syllabification: di‧si‧pa‧dor

### Adjective

disipador (feminine disipadora, masculine plural disipadores, feminine plural disipadoras)
* spendthrift; wasteful

### Noun

disipador m (plural disipadores)
* heat sink

#### Related terms

* disipar

### Further reading

* “disipador”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# panganay
## Cuyunon
### Noun

panganay
* firstborn child

## Tagalog
### Etymology

From pang- +‎ *anay. Compare Kapampangan pangane. The root *anay came from Proto-Southern Philippine *qanay (“first”). See Waray-Waray anay (“first; before”).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /paˈŋanaj/ [pɐˈŋaː.n̪aɪ̯]
* Rhymes: -anaj
* Syllabification: pa‧nga‧nay

### Noun

panganay (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜅᜈᜌ᜔)
* firstborn child

#### Derived terms

* pagkapanganay

#### See also

* bunso

### Further reading

* “panganay”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018
# karipas
## Cebuano
### Pronunciation

* Hyphenation: ka‧ri‧pas

### Verb

karipas
* to hightail; to skedaddle

## Tagalog
### Etymology

Compare Cebuano karipas.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /kaˈɾipas/ [kɐˈɾiː.pɐs]
* Rhymes: -ipas
* Syllabification: ka‧ri‧pas

### Noun

karipas (Baybayin spelling ᜃᜇᜒᜉᜐ᜔)
* scurrying off; hightailing

#### Derived terms

* kumaripas

#### See also

* harurot

### Anagrams

* kapsira
# rebelle
## French
### Etymology

Inherited from Old French rebelle, borrowed from Latin rebellis.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʁə.bɛl/
* Audio:(file)

### Adjective

rebelle (plural rebelles)
* rebellious

#### Related terms

* faire rébellion
* rebeller
* rébellion
* rébellionnaire
* rébellionner
* rebellitude
* se rebeller

### Noun

rebelle m or f by sense (plural rebelles)
* rebel

### Verb

rebelle
* inflection of rebeller:
** first/third-person singular present indicative/subjunctive
** second-person singular imperative

### Further reading

* “rebelle”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Latin
### Adjective

rebelle
* nominative/accusative/vocative neuter singular of rebellis

## Middle English
### Etymology 1

From Old French rebelle.

#### Adjective

rebelle
* Alternative form of rebel

### Etymology 2

From Old French rebeller.

#### Verb

rebelle
* Alternative form of rebellen

## Old French
### Adjective

rebelle m (oblique and nominative feminine singular rebelle)
* rebellious

#### Synonyms

* rebellant

### Noun

rebelle oblique singular, m (oblique plural rebelles, nominative singular rebelles, nominative plural rebelle)
* rebel

#### Descendants

* → Middle English: rebel, rabell, rebell, rebelle, reble, rebul, rebyll
** English: rebel
** Scots: rebel
* French: rebelle
# மாத்து
## Tamil
### Etymology 1

From Sanskrit मद (mada).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /maːt̪ːɯ/

#### Noun

மாத்து • (māttu)
* arrogance

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Noun

மாத்து • (māttu)
* greatness

### Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Noun

மாத்து • (māttu)
* (Chess) mate using pawns.

### Etymology 4

மாத்து • (māttu)
* (India) Spoken form of மாற்று

### References

* University of Madras (1924–1936) “மாத்து”, in Tamil Lexicon, Madras [Chennai]: Diocesan Press
# squinted like a bag of nails
## English
### Verb

squinted like a bag of nails
* simple past and past participle of squint like a bag of nails
# kʰə̆-
## Pela
### Etymology

Likely from an earlier form *kʰa with an uncertain tone, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ka (“which; like; deictic; interrogative”); a possible cognate is directly attested as Lhao Vo kho꞉ (“where”). If so, cognate with Old Chinese 何 (OC *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ), Tibetan ག་རེ (ga re, “what”), Nuosu ꇿ (kat), ꈀꇬ (kax go, “where”) and Lahu qhɔ̀ (“where”, Na dialect). Compare Lhao Vo kho꞉ and Zaiwa ka.

### Determiner

kʰə̆- (usually with classifiers, always reduced)
* which
    nɔ̃⁵⁵ kʰə̆.kɔ³¹kja⁵⁵ mɛ̃⁵⁵ pju⁵⁵Which country are you from?

### Prefix

kʰə̆- (always reduced)
* (unproductive) prefix forming interrogative terms
    kʰə̆.jauʔ³¹which man; who (with jauʔ³¹ (“classifier for people”))
    kʰə̆.kʰja⁵⁵whither, to what place (with kʰja⁵⁵ (“to, toward”))
    kʰə̆.mja̠³⁵how many, how much (with mja̠³⁵ (“a derived form of mja³¹ (“many, much”)”))

#### Usage notes

Since being a full syllable instead of a reduced one is not required for a head of a noun phrase in Pela, the reduced appearance of kʰə̆- does not imply its function as an affix directly; instead, it serves as the head of case particles frequently (though mostly fossilised), as in kʰə̆.kʰja⁵⁵ (“whither, to what place (in this case kʰja⁵⁵ (“to, toward”))”).

#### Derived terms

* kʰə̆.jauʔ³¹ (“which man; who”)
* kʰə̆.kʰja³¹ (“how, in which manner”)
* kʰə̆.kʰja⁵⁵ (“whither, to which place”)
* kʰə̆.lam⁵¹ (“which one”)
* kʰə̆.mja̠³⁵ (“how many, how much”)
* kʰə̆.mja̠³⁵ tɛ̃⁵⁵ (“how old; how many years”)
* kʰə̆.mɛ̃³¹ (“where; whither; at/to what place”)
* kʰə̆.mɛ̃⁵⁵ (“whence, from where”)
* kʰə̆.su⁵⁵ (“how; what kind of”)
* kʰə̆.sŭ kɔ̠t⁵⁵ (“how to, in what way”)
* kʰə̆.sŭ kɛ³¹ (“how to (call)”)
* kʰə̆.tʃuŋ⁵¹ (“what kind of”)
* kʰə̆.u³¹ (“when, at which moment”)

#### See also

Possible derived terms from *kʰa:
* kʰai³⁵ (“whither, to what place”)
* kʰak⁵⁵ (“who”)

### References

* Dai Qingxia, Jiang Ying, Kong Zhien, A Study of Pela Language (2007; Publishing House of Minority Nationalities, Beijing)
* Huang Bufan (editor), Xu Shouchun, Chen Jiaying, Wang Huiyin, A Tibeto-Burman Lexicon (1992; Central Minorities University, Beijing)
* Mangshi Jinghpo ethnicity Association of Development and Progress Studies(芒市景颇族发展进步研究学会)(ed.), Han-Zaiwa-Pela Dictionary (汉文载瓦文波拉语对译词典) (2018; Dehong Nationalities Publishing House, Mangshi)
# permeability
## English
### Etymology

From French perméabilité, equivalent to permeable +‎ -ity.

### Pronunciation

* (General American) IPA: /ˌpɝmi.əˈbɪlɪti/
* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˌpɜːmi.əˈbɪlɪti/
* Hyphenation: per‧me‧a‧bil‧ity

### Noun

permeability (usually uncountable, plural permeabilities)
* The property of being permeable.
* The rate of flow of a fluid through a porous material.
** 1997, Arthur L. Kohl, Richard B. Nielsen, Gas purification, page 536:The sulfite cake is usually blended with fly ash (and possibly lime) to produce a landfillable byproduct of low permeability.
** 2008, Michael Bernard New, Wagner Cotroni Valenti, Freshwater Prawn Culture, page 33:McNamara et al. (1991) suggested that neurofactors located within the thoracic ganglion may alter the apparent ionic permeabilities of this freshwater prawn.
* (geology) A measure of the ability of a rock to transmit fluids (such as oil or water).
* (physics) A quantitative measure of the degree of magnetization of a material in the presence of an applied magnetic field (measured in newtons per ampere squared in SI units).

#### Derived terms

* dynamic permeability
* hyperpermeability
* hypopermeability
* impermeability
* magnetic permeability
* space permeability
* superpermeability

#### Related terms

* impermeable
* nonpermeable
* permeameter

#### Translations
### See also

* conductivity
* penetrability
* porosity, porousness
# mlezivo
## Czech
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *melzivo. Compare Polish młodziwo.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈmlɛzɪvo]
* Rhymes: -ɪvo
* Hyphenation: mle‧zi‧vo

### Noun

mlezivo n
* colostrum (a form of milk)
    Synonym: kolostrum

#### Related terms

* mléčný
* mlékař
* mlékárna
* mléko
* mlékomat

### Further reading

* “mlezivo”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “mlezivo”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* “mlezivo”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech)

## Serbo-Croatian
### Alternative forms

* mljȅzīvo (Ijekavian)

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *melzivo. Compare mȕsti and mlijéko/mléko.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /mlêziːʋo/
* Hyphenation: mle‧zi‧vo

### Noun

mlȅzīvo n (Cyrillic spelling мле̏зӣво)
* colostrum
    Synonym: kolostrum

### References

* “mlezivo”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025
# उपार्ज्
## Sanskrit
### Alternative scripts

* উপাৰ্জ্ (Assamese script)
* ᬉᬧᬵᬃᬚ᭄ (Balinese script)
* উপার্জ্ (Bengali script)
* 𑰄𑰢𑰯𑰨𑰿𑰕𑰿 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀉𑀧𑀸𑀭𑁆𑀚𑁆 (Brahmi script)
* ဥပါရ်္ဇ် (Burmese script)
* ઉપાર્જ્ (Gujarati script)
* ਉਪਾਰ੍ਜ੍ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌉𑌪𑌾𑌰𑍍𑌜𑍍 (Grantha script)
* ꦈꦥꦴꦂꦗ꧀ (Javanese script)
* 𑂇𑂣𑂰𑂩𑂹𑂔𑂹 (Kaithi script)
* ಉಪಾರ್ಜ್ (Kannada script)
* ឧបាជ៌៑ (Khmer script)
* ອຸປາຣ຺ຊ຺ (Lao script)
* ഉപാര്ജ് (Malayalam script)
* ᡠᢒᠠ᠎᠊ᠠᡵᡯ (Manchu script)
* 𑘄𑘢𑘰𑘨𑘿𑘕𑘿 (Modi script)
* ᠤᢒᠠᢗᠷᠽ (Mongolian script)
* 𑦤𑧂𑧑𑧈𑧠𑦵𑧠 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐄𑐥𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐖𑑂 (Newa script)
* ଉପାର୍ଜ୍ (Odia script)
* ꢆꢦꢵꢬ꣄ꢙ꣄ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆇𑆥𑆳𑆫𑇀𑆘𑇀 (Sharada script)
* 𑖄𑖢𑖯𑖨𑖿𑖕𑖿 (Siddham script)
* උපාර්‍ජ් (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩐𑩒𑩰𑩛𑩼 𑪙𑩣 𑪙 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚄𑚞𑚭𑚤𑚶𑚑𑚶 (Takri script)
* உபார்ஜ் (Tamil script)
* ఉపార్జ్ (Telugu script)
* อุปารฺชฺ (Thai script)
* ཨུ་པཱ་རྫ྄ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒅𑒣𑒰𑒩𑓂𑒖𑓂 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨀𑨃𑨞𑨊𑨫𑩇𑨥𑨴 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

From उप- (upa-) +‎ अर्जन (arjana).

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /u.pɑːɾd͡ʑ/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /ˈu.pɑːɾd͡ʑ/

### Root

उपार्ज् • (upārj)
* to admit
* to convey near, acquire, gain, procure firm

#### Derived terms

* उपार्जन (upārjana)

### References

* Monier Williams (1899) “उपार्ज्”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 214.