# ظالم
## Arabic

* Root
* ظ ل م (ẓ l m)
* 12 terms

### Etymology

Derived from the active participle of ظَلَمَ (ẓalama).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ðˤaː.lim/

### Adjective

ظَالِم • (ẓālim) (feminine ظَالِمَةٌ (ẓālimatun), masculine plural ظَالِمُونَ (ẓālimūna) or ظُلَّام (ẓullām) or ظَلَمَة (ẓalama), feminine plural ظَالِمَات (ẓālimāt))
* active participle of ظَلَمَ (ẓalama)
** unjust; tyrannical, oppressing, iniquitous
    Synonym: غَاشِم (ḡāšim)
*** 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 18:35:وَدَخَلَ جَنَّتَهُ وَهُوَ ظَالِمٌ لِّنَفْسِهِ قَالَ مَا أَظُنُّ أَن تَبِيدَ هَٰذِهِ أَبَدًاwadaḵala jannatahu wahuwa ẓālimun linafsihi qāla mā ʔaẓunnu ʔan tabīda hāḏihi ʔabadanAnd he entered his garden while he was unjust to himself. He said, "I do not think that this will perish - ever.

#### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: zalım
* → Kazakh: залым (zalym)
* → Northern Kurdish: zalim
* → Classical Malay: ظاليم (zalim)
** → Malay: zalim
** → Indonesian: zalim
* → Classical Persian: ظَالِم (zālim)
** → Bengali: জালিম (jalim)
** → Hindustani:
    Hindi: ज़ालिम (zālim)
    Urdu: ظالم
**   * → Ushojo: ظالم
**   * → Phalura: zaalím
* → Ottoman Turkish: ظالم (zalim)
** > Turkish: zalim (inherited)
** > Crimean Tatar: zalım (inherited)
** → Armenian: զալում (zalum)
* → Swahili: dhalimu
* → Turkmen: zalym
* → Uyghur: زالىم (zalim)
* → Uzbek: zolim
* → Yidgha: ظالم

### References

* Baalbaki, Rohi (1995) “ظالم”, in Al-Mawrid: A Modern Arabic-English Dictionary, 7th edition, Beirut: Dar El-Ilm Lilmalayin, →ISBN
* Баранов, Х. К. (2011) “ظالم”, in Большой арабско-русский словарь (Bolʹšoj arabsko-russkij slovarʹ), 11th edition, Москва: Живой язык, →ISBN
* Lane, Edward William (1863) “ظالم”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate
* Wehr, Hans (1960) “ظالم”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 3rd edition, Ithaca, NY: Otto Harrassowitz

## Kohistani Shina
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic ظَالِم (ẓālim).

### Noun

ظالم (zālim)
* oppressor, unjust, dictator, tyrannical, wrongdoer

## Munji
### Noun

ظالم (zālim)
* oppressor

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic ظَالِم (ẓālim).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [zɑː.lim]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [zɑː.lɪm]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [zɑː.lɪm]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [zɑː.lɪm]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [zɔː.lim]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [zɒː.lem]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [zɔ.lim]

### Adjective

ظالم • (zālim / zâlem)
* cruel, oppressive, unjust
* unfeeling, unmerciful
* inhuman, barbarous

### Noun

ظالم • (zālim / zâlem) (sound plural ظالم‌ها or ظالمان, broken plural ظالمون or ظلام or ظلمه)
* despot, oppressor, tyrant
* a cruel person

#### Derived terms

* ظالمانه (zālimāna / zâlemâne)

#### Descendants

* → Bengali: জালিম (jalim)
* → Hindustani:
    Hindi: ज़ालिम (zālim)
    Urdu: ظالم
*   * → Ushojo: ظالم
*   * → Phalura: zaalím

### Further reading

* Bulkin, Carleton (2012) “ظالم”, in Dari-English/English-Dari practical dictionary, 2nd edition, New York: Hippocrene Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, page 249
* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1892) “ظالم”, in A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary, London: Routledge & K. Paul
* Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar (1931–) “ظالم”, in Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute, editors, Dehkhoda Dictionary (in Persian), Tehran: University of Tehran Press
* Hayyim, Sulayman (1934) “ظالم”, in New Persian–English dictionary, Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Béroukhim
* “ظالم”, in قاموس کبیر افغانستان [qāmūs-i kabīr-i afğānistān, The Great Dictionary of Afghanistan] (in Persian), Afghan Dictionary, 2023

## Urdu
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic ظَالِم (ẓālim).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /zɑː.lɪm/
* Audio (Pakistan):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɪm

### Noun

ظَالِم • (zālim) m or f (feminine ظَالِمَہ (zālima), Hindi spelling ज़ालिम)
* oppressor, unjust, dictator, tyrannical, wrongdoer
    Synonym: اَتْیاچارِی (atyācārī)

### Adjective

ظَالِم • (zālim) (indeclinable, comparative ظَالِمْتَر (zālimtar), superlative اَظْلَم (azlam), Hindi spelling ज़ालिम)
* oppressive, unfair, tyrannical
* cruel

## Ushojo
### Etymology

From Urdu ظالم (zālim), from Derived from Arabic ظَالِم (ẓālim).

### Noun

ظالم (zālim)
* oppressor, unjust, dictator, tyrannical, wrongdoer
* oppressive

## Yidgha
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic ظَالِم (ẓālim).

### Noun

ظالم (zālim)
* oppressor