# կաղ
## Armenian
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Armenian կաղ (kał).

### Pronunciation

* (Eastern Armenian) IPA: /kɑʁ/, [kɑʁ]
* (Western Armenian) IPA: /ɡɑʁ/, [ɡɑʁ]

### Adjective

կաղ • (kaġ) (superlative ամենակաղ)
* lame, limping

#### Derived terms

* կաղալուք (kaġalukʻ)
* կաղակորել (kaġakorel)
* կաղլիկ (kaġlik)
* կաղունք (kaġunkʻ)

## Old Armenian
### Etymology

Uncertain. Closely related to Aghwan 𐕄𐔰𐔾𐔰 (ḳala, “lame”); see it for additional Lezghian cognates and references. Probably also related to Proto-Kartvelian *ḳel- (“to be limp”), whose unattested Zan descendant would have had an *-a- vocalism and may have been the source of the Armenian and the Lezghian words. If the first part of կեղ-ա-կարծ (keł-a-karc) is indeed related to կաղ (kał, “lame”), then it may preserve the Kartvelian *-e-.
Note also խեղ (xeł) and the similar-sounding synonyms in other languages, many of which are of obscure origin: Ancient Greek χωλός (khōlós), Mingrelian ქულა (kula), Ossetian къуылых (k’°ylyx), къулух (k’ulux), Northern Kurdish kul-ek, Coptic ϭⲁⲗⲉ (cale).

### Adjective

կաղ • (kał)
* crippled, mutilated, especially lame, limping; defective
    կաղ ի կաղ, կաղ ի կաղս, կաղս ի կաղս, կաղ ընդ կաղ ― kał i kał, kał i kałs, kałs i kałs, kał ənd kał ― halting on one foot, hobbling along, with a halting gait; so so, poorly, somehow or other, as well as may be
    կաղ ի կաղս ասել, պատասխանել ― kał i kałs asel, patasxanel ― to say or reply undecidedly or doubtfully
    կաղ ի կաղ գիտել ― kał i kał gitel ― to know imperfectly

#### Derived terms

* անկաղ (ankał)
* կաղագոյն (kałagoyn)
* կաղակրկին (kałakrkin)
* կաղամ (kałam)
* կաղամիտ (kałamit)
* կաղանամ (kałanam)
* կաղացուցանեմ (kałacʻucʻanem)
* կաղիմ (kałim)
* կաղութիւն (kałutʻiwn)
* հնակաղ (hnakał)

#### Related terms

* կեղակարծ (kełakarc) (possibly)

#### Descendants

* Armenian: կաղ (kaġ)

### Further reading

* Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1909) “X ew K jaynerun lcordutʻiwnə [The x ~ k alternation]”, in Handes Amsorya‎ (in Armenian), volume 23, number 5, Vienna: Mekhitarist Press, page 160 of 159–160
* Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1973) “կաղ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume II, Yerevan: University Press, page 491b
* Awetikʻean, G., Siwrmēlean, X., Awgerean, M. (1836–1837) “կաղ”, in Nor baṙgirkʻ haykazean lezui [New Dictionary of the Armenian Language] (in Old Armenian), Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
* Brosset, M. (1834) “Aperçu général de la langue géorgienne”, in Journal asiatique (in French), volume 14, pages 385, 392
* Bugge, Sophus (1893) “Beiträge zur etymologischen Erläuterung der armenischen Sprache”, in Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung (in German), volume 32, page 50
* Hübschmann, Heinrich (1897) Armenische Grammatik. 1. Theil: Armenische Etymologie (in German), Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, page 457
* J̌ahukyan, Geworg (2010) “կաղ”, in Vahan Sargsyan, editor, Hayeren stugabanakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), Yerevan: Asoghik, page 375b
* Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 358
* Müller, Friedrich (1890) “Armeniaca VI”, in Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Classe (in German), volume 122, page 3
* Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 963
* Pedersen, Holger (1905) “Zur armenischen Sprachgeschichte”, in Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der Indogermanischen Sprachen‎ (in German), volume 38, number 2, page 203
* Petersson, Herbert (1916) “Beiträge zur armenischen Wortkunde”, in Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung (in German), volume 47, number 3/4, page 262 of 240–291
* Petrosean, Matatʻeay (1879) “կաղ”, in Nor Baṙagirkʻ Hay-Angliarēn [New Dictionary Armenian–English], Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
* Thorsø, Rasmus (2023) Prehistoric loanwords in Armenian: Hurro-Urartian, Kartvelian, and the unclassified substrate‎, PhD dissertation, Leiden University, page 54