# 願

| 願 | U+9858, &#39000; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9858 |
| ← 顗 [U+9857] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 顙 → [U+9859] |

## Translingual
### Han character

願 (Kangxi radical 181, 頁+10, 19 strokes, cangjie input 一火一月金 (MFMBC), four-corner 7128$_6$, composition ⿰原頁)

#### Derived characters

* 𡅪, 𭬻, 𩖒, 𫚆, 𢥧

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1407, character 31
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 43623
* Dae Jaweon: page 1925, character 36
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4385, character 7
* Unihan data for U+9858

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 願 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 羱 | *ŋʷaːn, *ŋʷan |
| 豲 | *ɦŋʷaːn |
| 謜 | *sŋ̊ʰʷan, *ŋʷan |
| 縓 | *sŋ̊ʰʷan, *sŋ̊ʰʷans |
| 原 | *ŋʷan |
| 源 | *ŋʷan |
| 厵 | *ŋʷan |
| 嫄 | *ŋʷan |
| 騵 | *ŋʷan |
| 榞 | *ŋʷan |
| 獂 | *ŋʷan |
| 蒝 | *ŋʷan |
| 願 | *ŋʷans |
| 傆 | *ŋʷans |
| 愿 | *ŋʷans |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ŋʷans) : phonetic 原 (OC *ŋʷan) + semantic 頁.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): yuàn (yuan$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄩㄢˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): yuan$^4$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jyun$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ngun$^5$
* Gan (Wiktionary): nyyon$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ngien / ngian
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ngian$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): ye$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): ngṳīng
* Eastern Min (BUC): nguông
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): goān
    (Teochew, Peng'im): nguêng$^6$ / nguang$^6$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$gnioe
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): yenn$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yuàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄩㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yuàn
*** Wade–Giles: yüan$^4$
*** Yale: ywàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yuann
*** Palladius: юань (juanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɥɛn⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: yuan$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: uan
*** Sinological IPA : /yan²¹³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jyun$^6$
*** Yale: yuhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jyn$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yun$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /jyːn²²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ngun$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ᵑɡun³²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: nyyon$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /n̠ʲyɵn¹¹/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngien
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngien
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngian$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯en⁵⁵/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngian
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngian
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngian$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯an⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: ngian$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋian⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: ye$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ye⁴⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ngṳīng
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋyiŋ⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: nguông
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋuɔŋ²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: goān
*** Tâi-lô: guān
*** Phofsit Daibuun: goan
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɡuan³³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /ɡuan⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ɡuan²²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: nguêng$^6$ / nguang$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: nguĕng / nguăng
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋueŋ³⁵/, /ŋuaŋ³⁵/
* nguêng6 - Chaozhou;
* nguang6 - Shantou.
* Middle Chinese: ngjwonH
Rime :
| Character | 願 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 元 (66) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 魚怨切 |
| Baxter | ngjwonH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ŋʉɐn$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ŋʷiɐn$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ŋiuɐn$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ŋuan$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ŋiuɐn$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ŋĭwɐn$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ŋi̯wɐn$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yuàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jyun$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ]o[n]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋʷans/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 願 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yuàn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ngjwon$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ŋ]o[n]-s/ (< nasal + uvular?) |
| English | to wish |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 願 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 16196 |
| Phonetic component | 原 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 願 |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋʷans/ |

### Definitions

願
* to desire; to want: to wish
       Yuàn dàjiā píng'ān jiànkāng. [Pinyin]
       (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Kē yě qǐng wú wèn qí xiáng, yuàn wén qí zhǐ. [Pinyin]
    I will not venture to ask about the particulars, but I should like to hear the scope of your plan.
    From: 《陳情表》, 268 CE, translated by David Knechtges
    Chén Mì jīnnián sìshí yǒu sì, zǔmǔ Liú jīnnián jiǔshí yǒu liù; shìyǐ chén jìn jié yú bìxià zhī rì cháng, bào Liú zhī rì duǎn yě. Wū niǎo sīqíng, yuàn qǐ zhōngyǎng! [Pinyin]
    I am now in my forty-fourth year, and Grandmother Liu is now ninety-six. Thus, I have a long time in which to fulfill my duty to Your Majesty, and only a short time in which to repay Grandmother Liu for raising me. I am like the crow that feeds its mother, and I beg to be allowed to care for her to her final days.
* desire; wish; ambition
* (religion, Buddhism) vow
* to be willing; to be ready; to do willingly
* (Hakka) addiction
    上願／上愿 [Meixian Hakka] ― song$^1$ ngian$^4$ [Hakka Transliteration Scheme] ― to get addicted

#### Synonyms

* (to wish):
* 企待 (qǐdài) (literary)
* 企望 (qǐwàng)
* 企盼 (qǐpàn)
* 冀望 (jìwàng) (literary)
* 向望 (ǹg-bāng) (Hokkien)
* 夢想 / 梦想 (mèngxiǎng)
* 寄望 (jìwàng)
* 巴望 (bāwàng) (regional)
* 希冀 (xījì) (literary)
* 希望 (xīwàng)
* 幸 (xìng) (literary)
* 引領 / 引领 (yǐnlǐng) (literary)
* 思 (literary, or in compounds)
* 想望 (xion$^2$ von$^3$) (Jin)
* 承望 (chéngwàng)
* 指望 (zhǐwàng)
* 期冀 (qījì) (literary)
* 期待 (qīdài)
* 期望 (qīwàng)
* 渴望 (kěwàng)
* 盼 (pàn)
* 盼望 (pànwàng)
* 願意 / 愿意 (yuànyì)
* 鵠望 / 鹄望 (húwàng) (literary)
* (desire):
* 希冀 (xījì) (literary)
* 希望 (xīwàng)
* 心願 / 心愿 (xīnyuàn)
* 志意 (zhìyì) (literary)
* 志願 / 志愿 (zhìyuàn)
* 想兒 / 想儿 (xiǎngr) (Beijing Mandarin)
* 意願 / 意愿 (yìyuàn)
* 慾望 / 欲望 (yùwàng)
* 指望 (zhǐwàng)
* 期冀 (qījì) (literary)
* 期望 (qīwàng)
* 祈願 / 祈愿 (qíyuàn)
* 願望 / 愿望 (yuànwàng)
* (to be willing):
* nan-qua+nan-xia:克根
* 心甘 (xīngān)
* 心甘情願 / 心甘情愿 (xīngānqíngyuàn)
* 情願 / 情愿 (qíngyuàn)
* 樂意 / 乐意 (lèyì)
* 樂於 / 乐于 (lèyú)
* 甘心 (gānxīn)
* 甘願 / 甘愿 (gānyuàn)
* 甜心 (tiánxīn) (literary)
* 願意 / 愿意 (yuànyì)
* 高興 / 高兴 (gāoxìng)

#### Compounds

* 一了心願 / 一了心愿
* 一償宿願 / 一偿宿愿
* 一廂情願 / 一厢情愿 (yīxiāngqíngyuàn)
* 一相情願 / 一相情愿 (yīxiāngqíngyuàn)
* 不情不願 / 不情不愿
* 不願 / 不愿 (bùyuàn)
* 不願意 / 不愿意
* 了願 / 了愿
* 事與願違 / 事与愿违 (shìyǔyuànwéi)
* 伏願 / 伏愿
* 但求如願 / 但求如愿
* 但願 / 但愿 (dànyuàn)
* 償得夙願 / 偿得夙愿
* 償願 / 偿愿
* 兩廂情願 / 两厢情愿
* 兩相情願 / 两相情愿
* 初願 / 初愿 (chūyuàn)
* 力不從願 / 力不从愿
* 口願 / 口愿
* 向平之願 / 向平之愿
* 同願 / 同愿
* 咒願 / 咒愿
* 四弘誓願 / 四弘誓愿 (sìhóngshìyuàn)
* 夙願 / 夙愿 (sùyuàn)
* 夙願以償 / 夙愿以偿
* 天從人願 / 天从人愿
* 天隨人願 / 天随人愿
* 如願 / 如愿 (rúyuàn)
* 如願以償 / 如愿以偿 (rúyuànyǐcháng)
* 始願 / 始愿
* 宏願 / 宏愿 (hóngyuàn)
* 宿願 / 宿愿 (sùyuàn)
* 寧願 / 宁愿 (nìngyuàn)
* 封官許願 / 封官许愿
* 弘願 / 弘愿 (hóngyuàn)
* 得償所願 / 得偿所愿 (déchángsuǒyuàn)
* 心服情願 / 心服情愿
* 心滿願足 / 心满愿足
* 心甘情願 / 心甘情愿 (xīngānqíngyuàn)
* 心願 / 心愿 (xīnyuàn)
* 志願 / 志愿 (zhìyuàn)
* 志願兵 / 志愿兵 (zhìyuànbīng)
* 志願卡 / 志愿卡
* 志願書 / 志愿书 (zhìyuànshū)
* 志願軍 / 志愿军 (Zhìyuànjūn)
* 情願 / 情愿 (qíngyuàn)
* 悲願 / 悲愿 (bēiyuàn)
* 意願 / 意愿 (yìyuàn)
* 懇願 / 恳愿 (kěnyuàn)
* 本願 / 本愿 (běnyuàn)
* 無頭願 / 无头愿
* 甘心情願 / 甘心情愿
* 甘願 / 甘愿 (gānyuàn)
* 發願 / 发愿 (fāyuàn)
* 祈願 / 祈愿 (qíyuàn)
* 祝願 / 祝愿 (zhùyuàn)
* 稱願 / 称愿 (chènyuàn)
* 第一志願 / 第一志愿 (dì-yī zhìyuàn)
* 素願 / 素愿 (sùyuàn)
* 自願 / 自愿 (zìyuàn)
* 行政訴願 / 行政诉愿
* 許願 / 许愿 (xǔyuàn)
* 訴願 / 诉愿
* 訴願權 / 诉愿权
* 誓願 / 誓愿 (shìyuàn)
* 請願 / 请愿 (qǐngyuàn)
* 請願權 / 请愿权
* 負心違願 / 负心违愿
* 負鼎之願 / 负鼎之愿
* 賭咒發願 / 赌咒发愿
* 賽願 / 赛愿
* 趁願 / 趁愿
* 遂其所願 / 遂其所愿
* 遺願 / 遗愿 (yíyuàn)
* 還願 / 还愿 (huányuàn)
* 難償所願 / 难偿所愿
* 頭足願 / 头足愿
* 願力 / 愿力
* 願寘誠念 / 愿寘诚念
* 願心 / 愿心
* 願意 / 愿意 (yuànyì)
* 願望 / 愿望 (yuànwàng)
* 願聞其詳 / 愿闻其详 (yuànwénqíxiáng)
* 願行 / 愿行
* 首丘夙願 / 首丘夙愿
* 香願 / 香愿

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 願(がん) (gan)
* → Korean: 원(願) (won)
* → Vietnamese: nguyện (願)

### References

* “願”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)
* request, wish
* prayer

#### Readings

* Go-on: ごん (gon)
* Kan-on: げん (gen)
* Kan’yō-on: がん (gan, Jōyō)
* Kun: ねがう (negau, 願う, Jōyō)、ねがい (negai, 願)

#### Usage notes

The honorific form is the well known word for "please", お願い (onegai).

#### Compounds

* 願(がん)意(い) (gan'i)
* 願(がん)書(しょ) (gansho)
* 願望(がんぼう) (ganbō), 願望(がんもう) (ganmō)
* 願文(がんもん) (ganmon)
* 願力(がんりき) (ganriki)
* 哀願(あいがん) (aigan)
* 依(い)願(がん) (igan)
* 還願(かんがん) (kangan)
* 祈(き)願(がん) (kigan)
* 結願(けちがん) (kechigan), 結願(けつがん) (ketsugan)
* 懇願(こんがん), 悃願(こんがん) (kongan)
* 志(し)願(がん) (shigan)
* 出(しゅつ)願(がん) (shutsugan)
* 誓願(せいがん) (seigan)
* 請願(せいがん) (seigan)
* 大願(たいがん) (taigan), 大願(だいがん) (daigan)
* 嘆願(たんがん), 歎願(たんがん) (tangan)
* 念願(ねんがん) (nengan)
* 発願(ほつがん) (hotsugan)
* 本願(ほんがん) (hongan)
* 満願(まんがん) (mangan)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 願
* がん Grade: 4
* kan'yōon
/ɡʉan/ → /ɡʷaɴ/ → /ɡaɴ/
From Middle Chinese 願 (MC ngjwonH).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) がん [gáꜜǹ] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɡã̠ɴ]

### Affix

願(がん) • (gan)
* desire; wish
* pray

### Noun

願(がん) • (gan)
* a prayer

#### Derived terms

* 願(がん)に懸(か)けて (gan ni kakete)
* 願(がん)を起(お)こす (gan o okosu)
* 願(がん)を懸(か)ける (gan o kakeru)
* 願(がん)を立(た)てる (gan o tateru)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

願 (eumhun 원할 원 (wonhal won))
* hanja form of 원 (“desire, want”)
* hanja form of 원 (“wish”)
* hanja form of 원 (“ambition”)

#### Compounds

* 원망 (願望, wonmang, “wish”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

願: Hán Nôm readings: nguyện, nguyền
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.