# hamba
## Estonian
### Noun

hamba
* genitive singular of hammas

## Fanagalo
### Etymology

From Zulu -hamba.

### Verb

hamba
* to go, to walk
* to travel

## Indonesian
### Alternative forms

* ambo

### Etymology

From Malay hamba, from Sanskrit हम्भाय (hambhāya, “low”), compare to Sanskrit हंबतारा (haṃbatārā, “good man”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ham.ba/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -amba, -ba, -a

### Noun

hamba (plural hamba-hamba)
* slave; thrall; servant

### Pronoun

hamba
* (archaic, humble) I, me, my, your servant

#### Usage notes

Hamba as pronoun still used in daily life, especially in prayer.

#### Synonyms

Indonesian first-person pronouns:
* aye, ogut, gue, gua (Jakarta)
* aku (informal)
* daku (poetic)
* saya (polite)
* hamba
* kami (euphemism)

### Derived terms

* berhamba
* diperhamba
* memperhamba
* memperhambakan
* menghamba
* menghambai
* menghambakan
* penghamba
* penghambaan
* perhambaan
* hamba Allah
* hamba hukum
* hamba nafsu
* hamba raja
* hamba sahaya
* hamba tebusan

### Further reading

* “hamba” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Malay
### Alternative forms

* ambo, ambe (pronunciation spelling)

### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit हम्भाय (hambhāya, “low”), compare to Sanskrit हंबतारा (haṃbatārā, “good man”).

### Pronunciation

* (Johor-Riau) IPA: [ham.bə]
** Rhymes: -bə, -ə
* (Baku) IPA: [ham.ba]
** Rhymes: -ba, -a
* (Kelantan-Pattani) IPA: [am.bɑː]
* (Negeri Sembilan) IPA: [am.bɔ]
* (Terengganu) IPA: [am.bə]
* Hyphenation: ham‧ba

### Noun

hamba (Jawi spelling همبا, plural hamba-hamba, informal 1st possessive hambaku, 2nd possessive hambamu, 3rd possessive hambanya)
* A slave.
    Synonyms: abdi, budak, sahaya
** 1849, Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir, Hikayat Abdullah, page 250:Bermula orang yang empunya hamba-hamba itu kelakuannya seperti binatang yang tiada bermalu dan tiada takut kepada Allah.The slave owners began behaving like shameless animals that do not fear God.

### Pronoun

hamba (Jawi spelling همبا)
* (dialectal, Kelantan-Pattani, Negeri Sembilan, Terengganu) I (me, my).

### See also

Malay personal pronouns :
| | | singular | plural |
| 1st person | standard | saya / ساي aku / اکو, ku- / كو- (informal/towards God) -ku / -كو (informal possessive) hamba / همبا (dated) | kami / کامي (exclusive) kita orang / كيت اورڠ (informal exclusive) kita / کيت (inclusive) |
| 1st person | royal | beta / بيتا | kami / کامي (exclusive) kita orang / كيت اورڠ (informal exclusive) kita / کيت (inclusive) |
| 2nd person | standard | kamu / کامو anda / اندا (formal) | kamu / کامو anda / اندا (formal) |
| 2nd person | standard | engkau / اڠکاو, kau- / كاو- (informal/towards God) awak / اوق (friendly/older towards younger) -mu / -مو (possessive) | awak semua / اوق سموا kamu semua / كامو سموا kalian / کالين (informal) kau orang / كاو اورڠ (informal) |
| 2nd person | royal | tuanku / توانكو | awak semua / اوق سموا kamu semua / كامو سموا kalian / کالين (informal) kau orang / كاو اورڠ (informal) |
| 3rd person | standard | dia / دي ia / اي beliau / بلياو (honorific) -nya / -ڽ (possessive) | mereka / مريک dia orang / دي اورڠ (informal) |
| 3rd person | royal | baginda / بݢيندا | mereka / مريک dia orang / دي اورڠ (informal) |

### Descendants

* Indonesian: hamba

### References

* Pijnappel, Jan (1875) “همب hamba”, in Maleisch-Hollandsch woordenboek, John Enschede en Zonen, Frederik Muller, page 145
* Wilkinson, Richard James (1901) “همب hamba”, in A Malay-English dictionary, Hong Kong: Kelly & Walsh limited, pages 685-6
* Wilkinson, Richard James (1932) “hamba”, in A Malay-English dictionary (romanised), volume I, Mytilene, Greece: Salavopoulos & Kinderlis, page 391

### Further reading

* “hamba” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.

## Northern Ndebele
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Verb

-hámba
* to go, to walk, to move
* to travel

#### Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

## Old Javanese
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit हम्भाय (hambhāya, “low”), compare to Sanskrit हंबतारा (haṃbatārā, “good man”).

### Noun

hamba
* servant, common soldier, comrade

#### Derived terms

* mahamba

#### Related terms

* ambo

#### Descendants

* Javanese: ꦲꦩ꧀ꦧ (amba)

## Swazi
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Verb

-hámba
* to go, to walk, to move
* to travel

#### Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

## Tagalog
### Etymology

Borrowed from Spanish jamba.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ˈhamba/ [ˈham.bɐ]
* Rhymes: -amba
* Syllabification: ham‧ba

### Noun

hamba (Baybayin spelling ᜑᜋ᜔ᜊ)
* jamb (vertical component that form the side of an opening in a wall)

#### Derived terms

* hambahan

### Further reading

* “hamba”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018

## Xhosa
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Verb

-hámba
* to go, to walk, to move
* to travel

#### Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

## Zulu
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Verb

-hámba
* (intransitive) to go, to walk, to move
* (intransitive) to travel
* (transitive and intransitive) to ride, to go by (a vehicle)
* (intransitive) to leave, to depart
* (intransitive) to go on, to keep going, to proceed
* (intransitive) to work, to function, to operate

#### Inflection

Tone H :
| Infinitive | ukuhamba |
| | Positive | Negative |
| Infinitive | ukuhamba | ukungahambi |
| | Imperative | Imperative |
| | Simple | + object concord |
| Singular | hamba | -hambe |
| Plural | hambani | -hambeni |
| | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyahamba, ngihamba | engihambayo, engihamba | ngihamba | angihambi | engingahambi | ngingahambi |
| 2nd singular | uyahamba, uhamba | ohambayo, ohamba | uhamba | awuhambi | ongahambi | ungahambi |
| 1st plural | siyahamba, sihamba | esihambayo, esihamba | sihamba | asihambi | esingahambi | singahambi |
| 2nd plural | niyahamba, nihamba | enihambayo, enihamba | nihamba | anihambi | eningahambi | ningahambi |
| Class 1 | uyahamba, uhamba | ohambayo, ohamba | ehamba | akahambi | ongahambi | engahambi |
| Class 2 | bayahamba, bahamba | abahambayo, abahamba | behamba | abahambi | abangahambi | bengahambi |
| Class 3 | uyahamba, uhamba | ohambayo, ohamba | uhamba | awuhambi | ongahambi | ungahambi |
| Class 4 | iyahamba, ihamba | ehambayo, ehamba | ihamba | ayihambi | engahambi | ingahambi |
| Class 5 | liyahamba, lihamba | elihambayo, elihamba | lihamba | alihambi | elingahambi | lingahambi |
| Class 6 | ayahamba, ahamba | ahambayo, ahamba | ehamba | awahambi | angahambi | engahambi |
| Class 7 | siyahamba, sihamba | esihambayo, esihamba | sihamba | asihambi | esingahambi | singahambi |
| Class 8 | ziyahamba, zihamba | ezihambayo, ezihamba | zihamba | azihambi | ezingahambi | zingahambi |
| Class 9 | iyahamba, ihamba | ehambayo, ehamba | ihamba | ayihambi | engahambi | ingahambi |
| Class 10 | ziyahamba, zihamba | ezihambayo, ezihamba | zihamba | azihambi | ezingahambi | zingahambi |
| Class 11 | luyahamba, luhamba | oluhambayo, oluhamba | luhamba | aluhambi | olungahambi | lungahambi |
| Class 14 | buyahamba, buhamba | obuhambayo, obuhamba | buhamba | abuhambi | obungahambi | bungahambi |
| Class 15 | kuyahamba, kuhamba | okuhambayo, okuhamba | kuhamba | akuhambi | okungahambi | kungahambi |
| Class 17 | kuyahamba, kuhamba | okuhambayo, okuhamba | kuhamba | akuhambi | okungahambi | kungahambi |
| | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngihambile, ngihambē | engihambile, engihambē | ngihambile, ngihambē | angihambanga | engingahambanga | ngingahambanga |
| 2nd singular | uhambile, uhambē | ohambile, ohambē | uhambile, uhambē | awuhambanga | ongahambanga | ungahambanga |
| 1st plural | sihambile, sihambē | esihambile, esihambē | sihambile, sihambē | asihambanga | esingahambanga | singahambanga |
| 2nd plural | nihambile, nihambē | enihambile, enihambē | nihambile, nihambē | anihambanga | eningahambanga | ningahambanga |
| Class 1 | uhambile, uhambē | ohambile, ohambē | ehambile, ehambē | akahambanga | ongahambanga | engahambanga |
| Class 2 | bahambile, bahambē | abahambile, abahambē | behambile, behambē | abahambanga | abangahambanga | bengahambanga |
| Class 3 | uhambile, uhambē | ohambile, ohambē | uhambile, uhambē | awuhambanga | ongahambanga | ungahambanga |
| Class 4 | ihambile, ihambē | ehambile, ehambē | ihambile, ihambē | ayihambanga | engahambanga | ingahambanga |
| Class 5 | lihambile, lihambē | elihambile, elihambē | lihambile, lihambē | alihambanga | elingahambanga | lingahambanga |
| Class 6 | ahambile, ahambē | ahambile, ahambē | ehambile, ehambē | awahambanga | angahambanga | engahambanga |
| Class 7 | sihambile, sihambē | esihambile, esihambē | sihambile, sihambē | asihambanga | esingahambanga | singahambanga |
| Class 8 | zihambile, zihambē | ezihambile, ezihambē | zihambile, zihambē | azihambanga | ezingahambanga | zingahambanga |
| Class 9 | ihambile, ihambē | ehambile, ehambē | ihambile, ihambē | ayihambanga | engahambanga | ingahambanga |
| Class 10 | zihambile, zihambē | ezihambile, ezihambē | zihambile, zihambē | azihambanga | ezingahambanga | zingahambanga |
| Class 11 | luhambile, luhambē | oluhambile, oluhambē | luhambile, luhambē | aluhambanga | olungahambanga | lungahambanga |
| Class 14 | buhambile, buhambē | obuhambile, obuhambē | buhambile, buhambē | abuhambanga | obungahambanga | bungahambanga |
| Class 15 | kuhambile, kuhambē | okuhambile, okuhambē | kuhambile, kuhambē | akuhambanga | okungahambanga | kungahambanga |
| Class 17 | kuhambile, kuhambē | okuhambile, okuhambē | kuhambile, kuhambē | akuhambanga | okungahambanga | kungahambanga |
| | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngāhamba | engāhamba | ngāhamba | angihambanga | engingahambanga | ngingahambanga |
| 2nd singular | wāhamba | owāhamba | wāhamba | awuhambanga | ongahambanga | ungahambanga |
| 1st plural | sāhamba | esāhamba | sāhamba | asihambanga | esingahambanga | singahambanga |
| 2nd plural | nāhamba | enāhamba | nāhamba | anihambanga | eningahambanga | ningahambanga |
| Class 1 | wāhamba | owāhamba | āhamba | akahambanga | ongahambanga | engahambanga |
| Class 2 | bāhamba | abāhamba | bāhamba | abahambanga | abangahambanga | bengahambanga |
| Class 3 | wāhamba | owāhamba | wāhamba | awuhambanga | ongahambanga | ungahambanga |
| Class 4 | yāhamba | eyāhamba | yāhamba | ayihambanga | engahambanga | ingahambanga |
| Class 5 | lāhamba | elāhamba | lāhamba | alihambanga | elingahambanga | lingahambanga |
| Class 6 | āhamba | āhamba | āhamba | awahambanga | angahambanga | engahambanga |
| Class 7 | sāhamba | esāhamba | sāhamba | asihambanga | esingahambanga | singahambanga |
| Class 8 | zāhamba | ezāhamba | zāhamba | azihambanga | ezingahambanga | zingahambanga |
| Class 9 | yāhamba | eyāhamba | yāhamba | ayihambanga | engahambanga | ingahambanga |
| Class 10 | zāhamba | ezāhamba | zāhamba | azihambanga | ezingahambanga | zingahambanga |
| Class 11 | lwāhamba | olwāhamba | lwāhamba | aluhambanga | olungahambanga | lungahambanga |
| Class 14 | bāhamba | obāhamba | bāhamba | abuhambanga | obungahambanga | bungahambanga |
| Class 15 | kwāhamba | okwāhamba | kwāhamba | akuhambanga | okungahambanga | kungahambanga |
| Class 17 | kwāhamba | okwāhamba | kwāhamba | akuhambanga | okungahambanga | kungahambanga |
| | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngingahamba | — | ngingahamba | ngingehambe | — | ngingehambe |
| 2nd singular | ungahamba | — | ungahamba | ungehambe | — | ungehambe |
| 1st plural | singahamba | — | singahamba | singehambe | — | singehambe |
| 2nd plural | ningahamba | — | ningahamba | ningehambe | — | ningehambe |
| Class 1 | angahamba | — | engahamba | angehambe | — | engehambe |
| Class 2 | bangahamba | — | bengahamba | bangehambe | — | bengehambe |
| Class 3 | ungahamba | — | ungahamba | ungehambe | — | ungehambe |
| Class 4 | ingahamba | — | ingahamba | ingehambe | — | ingehambe |
| Class 5 | lingahamba | — | lingahamba | lingehambe | — | lingehambe |
| Class 6 | angahamba | — | engahamba | angehambe | — | engehambe |
| Class 7 | singahamba | — | singahamba | singehambe | — | singehambe |
| Class 8 | zingahamba | — | zingahamba | zingehambe | — | zingehambe |
| Class 9 | ingahamba | — | ingahamba | ingehambe | — | ingehambe |
| Class 10 | zingahamba | — | zingahamba | zingehambe | — | zingehambe |
| Class 11 | lungahamba | — | lungahamba | lungehambe | — | lungehambe |
| Class 14 | bungahamba | — | bungahamba | bungehambe | — | bungehambe |
| Class 15 | kungahamba | — | kungahamba | kungehambe | — | kungehambe |
| Class 17 | kungahamba | — | kungahamba | kungehambe | — | kungehambe |
| | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngizohamba | engizohamba | ngizohamba | angizuhamba | engingezuhamba | ngingezuhamba |
| 2nd singular | uzohamba | ozohamba | uzohamba | awuzuhamba | ongezuhamba | ungezuhamba |
| 1st plural | sizohamba | esizohamba | sizohamba | asizuhamba | esingezuhamba | singezuhamba |
| 2nd plural | nizohamba | enizohamba | nizohamba | anizuhamba | eningezuhamba | ningezuhamba |
| Class 1 | uzohamba | ozohamba | ezohamba | akazuhamba | ongezuhamba | engezuhamba |
| Class 2 | bazohamba | abazohamba | bezohamba | abazuhamba | abangezuhamba | bengezuhamba |
| Class 3 | uzohamba | ozohamba | uzohamba | awuzuhamba | ongezuhamba | ungezuhamba |
| Class 4 | izohamba | ezohamba | izohamba | ayizuhamba | engezuhamba | ingezuhamba |
| Class 5 | lizohamba | elizohamba | lizohamba | alizuhamba | elingezuhamba | lingezuhamba |
| Class 6 | azohamba | azohamba | ezohamba | awazuhamba | angezuhamba | engezuhamba |
| Class 7 | sizohamba | esizohamba | sizohamba | asizuhamba | esingezuhamba | singezuhamba |
| Class 8 | zizohamba | ezizohamba | zizohamba | azizuhamba | ezingezuhamba | zingezuhamba |
| Class 9 | izohamba | ezohamba | izohamba | ayizuhamba | engezuhamba | ingezuhamba |
| Class 10 | zizohamba | ezizohamba | zizohamba | azizuhamba | ezingezuhamba | zingezuhamba |
| Class 11 | luzohamba | oluzohamba | luzohamba | aluzuhamba | olungezuhamba | lungezuhamba |
| Class 14 | buzohamba | obuzohamba | buzohamba | abuzuhamba | obungezuhamba | bungezuhamba |
| Class 15 | kuzohamba | okuzohamba | kuzohamba | akuzuhamba | okungezuhamba | kungezuhamba |
| Class 17 | kuzohamba | okuzohamba | kuzohamba | akuzuhamba | okungezuhamba | kungezuhamba |
| | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyohamba | engiyohamba | ngiyohamba | angiyuhamba | engingeyuhamba | ngingeyuhamba |
| 2nd singular | uyohamba | oyohamba | uyohamba | awuyuhamba | ongeyuhamba | ungeyuhamba |
| 1st plural | siyohamba | esiyohamba | siyohamba | asiyuhamba | esingeyuhamba | singeyuhamba |
| 2nd plural | niyohamba | eniyohamba | niyohamba | aniyuhamba | eningeyuhamba | ningeyuhamba |
| Class 1 | uyohamba | oyohamba | eyohamba | akayuhamba | ongeyuhamba | engeyuhamba |
| Class 2 | bayohamba | abayohamba | beyohamba | abayuhamba | abangeyuhamba | bengeyuhamba |
| Class 3 | uyohamba | oyohamba | uyohamba | awuyuhamba | ongeyuhamba | ungeyuhamba |
| Class 4 | iyohamba | eyohamba | iyohamba | ayiyuhamba | engeyuhamba | ingeyuhamba |
| Class 5 | liyohamba | eliyohamba | liyohamba | aliyuhamba | elingeyuhamba | lingeyuhamba |
| Class 6 | ayohamba | ayohamba | eyohamba | awayuhamba | angeyuhamba | engeyuhamba |
| Class 7 | siyohamba | esiyohamba | siyohamba | asiyuhamba | esingeyuhamba | singeyuhamba |
| Class 8 | ziyohamba | eziyohamba | ziyohamba | aziyuhamba | ezingeyuhamba | zingeyuhamba |
| Class 9 | iyohamba | eyohamba | iyohamba | ayiyuhamba | engeyuhamba | ingeyuhamba |
| Class 10 | ziyohamba | eziyohamba | ziyohamba | aziyuhamba | ezingeyuhamba | zingeyuhamba |
| Class 11 | luyohamba | oluyohamba | luyohamba | aluyuhamba | olungeyuhamba | lungeyuhamba |
| Class 14 | buyohamba | obuyohamba | buyohamba | abuyuhamba | obungeyuhamba | bungeyuhamba |
| Class 15 | kuyohamba | okuyohamba | kuyohamba | akuyuhamba | okungeyuhamba | kungeyuhamba |
| Class 17 | kuyohamba | okuyohamba | kuyohamba | akuyuhamba | okungeyuhamba | kungeyuhamba |
| | Present subjunctive | Present subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngihambe | ngingahambi |
| 2nd singular | uhambe | ungahambi |
| 1st plural | sihambe | singahambi |
| 2nd plural | nihambe | ningahambi |
| Class 1 | ahambe | angahambi |
| Class 2 | bahambe | bangahambi |
| Class 3 | uhambe | ungahambi |
| Class 4 | ihambe | ingahambi |
| Class 5 | lihambe | lingahambi |
| Class 6 | ahambe | angahambi |
| Class 7 | sihambe | singahambi |
| Class 8 | zihambe | zingahambi |
| Class 9 | ihambe | ingahambi |
| Class 10 | zihambe | zingahambi |
| Class 11 | luhambe | lungahambi |
| Class 14 | buhambe | bungahambi |
| Class 15 | kuhambe | kungahambi |
| Class 17 | kuhambe | kungahambi |
| | Past subjunctive | Past subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngahamba | ngangahamba, angahamba, angangahamba |
| 2nd singular | wahamba | wangahamba, awahamba, awangahamba |
| 1st plural | sahamba | sangahamba, asahamba, asangahamba |
| 2nd plural | nahamba | nangahamba, anahamba, anangahamba |
| Class 1 | wahamba | wangahamba, akahamba, akangahamba |
| Class 2 | bahamba | bangahamba, abahamba, abangahamba |
| Class 3 | wahamba | wangahamba, awahamba, awangahamba |
| Class 4 | yahamba | yangahamba, ayahamba, ayangahamba |
| Class 5 | lahamba | langahamba, alahamba, alangahamba |
| Class 6 | ahamba | angahamba, awahamba, awangahamba |
| Class 7 | sahamba | sangahamba, asahamba, asangahamba |
| Class 8 | zahamba | zangahamba, azahamba, azangahamba |
| Class 9 | yahamba | yangahamba, ayahamba, ayangahamba |
| Class 10 | zahamba | zangahamba, azahamba, azangahamba |
| Class 11 | lwahamba | lwangahamba, alwahamba, alwangahamba |
| Class 14 | bahamba | bangahamba, abahamba, abangahamba |
| Class 15 | kwahamba | kwangahamba, akwahamba, akwangahamba |
| Class 17 | kwahamba | kwangahamba, akwahamba, akwangahamba |

#### Derived terms

* uhambo
* inkambo

### References

* C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “hamba”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “hamba (3.9)”