# 垢

| 垢 | U+57A2, &#22434; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-57A2 |
| ← 垡 [U+57A1] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 垣 → [U+57A3] |

## Translingual
### Han character

垢 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 土竹一口 (GHMR), four-corner 4216$_1$, composition ⿰土后)

#### Derived characters

* 𢞄, 𬈉

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 228, character 19
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5058
* Dae Jaweon: page 464, character 15
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 440, character 1
* Unihan data for U+57A2

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 垢 | *koːʔ |
| 詬 | *koːʔ, *kʰoːs, *qʰoːs |
| 茩 | *koːʔ |
| 姤 | *koːs |
| 銗 | *ɡoː |
| 骺 | *ɡoː |
| 后 | *ɡoːʔ, *ɡoːs |
| 垕 | *ɡoːʔ |
| 郈 | *ɡoːʔ |
| 逅 | *ɡoːs |
| 鲘 |
| 缿 | *ɡoːs, *ɡroːŋʔ |

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gòu (gou$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄡˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gau$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kiéu
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): káu / kó͘ / kió
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gao$^2$ / gou$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gòu
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄡˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gòu
*** Wade–Giles: kou$^4$
*** Yale: gòu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gow
*** Palladius: гоу (gou)
*** Sinological IPA : /koʊ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gau$^3$
*** Yale: gau
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gau$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: geo$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɐu̯³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiéu
*** Hakka Romanization System: gieu$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gieu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki̯eu̯³¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: káu
*** Tâi-lô: káu
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kao
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /kau⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kau⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kau⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kó͘
*** Tâi-lô: kóo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kor
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kɔ⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kió
*** Tâi-lô: kió
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kioir
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kio⁵⁵⁴/
* káu - vernacular;
* kió/kó͘ - literary.
* Middle Chinese: kuwX
Rime :
| Character | 垢 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 侯 (137) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 古厚切 |
| Baxter | kuwX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kəu$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kəu$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kəu$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kəw$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ku$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /kəu$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kə̯u$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gǒu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gau$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*koːʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 垢 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 5160 |
| Phonetic component | 后 |
| Rime group | 侯 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 苟 |
| Old Chinese | /*koːʔ/ |

### Definitions

垢
* filth; dirt
    油垢 ― yóugòu ― greasy dirt
    From: Han Feizi, circa 2nd century BCE
    Bù chuī máo ér qiú xiǎo cī, bù xǐ gòu ér chá nán zhī. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* filthy
    From: Xuanzang's translation of the Heart Sutra, 649
    bù shēng bù miè bù gòu bù jìng bù zēng bù jiǎn [Pinyin]
    Nothing is born, nothing destroyed; nothing is filth, nothing is clean; nothing increases, nothing decreases.
* (obsolete) dust
* (literary) shame
    alt. forms: 詬 / 诟 (gòu)

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 污垢 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 皴兒, 皴, 泥兒, 泥拘拘兒, 泥拘溜兒, 泥卷兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 污垢 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 皴 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 垢圿 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 垢圿 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 疙子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 垢圿 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 垢圿 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 垢圿 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 垢圿 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 圿圿 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 圪漬 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 格膩 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 古漆頭兒, 古漆, 古𪣩 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 𪣩 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 老泥 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 老泥 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 老泥 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 老泥 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 老絡 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 垢圿 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 老㿸, 㿸 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 㿸 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 㿸, 㿸膠哩 |
| Hakka | Longmen (Luxi; Bendihua) | 㿸, 老絡, 老泥 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 㿸 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Gongguan; N. Sixian) | 㿸 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Zhuolan; N. Sixian) | 㿸 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 㿸 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian) | 㿸 |
| Hakka | Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian) | 㿸 |
| Hakka | Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian) | 㿸 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 㿸 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 㿸 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 㿸 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Zhuolan; Raoping) | 㿸 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 㿸 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 㿸牯 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 圪搓搓 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 黑水 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 垢 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 垢 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 鉎, 垢圿 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 垢圿 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 垢糗 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 鉎 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Tamsui) | 鉎 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 鉎 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Pingxi) | 鉎 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 鉎 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Cijin) | 鉎 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang) | 鉎 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang) | 鉎 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Tianliao) | 鉎 |
| Southern Min | Yilan (Luodong) | 鉎 |
| Southern Min | Yilan (Toucheng) | 鉎 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 鉎, 垢圿鉎 |
| Southern Min | Tainan (Anping) | 鉎 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 鉎 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 鉎 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Xiyu) | 鉎 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 垢圿 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 垢圿 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 垢圿, 垢圿丸 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 垢圿 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 垢圿 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Sanxiang) | 㾪塗 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 老泥 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 𪣩, 老𪣩 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Songjiang) | 污垽 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Jiading) | 𪣩, 老𪣩 |
| Wu | Danyang | 𪣩 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 泥鏽 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 零藏 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 㿸圿子, 㿸 |

### Compounds

* 七垢
* 三垢
* 中垢
* 亂首垢面 / 乱首垢面
* 僂垢 / 偻垢
* 八垢
* 刮垢磨光
* 刮垢磨痕
* 匿瑕含垢
* 含垢
* 含垢包羞
* 含垢匿瑕
* 含垢忍恥 / 含垢忍耻
* 含垢忍污
* 含垢忍辱
* 含垢棄瑕 / 含垢弃瑕
* 含垢納污 / 含垢纳污
* 吹垢索瘢
* 含垢藏瑕
* 含垢藏疾
* 吹毛洗垢
* 吹毛索垢
* 含污忍垢
* 含瑕積垢 / 含瑕积垢
* 囂垢 / 嚣垢
* 囚首垢面
* 垢俗
* 垢厲 / 垢厉
* 垢坌
* 垢塵 / 垢尘
* 垢弊
* 垢恥 / 垢耻
* 垢敝
* 垢染
* 垢氛
* 垢污
* 垢泥
* 垢洿
* 垢滓
* 垢濁 / 垢浊
* 垢獘 / 垢毙
* 垢玩
* 垢病
* 垢穢 / 垢秽
* 垢紛 / 垢纷
* 垢累
* 垢翫 / 垢玩
* 垢膩 / 垢腻
* 垢蠹
* 垢誤 / 垢误
* 垢辱
* 垢離 / 垢离
* 垢面
* 垢面蓬頭 / 垢面蓬头
* 垢黷 / 垢黩
* 埃垢
* 塵垢 / 尘垢 (chéngòu)
* 塵垢囊 / 尘垢囊
* 塵垢秕糠 / 尘垢秕糠
* 宿垢
* 心垢
* 忍垢
* 忍垢偷生
* 忍恥含垢 / 忍耻含垢
* 忍辱含垢
* 打骸垢
* 披髮垢面 / 披发垢面
* 攻瑕索垢
* 有垢
* 楊妃垢 / 杨妃垢
* 櫛垢爬癢 / 栉垢爬痒
* 氛垢
* 汗垢
* 污垢 (wūgòu)
* 污手垢面
* 泥垢 (nígòu)
* 油垢 (yóugòu)
* 洗垢匿瑕
* 洗垢尋痕 / 洗垢寻痕
* 洗垢求瑕
* 洗垢求瘢
* 洗垢索瘢
* 滋垢
* 滓垢
* 滌瑕蕩垢 / 涤瑕荡垢
* 澡垢索疵
* 灰垢
* 無垢 / 无垢
* 無垢衣 / 无垢衣
* 牙垢 (yágòu)
* 瑕垢
* 疵垢
* 痛湔宿垢
* 眥垢 / 眦垢
* 秦垢
* 積垢 / 积垢
* 穢垢 / 秽垢
* 穢德垢行 / 秽德垢行
* 索垢吹瘢
* 索垢尋疵 / 索垢寻疵
* 納垢藏污 / 纳垢藏污
* 納污含垢 / 纳污含垢
* 納污藏垢 / 纳污藏垢
* 纖垢 / 纤垢
* 罪垢
* 耳垢 (ěrgòu)
* 脫垢離塵 / 脱垢离尘
* 膩垢 / 腻垢
* 蓬垢
* 蓬頭垢面 / 蓬头垢面 (péngtóugòumiàn)
* 蓬首垢面 (péngshǒugòumiàn)
* 蕩垢滌污 / 荡垢涤污
* 藏垢懷恥 / 藏垢怀耻
* 藏垢納污 / 藏垢纳污 (cánggòunàwū)
* 藏污納垢 / 藏污纳垢 (cángwūnàgòu)
* 解垢
* 貪垢 / 贪垢
* 輕垢 / 轻垢
* 鍋垢 / 锅垢
* 除污去垢
* 離垢 / 离垢 (lígòu)
* 離垢地 / 离垢地
* 面垢
* 頭垢 / 头垢 (tóugòu)
* 飾垢掩疵 / 饰垢掩疵
* 鬅頭垢面 / 鬅头垢面
* 齒垢 / 齿垢 (chǐgòu)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* grime

#### Readings

* Go-on: く (ku)
* Kan-on: こう (kō)
* Kun: あか (aka, 垢)、はじ (haji, 垢)

#### Compounds

* 頭垢(ふけ) (fuke): dandruff
* 目垢(めあか) (meaka): rheum

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 垢
* あか Hyōgai
* kun'yomi
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) あか [àkáꜜ] (Odaka –)
* IPA: [a̠ka̠]

#### Noun

垢(あか) • (aka)
* scum
* dirt

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 垢
* あか Hyōgai (ateji)
* kun'yomi
ateji (当て字), short for English account.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) あか [àkáꜜ] (Odaka –)
* IPA: [a̠ka̠]

#### Noun

垢(あか) or 垢(アカ) • (aka)
* (slang, computing) account
    垢(あか)BAN(バン)
       aka-ban
       ban of one's account; account ban
    さっきプレミアム垢(あか)にしてきたので画(が)質(しつ)テスト版(ばん)です。
       Sakki puremiamu aka ni shitekita no de gashitsu tesuto ban desu.
       I just made my account a premium account, so this is a video quality test version.

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 垢
* く Hyōgai
* on'yomi

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kɯ̟]

#### Noun

垢(く) • (ku)
* klesha

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

垢 • (gu) (hangeul 구, revised gu, McCune–Reischauer ku)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

垢: Hán Nôm readings: cấu, cáu
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.