# bw
## English
### Noun

bw (uncountable)
* Abbreviation of bodyweight.
** 2005, Tarek A. Kassim, Environmental Impact Assessment of Recycled Wastes on Surface and Ground Waters‎:Pigs and calves: 200 mg per 15 kg bw
* Abbreviation of birth weight.

### Anagrams

* WB, wb

## Auhelawa
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bʷ/

### Letter

bw (upper case Bw)
* A letter of the Auhelawa alphabet.

## Egyptian
### Pronunciation

* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /buː/
** Conventional anglicization: bu

### Etymology 1

Ehret hypothesizes an origin in Proto-Afroasiatic *bǔ (“place”) and compares Arabic بِـ (bi-, “in, with, by”); as with other attempts at reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic, academic consensus is lacking.

#### Noun

m
* place, location
* (with following genitive) position, location where someone or something is
* thing
* (with following adjective) forms abstract nouns; -ness

##### Alternative forms

| b | b | b | bt | bꜣt | bjt |
| [Middle Kingdom] | [New Kingdom] | [New Kingdom] | [Late Period] | [Late Period] | [Late Period] |

##### Derived terms

* bw jqr
* bw wꜥ
* bw wr
* bw bjn
* bw mꜣꜥ
* bw mnḫ
* bw-nb
* bw nfr
* bw ḥwrw
* bw ḏw
* bw ḏsr

##### See also

* 𓃀

#### Noun

m
* (Late Egyptian) item in a list

##### Inflection
### Etymology 2

Related to (and probably developed from) earlier nj (“not”). The spelling with b- may reflect a graphic phenomenon rather than a sound change. Compare the Late Egyptian development of bn from Earlier Egyptian nn.

#### Particle

proclitic
* (Late Egyptian, with following verb in the sdm.f form) not; forms the negative aorist of verbs
* (Late Egyptian, with following verb in the sdmt.f form (from the Middle Egyptian terminative)) not yet
* (Late Egyptian, chiefly literary, with following verb in the sdm.f form) not; forms the negative preterite of verbs

##### Usage notes

The verb used with bw in forming the negative aorist is usually periphrastic jrj, which is then followed by the main verb in the infinitive; however, when the main verb is rḫ or when the text belongs to a high linguistic register, periphrastic jrj is often not used and the main verb is directly negated instead. In forming the ‘not yet’ construction, periphrastic jrj is usually used, but especially with verbs of motion the main verb is sometimes directly negated instead. Periphrastic jrj is not used in forming the negative preterite.

##### Alternative forms

b :
rare :

##### Derived terms

* bwpw

##### Descendants

* Coptic: ⲙⲉ⸗ (me⸗)

### References

* “bw (lemma ID 55110)” and “bw (lemma ID 55130)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎, Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
* Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎, volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 450.8–452.4, 452.11–453.2
* Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, pages 81–82
* James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 84, 92, 261.
* Junge, Friedrich (2005) Late Egyptian Grammar: An Introduction, second English edition, Oxford: Griffith Institute, pages 100–101, 153
* ↑ Oréal, Elsa (2022) “The negative existential cycle in Ancient Egyptian” in Ljuba Veselinova & Arja Hamari (eds.), The Negative Existential Cycle, Berlin: Language Science Press, pages 197–230