# acerbo
## Galician
### Etymology

From Latin acerbus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /aˈθɛɾbo/ [aˈθɛɾ.β̞ʊ]
* IPA: (standard) /aˈθɛɾbo/ [aˈθɛɾ.β̞ʊ]
* IPA: (seseo) /aˈsɛɾbo/ [aˈsɛɾ.β̞ʊ]
* Rhymes: -ɛɾbo
* Hyphenation: a‧cer‧bo

### Adjective

acerbo (feminine acerba, masculine plural acerbos, feminine plural acerbas)
* acerbic

#### Related terms

* acerbidade

### Further reading

* “acerbo”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2025

## Italian
### Etymology

From Latin acerbus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /aˈt͡ʃɛr.bo/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛrbo
* Hyphenation: a‧cèr‧bo

### Adjective

acerbo (feminine acerba, masculine plural acerbi, feminine plural acerbe, superlative acerbissimo)
* unripe, premature
* acerbic, sour, bitter, harsh, crude
* hard, severe

#### Derived terms

* acerbamente

#### Related terms

* acerbità

### Further reading

* acerbo in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

### Anagrams

* bacerò, borace, orbace

## Latin
### Etymology

From acerbus (“harsh, bitter”) +‎ -ō.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /aˈker.boː/, [äˈkɛrboː]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /aˈt͡ʃer.bo/, [äˈt͡ʃɛrbo]

### Verb

acerbō (present infinitive acerbāre, perfect active acerbāvī, supine acerbātum); first conjugation
* (transitive) to make harsh or bitter, embitter
* (transitive) to augment or aggravate something disagreeable, make worse, exacerbate

#### Derived terms

* acerbātus
* exacerbō
* inacerbō
* obacerbat

#### Related terms

* ācer
* acerbē
* acerbitās
* acerbitūdō
* acerbus

#### Descendants

* English: acerbate, exacerbate

### References

* “acerbo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “acerbo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* acerbo in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. (ambiguous) he has had many painful experiences: multa acerba expertus est

## Portuguese
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Latin acerbus.

#### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /aˈsɛʁ.bu/ [aˈsɛɦ.bu]
* (Brazil) IPA: /aˈsɛʁ.bu/ [aˈsɛɦ.bu]
** (São Paulo) IPA: /aˈsɛɾ.bu/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /aˈsɛʁ.bu/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /aˈsɛɻ.bo/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ɐˈsɛɾ.bu/ [ɐˈsɛɾ.βu]

#### Adjective

acerbo (feminine acerba, masculine plural acerbos, feminine plural acerbas)
* acerbic (bitter to the taste)

##### Derived terms

* acerbamente

##### Related terms

* acerbidade

#### Further reading

* “acerbo”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2025

### Etymology 2
#### Verb

acerbo
* first-person singular present indicative of acerbar

## Spanish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin acerbus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Spain) /aˈθeɾbo/ [aˈθeɾ.β̞o]
* IPA: (Latin America, Philippines) /aˈseɾbo/ [aˈseɾ.β̞o]
* Rhymes: -eɾbo
* Syllabification: a‧cer‧bo

### Adjective

acerbo (feminine acerba, masculine plural acerbos, feminine plural acerbas)
* acerb (bitter to the taste)
* acerbic (sour or bitter)
* biting, scathing, acerbic

#### Derived terms

* acerbamente
* exacerbar

#### Related terms

* acerbidad

### Further reading

* “acerbo”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10