# turba
## Catalan
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin turba.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [ˈtur.bə]
* IPA: (Valencia) [ˈtuɾ.ba]

### Noun

turba f (plural turbes)
* crowd

### Further reading

* “turba” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.

## Estonian
### Noun

turba
* genitive singular of turvas

## Galician
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈtuɾβɐ]

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from French tourbe, from Proto-Germanic *turbz.

#### Noun

turba f (plural turbas)
* peat

##### Derived terms

* turbeira

### Etymology 2

Learned borrowing from Latin turba.

#### Noun

turba f (plural turbas)
* (literary) mob

##### Related terms

* perturbar
* turbar

### References

* Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “turba”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “turba”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “turba”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “turba”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

## Hausa
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /túɽ.bàː/
** (Standard Kano Hausa) IPA: [tɪ́ɽ.bàː]

### Noun

turbā̀ f (possessed form turbàr̃)
* path, track, lane

## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈtur.ba/
* Rhymes: -urba
* Hyphenation: tùr‧ba

### Etymology 1

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

turba
* inflection of turbare:
** third-person singular present indicative
** second-person singular imperative

### Etymology 2

From Latin turba.

#### Noun

turba f (plural turbe)
* crowd, throng
* mob

### Anagrams

* bruta

## Latin
### Etymology 1

Probably from Ancient Greek τύρβη (túrbē, “tumult, disorder, turmoil”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)twerH- (“to rotate, swirl, twirl, move around”); related to English storm.

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈtur.ba/, [ˈt̪ʊrbä]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈtur.ba/, [ˈt̪urbä]

#### Noun

turba f (genitive turbae); first declension
* turmoil, disorder, stir, disturbance, tumult, uproar, hubbub, commotion, trouble, confusion, disarray, brawl
    Synonyms: rebellio, seditio, inquies, concursus, inquiētūdō, perculsus, tumultus
    Antonyms: quies, otium, tranquillitas, serenitas, pax
* mob, crowd, throng
    Synonyms: multitūdō, grex
* multitude
    Synonym: multitūdō
** 405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate Lucas.9.16:acceptis autem quinque panibus et duobus piscibus respexit in caelum et benedixit illis et fregit et distribuit discipulis suis ut ponerent ante turbasThen [Jesus] took the five loaves and the two fishes, and looking up to heaven, he blessed them, and broke, and gave to the disciples to set before the multitude.

##### Declension

First-declension noun.

##### Related terms

* turbāmentum
* turbātē
* turbātiō
* turbātor
* turbātrix
* turbātus
* turbēlae
* turbellae
* turben
* turbidē
* turbidus
* turbinātiō
* turbinātus
* turbineus
* turbō
* turbula
* turbulentē
* turbulenter
* turbulentō
* turbulentus

##### Descendants

* → Catalan: turba
* → Galician: turba
* Italian: turba
* → Portuguese: turba
* Sicilian: turba
* → Spanish: turba
* → Middle Welsh: twryf, turvf, turyf, twrf, twrw, twrwf, tyryf
** Welsh: twrf
* → Middle Welsh: torf
** Welsh: torf

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈtur.baː/, [ˈt̪ʊrbäː]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈtur.ba/, [ˈt̪urbä]

#### Verb

turbā
* second-person singular present active imperative of turbō

### References

* “turba”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “turba”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* turba in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* turba in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. the lictors clear the way: lictores summovent turbam (Liv. 4. 50)
* turba in Ramminger, Johann (2016 July 16 (last accessed)) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎, pre-publication website, 2005-2016
* “turba”, in William Smith, editor (1854, 1857), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, volume 1 & 2, London: Walton and Maberly
* “turba”, in Richard Stillwell et al., editor (1976), The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press
* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “turba”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 634

## Portuguese
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Latin turba.

#### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈtuʁ.bɐ/ [ˈtuɦ.bɐ]
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈtuʁ.bɐ/ [ˈtuɦ.bɐ]
** (São Paulo) IPA: /ˈtuɾ.bɐ/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /ˈtuʁ.bɐ/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˈtuɻ.ba/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈtuɾ.bɐ/ [ˈtuɾ.βɐ]

#### Noun

turba f (plural turbas)
* crowd, throng
* mob

##### Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:turba.

### Etymology 2
#### Verb

turba
* inflection of turbar:
** third-person singular present indicative
** second-person singular imperative

## Romanian
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin turbāre.

### Verb

a turba (third-person singular present turbă, past participle turbat) 1st conjugation
* to rage, go mad

#### Derived terms

* turbare

#### Related terms

* tulbura
* tulbure
* turbăciune
* turbină
* perturba

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈtuɾba/ [ˈt̪uɾ.β̞a]
* Audio (Peru):(file)
* Rhymes: -uɾba
* Syllabification: tur‧ba

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Latin turba.

#### Noun

turba f (plural turbas)
* mob

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from French tourbe, from Proto-Germanic *turbz.

#### Noun

turba f (plural turbas)
* peat

##### Derived terms

* turbera
* turbero
* turboso

### Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Adjective

turba f
* feminine singular of turbo

### Etymology 4

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

turba
* inflection of turbar:
** third-person singular present indicative
** second-person singular imperative

### Further reading

* “turba”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

## Zaghawa
### Noun

turba
* graveyard

### References

* Beria-English English-Beria Dictionary [provisional] ADESK, Iriba, Kobe Department, Chad