# 心得
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xīndé
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄣ ㄉㄜˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): sam$^1$ dak$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): sîm-tet
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): sim-tek / sim-tiak
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xīndé
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄣ ㄉㄜˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sindé
*** Wade–Giles: hsin$^1$-tê$^2$
*** Yale: syīn-dé
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shinder
*** Palladius: синьдэ (sinʹdɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕin⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: sam$^1$ dak$^1$
*** Yale: sām dāk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sam$^1$ dak$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sem$^1$ deg$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɐm⁵⁵ tɐk̚⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sîm-tet
*** Hakka Romanization System: xim$^ˊ$ ded$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: xim$^1$ ded$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /sim²⁴ tet̚²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sim-tek
*** Tâi-lô: sim-tik
*** Phofsit Daibuun: simdeg
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /sim⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪk̚³²/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /sim⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚³²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sim-tiak
*** Tâi-lô: sim-tiak
*** Phofsit Daibuun: simdiag
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /sim³³ tiak̚⁵/

### Noun

心得
* what one has learnt from study, work or experience; knowledge gained

#### Synonyms

* 字目 (Taiwanese Hokkien)
* 學問 / 学问 (xuéwèn)
* 所知 (suǒzhī) (literary)
* 智識 / 智识 (zhìshí) (literary, or Min Nan and Cantonese)
* 知識 / 知识
* 聞見 / 闻见 (wénjiàn) (literary)
* 見聞 / 见闻 (jiànwén)
* 見識 / 见识 (jiànshí)
* 認識 / 认识
* 識見 / 识见 (shíjiàn) (literary)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 心 | 得 |
| こころ Grade: 2 | え Grade: 5 |
| kun'yomi ||
連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 心(こころ)得(え)る (kokoroeru, “to know, understand”), from classical verb 心(こころ)得(う) (kokorou, see below).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こころえ [kòkóróꜜè] (Nakadaka –)
* (Tokyo) こころえ [kòkóróéꜜ] (Odaka – [4])
* (Tokyo) こころえ [kòkóróé] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ko̞ko̞ɾo̞e̞]

#### Noun

心(こころ)得(え) • (kokoroe)
* knowledge of, knowing something of, experience in
    音楽(おんがく)の心得(こころえ)がある
       ongaku no kokoroe ga aru
       I have experience in music
* regulations, instructions
    登山(とざん)の心得(こころえ)
       tozan no kokoroe
       instructions for mountain climbing

##### Derived terms

* 不(ふ)心(こころ)得(え) (fukokoroe, “indiscretion; imprudence”)
* 不(ふ)心(こころ)得(え)を戒(いまし)める (fukokoroe o imashimeru, “to caution a person against misconduct”)
* 不(ふ)心(こころ)得(え)者(もの) (fukokoroemono, “imprudent (misguided) fellow”)
* 執(しつ)務(む)心(こころ)得(え) (shitsumu kokoroe, “guide to office routine; guide to the performance of official duties”)
* 心(こころ)得(え)違(ちが)い (kokoroe chigai, “imprudence; misbehavior; misbehaviour; misunderstanding”)
* 心(こころ)得(え)難(がた)い (kokoroe gatai, “hard to understand or accept”)
* 心(こころ)得(え)顔(がお) (kokoroegao, “knowing look”)

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 心 | 得 |
| こころ Grade: 2 | ゆ Grade: 5 |
| kun'yomi ||
Kanji in this term :
| 心 | 得 |
| こころ Grade: 2 | う Grade: 5 |
| kun'yomi ||
心(こころ) (kokoro, “heart”) + 得(う) (u, Classical Japanese form of 得(え)る (eru, “to get”))

#### Verb

心(こころ)得(う) or 心(こころ)得(ゆ) • (kokorou or kokoroyu) $^†$nidan
* Classical Japanese form of 心得る (kokoroeru)

##### Conjugation

Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 心得 | こころえ | kokoroe |
| Continuative (連用形) | 心得 | こころえ | kokoroe |
| Terminal (終止形) | 心得 | こころう | kokorou |
| Attributive (連体形) | 心得る | こころうる | kokorouru |
| Realis (已然形) | 心得れ | こころうれ | kokoroure |
| Imperative (命令形) | 心得よ | こころえよ | kokoroeyo |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 心得ず | こころえず | kokoroezu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 心得れど | こころうれど | kokorouredo |
| Causal conjunction | 心得れば | こころうれば | kokoroureba |
| Conditional conjunction | 心得ば | こころえば | kokoroeba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 心得き | こころえき | kokoroeki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 心得けり | こころえけり | kokoroekeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 心得つ | こころえつ | kokoroetu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 心得ぬ | こころえぬ | kokoroenu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 心得たり | こころえたり | kokoroetari |
| Volitional | 心得む | こころえむ | kokoroemu |
Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 心得 | こころえ | kokoroe |
| Continuative (連用形) | 心得 | こころえ | kokoroe |
| Terminal (終止形) | 心得 | こころゆ | kokoroyu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 心得る | こころゆる | kokoroyuru |
| Realis (已然形) | 心得れ | こころゆれ | kokoroyure |
| Imperative (命令形) | 心得よ | こころえよ | kokoroeyo |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 心得ず | こころえず | kokoroezu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 心得れど | こころゆれど | kokoroyuredo |
| Causal conjunction | 心得れば | こころゆれば | kokoroyureba |
| Conditional conjunction | 心得ば | こころえば | kokoroeba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 心得き | こころえき | kokoroeki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 心得けり | こころえけり | kokoroekeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 心得つ | こころえつ | kokoroetu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 心得ぬ | こころえぬ | kokoroenu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 心得たり | こころえたり | kokoroetari |
| Volitional | 心得む | こころえむ | kokoroemu |

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* 1 2 3 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.