# 羯

| 羯 | U+7FAF, &#32687; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7FAF |
| ← 羮 [U+7FAE] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 羰 → [U+7FB0] |

## Translingual
### Han character

羯 (Kangxi radical 123, 羊+9, 15 strokes, cangjie input 廿手日心女 (TQAPV), four-corner 8652$_7$, composition ⿰羊曷)

#### Derived characters

* 𭌅

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 953, character 29
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 28537
* Dae Jaweon: page 1398, character 19
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3136, character 10
* Unihan data for U+7FAF

## Chinese

* 羯

### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 羯 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 愒 | *kʰaːds, *kʰrads, *kʰrad |
| 馤 | *qaːds |
| 靄 | *qaːds, *qaːd |
| 餲 | *qraːds, *qrads, *ɡaːd, *qaːd |
| 喝 | *qraːds, *qʰoːb, *qʰaːd |
| 揭 | *kʰrads, *ked, *kʰrad, *ɡrad, *kad, *ɡad |
| 偈 | *ɡrads, *ɡrad |
| 猲 | *kʰob, *qʰaːd, *qʰad |
| 葛 | *kaːd |
| 輵 | *kaːd |
| 獦 | *klaːd, *rab |
| 渴 | *kʰaːd, *ɡrad |
| 嵑 | *kʰaːd |
| 暍 | *qʰaːd, *qad |
| 曷 | *ɡaːd |
| 褐 | *ɡaːd |
| 鶡 | *ɡaːd |
| 毼 | *ɡaːd |
| 蝎 | *ɡaːd |
| 鞨 | *ɡaːd, *ɢljad |
| 遏 | *qaːd |
| 齃 | *qaːd |
| 堨 | *qaːd |
| 擖 | *kʰreːd, *kraːd, *r'aːb |
| 楬 | *kʰraːd, *ɡrad, *ɡad |
| 朅 | *kʰrad |
| 藒 | *kʰrad |
| 竭 | *ɡrad, *ɡad |
| 碣 | *ɡrad, *ɡad |
| 羯 | *kad |
| 鍻 | *kad |
| 歇 | *qʰad |
| 蠍 | *qʰad |
| 謁 | *qad |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kad) : semantic 羊 (“sheep; goat”) + phonetic 曷 (OC *ɡaːd).

### Etymology
#### “wether”

    Sino-Tibetan; cognate with 羖 (OC *klaːʔ, “(black) ram”), as well as Kinnauri [script needed] (kʰas), Chitkuli Kinnauri [script needed] (kʰa), [script needed] (kʰɘs, “sheep”) (Schuessler, 2007).
    Alternatively, Wang (1982) relates this word to 割 (OC *kaːd, “to cut”).

#### “Jie people”

    Borrowed from Jie. Possibly of Yeniseian origin. Pulleyblank (1962) connects the ethnonym to Proto-Yeniseian *cewç (“stone”). Vovin et al. (2016) additionally proposes *keˀt (“person, human being”) as a possible etymon. This character was likely chosen to transcribe the indigenous name of the tribe for its pejorative meaning (ibid.).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jié (jie$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄝˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): kit$^3$ / git$^3$
* Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): giad$^5$
* Jin (Wiktionary): jieh$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kiat
    (Teochew, Peng'im): giêg$^4$ / giag$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jié
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄝˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jié
*** Wade–Giles: chieh$^2$
*** Yale: jyé
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jye
*** Palladius: цзе (cze)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: kit$^3$ / git$^3$
*** Yale: kit / git
*** Cantonese Pinyin: kit$^8$ / git$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: kid$^3$ / gid$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰiːt̚³/, /kiːt̚³/
* Hakka
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: giad$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /kiat̚¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: jieh$^4$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕiəʔ²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiat
*** Tâi-lô: kiat
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kiad
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kiɛt̚³²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɛt̚⁵/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɛt̚³²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kiɛt̚³²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɛt̚³²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: giêg$^4$ / giag$^4$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kiek / kiak
*** Sinological IPA : /kiek̚²/, /kiak̚²/
* Middle Chinese: kjot
Rime :
| Character | 羯 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 月 (67) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 居謁切 |
| Baxter | kjot |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɨɐt̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kiɐt̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kiɐt̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kɨat̚/ |
| Li Rong | /kiɐt̚/ |
| Wang Li | /kĭɐt̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kɨ̯ɐt̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jie |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | git$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*kad/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 羯 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 5058 |
| Phonetic component | 曷 |
| Rime group | 月 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | |
| Old Chinese | /*kad/ |

### Definitions

羯
* castrated buck caprid; wether
* Jie people (a small, extinct tribe that once lived in North China)
* (Hakka) to castrate; to neuter; to emasculate

#### Synonyms

* (to castrate): 閹割／阉割 (yāngē), 去勢／去势 (qùshì)

#### Compounds

* 封胡羯末
* 戎羯
* 拓羯
* 揩羯鼓
* 摩羯座 (Mójiézuò)
* 獯羯
* 䍪羯
* 羯孽
* 羯族
* 羯磨 (jiémó)
* 羯羊 (jiéyáng)
* 羯羠
* 羯羶
* 羯胡 (Jiéhú)
* 羯語 / 羯语 (jiéyǔ)
* 羯鼓 (jiégǔ)
* 羯鼓催花
* 臊羯奴
* 花奴羯鼓
* 赭羯
* 醜羯 / 丑羯
* 靺羯芽

#### Descendants

* → English: Jie, Chieh

### References

* “羯”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* barbarian
* (more specifically) the Jie people, a certain tribe that lived to the north of China in antiquity (see Chinese 羯 (jié) for details)

#### Readings

* Go-on: こち (kochi)
* Kan-on: けつ (ketsu)
* Kan’yō-on: かつ (katsu)

#### Compounds

* 羯(かっ)鼓(こ) (kakko, “a kind of two-headed tensioned drum”)
* 羯(かっ)鼓(こ)舞(まい) (kakkomai, “a dance in noh performed to the beat of a kakko drum”)
* 羯(かっ)鼓(こ)物(もの) (kakkomono, “the fourth act in a noh play, consisting of a kakko-mai dance”)
* 羯(かっ)鼓(こ)踊(おどり) (kakko odori, “a kind of folk dance performed to the beat of a kakko drum”)
* 羯(かつ)磨(ま) (katsuma)
* 羯(こん)磨(ま) (konma)
* 羯(こん)磨(ま)金(こん)剛(ごう) (konma kongō, “a Buddhist implement consisting of two vajra or dorje joined in the center to form a cross shape”)

## Korean
### Hanja

羯 • (gal) (hangeul 갈, revised gal, McCune–Reischauer kal, Yale kal)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

羯: Hán Nôm readings: yết, khiết
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.