# 壅

| 壅 | U+58C5, &#22725; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-58C5 |
| ← 壄 [U+58C4] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 壆 → [U+58C6] |

## Translingual
### Han character

壅 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+13, 16 strokes, cangjie input 卜女土土 (YVGG), four-corner 0010$_4$, composition ⿱雍土)

#### Derived characters

* 𡄐, 𤃟

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 240, character 18
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5524
* Dae Jaweon: page 480, character 4
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 493, character 4
* Unihan data for U+58C5

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 郺 | *qoːŋʔ, *qoŋ |
| 齆 | *qoːŋs |
| 甕 | *qoːŋs |
| 罋 | *qoːŋs, *qoŋ |
| 雍 | *qoŋ, *qoŋs |
| 邕 | *qoŋ |
| 嗈 | *qoŋ |
| 灉 | *qoŋ, *qoŋs |
| 癰 | *qoŋ |
| 廱 | *qoŋ |
| 雝 | *qoŋ |
| 壅 | *qoŋ, *qoŋʔ, *qoŋs |
| 饔 | *qoŋ |
| 噰 | *qoŋ |
| 澭 | *qoŋ |
| 擁 | *qoŋ, *qoŋʔ |
| 臃 | *qoŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *qoŋ, *qoŋʔ, *qoŋs) : phonetic 雍 (OC *qoŋ, *qoŋs) + semantic 土 (“soil; ground”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yōng, yǒng (yong$^1$, yong$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄩㄥ, ㄩㄥˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jung$^2$ / jung$^1$ / ngung$^1$ / ung$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yûng
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): iong / èng
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yōng
*** Zhuyin: ㄩㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yong
*** Wade–Giles: yung$^1$
*** Yale: yūng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: iong
*** Palladius: юн (jun)
*** Sinological IPA : /jʊŋ⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yǒng
*** Zhuyin: ㄩㄥˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yǒng
*** Wade–Giles: yung$^3$
*** Yale: yǔng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yeong
*** Palladius: юн (jun)
*** Sinological IPA : /jʊŋ²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jung$^2$ / jung$^1$ / ngung$^1$ / ung$^1$
*** Yale: yúng / yūng / ngūng / ūng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jung$^2$ / jung$^1$ / ngung$^1$ / ung$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yung$^2$ / yung$^1$ / ngung$^1$ / ung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /jʊŋ³⁵/, /jʊŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋʊŋ⁵⁵/, /ʊŋ⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yûng
*** Hakka Romanization System: iung$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /i̯uŋ²⁴/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yûng
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)iung$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯uŋ²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iong / èng
*** Tâi-lô: iong / ìng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: iofng, exng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /iɔŋ⁴⁴/, /iɪŋ²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /iɔŋ³³/, /iɪŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /iɔŋ⁴⁴/, /iɪŋ²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /iɔŋ⁴⁴/, /iɪŋ¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /iɔŋ⁴⁴/, /iɪŋ²¹/
* Middle Chinese: 'jowng, 'jowngX
Rime :
| Character | 壅 | 壅 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 影 (34) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 鍾 (7) | 鍾 (7) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 於容切 | 於隴切 |
| Baxter | 'jowng | 'jowngX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʔɨoŋ/ | /ʔɨoŋ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʔioŋ/ | /ʔioŋ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʔioŋ/ | /ʔioŋ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʔuawŋ/ | /ʔuawŋ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ʔioŋ/ | /ʔioŋ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ĭwoŋ/ | /ĭwoŋ$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʔi̯woŋ/ | /ʔi̯woŋ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yōng | yǒng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jung$^1$ | jung$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*qoŋ/, /*qoŋʔ/, /*qoŋs/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 壅 | 壅 | 壅 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 |
| No. | 15411 | 15419 | 15422 |
| Phonetic component | 邕 | 邕 | 邕 |
| Rime group | 東 | 東 | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 邕 | 擁 | 雍 |
| Old Chinese | /*qoŋ/ | /*qoŋʔ/ | /*qoŋs/ |
| Notes | | | 原土在左，集韻作此，見論衡 |

### Definitions

壅
* (literary) to obstruct; to block; to stop
* (literary) to heap; to pile up
* (literary) to cover; to hide

### Compounds

* 交通壅塞
* 冰壅 (bīngyōng)
* 培壅
* 壅土 (yōngtǔ)
* 壅塞 (yōngsè)
* 壅滯 / 壅滞
* 壅肥
* 壅蔽 (yōngbì)
* 壅門 / 壅门
* 壅閉 / 壅闭
* 懸壅垂 / 悬壅垂 (xuányōngchuí)
* 鄣壅

### References

* “壅”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* plug up
* shut up

#### Readings

* Go-on: ゆ (yu)
* Kan-on: よう (yō)
* Kun: ふさぐ (fusagu)

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 壅 (MC 'jowngX).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | Recorded as Middle Korean ᅙᅩᇰ〯 (Yale: qwǒng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. | Recorded as Middle Korean ᅙᅩᇰ〯 (Yale: qwǒng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | 붓도돌〮 오ᇰ〯 | Recorded as Middle Korean 오ᇰ〯 (wǒng) (Yale: wǒng) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527. |
| Gwangju Cheonjamun, 1575 | 마ᄀᆞᆯ 옹 | Recorded as Middle Korean 옹 ( wong) (Yale: wong) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576. |

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [o̞(ː)ŋ]
* Phonetic hangul: [옹(ː)]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Hanja

Wikisource 壅 (eumhun 막을 옹 (mageul ong))
* hanja form of 옹 (“to block; to obstruct”)

#### Compounds

* 옹고집 (壅固執, onggojip)
* 옹색 (壅塞, ongsaek)
* 옹졸 (壅拙, ongjol)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

壅: Hán Nôm readings: ung
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation