# 無限
## Chinese

* 無限 (Gan)
* 無限 (Classical)
* 無限 (Southern Min)
* 無限 (Cantonese)
* 無限 (消歧義) (Written Standard Chinese)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): wúxiàn
    (Zhuyin): ㄨˊ ㄒㄧㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): mou$^4$ haan$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): vù-han
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): bô-hān / bô-hǎn / bô-ān / bû-hān / bû-hǎn / bû-ān
    (Teochew, Peng'im): bho$^5$ hang$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wúxiàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄨˊ ㄒㄧㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wúsiàn
*** Wade–Giles: wu$^2$-hsien$^4$
*** Yale: wú-syàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wushiann
*** Palladius: усянь (usjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /u³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$吳縣 / 吴县 無線 / 无线 無限 / 无限
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: mou$^4$ haan$^6$
*** Yale: mòuh haahn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: mou$^4$ haan$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: mou$^4$ han$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /mou̯²¹ haːn²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: vù-han
*** Hakka Romanization System: vu$^ˇ$ han
*** Hagfa Pinyim: vu$^2$ han$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /vu¹¹ han⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bô-hān
*** Tâi-lô: bô-hān
*** Phofsit Daibuun: boi'han
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /bo¹³⁻²² han²²/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /bo²⁴⁻²² han²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /bo²⁴⁻¹¹ han³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /bɤ²³⁻³³ han³³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bô-hǎn
*** Tâi-lô: bô-hǎn
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /bo²⁴⁻²² han²²/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bô-ān
*** Tâi-lô: bô-ān
*** Phofsit Daibuun: boi'an
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /bo¹³⁻²² an²²/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bû-hān
*** Tâi-lô: bû-hān
*** Phofsit Daibuun: bu'han
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /bu²³⁻³³ han³³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /bu²⁴⁻¹¹ han³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /bu²⁴⁻²² han²²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bû-hǎn
*** Tâi-lô: bû-hǎn
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /bu²⁴⁻²² han²²/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bû-ān
*** Tâi-lô: bû-ān
*** Phofsit Daibuun: bu'an
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /bu¹³⁻²² an²²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: bho$^5$ hang$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: bô hăng
*** Sinological IPA : /bo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ haŋ³⁵/
* Middle Chinese: mju heanX
Rime :
| Character | 無 | 限 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 虞 (24) | 山 (73) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | II |
| Fanqie | 武夫切 | 胡簡切 |
| Baxter | mju | heanX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /mɨo/ | /ɦˠɛn$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /mio/ | /ɦᵚæn$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /mio/ | /ɣæn$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /muə̆/ | /ɦəɨn$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /mio/ | /ɣɛn$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /mĭu/ | /ɣæn$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /mi̯u/ | /ɣăn$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | wú | xiàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | mou$^4$ | haan$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ma|mo [ɡ]ˤrə[n]ʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ma ɡrɯːnʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 無 | 無 | 無 | 限 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | wú | wú | wú | xiàn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ mju › | ‹ mju › | ‹ mju › | ‹ hɛn$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*ma/ | /*ma/ | /*mo/ | /*[ɡ]ˁrə[n]ʔ/ |
| English | not have | volitional prefix | don’t | obstacle, limit |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 無 | 限 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 13117 | 3916 |
| Phonetic component | 無 | 艮 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 無 | 限 |
| Old Chinese | /*ma/ | /*ɡrɯːnʔ/ |

### Adjective

無限
* boundless; immeasurable; infinite; limitless; unlimited
    前途無限／前途无限 ― qiántú wúxiàn ― bright future (literally, “one's future is infinite”)
    無限可能／无限可能 ― wúxiàn kěnéng ― infinite possibilities
    無限流量套餐／无限流量套餐 ― wúxiàn liúliàng tàocān ― unlimited data plan

### Noun

無限
* (mathematics) infinity

#### Synonyms

* 無盡／无尽 (wújìn)

#### Derived terms

* 無限公司 / 无限公司 (wúxiàn gōngsī)
* 無限小數 / 无限小数
* 無限戰爭 / 无限战争
* 無限花序 / 无限花序

#### Related terms

* 無窮／无穷 (wúqióng)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 無限(むげん) (mugen)
* → Korean: 무한(無限) (muhan)
* → Vietnamese: vô hạn (無限)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 無 | 限 |
| む Grade: 4 | げん Grade: 5 |
| goon ||

### Etymology

May be a learned borrowing from Chinese 無限 / 无限 (wúxiàn, literally “without + limit”). First cited to 1881 in the 哲学字彙 (Tetsugaku Jii, “Philosophical Vocabulary”) as a translation of English infinite.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) むげん [mùgéń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [mɯ̟ɡẽ̞ɴ]

### Adjective

無(む)限(げん) • (mugen) -na (adnominal 無(む)限(げん)な (mugen na), adverbial 無(む)限(げん)に (mugen ni))
* [from 1901] unlimited, infinite, endless

#### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Imperfective (未然形) | 無限だろ | むげんだろ | mugen daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 無限で | むげんで | mugen de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 無限だ | むげんだ | mugen da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 無限な | むげんな | mugen na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 無限なら | むげんなら | mugen nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 無限であれ | むげんであれ | mugen de are |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 無限ではない 無限じゃない | むげんではない むげんじゃない | mugen de wa nai mugen ja nai |
| Informal past | 無限だった | むげんだった | mugen datta |
| Informal negative past | 無限ではなかった 無限じゃなかった | むげんではなかった むげんじゃなかった | mugen de wa nakatta mugen ja nakatta |
| Formal | 無限です | むげんです | mugen desu |
| Formal negative | 無限ではありません 無限じゃありません | むげんではありません むげんじゃありません | mugen de wa arimasen mugen ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 無限でした | むげんでした | mugen deshita |
| Formal negative past | 無限ではありませんでした 無限じゃありませんでした | むげんではありませんでした むげんじゃありませんでした | mugen de wa arimasen deshita mugen ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 無限で | むげんで | mugen de |
| Conditional | 無限なら（ば） | むげんなら（ば） | mugen nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 無限だったら | むげんだったら | mugen dattara |
| Volitional | 無限だろう | むげんだろう | mugen darō |
| Adverbial | 無限に | むげんに | mugen ni |
| Degree | 無限さ | むげんさ | mugensa |

#### Antonyms

* 有(ゆう)限(げん) (yūgen): limited, finite

### Noun

無(む)限(げん) • (mugen)
* [from 1881] (philosophy, general) infinity, unlimitedness, endlessness
    無(む)限(げん)に廻(めぐ)るもの、ウラモグ
       Mugen ni Megurumono, Uramogu
       Ulamog, the Infinite Gyre
* [from 1889] (mathematics) infinity

### See also

* 無(む)限(げん)大(だい) (mugendai): infinitely large
* 無(む)限(げん)小(しょう) (mugenshō): infinitesimal
* 無(む)制(せい)限(げん) (museigen): limitless, unrestricted
* 永(えい)遠(えん) (eien): eternity
* 永(えい)久(きゅう) (eikyū): eternity

### References

* ↑ “無限”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* ↑ Inoue, Tetsujirō (1881) 哲学字彙 [Dictionary of Philosophy]‎, University of Tokyo, page 44
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 無 | 限 |

### Noun

無限 • (muhan) (hangeul 무한)
* hanja form of 무한 (“infinity”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 無 | 限 |

### Adjective

無限
* chữ Hán form of vô hạn (“infinite; unlimited; boundless”).