# 弘法
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): hóngfǎ
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄥˊ ㄈㄚˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): wang$^4$ faat$^3$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hông-hoat
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hóngfǎ
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄥˊ ㄈㄚˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hóngfǎ
*** Wade–Giles: hung$^2$-fa$^3$
*** Yale: húng-fǎ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: horngfaa
*** Palladius: хунфа (xunfa)
*** Sinological IPA : /xʊŋ³⁵ fä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: wang$^4$ faat$^3$
*** Yale: wàhng faat
*** Cantonese Pinyin: wang$^4$ faat$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: weng$^4$ fad$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /wɐŋ²¹ faːt̚³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hông-hoat
*** Tâi-lô: hông-huat
*** Phofsit Daibuun: honghoad
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² huat̚³²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² huat̚⁵/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɔŋ¹³⁻²² huat̚³²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /hɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ huat̚³²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔŋ²³⁻³³ huat̚³²/
* Middle Chinese: hwong pjop
Rime :
| Character | 弘 | 法 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) | 幫 (1) |
| Final (韻) | 登 (130) | 乏 (148) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Closed |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 胡肱切 | 方乏切 |
| Baxter | hwong | pjop |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦwəŋ/ | /pɨɐp̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦʷəŋ/ | /piɐp̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣuəŋ/ | /piɐp̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦwəŋ/ | /puap̚/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣuəŋ/ | /piɐp̚/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣuəŋ/ | /pĭwɐp̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣwəŋ/ | /pi̯wɐp̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | hóng | fa |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | wang$^4$ | faat$^3$ |

### Verb

弘法
* (Buddhism) to propagate Buddhist teachings

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 弘(ぐ)法(ほう) (guhō)
* → Korean: 홍법(弘法) (hongbeop)

### Further reading

* Ding, Fubao (丁福保) (1922), “弘法” in 佛學大辭典 [A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms].

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 弘 | 法 |
| ぐ Jinmeiyō | ほう Grade: 4 |
| goon ||
/ɡupopu/ → /ɡuɸoɸu/ → /ɡuhoː/
From Middle Chinese 弘法 (MC hwong pjop). (Can this etymology be sourced?)

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ぐほー [gùhóó] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) ぐほー [gúꜜhòò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɡɯ̟ho̞ː]

#### Noun

弘(ぐ)法(ほう) • (guhō)
* (Buddhism) the propagation of Buddhist teachings
    Synonym: 弘布 (gubu)

##### Derived terms

* 弘法寺(ぐほうじ) (Guhō-ji)
* 弘法(こうぼう)大(だい)師(し) (Kōbō Daishi)

#### Verb

弘(ぐ)法(ほう)する • (guhō suru) suru (stem 弘(ぐ)法(ほう)し (guhō shi), past 弘(ぐ)法(ほう)した (guhō shita))
* (Buddhism) to propagate Buddhist teachings

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 弘法し | ぐほうし | guhō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 弘法し | ぐほうし | guhō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 弘法する | ぐほうする | guhō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 弘法する | ぐほうする | guhō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 弘法すれ | ぐほうすれ | guhō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 弘法せよ¹ 弘法しろ² | ぐほうせよ¹ ぐほうしろ² | guhō seyo¹ guhō shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 弘法される | ぐほうされる | guhō sareru |
| Causative | 弘法させる 弘法さす | ぐほうさせる ぐほうさす | guhō saseru guhō sasu |
| Potential | 弘法できる | ぐほうできる | guhō dekiru |
| Volitional | 弘法しよう | ぐほうしよう | guhō shiyō |
| Negative | 弘法しない | ぐほうしない | guhō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 弘法せず | ぐほうせず | guhō sezu |
| Formal | 弘法します | ぐほうします | guhō shimasu |
| Perfective | 弘法した | ぐほうした | guhō shita |
| Conjunctive | 弘法して | ぐほうして | guhō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 弘法すれば | ぐほうすれば | guhō sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 弘 | 法 |
| こう Jinmeiyō | ほう > ぼう Grade: 4 |
| kan'on | goon |
The euphemistic sense comes from the belief that Kōbō Daishi was a homosexual.

#### Proper noun

弘(こう)法(ぼう) • (Kōbō)
* Short for 弘法大師 (Kōbō Daishi): the posthumous name of 空海 (Kūkai), founder of the esoteric Shingon sect of Buddhism
* a surname

##### Derived terms

* 弘法(こうぼう)穴(あな) (Kōbō ana)
* 弘法寺(こうぼうじ) (Kōbō-ji)
* 弘法(コウボウ)柴(シバ) (kōbōshiba)
* 弘法(コウボウ)芝(シバ) (kōbōshiba)
* 弘法(こうぼう)清水(しみず) (kōbō shimizu)
* 弘法茶(こうぼうちゃ) (kōbōcha)
* 弘法(こうぼう)稗(びえ) (kōbōbie)
* 弘法(こうぼう)水(みず) (Kōbō mizu)
* 弘(コウ)法(ボウ)麦(ムギ) (kōbōmugi)
* 朝(あさ)鉢(ばち)は弘法(こうぼう)様(さま) (asabachi wa Kōbō-sama)
* 終(しま)い弘法(こうぼう) (Shimai Kōbō)
* 初(はつ)弘法(こうぼう) (Hatsu Kōbō)

##### Proverbs

* 弘法(こうぼう)にも筆(ふで)の誤(あやま)り (Kōbō ni mo fude no ayamari)
* 弘法(こうぼう)筆(ふで)を択(えら)ばず (Kōbō fude o erabazu)

#### Noun

弘(こう)法(ぼう) • (kōbō)
* (euphemistic) male homosexuality

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN