# vir
## Afrikaans
### Alternative forms

* ver (archaic)
* vi, vi' (Cape Afrikaans)

### Etymology

From Dutch voor (“for; before”) or rather the dialectal variant veur (compare deur with Dutch door). The Afrikaans distinction between vir (“for”) and voor (“before”) may have been influenced by corresponding German für and vor.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /fər/, [fɨr]
* Audio:(file)

### Preposition

vir
* for
    Dit is vir jou! ― It is for you!
* Used to indicate the addressee of a communicative act.
    Sy roep vir haar sussie. ― She is calling to her little sister.
    Amen, sê ek vir julle. ― Amen, I say to you.
    Die ou man het gesein vir die motorbestuurder. ― The old man signalled to the car driver.
* Direct object marker.
    Die vrou moer vir die inbreker toe met 'n hamer. ― The woman then whacked the burglar with a hammer.

#### Derived terms

* virrie

#### Related terms

* voor

## Baure
### Noun

vir
* wind

## Czech
### Alternative forms

* virus

### Etymology

Borrowed from modern European languages, English virus, French virus, German Virus, which are all from Latin virus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈvɪr]

### Noun

vir m inan
* virus

#### Derived terms

* antivir
* virový

#### Related terms

* virus

### Further reading

* “vir”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “vir”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* vir in Akademický slovník cizích slov, 1995, at prirucka.ujc.cas.cz

## Galician
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈbiːɾ]

### Etymology 1

From Old Galician-Portuguese vĩir, from Latin venīre.

#### Verb

vir (first-person singular present veño, first-person singular preterite vin, past participle vindo) vir (first-person singular present venho, first-person singular preterite vim, past participle vindo, reintegrationist norm)
* to come
    Antonym: ir
* (infinitive) to have just [with de (+ infinitive) ‘done something’]
    Veño de pechar Baiona cunha chave pequeniña, tamén teño de pechar o teu corazón, meniña (folk song)I just locked Baiona with a little key; I also ought to lock your heart, girl.

##### Conjugation

$^1$Less recommended.

##### Related terms

* advir
* avir
* contravir
* convir
* desavir
* desconvir
* devir
* intervir
* previr
* provir
* reconvir
* sobrevir

### Etymology 2

Inflected form of ver (“to see”).

#### Verb

vir
* first/third-person singular future subjunctive of ver

### References

* Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “viir”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “vir”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “vir”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “vir”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

## Latin
### Etymology

From Proto-Italic *wiros, from Proto-Indo-European *wiHrós. Cognates include Sanskrit वीर (vīrá), Old Prussian wijrs, Lithuanian vyras, Latvian vīrs, Old Irish fer, Old Norse verr, Ossetian ир (ir, “Ossetians”) and Old English wer (English were-; also see world).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /u̯ir/, [u̯ɪr]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /vir/, [vir]

### Noun

vir m (genitive virī); second declension
* man (adult male human)
** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.1:Arma virumque cano.I sing of arms and a man.
* brave or courageous man, hero, warrior
* husband
* (military) foot soldier

#### Usage notes

Vir has the sense of adult male human being. In reference to age or maturity, it is used in opposition to puer (“boy”); in reference to gender or sex, it is used in opposition to or coordination with fēmina or mulier (“woman”). In the context of ancient Roman society, vir connoted a man of freeborn status rather than an enslaved man or freedman. Though typically used of human men, vir is sometimes applied in the sense of "male mate" or "husband" to nonhuman males, either deities or animals. "Man" in the sense of "human being" is rendered by Latin homō (e.g., as opposed to bēstia (“beast”) or deus (“god”)); in the sense of male, by Latin mās (as opposed to fēmina (“female”)).

#### Declension

Second-declension noun (nominative singular in -r).
* The genitive plural may also be virum, virûm.

#### Hypernyms

* (adult male human): homō (“human being”); mās

#### Derived terms

* centumvir
* decemvir
* duumvir
* ēvirō
* octōvir
* quinquevir
* sēmivir
* septemvir
* sexvir
* triumvir
* vira
* viragō
* virātus
* virīlis
* virlupus
* virtūs

#### Descendants

* → Italian: viro (learned)

### References

* ↑ Hagelin, L. (2020), "Homo inter homines sum. The importance of age for freedmen's construction of masculinity in Late Republican and Early Imperial Rome", page 131

### Further reading

* “vir”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “vir”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* vir in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. Pericles, the greatest man of his day: Pericles summus vir illius aetatis Pericles, the greatest man of his day: Pericles, vir omnium, qui tum fuerunt, clarissimus a man of considerable learning for those times: vir ut temporibus illis doctus a man of ability: vir magno ingenio, ingeniosus a man of ability: vir magno ingenio praeditus a man of learning; a scholar; a savant: vir or homo doctus, litteratus a great scholar: vir doctissimus a man of profound erudition: vir perfecte planeque eruditus a man perfect in all branches of learning: vir omni doctrina eruditus the learned men are most unanimous in..: summa est virorum doctissimorum consensio (opp. dissensio) a man of character, with a strong personality: vir constans, gravis (opp. homo inconstans, levis) a man who has held every office (up to the consulship): vir defunctus honoribus a hero: vir fortissimus (ambiguous) many learned men; many scholars: multi viri docti, or multi et ii docti (not multi docti) (ambiguous) to separate (of the woman): repudium remittere viro (Dig. 24. 3) (ambiguous) statesmen: viri rerum civilium, rei publicae gerendae periti or viri in re publica prudentes (ambiguous) men of rank and dignity: viri clari et honorati (De Sen. 7. 22)

## Luxembourgish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /fiːʀ/, [ˈfiː.ɐ], [fiə̯]
* Homophone: fir

### Adverb

vir
* ahead, at the front, at the fore

#### Derived terms

* hannevir
* virun

#### Related terms

* vir-

## Northern Kurdish
### Etymology 1
#### Pronoun

vir
* here

### Etymology 2
#### Alternative forms

* virr

#### Noun

vir ?
* lie
    vir kirin ― to lie
    vir kirin nav rûya ― to lie to one's eyes, lie blatantly

##### Derived terms

* virek (“lier”)
* virekî (“lie, lying”)
* viridîk

#### References

* ↑ Kurdojev, K. K. (1960) “vir II”, in Курдско-русский словарь [Kurdish–Russian Dictionary], Moscow: Государственное издательство иностранных и национальных словарей, page 781b

## Old Swedish
### Alternative forms

* vī, ᚠᛁᚱ

### Etymology

From Old East Norse *wīʀ, (compare Old West Norse vér), from Proto-Germanic *wīz.

### Pronoun

vīr
* we
    vīr ærum brø̄þer ― we are brothers

#### Descendants

* Swedish: vi

## Picard
### Etymology

From Old French veoir, veir, from earlier vedeir, from Latin vidēre.

### Verb

vir
* to see

## Piedmontese
### Noun

vir m (plural vir)
* turn

#### Related terms

* viré

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈvi(ʁ)/ [ˈvi(h)]
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈvi(ʁ)/ [ˈvi(h)]
** (São Paulo) IPA: /ˈvi(ɾ)/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /ˈvi(ʁ)/ [ˈvi(χ)]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˈvi(ɻ)/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈviɾ/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈviɾ/
** (Northern Portugal) IPA: /ˈbiɾ/
** (Southern Portugal) IPA: /ˈvi.ɾi/
* (Brazil, non-standard) IPA: /vĩ/
* Homophone: vi (Brazil) (with -r dropping)
* Hyphenation: vir

### Etymology 1

From Old Galician-Portuguese viir~vĩir, from Latin venīre.

#### Verb

vir (first-person singular present venho, first-person singular preterite vim, past participle vindo)
* (intransitive) to come (to move towards the speaker or the agent)
    Ele veio me cumprimentar.He came to greet me.
* (intransitive) to come; to arrive (to reach a destination, especially where the speaker is)
    Synonym: chegar
    Venha antes das seis se quiser jantar.Come before six if you want to have dinner.
* (intransitive) to come (to manifest itself; to occur)
    Os meses vêm e vão.The months come and go.
* (intransitive) to come (to be located in a certain position in a sequence)
    A palavra coçar vem depois de cocar no dicionário.The word coçar comes after cocar in the dictionary.
* (intransitive) to come from; to be from (to have as one’s place of origin) [with de ‘somewhere’]
    Synonym: ser de
    Eles vêm de vários países.They come from various countries.
    Estas botas são porcarias e baratas porque vêm da China.These boots are crap and cheap because they are from China.
* (intransitive) to be caused by; to be due to [with de ‘a cause’]
    Meu sofrimento vem das misérias da vida.My suffering is due to life’s miseries.
* to come back; to return [with de ‘from somewhere’]
    Synonyms: volta, retornar, tornar
    Quando que o pai vem das férias?When is dad coming back from his vacation?
* (auxiliary) have/has been (forms the present perfect progressive aspect) [with gerund]
    Eu venho comendo pizza todos os dias.I have been eating pizza every day.
* (auxiliary) to end up (to eventually do) [with a (+ infinitive) ‘doing something’]
    Synonym: acabar
    Meu irmão veio a se tornar padre.My brother ended up becoming a priest.
* (intransitive, colloquial) to bitch; to whine (to complain, especially unnecessarily) [with com ‘about someone/something’]
    Não venha com essa.Stop whining.
* (reflexive) to come (to have an orgasm)

##### Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:vir.

##### Alternative forms

* vim (nonstandard, proscribed)

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

vir
* first/third-person singular future subjunctive of ver

##### Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:ver.

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *virъ.

### Noun

vir m (Cyrillic spelling вир)
* whirlpool
* (regional) source

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “vir”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025

## Slovene
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *virъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʋíːr/

### Noun

vȋr m inan
* source (of water; e.g. a spring or well)
* source, origin

#### Inflection
### Further reading

* “vir”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU (in Slovene), 2014–2025