# sumpah
## Indonesian
### Etymology

From Malay sumpah, from Classical Malay sumpah, from Old Malay sumpaḥ, probably from Old Javanese sumpah (“oath, imprecation”), śumāpa (“to curse”), śāpa (“curse, malediction, abuse, oath, imprecation”) +‎ -um- (“active, indicative verb”), from Sanskrit शाप (śāpa, “curse, oath”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈsʊmpah]
* Hyphenation: sum‧pah

### Noun

sumpah (plural sumpah-sumpah)
* swear

#### Derived terms

* bersumpah
* bersumpah-sumpahan
* mempersumpahkan
* menyumpah
* menyumpahi
* penyumpah
* penyumpahan
* persumpahan
* tersumpah
* sumpah jabatan
* sumpah palsu
* sumpah pocong
* sumpah setia

### Noun

sumpah (plural sumpah-sumpah)
* curse
    Synonyms: kutuk, tulah

#### Derived terms

* menyumpah
* menyumpah-nyumpah
* menyumpahi
* penyumpah
* sumpah serapah

### Further reading

* “sumpah” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Malay
### Etymology

There are two main theories as to its etymology:
* From Western Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sumpaq. Cognate with Tagalog sumpa and Javanese sumpah.
* From Old Javanese sumpah (“oath, imprecation”), śumāpa (“to curse”), śāpa (“curse, malediction, abuse, oath, imprecation”) +‎ -um- (“active, indicative verb”), from Sanskrit शाप (śāpa, “curse, oath”).
First attested in the Telaga Batu inscription, 683 AD, as Old Malay [script needed] (sumpaḥ).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sumpah/
* Rhymes: -pah, -ah

### Noun

sumpah (Jawi spelling سومڤه, plural sumpah-sumpah, informal 1st possessive sumpahku, 2nd possessive sumpahmu, 3rd possessive sumpahnya)
* An oath:
** A solemn pledge or promise that invokes a deity, a ruler, or another entity (not necessarily present) to attest the truth of a statement or sincerity of one's desire to fulfill a contract or promise.
** A statement or promise which is strengthened (affirmed) by such a pledge.
    Synonyms: ikrar, akuan
* A promise.
    Synonym: janji
* A curse word, a cussing word.
    Synonyms: kutuk, maki, tulah

### Verb

sumpah (Jawi spelling سومڤه)
* To swear, to promise.
    Aku sumpah, aku tak tidur dengan suami kau!I swear I didn't sleep with your husband!
* To curse, to cuss, to swear.
    Sambil dihukum mati, Mahsuri menyumpah Langkawi supaya tidak aman selama tujuh keturunan.As she was executed, Mahsuri cursed Langkawi to seven generations of unrest.

### Adverb

sumpah
* (colloquial, Malaysia) seriously, no joke, I swear, on God - emphasizing the seriousness or truthfulness of a statement.
    Mi tarik pedas ni kasi kenyang gila, sumpah!These spicy lamian are so mad filling, on God!

### Derived terms
#### Affixations

* bersumpah
* bersumpah-sumpahan
* dipersumpahkan
* disumpah
* disumpahi
* mempersumpahkan
* menyumpah
* menyumpah-nyumpah
* menyumpahi
* persumpahan
* persumpahkan
* sumpah-sumpah
* sumpahan
* sumpahi

#### Compounds

* ambil sumpah
* balik sumpah
* makan sumpah
* sumpah besi kawi
* sumpah celur
* sumpah jilat besi
* sumpah keramat
* sumpah menyelam
* sumpah minum air keris
* sumpah palsu
* sumpah potong ayam
* sumpah Quran
* sumpah serapah
* sumpah serenah
* sumpah setia
* sumpah uji api

### Descendants

* Indonesian: sumpah

### References

* Pijnappel, Jan (1875) “سمڤه soempah”, in Maleisch-Hollandsch woordenboek, John Enschede en Zonen, Frederik Muller, page 32
* Wilkinson, Richard James (1901) “سمڤه sumpah”, in A Malay-English dictionary, Hong Kong: Kelly & Walsh limited, page 408
* Wilkinson, Richard James (1932) “sumpah”, in A Malay-English dictionary (romanised), volume II, Mytilene, Greece: Salavopoulos & Kinderlis, pages 500-1

### Further reading

* “sumpah” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.
* Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*sumpaq”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI