# 放棄
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): fàngqì
    (Zhuyin): ㄈㄤˋ ㄑㄧˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): fong$^3$ hei$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): fong-hi / piong-hi
    (Meixian, Guangdong): fong$^4$ hi$^4$
* Eastern Min (BUC): huóng-ké
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hòng-khì / pàng-khì
    (Teochew, Peng'im): huang$^3$ ki$^3$ / bang$^3$ ki$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: fàngqì
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄤˋ ㄑㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: fàngcì
*** Wade–Giles: fang$^4$-chʻi$^4$
*** Yale: fàng-chì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fanqchih
*** Palladius: фанци (fanci)
*** Sinological IPA : /fɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$放棄 / 放弃 放氣 / 放气
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fong$^3$ hei$^3$
*** Yale: fong hei
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fong$^3$ hei$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fong$^3$ héi$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /fɔːŋ³³ hei̯³³/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$放棄 / 放弃 放氣 / 放气
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fong-hi
*** Hakka Romanization System: fong hi
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fong$^4$ hi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /foŋ⁵⁵ hi⁵⁵/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fong-hi / piong-hi
*** Hakka Romanization System: fong hi / biong hi
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fong$^4$ hi$^4$ / biong$^4$ hi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /foŋ⁵⁵ hi⁵⁵/, /pi̯oŋ⁵⁵ hi⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: fong$^4$ hi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /fɔŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ hi⁵³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: huóng-ké
*** Sinological IPA : /huoŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ $^{(kʰ-)}$ŋɛi²¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hòng-khì
*** Tâi-lô: hòng-khì
*** Phofsit Daibuun: horngqix
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kʰi⁴¹/
*** IPA (Singapore): /hɔŋ²¹⁻⁴² kʰi²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /hɔŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ kʰi¹¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ kʰi²¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ kʰi²¹/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pàng-khì
*** Tâi-lô: pàng-khì
*** Phofsit Daibuun: parngqix
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /paŋ²¹⁻⁵³ kʰi²¹/
*** IPA (Singapore): /paŋ²¹⁻⁴² kʰi²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /paŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kʰi⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: huang$^3$ ki$^3$ / bang$^3$ ki$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huàng khì / pàng khì
*** Sinological IPA : /huaŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kʰi²¹³/, /paŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kʰi²¹³/

### Verb

放棄
* to give up; to renounce; to abandon
    放棄搶救／放弃抢救 ― fàngqì qiǎngjiù ― to give up resuscitation
    放棄治療／放弃治疗 ― fàngqì zhìliáo ― to give up treatment
       sik$^6$ zo$^2$ loeng$^5$ daam$^6$ zau$^6$ fong$^3$ hei$^3$ [Jyutping]
       ate two bites before giving up
    唔使放棄住／唔使放弃住 [Cantonese] ― m$^4$ sai$^2$ fong$^3$ hei$^3$ zyu$^6$ [Jyutping] ― you don't need to give up yet

#### Synonyms

* 丟掉 / 丢掉 (diūdiào)
* 丟棄 / 丢弃 (diūqì)
* 割 (literary, or in compounds)
* 割捨 / 割舍 (gēshě) (literary)
* 屏棄 / 屏弃 (bǐngqì)
* 廢棄 / 废弃 (fèiqì)
* 扔掉 (rēngdiào)
* 扔棄 / 扔弃 (rēngqì)
* 拋 / 抛 (pāo)
* 㧒捒 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 㧒捔 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 拋棄 / 抛弃 (pāoqì)
* 捐 (literary, or in compounds)
* 捨去 / 舍去 (shěqù) (literary)
* 捨棄 / 舍弃 (shěqì)
* 揕捒 (Hokkien)
* 揚棄 / 扬弃 (yángqì)
* 摒棄 / 摒弃 (bìngqì)
* 擯棄 / 摈弃 (bìnqì)
* 擯除 / 摈除 (bìnchú)
* 擲捒 / 掷捒 (Hokkien)
* 放捒 (Hokkien)
* 放生 (Singapore Hokkien)
* 棄絕 / 弃绝 (qìjué) (literary)
* 犧牲 / 牺牲 (xīshēng) (figurative)
* 甩捒 (Hokkien)
* 甩掉 (shuǎidiào)
* 遺棄 / 遗弃 (yíqì)
* 離棄 / 离弃 (líqì)

#### Antonyms

* 堅持／坚持 (jiānchí)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 放 | 棄 |
| ほう Grade: 3 | き Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 抛棄

### Etymology

From earlier 抛棄 (hōki). 放 (hō, “to release, to set free”) is a daiyōji replacing 抛 (hō, “to throw, to hurl”).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ほーき [hóꜜòkì] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ho̞ːkʲi]

### Noun

放(ほう)棄(き) • (hōki)
* abandonment, giving up
* abandonment, renunciation

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “giving up”): 維(い)持(じ) (iji), 護(ご)持(じ) (goji, “maintenance”)
* (antonym(s) of “renunciation”): 獲(かく)得(とく) (kakutoku, “acquisition”); 簒(さん)奪(だつ) (sandatsu), 横(よこ)取(ど)り (yokodori, “arrogation”)

### Verb

放(ほう)棄(き)する • (hōki suru) suru (stem 放(ほう)棄(き)し (hōki shi), past 放(ほう)棄(き)した (hōki shita))
* to abandon, to give up
    核(かく)施(し)設(せつ)を放(ほう)棄(き)する
       kaku shisetsu o hōki suru
       to abandon a nuclear plant
* to abandon, to renounce, to relinquish
    自治(じち)を放(ほう)棄(き)する
       jichi o hōki suru
       to renounce autonomy

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 放棄し | ほうきし | hōki shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 放棄し | ほうきし | hōki shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 放棄する | ほうきする | hōki suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 放棄する | ほうきする | hōki suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 放棄すれ | ほうきすれ | hōki sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 放棄せよ¹ 放棄しろ² | ほうきせよ¹ ほうきしろ² | hōki seyo¹ hōki shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 放棄される | ほうきされる | hōki sareru |
| Causative | 放棄させる 放棄さす | ほうきさせる ほうきさす | hōki saseru hōki sasu |
| Potential | 放棄できる | ほうきできる | hōki dekiru |
| Volitional | 放棄しよう | ほうきしよう | hōki shiyō |
| Negative | 放棄しない | ほうきしない | hōki shinai |
| Negative continuative | 放棄せず | ほうきせず | hōki sezu |
| Formal | 放棄します | ほうきします | hōki shimasu |
| Perfective | 放棄した | ほうきした | hōki shita |
| Conjunctive | 放棄して | ほうきして | hōki shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 放棄すれば | ほうきすれば | hōki sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

#### Synonyms

* (give up): 棄(す)てる (suteru)
* (renounce): 手(て)放(ばな)す (tebanasu)

### Derived terms

* 育(いく)児(じ)放(ほう)棄(き) (ikujihōki)
* 権(けん)利(り)放(ほう)棄(き) (kenrihōki)
* 耕(こう)作(さく)放(ほう)棄(き) (kōsakuhōki)
* 債(さい)権(けん)放(ほう)棄(き) (saikenhōki)
* 戦(せん)争(そう)放(ほう)棄(き) (sensōhōki)
* 相(そう)続(ぞく)放(ほう)棄(き) (sōzokuhōki)
* 養(よう)育(いく)放(ほう)棄(き) (yōikuhōki)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN