# ցամաք
## Armenian
### Alternative forms

* dialectal forms recorded in dialectological notation
** ցամաք (cʻamakʻ) — Agulis, Akhaltsikhe, Goris, Ararat, Kharberd, Erzurum, Karabakh, Maragheh, Nor Nakhichevan, Shamakhi, Constantinople, New Julfa, Tekirdağ, Sivas, Salmas, Suceava, Tbilisi
** ցամաք$^յ$ (cʻamakʻ$^y$) — Van
** ցամաք (cʻamakʻ), ցամաʾ (cʻamaʾ) — Aslanbeg
** ցա̈մաք$^յ$ (cʻämakʻ$^y$) — Moks
** ցա̈մա̈ք (cʻämäkʻ) — Diyarbakır
** ցամակ (cʻamak) — Alashkert, Mush
** ցօմաք (cʻōmakʻ) — Hamshen
** ցամօք (cʻamōkʻ) — Haçin
** ցամոք (cʻamokʻ), ցամօք (cʻamōkʻ) — Zeitun
** ցա̈մո̈ւք (cʻämükʻ) — Svedia

### Etymology

From Old Armenian ցամաք (cʻamakʻ).

### Pronunciation

* (Eastern Armenian) IPA: /t͡sʰɑˈmɑkʰ/, [t͡sʰɑmɑ́kʰ]
* (Western Armenian) IPA: /t͡sɑˈmɑk/, [t͡sʰɑmɑ́kʰ]
* Audio (Eastern Armenian):(file)

### Adjective

ցամաք • (cʻamakʻ) (superlative ամենացամաք)
* dry
* (figuratively) lifeless

#### Declension
### Noun

ցամաք • (cʻamakʻ)
* earth, dry land (as opposed to water)
    ցամաքով գնալ ― cʻamakʻov gnal ― to go by land

#### Related terms

* ցամաքային (cʻamakʻayin)

### References

* Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1979) “ցամաք”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume IV, Yerevan: University Press, page 448

## Old Armenian
### Etymology

According to Martirosyan, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰōm (“earth”) via Pre-Armenian *dʰǵʰm̥m-eh₂-k-eh₂-. He does not accept the proposals which link the word with Sanskrit क्षाम (kṣāmá, “scorched, singed”), because they usually reconstruct initial Proto-Indo-European *ks-, which in Armenian probably yields չ- (čʻ-) (compare չոր (čʻor)).
Ačaṙyan rejects the Indo-European origin of the word altogether and considers ցամաք (cʻamakʻ) a Semitic borrowing, comparing Hebrew צמק (ṣmq, “to dry, shrivel”), Arabic صامق (ṣāmiq, “thirsty; hungry”). The Hebrew was first linked by Margoliouth. Compare also Aramaic [script needed] (ṣmq, “to be dried up”). See also Middle Armenian սմքել (smkʻel, “to shrivel”).

### Adjective

ցամաք • (cʻamakʻ)
* dry, arid
    ցամաք կղզի ― cʻamakʻ kłzi ― peninsula
    ցամաք երկիր ― cʻamakʻ erkir ― dry land
    հաց ցամաք ― hacʻ cʻamakʻ ― dry bread
    ցամաք փայտ ― cʻamakʻ pʻayt ― dry wood
    ցամաք աչօք ― cʻamakʻ ačʻōkʻ ― with tearless or dry eyes

#### Declension
### Noun

ցամաք • (cʻamakʻ)
* dryness
    զցամաք ծարաւոյն շիջուցանել ― zcʻamakʻ carawoyn šiǰucʻanel ― to quench or allay thirst
* earth, dry land (as opposed to water)
    յածիլ ընդ ծով եւ ընդ ցամաք ― yacil ənd cov ew ənd cʻamakʻ ― to scour sea and land
    անցանել ընդ ցամաք ― ancʻanel ənd cʻamakʻ ― to pass dry-footed, dry-shod
    ելանել/իջանել ի ցամաք ― elanel/iǰanel i cʻamakʻ ― to land, to go ashore or on shore
    հասանել ի ցամաք ― hasanel i cʻamakʻ ― to reach the shore
    ցամաք երթալ, անցանել ― cʻamakʻ ertʻal, ancʻanel ― to travel by land

#### Derived terms

* անցամաքելի (ancʻamakʻeli)
* դալարացամաք (dalaracʻamakʻ)
* հրաշացամաքութիւն (hrašacʻamakʻutʻiwn)
* մեծացամաք (mecacʻamakʻ)
* ցամաքաբնակ (cʻamakʻabnak)
* ցամաքաթեւ (cʻamakʻatʻew)
* ցամաքական (cʻamakʻakan)
* ցամաքակէտ (cʻamakʻakēt)
* ցամաքայատակ (cʻamakʻayatak)
* ցամաքային (cʻamakʻayin)
* ցամաքանամ (cʻamakʻanam)
* ցամաքաչափութիւն (cʻamakʻačʻapʻutʻiwn)
* ցամաքեմ (cʻamakʻem)
* ցամաքեցուցանեմ (cʻamakʻecʻucʻanem)
* ցամաքեցուցիչ (cʻamakʻecʻucʻičʻ)
* ցամաքընթաց (cʻamakʻəntʻacʻ)
* ցամաքիմ (cʻamakʻim)
* ցամաքիչ (cʻamakʻičʻ)
* ցամաքութիւն (cʻamakʻutʻiwn)
* ցամաքումն (cʻamakʻumn)
* ցամաքուտ (cʻamakʻut)

#### Descendants

* Armenian: ցամաք (cʻamakʻ)

### References

* ↑ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “c‘amak‘”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 621–623
* ↑ Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1979) “ցամաք”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume IV, Yerevan: University Press, page 448
* ↑ Markōliōtʻ, S. (1900) “Hayerēnn ibr mekničʻ ebrayecʻerēni [Armenian as an Interpreter of Hebrew]”, in Biwrakn‎ (in Armenian), number 22, translated by Yakob S. Iynēčean, Constantinople, page 355a
* ↑ “ṣmq”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–

### Further reading

* Petrosean, Matatʻeay (1879) “ցամաք”, in Nor Baṙagirkʻ Hay-Angliarēn [New Dictionary Armenian–English], Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
* Awetikʻean, G., Siwrmēlean, X., Awgerean, M. (1836–1837) “ցամաք”, in Nor baṙgirkʻ haykazean lezui [New Dictionary of the Armenian Language] (in Old Armenian), Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
* Hübschmann, Heinrich (1897) Armenische Grammatik. 1. Theil: Armenische Etymologie (in German), Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, page 499
* Pokorny, Julius (1959) “k̂sā-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 624
* Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 71
* J̌ahukyan, Geworg (2010) “ցամաք”, in Vahan Sargsyan, editor, Hayeren stugabanakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), Yerevan: Asoghik, page 741ab