OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# inicialmente
## Asturian
### Etymology

inicial +‎ -mente

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /iniˌθjalˈmente/ [i.niˌθjalˈmẽn̪.t̪e]
* Rhymes: -ente
* Hyphenation: i‧ni‧cial‧men‧te

### Adverb

inicialmente
* initially

## Galician
### Etymology

From inicial +‎ -mente.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /iniˌθjalˈmente/ [i.niˌθjɑlˈmẽn̪.t̪ɪ]
* IPA: (standard) /iniˌθjalˈmente/ [i.niˌθjɑlˈmẽn̪.t̪ɪ]
* IPA: (seseo) /iniˌsjalˈmente/ [i.niˌsjɑlˈmẽn̪.t̪ɪ]
* Rhymes: -ente
* Hyphenation: i‧ni‧cial‧men‧te

### Adverb

inicialmente
* initially

### Further reading

* “inicialmente”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2025

## Portuguese
### Etymology

From inicial +‎ -mente.

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /i.ni.siˌawˈmẽ.t͡ʃi/ [i.ni.sɪˌaʊ̯ˈmẽ.t͡ʃi], (faster pronunciation) /i.niˌsjawˈmẽ.t͡ʃi/ [i.niˌsjaʊ̯ˈmẽ.t͡ʃi]
* (Brazil) IPA: /i.ni.siˌawˈmẽ.t͡ʃi/ [i.ni.sɪˌaʊ̯ˈmẽ.t͡ʃi], (faster pronunciation) /i.niˌsjawˈmẽ.t͡ʃi/ [i.niˌsjaʊ̯ˈmẽ.t͡ʃi]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /i.ni.siˌawˈmẽ.te/ [i.ni.sɪˌaʊ̯ˈmẽ.te], (faster pronunciation) /i.niˌsjawˈmẽ.te/ [i.niˌsjaʊ̯ˈmẽ.te]
* (Portugal) IPA: /i.niˌsjalˈmẽ.tɨ/ [i.niˌsjaɫˈmẽ.tɨ]
* (Portugal) IPA: /i.niˌsjalˈmẽ.tɨ/ [i.niˌsjaɫˈmẽ.tɨ]
** (Southern Portugal) IPA: /i.niˌsja.liˈmẽ.tɨ/
* Rhymes: (Portugal) -ẽtɨ, (most of Brazil) -ẽt͡ʃi, (Southern Brazil) -ẽte
* Hyphenation: i‧ni‧ci‧al‧men‧te

### Adverb

inicialmente
* initially, firstly
    Synonym: primeiramente
    Antonym: finalmente

## Spanish
### Etymology

From inicial +‎ -mente.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Spain) /iniˌθjalˈmente/ [i.niˌθjalˈmẽn̪.t̪e]
* IPA: (Latin America, Philippines) /iniˌsjalˈmente/ [i.niˌsjalˈmẽn̪.t̪e]
* Rhymes: -ente
* Syllabification: i‧ni‧cial‧men‧te

### Adverb

inicialmente
* initially

#### Related terms

* inicial
* iniciar
* inicio

### Further reading

* “inicialmente”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# richiesta
## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /riˈkjɛ.sta/, /riˈkje.sta/
* Rhymes: -ɛsta, -esta
* Hyphenation: ri‧chiè‧sta, ri‧chié‧sta

### Etymology 1
#### Noun

richiesta f (plural richieste)
* request, demand, claim, call

##### Related terms

* richiedere
* richiesta d'informazioni (“inquiry”)

### Etymology 2
#### Adjective

richiesta f sg
* feminine singular of richiesto

#### Participle

richiesta f sg
* feminine singular of richiesto

### References

* ↑ richiesta in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)

### Anagrams

* chiariste, rischiate, satiriche, schiarite, schierati
# campo a través
## Spanish
### Noun

campo a través m (plural campo a través)
* (Spain, sports) cross-country
    Synonym: (Latin America) campo traviesa

#### Derived terms

* carrera campo a través (“cross-country race, cross-country run”)
* encuentro de campo a través (“cross-country meet”)

### Further reading

* “campo a través, o campo a traviesa”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# rapas
## Bikol Central
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɾapas/ [ˈɾa.pas]
* Hyphenation: ra‧pas

### Verb

rápas (plural rarapas, Basahan spelling ᜍᜉᜐ᜔)
* (rare) to beat; to batter; to strike or to hit with a paddle or any wooden piece
    Synonyms: pukpok, puspos, dusmog

#### Derived terms

* magrapas
* rapason

## Galician
### Verb

rapas
* second-person singular present indicative of rapar

## Old English
### Noun

rāpas
* nominative/accusative plural of rāp

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈʁa.pɐs/ [ˈha.pɐs]
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈʁa.pɐs/ [ˈha.pɐs]
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /ˈʁa.pɐʃ/ [ˈχa.pɐʃ]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˈʁa.pas/ [ˈha.pas]
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈʁa.pɐʃ/
* Hyphenation: ra‧pas

### Verb

rapas
* second-person singular present indicative of rapar

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈrapas/ [ˈra.pas]
* Rhymes: -apas
* Syllabification: ra‧pas

### Verb

rapas
* second-person singular present indicative of rapar
# трижды
## Russian
### Etymology

три (tri) +‎ -жды (-ždy)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈtrʲiʐdɨ]
* Audio:(file)

### Adverb

три́жды • (tríždy)
* three times, thrice, on three occasions
    три́жды в жи́зни ― tríždy v žízni ― three times in someone's life
* 3×, three times as much
    три́жды пять — пятна́дцать ― tríždy pjatʹ — pjatnádcatʹ ― three times five is fifteen

#### Related terms

* тре́тий (trétij)
* треть (tretʹ)
* трёхсотый (trjóxsotyj)
* три (tri)
* тридца́тый (tridcátyj)
* три́дцать (trídcatʹ)
* трина́дцатый (trinádcatyj)
* трина́дцать (trinádcatʹ)
* три́ста (trísta)
* тро́ица (tróica)
* тро́йка (trójka)
* тройник (trojnik)
* 1×, 1 time as much: еди́ножды (jedínoždy)
* 2×, twice as much: два́жды (dváždy)
* 3×, 3 times as much: три́жды (tríždy)
* 4×, 4 times as much: четы́режды (četýreždy)
* 5×, 5 times as much: пя́тью (pjátʹju)
* 6×, 6 times as much: ше́стью (šéstʹju)
* 7×, 7 times as much: се́мью (sémʹju)
* 8×, 8 times as much: во́семью (vósemʹju)
* 9×, 9 times as much: де́вятью (dévjatʹju)
* 10×, 10 times as much: де́сятью (désjatʹju)
* 11×, 11 times as much: оди́ннадцатью (odínnadcatʹju)
* 12×, 12 times as much: двена́дцатью (dvenádcatʹju)
* 13×, 13 times as much: трина́дцатью (trinádcatʹju)
* 14×, 14 times as much: четы́рнадцатью (četýrnadcatʹju)
* 15×, 15 times as much: пятна́дцатью (pjatnádcatʹju)
* 16×, 16 times as much: шестна́дцатью (šestnádcatʹju)
* 17×, 17 times as much: семна́дцатью (semnádcatʹju)
* 18×, 18 times as much: восемна́дцатью (vosemnádcatʹju)
* 19×, 19 times as much: девятна́дцатью (devjatnádcatʹju)
* 20×, 20 times as much: два́дцатью (dvádcatʹju)
* 30×, 30 times as much: три́дцатью (trídcatʹju)
* 50×, 50 times as much: пятью́десятью (pjatʹjúdesjatʹju)
* 60×, 60 times as much: шестью́десятью (šestʹjúdesjatʹju)
* 70×, 70 times as much: семью́десятью (semʹjúdesjatʹju)
* 80×, 80 times as much: восемью́десятью (vosemʹjúdesjatʹju), восьмью́десятью (vosʹmʹjúdesjatʹju)
# repsahtaa
## Finnish
### Etymology

Sound-symbolic +‎ -ahtaa

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈrepsɑhtɑːˣ/, [ˈre̞ps̠ɑ̝xt̪ɑ̝ː(ʔ)]
* Rhymes: -epsɑhtɑː
* Hyphenation: rep‧sah‧taa

### Verb

repsahtaa
* (intransitive) to relapse, to indulge, to cave in

#### Derived terms

* repsahdus
* repsahtaminen
* repsottaa
* rupsahtaa

### References

* ↑ Itkonen, Erkki, Kulonen, Ulla-Maija, editors (1992–2000), Suomen sanojen alkuperä [The origin of Finnish words]‎ (in Finnish) (online version; note: also includes other etymological sources; this source is labeled "SSA 1992–2000"), Helsinki: Institute for the Languages of Finland/Finnish Literature Society, →ISBN

### Further reading

* “repsahtaa”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03
# squamous
## English
### Etymology

From Middle English squamous, from Latin squāmōsus, from squāma (“scale(of a fish or reptile)”).

### Pronunciation

* (UK) IPA: /ˈskweɪ.məs/
** Audio (Southern England):(file)
* (US) IPA: /ˈskweɪ.məs/, /ˈskwɑː.məs/
* Rhymes: -eɪməs

### Adjective

squamous (comparative more squamous, superlative most squamous)
* Covered with, made of, or resembling scales; scaly.
    Synonyms: squamose, squamulose; see also Thesaurus:scaly
    Antonyms: esquamulose, scaleless
** 1658, Sir Thomas Browne, The Garden of Cyrus, Folio Society, published 2007, page 180:In the squamous heads of Scabius, Knapweed, and the elegant Jacea Pinea, and in the Scaly composure of the Oak-Rose, which some years most aboundeth.
** 1933, H. P. Lovecraft, Hazel Heald, Out of the Aeons:I might call it gigantic - tentacled - proboscidian - octopus-eyed - semi-amorphous - plastic - partly squamous and partly rugose - ugh!
** 1973, Kyril Bonfiglioli, Don't Point That Thing at Me, Penguin, published 2001, page 133:We spread the papers on the least squamous section of the floor and lay down; the smell was not so bad at ground level.
** 2001, Charles Stross, The Atrocity Archive, trade paperback 2006 edition, page 66:(And we'll never find out whether the last thought to pass through the mind of the captain of the Thresher was, "It's squamous and rugose," or simply, "It's squamous!")
* (anatomy) Of or pertaining to the squamosal bone; squamosal
* (microanatomy) Of or pertaining to an epithelium with has cells that are wider than their height (flat and scale-like).
    Coordinate terms: cuboidal, columnar

#### Derived terms

* adenosquamous
* basosquamous
* neosquamous
* nonsquamous
* papulosquamous
* petrosquamous
* simple squamous epithelium
* squammy
* squamously
* squamous suture
* subsquamous

#### Related terms

* squama

#### Translations
## Middle English
### Alternative forms

* squamos, squamose, sqaumouse
* (Northern) swamous

### Etymology

From Latin squāmōsus; equivalent to squame +‎ -ous.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈskwaːmus/

### Adjective

squamous
* (Late Middle English) scaly (especially due to disease)

#### Descendants

* English: squamous

#### References

* “squāmǒus, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
# vihkiytyä
## Finnish
### Etymology

vihkiä +‎ -ytyä

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈʋihkiy̯tyæˣ/, [ˈʋiçk̟iy̯ˌt̪yæ(ʔ)]
* Rhymes: -yæ
* Hyphenation: vih‧kiy‧tyä

### Verb

vihkiytyä
* (intransitive) to dedicate oneself (to), to devote oneself (to)

#### Derived terms

* vihkiytymätön

### Further reading

* “vihkiytyä”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-04
# rebajar
## Spanish
### Etymology

From re- +‎ bajo +‎ -ar.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /rebaˈxaɾ/ [re.β̞aˈxaɾ]
* Rhymes: -aɾ
* Syllabification: re‧ba‧jar

### Verb

rebajar (first-person singular present rebajo, first-person singular preterite rebajé, past participle rebajado)
* to reduce
    Synonym: reducir
* to water down, dilute
    Synonyms: diluir, desleír

#### Conjugation

$^1$Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language. $^2$Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.
These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

#### See also

* disminuir
* mermar
* reducir

### Further reading

* “rebajar”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# informatica
## Dutch
### Etymology

A contraction of informatiemathematica (“information mathematics”), possibly via the cognate French informatique, also cognate with Italian informatica, English informatics, German Informatik etc.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Noun

informatica f (uncountable)
* the discipline computer science, information science, informatics, study of computers and computing

#### Related terms

* informaticus
* informatie

#### Descendants

* → Indonesian: informatika

## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /in.forˈma.ti.ka/
* Rhymes: -atika
* Hyphenation: in‧for‧mà‧ti‧ca

### Etymology 1

Cognate with Dutch (see above), English informatics, French informatique, German Informatik etc.

#### Noun

informatica f (plural informatiche)
* the discipline computer science, information science, informatics
* female equivalent of informatico

##### Related terms

* informatico (“computing; informatic”, adjective)
* informatico m (“computing specialist; computer scientist; information scientist”)
* informatizzare (“to computerize”, verb)
* informazione f (“information”)

### Etymology 2

Cognate with the above, English information etc.

#### Adjective

informatica f sg
* feminine singular of informatico

## Romanian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [inforˈmatika]

### Noun

informatica f
* definite nominative/accusative singular of informatică
# campo traviesa
## Spanish
### Noun

campo traviesa m (uncountable)
* (Latin America, sports) cross-country
    Synonym: (Spain) campo a través

#### Derived terms

* a campo traviesa
* carrera a campo traviesa (“cross-country race, cross-country run”)
* encuentro de campo traviesa (“cross-country meet”)
# reformátor
## Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈrɛformaːtor]

### Noun

reformátor m anim (female equivalent reformátorka)
* reformer

#### Related terms

* reforma
* reformace
* reformovat

### Further reading

* “reformátor”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “reformátor”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* “reformátor”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech)

## Hungarian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin refōrmātor.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈrɛformaːtor]
* Hyphenation: re‧for‧má‧tor
* Rhymes: -or

### Noun

reformátor (plural reformátorok)
* (Christianity, historical) reformer, a leading figure of the Reformation

#### Declension
### References

* ↑ reformál in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)
* ↑ reformátor in Károly Gerstner, editor, Új magyar etimológiai szótár [New Etymological Dictionary of Hungarian] (ÚESz.), Online edition (beta version), Budapest: MTA Research Institute for Linguistics / Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics, 2011–2024.

### Further reading

* reformátor in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
# ꦉꦱ꧀ꦩꦶ
## Javanese
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /rəs.mi/
* Rhymes: -mi
* Hyphenation: res‧mi

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Malay rasmi, from Arabic رَسْمِيّ (rasmiyy).

#### Adjective

ꦉꦱ꧀ꦩꦶ (resmi)
* authorized, legitimate, official

##### Derived terms

* ꦔꦽꦱ꧀ꦩꦺꦏꦏꦺ (ngresmèkaké)

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

ꦉꦱ꧀ꦩꦶ (resmi)
* Alternative spelling of ꦫꦱ꧀ꦩꦶ (rasmi, “beam, splendour; beauty”)

#### Adjective

ꦉꦱ꧀ꦩꦶ (resmi)
* Alternative spelling of ꦫꦱ꧀ꦩꦶ (rasmi, “beautiful”)

### Further reading

* The Linguistic Center of Yogyakarta (2011) “resmi”, in Kamus Basa Jawa (Bausastra Jawa) [Javanese Language Dictionary (Javanese Dictionary)] (in Javanese), 2nd edition, Yogyakarta: Kanisius, →ISBN
# stirrer
## English
### Etymology

From stir +‎ -er.

### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈstɜːɹə/
* (General American) enPR: stûrʹər, IPA: /ˈstɝɚ/
* Audio (General Australian):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɜːɹə(ɹ)
* Hyphenation: stir‧rer

### Noun

stirrer (plural stirrers)
* A device used to stir. (Cardinal types include wood or plastic strips (for beverages) and magnetic objects that react to a spinning magnet nearby (for chemistry beakers).
    Hyponyms: champagne stirrer, magnetic stirrer, swizzle stick
    We're out of coffee stirrers again and I'm not using my finger!
* A person who stirs something.
    The stirrers in the chocolate factory often get chocolate all over their uniforms.
* (slang) A person who spreads rumours or causes agitation.
    Synonyms: pot stirrer; see also Thesaurus:troublemaker
    Near-synonyms: (vulgar) shit-stirrer, shit disturber, shitmonger
    Why would you say something so hurtful? God, you are such a stirrer!
* One who stirs or moves about, as after sleep.
    I heard some early stirrers in the kitchen at dawn, but I saw no reason to get up yet.
** c. 1596–1599 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Second Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii], page 3:An early stirrer, by the rood!

#### Derived terms

* champagne stirrer
* magnetic stirrer
* pot stirrer
* shit-stirrer
* stirrer-up

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Verb

stirrer
* present of stirre
# rusofobia
## Polish
### Etymology

From Rus +‎ -o- +‎ fobia.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ru.sɔˈfɔ.bja/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔbja
* Syllabification: ru‧so‧fo‧bia

### Noun

rusofobia f (related adjective rusofobiczny)
* Russophobia (contempt or hatred towards Russia or Russians, especially the political system, or the customs of the former Soviet Union)
    Antonyms: rusofilia, rusofilizm

#### Derived terms

* rusofob
* rusofobka

#### Related terms

* rusofobicznie

### Further reading

* rusofobia in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* rusofobia in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Spanish
### Noun

rusofobia f (uncountable)
* Russophobia
# explanation
## English
### Alternative forms

* explaination (misspelling or obsolete spelling)

### Etymology

From Latin explanatio (“an explanation, interpretation”), from explanare (“explain”); see explain. Morphologically explain +‎ -ation. Displaced native Old English racu.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -eɪʃən

### Noun

explanation (countable and uncountable, plural explanations)
* The act or process of explaining.
    The explanation was long and drawn-out.
* Something that explains, makes understandable.
    An explanation for the UFO sightings was easily found.
* A resolution of disputed points pursuant to discussion; a mutual clarification of disputed points; reconciliation.
** 1815, Jane Austen, Emma, volume III, chapter 3:This little explanation with Mr. Knightley gave Emma considerable pleasure.

#### Synonyms

* (act or process of explaining): clarification; elucidation; elaboration; explaining; explication; femsplaining (pej., particularly by a feminist to a man); mansplaining, mansplanation (pej., particularly by a man to a woman)

#### Derived terms

* counterexplanation
* explainification
* explanationism
* explanationist
* explorable explanation
* inference to the best explanation
* misexplanation
* nonexplanation
* reexplanation
* subexplanation

#### Related terms

* explain
* explanatory
* explicative
* explicator
* explicatory

#### Translations

    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

#### Further reading

* “explanation”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
* “explanation”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911, →OCLC.
# Cristobal
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Spanish Cristóbal.

### Proper noun

Cristobal
* A male given name from Spanish, an anglicized spelling of Spanish Cristóbal.

#### Derived terms

* San Cristobal
# orzuelo
## Spanish
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Spanish orçuelo, from Latin hordeolus, diminutive of hordeum (“barley”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Spain) /oɾˈθwelo/ [oɾˈθwe.lo]
* IPA: (Latin America, Philippines) /oɾˈswelo/ [oɾˈswe.lo]
* Rhymes: -elo
* Syllabification: or‧zue‧lo

### Noun

orzuelo m (plural orzuelos)
* stye
    Synonym: (Mexico) perrilla

#### Related terms

* hordio

### Further reading

* “orzuelo”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# poesía
## Aragonese
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Noun

poesía f
* poetry

### References

* Bal Palazios, Santiago (2002) “poesía”, in Dizionario breu de a luenga aragonesa, Zaragoza, →ISBN

## Asturian
### Etymology

From French poésie.

### Noun

poesía f (plural poesíes)
* poem (literary piece written in verse)
    Synonym: poema

## Galician

Wikisource $^{gl}$

### Noun

poesía f (plural poesías)
* poetry
    Antonym: prosa
* poem (a literary piece written in verse)
    Synonym: poema

#### Related terms

* poema
* poeta

### Further reading

* “poesía”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2025

## Spanish

Wikisource $^{es}$

### Etymology

Borrowed from French poésie.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /poeˈsia/ [po.eˈsi.a]
* Audio (Colombia):(file)
* Rhymes: -ia
* Syllabification: po‧e‧sí‧a

### Noun

poesía f (plural poesías)
* poetry
    Antonym: prosa
* poem (a literary piece written in verse)
    Synonym: poema

#### Related terms

* poema
* poeta

### Further reading

* “poesía”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# ꦧꦸꦱꦏ꧀
## Javanese
### Etymology

Unknown

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bu.sak/
* Rhymes: -sak
* Hyphenation: bu‧sak

### Noun

ꦧꦸꦱꦏ꧀ (busak)
* to erase

#### Alternative forms

* ꦧꦸꦱꦼꦒ꧀ (buseg) (Mataraman, Kediri—Madiun)

#### Derived terms

* ꦩ꧀ꦧꦸꦱꦏ꧀ (mbusak)

### Further reading

* The Linguistic Center of Yogyakarta (2011) “busak”, in Kamus Basa Jawa (Bausastra Jawa) [Javanese Language Dictionary (Javanese Dictionary)] (in Javanese), 2nd edition, Yogyakarta: Kanisius, →ISBN
# zarzynać
## Polish
### Etymology

From zarżnąć +‎ -ać.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /zaˈʐɘ.nat͡ɕ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɘnat͡ɕ
* Syllabification: za‧rzy‧nać

### Verb

zarzynać impf (perfective zarżnąć or zarznąć)
* (transitive) to slaughter (to butcher animals)
    Synonyms: szlachtować, zarąbywać
* (transitive, colloquial) to damage through misuse
    Synonyms: poniewierać, uszkadzać
* (transitive, colloquial) to knacker
    Synonym: rujnować
* (reflexive with się) to cut oneself, to self-harm, to self-injure
* (reflexive with się, colloquial) to bring oneself to ruin

#### Related terms

* rzeźnia
* rżnąć

### Further reading

* zarzynać in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* zarzynać in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# aestas
## Latin
### Etymology

From Proto-Italic *aissāts, with the suffix -tāt-s restored via analogy. The root is from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eydʰ- (“burn; fire”), and has cognates in Latin aestus, perhaps aedis, Ancient Greek αἴθω (aíthō)), Old English ād (“pyre”). The noun suffix is from Proto-Indo-European *-teh₂ts.
De Vaan criticizes a prevalent simple etymology from *h₂e-h₂idʰ-teh₂t-s (with an i-reduplicated root) as unfounded, also observing -dʰt- becomes -ss- in Latin rather than -st-, preferring instead *h₂eydʰ-teh₂ts > Proto-Italic *aissāt-s, which then had the suffix -t- consonant restored.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈae̯s.taːs/, [ˈäe̯s̠t̪äːs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈes.tas/, [ˈɛst̪äs]
* Rhymes: -aːs

### Noun

aestās f (genitive aestātis); third declension
* summer

#### Declension

Third-declension noun.

#### Derived terms

* aestīvus

#### Related terms

* aestus

#### Descendants

* Insular Romance:
** Sardinian:
    Campidanese: stadi
    Logudorese: istade
* Italo-Dalmatian:
** Dalmatian: instuat
** Italian: estate (latinized), istate, state
** Sicilian: astati
** Venetan: istà
* Rhaeto-Romance:
** Friulian: istât, instât
** Romansch: stad, sted
* Gallo-Romance:
** Old French: estet, ested, esté
*** French: été
*** Walloon: esté
* Occitano-Romance:
** Old Occitan: estat

### References

* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “aestās”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 28

### Further reading

* “aestas”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “aestas”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* aestas in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. in the height of summer, depth of winter: summa aestate, hieme
* Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “aestas”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volumes 24: Refonte A–Aorte, page 229