OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# espiral
## Asturian
### Noun

espiral f (plural espirales)
* (geometry) spiral

## Catalan
### Etymology

From Medieval Latin spīrālis.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [əs.piˈɾal]
* IPA: (Valencia) [es.piˈɾal]

### Adjective

espiral m or f (masculine and feminine plural espirals)
* spiral, helical

### Noun

espiral f (plural espirals)
* spiral
* hairspring
* fusilli

#### Derived terms

* espiral de canyella
* espiral de la inflació

#### Related terms

* espira

### Further reading

* “espiral” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “espiral”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025
* “espiral” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
* “espiral” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

## Galician
### Noun

espiral f (plural espirais)
* spiral

#### See also

* hélice

## Portuguese
### Etymology

espira + -al

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /is.piˈɾaw/ [is.piˈɾaʊ̯], /es.piˈɾaw/ [es.piˈɾaʊ̯]
* (Brazil) IPA: /is.piˈɾaw/ [is.piˈɾaʊ̯], /es.piˈɾaw/ [es.piˈɾaʊ̯]
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /iʃ.piˈɾaw/ [iʃ.piˈɾaʊ̯], /eʃ.piˈɾaw/ [eʃ.piˈɾaʊ̯]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /es.piˈɾaw/ [es.piˈɾaʊ̯]
* (Portugal) IPA: /(i)ʃ.piˈɾal/ [(i)ʃ.piˈɾaɫ]
* (Portugal) IPA: /(i)ʃ.piˈɾal/ [(i)ʃ.piˈɾaɫ]
** (Southern Portugal) IPA: /(i)ʃ.piˈɾa.li/
* Rhymes: -al, -aw
* Hyphenation: es‧pi‧ral

### Noun

espiral f (plural espirais)
* (geometry) spiral

## Spanish
### Adjective

espiral m or f (masculine and feminine plural espirales)
* spiral

#### Derived terms

* espiralmente

### Noun

espiral f (plural espirales)
* (geometry) spiral

#### Derived terms

* en espiral

#### Related terms

* espira f

### Further reading

* “espiral”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# vodotěsný
## Czech
### Etymology

From vodo- +‎ těsný (“tight”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈvodocɛsniː]
* Rhymes: -ɛsniː
* Hyphenation: vo‧do‧tě‧s‧ný

### Adjective

vodotěsný (comparative vodotěsnější, superlative nejvodotěsnější, adverb vodotěsně)
* watertight

#### Derived terms

* vodotěsnost

#### Related terms

* těsnost
* těsný
* voda

### Further reading

* “vodotěsný”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “vodotěsný”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* “vodotěsný”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech)
# collectible
## English
### Alternative forms

* collectable (British)

### Etymology

From collect +‎ -ible.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kəˈlɛktɪbəl/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)

### Adjective

collectible (comparative more collectible, superlative most collectible)
* Worthy or suitable for collecting on historical/financial grounds, or for meeting a personal aesthetic.
    collectible stamps, collectible china, collectible Beatles memorabilia
** 2001, Jonathan Franzen, The Corrections:With the lifting of his “depression,” he’d developed a new interest, hobbylike in its intensity, in framable and collectible railroad memorabilia, and he could happily have spent the whole day—the whole week!—pursuing it. . .
* Rightfully subject to payment.
    a collectible bill
* That is likely to be paid.
    He's owed it to us for six months, but it doesn't look very collectible to me.

#### Derived terms

* collectibility
* cryptocollectible
* noncollectible
* uncollectible

#### Translations
### Noun

collectible (plural collectibles)
* An object which someone might want to collect.
** 2009 January 28, Brooks Barnes, “Sweet Deal to Promote Tweeny-Bop Girl Group”, in The New York Times‎:Topps […] has signed the Clique Girlz as commercial spokeswomen for Baby Bottle Pop, one of the Top 10 nonchocolate candy brands.
# defilement
## English
### Etymology

From defile +‎ -ment.

### Pronunciation

* (UK) IPA: /dɪˈfaɪəlmənt/
* Audio (US):(file)

### Noun

defilement (countable and uncountable, plural defilements)
* The act of defiling.
** 1939 September, D. S. Barrie, “The Railways of South Wales”, in Railway Magazine, page 165:Time has taken a terrible revenge upon mankind for his despoliation of the valleys and his defilement of the mountains, yet the industries and the railways of South Wales still put the bravest front upon an outlook which all may hope is becoming less saddening and less grim.
* The state of being defiled.
* (military) The protection of the interior walls of a fortification from enfilading fire, as by covering them, or by a high parapet on the exposed side.

#### Synonyms

* pollution

#### Derived terms

* nondefilement
* self-defilement

#### Translations

    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
# excludo
## Latin
### Etymology

From ex- (“out of, from”) +‎ claudō (“shut, end; imprison; restrict”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ekˈskluː.doː/, [ɛkˈs̠kɫ̪uːd̪oː]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ekˈsklu.do/, [ekˈskluːd̪o]

### Verb

exclūdō (present infinitive exclūdere, perfect active exclūsī, supine exclūsum); third conjugation
* to shut out; cut off, remove, separate from something
    Synonyms: segregō, intersaepiō, separō, dirimō, spernō, discrībō, distinguō, sēcernō, distrahō, auferō, abducō, dīvertō, eripiō, diripiō, tollō
    Antonyms: contrahō, consociō, coniungō, iungō, colligō, illigō, ligō, conciliō, convehō, conferō
* to except, exclude
    Synonyms: eximō, excipiō
* to hinder, prevent
    Synonyms: retineō, dētineō, prohibeō, arceō, cohibeō, impediō, resistō, sistō, vetō
* (by extension) to drive out, press, thrust or take out
* (by extension) to make prominent
* (figuratively) to close, complete
* (figuratively) to hatch

#### Derived terms

* exclūsiō
* exclūsor
* exclūsus

#### Related terms

* circumclūdō
* claudō
* conclūdō
* disclūdō
* inclūdō
* interclūdō
* occlūdō
* praeclūdō
* rēclūdō
* sēclūdō

#### Descendants

* French: éclore (via a remodelled *exclaudere)
* Italian: schiudere
* Piedmontese: s-ciòde (via a remodelled *exclaudere)
Borrowings:
* → Catalan: excloure
* → English: exclude
* → Esperanto: ekskludi
* → French: exclure
* → Galician: excluír
* → Italian: escludere
* → Piedmontese: esclude
* → Portuguese: excluir
* → Spanish: excluir

### References

* “excludo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “excludo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* excludo in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. to strike off the burgess-roll: censu prohibere, excludere
# slåtter
## Norwegian Bokmål
### Noun

slåtter m
* indefinite plural of slått

## Swedish
### Etymology

From Old Swedish slat and Old Norse sláttr, based on the verb slå (hit, slay, mow).

### Noun

slåtter c
* hay harvest, mowing (the act of harvesting hay; the ground or the time for harvesting hay)

#### Synonyms

* höskörd
* mejande

#### Related terms

* efterslåtter
* kärrslåtter
* myrslåtter
* rörslåtter
* sjöslåtter
* skogsslåtter
* slåtta
* slåtterarbete
* slåtterblomma
* slåtterfibbla
* slåtterfolk
* slåttergille
* slåttergubbe
* slåtterhack
* slåtterkarl
* slåttermaskin
* slåttermogen
* slåtterslätskivling
* slåttertid
* slåttervall
* slåtteräng
* slåtteröl
* starrslåtter
* ängsslåtter

### References

* slåtter in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* slåtter in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* slåtter in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)
# dostawić
## Polish
### Etymology

From do- +‎ stawić.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dɔˈsta.vit͡ɕ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -avit͡ɕ
* Syllabification: do‧sta‧wić

### Verb

dostawić pf (imperfective dostawiać)
* (transitive) to add (to put something extra next to something already standing)
* (transitive, automotive, transport) to deliver, to ship (to bring or transport something to its destination)
    Synonym: dostarczyć
* (transitive) to bring someone somewhere by force
* (reflexive with się, colloquial) to hit on, to make a pass (to court someone insistently)

#### Derived terms

* dostawa

#### Related terms

* dostawczy
* dostawny
* dostawowy
* dostawowo
* dostawca
* dostawczak
* dostawczyni
* dostawiciel
* dostawka

### Further reading

* dostawić in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* dostawić in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# altówka
## Polish
### Etymology

From alt +‎ -ówka. First attested in 1784.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /alˈtuf.ka/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ufka
* Syllabification: al‧tów‧ka

### Noun

altówka f (related adjective altówkowy)
* viola (stringed instrument of the violin family, somewhat larger than a violin, played under the chin, and having a deeper tone)
    Synonym: wiola
    koncertmistrz altówek ― viola concertmaster
    wirtuoz altówki ― viola virtuoso
    brzmienie altówki ― the sound of viola
    grać/zagrać na altówce ― to play (the) viola

#### Derived terms

* altówka miłosna

#### Related terms

* altowy
* alcista
* alcistka
* alt
* altowiolinista
* altowiolinistka
* altowiolista
* altowiolistka
* altysta
* altystka

### References

* ↑ Gazeta Warszawska‎ (in Polish), number 79, 1784, page 8

### Further reading

* altówka in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* altówka in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “altówka”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
* J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1900), “altówka”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 1, Warsaw, page 28
# drôle
## French
### Etymology

Inherited from Middle French drolle (“a merry fellow, pleasant rascal”) from Old French drolle (“one who lives luxuriously”), from Middle Dutch drol (“fat little man, goblin”), itself from Old Norse troll, from Proto-Germanic *truzlą.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dʁol/
* Audio (France):(file)
* Rhymes: -ol
* Homophone: drôles

### Adjective

drôle (plural drôles)
* funny, amusing
    Synonyms: comique; désopilant; marrant; rigolo (informal); poilant (France, informal); crampant (Quebec, informal); fendard (France, slang)
    On a beaucoup ri, il est vraiment très drôle.We laughed a lot, he was really so funny.
* (sometimes with "de") strange, weird, bizarre
** 1882, Guy de Maupassant, Madame Baptiste:C’est drôle, mais c’est comme ça...It's weird, but that's how it is...
** 1901, Adolphe Orain, Contes de l’Ille-et-Vilaine, page 207:C’était un bien drôle de petit homme que le père Langevin, tailleur et porteur de contraintes au Grand-Fougeray.He was quite an odd little man, that Father Langevin, mason and "porteur de contraintes" in Grand-Fougeray
** 1977, “Dix ans plus tôt”, performed by Michel Sardou:Tu voulais m’épouser, quelle drôle d’idée, tu n’avais pas 15 ansYou wanted to marry me, what an odd idea, you were only fifteen

#### Derived terms

* drolatique
* drôle de guerre
* drôlement
* drôlerie

#### Descendants

* Louisiana Creole: drol, dròl
* → English: droll
* ⇒ Esperanto: drola

### Noun

drôle m (plural drôles, feminine drôlesse or drôlière)
* (archaic) rascal, scoundrel
** 1845, Alexandre Dumas, La Reine Margot:[…] et puis, je me suis un peu détourné de la ligne droite pour aller jeter à la rivière un affreux enfant qui criait : À bas les papistes, vive l’amiral ! Malheureusement, je crois que le drôle savait nager. […] and then, I went a little off the straight part of the road to hurl a repulsive child who was shouting "Down with the papists, long live the admiral!" into the river. Unfortunately, I believe that the rascal could swim.
* (southern France, endearing) child, kid, lad
** 1969, François Mauriac, Un adolescent d’autrefois, Flammarion, page 284:Qu’est-ce que tu en sais, mon pauvre drôle ?What do you know about it, my poor little thing?

### See also

* bizarre
* étonnant
* grand
* mal à l’aise
* rigolo

### References

* ↑ “droll”, in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 5th edition, Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016, →ISBN.

### Further reading

* “drôle”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

### Anagrams

* doler
# propedeutyka
## Polish
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from French propédeutique, from Ancient Greek προπαιδεύω (propaideúō).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: (prescriptive) /prɔ.pɛˈdɛw.tɘ.ka/, (colloquial) /prɔ.pɛ.dɛwˈtɘ.ka/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛwtɘka, -ɘka
* Syllabification: pro‧pe‧deu‧ty‧ka

#### Noun

propedeutyka f
* propaedeutic

##### Derived terms

* propedeutyczny
* propedeutycznie
* propedeutyczność
* propedeutyk

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /prɔ.pɛ.dɛwˈtɘ.ka/
* Rhymes: -ɘka
* Syllabification: pro‧pe‧deu‧ty‧ka

#### Noun

propedeutyka
* genitive/accusative singular of propedeutyk

### Further reading

* propedeutyka in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* propedeutyka in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# wiring
## English
### Etymology

From wire +‎ -ing.

### Pronunciation

* Rhymes: -aɪəɹɪŋ

### Verb

wiring
* present participle and gerund of wire

### Noun

wiring (countable and uncountable, plural wirings)
* A mass of electric wires.

#### Derived terms

* structured wiring
* wiring diagram
* wiring harness
* wiring loom

#### Related terms

* rewiring

### See also

* cording
# desistir
## Catalan
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin dēsistere, with normal change of conjugation to -ir. First attested in 1446.

### Verb

desistir (first-person singular present desisteixo, first-person singular preterite desistí, past participle desistit)
* (intransitive) to desist

#### Derived terms

* desistiment

### References

* ↑ “desistir”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025

### Further reading

* “desistir” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “desistir” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
* “desistir” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

## Portuguese
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin dēsistere.

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /de.zisˈt͡ʃi(ʁ)/ [de.zisˈt͡ʃi(h)]
* (Brazil) IPA: /de.zisˈt͡ʃi(ʁ)/ [de.zisˈt͡ʃi(h)]
** (São Paulo) IPA: /de.zisˈt͡ʃi(ɾ)/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /de.ziʃˈt͡ʃi(ʁ)/ [de.ziʃˈt͡ʃi(χ)]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /de.zisˈt͡ʃi(ɻ)/
* (Portugal) IPA: /dɨ.ziʃˈtiɾ/
* (Portugal) IPA: /dɨ.ziʃˈtiɾ/
** (Southern Portugal) IPA: /dɨ.ziʃˈti.ɾi/

### Verb

desistir (first-person singular present desisto, first-person singular preterite desisti, past participle desistido) (intransitive)
* to desist [with de ‘from something’]
* to give up [with de ‘something’]
* to revoke [with de ‘something said’]
* (colloquial) to take a shit

#### Conjugation
### Further reading

* “desistir”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2025
* “desistir”, in Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), São Paulo: Editora Melhoramentos, 2015–2025

## Spanish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin dēsistere.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /desisˈtiɾ/ [d̪e.sisˈt̪iɾ]
* Rhymes: -iɾ
* Syllabification: de‧sis‧tir

### Verb

desistir (first-person singular present desisto, first-person singular preterite desistí, past participle desistido)
* to desist, to give up
* (law) to waive a right

#### Conjugation

$^1$Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language. $^2$Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.
These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

#### Derived terms

* desistencia
* desistimiento

### Further reading

* “desistir”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# subrideo
## Latin
### Alternative forms

* surrīdeō

### Etymology

From sub- (“below, under”) +‎ rīdeō (“laugh”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /subˈriː.de.oː/, [s̠ʊbˈriːd̪eoː]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /subˈri.de.o/, [subˈriːd̪eo]

### Verb

subrīdeō (present infinitive subrīdēre, perfect active subrīsī, supine subrīsum); second conjugation
* to smile
    Synonym: rīdeō
    Antonym: fleō

#### Related terms

* arrīdeō
* corrīdeō
* dērīdeō
* irrīdeō
* rīdeō
* rīdibundus
* rīdiculus
* rīsibilis
* rīsiloquium
* rīsiō
* rīsitō
* rīsor
* rīsus

#### Descendants

Reflexes of an assumed variant *subrīdĕre:
* Italo-Romance:
** Corsican: surride
** Italian: sorridere
** Sicilian: surrìdiri
* North Italian:
** Friulian: soridi
** Romansch: surrir
** Venetan: sorìder
* Gallo-Romance:
** Catalan: somriure
** Old French: sorrirre
*** Middle French: soubrire
**** French: sourire
*** Norman: souôrithe
** Occitan: sorire
Reflexes of an assumed variant *subrīdīre:
* Asturian: sonrir, sorrir
* Mirandese: sunrir
* Old Galician-Portuguese: sorriir
** Galician: sorrir
** Portuguese: sorrir
* Spanish: sonreír

### References

* “subrideo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
# کَدِڙو
## Sindhi
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kʰəd̪ɪɽo]

### Noun

کَدِڙو • (khadiṛo) ? (Devanagari खदिड़ो)
* an hermaphrodite
* eunuch

#### Synonyms

* (eunuch): خوجو (xojo), ناظر (nāziru), هيجڙو
* (hermaphrodite): مُخُنَّثُ (muxunnatu), نپنسڪ (nipunsaku)

### Adjective

کَدِڙو • (khadiṛo) (Devanagari खदिड़ो)
* impotent

#### Derived terms

* کدڙائي

### References

* Parmanand, Mewaram (1910) “کَدِڙو”, in Sindhi-English Dictionary, Hyderabad, Sindh: The Sind Juvenile Co-operative Society
# keikailla
## Finnish
### Etymology

keikka- +‎ -illa

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkei̯kɑi̯lːɑˣ/, [ˈk̟e̞i̯kɑ̝i̯lːɑ̝(ʔ)]
* Rhymes: -eikɑilːɑ
* Hyphenation: kei‧kail‧la

### Verb

keikailla
* (intransitive) to behave like a dandy, to swagger

#### Derived terms

* keikailija
* keikailu

### Further reading

* “keikailla”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-02
# Arabka
## Polish
### Etymology

From Arab +‎ -ka.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /aˈrap.ka/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -apka
* Syllabification: A‧rab‧ka

### Noun

Arabka f (male equivalent Arab)
* female equivalent of Arab (“Arab”)

#### Related terms

* Arab

### Further reading

* Arabka in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* Arabka in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# koloniaal
## Dutch
### Etymology

Borrowed from English colonial. Equivalent to kolonie +‎ -aal.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˌkoː.loː.niˈaːl/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: ko‧lo‧ni‧aal
* Rhymes: -aːl

### Adjective

koloniaal (not comparable)
* colonial

#### Derived terms

* antikoloniaal
* dekoloniaal
* kolonialisme
* postkoloniaal
* prekoloniaal

#### Related terms

* kolonie

#### Descendants

* → Indonesian: kolonial

### Noun

koloniaal m (plural kolonialen)
* (historical) a colonial soldier, a colonial trooper
* (historical, uncommon) a colonial settler, a colonist
    Synonym: kolonist
# jꜣtt
## Egyptian
### Etymology

Possibly from jꜣt (“a goddess (of milk?)”) +‎ -t (feminine nisba ending). Also perhaps a doublet of jrṯt (“milk”).

### Pronunciation

* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /iɑtɛt/
** Conventional anglicization: iatet

### Noun

f
* The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:
** milk
** a beverage or substance prepared from milk, possibly cream

#### Usage notes

The reading of this term is not entirely certain. The term itself is mostly attested in lists of offerings rather than in running text.

#### Alternative forms

| jꜣtt | jꜣtt | jꜣtt | jꜣtt |

#### Derived terms

* ḏsrt jꜣtt

### References

* Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎, volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 27.1–27.4
* Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 7
# virgate
## English
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Latin virgāta, from Old English ġeardland, "yard" compared to "virga" as a measuring rod. Doublet of vergée.

#### Pronunciation

* (US) IPA: /vɜɹˈɡeɪt/, /ˈvɝɡət/
* (UK) IPA: /ˈvɜːɡət/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Rhymes: (US) -eɪt

#### Noun

virgate (plural virgates)
* (historical) The yardland: an obsolete English land measure usually comprising $^1$⁄$_4$ of a hide and notionally equal to 30 acres.

##### Usage notes

The hide was originally intended to represent the amount of land farmed by a single household but was primarily connected to obligations owed to the Saxon and Norman kings and thus varied greatly from place to place. Around the time of the Domesday Book under the Normans, the hide was usually but not always the land expected to produce £1 (1 Tower pound of sterling silver) in income over the year, meaning the yardland was expected to produce five shillings (3 Tower ounces of sterling silver). In fact, the yardland became associated with its own obligations and thus also varied, in some places being reckoned as $^1$⁄$_6$ of a hide rather than $^1$⁄$_4$. Virgate is a later retronym used to distinguish the unit from the yard of 3 feet.

##### Synonyms

* yardland, yard, yard of land

##### Hypernyms

* (400 virgates) See hundred
* (4 virgates) See carucate

##### Hyponyms

* ($^1$⁄$_2$ virgate & for Scottish divisions): See oxgang
* ($^1$⁄$_4$ virgate): See nook
* ($^1$⁄$_8$ virgate): See fardel
* (various & for further subdivisions): See acre

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Latin virgātus.

#### Pronunciation

* (US) IPA: /ˈvɝɡət/
* (UK) IPA: /ˈvɜːɡət/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)

#### Adjective

virgate (not comparable)
* Rod-shaped: straight, long, and thin, (particularly botany) the habitus of plants with straight, erect branches.
* (mycology) Finely striped, often with dark fibers.

##### Related terms

* virgulate

### Anagrams

* vitrage

## Latin
### Adjective

virgāte
* vocative masculine singular of virgātus
# Rechtsbruch
## German
### Etymology

From Recht (“law”) +‎ -s- +‎ Bruch (“breach”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈʁɛçtsbʁʊχ]
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: Rechts‧bruch

### Noun

Rechtsbruch m (strong, genitive Rechtsbruches or Rechtsbruchs, plural Rechtsbrüche)
* breach of law

#### Declension

$^1$Now rare, see notes.

#### Related terms

* Abbruch
* Aufbruch
* Bruchstein
* Bruchzahl
* Durchbruch
* Einbruch
* Rechtsabteilung
* Rechtsanwalt
* Rechtsbrecher
* Rechtssache
* Steinbruch
* Wegbruch

### Further reading

* Rechtsbruch on the German Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{de}$
* “Rechtsbruch” in Duden online
# zadłużać
## Polish
### Etymology

From za- +‎ dług +‎ -ać.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /zaˈdwu.ʐat͡ɕ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -uʐat͡ɕ
* Syllabification: za‧dłu‧żać

### Verb

zadłużać impf (perfective zadłużyć)
* (transitive) to incur (e.g. a fine)
* (reflexive with się) to run up a debt

#### Related terms

* dłużnik

### Further reading

* zadłużać in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* zadłużać in Polish dictionaries at PWN