# foss
## English
### Etymology 1

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Pronunciation

* (General American) IPA: /fɑs/, /fɔs/
* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /fɒs/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)

#### Noun

foss (plural fosses)
* Alternative spelling of fosse.

### Etymology 2

From Icelandic or Norwegian foss, both from Old Norse fors (“waterfall”). Doublet of force (“waterfall”).

#### Pronunciation

* (General American) IPA: /fɔs/

#### Noun

foss (plural fosses)
* (Northern England) A waterfall.
** 2017, Benjamin Myers, The Gallows Pole, Bloomsbury, published 2019, page 101:Another of his flock was spotted garrotted, one found twisted and drowned at the bottom of a foss and a third split cleanly from scut to teeth.

## Faroese
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /fɔsː/
* Rhymes: -ɔsː

### Noun

foss
* indefinite accusative singular of fossur
* indefinite genitive singular of fossur

## Hungarian
### Alternative forms

* fossál

### Etymology

fosik +‎ -j

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈfoʃː]
* Hyphenation: foss
* Rhymes: -oʃː

### Verb

foss
* second-person singular subjunctive present indefinite of fosik

## Icelandic
### Alternative forms

* fors

### Etymology

Inherited from Old Norse fors.
Cognates: Faroese fossur, Norwegian fors, Danish fors, Swedish fors, English force (in the sense of a waterfall), Middle Low German vorsch and Norn fors.

### Pronunciation

IPA: /fɔsː/
* (Northern Iceland, Southern Iceland) IPA: [fɔs̠ː]
* Rhymes: -ɔsː

### Noun

foss m (genitive singular foss, nominative plural fossar)
* a waterfall (permanent flow of water over the edge of a cliff)

#### Descendants

* → English: foss

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

From Danish fos, revived through Norwegian foss, from Old Norse foss, fors, from Proto-Germanic *fursaz.

### Noun

foss m (definite singular fossen, indefinite plural fosser, definite plural fossene)
* a waterfall

#### Synonyms

* fossefall
* vannfall, vassfall

#### Derived terms

* fosse (verb)

#### Descendants

* → English: foss

### References

* “foss” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Alternative forms

* fors
* førs, føss (dialectal)

### Etymology

From Old Norse fors, foss, from Proto-Germanic *fursaz.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /fosː/, [fɞ̞sː]

### Noun

foss m (definite singular fossen, indefinite plural fossar, definite plural fossane)
* a waterfall
    Synonyms: fossefall, vassfall

#### Derived terms

* fossa (verb)
* fossebrus
* fossedrev
* fossedur
* fossefall
* fossegrim
* fossekall
* fossekraft
* fosseskum
* fossestryk
* fossestup
* fosskoka
* fossregna
* fossro
* Ulefoss
* åfoss

#### Descendants

* → English: foss

### References

* “foss” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
* “foss” in Ivar Aasen (1873) Norsk Ordbog med dansk Forklaring

## Old Irish
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Celtic *uɸostos, from Proto-Indo-European *upo-sth₂-ós, from *upó (“under”) +‎ *steh₂- (“to stand”) +‎ *-ós (“agent suffix”). Cognate to Welsh gwas (“servant”).

#### Noun

foss m (genitive foiss)
* servant

##### Inflection

Masculine o-stem :
| | Singular | Dual | Plural |
| Nominative | foss | foss$^L$ | foiss$^L$ |
| Vocative | foiss | foss$^L$ | fossu$^H$ |
| Accusative | foss$^N$ | foss$^L$ | fossu$^H$ |
| Genitive | foiss$^L$ | foss | foss$^N$ |
| Dative | foss$^L$ | fossaib | fossaib |
| Initial mutations of a following adjective: $^H$ = triggers aspiration $^L$ = triggers lenition $^N$ = triggers nasalization ||||

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Celtic *wostos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wes- (“to stay”). Cognate to Middle Welsh gwas (“abode”).

#### Noun

foss m (genitive foiss)
* rest, halt, the state of not being in motion
* perseverance

##### Inflection

Masculine o-stem :
| | Singular | Dual | Plural |
| Nominative | foss | foss$^L$ | foiss$^L$ |
| Vocative | foiss | foss$^L$ | fossu$^H$ |
| Accusative | foss$^N$ | foss$^L$ | fossu$^H$ |
| Genitive | foiss$^L$ | foss | foss$^N$ |
| Dative | foss$^L$ | fossaib | fossaib |
| Initial mutations of a following adjective: $^H$ = triggers aspiration $^L$ = triggers lenition $^N$ = triggers nasalization ||||

##### Descendants

* Irish: fos

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* ↑ Delamarre, Xavier (2003) “uassos”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 307
* ↑ Uhlich, Jurgen (2002) “Verbal governing compounds (synthetics) in Early Irish and other Celtic languages”, in Transactions of the Philological Society, volume 100, number 3, Wiley, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 403–433
* ↑ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1995) Studies in British Celtic historical phonology (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 5), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 121

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 foss, fos 'man-servant'”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “2 foss 'rest'”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language