# dum
## Translingual
### Symbol

dum
* (international standards) ISO 639-2 & ISO 639-3 language code for Middle Dutch.

## English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dʌm/
* Homophone: dumb
* Rhymes: -ʌm

### Etymology 1

From Hindi दम (dam).

#### Adjective

dum (not comparable)
* (India, cooking) cooked with steam

##### Related terms

* dumpoke

### Etymology 2
#### Interjection

dum
* Syllable used when humming a tune.
** 2012, Graeme Burk, Robert Smith, Who is the Doctor:I like to hang out with friends and travel the world. But if there's one thing I really love, it's Doctor Who. Dum de dum, dum de dum, dum de dum. Whooo-eee-oooo dum de dum, de dum de dum.

### Etymology 3
#### Adjective

dum
* (nonstandard, humorous) Alternative spelling of dumb.

### Etymology 4
#### Adjective

dum (not comparable)
* Pronunciation spelling of damn.

### See also

* ba-dum ching
* ba dum tish
* ba dum tss
* dum-dum
* dum dum
* dum dum bullet
* dum palm
* Tweedle-dum

### Anagrams

* DMU, MUD, UMD, mud

## Balinese
### Romanization

dum
* Romanization of ᬤᬸᬫ᭄

## Danish
### Etymology

From Old Norse dumbr (“dumb”), and in the main sense stupid from German dumm. Both from Proto-Germanic *dumbaz, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ-. Compare Norwegian and Swedish dum, Icelandic dumbur, English dumb, Low German dumm, Dutch dom, German dumm.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dom/, [d̥ɔmˀ]
* Rhymes: -ɔm

### Adjective

dum
* stupid, dense, dumb, thick, dim
* foolish, silly, daft

#### Inflection

$^1$ When an adjective is applied predicatively to something definite, the corresponding "indefinite" form is used. $^2$ The "indefinite" superlatives may not be used attributively.

## Esperanto
### Etymology

From Latin dum.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [dum]
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: dum

### Preposition

dum
* for
    Mi estos en Usono dum du jaroj. ― I will be in the USA for two years.
* during
* while
* whereas

## Ido
### Etymology

From Esperanto dum, from Latin dum.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dum/

### Preposition

dum
* during, in (a period of time)
    Il esis absenta dum tri yari. ― He was absent for three years.

#### Derived terms

* dume (“meanwhile, meantime”)

## Javanese
### Etymology

From Old Javanese dum.

### Verb

dum
* to divide

## Latin
### Etymology

From Proto-Italic *dūm (adverb), from *dweh₂- (“long”) +‎ *-m (adverbial suffix). Compare dūdum.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /dum/, [d̪ʊ̃ˑ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /dum/, [d̪um]

### Conjunction

dum
* (indicating coincidence of duration): (with indicative) while, whilst, as, meanwhile (as), (for) as long as, until
    Synonyms: interea, interim, quamdiū
    Dum vīxī tacuī, mortua dulcē canō. ― While I lived I was quiet; dead I sweetly sing.
    dum erunt hominēs ― as long as there are humans (as long as humankind exists)
** c. 37 BCE – 30 BCE, Virgil, Georgics III.284–285:fugit inreparabile tempus singula dum capti circumvectamur amoreIrretrievable time flies away while, in thrall to love, we are carried about from one thing to another.
** 16 BCE, Ovid, The Loves 1.11.15:Dum loquor, hōra fugit.While I speak, the hour flees away.
* (indicating coincidence of duration): (before a verbal substantive) during
    Synonym: quamdiū
* (indicating duration with expectancy): (with subjunctive) until, long enough for
** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.325–326:“Quid moror? An mea Pygmaliōn dum moenia frāter dēstruat, aut captam dūcat Gaetūlus Iarbās?”“What am I waiting for? Until my brother Pygmalion busts down these walls? Or the Gaetulian, Iarbas, drags me away, enslaved?”
* (indicating duration with contingency): (with subjunctive) as long as, (for) so long as, provided (that), on the condition that
    Synonym: dummodo
    Oderint, dum metuant. ― Let them hate, so long as they fear.
** 405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate Tobit.2.4:tollensque illud portavit ad domum suam occulte ut dum sol occubuisset caute sepeliret eumAnd taking it up carried it privately to his house, that after the sun was down, he might bury him cautiously.

#### Usage notes

Dum offers speakers of Latin the capacity to express duration with coincidence, expectancy, or contingency. Classical authors most often used dum in order to express coincidental duration, and so it was most often accompanied by verbs in the indicative mood; the adverb dummodo was generally used to express aspects of contingency.

#### Derived terms

* dum interim
* dummodo
* interdum

### Adverb

dum
* (Old Latin) for a while, still

#### Derived terms

* agedum
* dūdum
* interdum
* mānedum
* nōndum

### Descendants

* Asturian: dun (1861 translation of the Gospel of Matthew), demientres
* → Esperanto: dum

### References

* ↑ Dunkel, George E. (2014) “*du̯eh₂-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (Indogermanische Bibliothek. 2. Reihe: Wörterbücher) (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmbH Heidelberg, →ISBN, page 165

### Further reading

* “dum”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “dum”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* dum in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. I cannot wait till..: nihil mihi longius est or videtur quam dum or quam ut as long as one's strength holds out: dum vires suppetunt as long as I live: dum vita suppetit; dum (quoad) vivo
* dum in Ramminger, Johann (2016 July 16 (last accessed)) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎, pre-publication website, 2005-2016

## Maia
### Adjective

dum
* wet

## Middle English
### Adjective

dum
* Alternative form of dumb

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

From Old Norse dumbr, from Proto-Germanic *dumbaz, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ-. Cognate with English dumb, Danish dum and Swedish dum, Icelandic dumbur, Dutch dom, German dumm.

### Adjective

dum (neuter singular dumt, definite singular and plural dumme, comparative dummere, indefinite superlative dummest, definite superlative dummeste)
* foolish
* stupid, silly

#### Derived terms

* dumhet

### References

* “dum” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

From Old Norse dumbr, from Proto-Germanic *dumbaz, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dumː/

### Adjective

dum (neuter singular dumt, definite singular and plural dumme, comparative dummare, indefinite superlative dummast, definite superlative dummaste)
* foolish
* stupid, silly

### References

* “dum” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Old French
### Alternative forms

* dun

### Etymology

From Old Norse dúnn (“down, feathers”), from Proto-Germanic *dūnaz. Cognate with English down, German Daun.

### Noun

dum m
* down, feathers of small birds used as insulation material in duvets and sleeping bags

#### Descendants

* Middle French: dun
* Norman: dùn
* ⇒ Old French: dumet, dumect
** Norman: dumet, deumet
** ⇒ Old French: duvet
*** Middle French: duvet
**** French: duvet
***** → English: duvet
*** Norman: duvet

## Old Irish
### Noun

dum
* Alternative form of daum

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

## Old Javanese
### Etymology

Unknown, probably from Proto-Mon-Khmer *t$_1$um (“collection, accumulation”) (compare to Khmer ដុំ (dom, “loaf; piece, block, chunk, part; pile, cluster, bunch”), Eastern Cham ḍaum (“group”)). (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dʊm/

### Noun

dum
* part

#### Alternative forms

* dūm

#### Derived terms

* adum para
* adum-dum
* adum-duman
* adūm
* aṅadum-parani
* aṅdum
* aṅdūmakĕn
* aṅdūmi
* dinum
* dinum-duman
* dinūmakĕn
* dinūman
* dum-duman
* dūman
* kaduman
* padūm
* paṅdum

#### Descendants

* Javanese: ꦢꦸꦩ꧀ (dum)
* → Balinese: ᬤᬸᬫ᭄ (dum)

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈdum/
* Rhymes: -um
* Syllabification: dum

### Noun

dum f
* genitive plural of duma

## Portuguese
### Alternative forms

* d'um (dated)

### Etymology

From earlier d'um, from de (“of”) + um (“a”, masculine singular indefinite article).

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈd‿ũ/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈd‿ũ/
* Hyphenation: dum

### Contraction

dum (feminine duma, masculine plural duns, feminine plural dumas)
* Contraction of de um (“of/from a (masculine)”).

#### Usage notes

* The contraction of de + um / uma is never obligatory and sometimes associated with spoken language. In a few cases it is not possible:
* When de is part of a preposition, as in em vez de:
    Em vez de um escalão ter três anos, ...
* When um is a numeral:
    Trata-se de um ou dois dias.

### References

* ↑ http://portuguese.stackexchange.com/questions/1573/quando-combinar-a-preposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o-de-com-os-artigos-indefinidos/1574

## Saterland Frisian
### Etymology

From Old Frisian dumb, from Proto-Germanic *dumbaz. More at dumb.

### Adjective

dum
* stupid; dumb
    Synonym: hoolich
* blindly
* dizzy

#### Derived terms

* Dumstolt

### References

* Marron C. Fort (2015) “dum”, in Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch mit einer phonologischen und grammatischen Übersicht, Buske, →ISBN

## Swedish
### Etymology

From Old Swedish dumber, from Old Norse dumbr, from Proto-Germanic *dumbaz, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ-. Compare Norwegian dumb, Danish dum, Icelandic dumbur, English dumb, Dutch dom and German dumm.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈdɵmː/
* Audio:(file)

### Adjective

dum (comparative dummare, superlative dummast)
* stupid, dumb
    Du är inte så dum som du ser utYou're not as stupid as you look
* causing trouble or annoyance
    Dumt att den inte levereras förrän imorgon. Det kommer ställa till med problem.It's a shame that it won't be delivered until tomorrow. It's going to cause trouble.
    En kopp kaffe vore inte dumtA cup of coffee would be nice (wouldn't be bad)
* (often childish) mean, cruel, misbehaving, naughty
    Han var dum mot mig!He was mean to me!
    Mamma sa till Olle att sluta vara dumMom told Olle to stop being naughty
    Jag borde inte sagt elaka saker till honom. Det var dumt gjort.I shouldn't have said mean things to him. It was a stupid thing to do. (not childish – leans more towards morally bad, like in English)

#### Declension

$^1$ The indefinite superlative forms are only used in the predicative. $^2$ Dated or archaic. $^3$ Only used, optionally, to refer to things whose natural gender is masculine.

#### Derived terms

* dum i huvudet
* dum i skallen
* dumbom
* dumdristig
* dumdryg
* dumhet
* dumhuvud
* dumskalle
* är huvudet dumt får kroppen lida

### References

* dum in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* dum in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

## Talysh
### Etymology

Cognate with Persian دم (dom).

### Noun

dum
* tail

## Tarifit
### Etymology

Borrowed from Moroccan Arabic دام (dām).

### Pronunciation

* This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

### Verb

dum (Tifinagh spelling ⴷⵓⵎ)
* (intransitive) to last, to subsist, to perpetuate

#### Conjugation

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

#### Derived terms

* ddwam (“duration, continuity”)
* ddaym (“eternal”)
* dima (“always”)

## Tregami
### Etymology

From Proto-Nuristani *dūma, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰuHmás, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰuh₂mós.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈdum/

### Noun

dum (Gambir)
* smoke

### References

* ↑ Strand, Richard F. (2016) “d′um”, in Nûristânî Etymological Lexicon‎
* Jakob Halfmann (2022) Advances in the historical phonology of the Nuristani languages, in 'International Journal of Diachronic Linguistics and Linguistic Reconstruction 19, page 127

## Uzbek

Other scripts :
| Yangi Imlo | |
| Cyrillic | дум‍ |
| Latin | dum‍ |
| Perso-Arabic (Afghanistan) | |

### Etymology

From Persian دم (dom).

### Noun

dum (plural dumlar)
* tail