# شمس
## Arabic

* Root
* ش م س (š m s)
* 3 terms

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Semitic *śamš-.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃams/
* Audio:(file)

#### Noun

شَمْس • (šams) f (plural شُمُوس (šumūs))
* sun
    تُشْرِقُ ٱلشَّمْسُ كُلَّ صَبَاحٍ وَتُنِيرُ ٱلْعَالَمَ بِنُورِهَا.tušriqu š-šamsu kulla ṣabāḥin watunīru l-ʕālama binūrihā.The sun rises every morning and illuminates the world with its light.

##### Descendants

* Gulf Arabic: شمس (šams)
* Maltese: xemx
* Moroccan Arabic: شمش (šamš), شمس (šams)
* South Levantine Arabic: شمس (šams)
* → Classical Persian: شَمْس (šams)
** → Chagatai:
*** Uzbek: shams
** → Hindustani:
    Hindi: शम्स (śams)
    Urdu: شَمْس (śams)
* → Malay: syamsi, syamsu
** Indonesian: syamsi
* → Ottoman Turkish: شمس (şems)
** Turkish: şems

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃa.ma.sa/

#### Verb

شَمَسَ • (šamasa) I (non-past يَشْمُسُ (yašmusu), verbal noun شُمُوس (šumūs) or شِمَاس (šimās))
* to be headstrong, to be restive

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃa.ma.sa/, /ʃa.mi.sa/

#### Verb

شَمَسَ • (šamasa) I (non-past يَشْمِسُ (yašmisu) or يَشْمُسُ (yašmusu), verbal noun شَمْس (šams) or شُمُوس (šumūs))
شَمِسَ • (šamisa) I (non-past يَشْمَسُ (yašmasu), verbal noun شَمَس (šamas))
* to be sunny

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 4
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃam.ma.sa/

#### Verb

شَمَّسَ • (šammasa) II (non-past يُشَمِّسُ (yušammisu), verbal noun تَشْمِيس (tašmīs))
* to expose to the sun, to sun-dry
* to worship the sun
* to perform the office of deacon
* to frighten

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 5
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃa.mas/

#### Noun

شَمَس • (šamas) m
* verbal noun of شَمِسَ (šamisa) (form I)

##### Declension
### References

* Freytag, Georg (1833) “شمس”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎ (in Latin), volume 2, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 450
* Kazimirski, Albin de Biberstein (1860) “شمس”, in Dictionnaire arabe-français contenant toutes les racines de la langue arabe, leurs dérivés, tant dans l’idiome vulgaire que dans l’idiome littéral, ainsi que les dialectes d’Alger et de Maroc‎ (in French), volume 1, Paris: Maisonneuve et C$^{ie}$, page 1269
* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “شمس”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen, page 555
* Wehr, Hans (1979) “شمس”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN
* Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “شمس”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart‎ (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, page 674

## Malay
### Noun

شمس (plural شمس-شمس or شمس۲, informal 1st possessive شمسکو, 2nd possessive شمسمو, 3rd possessive شمسڽ)
* Jawi spelling of syamsi‎
* Jawi spelling of syamsu‎

## Moroccan Arabic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃams/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

شمس • (šams) f (plural شموس (šmūs) or شموسة (šmūsa))
* Alternative form of شمش (šamš)

## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic شَمْس (šams).

### Noun

شمس • (şems)
* sun
    Synonyms: آفتاب (afitab), گونش (güneş)
* sunshine
    Synonym: گونش (güneş)

#### Descendants

* Turkish: şems

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic شَمْس (šams).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ʃams]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʃäms]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʃäms]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [ʃäms]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [ʃäms]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [ʃæms]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [ʃäms]

### Noun

شمس • (šams)
* sun

### Proper noun

شمس • (šams)
* Ash-Shams (Sura of the Quran)

### Descendants

* → Chagatai:
** Uzbek: shams
* → Hindustani:
    Hindi: शम्स (śams)
    Urdu: شَمْس (śams)

## South Levantine Arabic

* Root
* ش م س
* 4 terms

### Etymology 1

From Arabic شَمْس (šams).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃams/, [ʃams]
* Audio (Ramallah):(file)

#### Noun

شمس • (šams) f
* sun

##### Derived terms

* شمسي (šamsi, “solar”)
* شمسيّة (šamsiyye, “umbrella; sunshade”)

#### See also

* قمر (ʔamar, “moon”)

### Etymology 2

From Arabic شَمَّسَ (šammasa).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃam.mas/, [ˈʃam.mas]
* Audio (al-Lidd):(file)

#### Verb

شمّس • (šammas) II (present بشمّس (bišammes), active participle مشمّس (mšammes))
* (impersonal) to be sunny
    عم بتشمّس. ― ʕam bitšammis. ― It's sunny.
* to air, to spread out to dry in the sun
    شمّسنا الفراش. ― šammasna l-frāš ― We aired the bedding.

##### Conjugation

Conjugation of شمّس (šammas) :
| | | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural |
| | | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person |
| past | m | شمّست (šammast) | شمّست (šammast) | شمّس (šammas) | شمّسنا (šammasna) | شمّستو (šammastu) | شمّسو (šammasu) |
| past | f | شمّست (šammast) | شمّستي (šammasti) | شمّست (šammasat) | شمّسنا (šammasna) | شمّستو (šammastu) | شمّسو (šammasu) |
| present | m | بشمّس (bašammes) | بتشمّس (bitšammes) | بشمّس (bišammes) | منشمّس (minšammes) | بتشمّسو (bitšammsu) | بشمّسو (bišammsu) |
| present | f | بشمّس (bašammes) | بتشمّسي (bitšammsi) | بتشمّس (bitšammes) | منشمّس (minšammes) | بتشمّسو (bitšammsu) | بشمّسو (bišammsu) |
| subjunctive | m | اشمّس (ašammes) | تشمّس (tšammes) | يشمّس (yšammes) | نشمّس (nšammes) | تشمّسو (tšammsu) | يشمّسو (yšammsu) |
| subjunctive | f | اشمّس (ašammes) | تشمّسي (tšammsi) | تشمّس (tšammes) | نشمّس (nšammes) | تشمّسو (tšammsu) | يشمّسو (yšammsu) |
| imperative | m | | شمّس (šammes) | | | شمّسو (šammsu) | |
| imperative | f | | شمّسي (šammsi) | | | شمّسو (šammsu) | |

#### See also

Weather · الطقس (iṭ-ṭaʔs) :
| | Sunny | Rainy | Snowy | Cloudy | Dark |
| Verb | شمّس (šammas) | شتّى (šatta) | تلّج (tallaj) | غيّم (ḡayyam) | عتّم (ʕattam) |
| Adjective | مشمّس (mšammes) | مشتّي (mšatti) | متلّج (mtallej) | مغيّم (mḡayyem) | عتم (ʕitm) |
| Noun | شمس (šams) | شتا (šita) | تلج (tilj) | غيم (ḡēm) | عتمة (ʕatme) |

## Urdu
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian شَمْس (šams), from Arabic شَمْس (šams).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /ʃəms/
* Rhymes: -əms
* Hyphenation: شَمْس

### Noun

شَمْس • (śams) m (formal plural شُمُوس (śumūs), Hindi spelling शम्स)
* sun
    Synonyms: سُورَج (sūraj), آفْتاب (āftāb), خورْشِید (xorśīd), سُورِیَہ (sūriya)

### Further reading

* “شمس”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
* “شمس”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.
* Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971) “شمس”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary‎, Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co.
* Platts, John T. (1884) “شمس”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.
* John Shakespear (1834) “شمس”, in A dictionary, Hindustani and English: with a copious index, fitting the work to serve, also, as a dictionary of English and Hindustani, 3rd edition, London: J.L. Cox and Son, →OCLC
* S. W. Fallon (1879) “شمس”, in A New Hindustani-English Dictionary, Banaras, London: Trubner and Co.