OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# leictreach
## Irish
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Adjective

leictreach (genitive singular masculine leictrigh, genitive singular feminine leictrí, plural leictreacha, comparative leictrí)
* electric, electrical

#### Derived terms

* díosal-leictreach (“diesel-electric”, adjective)
* fótaileictreach (“photoelectric”, adjective)
* innealtóir leictreach m (“electrical engineer”)
* innealtóireacht leictreach (“electrical engineering”)
* isileictreach (“isoelectric”, adjective)
* leictreachas m (“electricity”)
* lucht leictreach m (“electric charge”)
* miotalú leictreach m (“galvanization”)
* sruth leictreach m (“electric current”)
* súil leictreach f (“electric eye”)
* teirmileictreach (“thermoelectric”, adjective)
* tine leictreach f (“electric fire”)

#### Related terms

* leictri- (“electro-”)

### References

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “leictreach”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
# dinàmic
## Catalan
### Etymology

Borrowed from Ancient Greek δυναμικός (dunamikós).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [diˈna.mik]

### Adjective

dinàmic (feminine dinàmica, masculine plural dinàmics, feminine plural dinàmiques)
* dynamic

#### Derived terms

* dinàmicament
* dinamisme
* dinamitzar
* termodinàmic

#### Related terms

* dinàmica

### Further reading

* “dinàmic” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “dinàmic”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025
* “dinàmic” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
* “dinàmic” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
# Manchurian
## English
### Etymology

From Manchuria +‎ -an.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /mænˈt͡ʃʊəɹiən/

### Adjective

Manchurian (comparative more Manchurian, superlative most Manchurian)
* Pertaining to Manchuria.
** 1967, Henry McAleavy, “The Second Opium War”, in The Modern History of China‎, Frederick A. Praeger, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 91:But a fait accompli even more spectacular than this awaited the Chinese. For the naval officer Nevelskoi had surveyed the Manchurian coast down to the Korean border and had urged successfully that this, too, as far inland as the Ussuri River, must be included in the Tsar’s dominions. At the southern end, in particular, the town of Haishenwei with its harbour would make a splendid port.

#### Derived terms

* Manchurian apricot
* Manchurian candidate
* Manchurian hare
* Manchurian leopard
* Manchurian Plain
* Manchurian wild rice

#### Translations
### Noun

Manchurian (plural Manchurians)
* An inhabitant of Manchuria, especially one who is not of Han Chinese origin.
# csempészet
## Hungarian
### Etymology

From the csemp- stem of csempes (“fraudulent”) +‎ -észet.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈt͡ʃɛmpeːsɛt]
* Hyphenation: csem‧pé‧szet
* Rhymes: -ɛt

### Noun

csempészet (plural csempészetek)
* smuggling, trafficking (the act of importing or exporting, illicitly or by stealth, without paying lawful customs)
    Synonym: csempészés
* (archaic) contraband
    Synonym: csempészáru
* (archaic) embezzlement
    Synonyms: sikkasztás, lopás

#### Derived terms

* csempészeti
* aranycsempészet
* cigarettacsempészet
* dohánycsempészet
* embercsempészet
* fegyvercsempészet
* kábítószer-csempészet
* valutacsempészet

#### Related terms

* csempész

### References

* ↑ csempészet in Tótfalusi, István. Magyar etimológiai nagyszótár (’Hungarian Comprehensive Dictionary of Etymology’). Budapest: Arcanum Adatbázis, 2001; Arcanum DVD Könyvtár →ISBN

### Further reading

* csempészet in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
* csempészet in Nóra Ittzés, editor, A magyar nyelv nagyszótára [A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (Nszt.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031 (work in progress; published a–ez as of 2024).
# grebo
## English
### Alternative forms

* greebo

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Possibly a diminutive of "greaser"?”)

### Pronunciation

* (UK) IPA: /ˈɡriːbəʊ/

### Noun

grebo (countable and uncountable, plural grebos)
* (slang, UK, countable, chiefly West Midlands) A greaser or biker; a member of any alternative subculture, as opposed to a chav or townie.
** 1998, "Bill Jillians", alt.journalism.gonzo (Internet newsgroup)
    The highlight of my school days was one day in the mid-70s. There was a sort of glam-rock cult called the Grebos back then who wore smartish Disco clothes […]
** 2002, Glyn Brown, “Baxter Dury: Chip off the old Blockhead”, in The Independent on Sunday:But the realistic side stepped in — y'know, if you're on the point of giving birth, you don't really need a bunch of grebos playing some dodgy old music downstairs.
* (slang, UK, countable) A member of a United Kingdom subculture of the late 1980s and early 1990s, musically affiliated with garage rock and electronica, typically wearing baggy clothes and hair in high ponytails.
** 1995, Colin Larkin, The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music:[…] they were soon pigeonholed under the banner of "grebo rock" […]
** 2002, Vladimir Bogdanov, Chris Woodstra, Stephen Thomas Erlewine, All Music Guide to Rock:[…] focused on the hyper punk aspect of England's "grebo" movement […]
** 2003, Peter Buckley, Jonathan Buckley, The Rough Guide to Rock:This debut album is a glorious grebo-fest.
* (uncountable) A short-lived subgenre of alternative rock music in the late 1980s and early 1990s, with influences from punk rock, electronic dance music, hip-hop, and psychedelia.

### Anagrams

* Boger, Gober, Grobe

## Esperanto
### Etymology

Derived from French grèbe, of unknown origin.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈɡrebo]
* Rhymes: -ebo
* Hyphenation: gre‧bo

### Noun

grebo (accusative singular grebon, plural greboj, accusative plural grebojn)
* grebe

#### Derived terms

* eta grebo
* tufgrebo
# freatico
## Italian
### Etymology

From Ancient Greek φρέαρ, φρέᾱτος (phréar, phréātos, “well, spring”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /freˈa.ti.ko/
* Rhymes: -atiko
* Hyphenation: fre‧à‧ti‧co

### Adjective

freatico (feminine freatica, masculine plural freatici, feminine plural freatiche)
* (geology) phreatic

#### Derived terms

* falda freatica
* livello freatico (“water table”)

### Anagrams

* facitore, ferocità
# plastis
## Indonesian
### Etymology

From Dutch plastisch, from German plastisch.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈplast̪ɪs]
* Hyphenation: plas‧tis

### Adjective

plastis
* plastic
** capable of being moulded; malleable, flexible, pliant.
** creative, formative.

#### Affixed terms

* keplastisan
* pemlastis

#### Related terms

* plastik
* plastisin
* plastisitas

### Further reading

* “plastis” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Latin
### Noun

plastīs
* dative/ablative plural of plastēs

## Malay
### Adjective

plastis (Jawi spelling ڤلستيس)
* easy to be shaped

### References

* “plastis” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.
# ders
## Crimean Tatar
### Etymology

From Arabic دَرْس (dars).

### Noun

ders
* lesson
* lecture

#### Derived terms

* ders bermek
* ders kitabı
* ders yapmaq
* dershane
* derslik

### References

* “ders”, in Luğatçıq (in Russian)

## French
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dɛʁ/

### Noun

ders
* plural of der

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish درس (ders), from Arabic دَرْس (dars).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dêrs/

### Noun

dȅrs m (Cyrillic spelling де̏рс)
* (Bosnia, regional) lecture
* (Bosnia, regional) lesson

## Turkish
### Etymology

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish درس (ders), from Arabic دَرْس (dars).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dæɾs/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

ders (definite accusative dersi, plural dersler)
* lecture
* lesson (a section of learning or teaching)

#### Derived terms

* dershane
* hayat dersi
* seçmeli ders
* zorunlu ders

## Turkmen
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Turkic [Term?]. Compare Turkish ters. Also, compare Turkmen tezek (“dung, cow dung, manure”) and Proto-Turkic *teŕek (“dung”).

#### Noun

ders (definite accusative dersi, plural dersler)
* manure, dung

##### Derived terms

* ekinlere ders bermek (“to fertilize”)

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Arabic دَرْس (dars).

#### Pronunciation

* Hyphenation: ders

#### Noun

ders (definite accusative dersi, plural dersler)
* subject, topic
* lesson

##### Declension
### Further reading

* “ders” in Enedilim.com
* “ders” in Webonary.org
# aspectual
## English
### Etymology

From aspect +‎ -ual.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˌæˈspɛktjʊəl/

### Adjective

aspectual (not comparable)
* Of or pertaining to an aspect.
* (grammar) Of or pertaining to grammatical aspect.
** 1988, Andrew Radford, Transformational grammar: a first course, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, page 152:Perfective have and progressive be are together known as Aspectual Auxiliaries, since they mark Aspect (viz. whether an action is in progress or has been completed).

#### Derived terms

* aspectuality
* aspectually
* aspectual pair
* biaspectual
* multiaspectual
* nonaspectual

#### Translations
### Anagrams

* capsulate

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from French aspectuel.

### Adjective

aspectual m or n (feminine singular aspectuală, masculine plural aspectuali, feminine and neuter plural aspectuale)
* aspectual

#### Declension
## Spanish
### Adjective

aspectual m or f (masculine and feminine plural aspectuales)
* (grammar) aspectual (of or relating to grammatical aspect)

#### Related terms

* aspecto

### Further reading

* “aspectual”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# betörő
## Hungarian
### Etymology

betör (“to break in”) +‎ -ő (present-participle suffix)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈbɛtørøː]
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: be‧tö‧rő
* Rhymes: -røː

### Participle

betörő
* present participle of betör

### Noun

betörő (plural betörők)
* burglar, cracksman, housebreaker, intruder (a person who breaks in to premises with the intent of committing theft)
* (computing) hacker (a person who uses a computer to gain unauthorized access to data, or to carry out malicious attacks)
    Synonym: hekker

#### Derived terms

* betörőbanda
* betörőszerszám
* betörőtársaság

### Further reading

* betörő in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
* betörő in Nóra Ittzés, editor, A magyar nyelv nagyszótára [A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (Nszt.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031 (work in progress; published a–ez as of 2024).
# szemérem
## Hungarian
### Etymology

Of unknown origin.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈsɛmeːrɛm]
* Hyphenation: sze‧mé‧rem
* Rhymes: -ɛm

### Noun

szemérem (usually uncountable, plural szemérmek)
* modesty
* (anatomy, in compounds) pubic

#### Derived terms

* szemérmes
* szemérmetes
* szemérmetlen
* szeméremajak
* szeméremcsont
* szeméremdomb
* szeméremérzet
* szeméremsértő
* szeméremszőrzet
* szeméremtest

### References

* ↑ szemérem in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)

### Further reading

* szemérem in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
# industrio
## Esperanto
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)
* IPA: [indusˈtrio]
* Rhymes: -io
* Hyphenation: in‧dus‧tri‧o

### Noun

industrio (accusative singular industrion, plural industrioj, accusative plural industriojn)
* industry

## Ido
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /inˈdustri̯o/

### Noun

industrio (plural industrii)
* industry

#### Derived terms

* industrieskar (“to industrialize”, intransitive verb)
* industriizar (“to industrialize”, transitive verb)
* industrioza (“industrious”, adjective)

## Italian
### Verb

industrio
* first-person singular present indicative of industriarsi

### Anagrams

* ristudino

## Latin
### Adjective

industriō
* dative/ablative masculine/neuter singular of industrius

## Spanish
### Verb

industrio
* first-person singular present indicative of industriar
# ύφασμα
## Greek
### Etymology

From Ancient Greek ὕφασμα (húphasma, “textile”).

### Noun

ύφασμα • (ýfasma) n (plural υφάσματα)
* fabric, textile, cloth, material

#### Derived terms

* υφασμάτινος (yfasmátinos)

#### See also

* πανί n (paní, “rag, piece of cloth”)
* υφή f (yfí, “texture of cloth”)

### Further reading

* ύφασμα on the Greek Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{el}$
# batin
## English
### Etymology

From Arabic بَاطِن (bāṭin)

### Noun

batin (uncountable)
* (Islam) The internal or hidden meaning of the Qur'an

#### Antonyms

* zahir

### Anagrams

* bain't

## Catalan
### Verb

batin
* inflection of batre:
** third-person plural present subjunctive
** third-person plural imperative

## Cebuano
### Pronunciation

* Hyphenation: ba‧tin
* IPA: /ˈbatin/ [ˈba.t̪ɪn̪]

### Etymology 1
#### Noun

batin
* hide and seek played by teams

#### Verb

batín
* to play batin

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

batin
* call to summon pigs

#### Verb

batin
* to call pigs

### References

* Fr. Juan Felis de la Encarnación (1851) Diccionario bisaya-español‎ (overall work in Cebuano and Spanish), Amigos del País
* “batin” in Pinoy Dictionary, Cyberspace.ph, 2010-2022.

## Ibaloi
### Noun

batin
* (anatomy) kidney

## Indonesian
### Etymology

From Arabic بَاطِن (bāṭin)

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Indonesian) IPA: /ˈbatin/ [ˈba.t̪ɪn]
* Rhymes: -atin
* Syllabification: ba‧tin

### Noun

batin (plural batin-batin)
* Heart; the soul, as it relates to compassion (being the seat of affections and sensibilities)
    Synonym: hati
* (by extension) The spiritual; that which is not material

#### Derived terms

* batiniah
* membatin

### Further reading

* “batin” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Kankanaey
### Pronunciation

* (Standard Kankanaey) IPA: /baˈtin/ [bʌˈti̞n]
* Rhymes: -in
* Syllabification: ba‧tin

### Noun

batín
* (anatomy) kidney
    Synonym: batil

## Kayapa Kallahan
### Noun

batin
* (anatomy) kidney

## Limos Kalinga
### Noun

batín
* (anatomy) kidney

## Maranao
### Noun

batin
* attitude
* thought
# ψάμμος
## Ancient Greek
### Etymology

Uncertain. Could be from a *ψάφμος (*psáphmos) (compare the pair γράφω (gráphō), γράμμα (grámma)), and thus perhaps related to ψαφαρός (psapharós, “powdery, sandy”), ψῆφος (psêphos, “pebble”), as well as Latin sabulum. Possibly from the same root as ψῆν (psên, “to rub, grate, scratch”), though the formal relationship, if there is one, is unknown. Onomatopoeia may be involved.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /psám.mos/ → /ˈpsam.mos/ → /ˈpsa.mos/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /psám.mos/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /ˈpsam.mos/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /ˈpsam.mos/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /ˈpsam.mos/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /ˈpsa.mos/

### Noun

ψᾰ́μμος • (psắmmos) f or m (genitive ψᾰ́μμου); second declension
* sand
    Synonym: ψάμαθος (psámathos)
* something worthless
* metallic ore used by alchemists
* desert

#### Usage notes

* Normally feminine, sometimes masculine.

#### Derived terms

* ψάμμινος (psámminos)
* ψαμμόγεως (psammógeōs)
* ψαμμοδύτης (psammodútēs)
* ψαμμοειδής (psammoeidḗs)

#### Related terms

* ἄμμος (ámmos, “sand”)

### References

* “ψάμμος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “ψάμμος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “ψάμμος”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
* ψάμμος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* ψάμμος in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
* “ψάμμος”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
* Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ψῆν”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1665–1666
* Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ψῆφος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1666–1667
# bachlóg
## Irish
### Alternative forms

* bachallóg, bachla

### Etymology

From Old Irish bachlóc (glossed, in Latin, monaculum), from bachall (“staff, crozier, pastoral staff”).

### Noun

bachlóg f (genitive singular bachlóige, nominative plural bachlóga)
* (botany) bud, sprout

#### Declension

bare forms
case
singular
plural
nominative
bachlóg
bachlóga
vocative
a bhachlóg
a bhachlóga
genitive
bachlóige
bachlóg
dative
bachlóg
bachlóga
forms with the definite article
case
singular
plural
nominative
an bhachlóg
na bachlóga
genitive
na bachlóige
na mbachlóg
dative
leis an mbachlóg don bhachlóg
leis na bachlóga :

#### Derived terms

* bachlóg a bheith ar do theanga (“to be indistinct of speech”)
* bachlóg Bhruiséile f (“Brussels sprout”)
* bachlógach (“sprouting; indistinct”, adjective)
* taobh-bhachlóg f (“lateral bud”)

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “bachlóg”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “bachlóc”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “bachlóg”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
* “bachlóg”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2025
# adapti
## Catalan
### Verb

adapti
* inflection of adaptar:
** first/third-person singular present subjunctive
** third-person singular imperative

## Esperanto
### Etymology

Derived from French adapter, from Latin adaptare, from ad- (“to”) + aptare (from aptus (“fit”)).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [aˈdapti]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -apti
* Hyphenation: a‧dap‧ti

### Verb

adapti (present adaptas, past adaptis, future adaptos, conditional adaptus, volitive adaptu)
* (transitive) to adapt, adjust; to make suitable.
    Oni devas adapti sian parolon al la cirkonstancoj.One must adapt their speech to the circumstances.
    adapti romanon al la ekrano, poemon al ario.
    adapti teatraĵon.
* (transitive) to , modify; to fit by alteration.
    adapti kovrilon al kesto, tenilon al tino.

#### Derived terms

* adaptado
* adaptaĵo
* adaptiĝi
* adaptilo
* adapto
* adaptometrio
* readaptado

#### See also

* alfari (“adapt”)
* alĝustigi (“adjust”)
* akomodi (“accommodate”)
# arten
## Danish
### Noun

arten c
* definite singular of art

## German
### Etymology

Art +‎ -en

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈaːɐ̯tən/, [ˈʔaːɐ̯tn̩]
* Hyphenation: ar‧ten
* Audio:(file)

### Verb

arten (weak, third-person singular present artet, past tense artete, past participle geartet, auxiliary sein)
* (formal) to become [with nach (+ dative) ‘like’] [auxiliary sein]

#### Conjugation

$^1$Rare except in very formal contexts; alternative in würde normally preferred.

#### Derived terms

* abarten
* Artung
* ausarten
* entarten
* nacharten

### Further reading

* “arten” in Duden online
* “arten” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
* “arten” in Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm, 16 vols., Leipzig 1854–1961.

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Alternative forms

* arta

### Noun

arten m or f
* definite masculine singular of art

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Alternative forms

* arta

### Noun

arten m or f
* definite masculine singular of art

## Swedish
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Noun

arten
* definite singular of art

### Anagrams

* renat, tenar, trean
# tanúskodik
## Hungarian
### Etymology

tanú +‎ -skodik

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈtɒnuːʃkodik]
* Hyphenation: ta‧nús‧ko‧dik
* Rhymes: -odik

### Verb

tanúskodik
* (intransitive) to bear witness, testify, act as witness, give evidence
* (intransitive) to witness, act as witness (when signing an official document)
* (intransitive) to bespeak, betoken, attest, indicate, signify (some attribute: -ról/-ről)

#### Related terms

* tanúságot tesz
* tanúsít

### Further reading

* tanúskodik in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
# αἶσχος
## Ancient Greek
### Etymology

The older comparison with Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌹 (aiwiski, “shame”) is generally abandoned in view of obvious formal difficulties. De Lamberterie plausibly compares αἰδέομαι (aidéomai, “to be ashamed”), positing *aid-sk- for Greek, next to *aid-st- in Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽 (aistan, “to have regard for”). Furnée connects the word with Georgian ურცხვი (urcxvi, “shameless”), მორცხვი (morcxvi, “shy, coy”) and სირცხვილი (sircxvili, “shame, blemish”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /âi̯s.kʰos/ → /ˈɛs.xos/ → /ˈes.xos/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /âi̯s.kʰos/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /ˈɛs.kʰos/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /ˈɛs.xos/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /ˈes.xos/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /ˈes.xos/

### Noun

αἶσχος • (aîskhos) n (genitive αἴσχεος or αἴσχους); third declension
* shame, disgrace
* (in the plural) disgraceful deeds
* ugliness, deformity

#### Derived terms

* αἰσχόω (aiskhóō)
* αἰσχρός (aiskhrós)
* αἰσχύνη (aiskhúnē)
* αἰσχύνω (aiskhúnō)

#### Descendants

* Greek: αίσχος (aíschos)

### References

* “αἶσχος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “αἶσχος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “αἶσχος”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
* αἶσχος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* αἶσχος in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
* αἶσχος in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2025)
* Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited. blemish idem, page 83.blot idem, page 85.blotch idem, page 85.contamination idem, page 166.defect idem, page 204.deformity idem, page 205.degradation idem, page 206.discredit idem, page 231.disfigurement idem, page 233.disgrace idem, page 233.dishonour idem, page 234.disrepute idem, page 239.flaw idem, page 326.frightfulness idem, page 345.hideousness idem, page 399.humiliation idem, page 410.ignominy idem, page 414.imperfection idem, page 420.infamy idem, page 437.scandal idem, page 737.shame idem, page 761.slur idem, page 786.stain idem, page 809.stigma idem, page 817.taint idem, page 852.tarnish idem, page 856.ugliness idem, page 905.uncomeliness idem, page 910.