# jꜣt
## Egyptian
### Pronunciation

* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /iɑt/
** Conventional anglicization: iat

### Noun

f
* mound, especially as a sacred site or location in the Afterworld [since the Pyramid Texts]
* ruin, mound of ruins
* cultivated land, fields [Greco-Roman Period]
* (chiefly in the plural, expressively) regions, lands, foreign lands [Greco-Roman Period]

#### Usage notes

In late writings this word becomes confused with jw (“island, lands, regions”) and is often written identically.

#### Alternative forms

| ꜣt | jꜣt | jꜣt | jꜣt | ꜣt | jꜣt |
| | | | [Book of the Dead] | [Late Egyptian] | [Late Egyptian] |
Possibly, following Gardiner’s suggestion, ꜣꜣ (“mound of ruins”) may also be merely a variant writing of this word.

#### Derived terms

* jꜣwt
* jꜣtjw
* jꜣt wꜥbt
* jmjw-jꜣwt.sn

### Noun

f
* (anatomy) spine, backbone [since the Old Kingdom]
* (anatomy, of humans or animals) back
* (figuratively) middle of a body of water (lake or river)

#### Alternative forms

| jꜣt | jꜣt | jꜣt | jꜣt | jꜣt | ꜣt | ꜣtj | ꜣt | ꜣtj |
| | [Middle Kingdom] | [Middle Kingdom] | [Middle Kingdom] | [18th Dynasty] | [New Kingdom] | [New Kingdom] | [Late Egyptian] | [Late Egyptian] |
| | from the story of Sinuhe | ‘middle of water’ sense | from Beni Hasan | | | in hieratic |
| ꜣt | ꜣt | ꜣtj | ꜣtj | jꜣt | ꜣdt | jꜣdt |
| [Late Egyptian] | [Late Egyptian] | [Late Egyptian] | [Late Egyptian] | [Late Egyptian] | [Greco-Roman Period] | [Greco-Roman Period] |

#### Descendants

* Sahidic Coptic: ⲱⲱ⸗ (ōō⸗) (in ϩⲓⲱⲱ⸗ (hiōō⸗), pronominal state of ϩⲓ (hi))
* Bohairic Coptic: ⲱⲧ⸗ (ōt⸗) (in ϩⲓⲱⲧ⸗ (hiōt⸗), pronominal state of ϩⲓ (hi))

### Noun

f
* standard for carrying cultic images and objects

#### Alternative forms

| jꜣt | jꜣtj | ꜣt | jꜣꜣt |
| [Pyramid Texts] | [New Kingdom] | [New Kingdom and Greco-Roman Period] | [22nd Dynasty and Late Period] |
| from PT 254.39 (Pyr. 288c), W | in hieratic |

### Noun

f
* Part of a place name in the Afterworld. The meaning of this term is uncertain. [Pyramid Texts]
** c. 2289 BCE – 2255 BCE, Pyramid Texts of Pepi I — west wall of the corridor’s north section, line 25, spell 519.8: wny ꜥꜣwj ptr zny ꜥꜣwj jꜣt ẖrtOpen, double doors of the Looking (Canal)! Open, double doors of the Lower jꜣt!
** c. 2289 BCE – 2255 BCE, Pyramid Texts of Pepi I — south wall of the vestibule, line 19, spell 539.84–85: [mry-rꜥ pw jr(j)] jꜣt ẖrt ḥkꜣ [pry].f r.f šwy.f r.f jr pt[Meryra is the one pertaining to] the Lower jꜣt of magic (or: the jꜣt possessing magic), so he [should go forth], so he should soar up to the sky.
** c. 2255 BCE – 2246 BCE, Pyramid Texts of Merenre — east wall of the corridor’s middle section, line 38, spell 519.8: wny ꜥꜣwj ptr zny ꜥꜣwj jꜣt ẖrtOpen, double doors of the Looking (Canal)! Open, double doors of the Lower jꜣt!
** c. 2246 BCE – 2152 BCE, Pyramid Texts of Pepi II — east wall of the corridor’s middle section, line 36–37, spell 519.8: wn ꜥꜣwj ptr zny ꜥꜣwj jꜣt ẖrtOpen, double doors of the Looking (Canal)! Open, double doors of the Lower jꜣt!

#### Usage notes

The above quotes constitute all the known attestations of this word.

#### Alternative forms

| jꜣt | jꜣt |

### Proper noun

f
* Iat, a goddess who serves as nurse to the dead, likely a goddess of milk [Pyramid Texts and Old Kingdom]

#### Alternative forms

| jꜣt | jꜣt |
| reading uncertain | reading uncertain |

#### Derived terms

* (possibly) jꜣtt

### Noun

m
* New Kingdom form of ꜣꜣ (“mound of ruins”)

### References

* Gardiner, Alan (1948) “The First Two Pages of the Wörterbuch” in The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 34, p. 15
* Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎, volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 2, 26.3–26.17
* Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 7
* Lesko, Leonard, Lesko, Barbara (2002) A Dictionary of Late Egyptian, second edition, volume 1, Providence: B.C. Scribe Publications, →ISBN, pages 1, 11
* James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 242.
* ↑ Allen, James (2013) A New Concordance of the Pyramid Texts, volume IV, Providence: Brown University, PT 519.8 (Pyr. 1203c), P
* ↑ Allen, James (2013) A New Concordance of the Pyramid Texts, volume V, Providence: Brown University, PT 539.84–85 (Pyr. 1324c–1324d), P
* ↑ Allen, James (2013) A New Concordance of the Pyramid Texts, volume IV, Providence: Brown University, PT 519.8 (Pyr. 1203c), M
* ↑ Allen, James (2013) A New Concordance of the Pyramid Texts, volume IV, Providence: Brown University, PT 519.8 (Pyr. 1203c), N
* ↑ Allen, James (2005) The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, page 160
* ↑ Shmakov, Timofey T. (2012) Critical analysis of J.P. Allen’s «The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts»: Preliminary Results, page 314