# Mongolian
## English
### Alternative forms

* Mongalian (of or relating to Mongolia; native of Mongolia)
* mongolian (designating or affected with Down syndrome)

### Etymology

Originally from Mongol + -ian, a translation (1706) of the German mongolisch, mongalisch. Subsequently, from the name of the country of Mongolia + -an.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /mɒŋˈɡoʊliən/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)

### Adjective

Mongolian (comparative more Mongolian, superlative most Mongolian)
* Of or relating to Mongolia or its peoples, languages, or cultures.
** 1706, Evert Ysbants Ides, Three years travels from Moscow over-land to China:
    He had a Sister, which according to the Mongalian custom lived in the devoted spiritual state.
** 1878, Encyclopedia Britannica, 9th edition, volume XVI:The Mongolian characters...are written perpendicularly from above downward.
** 1985, Robert Whelan, Robert Capa: A Biography:He usually had a heavy growth of dark stubble that made him look...rather like a Mongolian bandit.
* (anthropology, dated) Resembling or having some of the characteristic physical features of the mongoloid racial type.
** 1828, John Stark, Elements of natural history:The Mongolian variety inhabits eastern Asia, Finland, and Lapland in Europe, and includes the Esquimaux of North America.
** 1834, Penny cyclopædia of the Society for the diffusion of useful knowledge, volume II:The white (or Caucasian), the yellow (or Mongolian), and the black (or Ethiopian)
** 1990, Louis de Bernières, The War of Don Emmanuel's Nether Parts:It was not so much their Mongolian features that impressed everyone...
* (now rare, offensive) Relating to or affected with Down syndrome.
    Alternative form: mongolian
** 1866, John Langdon Haydon Down, Clinical lectures and reports by the medical and surgical staff of the London Hospital, volume II:The Mongolian type of idiocy occurs in more than ten per cent. of the cases which are presented to me.
** 1965, H. Eldon Sutton, An introduction to human genetics:The condition known as trisomy 21 syndrome or mongolian idiocy (sometimes referred to as Down's syndrome) had long been an enigma.

#### Derived terms

* Mongolian death worm
* Mongolian gazelle
* Mongolian gerbil
* Mongolian lamb
* Mongolian pheasant
* Mongolian poplar
* Mongolian spot
* Mongolian wild ass
* Mongolian wild horse

#### Translations
### Noun

Mongolian (countable and uncountable, plural Mongolians)
* (countable) A native or inhabitant of Mongolia.
    Synonym: Mongol
** 1757, John Dyer, The fleece, a poem, published 1807:The Cossac there, The Calmuc, and Mungalian, round the bales In crowds resort.
** 1763, John Bell, A journey from St. Petersburg to Pekin:This day we saw some scattered tents of Mongalians, with their flocks.
** 1854, Robert G. Latham, Orr's Circle of the sciences: Organic nature:The Mongolians are the most nomadic of populations.
** 1990 September 1, New Scientist:Mongolians now regard animal husbandry as a low-status occupation.
* (uncountable) A group of languages from Mongolia, specifically Khalkha, the official language of Mongolia.
** 1926, Neville J. Whymant, A Mongolian Grammar:Khalka […] Mongolian possesses seven vowels and twenty consonants.
** 1987, David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language:The Altaic family […] comprises about 40 languages, classified into three groups: Turkic, Mongolian, and Manchu-Tungus.
** 1990 April, Orientations:These inscriptions are in Mongolian and thus widen the appliqué's international connections.
* A person of the mongoloid physical type.
    Synonym: mongoloid
** 1823 July, North American Revolution:A particular individual which the latter considered a Mongolian and the former assures us is an Ethiopian.
** 1903 February 8, The Truth, Sydney, page 3, column 4:She was found to be one of the type of white women whose nasal organs appear never to have been developed, and who take to the loathsome Mongolian and his filthy hovel as blithely as a plague rat to a sewer.
** 1938, Franz Boas et al., General Anthropology:Extreme forms like the Australians, Negroes, Mongolians, and Europeans may be described as races because each has certain characteristics which set them off from other groups, and which are strictly hereditary.
** 1988, Current Anthropology, volume 29:The thesis of this work was that native Americans were one race distinct from Eskimos and Mongolians.

#### Related terms

* Mongol
* Mongolia
* Mongoloid

#### Translations

    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

#### See also

* Wiktionary's coverage of Mongolian terms
* ISO 639-1 code mn, ISO 639-3 code mon (SIL)
* Ethnologue entry for Mongolian, mon ⁠, a macrolanguage including:
* Ethnologue entry for Halh Mongolian, khk ⁠
* Ethnologue entry for Peripheral Mongolian, mvf ⁠
* Wikipedia article on Mongolians (Mongols)
* Wikipedia article on the Mongolian language

### Further reading

* Biggest Mongolian-English / English Mongolian Dictionary
* Mongolian-English Dictionary
* Mongolian language resources
* Classical Mongolian Dictionary

## Finnish
### Proper noun

Mongolian
* genitive singular of Mongolia