# թաղ
## Armenian
### Pronunciation

* (Eastern Armenian) IPA: /tʰɑʁ/, [tʰɑʁ]
* (Western Armenian) IPA: /tɑʁ/, [tʰɑʁ]
* Audio (Eastern Armenian):(file)

### Etymology 1

From Old Armenian թաղ (tʻał).

#### Noun

թաղ • (tʻaġ)
* neighborhood, district, quarter (of a city)
    Synonyms: մայլա (mayla), (dialectal) թաղամաս (tʻaġamas)
* (dialectal) family plot in a cemetery

##### Derived terms

* բազմաթաղ (bazmatʻaġ)
* թաղական (tʻaġakan)
* թաղակից (tʻaġakicʻ)
* թաղամաս (tʻaġamas)
* թաղամեջ (tʻaġameǰ)
* թաղային (tʻaġayin)
* թաղապետ (tʻaġapet)
* թաղապետական (tʻaġapetakan)
* թաղապետարան (tʻaġapetaran)
* թաղապետություն (tʻaġapetutʻyun)
* թաղավոր (tʻaġavor)
* թաղեկից (tʻaġekicʻ)
* թաղեցի (tʻaġecʻi)

##### Descendants

* → Northern Kurdish: t’aẍ
* → Udi: тагъ (taɣ)

#### Further reading

* Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1973) “թաղ (1)”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume II, Yerevan: University Press, page 143ab

### Etymology 2

Deverbal from թաղել (tʻaġel, “to bury”).

#### Noun

թաղ • (tʻaġ) (dialectal)
* burying of vines in winter
* buried vine branches
* branch
* procumbent (trailing) stem of plants like watermelon, melon, cucumber

##### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: tağ

#### Further reading

* Malxaseancʻ, Stepʻan (1944) “թաղ (1)”, in Hayerēn bacʻatrakan baṙaran [Armenian Explanatory Dictionary] (in Armenian), volume II, Yerevan: State Publishing House, page 78a

### Etymology 3

From Persian طاق (tâq).

#### Noun

թաղ • (tʻaġ)
* vault, arch

##### Derived terms

* թաղածածկ (tʻaġacack)
* թաղակապ (tʻaġakap)

#### Further reading

* Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1973) “թաղ (5)”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume II, Yerevan: University Press, page 145b
* Malxaseancʻ, Stepʻan (1944) “թաղ (5)”, in Hayerēn bacʻatrakan baṙaran [Armenian Explanatory Dictionary] (in Armenian), volume II, Yerevan: State Publishing House, page 78a

## Old Armenian
### Etymology 1

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *tl̥h₂-, the zero-grade of *telh₂- (“ground”), and related to թաղեմ (tʻałem, “to bury”).

#### Noun

թաղ • (tʻał)
* quarter (of a city)
** 5th century, Łazar Pʻarpecʻi, Patmutʻiwn Hayocʻ [History of Armenia] 3:Իսկ որ յառաջագոյն շինեալ Բիւզանդիոսն էր՝ է թաղ մի յեզեր նորին քաղաքի, որ մինչև ցայսօր նորին անուամբ կոչի Բիւզանդիոս:Isk or yaṙaǰagoyn šineal Biwzandiosn ēr, ē tʻał mi yezer norin kʻałakʻi, or minčʻew cʻaysōr norin anuamb kočʻi Biwzandios:Translation by Robert W. ThomsonThe Byzantium that was built earlier is a quarter at the edge of the city, which up to today is called by its name Byzantium.
** 13th century, Vardan Arewelcʻi, Meknutʻiwn Sałmosacʻ Dawtʻi [Commentary on Psalms of David] :Այլև՝ որպէս քաղաք ասելն՝ նշանակէ զզգալիս, որ թաղք թաղք շինեցաւ յամենայն երկիր․ նման գոլ իմանալւոյն՝ որ անդ են դասք և թաղք զօրացն հրեղինաց, ուր և զպակասն լնուն որդիք Ադամայ, շինեալք զաւերեալն յապստամբէն։Aylew, orpēs kʻałakʻ aseln, nšanakē zzgalis, or tʻałkʻ tʻałkʻ šinecʻaw yamenayn erkir; nman gol imanalwoyn, or and en daskʻ ew tʻałkʻ zōracʻn hrełinacʻ, ur ew zpakasn lnun ordikʻ Adamay, šinealkʻ zawerealn yapstambēn.

##### Derived terms

* թաղնորդ (tʻałnord)

##### Related terms

* թաղեմ (tʻałem, “to bury”) (probably)

##### Descendants

* Armenian: թաղ (tʻaġ)
** → Northern Kurdish: t’aẍ
** → Udi: тагъ (taɣ)

#### References

* ↑ Łazar Pʻarpecʻi (1904) G. Tēr-Mkrtčʻean and St. Malxasean, editors, Patmutʻiwn Hayocʻ ew tʻułtʻ aṙ Vahan Mamikonean [History of Armenia and Letter to Vahan Mamikonian] (Patmagirkʻ hayocʻ; I.4), Tiflis: Aragatip Mnacʻakan Martiroseancʻi, page 4
* ↑ Thomson, Robert W. (1991) The History of Łazar Pʿarpecʿi (Columbia University Program in Armenian Studies. Suren D. Fesjian Academic Publications; 4)‎, Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press, page 37
* ↑ Vardan Barjrberdcʻi (1797) Meknutʻiwn sałmosacʻ Dawtʻi, Astrakhan: Press of Arghouthian, page 427

#### Further reading

* Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1973) “թաղ (1)”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume II, Yerevan: University Press, page 143ab
* Awetikʻean, G., Siwrmēlean, X., Awgerean, M. (1836) “թաղ”, in Nor baṙgirkʻ haykazean lezui [New Dictionary of the Armenian Language] (in Old Armenian), volume I, Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy, page 793b
* J̌ahukyan, Geworg (1987) Hayocʻ lezvi patmutʻyun; naxagrayin žamanakašrǰan [History of the Armenian language: The Pre-Literary Period]‎ (in Armenian), Yerevan: Academy Press, page 153
* Leschber, Corinna (2006) “Etymologisch problematische Bezeichnungen für ‘Stöcke, Strünke, Balken, Schnäbel’ u.ä. im Rumänischen im Lichte der slavischen Nachbarsprachen. Mit einem Exkurs zur modernen Protobulgaren-Diskussion”, in Wolfgang Dahmen, Günter Holtus, Johannes Kramer, Michael Metzeltin, Wolfgang Schweickard, Otto Winkelmann, editors, Lexikalischer Sprachkontakt in Südosteuropa. Romanistisches Kolloquium XII (Tübinger Beiträge zur Linguistik; 447) (in German), Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag, →ISBN, page 109
* Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1061
* Scheftelowitz, J. (1905) “Zur altarmenischen lautgeschichte”, in Beiträge zur kunde der indogermanischen Sprachen (in German), volume 29, page 22

### Etymology 2

A Zan borrowing, ultimately from Proto-Kartvelian *tel- (“to trample, to tighten”), whence Mingrelian თალ-უას (tal-uas, “to trample”), Georgian თელ-ავს (tel-avs, “to trample; to felt”) etc.
The more basic meaning "dense, compacted, fulled" is seen in the derivatives թաղ-ուն (tʻał-un), reduplicated թա-թաղ-ուն (tʻa-tʻał-un, “thick, compact, dense”), թաղ-կ-իմ (tʻał-k-im, “to be pressed closely together”).
According to Ačaṙyan, the following group of words in neighbouring languages is directly or indirectly borrowed from Armenian: Georgian თალია (talia, “animal-skin bag; sack”), თალაია (talaia, “animal-skin bag”), თალისა (talisa, “bale (of unsorted wool etc)”), Bats თაჲლზი (taylzi, “saddlebag”), Persian تله (tala, “bag”), تلیسه (talîsa, “saddlecloth, saddlebag”), Classical Syriac ܬܠܝܣܐ (talīsā, “bag, small sack”), Arabic تِلِّيس (tillīs, “sack”), Azerbaijani təlis (“sackcloth; sack”), dialectal Turkish telis (“a kind of sack”), Kazakh талыс (talys, “a small bag of hide”), Byzantine Greek θαλλίς (thallís, “pouch, bag; a measure of grain; a basket of twigs”), θαλλίον (thallíon), θάλιον (thálion, “foliage or twigs”), θαλλίν (thallín, “basket of twigs”) – confounded apparently with θαλλός (thallós, “shoot, branch; palm leaf”) –, Coptic ⲑⲁⲗⲗⲓⲥ (thallis), ⲑⲁⲗⲓⲥ (thalis), ⲑⲁⲗⲓⲉ (thalie), ⲑⲁⲗⲓⲉ (thalie), ⲑⲁⲗⲙ (thalm), ⲧⲁⲗⲓⲥ (talis), ⲧⲁⲗⲗⲓⲥ (tallis, “sack as either a blanket or corn measure or shirt”). For the sense development compare քուրձ (kʻurj). The variation in forms can be explained by թաղ (tʻał), its derivative թաղի (tʻałi), plural nominative թաղի-ք (tʻałi-kʻ), plural accusative թաղի-ս (tʻałi-s); the latter two are used as frozen nominative singulars denoting "felt" and goods made of felt in Middle Armenian and in the dialects.

#### Noun

թաղ • (tʻał)
* felt
** 10/13th century, Tʻovmay Arcruni and Ananun, Patmutʻiwn tann Arcruneacʻ [History of the House of Artsrunik] : […] և ի տունջեան ամպ թանձրախոծ իբրև զթաղ լմեալ բալաձև սպիտակափայլ յոյժ․ զայնմանէ ասէին՝ երկիր օտար անծանօթ։[…] ew i tunǰean amp tʻanjraxoc ibrew ztʻał lmeal balajew spitakapʻayl yoyž; zaynmanē asēin, erkir ōtar ancanōtʻ.Translation by Robert W. Thomson […] and in the daytime [it is covered with] a very dense cloud like soft felt, in the form of a very bright white mist.
** 10/13th century, Tʻovmay Arcruni and Ananun, Patmutʻiwn tann Arcruneacʻ [History of the House of Artsrunik] :Եւ որք մերձ առ պարսպօքն զճակատն վառէին և զմարտն գրգռէին՝ զգեստն ինքեանց յասուէից կազմեալ, զոր ի զօրութիւն թիկանց ուժոյ բազկաց ճնշեալ և մածուցեալ ընդ միմեանս՝ զնրբութիւն մազոյն թաղ կոչեցին, զոր ի ջուր եդեալ՝ ծծէ իբրև զսպունգ, զայն զինեալ ի վերայ անձանց՝ սաստկացուցանեն զպատերազմն, աներկիւղ մնալով ի հրոյն տոչորմանէEw orkʻ merj aṙ parspōkʻn zčakatn vaṙēin ew zmartn grgṙēin, zgestn inkʻeancʻ yasuēicʻ kazmeal, zor i zōrutʻiwn tʻikancʻ užoy bazkacʻ čnšeal ew macucʻeal ənd mimeans, znrbutʻiwn mazoyn tʻał kočʻecʻin, zor i ǰur edeal, ccē ibrew zspung, zayn zineal i veray anjancʻ, sastkacʻucʻanen zpaterazmn, anerkiwł mnalov i hroyn točʻormanēTranslation by Robert W. ThomsonThose near the ramparts equipped the battle line and provoked battle. They put on garments made from woollen fleeces, pressed and glued together by powerful arms to strengthen the backs; they called the fine hairs “felt.” Placed in water, it soaks it up like a sponge. Putting this on themselves as armour, they [the Muslims] render combat more intense since they are not frightened by the heat of the fire.
* (felt) helmet

##### Derived terms

* թաթաղուն (tʻatʻałun)
* թաղագործ (tʻałagorc)
* թաղաթափ (tʻałatʻapʻ)
* թաղակ (tʻałak)
* թաղահար (tʻałahar)
* թաղեայ (tʻałeay)
* թաղի (tʻałi)
* թաղիանամ (tʻałianam)
* թաղկիմ (tʻałkim)
* թաղհալ (tʻałhal)
* թաղհար (tʻałhar)
* թաղուն (tʻałun)

##### Descendants

* →? Khinalug: ттагьла (tːahla)

#### References

* ↑ Tʻovma Arcruni ew Ananun (2006) M. H. Darbinyan-Melikʻyan, editor, Patmutʻiwn Tann Arcruneacʻ [History of the House of Artsrunik]‎, Yerevan: Magaghat, critical text with introduction and commentary, page 36
* ↑ Thomson, Robert W. (1985) Thomas Artsruni, History of the House of the Artsrunik‘: translation and commentary (Byzantine texts in translation)‎, Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press, page 91
* ↑ Tʻovma Arcruni ew Ananun (2006) M. H. Darbinyan-Melikʻyan, editor, Patmutʻiwn Tann Arcruneacʻ [History of the House of Artsrunik]‎, Yerevan: Magaghat, critical text with introduction and commentary, page 148
* ↑ Thomson, Robert W. (1985) Thomas Artsruni, History of the House of the Artsrunik‘: translation and commentary (Byzantine texts in translation)‎, Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press, page 199

#### Further reading

* Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1973) “թաղ (2)”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume II, Yerevan: University Press, page 143b, unknown origin, hesitantly considering the Georgian an Armenian borrowing
* Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1973) “թաղ (3)”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume II, Yerevan: University Press, pages 143–144
* Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1973) “թաղ (4)”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume II, Yerevan: University Press, page 144ab
* Awetikʻean, G., Siwrmēlean, X., Awgerean, M. (1836) “թաղ”, in Nor baṙgirkʻ haykazean lezui [New Dictionary of the Armenian Language] (in Old Armenian), volume I, Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy, page 793bc
* Ciancaglini, Claudia A. (2008) Iranian loanwords in Syriac (Beiträge zur Iranistik; 28)‎, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, page 267, without the Armenian