# penal
## English
### Alternative forms

* pænal (archaic, hypercorrect)
* pænall (obsolete, hypercorrect)
* penall (obsolete)
* pœnal (archaic)
* pœnall (obsolete)

### Etymology

From Old French peinal, from Medieval Latin penalis, from Latin poenalis, from poena (“punishment”), from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ, “punishment”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷoynéh₂.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpiːnəl/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Rhymes: -iːnəl
* Homophone: penile (one pronunciation)

### Adjective

penal (not comparable)
* Of or relating to punishment.
    penal servitude
* Subject to punishment; punishable.
    a penal offence
* Serving as a place of punishment.
    a penal colony
* Exorbitant.
    a penal rate of interest.

#### Derived terms

* penal code
* penal colony
* penal law
* penally
* penal notice
* penal officer
* penal populism
* penal rosary
* penal substitution

#### Related terms

* (rare) penality
* penalize
* penalty

#### Translations
### Anagrams

* 'plane, Alpen, Nepal, Palen, Plean, palen, panel, plane, plena

## Catalan
### Etymology

From pena +‎ -al.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [pəˈnal]
* IPA: (Valencia) [peˈnal]
* Rhymes: -al

### Adjective

penal m or f (masculine and feminine plural penals)
* penal, criminal

#### Derived terms

* colònia penal
* penalitzar

### Noun

penal m (plural penals)
* (ball games) penalty

#### Derived terms

* àrea de penal

### Further reading

* “penal” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “penal”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025
* “penal” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
* “penal” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

## Galician
### Etymology 1

14th century. From pena (“stone”) +‎ -al.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /peˈnal/

#### Noun

penal m (plural penais)
* shorter, lateral wall of a house
** 1429, M. Lucas Alvarez & M. J. Justo Martín (eds.), Fontes documentais da Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Pergameos da serie Bens do Arquivo Histórico Universitario (Anos 1237-1537). Santiago: Consello da Cultura Galega, page 307:
    huna estrema de boa parede des lo canto mays de baixo do penal da dita casa […] asta huna crus (+) que asignalamos e fezemos por marqua e deuision enna parede da orta de vos o dito liçençiado e vosos yrmâôs
       [We shall build] a boundary, made of good wall, from the extreme of the lateral wall of that house […] till a cross (+) that we have signalled and done as mark and division in the wall of the garden that belongs to you, the aforementioned lawyer, and to your brothers
* supporting wall
    Synonym: parede mestra
* each one of the slabs which tops a wall to protect it from the rain
* eaves
    Synonyms: beirado, beiril, sobrepena, sopena, topete

### Etymology 2

From Late Latin poenalis (“penal”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /peˈnal/

#### Adjective

penal m or f (plural penais)
* penal (of or relating to punishment)

#### Noun

penal m (plural penais)
* prison
    Synonyms: cadea, cárcere, trenla

### References

* Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “penal”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “penal”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “penal”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “penal”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “penal”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

## Ladin
### Adjective

penal m (feminine singular penala, masculine plural penai, feminine plural penales)
* penal

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /peˈnaw/ [peˈnaʊ̯]
* (Portugal) IPA: /pɨˈnal/ [pɨˈnaɫ]
* (Portugal) IPA: /pɨˈnal/ [pɨˈnaɫ]
** (Southern Portugal) IPA: /pɨˈna.li/
* Rhymes: (Portugal) -al, (Brazil) -aw
* Hyphenation: pe‧nal

### Etymology 1

From Latin poenālis. By surface analysis, pena (“punishment”) +‎ -al.

#### Adjective

penal m or f (plural penais)
* penal (related to punishment, often in legal context)

##### Derived terms

* penalmente

### Etymology 2

From German Pennal, from Latin pennale, from penna (“feather”). Likely reinforced by Ukrainian and Russian пенал (penal). By surface analysis, pena (“feather”) +‎ -al.

#### Noun

penal m (plural penais)
* (Paraná, Santa Catarina) pencil case
    Synonym: estojo

### Etymology 3

From pênalti.

#### Noun

penal m (plural penais)
* (Brazil, soccer) penalty
    Synonyms: (Portugal) penálti, (Brazil) pênalti

### References

* ↑ “penal”, in Dicionário infopédia da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Porto: Porto Editora, 2003–2025
* ↑ “penal”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2025
* “penal”, in Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), São Paulo: Editora Melhoramentos, 2015–2025

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin poenalis or French pénal.

### Adjective

penal m or n (feminine singular penală, masculine plural penali, feminine and neuter plural penale)
* penal

#### Declension
## Spanish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Late Latin poenālis.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /peˈnal/ [peˈnal]
* Audio (Colombia):(file)
* Rhymes: -al
* Syllabification: pe‧nal

### Adjective

penal m or f (masculine and feminine plural penales)
* penal

### Noun

penal m (plural penales)
* a kind of prison
* (soccer) penalty

#### Derived terms

* antecedentes penales
* código penal
* colonia penal
* Corte Penal Internacional
* derecho penal
* penalidad
* penalización
* penalizar
* penalmente
* proceso penal

#### Related terms

* pena

### Further reading

* “penal”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

### Anagrams

* Nepal, panel, plena

## Tagalog
### Etymology

Borrowed from Spanish penal, from Late Latin poenālis.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /peˈnal/ [pɛˈn̪al]
* Rhymes: -al
* Syllabification: pe‧nal

### Adjective

penál (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜒᜈᜎ᜔)
* penal

#### Related terms

* kodigo penal
* pena

### References

* “penal”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018

### Anagrams

* Nepal