OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# delebrity
## English
### Etymology

Blend of dead +‎ celebrity.

### Noun

delebrity (plural delebrities)
* (neologism) A dead celebrity, particularly one whose image is used for promoting a product.
** 2017 June 2, Ben Arnon, “'Delebrities' (Dead Celebrities) Are Very Big Business”, in HuffPost‎, archived from the original on 2023-06-01:The licensing of names and images of dead celebrities can be very big business. Need more proof? Dead celebrities, or "delebrities," were everywhere at the 2017 Licensing Expo, which took place last week in Las Vegas. John Wayne and Bela Lugosi even had their own booths on the show floor.

#### Related terms

* deleb
# cizoložit
## Czech
### Etymology

From cizo- +‎ lože +‎ -it. Compare Slovak cudzoložiť and Polish cudzołożyć.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈt͡sɪzoloʒɪt]

### Verb

cizoložit impf (perfective zcizoložit)
* (literary) to commit adultery, to be adulterous, to adulterate

#### Conjugation

| Infinitive | cizoložit, cizoložiti | Active adjective | cizoložící |
| Verbal noun | cizoložení | Passive adjective | — |
| Present forms | indicative | indicative | imperative | imperative |
| | singular | plural | singular | plural |
| 1st person | cizoložím | cizoložíme | — | cizoložme |
| 2nd person | cizoložíš | cizoložíte | cizolož | cizoložte |
| 3rd person | cizoloží | cizoloží | — | — |
* The future tense: a combination of a future form of být + infinitive cizoložit.
| Participles | Past participles | Past participles | Passive participles | Passive participles |
| | singular | plural | singular | plural |
| masculine animate | cizoložil | cizoložili | — | — |
| masculine inanimate | cizoložil | cizoložily | — | — |
| feminine | cizoložila | cizoložily | — | — |
| neuter | cizoložilo | cizoložila | — | — |
| Transgressives | present | past |
| masculine singular | cizolože | — |
| feminine + neuter singular | cizoložíc | — |
| plural | cizoložíce | — |

#### Related terms

* cizoložnice f
* cizoložník m anim
* cizoložný
* cizoložství n

### Further reading

* “cizoložiti”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “cizoložiti”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* “cizoložit” in Akademický slovník současné češtiny, 2012–2025, slovnikcestiny.cz
# camptodromous
## English
### Adjective

camptodromous (not comparable)
* (botany, of a leaf) in which the secondary veins curve toward the margins, in some cases becoming nearly parallel with them, and not reconnecting with other veins to form loops

#### Derived terms

* eucamptodromous
# balbérczik
## Slovincian
### Alternative forms

* balbyrczik

### Etymology

From balbéra +‎ -czik.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bălˈber.t͡ʃĭk/
* Rhymes: -ert͡ʃĭk
* Syllabification: bal‧bér‧czik

### Noun

bălbérczĭk m pers
* diminutive of balbéra
    Synonym: balbérzëk

#### Related terms

* balbérzkjy
* balbéró
* balbéra
* balbérek
* balbérztwô
* balbérór

### Further reading

* Lorentz, Friedrich (1908) “bălbė́rčĭḱ”, in Slovinzisches Wörterbuch‎ (in German), volume 1, Saint Petersburg: ОРЯС ИАН, page 14
# ratonero
## Spanish
### Etymology

From ratón +‎ -ero.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ratoˈneɾo/ [ra.t̪oˈne.ɾo]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -eɾo
* Syllabification: ra‧to‧ne‧ro

### Adjective

ratonero (feminine ratonera, masculine plural ratoneros, feminine plural ratoneras)
* (relational) mouse
* (relational) rat
* that catches mice or rats

#### Derived terms

* cebadilla ratonera

### Noun

ratonero m (plural ratoneros)
* (colloquial) din
* buzzard

#### Derived terms

* ratonero bodeguero andaluz
* ratonero calzado
* ratonero común

### Further reading

* “ratonero”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# beztłuszczowy
## Polish
### Etymology

From bez- +‎ tłuszczowy. First attested in 1855.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bɛs.twuʂˈt͡ʂɔ.vɘ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔvɘ
* Syllabification: bez‧tłusz‧czo‧wy

### Adjective

beztłuszczowy (not comparable, no derived adverb)
* (of a dish) non-fat, fat-free (not containing fat)
* (of a dish) oil-free (made or cooked without the use of plant oil)
* (of an organism) fatless

#### Related terms

* tłuszcz

### References

* ↑ Antoni KRYSZKA (1855) Chemiczne sprawy żywotne‎ (in Polish), page 103‎
* ↑ beztłuszczowy in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego

### Further reading

* beztłuszczowy in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* beztłuszczowy in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# Morąg
## Polish
### Alternative forms

* Morong (surname)

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈmɔ.rɔŋk/
* Audio 1:(file)
* Audio 2:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔrɔŋk
* Syllabification: Mo‧rąg
* Homophones: morąg, Morong

### Proper noun

Morąg m inan (related adjective morąski)
* Morąg (a town in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland)

#### Derived terms

* morążanin
* morążanka

### Proper noun

Morąg m pers
* a male surname

#### Declension
### Proper noun

Morąg f (indeclinable)
* a female surname

### Further reading

* Morąg in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* Morąg in PWN's encyclopedia
* “Morąg”, in Internetowy słownik nazwisk w Polsce [Internet dictionary of surnames in Poland], 2022
# Gemeinde
## German
### Alternative forms

* Gde., Gem., Gmde. (abbreviations)

### Etymology

From Middle High German gemeinde, from Old High German gemeinida, probably from Proto-Germanic (though the exact formations vary among and within the later languages), from *gamainiz (“shared, communal”) or *gamainijaną (“to share”) + *-iþō. Analysable as gemein (“common”) +‎ -de. Compare Old High German gimeinî, Hunsrik Gemeind, Luxembourgish Gemeng, Dutch gemeente, Old Saxon gimēntha (gimênða), Middle Low German gemênte, gemêne, Old English ġemǣne, Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃 (gamainþs), 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹 (gamainei).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡəˈmaɪ̯ndə/
* Audio (Austria):(file)
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

Gemeinde f (genitive Gemeinde, plural Gemeinden)
* municipality
    die zur Gemeinde gehörenden Einzelhöfe ― the outlying farmsteads that are part of the municipality
* parish
    von einer Gemeinde in die nächste versetzt werden ― to be shifted from one parish to another
* church, congregation, assembly
    es kam eine große Furcht über die ganze Gemeinde ― great fear came over the whole church
* (collective) community
    die türkische Gemeinde in Deutschland ― the Turkish community in Germany

#### Synonyms

* Gemeine (obsolete)

#### Derived terms

* eingemeinden
* Gemeindeangestellter
* Gemeindearbeiter
* Gemeindehaus
* Gemeindeleiter
* Gemeinderat
* Gemeindeverwaltung
* Gemeindevorsteher
* Kirchengemeinde
* Künstlergemeinde
* Marktgemeinde

#### Descendants

* → Polish: gmina
** → English: gmina
** → Ukrainian: ґміна (gmina)
* Lower Sorbian: gmejna

### Further reading

* “Gemeinde” in Duden online
* “Gemeinde” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
# babskjy
## Slovincian
### Etymology

From baba +‎ -skjy. Compare Kashubian babsczi and Polish babski.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bapˈskjɪ/
* Rhymes: -ɪ
* Syllabification: bab‧skjy

### Adjective

babskjy (comparative barżé babskjy, superlative nobarżé babskjy, no derived adverb)
* womanly, effeminate (similar to a woman)
    Synonym: babjy

#### Related terms

* babjy
* babjyn
* babjina
* babjiszczô
* babjynka
* babskô
* babjoc impf, zbabjoc pf

### Further reading

* Lorentz, Friedrich (1908) “bapsћḯ”, in Slovinzisches Wörterbuch‎ (in German), volume 1, Saint Petersburg: ОРЯС ИАН, page 15
# փխրել
## Armenian
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Armenian փխրեմ (pʻxrem).

### Pronunciation

* (Eastern Armenian) IPA: /pʰəχˈɾel/, [pʰəχɾél]
* (Western Armenian) IPA: /pəχˈɾel/, [pʰəχɾél]

### Verb

փխրել • (pʻxrel)
* (transitive) to loosen (the earth)
* (intransitive) to become loose, friable

#### Inflection

*colloquial **dated
*colloquial **dated

#### Derived terms

* փխրուն (pʻxrun)

## Old Armenian
### Verb

փխրել • (pʻxrel)
* infinitive of փխրեմ (pʻxrem)
# bezustanny
## Polish
### Etymology

From bez- +‎ ustać +‎ -ny.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bɛz.usˈtan.nɘ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -annɘ
* Syllabification: bez‧us‧tan‧ny

### Adjective

bezustanny (not comparable, derived adverb bezustannie)
* constant, relentless, incessant, continual, perpetual, ceaseless
    Synonyms: ciągły, nieprzerwany, nieustający, nieustanny, permanentny, ustawiczny
    bezustanny ruch ― constant/continuous movement
    bezustanny strach ― constant fear
    bezustanny stres ― constant stress
    bezustanny wysiłek ― constant effort
    bezustanna inwigilacja ― constant/round-the-clock surveillance
    bezustanna walka ― constant struggle
    bezustanna wojna ― constant war
    bezustanne napięcie ― constant tension
    bezustanne zagrożenie ― a constant/continual/continuous/ever-present threat
    bezustanne szukanie ― constant searching
    bezustanne ataki ― constant attacks
    bezustanne spory ― incessant/constant fighting
    bezustanne ofiary ― constant victims
    bezustanne zmiany ― constant changes

#### Derived terms

* bezustanność

#### Related terms

* ustać

### Further reading

* bezustanny in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* bezustanny in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# destransição
## Portuguese
### Etymology

From des- +‎ transição. Probably influenced by English detransition.

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /des.tɾɐ̃.ziˈsɐ̃w̃/ [des.tɾɐ̃.ziˈsɐ̃ʊ̯̃], /d͡ʒis.tɾɐ̃.ziˈsɐ̃w̃/ [d͡ʒis.tɾɐ̃.ziˈsɐ̃ʊ̯̃]
* (Brazil) IPA: /des.tɾɐ̃.ziˈsɐ̃w̃/ [des.tɾɐ̃.ziˈsɐ̃ʊ̯̃], /d͡ʒis.tɾɐ̃.ziˈsɐ̃w̃/ [d͡ʒis.tɾɐ̃.ziˈsɐ̃ʊ̯̃]
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /deʃ.tɾɐ̃.ziˈsɐ̃w̃/ [deʃ.tɾɐ̃.ziˈsɐ̃ʊ̯̃], /d͡ʒiʃ.tɾɐ̃.ziˈsɐ̃w̃/ [d͡ʒiʃ.tɾɐ̃.ziˈsɐ̃ʊ̯̃]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /des.tɾɐ̃.ziˈsɐ̃w̃/ [des.tɾɐ̃.ziˈsɐ̃ʊ̯̃]
* (Portugal) IPA: /dɨʃ.tɾɐ̃.ziˈsɐ̃w̃/

### Noun

destransição f (plural destransições)
* (LGBTQ) detransition (the act of reverting to one's original gender presentation, role or identity)

#### Related terms

* destransicionar

### Further reading

* “destransição”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2025
# councilman
## English
### Etymology

From council +‎ -man.

### Noun

councilman (plural councilmen)
* A male member of a council, especially a city council.
** 2011 October 1, Zusha Elinson, “A Hand Slap Resounds in Sausalito”, in The New York Times‎:Ms. Ford, a former captain in the Navy Reserves and a management consultant, and Ms. Pfeifer are often at odds with the three councilmen over policy issues.
** 2019 March 4, “Phillipsburg council calls for new investigation of alleged quid pro quo”, in 69 News:Council says the mayor and a former councilman may have engaged in a "quid pro quo." / […] / Council says, according to a handwritten note, Fey offered to support a pay raise for Mayor Ellis if Ellis would support a raise or a job appointment for Fey's wife, Gina.

#### Hypernyms

* councilor, councillor
* councilmember

#### Derived terms

* councilmanic
* councilmanship

#### Translations
### Anagrams

* noncalcium
# dialectiek
## Dutch
### Etymology

From French dialectique.

### Pronunciation

* This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

### Noun

dialectiek f (uncountable)
* (philosophy) dialectic

#### Related terms

* dialect
* dialectisch
# sklo
## Czech
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech stklo, from Proto-Slavic *stьklo, from Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌺𐌻𐍃 (stikls), from Proto-Germanic *stiklaz, a derivation of *stikiz. Cognates include Russian стекло́ (stekló), English stickle.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈsklo]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

sklo n
* glass (material)
    barevné sklo ― coloured glass

#### Derived terms

* sklářský
* sklenářský
* skleněný
* skleníkový
* sklený
* sklovitý
* dvojsklo
* přední sklo
* sklárna
* sklář
* sklářství
* sklenář
* sklenářství
* sklenice
* sklenička
* skleník
* sklenka
* sklivec
* sklíčko
* sklínka
* sklovina
* trojsklo
* prosklít
* sklít
* sklovatět
* vysklít
* zasklít

### Further reading

* “sklo”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “sklo”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* “sklo”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech)

## Slovak
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *stьklo, from Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌺𐌻𐍃 (stikls), from Proto-Germanic *stiklaz, a derivation of *stikiz.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sklɔ]

### Noun

sklo n
* glass (the material, not something to drink from)

#### Derived terms

* skielko n
* sklíčko n
* skielce n
* sklenár m
* sklenený
* skleník m
* sklenka f
* sklený

### Further reading

* “sklo”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2025
# bezwizowy
## Polish
### Etymology

From bez- +‎ wizowy. First attested in 1885, but in common usage only as of 1956.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bɛz.viˈzɔ.vɘ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔvɘ
* Syllabification: bez‧wi‧zo‧wy

### Adjective

bezwizowy (not comparable, no derived adverb)
* visaless (not having a visa)
* visaless, visa-free (not requiring a visa)
    bezwizowy ruch ― visaless movement
    bezwizowa podróż ― visaless travel
    umowa bezwizowa ― a visaless agreement

#### Related terms

* wiza

### References

* ↑ Zygmunt Krasiński (1885) Listy Zygmunta Krasińskiego do Stanisława Małachowskiego‎, page 250
* ↑ bezwizowy in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego

### Further reading

* bezwizowy in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* bezwizowy in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# Maenmar
## Irish
### Etymology

From Burmese မြန်မာ (mranma).

### Proper noun

Maenmar f (genitive Mhaenmar)
* Myanmar (a country in Southeast Asia)
    Synonym: Burma

### See also

* Rangún

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* “Myanmar”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013–2025
# dispeople
## English
### Etymology

From dis- +‎ people.

### Verb

dispeople (third-person singular simple present dispeoples, present participle dispeopling, simple past and past participle dispeopled)
* (transitive) To empty of people or inhabitants.
** a. 1675, John Milton, Observations on the Articles of Peace; republished in A Complete Collection of the Historical, Political, and Miscellaneous Works of John Milton, […], volume II, Amsterdam [actually London: s.n.], 1698, →OCLC, page 546:[...] the poſſeſſion of all thoſe Townes and Countries within thir now Quarters, being little leſs than the Iland, beſides what thir Cruelty hath diſpeopl'd and lay'd waſt.

#### Synonyms

* depopulate

#### Derived terms

* dispeoplement
* dispeopler

### References

* Chambers's Etymological Dictionary, 1896, p. 131
# nevěstinec
## Czech
### Etymology

From nevěstka +‎ -inec.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈnɛvjɛscɪnɛt͡s]

### Noun

nevěstinec m inan
* brothel
    Synonyms: bordel, hampejz, vykřičený dům

#### Related terms

* nevěstka

### Further reading

* “nevěstinec”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “nevěstinec”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* “nevěstinec”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech)
# grafologo
## Esperanto
### Etymology

By surface analysis, grafo +‎ -ologo.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɡrafoˈloɡo]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -oɡo
* Hyphenation: gra‧fo‧lo‧go

### Noun

grafologo (accusative singular grafologon, plural grafologoj, accusative plural grafologojn)
* graphologist
    Synonym: grafologiisto

#### Related terms

* grafologia
* grafologio

### Further reading

* “grafologo”, in Plena Ilustrita Vortaro de Esperanto [Complete Illustrated Dictionary of Esperanto], Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda, 2020
* “grafol”, in Reta Vortaro [Online Dictionary] (in Esperanto), 1997

## Italian
### Etymology

From grafo- +‎ -logo.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡraˈfɔ.lo.ɡo/
* Rhymes: -ɔloɡo
* Hyphenation: gra‧fò‧lo‧go

### Noun

grafologo m (plural grafologi or (rarely) grafologhi, feminine grafologa)
* graphologist

#### Related terms

* grafologia
* grafologicamente
* grafologico

### Further reading

* grafologo in Aldo Gabrielli, Grandi Dizionario Italiano (Hoepli)
* grafologo in garzantilinguistica.it – Garzanti Linguistica, De Agostini Scuola Spa
* grafòlogo in Dizionario Italiano Olivetti, Olivetti Media Communication
* grafòlogo in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

### Anagrams

* logografo
# ချီ
## Burmese
### Etymology

For the "lift, carry" sense, from Proto-Lolo-Burmese *kyi¹˜² (“to lift, raise”), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kyi (“to lift, raise, awake”). Cognate with Akha [script needed] (tjhì, “to lift”), Old Chinese 起 (OC *kʰɯʔ, “to rise, raise”) (STEDT).
It is unclear if the particle and classifier senses are etymologically connected, though MED groups them together.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /t͡ɕʰì/
* Romanization: MLCTS: hkyi • ALA-LC: khyī • BGN/PCGN: chi • Okell: hci

### Verb

ချီ • (hkyi)
* to lift
* to carry
* (of an animal or bird) to carry off, carry away
* to begin
* to march

### Particle

ချီ • (hkyi)
* particle often suffixed to certain nouns to form adverbial phrases of time, number or manner

### Classifier

ချီ • (hkyi)
* numerical classifier used in counting number of performances or shows

### Derived terms

* ကြွချီ (krwa.hkyi)
* ချီကောက် (hkyikauk)
* ချီတက် (hkyitak)
* ချီတုံချတုံဖြစ် (hkyitumhkya.tumhprac)
* ခုနစ်သံချီဟစ် (hku.nacsamhkyihac)
* စစ်ချီ (cachkyi)
* စာချီ (cahkyi)
* စာရေးစာချီ (care:cahkyi)
* ဆေးရေးပန်းချီ (hce:re:pan:hkyi)
* တစ်ချီတစ်မောင်းစမ်း (tachkyitacmaung:cam:)
* တပ်ချီ (taphkyi)
* ပန်းချီ (pan:hkyi)
* ပန်းချီဆရာ (pan:hkyihca.ra)
* ယွန်းပန်းချီ (ywan:pan:hkyi)
* လက်အုပ်ချီ (lak-uphkyi)
* လေကြောင်းချီ (le-kraung:hkyi)
* ဝန်ချီစက် (wanhkyicak)
* သစ်ထွင်းပန်းချီ (sachtwang:pan:hkyi)
* အစချီ (a.ca.hkyi)

### Further reading

* “ချီ” in Myanmar–English Dictionary (Myanmar Language Commission 1993). Searchable online at SEAlang.net.
# armilar
## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /aʁ.miˈlaʁ/ [aɦ.miˈlah]
* (Brazil) IPA: /aʁ.miˈlaʁ/ [aɦ.miˈlah]
** (São Paulo) IPA: /aɾ.miˈlaɾ/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /aʁ.miˈlaʁ/ [aʁ.miˈlaχ]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /aɻ.miˈlaɻ/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ɐɾ.miˈlaɾ/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ɐɾ.miˈlaɾ/
** (Southern Portugal) IPA: /ɐɾ.miˈla.ɾi/

### Adjective

armilar m or f (plural armilares)
* armillary (consisting of rings or circles)

### Further reading

* “armilar”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2025

## Spanish
### Adjective

armilar m or f (masculine and feminine plural armilares)
* armillary

#### Derived terms

* esfera armilar

#### Related terms

* armella

### Further reading

* “armilar”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# koulař
## Czech
### Etymology

From koule (“shot”) +‎ -ař.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈkou̯lar̝̊]
* Hyphenation: kou‧lař

### Noun

koulař m anim (female equivalent koulařka, relational adjective koulařský)
* shot-putter

#### Related terms

* koule f
* koulet impf
* koulovat impf
* kulatý

### Further reading

* “koulař”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “koulař”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* “koulař”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech)
# κέστρος
## Ancient Greek
### Etymology

From κεντέω (kentéō, “to sting, goad”) +‎ -τρος (-tros).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kés.tros/ → /ˈces.tros/ → /ˈces.tros/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /kés.tros/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /ˈkes.tros/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /ˈces.tros/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /ˈces.tros/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /ˈces.tros/

### Noun

κέστρος • (késtros) m (genitive κέστρου); second declension
* sharpness or roughness of the tongue
* (botany) first sprout of seeds
* bolt discharged from engines

#### Derived terms

* κεστροσφενδόνη (kestrosphendónē)
* κεστροφόρος (kestrophóros)
* κεστροφῠ́λᾰξ (kestrophŭ́lăx)

### Further reading

* “κέστρος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* κέστρος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
# rufião
## Portuguese
### Etymology

Borrowed from French ruffian, from Italian ruffiano.

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ʁu.fiˈɐ̃w̃/ [hu.fɪˈɐ̃ʊ̯̃], (faster pronunciation) /ʁuˈfjɐ̃w̃/ [huˈfjɐ̃ʊ̯̃]
* (Brazil) IPA: /ʁu.fiˈɐ̃w̃/ [hu.fɪˈɐ̃ʊ̯̃], (faster pronunciation) /ʁuˈfjɐ̃w̃/ [huˈfjɐ̃ʊ̯̃]
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /ʁu.fiˈɐ̃w̃/ [χu.fɪˈɐ̃ʊ̯̃], (faster pronunciation) /ʁuˈfjɐ̃w̃/ [χuˈfjɐ̃ʊ̯̃]
* (Portugal) IPA: /ʁuˈfjɐ̃w̃/
* Rhymes: -ɐ̃w̃
* Hyphenation: ru‧fi‧ão

### Noun

rufião m (plural rufiães or rufiões, feminine rufiona, feminine plural rufionas)
* pimp (person who lives off prostitutes)
    Synonyms: cafetão, rufia
* brawler, troublemaker (a disorderly individual or one who frequently gets into fights)

#### Derived terms

* arrufianado
* rufia m or f by sense

### Further reading

* “rufião”, in Dicionário infopédia da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Porto: Porto Editora, 2003–2025
* “rufião”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2025
# սխալեմ
## Old Armenian
### Alternative forms

* սխալիմ (sxalim)

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *(s)gʷʰh₂él-e-ti.

### Verb

սխալեմ • (sxalem)
* (intransitive) to fail, to be wanting, to err, to commit an oversight, to be led into mistakes, to mistake
    սխալել մեծամեծս ― sxalel mecamecs ― to make gross blunders
    սխալել ի ծծնդենէ ― sxalel i ccndenē ― to have an abortion
* (intransitive) to sin, to fall into error, to go astray
* (intransitive) to make a false step, to stumble, to trip

#### Derived terms

* ամենասխալ (amenasxal)
* անսխալ (ansxal)
* անսխալաբար (ansxalabar)
* անսխալագոյն (ansxalagoyn)
* անսխալական (ansxalakan)
* անսխալապէս (ansxalapēs)
* անսխալաստեղծ (ansxalastełc)
* անսխալելի (ansxaleli)
* անսխալութիւն (ansxalutʻiwn)
* արագասխալ (aragasxal)
* բազմասխալ (bazmasxal)
* դիւրասխալ (diwrasxal)
* երագասխալ (eragasxal)
* երդմնասխալ (erdmnasxal)
* զխաղականամ (zxałakanam)
* հանապազասխալ (hanapazasxal)
* սխալ (sxal)
* սխալագոյն (sxalagoyn)
* սխալագործ (sxalagorc)
* սխալակ (sxalak)
* սխալական (sxalakan)
* սխալականութիւն (sxalakanutʻiwn)
* սխալակիմ (sxalakim)
* սխալակութիւն (sxalakutʻiwn)
* սխալակումն (sxalakumn)
* սխալանք (sxalankʻ)
* սխալաւոր (sxalawor)
* սխալեցուցանեմ (sxalecʻucʻanem)
* սխալոտ (sxalot)
* սխալութիւն (sxalutʻiwn)
* սխալումն (sxalumn)
* սխաղակութիւն (sxałakutʻiwn)

#### Descendants

* → Armenian: սխալվել (sxalvel) (learned)

### References

* ↑ Hübschmann, Heinrich (1897) Armenische Grammatik. 1. Theil: Armenische Etymologie (in German), Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, pages 490–491
* ↑ Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1979) “սխալ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume IV, Yerevan: University Press, pages 224–225
* ↑ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 929
* ↑ Klingenschmitt, Gert (1982) Das altarmenische Verbum (in German), Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, page 144
* ↑ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 543

### Further reading

* Awetikʻean, G., Siwrmēlean, X., Awgerean, M. (1836–1837) “սխալեմ”, in Nor baṙgirkʻ haykazean lezui [New Dictionary of the Armenian Language] (in Old Armenian), Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
* Petrosean, Matatʻeay (1879) “սխալեմ”, in Nor Baṙagirkʻ Hay-Angliarēn [New Dictionary Armenian–English], Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
* Thorsø, Rasmus (2023) Prehistoric loanwords in Armenian: Hurro-Urartian, Kartvelian, and the unclassified substrate‎, PhD dissertation, Leiden University, page 84