# ḏd
## Egyptian
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* (reconstructed) IPA: /cʼaːtʼ/ → /t͡ʃʼaːʔ/ → /t͡ʃʼaːʔ/ → /t͡ʃʼoːʔ/
* (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA: /cʼaːtʼ/ (infinitive); IPA: /ˈcʼitʼnu/ (perfect relative form)
* (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA: /t͡ʃʼaːʔ/ (infinitive), with unexpected sound change /tʼ/ → /t/ (→ /ʔ/)
* (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA: /t͡ʃʼaːʔ/ (infinitive)
* (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA: /t͡ʃʼoːʔ/ (infinitive)
* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /d͡ʒɛd/
** Conventional anglicization: djed

#### Verb

2-lit.
* (transitive) to say, to speak (words, names, praises, reports, speech, etc., including direct quotes) (+ n or (archaic) ḫft: to; + ḥr: to (someone of high standing); + r: against, about, to (someone); + n: for the sake of (someone); + m: with, from (the mouth))
** 12th Dynasty, Stela of Amenemhat, British Museum, Egyptian Antiquities, E567:
    ḏd.t(w) n.f jjw m ḥtp jn wrw nw ꜣbḏwMay “welcome in peace” be said to him by the great of Abydos.
** c. 1859 BCE – 1840 BCE, The Story of Sinuhe, version B (pBerlin 3022 and pAmherst n-q) line 23: […] ḏd.n.j dpt mwt nn […][…] I said “this is the taste of death.” […]
** c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 2.4–2.5: ḏr.n ḏd.n.f n.sn jr ntt nbt m zẖꜣ ḥr pꜣ šfdw sḏm st mj ḏd.j st (j)m zn ḥꜣw ḥr šꜣꜣtIn the end he said to them: As for everything in the writing on this scroll, heed it as I say it; don’t exceed what has been set down.
* (intransitive) to talk, to speak (+ n: to)
** c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 20–21: jr r.k m ḫrt-jb.k swrd pw ḏd n.kWell, do whatever you want (literally, “as your desire”). It’s tiring to talk to you.
* (transitive) to speak (good, evil, truth, falsehood, etc.)
* (transitive) to narrate, to tell, to report (events or experiences)
* (transitive) to tell about (a person or thing) (+ n: to)
* (transitive) to say in writing
* (transitive) to recite (a spell or other text) (+ ḥr: over (an amulet, etc.))
* (transitive) to intone, to sing (a song) aloud
* (transitive) to give away, to tell (a secret)
* (transitive, law, of witnesses and the accused) to testify
* (transitive) to give or report (someone’s) name (+ n: to (someone else))
* (transitive) to call (+ n or r: (someone)) by (a name), to refer to as
* (transitive) to sing the praises of (something, someone’s power, etc.), to mention with praise
* (transitive) to predict, to prophesy
* (transitive, of people or hearts/minds, with sentence as object) to think to, to intend to (do something)

##### Alternative forms

| ḏ | ḏd | ḏd | ḏd |
| [since the Middle Kingdom] | [Late and Greco-Roman Periods] | [Greco-Roman Period] | [Greco-Roman Period] |
| | occasionally; as if ḏd-mdw | playful spelling | playful spelling |

##### Derived terms

* m ḏd
* r ḏd
* ḥnꜥ-ḏd
* sḏd
* ky-ḏd
* ḏd pw
* ḏd-mdw
* ḏd-ḥr

##### Descendants

* Akhmimic Coptic: ϫⲟⲩ (čou)
* Bohairic Coptic: ϫⲱ (čō)
* Fayyumic Coptic: ϫⲱ (čō)
* Lycopolitan Coptic: ϫⲱ (čō), ϫⲟⲩ (čou), ϫⲟⲟⲩⲉ (čooue)
* Old Coptic: ϫⲱ (čō)
* Sahidic Coptic: ϫⲱ (čō)

#### Noun

m
* infinitive of ḏd: speech, speaking
* infinitive of ḏd: manner of speech, language

##### Derived terms

See under the verb above.

##### Descendants

See under the verb above.

#### Verb

* (Late Egyptian) Alternative form of r ḏd (introduces a direct quotation or object clause)

##### Descendants

* Coptic: ϫⲉ- (če-)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /d͡ʒɛd/
** Conventional anglicization: djed

#### Noun

m
* stability, lastingness
* djed pillar
* epithet of the gods Ptah (in earlier writings) and Osiris (later)

##### Alternative forms

| ḏd | ḏd | ḏd | ḏd |
| | | [since the New Kingdom] | [since the Greco-Roman Period] |
| | sporadically in later writings |

##### Derived terms

* rꜥ-ḏd.f
* ḏj ꜥnḫ ḏd wꜣs

##### Descendants

* Old Coptic: ⲧⲁⲧ (tat)

### References

* “ḏd (lemma ID 185810)”, “ḏd (lemma ID 856629)”, “ḏd (lemma ID 400140)”, “ḏd (lemma ID 185830)”, and “Ḏd (lemma ID 185890)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎, Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
* Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1931) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎, volume 5, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 618.9–625.2, 626.11–627.10
* Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 325
* James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 233.
* Vycichl, Werner (1983) Dictionnaire Étymologique de la Langue Copte, Leuven: Peeters, →ISBN, pages 222, 323
* ↑ Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 37, 53
* ↑ Allen, James Peter (2015) Middle Egyptian Literature: Eight Literary Works of the Middle Kingdom, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 71–72
* ↑ The beginning can alternatively be read as an imperfective emphatic jrr.k ‘You do …’.