# ὁράω
## Ancient Greek
### Alternative forms

* ὁρέω (horéō) — Ionic
* ὄρημι (órēmi) — Aeolic
* ὁρόω (horóō) — Epic

### Etymology

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to watch, guard”). There may have been an intermediate form *ϝοράω (*woráō), from Proto-Hellenic *worā́ō. If there was such a form with a digamma, then it is unclear why the augmented stem ἑωρ- occurs only in Attic, while ὡρ- is used in Homer and in inscriptions.
Cognate with οὖρος (oûros, “watcher, guardian”), ὤρᾱ (ṓrā, “care, concern”), Latin vereor (“fear”), English aware (“vigilant, conscious”) and wary (“cautious of danger”).
Forms in ὀψ- (ops-), ὀπ- (op-) are from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ekʷ- (“to see”) (whence ὄψ (óps), ὄμμα (ómma)).
Forms in εἰδ- (eid-) are from Proto-Indo-European *weyd- (“to see”) (whence εἶδος (eîdos), ἵστωρ (hístōr)).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ho.rá.ɔː/ → /oˈra.o/ → /oˈra.o/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /ho.rá.ɔː/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /(h)oˈra.o/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /oˈra.o/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /oˈra.o/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /oˈra.o/

### Verb

ὁράω • (horáō)
* (intransitive) to look with the eyes [with εἰς (eis, + accusative) ‘at something or someone’]
* (intransitive) to be able to see; (with negative) to be unable to see, to be blind
* (copulative) to look a certain way [with accusative adjective or adverb]
** Infinitive is added to an adjective, adverb, and so on to indicate that the description relates to sight: to see, to look at, to behold
    δεινὸς ἰδεῖνdeinòs ideînhorrible to look at
* (transitive) to see, perceive, observe [with accusative ‘someone’ and participle ‘doing something’]
* (transitive) to find out [with indirect question]
    ὅρᾱ εἰ ...hórā ei ...see if/whether ...
* (transitive) to make sure [with infinitive ‘that ...’]
* (intransitive and transitive, figurative) to see with the mind, understand
    ὁρᾷς; ὁρᾶτε;horâis? horâte?Do you see?
* (transitive) to provide [with accusative ‘something’ and dative ‘for someone’]

#### Usage notes

Along with a few others (λαβέ (labé), ἐλθέ (elthé), εὑρέ (heuré), εἰπέ (eipé)), the aorist imperative has an irregular accent: ἰδέ (idé) alongside ἴδε (íde). This is not the case in compounds, however.

#### Derived terms

* ἀνοράω (anoráō)
* ἀντεφοράω (antephoráō)
* ἀφοράω (aphoráō)
* διοράω (dioráō)
* ἐγκαθοράω (enkathoráō)
* εἰσκαθοράω (eiskathoráō)
* εἰσοράω (eisoráō)
* ἐνοράω (enoráō)
* ἐξοράω (exoráō)
* ἐπικαθοράω (epikathoráō)
* ἐποράω (eporáō)
* ἐσοράω (esoráō)
* ἐφοράω (ephoráō)
* θεωρός (theōrós)
* καθοράω (kathoráō)
* ὅραμα (hórama)
* ὅρασις (hórasis)
* ὁρατός (horatós)
* παροράω (paroráō)
* περιοράω (perioráō)
* προεφοράω (proephoráō)
* προκαθοράω (prokathoráō)
* προοράω (prooráō)
* προσκαθοράω (proskathoráō)
* προσοράω (prosoráō)
* συγκαθοράω (sunkathoráō)
* συνδιοράω (sundioráō)
* συνεφοράω (sunephoráō)
* συνοράω (sunoráō)
* ὑπεροράω (huperoráō)
* ὑφοράω (huphoráō)

### References

* ↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ὁράω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1095-6
* ↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ὄπωπα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1094

### Further reading

* “ὁράω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “ὁράω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “ὁράω”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
* ὁράω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
* ὁράω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
* “ὁράω”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
* G3708 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible