# 青梅竹馬
## Chinese

| | | green (blue, black); Qinghai province (abbrev.) | plum flower | hobby horse; bamboo horse used in folk dance |
| trad. (青梅竹馬/靑梅竹馬) | trad. (青梅竹馬/靑梅竹馬) | 青/靑 | 梅 | 竹馬 |
| simp. (青梅竹马) | simp. (青梅竹马) | 青 | 梅 | 竹马 |
| Literally: “green plums and bamboo horse”. |||||
* 青梅竹馬

### Etymology

From a poem by Tang dynasty poet Li Bai:
    妾髮初覆額，折花門前劇。郎騎竹馬來，繞床弄青梅。同居長干里，兩小無嫌猜。十四為君婦，羞顏未嘗開。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]妾发初覆额，折花门前剧。郎骑竹马来，绕床弄青梅。同居长干里，两小无嫌猜。十四为君妇，羞颜未尝开。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]From: Li Bai (701–762), Ballad of a Trader's Wife (長干里), translated by Xu YuanchongQiè fà chū fù é, zhé huā mén qián jù. Láng qí zhúmǎ lái, rào chuáng nòng qīng méi. Tóngjū cháng gān lǐ, liǎng xiǎo wú xián cāi. Shísì wéi jūn fù, xiū yán wèicháng kāi. [Pinyin]My forehead covered by my hair cut straight, I played with flowers pluck'd before the gate. On hobby horse you came upon the scene, Around the well we played with plums still green. We lived, close neighbors on Riverside Lane, Carefree and innocent, we children twain. At fourteen years when I became your bride, I'd often turn my bashful face aside. […]
The same poem was also the source of the idiom 兩小無猜／两小无猜 (liǎngxiǎowúcāi), which has a very similar meaning.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qīngméizhúmǎ
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄥ ㄇㄟˊ ㄓㄨˊ ㄇㄚˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): cing$^1$ mui$^4$ zuk$^1$ maa$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chheng-mûi-tiok-má
    (Teochew, Peng'im): cên$^1$ bhuê$^5$ dêg$^4$ bhê$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$chin-me-tsoq-ma
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qīngméizhúmǎ
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄥ ㄇㄟˊ ㄓㄨˊ ㄇㄚˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cingméijhúmǎ
*** Wade–Giles: chʻing$^1$-mei$^2$-chu$^2$-ma$^3$
*** Yale: chīng-méi-jú-mǎ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chingmeijwumaa
*** Palladius: цинмэйчжума (cinmɛjčžuma)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ meɪ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: cing$^1$ mui$^4$ zuk$^1$ maa$^5$
*** Yale: chīng mùih jūk máh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsing$^1$ mui$^4$ dzuk$^7$ maa$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: qing$^1$ mui$^4$ zug$^1$ ma$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ muːi̯²¹ t͡sʊk̚⁵ maː¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chheng-mûi-tiok-má
*** Tâi-lô: tshing-muî-tiok-má
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhengmui'diokmar
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² muĩ²⁴⁻²² tiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ mã⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ muĩ²⁴⁻²² tiɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ mã⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² muĩ¹³⁻²² tiɔk̚³²⁻⁵ mã⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ muĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ tiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ mã⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ muĩ²³⁻³³ tiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ mã⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: cên$^1$ bhuê$^5$ dêg$^4$ bhê$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsheⁿ buê tek bé
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ bue⁵⁵ tek̚²⁻⁴ be⁵²⁻²¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$chin-me-tsoq-ma
*** MiniDict: chin$^平$ me tsoh ma
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$qin-me-tsoq-ma
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ me³³ t͡soʔ³³ ma²¹/
* Middle Chinese: tsheng mwoj trjuwk maeX
Rime :
| Character | 青 | 梅 | 竹 | 馬 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 清 (14) | 明 (4) | 知 (9) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 青 (125) | 灰 (42) | 屋 (4) | 麻 (98) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) | Checked (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | IV | I | III | II |
| Fanqie | 倉經切 | 莫杯切 | 張六切 | 莫下切 |
| Baxter | tsheng | mwoj | trjuwk | maeX |
| Reconstructions |||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡sʰeŋ/ | /muʌi/ | /ʈɨuk̚/ | /mˠa$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡sʰeŋ/ | /muoi/ | /ʈiuk̚/ | /mᵚa$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡sʰɛŋ/ | /muɒi/ | /ȶiuk̚/ | /ma$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡sʰɛjŋ/ | /mwəj/ | /ʈuwk̚/ | /maɨ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡sʰeŋ/ | /muᴀi/ | /ȶiuk̚/ | /ma$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡sʰieŋ/ | /muɒi/ | /ȶĭuk̚/ | /ma$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡sʰieŋ/ | /muɑ̆i/ | /ȶi̯uk̚/ | /ma$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qīng | méi | zhu | mǎ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | cing$^1$ | mui$^4$ | zuk$^1$ | maa$^5$ |

### Idiom

青梅竹馬
* a girl and a boy playing innocently together; a man and a woman who had an innocent affection for each other in childhood; childhood sweethearts

#### Descendants

* → Vietnamese: thanh mai trúc mã (青梅竹馬)

### References

* 蔡俊明 [Cai Junming], editor (1991), “青梅竹馬 ts'e~˧ bue˥ tek˨꜒ be˥˧꜕꜖”, in 潮州方言詞滙 / 潮州方言词滙 (Cháozhōu fāngyán cíhuì), 香港 [Hong Kong]: 香港中文大學 / 香港中文大学 [The Chinese University of Hong Kong]

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 青 | 梅 | 竹 | 馬 |

### Adjective

青梅竹馬
* chữ Hán form of thanh mai trúc mã (“(chiefly fiction) alluding to the notion of being a childhood friend of the opposite sex to someone and growing to be in love with them or vice-versa”).
    伴靑梅竹馬/伴青梅竹馬 (bạn thanh mai trúc mã)the boy/girl who was one's childhood friend and with whom one's now falling in love