# nervous
## English
### Etymology

From Middle English nervous (“composed of or incorporating nerves”), from Latin nervōsus (“nervous; sinewy; energetic, vigorous”), from nervus (“nerve; muscle; sinew, tendon; (figuratively) energy, power; nerve; force, strength, vigour”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *snéh₁wr̥ (“sinew, tendon”)) + -ōsus (suffix meaning ‘full of, prone to’ forming adjectives from nouns). The English word is analysable as nerve +‎ -ous.

### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈnɜːvəs/
* (General American) IPA: /ˈnɝːvəs/
* Audio (General American):(file)
* (New England, obsolete) IPA: /ˈnɑvəs/
* Audio (General Australian):(file)
* Hyphenation: nerv‧ous

### Adjective

nervous (comparative more nervous, superlative most nervous)
* Of sinews and tendons.
** (obsolete) Full of sinews. [14th–18th c.]
** (obsolete) Having strong or prominent sinews; sinewy, muscular. [15th–19th c.]
*** 1747, [Joseph] Spence, “Dial[ogue] VIII”, in Polymetis […] , London: R[obert] Dodsley […], →OCLC, page 83:[T]here is nothing in marble equal to the Venus of Medici, for ſoftneſs and tenderneſs; as there is nothing ſo ſtrong and nervous, as the Hercules Farneſe.
** (obsolete) Of a piece of writing, literary style etc.: forceful, powerful. [17th–19th c.]
*** 1663, Edward Waterhous, Fortescutus Illustratus […], London: Tho. Roycroft for Thomas Dicas […], →OCLC, title page:Fortescutus illustratus, or a commentary on that nervous treatise De Laudibus Legum Angliæ […] [book title]
*** 1788, Frances Burney, Journals & Letters, Penguin, published 2001, page 264:Nervous, clear, and striking, was almost all that he uttered […].
* Of nerves.
** Supplied with nerves; innervated. [from 14th c.]
** Affecting or involving the nerves or nervous system. [from 15th c.]
*** 1733, George Cheyne, “Of the General Division of Nervous Distempers”, in The English Malady […] […], London: G[eorge] Strahan […]; Bath, Somerset: J[ames] Leake, →OCLC, part I, pages 14–15:All Nervous Diſtempers whatſoever, from Yawning and Stretching, up to a mortal Fit of an Apoplexy, ſeems to me to be but one continued Diſorder, or the ſeveral Steps or Degrees of it, ariſing from a Relaxation or Weakneſs, and the want of a ſufficient Force and Elaſticity in the Solids in general, and the Nerves in particular, in Proportion to the Reſiſtance of the Fluids, in order to carry on the Circulation, remove Obſtructions, carry off the Recrements, and make the Secretions.
*** 1774 September, “48. Medical Memoirs of the General Dispensary in London: For Part of the Years 1773 and 1774. By John Coakley Lettsom, M.D. F.R.S. and A.S.S. and Physician to the General Dispensary. 8vo. Dilly.”, in Sylvanus Urban [pseudonym; Edward Cave], editor, The Gentleman's Magazine, volume XLIV, London: […] D[avid] Henry, and sold by F[rancis] Newbery […], →OCLC, page 432, column 2:Elizabeth Moſs, a girl of about 15 years of age, was attacked, in December, 1773, with a ſlow nervous fever, during the courſe of which ſhe had very little ſleep; […]
*** 2011, Nancy L. Kuntz, Jonathan Strober, “Differential Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis and Acquired Central Nervous System Demyelinating Disorders in Children and Adolescents”, in Dorothée Chabas, Emmanuelle L. Waubant, editors, Demyelinating Disorders of the Central Nervous System in Childhood, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 58:However, concern regarding potential morbidity from biopsy of a central nervous system lesion makes it rare to have a pathologic specimen available for clinical diagnosis.
** (botany, obsolete) Nervose. [17th–18th c.]
*** 1733, Philip Miller, “CANNACORUS”, in The Gardeners Dictionary: […], 2nd edition, volume I, London: […] C[harles] Rivington, […], →OCLC, column 1:CANNACORUS, […] It hath a knobbed tuberoſe Root: The Leaves are long and nervous: […]
** Easily agitated or alarmed; edgy, on edge. [from 18th c.]
    Synonyms: excitable, high-strung, hypersensitive; see also Thesaurus:nervous
    Being in a crowd of strangers makes me nervous.
*** 1928 November, Norman B. Cole, “Present Day Opinion Regarding the Relationship between Athletics and the Heart”, in James Huff McCurdy, editor, American Physical Education Review, volume XXXIII, number 9 (number 241 overall), Springfield, Mass.: American Physical Education Association, page 575, column 2:I can only assure you here that there is such a thing as a nervous child; whose nervous system is unstable; who is easily upset; whose pulse is apt to "run away" at any excitement; who blushes and pales and sweats easily; who tires easily; and who may be subject to headache and eye strain.
** Apprehensive, anxious, hesitant, worried. [from 18th c.]
    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:nervous
    Antonyms: calm, relaxed
*** 1843 December 19, Charles Dickens, “Stave Five. The End of It.”, in A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, London: Chapman & Hall, […], →OCLC, page 161:They were looking at the table (which was spread out in great array); for these young housekeepers are always nervous on such points, and like to see that everything is right.
*** 1870, Richard Whitbourne, “A Relation of the New-found-land, with a More Ample Discouery of that Countrey, […]”, in T. Whitburn, editor, Westward Hoe for Avalon in the New-found-land: As described by Captain Richard Whitbourne, of Exmouth, Devon, 1622, London: Sampson Low, Son, and Marston, […]; Field and Tuer, […], →OCLC, page 25:Various harbours fit to receive settlers are now enumerated by the author; and as for the cold, of which some, through report, entertained a nervous dread, he invites his readers to reflect on "the great colde that is at times in Muſcouia, Sweidon, Norway, Spruceland, Poland, Denmarke, and other Eaſterne and Northerne parts of the world, where the people liue well and grow rich;" […]
*** 1915, Cecilia Farwell, “The Nervous Child”, in The Child Welfare Manual […], volume 1, New York, N.Y.: The University Society, →OCLC, page 331, column 1:"My baby is a perfect bundle of nerves," said one mother to another. "She is so sensitive, she starts at the slightest sound. She sleeps only a few minutes at a time, and has to be walked or rocked to get her off again. She won't go to strangers, and I am a nervous wreck taking care of her."

#### Derived terms

* as nervous as a witch
* autonomic nervous system
* central nervous system
* enteric nervous system
* nervous as a cat
* nervous as a long-tailed cat in a room full of rocking chairs
* nervous as a whore in church
* nervous breakdown
* nervous energy
* nervous hit
* nervously
* nervous-nellie
* nervous Nellie
* nervous-Nellie
* nervous nellie
* nervous-Nelly
* nervous nelly
* nervous Nelly
* nervous-nelly
* nervousness
* nervous nineties
* nervous pudding
* nervous Purvis
* nervous tissue
* nervous wreck
* parasympathetic nervous system
* peripheral nervous system
* somatic nervous system
* sympathetic nervous system
* vegetative nervous system

#### Related terms

* nervosity

#### Translations
### Notes

* ↑ From R. Lawton Roberts (1888) “Lecture I”, in Illustrated Lectures on Ambulance Work, 3rd edition, London: H. K. Lewis, […], →OCLC, figure 3, page 20.
* ↑ From the collection of the National Archaeological Museum, Naples in Italy.
* ↑ See quotes under sense 1.2.

### References

* ↑ “nervǒus, adj.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 4 March 2019.
* ↑ “nervous, adj.”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, September 2003; “nervous”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
* ↑ Bingham, Caleb (1808) “Improprieties in Pronunciation, common among the people of New-England”, in The Child's Companion; Being a Conciſe Spelling-book […] ‎, 12th edition, Boston: Manning & Loring, →OCLC, page 76.

### Further reading

* nervous (disambiguation) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* “nervous”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911, →OCLC.
* “nervous”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.

## Middle English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin nervōsus; equivalent to nerve +‎ -ous.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /nɛrˈvuːs/, /ˈnɛrvus/

### Adjective

nervous (Late Middle English)
* Composed of or incorporating nerves or tendons.
* (uncommon) Pertaining to nerves or tendons.

#### Descendants

* English: nervous

#### References

* “nervǒus, adj.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.