# paradigma
## English
### Etymology

From Late Latin paradīgma, from Ancient Greek παράδειγμα (parádeigma, “pattern”). As a loanword in both languages, paradigma typically maintains the Greek plural form in both Latin and English.

### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /pæɹəˈdɪɡma/

### Noun

paradigma (plural paradigmata)
* Archaic form of paradigm.
** 1844, John Holmes Agnew, Walter Hilliard Bidwell, The Eclectic Magazine, page 569:The volume before us presents, first of all, a paradigma, or specimen sheet, on which each letter of the English alphabet, small and capital, written and printed, is accompanied by its pronunciation in Chinese phonetic signs, as well as in Mandchou letters.
** 1985, Krijnie Ciggaar, Jos. M.M. Hermans, Byzantium and the Low Countries in the Tenth Century: Aspects of Art and History in the Ottonian Era, →ISBN, page 92:[…] and it precedes, moreover, together with VII and VIII ὸ ἱερεύς και ἡ ἱέρεια the paradigma τό σκαμνίον. / Further there is nothing to be wondered at, neither as to the paradigma of το σκαμνισν nor as to the priestess: these examples are taken from the famous Ars Grammatica of Donatus, and in particular the Ars minor.
** 2004, Analecta Romana Instituti Danici, page 247:No paradigma prescribed a recto tono recitative.

## Catalan
### Etymology

Borrowed from Late Latin paradīgma, from Ancient Greek παράδειγμα (parádeigma).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [pə.ɾəˈðiɡ.mə]
* IPA: (Valencia) [pa.ɾaˈðiɡ.ma]

### Noun

paradigma m (plural paradigmes)
* paradigm

#### Derived terms

* paradigmàtic

### Further reading

* “paradigma” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “paradigma”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025
* “paradigma” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
* “paradigma” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

## Czech
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Noun

paradigma n
* paradigm (system of assumptions, concepts, values, and practices)

#### Derived terms

* posun paradigmatu n

## Dutch
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin paradīgma, from Ancient Greek παράδειγμα (parádeigma).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˌpaː.raːˈdɪx.maː/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: pa‧ra‧dig‧ma
* Rhymes: -ɪxmaː

### Noun

paradigma n (plural paradigmata or paradigma's)
* (grammar) paradigm (canonical or exhaustive set of inflected forms; set of forms with a common element)
* (chiefly philosophy and history of sciences) paradigm (framework of concept, practices and theories; exemplar of academic behaviour)
* exemplar, model, blueprint

#### Derived terms

* paradigmatisch
* paradigmaverschuiving

## Finnish
### Etymology

From Ancient Greek παράδειγμα (parádeigma).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpɑrɑˌdiɡmɑ/, [ˈpɑ̝rɑ̝ˌdiɡmɑ̝]
* Rhymes: -iɡmɑ
* Hyphenation: para‧digma

### Noun

paradigma
* paradigm (model or example)

#### Declension

Possessive forms of paradigma (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
paradigmani
paradigmani
accusative
nom.
paradigmani
paradigmani
gen.
paradigmani
genitive
paradigmani
paradigmojeni paradigmaini $^{rare}$
partitive
paradigmaani
paradigmojani
inessive
paradigmassani
paradigmoissani
elative
paradigmastani
paradigmoistani
illative
paradigmaani
paradigmoihini
adessive
paradigmallani
paradigmoillani
ablative
paradigmaltani
paradigmoiltani
allative
paradigmalleni
paradigmoilleni
essive
paradigmanani
paradigmoinani
translative
paradigmakseni
paradigmoikseni
abessive
paradigmattani
paradigmoittani
instructive
comitative
—paradigmoineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
paradigmasi
paradigmasi
accusative
nom.
paradigmasi
paradigmasi
gen.
paradigmasi
genitive
paradigmasi
paradigmojesi paradigmaisi $^{rare}$
partitive
paradigmaasi
paradigmojasi
inessive
paradigmassasi
paradigmoissasi
elative
paradigmastasi
paradigmoistasi
illative
paradigmaasi
paradigmoihisi
adessive
paradigmallasi
paradigmoillasi
ablative
paradigmaltasi
paradigmoiltasi
allative
paradigmallesi
paradigmoillesi
essive
paradigmanasi
paradigmoinasi
translative
paradigmaksesi
paradigmoiksesi
abessive
paradigmattasi
paradigmoittasi
instructive
comitative
—paradigmoinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
paradigmamme
paradigmamme
accusative
nom.
paradigmamme
paradigmamme
gen.
paradigmamme
genitive
paradigmamme
paradigmojemme paradigmaimme $^{rare}$
partitive
paradigmaamme
paradigmojamme
inessive
paradigmassamme
paradigmoissamme
elative
paradigmastamme
paradigmoistamme
illative
paradigmaamme
paradigmoihimme
adessive
paradigmallamme
paradigmoillamme
ablative
paradigmaltamme
paradigmoiltamme
allative
paradigmallemme
paradigmoillemme
essive
paradigmanamme
paradigmoinamme
translative
paradigmaksemme
paradigmoiksemme
abessive
paradigmattamme
paradigmoittamme
instructive
comitative
—paradigmoinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
paradigmanne
paradigmanne
accusative
nom.
paradigmanne
paradigmanne
gen.
paradigmanne
genitive
paradigmanne
paradigmojenne paradigmainne $^{rare}$
partitive
paradigmaanne
paradigmojanne
inessive
paradigmassanne
paradigmoissanne
elative
paradigmastanne
paradigmoistanne
illative
paradigmaanne
paradigmoihinne
adessive
paradigmallanne
paradigmoillanne
ablative
paradigmaltanne
paradigmoiltanne
allative
paradigmallenne
paradigmoillenne
essive
paradigmananne
paradigmoinanne
translative
paradigmaksenne
paradigmoiksenne
abessive
paradigmattanne
paradigmoittanne
instructive
comitative
—paradigmoinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
paradigmansa
paradigmansa
accusative
nom.
paradigmansa
paradigmansa
gen.
paradigmansa
genitive
paradigmansa
paradigmojensa paradigmainsa $^{rare}$
partitive
paradigmaansa
paradigmojaan paradigmojansa
inessive
paradigmassaan paradigmassansa
paradigmoissaan paradigmoissansa
elative
paradigmastaan paradigmastansa
paradigmoistaan paradigmoistansa
illative
paradigmaansa
paradigmoihinsa
adessive
paradigmallaan paradigmallansa
paradigmoillaan paradigmoillansa
ablative
paradigmaltaan paradigmaltansa
paradigmoiltaan paradigmoiltansa
allative
paradigmalleen paradigmallensa
paradigmoilleen paradigmoillensa
essive
paradigmanaan paradigmanansa
paradigmoinaan paradigmoinansa
translative
paradigmakseen paradigmaksensa
paradigmoikseen paradigmoiksensa
abessive
paradigmattaan paradigmattansa
paradigmoittaan paradigmoittansa
instructive
comitative
—paradigmoineen paradigmoinensa :

### Further reading

* “paradigma”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

## Italian
### Etymology

From Late Latin paradīgma, from Ancient Greek παράδειγμα (parádeigma).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pa.raˈdiɡ.ma/
* Rhymes: -iɡma
* Hyphenation: pa‧ra‧dìg‧ma

### Noun

paradigma m (plural paradigmi)
* paradigm

#### Related terms

* paradigmatico

### Further reading

* paradigma in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

## Latin
### Etymology

Borrowed from Ancient Greek παράδειγμα (parádeigma).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /pa.raˈdiːɡ.ma/, [päräˈd̪iːɡmä]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /pa.raˈdiɡ.ma/, [päräˈd̪iɡmä]

### Noun

paradīgma n (genitive paradīgmatis); third declension
* pattern, example, paradigm

#### Declension

Third-declension noun (neuter, imparisyllabic non-i-stem).

#### Descendants

(via Late Latin)
* → Catalan: paradigma
* → English: paradigm
* → French: paradigme m
* → Italian: paradigma
* → Old Ruthenian: пара́дигма n inan (parádihma), пара́диґма (parádigma)
** Belarusian: парады́гма (paradýhma)
** Ukrainian: паради́гма (paradýhma)
* → Portuguese: paradigma
* → Romanian: paradigmă
* → Russian: паради́гма f inan (paradígma)
** → Kazakh:
    Cyrillic script: парадигма (paradigma)
    Latin script: paradigma
    Arabic script: پاراديگما
* → Spanish: paradigma

### References

* “paradigma”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* paradigma in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* “paradigm”, in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th edition, Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 2000, →ISBN.

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Alternative forms

* paradigmene

### Noun

paradigma n
* definite plural of paradigme

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Noun

paradigma n
* definite plural of paradigme

## Portuguese
### Etymology

From Late Latin paradīgma (“paradigm”), from Ancient Greek παράδειγμα (parádeigma, “pattern”).

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /pa.ɾaˈd͡ʒi.ɡi.mɐ/, /pa.ɾaˈd͡ʒiɡ.mɐ/
* (Brazil) IPA: /pa.ɾaˈd͡ʒi.ɡi.mɐ/, /pa.ɾaˈd͡ʒiɡ.mɐ/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /pa.ɾaˈd͡ʒiɡ.ma/, /pa.ɾaˈd͡ʒi.ɡi.ma/
* (Portugal) IPA: /pɐ.ɾɐˈdi.ɡmɐ/ [pɐ.ɾɐˈði.ɣmɐ]

### Noun

paradigma m (plural paradigmas)
* paradigm (model or example)
    Synonyms: modelo, padrão
* (linguistics) paradigm (set of all forms which contain a common element)
* (computing) a fundamental style of programming

#### Hyponyms

* (fundamental style of programming): declarativo, estruturado, funcional, imperativo, orientação a objetos

#### Related terms

* paradigmal
* paradigmático

### Further reading

* “paradigma”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2025

## Serbo-Croatian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /paradǐɡma/
* Hyphenation: pa‧ra‧dig‧ma

### Noun

paradìgma f (Cyrillic spelling парадѝгма)
* paradigm (system of assumptions, concepts, values, and practices)

#### Derived terms

* paradìgmatskī

## Spanish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Late Latin paradīgma, from Ancient Greek παράδειγμα (parádeigma).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /paɾaˈdiɡma/ [pa.ɾaˈð̞iɣ̞.ma]
* Rhymes: -iɡma
* Syllabification: pa‧ra‧dig‧ma

### Noun

paradigma m (plural paradigmas)
* paradigm

#### Derived terms

* paradigmático

### Further reading

* “paradigma”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10