# castigo
## Asturian
### Verb

castigo
* first-person singular present indicative of castigar

## Catalan
### Verb

castigo
* first-person singular present indicative of castigar

## Galician
### Verb

castigo
* first-person singular present indicative of castigar

## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kaˈsti.ɡo/
* Rhymes: -iɡo
* Hyphenation: ca‧stì‧go

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Latin castīgō.

#### Noun

castigo m (plural castighi)
* punishment
    Synonym: punizione

##### Related terms

* castigare

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

castigo
* first-person singular present indicative of castigare

## Latin
### Etymology

From an unattested noun *castis (“purity, virtue”) +‎ -igō (“act, make”), the latter a suffixal form of agō. The noun *castis is thought to be formed from careō (“I lack”) + *-tis; the same root is found in castus (“chaste”). For the ending, compare fūstīgō and fatīgō, the formations of which also involve ti-derivations.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /kasˈtiː.ɡoː/, [käs̠ˈt̪iːɡoː]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /kasˈti.ɡo/, [käsˈt̪iːɡo]

### Verb

castīgō (present infinitive castīgāre, perfect active castīgāvī, supine castīgātum); first conjugation
* to castigate, chastise, reprove
    Synonyms: increpō, accūsō, corripiō, exprobrō, incūsō, obloquor, arripiō, pulsō, reprehendō, animadvertō
* to punish
    Synonyms: multō, pūniō, expiō, obiūrgō, animadvertō, mulctō, moneō, plēctō, ulcīscor, exsequor
    Qui bene amat, bene castigat.He, who loves well, castigates well (lit. Spare the rod and spoil the child.)
** c. 45 BCE, Cicero, Tusculan Disputations 3.64:Pueros vero matres et magistri castigare etiam solent, nec verbis solum, sed etiam verberibus. Si quid in domestico luctu hilarius ab is factum est aut dictum, plorare cogunt. Quid?Mothers and teachers are used to chastise children not only with words, but also with hits of the rod. If the children do or say something rather "cheerful" in a small argument, they make them cry. Why?
* to rebuke, reprimand
    Synonyms: obiūrgō, perstringō, arguō, īnsector, corripiō, accūsō, incūsō, damnō, obloquor, increpō, acclāmō, inclāmō, compellō, reprehendō, animadvertō
** c. 35 CE – 100 CE, Quintilian, Institutiones 2.2.5:Plurimus ei de honesto ac bono sermo sit: nam quo saepius monuerit, hoc rarius castigabit.May his [the ideal rhetoric teacher's] discussion be very often about what is honourable, good: the more he reminds the student, the less he will reprimand the student.
* to correct, amend

#### Derived terms

* castīgātiō
* castīgātor
* castīgātus

#### Descendants

* Aromanian: cãshtigã, cãshtigari
* Asturian: castigar
* Franco-Provençal: châtiar
* Old French: chastier, chastoiier, castier
** Middle French: chastier, chastoyer
*** French: châtier
** → Middle Armenian: ջաստել (ǰastel)
** → Middle English: chastien
*** English: chasten
* Old French: chastiser
** → Middle English: chastisen
*** English: chastise
* Friulian: cjastiâ, čhastiâ
* Italian: castigare
* Old Occitan: castigar
** Catalan: castigar
** Occitan: castigar, castejar, castiar
* Piedmontese: castighé
* Old Galician-Portuguese: castigar
** Galician: castigar
** Portuguese: castigar
* Romanian: câștiga, câștigare
* Romansch: chastiar, castigiar, chastier
* Sardinian: casticare, castigae, castigai, castigare
* Sicilian: castigari, castijari, castiari
* Spanish: castigar
* Venetan: castigar
* → English: castigate
* → Middle High German: kestigāte, kestigete
* → Proto-West Germanic: *kastīgōn (see there for further descendants)

### References

* “castigo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “castigo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* castigo in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. (ambiguous) a stern critic of morals: severus morum castigator
* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 93

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /kasˈt͡ʃi.ɡu/
* (Brazil) IPA: /kasˈt͡ʃi.ɡu/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /kaʃˈt͡ʃi.ɡu/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /kasˈt͡ʃi.ɡo/
* (Portugal) IPA: /kɐʃˈti.ɡu/ [kɐʃˈti.ɣu]
* Hyphenation: cas‧ti‧go

### Etymology 1

Deverbal from castigar (“to punish”).

#### Noun

castigo m (plural castigos)
* punishment (penalty to punish wrongdoing)
    Synonym: pena
    crime e castigo ― crime and punishment
* (figurative) something which causes suffering
* grounding (state of being confined by one’s parents, as punishment)

##### Related terms

* castigado
* castigador
* castigamento
* castigante
* castigar
* castigável

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

castigo
* first-person singular present indicative of castigar

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kasˈtiɡo/ [kasˈt̪i.ɣ̞o]
* Audio (Colombia):(file)
* Rhymes: -iɡo
* Syllabification: cas‧ti‧go

### Etymology 1

Deverbal from castigar, from Latin castigāre.

#### Noun

castigo m (plural castigos)
* punishment
    Synonyms: pena, condena

##### Derived terms

* saque de castigo

##### Related terms

* castigador
* castigar

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

castigo
* first-person singular present indicative of castigar

### Further reading

* “castigo”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10