OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# pocałowanie
## Old Polish
### Etymology

From pocałować +‎ -anie. First attested in the fifteenth century.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (10th–15th CE) /pɔt͡saɫɔvaɲɛː/
* IPA: (15th CE) /pɔt͡saɫɔvaɲe/

### Noun

pocałowanie n
* kiss
    Synonym: całowanie
** 1930 [c. 1455], “Gen”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka)‎, 27, 26:Day my poczalowanye (osculum), synu moy![Daj mi pocałowanie (osculum), synu moj!]Kive me a kiss, my son!

#### Related terms

* cały
* cale
* cało
* całowanie
* całość
* ucałowanie
* całować impf, pocałować pf, ucałować pf
* celić impf

#### Descendants

* Polish: pocałowanie

### References

* B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “pocałowanie”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN

## Polish
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish pocałowanie. By surface analysis, pocałować +‎ -anie.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pɔ.t͡sa.wɔˈva.ɲɛ/
* (Middle Polish) IPA: /pɔ.t͡sa.ɫɔˈva.ɲe/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -aɲɛ
* Syllabification: po‧ca‧ło‧wa‧nie

### Noun

pocałowanie n
* verbal noun of pocałować
* (obsolete) kiss
    Synonym: pocałunek

#### Declension
### Further reading

* pocałowanie in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “pocałowanie”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
* Paweł Kupiszewski (15.09.2016) “POCAŁOWANIE”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]
* Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “pocałowanie”, in Słownik języka polskiego
* Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “pocałowanie”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
* A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1908), “pocałowanie”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 4, Warsaw, page 295
* pocałowanie in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego
# desativar
## Portuguese
### Alternative forms

* desactivar (pre-1990 spelling)

### Etymology

From des- +‎ ativar.

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /de.za.t͡ʃiˈva(ʁ)/ [de.za.t͡ʃiˈva(h)], /d͡ʒi.za.t͡ʃiˈva(ʁ)/ [d͡ʒi.za.t͡ʃiˈva(h)]
* (Brazil) IPA: /de.za.t͡ʃiˈva(ʁ)/ [de.za.t͡ʃiˈva(h)], /d͡ʒi.za.t͡ʃiˈva(ʁ)/ [d͡ʒi.za.t͡ʃiˈva(h)]
** (São Paulo) IPA: /de.za.t͡ʃiˈva(ɾ)/, /d͡ʒi.za.t͡ʃiˈva(ɾ)/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /de.za.t͡ʃiˈva(ʁ)/ [de.za.t͡ʃiˈva(χ)], /d͡ʒi.za.t͡ʃiˈva(ʁ)/ [d͡ʒi.za.t͡ʃiˈva(χ)]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /de.za.t͡ʃiˈva(ɻ)/
* (Portugal) IPA: /dɨ.za.tiˈvaɾ/
* (Portugal) IPA: /dɨ.za.tiˈvaɾ/
** (Northern Portugal) IPA: /dɨ.za.tiˈbaɾ/ [dɨ.za.tiˈβaɾ]
** (Southern Portugal) IPA: /dɨ.za.tiˈva.ɾi/
* Hyphenation: de‧sa‧ti‧var

### Verb

desativar (first-person singular present desativo, first-person singular preterite desativei, past participle desativado)
* (transitive) to deactivate, to disable (to put something out of action)
    Synonym: desabilitar
    Antonym: ativar

#### Conjugation

$^1$Brazilian Portuguese. $^2$European Portuguese.

#### Derived terms

* desativaçãodesativador
# botanics
## English
### Noun

botanics
* plural of botanic

### Noun

botanics (uncountable)
* The science of botany.
** 2007, Marta Dvorak, W. H. New, Tropes and Territories, page 350:We can't write or speak of the knowing or feeling of a plant in something other than the language we write or speak in. Botanics must ground itself in that inherent limitation.

#### Derived terms

* ethnobotanics

## Occitan
### Adjective

botanics
* masculine plural of botanic
# peristáltico
## Spanish
### Adjective

peristáltico (feminine peristáltica, masculine plural peristálticos, feminine plural peristálticas)
* peristaltic

#### Derived terms

* antiperistáltico

#### Related terms

* peristalsis

### Further reading

* “peristáltico”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# kolaylıkla
## Turkish
### Etymology

From kolay (“easy”) +‎ -lık +‎ -le.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ko.ɫajˈɫɯk.ɫa/
* Hyphenation: ko‧lay‧lık‧la

### Adverb

kolaylıkla
* with ease, easily
    Synonyms: kolayca, kolaycacık, kolay kolay, kolayına, zahmetsizce
    Antonyms: güçlükle, zorlukla, zar zor, güç bela

#### Related terms

* dile kolay
* kolayda
* kolaylık

### Further reading

* “kolaylıkla”, in Turkish dictionaries, Türk Dil Kurumu
* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “kolaylıkla”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 2717
# sterbo
## Old High German
### Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *sterbō, from Proto-Germanic *sterbô.

### Noun

sterbo m
* death

#### Related terms

* sterban

#### Descendants

* Middle High German: sterbe
# ligadura
## Portuguese
### Etymology

From Late Latin ligātūra.

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /li.ɡaˈdu.ɾɐ/
* (Brazil) IPA: /li.ɡaˈdu.ɾɐ/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /li.ɡaˈdu.ɾa/
* (Portugal) IPA: /li.ɡɐˈdu.ɾɐ/ [li.ɣɐˈðu.ɾɐ]
* Rhymes: -uɾɐ
* Hyphenation: li‧ga‧du‧ra

### Noun

ligadura f (plural ligaduras)
* (surgery) ligature (thread used to close a vessel or duct)
* (music) slur; ligature (the symbol indicating a legato passage)

#### Antonyms

* desligadura

### Further reading

* “ligadura”, in iDicionário Aulete (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon Editora Digital, 2008–2025
* “ligadura”, in Dicionário inFormal (in Portuguese), 2006–2025
* “ligadura” in Dicionário Aberto based on Novo Diccionário da Língua Portuguesa de Cândido de Figueiredo, 1913
* “ligadura”, in Dicionário infopédia da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Porto: Porto Editora, 2003–2025
* “ligadura”, in Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), São Paulo: Editora Melhoramentos, 2015–2025
* “ligadura”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2025

## Spanish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Late Latin ligātūra, from Latin ligātus, perfect passive participle of ligō (“to tie”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /liɡaˈduɾa/ [li.ɣ̞aˈð̞u.ɾa]
* Rhymes: -uɾa
* Syllabification: li‧ga‧du‧ra

### Noun

ligadura f (plural ligaduras)
* ligature
* knot
* tying
* (music) slur

#### Derived terms

* desligadura
* ligadura tubárica

### Further reading

* “ligadura”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# wykwint
## Polish
### Etymology

Back-formation from wykwintny.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈvɘ.kfint/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɘkfint
* Syllabification: wy‧kwint

### Noun

wykwint m inan
* elegance, refinement
    Synonyms: elegancja, polor, wytworność, wyrafinowanie

#### Related terms

* wykwintnie
* wykwintnisia
* wykwintniś
* wykwintność

### Further reading

* wykwint in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* wykwint in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# aîura
## Old Tupi
### Alternative forms

* anhura, îura, nhura

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *jur, from Proto-Tupian *wut.
Cognate with Paraguayan Guaraní ajúra.

### Noun

aîura (possessable)
* neck (part of the body connecting the head and the trunk)
** 1618, Antônio de Araújo, “Da inſtituição do Domingo”, in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], Catalogo dos dias Santos de guarda, & de jejum (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, page 12v:Oyâbo acé Sanctos ará cuábi, oyábo bê acé ycãgoerĩ tiruã mombaêtêo oaiuri cerecõbocecê onhemoapicicatuabo yepi cecé oyerobiâ.[Oîabo asé santos 'ara kuabi, oîabo bé asé i kangûerĩ tiruã momba'etéû o aîuri serekóbo sesé onhemoapysykatuabo îepi sesé oîerobîá.]The same way people acknowledge the saints' days, they too worship even their little bones as well, keeping them in their necks so as to always comfort themselves, trusting in them.
* neck (the tapered part of a bottle toward the opening)
** 1622, anonymous author, “Colo mui delgado como da cabaça”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica, volume 1 (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 77; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:Jganhurĩ.[Yganhurĩ.]Bottle gourd.(literally, “Small neck calabash.”)

#### Related terms

* aîurar
* aîurupy
* kamusiaîura
* o aîurybo
* îuká
* îura'ynha
* îusanaîurara
* îutypoîa

#### Descendants

* Nheengatu: ayura

### References

* Pero de Castilho (1613) “pescoço”, in Nomes das partes do corpo humano, pella lingua do Braſil [Names of the human body parts by the language of Brazil] (in Old Tupi), volume 1; republished as Plínio Ayrosa, editor, São Paulo: Revista dos Tribunais, 1937, page 28, line 16: “Aiûra [Aîura]”
* Eduardo de Almeida Navarro (2013) “aîura”, in Dicionário de tupi antigo: a língua indígena clássica do Brasil [Dictionary of Old Tupi: The Classical Indigenous Language of Brazil] (overall work in Portuguese), São Paulo: Global, →ISBN, page 19, columns 1–2
# arenisco
## Spanish
### Etymology

From arena +‎ -isco.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /aɾeˈnisko/ [a.ɾeˈnis.ko]
* Rhymes: -isko
* Syllabification: a‧re‧nis‧co

### Adjective

arenisco (feminine arenisca, masculine plural areniscos, feminine plural areniscas)
* sandy

#### Related terms

* arenisca

### Further reading

* “arenisco”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# electroacústico
## Portuguese
### Adjective

electroacústico (feminine electroacústica, masculine plural electroacústicos, feminine plural electroacústicas, not comparable)
* (European Portuguese spelling) Pre-reform spelling (used until 1990) of eletroacústico. Still used in countries where the agreement hasn't come into effect; may occur as a sporadic misspelling.

## Spanish
### Etymology

From electro- +‎ acústico.

### Adjective

electroacústico (feminine electroacústica, masculine plural electroacústicos, feminine plural electroacústicas)
* electroacoustic

#### Related terms

* electroacústica

### Further reading

* “electroacústico”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# grug
## Cornish
### Etymology

From Proto-Brythonic *gwrʉg, from Proto-Celtic *wroikos, from an unknown non-Indo-European source.
Compare Czech vřes, Latvian vìrsis, Ancient Greek ἐρείκη (ereíkē).

### Pronunciation

* (Revived Middle Cornish) IPA: [ɡryːɡ]
* (Revived Late Cornish) IPA: [ɡriːɡ]

### Noun

grug m or m pl (plural grugow, singulative gruglon)
* heather

#### Compounds

* grugyar

### Mutation
## Welsh
### Pronunciation

* (North Wales) IPA: /ɡrɨːɡ/
* (South Wales) IPA: /ɡriːɡ/
* Rhymes: -ɨːɡ

### Etymology 1

From Middle Welsh gwrug, from Proto-Brythonic *gwrʉg, from Proto-Celtic *wroikos, from an unknown non-Indo-European source.
Compare Czech vřes, Latvian vìrsis, Ancient Greek ἐρείκη (ereíkē).

#### Alternative forms

* gwrug (obsolete)
* gwrig (Pembrokeshire)

#### Noun

grug m or m pl (plural grugoedd, singulative grugyn or grugen)
* heather

##### Derived terms

* gruga, grugo (“to gather heather”)
* grugog

##### Compounds

* grug Corsica (“ Corsican heath”)
* grugiar (“grouse”)
* grugle, grugos (“heath, moor”)
* gruglus (“bilberries”)
* gruglwyn (“sweet broom”)
* gruglyd (“heathery”)
* grugnythu (“to nestle in heather”)
* grugwellt (“cocksfoot”)
* iâr rug (“grouse”)

#### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

grug
* Soft mutation of crug (“hillock”).

##### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.
# emi'chü
## Ye'kwana
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [emiʔt͡ʃɨ]

### Verb

emi'chü
* (transitive) to hunt with dogs

#### Related terms

* emannöjü

### References

* Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “emi'chü”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎, Lyon
# bacteroid
## English
### Etymology

From bacterium +‎ -oid.

### Noun

bacteroid (plural bacteroids)
* (dated) A micro-organism such as a bacterium or yeast.
* A bacterium of the species Bacteroides.
* A symbiotic form of the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Rhizobia, or the root nodule that it produces.

#### Translations
### Adjective

bacteroid (comparative more bacteroid, superlative most bacteroid)
* (biology) Resembling bacteria.
    bacteroid particles

### Derived terms

* bacteroidal
* peribacteroid
# vaaittaa
## Finnish
### Etymology

vaaka +‎ -ittaa

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈʋɑː.itːɑːˣ/, [ˈʋɑ̝ː.it̪ːɑ̝ː(ʔ)]
* Rhymes: -ɑːitːɑː
* Hyphenation: vaa‧it‧taa

### Verb

vaaittaa
* (surveying) to level
    Synonym: vaaita

#### Derived terms

* vaaitus
# ناروی
## Persian

| Dari | ناروی |
| Iranian Persian | نروژ |
| Tajik | Нурвеж, Норвегия |

### Etymology

Derived from English Norway

### Pronunciation

* (Dari, formal) IPA: [nɑːɾ.weː]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [nɑːɾ.weː]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [nɑːɾ.weː]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [nɔːɾ.weː]

### Noun

ناروی • (nārwē) (Dari)
* Norway (a country in Scandinavia, in northern Europe)

#### Derived terms

* نارویژی (nārwēžī, “Norwegian”)

### Further reading

* Bulkin, Carleton (2012) “ناروی”, in Dari-English/English-Dari practical dictionary, 2nd edition, New York: Hippocrene Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, page 357
* “ناروی”, in The Wilson English - Dari Dictionary (Webonary), SIL International, 2013
# sémantický
## Czech
### Alternative forms

* semantický

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈsɛːmantɪt͡skiː]
* Rhymes: -ɪtskiː

### Adjective

sémantický
* semantic
    Synonym: významový

#### Related terms

* sémantik
* sémantika

### Further reading

* “sémantický”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “sémantický”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
# silabar
## Portuguese
### Etymology

sílaba +‎ -ar

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /si.laˈba(ʁ)/ [si.laˈba(h)]
* (Brazil) IPA: /si.laˈba(ʁ)/ [si.laˈba(h)]
** (São Paulo) IPA: /si.laˈba(ɾ)/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /si.laˈba(ʁ)/ [si.laˈba(χ)]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /si.laˈba(ɻ)/
* (Portugal) IPA: /si.lɐˈbaɾ/ [si.lɐˈβaɾ]
* (Portugal) IPA: /si.lɐˈbaɾ/ [si.lɐˈβaɾ]
** (Southern Portugal) IPA: /si.lɐˈba.ɾi/ [si.lɐˈβa.ɾi]

### Verb

silabar (first-person singular present silabo, first-person singular preterite silabei, past participle silabado)
* to syllabify
* to enunciate each syllable

#### Conjugation

$^1$Brazilian Portuguese. $^2$European Portuguese.

#### Related terms

* silabação

### Further reading

* “silabar”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2025

## Romanian
### Alternative forms

* силабар (silabar) — post-1930s Cyrillic spelling

### Etymology

Borrowed from French syllabaire, Latin syllabārium.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /si.laˈbar/
* Rhymes: -ar
* Hyphenation: si‧la‧bar

### Noun

silabar n (plural silabare)
* syllabary

#### Declension
### References

* silabar in DEX online—Dicționare ale limbii române (Dictionaries of the Romanian language)

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /silaˈbaɾ/ [si.laˈβ̞aɾ]
* Rhymes: -aɾ
* Syllabification: si‧la‧bar

### Verb

silabar (first-person singular present silabo, first-person singular preterite silabé, past participle silabado)
* to syllabify; to enunciate each syllable
    Synonym: silabear

#### Conjugation

$^1$Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language. $^2$Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.

#### Related terms

* sílaba f
* silabario
* silábico

### Further reading

* “silabar”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# straszny
## Polish
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish straszny, from Proto-Slavic *strašьnъ, from Proto-Slavic *straxъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈstraʂ.nɘ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -aʂnɘ
* Syllabification: strasz‧ny

### Adjective

straszny (comparative straszniejszy, superlative najstraszniejszy, derived adverb strasznie)
* scary, frightening
    Synonym: przerażający
* horrid, horrible, terrible, dreaded, awful
* frightful
* dire

#### Related terms

* strach

### Further reading

* straszny in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* straszny in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# szalona
## Polish
### Etymology

From szalony +‎ -a.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʂaˈlɔ.na/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔna
* Syllabification: sza‧lo‧na

### Adjective

szalona
* feminine nominative/vocative singular of szalony

### Noun

szalona f (male equivalent szalony)
* female equivalent of szalony (“lunatic, madwoman”)
    Synonyms: szajbuska, wariatka

#### Related terms

* oszalały
* szaleńczy
* szalej
* szaleniec
* szaleństwo
* szał
* szaleć impf

### Further reading

* szalona in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# Ayrton
## English
### Proper noun

Ayrton (plural Ayrtons)
* A surname.

#### Derived terms

* Ayrton shunt

### Anagrams

* Troyan, aroynt, notary, tonary

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /aˈiʁ.tõ/ [aˈih.tõ]
* (Brazil) IPA: /aˈiʁ.tõ/ [aˈih.tõ]
** (São Paulo) IPA: /aˈiɾ.tõ/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /aˈiʁ.tõ/ [aˈiχ.tõ]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /aˈiɻ.tõ/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈajɾ.tɔn/

### Proper noun

Ayrton
* a male given name of Brazilian usage
# Bäer
## Hunsrik
### Etymology

From Middle High German bër, from Old High German bero, from Proto-West Germanic *berō, from Proto-Germanic *berô.
Cognate with German Bär and Luxembourgish Bier.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpɛːa/
* Rhymes: -ɛːa
* Syllabification: Bä‧er

### Noun

Bäer m (plural Bäre, feminine Bärin, diminutive Bäerche)
* bear (any member of the family Ursidae)

#### Related terms

* Braunbäer
* Eisbäer
* Omeisbäer
* Weschbäer

### References

* ↑ Piter Kehoma Boll (2021) “Bäer”, in Dicionário Hunsriqueano Riograndense–Português (in Portuguese), 3rd edition, Ivoti: Riograndenser Hunsrickisch, page 18, column 1
# doxepin
## English
### Etymology

From [Term?] +‎ -oxepin (“tricyclic compound”).
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈdɒk.səp.ɪn/
* (General American) IPA: /ˈdɑk.səp.ɪn/

### Noun

doxepin (uncountable)
* (pharmacology) A psychotropic agent with tricyclic antidepressant and anxiolytic properties.

#### Derived terms

* cidoxepin

### Anagrams

* xenopid

## Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈdoksɛpɪn]
* IPA: [ˈdoksɛpiːn]

### Noun

doxepin m inan
* doxepin

#### Declension

This noun needs an inflection-table template.
# circumductie
## Dutch
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin circumductiō.

### Pronunciation

* Hyphenation: cir‧cum‧duc‧tie
* Rhymes: -ʏksi

### Noun

circumductie f (plural circumducties, diminutive circumductietje n)
* (anatomy) circumduction (rotation of a body part)
    Coordinate terms: abductie, adductie

#### Related terms

* circumduceren
# bezkolizyjny
## Polish
### Etymology

From bez- +‎ kolizyjny. First attested in 1944.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bɛs.kɔ.liˈzɘj.nɘ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɘjnɘ
* Syllabification: bez‧ko‧li‧zyj‧ny

### Adjective

bezkolizyjny (not comparable, derived adverb bezkolizyjnie)
* anticollision (acting to reduce collisions, physical or social)
    Synonym: antykolizyjny
    bezkolizyjny przejazd ― anticollision ride
    bezkolizyjnywęzeł (komunikacyjny) ― anticollision transport hub
    bezkolizyjny wjazd ― anticollision entrance
    bezkolizyjna jazda ― anticollision drive
    bezkolizyjna obwodnica ― anticollision bypass
    bezkolizyjne funkcjonowanie (ruchu) ― anticollision traffic
    bezkolizyjne przejście (dla pieszych) ― anticollision pedestrian crossing
    bezkolizyjne skrzyżowanie ― anticollision intersection

#### Derived terms

* bezkolizyjność

#### Related terms

* kolizja

### References

* ↑ Włodzimierz T. Kowalski (1944) Wielka koalicja, 1941-1945: Rok 1944‎, volume 2, Wydawn. Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, page 371: “Mannerheim nie chciał więc podejmować nowej inicjatywy bez wyjaśnienia trudnych spraw z Niemcami - tak jak jemu podobni w Bukareszcie , Sofii , Budapeszcie , a wcześniej w Rzymie początkowo myślał o bezkolizyjnym rozejściu się […]”
* ↑ bezkolizyjny in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego

### Further reading

* bezkolizyjny in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* bezkolizyjny in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# katorga
## English
### Etymology

From Russian ка́торга (kátorga, “penal servitude”).

### Noun

katorga (countable and uncountable, plural katorgas)
* Penal servitude in a Russian or Soviet labour camp.
** 1912, Alexander Berkman, Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist:Sentenced to ten years of hard labor in the Siberian mines, he defied the Russian tyrant by his funeral oration at the grave of Dmokhovsky, his boldness resulting in an additional fifteen years of katorga.
** 1991, Alan Wood, The History of Siberia: from Russian conquest to revolution:However, brutal floggings, increased terms of katorga, starvation diets, permanent chaining to a wheelbarrow and other fearsome sanctions failed to staunch the flow.
** 2007, Edward Crankshaw, Cracks in the Kremlin Wall:Under the Bolsheviks there was going to be an end to the katorga.
* A Tsarist or Soviet labour camp.

#### Translations
## Polish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Russian ка́торга (kátorga), from Byzantine Greek κάτεργον (kátergon, “galley; penal labor”), from Ancient Greek κάτεργος (kátergos).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kaˈtɔr.ɡa/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔrɡa
* Syllabification: ka‧tor‧ga

### Noun

katorga f
* (historical, Soviet Union) katorga (penal servitude in a Russian or Soviet labour camp)
* chore

#### Derived terms

* katorżny
* katorżnik

#### Related terms

* katorżniczy

### Further reading

* katorga in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* katorga in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Portuguese
### Noun

katorga f (plural katorgas)
* (historical) katorga (penal servitude in a Russian or Soviet labour camp)
* (historical) katorga (a Tsarist or Soviet labour camp)