# 虐

| 虐 | U+8650, &#34384; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8650 |
| ← 虏 [U+864F] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 虑 → [U+8651] |
| 虐 | U+2F9B3, &#194995; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9B3 |
| ← 䕫 [U+2F9B2] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement | 虜 → [U+2F9B4] |

## Translingual
### Han character

虐 (Kangxi radical 141, 虍+3, 9 strokes, cangjie input 卜心尸一 (YPSM), four-corner 2121$_1$, composition ⿸虍𰀂(GHTKV) or ⿸虍𰀄(J))

#### Derived characters

* 㖸, 𱗒, 𱙞, 𭝬, 𭹦, 𦞐, 𥈴, 謔, 谑, 𨩽, 𪘽, 𪪛, 瘧

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1073, character 9
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 32678
* Dae Jaweon: page 1540, character 3
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2820, character 5
* Unihan data for U+8650
* Unihan data for U+2F9B3

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 虐 :
| Shang | Spring and Autumn | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 虐 | *ŋawɢ |
| 瘧 | *ŋawɢ |
| 謔 | *hŋawɢ |
In the oracle bone script, an ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : 虎 (“tiger”) + 人 (“person”).

### Etymology

Possibly related to 謔 (OC *hŋawɢ, “to ridicule”) (Bodman, 1980)。

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): nüè (nüe$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄋㄩㄝˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): yuo$^2$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): joek$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ngiak$^5$
* Gan (Wiktionary): nyioh$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ngiok
    (Hailu, HRS): ngiog
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ngiog$^5$
* Jin (Wiktionary): ieh$^4$ / nieh$^4$
* Northern Min (KCR): ngiŏ̤
* Eastern Min (BUC): ngiŏk
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gyoh$^7$ / gyeh$^7$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): gio̍k / gia̍k / lio̍k / jio̍k / ge̍k / gio̍h
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ngiag$^8$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^8$gniaq
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): nyio$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: nüè
*** Zhuyin: ㄋㄩㄝˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: nyuè
*** Wade–Giles: nüeh$^4$
*** Yale: nywè
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: niueh
*** Palladius: нюэ (njue)
*** Sinological IPA : /ny̯ɛ⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: yuo$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: iuo
*** Sinological IPA : /yo²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: joek$^6$
*** Yale: yeuhk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: joek$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yêg$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /jœːk̚²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ngiak$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ᵑɡiak̚³²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: nyioh$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /n̠ʲiɔʔ⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngiok
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngiog$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngiog$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯ok̚²/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngiog
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋiok⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: ngiog$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋiɔk̚¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: ieh$^4$ / nieh$^4$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /iəʔ²/, /niəʔ²/
* ieh4 - literary;
* nieh4 - vernacular.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit虐 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /nyɛ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /iau⁵³/ /nyɛ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /niɑu⁵³/ /nye⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /yə²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /yə⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /yo²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /yo²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /ȵyu²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /nye¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /yə¹³/ /miə¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /yɤ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /nio²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /nyo³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /nio²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /nio³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /loʔ⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /lyɐʔ⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /iəʔ²/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /ȵyʌʔ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /niaʔ⁴³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ȵiaʔ¹/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ȵiɑʔ³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ȵiɑʔ²/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ȵa²¹³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /niɔ²²/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /ȵio¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /ȵio²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ȵio²⁴/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | |
| Hakka | Meixian | /ŋiok̚¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /ŋiok̚⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /jœk̚²/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /nœk̚²²/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /jœk̚²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /giɔk̚⁵/ /liɔk̚⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /ŋyoʔ⁵/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /ŋiɔ²⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /ŋiak̚⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /niɔk̚³/ |
* Middle Chinese: ngjak
Rime :
| Character | 虐 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 藥 (107) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 魚約切 |
| Baxter | ngjak |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ŋɨɐk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ŋiɐk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ŋiɑk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ŋɨak̚/ |
| Li Rong | /ŋiak̚/ |
| Wang Li | /ŋĭak̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ŋi̯ak̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yuè |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | joek$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ](r)awk/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋawɢ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 虐 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | nüè |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ngjak › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ŋ](r)awk/ |
| English | cruel |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 虐 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 9636 |
| Phonetic component | 虐 |
| Rime group | 藥 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 虐 |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋawɢ/ |

### Definitions

虐
* cruel; tyrannical; oppressive
* to abuse; to maltreat
* (literary) disaster; calamity, catastrophe

### Compounds

* 亂虐 / 乱虐
* 二豎為虐 / 二竖为虐
* 五虐
* 侈虐
* 侵虐
* 傲虐
* 僭虐
* 兇虐 / 凶虐
* 兒童受虐 / 儿童受虐
* 冤虐
* 凌虐 (língnüè)
* 凶虐
* 刁虐
* 刻虐
* 削虐
* 助天為虐 / 助天为虐
* 助桀為虐 / 助桀为虐
* 助紂為虐 / 助纣为虐 (zhùzhòuwéinüè)
* 助紂爲虐 / 助纣为虐 (zhùzhòuwéinüè)
* 助虐
* 厲虐 / 厉虐
* 受虐 (shòunüè)
* 嗣虐
* 嚴虐 / 严虐
* 大虐
* 奢虐
* 威虐
* 定虐
* 害虐
* 寇虐
* 弒虐 / 弑虐
* 強虐 / 强虐
* 德虐
* 忍虐
* 恣虐
* 悖虐
* 悍虐
* 惡虐 / 恶虐
* 慘虐 / 惨虐
* 戕虐
* 戾虐
* 扇虐
* 搆虐 / 构虐
* 施虐 (shīnüè)
* 旱虐
* 旱魃為虐 / 旱魃为虐
* 昏虐
* 暴虐 (bàonüè)
* 暴虐浮躁
* 暴虐無道 / 暴虐无道
* 桀虐
* 楚虐
* 榮古虐今 / 荣古虐今
* 橫虐 / 横虐
* 欺虐
* 殘虐 / 残虐 (cánnüè)
* 毒虐
* 汰虐
* 淫虐
* 淩虐 / 凌虐
* 災虐 / 灾虐
* 灼虐
* 炎虐
* 焅虐
* 煽虐
* 狂虐
* 狠虐
* 猜虐
* 礙虐 / 碍虐 (gāi-gio̍h) (Min Nan)
* 祖龍之虐 / 祖龙之虐
* 禁虐
* 窮凶極虐 / 穷凶极虐
* 篡虐
* 罔上虐下
* 肆虐 (sìnüè)
* 苛虐
* 虐世
* 虐人
* 虐使
* 虐刑
* 虐刻
* 虐割
* 虐士
* 虐威
* 虐害
* 虐待 (nüèdài)
* 虐待狂 (nüèdàikuáng)
* 虐戕
* 虐戲 / 虐戏
* 虐戾
* 虐政 (nüèzhèng)
* 虐斂 / 虐敛
* 虐暑
* 虐暴
* 虐殺 / 虐杀 (nüèshā)
* 虐民
* 虐烈
* 虐焰
* 虐燄 / 虐焰
* 虐用
* 虐疾
* 虐行
* 虐謀 / 虐谋
* 虐謔 / 虐谑
* 虐遇
* 虐饕
* 虐魃
* 虣虐
* 被虐待狂
* 詐虐 / 诈虐
* 誅虐 / 诛虐
* 謔而不虐 / 谑而不虐 (xuè'érbùnüè)
* 譖虐 / 谮虐
* 豺虎肆虐
* 貪虐 / 贪虐
* 賊虐 / 贼虐
* 躁虐
* 逞虐
* 遺虐 / 遗虐
* 邪虐
* 鄙虐
* 酗虐
* 酷虐
* 醟虐 / 蒏虐
* 醜虐 / 丑虐
* 陵上虐下
* 陵虐 (língnüè)
* 險虐 / 险虐
* 雪虐風饕 / 雪虐风饕
* 頑虐 / 顽虐
* 饕虐
* 饕風虐雪 / 饕风虐雪
* 首虐
* 騷虐 / 骚虐
* 驕侈淫虐 / 骄侈淫虐
* 魃虐

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 虐 |
| Kyūjitai | 虐󠄁 虐+&#xE0101; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 虐󠄃 虐+&#xE0103; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* to oppress; to persecute; to tyrannize

#### Readings

* Go-on: ぎゃく (gyaku, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: ぎゃく (gyaku, Jōyō)
* Kun: しいたげる (shītageru, 虐げる, Jōyō)、いじめ (ijime, 虐め)、いじめる (ijimeru, 虐める)、しえたげる (shietageru, 虐げる)、むごい (mugoi, 虐い)

#### Compounds

* 虐(ぎゃく)遇(ぐう) (gyakugū)
* 虐(ぎゃく)刑(けい) (gyakukei)
* 虐(ぎゃく)殺(さつ) (gyakusatsu)
* 虐(ぎゃく)使(し) (gyakushi)
* 虐(ぎゃく)政(せい) (gyakusei)
* 虐(ぎゃく)待(たい) (gyakutai)
* 虐(ぎゃく)迫(はく) (gyakuhaku)
* 圧(あつ)虐(ぎゃく) (atsugyaku)
* 淫(いん)虐(ぎゃく) (ingyaku)
* 加(か)虐(ぎゃく) (kagyaku)
* 苛(か)虐(ぎゃく) (kagyaku)
* 残(ざん)虐(ぎゃく) (zangyaku)
* 嗜(し)虐(ぎゃく) (shigyaku)
* 自(じ)虐(ぎゃく) (jigyaku)
* 弑(しい)虐(ぎゃく) (shīgyaku) (弑(しい)逆(ぎゃく))
* 毒(どく)虐(ぎゃく) (dokugyaku)
* 八(はち)虐(ぎゃく) (hachigyaku)
* 被(ひ)虐(ぎゃく) (higyaku)
* 暴(ぼう)虐(ぎゃく) (bōgyaku)
* 陵(りょう)虐(ぎゃく), 凌(りょう)虐(ぎゃく) (ryōgyaku)

### References

* ↑ 白川静 (Shirakawa Shizuka) (2014) “虐”, in 字通 (Jitsū)‎ (in Japanese), popular edition, Tōkyō: Heibonsha, →ISBN
* ↑ Shōundō Henshūjo, editor (1927), 新漢和辞典 [The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Ōsaka: Shōundō, →DOI, page 1061 (paper), page 543 (digital)

## Korean
### Etymology

From a corrupted or unorthodox reading. The original reading is 악 (ak) based on Middle Chinese 虐 (MC ngjak).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᅌᅡᆨ〮 (Yale: ngak) | ᅌᅡᆨ〮 (Yale: ngak) |

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ha̠k̚]
* Phonetic hangul: [학]

### Hanja

虐 (eum 모질 학 (mojil hak))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

虐: Hán Nôm readings: ngược, ngước
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.