# कमल
## Apabhramsa
### Alternative forms

* 𑆑𑆩𑆬 (kamala) — Kāśmīrī

### Etymology

Inherited from Prakrit कमल (kamala), from Sanskrit कमल (kamala).

### Noun

कमल (kamala) n
* lotus

#### Descendants

* Central Indo-Aryan:
** Eastern Hindi:
*** Old Awadhi:
    Devanagari script: कँवल (kam̐vala)
    Kaithi script: 𑂍𑂁𑂫𑂪 (kaṃvala)
** Western Hindi:
*** Old Hindi: कवल (kavala)
**** Hindustani: kãval
    Hindi: कँवल
    Urdu: کَن٘وَل
* Eastern Indo-Aryan:
** Bihari:
*** Bhojpuri: kãval
    Devanagari script: कँवल
    Kaithi script: 𑂍𑂁𑂫𑂪
*** Magahi: kãval
    Devanagari script: कँवल (kãval)
    Kaithi script: 𑂍𑂁𑂫𑂪 (kanval)
* Insular Indo-Aryan:
    Sinhalese: කමල (kamala)
* Southern Indo-Aryan:
** Old Marathi: kavaḷa
    Devanagari script: कवळ
    Modi script: 𑘎𑘪𑘯
* Western Indo-Aryan:
** Old Gujarati: कमल (kamala)
*** Gujarati: કમળ (kamaḷ)
*** Marwari:
    Devanagari script: कंवल (kamval)
    Mahajani script: 𑅕𑅧𑅯𑅮 (knvl /⁠kamval⁠/)

### References

* ↑ Naresh Kumar (1975) अपभ्रंश-हिंदी-कोश [apabhrañś-hindī-koś, Apabhraṁśa-Hindi Dictionary], Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India: Indo-Vision Private Limited, page 194, column 2
* ↑ Dr. Kamalchand Sogani (2003) अपभ्रंश रचना सौरभ [apabhrañś racnā saurabh, Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition] (in Hindi), 2nd edition, Rajasthan: Apabhramsa Sahitya Academy, →OCLC, page 60
* ↑ Pischel, Richard, Jha, Subhadra (contributor) (1957) Comparative Grammar of the Prakrit Languages, Varanasi: Motilal Banarasidass, page 136: “kamalu = kamalam”

## Awadhi
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit कमल (kamala).

### Noun

कमल (kamal) m
* lotus

## Braj
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit कमल (kamala).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kə.məl/

### Noun

कमल (kamal) m
* lotus
** c. 1500, Surdas, Sursagar 1.1:चरन कमल बंदौं हरि राइ ।caran kamal banda͠u hari rāi .Translation by Rupert SnellI salute the lotus feet of Hari, the king.

## Hindi
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit कमल (kamala). Doublet of कँवल (kãval).

### Pronunciation

* (Delhi) IPA: /kə.məl/, [kɐ.mɐl]

### Noun

कमल • (kamal) m (Urdu spelling کَمَل)
* Nelumbo nucifera; lotus
    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:कमल

#### Derived terms

* कमल-ककड़ी (kamal-kakṛī)
* कमल-वन (kamal-van)
* कमलअंडा (kamalaṇḍā)
* कमलकंद (kamalkand)
* कमलगट्टा (kamalgaṭṭā)
* कमलज (kamlaj)
* कमलनयन (kamalnayan)
* कमलनाल (kamalnāl)
* कमलाकार (kamlākār)
* कमलाक्ष (kamlākṣ)
* कमलासन (kamlāsan)

#### Descendants

* → English: Kamal

### References

* McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “कमल”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press

## Old Gujarati
### Etymology

Inherited from Gurjara Apabhramsa कमल (kamala), from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀓𑀫𑀮 (kamala), from Sanskrit कमल (kamala), from Dravidian.

### Noun

कमल • (kamala) n
* lotus

#### Descendants

* Middle Gujarati: कमल (kamala)
** Gujarati: કમળ (kamaḷ)
* Marwari:
    Devanagari script: कंवल (kamval)
    Mahajani script: 𑅕𑅧𑅯𑅮 (knvl /⁠kamval⁠/)

### References

* ↑ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “kamala$^2$”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press
* ↑ जयंत कोठारी [Jayant Kothari] (1995) “कमल”, in मध्यकालीन गुजराती शब्दकोश [Mediaeval Gujarati Dictionary], लालभाई दलपतभाईनो वंडो, पानकोरनाका, अहमदावाद ३८० ००१ [Lalbhai Dalpatbhai Road, Pankornaka, Ahmedabad 380 001]: कलिकालसर्वज्ञ श्री हेमचन्द्राचार्य नवम जन्मशताब्दी स्मृति संस्कार शिक्षण निधि [Kalikāla-Sarvajña Śrī Hemacandrācārya Navama Janma-Śatābdī Smṛti Saṃskāra Śikṣaṇa Nidhi], page ८९, column 2.

## Pali
### Alternative scripts

* kamala (Latin script)
* 𑀓𑀫𑀮 (Brahmi script)
* কমল (Bengali script)
* කමල (Sinhalese script)
* ကမလ or ၵမလ (Burmese script)
* กมล or กะมะละ (Thai script)
* ᨠᨾᩃ (Tai Tham script)
* ກມລ or ກະມະລະ (Lao script)
* កមល (Khmer script)
* 𑄇𑄟𑄣 (Chakma script)

### Noun

कमल n
* Devanagari script form of kamala (“lotus”)

#### Declension
## Prakrit
### Noun

कमल (kamala) n
* Devanagari script form of 𑀓𑀫𑀮 (“lotus”)
** c. 1000 – 1100, Abdur Rahman, Sandeśa-Rāsaka 4:तह तणओ कुल-कमलो पाइय-कव्वेसु गीय-विसयेसु । अद्दहमाण-पसिद्धो संनेहयरासयं रइयं ॥ ४ ॥taha taṇao kula-kamalo pāiya-kavvesu gīya-visayesu . addahamāṇa-pasiddho saṃnehayarāsayaṃ raïyaṃ . 4 .4. [Mirasena’s] son, who was like a lotus to his family, was famously known as Addahamāṇa for his Prakrit poems and musical compositions. He has composed this Sandeśarāsaka.

#### Declension
## Sanskrit
### Alternative scripts

* কমল (Assamese script)
* ᬓᬫᬮ (Balinese script)
* কমল (Bengali script)
* 𑰎𑰦𑰩 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀓𑀫𑀮 (Brahmi script)
* ကမလ (Burmese script)
* કમલ (Gujarati script)
* ਕਮਲ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌕𑌮𑌲 (Grantha script)
* ꦏꦩꦭ (Javanese script)
* 𑂍𑂧𑂪 (Kaithi script)
* ಕಮಲ (Kannada script)
* កមល (Khmer script)
* ກມລ (Lao script)
* കമല (Malayalam script)
* ᡬᠠᠮᠠᠯᠠ (Manchu script)
* 𑘎𑘦𑘩 (Modi script)
* ᢉᠠᠮᠠᠯᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
* 𑦮𑧆𑧉 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐎𑐩𑐮 (Newa script)
* କମଲ (Odia script)
* ꢒꢪꢭ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆑𑆩𑆬 (Sharada script)
* 𑖎𑖦𑖩 (Siddham script)
* කමල (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩜𑩴𑩽 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚊𑚢𑚥 (Takri script)
* கமல (Tamil script)
* కమల (Telugu script)
* กมล (Thai script)
* ཀ་མ་ལ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒏𑒧𑒪 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨋𑨢𑨬 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Dravidian; compare Kannada ಕೊಮಳೆ (komaḷe, “lotus”). Related to कुवलय (kuvalaya, “water lily”), borrowed from a different Dravidian form of the same root; compare Tamil குவளை (kuvaḷai, “blue lotus”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /kɐ.mɐ.lɐ/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /ˈkɐ.mɐ.l̪ɐ/

#### Noun

कमल • (kamala) stem, m or n
* a lotus, lotus flower (especially the species Nelumbo nucifera)

##### Descendants

* Pali: kamala
* Prakrit: 𑀓𑀫𑀮 (kamala)
    Paisaci Prakrit: 𑀓𑀫𑀴 (kamaḷa)
** Apabhramsa: kamala
    Devanagari script: कमल (see there for further descendants)
    Sharada script: 𑆑𑆩𑆬 (see there for further descendants)
* → Braj: कमल (kamal)
* → English: Kamala
* → Hindustani: kamal
    Hindi: कमल
    Urdu: کَمَل
** → English: Kamal
* → Old Marathi: kamala
    Devanagari script: कमल
    Modi script: 𑘎𑘦𑘩
** > Marathi: (inherited) kamaḷ
    Devanagari script: कमळ
    Modi script: 𑘎𑘦𑘯
* → Old Tamil: 𑀓𑀫𑀮𑀫𑁆 (kamalam)
** Tamil: கமலம் (kamalam)
* → Telugu: కమల (kamala)
** ⇒ Telugu: కమలము (kamalamu)
* → Thai: กมล (gà-mon)

### Etymology 2

Uncertain. Maybe derived from the noun sense “lotus”, but Mayrhofer considers this to be unlikely.

#### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /kɐ.mɐ.lɐ́/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /ˈkɐ.mɐ.l̪ɐ/

#### Adjective

कमल • (kamalá) stem
* pale red, rose colored

##### Usage notes

Mayrhofer (1992)'s accentuation of the adjective meaning “pale red”: kamalá-, is the one found in the texts. Monier Williams, Otto Böhtlingk, and Mayrhofer (1956)'s version kámala- is wrong.

##### Declension
### Etymology 3

If the meaning is correct, from कम् (kam, “to desire, love”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /kɐ.mɐ́.lɐ/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /ˈkɐ.mɐ.l̪ɐ/

#### Adjective

कमल • (kamála) stem
* The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include: desirous, lustful

### References

* ↑ Muni Jinavijaya, Harivallabh Bhayani (1945) सन्देश रासक [sandeśa rāsaka] (Singhi Jain Series), 1st edition, Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, →OCLC, page ३
* ↑ Harivallabh Bhayani (1999) Samdesarasaka of Abdala Rahamana (Prakrit Text Series), 1st edition, Ahmedabad: Prakrit Text Society, page 57
* ↑ Mayrhofer, Manfred (2001) “kamala-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 3, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 58
* 1 2 Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) “kamalá-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 305
* ↑ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956) “kamalam”, in Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎ (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 160
* ↑ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) “kamála-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 305f.

### Further reading

* Monier Williams (1899) “कमल”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0252.
* Otto Böhtlingk, Richard Schmidt (1879-1928) “कमल”, in Walter Slaje, Jürgen Hanneder, Paul Molitor, Jörg Ritter, editors, Nachtragswörterbuch des Sanskrit [Dictionary of Sanskrit with supplements] (in German), Halle-Wittenberg: Martin-Luther-Universität, published 2016
* Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “kamala$^2$”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press
* Hellwig, Oliver (2010-2025) “kamala”, in DCS - The Digital Corpus of Sanskrit, Berlin, Germany.