# pulma
## Esperanto
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈpulma]
* Rhymes: -ulma
* Hyphenation: pul‧ma

### Adjective

pulma (accusative singular pulman, plural pulmaj, accusative plural pulmajn)
* pulmonic, pulmonary (pertaining or relative to the lungs)

#### Related terms

* pulmo

## Estonian
### Noun

pulma
* genitive singular of pulm
* partitive singular of pulm
* illative singular of pulm

## Finnish
### Etymology

Unknown origin. Probably cognate with Ingrian pulmalliin (“difficult”). The nature of a relationship with Estonian pulm (plural pulmad), Ingrian pulmat and Votic pulmõd (all "wedding") is unclear, but a semantic development from an original meaning "noise, racket, ruckus" may be possible. Alternatively, an obscured derivational relationship to pula (“shortage, crisis”) may be possible, in which case the Finnish word is not related to those aforementioned words meaning "wedding".

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpulmɑ/, [ˈpulmɑ̝]
* Rhymes: -ulmɑ
* Hyphenation: pul‧ma

### Noun

pulma
* trouble, problem
    Synonym: ongelma
* dilemma, conundrum (difficult choice or decision that must be made)
* puzzle, riddle, brain-teaser, conundrum (difficult question or riddle)
    Synonym: ongelma

#### Declension

Possessive forms of pulma (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
pulmani
pulmani
accusative
nom.
pulmani
pulmani
gen.
pulmani
genitive
pulmani
pulmieni pulmaini $^{rare}$
partitive
pulmaani
pulmiani
inessive
pulmassani
pulmissani
elative
pulmastani
pulmistani
illative
pulmaani
pulmiini
adessive
pulmallani
pulmillani
ablative
pulmaltani
pulmiltani
allative
pulmalleni
pulmilleni
essive
pulmanani
pulminani
translative
pulmakseni
pulmikseni
abessive
pulmattani
pulmittani
instructive
comitative
—pulmineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
pulmasi
pulmasi
accusative
nom.
pulmasi
pulmasi
gen.
pulmasi
genitive
pulmasi
pulmiesi pulmaisi $^{rare}$
partitive
pulmaasi
pulmiasi
inessive
pulmassasi
pulmissasi
elative
pulmastasi
pulmistasi
illative
pulmaasi
pulmiisi
adessive
pulmallasi
pulmillasi
ablative
pulmaltasi
pulmiltasi
allative
pulmallesi
pulmillesi
essive
pulmanasi
pulminasi
translative
pulmaksesi
pulmiksesi
abessive
pulmattasi
pulmittasi
instructive
comitative
—pulminesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
pulmamme
pulmamme
accusative
nom.
pulmamme
pulmamme
gen.
pulmamme
genitive
pulmamme
pulmiemme pulmaimme $^{rare}$
partitive
pulmaamme
pulmiamme
inessive
pulmassamme
pulmissamme
elative
pulmastamme
pulmistamme
illative
pulmaamme
pulmiimme
adessive
pulmallamme
pulmillamme
ablative
pulmaltamme
pulmiltamme
allative
pulmallemme
pulmillemme
essive
pulmanamme
pulminamme
translative
pulmaksemme
pulmiksemme
abessive
pulmattamme
pulmittamme
instructive
comitative
—pulminemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
pulmanne
pulmanne
accusative
nom.
pulmanne
pulmanne
gen.
pulmanne
genitive
pulmanne
pulmienne pulmainne $^{rare}$
partitive
pulmaanne
pulmianne
inessive
pulmassanne
pulmissanne
elative
pulmastanne
pulmistanne
illative
pulmaanne
pulmiinne
adessive
pulmallanne
pulmillanne
ablative
pulmaltanne
pulmiltanne
allative
pulmallenne
pulmillenne
essive
pulmananne
pulminanne
translative
pulmaksenne
pulmiksenne
abessive
pulmattanne
pulmittanne
instructive
comitative
—pulminenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
pulmansa
pulmansa
accusative
nom.
pulmansa
pulmansa
gen.
pulmansa
genitive
pulmansa
pulmiensa pulmainsa $^{rare}$
partitive
pulmaansa
pulmiaan pulmiansa
inessive
pulmassaan pulmassansa
pulmissaan pulmissansa
elative
pulmastaan pulmastansa
pulmistaan pulmistansa
illative
pulmaansa
pulmiinsa
adessive
pulmallaan pulmallansa
pulmillaan pulmillansa
ablative
pulmaltaan pulmaltansa
pulmiltaan pulmiltansa
allative
pulmalleen pulmallensa
pulmilleen pulmillensa
essive
pulmanaan pulmanansa
pulminaan pulminansa
translative
pulmakseen pulmaksensa
pulmikseen pulmiksensa
abessive
pulmattaan pulmattansa
pulmittaan pulmittansa
instructive
comitative
—pulmineen pulminensa :

#### Derived terms

* pulmallinen
* pulmaton
* pulmakysymys
* pulmalelu
* pulmapeli
* pulmatilanne

### References

* ↑ Itkonen, Erkki, Kulonen, Ulla-Maija, editors (1992–2000), Suomen sanojen alkuperä [The Origin of Finnish Words]‎ (in Finnish) (online version; note: also includes other etymological sources; this source is labeled "SSA 1992–2000"), Helsinki: Institute for the Languages of Finland/Finnish Literature Society, →ISBN

### Further reading

* “pulma”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

### Anagrams

* palmu