# शम्
## Sanskrit
### Alternative scripts

* শম্ (Assamese script)
* ᬰᬫ᭄ (Balinese script)
* শম্ (Bengali script)
* 𑰫𑰦𑰿 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀰𑀫𑁆 (Brahmi script)
* ၐမ် (Burmese script)
* શમ્ (Gujarati script)
* ਸ਼ਮ੍ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌶𑌮𑍍 (Grantha script)
* ꦯꦩ꧀ (Javanese script)
* 𑂬𑂧𑂹 (Kaithi script)
* ಶಮ್ (Kannada script)
* ឝម៑ (Khmer script)
* ຨມ຺ (Lao script)
* ശമ് (Malayalam script)
* ᡧᠠᠮ (Manchu script)
* 𑘫𑘦𑘿 (Modi script)
* ᠱᠠᠮ (Mongolian script)
* 𑧋𑧆𑧠 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐱𑐩𑑂 (Newa script)
* ଶମ୍ (Odia script)
* ꢯꢪ꣄ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆯𑆩𑇀 (Sharada script)
* 𑖫𑖦𑖿 (Siddham script)
* ශම් (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩿𑩴 𑪙 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚧𑚢𑚶 (Takri script)
* ஶம் (Tamil script)
* శమ్ (Telugu script)
* ศมฺ (Thai script)
* ཤ་མ྄ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒬𑒧𑓂 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨮𑨢𑨴 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱemh₂- (“to toil, to exert oneself”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κάμνω (kámnō, “to labour, to work hard”).

#### Alternative forms

* शिम् (śim)

#### Root

शम् • (śam)
* to become tired, finish, stop, come to an end, rest, be quiet, calm, satisfied or contented
* (middle voice) to toil at, fatigue or exert one's self (especially in performing ritual acts)
* to prepare, arrange
* to cease, be allayed or extinguished
* to put an end to, hurt, injure, destroy
* (causative) to appease, allay, alleviate, pacify, calm, soothe, settle
* (causative) to kill, slay, destroy, remove, extinguish
* (causative) to leave off, desist
* (causative) to conquer, subdue
* (intensive) to be entirely appeased or extinguished

##### Derived terms
###### Primary Verbal Forms

* शाम्यति (śā́myati, Present)
* शम्यति (śamyati, Present)
* शिम्यति (śímyati, Present)
* शम्नीते (śamnīte, Present)
* शमिष्यति (śamiṣyáti, Future)
* शमिता (śamitā́, Periphrastic Future)
* अशमीत् (áśamīt, Aorist)
* अशमत् (áśamat, Aorist)
* शम्यात् (śamyā́t, Benedictive)
* शशाम (śaśā́ma, Perfect)

###### Secondary Forms

* शम्यते (śamyate, Passive)
* अशमि (aśami, Passive Aorist)
* शमयति (śamáyati, Causative)
* शामयति (śāmayati, Causative)
* अशीशमत् (áśīśamat, Causative Aorist)
* शाम्यते (śāmyate, Passive of Causative)
* शिशमिषति (śiśamiṣati, Desiderative)
* शंशमीति (śaṃśamīti, Intensive)
* शंशम्यते (śaṃśamyate, Intensive)

###### Non-Finite Forms

* शान्त (śāntá, Past Participle)
* शमित (śamitá, Past Participle)
* शमितुम् (śamitum, Infinitive)
* शमित्वा (śamitvā, Gerund)
* शान्त्वा (śāntvā, Gerund)
* शामम् (śāmam, Gerund)
* शम्य (śamya, Gerundive)
* शमनीय (śamanīya, Gerundive)

###### Derived Nominal Forms

* शम (śama)
* शमथ (śamatha)
* शमन (śamana)
* शमितृ (śamitṛ́)
* शमिन् (śamin)
* शमी (śámī)
* शान्ति (śā́nti)
* शिम (śíma)
* शिमी (śímī)

###### Prefixed Root Forms

* उपशम् (upaśam)
* निशम् (niśam)
* प्रशम् (praśam)
* संशम् (saṃśam)

#### References

* Monier Williams (1899) “शम्”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1053, column 3.
* William Dwight Whitney, 1885, The Roots, Verb-forms, and Primary Derivatives of the Sanskrit Language, Leipzig: Breitkopf and Härtel, page 171
* Hellwig, Oliver (2010-2025) “śam”, in DCS - The Digital Corpus of Sanskrit, Berlin, Germany.
* Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “ŚAM$^I$”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 610-611
* Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “śam$^i$”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, pages 438-9
* Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 323-4

### Etymology 2

Uncertain, possibly from an earlier *श्वम् (śvam), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱewh₁- (“to swell, to be strong”). Compare श्वयति (śvayati), Avestan 𐬯𐬞𐬇𐬧 (spə̄ṇ, “beneficial”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /ɕɐ́m/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /ɕɐm/

#### Adverb

शम् • (śám)
* auspiciously, fortunately, happily, well

##### Derived terms

* शंत॑नु (śáṃtanu)
* शं॒क॒र (śaṃkará)
* शं॒यु (śaṃyú)
* श॒म्भु (śambhú)

#### References

* Monier Williams (1899) “शम्”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1054, column 2.
* Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “śám-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 609-610