# 慈愛
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): cí'ài
    (Zhuyin): ㄘˊ ㄞˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ci$^4$ oi$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chhṳ̀-oi
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chîr-ài / chû-ài
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: cí'ài
*** Zhuyin: ㄘˊ ㄞˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cíh-ài
*** Wade–Giles: tzʻŭ$^2$-ai$^4$
*** Yale: tsź-ài
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tsyray
*** Palladius: цыай (cyaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰz̩³⁵ ˀaɪ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ci$^4$ oi$^3$
*** Yale: chìh oi
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsi$^4$ oi$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: qi$^4$ oi$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰiː²¹ ɔːi̯³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhṳ̀-oi
*** Hakka Romanization System: cii$^ˇ$ oi
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ci$^2$ oi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰɨ¹¹ oi̯⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chîr-ài
*** Tâi-lô: tsîr-ài
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sɯ²⁴⁻²² ai⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chû-ài
*** Tâi-lô: tsû-ài
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zu'aix
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡su²⁴⁻¹¹ ai¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡su²³⁻³³ ai²¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡su¹³⁻²² ai²¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡su²⁴⁻²² ai²¹/
* Middle Chinese: dzi 'ojH
Rime :
| Character | 慈 | 愛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 從 (15) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 之 (19) | 咍 (41) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 疾之切 | 烏代切 |
| Baxter | dzi | 'ojH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡zɨ/ | /ʔʌi$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡zɨ/ | /ʔəi$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡zie/ | /ʔɒi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡zɨ/ | /ʔəj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /d͡ziə/ | /ʔᴀi$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /d͡zĭə/ | /ɒi$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /d͡zʱi/ | /ʔɑ̆i$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | cí | ài |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ci$^4$ | oi$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[N-ts]ə [q]ˤə[p]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*zɯ qɯːds/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 慈 | 愛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | cí | ài |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dzi › | ‹ ʔoj$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[N-ts]ə/ | /*[q]ˁə[p]-s/ |
| English | loving, kind | to love; to grudge (< ‘draw close to oneself’?) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 慈 | 愛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 17845 | 1 |
| Phonetic component | 兹 | 愛 |
| Rime group | 之 | 隊 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 慈 | 愛 |
| Old Chinese | /*zɯ/ | /*qɯːds/ |
| Notes | | 說文本從心旡聲 |

### Adjective

慈愛
* loving; affectionate; kind

#### Synonyms

* 仁和 (rénhé) (literary)
* 仁愛 / 仁爱 (rén'ài)
* 仁慈 (réncí)
* 友善 (yǒushàn)
* 可親 / 可亲 (kěqīn)
* 和善 (héshàn)
* 和氣 / 和气
* 和藹 / 和蔼 (hé'ǎi)
* 善良 (shànliáng)
* 好心 (hǎoxīn)
* 惠 (huì) (literary, or in compounds)
* 惠愛 / 惠爱 (huì'ài) (literary)
* 慈祥 (cíxiáng)
* 祥和 (xiánghé)
* 腍善 (nam$^4$ sin$^6$) (Cantonese)
* 藹然 / 蔼然 (ǎirán) (literary)
* 隨和 / 随和

#### Antonyms

* 兇惡／凶恶 (xiōng'è)
* 猙獰／狰狞 (zhēngníng)

### Noun

慈愛
* love; affection; kindness; charity
    From: c. 1948, Wang Weike (王維克), translator. Divine Comedy (Purgatory, Canto XV). English text based on the translation by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.
    Tā yùshì zhǎozháole rèxīn de, yùshì gěi dé duō; yúshì cí'ài de fànwéi yù tuīguǎng, yǒngjiǔ de shàn yě yóucǐ zēngjiā. [Pinyin]
    So much it gives itself as it finds ardour, So that as far as charity extends, O'er it increases the eternal valour.

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 慈(じ)愛(あい) (jiai)
* → Korean: 자애(慈愛) (jaae)
* → Vietnamese: từ ái (慈愛)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 慈 | 愛 |
| じ Grade: S | あい Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) じあい [jìáí] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) じあい [jíꜜàì] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [d͡ʑia̠i]

### Noun

慈(じ)愛(あい) • (jiai)
* affection, frequently the love of a parent for a child
** 2018 November 16, “‘Haha no jiai’ hatsugen, Koike chiji wa fukaikan [‘Mother’s love’ remark, Governor Koike uncomfortable]”, in Asahi Shimbun‎, archived from the original on 8 June 2020:
    東(とう)京(きょう)都(と)の小(こ)池(いけ)百(ゆ)合(り)子(こ)知(ち)事(じ)は、今(こん)月(げつ)の全(ぜん)国(こく)知(ち)事(じ)会(かい)議(ぎ)で鳥(とっ)取(とり)県(けん)の平(ひら)井(い)伸(しん)治(じ)知(ち)事(じ)から「母(はは)の慈(じ)愛(あい)の心(こころ)を持(も)って」と言(い)われたことに対(たい)し、16(じゅうろく)日(にち)の定(てい)例(れい)会(かい)見(けん)で「私(わたし)は母(はは)になれなかった。安(あん)易(い)な発(はつ)言(げん)で、大(たい)変(へん)傷(きず)ついた」と不(ふ)快(かい)感(かん)を示(しめ)した。
       Tōkyō-to no Koike Yuriko-chiji wa, kongetsu no zenkoku chiji kaigi de Tottori-ken no Hirai Shinji-chiji kara “haha no jiai no kokoro o motte” to iwareta koto ni taishi, jūrokunichi no teirei kaiken de “Watashi wa haha ni narenakatta. An'ina hatsugen de, taihen kizutsuita” to fukaikan o shimeshita.
       Tokyo governor Yuriko Koike responded to Tottori governor Shinji Hirai’s comment at this month’s national governors’ meeting that she “has a mother’s affectionate heart”. During a regular interview on the 16th she expressed discomfort saying, “I never became a mother. This offhand comment hurt me terribly.”

#### Related terms

* 愛(あい) (ai, “love”)
* 恋(れん)愛(あい) (ren'ai, “romantic love”)
* 愛(あい)情(じょう) (aijō, “affection; love for a partner”)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 慈 | 愛 |

### Noun

慈愛 • (jaae) (hangeul 자애)
* hanja form of 자애 (“love; affection; kindness”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 慈 | 愛 |

### Noun

慈愛
* chữ Hán form of từ ái (“love; affection; kindness”).