# spruce
## English
### Etymology

From Middle English Spruce, an alteration of Pruce (“Prussia”), from Medieval Latin, from a Baltic language, probably Old Prussian; for more, see Prussia. Spruce, spruse (1412), and Sprws (1378) were terms for commodities brought to England by Hanseatic merchants (beer, wood, leather). The tree with this name was also believed to have been native to Prussia. The adjective and verb senses ("trim, neat" and "to make trim, neat") are attested from 1594, and originate with spruce leather (1466), which was used to make a popular style of jerkins in the 1400s that was considered smart-looking.
* This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “"Spruce leather" because tanned with the tree bark, or only because it came from Prussia? Split into two etymologies?”

### Pronunciation

* enPR: spro͞os, (US) IPA: /spɹuːs/
** Audio (US):(file)
* (Scotland, Northern Ireland) IPA: /spɹʉs/
* Rhymes: -uːs

### Noun

spruce (countable and uncountable, plural spruces or spruce)
* Any of various large coniferous evergreen trees or shrubs from the genus Picea, found in northern temperate and boreal regions; originally and more fully spruce fir.
* (uncountable) The wood of a spruce.
* (used attributively) Made of the wood of the spruce.
    That spruce table is beautiful!
* (obsolete) Prussian leather; pruce.

#### Derived terms

* black spruce (Picea mariana)
* blue spruce (Picea pungens)
* Brewer's spruce (Picea breweriana)
* Colorado blue spruce, Colorado spruce, Colorado green spruce (Picea pungens)
* dark-bark spruce (Picea jezoensis)
* Engelmann spruce, Engelmann's spruce (Picea engelmannii)
* European spruce (Picea abies)
* Ezo spruce (Picea jezoensis)
* green spruce (Picea pungens)
* Jezo spruce (Picea jezoensis)
* Koyama's spruce (Picea koyamae)
* Norway spruce (Picea abies)
* Patton's spruce (Tsuga mertensiana)
* red spruce (Picea rubens)
* Serbian spruce (Picea omorika)
* Siberian spruce (Picea obovata)
* silver spruce (Picea engelmannii), Picea pungens)
* Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis)
* spruce aphid (Adelgidae spp.)
* spruce beer
* spruce cone
* spruce grouse, spruce hen (Dendrapagus canadensis)
* spruce pine (Pinus glabra)
* spruce siskin (Spinus spinus)
* spruce tip
* weeping spruce (Picea breweriana)
* western spruce budworm (Choristoneura freemani)
* white spruce (Picea glauca)
* Yeddo spruce, Yezo spruce (Picea jezoensis)

#### Descendants

* → Kashubian: sprusz (Canada, United States)
* → Thai: สปรูซ

#### Translations
### References

* Spruce on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* Picea on Wikispecies.Wikispecies
* Picea on Wikimedia Commons.Wikimedia Commons

### Adjective

spruce (comparative sprucer, superlative sprucest)
* (comparable) Smart, trim, and elegant in appearance; fastidious (said of a person).
** 1606, William Warner, “The Sixteenth Booke. Chapter CI.”, in A Continuance of Albions England: […], London: […] Felix Kyngston [and Richard Bradock?] for George Potter, […], →OCLC, page 399:Hovv often vvould the Svvaines prepare their Morrice & their May / To haue a ſight of her, vvhen all enamoured vvent their vvay? / The ſprevvſeſt Citie-Lads for her vvould faine the Countrie-aire, / And that their prouder Girles had but adultrate beauties ſvvaire, […]
** 1916, Henry Beston, A Volunteer Poilu:[A] baker's boy in a white apron and blue jumpers went by carrying a basket of bread on his head; and from the nearby tobacconist's, a spruce young lieutenant dressed in a black uniform emerged lighting a cigarette.
** 1919, W[illiam] Somerset Maugham, chapter XXXI, in The Moon and Sixpence, [New York, N.Y.]: Grosset & Dunlap Publishers […], →OCLC:He had great neatness of person, and he continued to wear his spruce black coat and his bowler hat, always a little too small for him, in a dapper, jaunty manner.
** 1952, Norman Lewis, Golden Earth:A spruce young lieutenant came over, saluted and clambered into the back of our jeep, and we were off.
** 2012 October 13, “Plessey returns: Chips with everything”, in The Economist‎, London: The Economist Group, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2012-10-13:The two clean rooms, where chips are made, are sprucer than a hospital theatre.

#### Translations
### Verb

spruce (third-person singular simple present spruces, present participle sprucing, simple past and past participle spruced)
* (usually with up) To arrange neatly; tidy up.
* (transitive, intransitive, usually with up) To make oneself spruce (neat and elegant in appearance).
* To tease. (Can we add an example for this sense?)

#### Derived terms

* spruce up
* sprucen

### References

* Douglas Harper (2001–2025) “spruce”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.

### Anagrams

* cusper, recups