# -m
## Afar
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-m/ [-m]

### Suffix

-m
* Used to form (pro)nouns taking on the quality of the suffixed determiners, numbers, verbs and nouns.
    ‎yí (“my”) + ‎-m → ‎yím (“mine (my something)”)

#### Usage notes

* When added to a noun, the suffix is added to a genitive:
    ‎áwka (“boy”) + ‎-m → ‎awkím (“the boy's thing”)

#### Derived terms
### References

* E. M. Parker, R. J. Hayward (1985) An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN, page 236

## Estonian
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *-mpi, cognate to Finnish -mpi.

#### Suffix

-m
* Forms comparative adjectives.

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Finnic *-ma, cognate to Finnish -ma.

#### Suffix

-m
* Forms nouns from verbs.
    koguma (“to collect”) → kogum (“collection, complex, group of items or objects”)
    valima (“to select”) → valim (“sample (in statistics)”)
    hõljuma (“to float”) → hõljum (“plankton”)

##### Derived terms
## Hungarian
### Etymology 1

Possibly from Proto-Uralic *mᴕ̈ (“I”); see also én (“I”). Cognate with Northern Mansi -м (-m, “my”).

#### Suffix

-m
* (possessive suffix) my (first-person singular, single possession)
* (personal suffix) First-person singular personal suffix:
** Definite forms of transitive verbs (followed by a linking vowel in indicative present/past and subjunctive moods; with no linking vowel in conditional mood).
    ‎tud (“to know”) → ‎tudom, tudtam, tudjam, tudnám (“I know / knew / should know / would know it”)
    ‎kér (“to ask [for sth]”) → ‎kérem, kértem, kérjem, kérném (“I ask / asked / should ask / would ask for it”)
** Indefinite forms of -ik verbs.
    ‎alszik (“to sleep”) + ‎-m → ‎alszom (“I sleep”)
** Forming conjugated infinitives (here: “for me to do something”).
    ‎tanulni (“to study”) + ‎-m → ‎tanulnom kell (“I need to study”, literally “for_me_to_study is_necessary”)
    Csak kérnem kell. ― All I have to do is ask [for it]. (literally, “only for_me_to_ask is_necessary”)
** Declined and postpositional forms of the first-person personal pronoun én (“I”).
    ‎-ban/-ben (“in”) + ‎-m → ‎bennem (“in me”)
    ‎elé (“in front of”) + ‎-m → ‎elém (“in front of me”)

##### Usage notes

* (possessive suffix) Variants:
    -m is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.
       ‎hajó (“boat”) + ‎-m → ‎a hajóm (“my boat”)
       ‎kocsi (“car”) + ‎-m → ‎a kocsim (“my car”)
       ‎palota (“palace”) + ‎-m → ‎a palotám (“my palace”)
       ‎érme (“coin”) + ‎-m → ‎az érmém (“my coin”)
    -am is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
       ‎ház (“house”) + ‎-am → ‎a házam (“my house”)
    -om is added to the other back-vowel words ending in a consonant
       ‎kor (“age”) + ‎-om → ‎a korom (“my age”)
    -em is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant
       ‎kert (“garden”) + ‎-em → ‎a kertem (“my garden”)
       ‎fül (“ear”) + ‎-em → ‎a fülem (“my ear”)
    -öm is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant
       ‎öröm (“joy”) + ‎-öm → ‎az örömöm (“my joy”)

### Etymology 2

It can be traced back to the Proto-Uralic *-m.

#### Suffix

-m
* (noun-forming suffix, obsolete) Added to a verb (or rarely to a noun) to form a noun. No longer productive in this sense.
    öröm, álom, folyam
    alom, orom, hím
* (frequentative verb-forming suffix, obsolete) No longer productive in this sense.
    élemedett (“elderly”)

### See also

* Category:Hungarian noun forms
* Appendix:Hungarian possessive suffixes

### References

* ↑ -m in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)

## Ilocano
### Pronoun

-m
* Alternative form of -mo (used before vowels and suffixes -en and -an)

#### See also
## Marshallese
### Alternative forms

* em
* im

### Pronunciation

* (phonetic) IPA: [mʲ]
* (phonemic) IPA: /-mʲ/
* Bender phonemes: {-m}

### Suffix

-m
* and

### References

* Marshallese–English Online Dictionary

## Northern Kurdish
### Suffix

-m
* first-person singular suffix
    têm ('I come.')
    çûm ('I went.')

#### Alternative forms

* -im (after a consonant)

## Old Irish
### Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *-mus.

### Suffix

-m m
* Forms verbal nouns of A III (hiatus) verbs

#### Inflection

Masculine u-stem :
| | Singular | Dual | Plural |
| Nominative | -m | -m$^L$ | -mae |
| Vocative | -m | -m$^L$ | -mu |
| Accusative | -m$^N$ | -m$^L$ | -mu |
| Genitive | -mo$^H$, -ma$^H$ | -mo, -ma | -mae$^N$ |
| Dative | -m$^L$ | -maib | -maib |
| Initial mutations of a following adjective: $^H$ = triggers aspiration $^L$ = triggers lenition $^N$ = triggers nasalization ||||

### References

* ↑ Gordon, Randall Clark (2012) Derivational Morphology of the Early Irish Verbal Noun, Los Angeles: University of California, pages 108-111

## Phalura
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-m/

### Suffix

-m
* Plural suffix (with m-declension nouns)

### References

* Henrik Liljegren, Naseem Haider (2011) “-m”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎, Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /m/
* Rhymes: -m
* Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]

### Etymology 1

From earlier -śm, a contraction of Old Polish jeśm, from Proto-Slavic *esmь.

#### Suffix

-m
* past-tense first-person singular suffix
    ‎robić + ‎-m → ‎robiłem
    ‎oglądać + ‎-m → ‎oglądałem

##### Alternative forms

* -em (after a consonant)

#### See also

* -ś
* -ście
* -śmy

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Old Polish -m, from Proto-Slavic [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European [Term?].

#### Suffix

-m
* first-person singular suffix
    ‎oglądać + ‎-m → ‎oglądam

### Further reading

* -m in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Quechua
### Alternative forms

* -mi (after consonants)
* -n (Cuzco-Collao)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-m/
** (Ayacucho) IPA: [-m]
** (Cuzco-Collao) IPA: [-ŋ]

### Suffix

-m
* Evidential suffix, first-hand information. Indicates that the speaker has direct evidence/knowledge of some fact, having experienced it, seen it, heard it, etc.
    Ñuqa runa simitam rimani. Qusqumantam kani.I speak Quechua. I am from Cuzco.
    Allqukunaqa chawa aychatam mikunku.Dogs eat raw meat.
* Used to mark an open-ended question; less formal than -taq.
    Maymantam kanki?Where are you from?

#### See also

* -s, -si
* -ch, -chá

## Turkish
### Suffix

-m
* First-person singular possessive suffix denoting singular possession in words ending in a vowel.
    kedi - kedim
       cat - my cat

#### Usage notes

* If the noun ends in a consonant, it may be "-im", "-ım", "-um" and "-üm"
    kalem - kalemim
    takım - takımım
    mum - mumum
    göz - gözüm
* It must be used with an apostrophe if it's appended to a proper noun.
    Utku - Utku'm

## Uzbek
### Suffix

| postconsonantal | -im |
| postvocalic | -m |
-m (Cyrillic spelling -м)
* Form of -im after a vowel.
    Bu ruchkam.This is my ball pen.