# jmj
## Egyptian
### Etymology 1

From m (“in”) +‎ -j (nisba ending). For the initial j-, compare the adverbial and pre-pronominal form of m, jm.

#### Pronunciation

* (reconstructed) IPA: /jaˈmij/ → /jaˈmij/ → /ʔəˈmeʔ/ → /ʔəˈmeʔ/
* (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA: /jaˈmij/
* (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA: /jaˈmij/
* (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA: /ʔəˈmeʔ/
* (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA: /ʔəˈmeʔ/
* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /imi/
** Conventional anglicization: imi

#### Adjective

* being in, inherent (in)
* being among, of, out of (a quantity or group)
* (in reverse nisba constructions) in which (something) is
* (after an adjective) -est of, -est among; forms the superlative

##### Alternative forms

| jm | jm | jm | jm | jm |
| m | jmj | jmj | jmj | jmj | jmj |
| [Old Kingdom] | [Medical papyri] | [Medical papyri and New Kingdom] | [New Kingdom] |
| | | | | cryptic writing | cryptic writing |

##### Derived terms

* jmj jb
* jmj-jz
* jmj-ꜥ
* jmj-ꜥḥ
* jmjw-jꜣwt.sn
* jmj wrt
* jmj-wt
* jmjw-tꜣ-mw
* jmj bꜣḥ
* jmj-r
* jmj-rn.f
* jmj hrw.f
* jmj ḥꜣt
* jmj-ḫnt
* jmj-ḫt
* jmj-sꜣ
* jmj-st-ꜥ
* jmj-tꜣ
* jmj-dwꜣt
* jmj-ḏw
* jmw
* jmw-mw
* jmw-ḥꜣt
* jmt wrt
* jmt-pr
* jmt nḏst
* jmt-r
* jmt ḥꜣt
* jmt-ḥꜣt.f

#### Noun

m
* what is within, contents, insides
* interior, inside
* inhabitant, person living in a place

##### Alternative forms

See under the adjective above.

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* (reconstructed) IPA: /ˈjiːmit/ → /ˈjiːmiʔ/ → /ˈʔiːma/ → /ˈʔiːmə/
* (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA: /ˈjiːmit/
* (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA: /ˈjiːmiʔ/
* (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA: /ˈʔiːma/
* (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA: /ˈʔiːmə/
* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /imi/
** Conventional anglicization: imi

#### Verb

3ae inf.
* (transitive) to not be
* (catenative, with a verb in the negatival complement) to not do; (in the subjunctive) may it not be that…; lest…; so that… does not…
* (Old Egyptian, with a following verbal adjective) there is none that is; introduces an independent negated adjectival existential clause [Pyramid Texts]

##### Alternative forms

| jmj | jmj | jmj | jmj |
| [Middle Kingdom] | [Greco-Roman Period] | [Greco-Roman Period] | [Greco-Roman Period] |
| in hieratic |

##### Derived terms

* m-jr
* m-jr-djt
* m-dyt

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /imi/
** Conventional anglicization: imi

#### Verb

* imperative of rḏj (“to give, to set, to cause”)
* emphasizes a following imperative
* (Late Egyptian, with following verb in the subjunctive-prospective) forms the causative imperative

##### Alternative forms

| jmj | jmj | jmj | jmm | jmmtw | jmm | jmm | jmy | jwmy |
| | [Old Kingdom] | [Old Kingdom] | [since the New Kingdom] | [since the New Kingdom] | [since the New Kingdom] | [since the New Kingdom] | [Late Period] | [Greco-Roman Period] |

##### Descendants

* Demotic: my, mꜥy, jw.my
** Coptic: ⲙ- (m-)

### References

* “jm.j (lemma ID 25130)”, “jm.j (lemma ID 25120)”, “jmi̯ (lemma ID 25170)”, “m (lemma ID 64410)”, and “jmi̯ (lemma ID 851706)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎, Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
* Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎, volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 72.13–75.22, 76.10–77.11
* Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1928) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎, volume 2, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 3.3–3.8, 4.1–4.2
* Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, pages 18–19
* James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 91, 160, 190–191, 260, 415.
* Junge, Friedrich (2005) Late Egyptian Grammar: An Introduction, second English edition, Oxford: Griffith Institute, pages 78–79