# keel
## English
### Etymology 1

From Middle English kele, from Old Norse kjǫlr, itself from Proto-Germanic *keluz, of uncertain origin. Displaced Old English ċēol from a related root. Distantly related to kile.

#### Pronunciation

* (UK) IPA: /kiːl/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -iːl

#### Noun

keel (plural keels)
* (nautical) A large beam along the underside of a ship’s hull from bow to stern.
** 1850, [Alfred, Lord Tennyson], In Memoriam, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC, Canto X:I hear the noise about thy keel; ⁠I hear the bell struck in the night: ⁠I see the cabin-window bright; I see the sailor at the wheel.
* (nautical) A rigid, flat piece of material anchored to the lowest part of the hull of a ship to give it greater control and stability.
* (aeronautics) In a dirigible, a construction similar in form and use to a ship's keel; in an aeroplane, a fin or fixed surface employed to increase stability and to hold the machine to its course.
* (by extension) The rigid bottom part of something else, especially an iceberg.
    Coordinate term: bummock
** 1975, Nathaniel Bowditch, American Practical Navigator: An Epitome of Navigation, page 834:The most important ice features are the frequency and extent of downward projections (bummocks and ice keels) from the underside of the ice canopy (pack ice and enclosed water areas from the point of view of the submariner) […]
** 1986, Environmental Studies Revolving Funds (Canada), C. F. M. Lewis, Federal Panel on Energy Research and Development (Canada), Gulf Canada Resources Inc, Ice Scour Workshop (1985 : Calgary, Alta.), Ice Scour and Seabed Engineering: Proceedings of a Workshop on Ice Scour Research:Bill Roggensack, EBA Engineering Ltd.: So at the end of this particular simulation, presumably the keel of the iceberg is in contact with the seabed? / Chris Woodworth-Lynas: It is just in contact with the seabed.
** 2021 September 30, Kenneth Andrus, Arctic Menace, Babylon Books, →ISBN:Would he be able to break through the surface ice or would they ram into an ice keel extending down from the bottom of the ice pack that would rip their craft open like a mere sardine can?
* (nautical) A type of flat-bottomed boat.
** 1948 January and February, “Notes and News: Duke of Wellington's Early Railway Journey”, in Railway Magazine, page 56:The ladies remained at the house, while the men walked to the staith on the [River] Wear, and were shown the process of unloading the wagons into the keels by means of the coal-drop.
* (zoology) The periphery of a whorl extended to form a more or less flattened plate; a prominent spiral ridge.
** 1906, Records of the Albany Museum - Volume 1, page 314:Metanotum shining, indistinctly punctured at the base in the centre, the sides closely punctured; the areola large, obliquely narrowed at the base, its apex open, there are 2 lateral areas, both widely open at the base on the outerside; the posterior median area bears about 10 stout, transverse keels; on its apical outerside is a triangular area; the spiracular is bounded on the outerside by a distinct keel.
* (botany) The two lowest petals of the corolla of a papilionaceous flower, united and enclosing the stamens and pistil; a carina.
** 1985, Charles L. Scott, The Genus Haworthia (Liliaceae): A Taxonomic Revision, page 80:Vegetatively it is the nearest to H. translucens with its oblong-lanceolate leaves, with the margins and keel beset with pellucid teeth, but it differs and is characterised by the greyish-black quadrantly positioned globose flowers; […]

##### Derived terms

* bilge keel
* caudal keel
* even keel
* false keel
* fin keel
* keel arch
* keelful
* keelhaul
* keel over
* off keel
* on keel
* sliding keel

##### Translations
#### Verb

keel (third-person singular simple present keels, present participle keeling, simple past and past participle keeled)
* (intransitive, followed by "over") to collapse, to fall
    He keeled over after having a stroke.
* To traverse with a keel; to navigate.
* To turn up the keel; to show the bottom.

##### Derived terms

* keel over

##### Translations
### Etymology 2

From Middle English kelen, from Old English cēlan (“to cool, to make or become cool”), from Proto-West Germanic *kōlijan, from Proto-Germanic *kōlijaną (“to cool”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian käile, köile (“to cool”), Dutch koelen (“to cool”), German Low German köhlen (“to cool”), German kühlen (“to cool”), Danish køle (“to cool”), Icelandic kæla (“to cool”).

#### Verb

keel (third-person singular simple present keels, present participle keeling, simple past and past participle keeled)
* (transitive, obsolete) To cool; make cool; to cool by stirring or skimming in order to keep from boiling over.
    while greasy Joan doth keel the pot (Shakespeare)
* (transitive, obsolete) To moderate the ardour or intensity of; assuage; to appease, pacify, or lessen.
* (intransitive, obsolete) To become cool; cool down.

##### Derived terms

* keeler

#### Noun

keel (plural keels)
* (brewing) A broad, flat vessel used for cooling liquids; a brewer's cooling vat; a keelfat.

### Etymology 3

Probably from Scottish Gaelic cìl (“ruddle”).

#### Noun

keel
* (Scotland) Red chalk; ruddle.

#### Verb

keel (third-person singular simple present keels, present participle keeling, simple past and past participle keeled)
* (Scotland, transitive) To mark with ruddle.

### Etymology 4

Compare Scots kele, keil, keill (“to put to death, kill”).

#### Verb

keel (third-person singular simple present keels, present participle keeling, simple past and past participle keeled)
* (humorous, nonstandard) Pronunciation spelling of kill.

##### Usage notes

* Used to mimic a foreign accent.

### Anagrams

* Kele, Leek, elke, leek, lekë

## Afrikaans
### Etymology

From Dutch keel, from Middle Dutch kēle, from Old Dutch kela, from Proto-Germanic *kelǭ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kiə̯l/
* Audio:(file)
* Homophone: keël (except archaically)

### Noun

keel (plural kele)
* throat

#### Derived terms

* keelgat
* keelseer

## Dutch
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /keːl/, [keːɫ]
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: keel
* Rhymes: -eːl

### Etymology 1

From Middle Dutch kēle, from Old Dutch kela, from Proto-West Germanic *kelā, from Proto-Germanic *kelǭ.

#### Noun

keel f (plural kelen, diminutive keeltje n)
* throat
    Synonym: hals
    Hij had last van een zere keel na het schreeuwen tijdens het concert.He had a sore throat after shouting during the concert.
    Als je een visgraat inslikt, kan het in je keel blijven steken.If you swallow a fishbone, it can get stuck in your throat.
    De zangeres heeft een prachtige stem die uit haar keel komt.The singer has a beautiful voice that comes from her throat.

##### Derived terms

* baard in de keel
* blauwkeelara
* blauwkeeltje
* keelgat
* keelpijn
* robijnkeelkolibrie
* roodkeelduiker
* roodkeelpieper

##### Descendants

* Afrikaans: keel
* Negerhollands: keel

### Etymology 2

From French gueule (“red throat of wild animals”), from Old French goles, plural of gole (“throat”), from Latin gula. Distantly related to Etymology 1 above.

#### Noun

keel n (uncountable)
* (heraldry) gules, the blazoning term for the color red

### Anagrams

* leek, leke

## Estonian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkeːl/, [ˈkeːl]

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *keeli, from Proto-Uralic *käle. Cognate with Finnish kieli.

#### Noun

keel (genitive keele, partitive keelt)
* language
* tongue
* string of musical instrument

##### Compounds

* emakeel
* keeleluu
* keeleteadus
* keeleõpe
* keelkond
* kirjakeel
* kõnekeel
* röövlikeel
* võõrkeel

#### Further reading

* “keel”, in [EKSS] Eesti keele seletav sõnaraamat [Descriptive Dictionary of the Estonian Language] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2009
* “keel”, in [PSV] Eesti keele põhisõnavara sõnastik [Dictionary of Estonian Basic Vocabulary] (in Estonian) (online version, not updated), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2014

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

keel
* adessive singular of kee

### Etymology 3
#### Noun

keel
* adessive singular of kesi

## Ingrian
### Pronunciation

* (Ala-Laukaa) IPA: /ˈkeːl/, [ˈkeːlʲ]
* (Soikkola) IPA: /ˈkeːlʲ/, [ˈke̝ːlʲ]
* Rhymes: -eːl, -eːlʲ
* Hyphenation: keel

### Noun

keel
* Alternative form of keeli

#### Declension
### References

* Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 162
* Olga I. Konkova, Nikita A. Dyachkov (2014) Inkeroin Keel: Пособие по Ижорскому Языку‎, →ISBN, page 33

## Tedim Chin
### Etymology

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *keel, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *keel.

### Noun

keel
* goat

### References

* Zomi Ordbog based on the work of D.L. Haokip