# τραχύς
## Ancient Greek
### Alternative forms

* τρηχῠ́ς (trēkhŭ́s) — Epic, Ionic

### Etymology

From Proto-Hellenic *tʰrākʰús (whence Mycenaean Greek 𐀲𐀨𐀐𐀹(𐀊) (ta-ra-ke-wi-(-ja-))), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰréh₂gʰ-us ~ *dʰr̥h₂gʰ-éws (“rough”), from *dʰreh₂gʰ- (“to irritate”). Compare θρᾱ́σσω (thrā́ssō).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /traː.kʰýs/ → /traˈçys/ → /traˈçis/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /traː.kʰýs/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /traˈkʰys/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /traˈçys/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /traˈçys/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /traˈçis/

### Adjective

τρᾱχῠ́ς • (trākhŭ́s) m (feminine τρᾱχεῖᾰ, neuter τρᾱχῠ́); first/third declension
* jagged
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.5
** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, On Horsemanship 9.9
** 371 BCE – 287 BCE, Theophrastus, On the Senses 65
* prickly
** 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Moralia 2.32e
* rugged
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 5.5
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 14.14
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.23
** 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 726
** 480 BCE – 406 BCE, Euripides, Fragments 1083
** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cynegeticus 4.10
** 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Titus Flamininus 4
** 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 328e
* rough
** 460 BCE – 370 BCE, Hippocrates, On Diseases 2.63
** 129 CE – 216 CE, Galen, Collected Works 6.418
** Diocl., Fr. 26
** 50 CE – 150 CE, Soranus, Collected Works 2.16
* shaggy
** 386 BCE – 367 BCE, Plato, Cratylus 408d
** 366 BCE – 348 BCE, Plato, Theaetetus 194e
** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 3.10.1
* (of the voice of boys) cracking
** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 581a.18
** 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Gaius Marius 14
* harsh
** 360 BCE, Plato, Timaeus 67c
** (of a person)
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 2.6.9
*** 64 BCE – 24 CE, Strabo, Geography 14.2.28
** (of sounds)
*** 110 BCE – 35 BCE, Philodemus, Po.Herc. 994.32
** (of battle and conflict)
*** 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, The Shield of Heracles 119
*** 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Isthmian Ode 4.17
*** 556 BCE – 468 BCE, Simonides, Fragmenta 89
*** Tyrt., 12.22
** (of natural forces)
*** 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 1048
*** 360 BCE, Plato, Timaeus 84c
*** 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Alexander the Great 60
*** 300 BCE – 250 BCE, Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 1.1078
* (of persons, their acts, feelings, or conditions) rough, harsh, savage
** 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Nemean Ode 4.96
** 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Nemean Ode 7.76
** 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 8.10
** 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 35
** 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1421
** 467 BCE, Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 1049
** 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 313
** 431 BCE, Euripides, Medea 447
** 360 BCE, Plato, Timaeus 63e
** 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 864c
** 386 BCE – 367 BCE, Plato, Cratylus 406a
** 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 452c
** 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Collected Works 7.18
** 638 BCE – 558 BCE, Solon, Collected Works 4.35

#### Derived terms

* τρᾱχεόστρᾰκος (trākheóstrăkos)
* τρᾱχέως (trākhéōs)
* τρᾱχόομαι (trākhóomai)
* τρᾱ́χουρος (trā́khouros)
* τρᾱχῠβᾰτέω (trākhŭbătéō)
* τρᾱχῠ́δερμος (trākhŭ́dermos)
* τρᾱχῠδέρμων (trākhŭdérmōn)
* τρᾱχῠ́νω (trākhŭ́nō)
* τρᾱχῠόδους (trākhŭódous)
* τρᾱχῠόστρᾰκος (trākhŭóstrăkos)
* τρᾱχῠ́πους (trākhŭ́pous)
* τρᾱχῠ́στομος (trākhŭ́stomos)
* τρᾱχῠ́της (trākhŭ́tēs)
* τρᾱχῠ́φλοιος (trākhŭ́phloios)
* τρᾱχῠ́φωνος (trākhŭ́phōnos)
* τρᾱχώδης (trākhṓdēs)
* τρᾱ́χωμᾰ (trā́khōmă)
* τρᾱχών (trākhṓn)

#### Related terms

* τρᾱχῠντῐκός (trākhŭntĭkós)
* τρᾱ́χῠσμᾰ (trā́khŭsmă)
* τρᾱχῠσμός (trākhŭsmós)
* τρᾱχῠφωνέω (trākhŭphōnéō)
* τρᾱχῠφωνῐ́ᾱ (trākhŭphōnĭ́ā)
* τρᾱχωμᾰτῐκός (trākhōmătĭkós)

#### Descendants

* Greek: τραχύς (trachýs)
* (from ellipsis of τρᾱχεῖᾰ ᾰ̓ρτηρῐ́ᾱ (trākheîă ărtērĭ́ā, “rough artery”)) → Late Latin: trāchīa
** Medieval Latin: trāchēa
*** Middle English:
**** English: trachea
* → Translingual: trachy-

### References

* ↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “τρᾱχύς”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1501-1502
* ↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “θρᾱ́σσω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 553

### Further reading

* “τραχύς”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press

## Greek
### Etymology

From Ancient Greek τρᾱχύς (trākhús).

### Adjective

τραχύς • (trachýs) m (feminine τραχιά or τραχεία, neuter τραχύ)
* abrasive, of coarse manner, gruff, grating

#### Declension

Derivations: Comparative: πιο + positive forms (e.g. πιο τραχύς, etc.) Relative superlative: definite article + πιο + positive forms (e.g. ο πιο τραχύς, etc.)
comparative (?)
singular
plural
masculine
feminine
neuter
masculine
feminine
neuter
nominative
τραχύτερος (trachýteros)
τραχύτερη (trachýteri)
τραχύτερο (trachýtero)
τραχύτεροι (trachýteroi)
τραχύτερες (trachýteres)
τραχύτερα (trachýtera)
genitive
τραχύτερου (trachýterou)
τραχύτερης (trachýteris)
τραχύτερου (trachýterou)
τραχύτερων (trachýteron)
τραχύτερων (trachýteron)
τραχύτερων (trachýteron)
accusative
τραχύτερο (trachýtero)
τραχύτερη (trachýteri)
τραχύτερο (trachýtero)
τραχύτερους (trachýterous)
τραχύτερες (trachýteres)
τραχύτερα (trachýtera)
vocative
τραχύτερε (trachýtere)
τραχύτερη (trachýteri)
τραχύτερο (trachýtero)
τραχύτεροι (trachýteroi)
τραχύτερες (trachýteres)
τραχύτερα (trachýtera)
Derivations: relative superlative: ο + comparative forms (eg "ο τραχύτερος", etc)
absolute superlative (?)
singular
plural
masculine
feminine
neuter
masculine
feminine
neuter
nominative
τραχύτατος (trachýtatos)
τραχύτατη (trachýtati)
τραχύτατο (trachýtato)
τραχύτατοι (trachýtatoi)
τραχύτατες (trachýtates)
τραχύτατα (trachýtata)
genitive
τραχύτατου (trachýtatou)
τραχύτατης (trachýtatis)
τραχύτατου (trachýtatou)
τραχύτατων (trachýtaton)
τραχύτατων (trachýtaton)
τραχύτατων (trachýtaton)
accusative
τραχύτατο (trachýtato)
τραχύτατη (trachýtati)
τραχύτατο (trachýtato)
τραχύτατους (trachýtatous)
τραχύτατες (trachýtates)
τραχύτατα (trachýtata)
vocative
τραχύτατε (trachýtate)
τραχύτατη (trachýtati)
τραχύτατο (trachýtato)
τραχύτατοι (trachýtatoi)
τραχύτατες (trachýtates)
τραχύτατα (trachýtata) :