# degenerate
## English
### Pronunciation

* (adjective, noun) IPA: /dɪˈd͡ʒɛnəɹɪt/
** Audio (Southern England):(file)
** Audio (US):(file)
** Audio (New Jersey):(file)
* (verb) IPA: /dɪˈd͡ʒɛnəɹeɪt/
** Audio (Southern England):(file)
** Audio (New Jersey):(file)

### Etymology 1

Learned borrowing from Latin dēgenerātus. See -ate (adjective-forming suffix) for more.

#### Adjective

degenerate (comparative more degenerate, superlative most degenerate)
* (of qualities) Having deteriorated, degraded or fallen from normal, coherent, balanced and desirable to undesirable and typically abnormal.
* (of a person or system) Having lost good or desirable qualities; hence also having bad character or habits, base, immoral, corrupt.
** 1591, William Shakespeare, Henry VI, Part 3:faint-hearted and degenerate king
** 1712 (date written), [Joseph] Addison, Cato, a Tragedy. […], London: […] J[acob] Tonson, […], published 1713, →OCLC, Act I, scene i, page 2:But what can Cato do Againſt a World, a baſe degenerate World, That courts the Yoke, and bows the Neck to Cæſar?
** 1726, Jonathan Swift, Verses on St. Patrick's Well:As you grew more degenerate and base, I sent you millions of the croaking race
** 1918, Alexander Corkey, The Vision of Joy, or When "Billy" Sunday Came to Town:If my boy is not tempted to gamble at a fashionable card party he will never learn from the degenerate, blackleg gamblers in the joint.
** 1985 February 2, Tim Broadbent, “Kindred Spirits (review)”, in Gay Community News, volume 12, number 28, page 10:The author explores the gap between the degenerate, elitist society of the domes and the working population. He criticizes the world of luxury and ease that easily ignores the sufferings of the majority.
** 2013, Artie Lange, Crash and Burn:What are the odds that an alcoholic and degenerate gambler with no money management skills could survive in a city that ate addicts for lunch and dreams for dinner?
* Having lost functionality in general.
** 2013 March, Harold J. Morowitz, “The Smallest Cell”, in American Scientist‎, volume 101, number 2, archived from the original on 4 January 2017, page 83:It is likely that the long evolutionary trajectory of Mycoplasma went from a reductive autotroph to oxidative heterotroph to a cell-wall–defective degenerate parasite. This evolutionary trajectory assumes the simplicity to complexity route of biogenesis, a point of view that is not universally accepted.
* (of an encoding or function) Having multiple domain elements correspond to one element of the range.
    The genetic code is degenerate because a single amino acid can be coded by one of several codons.
* (mathematics) Qualitatively different, usually simpler, than typical objects of its class.
    A degenerate circle, having radius zero, consists of a single point.
** 1921, A. Hay, “Phase Transformation and Phase Balancing”, in Journal of the Indian Institute of Science, volume 4, page 102:We now apply the geometrical construction explained in the appendix to the degenerate triangle ABC.
* (mathematics, of an eigenvalue) Having multiple different (linearly independent) eigenvectors.
* (physics) Having the same quantum energy level.

##### Derived terms

* degenerate conic
* degenerately
* degenerate matrix
* degenerate matter
* degenerateness
* degenerative
* hemidegenerate
* neutron-degenerate matter
* nondegenerate
* non-degenerate
* undegenerate

##### Translations
### Etymology 2

From a substantivation of the above adjective, see -ate (noun-forming suffix) for more. Compare French dégénéré.

#### Noun

degenerate (plural degenerates)
* One who is degenerate, who has fallen from previous stature; an immoral or corrupt person.
    In the cult of degenerates, acts of decency, kindness and modesty could be seen as acts of apostasy.
** 1911 May, “Insanity and the Art of the Borderland”, in The International Studio, volume 32, number 171, page 32:The undeveloped or mysterically confused thought which exists in savages is fully exemplified in the childish or crazy atavistic anthropomorphism and symbolism so prevalent among degenerates.

##### Translations
### Etymology 3

From Latin degenerō +‎ -ate (verb-forming suffix). Compare Italian degenerare, French dégénérer (and its older (and now obsolete) English cognate from Middle French, degener). By surface analysis, de- +‎ generate.

#### Verb

degenerate (third-person singular simple present degenerates, present participle degenerating, simple past and past participle degenerated)
* (intransitive) To lose good or desirable qualities.
    His condition continued to degenerate even after admission to hospital.
** 1870, Shirley Hibberd, Rustic Adornments for Homes of Taste, page 170:Another bird quickly learned to imitate the song of a canary that was mated with it, but as the parrakeet improved in the performance the canary degenerated, and came at last to mingle the other bird's harsh chitterings with its own proper music.
** 1991, Richard E. Jones, Human Reproductive Biology, page 181:The haploid ovum is now called an ootid (Fig. 8—7). The second polar body degenerates, sometimes dividing before it dies.
** 1992, Alavattāgoḍa Pēmadāsa, Cumaratunga, the Unknown: Hidden Facets of His Scientific Profile, page 115:Cumaratunga was so furious that he intensified his campaign for revitalizing the traditional practices of asweddumization, so that neglected arable land could be rehabilitated, and a degenerating economy restructured and rejuvenated.
* (transitive) To cause to lose good or desirable qualities.

##### Derived terms

* degeneration
* neurodegenerated
* neurodegenerating
* nondegenerated
* undegenerated
* undegenerating

##### Related terms

* regenerate (verb), ungenerate (verb)

##### Translations
### Further reading

* “degenerate”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
* “degenerate”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911, →OCLC.

## Italian
### Etymology 1
#### Adjective

degenerate
* feminine plural of degenerato

#### Participle

degenerate f pl
* feminine plural of degenerato

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

degenerate f
* plural of degenerata

### Etymology 3
#### Verb

degenerate
* inflection of degenerare:
** second-person plural present indicative
** second-person plural imperative

## Latin
### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /deː.ɡe.neˈraː.te/, [d̪eːɡɛnɛˈräːt̪ɛ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /de.d͡ʒe.neˈra.te/, [d̪ed͡ʒeneˈräːt̪e]

### Verb

dēgenerāte
* second-person plural present active imperative of dēgenerō

## Spanish
### Verb

degenerate
* second-person singular voseo imperative of degenerar combined with te