# punir
## Catalan
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Catalan punir, from Latin pūnīre.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [puˈni]
* IPA: (Valencia) [puˈniɾ]
* Audio:(file)

### Verb

punir (first-person singular present puneixo, first-person singular preterite puní, past participle punit)
* (transitive) to punish
    Synonym: castigar

#### Related terms

* impune
* punible
* punició
* punitiu

### References

* “punir” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “punir” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

## French
### Etymology

Inherited from Middle French punir, from Old French punir, from Latin pūnīre. May have been borrowed due to its late appearance.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /py.niʁ/
* Audio:(file)

### Verb

punir
* to punish

#### Conjugation

This is a regular verb of the second conjugation, like finir, choisir, and most other verbs with infinitives ending in -ir. One salient feature of this conjugation is the repeated appearance of the infix -iss-.

#### Related terms

* punition

### Further reading

* “punir”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Galician
### Etymology

From Latin pūnīre.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /puˈniɾ/ [puˈniɾ]
* Rhymes: -iɾ
* Hyphenation: pu‧nir

### Verb

punir (first-person singular present puno, first-person singular preterite punín, past participle punido) punir (first-person singular present puno, first-person singular preterite punim or puni, past participle punido, reintegrationist norm)
* (transitive) to punish
    Synonym: castigar

#### Conjugation

$^1$Less recommended.

#### Related terms

* punición

### Further reading

* “punir”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2025
* “punir” in Dicionário Estraviz de galego (2014).

## Middle French
### Etymology

From Old French punir, from Latin pūnīre, present infinitive of pūniō.

### Verb

punir
* to punish

#### Descendants

* French: punir

## Occitan
### Etymology

From Old Occitan punir, from Latin pūnīre, present infinitive of pūniō.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Verb

punir
* to punish
    Synonym: castigar

#### Conjugation

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

#### Related terms

* punicion

## Old French
### Etymology

From Latin pūnīre, present infinitive of pūniō.

### Verb

punir
* to punish

#### Conjugation

This verb conjugates as a second-group verb (ending in -ir, with an -iss- infix). Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.

#### Descendants

* Middle French: punir
** French: punir
* → English: punish

## Old Occitan
### Etymology

From Latin pūnīre, present infinitive of pūniō.

### Verb

punir
* to punish

#### Descendants

* Occitan: punir

## Portuguese
### Etymology

From Latin pūnīre.

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /puˈni(ʁ)/ [puˈni(h)]
* (Brazil) IPA: /puˈni(ʁ)/ [puˈni(h)]
** (São Paulo) IPA: /puˈni(ɾ)/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /puˈni(ʁ)/ [puˈni(χ)]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /puˈni(ɻ)/
* (Portugal) IPA: /puˈniɾ/
* (Portugal) IPA: /puˈniɾ/
** (Southern Portugal) IPA: /puˈni.ɾi/
* Hyphenation: pu‧nir

### Verb

punir (first-person singular present puno, first-person singular preterite puni, past participle punido)
* (transitive) to punish

#### Related terms

* punição

### Further reading

* “punir”, in iDicionário Aulete (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon Editora Digital, 2008–2025
* “punir”, in Dicionário inFormal (in Portuguese), 2006–2025
* “punir” in Dicionário Aberto based on Novo Diccionário da Língua Portuguesa de Cândido de Figueiredo, 1913
* “punir”, in Dicionário infopédia da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Porto: Porto Editora, 2003–2025
* “punir”, in Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), São Paulo: Editora Melhoramentos, 2015–2025
* “punir”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2025

## Spanish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin pūnīre.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /puˈniɾ/ [puˈniɾ]
* Rhymes: -iɾ
* Syllabification: pu‧nir

### Verb

punir (first-person singular present puno, first-person singular preterite puní, past participle punido)
* (transitive) to punish
    Synonym: castigar

#### Conjugation

$^1$Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language. $^2$Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.
These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

#### Derived terms

* punible

#### Related terms

* punición

### Further reading

* “punir”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10