OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# ကုလား
## Burmese
### Etymology

Borrowed from Pali kula (“clan; family; household”). Doublet of ကုလ (ku.la.).

### Pronunciation

* Phonetic respelling: ကု'လား
* IPA: /kəlá/
* Romanization: MLCTS: ku.la: • ALA-LC: kulāʺ • BGN/PCGN: kăla: • Okell: kălà

### Noun

ကုလား • (ku.la:)
* Indians and persons of South Asian ancestry
* (slang, ethnic slur, religious slur, offensive) a Bengali person; a Rohingya person; a Muslim, especially someone of South Asian origin.
* (dated) Term used to describe all Westerners
* (regional, Rakhine) (~ငှက်ပျော) Mysore banana, a local cultivar grown in Myanmar
* court card, picture card

#### Derived terms

* ကျေးကုလား (kye:ku.la:)
* ကျေးကုလားမ (kye:ku.la:ma.)
* ကုလားကောက် (ku.la:kauk)
* ကုလားစပါး (ku.la:ca.pa:)
* ကုလားဆင် (ku.la:hcang)
* ကုလားတည် (ku.la:tany)
* ကုလားထိုင် (ku.la:htuing)
* ကုလားထိုင်လု (ku.la:htuinglu.)
* ကုလားနို့ (ku.la:nui.)
* ကုလားပဲ (ku.la:pai:)
* ကုလားဖန်ထိုး (ku.la:hpanhtui:)
* ကုလားဖြူ (ku.la:hpru)
* ကုလားမခြေထောက် (ku.la:ma.hkrehtauk)
* ကုလားမျက်စိ (ku.la:myakci.)
* ကုလားရွှေ (ku.la:hrwe)
* ကုလားသေကုလားမော (ku.la:seku.la:mau:)
* ကုလားဟင်း (ku.la:hang:)
* ကုလားအုံးဆောင်းထပ် (ku.la:um:hcaung:htap)
* ကုလားအုတ် (ku.la:ut)
* ကုလားအော် (ku.la:au)
* ငှက်ကုလား (hngakku.la:)
* ငှက်ကုလားအုတ် (hngakku.la:ut)
* ဆိတ်ကုလား (hcitku.la:)
* ဆုံလည်ကုလားထိုင် (hcumlanyku.la:htuing)
* ဆေးကုလားမ (hce:ku.la:ma.)
* တုံးကုလား (tum:ku.la:)
* ပက်လက်ကုလားထိုင် (paklakku.la:htuing)
* ဗွတ်ကုလား (bwatku.la:)
* ဘရင်ဂျီကုလား (bha.ranggyiku.la:)
* သစ်ကုလားအုတ် (sacku.la:ut)

#### Descendants

* → English: kalar​
* → Shan: ၵလႃး (kǎ láa)
* → Khmer: កុឡា (kolaa), កូឡា (koulaa)

### Adjective

ကုလား • (ku.la:)
* of foreign origin
    Synonym: သင်္ဘော (sangbhau:)

### Further reading

* “ကုလား” in Myanmar–English Dictionary (Myanmar Language Commission 1993). Searchable online at SEAlang.net.
# bipolarność
## Polish
### Etymology

From bipolarny +‎ -ość. First attested in 1911.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bi.pɔˈlar.nɔɕt͡ɕ/
* Rhymes: -arnɔɕt͡ɕ
* Syllabification: bi‧po‧lar‧ność

### Noun

bipolarność f
* (physics) bipolarity (quality of having two poles)
* (literary) bipolarity (involving or having both extremes or poles at the same time)
    bipolarność biogeograficzna ― biogeographical bipolarity
* (politics) bipolarity, bipolarism (international system in which two states wield most of the cultural, economic, and political influence)
    Synonym: bipolaryzm
* (colloquial, psychology) bipolarity (the quality of having bipolar disorder)
    Synonyms: bipolaryzm, dwubiegunowość, dwubiegunówka

#### Related terms

* bipolarny
* polarny
* bipolaryzacja
* bipolaryzm

### References

* ↑ Nowa Reforma R. 30‎, number 156, 1911, page 2
* ↑ bipolarność in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego

### Further reading

* bipolarność in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* bipolarność in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# klątwa
## Polish
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *klętva. By surface analysis, kląć +‎ -twa

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈklɔn.tfa/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔntfa
* Syllabification: klą‧twa

### Noun

klątwa f
* (Christianity) anathema, excommunication
* curse (supernatural detriment)

#### Related terms

* kląć

### Further reading

* klątwa in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* klątwa in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# bipolarny
## Polish
### Etymology

From bi- +‎ polarny. First attested in 1872.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bi.pɔˈlar.nɘ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -arnɘ
* Syllabification: bi‧po‧lar‧ny

### Adjective

bipolarny (not comparable, no derived adverb)
* (physics) bipolar (relating to a bipole)
    Synonym: dwubiegunowy
    Coordinate terms: jednobiegunowy, unipolarny
    tranzystor bipolarny ― bipolar transistor
    układ bipolarny ― bipolar system
    technologia bipolarna ― bipolar technology
* (literary) bipolar (involving or having both extremes or poles at the same time)
    Synonym: dwubiegunowy
    podział bipolarny ― bipolar division
    porządek bipolarny ― bipolar sequencee
    świat bipolarny ― a bipolar world

#### Related terms

* polarny
* bipolarność
* bipolaryzacja
* bipolaryzm

### References

* ↑ Przegląd Postępów Nauki Lekarskiej we Wszystkich Jej Gałęziach i we Wszystkich Krajach R. 1‎, number 3, 1872, page 477
* ↑ bipolarny in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego

### Further reading

* bipolarny in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* bipolarny in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# birbancki
## Polish
### Etymology

From birbant +‎ -cki. First attested in 1807.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /birˈban.t͡ski/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ant͡ski
* Syllabification: bir‧ban‧cki

### Adjective

birbancki (comparative bardziej birbancki, superlative najbardziej birbancki, no derived adverb)
* (dated) corybantic, rakish, wild, revelrous
    Synonym: hulaszczy

#### Related terms

* birbant
* birbanteria
* birbantka
* birbantować impf

### References

* ↑ Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “birbancki”, in Słownik języka polskiego

### Further reading

* birbancki in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# herencio
## Aragonese
### Etymology

Irregular derivation from Latin hēres.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /eˈɾenθjo/
* Rhymes: -enθjo
* Syllabification: he‧ren‧cio

### Noun

herencio m
* heredity, inheritance
    Synonyms: herenda, herencia

#### Related terms

* heredar
* hereder
* heredero
* hereu

### Further reading

* Diccionario ortografico de l'aragonés (Seguntes la PO de l'EFA)
# chattering
## English
### Verb

chattering
* present participle and gerund of chatter

### Adjective

chattering (not comparable)
* That chatters

#### Derived terms

* chattering classes
* chattering damsel
* chattering lory
* chatteringly

### Noun

chattering (plural chatterings)
* A noise that chatters.
** 2007 August 14, Ingfei Chen, “The Beam of Light That Flips a Switch That Turns on the Brain”, in New York Times‎:That speed mimics the natural electrical chatterings of the brain, said Dr. Karl Deisseroth, an assistant professor of bioengineering at Stanford.
* Output fluctuation before reaching a stable condition.

### Anagrams

* ratcheting
# fungophile
## English
### Etymology

Synchronically, by surface analysis, as if putative *fungo- + -phile, in morphologic parallel with fungiphile as fungi- + -phile; *fungo- is nonstandard, but a putative assertion of it is predictable as something that will periodically arise naturally among speakers by apparent analogy with how hundreds of other ISV combining forms containing o are formed (compare -o-, and compare also lexophile); diachronically, the word fungophile has been independently re-created (and googled) many times by individual speakers and writers, some of whom have used it in capitalized proper noun form to name their own mycophilic endeavors (e.g., as a screenname, website title, or otherwise); but its common noun sense is now incontrovertibly attested many times over, albeit informal and nonstandard.

### Noun

fungophile (plural fungophiles)
* (informal, nonstandard) Alternative form of fungiphile

#### Related terms

* fungophobia
# purismus
## Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈpurɪzmus]

### Noun

purismus m inan
* purism

#### Related terms

* purista
* puristický

### Further reading

* “purismus”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “purismus”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
# Seelanti
## Finnish
### Etymology

From Dutch Zeeland.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈseːlɑnti/, [ˈs̠e̞ːlɑ̝n̪t̪i]
* Rhymes: -eːlɑnti
* Hyphenation: See‧lan‧ti

### Proper noun

Seelanti (rare)
* Zeeland

#### Declension

Possessive forms of Seelanti (Kotus type 5*J/risti, nt-nn gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
Seelantini
accusative
nom.
Seelantini
gen.
Seelantini
genitive
Seelantini
partitive
Seelantiani
inessive
Seelannissani
elative
Seelannistani
illative
Seelantiini
adessive
Seelannillani
ablative
Seelanniltani
allative
Seelannilleni
essive
Seelantinani
translative
Seelannikseni
abessive
Seelannittani
instructive
comitative
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
Seelantisi
accusative
nom.
Seelantisi
gen.
Seelantisi
genitive
Seelantisi
partitive
Seelantiasi
inessive
Seelannissasi
elative
Seelannistasi
illative
Seelantiisi
adessive
Seelannillasi
ablative
Seelanniltasi
allative
Seelannillesi
essive
Seelantinasi
translative
Seelanniksesi
abessive
Seelannittasi
instructive
comitative
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
Seelantimme
accusative
nom.
Seelantimme
gen.
Seelantimme
genitive
Seelantimme
partitive
Seelantiamme
inessive
Seelannissamme
elative
Seelannistamme
illative
Seelantiimme
adessive
Seelannillamme
ablative
Seelanniltamme
allative
Seelannillemme
essive
Seelantinamme
translative
Seelanniksemme
abessive
Seelannittamme
instructive
comitative
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
Seelantinne
accusative
nom.
Seelantinne
gen.
Seelantinne
genitive
Seelantinne
partitive
Seelantianne
inessive
Seelannissanne
elative
Seelannistanne
illative
Seelantiinne
adessive
Seelannillanne
ablative
Seelanniltanne
allative
Seelannillenne
essive
Seelantinanne
translative
Seelanniksenne
abessive
Seelannittanne
instructive
comitative
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
Seelantinsa
accusative
nom.
Seelantinsa
gen.
Seelantinsa
genitive
Seelantinsa
partitive
Seelantiaan Seelantiansa
inessive
Seelannissaan Seelannissansa
elative
Seelannistaan Seelannistansa
illative
Seelantiinsa
adessive
Seelannillaan Seelannillansa
ablative
Seelanniltaan Seelanniltansa
allative
Seelannilleen Seelannillensa
essive
Seelantinaan Seelantinansa
translative
Seelannikseen Seelanniksensa
abessive
Seelannittaan Seelannittansa
instructive
comitative

#### Derived terms

* Uusi-Seelanti

#### See also

* Zeeland (common term)
# taxing
## English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈtæksɪŋ/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)

### Verb

taxing
* present participle and gerund of tax

### Adjective

taxing (comparative more taxing, superlative most taxing)
* With respect to an experience: exhausting; draining.
* Burdensome, difficult, exacting.
    a taxing problem

#### Derived terms

* taxingly
* taxingness

#### Translations
### Noun

taxing (countable and uncountable, plural taxings)
* The act of imposing a tax.
** January 1834, Horace Binney, Speech on the Question of the Removal of the Deposites
    Subscriptions, borrowings of money, taxings of the citizens and their property, may all be valid, as operations by virtue of laws for the government of the City […]

#### Derived terms

* taxing master
# pounding
## English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpaʊn.dɪŋ/
* Rhymes: -aʊndɪŋ

### Verb

pounding
* present participle and gerund of pound

### Noun

pounding (plural poundings)
* An act in which something or someone is pounded.
** 2008 January 21, Robin Pogrebin, “Undaunted Director at Indian Museum”, in New York Times‎:“I took a few poundings in the past.”
* An old-fashioned event to welcome someone (typically a new pastor) to a new community by bring gifts of storable food (a pound of coffee, flour, sugar, etc.) to help stock the pantry. It is somewhat similar to a “shower”.

#### Derived terms

* ass pounding
* heart-pounding
* pounding block
* pulse-pounding
* pussy pounding

### Adjective

pounding (comparative more pounding, superlative most pounding)
* Characterized by heavy or loud throbs.
    pounding rain
    I have a pounding headache.
# seabhac
## Irish
### Etymology

From Old Irish sebac, from Old English heafoc.

### Pronunciation

* (Munster, Connacht) IPA: /ʃauk/
* (Ulster) IPA: /ʃoːk/

### Noun

seabhac m (genitive singular seabhaic, nominative plural seabhaic)
* hawk (predatory bird)
* falcon

#### Declension

bare forms
case
singular
plural
nominative
seabhac
seabhaic
vocative
a sheabhaic
a sheabhaca
genitive
seabhaic
seabhac
dative
seabhac
seabhaic
forms with the definite article
case
singular
plural
nominative
an seabhac
na seabhaic
genitive
an tseabhaic
na seabhac
dative
leis an seabhac don seabhac
leis na seabhaic :

#### Synonyms

* (falcon): fabhcún

#### Derived terms

* cúb seabhac (“falcons' mews”)
* lus na seabhac (“hawkweed”)
* seabhac buí (“kestrel”)
* seabhac gorm (“peregrine falcon”)
* seabhac seilge (“peregrine falcon”)
* seabhaic mara (“skua”)
* ulchabhán seabhaic tuaisceartach (“northern hawk owl”)

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* ↑ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “sebac, seboc”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* ↑ Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931) Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry [Phonetics of an Irish Dialect of Kerry] (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, § 74, page 39
* ↑ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 352, page 121

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “seabhac”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “seabhac”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
* “seabhac”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2025
# birofilia
## Polish
### Etymology

From German Bier or English beer +‎ -o- +‎ -filia. First attested in 1976.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bi.rɔˈfi.lja/
* Rhymes: -ilja
* Syllabification: bi‧ro‧fi‧lia

### Noun

birofilia f
* breweriana
    Synonym: birofilistyka

#### Related terms

* birofilistyczny
* birofilski
* birofil
* birofilista
* birofilistyka

### References

* ↑ Mirosław Bańko, Lidia Wiśniakowska (2021) “birofilia”, in Wielki słownik wyrazów obcych, →ISBN
* ↑ Przekrój‎, volume 2, 1976, page 13

### Further reading

* birofilia in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# neli-
## Finnish
### Etymology

neljä (“four”) +‎ -i (old suffix used in compounds)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈneli-/, [ˈne̞li-]

### Prefix

neli-
* four, four-, tetra-, quadri-
    nelitahtinen ― four-beat, four-stroke
    nelikielinen ― quadrilingual

#### Derived terms

* neliapila
* nelihenkinen
* nelihuoneinen
* nelijakoinen
* nelijalkainen
* nelijono
* nelikaistainen
* nelikamarinen
* nelikanavainen
* nelikenttä
* nelikerroksinen
* nelikielinen
* nelikopteri
* nelikulmainen
* nelikulmio
* nelikymmenluku
* nelikymmenvuotias
* nelikymmenvuotinen
* nelikymppinen
* nelikätinen
* nelilapekatto
* nelilappeinen
* nelimaali
* Nelimarkka
* nelimauste
* nelimoottorinen
* neliniitinen
* neliosainen
* neliovinen
* nelipyörä
* neliraajahalvaus
* nelirivi
* nelisahaus
* nelisakarainen
* nelisivuinen
* neliskanttinen
* neliskulmainen
* nelisointu
* nelistään
* nelisylinterinen
* nelisäe
* nelitahokas
* nelitahtinen
* nelitoistavuotias
* neliulotteinen
* nelivaljakko
* nelivartinen
* neliveto
* neliviivainen
* nelivuotias
* nelivuotinen
* nelivärikuva
* neliväripaino
* neliväriteoreema
* neliääninen

### Further reading

* “neli-”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

### Anagrams

* elin, elin-, lein
# średni
## Polish
### Alternative forms

* szredni, sredni, srzedni, strzedni, średny, śrzedni, śrzedny (Middle Polish)

### Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish śrzedni. By surface analysis, środa +‎ -ni.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɕrɛd.ɲi/
* (Middle Polish) IPA: /ˈɕrɛd.ɲi/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛdɲi
* Syllabification: śred‧ni

### Adjective

średni (not generally comparable, comparative (nonstandard) średniejszy or bardziej średni, superlative (nonstandard) najśredniejszy or najbardziej średni, derived adverb średnio, abbreviation średn. or śr. or śred.)
* medium; mid; average (being in the middle of some scale)
* average (not at the maximum or minimum; typical)
    Synonym: przeciętny
* average (constituting or relating to the arithmetic mean)
    Synonym: przeciętny
* middle (higher than basic in some scale)
    szkoła średnia ― secondary school/middle school
* average (not good; banal; uninteresting)
* (obsolete) middle (located in the center)
    Synonym: środkowy

#### Derived terms

* średnioangielski
* średniopolski
* średnioterminowy
* średniowymiarowy
* fale średnie
* kryzys wieku średniego
* stan średni
* szkoła średnia
* średnia
* średnia przyjemność
* średniak
* średnica
* średniopolszczyzna
* średniowiecze
* średniówka
* wieki średnie
* uśrednić pf, uśredniać impf

### Further reading

* średni in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* średni in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “średni”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
* “ŚREDNI”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 15.01.2019
* Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “średni”, in Słownik języka polskiego
* Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “średni”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
* J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1915), “średni”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 6, Warsaw, page 755
# ztepilý
## Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈstɛpɪliː]
* Hyphenation: zte‧pi‧lý

### Adjective

ztepilý (comparative ztepilejší, superlative nejztepilejší)
* well-built, spare, slender
    Poznal tam již opravdu několik milých hochů, ztepilých jako nejštíhlejší Jihoslované. ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Derived terms

* smrk ztepilý
* ztepilost

### Further reading

* “ztepilý”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “ztepilý”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
# atmósfera
## Asturian
### Etymology

From New Latin atmosphaera, from Ancient Greek ἀτμός (atmós, “vapor, steam”) + σφαῖρα (sphaîra, “sphere”).

### Noun

atmósfera f (plural atmósferes)
* atmosphere

#### Related terms

* atmosféricu

## Spanish
### Alternative forms

* atmosfera

### Etymology

Borrowed from New Latin atmosphaera, from Ancient Greek ἀτμός (atmós, “vapor, steam”) + σφαῖρα (sphaîra, “sphere”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /adˈmosfeɾa/ [að̞ˈmos.fe.ɾa]
* Audio (Colombia):(file)
* Rhymes: -osfeɾa
* Syllabification: at‧mós‧fe‧ra

### Noun

atmósfera f (plural atmósferas)
* atmosphere
    Synonym: ambiente

#### Derived terms

* atmosférico

### Further reading

* “atmósfera”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# z okazji
## Polish
### Etymology

Literally, “on the occasion [of]”.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /z ɔˈka.zji/
* Audio:(file)
* Syllabification: z o‧ka‧zji

### Preposition

z okazji
* (idiomatic) for, on the occasion of [with genitive]
    Synonym: na
    Wszystkiego dobrego z okazji urodzin! ― Happy birthday to you!

#### Related terms

* okazjonalny
* okazyjny
* okazjonalnie
* okazyjnie
* okazja
* okazjonalista
* okazjonalistka
* okazjonalizm
* okazjonalność
* okazyjka
* przy okazji
* okazja czyni złodzieja
* łapać okazję impf

### Further reading

* z okazji in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* z okazji in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# armonio
## Italian
### Noun

armonio m (plural armoni)
* (music) harmonium

### Anagrams

* amorino, omarino, orniamo

## Spanish
### Noun

armonio m (plural armonios)
* harmonium

#### Related terms

* armonía
* armónica
* armónico
* armonioso

### Further reading

* “armonio”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# przeponowy
## Polish
### Etymology

From przepona +‎ -owy.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pʂɛ.pɔˈnɔ.vɘ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔvɘ
* Syllabification: prze‧po‧no‧wy

### Adjective

przeponowy (not comparable, no derived adverb)
* (relational) diaphragm, diaphragmal

#### Related terms

* bezprzeponowy

### Further reading

* przeponowy in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# grępel
## Polish
### Alternative forms

* grępla

### Etymology

Borrowed from German Krämpel.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɡrɛm.pɛl/
* Rhymes: -ɛmpɛl
* Syllabification: grę‧pel

### Noun

grępel m inan
* (spinning) card (hand-held tool for preparing materials for spinning)
    Synonyms: grzebło, zgrzebło
* (textiles) card (machine for disentangling the fibres of wool prior to spinning)
    Synonym: gręplarka

#### Derived terms

* gręplowy
* gręplować impf

#### Related terms

* gręplarski
* gręplarka
* gręplarnia
* gręplarz
* gręplownia
* grępło

### Further reading

* grępel in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* grępel in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* grępel in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego
# coffle
## English
### Alternative forms

* kaffle

### Etymology

From Arabic قَافِلَة (qāfila, “caravan”). Doublet of cafila.

### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈkɒfl̩/
* (US) IPA: /ˈkɔfl̩/
* (cot–caught merger) IPA: /ˈkɑfl̩/
* Audio (General Australian):(file)
* Audio (US):(file)

### Noun

coffle (plural coffles)
* A line of people or animals fastened together, especially a chain of prisoners or slaves.
** 1816, Mungo Park, Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa:The people of the coffle spent the day in drying such articles as were wet, and in cleaning ten pairs of ornamented pistols with shea-butter.
** 1892, Walt Whitman, “Song of Myself”, in Leaves of Grass […], Philadelphia, Pa.: David McKay, publisher, […], →OCLC:I hear the wheeze of the slave-coffle, as the slaves march on, as the husky gangs pass on by twos and threes, fastened together with wrist-chains and ankle-chains,
** 1982, TC Boyle, Water Music, Penguin, published 2006, page 173:If the explorer could make Kamalia he might be able to hook up with a slave coffle heading for the coast.
** 1997 [1990], David Foster Wallace, “E Unibus Pluram: Television and U.S. Fiction”, in A Supposedly Fun Thing I’ll Never Do Again: Essays and Arguments, Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown and Company, →ISBN:Once all experience is finally reduced to marketable image, once the receiving user of user-friendly receivers can break from the coffle and choose freely, Americanly, from an Americanly infinite variety of moving images hardly distinguishable from real-life images […]
** 2000, George R.R. Martin, A Storm of Swords, Bantam, published 2011, page 323:Her litter came to a sudden halt at the cross street, to allow a coffle of slaves to shuffle across her path, urged along by the crack of an overseer's lash.
** 2011 February 18, Susan Eva O'Donovan, “William Webb's World”, in New York Times‎:It dominated late-night dinner conversation; it traveled along with marching columns of chained slaves, the infamous coffle lines that remain the iconic face of the domestic slave trade.

#### Derived terms

* uncoffle

#### Translations
### Verb

coffle (third-person singular simple present coffles, present participle coffling, simple past and past participle coffled)
* (transitive) To fasten (a line of people or animals) together.

### Anagrams

* Coffel