# նժդեհ
## Armenian
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Old Armenian նժդեհ (nždeh).

### Pronunciation

* (Eastern Armenian) IPA: /nəʒˈdeh/, [nəʒdéh]
* (Western Armenian) IPA: /nəʃˈteh/, [nəʃtʰéh]

### Noun

նժդեհ • (nždeh)
* person sojourning in a foreign country, stranger, emigrant; exile

#### Declension
### Adjective

նժդեհ • (nždeh) (superlative ամենանժդեհ)
* sojourning in a foreign country

#### Declension
### References

* “նժդեհ”, in Žamanakakicʻ hayocʻ lezvi bacʻatrakan baṙaran [Explanatory Dictionary of Contemporary Armenian] (in Armenian), Yerevan: Academy Press, 1969–1980

## Old Armenian
### Alternative forms

* նշդեհ (nšdeh)

### Etymology

Borrowed from some Middle Iranian (probably Parthian) word, whose components go back to the Proto-Iranian preverb *niž- (“out”) and *dahyu- (“country, district, province”) (whence Persian ده (deh), Old Armenian դեհ (deh)). It is often said that this formation is not attested in any Iranian language, but Bailey points to an identical one in Sogdian [script needed] (nz-tyw, “exiled”).
Compare, with other preverbs: Avestan 𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬆-𐬛𐬀𐬵𐬌𐬌𐬎 (aṇtarə-dahiiu, “sojourning in the midst of the country”), 𐬁-𐬛𐬀𐬵𐬌𐬌𐬎 (ā-dahiiu, “domestic, inland”), Manichaean Middle Persian ʾwzdyẖ (uz-deh, “exiled”), Sogdian [script needed] (ʾz-tyw, “exiled”), etc.

### Noun

նժդեհ • (nždeh)
* person sojourning in a foreign country, stranger, emigrant; exile
** 5th century, Bible, 1 Peter 1.1:Պետրոս, առաքեալ Յիսուսի Քրիստոսի, ընտրելոցդ՝ նժդեհից՝ որ ի սփիւռս Պոնտացւոց, Գաղատացւոց եւ Կապադովկեցւոց եւ Ասիացւոց եւ Բիւթանացւոց։Petros, aṙakʻeal Yisusi Kʻristosi, əntrelocʻd, nždehicʻ, or i spʻiwṙs Pontacʻwocʻ, Gałatacʻwocʻ ew Kapadovkecʻwocʻ ew Asiacʻwocʻ ew Biwtʻanacʻwocʻ.Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ, To God's elect, exiles scattered throughout the provinces of Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia and Bithynia.
** 5th century, Bible, Psalms 38.13:Լուր, Տէր, աղօթից իմոց, ունկն դիր խնդրուածաց իմոց․ արտասուաց իմոց մի՛ լռեր․ պանդուխտ եմ ես առաջի քո, նժդեհ եւ անցաւոր որպէս ամենայն հարք իմ։Lur, Tēr, ałōtʻicʻ imocʻ, unkn dir xndruacacʻ imocʻ; artasuacʻ imocʻ mí lṙer; panduxt em es aṙaǰi kʻo, nždeh ew ancʻawor orpēs amenayn harkʻ im.Hear my prayer, O LORD, and give ear unto my cry; hold not thy peace at my tears: for I am a stranger with thee, a sojourner and traveller, as all my fathers were.

#### Declension
### Adjective

նժդեհ • (nždeh)
* sojourning in a foreign country
** Čaṙəntir [Miscellanies cited by NHB] 2:Փութայր յօտարութեանց նշդեհ կենցաղոյս անկանել ի գաւառն հայրենի։Pʻutʻayr yōtarutʻeancʻ nšdeh kencʻałoys ankanel i gawaṙn hayreni.

#### Usage notes

Ačaṙyan explains the difference between synonymous պանդուխտ (panduxt) and նժդեհ (nždeh) in that the second emphasises the sojourn in a foreign country, whereas the first the sojourn in a foreign dwelling, habitation. The two words translate in one passage Ancient Greek πάροικος (pároikos, “sojourner in another's house”) and παρεπίδημος (parepídēmos, “sojourning in a strange district”), respectively. The etymology of նժդեհ (nždeh) and the formation պանդխտանոց (pandxtanocʻ, “inn”) too point to this distinction.

#### Synonyms

* պանդուխտ (panduxt)

#### Derived terms

* նժդեհակից (nždehakicʻ)
* նժդեհանամ (nždehanam)
* նժդեհիմ (nždehim)
* նժդեհութիւն (nždehutʻiwn)

#### Descendants

* → Armenian: նժդեհ (nždeh) (learned)
* Georgian: ნიშდეხი (nišdexi)

### References

* Petrosean, Matatʻeay (1879) “նժդեհ”, in Nor Baṙagirkʻ Hay-Angliarēn [New Dictionary Armenian–English], Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
* Awetikʻean, G., Siwrmēlean, X., Awgerean, M. (1836–1837) “նժդեհ”, in Nor baṙgirkʻ haykazean lezui [New Dictionary of the Armenian Language] (in Old Armenian), Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
* Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1977) “նժդեհ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume III, Yerevan: University Press, page 449ab
* Bailey, H. W. (1979) Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 176a
* Xačʻatryan, Lalik (2003) “նժդեհ”, in Grabari bacʻatrakan baṙaran (Jewabanoren tararžekʻ baṙer) [Explanatory Dictionary of Old Armenian (Morphologically Polysemantic Words)] (in Armenian), Yerevan: Zangak-97, →ISBN, pages 274–275
* Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 897