OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# wspaniałomyślność
## Polish
### Etymology

From wspaniałomyślny +‎ -ość.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /fspa.ɲa.wɔˈmɘɕl.nɔɕt͡ɕ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɘɕlnɔɕt͡ɕ
* Syllabification: wspa‧nia‧ło‧myśl‧ność

### Noun

wspaniałomyślność f
* generosity, high-mindedness, magnanimity
    Synonym: wielkoduszność

#### Related terms

* wspaniałomyślny
* wspaniałomyślnie

### Further reading

* wspaniałomyślność in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* wspaniałomyślność in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# ash blond
## English
### Alternative forms

* ash blonde
* ash-blonde
* ash-blond

### Adjective

ash blond
* (of hair or a person) Greyish blonde.

#### Translations
### Noun

ash blond (countable and uncountable, plural ash blonds)
* A shade of blond with a hint of grey to it.
    ash blonde:
* A person with such hair.

#### Translations
### Usage notes

* See gender notes at blond.
# maistattaa
## Finnish
### Etymology

maistaa +‎ -ttaa

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈmɑi̯stɑtːɑːˣ/, [ˈmɑ̝i̯s̠tɑ̝t̪ːɑ̝ː(ʔ)]
* Rhymes: -ɑistɑtːɑː
* Hyphenation: mais‧tat‧taa

### Verb

maistattaa
* To have something tasted, make someone taste something, give samples.

#### Derived terms

* maistatus

### Further reading

* “maistattaa”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

### Anagrams

* taitamasta
# alkalise
## English
### Verb

alkalise (third-person singular simple present alkalises, present participle alkalising, simple past and past participle alkalised)
* Alternative form of alkalize

#### Derived terms

* realkalise

### Anagrams

* alkalies
# harata
## Finnish
### Alternative forms

* harrata (dialectal)

### Etymology

hara +‎ -ta

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈhɑrɑtɑˣ/, [ˈhɑ̝rɑ̝t̪ɑ̝(ʔ)]
* Rhymes: -ɑrɑtɑ
* Hyphenation: ha‧ra‧ta

### Verb

harata
* (transitive) to work (topsoil) with a fork hoe or hand hoe
* (transitive) to grab, scrabble, grope
* (transitive) Synonym of naarata
* (figuratively) to resist, keep resisting (often with vastaan)
    Synonyms: hangoitella, panna vastaan, vastustella
    Vanhemmat tahtoivat muuttaa, mutta lapset harasivat vastaan.The parents wanted to move but the children kept resisting.
* (nautical) to sweep to measure depth

#### Synonyms

* (struggle against): haarata

#### Derived terms

* haraus

### Further reading

* “harata”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-02

### Anagrams

* haarat, haraat, hatara, rahtaa, tahraa, tarhaa
# ecumenism
## English
### Alternative forms

* œcumenism

### Etymology

From ecumene +‎ -ism.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /iːˈkjuː.mə.nɪzm/
* IPA: /ˌɛk.jʊˈmɛ.nɪzm/

### Noun

ecumenism (plural ecumenisms)
* (philosophy) Ecumenical doctrines and practices, especially as manifested in the ecumenical movement.
    Synonyms: ecumenicalism, ecumenicism, ecumenicity

#### Derived terms

* ecumenist

#### References

* Douglas Harper (2001–2025) “ecumenism”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.
# zaliczka
## Polish
### Etymology

From zaliczać +‎ -ka.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /zaˈlit͡ʂ.ka/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -it͡ʂka
* Syllabification: za‧licz‧ka

### Noun

zaliczka f
* (finance) advance, down payment
    Synonyms: akonto, (archaic) awans, zadatek

#### Related terms

* zaliczać
* zaliczyć

### Further reading

* zaliczka in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* zaliczka in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# coix
## English
### Etymology

From New Latin, from Ancient Greek κόϊξ (kóïx, “doum palm”).

### Pronunciation

* This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA or enPR then please add some!
* This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.

### Noun

coix (uncountable)
* An East Asian grass, Coix lacryma-jobi, sometimes harvested as a cereal.

#### Derived terms

* coixseed

### References

* ↑ “coix”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.

### Anagrams

* oxic

## Catalan
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin cōxus, perhaps derived from coxa (“hip”). Compare Aragonese coixo.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [ˈkoʃ]
* IPA: (Valencia) [ˈkojʃ]

### Adjective

coix (feminine coixa, masculine plural coixos, feminine plural coixes)
* lame
* wobbly (due to one leg being shorter)

#### Derived terms

* encoixir

### References

* “coix” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

### Further reading

* “coix” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “coix”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025
* “coix” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.

## Latin
### Etymology

From Ancient Greek κόϊξ (kóïx).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈko.iks/, [ˈkoɪks̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈko.iks/, [ˈkɔːiks]

### Noun

coix f (genitive coicis); third declension
* a kind of Ethiopian palm

#### Declension

Third-declension noun.

#### Descendants

* Translingual: Coix

### References

* “coix”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* coix in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
# sarraceno
## Portuguese
### Etymology

From Latin Saracēnus, Sarracēnus, from Ancient Greek Σᾰρᾰκηνός (Sărăkēnós).

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /sa.ʁaˈsẽ.nu/ [sa.haˈsẽ.nu]
* (Brazil) IPA: /sa.ʁaˈsẽ.nu/ [sa.haˈsẽ.nu]
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /sa.ʁaˈsẽ.nu/ [sa.χaˈsẽ.nu]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /sa.ʁaˈse.no/ [sa.haˈse.no]
* (Portugal) IPA: /sɐ.ʁɐˈse.nu/
* Hyphenation: sar‧ra‧ce‧no

### Adjective

sarraceno (feminine sarracena, masculine plural sarracenos, feminine plural sarracenas)
* Saracen

#### Derived terms

* trigo-sarraceno

### Further reading

* “sarraceno”, in Dicionário infopédia da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Porto: Porto Editora, 2003–2025
* “sarraceno”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2025

## Spanish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Σαρακηνός (Sarakēnós).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Spain) /saraˈθeno/ [sa.raˈθe.no]
* IPA: (Latin America, Philippines) /saraˈseno/ [sa.raˈse.no]
* Rhymes: -eno
* Syllabification: sa‧rra‧ce‧no

### Adjective

sarraceno (feminine sarracena, masculine plural sarracenos, feminine plural sarracenas)
* Saracen
* (dated) Muslim
    Synonyms: mahometano, musulmán

### Noun

sarraceno m (plural sarracenos, feminine sarracena, feminine plural sarracenas)
* Saracen
* (dated) Muslim
    Synonyms: mahometano, musulmán

#### Derived terms

* sarracénico
* trigo sarraceno

### Further reading

* “sarraceno”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# szusować
## Polish
### Alternative forms

* szlusować

### Etymology

Adapted borrowing of German schießen +‎ -ować. Akin to Polish kidać (“to scatter”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʂuˈsɔ.vat͡ɕ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔvat͡ɕ
* Syllabification: szu‧so‧wać

### Verb

szusować impf
* (intransitive, skiing) to schuss (to ski a schuss) [with z (+ genitive) ‘from what’]
    Hypernym: zjeżdżać

#### Derived terms

* poszusować pf

#### Related terms

* szusowy
* szus

### Further reading

* szusować in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* szusować in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# szlusować
## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʂluˈsɔ.vat͡ɕ/
* Rhymes: -ɔvat͡ɕ
* Syllabification: szlu‧so‧wać

### Etymology 1

Adapted borrowing of German schließen +‎ -ować.

#### Verb

szlusować impf
* (intransitive, archaic, military) to close ranks (to close the spacing between lines of troops)
    Synonym: zwierać szeregi
* (intransitive, archaic, colloquial) to join (to enter into association or alliance) [with do (+ genitive)]
    Synonym: doszlusowywać

##### Derived terms

* doszlusować pf, doszlusowywać impf

##### Related terms

* szlus
* śluza

### Etymology 2

Adapted borrowing of German schießen +‎ -ować.

#### Verb

szlusować impf
* (intransitive, skiing) Alternative form of szusować (“to schuss”)

##### Conjugation
### Further reading

* szlusować in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* szlusować in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# drogi oddechowe
## Polish
### Etymology

Literally, “respiratory tracts”.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈdrɔ.ɡi ɔd.dɛˈxɔ.vɛ/
* Audio:(file)
* Syllabification: dro‧gi od‧de‧cho‧we

### Noun

drogi oddechowe nvir pl
* (anatomy, pulmonology) respiratory tract
    Coordinate term: układ oddechowy

#### Related terms

* oddech
* układ oddechowy
* oddychać impf

### Further reading

* drogi oddechowe in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# carbamoyl
## English
### Noun

carbamoyl (plural carbamoyls)
* (organic chemistry) The univalent radical NH$_2$-CO- derived from urea by loss of an amino group

#### Derived terms

* carbamazepine
* carbamoylase
* carbamoyl chloride
* carbamoyl phosphate
* carbamoyltransferase
* carburazepam
* carbuterol
* carperidine
* dicarbamoyl
* iocarmic acid
# adumbrated
## English
### Verb

adumbrated
* simple past and past participle of adumbrate

### Adjective

adumbrated (comparative more adumbrated, superlative most adumbrated)
* (comparable) Obscured.
** 1826, Rev. James Gilchrist, The Perpetuity of Christian Baptism Maintained, page 43:We shall, therefore, only very humbly submit whether the whole statement be not rather too theoretic and somewhat too darkly adumbrated in ambiguous phraseology for plain, uncollegian understandings.
* (comparable) Foreshadowed.
* (heraldry) Depicted on a shield as an outline (having the same colour(s) as the field, but often darker) instead of a solid figure. (See "further reading" below.)

#### Coordinate terms

* umbrated, shadowed

#### Derived terms

* unadumbrated

#### Related terms

* adumbration

### Further reading

* 1894, Henry Gough, James Parker, A Glossary of Terms Used in Heraldry, page 8:Adumbration, or Transparency: the shadow of a charge, apart from the charge itself, painted the same colour as the field upon which it is placed, but of a darker tint, or perhaps, in outline only. The term belongs rather to the romance of heraldry than to its practice, and is imagined by the writers to have been adopted by families who, having lost their possessions, and consequently being unable to maintain their dignity, chose rather to bear their hereditary arms adumbrated than to relinquish them altogether. When figured by a black line the bearing is said to be entrailed.
# deltidsanställningen
## Swedish
### Noun

deltidsanställningen
* definite singular of deltidsanställning
# Šmerhovský
## Czech
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈʃmɛrɦofskiː]

### Proper noun

Šmerhovský m anim (female equivalent Šmerhovská)
* a male surname

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “Šmerhovský”, in Příjmení.cz (in Czech)
# wielkodusznie
## Polish
### Etymology

From wielkoduszny +‎ -ie.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /vjɛl.kɔˈduʂ.ɲɛ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -uʂɲɛ
* Syllabification: wiel‧ko‧dusz‧nie

### Adverb

wielkodusznie (comparative wielkoduszniej, superlative najwielkoduszniej)
* big-heartedly, large-heartedly, magnanimously
    Synonym: wspaniałomyślnie
    Antonym: małodusznie

#### Related terms

* wielkoduszny
* wielkoduszność

### Further reading

* wielkodusznie in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* wielkodusznie in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# estático
## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /isˈta.t͡ʃi.ku/, /esˈta.t͡ʃi.ku/
* (Brazil) IPA: /isˈta.t͡ʃi.ku/, /esˈta.t͡ʃi.ku/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /iʃˈta.t͡ʃi.ku/, /eʃˈta.t͡ʃi.ku/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /esˈta.t͡ʃi.ko/
* (Portugal) IPA: /(i)ʃˈta.ti.ku/

### Adjective

estático (feminine estática, masculine plural estáticos, feminine plural estáticas)
* static (not moving or changing)
* (programming) static (occupying memory allocated when a program is loaded)

## Spanish
### Etymology

Borrowed from New Latin staticus, from Ancient Greek στατικός (statikós).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /esˈtatiko/ [esˈt̪a.t̪i.ko]
* Rhymes: -atiko
* Syllabification: es‧tá‧ti‧co

### Adjective

estático (feminine estática, masculine plural estáticos, feminine plural estáticas)
* static

#### Derived terms

* bicicleta estática
* electricidad estática

#### Related terms

* estasis
* estática

### Further reading

* “estático”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# lipoproteina
## Interlingua
### Noun

lipoproteina (plural lipoproteinas)
* lipoprotein

## Italian
### Etymology

From lipo- +‎ proteina.

### Noun

lipoproteina f (plural lipoproteine)
* (biochemistry) lipoprotein

## Polish
### Etymology

From lipo- +‎ proteina. First attested in the.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /li.pɔ.prɔ.tɛˈi.na/
* Rhymes: -ina
* Syllabification: li‧po‧pro‧te‧i‧na

### Noun

lipoproteina f
* (biochemistry) lipoproteina

#### Derived terms

* abetalipoproteinemia
* lipoproteinowy

### Further reading

* lipoproteina in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# zdynamizować
## Polish
### Etymology

From z- +‎ dynamizować.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /zdɘ.na.miˈzɔ.vat͡ɕ/
* Rhymes: -ɔvat͡ɕ
* Syllabification: zdy‧na‧mi‧zo‧wać

### Verb

zdynamizować pf (imperfective dynamizować)
* (transitive, literary) to dynamize (to make more dynamic)
    Hypernym: wzmóc
* (reflexive with się, literary) to become more dynamic
    Hypernym: wzmóc się

#### Related terms

* dynamiczny
* dynamizacyjny
* dynamika
* dynamizacja
* dynamizm

### Further reading

* zdynamizować in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* zdynamizować in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# acción
## Fala
### Etymology

Borrowed from Spanish acción, from Latin āctiōnem.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /akˈθjon/
* Rhymes: -on
* Syllabification: ac‧ción

### Noun

acción f (plural (Lagarteiru, Mañegu) acciós or (Valverdeñu) accións)
* action, act

#### Related terms

* accional

### References

* Valeš, Miroslav (2021) Diccionariu de A Fala: lagarteiru, mañegu, valverdeñu (web)‎, 2nd edition, Minde, Portugal: CIDLeS, published 2022, →ISBN

## Galician
### Alternative forms

* açom, ação (reintegrationist)

### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin āctiōnem. Cognate with Portuguese ação.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /akˈθjoŋ/ [ɑkˈθjoŋ]
* IPA: (standard) /akˈθjoŋ/ [ɑkˈθjoŋ]
* IPA: (seseo) /akˈsjoŋ/ [ɑkˈsjoŋ]
* Rhymes: -oŋ
* Hyphenation: ac‧ción

### Noun

acción f (plural accións)
* action (what someone does)
    Synonyms: acto, feito, obra
* action (exercise of the faculty to act)
    Antonym: inacción
* action (made of acting, of producing something with a certain effect on something)
    Antonym: inacción
* action (succession of events that constitute the argument or theme of a narrative, dramatic work, or a film)
* (economics) share (financial instrument)

#### Related terms

* accionar
* accionista
* acto
* reacción

### Further reading

* “acción”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2025

## Spanish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin āctiōnem, from agere.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Spain) /aɡˈθjon/ [aɣ̞ˈθjõn]
* IPA: (Latin America, Philippines) /aɡˈsjon/ [aɣ̞ˈsjõn]
* Audio (Peru):(file)
* Rhymes: -on
* Syllabification: ac‧ción

### Noun

acción f (plural acciones)
* action, act, deed (something done)
    Synonym: acto
* action (way of motion or functioning)
* action (fast-paced activity)
* (military) combat, action
    Synonym: combate
* (law) general legal action; lawsuit
* share (financial instrument)

#### Derived terms

* acción común
* acción de condena
* acción de gracias
* acción de guerra
* acción de oro
* acción directa
* acción en vivo
* acción popular
* acción preferente
* acción pública
* acción real
* acción reivindicatoria
* accionar
* acciones diluidas
* accionista
* buena acción
* de acción
* mala acción
* modo de acción
* opción sobre acciones
* paquete de acciones
* plan de acción
* potencial de acción
* radio de acción
* sindicación de acciones
* unidad de acción

#### Related terms

* accionario
* activo
* actuar
* hiperacción
* inacción
* reacción

#### Descendants

* → Tagalog: aksiyon

### Interjection

acción
* action (demanding the start of something)

#### Further reading

* “acción”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# powodować
## Polish
### Etymology

From powód +‎ -ować. First attested in 1640.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pɔ.vɔˈdɔ.vat͡ɕ/
* (Middle Polish) IPA: /pɔ.vɔˈdɔ.vat͡ɕ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔvat͡ɕ
* Syllabification: po‧wo‧do‧wać

### Verb

powodować impf (perfective spowodować)
* (transitive) to cause (to set off an event or action)

### Verb

powodować impf
* (transitive, literary) to make, to drive, to compel (to cause someone to do something) [with instrumental ‘whom’]
    Synonyms: kierować, wpływać
* (transitive, obsolete) to lead, to direct somewhere
    Synonyms: kierować, prowadzić
** (transitive, Middle Polish, of a horse) to lead to floods
* (reflexive with się, literary) to live by, to abide by (to be guided by something in one's behavior) [with instrumental]
    Synonym: kierować się
* (reflexive with się, obsolete) to be subservient to [with instrumental]
* (reflexive with się, literary) to head (to go in a particular direction) [with instrumental]
    Synonym: kierować się

#### Derived terms

* spowodować

#### Related terms

* powód

### Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), powodować is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 44 times in scientific texts, 9 times in news, 15 times in essays, 3 times in fiction, and 0 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 71 times, making it the 911th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.

### References

* ↑ “POWODOWAĆ”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 24.04.2020
* ↑ Ida Kurcz (1990) “powodować”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 421

### Further reading

* powodować in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* powodować się in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* powodować in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* “POWODOWAĆ%20SIĘ”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 24.04.2020
* Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “powodować”, in Słownik języka polskiego
* Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “powodować”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
* A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1908), “powodować”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 4, Warsaw, page 857
* powodować in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego
# vihertää
## Finnish
### Etymology 1

viher- (“green”) +‎ -tää. The word has been later reanalyzed as containing instead a suffix -rtää, applied also to other color terms.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈʋihertæːˣ/, [ˈʋiɦe̞rt̪æː(ʔ)]
* Rhymes: -ihertæː
* Hyphenation: vi‧her‧tää

#### Verb

vihertää
* (intransitive) to have a green shade
    Tämä leipä vihertää. Se on parasta heittää pois.This bread has a shade of green on it. We'd better throw it away.

##### Derived terms

* viherrys
* vihertäminen
* vihertävä (color)

#### Further reading

* “vihertää”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-01

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈʋihertæː/, [ˈʋiɦe̞rt̪æː]
* Rhymes: -ihertæː
* Hyphenation: vi‧her‧tää

#### Verb

vihertää
* third-person singular present indicative of vihertää

### Anagrams

* vihreätä, värehtiä
# marianismo
## Spanish
### Noun

marianismo m (plural marianismos)
* the concept, found in Latin American folk culture, that a virtuous woman should emulate the Virgin Mary as closely as possible (in terms of piousness, sexual purity, modesty, etc.)

#### Related terms

* marianista
# spowodować
## Polish
### Etymology

From s- +‎ powodować. First attested in 1813.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /spɔ.vɔˈdɔ.vat͡ɕ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔvat͡ɕ
* Syllabification: spo‧wo‧do‧wać

### Verb

spowodować pf (imperfective powodować or (rare, obsolete) spowodowywać)
* (transitive) to cause (to set off an event or action)
* (transitive, obsolete) to make (to force or be the cause of someone doing something) [with do (+ genitive) or (less frequently) infinitive ‘to do what’]
    Synonym: zmusić
** 1844-1855, Jędrzej Moraczewski, Dzieje Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej‎, volume 1, page 75:Ciągłe napady spowodowały Bolesława, że się znowu na Pomorze z wojskiem wybrał.The constant attacks made Bolesław to go to Pomerania with his army again.
** 1867, Henryk Schmitt, Dzieje Polski XVIII i XIX wieku‎, volume 2, page 398:Wszystkie zabiegi, jakie czyniono później po województwach, aby szlachtę spowodować do wiązania się w konfederacją, rozbiły się najzu­pełniej o jej opór stanowczy.All the efforts that were later made in the voivodeships to make the nobility join the confederation were completely ruined by their determined resistance.
** 1894, Sewer (Ignacy Maciejowski), Nafta: powieść‎, volume 3, page 139:Co was spowodowało osiąść na roli?What made you to settle down in a field?
** 1908, Szymon Askenazy, Łukasiński‎, volume 2, page 70:Chodziło już teraz nie tyle o to, aby popierać dobre chęci Aleksandra, ile o to, aby spowodować go do wypełnienia jego zobowiązań.The point now was not so much to support Alexander's good intentions as to make him to fulfill his obligations.
** 1947, Stanisław Windakiewicz, Jan Kochanowski‎, page 133:Mogła się troskać, fra­sować, że się jakoś uspokoić nie umie, ale spowodować go do natychmiastowego posłuchu nie mogła.She could be concerned and worried that he couldn't calm down, but she couldn't make him listen immediately.

#### Related terms

* powód

### References

* ↑ Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “powód”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
* ↑ Continuatio edictorum et mandatorum universalium Regnis Galiciae et Lodomeriae: A die 1. Januar. ad ultimam Decembris Anno 1813‎ (in Polish), Typis Josephi Piller, 1813, page 227

### Further reading

* spowodować in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* spowodować in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “spowodować”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
* J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1915), “spowodować”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 6, Warsaw, page 327
* spowodować in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego