# ler
## Danish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /leːˀr/, [ˈleˀɐ̯], [ˈleɐ̯ˀ]

### Etymology 1

From Old Norse leir, from Proto-Germanic *laizą, cognate with Norwegian leir, Swedish ler. Probably from the Indo-European root *h₂leyH- (“to smear”).

#### Noun

ler n (singular definite leret, not used in plural form)
* clay

##### See also

* “ler” in Den Danske Ordbog
* ler on the Danish Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{da}$

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

ler
* present tense of le

## Galician
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese leer, from Latin legere. Compare Portuguese ler.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈleɾ]

### Verb

ler (first-person singular present leo, first-person singular preterite lín, past participle lido) ler (first-person singular present leio, first-person singular preterite lim or li, past participle lido, reintegrationist norm)
* to read

#### Conjugation

$^1$Less recommended.

#### Related terms

* reler
* trasler
* lector
* lectura

### References

* Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “leer”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “leer”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “ler”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “ler”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “ler”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

## Japanese
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “whence r?”)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɾa̠ː]

### Suffix

ler(ラー) • (-rā)
* Alternative form of er (ā)

#### Derived terms
## Mirandese
### Alternative forms

* lher

### Etymology

From Latin legere.

### Verb

ler
* to read

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /leːr/
* Rhymes: -eːr

### Verb

ler
* present of le

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Verb

ler
* present of le

## Old Galician-Portuguese
### Alternative forms

* lez (likely a misspelling)

### Etymology

Unknown. Likely from Proto-Celtic *liros.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈleɾ/

### Noun

ler m (plural lers)
* sea, beach, shore
** 13th century, Cancioneiro da Biblioteca Nacional, Nuno Fernandes Torneol, B 645: Vi eu mia madr'andar (facsimile)
    Foy eu madre veer / As barcas eno lez (sic) / E moirome damorI went, mother, to see / the boats at the shore, / and I'm dying of love.

#### Usage notes

* Do not confuse with leer (“to read”).

## Old Irish
### Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *liros, either borrowed from an unknown substrate language or from Proto-Indo-European *leyH-. Cognate with Welsh llŷr.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈl͈ʲer/

### Noun

ler m or n (genitive lir)
* (masculine) sea, ocean
* (neuter) a lot, multitude, large number

#### Inflection

As a masculine noun meaning "sea, ocean":
Masculine o-stem :
| | Singular | Dual | Plural |
| Nominative | ler | ler$^L$ | lir$^L$ |
| Vocative | lir | ler$^L$ | liru$^H$ |
| Accusative | ler$^N$ | ler$^L$ | liru$^H$ |
| Genitive | lir$^L$ | ler | ler$^N$ |
| Dative | liur$^L$ | leraib | leraib |
| Initial mutations of a following adjective: $^H$ = triggers aspiration $^L$ = triggers lenition $^N$ = triggers nasalization ||||
As a neuter noun meaning "a lot, large number, multitude":
Neuter o-stem :
| | Singular | Dual | Plural |
| Nominative | ler$^N$ | ler$^N$ | ler$^L$, lera |
| Vocative | ler$^N$ | ler$^N$ | ler$^L$, lera |
| Accusative | ler$^N$ | ler$^N$ | ler$^L$, lera |
| Genitive | lir$^L$ | ler | ler$^N$ |
| Dative | liur$^L$ | leraib | leraib |
| Initial mutations of a following adjective: $^H$ = triggers aspiration $^L$ = triggers lenition $^N$ = triggers nasalization ||||

#### Descendants

* Irish: lear
* Scottish Gaelic: lear

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* ↑ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*liro-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 241

### Further reading

* (sea, ocean): Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 ler”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* (a lot, multitude): Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “2 ler”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## Portuguese
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese leer, from Latin legere (“to read”). Compare Galician ler and Spanish leer.

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈle(ʁ)/ [ˈle(h)]
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈle(ʁ)/ [ˈle(h)]
** (São Paulo) IPA: /ˈle(ɾ)/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /ˈle(ʁ)/ [ˈle(χ)]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˈle(ɻ)/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈleɾ/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈleɾ/
** (Southern Portugal) IPA: /ˈle.ɾi/
* Homophone: lê (Brazil)
* Hyphenation: ler

### Verb

ler (first-person singular present leio, first-person singular preterite li, past participle lido)
* to read (to look at and interpret written information)
* to read (to speak aloud written information)
* (computing) to read (to fetch data from)
* (reflexive, of text) to read (to be interpreted or read in a particular way)

#### Conjugation

$^1$Superseded.

#### Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:ler.

#### Derived terms

* ledor
* reler

#### Related terms

* atril
* legenda
* legível
* leitor
* leitoril
* leitura
* lenda
* léxico
* lição
* lignite
* -logia
* lógico

#### Descendants

* Macanese: lê
* → Makalero: leh (“to read”)

## Romansch
### Etymology 1

From Latin legō, legere.

#### Verb

ler
* (Puter) to read

##### Alternative forms

* leger (Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan, Vallader)
* liger (Sutsilvan, Surmiran)

### Etymology 2
#### Verb

ler
* (Sutsilvan) Alternative form of vuler

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

From German leer.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /lêːr/
* Hyphenation: ler

### Noun

lȇr m (Cyrillic spelling ле̑р)
* (regional, automotive) neutral

#### Declension
### References

* “ler”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025

## Swedish
### Noun

ler c
* clay; Contraction of lera., in the expression ler och långhalm

### Verb

ler
* present indicative of le

### Anagrams

* elr