# 嚴

| 嚴 | U+56B4, &#22196; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-56B4 |
| ← 嚳 [U+56B3] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 嚵 → [U+56B5] |

## Translingual

| Traditional | 嚴 |
| Shinjitai | 厳 |
| Simplified | 严 |

### Han character

嚴 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+17, 20 strokes, cangjie input 口口一一大 (RRMMK), four-corner 6624$_8$, composition ⿱吅𠪚)

#### Derived characters

* 儼, 𠘥, 㘙, 壧, 孍, 巗, 𫹪, 𢥴, 𢺘, 𤅙, 玁, 曮, 欕, 𰟻, 𤫠, 𥍓, 礹, 𫀤, 𧟓, 讝, 𧴣, 釅, 𨰫, 𩽴, 麣, 䶫
* 𡗏, 巖, 䕾, 䉷, 𪋹

#### Descendants

* 厳 (In Japanese shinjitai)
* 严 (In simplified Chinese)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 214, character 7
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4589
* Dae Jaweon: page 436, character 33
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 702, character 2
* Unihan data for U+56B4

## Chinese

* 嚴姓 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 嚴氏 (Cantonese)
* Giâm (khió-pêng) (Southern Min)

### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 嚴 :
| Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 撖 | *kʰɯːm, *kʰreːmʔ, *ɡraːmʔ |
| 澉 | *l̥ʰaːms, *klaːmʔ |
| 噉 | *l'aːmʔ |
| 敢 | *klaːmʔ |
| 橄 | *klaːmʔ |
| 瞰 | *kʰlaːms |
| 闞 | *kʰlaːms, *qʰreːmʔ, *hŋraːms |
| 憨 | *qʰaːm, *qʰlaːms |
| 譀 | *qʰlaːms, *qʰraːms, *qʰraːb |
| 巖 | *ŋraːm |
| 礹 | *ŋraːm, *ŋamʔ |
| 豃 | *qʰraːmʔ |
| 讝 | *kjam |
| 玁 | *hŋramʔ |
| 嚴 | *ŋam |
| 儼 | *ŋamʔ |
| 曮 | *ŋamʔ |
| 釅 | *ŋams |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ŋam) : semantic 喦 (“talkative”) + phonetic 敢 (OC *klaːmʔ, “daring”) – the original script of 譀 (OC *qʰlaːms, *qʰraːms, *qʰraːb, “exaggerated and absurd words”).
The meanings of “solemn” and “stern” may be a result of phonetic borrowing.

### Etymology

Schuessler (2007) considers 嚴 (OC *ŋam) to be cognate with the following:
* 巖 (OC *ŋraːm, “(of mountains) high; lofty”)
* 儼 (OC *ŋamʔ, “dignified; majestic”)
* 險 (OC *qʰramʔ, “precipitous; dangerous”)
* 業 (OC *ŋab, “lofty; large”) (an allofam with a stop final).
They are all Sino-Tibetan in origin. Cognates in Tibetan include Tibetan རྔམ་པ་ (rngam pa, “splendor; majesty”) and Tibetan རྔམས (rngams, “height; splendor”). Burmese ငြမ်း (ngram:, “scaffold”) may also be a cognate.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): yán (yan$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄧㄢˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ngan$^2$ / nyian$^2$
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): yán
    (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): yén
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jim$^4$
    (Dongguan, Jyutping++): jin$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ngiam$^3$
    (Yangjiang, Jyutping++): jim$^4$
* Gan (Wiktionary): nyien$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ngiàm
    (Hailu, HRS): ngiam
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ngiam$^2$
* Jin (Wiktionary): ie$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): ngǐng
* Eastern Min (BUC): ngièng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ngieng$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): gân / giâm / gêm
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ngiam$^5$ / ngiang$^5$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): niam$^5$
* Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): jim$^4$
* Wu (Wugniu)
** (Northern): $^6$gni / $^2$gnie / $^2$gni / $^2$gnien
** (Jinhua): $^2$gnie; $^2$gnian
* Xiang
    (Changsha, Wiktionary): nyienn$^2$
    (Loudi, Wiktionary): ninn$^2$
    (Hengyang, Wiktionary): ngien$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yán
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yán
*** Wade–Giles: yen$^2$
*** Yale: yán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yan
*** Palladius: янь (janʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /jɛn³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: ngan$^2$ / nyian$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ngan / nian
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋan²¹/, /nʲiɛn²¹/
* nyian2 - literary;
* ngan2 - vernacular.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit嚴 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ian³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ian²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /ian⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /iã⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /iã⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ian⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /iã²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /iã²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ian⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /iɛ̃n⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ian⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /iɛn²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /ȵian³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /nian²¹/ /ian²¹/ 新 |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /iɛ̃³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /ien²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /iĩ⁵⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /ie¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /ȵie̞¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /ie³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ȵi²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ȵiɪ¹³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ȵiẽ̞²¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ȵi³¹/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /ne⁴⁴/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /ȵiɛ¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /ȵiẽ¹³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ȵiẽ¹²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /ȵiɛn⁴⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /ŋiam¹¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /ŋiɑm¹¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /jim²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /jim²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /jim²¹/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /giam³⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /ŋieŋ⁵³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /ŋiŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /ŋiam⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /ŋiam³¹/ |
* Middle Chinese: ngjaem
Rime :
| Character | 嚴 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 嚴 (145) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 語𩏩切 |
| Baxter | ngjaem |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ŋɨɐm/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ŋiɐm/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ŋiɐm/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ŋɨam/ |
| Li Rong | /ŋiɐm/ |
| Wang Li | /ŋĭɐm/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ŋi̯ɐm/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yán |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jim$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ŋ(r)am/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋam/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 嚴 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yán |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ngjæm › |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋ(r)am/ |
| English | stern, majestic |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 嚴 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 3692 |
| Phonetic component | 敢 |
| Rime group | 談 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 嚴 |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋam/ |
* This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some! Particularly: “Dungan”

### Definitions

嚴
* strict; rigorous; rigid
    嚴格／严格 ― yángé ― strict; stringent
    嚴謹／严谨 ― yánjǐn ― rigorous; strict
    對自己要求很嚴／对自己要求很严 ― duì zìjǐ yàoqiú hěn yán ― to be strict with oneself
    From: Lü Buwei, Master Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals, 239 BCE
    Jūn míng ér yán, zé qúnchén zhōng; jūn nuò ér ān, zé qúnchén zhà. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* solemn; majestic; stately; grave
    莊嚴／庄严 ― zhuāngyán ― solemn
    尊嚴／尊严 ― zūnyán ― dignity
* urgent; pressing
    嚴重／严重 ― yánzhòng ― severe; critical
* severe; intense
    嚴冬／严冬 ― yándōng ― severe winter; harsh winter
    嚴刑峻法／严刑峻法 ― yánxíngjùnfǎ ― draconian law
* (of a door, mouth, defense, etc.) tight
    嚴密／严密 ― yánmì ― tight; difficult to penetrate
* (literary) to respect
    From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
    Fán xué zhī dào, yán shī wéi nán. Shī yán ránhòu dào zūn, dào zūn ránhòu mín zhī jìng xué. [Pinyin]
    In pursuing the course of learning, the difficulty is in securing the proper reverence for the master. When that is done, the course (which he inculcates) is regarded with honour. When that is done, the people know how to respect learning.
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Yúshì Zhào wáng nǎi zhāijiè wǔ rì, shǐ chén fèng bì, bài sòng shū yú tíng. Hé zhě? Yán dàguó zhī wēi yǐ xiūjìng yě. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (literary) to fear
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Shì cì wànshèng zhī jūn, ruò cì hèfū. Wú yán zhūhóu, èshēng zhì, bì fǎn zhī. [Pinyin]
    He viewed stabbing a prince of ten thousand chariots just as stabbing a fellow dressed in cloth of hair. He feared not any of all the princes. A bad word addressed to him be always returned.
* (honorific) father
    家嚴／家严 ― jiāyán ― my father
* a surname
    嚴復／严复 ― Yán Fù ― Yan Fu (scholar and translator)

#### Synonyms

* (strict):
* 不苟 (bùgǒu) (formal)
* 仔細 / 仔细 (zǐxì)
* 嚴肅 / 严肃 (yánsù)
* 嚴謹 / 严谨 (yánjǐn)
* 墘角 (gièng-gáe̤k) (Eastern Min)
* 密切 (mìqiè)
* 審慎 / 审慎 (shěnshèn) (formal)
* 小心 (xiǎoxīn)
* 慎密 (shènmì)
* 慎重 (shènzhòng)
* 慘淡 / 惨淡 (cǎndàn)
* 板正 (bǎnzhèng)
* 正經 / 正经
* 當心 / 当心 (dāngxīn)
* 精心 (jīngxīn)
* 精細 / 精细 (jīngxì)
* 細心 / 细心 (xìxīn)
* 細膩 / 细腻 (xìnì) (Min)
* 認真 / 认真 (rènzhēn)
* 謹嚴 / 谨严 (jǐnyán)
* 謹慎 / 谨慎 (jǐnshèn)
* 較真 / 较真 (jiàozhēn) (colloquial)
* 過細 / 过细 (guòxì)
* 鞠躬 (jūgōng) (literary)
* (solemn):
* 厲害 / 厉害 (lìhài)
* 嚴厲 / 严厉 (yánlì)
* 嚴峻 / 严峻 (yánjùn)
* 嚴正 / 严正 (yánzhèng)
* 嚴肅 / 严肃 (yánsù)
* 嚴酷 / 严酷 (yánkù)
* 尊重 (zūnzhòng)
* 整肅 / 整肃 (zhěngsù)
* 正經 / 正经
* 淩厲 / 凌厉 (línglì) (literary)
* 狠狠 (hěnhěn)
* 矜持 (jīnchí)
* 莊 / 庄 (zhuāng)
* 莊重 / 庄重 (zhuāngzhòng)
* 鄭重 / 郑重 (zhèngzhòng)
* (severe):
* 劇烈 / 剧烈 (jùliè)
* 厲害 / 厉害 (lìhài)
* 尖銳 / 尖锐 (jiānruì)
* 強烈 / 强烈 (qiángliè)
* 急劇 / 急剧 (jíjù)
* 急驟 / 急骤 (jízhòu)
* 激
* 激烈 (jīliè)
* 火熱 / 火热 (huǒrè)
* 熾烈 / 炽烈 (chìliè) (figurative)
* 狂 (kuáng) (literary, or in compounds)
* 猛烈 (měngliè)
* (father):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 父, 爺, 嚴 honorific |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 父親 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 爸爸, 爸, 爹, 父親, 老頭兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 爸爸, 爸 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chengde | 爸爸 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 爸爸 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 爸爸 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Heihe | 父親, 爸爸 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Qiqihar | 爸爸 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 爸爸, 爸, 爹, 父親 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jiamusi | 父親, 爸爸 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Baicheng | 父親, 爸爸, 爹 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Changchun | 爸爸, 爸, 爹 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tonghua | 爸爸, 爹 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 爸爸, 父親, 爹, 阿瑪 dated, Manchus |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jinzhou | 父親, 爸爸, 爸, 爹 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 爸爸, 爸, 爹哋 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 爸爸, 爸, 老爸 <> |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 爸爸, 老爸, 爹 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 父親, 爸爸, 爹 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 爸爸, 爹, 伯 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 爸爸 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 爸爸, 爹 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Lijin | 爹 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 爸爸, 爹, 大 Hui, 大大 Hui |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dalian | 爸爸 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dandong | 父親, 爸爸, 爸, 爹 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai | 爹 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 爹, 爸爸 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 爸爸, 爹 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Zhucheng | 大大, 爺, 爸爸 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 爹, 爸爸 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Lingbao | 爹, 大 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Jining | 爸爸, 大 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 爸, 爹 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Linfen | 爸 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Shangqiu | 爸爸, 爹, 大 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yuanyang | 父親, 爸爸, 爹 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 爹, 伯, 達 Hui or suburbs |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xinyang | 爸 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baihe | 父親, 爹, 爸爸 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 爸, 爸爸, 達 Hui |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baoji | 父親, 爸, 爹, 伯 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Tianshui | 爸爸, 大 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 阿達, 達達, 爹 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yanqi | 爹, 達達 Hui, 阿達 Hui, 老爹 <> |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 答答, 爸爸, 父親 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Fuyang | 父親, 爹, 爸爸, 爸, 大大, 大 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 達達, 達, 阿達 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 爹, 爸爸, 父親 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 爹, 爸爸, 老子 <>, 老爹 <>, 父親 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Dunhuang | 大大, 爸, 爹爹 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Hami | 大大 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 爸爸, 爹, 爹爹, 達, 達達, 阿達 Hui, 先人 <>, 老爹 <>, 達當子 <> |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 爸爸, 爸, 老頭兒 <>, 老把子 <>, 老漢兒 <> |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanchong | 父親, 爸爸 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dazhou | 爸爸, 爹 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanyuan | 父親, 爸爸, 爸爸 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xichang | 父親, 爸爸 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zigong | 父親, 大大, 爺, 爸爸, 爹 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 老漢兒, 爸爸 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 爸爸, 爹 dated, 伯伯 <>, dated, 老子 <>, 老頭 <>, 點頭磕 <>, dated, 父老二 <>, dated, casual, 八叉 <>, dated, slang, 父親 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangyang | 父親, 爸爸, 伯伯 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianmen | 父親, 爸爸, 爹, 大大 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 爸爸, 爹 dated, 老爹 <>, 老者 <>, 老者者 <> |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zunyi | 爹, 爸爸 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Bijie | 爸爸, 老伯 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liping | 爹 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zhaotong | 爸爸, 爺爺, 大爹 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dali | 阿爹 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 爸爸, 父親, 爹 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mengzi | 爸爸 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 爸爸 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 爸, 阿爸, 爹, 老爹 <>, 爹老 <>, 爺老 <>, 老頭子 <> |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jishou | 父親, 爸爸, 爹 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Changde | 爹 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanzhong | 父親, 爸爸 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Salong (Lancang) | 阿爸, 阿爹, 爸爸 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Sai (Tengchong) | 爸, 爹, 爺 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 爹, 爸爸, 伯伯, 爹爹 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 爸爸, 爹爹, 老子 <>, 父親 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianyungang | 父親, 爸爸, 大大 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianshui | 父親, 爺 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 父, 父啊, 爸, 爸爸, 爺 <> |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Anqing | 父親, 爸爸, 伯伯, 大大 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Wuhu | 爸爸, 大大 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 伯伯, 爺 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Huanggang | 伯 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hong'an | 父親, 父, 爸爸, 伯伯, 伯 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 阿爸, 爸爸, 爹哋, 老豆 <>, 伯爺 <> |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 阿爸, 爸爸, 爸, 爹哋, 爸B, 老豆 <>, 伯爺 <> |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 阿爸, 老豆 <> |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 爹, 阿爸 <>, 爸 <> |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 爸爸 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 阿爸 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 阿爸, 爹哋, 老豆 <> |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Xinjiao, Haizhu) | 爸爸, 阿爸 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Longxi, Liwan) | 阿叔, 阿爸, 阿大 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huangpu) | 阿叔, 阿爸 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Xinshi, Baiyun) | 阿叔, 阿爸, 阿大, 阿伯 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Shijing, Baiyun) | 阿叔, 阿爸, 阿哥 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Jiangcun, Baiyun) | 阿叔, 阿爸 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Longgui, Baiyun) | 阿叔, 阿爸 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Renhe, Baiyun) | 阿叔 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zhuliao, Baiyun) | 阿叔, 阿爸 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zhongluotan, Baiyun) | 阿叔 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Jiufo, Huangpu) | 阿叔, 阿哥 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 阿爸, 爸爸, 老豆 <> |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 爸爸, 阿叔 dated, 老豆 <> |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 阿叔, 阿伯, 老豆 <> |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 阿爸, 爸爸, 阿哥, 阿叔, 奶公, 阿爺, 老豆 <> |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 阿爸, 老豆 <> |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 阿叔, 老豆 <> |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 阿爹, 老豆 <> |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 阿爸, 阿爹, 老豆 <>, 伯爺 <>, dated |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 阿爸, 老豆 <> |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 阿爸, 老子 <>, 老豆 <> |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Huancheng) | 阿爸 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Nanlang) | 阿爸 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Xiaolan) | 阿爸, 阿爹 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Dongsheng, Xiaolan) | 阿爸 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Tanbei, Xiaolan) | 阿爸 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Henglan) | 阿爸 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Dongfeng) | 阿爸, 阿爹 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Nantou) | 阿爸, 阿爹 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Fusha) | 阿爸 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shalang) | 阿爸 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Gangkou) | 阿爸 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Huangpu) | 阿爸, 爸爸, 阿爹 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Sanjiao) | 阿大, 爸爸 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Langwang, Minzhong) | 阿爸, 爸爸, 阿爹 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Minzhong) | 阿爸, 爸爸, 阿爹 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Guzhen) | 阿爹 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Banfu) | 阿爸 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Tanzhou) | 阿爸 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 阿爸, 老豆 <> |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 阿爸, 老豆 <> |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 阿爸, 老豆 <> |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 阿爸, 阿爹, 老豆 <> |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 阿爸, 老豆 <> |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 阿爸, 阿爹, 阿爺, 老豆 <> |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 阿爹, 老豆 <> |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 阿爹, 老豆 <> |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 阿爸, 老豆 <> |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 阿爸, 阿叔, 老豆 <>, 爸爸 childish, 爹哋 childish, 爸B childish, 阿大 rare, 老子 <> |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 阿爸, 爸爸, 老豆 <> |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan | 老豆, 阿爸 |
| Cantonese | Yunfu | 老豆, 阿爸 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 阿爸, 阿爹 <>, 老豆 <> |
| Cantonese | Xinyi | 老豆, 阿爸 |
| Cantonese | Lianjiang | 阿爸, 老豆, 爸爸 |
| Cantonese | Lianjiang (Cheban) | 阿爸 |
| Cantonese | Wuchuan (Wuyang) | 阿爸 |
| Cantonese | Wuchuan (Meilu) | 老豆 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 阿爸, 爸, 老豆, 老嘢 <> |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 爸爸, 阿叔, 叔公, 阿哥, 俺老子 <>, 老豆 <> |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Shatian) | 爸爸, 阿公, 俺公 <> |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 爸爸, 阿叔, 老豆 <> |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Nankang) | 爸爸, 阿叔, 老豆 <> |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Yingpan) | 阿爸, 阿叔, 阿哥, 老豆 <> |
| Cantonese | Danzhou | 爺 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 老豆, 阿爸, 爹哋, 老頭子 <> |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 阿爸, 爸爸, 老豆 <> |
| Gan | Nanchang | 爸爸, 爺, 老子 <>, 爺老子 <> |
| Gan | Lichuan | 爺, 伯伯, 家父 <> |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 爺爺, 爹爹, 爸爸, 爺老子 <> |
| Hakka | Meixian | 阿爸, 爺仔 <> |
| Hakka | Xingning | 阿爸 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 阿爸, 爸爸, 老豆 <> |
| Hakka | Huiyang | 阿爸 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 阿爸 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 阿爸, 爸爸 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 阿爸, 爸爸 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 阿爸, 爺子 <> |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Shuizhai) | 阿爸 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 阿爸 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Changbu) | 阿爺, 阿爸 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Mianyang) | 阿爸 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Meilin) | 阿爸 |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 阿爸 |
| Hakka | Wengyuan | 阿爸 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 阿爸 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 阿爸 |
| Hakka | Liannan | 爸 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 阿爸, 父親 <> |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 爺 |
| Hakka | Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) | 阿爸 |
| Hakka | Changting | 爹爹, 哥哥, 爹哩 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 阿哥, 伯 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Yanqian) | 爺哩 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 爸 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 伯 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 哥哥, 爹 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 爸爸, 爺老 <> |
| Hakka | Ningdu | 爹 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 爹爹, 爹子 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 爹, 爸爸 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 爸爸 |
| Hakka | Tonggu (Sandu) | 爸爸 |
| Hakka | Ganzhou (Panlong) | 爸爸 |
| Hakka | Dayu | 爸爸, 爺爺 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 阿爸, 爺仔 <> |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 阿爸, 爺仔 <> |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 阿爸, 爺仔 <> |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 阿爸 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 阿爸, 爺仔 <> |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 阿怙, 阿爺 <> |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 阿爸 |
| Hakka | Yangxi (Tangkou) | 老子 |
| Hakka | Yangchun (Sanjia) | 阿爸 |
| Hakka | Xinyi (Sihe) | 阿爸, 老子 |
| Hakka | Xinyi (Qianpai) | 阿爸, 老豆 |
| Hakka | Gaozhou (Xindong) | 阿爸 |
| Hakka | Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai) | 阿叔, 阿爹, 阿哥, 阿爸 |
| Hakka | Huazhou (Xin'an) | 老子 |
| Hakka | Lianjiang (Shijiao) | 阿爸 |
| Hakka | Lianjiang (Qingping) | 阿爸 |
| Hakka | Mengshan (Xihe) | 爸, 哥 |
| Hakka | Luchuan | 阿爸 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Longchuan) | 阿爸 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 阿爸 |
| Hakka | Singkawang | 阿爸 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 伯伯, 爹, 老子 <> |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 伯, 爺, 相, 爸爸, 大 |
| Huizhou | Huangshan (Tunxi) | 爹, 爺, 爸 |
| Huizhou | Xiuning | 爺, 阿爺 |
| Huizhou | Yixian | 爹爹, 爸爸, 官人 |
| Huizhou | Qimen | 爺兒, 伯兒 |
| Huizhou | Wuyuan | 爸爸, 爺 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 爸爸, 大大, 大, 爹, 老子 <> |
| Jin | Pingyao | 爹 |
| Jin | Yangyuan | 父親, 爹, 爸爸, 爸 |
| Jin | Datong | 父親, 爸爸, 爹 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 大大, 大 |
| Jin | Lüliang (Lishi) | 父親, 爸爸, 爹, 老子 |
| Jin | Changzhi | 爸爸, 爹 |
| Jin | Linhe | 父親, 爸爸, 大, 老子 |
| Jin | Jining | 爸爸, 大 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 父親, 爸爸, 大, 老子 |
| Jin | Erenhot | 父親, 爸爸, 大 |
| Jin | Pingshan | 爹 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 父親, 爸爸, 爸, 爹, 大 |
| Jin | Handan | 父親, 爹 |
| Jin | Linzhou | 爹 |
| Jin | Suide | 爸爸, 老子 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 爸爸, 爺爺 dated, 爹 <> |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 依爹, 依爸, 依爺 dated, 郎爸 <> |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 爸, 爸爸, 官, 阿伯, 阿哥, 阿叔 |
| Eastern Min | Matsu | 依爹 |
| Eastern Min | Singapore (Fuqing) | 爸爸 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 阿爸, 阿叔 euphemistic, 老爸 <>, 老的 <>, 娘爸 <>, dated |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 老爸 <>, 俺爸 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 阿爸, 阿叔 euphemistic, 老爸 <>, 老的 <> |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 老爸 <> |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 阿爸, 阿官, 阿叔 euphemistic, 老爸 <>, 老的 <>, 娘爸 <>, dated |
| Southern Min | Pinghe | 娘爸 <> |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 爸, 老大 <>, 老爸 <> |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 爸爸, 阿爸, 老爸 <> |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 老歲仔, 老的, 阿爸, 老爸 <> |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 爸爸, 阿丈, 阿爸, 阿將, 老爸 <> |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 阿丈, 阿叔, 阿爸, 老爸 <> |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 阿府, 阿爸, 老爸 <> |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 爸爸, 老爸 <> |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 多桑, 爸爸, 阿叔, 阿爸, 俺二仔, 俺爹, 俺爸, 老爸 <> |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 阿爹, 爸爸, 老爸 <> |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 俺爹, 俺爸 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 阿爸, 爹, 二仔, 爸爸, 老爸 <> |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 阿爸, 爸, 爸爸, 老爸 <>, 爹 <>, 老的 <> |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 爸, 爸爸, 阿爸, 老爸 <> |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 爸爸, 爸, 阿爸, 老爸 <> |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 阿爸, 阿爹, 阿父 <>, 父 <> |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 阿爸, 阿父 <>, 父 <>, 大人 <>, honorific |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 阿爸, 父 <>, 大人 <>, honorific |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 阿爸, 阿父, 阿爹 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 爸, 爸爸, 阿爸, 父, 爹 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 阿爸, 爸爸, 阿父 <>, 爸 <> |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 阿父, 父 <>, 老父 <> |
| Southern Min | Batam (Teochew) | 阿父 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 爸, 兄 dated, 阿 dated, 尼父 <>, 父 <>, 尼阿 <>, dated |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 阿爹, 阿兄, 阿官, 阿爸, 爸 <> |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 阿爸, 郎爸 <> |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 郎爸 <> |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 爸爸, 爹, 老子 <> |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 爸, 數字, 數老, 阿叔 dated, 老子 <> |
| Wu | Shanghai | 爸爸, 老爸, 爹爹 dated, 阿伯 dated |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 爹爹, 阿爹 uncommon, 爺, 爺爺 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 爹爹 |
| Wu | Danyang | 爹爹, 爹, 爸爸 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 爹, 阿伯, 爸爸, 老子 <> |
| Wu | Ningbo | 阿伯, 爸爸, 爹 <>, 阿爹 <>, 老頭子 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 阿爸, 阿伯, 阿大 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 伯伯, 爹爹, 爸爸 |
| Wu | Jinhua (Tangxi) | 伯 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 爹爹, 爺爺, 爺, 爺老倌 <>, 爺老子 <> |
| Xiang | Loudi | 爹爹, 爺老倌 <>, 爺老子 <>, 爺 <>, 老人家 <> |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 爹爹, 爺 |
| Xiang | Hengyang | 爸爸 new-style, 爹爹 old style, 爺老子 <>, 爺 <>, 爺老倌子 <>, 老子 <> |
| Xiangnan Tuhua | Jiangyong | 大, 爹爹, 爸爸, 爺子 <>, 大子 <> |
| Note | <> - non-face-to-face | <> - non-face-to-face |

#### Compounds

* 不惡而嚴 / 不恶而严
* 保不嚴 / 保不严
* 先嚴 / 先严
* 卞嚴子 / 卞严子
* 嘴嚴 / 嘴严 (zuǐyán)
* 嚴世蕃 / 严世蕃
* 嚴光 / 严光
* 嚴冬 / 严冬 (yándōng)
* 嚴切 / 严切
* 嚴刑 / 严刑 (yánxíng)
* 嚴刑峻法 / 严刑峻法 (yánxíngjùnfǎ)
* 嚴刻 / 严刻 (yánkè)
* 嚴制 / 严制
* 嚴厲 / 严厉 (yánlì)
* 嚴可均 / 严可均
* 嚴君 / 严君
* 嚴命 / 严命
* 嚴妝 / 严妆
* 嚴守 / 严守 (yánshǒu)
* 嚴家墩 / 严家墩 (Yánjiādūn)
* 嚴家淦 / 严家淦
* 嚴密 / 严密 (yánmì)
* 嚴寒 / 严寒 (yánhán)
* 嚴實 / 严实 (yánshi)
* 嚴峻 / 严峻 (yánjùn)
* 嚴嵩 / 严嵩
* 嚴師 / 严师 (yánshī)
* 嚴店 / 严店 (Yándiàn)
* 嚴復 / 严复
* 嚴忌 / 严忌
* 嚴惡 / 严恶
* 嚴懲 / 严惩 (yánchéng)
* 嚴懲不貸 / 严惩不贷 (yánchéngbùdài)
* 嚴振 / 严振
* 嚴控 / 严控 (yánkòng)
* 嚴整 / 严整 (yánzhěng)
* 嚴斥 / 严斥
* 嚴於律己 / 严于律己
* 嚴明 / 严明 (yánmíng)
* 嚴更 / 严更
* 嚴查 / 严查 (yánchá)
* 嚴格 / 严格 (yángé)
* 嚴棘 / 严棘
* 嚴橋 / 严桥 (Yánqiáo)
* 嚴正 / 严正 (yánzhèng)
* 嚴殺 / 严杀
* 嚴毅 / 严毅
* 嚴氣正性 / 严气正性
* 嚴父 / 严父
* 嚴禁 / 严禁 (yánjìn)
* 嚴絲合縫 / 严丝合缝 (yánsīhéfèng)
* 嚴緊 / 严紧 (yánjǐn)
* 嚴羽 / 严羽
* 嚴肅 / 严肃 (yánsù)
* 嚴苛 / 严苛 (yánkē)
* 嚴處 / 严处 (yánchǔ)
* 嚴裝 / 严装 (yánzhuāng)
* 嚴親 / 严亲
* 嚴詞 / 严词 (yáncí)
* 嚴詞厲色 / 严词厉色
* 嚴謹 / 严谨 (yánjǐn)
* 嚴辦 / 严办 (yánbàn)
* 嚴遵 / 严遵
* 嚴酷 / 严酷 (yánkù)
* 嚴重 / 严重 (yánzhòng)
* 嚴防 / 严防 (yánfáng)
* 嚴陣以待 / 严阵以待 (yánzhènyǐdài)
* 嚴霜 / 严霜
* 嚴靚 / 严靓
* 嚴駕 / 严驾
* 嚴麗 / 严丽
* 嚴鼓 / 严鼓
* 壁壘森嚴 / 壁垒森严 (bìlěisēnyán)
* 夜嚴 / 夜严
* 妻管嚴 / 妻管严 (qīguǎnyán)
* 威嚴 / 威严 (wēiyán)
* 家嚴 / 家严 (jiāyán)
* 寶相莊嚴 / 宝相庄严
* 尊嚴 / 尊严 (zūnyán)
* 尊嚴死 / 尊严死
* 師嚴道尊 / 师严道尊
* 師道尊嚴 / 师道尊严 (shīdàozūnyán)
* 從嚴 / 从严 (cóngyán)
* 恭肅嚴整 / 恭肃严整
* 態度嚴肅 / 态度严肃
* 戒嚴 / 戒严 (jièyán)
* 戒嚴令 / 戒严令 (jièyánlìng)
* 戒嚴法 / 戒严法
* 打嚴嵩 / 打严嵩
* 森嚴 / 森严 (sēnyán)
* 楞嚴經 / 楞严经
* 法度嚴明 / 法度严明
* 父嚴子孝 / 父严子孝
* 盛飾嚴裝 / 盛饰严装
* 端嚴 / 端严
* 緊嚴 / 紧严
* 綦嚴 / 綦严 (qíyán)
* 義正詞嚴 / 义正词严 (yìzhèngcíyán)
* 義正辭嚴 / 义正辞严 (yìzhèngcíyán)
* 苛嚴 / 苛严
* 莊嚴 / 庄严 (zhuāngyán)
* 華嚴五祖 / 华严五祖
* 華嚴宗 / 华严宗
* 華嚴經 / 华严经
* 號令森嚴 / 号令森严
* 解嚴 / 解严 (jiěyán)
* 詞嚴義密 / 词严义密
* 詞嚴義正 / 词严义正
* 謹嚴 / 谨严 (jǐnyán)
* 警備森嚴 / 警备森严
* 賞罰嚴明 / 赏罚严明
* 辭嚴氣正 / 辞严气正
* 辭嚴義正 / 辞严义正
* 門禁森嚴 / 门禁森严

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 厳(ごん) (gon); 厳(げん) (gen)
* → Korean: 엄(嚴) (eom)
* → Vietnamese: nghiêm (嚴)

### References

* “Entry #12982”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 厳 |
| Kyūjitai | 嚴 |

### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 厳)
* Kyūjitai form of 厳 (strictness, severity, rigidity)

#### Readings

* Go-on: ごん (gon)
* Kan-on: げん (gen)
* Kun: きびしい (kibishii, 嚴しい)、おごそか (ogosoka, 嚴か)

## Korean
### Hanja

嚴 • (eom) (hangeul 엄, revised eom, McCune–Reischauer ŏm)
* strict, rigorous, rigid
* stern

## Vietnamese
### Han character

嚴: Hán Nôm readings: nghiêm, ngàm
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.