# 夭折
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yāozhé, yǎozhé
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄠ ㄓㄜˊ, ㄧㄠˇ ㄓㄜˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jiu$^1$ zit$^3$ / jiu$^2$ zit$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yêu-chat
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): iau-chiat / iáu-chiat
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yāozhé
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄠ ㄓㄜˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yaojhé
*** Wade–Giles: yao$^1$-chê$^2$
*** Yale: yāu-jé
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: iaujer
*** Palladius: яочжэ (jaočžɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /jɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤ³⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, literary)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yǎozhé
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄠˇ ㄓㄜˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yǎojhé
*** Wade–Giles: yao$^3$-chê$^2$
*** Yale: yǎu-jé
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yeaujer
*** Palladius: яочжэ (jaočžɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /jɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂɤ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jiu$^1$ zit$^3$ / jiu$^2$ zit$^3$
*** Yale: yīu jit / yíu jit
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jiu$^1$ dzit$^8$ / jiu$^2$ dzit$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yiu$^1$ jid$^3$ / yiu$^2$ jid$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /jiːu̯⁵⁵ t͡siːt̚³/, /jiːu̯³⁵ t͡siːt̚³/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yêu-chat
*** Hakka Romanization System: ieu$^ˊ$ zad$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yeu$^1$ zad$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /i̯eu̯²⁴ t͡sat̚²/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yêu-chat
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)ieu$^ˊ$ zad$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yeu$^1$ zad$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯eu̯²⁴ t͡sat̚²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iau-chiat
*** Tâi-lô: iau-tsiat
*** Phofsit Daibuun: iauciad
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /iau⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siɛt̚³²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /iau³³ t͡siɛt̚⁵/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iáu-chiat
*** Tâi-lô: iáu-tsiat
*** Phofsit Daibuun: iawciad
*** IPA (Taipei): /iau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɛt̚³²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /iau⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɛt̚³²/

### Verb

夭折
* to die young
* (figuratively) to come to a premature end; to be short-lived; to be aborted prematurely

#### Synonyms

* (die young):
* 夭壽 / 夭寿 (yāoshòu)
* 夭壽死 / 夭寿死 (Quanzhou Hokkien)
* 夭逝 (literary)
* 夭閼 / 夭阏 (yǎo'è)
* 早夭
* 早死 (zǎosǐ)
* 短命 (duǎnmìng)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 夭 | 折 |
| よう Hyōgai | せつ Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi | kan'on |

### Etymology

*/euset/ → /eusetu/ → /joːset͡su/
From Middle Chinese 夭折 (MC 'jewX tsyet, literally “die young + die young”).
First cited to a text from 756 CE.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) よーせつ [yòósétsú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [jo̞ːse̞t͡sɨ]

### Noun

夭(よう)折(せつ) • (yōsetsu)
* [from 756] (literary) a premature death, dying while still young

#### Synonyms

* 若(わか)死(じ)に (wakajini)
* 夭(よう)逝(せい) (yōsei)

### Verb

夭(よう)折(せつ)する • (yōsetsu suru) intransitive suru (stem 夭(よう)折(せつ)し (yōsetsu shi), past 夭(よう)折(せつ)した (yōsetsu shita))
* [from 756] (literary) to die prematurely, to die while still young

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 夭折し | ようせつし | yōsetsu shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 夭折し | ようせつし | yōsetsu shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 夭折する | ようせつする | yōsetsu suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 夭折する | ようせつする | yōsetsu suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 夭折すれ | ようせつすれ | yōsetsu sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 夭折せよ¹ 夭折しろ² | ようせつせよ¹ ようせつしろ² | yōsetsu seyo¹ yōsetsu shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 夭折される | ようせつされる | yōsetsu sareru |
| Causative | 夭折させる 夭折さす | ようせつさせる ようせつさす | yōsetsu saseru yōsetsu sasu |
| Potential | 夭折できる | ようせつできる | yōsetsu dekiru |
| Volitional | 夭折しよう | ようせつしよう | yōsetsu shiyō |
| Negative | 夭折しない | ようせつしない | yōsetsu shinai |
| Negative continuative | 夭折せず | ようせつせず | yōsetsu sezu |
| Formal | 夭折します | ようせつします | yōsetsu shimasu |
| Perfective | 夭折した | ようせつした | yōsetsu shita |
| Conjunctive | 夭折して | ようせつして | yōsetsu shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 夭折すれば | ようせつすれば | yōsetsu sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 夭 | 折 |

### Noun

夭折 • (yojeol) (hangeul 요절)
* hanja form of 요절 (“premature death”)