# jmn
## Egyptian
### Etymology 1

Compare Arabic ء م ن (ʔ m n) and Hebrew א־מ־ן (ʾ-m-n).

#### Pronunciation

* (proper noun): (reconstructed) IPA: /jaˈmaːnuw/ → /jaˈmaːnuw/ → /ʔaˈmaːnə/ → /ʔaˈmoːn/
* (proper noun): (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA: /jaˈmaːnuw/
* (proper noun): (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA: /jaˈmaːnuw/
* (proper noun): (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA: /ʔaˈmaːnə/
* (proper noun): (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA: /ʔaˈmoːn/
* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /imɛn/
** Conventional anglicization: amen

#### Verb

3-lit.
* (transitive or reflexive) to hide, to conceal, to make secret (+ r: from (someone); + m: in (something))
* (intransitive) to hide, to be(come) hidden or secret
* (intransitive, by extension) to be(come) rare or precious [Greco-Roman Period]
* (transitive) to create, form, shape (in a cosmic, divine sense) [Pyramid Texts and 18th Dynasty]

##### Usage notes

Often used with a following noun to mean ‘one who/which hides…’, ‘one with a hidden…’.

##### Alternative forms

| jmn | jmn | jmn | jmn | jmn | jmn | jmjn |
| [Old Kingdom] | [Old Kingdom and 18th Dynasty] | [Middle Kingdom] | [19th Dynasty] | [Late Period] | [Greco-Roman Period] | [Greco-Roman Period] |
| | | | | abbreviation |

##### Derived terms

* jmnyt (“daily offerings”)
* jmn-ꜥ
* jmnw (“a bringer of disease; secret”)
* jmn-m-ḥꜣt
* jmn-nṯrw
* jmn-rn
* jmn-rn.f
* jmnt (“hiding place; secret”)

##### Descendants

* Demotic: jmn, ꜣmn

#### Adjective

* perfective active participle of jmn: hidden, secret, precious

##### Alternative forms

See under the verb above.

##### Derived terms

See under the verb above.

#### Noun

m
* an epithet of various gods: hidden one, secret one

#### Noun

m
* a priestly title: hidden one, secret one [Greco-Roman Period]

#### Proper noun

m
* Amun, a primeval god, personification of the hiddenness of the primeval waters, worshipped at Hermopolis as a member of the Ogdoad [since the Pyramid Texts]
    Coordinate terms: jmnt, nnw, nnwt, kkw, kkwt, ḥḥw, ḥḥwt
* Amun, a god worshipped at Thebes as a member of the Theban Triad, and seen as the king of the gods [since the Middle Kingdom]

##### Alternative forms

| jmn | jmn | jmn | jmnw | jmn | jmn | jmn |
| | | | | [Greco-Roman Period] | [Greco-Roman Period] | [Greco-Roman Period] |

##### Derived terms

* jmn-jpt
* jmn-m-jpt
* jmn-m-jpt-swt
* jmn-ms
* jmn-nb-nswt-tꜣwj
* jmn-nḫt
* jmn-rꜥ
* jmn-rꜥ-nswt-nṯrw
* jmn-ḥtp
* jmnt
* ꜥnḫ.s-n-jmn
* mry-jmn
* mryt-jmn
* rwḏ-jmn
* zꜣ-jmn
* sḫm-ꜥnḫ-jmn
* tꜣnwꜣtj-jmn
* tꜣ-nt-jmn
* twt-ꜥnḫ-jmn
* twt-ꜥnḫ-jmn-ḥqꜣ-jwnw-šmꜥw
* ḏḏt-jmn

##### Descendants

* Demotic: jmn
** Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲙⲟⲩⲛ (amoun)
*** → English: Amun
*** → Ancient Greek: Ἀμοῦν (Amoûn)
** → Ancient Greek: Ἄμμων (Ámmōn)
*** → Coptic: ⲁⲙⲙⲱⲛ (ammōn)
* → Meroitic: 𐦠𐦨𐦩𐦢 (amni /⁠amani⁠/)
* → Middle Babylonian: [Term?] (/⁠amâna⁠/), [Term?] (/⁠amûnu⁠/)

#### Proper noun

m
* a minor god in the form of a snake worshipped at Prosopis and Thebes [Theban Royal Tombs and Greco-Roman Period]

##### Alternative forms

| jmn | jmjnj |
| | [Greco-Roman Period] |

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Afroasiatic *yamin-. Cognate with Proto-Semitic *yamīn- (“right”).

#### Pronunciation

* (reconstructed) IPA: /jaˈmiːnij/ → /jaˈmiːnij/ → /ʔaˈmiːnə/ → /ʔaˈmiːn/
* (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA: /jaˈmiːnij/
* (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA: /jaˈmiːnij/
* (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA: /ʔaˈmiːnə/
* (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA: /ʔaˈmiːn/
* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /imɛn/
** Conventional anglicization: amen

#### Adjective

* right (direction) [Pyramid Texts]
    Synonym: wnmj
* western

##### Usage notes

This word was chiefly used in very old texts, and early on replaced by wnmj.

##### Alternative forms

| jmn | jmn | jmn | jmn |

##### Antonyms

* jꜣbj
* jꜣbtj

#### Noun

m
* right side [Pyramid Texts]
    ― ḥr jmn ― to the right
    ― m jmn ― to the right
* the West
    Synonyms: jmnt, jmntt

##### Alternative forms

See under the adjective above.

##### Derived terms

* jmnt (“the West (as a place or as a goddess)”)
* jmntj (“western; westerly wind; person of the west, the dead”)
* jmntt (“the West, western land, necropolis”)

### Etymology 3

From j- +‎ mn (“to be established, to remain”).

#### Pronunciation

* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /imɛn/
** Conventional anglicization: amen

#### Noun

m
* Only used in jrj jmn (“to make one’s abode, to sojourn”): abode, place of stay [Pyramid Texts]

##### Derived terms

* jrj jmn

### References

* “jmn (lemma ID 26030)”, “jmn (lemma ID 26020)”, “jmn (lemma ID 26040)”, “jmn (lemma ID 26050)”, “Jmn (lemma ID 26060)”, “Jmn (lemma ID 26070)”, “jmn (lemma ID 26080)”, and “jmn (lemma ID 854325)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎, Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
* Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎, volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 83.4–83.6, 83.12–84.7, 84.15–85.2, 85.11–85.16
* Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 21
* James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 186, 280.
* ↑ Schenkel, Wolfgang (1990) Einführung in die altägyptische Sprachwissenschaft, page 89