# d'
## English
### Etymology 1

Contraction of the article da ("the").

#### Article

d'
* Pronunciation spelling of the, representing dialectal English.
    Synonym: da

### Etymology 2

Reduction.

#### Verb

d'
* Contraction of do. (only before "you" or "ye")
    D'you wanna go?
* Contraction of did. (only before "you" or "ye")
    D'you eat yet?

### See also

* maitre d' (different etymology)

## Asturian
### Etymology

Contraction of the preposition de (“of, from”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /d/ [d̪]

### Preposition

d'
* (before a vowel or a h) Apocopic form of de: of, from
    d’Asturies
       of Asturias
    d’hermanu
       of a brother

## Bavarian
### Etymology

Unstressed form of de.

### Article

d' f or pl
* the

#### See also

| | | m | m | n | n | f | f | pl | pl |
| | | stressed | unstressed | stressed | unstressed | stressed | unstressed | stressed | unstressed |
| definite | nominative | der, da | — | das, es, des | 's | de | d' | de | d' |
| definite | accusative | en, den | 'n | das, es, des | 's | de | d' | de | d' |
| definite | dative | em, dem | 'm | em, dem | 'm | der, da | — | de | d' |
| definite | genitive$^1$ | des | des | des | des | der, da | der, da | der, da | der, da |
| indefinite | nominative | a | — | a | — | a | — | | |
| indefinite | accusative | an | 'n | a | — | a | — | | |
| indefinite | dative | am | 'm | am | 'm | a, ana | 'na | | |

## Catalan
### Etymology

Contraction of the preposition de (“of, from”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [d‿]

### Preposition

d'
* (before a vowel or an h) Apocopic form of de: of
    escola d'idiomes ― language school

## Dutch
### Etymology

Contraction of the article de (“the”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /d/

### Preposition

d'
* (archaic, poetic, colloquial) Apocopic form of de: the

## French
### Etymology

Contraction of the preposition de (“of, from”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /d‿/
* Audio:(file)

### Preposition

d’
* (before a vowel or a mute h) Apocopic form of de: of
    un verre d’eaua glass of water
* (informal, after a vowel sound) Apocopic form of de: of
** 2002, Jean-François Pauzé (lyrics and music), “Mon chum Rémi”, in Break Syndical, the s in pas is silent:Hé Rémi / fais pas d’conneries / J’t’aime ben la face / pis tu m’dois encore cinquante piassesHey Rémi / stop with the nonsense / I really like your face / and you still owe me fifty dollars

### Further reading

* “de”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Irish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [d̪ˠ] (before a word starting with a, o, u, fha, fho, or fhu)
* IPA: [dʲ] (before a word starting with e, i, fhe, or fhi)
* (Ulster, colloquial) IPA: /ə/, (before ⟨a/á, o/ó, u/ú⟩) /ə.ɣ-/, (before ⟨e/é, i/í⟩) /ə.j-/

### Etymology 1

Prevocalic apocope of do (all senses).

#### Particle

d’
* (before vowel sounds and fhr-) Apocopic form of do: Marker of the past tense.
    d’ól sé ― he drank
    d’fhág sé ― he waited
    d’fhreagair sé ― he answered
* Used before vowel sounds (including when f has been lenited to fh before a vowel) and also before fr- lenited to fhr-. The variant form used before consonants, do, is generally omitted but may be encountered in Munster Irish and in literary language.

#### Preposition

d’ (plus dative, triggers lenition)
* (before vowel sounds) Apocopic form of do: to, for
    d’athair Sheáinto Seán’s father, for Seán’s father

#### Determiner

d’
* (before vowel sounds) Apocopic form of do: your (singular)
    d’athairyour father

##### Alternative forms

* t’ (Cois Fharraige)
* th’ (Munster)

##### See also

| Number | Person (and gender) | Conjunctive (emphatic) | Disjunctive (emphatic) | Possessive determiner |
| Singular | First | mé (mise) | mé (mise) | mo $^L$ m' before vowel sounds |
| Singular | Second | tú (tusa)$^1$ | thú (thusa) | do $^L$ d' before vowel sounds |
| Singular | Third masculine | sé (seisean) | é (eisean) | a $^L$ |
| Singular | Third feminine | sí (sise) | í (ise) | a $^H$ |
| Singular | Third neuter | — | ea | — |
| Plural | First | muid, sinn (muidne, muide), (sinne) | muid, sinn (muidne, muide), (sinne) | ár $^E$ |
| Plural | Second | sibh (sibhse)$^1$ | sibh (sibhse)$^1$ | bhur $^E$ |
| Plural | Third | siad (siadsan) | iad (iadsan) | a $^E$ |
$^L$ Triggers lenition $^E$ Triggers eclipsis $^H$ Triggers h-prothesis
$^1$ Also used as the vocative

### Etymology 2

Prevocalic apocopic form of de.

#### Preposition

d’ (plus dative, triggers lenition)
* (before vowel sounds) Apocopic form of de: from, of
    d’athair Sheáinfrom Seán’s father, of Seán’s father

### References

* ↑ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, page 73

## Italian
### Etymology

Contraction of the preposition di (“of, from”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /d‿/

### Preposition

d' (apocopated)
* (sometimes before a vowel or an h) Apocopic form of di: of
    Follia d'amore ― Madness of love.
    Un bicchiere d'acqua. ― A glass of water.

#### Usage notes

In some rare cases d' represents the preposition da:
    d'ora in poi (“from now on”)
       = da ora in poi
    d'ora in avanti (“from now on”)
       = da ora in avanti

## Luxembourgish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /d/ (before vowels and voiced consonants)
* IPA: /t/ (before voiceless consonants)
* IPA: /-/ (sometimes; see usage notes below)

### Determiner

d' f or n
* Reduced form of déi
* Reduced form of dat

#### Usage notes

* This article form is commonly not pronounced between /t/ and another consonant, and occasionally otherwise when the combination of preceding and following consonants creates an impossible cluster. Only rarely is this muteness avoided by using the full form of the article. Rather, the lack of an indefinite article becomes a definite article by default. Occasional ambiguities, particularly in the plural, are tolerated.

#### Declension

Luxembourgish definite articles :
| | masculine | feminine | neuter | plural |
| nom./acc. | deen (den) | déi (d') | dat (d') | déi (d') |
| dat. | deem (dem) | där (der) | deem (dem) | deen (den) |
| gen. | | der | | |

## Middle French
### Preposition

d'
* elided form of de

#### Usage notes

* Earlier manuscripts omit the apostrophe
* despaigne ― of Spain

## Norman
### Alternative forms

* dé, dg' (Jersey)
* eud (Cauchois)

### Etymology

From Old French de, from Latin dē.

### Preposition

d'
* of
* from

## Occitan
### Pronunciation

* Audio (Languedoc):(file)

### Preposition

d'
* Alternative form of de (before a vowel)

## Old French
### Preposition

d'
* elided form of de

#### Usage notes

* Unlike in modern French, de is not always elided to d' before a vowel or a mute h. It is optional.
* The apostrophe is not used in the original manuscripts, but is added by scholars for clarity.
    despaigne ― of Spain

## Old Occitan
### Preposition

d'
* elided form of de

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /d‿/

### Preposition

d'
* Apocopic form of de (used before words beginning in a vowel, archaic except in fixed expressions or before a facultative contraction containing part of a proper name)
    Aceitaria um copo d'água? ― Would you like a glass of water?
    Camões é o autor d'Os Lusíadas. ― Camões is the author of Os Lusíadas.

#### Derived terms

* d'água
* d'alho
* d'Ávila
* d'ouro
* galinha-d'angola

## Romagnol
### Alternative forms

* 'd

### Preposition

d'
* Apocopic form of ad (“of”)

## Sardinian
### Etymology 1

Apocopic form of de.

#### Pronunciation

IPA: /d‿/

#### Preposition

d' (apocopate)
* Apocopic form of de used before a vowel

### Etymology 2

From the development of an epenthetic [d] in pronunciation between the prepositions cun/chin/in and the indefinite articles unu, una.

#### Pronunciation

IPA: [d‿]

#### Preposition

d'
* ortographic realization of a [d] sound in certain environments

##### Derived terms

* in d'
* cun d'
* chin d'

## Sassarese
### Etymology

Contraction of the preposition di (“of, from”).

### Pronunciation

IPA: /d‿/

### Preposition

d' (apocopate)
* (before a vowel or an h) Apocopic form of di

## Scottish Gaelic
### Alternative forms

* t’

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /t̪/ (before a back vowel sound)
* IPA: /tʲ/ (before a front vowel sound)

### Determiner

d’
* Apocopic form of do (“your”) (second-person singular possessive pronoun)
    A bheil fios aig d’ athair? ― Does your father know?
    Seo d’ fhaclair. ― Here’s your dictionary.

#### See also
### References

* “d'” in R. A. Armstrong, A Gaelic Dictionary, in Two Parts, London, 1825, →OCLC.