# душа
## Belarusian
### Etymology

From Old East Slavic доуша (duša, “soul”), from Proto-Slavic *duša.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [duˈʂa]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

душа́ • (dušá) f inan (genitive душы́, nominative plural ду́шы, genitive plural душ)
* soul, spirit

#### Declension

$^1$Used with the numbers 2, 3, 4 and higher numbers after 20 ending in 2, 3, and 4.

### References

* “душа” in Belarusian–Russian dictionaries and Belarusian dictionaries at slounik.org

## Bulgarian
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Church Slavonic доуша (duša), from Proto-Slavic *duša.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [doˈʃa̟]
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: ду‧ша́

#### Noun

душа́ • (dušá) f
* soul
* (figurative) spirit, heart
* (figurative, colloquial) person, soul
* breath

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

From Proto-Slavic *dušiti.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [doˈʃɤ̟]

#### Verb

душа́ • (dušá) first-singular present indicative, impf
* (transitive) to strangle, to choke, to suffocate
* (figurative) to oppress

##### Conjugation

$^1$Largely fallen into disuse.

### Etymology 3

From Proto-Slavic *dušiti.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈduʃɐ]

#### Verb

ду́ша • (dúša) first-singular present indicative, impf
* to sniff
    Synonym: мири́ша (miríša)
* (figurative, derogatory, informal) to scout around

##### Conjugation

$^1$Dialectally marked.

### References

* “душа”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
* “душа”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Chitanka, 2010

## Macedonian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *duša.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈduʃa]
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: ду‧ша

### Noun

ду́ша • (dúša) f (plural ду́ши, relational adjective ду́шевен, diminutive ду́шичка or ду́шиче)
* soul
* spirit
* (by extension) inhabitant or individual person/soul
    Пе́т души ― Pét duši ― Five people (literally, “Five souls”)
* (term of endearment) honey, sweetie, darling, dearie (in the vocative)
    ду́шо мо́ја ― dúšo mója ― my darling
* (figurative) engine

#### References

* “душа” in Дигитален речник на македонскиот јазик (Digitalen rečnik na makedonskiot jazik) [Digital dictionary of the Macedonian language] − drmj.eu

## Old Church Slavonic
### Noun

душа • (duša) f
* Alternative form of доуша (duša)

## Russian
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old East Slavic доуша (duša, “soul”), from Proto-Slavic *duša.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [dʊˈʂa]
* Audio:(file)

#### Noun

душа́ • (dušá) f inan (genitive души́, nominative plural ду́ши, genitive plural душ, relational adjective душе́вный, diminutive ду́шка or ду́шечка or ду́шенька, pejorative душо́нка)
* soul
    не по душе́ ― ne po dušé ― displeases (literally, “not according to the soul”)
    по душе́ ― po dušé ― pleasant (literally, “according to the soul”)
    от души́ ― ot duší ― from the heart
    душа́ нараспа́шку ― dušá naraspášku ― frank-hearted, heart on one's sleeve (literally, “soul wide-open”)
    в глубине́ души́ ― v glubiné duší ― deep in one's heart
    брать за́ ду́шу ― bratʹ zá dúšu ― touch the heart
    душа́ в ду́шу ― dušá v dúšu ― in perfect harmony/concord (literally, “soul for soul”)
    душа́ не на ме́сте ― dušá ne na méste ― anxious, worried (literally, “soul out of place”)
    криви́ть душо́й ― krivítʹ dušój ― to equivocate, prevaricate, bend the truth
    стоя́ть над душо́й ― stojátʹ nad dušój ― to annoy someone in a distractive way, e.g. by constant staring or asking (literally, “stand over (one's) soul”)
    душа́ в пя́тки ушла́ ― dušá v pjátki ušlá ― to have one's heart in one's mouth (literally, “soul went to (one's) heels”)
    залеза́ть в ду́шу кому́-либо ― zalezátʹ v dúšu komú-libo ― to worm oneself into someone's confidence
    души́ не ча́ять ― duší ne čájatʹ ― to adore a person, to dote (literally, “to not expect soul”)
    ско́лько душе́ уго́дно ― skólʹko dušé ugódno ― to one's heart's content (literally, “however pleasing to the soul”)
    с душо́й ― s dušój ― with spirit/feeling/zeal/gusto
    плева́ть в ду́шу ― plevátʹ v dúšu ― to trample on someone's feelings (literally, “spit on the soul”)
    береди́ть ду́шу ― beredítʹ dúšu ― to stir up old feelings
    изли́ть ду́шу ― izlítʹ dúšu ― to pour one's heart out
    на ду́шу населе́ния ― na dúšu naselénija ― per capita of the population
* spirit
* darling
    душа́ моя́! ― dušá mojá! ― my dear!

##### Related terms

* великоду́шие (velikodúšije)
* доброду́шие (dobrodúšije)
* ду́шенька (dúšenʹka)
* ду́шечка (dúšečka)
* ду́шка (dúška)
* малоду́шие (malodúšije)
* равноду́шие (ravnodúšije)
* безду́шный (bezdúšnyj)
* великоду́шный (velikodúšnyj)
* двоеду́шный (dvojedúšnyj)
* доброду́шный (dobrodúšnyj)
* душевнобольно́й (duševnobolʹnój)
* душе́вный (dušévnyj)
* душераздира́ющий (dušerazdirájuščij)
* единоду́шный (jedinodúšnyj)
* задуше́вный (zadušévnyj)
* малоду́шный (malodúšnyj)
* равноду́шный (ravnodúšnyj)

##### Descendants

* → Buryat: дүүшэ (düüše)
* → Yakut: дууһа (duuha)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈduʂə]
* Audio:(file)

#### Noun

ду́ша • (dúša) m inan
* genitive singular of душ (duš)

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [dʊˈʂa]
* Audio:(file)

#### Participle

душа́ • (dušá)
* present adverbial imperfective participle of души́ть (dušítʹ)

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *duša.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dǔːʃa/
* Hyphenation: ду‧ша

### Noun

ду́ша f (Latin spelling dúša)
* soul
* spirit
* (by extension) individual person or inhabitant
* term of endearment; darling, dear

#### Related terms

* ду̏х

### Further reading

* “душа”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025

## Ukrainian
### Etymology

From Old East Slavic доуша (duša, “soul”), Proto-Slavic *duša.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [dʊˈʃa]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

душа́ • (dušá) f inan (genitive душі́, nominative plural ду́ші, genitive plural душ)
* soul, spirit

#### Derived terms

* спорі́днена душа́ f (sporídnena dušá)

#### Related terms

* душе́вний (dušévnyj)
* душевнохво́рий (duševnoxvóryj)

### Further reading

* Bilodid, I. K., editor (1970–1980), “душа”, in Словник української мови: в 11 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 11 vols] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka
* Shyrokov, V. A., editor (2010–2023), “душа”, in Словник української мови: у 20 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 20 vols] (in Ukrainian), volumes 1–14 (а – префере́нція), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka; Ukrainian Lingua-Information Fund, →ISBN
* “душа”, in Горох – Словозміна [Horokh – Inflection] (in Ukrainian)
* “душа”, in Kyiv Dictionary (in English)
* “душа”, in Словник.ua [Slovnyk.ua] (in Ukrainian)