# دهقان
## Arabic
### Etymology

Borrowed from Middle Persian [script needed] (dhywkʾn' /⁠dahigān⁠/).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dih.qaːn/, /duh.qaːn/

### Noun

دِهْقَان or دُهْقَان • (dihqān or duhqān) m (plural دَهَاقِين (dahāqīn), feminine دِهْقَانَة (dihqāna))
* dehqan, publican
** a. 1283, Abū Yahyā Zakariyāʾ ibn Muhammad al-Qazwīnīy, edited by Ferdinand Wüstenfeld, آثار البلاد وأخبار العباد [ʾāṯār al-bilād wa-ʾaḵbār al-ʿibād]‎, Göttingen: Verlag der Dieterichschen Buchhandlung, published 1848, page 278 line 11 a fine:
* publican, alekeeper
** a. 869, الْجَاحِظ [al-jāḥiẓ], edited by مُحَمَّد عَلِيّ أَبُو الْعَبَّاس [muḥammad ʕaliyy ʔabū l-ʕabbās], اَلْبُخَلَاء [al-buḵalāʔ, The Misers], Cairo, Egypt: اَلْهَيْئَة المِصْرِيَّة الْعَامَّة لِلْكِتَاب, published 2012, →ISBN, page 56:وَٱللّٰهِ إِنِّي لَأُفَضِّلُ الدَّهَاقِينَ حِينَ عَابُوا الْحَسْوَ، وَتَقَزَّزُوا مِنَ التَّعَرُّقِ، وَبَهْرَجُوا صَاحِبَ التَّمْشِيشِ، وَحِينَ أَكَلُوا بِالْبَارَجِينِ وَقَطَعُوا بِالسِّكِّينِ، وَلَزِمُوا عِنْدَ الطَّعَامِ السَّكْتَةَ، وَتَرَكُوا الْخَوْضَ، وَٱخْتَارُوا الزَّمْزَمَةَ.wal-lāhi ʔinnī laʔufaḍḍilu ad-dahāqīna ḥīna ʕābū l-ḥaswa, wataqazzazū mina t-taʕarruqi, wabahrajū ṣāḥiba t-tamšīši, waḥīna ʔakalū bi-l-bārajīni waqaṭaʕū bi-s-sikkīni, walazimū ʕinda ṭ-ṭaʕāmi s-saktata, watarakū l-ḵawḍa, waḵtārū z-zamzamata.(please add an English translation of this quotation)

#### Derived terms

* دَهْقَنَ (dahqana, “to make dehqan, to elevate into the dehqan peerage”)
* دَهْقَنَة (dahqana, “noble character; astuteness, shrewdness”)

#### Descendants

* → Ottoman Turkish: دِهْقَان (dihkân)
** Turkish: dihkan
* → Persian: دِهْقَان (dehqân)
** → Chagatai: دِهْقَان
*** Uyghur: دېھقان (dëhqan)
*** Uzbek: dehqon
** → Gujarati: દિહકાન (dihkān)
** → Hindustani:
    Hindi: दिहक़ान (dihqān), दहक़ान (dahqān)
    Urdu: دِہْقَان (dihqān), دَہْقان (dahqān)
** → Kazakh: диқан (diqan)
** → Punjabi:
    Gurmukhi script: ਦਿਹਕ਼ਾਨ (dihqān), ਦਹਕ਼ਾਨ (dahqān), ਦਹਿਕ਼ਾਨ (dahiqān)
    Shahmukhi script: دِہْقَان (dihqān), دَہْقان (dahqān), دَہِقان (dahiqān)
** → Turkmen: daýhan

### References

* Ullmann, Manfred (1992) Das Motiv des Spiegels in der arabischen Literatur des Mittelalters (Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen: Philologisch-historische Klasse; 198) (in German), Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, pages 145–147

## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic دِهْقَان (dihqān, “dehqan, publican”), itself from Middle Persian [script needed] (dhywkʾn' /⁠dahigān⁠/).

### Noun

دهقان • (dihkân) (definite accusative دهقانی (dihkânı), plural دهاقین (dehâkin))
* peasant, peon, serf, any member of the lowly social class that toils on the land
    Synonym: كویلو (köylü)
* farmer, agriculturist, husbandman, a person who raises crops and tends animals
    Synonyms: اكینجی (ekinci), چفتجی (çiftci), فلاح (fellah)
* (historical) deghan, a class of land-owning magnates during the Sassanian period

#### Derived terms

* دهقانی (dihkânî, “pertaining to the country”)

#### Descendants

* Turkish: dihkan

### Further reading

* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “dihkan”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 1212
* Hindoglu, Artin (1838) “دهقان”, in Hazine-i lûgat ou dictionnaire abrégé turc-français‎, Vienna: F. Beck, page 238b
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “دهقان”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 594
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Paganus”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎, Vienna, column 1233
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “دهقان”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, column 2202
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “دهقان”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 930

## Persian
### Etymology

The form from Arabic دِهْقَان (dihqān), from Middle Persian [script needed] (dhywkʾn' /⁠dahigān⁠/, “countryman, farmer”), also found as دهگان (dehgân) and دهخان (dehxân). By surface analysis, ده (deh, “village”) +‎ ـگان (-gân, “pertaining to, -er”). Akin to Old Armenian դեհկան-ութիւն (dehkan-utʻiwn), Classical Syriac ܕܗܩܢܐ (dahqānā).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [dih.ˈqɑːn]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [d̪e̞ɦ.qɑ́ːn]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [d̪e̞ɦ.qɑ́ːn]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [d̪eː.qɑ́ːn]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [d̪u.ɣu]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [d̪eɦ.ɢɒ́ːn]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [d̪eɦ.qɔ́n]

### Noun

| Dari | دهقان |
| Iranian Persian | دهقان |
| Tajik | деҳқон |
دهقان • (dehqân)
* farmer, peasant
    Synonym: کشاورز (kešâvarz)
** c. 1390, Hafez, “Ghazal 486”, in دیوان حافظ [The Divan of Hafez]‎:دهقان سال‌خورده چه خوش گفت با پسر کای نور چشم من! به‌جز از کشته ندرویdihqān-i sāl-xwarda či xwaš guft bā pisar k-ay nūr-i čašm-i man! ba joz az kišta na-dirawīHow well the aged peasant spoke to his son: "O light of my eyes! You reap nothing but what was planted."(Classical Persian romanization)
** 1962, Jalal Al-e-Ahmad, غرب‌زدگی [Occidentosis: A Plague from the West]:به هر صورت درست است که مشخصّات دقیق یک زلزله را باید از زلزله‌سنج دانشگاه پرسید، امّا پیش از این که زلزله‌سنج، چیزی ضبط کند اسب دهقان، اگرچه نانجیب هم باشد، گریخته است و سر به بیابان امن گذاشته […]be har surat dorost ast ke mošaxxasât-e daqiq-e yek zelzele râ bâyad az zelzele-sanj-e dânešgâh porsid, ammâ piš az in ke zelzele-sanj, čizi zabt konad asb-e dehqân, agarče nânajib ham bâšad, gorixte ast va sar be biyâbân-e amn gozâšte […] It is true in any case that the university seismograph must be consulted for the exact details of an earthquake, but before the seismograph has recorded a thing, the peasant's horse, though not at all a noble animal, will already have fled and set off for the safe wilderness […]
* (historical) dihqan (local aristocrat in late Sasanian and early Islamic Iran)
** c. 1011, Abu'l-Qāsim Firdawsī, “The Reign of Bahrām Gōr”, in شاهنامه [Book of Kings]‎:نه بازارگان ماند ایدر نه شاه نه دهقان نه لشکر نه تخت و کلاهna bāzārgān mānd andar na šāh na dihqān na laškar na taxt u kulāhNo merchant remained there, nor a king, No lord nor army nor throne and crown.(Classical Persian romanization)
* (obsolete, by extension from "Persian aristocrat") Persian, Iranian (as opposed to Arabs and Turks)
** c. 1011, Abu'l-Qāsim Firdawsī, “The Reign of Yazdgird”, in شاهنامه [Book of Kings]‎:نه دهقان نه ترک و نه تازی بود سخن‌ها به کردار بازی بودna dihqān na turk u na tāzī buwad suxan-hā ba kirdār-i bāzī buwadThey will be neither Persian nor Turk nor Arab, Their words will be in the manner of a joke.(Classical Persian romanization)

#### Derived terms

* دهقانی (dehqâni)

#### Descendants

* → Chagatai: دِهْقَان
** Uyghur: دېھقان (dëhqan)
** Uzbek: dehqon
* → Gujarati: દિહકાન (dihkān)
* → Hindustani:
    Hindi: दिहक़ान (dihqān), दहक़ान (dahqān)
    Urdu: دِہْقَان (dihqān), دَہْقان (dahqān)
* → Kazakh: диқан (diqan)
* → Punjabi:
    Gurmukhi script: ਦਿਹਕ਼ਾਨ (dihqān), ਦਹਕ਼ਾਨ (dahqān), ਦਹਿਕ਼ਾਨ (dahiqān)
    Shahmukhi script: دِہْقَان (dihqān), دَہْقان (dahqān), دَہِقان (dahiqān)
* → Turkmen: daýhan

### Proper noun

| Dari | دهقان |
| Iranian Persian | دهقان |
| Tajik | Деҳқон |
دهقان • (dehqân)
* a surname, Dehghan, Dehqan

### Further reading

* Ciancaglini, Claudia A. (2008) Iranian loanwords in Syriac (Beiträge zur Iranistik; 28)‎, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, page 148
* Hübschmann, Heinrich (1897) Armenische Grammatik. 1. Theil: Armenische Etymologie (in German), Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, page 139
* Vullers, Johann August (1855) “دهقان”, in Lexicon Persico-Latinum etymologicum cum linguis maxime cognatis Sanscrita et Zendica et Pehlevica comparatum, e lexicis persice scriptis Borhâni Qâtiu, Haft Qulzum et Bahâri agam et persico-turcico Farhangi-Shuûrî confectum, adhibitis etiam Castelli, Meninski, Richardson et aliorum operibus et auctoritate scriptorum Persicorum adauctum‎ (in Latin), volume I, Gießen: J. Ricker, page 942