# उपानह्
## Sanskrit
### Alternative scripts

* উপানহ্ (Assamese script)
* ᬉᬧᬵᬦᬳ᭄ (Balinese script)
* উপানহ্ (Bengali script)
* 𑰄𑰢𑰯𑰡𑰮𑰿 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀉𑀧𑀸𑀦𑀳𑁆 (Brahmi script)
* ဥပါနဟ် (Burmese script)
* ઉપાનહ્ (Gujarati script)
* ਉਪਾਨਹ੍ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌉𑌪𑌾𑌨𑌹𑍍 (Grantha script)
* ꦈꦥꦴꦤꦲ꧀ (Javanese script)
* 𑂇𑂣𑂰𑂢𑂯𑂹 (Kaithi script)
* ಉಪಾನಹ್ (Kannada script)
* ឧបានហ៑ (Khmer script)
* ອຸປານຫ຺ (Lao script)
* ഉപാനഹ് (Malayalam script)
* ᡠᢒᠠ᠎᠊ᠠᠨᠠᡥ (Manchu script)
* 𑘄𑘢𑘰𑘡𑘮𑘿 (Modi script)
* ᠤᢒᠠᢗᠨᠠᠾ (Mongolian script)
* 𑦤𑧂𑧑𑧁𑧎𑧠 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐄𑐥𑐵𑐣𑐴𑑂 (Newa script)
* ଉପାନହ୍ (Odia script)
* ꢆꢦꢵꢥꢲ꣄ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆇𑆥𑆳𑆤𑆲𑇀 (Sharada script)
* 𑖄𑖢𑖯𑖡𑖮𑖿 (Siddham script)
* උපානහ් (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩐𑩒𑩰𑩛𑩯𑪂 𑪙 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚄𑚞𑚭𑚝𑚩𑚶 (Takri script)
* உபாநஹ் (Tamil script)
* ఉపానహ్ (Telugu script)
* อุปานหฺ (Thai script)
* ཨུ་པཱ་ན་ཧ྄ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒅𑒣𑒰𑒢𑒯𑓂 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨀𑨃𑨞𑨊𑨝𑨱𑨴 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *upaHnádʰ- (“that which is tied below”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *upa- (“under, below”) +‎ *Hnadʰ- (“to tie, to bind”). By surface analysis, उप (upa, “under, below”) +‎ नह् (nah, “to bind”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬥𐬀𐬯𐬐𐬀 (naska, “bundle”), 𐬥𐬀𐬜𐬀 (naδa, “headgear”).

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /u.pɑː.nɐ́ɦ/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /uˈpɑː.n̪ɐɦ/

### Noun

उपानह् • (upānáh) stem, f
* a shoe, sandal
** c. 1200 BCE – 800 BCE, Kṛṣṇa-Yajurveda (Taittirīya Saṃhitā) V.4.4.4:...मृत्युर् वा एष यद् अग्निः । ब्रह्मण एतद् रूपं यत् कृष्णाजिनम् । कार्ष्णी उपानहाव् उप मुञ्चते ब्रह्मणैव मृत्योर् अन्तर् धत्ते......mṛtyúr vā́ eṣá yád agníḥ. bráhmaṇa etád rūpáṃ yát kṛṣṇājinám. kā́rṣṇī upānáhāv úpa muñcate bráhmaṇaivá mṛtyór antár dhatte......the fire [represents] death; the black antelope skin [represents] holy power; he puts on a pair of sandals made of black antelope skin; verily by the holy power he shuts himself away from death...

#### Declension

The final -ह् (-h) of the root नह् (nah) normally reverts to a dental. In this case, conversion to a retroflex also occurs.

#### Derived terms

* उपानह (upānaha)
* चरणोपानह् (caraṇopānah)

#### Descendants

* Dardic:
** Gawar-Bati: پاݨے (pāṇē, “sandals”)
* Pali: upāhanā
* Prakrit: 𑀉𑀯𑀸𑀡𑀳𑀸 (uvāṇahā), 𑀉𑀯𑀸𑀡𑀬𑀸 (uvāṇayā), 𑀉𑀯𑀸𑀳𑀡𑀸 (uvāhaṇā), 𑀧𑀸𑀡𑀳𑀸 (pāṇahā), 𑀧𑀸𑀳𑀡𑀸 (pāhaṇā), 𑀯𑀸𑀳𑀡𑀸 (vāhaṇā), 𑀯𑀸𑀡𑀳𑀸 (vāṇahā)
** Central:
*** Hindi: पनही (panhī, “shoe”), पनहिया (panhiyā)
** Eastern:
*** Bhojpuri: पनही (panᵊhī)
*** Middle Bengali: পানই (panoi)
*** Assamese: পানই (panoi)
** Northwestern:
*** Punjabi: ਪਾਹਣ (pāhaṇ, “shoe”)
** Southern:
*** Konkani: व्हाण (vhāṇ, “sandal”)
*** Marathi: वहाण (vahāṇ, “sandal”)
*** Sinhalese: වහන (wahana, “sandal, shoe”)
** Western:
*** Old Gujarati: वाणही (vāṇahī, “shoe, sandal”)

### References

* Monier Williams (1899) “उपानह्”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 213.
* Hellwig, Oliver (2010-2024) “upānah”, in DCS - The Digital Corpus of Sanskrit, Berlin, Germany.
* Apte, Vaman Shivram (1890) “उपानह्”, in The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary, Poona: Prasad Prakashan, page 472
* Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1893) “उपानह्”, in A practical Sanskrit dictionary with transliteration, accentuation, and etymological analysis throughout, London: Oxford University Press, page 54
* Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “upānáh”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 108