# lutra
## Esperanto
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈlutra]
* Rhymes: -utra
* Hyphenation: lu‧tra

### Adjective

lutra (accusative singular lutran, plural lutraj, accusative plural lutrajn)
* lutrine

#### Hypernyms

* mamula (“mammalian”)

#### Related terms

* lutro (“otter”)

## Latin
### Alternative forms

* lytra (Classical Latin)
* *lutria, *luntra, *nutria, *luttra, etc. (Vulgar Latin)
* luter, lutrea, lutreus, lutrius, lutrum, lutrus (Medieval Latin)

### Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *udr-eh₂, the feminine noun of *udrós (“sea animal, otter”, literally “of water”). The l- was likely introduced by analogy of some other word, such as lavō (“to wash”), lūdō (“to play”), lupus (“wolf”) or lutum (“mud, dirt”). See § descendants notes for information on the Varro for with -y- and the medieval forms.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈlu.tra/, [ˈɫ̪ʊt̪rä]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈlu.tra/, [ˈluːt̪rä]

### Noun

lutra f (genitive lutrae); first declension
* an otter
** c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 8.109:Eāsdem partēs sibi ipsī Ponticī amputant fibrī perīculō urgente, ob hoc sē petī gnārī; castoreum id vocant medicī. Aliās animal horrendī morsūs arborēs iuxtā flūmina ut ferrō caedit, hominis parte conprehēnsā nōn ante quam frācta concrepuerint ossa morsūs resolvit. Cauda piscium hīs, cētera speciēs lutrae. Utrumque aquāticum, utrīque mollior plūmā pilus.Pontic beavers cut off their same parts in urgent danger, on account of which they are known to be hunted; doctors call this castor. Other times, the animal with an awesome bite fells trees near rivers as if with iron, they don't let go of their bites when a part of a human is caught until the bones crack broken. These have a fish's tail, the rest of the appearance is of an otter. Both aquatic, the hair of both softer than fluff.

#### Declension

First-declension noun.

#### Derived terms

* lutrārius (medieval)
* lutrīnus (medieval)

#### Descendant notes

* The initial consonant oscillates from l-, *n- to *∅-, a very common oscillation in Romance, as l- and n- are easily rebracketable as the definite and indefinite article respectively. The n- was most likely introduced by influence of the Ancient Greek cognate ἔνυδρις (énudris, “otter”). The absence of any initial consonant, found solely in Italo-Romance, could be analysable as crossing with an unattested pre-classical Latin form or of the pre-Roman Italic substrate, as the l- is unetymological in Latin (see etymology).
* The form *luntra gets its nasal likely by metathesis and dissimilation of the initial *n- explained above, presumably through a form *nuntra.
* The first vowel is in many Italo-Romance lects fronted to *-i-, again most likely under the influence of the Ancient Greek ἔνυδρις (énudris). The form lytra, attested already in Varro, might reflect this.
* The ending in many lects, and as already attested in Medieval Latin, is altered to *-ia, again under the influence of Ancient Greek ἔνυδρις, -ιος (énudris, -ios).
* The Gallo-Romance form *luttra retains its voiceless /t/ under the influence of its Frankish cognate *otr (“otter”). Spanish and Aragonese forms also irregularly retain a voiceless /t/, though this is generally explained as influence of Mozarabic or of some southern Italian lect.

#### Descendants

* Italo-Romance:
** Neapolitan:
    Campania: utra, lutra
    Molise: utra
    Apulia: otra
    Basilicata: utra f, otra f, utro m
** Sicilian: lutra, utra (see there for further descendants)
* Padanian:
** Emilian: ludra
** Friulian: lodre
** Lombard: ludra
** Piedmontese: ludra
** Romansch: ludra
** Venetan: lodra
* Northern Gallo-Romance:
** Old French: leurre
* ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *luttra
** Old French: lutre m
*** French: loutre f (see there for further descendants)
*** Walloon: lote
** Romansch: lutra
* ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *luntr(i)a:
** Italo-Romance:
*** Corsican: lontra
*** Italian: lontra (see there for further descendants)
    Tuscan: lontra f, ontria f, lontro m
    Central Italian: ondra, londra, ondria
** Padanian:
*** Emilian: londra
*** Ladin: lontra
*** Piedmontese: londra
** Ibero-Romance:
*** Galician: lontra, londra
*** Portuguese: lontra
** → Albanian: lundër, lëndër — Tosk
* ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *lutria, *nutria, *utria
** Italo-Romance:
*** Neapolitan:
    Salerno: nùtria
    Basilicata: utre
    Calabrian: ùtria, lùtria
**** →? Aragonese: lutria, nutria, neutra (or influenced by Mozarabic)
**** →? Spanish: lutria, nutria (or influenced by Mozarabic) (see there for further descendants)
** Padanian:
*** Ligurian: lùdria, lùria
*** Piedmontese: lùdria, lòira, luria
*** Venetan: lùdria
** Northern Gallo-Romance:
*** Old French: loirre
** Southern Gallo-Romance:
*** Aragonese: loira, aloira, ludria, lueira, nuria, noira
    Ribagorçan: lúria
*** Catalan: llúdria, llúdriga
*** Occitan: loira
    Gascon: luèira, lèira
    Provençal: luria
** Ibero-Romance:
*** Asturian: llóndriga, llóndrigu, llondru, llondra (Central and Eastern Asturias), llontru, llontra (Miner Basins), llondriu (Ponga)
* ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *nitria, *itria, *litria
** Italo-Romance:
*** Italian:
    Umbria: itria
    Sabine: nedra
    Southern Lazio: letra
*** Neapolitan:
    Abruzzo: itria, nitra
    Basilicata: itria
    Apulia: jitria, litra
*** Sicilian: itria
    Calabrian: itria, litria
* Borrowings:
** → Hebrew: לוּטְרָה (lútra)

### Notes

* ↑ The development of PIE *-dr- to Latin -tr- is expected. Compare taeter, vitrum and uter.
* ↑ Cognate with Sanskrit उद्र (udrá, “otter”), Ancient Greek ὕδρος (húdros, “sea snake”), Proto-Germanic *utraz (“otter”), Proto-Slavic *vỳdra (“otter”).

### References

* ↑ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “9. […] b) au̯ed-, aud-, ū̆d-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 79
* 1 2 3 4 Walde, Alois, Hofmann, Johann Baptist (1938) “lutra”, in Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), 3rd edition, volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, page 840
* 1 2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “lutra”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 355
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “lŭtra”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume 5: J L, page 477
* 1 2 3 Joan Coromines, José A[ntonio] Pascual (1985) “nutria”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critic Castilian and Hispanic Etymological Dictionary] (in Spanish), volume IV (Me–Re), Madrid: Gredos, →ISBN, page 252

### Further reading

* “lūtra”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* lutra in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* lutra in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.

### Anagrams

* ultra

## Romansch
### Alternative forms

* ludra (Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan, Sutsilvan, Surmiran)

### Etymology

From Latin lutra.

### Noun

lutra f (plural lutras)
* (Puter, Vallader) otter

## Sicilian
### Noun

lutra f (plural lutri)
* Alternative form of itria

#### Descendants

* → Maltese: lutra

### References

* Traina, Antonino (1868) “lutra”, in Nuovo vocabolario Siciliano-Italiano [New Sicilian-Italian vocabulary] (in Italian), Liber Liber, published 2020, page 2310
* Pasqualino (c. 1790) “lutra”, in Vocabolario siciliano etimologico, italiano e latino (in Italian), volume 3, page 65