# москаль
## Old Ruthenian
### Alternative forms

* моска́лъ (moskál)

### Noun

москаль • (moskalʹ) m pers
* a Muscovite
* (collective) Muscovites
    Synonyms: москва́ (moskvá), москвити́нъ (moskvitín)

#### Descendants

* Belarusian: маска́ль (maskálʹ)
* Carpathian Rusyn: моска́ль (moskálʹ)
* Ukrainian: моска́ль (moskálʹ)

### Further reading

* Bulyka, A. M., editor (1999), “москаль”, in Гістарычны слоўнік беларускай мовы [Historical Dictionary of the Belarusian Language] (in Belarusian), numbers 18 (местце – надзовати), Minsk: Belaruskaia navuka, →ISBN, page 166

## Russian
### Etymology

Perhaps derived from Old Ruthenian москаль (moskalʹ), from Московия (Moskovija), referring to the Grand Duchy of Moscow from the 12th century. Its recent negative association originated from referring to soldiers from the Imperial Russian Army, and later applied to the Soviet Army and Russians in general.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [mɐˈskalʲ]

### Noun

моска́ль • (moskálʹ) m anim (genitive москаля́, nominative plural москали́, genitive plural москале́й, relational adjective моска́льский)
* (Ukraine, Southern Russia, Belarus, ethnic slur) a Muscovite, someone from Moscow or the surrounding region
* (by extension, Ukraine, Belarus, ethnic slur) any Russian person, Russki
    Synonym: каца́п (kacáp)

#### Derived terms

* москало́та (moskalóta)
* моска́лька (moskálʹka)
* москаля́к (moskalják)

#### Descendants

* → Romanian: muscal

## Ukrainian
### Etymology

From contraction of Ottoman Turkish مسقولو (moskovlu, “Russian”, literally “Muscovite”). Its recent negative association originated from referring to soldiers from the Imperial Russian Army, and later applied to the Soviet Army and Russians in general.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [mɔˈskalʲ]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

моска́ль • (moskálʹ) m pers (genitive москаля́, nominative plural москалі́, genitive plural москалі́в, feminine моска́лька, relational adjective моска́льський)
* (derogatory, ethnic slur) a Russian person, Russki
    Чи ти ві́риш, що москалі́ з'ї́ли все на́ше са́ло?Čy ty víryš, ščo moskalí zʺjíly vse náše sálo?Do you (really) believe that Russkies have eaten all our salo (lard)?
* (derogatory, ethnic slur) a Muscovite
    Synonym: москви́ч m (moskvýč)
* (archaic) a Russian person; an inhabitant of the Russian Empire; a Great Russian
* (archaic) soldier

#### Synonyms

* (a Russian person): каца́п (kacáp)

#### Derived terms

* вари, срако, борщ, а я піду на москалів дивитися (vary, srako, boršč, a ja pidu na moskaliv dyvytysja)
* москаленя́ (moskalenjá)
* москало́та (moskalóta)
* москальня́ (moskalʹnjá)

### References

* ↑ Kazem-Beg, Mirza Mohammad-Ali (1851) Derbend-Nâmeh, or The History of Derbend, published with notes by Mirza A. Kazem-Beg‎, Russian Academy of Sciences, page 16:روسيه و مسقو: We sometimes meet with the words Russiyeh and Mosgkou together, in some of the Eastern authors; by the former we should understand rather Slavonia, and by the latter the Russia of later centuries. The word Mosgkou, the name of the great capital of the country, has for many ages been used as a proper name for all Russia by the Ottomans, the same as Moscovy by some European writers. The word Mosgkowly, i.e. Moscovian, denotes among the Ottomans the Russians in general; and its contraction, namely Moscal was, with many other Turkish words, introduced among the Malo-Russian, or the inhabitants of little Russia, as a proper name for their Northern brethren.
* Bilodid, I. K., editor (1970–1980), “москаль”, in Словник української мови: в 11 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 11 vols] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka