# प्रथम
## Hindi
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit प्रथम (prathamá).

### Pronunciation

* (Delhi) IPA: /pɾə.t̪ʰəm/, [pɾɐ.t̪ʰɐ̃m]

### Adjective

प्रथम • (pratham) (indeclinable)
* first, foremost
    Synonym: पहला (pahlā)
* preeminent

## Maithili
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit प्रथम (prathama).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [pɾətʰəm]

### Adjective

प्रथम • (pratham)
* first, foremost
    Synonym: पहिल (pahil)

## Marathi
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit प्रथम (prathamá).

### Adjective

प्रथम • (pratham)
* first, prior, initial, chief, principal

### Adverb

प्रथम • (pratham)
* first, at first, in the first place

### References

* Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983) “प्रथम”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies
* Molesworth, James Thomas (1857) “प्रथम”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press

## Sanskrit
### Alternative scripts

* প্ৰথম (Assamese script)
* ᬧ᭄ᬭᬣᬫ (Balinese script)
* প্রথম (Bengali script)
* 𑰢𑰿𑰨𑰞𑰦 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀧𑁆𑀭𑀣𑀫 (Brahmi script)
* ပြထမ (Burmese script)
* પ્રથમ (Gujarati script)
* ਪ੍ਰਥਮ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌪𑍍𑌰𑌥𑌮 (Grantha script)
* ꦥꦿꦡꦩ (Javanese script)
* 𑂣𑂹𑂩𑂟𑂧 (Kaithi script)
* ಪ್ರಥಮ (Kannada script)
* ប្រថម (Khmer script)
* ປ຺ຣຖມ (Lao script)
* പ്രഥമ (Malayalam script)
* ᢒᡵᠠᡨᠠᠮᠠ (Manchu script)
* 𑘢𑘿𑘨𑘞𑘦 (Modi script)
* ᢒᠷᠠᠲᠠᠮᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
* 𑧂𑧠𑧈𑦾𑧆 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐠𑐩 (Newa script)
* ପ୍ରଥମ (Odia script)
* ꢦ꣄ꢬꢢꢪ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆥𑇀𑆫𑆡𑆩 (Sharada script)
* 𑖢𑖿𑖨𑖞𑖦 (Siddham script)
* ප්‍රථම (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩰 𑪙𑩼𑩬𑩴 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚞𑚶𑚤𑚚𑚢 (Takri script)
* ப்ரத²ம (Tamil script)
* ప్రథమ (Telugu script)
* ปฺรถม (Thai script)
* པྲ་ཐ་མ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒣𑓂𑒩𑒟𑒧 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨞𑩇𑨫𑨚𑨢 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pratʰamás (“first, foremost”), from Proto-Indo-European *pro-tm̥mós (“foremost”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬆𐬨𐬀 (fratəma), Old Persian 𐎳𐎼𐎫𐎶𐎠 (f-r-t-m-a /⁠fratama⁠/), Old Armenian փարթամ (pʻartʻam).

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /pɾɐ.tʰɐ.mɐ́/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /ˈpɾɐ.t̪ʰɐ.mɐ/

### Adjective

प्रथम • (prathamá) stem
* foremost, first (in time or in a series or in rank)
** c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 10.109.1:ते॑ऽवदन्प्रथमा ब्र॑ह्मकिल्बि॒षेऽकू॑पारः सलि॒लो मा॑त॒रिश्वा॑। वी॒ळुह॑रा॒स्तप॑ उ॒ग्रो म॑यो॒भूरापो॑ दे॒वीः प्र॑थम॒जा ऋ॒तेन॑॥tèʼvadanprathamā brahmakilbiṣéʼkūpāraḥ saliló mātaríśvā. vīḷúharāstápa ugró mayobhū́rā́po devī́ḥ prathamajā́ ṛténa.These first, the boundless Sea, and Matarisvan, fierce-glowing Fire, the Strong, the Bliss-bestower. And heavenly Floods, first-born by holy Order, exclaimed against the outrage on a Brahmin.
* earliest, primary, original, prior, former
* often translatable adverbially in the beginning of a compound; see especially प्रथमम् (prathamam), प्रथमात् (prathamāt)

#### Descendants

* Ashokan Prakrit: *𑀧𑁆𑀭𑀣𑀫 (*prathama)
** Paisaci Prakrit: 𑀧𑀣𑀫 (pathama), 𑀧𑀼𑀥𑀼𑀫 (pudhuma)
** Niya Prakrit: 𐨤𐨿𐨪𐨠𐨨 (prathama), 𐨤𐨿𐨪𐨟𐨨 (pratama)
* Ashokan Prakrit: *𑀧𑀞𑀫 (*paṭhama)
** Prakrit: 𑀧𑀠𑀫 (paḍhama), 𑀧𑀼𑀠𑀫 (puḍhama), 𑀧𑀠𑀼𑀫 (paḍhuma), 𑀧𑀼𑀠𑀼𑀫 (puḍhuma), 𑀧𑀼𑀟𑀫 (puḍama), 𑀧𑀟𑀫 (paḍama)
*** Sinhalese: පළමු (paḷamu)
*** Dhivehi: ފުރަތަމަ (furatama)
** Niya Prakrit: 𐨤𐨜𐨹𐨨 (paḍ́ama)
* Pali: paṭhama (see there for further descendants)
* ⇒ Ashokan Prakrit: *𑀧𑁆𑀭𑀣𑀺𑀮 (*prathila), *𑀧𑁆𑀭𑀣𑀺𑀮𑁆𑀮 (*prathilla) (reanalysis of प्रथम (prathama) as प्रथ (pratha) + -म (-ma) and replacement of -म (-ma) with Middle Indo-Aryan -𑀇𑀮𑁆𑀮- (-illa-))
** Khasa Prakrit:
*** Nepali: पहिलो (pahilo)
** Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀧𑀳𑀺𑀮 (pahila)
*** Assamese: পহিলা (pohila)
*** Bengali: পহেলা (pohela), পয়লা (poẏla)
**** ⇒ Hajong: পুইলৗ
*** Bhojpuri: पहिला (pahilā)
*** Sylheti: ꠚꠂꠟꠣ (fóila)
** Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀧𑀳𑀺𑀮 (pahila)
*** Konkani: पयलें (paylẽ)
*** Marathi: पहिले (pahile)
** Paisaci Prakrit:
*** Sindhi: پهريون (payrõ)
** Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀧𑀳𑀺𑀮 (pahila)
*** Old Gujarati: पहिलउं (pahilaüṃ)
**** Gujarati: પહેલું (pahelũ)
**** Saurashtra: ꢧꣀꢭꣁ (phailo)
**** Marwari: पहलौ (pahlau)
*** Hindi: पहला (pahlā), पहिला (pahilā)
* → Old Javanese: prathama
** Javanese: ꦥꦿꦠꦩ (pratama)
*** → Indonesian: pratama, Pratama
** → Balinese: ᬧ᭄ᬭᬣᬫ (pratama)

### Noun

प्रथम • (prathamá) stem, m
* (grammar) (namely वर्ण (varṇa)) the first consonant of a वर्ग (varga), a surd unaspirate letter
* (grammar) (namely पुरुष (puruṣa)) the first (in Western grammar terminology, the 3rd) person or its terminations
* (namely स्वर (svara)) the first tone
* (mathematics) the sum of the products divided by the difference between the squares of the cosine of the azimuth and the sine of the amplitude
* the first tithi of each lunar fortnight

#### Borrowed terms

* → Bengali: প্রথম (prothom)
* → Hindi: प्रथम (pratham)
* → Kannada: ಪ್ರಥಮ (prathama)
* → Maithili: प्रथम (pratham)
* → Malay: pertama
** Indonesian: pertama
* → Marathi: प्रथम (pratham)
* → Nepali: प्रथम (pratham)
* → Old Javanese: prathama
** Javanese: ꦥꦿꦠꦩ (pratama)
*** → Indonesian: pratama, Pratama
** → Balinese: ᬧ᭄ᬭᬣᬫ (pratama)
* → Punjabi: ਪ੍ਰਥਮ (prtham)
* → Sinhalese: ප්‍රථම (prathama)
* → Tamil: பிரதமம் (piratamam)
* → Telugu: ప్రథమము (prathamamu)
* → Thai: ประถม (bprà-tǒm)

### References

* Monier Williams (1899) “प्रथम”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 678/3.
* Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 179