OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# lež
## Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈlɛʃ]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛʃ

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Czech lež, from Proto-Slavic *lъžь.

#### Noun

lež f
* lie (not a truth)
    Antonym: pravda

##### Related terms

* lež jako věž
* lež má krátké nohy
* lhář
* lhát
* lžidoktor
* lživý

##### See also

* nepravda

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

lež
* second-person singular imperative of ležet

### Further reading

* “lež”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “lež”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* “lež”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech)
# kibot
## Bikol Central
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kiˈbot/ [kiˈbot]
* Hyphenation: ki‧bot

### Noun

kibót (Basahan spelling ᜃᜒᜊᜓᜆ᜔)
* wiggle, slither
    Synonym: hikol

#### Derived terms

* kibot-kibot

## Cebuano
### Pronunciation

* Hyphenation: ki‧bot

### Noun

kibot
* the buttocks
* the butt cheeks
* the rectum

#### Synonyms

* kigol, lubot, sampot
# natrętnie
## Polish
### Etymology

From natrętny +‎ -ie.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /naˈtrɛnt.ɲɛ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛntɲɛ
* Syllabification: na‧tręt‧nie

### Adverb

natrętnie (comparative bardziej natrętnie, superlative najbardziej natrętnie)
* annoyingly; in an annoying manner
* intrusively; in an intrusive manner

#### Related terms

* natrętny
* natręcik
* natręciuch
* natręctwo
* natręt
* natrętnica
* natrętnik
* natrętność

### Further reading

* natrętnie in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* natrętnie in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# arthroscope
## English
### Etymology

From arthro- +‎ -scope.

### Noun

arthroscope (plural arthroscopes)
* (medicine) A form of endoscope used in arthroscopy

#### Derived terms

* arthroscopy

#### Related terms

* arthroscopic

#### Translations
### Anagrams

* crapshooter, prothoraces
# looked over one's shoulder
## English
### Verb

looked over one's shoulder
* simple past and past participle of look over one's shoulder
# cackhanded
## English
### Adjective

cackhanded (comparative more cackhanded, superlative most cackhanded)
* Alternative spelling of cack-handed.

#### Derived terms

* cackhandedly
* cackhandedness
# perfekcjonista
## Polish
### Etymology

From perfekcjonizm +‎ -ista.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pɛr.fɛk.t͡sjɔˈɲis.ta/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ista
* Syllabification: per‧fek‧cjo‧nis‧ta

### Noun

perfekcjonista m pers (female equivalent perfekcjonistka)
* perfectionist

#### Related terms

* perfekcjonizm

### Further reading

* perfekcjonista in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* perfekcjonista in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* Witold Doroszewski, editor (1958–1969), “perfekcjonista”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), Warszawa: PWN
# zawieja
## Polish
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *zavěja / *zavějь. By surface analysis, deverbal from zawiać.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /zaˈvjɛ.ja/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛja
* Syllabification: za‧wie‧ja
* Homophone: Zawieja

### Noun

zawieja f (diminutive (rare) zawiejka)
* snowfall accompanied by strong winds; blizzard; snowstorm
    Synonyms: kurniawa, zadymka
* (archaic) gale (very strong wind)
    Synonym: wichura

#### Related terms

* zawiejny

### Further reading

* zawieja in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* zawieja in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# columbite
## English
### Etymology

From columbium (“niobium”) +‎ -ite.

### Noun

columbite (plural columbites)
* (mineralogy) A black mineral that is a mixed iron and manganese niobate and tantalate, and is the main ore of niobium and tantalum.

#### Derived terms

* bismutocolumbite
* coltan
* columbite-tantalite
* manganocolumbite
* stibiocolumbite
* yttrocolumbite

#### Translations
## French
### Noun

columbite f (plural columbites)
* (mineralogy) columbite

### Further reading

* “columbite”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ko.lumˈbi.te/
* Rhymes: -ite
* Hyphenation: co‧lum‧bì‧te

### Noun

columbite f (plural columbiti)
* (mineralogy) columbite
# łowca-zbieracz
## Polish
### Etymology

Dvandva compound.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈwɔf.t͡sa ˈzbjɛ.rat͡ʂ/
* Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]

### Noun

łowca-zbieracz m pers
* hunter-gatherer

#### Derived terms

* zbieracko-łowiecki

### Further reading

* łowca-zbieracz in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# señoría
## Spanish
### Etymology

From señor +‎ -ía.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /seɲoˈɾia/ [se.ɲoˈɾi.a]
* Rhymes: -ia
* Syllabification: se‧ño‧rí‧a

### Noun

señoría f (plural señorías)
* dominion
* authority
* gentlemen
* worship
* prayer
* honor
* lordship, Your Honour (UK), your Honor (US) (title applied to a lord or judge)

#### Derived terms

* vuestra señoría

#### Related terms

* señor
* señora

### Further reading

* “señoría”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# escaña
## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /esˈkaɲa/ [esˈka.ɲa]
* Rhymes: -aɲa
* Syllabification: es‧ca‧ña

### Noun

escaña f (plural escañas)
* spelt

#### Derived terms

* escaña menor

### Further reading

* “escaña”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# grows a tail
## English
### Verb

grows a tail
* third-person singular simple present indicative of grow a tail
# adaptabilitas
## Indonesian
### Etymology

Internationalism.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Indonesian) IPA: /adaptabiˈlitas/ [a.dap.t̪a.biˈli.t̪as]
* Rhymes: -itas
* Syllabification: a‧dap‧ta‧bi‧li‧tas

### Noun

adaptabilitas
* adaptability (quality of being adaptable; a quality that renders adaptable)
* (biology) adaptability (variability in respect to, or under the influence of, external conditions)

#### Related terms

* adaptabel
* adaptasi
* adaptif
* adaptogen
* adaptometer
* adaptor

### Further reading

* “adaptabilitas” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.
# sabadar
## Portuguese
### Etymology

From sábado +‎ -ar.

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /sa.baˈda(ʁ)/ [sa.baˈda(h)]
* (Brazil) IPA: /sa.baˈda(ʁ)/ [sa.baˈda(h)]
** (São Paulo) IPA: /sa.baˈda(ɾ)/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /sa.baˈda(ʁ)/ [sa.baˈda(χ)]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /sa.baˈda(ɻ)/
* Hyphenation: sa‧ba‧dar

### Verb

sabadar (first-person singular present sabado, first-person singular preterite sabadei, past participle sabadado)
* (Brazil, slang) to enjoy Saturday; to have fun (especially on Saturday)
* (Brazil, slang, impersonal) to become Saturday

#### Conjugation

$^1$Brazilian Portuguese. $^2$European Portuguese.

#### Related terms

* sabadear
* sábado

### See also

* sextar

### Further reading

* “sabadar”, in Dicionário inFormal (in Portuguese), 2006–2025
# dohainik
## Basque
### Etymology

From dohain (“free”) +‎ -ik.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Navarro-Lapurdian) /dohai̯nik/ [d̪o.hai̯.nik]
* IPA: (Southern) /doaɲik/ [d̪o.a.ɲik]
* Rhymes: -ai̯nik
* Rhymes: -aɲik
* Hyphenation: do‧hai‧nik

### Adverb

dohainik (not comparable)
* for free

#### Derived terms

* dohainikako (“free”)

### Noun

dohainik
* partitive indefinite of dohain

### Further reading

* “dohainik”, in Euskaltzaindiaren Hiztegia [Dictionary of the Basque Academy], Euskaltzaindia
* “dohainik”, in Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia [General Basque Dictionary], Euskaltzaindia, 1987–2005
# esguinzar
## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Spain) /esɡinˈθaɾ/ [ez.ɣ̞ĩn̟ˈθaɾ]
* IPA: (Latin America, Philippines) /esɡinˈsaɾ/ [ez.ɣ̞ĩnˈsaɾ]
* Rhymes: -aɾ
* Syllabification: es‧guin‧zar

### Verb

esguinzar (first-person singular present esguinzo, first-person singular preterite esguincé, past participle esguinzado)
* (reflexive) to sprain, break, tear

#### Conjugation

$^1$Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language. $^2$Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.

#### Related terms

* esguince

#### Further reading

* esguince | Definición | Diccionario de la lengua española | RAE - ASALE
# oighear
## Irish
### Etymology

From Old Irish aig, itself from Proto-Celtic *yegis.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [əiɾˠ]

### Noun

oighear m (genitive singular oighir)
* ice

#### Declension

bare forms
case
singular
nominative
oighear
vocative
a oighir
genitive
oighir
dative
oighear
forms with the definite article
case
singular
nominative
an t-oighear
genitive
an oighir
dative
leis an oighear don oighear :

#### Derived terms

* bior oighir (“ice pick (for cocktails, etc)”)
* bosca oighir (“icebox”)
* ciúb oighir (“ice cube”)
* cnoc oighir (“iceberg”)
* haca oighir (“ice hockey”)
* leac oighir (“(sheet of) ice”)
* meaisín oighir (“ice machine”)
* oighear dubh
* oighear má (“field-ice”)
* oighreach (“glacial”, adjective)
* paca oighir (“ice pack”)
* piocóid oighir (“ice axe, ice pick”)
* rinc oighir (“ice rink”)
* scáta oighir (“ice skate”)
* scátáil oighir (“ice skating”)

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* “oighear”, in Historical Irish Corpus, 1600–1926, Royal Irish Academy
* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “aigred”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* Dinneen, Patrick S. (1904) “oiġear”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 1st edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 527
* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “oighear”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
# poprzeczny
## Polish
### Etymology

From po przeko +‎ -ny, from Proto-Slavic *perko (“athwart, transversely”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pɔˈpʂɛt͡ʂ.nɘ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛt͡ʂnɘ
* Syllabification: po‧przecz‧ny

### Adjective

poprzeczny (not comparable, derived adverb poprzecznie)
* transverse
    fala poprzeczna ― transverse wave

#### Related terms

* poprzeczka
* poprzecznica
* w poprzek

### Further reading

* poprzeczny in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* poprzeczny in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# Bunsch
## Polish
### Etymology

From German Bunsch.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈbunsx/
* Rhymes: -unsx
* Syllabification: Bunsch

### Proper noun

Bunsch m pers
* a male surname

#### Declension
### Proper noun

Bunsch f (indeclinable)
* a female surname

#### Derived terms

* Bunschowa
* Bunschówna

### See also

* Appendix:Polish surnames
# FFF
## English
### Noun

FFF (uncountable)
* (printing) Initialism of fused filament fabrication.
* Initialism of furlong–firkin–fortnight (“a humorous system of units based on unusual or impractical measurements”).

### Proper noun

FFF
* (soccer) Initialism of French Football Federation.

#### Translations
## French
### Proper noun

FFF f
* (soccer) Initialism of Fédération Française de Football, the governing body of football (soccer) in France
    Synonym: 3F
# ethicist
## English
### Etymology

From ethics +‎ -ist, changing /ks/ to /θ/ for ease of pronunciation and dropping the -s.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɛθɪsɪst/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)

### Noun

ethicist (plural ethicists)
* A person, especially a philosopher, who studies ethics (principles governing right and wrong conduct).
* A person who advocates a particular set of principles governing right and wrong conduct.

#### Derived terms

* neuroethicist
* virtue ethicist

#### Related terms

* ethics
* bioethicist

#### Translations
### Anagrams

* chitties, itchiest, thecitis, theistic
# verdienen
## Dutch
### Etymology

From Middle Dutch verdienen, from Old Dutch farthienon. Equivalent to ver- +‎ dienen.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /vərˈdinə(n)/, /vɛrˈdinə(n)/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: ver‧die‧nen
* Rhymes: -inən

### Verb

verdienen
* (transitive) to earn, get paid, have an income
* (transitive) to deserve

#### Derived terms

* terugverdienen
* verdiend
* verdienmodel
* verdienste
* zuurverdiend

#### Descendants

* Afrikaans: verdien
* Javindo: ferdien
* Negerhollands: verdien, verdienst

## German
### Etymology

From Middle High German verdienen, from Old High German firdionōn, firthiniōn. Equivalent to ver- +‎ dienen, calque of Latin deservio.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /fɛɐ̯ˈdiːnən/
* Audio (Germany):(file)
* Audio (Germany):(file)
* Audio (Austria):(file)

### Verb

verdienen (weak, third-person singular present verdient, past tense verdiente, past participle verdient, auxiliary haben)
* (transitive, intransitive) to make money, to earn [with an (+ dative) ‘on’]
    Ich verdiene viel Geld bei meinem Job. ― I make a lot of money at my job.
    Die Bank verdient an diesen Zinsen üppig. ― The bank earns lavishly on these interest rates.
    Jemand hat kräftig daran verdient. ― Someone made some big money on it.
* (transitive) to deserve [with für (+ accusative) ‘for’]
    Sie verdient Anerkennung für ihre Arbeit. ― She deserves recognition for her work.
** 1925–26, Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf:
    Wer leben will, der kämpfe also, und wer nicht streiten will in dieser Welt des ewigen Ringens, verdient das Leben nicht.He who wants to live, will therefore fight, and who does not wish to fight in this world of eternal struggle, does not deserve to live.

#### Conjugation

$^1$Rare except in very formal contexts; alternative in würde normally preferred.

#### Derived terms

* Verdienen
* Verdiener
* Verdienst
* gutverdienend

### Further reading

* “verdienen” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
* “verdienen” in Uni Leipzig: Wortschatz-Lexikon
* “verdienen” in Duden online
* “verdienen” in OpenThesaurus.de
# tribalista
## Spanish
### Etymology

From tribal +‎ -ista.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tɾibaˈlista/ [t̪ɾi.β̞aˈlis.t̪a]
* Rhymes: -ista
* Syllabification: tri‧ba‧lis‧ta

### Adjective

tribalista m or f (masculine and feminine plural tribalistas)
* tribalist

### Noun

tribalista m or f by sense (plural tribalistas)
* tribalist
    La calle está llena de tribalistas.The street is full of tribalists

### Related terms

* tribalismo

### Further reading

“tribalista”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# Pentoxid
## German
### Alternative forms

* Pentoxyd

### Etymology

From penta- +‎ Oxid.

### Noun

Pentoxid n (strong, genitive Pentoxides or Pentoxids, plural Pentoxide)
* (inorganic chemistry) pentoxide

#### Declension

$^1$Now rare, see notes.

#### Derived terms

* Niobpentoxid
# ζωός
## Ancient Greek
### Alternative forms

* δωός (dōós) — Cretan
* ζοός (zoós), ζόος (zóos), ζώς (zṓs), ζῶς (zôs)

### Etymology

From Proto-Hellenic *ďōwós, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷyéh₃-w-os, from *gʷeyh₃-, whence also βίος (bíos).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /zdɔː.ós/ → /zoˈos/ → /zoˈos/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /zdɔː.ós/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /zoˈos/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /zoˈos/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /zoˈos/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /zoˈos/

### Adjective

ζωός • (zōós) m (feminine ζωή, neuter ζωόν); first/second declension
* alive, living
    Synonym: ἔμπνοος (émpnoos)

#### Derived terms

* ζῶ (zô)
* ζωγράφος (zōgráphos)
* ζωγρέω (zōgréō)

### Further reading

* “ζωός”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
* ζωός in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
* “ζωός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
# has a moment
## English
### Verb

has a moment
* third-person singular simple present indicative of have a moment
# collagenase
## English
### Etymology

From collagen +‎ -ase.

### Noun

collagenase (plural collagenases)
* (biochemistry) An enzyme that breaks the peptide bonds in collagen.

#### Derived terms

* anticollagenase
* procollagenase
# převod
## Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈpr̝̊ɛvot]

### Noun

převod m inan
* conversion
* transfer (of money)
* transfer (of rights)
* (mechanics): gear

#### Related terms

* převést
* převodník
* převodovka

### Further reading

* “převod”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “převod”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* “převod”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech)
# decymować
## Polish
### Etymology

Adapted borrowing of Latin decimō +‎ -ować.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dɛ.t͡sɘˈmɔ.vat͡ɕ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔvat͡ɕ
* Syllabification: de‧cy‧mo‧wać

### Verb

decymować impf
* (transitive, rare) to decimate (to kill one-tenth of a group)
    Synonym: dziesiątkować
* (intransitive, obsolete) to pay tithe

#### Related terms

* decymalny
* decymacja

### Further reading

* decymować in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# contextuality
## English
### Etymology

From contextual +‎ -ity.

### Noun

contextuality (countable and uncountable, plural contextualities)
* (uncountable) The condition of being contextual.
    Antonym: noncontextuality
* (countable) The extent to which something is contextual.
    Coordinate term: compositionality

#### Related terms

* context
* context-sensitive
# украінізм
## Belarusian
### Alternative forms

* ukrainizm — Łacinka (Belarusian Latin alphabet)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ukrajiˈnʲizm]

### Noun

украіні́зм • (ukrainízm) m inan (genitive украіні́зма, uncountable)
* (linguistics) Ukrainianism

#### Related terms

* украінскамо́ўны (ukrainskamóŭny)
* украі́нскі (ukraínski)
* Украі́на f (Ukraína)
* украі́нец m anim (ukraínjec)
* украіні́ст m anim (ukrainíst)
* украіні́стыка f (ukrainístyka)

### References

* “украінізм” in Belarusian–Russian dictionaries and Belarusian dictionaries at slounik.org
* “украінізм”, in Skarnik's Belarusian dictionary (in Belarusian), based on Kandrat Krapiva's Explanatory Dictionary of the Belarusian Language (1977-1984)
# beleben
## German
### Etymology

be- +‎ leben.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [bəˈleːbn̩]
* Audio:(file)

### Verb

beleben (weak, third-person singular present belebt, past tense belebte, past participle belebt, auxiliary haben)
* to liven up
* to animate

#### Conjugation

$^1$Rare except in very formal contexts; alternative in würde normally preferred.

#### Derived terms

* wiederbeleben

### Further reading

* “beleben” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
* “beleben” in Uni Leipzig: Wortschatz-Lexikon
* “beleben” in Duden online
* “beleben” in OpenThesaurus.de
# chronology
## English
### Etymology

From chrono- (“relating to time”) +‎ -logy (“study of, account of”), after New Latin chronologia from Ancient Greek χρόνος (khrónos, “time”) + λόγος (lógos, “reason, explanation”). Literally "time reason" in Modern Greek.

### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /kɹəˈnɒl.ə.d͡ʒi/
* (General American) IPA: /kɹəˈnɑl.ə.d͡ʒi/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)

### Noun

chronology (countable and uncountable, plural chronologies)
* (uncountable) The science of determining the order in which events occurred.
* (countable) An arrangement of events into chronological order; called a timeline when involving graphical elements.
    The film's chronology is not entirely obvious, but can be worked out by the clothes the characters are wearing in the scenes.

#### Coordinate terms

* horology

#### Derived terms

* astrochronology
* biochronology
* cementochronology
* chronologic
* chronological
* chronologically
* chronologicity
* chronologick
* chronologist
* chronologize
* cosmochronology
* dendrochronology
* geochronology
* glottochronology
* gyrochronology
* lepidochronology
* magnetochronology
* mensiochronology
* nucleocosmochronology
* palaeochronology
* paleochronology
* ptilochronology
* radiochronology
* sclerochronology
* skeletochronology
* synchronology
* tephrochronology
* thermochronology
* typochronology

#### Related terms

* chronicle, which see for more
* chronograph

#### Translations

    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
# postrzępić
## Polish
### Etymology

From po- +‎ strzępić.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pɔˈstʂɛm.pit͡ɕ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛmpit͡ɕ
* Syllabification: po‧strzę‧pić

### Verb

postrzępić pf (imperfective strzępić)
* (transitive) to fray, to shred
    Synonym: wystrzępić
* (reflexive with się) to fray, to tatter
    Synonym: wystrzępić się

#### Related terms

* strzępiasty
* strzepek
* strzęp
* wystrzępiać
* wystrzępić

### Further reading

* postrzępić in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* postrzępić in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌽
## Gothic
### Etymology

From the zero-grade of *𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 (*aftairan) +‎ -𐌽𐌰𐌽 (-nan) (compare 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌽 (gataurnan)).

### Verb

𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌽 • (aftaurnan)
* (hapax) to be torn, rent
** 4th century C.E., Wulfila (attributed), Gothic Bible, Luke 5:36b:
    𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌰 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌰 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌹𐌳, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐌾𐌹𐌽 𐌽𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌳 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐌰𐍆 𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌽.aiþþau jah sa niuja aftaurnid, jah þamma fairnjin ni gatimid þata af þamma niujin.Otherwise, both the new will be torn, and that [which was taken] out of the new does not match the old.

#### Conjugation

Class 4 weak :
| Infinitive | 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌽 aftaurnan | 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌽 aftaurnan | 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌽 aftaurnan |
| Indicative | Present | Past | Present passive |
| 1st singular | 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰 aftaurna | 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌰 aftaurnōda | — |
| 2nd singular | 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌹𐍃 aftaurnis | 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌴𐍃 aftaurnōdēs | — |
| 3rd singular | 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌹𐌸 aftaurniþ | 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌰 aftaurnōda | — |
| 1st dual | 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐍉𐍃 aftaurnōs | 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿 aftaurnōdēdu | — |
| 2nd dual | 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐍄𐍃 aftaurnats | 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐍄𐍃 aftaurnōdēduts | — |
| 1st plural | 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌼 aftaurnam | 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌼 aftaurnōdēdum | — |
| 2nd plural | 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌹𐌸 aftaurniþ | 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌸 aftaurnōdēduþ | — |
| 3rd plural | 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌳 aftaurnand | 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 aftaurnōdēdun | — |
| Subjunctive | Present | Past | Present passive |
| 1st singular | 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌿 aftaurnau | 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌿 aftaurnōdēdjau | — |
| 2nd singular | 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃 aftaurnais | 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃 aftaurnōdēdeis | — |
| 3rd singular | 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌹 aftaurnai | 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌹 aftaurnōdēdi | — |
| 1st dual | 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 aftaurnaiwa | 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰 aftaurnōdēdeiwa | — |
| 2nd dual | 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 aftaurnaits | 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 aftaurnōdēdeits | — |
| 1st plural | 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌰 aftaurnaima | 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 aftaurnōdēdeima | — |
| 2nd plural | 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌸 aftaurnaiþ | 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌸 aftaurnōdēdeiþ | — |
| 3rd plural | 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 aftaurnaina | 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 aftaurnōdēdeina | — |
| Imperative | | | |
| 2nd singular | 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽 aftaurn | | |
| 3rd singular | 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿 aftaurnadau | | |
| 2nd dual | 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐍄𐍃 aftaurnats | | |
| 2nd plural | 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌹𐌸 aftaurniþ | | |
| 3rd plural | 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 aftaurnandau | | |
| | Present | Past | |
| Participles | 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 aftaurnands | — | |

#### Related terms

* 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 (gatairan)
* 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌽 (gataurnan)
* 𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 (distairan)
* 𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌽 (distaurnan)