# 憎

| 憎 | U+618E, &#24974; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-618E |
| ← 憍 [U+618D] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 憏 → [U+618F] |
| 憎 | U+FA3F, &#64063; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA3F |
| ← 慨 [U+FA3E] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 懲 → [U+FA40] |
| 憎 | U+FA89, &#64137; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA89 |
| ← 愈 [U+FA88] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 慠 → [U+FA8A] |
| 憎 | U+2F8AB, &#194731; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F8AB |
| ← 慺 [U+2F8AA] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement | 憲 → [U+2F8AC] |

## Translingual

| Japanese | 憎 |
| Simplified | 憎 |
| Traditional | 憎 |

### Alternative forms

Note difference between Chinese form, which uses 曾, and Japanese shinjitai which uses 曽.

### Han character

憎 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+12 in Chinese, 心+11 in Japanese, 15 strokes in Chinese, 14 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 心金田日 (PCWA), four-corner 9806$_6$, composition ⿰忄曾(GHTK) or ⿰忄曽(J))

#### Related characters

* 增 (増) 僧

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 402, character 8
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11188
* Dae Jaweon: page 742, character 10
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2356, character 8
* Unihan data for U+618E
* Unihan data for U+FA3F
* Unihan data for U+FA89
* Unihan data for U+2F8AB

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 憎
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 潧 | *ʔsrɯn |
| 繒 | *ʔsɯːŋ, *zɯŋ |
| 增 | *ʔsɯːŋ, *ʔsɯːŋs |
| 憎 | *ʔsɯːŋ |
| 磳 | *ʔsɯːŋ, *zɯŋ |
| 曾 | *ʔsɯːŋ, *zɯːŋ |
| 矰 | *ʔsɯːŋ |
| 罾 | *ʔsɯːŋ |
| 熷 | *ʔsɯːŋ |
| 竲 | *ʔsɯːŋ, *zɯŋ |
| 橧 | *ʔsɯːŋ, *zɯŋ |
| 譄 | *ʔsɯːŋ |
| 蹭 | *sʰɯːŋs |
| 層 | *zɯːŋ |
| 贈 | *zɯːŋs |
| 僧 | *sɯːŋ |
| 鬙 | *sɯːŋ |
| 甑 | *ʔsɯŋs |
| 鄫 | *zɯŋ |
| 驓 | *zɯŋ |
| 嶒 | *zɯŋ |
| 噌 | *sʰɯːŋ |
| 鏳 | *zrɯːŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ʔsɯːŋ) : semantic 忄 (“heart”) + phonetic 曾 (OC *ʔsɯːŋ, *zɯːŋ).

### Etymology

Possibly the same word as 增 (OC *ʔsɯːŋ, “to increase”), as in emotional accumulation (Schuessler, 2007).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zēng, zèng (zeng$^1$, zeng$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄗㄥ, ㄗㄥˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zang$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chen
* Eastern Min (BUC): cĕng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): cheng / chng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zêng$^1$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^1$tsen
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zēng
*** Zhuyin: ㄗㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: zeng
*** Wade–Giles: tsêng$^1$
*** Yale: dzēng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzeng
*** Palladius: цзэн (czɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɤŋ⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, nonstandard variant)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zèng
*** Zhuyin: ㄗㄥˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: zèng
*** Wade–Giles: tsêng$^4$
*** Yale: dzèng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzenq
*** Palladius: цзэн (czɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɤŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zang$^1$
*** Yale: jāng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzang$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zeng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɐŋ⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chen
*** Hakka Romanization System: zen
*** Hagfa Pinyim: zen$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sen⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: cĕng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɛiŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: cheng
*** Tâi-lô: tsing
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zefng
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chng
*** Tâi-lô: tsng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zngf
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sŋ̍³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: zêng$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tseng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡seŋ³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai, Suzhou, Ningbo)
*** Wugniu: $^1$tsen
*** MiniDict: tsen$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$tsen
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡sən⁵³/
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /t͡sən⁴⁴/
*** Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /t͡səŋ⁵²/
* Middle Chinese: tsong
Rime :
| Character | 憎 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 精 (13) |
| Final (韻) | 登 (129) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 作滕切 |
| Baxter | tsong |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡səŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡səŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡səŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡səŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡səŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡səŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡səŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zēng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zang$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ts]ˤəŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ʔsɯːŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 憎 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zēng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsong › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ts]ˁəŋ/ |
| English | hate |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 憎 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 16614 |
| Phonetic component | 曾 |
| Rime group | 蒸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔsɯːŋ/ |

### Definitions

憎
* (literary or Cantonese) to hate; to detest; to abhor

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 討厭, 厭惡, 憎惡 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 討厭, 不待見 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 討厭 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 討厭 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 討厭, 惡素 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 格癢 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 討厭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 討厭, 見不得, 嫌 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 嫌, 討厭 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 嫌, 惡嫌, 討厭 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 討厭, 格厭 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 憎 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 憎 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 厭 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 憎 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 憎 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 憎 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 憎 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 憎 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 憎 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 憎 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 憎 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 憎 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 憎 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 憎 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 憎 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 憎 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 憎 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 憎 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 憎, 煩 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 憎, 煩 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 憎 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 憎 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 憎 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 憎 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 嬲 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 討厭, 討嫌, 嫌 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 惱 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 討厭, 嬲 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 嬲 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 憎 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 惱 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 惱 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 惱 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 惱 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 惱 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 慼 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 討厭 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 討厭, 怒 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 嫌, 顣, 怒 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 猌, 㤉, 沖, 沖神, 沖𡳞, 猌神, 㤉𡳞 vulgar, 㤉潲 vulgar, 猌𡳞 vulgar, 鑿𡳞 vulgar, 揬𡳞 vulgar |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 㤉, 㤉神, 㤉𡳞 vulgar, 㤉潲 vulgar, 揬𡳞 vulgar |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 㤉, 㤉神, 㤉潲 vulgar |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 猌, 㤉, 猌神, 㤉𡳞 vulgar, 㤉潲 vulgar, 鑿𡳞 vulgar, 揬𡳞 vulgar |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 滷 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 滷 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 㤉, 㤉神, 㤉潲 vulgar, 㤉𡳞 vulgar |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 滷 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 滷 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 憎 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 討厭, 注 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 刻忖, 嫌鄙, 討厭, 難看, 難相 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 討厭, 惡 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 討嫌, 厭眼 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 討嫌 |
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 恨, 憎恨, 嫌惡 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 恨 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 恨 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 恨 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 恨 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 恨 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 恨 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 恨 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 恨 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 恨, 懥怨 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 恨 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 恨 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 恨 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 憎, 嬲 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 憎 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 憎 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 嬲 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 憎 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 憎 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 恨 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 恨 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 恨 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 恨 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 恨 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 恨 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 恨 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 恨 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 恨 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 恨 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 恨 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 恨 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 恨, 猌 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 猌 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 猌 GT, 恨 GT |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 猌, 惱 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 猌 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 恨 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 恨 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 恨 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 恨 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 恨 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 馮, 恨 |
| Note | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) |

### Compounds

* 僕憎 / 仆憎
* 可人憎
* 可憎 (kězēng)
* 可憎娘
* 可憎才
* 嫌憎 (xiánzēng)
* 怨憎會苦 / 怨憎会苦
* 愛憎 / 爱憎 (àizēng)
* 愛憎分明 / 爱憎分明 (àizēngfēnmíng)
* 憎恨 (zēnghèn)
* 憎惡 / 憎恶
* 文章憎命
* 盜憎主人 / 盗憎主人
* 面目可憎

### Descendants

* → Thai: ชัง (chang)

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 憎 |
| Kyūjitai | 憎 &#xFA3F; or 憎+&#xFE00; |
| Kyūjitai | 憎󠄀 憎+&#xE0100; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 憎󠄃 憎+&#xE0103; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 憎)
* hate

#### Readings

* Go-on: そう (sō)
* Kan-on: そう (sō)
* Kan’yō-on: ぞう (zō, Jōyō)
* Kun: にくい (nikui, 憎い, Jōyō)、にくしみ (nikushimi, 憎しみ, Jōyō)、にくむ (nikumu, 憎む, Jōyō)、にくらしい (nikurashii, 憎らしい, Jōyō)

#### Compounds

* 合憎(あいにく) (ainiku, “unfortunately”)
* 生憎(あいにく) (ainiku, “unfortunately”)

### References

* ↑ “憎”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎ (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2025

## Korean
### Hanja

憎 • (jeung) (hangeul 증, revised jeung, McCune–Reischauer chŭng, Yale cung)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

憎: Hán Nôm readings: tăng
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.