# ki-
## Choctaw
### Prefix

kī- (before vowels kil-, class N first-person plural)
* the subject of a hortative verb
    let us
* the subject of a negative active transitive verb
    we don't
* the subject of a negative active intransitive verb
    we don't

#### Inflection

| | | | class I | class I | class I | class II | class II | class III | class III | class N | class N | imperative | imperative |
| | | | +s | +C | +V | +C/i | +a/o | +C | +V | +C | +V | +C | +V |
| first-person | singular | initial | -li | -li | -li | sa- | si- | a̱- | am- | ak- | ak- | n/a | n/a |
| first-person | singular | medial | -li | -li | -li | sa- | si- | -sa- | -sam- | ak- | ak- | n/a | n/a |
| first-person | paucal | paucal | ī- | ī- | il- | pi- | pi- | pi̱- | pim- | kī- | kil- | n/a | n/a |
| first-person | plural | plural | ī- | ī- | il- | hapi- | hapi- | hapi̱- | hapim- | kī- | kil- | n/a | n/a |
| second-person | singular | singular | is- | ish- | ish- | chi- | chi- | chi̱- | chim- | chik- | chik- | ∅ | ∅ |
| second-person | plural | plural | has- | hash- | hash- | hachi- | hachi- | hachi̱- | hachim- | hachik- | hachik- | ho- | oh- |
| third-person | third-person | third-person | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | i̱- | im- | ik- | ik- | | |

## Esperanto
### Etymology

From interrogative and relative pronouns of European languages, such as French (qui, que, quoi, quel, quand, comment, combien), Italian (che), Russian (кто, как, какой, куда, когда).

### Prefix

ki-
* wh-, what (interrogative/relative correlative prefix)

#### Derived terms

* kiu (“which one, who, which/what (with a noun)”)
* kio (“what (without a noun)”)
* kia (“what kind of, what a ...!”)
* kies (“whose”)
* kiel (“how, to what degree”)
* kie (“where”)
* kiam (“when”)
* kiom (“how much”)
* kial (“why”)

## Haitian Creole
### Prefix

ki-
* what, which (interrogative prefix)

## Hungarian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈki]
* Audio:(file)

### Prefix

ki-
* (verbal prefix) It indicates actions with outward direction or actions aiming fulfillment.
    megy (“to go”) → kimegy (“to exit, to go out”)
* construed with magát and definite conjugation of originally intransitive verbs: to one's heart's content, as much as one wants or needs
    alszik (“to sleep”) → kialussza magát (“to get enough sleep”)
    úszik (“to swim”) → kiússza magát (“to have enough swim”)
    beszél (“to speak”) → kibeszéli magát (“to say everything that weighs on one’s mind”)

#### Derived terms
### See also

* Appendix:Hungarian verbal prefixes

### References

* Hungarian verb prefixes in the English Wikipedia

## Japanese
### Romanization

ki-
* Rōmaji transcription of き

## Kongo
### Prefix

ki- (plural bi-)
* class 7 prefix
* class 7 subject concord
* used to form name of languages
* used to form name of villages

## Makasar
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ki]

### Pronoun

ki- (nominative proclitic, Lontara spelling ᨀᨗ)
* we (first person plural inclusive)
* you (polite second person singular and plural)

#### See also

| | Independent | Absolutive | Nominative | Possessive |
| 1st sg / 1st pl excl | nakke | -a' | ku- | -ku |
| 1st pl excl (archaic) | kambe | -kang | ki- | -mang |
| 1st pl incl / 2nd sg polite | katte | -ki' | ki- | -ta |
| 2nd sg / pl familiar | kau | -ko | nu- | -nu |
| 3rd sg / pl | ia | -i | na- | -na |

## Old High German
### Prefix

ki-
* (Bavaria) Alternative form of gi-

## Pipil
### Pronunciation

* (Standard) IPA: /ɣi/

### Prefix

ki-
* (personal) it, her, him, third-person singular object marker.
    Te kikak aka
       Nobody heard it/him/her

#### Usage notes

* When the prefix "-ki-" is being preceded by a subject marker o followed by an initial "i" in the verb, it loses its own i and becomes just "-k-", as in this example:
       Nikneki se kinia
          I want (it) a banana

#### See also

* yaja (personal pronoun)

## Swahili
### Pronunciation

* Audio (Kenya):(file)

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *kɪ̀-.

#### Alternative forms

* ch-

#### Prefix

ki- (plural vi-)
* ki class$_{(VII)}$ noun prefix and adjective agreement prefix, denoting mostly artefacts (objects made by humans) and people or objects with physical defects
    kitu kizuri ― a nice thing
    kilema ― a crippled person
** diminutive prefix
    ‎ki- + ‎mtoto (“child”) → ‎kitoto (“baby”)
* prefix used to derive adverbs from nouns describing human qualities
    ‎ki- + ‎mtoto (“child”) → ‎kitoto (“childishly”)
    ‎ki- + ‎-shenzi (“barbarous”) → ‎kishenzi (“like a barbarian”)
** forms the name of a language
    ‎ki- + ‎Arabic سَوَاحِل (sawāḥil, “coastal dwellers”) → ‎Kiswahili (“Swahili language”)
    ‎ki- + ‎Uingereza (“England”) → ‎Kiingereza (“English language”)
* (prefixed to an entire noun, including its class prefix) adverbial prefix
    ‎ki- + ‎mapenzi (“love”) → ‎kimapenzi (“romantically”)
** 2022, Muungano wa Tanganyika na Zanzibar: Chimbuko, Misingi na Maendeleo, Serikali ya Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania, →ISBN:[…] mwingiliano wa miaka mingi kibiashara, kijamii na kiutamaduni katika nchi hizi mbili. […] many years of interaction, commercially, societally, and culturally, between these two countries.
* (prefixed to reduplicated locative word) adverbial prefix
    ‎ki- + ‎juu (“top, surface”) → ‎kijuujuu (“superficially”)

##### Usage notes

Adverbs derived with this prefix are often used as adjectives with a preceding -a:
    ‎-a + ‎ki- + ‎mke (“woman”) → ‎-a kike (“female”)
    ‎-a + ‎ki- + ‎mataifa (“nations”) → ‎-a kimataifa (“international”)

##### See also

* Appendix:Swahili noun classes

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *kɪ́-.

#### Prefix

ki-
* it, ki class$_{(VII)}$ subject concord
** 1973, Mohammed S. Abdulla, Duniani kuna watu, page 3:[…] na kichwa chake kiwazi kilituonyesha nywele zilizochanwa na kupasuliwa njia katikati. […] and his uncovered head showed us combed hair with a middle part.
* verb-initial form of -ki- (“it, ki class$_{(VII)}$ object concord”)

##### See also

| Class | Subject concord | Subject concord | Object concord | Relative |
| Class | affirmative | negative | Object concord | Relative |
| m$_{(I)}$ | a-, yu- | ha-, hayu- | -m-, -mw-, -mu- | -ye |
| wa$_{(II)}$ | wa- | hawa- | -wa- | -o |
| m$_{(III)}$ | u- | hau- | -u- | -o |
| mi$_{(IV)}$ | i- | hai- | -i- | -yo |
| ji$_{(V)}$ | li- | hali- | -li- | -lo |
| ma$_{(VI)}$ | ya- | haya- | -ya- | -yo |
| ki$_{(VII)}$ | ki- | haki- | -ki- | -cho |
| vi$_{(VIII)}$ | vi- | havi- | -vi- | -vyo |
| n$_{(IX)}$ | i- | hai- | -i- | -yo |
| n$_{(X)}$ | zi- | hazi- | -zi- | -zo |
| u$_{(XI)}$ | u- | hau- | -u- | -o |
| ku$_{(XV/XVII)}$ | ku- | haku- | -ku- | -ko |
| pa$_{(XVI)}$ | pa- | hapa- | -pa- | -po |
| mu$_{(XVIII)}$ | m-, mw-, mu- | ham-, hamw-, hamu- | -mu- | -mo |
| For a full table including first and second person, see Appendix:Swahili personal pronouns. |||||

## Tooro
### Alternative forms

* (before vowels) ky-

### Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *kɪ́-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ki-/, [ci-]

### Prefix

ki-
* class 7 pronominal concord
    ‎ki- + ‎-nu (“this, these”) → ‎kinu (“this (class 7)”)
* it; class 7 subject concord
    ‎ki- + ‎-kora (“to do”) → ‎kikora (“it (class 7) does”)
* positive imperative form of -ki- (“it; class 7 object concord”)
    ‎ki- + ‎-ha (“to give”) → ‎kiha (“give it (class 7)”)

#### See also

| Class | Person | Independent | Possessive | Subject concord | Object concord | Combined forms | Combined forms |
| Class | Person | Independent | Possessive | Subject concord | Object concord | na | ni |
| Class 1 | First | nyowe, nye | -ange | n- | -n- | nanyowe, nanye | ninyowe, ninye |
| Class 1 | Second | iwe | -awe | o- | -ku- | naiwe | niiwe |
| Class 1 | Third | uwe | -e | a- | -mu- | nawe | nuwe |
| Class 2 | First | itwe | -aitu | tu- | -tu- | naitwe | niitwe |
| Class 2 | Second | inywe | -anyu | mu- | -ba- | nainywe | niinywe |
| Class 2 | Third | abo | -abo | ba- | -ba- | nabo | nubo |
| Class 3 | Class 3 | gwo | -agwo | gu- | -gu- | nagwo | nugwo |
| Class 4 | Class 4 | yo | -ayo | e- | -gi- | nayo | niyo |
| Class 5 | Class 5 | lyo | -alyo | li- | -li- | nalyo | niryo |
| Class 6 | Class 6 | go | -ago | ga- | -ga- | nago | nugo |
| Class 7 | Class 7 | kyo | -akyo | ki- | -ki- | nakyo | nikyo |
| Class 8 | Class 8 | byo | -abyo | bi- | -bi- | nabyo | nibyo |
| Class 9 | Class 9 | yo | -ayo | e- | -gi- | nayo | niyo |
| Class 10 | Class 10 | zo | -azo | zi- | -zi- | nazo | nizo |
| Class 11 | Class 11 | rwo | -arwo | ru- | -ru- | narwo | nurwo |
| Class 12 | Class 12 | ko | -ako | ka- | -ka- | nako | nuko |
| Class 13 | Class 13 | two | -atwo | tu- | -tu- | natwo | nutwo |
| Class 14 | Class 14 | bwo | -abwo | bu- | -bu- | nabwo | nubwo |
| Class 15 | Class 15 | kwo | -akwo | ku- | -ku- | nakwo | nukwo |
| Class 16 | Class 16 | ho | -aho | ha- | -ha- | naho | nuho |
| Class 17 | Class 17 | (kwo) | N/A | ha- (...-yo) | -ha- | N/A | nukwo |
| Class 18 | Class 18 | (mwo) | -amwo | ha- (...-mu) | -ha- | N/A | numwo |
| Reflexive | Reflexive | -enyini, -onyini | — | — | -e- | — | — |

### References

* Kaji, Shigeki (2007) A Rutooro Vocabulary‎, Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, page 414

## Ye'kwana
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ki-]

### Prefix

ki-
* Allomorph of k- (first-person-dual-inclusive non-transitive-agent prefix) used for stems that begin with a consonant and have a first vowel i.
* Allomorph of k- (first-person-dual-inclusive transitive agent prefix) used for stems that begin with two consonants.

#### Inflection

| | pronoun | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | postposition object | postposition object | series I verb argument | series I verb argument | series I verb argument | series I verb argument | series I verb argument |
| | pronoun | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | postposition object | postposition object | transitive patient | intransitive patient-like | intransitive patient-like | intransitive agent-like | transitive agent |
| first person | ewü | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | w-, wi- | w-, wi- | w-, wi- |
| first person dual inclusive | küwü | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kii-, ki-$^1$ |
| second person | amödö | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | m-, mi- | m-, mi- |
| first person dual exclusive | nña | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | chö- | ∅- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- |
| third person | tüwü | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | chö- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- |
| distant past third person | tüwü | — | — | — | — | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- |
| coreferential/reflexive | — | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | — | — | — | — | — |
| reciprocal | — | — | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- |
| With following vowel lengthened if in an unreduced open syllable. |||||||||||
| | series I verb argument: transitive agent and transitive patient |
| first person > second person | mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni- |
| first person dual exclusive > second person | mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni- |
| second person > first person | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- |
| second person > first person dual exclusive | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- |
| third person > any person X …or… any person X > third person | see person X in the chart above |