# 文書
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): wénshū
    (Zhuyin): ㄨㄣˊ ㄕㄨ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): man$^4$ syu$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): vùn-sû
    (Hailu, HRS): vun shu$^ˋ$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): bûn-su / bûn-sir / bûn-si
    (Teochew, Peng'im): bhung$^5$ ze$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wénshū
*** Zhuyin: ㄨㄣˊ ㄕㄨ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wúnshu
*** Wade–Giles: wên$^2$-shu$^1$
*** Yale: wén-shū
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wenshu
*** Palladius: вэньшу (vɛnʹšu)
*** Sinological IPA : /wən³⁵ ʂu⁵⁵/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$文書 / 文书 文殊
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: man$^4$ syu$^1$
*** Yale: màhn syū
*** Cantonese Pinyin: man$^4$ sy$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: men$^4$ xu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /mɐn²¹ syː⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: vùn-sû
*** Hakka Romanization System: vun$^ˇ$ su$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: vun$^2$ su$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /vun¹¹ su²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: vun shu$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /vun⁵⁵ ʃu⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bûn-su
*** Tâi-lô: bûn-su
*** Phofsit Daibuun: bunsw
*** IPA (Xiamen): /bun²⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /bun²³⁻³³ su⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /bun²⁴⁻¹¹ su⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bûn-sir
*** Tâi-lô: bûn-sir
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /bun²⁴⁻²² sɯ³³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Yilan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bûn-si
*** Tâi-lô: bûn-si
*** Phofsit Daibuun: bunsy
*** IPA (Yilan): /bun²⁴⁻³³ si⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /bun¹³⁻²² si⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: bhung$^5$ ze$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: bûng tsṳ
*** Sinological IPA : /buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sɯ³³/
* Middle Chinese: mjun syo
Rime :
| Character | 文 | 書 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) | 書 (26) |
| Final (韻) | 文 (59) | 魚 (22) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 無分切 | 傷魚切 |
| Baxter | mjun | syo |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /mɨun/ | /ɕɨʌ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /miun/ | /ɕiɔ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /miuən/ | /ɕiɔ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /mun/ | /ɕɨə̆/ |
| Li Rong | /miuən/ | /ɕiɔ/ |
| Wang Li | /mĭuən/ | /ɕĭo/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /mi̯uən/ | /ɕi̯wo/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | wén | shū |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | man$^4$ | syu$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*mə[n] s-ta/
    (Zhengzhang): /*mɯn hlja/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 文 | 書 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | wén | shū |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ mjun › | ‹ syo › |
| Old Chinese | /*mə[n]/ | /*s-ta/ |
| English | ornate | write |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 文 | 書 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 13015 | 17013 |
| Phonetic component | 文 | 者 |
| Rime group | 文 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 文 | 書 |
| Old Chinese | /*mɯn/ | /*hlja/ |

### Noun

文書
* official document; official correspondence; official dispatch
    外交文書／外交文书 ― wàijiāo wénshū ― diplomatic correspondence
* (literary) secretary
* (literary) written language; writing; script
* (literary) books; works

#### Synonyms

* (official document): 公文 (gōngwén)

#### Derived terms

* 文書工作 / 文书工作 (wénshū gōngzuò)
* 文書處理 / 文书处理 (wénshū chǔlǐ)
* 文書處理器 / 文书处理器 (wénshū chǔlǐqì)
* 文書處理程式 / 文书处理程式 (wénshū chǔlǐ chéngshì)
* 文秘 (wénmì)

#### See also

* 幹事 / 干事
* 書記 / 书记 (shūjì)
* 秘書 / 秘书 (mìshū)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 文 | 書 |
| ぶん Grade: 1 | しょ Grade: 2 |
| kan'yōon | on'yomi |
From Middle Chinese compound 文書 (*miən *shiu). Compare modern Chinese 文書 / 文书 (wénshū).
The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing. Now the most common reading for this term.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ぶんしょ [búꜜǹshò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [bɯ̟̃ɰ̃ɕo̞]

#### Noun

文(ぶん)書(しょ) • (bunsho)
* a document, a written record
    文書(ぶんしょ)でお問(と)い合(あ)わせください。
       Bunsho de otoiawase kudasai.
       Please contact us in writing.
    物語(ものがたり)を丸(まる)ごと文書(ぶんしょ)に書(か)き留(と)めた。
       Monogatari o marugoto bunsho ni kakitometa.
       She wrote down the whole story. / She got the whole story down on paper.
* a letter, an epistle
    文書(ぶんしょ)を頻繁(ひんぱん)に交(か)わしていた。
       Bunsho o hinpan ni kawashite ita.
       They frequently exchanged letters.

##### Synonyms

* (writing): 文章
* (letter, epistle): 手紙

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 文 | 書 |
| もん Grade: 1 | しょ > じょ Grade: 2 |
| goon | on'yomi |
From Middle Chinese compound 文書 (*miən *shiu), with rendaku for the 書 character. The sho changes to jo as an instance of rendaku (連濁). Compare modern Chinese 文書 / 文书 (wénshū).
The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing. Less common reading in modern Japanese.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) もんじょ [móꜜǹjò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [mõ̞ɲ̟d͡ʑo̞]

#### Noun

文(もん)書(じょ) • (monjo)
* a document
* (in palaeography) a written text between two parties

##### Derived terms

* 古文書(こもんじょ) (komonjo): an ancient document

### Etymology 3

Kanji in this term :
| 文 | 書 |
| もん Grade: 1 | ぞ Grade: 2 |
| goon | irregular |
Archaic alteration of monjo above.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [mõ̞nd͡zo̞]

#### Noun

文(もん)書(ぞ) • (monzo)
* (archaic) a document
* (archaic) (in palaeography) a written text between two parties

### Etymology 4

Kanji in this term :
| 文 | 書 |
| ふみ Grade: 1 | か(き) > が(き) Grade: 2 |
| kun'yomi ||
Compound of 文 (fumi, “writing; a letter, an epistle”) +‎ 書 (kaki, “writing”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 書く kaku, “to write”). The kaki changes to gaki as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɸɯ̟mʲiɡa̠kʲi]

#### Noun

文(ふみ)書(がき) • (fumigaki)
* (archaic) the act of writing of a letter or correspondence
* (archaic) the writing in a letter or correspondence, especially the style or appearance
** c. 1001–1014, Murasaki Shikibu, Genji Monogatari (text here):
    古代なる御文書きなれど
       こだいなるおおむふみがきなれど
       Kodai naru ōmu-fumigaki naredo
          The writing is old-fashioned, but...

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN