# 畏懼
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): wèijù
    (Zhuyin): ㄨㄟˋ ㄐㄩˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): wai$^3$ geoi$^6$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): ùi-kū / ùi-khū / ùiⁿ-kī
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wèijù
*** Zhuyin: ㄨㄟˋ ㄐㄩˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wèijyù
*** Wade–Giles: wei$^4$-chü$^4$
*** Yale: wèi-jyù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: weyjiuh
*** Palladius: вэйцзюй (vɛjczjuj)
*** Sinological IPA : /weɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕy⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: wai$^3$ geoi$^6$
*** Yale: wai geuih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: wai$^3$ goey$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: wei$^3$ gêu$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /wɐi̯³³ kɵy̯²²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ùi-kū
*** Tâi-lô: uì-kū
*** Phofsit Daibuun: uie'ku
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ku⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ui²¹⁻⁵³ ku²²/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ùi-khū
*** Tâi-lô: uì-khū
*** Phofsit Daibuun: uie'qu
*** IPA (Taipei): /ui¹¹⁻⁵³ kʰu³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ui²¹⁻⁴¹ kʰu³³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ùiⁿ-kī
*** Tâi-lô: uìnn-kī
*** Phofsit Daibuun: vuie'ki
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /uĩ²¹⁻⁵³ ki²²/
* Middle Chinese: 'jw+jH gjuH
Rime :
| Character | 畏 | 懼 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 影 (34) | 群 (30) |
| Final (韻) | 微 (21) | 虞 (24) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 於胃切 | 其遇切 |
| Baxter | 'jw+jH | gjuH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʔʉi$^H$/ | /ɡɨo$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʔʷɨi$^H$/ | /ɡio$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʔiuəi$^H$/ | /ɡio$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʔuj$^H$/ | /guə̆$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ʔiuəi$^H$/ | /ɡio$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ĭwəi$^H$/ | /ɡĭu$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʔwe̯i$^H$/ | /gi̯u$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | wèi | jù |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | wai$^3$ | geoi$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ʔuj-s [ɡ]ʷ(r)a(k)-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*quls ɡʷas/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 畏 | 懼 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | wèi | jù |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ʔjwɨj$^H$ › | ‹ gju$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔuj-s/ | /*[ɡ]ʷ(r)a(k)-s/ |
| English | fear (v.); threaten | fear (v.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 畏 | 懼 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 12939 | 7151 |
| Phonetic component | 畏 | 瞿 |
| Rime group | 微 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 尉 | 懼 |
| Old Chinese | /*quls/ | /*ɡʷas/ |

### Verb

畏懼
* to be afraid; to fear; to dread
       Guójiā shàonián juéduì bùnéng wèijù shībài. [Pinyin]
       The nation's youth must not fear failure.

#### Synonyms

* 嚇 / 吓
* 害怕 (hàipà)
* 忌 (jì) (literary, or in compounds)
* 怕
* 怕懼 / 怕惧 (pàjù) (literary)
* 恐懼 / 恐惧 (kǒngjù)
* 懼怕 / 惧怕 (jùpà)
* 深怕 (shēnpà)
* 生怕 (shēngpà)
* 生畏 (shēngwèi) (literary)
* 畏怯 (wèiqiè)
* 驚 / 惊 (dialectal)
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 懼, 畏, 恐, 怯, 驚, 惶, 悚, 懾, 恇 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 害怕, 懼怕, 畏懼 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 害怕, 怕 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 害怕, 怕 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 害怕, 發毛 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 怕 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 怕, 害怕 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 害怕, 怕, 打怵 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 害怕, 怵 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 害怕, 怕 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 驚 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 害怕, 怕, 怯火 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 嫌怕, 打怵 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 害怕, 嚇 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 害怕, 怯, 怯乎, 怯豁 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 害怕 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 害怕, 怕, 虛火, 虛 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 嚇不過, 怕 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 害怕, 怕 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 害怕 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 怕 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 慌 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 嚇怕, 怕 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 害怕, 怕, 怕懼, 懼乎 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 怕 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 驚, 怕, 慌, 窒 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 驚, 怕, 慌 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 狂 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 驚 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 驚 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 慌 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 驚 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 好怕 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 驚, 窒 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 慌, 怕 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 慌 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 慌 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 慌 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 驚 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Huancheng) | 驚 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Nanlang) | 驚 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Xiaolan) | 慌 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Dongsheng, Xiaolan) | 慌 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Tanbei, Xiaolan) | 慌 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Henglan) | 慌 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Dongfeng) | 慌 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Nantou) | 慌 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Fusha) | 慌 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shalang) | 慌 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Gangkou) | 慌 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Huangpu) | 慌, 驚 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Sanjiao) | 狂, 驚 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Langwang, Minzhong) | 慌, 驚 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Minzhong) | 慌, 驚 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Guzhen) | 𢗉 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Banfu) | 慌, 驚 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Tanzhou) | 慌, 驚 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 驚 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 驚 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 驚 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 驚 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 驚 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 𢗉 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 𢗉 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 𢗉 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 慌 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 狂 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 驚 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan | 驚, 窒 |
| Cantonese | Yunfu | 怕, 驚 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 𢗉 |
| Cantonese | Xinyi | 狂 |
| Cantonese | Lianjiang | 驚 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 驚, 怕 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 驚, 怕 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 怕 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 怕 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 驚, 怕畏, 畏, 怕 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 狂 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 狂 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 好狂 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 驚 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 怕, 驚, 畏 |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 驚 |
| Hakka | Wengyuan | 驚 |
| Hakka | Liannan | 驚 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 狂 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 驚 |
| Hakka | Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) | 驚 |
| Hakka | Changting | 怕 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 怕 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Yanqian) | 怕 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 嚇 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 怕 |
| Hakka | Ningdu | 怕 |
| Hakka | Tonggu (Sandu) | 怕 |
| Hakka | Ganzhou (Panlong) | 怕 |
| Hakka | Dayu | 怕 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 驚 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 驚 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 驚 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 驚 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 驚 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 驚 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 狂, 驚 |
| Hakka | Mengshan (Xihe) | 怕 |
| Hakka | Luchuan | 狂 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Longchuan) | 狂 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 狂 |
| Hakka | Singkawang | 驚 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 怕, 嚇 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 害怕, 怕 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 著怕, 怕 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 驚, 怕, 怯, 畏 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou (Dikou) | 驚 |
| Northern Min | Songxi | 驚 |
| Northern Min | Zhenghe | 驚 |
| Northern Min | Zhenghe (Zhenqian) | 驚 |
| Northern Min | Jianyang | 驚 |
| Northern Min | Jianyang (Huangkeng) | 畏 |
| Northern Min | Wuyishan | 嚇 |
| Northern Min | Pucheng (Shibei) | 嚇 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 驚 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou (Changle) | 驚 |
| Eastern Min | Lianjiang | 驚 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 驚 |
| Eastern Min | Pingtan | 驚 |
| Eastern Min | Yongtai | 驚 |
| Eastern Min | Minqing | 驚 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 驚 |
| Eastern Min | Pingnan | 驚 |
| Eastern Min | Luoyuan | 驚 |
| Eastern Min | Fu'an | 驚 |
| Eastern Min | Ningde | 驚 |
| Eastern Min | Xiapu | 驚 |
| Eastern Min | Zherong | 驚 |
| Eastern Min | Shouning | 驚 |
| Eastern Min | Zhouning | 驚 |
| Eastern Min | Fuding | 驚 |
| Eastern Min | Singapore (Fuqing) | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 驚, 著驚, 驚惶, 懾, 懾屎, 會攝, 掣 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 驚, 著驚, 懾, 懾屎, 會攝, 掣 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Nan'an | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Shishi | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Hui'an | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Anxi | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Yongchun | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Dehua | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 驚, 著驚, 驚惶, 懾, 會攝, 掣 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou (Longhai) | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou (Changtai) | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Hua'an | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Nanjing | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Pinghe | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Zhangpu | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Yunxiao | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 驚惶 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Longyan | 嚇 |
| Southern Min | Zhangping | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Datian | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 驚, 畏 |
| Southern Min | Raoping | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 驚, 畏 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Qionghai | 驚 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 驚 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 驚 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 驚 |
| Central Min | Yong'an | 驚 |
| Central Min | Sanming (Sanyuan) | 驚 |
| Central Min | Sanming (Shaxian) | 驚 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 驚 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 狂, 怕 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 怕, 嚇 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 嚇 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 怕, 嚇 |
| Wu | Danyang | 怕 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 怕, 嚇, 慌, 怕慌, 發毛 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 怕, 嚇 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 怕, 嚇 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 光 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 怕, 畏怯 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 怕 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 怕 |

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 畏懼(いく) (iku)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 畏 | 懼 |
| い Grade: S | く Hyōgai |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) いく [íꜜkù] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ikɯ̟]

### Noun

畏(い)懼(く) • (iku)
* (literary) awe

### Verb

畏(い)懼(く)する • (iku suru) suru (stem 畏(い)懼(く)し (iku shi), past 畏(い)懼(く)した (iku shita))
* (literary) to fear; to be struck with awe

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 畏懼し | いくし | iku shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 畏懼し | いくし | iku shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 畏懼する | いくする | iku suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 畏懼する | いくする | iku suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 畏懼すれ | いくすれ | iku sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 畏懼せよ¹ 畏懼しろ² | いくせよ¹ いくしろ² | iku seyo¹ iku shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 畏懼される | いくされる | iku sareru |
| Causative | 畏懼させる 畏懼さす | いくさせる いくさす | iku saseru iku sasu |
| Potential | 畏懼できる | いくできる | iku dekiru |
| Volitional | 畏懼しよう | いくしよう | iku shiyō |
| Negative | 畏懼しない | いくしない | iku shinai |
| Negative continuative | 畏懼せず | いくせず | iku sezu |
| Formal | 畏懼します | いくします | iku shimasu |
| Perfective | 畏懼した | いくした | iku shita |
| Conjunctive | 畏懼して | いくして | iku shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 畏懼すれば | いくすれば | iku sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN