# 邑

| 邑 | U+9091, &#37009; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9091 |
| ← 邐 [U+9090] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 邒 → [U+9092] |
| ⾢ | U+2FA2, &#12194; KANGXI RADICAL CITY |
| ← ⾡ [U+2FA1] | Kangxi Radicals | ⾣ → [U+2FA3] |

## Translingual
### Alternative forms

* 阝 (when used as a right radical component)

### Han character

邑 (Kangxi radical 163, 邑+0, 7 strokes, cangjie input 口日山 (RAU) or 難口日山 (XRAU), four-corner 6071$_7$, composition ⿱口巴)
* Kangxi radical #163, ⾢.
* Shuowen Jiezi radical №229

#### Derived characters

* Appendix:Chinese radical/邑
* 俋, 唈, 㛕, 悒, 挹, 浥, 𨹝, 𫼷, 𤙝, 𦛞, 𥒵, 𦀕, 𧋾, 𨁲, 𨦺, 𩗥, 䭂, 𦤡, 䱒(𱇰), 𪁗, 𩫩, 𧠅
* 𢻌, 𮖄, 𠅔, 䓃, 𤕕, 𰻧, 䇼, 𠉲, 𪁨, 裛, 扈, 𤶛, 𪪘

### Further reading

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1267, character 42
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 39269
* Dae Jaweon: page 1767, character 1
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3753, character 1
* Unihan data for U+9091

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 邑 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 唈 | *qɯːb, *qrɯb |
| 浥 | *qrɯːb, *qab, *qrɯb |
| 裛 | *qrab, *qab, *qrɯb |
| 俋 | *r'ɯb |
| 挹 | *qɯb |
| 邑 | *qrɯb |
| 悒 | *qrɯb |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : 囗 (“enclosure; city wall”) + 卪 (“kneeling person”). The bottom part of the radical is unrelated to 巴 and the top component is most likely unrelated to the original version of 丁.

### Etymology

Possibly Sino-Tibetan. Schuessler (2007) proposes two possible etymologies:
* From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *Ɂip (“shelter”), whence also 葺 (OC *ʔsib, *sʰib, *zib, “thatch”). Said root is apparently allofamic with Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-y(i/u)p (“to sleep”), whence Burmese အိပ် (ip, “to sleep”) (STEDT).
* Related to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-jim ~ k-jum (“house”), whence Burmese အိမ် (im), Tibetan ཁྱིམ (khyim).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yì (yi$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄧˋ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jap$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): yip$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): yip
    (Hailu, HRS): rhib
    (Meixian, Guangdong): yib$^5$
* Northern Min (KCR): ĭ
* Eastern Min (BUC): ék
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ih$^6$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): ip
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ib$^4$ / ig$^4$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^7$iq
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): xi$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yì
*** Zhuyin: ㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yì
*** Wade–Giles: i$^4$
*** Yale: yì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yih
*** Palladius: и (i)
*** Sinological IPA : /i⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jap$^1$
*** Yale: yāp
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jap$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yeb$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɐp̚⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: yip$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /jip̚⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yip
*** Hakka Romanization System: ib$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yib$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /ip̚²/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yip
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)ib$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yib$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)ip̚²/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: rhib
*** Sinological IPA: /ʒip⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: yib$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /ip̚¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ĭ
*** Sinological IPA : /i²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ék
*** Sinological IPA : /ɛiʔ²⁴/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ih$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /iʔ¹/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ih$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /iʔ²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ip
*** Tâi-lô: ip
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ib
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ip̚³²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ip̚⁵/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ip̚³²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ip̚³²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ip̚³²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ib$^4$ / ig$^4$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ip / ik
*** Sinological IPA : /ip̚²/, /ik̚²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^7$iq
*** MiniDict: ih$^入$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^4$iq
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /iɪʔ⁵⁵/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: xi$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi²⁴/
* Middle Chinese: 'ip
Rime :
| Character | 邑 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 緝 (142) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 於汲切 |
| Baxter | 'ip |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʔˠiɪp̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʔᵚip̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʔiep̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʔjip̚/ |
| Li Rong | /ʔjəp̚/ |
| Wang Li | /ĭĕp̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʔi̯əp̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jap$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*q(r)[ə]p/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qrɯb/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 邑 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ʔip › |
| Old Chinese | /*q(r)[ə]p/ |
| English | city, town |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 邑 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 15021 |
| Phonetic component | 邑 |
| Rime group | 緝 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 邑 |
| Old Chinese | /*qrɯb/ |

### Definitions

邑
* state; country; nation
* capital; capital city
* city; town
* area; district
* Original form of 悒 (yì, “to worry; anxious”).

### Compounds

* 下邑
* 京邑 (jīngyì)
* 伊邑
* 伯邑考
* 四邑 (Sìyì)
* 城邑 (chéngyì)
* 大邑
* 大邑商 (Dàyìshāng)
* 天邑
* 家邑
* 巖邑 / 岩邑 (yányì)
* 左阜右邑
* 悁邑
* 新邑
* 於邑 / 于邑
* 湯沐邑 / 汤沐邑
* 皇邑
* 蒲邑三善
* 通都大邑
* 邑人 (yìrén)
* 邑侯
* 邑君
* 邑子
* 邑宰
* 邑庠
* 邑犬群吠
* 邑邑
* 邑里
* 郡邑
* 都邑 (dūyì)
* 鄹邑
* 采邑 (càiyì)
* 阿邑
* 雒邑 (Luòyì)
* 食邑 (shíyì)
* 馬邑 / 马邑 (Mǎyì)
* 鬱邑 / 郁邑

### References

* “邑”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* William Campbell (1913) A dictionary of the Amoy vernacular spoken throughout the prefectures of Chin-Chiu, Chiang-Chiu and Formosa (in Hokkien), 8th edition, Tainan: Taiwan Church Press, published 1961, →OCLC, page 267.
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “邑”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 282.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* capital; capital city
* a type of administrative division

#### Readings

* Go-on: おう (ō)
* Kan-on: おう (ō)、ゆう (yū)
* Kun: くに (kuni, 邑)、むら (mura, 邑)、うれえる (ureeru, 邑える)、さと (sato, 邑)
* Nanori: すみ (sumi)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 邑
* ゆう Jinmeiyō
* kan'on

#### Noun

邑(ゆう) • (yū)
* eup (an administrative division in Korea like a town)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 邑
* おおざと Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
大(おお) (ō-, “big”) + 里(さと) (sato, “village”)

#### Noun

邑(おおざと) • (ōzato)
* the "large village" radical, radical 163

## Korean
### Hanja

邑 (eumhun 고을 읍 (go'eul eup))
* (geography) hanja form of 읍 (“Town or eup, an administrative division larger and more populous than a "리" (village) but smaller and less populous than a "군" (county) or "시" (city)”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

邑: Hán Nôm readings: ấp, óp, ốp, phấp, ọp
* chữ Hán form of ấp (“hamlet”).