# 暴徒
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): bàotú
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄠˋ ㄊㄨˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): bou$^6$ tou$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): phau-thù
    (Hailu, HRS): pau$^ˇ$ tu
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): po̍k-tô͘ / pō-tô͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): bao$^6$ tu$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bàotú
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄠˋ ㄊㄨˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bàotú
*** Wade–Giles: pao$^4$-tʻu$^2$
*** Yale: bàu-tú
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bawtwu
*** Palladius: баоту (baotu)
*** Sinological IPA : /pɑʊ̯⁵¹ tʰu³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: bou$^6$ tou$^4$
*** Yale: bouh tòuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: bou$^6$ tou$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: bou$^6$ tou$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /pou̯²² tʰou̯²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: phau-thù
*** Hakka Romanization System: pau tu$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: pau$^4$ tu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /pʰau̯⁵⁵ tʰu¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: pau$^ˇ$ tu
*** Sinological IPA: /pʰau¹¹ tʰu⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: po̍k-tô͘
*** Tâi-lô: po̍k-tôo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pogdoo
*** IPA (Xiamen): /pɔk̚⁴⁻³² tɔ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /pɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ tɔ¹³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /pɔk̚²⁴⁻² tɔ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pō-tô͘
*** Tâi-lô: pō-tôo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: poixdoo
*** IPA (Xiamen): /po²²⁻²¹ tɔ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /po²²⁻²¹ tɔ¹³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: bao$^6$ tu$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: pău thû
*** Sinological IPA : /pau³⁵⁻¹¹ tʰu⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: bawH du
Rime :
| Character | 暴 | 徒 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 並 (3) | 定 (7) |
| Final (韻) | 豪 (89) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 薄報切 | 同都切 |
| Baxter | bawH | du |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /bɑu$^H$/ | /duo/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /bɑu$^H$/ | /duo/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /bɑu$^H$/ | /do/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /baw$^H$/ | /dɔ/ |
| Li Rong | /bɑu$^H$/ | /do/ |
| Wang Li | /bɑu$^H$/ | /du/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /bʱɑu$^H$/ | /dʱuo/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | bào | tú |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | bou$^6$ | tou$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[b]ˤawk-s [d]ˤa/
    (Zhengzhang): /*boːwɢs l'aː/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 暴 | 徒 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | bào | tú |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ baw$^H$ › | ‹ du › |
| Old Chinese | /*[b]ˁawk-s/ | /*[d]ˁa/ |
| English | violent | go on foot |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 暴 | 徒 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 330 | 12494 |
| Phonetic component | 暴 | 徒 |
| Rime group | 貌 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 暴 | 徒 |
| Old Chinese | /*boːwɢs/ | /*l'aː/ |

### Noun

暴徒
* (countable) thug; mob; rioter (Classifier: 名)
    黑衣暴徒 ― hēi yī bàotú ― black-clothed thugs (specifically in 2019 Hong Kong protests)
       mut$^6$ jau$^5$ bou$^6$ tou$^4$, zi$^2$ jau$^5$ bou$^6$ zing$^3$ [Jyutping]
       There are no rioters, only tyranny (slogan in 2019 Hong Kong protests)
    From: 1926 April 12, Lu Xun, 《記念劉和珍君》
    Dàn Duàn zhèngfǔ jiù yǒu lìng, shuō tāmen shì “bàotú”! Dàn jiēzhe jiù yǒu liúyán, shuō tāmen shì shòu rén lìyòng de. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Synonyms

* 兇徒／凶徒 (xiōngtú)
* 狂徒 (kuángtú) (literary)

#### Related terms

* 歹徒 (dǎitú)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 暴(ぼう)徒(と) (bōto)
* → Korean: 폭도(暴徒) (pokdo)
* → Vietnamese: bạo đồ (暴徒)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 暴 | 徒 |
| ぼう Grade: 5 | と Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ぼーと [bóꜜòtò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [bo̞ːto̞]

### Noun

暴(ぼう)徒(と) • (bōto)
* mob
    デモ隊(たい)が暴(ぼう)徒(と)化(か)した。
       Demotai ga bōtoka shita.
       The protesters became violent.

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 暴 | 徒 |

### Noun

暴徒 • (pokdo) (hangeul 폭도)
* hanja form of 폭도 (“mob, rioter”)