# mr
## Translingual
### Symbol

mr
* (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Marathi.

## English
### Pronunciation

* Audio (US):(file)

### Noun

mr (plural mr)
* Abbreviation of millirem.

### Anagrams

* rm., rm, RM, R&M

## Egyptian
### Pronunciation

* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /mɛr/
** Conventional anglicization: mer

### Etymology 1

Perhaps from Proto-Afroasiatic. Possible Berber cognates include the forms represented by Kabyle u-mr-an (“sorrows”), a-mur (“colic, stomachache”), and a-mrir (“embarrassment, great difficulty”). Possible Cushitic cognates include Oromo marar (“to be sick”), Baiso marni (“to be sad”), and Sidamo marar-s (“to be sick”). A proposed Omotic cognate is Yemsa mer-o (“illness”). Also compare the root Arabic م ر ض (m-r-ḍ, “related to ailment”).

#### Verb

2-lit.
* (intransitive, of people and body parts) to be(come) physically ill or in pain, to be(come) sick or diseased, to ail, to ache (+ m or m-dj: with (an ailment) or in (a body part)) [since the Pyramid Texts]
* (intransitive, of the heart/mind) to feel pity or compassion (+ n: for (someone), to hurt for, to be sorry for)
* (intransitive) to be(come) physically painful, to sting, to cause physical pain (+ n or r: to)
    ― ḫꜣt mrt ― a painful disease
* (intransitive, of events, words, emotions, etc.) to be(come) mentally painful, sad, distressing, unpleasant, to cause mental pain (+ r or m bꜣḥ or ḥr jb or ḥr jb n: to)
** c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) line 124: ršwj sḏd dpt.n.f zn ḫt mrHow joyful is he who recounts what he has experienced when a painful thing passes!
* (intransitive, of striking power, rage, etc.) to be(come) fierce, capable of inflicting pain
    ― mr nsrt ― having painful fire (literally, “painful of fire”)

##### Alternative forms

| mr | mr | mr | mr | mr | mr | mr | mr | mr |
| [Pyramid Texts] | [Old Kingdom] | [New Kingdom] | [New Kingdom] | [New Kingdom] | [New Kingdom] | [Greco-Roman Period] | [Greco-Roman Period] | [Greco-Roman Period] |
| | from the Qaw Bowl | | rare | in hieratic | in hieratic |

##### Derived terms

* mr-snm
* mrt
* nꜥr-mr

##### Descendants

* Demotic: mr
** >? Old Coptic: ⲙⲟⲩⲣ (mour), possibly, as proposed by Osing based on a reading in papyrus BM 10808. However, this occurrence of ⲙⲟⲩⲣ (mour) has alternatively been read as common Sahidic Coptic ⲙⲟⲩⲣ (mour, “to bind”).

#### Noun

m
* ailment, illness, disease [since the Medical papyri]
    ― jrj mr ― to treat an ailment
* physical pain
* mental distress, misery, sorrow
    ― n mr n ― out of distress over
    ― jrj mr ― to mourn (literally, “to do sorrow”)

##### Alternative forms

See under the verb above.

#### Noun

m
* (rare) sick man [Middle Kingdom literature]

##### Alternative forms

mr :

### Etymology 2

Possibly from a Proto-Afroasiatic *m-r (“river, channel”). Compare South Omotic *mir- (“river”), with reflexes including Aari mɨri (“river, stream”) and Dime mɪ́rɛ (“river”). A possible Semitic cognate is Sabaean 𐩣𐩧 (mr, “part of an irrigation system”). Possible Cushitic cognates include Borana Oromo mērī (“watering trough”), Tsamai mīre (“pond”), and possible Chadic cognates include Fali mirə̂ (“river”), Muskum mìrà (“oxbow lake, marigot”).

#### Noun

m
* canal, ditch, waterway [since the Pyramid Texts]
** c. 2353 BCE – 2323 BCE, Pyramid Texts of Unas — west wall of the corridor, line 10–20, spell 317.4–5: jj.n wnjs r mrw.f jm(j)w jdb ꜣgb(w) mḥt wrt r st ḥtpw wꜣḏt sḫwt jmt ꜣḫtUnas has come to his canals at the shore of the waters of the great flood, to the place of peace with green fields in the place where the sun rises.
* pond or pool, especially an artificial one [since the Pyramid Texts]
* (rare, by confusion with mw) water [New Kingdom]

##### Alternative forms

| mr | mr | mr | mr | mr | mr | mr | mr | mr |
| | | [Old Kingdom] | [Old Kingdom] | [New Kingdom] | [New Kingdom] | [New Kingdom] | [New Kingdom] | [21st Dynasty] |
| | | | | | in hieratic | in hieratic | in hieratic | in hieratic |

##### Derived terms

* mr-wr
* ḥr mr

##### Descendants

* Demotic: mꜣ, m
** ⇒? Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲙⲏⲓⲣⲓ (amēiri)
** ⇒? Sahidic Coptic: ⲉⲙⲏⲣⲉ (emēre)

#### Noun

m
* metal libation basin

##### Alternative forms

| mr | mr | mr |

##### Derived terms

* qrḥ-mr

### Etymology 3

Highly disputed etymology. Hypotheses include:
* From Proto-Afroasiatic, cognate with Arabic أَمَرَة (ʔamara, “heap of stones, mound, esp. as a way-marker”), Akkadian 𒀯 (amartu, “dividing wall”), 𒋞 (amaru, “pile of bricks”), Hebrew אָמִיר (ʾāmīr, “treetop, mountain summit”).
* Metathesized from earlier *rm, from Proto-Afroasiatic *rim- (“to be raised, high, long”), cognate with Proto-Semitic *rayam- (“to be high”); compare Arabic رَيْم (raym, “abundance, hill, tumulus, step”)
* From a possible Proto-Afroasiatic *m-r (“heap of stones”), cognate with Tashelhit i-miri (“heap of stones, wall of dry stone”), a-mra (“stone buttress of a terraced field”), Central Atlas Tamazight i-mr-an (“large half-buried stones that mark off property boundaries”), Mofu-Gudur mémeré (“low stone terrace wall”).
* Related to a Semitic root *m-w-r, as in Qatabanian 𐩣𐩥𐩧𐩩𐩬 (mwrtn, “tower”), Arabic مَارَ (māra, “to come to a high place or plateau”).

#### Noun

m
* pyramid (monumental building) [from the Pyramid Texts through the Saite Period]
** c. 1550 B.C.E., Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, problem 59:
    mr pr-m-ws n.f jmy m 12A pyramid, its height 12 [cubits]
* (rare) heap of corpses [20th Dynasty]
** c. 1180 B.C.E., Temple of Ramesses III at Medinet Habu, Inscription of the Year 5, lines 35-36:
    ptrj bjn jm.w r qꜣ n(j) pt nw tꜣy.w wmt ḥr st pꜣ smꜣ.w st jrw m mrw ḥr pꜣ.w zꜣtw m tꜣ pḥtj n(j) nswt qn m ḥꜥw.f nb wꜥ sḫmtj mjtj mnṯw nswt-bjtj wsr-mꜣꜥt-rꜥ-mr(y)-jmn zꜣ-rꜥ rꜥ-ms-s(w)-ḥqꜣ-jwnwBehold, they were in woe to the height of the sky, as their thick crowd was collected upon the place of their slaughter, and they were made into corpse-heaps on their soil by the might of the king, valiant in his limbs, the only lord, powerful like Montu, Dual King Usermaatre-Meryamun, Son of Ra Ramesses, Ruler of Heliopolis.

##### Alternative forms

| mr | mr | mr | mr | mr | mr | mr |
| [Old Kingdom] | [Old Kingdom] | [18th Dynasty] | [New Kingdom] | [New Kingdom] | [New Kingdom] |
| | | | | | | abbreviation |

##### Descendants

* Demotic: mr

### Etymology 4
#### Verb

2-lit.
* (transitive) to bind, to tie (+ m: to or with) [since the Medical papyri]
* (transitive) to tie together, to tie (pieces of wood, flax, etc.) up [since the Second Intermediate Period]
* (transitive) to fetter or bind (a captive or a captive’s limbs), to tie (a person) up [since the New Kingdom]
* (reflexive, with n) to join (someone), to attach oneself to (someone) [Pyramid Texts]
* (intransitive, of the mouth) to be suffering from an ailment of some kind such that the mouth is (figuratively) ‘bound’ [Medical papyri]

##### Alternative forms

| mr | mr | mr | mr | mr | mrw | mrw |
| [Pyramid Texts] | [Pyramid Texts] | [Pyramid Texts] | [Pyramid Texts] | [18th Dynasty] | [19th and 20th Dynasties] | [19th and 20th Dynasties] |
| | | | | in hieratic | in hieratic | in hieratic |

##### Derived terms

* mrw
* mrt jb.n

##### Descendants

* Demotic: mr, mre, mrwy, ml, mlꜣ
** Coptic: ⲙⲟⲩⲣ (mour)

### Etymology 5

Perhaps from Proto-Afroasiatic. Cognate with Proto-Semitic *mir(Vʔ)- (“bull”): compare Akkadian 𒈪𒅕𒋾 (mīrtu, “young cow”), 𒄞𒀖 (mīru, “young bull”), Hebrew מְרִיא (mərīʾ, “fatted steer”). Possible Cushitic cognates include Hadiyya mōr-â (“bull”), Mbugu ki-mole, ki-more (“ox, bull”), possible Omotic cognates include Wolaytta mārā (“young bull”), Yemsa omoru (“bull”), and possible Chadic cognates include Mafa maray (“sacrificial bull”), Mofu-Gudur maray (“fattened bull”), Mafa mari (“bull”).

#### Noun

m
* fighting bull [Middle Kingdom]

##### Alternative forms

| mry | mry | mr |

##### Derived terms

* mr-wr
* mrt

#### Proper noun

m
* (rare) Ellipsis of mr-wr (“Mnevis”). [Greco-Roman Period]

### References

* “mr (lemma ID 71790)”, “mr (lemma ID 71810)”, “mr (lemma ID 71800)”, “mr (lemma ID 71840)”, “mr (lemma ID 880166)”, “mr (lemma ID 71780)”, “mr (lemma ID 71880)”, “mr (lemma ID 71940)”, and “Mr (lemma ID 71930)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎, Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
* Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1928) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎, volume 2, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 94.14–95.15, 95.18, 96.1–96.5, 97.3–97.12, 105.1–105.8, 105.19, 106.7–106.8
* Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, pages 110–112
* Takács, Gábor (2007) Etymological Dictionary of Egyptian, volume 3, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 361–372, 392–395, →ISBN
* James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 213.
* Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 146
* Lee, Sunwoo (2022) Exploring Pain in Ancient Egypt (PhD thesis), Chicago: University of Chicago, pages 58–64
* ↑ Osing, Jürgen (1976) Die Nominalbildung des Ägyptischen, pages 310, 376, 855–856
* ↑ Hinckley Sederholm, Val (2006) Papyrus British Museum 10808 And Its Cultural And Religious Setting, pages 31-32, 113
* ↑ Allen, James (2013) A New Concordance of the Pyramid Texts, volume III, Providence: Brown University, PT 317.4–5 (Pyr. 508a–508b), W