# castigar
## Asturian
### Etymology

Probably borrowed from Latin castīgāre (“to chastise, reprimand”).

### Verb

castigar (first-person singular indicative present castigo, past participle castigáu)
* to punish, to castigate (to cause to suffer for crime or misconduct)

#### Related terms

* castigu
* castu

## Catalan
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin castīgāre (“to chastise, reprimand”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [kəs.tiˈɣa]
* IPA: (Valencia) [kas.tiˈɣaɾ]

### Verb

castigar (first-person singular present castigo, first-person singular preterite castiguí, past participle castigat)
* to punish, to castigate (to cause to suffer for crime or misconduct)
* (figurative) to punish, to work hard, to strain, to afflict
** 2013 September 11, Ernest Alós, “Competir en català”, in El Periódico de Catalunya‎:A l'hora de definir el sector del llibre en català hi ha un factor (a més del llibre infantil i juvenil, amb uns resultats superiors als de ficció i no-ficció per a adults, i el de text, castigat pel reciclatge de llibres) que solen oblidar-se i que ajuda a explicar per què els editors en llengua catalana pateixen mentre la quota de mercat creix.When it comes time to define the book sector in Catalan, there is one factor (aside from young adult and children's books, with superior results to those of adult fiction and non-fiction, and that of the text, strained by the reuse of books) which is usually forgotten and which helps to explain why Catalan-language publishers suffer while market share grows.
* to correct (text)

#### Synonyms

* (punish): punir

#### Derived terms

* càstig

#### Related terms

* cast

### Further reading

* “castigar” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “castigar” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

## Galician
### Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese castigar, from Latin castīgāre (“to chastise, reprimand”), possibly an early borrowing.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kastiˈɡaɾ/ [kɑs̺.t̪iˈɣ̞ɑɾ]
* IPA: (standard) /kastiˈɡaɾ/ [kɑs̺.t̪iˈɣ̞ɑɾ]
* IPA: (gheada) /kastiˈħaɾ/ [kɑs̺.t̪iˈħɑɾ]
* Rhymes: -aɾ
* Hyphenation: cas‧ti‧gar

### Verb

castigar (first-person singular present castigo, first-person singular preterite castiguei, past participle castigado)
* (transitive) to punish, to correct, to chastise, to castigate
    Antonym: premiar

#### Conjugation

$^1$Less recommended.

#### Derived terms

* castigo

### References

* Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “castigar”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “castigar”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: ILG
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “castigar”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* “castigar”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2025
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “castigar”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* “castigar” in Dicionário Estraviz de galego (2014).
* Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “castigar”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

## Occitan
### Etymology

From Old Occitan [Term?], from Latin castīgāre (“to chastise, reprimand”).

### Pronunciation

* Audio (Béarn):(file)

### Verb

castigar
* to punish, to castigate (to cause to suffer for crime or misconduct)
    Synonyms: chastiar, punir
* (figuratively) to afflict, to cripple
    Serà pas aisit de trobar a me faire embauchar, estant que lo caumatge castiga la vila. ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Related terms

* cast
* castic
* castigador

### Further reading

* Diccionari General de la Lenga Occitana, L’Academia occitana – Consistòri del Gai Saber, 2008-2024, page 155.

## Portuguese
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese castigar, from Latin castīgāre (“to chastise, to reprimand”), possibly an early borrowing.

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /kas.t͡ʃiˈɡa(ʁ)/ [kas.t͡ʃiˈɡa(h)]
* (Brazil) IPA: /kas.t͡ʃiˈɡa(ʁ)/ [kas.t͡ʃiˈɡa(h)]
** (São Paulo) IPA: /kas.t͡ʃiˈɡa(ɾ)/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /kaʃ.t͡ʃiˈɡa(ʁ)/ [kaʃ.t͡ʃiˈɡa(χ)]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /kas.t͡ʃiˈɡa(ɻ)/
* (Portugal) IPA: /kɐʃ.tiˈɡaɾ/ [kɐʃ.tiˈɣaɾ]
* (Portugal) IPA: /kɐʃ.tiˈɡaɾ/ [kɐʃ.tiˈɣaɾ]
** (Southern Portugal) IPA: /kɐʃ.tiˈɡa.ɾi/ [kɐʃ.tiˈɣa.ɾi]
* Hyphenation: cas‧ti‧gar

### Verb

castigar (first-person singular present castigo, first-person singular preterite castiguei, past participle castigado)
* to punish, to castigate (to cause to suffer for crime or misconduct)
    Synonym: punir

#### Conjugation

$^1$Brazilian Portuguese. $^2$European Portuguese.

#### Derived terms

* castigo

#### Related terms

* casto

## Spanish
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Spanish castigar, an early borrowing from Latin castīgāre (“to chastise, reprimand”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kastiˈɡaɾ/ [kas.t̪iˈɣ̞aɾ]
* Audio (Colombia):(file)
* Rhymes: -aɾ
* Syllabification: cas‧ti‧gar

### Verb

castigar (first-person singular present castigo, first-person singular preterite castigué, past participle castigado)
* to punish, to castigate (to cause to suffer for crime or misconduct)
    Synonym: punir
* to ground, gate (to punish, especially a child or teenager, by forcing them to stay at home and/or give up certain privileges)
    Antonym: descastigar

#### Conjugation

$^1$Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language. $^2$Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.
These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

#### Related terms

* castigo
* casto

### References

* ↑ Joan Coromines, José A[ntonio] Pascual (1983–1991) “castigar”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critic Castilian and Hispanic Etymological Dictionary] (in Spanish), Madrid: Gredos

### Further reading

* “castigar”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10