# castellum
## English
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin castellum. Doublet of cashel, castell, castle, and château.

### Noun

castellum (plural castella or castellums)
* (historical) A small Roman detached fort or fortlet used as a watch tower or signal station.

## Dutch
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin castellum. Doublet of kasteel, chateau, Kessel, Castilië, ketella, and telo.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Noun

castellum n (plural castella or castellums, diminutive castellumpje n)
* (historical) castellum

### Further reading

* castellum on the Dutch Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{nl}$

## Latin
### Etymology

From castrum (“fort”) +‎ -lum (diminutive suffix).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /kasˈtel.lum/, [käs̠ˈt̪ɛlːʲʊ̃ˑ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /kasˈtel.lum/, [käsˈt̪ɛlːum]

### Noun

castellum n (genitive castellī); second declension
* castle, fort, citadel, fortress, stronghold
* (figuratively) a shelter, stronghold, defence, refuge
* a structure in which the water of an aqueduct is collected, to be distributed by pipes or channels in different directions; a reservoir

#### Declension

Second-declension noun (neuter).

#### Derived terms

* Castellum Menapiōrum
* castilium

#### Descendants

* Dalmatian: castial
* Gallo-Romance:
** Franco-Provençal: châtél
** Old French: chastel, castel (northern), chatel (late)
*** Angevin: châtiau
*** Bourguignon: chaîteâ
*** Champenois: châté (Troyen), châtiau (Troyen), tâté (Rémois)
*** Franc-Comtois: tchaîtiâ
*** Lorrain: tchestia
*** Middle French: chasteau, chastel
**** French: château
***** → Danish: chateau
***** → English: château, chateau
***** → Russian: шато́ (šató)
***** → Turkish: şato
***** → Ukrainian: шато́ (šató)
*** Norman: châté, câté, câtel
*** Picard: câtieu, câtiau (Picardie, Nord-Pas-de-Calais)
*** Poitevin-Saintongeais: châtea
*** Walloon: tchestea
*** → Middle Dutch: casteel
**** Dutch: kasteel
***** Afrikaans: kasteel
***** Negerhollands: kastell
***** → Mahican: găstēnik
***** → Malay: kastil
****** Indonesian: kastel, kastil
***** → Papiamentu: kastel
***** → West Frisian: kastiel
**** Limburgish: kestieël
**** West Flemish: kastêel, kastjil
**** → Middle High German: kastēl
***** German: Kastell (partially)
*** → Middle English: castel, castelle, castle, chastel
**** English: castle
***** → Tongan: kāsolo
**** Scots: castle
**** → Scottish Gaelic: caisteal
*** → Middle Irish: caistél
**** Irish: caistéal
**** Manx: cashtal
**** Scottish Gaelic: caisteal
* Ibero-Romance:
** Aragonese: castiello
** Old Galician-Portuguese: castelo
*** Fala: castelu
*** Galician: castelo
*** Portuguese: castelo (see there for further descendants)
** Old Leonese: *castiellu
*** Asturian: castiellu
*** Extremaduran: castillu
*** Leonese: castiellu
*** Mirandese: castielho
** Old Spanish: castiello
*** Ladino: kastilyo
*** Spanish: castillo (see there for further descendants)
* Insular Romance:
** Sardinian: casteddu
* Italo-Romance:
** Corsican: castellu
** Italian: castello
*** → Albanian: kështjellë, këshqel
*** →? Maltese: kastell
*** → Ottoman Turkish: قسطل (kastel), كستل (kestel)
**** Turkish: kastel
*** → Interlingua: castello
** Neapolitan: castiello
** Sicilian: casteḍḍu
* North Italian:
** Friulian: cjiscjel, cjistiel, čhisčhel (alternative spelling)
** Piedmontese: castel
** Romagnol: castèl
** Romansch: chastè, casti (Sursilvan, Sutsilvan, Surmiran)
** Venetan: casteło, castel, casteo
** → Hungarian: kastély
*** → Romanian: coștei
* Occitano-Romance:
** Catalan: castell
*** → English: castell
*** → Spanish: castell
** Gascon: castèth
** Old Occitan: castel
*** Occitan:
    Auvergnat: chastèl
    Languedocien: castèl
    Provençal: castèu
    Vivaro-Alpine: chastèu
* Romanian: castel
* → Albanian: kështjel, këshqel
* → Aramaic: קַסְטֵל (qasṭēl)
** → Arabic: قَسْطَل (qasṭal)
* → Dutch: castellum (learned)
* → English: castellum (learned)
* → Old Irish: caisel
** Irish: caiseal
*** → English: cashel
** Scottish Gaelic: caiseal
* → Proto-Brythonic: *kastell (see there for further descendants)
* → Proto-West Germanic: *kastell (see there for further descendants)

### References

* “castellum”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “castellum”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* castellum in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* castellum in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* “castellum”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “castellum”, in William Smith, editor (1854, 1857), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, volume 1 & 2, London: Walton and Maberly