# colmo
## Galician
### Etymology 1

13th century. Probably from Latin culmus (“thatch”), although the open stressed vowel found in some regions and the derived term colmea (“beehive”) suggest the influence of a pre-Roman substrate of Iberia *kŏlmos; ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱolh₂mos. Cognate with Asturian cuelmu.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkɔlmo̝/, /ˈkolmo̝/

#### Noun

colmo m (plural colmos)
* thatch (usually the stalks of rye and wheat)
** 1408, José Luis Novo Cazón, editor, El priorato santiaguista de Vilar de Donas en la Edad Media (1194-1500), A Coruña: Fundación Barrié, page 318:que façades a dicta metade da dicta casa de pedra e de madeyra e de giestas e de colmoyou should build that half house with stone and wood and brooms and thatch
* a sheaf (of straw)
* a thatched roof

##### Derived terms

* colma
* colmar (“to thatch”)
* colmazo
* colmea (“beehive”)
* escolmar

#### Adjective

colmo (feminine colma, masculine plural colmos, feminine plural colmas)
* spiky (when referred to the hair)
    Synonyms: colmaceiro, colmeiro

#### References

* Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “colmo”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: ILG
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “colmo”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “colmo”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “colmo”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN
* ↑ Joan Coromines, José A[ntonio] Pascual (1983–1991) “cuelmo”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critic Castilian and Hispanic Etymological Dictionary] (in Spanish), Madrid: Gredos

### Etymology 2
#### Verb

colmo
* first-person singular present indicative of colmar

## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkol.mo/
* Rhymes: -olmo
* Hyphenation: cól‧mo

### Etymology 1

From the short past participle of colmare (“to fill”) in Tuscan; compare the Standard Italian participle colmato.

#### Adjective

colmo (feminine colma, masculine plural colmi, feminine plural colme) (di)
* full (of)

### Etymology 2

From Latin culmen, from Proto-Italic *kolamen, from Proto-Indo-European *kelH-. Possibly influenced by cumulus or culmus phonetically. Compare Spanish colmo. Doublet of the borrowed culmine.

#### Noun

colmo m (plural colmi)
* summit, top, acme
* height
* limit
* ridge

#### Verb

colmo
* first-person singular present indicative of colmare

##### Related terms

* colmare
* culminare

### References

* ↑ Ledgeway 2016: 221

### Further reading

* Ledgeway, Adam. 2016. Italian, Tuscan, and Corsican. In Ledgeway, Adam & Maiden, Martin (eds.), The Oxford guide to the Romance languages, 206–227. Oxford: OUP.

### Anagrams

* Moloc, moloc

## Portuguese
### Etymology 1

From Latin culmus, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱolh₂mos.

#### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈkow.mu/ [ˈkoʊ̯.mu]
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈkow.mu/ [ˈkoʊ̯.mu]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˈkow.mo/ [ˈkoʊ̯.mo]
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈkol.mu/ [ˈkoɫ.mu]
* Rhymes: (Portugal) -olmu, (Brazil) -owmu
* Hyphenation: col‧mo

#### Noun

colmo m (plural colmos)
* (uncountable) cane (slender flexible stem of plants such as bamboo)
* (countable, botany) reed (hollow stem)
    Synonym: cana
* thatch (straw for covering roofs or stacks)

##### Related terms

* colmeia

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈkɔw.mu/ [ˈkɔʊ̯.mu]
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈkɔw.mu/ [ˈkɔʊ̯.mu]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˈkɔw.mo/ [ˈkɔʊ̯.mo]
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈkɔl.mu/ [ˈkɔɫ.mu]
* Rhymes: (Portugal) -ɔlmu, (Brazil) -ɔwmu
* Hyphenation: col‧mo

#### Verb

colmo
* first-person singular present indicative of colmar

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkolmo/ [ˈkol.mo]
* Audio (Colombia):(file)
* Rhymes: -olmo
* Syllabification: col‧mo

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Spanish colmo, from Latin cumulus, following metathesis and syncopation, according to Ralph Penny and the Royal Spanish Academy, cf. tolmo from Latin tumulus. Doublet of cúmulo. The phonetically-similar Latin culmen survived as cumbre.

#### Noun

colmo m (plural colmos)
* summit, top
* height
* the extreme of a situation
    Esto es el colmo. ¡Me largo!This is too much. I'm gone!
    Ya has llegado al colmo con tu actitud.You've already crossed the line with your attitude.
    para colmo (de males) ― to cap/top it all
    Y para colmo de males, no nos han pagado en dos meses tampoco.And to make it worse, they haven't paid us for two months either.

##### Derived terms

* para colmo

##### Related terms

* colmar
* cúmulo

##### See also

* culminar
* culminación
* cumbre

#### Adjective

colmo (feminine colma, masculine plural colmos, feminine plural colmas)
* heaping, protruding at the top
    fanega colma ― protruding bushel

#### References

* ↑ Penny, Ralph (2002) chapter 2, in A History of the Spanish Language, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, 2.5.5, page 89
* ↑ “colmo”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Latin culmus.

#### Noun

colmo m (plural colmos)
* thatch
* thatched roof

### Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

colmo
* first-person singular present indicative of colmar

### Further reading

* “colmo”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10