# 謝罪
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xièzuì
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄝˋ ㄗㄨㄟˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ze$^6$ zeoi$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chhia-chhui
    (Hailu, HRS): cia$^˖$ cui$^˖$
* Eastern Min (BUC): siâ-cô̤i
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): siā-chǒe / siā-chōe
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xièzuì
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄝˋ ㄗㄨㄟˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sièzuèi
*** Wade–Giles: hsieh$^4$-tsui$^4$
*** Yale: syè-dzwèi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiehtzuey
*** Palladius: сецзуй (seczuj)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡su̯eɪ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ze$^6$ zeoi$^6$
*** Yale: jeh jeuih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dze$^6$ dzoey$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zé$^6$ zêu$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɛː²² t͡sɵy̯²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhia-chhui
*** Hakka Romanization System: qia cui
*** Hagfa Pinyim: qia$^4$ cui$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰi̯a⁵⁵ t͡sʰu̯i⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: cia$^˖$ cui$^˖$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰia³³ t͡sʰui³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: siâ-cô̤i
*** Sinological IPA : /sia²⁴²⁻⁵³ $^{(t͡s-)}$ʒɔy²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siā-chǒe
*** Tâi-lô: siā-tsuě
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /sia⁴¹⁻²² t͡sue²²/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siā-chōe
*** Tâi-lô: siā-tsuē
*** Phofsit Daibuun: siaxzoe
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /sia²²⁻²¹ t͡sue²²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /sia³³⁻²¹ t͡sue³³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /sia³³⁻¹¹ t͡sue³³/
* Middle Chinese: zjaeH dzwojX
Rime :
| Character | 謝 | 罪 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 邪 (17) | 從 (15) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (100) | 灰 (42) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 辝夜切 | 徂賄切 |
| Baxter | zjaeH | dzwojX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /zia$^H$/ | /d͡zuʌi$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /zia$^H$/ | /d͡zuoi$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /zia$^H$/ | /d͡zuɒi$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /zia$^H$/ | /d͡zwəj$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /zia$^H$/ | /d͡zuᴀi$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /zĭa$^H$/ | /d͡zuɒi$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /zi̯a$^H$/ | /d͡zʱuɑ̆i$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xiè | zuì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ze$^6$ | zeoi$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*sə-lAk-s [dz]ˤujʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ljaːɡs zuːlʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 謝 | 罪 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xiè | zuì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ zjae$^H$ › | ‹ dzwoj$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*sə-lAk-s/ | /*[dz]ˁujʔ/ |
| English | decline, renounce | crime, offense |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 謝 | 罪 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 11221 | 17981 |
| Phonetic component | 射 | 罪 |
| Rime group | 暮 | 微 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 謝 | 辠 |
| Old Chinese | /*ljaːɡs/ | /*zuːlʔ/ |
| Notes | | 同辠 |

### Verb

謝罪
* to acknowledge one's error and seek forgiveness

#### Synonyms

* 告罪 (gàozuì) (literary, polite)
* 回毋著 / 回毋着 (Quanzhou Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien, Taiwanese Hokkien)
* 坐不住 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 坐毋著 / 坐毋着 (Hokkien)
* 坐理 (Hokkien)
* 相坐 (Quanzhou Hokkien)
* 致歉 (zhìqiàn)
* 請罪 / 请罪 (qǐngzuì)
* 賠不是 / 赔不是 (péi bùshi)
* 賠情 / 赔情 (péiqíng) (dialectal)
* 賠禮 / 赔礼 (péilǐ)
* 賠罪 / 赔罪 (péizuì)
* 道歉 (dàoqiàn)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 謝罪(しゃざい) (shazai)
* → Korean: 사죄(謝罪) (sajoe)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 謝 | 罪 |
| しゃ Grade: 5 | ざい Grade: 5 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しゃざい [shàzáí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɕa̠za̠i]

### Noun

謝(しゃ)罪(ざい) • (shazai)
* apology

### Verb

謝(しゃ)罪(ざい)する • (shazai suru) transitive suru (stem 謝(しゃ)罪(ざい)し (shazai shi), past 謝(しゃ)罪(ざい)した (shazai shita))
* to apologize

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 謝罪し | しゃざいし | shazai shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 謝罪し | しゃざいし | shazai shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 謝罪する | しゃざいする | shazai suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 謝罪する | しゃざいする | shazai suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 謝罪すれ | しゃざいすれ | shazai sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 謝罪せよ¹ 謝罪しろ² | しゃざいせよ¹ しゃざいしろ² | shazai seyo¹ shazai shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 謝罪される | しゃざいされる | shazai sareru |
| Causative | 謝罪させる 謝罪さす | しゃざいさせる しゃざいさす | shazai saseru shazai sasu |
| Potential | 謝罪できる | しゃざいできる | shazai dekiru |
| Volitional | 謝罪しよう | しゃざいしよう | shazai shiyō |
| Negative | 謝罪しない | しゃざいしない | shazai shinai |
| Negative continuative | 謝罪せず | しゃざいせず | shazai sezu |
| Formal | 謝罪します | しゃざいします | shazai shimasu |
| Perfective | 謝罪した | しゃざいした | shazai shita |
| Conjunctive | 謝罪して | しゃざいして | shazai shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 謝罪すれば | しゃざいすれば | shazai sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 謝 | 罪 |

### Noun

謝罪 • (sajoe) (hangeul 사죄)
* hanja form of 사죄 (“apology”)