# endurecer
## Galician
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /enduɾeˈθeɾ/ [en̪.d̪u.ɾeˈθeɾ]
* IPA: (standard) /enduɾeˈθeɾ/ [en̪.d̪u.ɾeˈθeɾ]
* IPA: (seseo) /enduɾeˈseɾ/ [en̪.d̪u.ɾeˈseɾ]
* Rhymes: -eɾ
* Hyphenation: en‧du‧re‧cer

### Verb

endurecer (first-person singular present endurezo, first-person singular preterite endurecín, past participle endurecido) endurecer (first-person singular present endureço, first-person singular preterite endurecim or endureci, past participle endurecido, reintegrationist norm)
* to harden

#### Conjugation

$^1$Less recommended.

#### Derived terms

* endurecemento

### Further reading

* “endurecer”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2025
* “endurecer” in Dicionário Estraviz de galego (2014).

## Portuguese
### Etymology

From Latin indūrēscere, from indūrō. By surface analysis, en- +‎ duro (“hard”) +‎ -ecer. Compare Spanish endurecer.

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.du.ɾeˈse(ʁ)/ [ẽ.du.ɾeˈse(h)], (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.du.ɾeˈse(ʁ)/ [ĩ.du.ɾeˈse(h)]
* (Brazil) IPA: (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.du.ɾeˈse(ʁ)/ [ẽ.du.ɾeˈse(h)], (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.du.ɾeˈse(ʁ)/ [ĩ.du.ɾeˈse(h)]
** (São Paulo) IPA: (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.du.ɾeˈse(ɾ)/, (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.du.ɾeˈse(ɾ)/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.du.ɾeˈse(ʁ)/ [ẽ.du.ɾeˈse(χ)], (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.du.ɾeˈse(ʁ)/ [ĩ.du.ɾeˈse(χ)]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.du.ɾeˈse(ɻ)/, (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.du.ɾeˈse(ɻ)/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ẽ.du.ɾɨˈseɾ/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ẽ.du.ɾɨˈseɾ/
** (Southern Portugal) IPA: /ẽ.du.ɾɨˈse.ɾi/
* Hyphenation: en‧du‧re‧cer

### Verb

endurecer (first-person singular present endureço, first-person singular preterite endureci, past participle endurecido)
* to harden (become hard, make harder)
    Synonyms: enrijar, enrijecer
* to strengthen
    Synonym: fortalecer
* (figurative) to harden (become resistant or less sensitive)
    Synonyms: calejar, empedernir
* to harden (get an erection)
    Antonym: (slang) broxar

#### Derived terms

* endurecedor
* endurecimento

### Further reading

* “endurecer” in Dicionário Aberto based on Novo Diccionário da Língua Portuguesa de Cândido de Figueiredo, 1913

## Spanish
### Etymology

From Latin indūrēscere, from indūrō. By surface analysis, en- +‎ duro +‎ -ecer.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Spain) /enduɾeˈθeɾ/ [ẽn̪.d̪u.ɾeˈθeɾ]
* IPA: (Latin America, Philippines) /enduɾeˈseɾ/ [ẽn̪.d̪u.ɾeˈseɾ]
* Audio (Venezuela):(file)
* Rhymes: -eɾ
* Syllabification: en‧du‧re‧cer

### Verb

endurecer (first-person singular present endurezco, first-person singular preterite endurecí, past participle endurecido)
* (transitive, reflexive) to harden, to toughen, make hard

#### Conjugation

$^1$Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language. $^2$Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.
These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

#### Derived terms

* endurecedor
* endurecimiento

#### Related terms

* duro

### Further reading

* “endurecer”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10