# ـستان
## Northern Kurdish
### Suffix

ـستان (-istan or -stan) f
* Arabic spelling of -istan
* Arabic spelling of -stan

## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian ـستان (-istān). By surface analysis, suffix form of ستان (sitan, “place where something abounds”).

### Suffix

ـستان • (-istan)
* -stan

#### Descendants

* Turkish: -istan

### References

* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “ستان”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1039

## Persian
### Etymology

From Middle Persian -stʾn' (-estān), from Old Persian 𐎿𐎫𐎠𐎴 (s-t-a-n /⁠stāna⁠/), from Proto-Iranian *stā́nam (compare Avestan 𐬯𐬙𐬁𐬥𐬀 (stāna)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *stáHnam, from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand”). Cognate with Sanskrit स्थान (sthāna).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [‿is.ˈtɑːn], [s.ˈtɑːn], [.si.ˈtɑːn]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [‿ɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn], [s.t̪ʰɑ́ːn], [.sɪ.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [‿ɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn], [s.t̪ʰɑ́ːn], [.sɪ.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [‿ɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn], [st̪ʰɑ́ːn], [.sɪ.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [‿is.t̪ʰɔ́ːn], [st̪ʰɔ́ːn], [.si.t̪ʰɔ́ːn]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [‿es.t̪ʰɒ́ːn], [s.t̪ʰɒ́ːn], [.se.t̪ʰɒ́ːn]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [‿is.t̪ʰɔ́n], [s.t̪ʰɔ́n], [.si.t̪ʰɔ́n]

### Suffix

| Dari | سِتان، ـستَان، ـِستَان |
| Iranian Persian | سِتان، ـستَان، ـِستَان |
| Tajik | -истон, -стон, -ситон |
ـِستَان or ـستَان or سِتَان • (-estân or -stân or setân) (see Usage notes)
* -istan, -estan, -stan

#### Usage notes

When the base noun ends with a consonant, the form ـِستَان (-estân) is used:
    ‎گل (gol) + ‎ـِستَان → ‎گلستان (golestân)
    ‎افغان (afğân) + ‎ـِستَان → ‎افغانستان (afğânestân)
    ‎تاجیک (tâjik) + ‎ـِستَان → ‎تاجیکستان (tâjikestân)
When the base noun ends with a long vowel, the form ـستَان (-stân) is used:
    ‎هندو (hendu) + ‎ـستَان → ‎هندوستان (hendustân)
    ‎پری (pari) + ‎ـستَان → ‎پریستان (paristân)
    ‎سکا (sakâ) + ‎ـستَان → ‎سکاستان (sakâstân)
When the base noun ends with the short vowel ـه (-e) (from Classical Persian ـَه (-a)), either that vowel is rewritten as ـَ (a) and the form ـستَان (-stân) is used, or the base noun is kept unchanged and the non-joining form سِتان (setân) is used:
    ‎لاله (lâle) + ‎ـستَان → ‎لالستان (lâlastân)
    ‎لاله (lâle) + ‎سِتَان → ‎لاله‌ستان (lâle-setân)
    ‎بنفشه (banafše) + ‎سِتَان → ‎بنفشه‌ستان (banafše-setân)

#### Descendants

* Dari: ـستان (-istān), ـستان (-stān), ستان (sitān)
* Iranian Persian: ـستان (-estân), ـستان (-stân), ستان (setân)
* Tajik: -истон (-iston), -стон (-ston), -ситон (-siton)
* → Armenian: -ստան (-stan)
* → Assamese: -স্তান (-stan)
* → Azerbaijani: -istan
* → Bashkir: -стан (-stan)
* → Bengali: -স্তান (-stan)
* → Chagatai: ـستان
** Uyghur: ـىستان (-istan)
** Uzbek: -iston
* → Chinese: 斯坦 (sītǎn)
* → English: -istan, -stan
* → Georgian: -სტანი (-sṭani)
* → Gujarati: -ઇસ્તાન (-istān), -સ્તાન (-stān)
* → Hindustani:
** Hindi: -इस्तान (-istān), -स्तान (-stān)
** Urdu: ـِسْتان (-istān), ـسْتان (-stān)
* → Kazakh: -стан (-stan)
* → Kyrgyz: -стан (-stan)
* → Malayalam: -സ്ഥാന് (-sthānŭ)
* → Ottoman Turkish: ـستان (-istan)
** Turkish: -istan
* → Punjabi:
** Gurmukhi script: -ਇਸਤਾਨ (-istān), -ਸਤਾਨ (-stān)
** Shahmukhi script: ـِسْتان (-istān), ـسْتان (-stān)
* → Russian: -истан (-istan), -стан (-stan)
* → Sindhi: ـِسْتَانُ (-istānu), ـسْتانُ (-stānu)
* → Spanish: -istán
* → Tamil: -ஸ்தான் (-stāṉ)
* → Tatar: -стан (-stan)
* → Turkmen: -istan

### References

* 1 2 Steingass, Francis Joseph (1892) “ستان”, in A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary, London: Routledge & K. Paul

## Punjabi
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian ـِسْتَان (-istān), from Middle Persian -stʾn' (-estān), from Old Persian 𐎿𐎫𐎠𐎴 (s-t-a-n /⁠stāna⁠/), from Proto-Iranian *stā́nam, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *stʰáHnam, from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand”).

### Suffix

ـِسْتان or ـسْتان • (-istān or -stān) (Gurmukhi spelling -ਇਸਤਾਨ or -ਸਤਾਨ)
* -istan, -stan

#### Derived terms
## Urdu
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian ـِسْتَان (-istān), from Middle Persian -stʾn' (-estān), from Old Persian 𐎿𐎫𐎠𐎴 (s-t-a-n /⁠stāna⁠/), from Proto-Iranian *stā́nam, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *stʰáHnam, from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand”).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /ɪs.t̪ɑːn/, /st̪ɑːn/

### Suffix

ـِسْتان or ـسْتان • (-istān or -stān) (Hindi spelling -इस्तान or -स्तान)
* -istan, -stan