# 侈

| 侈 | U+4F88, &#20360; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4F88 |
| ← 侇 [U+4F87] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 侉 → [U+4F89] |

## Translingual
### Han character

侈 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+6, 8 strokes, cangjie input 人弓戈弓 (ONIN), four-corner 2722$_7$, composition ⿰亻多)

#### Derived characters

* 𫪥, 𫽎, 𣔢, 𪵌, 𧩀, 𧳤, 𪷔, 𫒬, 𩳲, 𠝓, 𪂄, 𦰿, 㢋, 𧚤

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 101, character 19
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 583
* Dae Jaweon: page 215, character 1
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 151, character 8
* Unihan data for U+4F88

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 侈
* Small seal scripts05845Transcribed ancient scriptsL13357L13358L13354L13355L13356
* References:
* Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:
* Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
* Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
* Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
* Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
| | Old Chinese |
| 多 | *ʔl'aːl |
| 哆 | *ʔl'aːlʔ, *ʔl'aːls, *ʔr'aːls, *hr'aːl, *l̥ʰjaːlʔ, *l̥ʰjalʔ, *l̥ʰjɯs |
| 跢 | *ʔl'aːls, *ʔl'aːds |
| 痑 | *ʔl'aːls, *l̥ʰaːl, *l̥ʰaːn |
| 爹 | *daːʔ, *tjaː |
| 陊 | *l'aːlʔ, *l'alʔ |
| 橠 | *naːlʔ |
| 袲 | *naːlʔ, *l̥ʰjalʔ, *lal |
| 奓 | *ʔr'aːl, *ʔr'aːls |
| 栘 | *ɦljeːl, *lal |
| 黟 | *ʔleːl, *ʔlil |
| 趍 | *sʰlo, *l'al |
| 誃 | *l'al, *l̥ʰjalʔ |
| 簃 | *l'al, *lal |
| 眵 | *ʔljjal, *l̥ʰjal |
| 恀 | *ʔljalʔ, *l̥ʰjalʔ, *ɦljalʔ |
| 侈 | *l̥ʰjalʔ |
| 姼 | *l̥ʰjalʔ, *ɦljal, *ɦljalʔ |
| 鉹 | *l̥ʰjalʔ, *lal |
| 垑 | *l̥ʰjalʔ |
| 袳 | *l̥ʰjalʔ |
| 卶 | *l̥ʰjals, *hljals |
| 宜 | *ŋral |
| 誼 | *ŋrals |
| 竩 | *ŋrals |
| 移 | *lal |
| 迻 | *lal |
| 扅 | *lal |
| 拸 | *lal, *lalʔ |
| 熪 | *lal |
| 謻 | *lal |
| 蛥 | *ɢljad |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *l̥ʰjalʔ) : semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 多 (OC *ʔl'aːl).

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g(r/l)aːj (“scatter, sow, dispersedly widely; wide; star”) (STEDT, Schuessler, 2007).
* Inside Sinitic, cognate with 哆 (OC *ʔl'aːlʔ), 移 (OC *lal), 離 (OC *reːls, *rel, *rels) (STEDT), as well as 㢋 (Hill (2019));
* Outside Sinitic, cognate with Burmese ကျယ် (kyai, “wide”), Mizo tai (“scatter, disperse”), Northern Qiang [script needed] (ʁdʐə, “star”) (Mawo), Southern Qiang [Term?] (χdʐe³³pe⁵⁵, “star”) (Taoping), etc. (ibid.).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chǐ (chi$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄔˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ci$^2$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chhír / chhí
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$tshy
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chǐ
*** Zhuyin: ㄔˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chǐh
*** Wade–Giles: chʻih$^3$
*** Yale: chř
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyy
*** Palladius: чи (či)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ci$^2$
*** Yale: chí
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsi$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: qi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰiː³⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhír
*** Tâi-lô: tshír
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰɯ⁵⁵⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhí
*** Tâi-lô: tshí
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chie
*** IPA (Taipei, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰi⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰi⁴¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$tshy
*** MiniDict: tshy$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$tshr
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡sʰz̩³⁴/
* Middle Chinese: tsyheX
Rime :
| Character | 侈 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 昌 (24) |
| Final (韻) | 支 (11) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 尺氏切 |
| Baxter | tsyheX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ɕʰiᴇ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡ɕʰiɛ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ɕʰjɛ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /cʰiə̆$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ɕʰie$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ɕʰǐe$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡ɕʰie̯$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | chǐ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ci$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*t-l̥ajʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*l̥ʰjalʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 侈 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | chǐ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsyhe$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*t-l̥ajʔ/ |
| English | extravagant |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 侈 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 2663 |
| Phonetic component | 多 |
| Rime group | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 侈 |
| Old Chinese | /*l̥ʰjalʔ/ |

### Definitions

侈
* extravagant; wasteful; excessive; luxurious
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE, translation from Zuozhuan: Commentary on the "Spring and Autumn Annals" (2017), by Stephen Durrant, Wai-yee Li and David Schaberg
    Èrshísì nián, chūn, kè qí jué, jiē fēilǐ yě. Yùsūn jiàn yuē: “Chén wén zhī: ‘Jiǎn, dé zhī gòng yě; chǐ, è zhī dà yě.’ Xiānjūn yǒu gòngdé, ér jūn nà zhū dà'è, wú nǎi bùkě hū?” [Pinyin]
    In the twenty-fourth year, in spring, the square pillars were carved: in both cases, this was not in accordance with ritual propriety. Yusun remonstrated: “I have heard: ‘Frugality is the most revered of virtues; profligacy is the greatest of evils.’ Our former ruler had revered virtue, but you led him into this greatest of evils. How on earth could this not be totally wrong?”
    From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
    Bùchǐ yú hòushì, bùmǐ yú wànwù, bùhuī yú shùdù, yǐ shéngmò zìjiǎo, ér bèi shì zhī jí, gǔ zhī dàoshù yǒu zài yúshì zhě. [Pinyin]
    To leave no example of extravagance to future generations; to show no wastefulness in the use of anything; to make no display in the degree of their (ceremonial) observances; to keep themselves (in their expenditure) under the restraint of strict and exact rule, so as to be prepared for occurring emergencies - such regulations formed part of the system of the Way in antiquity.
* exaggerated; overstated

#### Compounds

* 不侈
* 侈侈
* 侈口
* 侈弇
* 侈糜
* 侈言 (chǐyán)
* 侈談 / 侈谈 (chǐtán)
* 侈論 / 侈论
* 侈離 / 侈离
* 侈靡
* 奢侈 (shēchǐ)
* 奢侈品 (shēchǐpǐn)
* 汰侈
* 浮侈
* 窮奢極侈 / 穷奢极侈
* 豪侈
* 踰侈 / 逾侈
* 饒侈 / 饶侈

### Etymology 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 侈 – see 濟 (“(Min) many”). (This character is a variant form of 濟).

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: し (shi)
* Kan-on: し (shi)
* Kun: おごる (ogoru, 侈る)

## Korean
### Hanja

侈 (eum 치 (chi))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

侈: Hán Nôm readings: xỉ, ẩy, xảy, xí, đứa, xẩy, xi
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation