# 吟

| 吟 | U+541F, &#21535; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-541F |
| ← 吞 [U+541E] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 吠 → [U+5420] |

## Translingual
### Han character

吟 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 口人戈弓 (ROIN), four-corner 6802$_7$, composition ⿰口今)

#### Derived characters

* 荶, 𡷧, 𫕖, 𠤾, 𣵴, 𦛽, 𥆽, 𪑑, 𩒻

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 177, character 19
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3330
* Dae Jaweon: page 395, character 3
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 591, character 10
* Unihan data for U+541F

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 吟 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 貪 | *kʰl'uːm |
| 嗿 | *l̥ʰuːmʔ |
| 僋 | *l̥ʰuːms, *luːms |
| 酓 | *qʰɯːm, *qlamʔ, *qlɯːms |
| 馠 | *qʰɯːm |
| 谽 | *qʰɯːm |
| 唅 | *qʰɯːm, *ɡɯːms |
| 含 | *ɡɯːm |
| 肣 | *ɡɯːm, *ɡɯːmʔ |
| 頷 | *ɡɯːm, *ɡɯːmʔ |
| 筨 | *ɡɯːm |
| 梒 | *ɡɯːm |
| 鋡 | *ɡɯːm |
| 莟 | *ɡɯːmʔ, *ɡɯːms |
| 琀 | *ɡɯːms |
| 浛 | *ɡɯːms |
| 盦 | *qɯːm, *qaːb |
| 韽 | *qɯːm, *qrɯːms |
| 玪 | *krɯːm |
| 妗 | *qʰrɯːm, *kʰjam, *qʰlɯːm, *ɡrɯms |
| 欦 | *qʰrɯːmʔ, *qʰram, *kʰlam, *kʰlamʔ, *qʰlɯːm |
| 黔 | *ɡram, *ɡrɯm |
| 鈐 | *ɡram |
| 鳹 | *ɡram |
| 雂 | *ɡram, *ɡrɯm |
| 念 | *nɯːms |
| 梣 | *sɡɯm, *sɡrɯm |
| 枔 | *sɢrɯm |
| 岑 | *sɡrɯm |
| 笒 | *sɡrɯm, *ɡrɯms |
| 涔 | *sɡrɯm |
| 侺 | *ɡjɯms |
| 今 | *krɯm |
| 黅 | *krɯm |
| 衿 | *krɯm |
| 衾 | *kʰrɯm |
| 坅 | *kʰrɯmʔ |
| 搇 | *kʰrɯms |
| 琴 | *ɡrɯm |
| 禽 | *ɡrɯm |
| 芩 | *ɡrɯm |
| 庈 | *ɡrɯm |
| 耹 | *ɡrɯm |
| 靲 | *ɡrɯm |
| 擒 | *ɡrɯm |
| 檎 | *ɡrɯm |
| 紟 | *ɡrɯms |
| 吟 | *ŋɡrɯm, *ŋɡrɯms |
| 訡 | *ŋɡrɯm |
| 廞 | *qʰrɯm, *qʰrɯmʔ |
| 陰 | *qrɯm |
| 霠 |
| 飲 | *qrɯmʔ, *qrɯms |
| 蔭 | *qrɯms |
| 廕 | *qrɯms |
| 矜 | *ɡrɯn, *ɡɯn, *kɯŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ŋɡrɯm, *ŋɡrɯms) : semantic 口 + phonetic 今 (OC *krɯm).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yín (yin$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄣˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jam$^4$ / ngam$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ngìm
    (Hailu, HRS): ngim
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ngim$^2$
* Northern Min (KCR): ngěng
* Eastern Min (BUC): ngìng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): nging$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): gîm
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ngim$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$gnin
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yín
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yín
*** Wade–Giles: yin$^2$
*** Yale: yín
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yn
*** Palladius: инь (inʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /in³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jam$^4$ / ngam$^4$
*** Yale: yàhm / ngàhm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jam$^4$ / ngam$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yem$^4$ / ngem$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɐm²¹/, /ŋɐm²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngìm
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngim$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngim$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋim¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngim
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋim⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: ngim$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋim¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ngěng
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋeiŋ²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ngìng
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋiŋ⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: nging$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋiŋ¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gîm
*** Tâi-lô: gîm
*** Phofsit Daibuun: giim
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ɡim²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡim²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡim¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ɡim²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡim²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ngim$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngîm
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋim⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$gnin
*** MiniDict: nyin$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$nyin
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /n̠ʲin²³/
* Middle Chinese: ngim, ngimH
Rime :
| Character | 吟 | 吟 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 侵 (140) | 侵 (140) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 魚金切 | 宜禁切 |
| Baxter | ngim | ngimH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ŋˠiɪm/ | /ŋˠiɪm$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ŋᵚim/ | /ŋᵚim$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ŋiem/ | /ŋiem$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ŋjim/ | /ŋjim$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ŋjəm/ | /ŋjəm$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ŋĭĕm/ | /ŋĭĕm$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ŋi̯əm/ | /ŋi̯əm$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yín | yìn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ngam$^4$ | ngam$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*m-qʰ(r)[ə]m/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋɡrɯm/, /*ŋɡrɯms/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 吟 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yín |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ngim › |
| Old Chinese | /*m-qʰ(r)[ə]m/ |
| English | chant, intone |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 吟 | 吟 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 6618 | 6620 |
| Phonetic component | 今 | 今 |
| Rime group | 侵 | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 吟 | 吟 |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋɡrɯm/ | /*ŋɡrɯms/ |

### Definitions

吟
* to recite; to chant
* to groan
* (literature) a type of poetry
* (of animals) to cry; to call

### Compounds

* 低吟 (dīyín)
* 匣裡龍吟 / 匣里龙吟
* 叉手吟
* 吟吟沉沉
* 吟味 (yínwèi)
* 吟哦 (yín'é)
* 吟唱 (yínchàng)
* 吟嘯 / 吟啸
* 吟壇 / 吟坛
* 吟沉
* 吟猱
* 吟社
* 吟籟 / 吟籁
* 吟蛩
* 吟詠 / 吟咏 (yínyǒng)
* 吟詠性情 / 吟咏性情
* 吟詠情性 / 吟咏情性
* 吟詩 / 吟诗 (yínshī)
* 吟詩作對 / 吟诗作对 (yínshī zuò duì)
* 吟誦 / 吟诵 (yínsòng)
* 吟遊詩人 / 吟游诗人 (yínyóushīrén)
* 吟風弄月 / 吟风弄月
* 吟風詠月 / 吟风咏月
* 呻吟 (shēnyín)
* 哀吟
* 噤吟
* 擁鼻吟 / 拥鼻吟
* 梁父吟
* 歌吟
* 沉吟 (chényín)
* 沉吟章句
* 清吟小班
* 清謳微吟 / 清讴微吟
* 無病呻吟 / 无病呻吟 (wúbìngshēnyín)
* 狂吟老監 / 狂吟老监
* 獨吟 / 独吟
* 白頭吟 / 白头吟
* 笑吟吟 (xiàoyínyín)
* 莊舄越吟 / 庄舄越吟
* 虎嘯龍吟 / 虎啸龙吟
* 蛙鼓蟲吟 / 蛙鼓虫吟
* 行吟
* 行吟坐詠 / 行吟坐咏
* 謳吟 / 讴吟
* 返吟復吟 / 返吟复吟
* 遊子吟 / 游子吟
* 長吟 / 长吟
* 龍吟 / 龙吟
* 龍吟虎嘯 / 龙吟虎啸

### References

* “吟”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* to recite; to chant
* to moan

#### Readings

* Go-on: ごん (gon)
* Kan-on: ぎん (gin, Jōyō)
* On: きん (kin)、こん (kon)
* Kun: うたう (utau, 吟う)、なく (naku, 吟く)、ぎんじる (ginjiru, 吟じる)

## Korean
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ɯm]
* Phonetic hangul: [음]

### Hanja

Wikisource 吟 • (eum) (hangeul 음, revised eum, McCune–Reischauer ŭm)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Tày
### Han character

吟 (transliteration needed)
* Nôm form of gằm.

### References

* Lục Văn Pảo, Hoàng Tuấn Nam (2003) Hoàng Triều Ân, editor, Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày [A Dictionary of (chữ) Nôm Tày]‎ (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội

## Vietnamese
### Han character

吟: Hán Việt readings: ngâm (魚(ngư)音(âm)切(thiết))
吟: Nôm readings: ngẫm, ngậm, ngâm, cầm, ngắm, gầm, gặm, gẫm, ngăm, ngăn, câm, căm, cằm, ngầm, ngẩm, ngợm
* chữ Hán form of ngâm (“to recite; to read in a singing voice”).

### References

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Nguyễn (2014).
* 1 2 3 4 5 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Trần (2004).
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hồ (1976).