# 射干
## Chinese
### Etymology

* 射干
From Sanskrit सृगाल (sṛgāla, “jackal”); another variations include 野干 (OC *ɦljaʔ kaːn), 野犴 (OC *ɦljaʔ ŋaːn), 豻 (OC *ŋaːn) and 悉伽羅 (MC sit gja la).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yègān
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄝˋ ㄍㄢ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): je$^6$ gon$^1$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): siā-kan
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yègān
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄝˋ ㄍㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yègan
*** Wade–Giles: yeh$^4$-kan$^1$
*** Yale: yè-gān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yehgan
*** Palladius: егань (jeganʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /jɛ⁵¹ kän⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: je$^6$ gon$^1$
*** Yale: yeh gōn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: je$^6$ gon$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yé$^6$ gon$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɛː²² kɔːn⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siā-kan
*** Tâi-lô: siā-kan
*** Phofsit Daibuun: siaxkafn
*** IPA (Xiamen): /sia²²⁻²¹ kan⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /sia⁴¹⁻²² kan³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /sia²²⁻²¹ kan⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /sia³³⁻¹¹ kan⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /sia³³⁻²¹ kan⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: yaeH kan
Rime :
| Character | 射 | 干 |
| Reading # | 1/4 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 以 (36) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (100) | 寒 (61) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 羊謝切 | 古寒切 |
| Baxter | yaeH | kan |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /jia$^H$/ | /kɑn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /jia$^H$/ | /kɑn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ia$^H$/ | /kɑn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /jia$^H$/ | /kan/ |
| Li Rong | /ia$^H$/ | /kɑn/ |
| Wang Li | /jĭa$^H$/ | /kɑn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /i̯a$^H$/ | /kɑn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yè | gān |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | je$^6$ | gon$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*Cə.lAk-s [k]ˤar/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɢljaːɡ kaːn/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 射 | 干 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/4 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | shè | gān |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ zyæ$^H$ › | ‹ kan › |
| Old Chinese | /*Cə.lAk-s/ | /*[k]ˁar/ |
| English | shoot; archer | pole |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 射 | 干 |
| Reading # | 3/4 | 1/1 |
| No. | 11226 | 3570 |
| Phonetic component | 射 | 干 |
| Rime group | 鐸 | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 麝 | 干 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɢljaːɡ/ | /*kaːn/ |

### Noun

射干
* rhizome of the blackberry lily (Iris domestica), syn. Belamcanda chinensis, used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat cough, phlegm and sore throat)
* (archaic, historical, obsolete) an animal which resembles a fox and that can climb trees
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Qí shàng zé yǒu chìyuán qúróu, yuānchú kǒngluán, téngyuǎn yègān. [Pinyin]
    Above that, there are red apes, qurou [a kind of macaque], yuanchu [a kind of fenghuang], peacocks and luan [a kind of fenghuang], tengyuan [a kind of beast] and yegan [a fox-like animal].

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 射(や)干(かん) (yakan)

### References

* 小川尚義 (OGAWA Naoyoshi), editor (1931–1932), “射干”, in 臺日大辭典 [Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary]‎ (overall work in Hokkien and Japanese), Taihoku: Government-General of Taiwan, →OCLC
* “Entry #152661”, in 重編國語辭典修訂本 [Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary] (in Chinese), National Academy for Educational Research (Taiwan), 2021.

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 射 | 干 |
| しゃ Grade: 6 | かん > が Grade: 6 |
| kan'on | irregular |
* Alternative spellings
* 者我 著莪
Derived from a confusion with 射干 (yakan, “blackberry lily (Iris domestica”)) below. (Can this etymology be sourced?)

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しゃが [sháꜜgà] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɕa̠ɡa̠]

#### Noun

射(しゃ)干(が) or 射干(シャガ) • (shaga)
* the fringed iris, Iris japonica
    Synonym: 胡蝶花 (kochōka)
    Hypernym: 菖蒲 (ayame)

##### Usage notes

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as シャガ.

##### Derived terms

* 岩(イワ)射干(シャガ) (iwashaga)
* 姫(ヒメ)射干(シャガ) (hime-shaga)

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 射 | 干 |
| や Grade: 6 | かん Grade: 6 |
| on'yomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 野干
From Middle Chinese 射干 (MC yaeH kan), from Sanskrit सृगाल (sṛgāla, “jackal”).
Doublet of ジャッカル (jakkaru, “jackal”), via English jackal, Turkish çakal and Persian شغال (šağâl).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) やかん [yàkáń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ja̠kã̠ɴ]

#### Noun

射(や)干(かん) • (yakan)
* (Chinese mythology) a legendary evil beast similar to a fox
* (by extension) a fox
    Synonym: 狐 (kitsune)
* (theater) a Noh mask with the visage of the Chinese fox spirit
* Synonym of 檜扇 (hiōgi): blackberry lily (Iris domestica)

### Etymology 3

Kanji in this term :
| 射 | 干 |
| ひおうぎ ||
| Grade: 6 | Grade: 6 |
| jukujikun ||

#### Noun

* Alternative spelling of 檜扇 (hiōgi, “blackberry lily, Iris domestica”)

### Compounds

* 射干(ぬば)玉(たま) (nubatama), 射干(むば)玉(たま) (mubatama, “blackberry lily seed”)

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN