# 粕

| 粕 | U+7C95, &#31893; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7C95 |
| ← 粔 [U+7C94] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 粖 → [U+7C96] |

## Translingual
### Han character

粕 (Kangxi radical 119, 米+5, 11 strokes, cangjie input 火木竹日 (FDHA), four-corner 9690$_0$, composition ⿰米白)
* lees, dregs or sediments left after distilling liquor

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 907, character 30
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 26891
* Dae Jaweon: page 1333, character 14
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3145, character 7
* Unihan data for U+7C95

## Chinese

| | Old Chinese |
| 怕 | *pʰraːɡs, *pʰraːɡ |
| 帕 | *pʰraːɡs, *mbraːd |
| 粕 | *pʰaːɡ, *pʰraːɡ |
| 胉 | *pʰaːɡ |
| 泊 | *baːɡ |
| 箔 | *baːɡ |
| 魄 | *tʰaːɡ, *pʰraːɡ |
| 皕 | *prɯɡ |
| 伯 | *praːɡ |
| 百 | *praːɡ |
| 迫 | *praːɡ |
| 敀 | *praːɡ, *pʰraːɡ |
| 柏 | *praːɡ |
| 湐 | *praːɡ |
| 拍 | *pʰraːɡ |
| 珀 | *pʰraːɡ |
| 皛 | *pʰraːɡ, *ɡeːwʔ |
| 洦 | *mpʰraːɡ, *mbraːɡ |
| 白 | *braːɡ |
| 帛 | *braːɡ |
| 舶 | *braːɡ |
| 鮊 | *braːɡ |
| 陌 | *mbraːɡ |
| 帞 | *mbraːɡ |
| 袹 | *mbraːɡ |
| 蛨 | *mbraːɡ |
| 貊 | *mbraːɡ |
| 佰 | *mbraːɡ |
| 銆 | *mbraːɡ |
| 碧 | *praɡ, *preɡ |
| 咟 | *ɦmreːɡ |

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): pò (po$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄆㄛˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): pok$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): phok
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): po$^5$ / peh$^6$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): phoh / phok / phek
    (Teochew, Peng'im): poh$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: pò
*** Zhuyin: ㄆㄛˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: pò
*** Wade–Giles: pʻo$^4$
*** Yale: pwò
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: poh
*** Palladius: по (po)
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰu̯ɔ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: pok$^3$
*** Yale: pok
*** Cantonese Pinyin: pok$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: pog$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰɔːk̚³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: phok
*** Hakka Romanization System: pog$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: pog$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /pʰok̚²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: po$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰo²¹/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: po$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰɵ²¹/
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: peh$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰɛʔ¹/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: peh$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰɛʔ²/
* po5 - vernacular;
* peh6 - literary.
* Middle Chinese: phak
Rime :
| Character | 粕 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 滂 (2) |
| Final (韻) | 鐸 (104) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 匹各切 |
| Baxter | phak |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /pʰwɑk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /pʰʷɑk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /pʰuɑk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /pʰwak̚/ |
| Li Rong | /pʰuɑk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /pʰuɑk̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /pʰwɑk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | po |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | pok$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*pʰaːɡ/, /*pʰraːɡ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 粕 | 粕 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 187 | 205 |
| Phonetic component | 白 | 白 |
| Rime group | 鐸 | 鐸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 𩔈 | 拍 |
| Old Chinese | /*pʰaːɡ/ | /*pʰraːɡ/ |

### Definitions

粕
* Used in 糟粕 (zāopò).
* (Northern Min, Eastern Min, Southern Min) dregs; residue; dross
* (Mainland China Hokkien) tasteless as if one is chewing dregs (often reduplicated)

#### Synonyms

* (dregs): 渣滓 (zhāzǐ); (literary) 渣 (zhā)

#### Compounds

* 糟粕 (zāopò)
* 魚粕 / 鱼粕

### References

* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “粕”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 178.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: はく (haku)
* Kan-on: はく (haku)
* Kun: かす (kasu, 粕)

### Definitions

* Kanji in this term
* 粕
* かす Hyōgai
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 粕 – see the following entry. :
| 【かすカス】 | [noun] [from 934] 粕, 糟: in sake production, the dregs or lees left over after extracting the liquid from the fermented rice mash [noun] [from 1820] 粕, 糟: (figurative) a scolding, terrible criticism (only used in this sense in the set phrase 粕(かす)を食(く)う, 糟(かす)を食(く)う (kasu o kuu, literally “to eat the dregs”)) Alternative spelling 糟 |
(This term, 粕, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

## Korean
### Hanja

粕 • (bak) (hangeul 박, revised bak, McCune–Reischauer pak, Yale pak)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.