# 忱

| 忱 | U+5FF1, &#24561; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5FF1 |
| ← 忰 [U+5FF0] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 忲 → [U+5FF2] |

## Translingual
### Han character

忱 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 心中月山 (PLBU), four-corner 9401$_2$, composition ⿰忄冘)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 378, character 13
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10382
* Dae Jaweon: page 706, character 13
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2278, character 8
* Unihan data for U+5FF1

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 忱
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 冘 | *lu, *lum |
| 抌 | *lu, *ʔl'uːmʔ, *loʔ |
| 狖 | *lus |
| 貁 | *lus |
| 耽 | *ʔl'uːm |
| 眈 | *ʔl'uːm, *ʔl'uːmʔ, *l'uːm |
| 酖 | *ʔl'uːm |
| 妉 | *ʔl'uːm |
| 黕 | *ʔl'uːmʔ |
| 衴 | *ʔl'uːmʔ |
| 瓭 | *ʔl'uːmʔ |
| 馾 | *ʔl'uːms |
| 髧 | *l'uːmʔ |
| 紞 | *ʔl'oːmʔ |
| 鈂 | *zlum, *l'um |
| 沈 | *l'um, *l'ums, *hljumʔ |
| 沉 | *l'um |
| 枕 | *l'um, *ʔljumʔ, *ʔljums |
| 莐 | *l'um |
| 霃 | *l'um |
| 鴆 | *l'ums |
| 訦 | *ɦljum, *ɦljumʔ |
| 忱 | *ɦljum |
| 邥 | *hljumʔ |
| 魫 | *hljumʔ |

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chén (chen$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄣˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): sam$^4$
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): sing$^2$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): sîm
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chén
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chén
*** Wade–Giles: chʻên$^2$
*** Yale: chén
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chern
*** Palladius: чэнь (čɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰən³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: sam$^4$
*** Yale: sàhm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sam$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sem$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɐm²¹/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: sing$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬiŋ¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sîm
*** Tâi-lô: sîm
*** Phofsit Daibuun: siim
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen): /sim²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /sim²³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /sim¹³/
* Middle Chinese: dzyim
Rime :
| Character | 忱 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 常 (25) |
| Final (韻) | 侵 (139) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 氏任切 |
| Baxter | dzyim |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡ʑiɪm/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡ʑim/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡ʑjem/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡ʑim/ |
| Li Rong | /ʑiəm/ |
| Wang Li | /ʑĭĕm/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʑi̯əm/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | chén |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | sam$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[t.ɢ][u]m/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɦljum/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 忱 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | chén |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dzyim › |
| Old Chinese | /*[t.ɢ][u]m/ |
| English | sincere |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 忱 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 15265 |
| Phonetic component | 冘 |
| Rime group | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 諶 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɦljum/ |
| Notes | 同訦 |

### Definitions

忱
* sincerity; honesty; sincere feeling
* a surname

### Compounds

* 丹忱 (dānchén)
* 微忱
* 忠忱 (zhōngchén)
* 忱悃
* 忱辭 / 忱辞
* 歸忱 / 归忱
* 滿腔熱忱 / 满腔热忱 (mǎnqiāngrèchén)
* 熱忱 / 热忱 (rèchén)
* 血忱
* 謝忱 / 谢忱 (xièchén)
* 賀忱 / 贺忱
* 赤忱 (chìchén)

### References

* “忱”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “忱”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 29.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: じん (jin)
* Kan-on: しん (shin)
* Kun: まこと (makoto, 忱)

## Korean
### Hanja

忱 (eum 침 (chim))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

忱: Hán Nôm readings: thầm
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.