# 凸

| 凸 | U+51F8, &#20984; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51F8 |
| ← 凷 [U+51F7] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 凹 → [U+51F9] |

## Translingual
### Han character

凸 (Kangxi radical 17, 凵+3, 5 strokes, cangjie input 月尸尸 (BSS), four-corner 7777$_7$, composition ⿵⿰⿳丨一丨㇎一)

#### Derived characters

* 𠱂, 𱖖, 𢫋, 𫥷, 𰄓, 𰄗, 𰄖

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 135, character 9
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1809
* Dae Jaweon: page 301, character 5
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 307, character 6
* Unihan data for U+51F8

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Pictogram (象形) .

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Related to 突?”)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tū, tú, dié, gǔ (tu$^1$, tu$^2$, die$^2$, gu$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨ, ㄊㄨˊ, ㄉㄧㄝˊ, ㄍㄨˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): dat$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thu̍t
* Eastern Min (BUC): tū / dŏk
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tu̍t / thu̍t
    (Teochew, Peng'im): dug$^8$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland; variant in Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tū
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄨ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tu
*** Wade–Giles: tʻu$^1$
*** Yale: tū
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tu
*** Palladius: ту (tu)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰu⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tú
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄨˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tú
*** Wade–Giles: tʻu$^2$
*** Yale: tú
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: twu
*** Palladius: ту (tu)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰu³⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, variant)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dié
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄧㄝˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: dié
*** Wade–Giles: tieh$^2$
*** Yale: dyé
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: dye
*** Palladius: де (de)
*** Sinological IPA : /ti̯ɛ³⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, historical variant)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gǔ
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gǔ
*** Wade–Giles: ku$^3$
*** Yale: gǔ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guu
*** Palladius: гу (gu)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: dat$^6$
*** Yale: daht
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dat$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ded$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /tɐt̚²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thu̍t
*** Hakka Romanization System: tud
*** Hagfa Pinyim: tud$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰut̚⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: tū / dŏk
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰu³³/, /touʔ⁵/
* tū - colloquial;
* dŏk - literary.
* Middle Chinese: dwot, det
Rime :
| Character | 凸 | 凸 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 定 (7) | 定 (7) |
| Final (韻) | 沒 (56) | 屑 (87) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | I | IV |
| Fanqie | 陀骨切 | 徒結切 |
| Baxter | dwot | det |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /duət̚/ | /det̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /duot̚/ | /det̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /duət̚/ | /dɛt̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /dwət̚/ | /dɛt̚/ |
| Li Rong | /duət̚/ | /det̚/ |
| Wang Li | /duət̚/ | /diet̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /dʱuət̚/ | /dʱiet̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | dú | dié |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | deot$^6$ | dit$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*dɯːd/, /*duːd/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 凸 | 凸 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 12482 | 12483 |
| Phonetic component | 凸 | 凸 |
| Rime group | 物 | 物 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 姪 | 突 |
| Old Chinese | /*dɯːd/ | /*duːd/ |
| Notes | | 突晚起分化字 |

### Definitions

凸
* protruding; sticking out
    凸現／凸现 ― tūxiàn ― to appear distinctly
* convex
    凸鏡／凸镜 ― tūjìng ― convex mirror

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “convex”): 凹 (āo, “concave”)

### Compounds

* 凸出 (tūchū)
* 凹凸 (āotū)
* 凹凸不平 (āotūbùpíng)
* 凹凸有致 (āotūyǒuzhì)
* 凸岸
* 凸版 (tūbǎn)
* 凸版印刷
* 凸狀 / 凸状
* 凸起 (tūqǐ)
* 凸輪 / 凸轮 (tūlún)
* 凸透鏡 / 凸透镜 (tūtòujìng)
* 凸面鏡 / 凸面镜 (tūmiànjìng)
* 凸額 / 凸额 (tū'é)
* 凸顯 / 凸显 (tūxiǎn)
* 挺胸凸肚
* 海凸
* 照相凸版

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: とち (tochi)
* Kan-on: とつ (totsu, Jōyō)
* Kun: でこ (deko, 凸)、つばくむ (tsubakumu, 凸む)

#### Compounds

* 凹(おう)凸(とつ) (ōtotsu): bumpy, uneven
* 凸(でこ)凹(ぼこ) (dekoboko): bumpy, uneven
* 凸(とっ)版(ぱん) (toppan): letterpress, relief printing

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) とつ [tóꜜtsù] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [to̞t͡sɨ]

#### Adjective

凸(とつ) • (totsu) -na (adnominal 凸(とつ)な (totsu na), adverbial 凸(とつ)に (totsu ni))
* convex

##### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Imperfective (未然形) | 凸だろ | とつだろ | totsu daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 凸で | とつで | totsu de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 凸だ | とつだ | totsu da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 凸な | とつな | totsu na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 凸なら | とつなら | totsu nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 凸であれ | とつであれ | totsu de are |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 凸ではない 凸じゃない | とつではない とつじゃない | totsu de wa nai totsu ja nai |
| Informal past | 凸だった | とつだった | totsu datta |
| Informal negative past | 凸ではなかった 凸じゃなかった | とつではなかった とつじゃなかった | totsu de wa nakatta totsu ja nakatta |
| Formal | 凸です | とつです | totsu desu |
| Formal negative | 凸ではありません 凸じゃありません | とつではありません とつじゃありません | totsu de wa arimasen totsu ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 凸でした | とつでした | totsu deshita |
| Formal negative past | 凸ではありませんでした 凸じゃありませんでした | とつではありませんでした とつじゃありませんでした | totsu de wa arimasen deshita totsu ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 凸で | とつで | totsu de |
| Conditional | 凸なら（ば） | とつなら（ば） | totsu nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 凸だったら | とつだったら | totsu dattara |
| Volitional | 凸だろう | とつだろう | totsu darō |
| Adverbial | 凸に | とつに | totsu ni |
| Degree | 凸さ | とつさ | totsusa |

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 凸
* でこ Grade: S
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 凸 – see the following entry. :
| 【でこ】 | [noun] 凸: forehead |
(This term, 凸, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

凸 (eumhun 볼록하다 철 (bollokhada cheol))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

凸: Hán Nôm readings: đột
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.