# 臤

| 臤 | U+81E4, &#33252; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-81E4 |
| ← 臣 [U+81E3] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 臥 → [U+81E5] |

## Translingual
### Han character

臤 (Kangxi radical 131, 臣+2, 8 strokes, cangjie input 尸中水 (SLE), composition ⿰臣又)

#### Derived characters

* 堅(坚) 婜(𫰐) 孯 掔 㷂 䁂 硻 竪(竖) 緊(紧) 腎(肾) 菣(𬜤) 蜸(𰲮) 豎 賢(贤) 㹂(𬌛) 鋻 䵖(𬹔)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 999, character 16
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30070
* Dae Jaweon: page 1450, character 6
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2802, character 1
* Unihan data for U+81E4

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 臤 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script |
| | Old Chinese |
| 臤 | *kʰaːn, *kʰriːn, *ɡiːn, *kʰins |
| 掔 | *kʰriːn, *kʰiːn |
| 慳 | *kʰriːn |
| 藖 | *ɡriːn, *ɡriːns |
| 堅 | *kiːn |
| 鋻 | *kiːn, *kiːns |
| 鰹 | *kiːn |
| 蜸 | *kʰiːnʔ |
| 菣 | *kʰiːns, *kʰins |
| 賢 | *ɡiːn |
| 礥 | *ɡiːn, *ɢrin |
| 臔 | *ɡiːnʔ |
| 挋 | *kiŋs |
| 臣 | *ɡiŋ |
| 茞 | *ɡiŋ |
| 腎 | *ɡjinʔ |
| 頣 | *hŋiŋʔ |
| 緊 | *kinʔ |
| 嚚 | *ŋɡriŋ |
| 鏗 | *kʰreːŋ |
| 摼 | *kʰreːŋ |
| 硻 | *kʰreːŋ |

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qiān (qian$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄢ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): haan$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qiān
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cian
*** Wade–Giles: chʻien$^1$
*** Yale: chyān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chian
*** Palladius: цянь (cjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: haan$^1$
*** Yale: hāan
*** Cantonese Pinyin: haan$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: han$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /haːn⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: khan, khean, khinH
Rime :
| Character | 臤 | 臤 | 臤 |
| Reading # | 1/4 | 2/4 | 4/4 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) | 溪 (29) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 寒 (61) | 山 (73) | 眞 (44) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | II | III |
| Fanqie | 苦寒切 | 苦閑切 | 去刃切 |
| Baxter | khan | khean | khinH |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰɑn/ | /kʰˠɛn/ | /kʰˠiɪn$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰɑn/ | /kʰᵚæn/ | /kʰᵚin$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰɑn/ | /kʰæn/ | /kʰien$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰan/ | /kʰəɨn/ | /kʰjin$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰɑn/ | /kʰɛn/ | /kʰjĕn$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰɑn/ | /kʰæn/ | /kʰǐĕn$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kʰɑn/ | /kʰăn/ | /kʰi̯ĕn$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | kān | qiān | qìn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hon$^1$ | haan$^1$ | han$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰaːn/, /*kʰriːn/, /*kʰins/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 臤 | 臤 | 臤 |
| Reading # | 1/4 | 2/4 | 4/4 |
| No. | 1324 | 1326 | 1348 |
| Phonetic component | 臣 | 臣 | 臣 |
| Rime group | 元 | 眞 | 眞 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 看 | 慳 | 菣 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰaːn/ | /*kʰriːn/ | /*kʰins/ |

#### Definitions

臤
* (obsolete) firm and solid; rigid; stable

#### References

* (Cantonese) Jyutping Database (iso10646hk.net) - Cantonese Pronunciation List (Part 3), p. 186

### Pronunciation 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 臤 – see 賢 (“virtuous; good; clever; wise; worthy; able; capable; etc.”). (This character is an ancient form of 賢).

### See also

* 𰀡 (used only as a component for derived characters in simplified Chinese)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* hard
* wise

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): かん (kan)、けん (ken)、こう (kō)、きょう (kyō)、げん (gen)
* Kun: かたい (katai)

## Korean
### Hanja

臤 • (gan) (hangeul 간, revised gan, McCune–Reischauer kan, Yale kan)
* wise
* hard