# 憐

| 憐 | U+6190, &#24976; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6190 |
| ← 憏 [U+618F] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 憑 → [U+6191] |
| 憐 | U+F98F, &#63887; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F98F |
| ← 年 [U+F98E] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 戀 → [U+F990] |

## Translingual
### Han character

憐 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+12, 16 strokes, cangjie input 心火木手 (PFDQ), four-corner 9905$_9$, composition ⿰忄粦)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 402, character 12
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11206
* Dae Jaweon: page 742, character 14
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2356, character 7
* Unihan data for U+6190
* Unihan data for U+F98F

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 潾 | *rriːn, *rin |
| 膦 | *renʔ |
| 憐 | *riːn |
| 燐 | *rin, *rins |
| 鄰 | *rin |
| 轔 | *rin, *rins |
| 嶙 | *rin, *rinʔ |
| 粼 | *rin, *rins |
| 磷 | *rin, *rins |
| 疄 | *rin, *rins |
| 麟 | *rin |
| 鱗 | *rin |
| 璘 | *rin |
| 翷 | *rin |
| 瞵 | *rin, *rins |
| 獜 | *rin, *reːŋ |
| 驎 | *rin |
| 鏻 | *rin, *rins, *reːŋ |
| 繗 | *rin |
| 僯 | *rinʔ |
| 橉 | *rinʔ, *rins |
| 撛 | *rinʔ, *rins |
| 遴 | *rins |
| 粦 | *rins |
| 甐 | *rins |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *riːn) : semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 粦 (OC *rins).

### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-rin (“compassion; love”). Cognate with Tibetan དྲིན (drin, “kindness; favour; grace”) and Burmese ရည်ငံ (ranyngam, “to fall in love”) and Burmese ရည်းစား (rany:ca:, “lover”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): lián (lian$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄢˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): nian$^2$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): lin$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): len$^3$
* Gan (Wiktionary): lien$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): lièn
    (Hailu, HRS): lien
    (Meixian, Guangdong): lin$^2$
* Jin (Wiktionary): lie$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): lǐng
* Eastern Min (BUC): lèng / lìng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): lîn / liân
    (Teochew, Peng'im): liang$^5$ / liêng$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$li
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): lienn$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lián
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lián
*** Wade–Giles: lien$^2$
*** Yale: lyán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lian
*** Palladius: лянь (ljanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /li̯ɛn³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: nian$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: lian
*** Sinological IPA : /niɛn²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lin$^4$
*** Yale: lìhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lin$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lin$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /liːn²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: len$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /len²²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: lien$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /liɛn³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lièn
*** Hakka Romanization System: lien$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: lian$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /li̯en¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: lin$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /lin¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: lien
*** Sinological IPA: /lien⁵⁵/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: lie$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /lie¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lǐng
*** Sinological IPA : /liŋ²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: lèng / lìng
*** Sinological IPA : /l̃ɛiŋ⁵³/, /l̃iŋ⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lîn / liân
*** Tâi-lô: lîn / liân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: liin, lieen
*** IPA (Xiamen): /lin²⁴/, /liɛn²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /lin²⁴/, /liɛn²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /lin¹³/, /liɛn¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /lin²⁴/, /liɛn²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /lin²³/, /liɛn²³/
* lîn - vernacular;
* liân - literary.
* Middle Chinese: len
Rime :
| Character | 憐 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 先 (85) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | IV |
| Fanqie | 落賢切 |
| Baxter | len |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /len/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /len/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /lɛn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /lɛn/ |
| Li Rong | /len/ |
| Wang Li | /lien/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /lien/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | lián |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | lin$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*rˤiŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*riːn/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 憐 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | lián |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ len › |
| Old Chinese | /*rˁiŋ/ |
| English | love; pity |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 憐 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 8193 |
| Phonetic component | 粦 |
| Rime group | 眞 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 蓮 |
| Old Chinese | /*riːn/ |

### Definitions

憐
* to pity; to sympathize
    Synonym: 憐憫／怜悯 (liánmǐn)
* to love tenderly

### Compounds

* 乞哀告憐／乞哀告怜 (qǐ'āigàolián)
* 乞憐／乞怜 (qǐlián)
* 乞憐搖尾／乞怜摇尾
* 可人憐／可人怜
* 可憐／可怜 (kělián)
* 可憐代／可怜代
* 可憐生／可怜生
* 可憐蟲／可怜虫 (kěliánchóng)
* 可憐見／可怜见 (kěliánjiàn)
* 吐憐涎／吐怜涎
* 同病相憐／同病相怜 (tóngbìngxiānglián)
* 哀憐／哀怜 (āilián)
* 垂憐／垂怜 (chuílián)
* 天可憐見／天可怜见
* 怯憐戶／怯怜户
* 恤老憐貧／恤老怜贫
* 惡憐／恶怜
* 悲憐／悲怜
* 惜玉憐香／惜玉怜香
* 惜老憐貧／惜老怜贫
* 惜香憐玉／惜香怜玉
* 惹人憐愛／惹人怜爱 (rěrénlián'ài)
* 愛憐／爱怜 (àilián)
* 愛老憐貧／爱老怜贫
* 憐孤惜寡／怜孤惜寡
* 憐恤／怜恤 (liánxù)
* 憐惜／怜惜 (liánxī)
* 憐愍／怜愍 (liánmǐn)
* 憐愛／怜爱 (lián'ài)
* 憐憫／怜悯 (liánmǐn)
* 憐才／怜才
* 憐新棄舊／怜新弃旧
* 憐春／怜春
* 憐貧恤老／怜贫恤老
* 憐貧恤苦／怜贫恤苦
* 憐貧惜老／怜贫惜老
* 憐貧敬老／怜贫敬老
* 憐鑒／怜鉴
* 憐香／怜香
* 憐香惜玉／怜香惜玉 (liánxiāngxīyù)
* 我見猶憐／我见犹怜
* 搖尾乞憐／摇尾乞怜 (yáowěi qǐlián)
* 敬老憐貧／敬老怜贫
* 棄舊憐新／弃旧怜新
* 楚楚可憐／楚楚可怜 (chǔchǔkělián)
* 濟苦憐貧／济苦怜贫
* 自憐／自怜 (zìlián)
* 見憐／见怜 (jiànlián)
* 顧影自憐／顾影自怜

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* sympathy
* pity
* treasure
* dote on

#### Readings

* Go-on: れん (ren)
* Kan-on: れん (ren)
* Kun: あわれむ (awaremu, 憐れむ)、あわれみ (awaremi, 憐れみ)

## Korean
### Hanja

憐 (eumhun 불쌍히 여길 련 (bulssanghi yeogil ryeon), word-initial (South Korea) 불쌍히 여길 연 (bulssanghi yeogil yeon))
* hanja form of [[련/연#Korean:_憐|련/연]] (“pity, sympathize”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

憐: Hán Nôm readings: lân, liên
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.