# 克服
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kèfú
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄜˋ ㄈㄨˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hak$^1$ fuk$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): khiet-fu̍k / khiat-fu̍k
    (Hailu, HRS): kied fug$^ˋ$
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): keh$^6$ horh$^7$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): khiak-ho̍k / khat-ho̍k / khek-ho̍k
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kiog$^4$ hog$^8$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kèfú
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄜˋ ㄈㄨˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kèfú
*** Wade–Giles: kʻo$^4$-fu$^2$
*** Yale: kè-fú
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kehfwu
*** Palladius: кэфу (kɛfu)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɤ⁵¹ fu³⁵/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$克服 客服
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hak$^1$ fuk$^6$
*** Yale: hāk fuhk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hak$^7$ fuk$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: heg$^1$ fug$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɐk̚⁵ fʊk̚²/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$克復 / 克复 克服
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiet-fu̍k
*** Hakka Romanization System: kied$^ˋ$ fug
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kiad$^5$ fug$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯et̚² fuk̚⁵/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiat-fu̍k
*** Hakka Romanization System: kiad$^ˋ$ fug
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kiad$^5$ fug$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯at̚² fuk̚⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: kied fug$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰiet⁵⁻² fuk²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: keh$^6$ horh$^7$ [Phonetic: keh$^7$ horh$^7$]
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɛʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ hɒʔ⁴/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: keh$^6$ horh$^7$ [Phonetic: keh$^7$ horh$^7$]
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɛʔ²⁻²⁴ hɒʔ²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiak-ho̍k
*** Tâi-lô: khiak-ho̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qiakhok
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ hɔk̚²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khat-ho̍k
*** Tâi-lô: khat-ho̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qathok
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰat̚⁵⁻²⁴ hɔk̚²⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khek-ho̍k
*** Tâi-lô: khik-ho̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qekhok
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen): /kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ hɔk̚⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ hɔk̚¹²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: kiog$^4$ hog$^8$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khiok ho̍k
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰiok̚²⁻⁴ hok̚⁴/

### Verb

克服
* to overcome; to conquer; to surmount
       Háizi bìxū xuéhuì kèfú kùnnán. [Pinyin]
       Children must learn to overcome difficulties.
    From: 1956, 毛澤東 (Mao Zedong), 《論十大關係》 (On the Ten Major Relationships), 《毛澤東選集》. English translation based on the Foreign Languages Press edition
    Xīwàng nǐmen hǎohǎo yánjiū tǎolùn, bìngqiě měi guò yīge shíqī jiùyào zǒngjié jīngyàn, fāyáng chéngjì, kèfú quēdiǎn. [Pinyin]
    We hope that you will consider and discuss it in earnest and sum up your experience from time to time so as to enhance achievements and overcome shortcomings.
* to put up with

#### Synonyms

* (to overcome):
* 征服 (zhēngfú)
* 戰勝 / 战胜 (zhànshèng)
* 攻克 (gōngkè) (figurative)
* (to put up with):
* 包容 (bāoróng)
* 受
* 含 (literary, or in compounds)
* 容忍 (róngrěn)
* 忍 (rěn)
* 忍受 (rěnshòu)
* 忍耐 (rěnnài)
* 打限 (Malaysia, Singapore)
* 消受 (xiāoshòu)
* 耐

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 克 | 服 |
| こく Grade: S | ふく Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こくふく [kòkúfúkú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ko̞kɯ̟ɸɯ̟̊kɯ̟]

### Noun

克(こく)服(ふく) • (kokufuku)
* conquest, overcoming

### Verb

克(こく)服(ふく)する • (kokufuku suru) transitive suru (stem 克(こく)服(ふく)し (kokufuku shi), past 克(こく)服(ふく)した (kokufuku shita))
* to overcome
    Synonym: 乗り越える

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 克服し | こくふくし | kokufuku shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 克服し | こくふくし | kokufuku shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 克服する | こくふくする | kokufuku suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 克服する | こくふくする | kokufuku suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 克服すれ | こくふくすれ | kokufuku sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 克服せよ¹ 克服しろ² | こくふくせよ¹ こくふくしろ² | kokufuku seyo¹ kokufuku shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 克服される | こくふくされる | kokufuku sareru |
| Causative | 克服させる 克服さす | こくふくさせる こくふくさす | kokufuku saseru kokufuku sasu |
| Potential | 克服できる | こくふくできる | kokufuku dekiru |
| Volitional | 克服しよう | こくふくしよう | kokufuku shiyō |
| Negative | 克服しない | こくふくしない | kokufuku shinai |
| Negative continuative | 克服せず | こくふくせず | kokufuku sezu |
| Formal | 克服します | こくふくします | kokufuku shimasu |
| Perfective | 克服した | こくふくした | kokufuku shita |
| Conjunctive | 克服して | こくふくして | kokufuku shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 克服すれば | こくふくすれば | kokufuku sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 克 | 服 |

### Noun

克服 • (geukbok) (hangeul 극복)
* hanja form of 극복

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 克 | 服 |

### Verb

克服
* chữ Hán form of khắc phục.