# rudens
## Danish
### Noun

rudens c
* definite genitive singular of rude

## Latin
### Etymology 1

Uncertain; proposed derivations include:
* From a Proto-Indo-European root related to German Riemen (“belt, strap”) and Old English rēoma (“membrane”).
* From a root common to Ancient Greek ἐρύω (erúō, “to drag, draw”), ῥυμός (rhumós, “pole”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈruː.dens/, [ˈruːd̪ẽːs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈru.dens/, [ˈruːd̪ens]
* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈru.dens/, [ˈrʊd̪ẽːs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈru.dens/, [ˈruːd̪ens]

#### Noun

rū̆dēns m (genitive rū̆dentis); third declension
* rope, line, cord, cable
* halyard, stay, sheet
* (in the plural) rigging, cordage
** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.87:Īnsequitur clāmorque virum strīdorque rudentum.Next came both the shout[s] of men and the shriek[s] of cordage. (The storm at sea engulfs the Trojan fleet. Note: Read “virorum” for “virum.”)

##### Usage notes

The root vowel is long in Plautus, but occurs as short exclusively at verse-end since Lucilius, Catullus, Vergil.

##### Declension

Note that rū̆dentium is an alternative form for the Gen. Pl. and rū̆dentī for the Abl. Sg.
Third-declension noun.

##### Synonyms

* (halyard): anquīna
* (rope, cord): chorda, cōpula, fūnis, līnum, mītra, restis, retināculum

##### Descendants

* Italian: rudente

### Etymology 2

Present active participle of rudō.

#### Participle

rudēns (genitive rudentis); third-declension one-termination participle
* roaring, braying, belling
* shouting

##### Declension

Third-declension participle.
$^1$When used purely as an adjective.

### References

* “rudens”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “rudens”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* rudens in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* “rudens”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “rudens”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin
* ↑ Walde, Alois, Hofmann, Johann Baptist (1954) “rudens”, in Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), 3rd edition, volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, page 446

## Latvian
### Etymology

From the same stem as the adjective ruds (“reddish brown”) (q.v.), apparently because of the color of leaves in autumn. An older term for “autumn”, cognate with Old Prussian assanis and Russian о́сень (ósenʹ), has been lost, possibly in part due to homonymy with asinis (“blood”). Cognates include Lithuanian ruduõ.

### Noun

rudens m (2nd declension, irregular nominative, genitive)
* autumn (season of the year between summer and winter, from September 23 to December 23 in the Northern Hemisphere, characterized by lower temperatures and by the falling of leaves)
    vēls rudens ― late autumn
    rudens diena, nakts ― autumn day, night
    vasara iet pret rudeni ― summer is going toward autumn
    jūtams rudens tuvums ― one can feel the coming of autumn
    zelta rudens ― goldemn autumn (dry and sunny autumn, with tree leaves showing many shades of color)
* (in the genitive, used adjectivally) autumn, typical of autumn, used in autumn
    rudens āboli ― autumn apples
    rudens raža ― autumn harvest
    rudens sēja, aršana ― autumn sowing, plowing
    rudens salnas ― autumn frosts
    rudens tirgus ― autumn market
    rudens mētelis ― autumn coat
    ārā vēl arvienu līst sīkais, vienmuļīgais rudens lietus ― outside a small, dreary autumn rain is still falling
* (figuratively) autumn (final phase, usually followed by the end)
    lai tāda brīža nav, kas skumjās jānožēlo, kad... dzīves rudens kvēlos ― let there be no moment in which one regrets in sadness, when life's autumn is ablaze

#### Derived terms

* rudenīgs
* šoruden, toruden

#### See also

* gadalaiks
* sezona
(seasons) četri gadalaiki; pavasaris, vasara, rudens, ziema

### References

* ↑ Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) “rudens”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca‎ (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN

## Lithuanian
### Noun

rudens m
* genitive singular of ruduo