OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# rậm
## Vietnamese
### Etymology

* This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “The palatalization implies that this word came from *-dəmʔ. The onset shift from Middle to Modern Vietnamese is irregular but maybe compare Vietnamese râm < Middle Vietnamese dâm? Was this shift in both cases occurs when Middle Vietnamese ‹dĕ›, ‹d› and ‹r› had merged as [z] in Northern Vietnamese (i.e. it's actually purely orthographical)?”
Attested as dĕậm, dậm, in the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum (1651).

### Pronunciation

* (Hà Nội) IPA: [zəm˧˨ʔ]
* (Huế) IPA: [ʐəm˨˩ʔ]
* (Saigon) IPA: [ɹəm˨˩˨]

### Adjective

rậm • (霮, 𦾢)
* dense

#### Derived terms

* rậm rạp
# expediency
## English
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛkˈspiː.dɪ.ən.si/
* Audio (UK):(file)

### Noun

expediency (countable and uncountable, plural expediencies)
* (uncountable) The quality of being fit or suitable to effect some desired end or the purpose intended; suitability for particular circumstance or situation.
    Synonym: expedience
** 1810, Thomas Cogan, An Ethical Treatise on the Passions and Affections of the Mind, page 137:Imperfet governments […] may palliate crimes upon the plea of necessity or expediency; divine wisdom discovers no expediency in vice; […]
** 1828, Richard Whately, Elements of Rhetoric, part II, p. 214:Much declamation may be heard in the present day against “expediency”, as if it were not the proper object of a Deliberative Assembly, and as if it were only pursued by the unprincipled.
* (uncountable) Pursuit of the course of action that brings the desired effect even if it is unjust or unprincipled.
    Synonym: convenience
** 1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter XXIII, in Francesca Carrara. […], volume II, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC, page 258:Utterly neglectful of what he owes to the kingdom which he hopes to regain, Charles has learned but adversity's worst lesson—expediency.
** 2021 July 16, Ben Quinn, “England’s Covid unlocking is threat to world, say 1,200 scientists”, in The Guardian‎:Others warned the British government’s approach would be imitated, for political expediency, by authorities elsewhere.
* (obsolete) Haste; dispatch.
    Synonym: expedience
* (countable) An expedient.

#### Related terms

* expede
* expedience
* expedient
* expedite
* expedition

#### Translations
### References

* OED2
* expediency in An American Dictionary of the English Language, by Noah Webster, 1828.
* “expediency”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911, →OCLC.
* “expediency”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
* Douglas Harper (2001–2024) “expediency”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.
# μπορείς
## Greek
### Verb

μπορείς • (boreís)
* second-person singular present of μπορώ (boró)
    μπορείς (you can, you are able)
    θα μπορείς (you will be able)
# quimioluminiscencia
## Spanish
### Etymology

From quimio- +‎ luminiscencia.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Spain) /kimjoluminisˈθenθja/ [ki.mjo.lu.mi.nisˈθẽn̟.θja]
* IPA: (Latin America, Philippines) /kimjoluminiˈsensja/ [ki.mjo.lu.mi.niˈsẽn.sja]
* Rhymes: -enθja
* Rhymes: -ensja
* Syllabification: qui‧mio‧lu‧mi‧nis‧cen‧cia

### Noun

quimioluminiscencia f (plural quimioluminiscencias)
* (chemistry) chemiluminescence

#### Derived terms

* bioquimioluminiscencia
* electroquimioluminiscencia
* inmunoquimioluminiscencia
* sonoquimioluminiscencia
# verkado
## Esperanto
### Etymology

verki +‎ -ado

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [verˈkado]
* Rhymes: -ado
* Hyphenation: ver‧ka‧do

### Noun

verkado (accusative singular verkadon, plural verkadoj, accusative plural verkadojn)
* writing
* (music) composition

### See also

* skribaĵo
# skotvopn
## Icelandic
### Etymology

From skot (“shot”) +‎ vopn (“weapon”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈskɔːtˌvɔhpn/

### Noun

skotvopn n (genitive singular skotvopns, nominative plural skotvopn)
* firearm
# chuckie
## English
### Noun

chuckie (plural chuckies)
* Alternative form of chucky (“chicken”)
* Alternative form of chucky (“pebble”)

#### Derived terms

* chuckiestone
# zwaardvaren
## Dutch
### Etymology

Compound of zwaard (“sword”) +‎ varen (“fern”); compare English sword fern.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Noun

zwaardvaren f or m (plural zwaardvarens, diminutive zwaardvarentje n)
* western swordfern (Polystichum munitum)
    Hypernym: naaldvaren

### Further reading

* zwaardvaren on the Dutch Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{nl}$
# nokkurri
## Icelandic
### Pronoun

nokkurri
* dative feminine singular of nokkur
# pillory
## English
### Etymology

From Middle English pilory, pillorie, from Old French pilori, pellori, which is either from Old Occitan espilori or Latin pīla (“pillar”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpɪləɹi/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)

### Noun

pillory (plural pillories)
* A framework on a post, with holes for the hands and head, used as a means of punishment and humiliation.
** [c. 1370–1390, [William Langland], “[Passus 3]”, in The Vision of Pierce Plowman [...] (in Middle English), London: […] Roberte Crowley, […], published 1550, →OCLC, folio xiii, verso:Maires and Maceris that meanes be betwene / The Kynge and the comon to kepe the lawes / To pũnyſhen on pyleries and pynning ſtoles / Bruſterrs and bakeſters, bochers and cokes / For theſe ar mẽ on this mold þ$^e$ moſt harme worketh / To the pore people that percel mele byghe[...]Mayors and mace-bearers, the means are between / The king and the commons to see the law kept, / To punish on pillories and punishment stools / Brewers and bakers, butchers and cooks, / For these are this world's men that work the most harm / To the poor people that must buy piece-meal.]
** [c. 1400, “Dispute between Mary and the Cross”, in Richard Morris, editor, Legends of the Holy Rood: Symbols of the Passions and Cross Poems, stanza I, page 131:Cros·! þou dost no trouþe ; / On a pillori· my fruit to pinne, / He haþ no spot· of Adam sinne ; / Flesch· and veines· nou fleo a-twinne, / Wherfore I· rede of routhe·:]
** 1678, John Bunyan, The Pilgrim’s Progress from This World, to That which is to Come: […], London: […] Nath[aniel] Ponder […], →OCLC, page 126:The other replied, That for ought they could ſee, the men were quiet, and ſober, and intended no body any harm ; and that there were many that Traded in their fair, that were more worthy to be put into the Cage, yea, and the Pillory too, then were the men that they had abuſed.

#### Translations
### Verb

pillory (third-person singular simple present pillories, present participle pillorying, simple past and past participle pilloried)
* (transitive) To put in a pillory.
* (transitive) To subject to humiliation, scorn, ridicule or abuse.
** 2008, Steven Daly, “Swinging into Disaster”, in Graydon Carter, editor, Vanity Fair’s Tales of Hollywood: Rebels, Reds, and Graduates and the Wild Stories Behind the Making of 13 Iconic Films, Penguin, →ISBN, page 242:Mike Sarne would end up making a celluloid disasterpiece that is to this day pilloried as one of the worst films ever made.
* (transitive) To criticize harshly.
** 2011 September 24, Aled Williams, “Chelsea 4 - 1 Swansea”, in BBC Sport‎:The breakthrough came through Torres who, pilloried for his miss against Manchester United a week earlier, scored his second goal of the season.
** 2021 September 29, Jennifer Szalai, “In ‘Rationality,’ Steven Pinker Sticks Up (Again) for Reason’s Role in Human Progress”, in The New York Times‎, →ISSN:[T]o suggest that their mere acquaintance in any way undermines Pinker’s work would be to make the kind of ad hominem fallacy that he rightfully pillories in this book.
# κοίτα
## Greek
### Verb

κοίτα • (koíta)
* second-person singular perfective imperative of κοιτάω (koitáo): "Look!"
# Deryng
## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈdɛ.rɘŋk/
* Rhymes: -ɛrɘŋk
* Syllabification: De‧ryng

### Proper noun

Deryng m pers
* a male surname

#### Declension
### Proper noun

Deryng f (indeclinable)
* a female surname

#### Derived terms

* Deryngowa
* Deryngówna

### See also

* Appendix:Polish surnames
# Erntedankfest
## German
### Alternative forms

* Erntedank, Erntefest

### Etymology

Erntedank (“harvest festival”) +‎ Fest (“feast, celebration”)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛʁntəˈdaŋkˌfɛst/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: Ern‧te‧dank‧fest

### Noun

Erntedankfest n (strong, genitive Erntedankfestes or Erntedankfests, plural Erntedankfeste)
* Harvest Festival

#### Usage notes

Frequently translated as Thanksgiving despite being entirely different holidays.

#### Declension

$^1$Now rare, see notes.

### Further reading

* “Erntedankfest” in Duden online
* “Erntedankfest” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
* “Erntedankfest” in Uni Leipzig: Wortschatz-Lexikon
# lýsingarháttur nútíðar
## Icelandic
### Alternative forms

* lh. nt. (abbreviation)

### Etymology

Literally, “participle of the present”.

### Noun

lýsingarháttur nútíðar m (genitive singular lýsingarháttar nútíðar, nominative plural lýsingarhættir nútíðar)
* (grammar) present participle

#### Declension
### See also

* lýsingarháttur þátíðar

### References

* Kristín Bjarnadóttir, editor (2002–2024), “lýsingarháttur nútíðar”, in Beygingarlýsing íslensks nútímamáls [The Database of Modern Icelandic Inflection] (in Icelandic), Reykjavík: The Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies
# zzuć
## Polish
### Etymology

From z- +‎ Old Polish zuć.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈzzut͡ɕ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ut͡ɕ
* Syllabification: zzuć

### Verb

zzuć pf (imperfective zzuwać)
* (transitive, archaic) to unshoe
* (transitive, obsolete) to undress
    Synonym: rozebrać
* (reflexive with się, archaic) to unshoe oneself
* (reflexive with się, obsolete) to undress oneself
    Synonym: rozebrać się

#### Derived terms

* zzucie

### Further reading

* zzuć in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# flugpendi
## Esperanto
### Etymology

From flugi +‎ pendi.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [fluɡˈpendi]
* Rhymes: -endi
* Hyphenation: flug‧pen‧di

### Verb

flugpendi (present flugpendas, past flugpendis, future flugpendos, conditional flugpendus, volitive flugpendu)
* (intransitive) to hover
# denaturalisationen
## Swedish
### Noun

denaturalisationen
* definite singular of denaturalisation
# Schleuse
## German
### Etymology

Borrowed from Middle Low German slūse, from Middle Dutch slūse, sluise, from Old French escluse (French écluse).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈʃlɔɪ̯.zə] (Germany)
* Audio:(file)
* IPA: [ˈʃlɔɛ̯.sɛ] (Austria, Southern Germany, Switzerland)
* Rhymes: -ɔɪ̯zə

### Noun

Schleuse f (genitive Schleuse, plural Schleusen)
* sluice
* lock (water transport)

#### Hyponyms

* Durchgangsschleuse
* Luftschleuse
* Sicherheitsschleuse

#### Derived terms

* schleusen

#### Related terms

* Schleusenmeister
* Schleusentor
* Schleusenwärter

#### Descendants

* → Polish: śluza
* → Silesian: szlojsa

### Further reading

* “Schleuse” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
* “Schleuse” in Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm, 16 vols., Leipzig 1854–1961.
* “Schleuse” in Duden online
# επιθέσεις
## Greek
### Noun

επιθέσεις • (epithéseis) f
* nominative/accusative/vocative plural of επίθεση (epíthesi)

### Verb

επιθέσεις • (epithéseis)
* second-person singular dependent active of επιθέτω (epithéto)
# braní
## Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈbraɲiː]
* Rhymes: -aɲiː
* Hyphenation: bra‧ní

### Etymology 1

From brát +‎ -ní. From Proto-Slavic *bьrati (“to pick up, to take”), which is from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to bear, to carry”).

#### Noun

braní n
* verbal noun of brát
* taking (the act by which something is taken)
* (chess) capture, capturing

##### Related terms

* branec
* brát
* dobraný
* dobrat
* dýňobraní
* knihobraní
* nabraný
* nabrat
* nábor
* obraný
* obrat
* pivobraní
* pobraný
* pobrat
* probraný
* probrat
* přebor
* přeborník
* přebraný
* přebrat
* přibraný
* přibrat
* příbor
* rozbor
* rozebraný
* rozebrat
* sbor
* sebraný
* sebrat
* swingobraní
* trnkobraní
* ubraný
* ubrat
* úbor
* vinobraní
* vybraný
* vybrat
* výbor
* zabraný
* zabrat
* zábor

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Adjective

braní
* animate masculine nominative/vocative plural of braný

### References

* ↑ Rejzek, Jiří (2015) “brát”, in Český etymologický slovník [Czech Etymological Dictionary] (in Czech), 3rd (revised and expanded) edition, Praha: LEDA, →ISBN, page 96

### Further reading

* “braní”, in Kartotéka Novočeského lexikálního archivu (in Czech)
* “braní”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech)
# veturado
## Esperanto
### Etymology

veturi +‎ -ado

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [vetuˈrado]
* Rhymes: -ado
* Hyphenation: ve‧tu‧ra‧do

### Noun

veturado (uncountable, accusative veturadon)
* travel, transport
# viðskeyttur greinir
## Icelandic
### Etymology

Literally, “postfixed grammatical article”.

### Noun

* (grammar) a suffixed, postfixed article or enclitic article; where the definite article is suffixed to a specific noun (e.g. hestur (“a horse”) becomes hesturinn (“the horse”) and barn (“a child”) becomes barnið (“the child”) with a suffixed article)

#### Declension

viðskeyttur greinir m (genitive singular viðskeytts greinis, nominative plural viðskeyttir greinar)
# zzuwać
## Polish
### Etymology

From zzuć +‎ -wać.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈzzu.vat͡ɕ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -uvat͡ɕ
* Syllabification: zzu‧wać

### Verb

zzuwać impf (perfective zzuć)
* (transitive, archaic) to unshoe
* (transitive, obsolete) to undress
    Synonym: rozbierać
* (reflexive with się, archaic) to unshoe oneself
* (reflexive with się, obsolete) to undress oneself
    Synonym: rozbierać się

#### Related terms

* zzucie

### Further reading

* zzuwać in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# frajdą
## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: (standard) /ˈfraj.dɔw̃/, (regional or dialectal, proscribed) /ˈfraj.dɔm/
* Rhymes: -ajdɔw̃
* Syllabification: fraj‧dą

### Noun

frajdą
* instrumental singular of frajda
# kauterisationen
## Swedish
### Noun

kauterisationen
* definite singular of kauterisation
# κατασκόπεψα
## Greek
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ka.taˈsko.pe.psa/
* Hyphenation: κα‧τα‧σκό‧πε‧ψα

### Verb

κατασκόπεψα • (kataskópepsa)
* rare form of κατασκόπευσα (kataskópefsa) first-person singular simple past of κατασκοπεύω (kataskopévo)
# فرك
## Arabic

* Root
* ف ر ك (f r k)
* 1 term

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /fa.ra.ka/

### Verb

فَرَكَ • (faraka) I (non-past يَفْرُكُ (yafruku), verbal noun فَرْك (fark))
* to chafe, to scrub, to rub

#### Conjugation
### References

* “فرك” in Almaany

## Hijazi Arabic

* Root
* ف ر ك
* 1 term

### Etymology

From Arabic فَرَكَ (faraka).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /fa.rak/

### Verb

فَرَك • (farak) I (non-past يِفْرُك (yifruk))
* to chafe, to scrub, to rub
    Synonym: دَعَك (daʕak)

#### Conjugation

Conjugation of فرك (farak) :
| | | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural |
| | | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person |
| past | m | فركت (farakt) | فركت (farakt) | فرك (farak) | فركنا (farakna) | فركتوا (faraktu) | فركوا (faraku) |
| past | f | فركت (farakt) | فركتي (farakti) | فركت (farakat) | فركنا (farakna) | فركتوا (faraktu) | فركوا (faraku) |
| non-past | m | أفرك (ʔafruk) | تفرك (tifruk) | يفرك (yifruk) | نفرك (nifruk) | تفركوا (tifruku) | يفركوا (yifruku) |
| non-past | f | أفرك (ʔafruk) | تفركي (tifruki) | تفرك (tifruk) | نفرك (nifruk) | تفركوا (tifruku) | يفركوا (yifruku) |
| imperative | m | | افرك (afruk) | | | افركوا (afruku) | |
| imperative | f | | افركي (afruki) | | | افركوا (afruku) | |
# retrofuturismo
## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /retɾofutuˈɾismo/ [re.t̪ɾo.fu.t̪uˈɾiz.mo]
* Rhymes: -ismo
* Syllabification: re‧tro‧fu‧tu‧ris‧mo

### Noun

retrofuturismo m (plural retrofuturismos)
* retrofuturism

#### Related terms

* retrofuturista
# biwrocratiaeth
## Welsh
### Etymology

From biwrocrat (“bureaucrat”) +‎ -iaeth.

### Noun

biwrocratiaeth f (plural biwrocratiaethau)
* bureaucracy

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “biwrocratiaeth”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
# hæstiréttur
## Icelandic
### Etymology

Literally, “the highest court”, from hæstur (“highest”) +‎ réttur (“court”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈhaistɪˌrjɛhtʏr/

### Noun

hæstiréttur m (genitive singular hæstaréttar, nominative plural hæsturéttir)
* high court, supreme court
# fach
## German
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /faχ/
* Audio:(file)

### Verb

fach
* singular imperative of fachen

## Kashubian
### Etymology

Borrowed from German Fach. Compare Polish fach and Silesian fach.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈfax/
* Rhymes: -ax
* Syllabification: fach

### Noun

fach m inan
* profession, trade, occupation
    Synonym: wark

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “fach”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022

## Norman
### Alternative forms

* fache (Jersey, Guernsey)

### Etymology

From Old French fache, from Late Latin facia, from Latin faciēs (“face, shape”).

### Noun

fach f
* (Sark, anatomy) face

## Occitan
### Etymology

From Latin factum.

### Noun

fach m
* (Languedoc, Provençal) fact

#### Related terms

* fachura
* far

### Verb

fach
* past participle of far

## Old Frisian
### Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *faih (“hostile”). Cognates include Old English fāh and Old Dutch *fēh.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈfaːχ/

### Adjective

fāch
* outlawed

#### References

* Bremmer, Rolf H. (2009) An Introduction to Old Frisian: History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN

## Polish
### Etymology

Borrowed from German Fach. Sense 2 is a semantic loan from German Fachwerk. Compare Kashubian fach and Silesian fach.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈfax/
* (Greater Poland):
** (Central Greater Poland) IPA: /ˈfax/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ax
* Syllabification: fach

### Noun

fach m inan (related adjective fachowy)
* (colloquial) trade (skilled practice of an occupation)
    Synonyms: zawód, profesja
* (Central Greater Poland, architecture) Synonym of przęsło

#### Derived terms

* fachowiec
* fachura

#### Related terms

* fachowo
* fachman
* fachowość

### Further reading

* fach in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* fach in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* Oskar Kolberg (1877) “fach”, in “Rzecz o mowie ludu wielkopolskiego”, in Zbiór wiadomości do antropologii krajowéj (in Polish), volume 1, III (Materyjały etnologiczne), page 18

## Welsh
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /vaːχ/

### Etymology 1
#### Adjective

fach
* Soft mutation of bach (“small”).

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

fach
* Soft mutation of bach (“hook”).

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.
# vakil
## English
### Alternative forms

* vakeel

### Etymology

Borrowed from Urdu وکیل (okel) / Hindi वकील (vakīl), from Arabic وَكِيل (wakīl, “agent”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /vəˈkiːl/

### Noun

vakil (plural vakils)
* (South Asia) Alternative form of vakeel
** 1888, Rudyard Kipling, “Consequences”, in Plain Tales from the Hills, Folio, published 2005, page 69:These papers deal with all sorts of things—from the payment of Rs.200 to a ‘secret service’ native, up to rebukes administered to Vakils and Motamids of Native States
** 1927-29, M.K. Gandhi, The Story of My Experiments with Truth, translated 1940 by Mahadev Desai, Part I, Chapter xii:
    A berth was reserved for me by my friends in the same cabin as that of Sergt. Tryambakrai Mazmudar, the Junagadh vakil. They also commended me to him. He was an experienced man of mature age and knew the world. I was yet a stripling of eighteen without any experience of the world. Sergt. Mazmudar told my friends not to worry about me.

## Uzbek
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic وَكِيل (wakīl).

### Noun

vakil (plural vakillar)
* representative, delegate
# kauterisations
## Swedish
### Noun

kauterisations
* indefinite genitive singular of kauterisation
# διηύθυνα
## Greek
### Verb

διηύθυνα • (diífthyna)
* first-person singular simple past of διευθύνω (diefthýno)
# substrat
## Catalan
### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [supsˈtɾat]
* Rhymes: -at

### Noun

substrat m (plural substrats)
* substrate

## French
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /syp.stʁa/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

substrat m (plural substrats)
* (biochemistry) substrate (the material or substance on which an enzyme acts)
* (biology) substrate (a surface on which an organism grows or is attached)
* substrate (an underlying layer; a substratum)
* (linguistics) substrate (an indigenous language)

### Further reading

* “substrat”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

From sub- +‎ Latin stratum, from substernere.

### Noun

substrat n (definite singular substratet, indefinite plural substrat or substrater, definite plural substrata or substratene)
* a substrate
* substratum

### References

* “substrat” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

From sub- +‎ Latin stratum, from substernere.

### Noun

substrat n (definite singular substratet, indefinite plural substrat, definite plural substrata)
* a substrate
* substratum

### References

* “substrat” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from French substrat. By surface analysis, sub- +‎ strat.

### Noun

substrat n (plural substraturi)
* substrate

#### Declension
## Swedish
### Noun

substrat n
* a substrate

#### Declension

| | | nominative | genitive |
| singular | indefinite | substrat | substrats |
| singular | definite | substratet | substratets |
| plural | indefinite | substrat | substrats |
| plural | definite | substraten | substratens |

#### Related terms

* substrateffekt
* substratfaktor

### References

* substrat in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
# algodonero
## Spanish
### Etymology

From algodón +‎ -ero.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /alɡodoˈneɾo/ [al.ɣ̞o.ð̞oˈne.ɾo]
* Rhymes: -eɾo
* Syllabification: al‧go‧do‧ne‧ro

### Adjective

algodonero (feminine algodonera, masculine plural algodoneros, feminine plural algodoneras)
* (relational) cotton
* growing cotton
** 2015 November 13, “La resurrección del pueblo sepultado en el lodo”, in El País‎:La radio les avisó de la tragedia: Armero, una próspera población algodonera de 50.000 habitantes, a cuatro horas de Bogotá, había sido arrasada por la furia de la naturaleza y la desidia del Estado.The radio informed them of the tragedy: Armero, a prosperous cotton town of 50,000 inhabitants, four hours from Bogotá, had been devastated by a natural fury and the slovenliness of the State.

#### Derived terms

* hierba algodonera

### Noun

algodonero m (plural algodoneros, feminine algodonera, feminine plural algodoneras)
* cotton grower
* cotton plant

#### Derived terms

* algodonero de cerro (“Cienfuegosia affinis”)

### Further reading

* “algodonero”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# vizitkarto
## Esperanto
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [vizitˈkarto]
* Rhymes: -arto
* Hyphenation: vi‧zit‧kar‧to

### Noun

vizitkarto (accusative singular vizitkarton, plural vizitkartoj, accusative plural vizitkartojn)
* visiting card
# fullt hús
## Icelandic
### Noun

fullt hús n (genitive singular fulls húss, nominative plural full hús)
* (poker) full house