# 鉎

| 鉎 | U+924E, &#37454; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-924E |
| ← 鉍 [U+924D] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 鉏 → [U+924F] |

## Translingual
### Han character

鉎 (Kangxi radical 167, 金+5, 13 strokes, cangjie input 金竹手一 (CHQM), four-corner 8511$_0$, composition ⿰釒生)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1301, character 4
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 40296
* Dae Jaweon: page 1803, character 6
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4186, character 13
* Unihan data for U+924E

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 猜 | *sʰlɯː |
| 輤 | *sʰleːns |
| 綪 | *sʰleːns, *ʔsreːŋ |
| 倩 | *sʰleːns, *sʰleŋs |
| 棈 | *sʰleːns |
| 蒨 | *sʰeːns |
| 篟 | *sʰeːns |
| 生 | *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs |
| 牲 | *sreŋ |
| 笙 | *sreŋ |
| 甥 | *sreŋ |
| 鉎 | *sreŋ, *sleːŋ |
| 珄 | *sreŋ |
| 鼪 | *sreŋ, *sreŋs |
| 猩 | *sreŋ, *seːŋ |
| 狌 | *sreŋ |
| 眚 | *sreŋʔ |
| 貹 | *sreŋs |
| 崝 | *zreːŋ |
| 精 | *ʔsleŋ, *ʔsleŋs |
| 菁 | *ʔsleŋ |
| 鶄 | *ʔsleŋ, *sʰleːŋ |
| 蜻 | *ʔsleŋ, *sʰleːŋ |
| 鼱 | *ʔsleŋ |
| 婧 | *ʔsleŋ, *zleŋs, *zleŋʔ |
| 睛 | *ʔsleŋ, *sʰleŋʔ |
| 箐 | *ʔsleŋ |
| 聙 | *ʔsleŋ |
| 旌 | *ʔsleŋ |
| 清 | *sʰleŋ |
| 圊 | *sʰleŋ |
| 請 | *sʰleŋʔ, *zleŋs, *zleŋ |
| 凊 | *sʰleŋs |
| 䝼 | *zleŋs, *zleŋ |
| 靚 | *zleŋs |
| 情 | *zleŋ |
| 晴 | *zleŋ |
| 夝 | *zleŋ |
| 靜 | *zleŋʔ |
| 靖 | *zleŋʔ |
| 睲 | *seŋʔ, *seːŋs |
| 惺 | *seŋʔ, *seːŋ |
| 性 | *sleŋs |
| 姓 | *sleŋs |
| 靗 | *l̥ʰeŋs |
| 鯖 | *ʔljeŋ, *sʰleːŋ |
| 青 | *sʰleːŋ |
| 靘 | *sʰleːŋ, *sʰleːŋs |
| 掅 | *sʰleːŋs |
| 胜 | *sleːŋ |
| 曐 | *sleːŋ |
| 星 | *sleːŋ |
| 鮏 | *sleːŋ |
| 腥 | *seːŋ, *seːŋs |
| 鯹 | *seːŋ |
| 醒 | *seːŋ, *seːŋʔ, *seːŋs |
| 篂 | *seːŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *sreŋ, *sleːŋ) : semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 生 (OC *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shēng, xīng (sheng$^1$, xing$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄕㄥ, ㄒㄧㄥ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): sang$^1$ / seng$^3$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): lhiang$^1$
* Eastern Min (BUC): cĭng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): sian / san / siⁿ / seⁿ / seng / sng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): sên$^1$ / sang$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shēng
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sheng
*** Wade–Giles: shêng$^1$
*** Yale: shēng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sheng
*** Palladius: шэн (šɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xīng
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sing
*** Wade–Giles: hsing$^1$
*** Yale: syīng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shing
*** Palladius: син (sin)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕiŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: sang$^1$ / seng$^3$
*** Yale: sāng / seng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sang$^1$ / seng$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: seng$^1$ / séng$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɐŋ⁵⁵/, /sɛːŋ³³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: lhiang$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬiaŋ³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: cĭng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sian
*** Tâi-lô: sian
*** Phofsit Daibuun: siefn
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /siɛn⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: san
*** Tâi-lô: san
*** Phofsit Daibuun: safn
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /san³³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: sinn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: svy
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /sĩ³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /sĩ⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: seⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: senn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: svef
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /sɛ̃⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: seng
*** Tâi-lô: sing
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sefng
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /siɪŋ⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sng
*** Tâi-lô: sng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sngf
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /sŋ̍³³/
* sian/san - vernacular ("rust");
* siⁿ/seⁿ - vernacular ("cast iron");
* seng/sng - literary.
* Middle Chinese: sraeng, seng
Rime :
| Character | 鉎 | 鉎 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 生 (21) | 心 (16) |
| Final (韻) | 庚 (109) | 青 (125) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | II | IV |
| Fanqie | 所庚切 | 桑經切 |
| Baxter | sraeng | seng |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʃˠæŋ/ | /seŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʃᵚaŋ/ | /seŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʃaŋ/ | /sɛŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʂaɨjŋ/ | /sɛjŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /ʃɐŋ/ | /seŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /ʃɐŋ/ | /sieŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʂɐŋ/ | /sieŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shēng | xīng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | sang$^1$ | sing$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*sreŋ/, /*sleːŋ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 鉎 | 鉎 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 11316 | 11373 |
| Phonetic component | 生 | 生 |
| Rime group | 耕 | 耕 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 生 | 星 |
| Old Chinese | /*sreŋ/ | /*sleːŋ/ |

### Definitions

鉎
* (obsolete or Cantonese, dialectal Hakka, Southern Min, Eastern Min) rust
       Dè̤ng săng cĭng, hâi cê̤ṳ-sĭng. / [tøyŋ⁵³ saŋ⁵⁵ t͡siŋ⁵⁵ hɑi²⁴² t͡sy²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ $^{(s-)}$liŋ⁵⁵] [Bàng-uâ-cê / IPA]
       Harm oneself (just like copper rusting).
* (Hokkien) grime on one's skin
* (Teochew) cast iron
       From:
       riêb$^8$ si$^3$ lao$^5$ tai$^5$ riêb$^8$ si$^3$ iên$^7$, no$^6$ ziah$^4$ sên$^1$ ghu$^5$ zêg$^8$ ziah$^4$ liu$^1$. [Peng'im]
       twenty-four towers in twenty-four styles; two cast-iron cows, one slips away

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 鏽 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 鏽, 鐵鏽 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 鏽 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 鏽 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 鏽 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 鏽, 鉎鏉 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 鏽 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 鏽 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 鏽 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 鏽 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 鏽 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanning (Fujian) | 鉎 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanning (Wuming) | 鐵鏽, 鉎 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hechi (Yizhou) | 鉎, 鐵鉎, 鐵鏽 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 鏽 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 鏽 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 鏽, 鉎 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 鏽, 鐵鏽 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 鉎 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 鉎 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 鉎 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 鏽, 鉎 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 鏽 |
| Cantonese | Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 鉎 |
| Cantonese | Sanya (Yanglan; Maihua) | 鉎 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 鏽 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 鉎 |
| Cantonese | Móng Cái | 鏽 |
| Cantonese | Bangkok (Guangfu) | 鉎 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 鏽 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 鐵鏽 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 黸哥, 黸 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 黸 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 鉎, 黸 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 黸 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 黸 |
| Hakka | Boluo (Bendihua) | 鉎 |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 黸, 鉎 |
| Hakka | Longchuan (Tuocheng; Bendihua) | 黸 |
| Hakka | Heping (Linzhai; Bendihua) | 黸 |
| Hakka | Lianping (Longjie; Bendihua) | 黸 |
| Hakka | Wengyuan | 黸 |
| Hakka | Nanxiong (Zhuji) | 黸 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 黸 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 鉎 |
| Hakka | Liannan | 鏽 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 黸 |
| Hakka | Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) | 鉎 |
| Hakka | Changting | 黸 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 黸 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Yanqian) | 黸 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 黸 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 黸 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 黸 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 黸 |
| Hakka | Ningdu | 黸 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 黸 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 黸 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 黸 |
| Hakka | Tonggu (Sandu) | 黸 |
| Hakka | Ganzhou (Panlong) | 黸 |
| Hakka | Dayu | 黸 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 黸 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 黸 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 黸 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 黸 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 黸 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 鉎, 鐵鉎, 黸 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 黸 |
| Hakka | Mengshan (Xihe) | 鉎 |
| Hakka | Luchuan | 黸, 鉎 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 黸 |
| Hakka | Bangkok (Jiexi) | 黸 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 鐵鏽, 鏽 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 鏽 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 鏽 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 鉎 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 鉎, 鐵鉎 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 鉎, 鐵鉎 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 鉎, 鐵鉎 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 鉎, 鐵鉎 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 鐵鉎 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 鉎 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 鉎 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 鉎 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 鉎 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 鉎 |
| Southern Min | Pontianak (Teochew) | 鉎 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 鉎 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 鉎, 鐵鉎 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 鐵鉎 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 鉎 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Yangjia) | 鉎 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 鏽, 鐵鏽 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 鏽, 鐵鏽 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 鐵鏽, 鏽 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 黸, 鏽 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 黸 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 黸 |
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 污垢 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 皴兒, 皴, 泥兒, 泥拘拘兒, 泥拘溜兒, 泥卷兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 污垢 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 皴 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 垢圿 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 垢圿 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 疙子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 垢圿 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 垢圿 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 垢圿 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 垢圿 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 圿圿 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 圪漬 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 格膩 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 古漆頭兒, 古漆, 古𪣩 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 𪣩 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 老泥 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 老泥 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 老泥 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 老泥 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 老絡 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 垢圿 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 老㿸, 㿸 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 㿸 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 㿸, 㿸膠哩 |
| Hakka | Longmen (Luxi; Bendihua) | 㿸, 老絡, 老泥 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 㿸 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Gongguan; N. Sixian) | 㿸 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Zhuolan; N. Sixian) | 㿸 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 㿸 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian) | 㿸 |
| Hakka | Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian) | 㿸 |
| Hakka | Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian) | 㿸 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 㿸 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 㿸 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 㿸 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Zhuolan; Raoping) | 㿸 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 㿸 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 㿸牯 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 圪搓搓 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 黑水 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 垢 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 垢 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 鉎, 垢圿 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 垢圿 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 垢糗 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 鉎 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Tamsui) | 鉎 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 鉎 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Pingxi) | 鉎 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 鉎 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Cijin) | 鉎 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang) | 鉎 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang) | 鉎 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Tianliao) | 鉎 |
| Southern Min | Yilan (Luodong) | 鉎 |
| Southern Min | Yilan (Toucheng) | 鉎 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 鉎, 垢圿鉎 |
| Southern Min | Tainan (Anping) | 鉎 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 鉎 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 鉎 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Xiyu) | 鉎 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 垢圿 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 垢圿 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 垢圿, 垢圿丸 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 垢圿 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 垢圿 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Sanxiang) | 㾪塗 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 老泥 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 𪣩, 老𪣩 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Songjiang) | 污垽 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Jiading) | 𪣩, 老𪣩 |
| Wu | Danyang | 𪣩 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 泥鏽 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 零藏 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 㿸圿子, 㿸 |

### References

* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), C14890
* 林伦伦 [Lín Lúnlún], editor (1997), 新编潮州音字典 (Xīn biān Cháozhōu yīn zìdiǎn), 汕头 (Shàntóu) [Shantou]: 汕头大学出版社, page 365

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): そう (sō)、しょう (shō)、せい (sei)
* Kun: さび (sabi)
* Nanori: とし (toshi)

## Korean
### Hanja

鉎 • (saeng) (hangeul 생, revised saeng, McCune–Reischauer saeng, Yale sayng)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.