# 夢想
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): mèngxiǎng
    (Zhuyin): ㄇㄥˋ ㄒㄧㄤˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): mung$^6$ soeng$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): mung-sióng
    (Hailu, HRS): mung$^˖$ siong$^ˊ$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): bōng-sióng / bōng-siáng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): mang$^7$ sion$^6$ / mang$^7$ siang$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: mèngxiǎng
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄥˋ ㄒㄧㄤˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: mèngsiǎng
*** Wade–Giles: mêng$^4$-hsiang$^3$
*** Yale: mèng-syǎng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: menqsheang
*** Palladius: мэнсян (mɛnsjan)
*** Sinological IPA : /mɤŋ⁵¹ ɕi̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: mung$^6$ soeng$^2$
*** Yale: muhng séung
*** Cantonese Pinyin: mung$^6$ soeng$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: mung$^6$ sêng$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /mʊŋ²² sœːŋ³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mung-sióng
*** Hakka Romanization System: mung xiong$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: mung$^4$ xiong$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /muŋ⁵⁵ si̯oŋ³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: mung$^˖$ siong$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /muŋ³³ sioŋ²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bōng-sióng
*** Tâi-lô: bōng-sióng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: boxngsiorng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /bɔŋ²²⁻²¹ siɔŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /bɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² siɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bōng-siáng
*** Tâi-lô: bōng-siáng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: boxngsiarng
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /bɔŋ²²⁻²¹ siaŋ⁵³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: mang$^7$ sion$^6$ / mang$^7$ siang$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: māng siŏⁿ / māng siáng
*** Sinological IPA : /maŋ¹¹ sĩõ³⁵/, /maŋ¹¹ siaŋ⁵²/
* Middle Chinese: mjuwngH sjangX
Rime :
| Character | 夢 | 想 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) | 心 (16) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (2) | 陽 (105) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 莫鳳切 | 息兩切 |
| Baxter | mjuwngH | sjangX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /mɨuŋ$^H$/ | /sɨɐŋ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /miuŋ$^H$/ | /siɐŋ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /miuŋ$^H$/ | /siɑŋ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /muwŋ$^H$/ | /sɨaŋ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /miuŋ$^H$/ | /siaŋ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /mĭuŋ$^H$/ | /sĭaŋ$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /mi̯uŋ$^H$/ | /si̯aŋ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | mèng | xiǎng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | mung$^6$ | soeng$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.məŋ-s [s]aŋʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*mɯŋs slaŋʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 夢 | 想 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | mèng | xiǎng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ mjuwng$^H$ › | ‹ sjang$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*C.məŋ-s/ | /*[s]aŋʔ/ |
| English | dream | think |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 夢 | 想 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 8998 | 13585 |
| Phonetic component | 夢 | 相 |
| Rime group | 蒸 | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | | 想 |
| Old Chinese | /*mɯŋs/ | /*slaŋʔ/ |

### Noun

夢想
* dream; hope; wish
    追逐夢想／追逐梦想 ― zhuīzhú mèngxiǎng ― to chase one's dreams

#### Synonyms

* 壯志 / 壮志 (zhuàngzhì) (great ambitions)
* 夢寐 / 梦寐 (mèngmèi) (literary)
* 心志 (xīnzhì)
* 心骨 (xīngǔ) (literary)
* 志事 (zhìshì) (literary)
* 志向 (zhìxiàng)
* 志氣 / 志气 (zhìqì)
* 懷抱 / 怀抱 (huáibào) (literary)
* 抱負 / 抱负 (bàofù)
* 權欲 / 权欲 (quányù) (derogatory, lust for power)
* 理想 (lǐxiǎng)
* 職志 / 职志 (zhízhì)
* 野心 (yěxīn) (wild ambition)
* 雄心 (xióngxīn) (great ambitions)

### Verb

夢想
* to dream; to fantasize
* to long for; to crave; to thirst for; to desire

#### Synonyms

* (to dream): 幻想 (huànxiǎng), 空想 (kōngxiǎng), 做夢／做梦 (zuòmèng)
* (to long for):
* 企待 (qǐdài) (literary)
* 企望 (qǐwàng)
* 企盼 (qǐpàn)
* 冀望 (jìwàng) (literary)
* 向望 (ǹg-bāng) (Hokkien)
* 寄望 (jìwàng)
* 巴望 (bāwàng) (regional)
* 希冀 (xījì) (literary)
* 希望 (xīwàng)
* 幸 (xìng) (literary)
* 引領 / 引领 (yǐnlǐng) (literary)
* 思 (literary, or in compounds)
* 想望 (xion$^2$ von$^3$) (Jin)
* 承望 (chéngwàng)
* 指望 (zhǐwàng)
* 期冀 (qījì) (literary)
* 期待 (qīdài)
* 期望 (qīwàng)
* 渴望 (kěwàng)
* 盼 (pàn)
* 盼望 (pànwàng)
* 願 / 愿 (yuàn)
* 願意 / 愿意 (yuànyì)
* 鵠望 / 鹄望 (húwàng) (literary)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 夢 | 想 |
| む Grade: 5 | そう Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) むそー [mùsóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [mɯ̟so̞ː]

### Noun

夢(む)想(そう) • (musō)
* dreaming, daydreaming
* having an ambition

### Verb

夢(む)想(そう)する • (musō suru) suru (stem 夢(む)想(そう)し (musō shi), past 夢(む)想(そう)した (musō shita))
* to dream, to daydream
* to have an ambition

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 夢想し | むそうし | musō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 夢想し | むそうし | musō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 夢想する | むそうする | musō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 夢想する | むそうする | musō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 夢想すれ | むそうすれ | musō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 夢想せよ¹ 夢想しろ² | むそうせよ¹ むそうしろ² | musō seyo¹ musō shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 夢想される | むそうされる | musō sareru |
| Causative | 夢想させる 夢想さす | むそうさせる むそうさす | musō saseru musō sasu |
| Potential | 夢想できる | むそうできる | musō dekiru |
| Volitional | 夢想しよう | むそうしよう | musō shiyō |
| Negative | 夢想しない | むそうしない | musō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 夢想せず | むそうせず | musō sezu |
| Formal | 夢想します | むそうします | musō shimasu |
| Perfective | 夢想した | むそうした | musō shita |
| Conjunctive | 夢想して | むそうして | musō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 夢想すれば | むそうすれば | musō sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 夢 | 想 |

### Noun

夢想: Hán Việt readings: mộng tưởng
* Nôm form of mộng tưởng (“fantastic dream”).

#### References

* ↑ Nguyễn (1974).