# 物化
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): wùhuà
    (Zhuyin): ㄨˋ ㄏㄨㄚˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): mat$^6$ faa$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wùhuà
*** Zhuyin: ㄨˋ ㄏㄨㄚˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wùhuà
*** Wade–Giles: wu$^4$-hua$^4$
*** Yale: wù-hwà
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wuhhuah
*** Palladius: ухуа (uxua)
*** Sinological IPA : /u⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: mat$^6$ faa$^3$
*** Yale: maht fa
*** Cantonese Pinyin: mat$^9$ faa$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: med$^6$ fa$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /mɐt̚² faː³³/
* Middle Chinese: mjut xwaeH
Rime :
| Character | 物 | 化 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) | 曉 (32) |
| Final (韻) | 物 (60) | 麻 (99) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | II |
| Fanqie | 文弗切 | 呼霸切 |
| Baxter | mjut | xwaeH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /mɨut̚/ | /hˠua$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /miut̚/ | /hʷᵚa$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /miuət̚/ | /xua$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /mut̚/ | /hwaɨ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /miuət̚/ | /xua$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /mĭuət̚/ | /xwa$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /mi̯uət̚/ | /xwa$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | wù | huà |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | mat$^6$ | faa$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.mut qʷʰˤ<r>aj-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*mɯd hŋʷraːls/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 物 | 化 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | wù | huà |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ mjut › | ‹ xwæ$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*C.mut/ | /*qʷʰˁ<r>aj-s/ |
| English | thing | transform |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 物 | 化 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 13218 | 5327 |
| Phonetic component | 勿 | 化 |
| Rime group | 物 | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 物 | 化 |
| Old Chinese | /*mɯd/ | /*hŋʷraːls/ |

### Etymology 1
#### to die; to pass away

Derived from the sense change of things, originating from Zhuangzi:
    故曰，聖人之生也天行，其死也物化；靜而與陰同德，動而與陽同波；不為福先，不為禍始…… [Classical Chinese, trad.]故曰，圣人之生也天行，其死也物化；静而与阴同德，动而与阳同波；不为福先，不为祸始…… [Classical Chinese, simp.]From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCEgù yuē, shèngrén zhī shēng yě tiān xíng, qí sǐ yě wù huà; jìng ér yǔ yīn tóng dé, dòng ér yǔ yáng tóng bō; bù wéi fú xiān, bù wéi huò shǐ...... [Pinyin]Wherefore it has been said, "The birth of the Sage is the will of God; his death is but a modification of existence. In repose, he shares the passivity of the Yin; in action, the energy of the Yang. He will have nothing to do with happiness, and so has nothing to do with misfortune..."

#### Noun

物化
* (literary) change of things
    From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
    Xī zhě Zhuāng Zhōu mèng wéi húdié, xǔxǔrán húdié yě, zìyù shì zhì yǔ. Bùzhī Zhōu yě. Érán jué, zé qúqúrán Zhōu yě. Bùzhī Zhōu zhī mèng wéi húdié yǔ, húdié zhī mèng wéi Zhōu yǔ. Zhōu yǔ húdié, zé bì yǒu fēn yǐ. Cǐ zhī wèi wùhuà. [Pinyin]
    Once, Zhuang Zhou dreamed he was a butterfly, a butterfly flitting and fluttering around, happy with himself and doing as he pleased. He didn't know he was Zhuang Zhou. Suddenly he woke up and there he was, solid and unmistakable Zhuang Zhou. But he didn't know if he was Zhuang Zhou who had dreamt he was a butterfly, or a butterfly dreaming he was Zhuang Zhou. Between Zhuang Zhou and the butterfly there must be some distinction! This is called the Transformation of Things.
* (literary, figurative, euphemistic) death

#### Verb

物化
* (literary, figurative, euphemistic) to pass away
    From: 1740 CE, Pu Songling, Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio
    Nǎi wèn: “Lǎosēng yān wǎng?” Dá yún: “Wú shī nǎng yǐ wùhuà.” [Pinyin]
    In reply to his question as to where the old priest was, they informed him that their worthy teacher had been dead for some time.

##### Synonyms

* 下世 (xiàshì) (formal)
* 上天 (shàngtiān) (euphemistic)
* 上路 (shànglù) (euphemistic)
* 不在 (bùzài) (euphemistic)
* 不幸 (bùxìng) (Classical Chinese, euphemistic)
* 不祿 / 不禄 (bùlù) (archaic, euphemistic, of military officers)
* 亡
* 亡故 (wánggù) (literary)
* 仙逝 (xiānshì) (euphemistic)
* 仙遊 / 仙游 (xiānyóu) (euphemistic)
* 作古 (zuògǔ) (literary, euphemistic)
* 做鬼 (zuòguǐ) (colloquial)
* 傾世 / 倾世 (qīngshì) (literary)
* 傾亡 / 倾亡 (qīngwáng) (literary)
* 入寂 (rùjì) (Buddhism, of Buddhist monks)
* 凋謝 / 凋谢 (diāoxiè) (to die of old age)
* 化去 (huàqù) (euphemistic)
* 升天 (shēngtiān) (euphemistic)
* 即世 (jíshì) (literary)
* 去世 (qùshì)
* 合眼 (héyǎn) (euphemistic)
* 喪亡 / 丧亡 (sàngwáng) (literary)
* 喪命 / 丧命 (sàngmìng) (euphemistic)
* 喪生 / 丧生 (sàngshēng) (euphemistic)
* 嗚呼 / 呜呼 (wūhū) (euphemistic)
* 嗝屁 (gěpì) (Mandarin, vulgar, dysphemistic)
* 嚥氣 / 咽气 (yànqì) (colloquial)
* 回老家 (huí lǎojiā) (euphemistic, humorous)
* 圓寂 / 圆寂 (yuánjì) (of Buddhist monks or nuns)
* 壽終正寢 / 寿终正寝 (shòuzhōngzhèngqǐn) (euphemistic)
* 失氣 / 失气 (shīqì) (literary)
* 安息 (ānxī) (euphemistic)
* 安眠 (ānmián) (euphemistic)
* 小喇叭兒吹了 / 小喇叭儿吹了 (xiǎo lǎbār chuī le) (Beijing Mandarin)
* 就義 / 就义 (jiùyì) (to die a martyr)
* 崩 (bēng) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
* 崩殂 (bēngcú) (Classical, of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
* 彈老三 / 弹老三 (Northern Wu, informal, humorous)
* 往生 (wǎngshēng) (euphemistic)
* 忽然 (hūrán) (Classical Chinese, euphemistic)
* 掛 / 挂 (guà) (slang, humorous)
* 故 (gù)
* 故世 (gùshì) (euphemistic, chiefly of one's elders)
* 故去 (gùqù) (euphemistic, chiefly of one's elders)
* 斃命 / 毙命 (bìmìng) (pejorative)
* 早死 (zǎosǐ)
* 晏駕 / 晏驾 (yànjià) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
* 枯死 (kūsǐ) (literary, figurative)
* 棄世 / 弃世 (qìshì) (literary)
* 歸天 / 归天 (guītiān) (euphemistic)
* 歸西 / 归西 (guīxī) (euphemistic)
* 歸道山 / 归道山 (guī dàoshān) (literary, euphemistic)
* 死 (sǐ)
* 死亡 (sǐwáng) (formal)
* 死人 (sǐrén)
* 死去 (sǐqù) (informal)
* 死掉 (sǐdiào) (informal)
* 死翹翹 / 死翘翘 (sǐqiàoqiào) (informal, humorous)
* 死脫 / 死脱 ($^5$shi-theq) (Wu)
* 殞 / 殒 (yǔn) (archaic)
* 氣絕 / 气绝 (qìjué) (literary)
* 永眠 (yǒngmián) (euphemistic, honorific)
* 沒世 / 没世 (mòshì) (literary)
* 沉眠 (chénmián) (euphemistic)
* 消忒 (Hakka, euphemistic)
* 狗帶 / 狗带 (gǒudài) (slang, neologism)
* 畢命 / 毕命 (bìmìng) (formal, euphemistic)
* 病亡 (bìngwáng) (to die of illness)
* 病故 (bìnggù) (to die of illness)
* 病死 (bìngsǐ) (to die of illness)
* 病逝 (bìngshì) (to die of illness)
* 瘐死 (yǔsǐ) (of deaths in prison)
* 百年歸老 / 百年归老 (bǎiniánguīlǎo) (euphemistic, of the elderly)
* 盡命 / 尽命 (jìnmìng) (literary, euphemistic)
* 終 / 终 (zhōng) (literary, or in compounds, euphemistic)
* 絕 / 绝 (jué) (literary, or in compounds)
* 翹辮子 / 翘辫子 (qiào biànzi) (informal, humorous)
* 老了 (lǎo le) (euphemistic, of the elderly)
* 蒙主寵召 / 蒙主宠召 (méngzhǔchǒngzhào) (Christianity, euphemistic)
* 薨 (hōng) (Classical Chinese, of feudal lords or high officials)
* 薨逝 (hōngshì) (of feudal lords)
* 被難 / 被难 (bèinàn) (to be killed in a disaster, political incident, etc.)
* 見背 / 见背 (jiànbèi) (literary, of one's parents or elders)
* 見閻王 / 见阎王 (jiàn Yánwáng) (figurative)
* 見馬克思 / 见马克思 (jiàn Mǎkèsī) (communism, euphemistic)
* 謝世 / 谢世 (xièshì) (literary)
* 賓天 / 宾天 (bīntiān) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
* 走 (zǒu) (euphemistic)
* 走去踮 (Hokkien, euphemistic)
* 身亡 (shēnwáng) (formal, usually from unnatural causes)
* 辭世 / 辞世 (císhì) (literary)
* 辭塵 / 辞尘 (cíchén) (literary, euphemistic)
* 逝世 (shìshì)
* 進棺材 / 进棺材 (jìn guāncái)
* 過世 / 过世 (guòshì)
* 過去 / 过去 (guòqù) (euphemistic)
* 過往 / 过往 (Hokkien, euphemistic, Teochew, euphemistic)
* 過身 / 过身 (guòshēn) (literary)
* 過面 / 过面 (Hokkien)
* 長山賣鴨卵 / 长山卖鸭卵 (Hakka, euphemistic)
* 長眠 / 长眠 (chángmián) (euphemistic, honorific)
* 閉眼 / 闭眼 (bìyǎn) (euphemistic)
* 隕落 / 陨落 (yǔnluò) (euphemistic)
* 離世 / 离世 (líshì) (euphemistic)
* 駕崩 / 驾崩 (jiàbēng) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
* 駕鶴西去 / 驾鹤西去 (jiàhèxīqù) (euphemistic)
* 駕鶴西遊 / 驾鹤西游 (jiàhèxīyóu) (euphemistic)
* 龍馭上賓 / 龙驭上宾 (lóngyùshàngbīn) (of an emperor)

### Etymology 2
#### Verb

物化
* (sociology, psychology) to objectify; reify

##### Synonyms

* 客體化／客体化 (kètǐhuà)
* 對象化／对象化 (duìxiànghuà)

### Etymology 3
#### Noun

物化
* Short for 物理化學／物理化学 (wùlǐ huàxué, “physical chemistry”).