# ꜣd
## Egyptian
### Pronunciation

* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /ɑd/
** Conventional anglicization: ad

### Etymology 1
#### Verb

2-lit.
* (intransitive, chiefly of crocodiles) to be(come) aggressive or savage [since the Pyramid Texts]
* (intransitive) to be(come) raging, angry (+ r: with, toward, + ḥr: about, over)
* (intransitive) to be(come) aggressively eager or rapacious, to raven (+ r: to be rapacious for, to raven after) [Middle Kingdom literature]
** c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.9–1.10: (j)m ꜣtw r jwf r gs skn šzp dj.f n.kDon’t raven after meat next to a voracious man; partake when he gives to you.
* (transitive, of fire) to rage at, attack, or harm (someone) [Coffin Texts]
** c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Coffin Texts, version S1P (outer coffin of Nakhti, Louvre E 11981) spell 148, lines 121–122: jnk ḥr ms.n ꜣst jry mkt.f m ẖnw swḥt nj ꜣd wj hh n(j) r(ꜣ).ṯn nj pḥ.n wj ḏdt.ṯn r.jI am Horus, born of Isis, whose protection was made within the egg: the fiery breath of your mouths will not rage against me, and what you may say against me cannot reach me.

##### Alternative forms

ꜣt :
[Middle Kingdom] :

##### Derived terms

* ꜣd jb r
* ꜣdw

##### Descendants

* Sahidic Coptic: ⲟⲟⲧ (oot)

#### Noun

m
* aggression, rage, fury
    ― ḫsf ꜣd ― to put an end to or fend off (someone’s) fury

##### Alternative forms

ꜣd :
[Late Period] :

### Etymology 2

Faulkner suggests this word may be a corrupt writing of ꜣhd (“to be(come) weak; to quiver”); Erman and Grapow instead suggest a connection with jꜣd (“to suffer”).

#### Verb

2-lit.
* (intransitive, rare, of body parts including the heart) The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include: [Middle Kingdom literature]
** to be(come) feeble, listless, or failing
** to quiver or palpitate

##### Inflection
### Etymology 3
#### Verb

2-lit.
* (intransitive, hapax) to decay [Coffin Texts]
** c. 1900 BCE – 1839 BCE, Coffin Texts, version B1C (coffin of Sepi III, Cairo CG 28083) spell 755: wrḏ ꜥwt m ws(j)r nj wrḏ zpwj snwj nj ḥwꜣ.sn ꜣd.sn nj [bn.sn nj] jr mw ḏwThe limbs in Osiris are weary, but won’t be weary, won’t be weary, they won’t putrefy or decay, [they] won’t [swell up, won’t] make foul fluid (literally, “evil water”).

##### Usage notes

Possibly identical to the preceding verb (‘to be(come) feeble$^?$’ or ‘to quiver’). Faulkner identifies it this way in his publication of the Coffin Texts, though he lists the two separately in his earlier dictionary.

### Etymology 4
#### Verb

2-lit.
* (transitive, rare) The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include: [Medical papyri]
** to smear (a pot) (+ m: with (clay))
** to smooth (a pot, etc.) (+ m: with (clay))

##### Usage notes

If the verb ꜣdt is in fact a variant writing of this word, as has been suggested, then the proper meaning is likely ‘to smooth’ or something similar.

##### Alternative forms

See the forms given at ꜣdt as possible variants, if that verb is indeed to be taken as identical to this one.

### References

* “ꜣd (lemma ID 342)”, “ꜣd.w (lemma ID 346)”, “ꜣd (lemma ID 351)”, “ꜣd (lemma ID 348)”, and “ꜣd (lemma ID 349)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎, Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
* Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎, volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 24.12–24.19, 24.24, 25.1–25.3
* Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 7
* James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 174, 276, 455.
* Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 242
* Vycichl, Werner (1983) Dictionnaire Étymologique de la Langue Copte, Leuven: Peeters, →ISBN, page 156
* ↑ de Buck, Adriaan (1954) The Egyptian Coffin Texts, volume II, page 225 b–e
* ↑ de Buck, Adriaan (1956) The Egyptian Coffin Texts, volume VI, page 384 i–l
* 1 2 Faulkner, Raymond (1977) The Ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts, volume 2, pages 288–289