OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# مخ
## Arabic
### Etymology

From Proto-Semitic *muḫḫ- (“head; brain; marrow”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /muxx/

### Noun

مُخّ • (muḵḵ) m (plural أَمْخَاخ (ʔamḵāḵ))
* (anatomy) cerebrum

#### Descendants

* Egyptian Arabic: مخ (muḵḵ)
* Gulf Arabic: مخ (muḵ)
* Maltese: moħħ
* Moroccan Arabic: مخ (muḵḵ)
* Kurdish:
    → Northern Kurdish: mox
    → Central Kurdish: مۆخ (mox)
* → Persian: مخ (mox)

## Egyptian Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic مُخّ (muḵḵ).

### Noun

مخ • (muḵḵ) m (plural أَمْخَاخ (amḵā́ḵ))
* (anatomy) brain (“organ”)
    Synonym: دماغ (dimāḡ)

## Moroccan Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic مُخّ (muḵḵ).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /muxː/

### Noun

مخ • (muḵḵ) m (plural مخاخ (mḵāḵ))
* (anatomy) brain (“organ”)
    Synonym: دماغ (dmāḡ)

## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic مُخّ (muḵḵ, “cerebrum”).

### Noun

مخ • (muh) (plural مخاخ or مخخه)
* bone marrow, the place where new blood cells are produced
    Synonym: ایلیك (ilik)
* brain, the organ which controls the central nervous system
    Synonyms: بینی (beyni), دماغ (demağ), مغز (mağz)
* the white fat seen around the eyeball of a fat beast
* kernel, marrow, pith, core, essence of a thing
    Synonyms: اوز (öz), لب (lubb), مغز (mağz)

#### Descendants

* Turkish: muh

### Further reading

* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “muh”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 3276
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “مخ”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 1133
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Medulla”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎, Vienna, column 1025
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “مخ”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, column 4465
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “مخ”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1771

## Persian
### Etymology

Cognate with Proto-Germanic *musą (“marsh, moss”).

### Noun

مخ • (mox)
* (now dialectal, Kazerun, Dashtestan, Bushehr) palm, palm tree
    Synonym: نخل (naxl)

#### Derived terms

* مخور (moxvar)
* مخستان (moxestân)

## South Levantine Arabic

Picture dictionary :
مخ
جمجمة
مخ
عين
شفة
منخار
تم
دقن
فك
دان
صدغ
رقبة :

### Etymology

From Arabic مُخّ (muḵḵ).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /muxx/, [mʊx]
* Audio (Ramallah):(file)

### Noun

مخّ • (muḵḵ) m (plural مخاخ (mḵāḵ))
* brain
    Synonym: دماغ (dmāḡ)
* mind

## Southwestern Fars
### Noun

مخ (mox)
* (Kuzarg) palm, palm tree
# งู
## Thai
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Southwestern Tai *ŋuːᴬ⁴, from Proto-Tai *ŋwɯːᴬ (“snake”). Cognate with Isan งู, Lao ງູ (ngū), Northern Thai ᨦᩪ, Khün ᨦᩪ, Lü ᦇᦴ (nguu), Tai Dam ꪉꪴ, Tai Dón ꪉꪴ, Shan ငူး (ngúu), Tai Nüa ᥒᥧᥰ (ngü), Ahom 𑜂𑜥 (ṅū), Zhuang ngwz, Nong Zhuang nguz, Tày ngù, Bouyei ngeaz, Saek งั๊ว.

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic/Phonemic | Orthographic/Phonemic | งู ŋ ū |
| Romanization | Paiboon | nguu |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | ngu |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /ŋuː˧/ |
| Audio | Audio | |

### Noun

งู • (nguu)
* snake. (classifier ตัว)
* (LGBTQ slang) penis.

#### Synonyms

* snakeโฆรวิสเงี้ยว (ngíao)เงือก (ngʉ̂ʉak)ทีฆชาติเทียรฆชาตินาค (nâak)นาคานาคี (naa-kii)ผณิ (pà-ní)ผณิน (pà-nin)พาฬ (paan)ภุชคะภุชงค์ (pú-chong)ภุชงคมะโภคินโภคีมกร (má-gɔɔn)มะเส็ง (má-sěng)มังกร (mang-gɔɔn)วิษธรสรีสฤบ (sà-rii-srìp)สัปปะ (sàp-bpà)อสรพิษ (à-sɔ̌ɔ-rá-pít)อหิ (à-hì)อาศิรพิษอาศิรวิษอาศีรพิษอาศีรวิษอุรคะ (ù-rá-ká)
* (penis) See ควย (kuai).
# forestill
## Norwegian Bokmål
### Verb

forestill
* imperative of forestille
# vantard
## French
### Etymology

From vanter +‎ -ard.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /vɑ̃.taʁ/

### Noun

vantard m (plural vantards, feminine vantarde)
* boaster, bragger

### Adjective

vantard (feminine vantarde, masculine plural vantards, feminine plural vantardes)
* boasting, bragging

#### Derived terms

* vantardement
* vantardise

### Further reading

* “vantard”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Norman
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Noun

vantard m (plural vantards)
* (Jersey) boaster, bragger

#### Synonyms

* braidgeux
* cratcheux
# kepompong
## Indonesian
### Etymology

Inherited from Malay kepompong.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Indonesian) IPA: /kəˈpompoŋ/ [kəˈpom.poŋ]
* Rhymes: -ompoŋ
* Syllabification: ke‧pom‧pong

### Noun

kêpompong (plural kepompong-kepompong)
* chrysalis (the pupa of a butterfly or moth)

### Further reading

* “kepompong” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Malay
### Pronunciation

* This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

### Noun

kepompong (Jawi spelling کڤومڤوڠ, plural kepompong-kepompong, informal 1st possessive kepompongku, 2nd possessive kepompongmu, 3rd possessive kepompongnya)
* chrysalis

### Further reading

* “kepompong” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.
# wówczas
## Polish
### Etymology

Univerbation of w ów czas. First attested in 1605.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈvuf.t͡ʂas/
* (Middle Polish) IPA: /ˈvof.t͡ʂas/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -uft͡ʂas
* Syllabification: wów‧czas

### Adverb

wówczas (not comparable)
* (literary) back then, at that time
    Synonyms: naówczas, natedy, natenczas, podówczas, wonczas, wtedy, wtenczas
    Miałem wówczas 14 lat. ― I was 14 at the time.
* (literary) then, when (in that case)
    Synonym: wtedy
    Porozmawiamy dopiero wówczas, gdy się uspokoisz. ― We will talk only when you calm down.

#### Related terms

* ówczesny

### Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), wówczas is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 56 times in scientific texts, 11 times in news, 29 times in essays, 17 times in fiction, and 3 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 116 times, making it the 527th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.

### References

* ↑ Paweł Kupiszewski (05.10.2023) “WÓWCZAS”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]
* ↑ Ida Kurcz (1990) “wówczas”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), volume 2, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 676

### Further reading

* wówczas in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* wówczas in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “wówczas”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
* J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1919), “wówczas”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 7, Warsaw, page 705
# avull
## Albanian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Albanian *abula, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥bʰel-, from *nébʰos (“cloud”). Closely related to Messapic atabulus. Compare Latin nebula (“mist, cloud”), Old English nifol (“mist, darkness”), Ancient Greek νεφέλη (nephélē). Compare also Romanian abur.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈavuɫ/
* This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.

### Noun

ávull m (plural avuj, definite avulli, definite plural avujt)
* steam

#### Derived terms

* avulloj
* pravulloj

#### Descendants

* Aromanian: abur
* Romanian: abur

### References

* ↑ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “avull”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 464

### Further reading

* “avull”, in FGJSSH: Fjalor i gjuhës së sotme shqipe [Dictionary of the modern Albanian language]‎ (in Albanian), 1980
* “avull”, in FGJSH: Fjalor i gjuhës shqipe [Dictionary of the Albanian language] (in Albanian), 2006
* Newmark, L. (1999) “avull”, in Oxford Albanian-English Dictionary‎
# półfinał
## Polish
### Etymology

From pół- +‎ finał.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /puwˈfi.naw/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -inaw
* Syllabification: pół‧fi‧nał

### Noun

półfinał m inan (related adjective półfinałowy)
* (sports) semifinal (playoff in the round with only four players or teams left, the stage before the final)
    Coordinate term: ćwierćfinał

#### Related terms

* półfinalista
* półfinalistka

### Further reading

* półfinał in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* półfinał in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# 外国侬
## Chinese

* For pronunciation and definitions of 外国侬 – see 外國儂. (This term is the simplified form of 外國儂).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
# reverberatest
## English
### Verb

reverberatest
* (archaic) second-person singular simple present indicative of reverberate
# dimensjoner
## Norwegian Bokmål
### Noun

dimensjoner m
* indefinite plural of dimensjon

### Verb

dimensjoner
* imperative of dimensjonere
# Fußknöchel
## German
### Alternative forms

* Fussknöchel (Switzerland)

### Etymology

Fuß (“foot”) +‎ Knöchel (“knuckle”)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈfuːsˌknœçl̩/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

Fußknöchel m (strong, genitive Fußknöchels, plural Fußknöchel)
* ankle
    Synonyms: Knöchel, Fußgelenk
* malleolus

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “Fußknöchel” in Duden online
* “Fußknöchel” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
# spoke in circles
## English
### Verb

spoke in circles
* simple past of speak in circles
# blitz chess
## English
### Etymology

Partial calque of German Blitzschach.

### Noun

blitz chess (uncountable)
* (chess) Chess played at a quick time control, with each side getting about five minutes to make their moves. Blitz chess is played at a variety of time controls, primarily 3+0 (three minutes per side), 3+2 (three minutes per side plus two extra seconds per move), 5+0, and 5+3.
    Synonyms: lightning chess, speed chess
** 2013 June 24, Mark Samuelian, “Speed Chess Changed My Brain”, in The Atlantic‎:What I had played was chess. Specially, I knocked out some 2,000 games of speed (or "blitz") chess in the two months leading up to the tournament. In fact, I played so much that I'm currently in the top half-percent of more than 1.3 million of blitz players at an online chess competition site.
** 2018 November 27, Kabir Chibber, “What will happen on the final day of the World Chess Championship”, in Quartz‎:If there’s still no winner, the players move on two games of blitz chess. There, each player is limited to only five minutes, with three seconds added after each move. If there is no winner, they play a further two games of blitz chess.
** 2017 December 28, Des Bieler, “Chess champion refuses to defend titles in Saudi Arabia to protest treatment of women”, in The Washington Post‎:Muzychuk, 27, is the reigning women’s world champion in both rapid and blitz chess.

#### Related terms

* classical chess
* rapid chess
* bullet chess
# apropiar
## Catalan
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin appropriare. Equivalent to a- +‎ propi +‎ -ar.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central) [ə.pɾu.piˈa]
* IPA: (Balearic) [ə.pɾo.piˈa]
* IPA: (Valencia) [a.pɾo.piˈaɾ]

### Verb

apropiar (first-person singular present apropio, first-person singular preterite apropií, past participle apropiat)
* (transitive) to adapt, to (make) fit, to apply
* (reflexive) to appropriate
    Es va apropiar de les idees d'un altre eminent científic.He appropriated the ideas of another eminent scientist.

#### Derived terms

* apropiat
* apropiatiu

### Further reading

* “apropiar” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.

## Spanish
### Alternative forms

* apropriar (obsolete)

### Etymology

Borrowed from Late Latin appropriare, from Latin proprius.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /apɾoˈpjaɾ/ [a.pɾoˈpjaɾ]
* Rhymes: -aɾ
* Syllabification: a‧pro‧piar

### Verb

apropiar (first-person singular present apropio, first-person singular preterite apropié, past participle apropiado)
* to give, bestow
* (reflexive) to seize, take hold of

#### Conjugation

$^1$Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language. $^2$Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.
These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

#### Derived terms

* apropiado

### Further reading

* “apropiar”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
# サンド
## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Wasei eigo (和製英語; pseudo-anglicism)-style shortening of English sandwich.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) サンド [sáꜜǹdò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [sã̠ndo̞]

#### Noun

サンド • (sando)
* Short for サンドイッチ (sandoitchi, “sandwich”).
    野(や)菜(さい)サンド
       yasai sando
       vegetable sandwich
    ミックスサンド
       mikkusu sando
       club sandwich
* sandwiching; squeezing from both sides

#### Verb

サンドする • (sando suru) transitive suru (stem サンドし (sando shi), past サンドした (sando shita))
* to sandwich
    Synonym: 挟む (hasamu)

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | サンドし | sando shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | サンドし | sando shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | サンドする | sando suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | サンドする | sando suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | サンドすれ | sando sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | サンドせよ¹ サンドしろ² | sando seyo¹ sando shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | サンドされる | sando sareru |
| Causative | サンドさせる サンドさす | sando saseru sando sasu |
| Potential | サンドできる | sando dekiru |
| Volitional | サンドしよう | sando shiyō |
| Negative | サンドしない | sando shinai |
| Negative continuative | サンドせず | sando sezu |
| Formal | サンドします | sando shimasu |
| Perfective | サンドした | sando shita |
| Conjunctive | サンドして | sando shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | サンドすれば | sando sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### Etymology 2

From English sand.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) サンド [sáꜜǹdò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [sã̠ndo̞]

#### Noun

サンド • (sando)
* sand

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
# star packer
## English
### Alternative forms

* starpacker

### Noun

star packer (plural star packers)
* (US, slang, dated) A sheriff in the Wild West.
# stadfester
## Norwegian Bokmål
### Verb

stadfester
* present tense of stadfeste

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Alternative forms

* stadfestar

### Verb

stadfester
* present tense of stadfeste
# aagar
## Yola
### Etymology

From Middle English eger, from Old French egre, aigre, from Late Latin ācrus. Cognate with Scots laager.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈaːɡər/ (spelled aager)
* Homophone: aager

### Adjective

aagar
* eager
    Synonym: arkagh

### References

* ↑ Diarmaid Ó Muirithe (1990) “A Modern Glossary of the Dialect of Forth and Bargy”, in lrish University Review‎, volume 20, number 1, Edinburgh University Press, page 153
* ↑ Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828) William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published 1867, page 21
# pleasured oneself
## English
### Verb

pleasured oneself
* simple past and past participle of pleasure oneself
# Grossrechner
## German
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɡʁoːsˌʁɛçnɐ/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: Gross‧rech‧ner

### Noun

Grossrechner m (strong, genitive Grossrechners, plural Grossrechner)
* Switzerland and Liechtenstein standard spelling of Großrechner.
# rozpieczętować
## Polish
### Etymology

From roz- +‎ pieczętować.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /rɔs.pjɛ.t͡ʂɛnˈtɔ.vat͡ɕ/
* Rhymes: -ɔvat͡ɕ
* Syllabification: roz‧pie‧czę‧to‧wać

### Verb

rozpieczętować pf (imperfective rozpieczętowywać)
* (transitive) to unseal (to remove or break the seal)
    Synonym: odpieczętować
    Antonym: zapieczętować

#### Related terms

* pieczęć

### Further reading

* rozpieczętować in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* rozpieczętować in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# zdraviť
## Slovak
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈzdravic]

### Verb

zdraviť impf
* to greet (somebody)

#### Conjugation
### Further reading

* “zdraviť”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2024
# starpackers
## English
### Noun

starpackers
* plural of starpacker
# videresend
## Danish
### Verb

videresend
* imperative of videresende

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Verb

videresend
* imperative of videresende
# торга
## Russian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈtorɡə]

### Noun

то́рга • (tórga) m inan
* genitive singular of торг (torg)
** 1876, Russian Synodal Bible, Mark 7:4:и, придя с торга, не едят, не омывшись. Есть и многое другое, чего они приняли держаться: наблюдать омовение чаш, кружек, котлов и скамей.i, pridja s torga, ne jedjat, ne omyvšisʹ. Jestʹ i mnogoje drugoje, čevo oni prinjali deržatʹsja: nabljudatʹ omovenije čaš, kružek, kotlov i skamej.(please add an English translation of this quotation)
# comes down to earth
## English
### Verb

comes down to earth
* third-person singular simple present indicative of come down to earth
# koabitacja
## Polish
### Etymology

Borrowed from French cohabitation. Doublet of kohabitacja.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kɔ.a.biˈta.t͡sja/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -at͡sja
* Syllabification: ko‧a‧bi‧ta‧cja

### Noun

koabitacja f
* (government, politics) cohabitation (system of divided government that occurs in semi-presidential systems whenever the president is from a different political party than the majority of the members of parliament)
    Synonym: kohabitacja
* (literary) cohabitation (emotional and physical intimate relationship which includes a common living place and which exists without legal or religious sanction)
    Synonyms: kohabitacja, współdziałanie, współzamieszkiwanie, współżycie

#### Related terms

* koabitant
* koabitować impf

### Further reading

* koabitacja in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* koabitacja in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# threw a monkey wrench into the works
## English
### Verb

threw a monkey wrench into the works
* simple past of throw a monkey wrench into the works
# Bucaramanga
## English
### Proper noun

Bucaramanga
* A city and municipality, the capital of the Santander department, in northern Colombia.

#### Translations
## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bukaɾaˈmanɡa/ [bu.ka.ɾaˈmãŋ.ɡa]
* Rhymes: -anɡa
* Syllabification: Bu‧ca‧ra‧man‧ga

### Proper noun

Bucaramanga ?
* Bucaramanga (a city and municipality, the capital of the Santander department, in northern Colombia)

#### Related terms

* bumangués
# diwiší
## Phalura
### Etymology

Uncertain; the first morpheme is presumably dúu (“two”). (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /diwiɕí/

### Noun

diwiší m (Perso-Arabic spelling دِوِشیۡ)
* two-year-old male goat

#### Declension
### References

* Henrik Liljegren, Naseem Haider (2011) “diwiší”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎, Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN
# pouncet box
## English
### Noun

pouncet box (plural pouncet boxes)
* Alternative form of pouncet-box
# tydeliggjort
## Danish
### Verb

tydeliggjort
* past participle of tydeliggøre

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Verb

tydeliggjort
* past participle of tydeliggjøre
# российский
## Russian
### Alternative forms

* россі́йскій (rossíjskij) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)

### Etymology

Росси́я (Rossíja) +‎ -и́йский (-íjskij)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskʲɪj]
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: рос‧сий‧ский
* Rhymes: -ijskʲɪj

### Adjective

росси́йский • (rossíjskij)
* Russian (concerning the country, nationality)
    Е́сли она́ не вы́йдет на доро́гу созда́ния действи́тельно планоме́рной еди́ной организа́ции вме́сто росси́йского бесто́лкового ха́оса и неле́пости, — тогда́ э́та револю́ция оста́нется револю́цией буржуа́зной.Jésli oná ne výjdet na dorógu sozdánija dejstvítelʹno planomérnoj jedínoj organizácii vmésto rossíjskovo bestólkovovo xáosa i neléposti, — togdá éta revoljúcija ostánetsja revoljúcijej buržuáznoj.If it does not take the road of creating a truly planned unified organization instead of Russian muddle-headed chaos and absurdity, then this revolution will remain a bourgeois revolution.
** 1877, Иван Тургенев, “Часть первая. II”, in Новь; English translation from Constance Garnett, transl., Virgin Soil, 1920:— Что с тобой, Алексей Дмитриевич, российский Гамлет? Огорчил кто тебя? Или так — без причины — взгрустнулось? — Перестань, пожалуйста, российский Мефистофель, — отвечал раздраженно Нежданов. — Мне не до того, чтобы препираться с тобою плоскими остротами.— Što s toboj, Aleksej Dmitrijevič, rossijskij Gamlet? Ogorčil kto tebja? Ili tak — bez pričiny — vzgrustnulosʹ? — Perestanʹ, požalujsta, rossijskij Mefistofelʹ, — otvečal razdraženno Neždanov. — Mne ne do tovo, štoby prepiratʹsja s toboju ploskimi ostrotami.'What's wrong with you, Alexey Dmitrievitch, Hamlet of Russia? Has any one offended you? or is it a causeless melancholy?' 'Stop that, please, Mephistopheles of Russia,' answered Nezhdanov irritably. 'I'm not equal to a contest with you in dull smartness.'

#### Usage notes

The word росси́йский emphasizes belonging to Russia, as a citizen or resident regardless of ethnicity, as opposed to ру́сский (rússkij), which indicates ethnicity, etc. In some cases the words may be used interchangeably.

#### Derived terms

* Росгва́рдия (Rosgvárdija, “Rosgvardia, National Guard of Russia”)
* Роскомнадзо́р (Roskomnadzór, “Roskomnadzor”)
* Росси́йская Федера́ция (Rossíjskaja Federácija, “Russian Federation”)

#### Related terms

* всеросси́йский (vserossíjskij)
* общеросси́йский (obščerossíjskij)

#### Descendants

* → Ukrainian: російський (rosijsʹkyj)
* → Yakut: российскай (rossiyskay)
# liking the sound of one's own voice
## English
### Verb

liking the sound of one's own voice
* present participle and gerund of like the sound of one's own voice
# tõestama
## Estonian
### Etymology

tõsi +‎ -stama

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈtɤe̯stɑmɑ/, [ˈtɤe̯sˌtɑmɑ]
* Rhymes: -ɤestɑmɑ
* Hyphenation: tões‧ta‧ma

### Verb

tõestama (da-infinitive tõestada)
* (transitive) to prove (to establish the existence or truth of something or to justify something on the basis of facts or logic) [with et (+ clause) ‘that’]
    Advokaat tõestas, et tema klient on süütu. ― The lawyer proved that his client was innocent.
** (transitive, mathematics) to prove (deduce the validity of an assertion by reasoning)
* (transitive) to certify, to authenticate
    notariaalselt tõestatud testament ― a notarially certified will
* (transitive) to prove (to persuade someone of one's ability or worth)
    Tõesta, et sa oled selle ülesande vääriline! ― Prove you're up to the challenge!
* (transitive) to testify, to witness

#### Derived terms

* tõestaja
* tõestamatu
* tõestamine
* tõestatavus
* tõestatu
* tõestatus
* tõestus

#### Related terms

* tõde
* tõekas
* tõeline
* tõelus
* tõendama
* tõene
* tõesti
* tõestuma
* tõsidus
* tõsine

### References

* tõestama in Sõnaveeb (Eesti Keele Instituut)
* “tõestama”, in [EKSS] Eesti keele seletav sõnaraamat [Descriptive Dictionary of the Estonian Language] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2009