# estremecer
## Galician
### Alternative forms

* estemorecer, estromecer

### Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese estremecer (13th century, Alfonso X the Wise), from es- +‎ Latin tremēscō (“I begin to tremble, shake”), from tremō (“I shake, tremble”) + -ēscō.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [estɾemeˈθeɾ], (western) [estɾemeˈseɾ]

### Verb

estremecer (first-person singular present estremezo, first-person singular preterite estremecín, past participle estremecido) estremecer (first-person singular present estremeço, first-person singular preterite estremecim or estremeci, past participle estremecido, reintegrationist norm)
* (intransitive or pronominal) to shake, tremble
** 1370, Ramón Lorenzo, editor, Crónica troiana, A Coruña: Fundación Barrié, page 506:os caualos fazíã tã grã rroýdo per u ýam que a terra estremeçía so seus peesthe horses made such a large uproar wherever they go that the ground trembled under their feet
** 1885, V.P., Un conto:
    contestoulle ela, estemorecéndose como a folliña no álbore, cando a empuxa o nordésshe said, trembling as the little leaf on the tree, when the north-easterly wind pushes it
* (intransitive or pronominal) to shiver

#### Conjugation

$^1$Less recommended.

### References

* Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “estremecer”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “estreme”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: ILG
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “estremecer”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* “estremecer”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2025
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “estremecer”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “estremecer”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

## Portuguese
### Etymology

From es- +‎ Latin tremēscere (“to begin to tremble, to shake”), from tremō (“to shake, to tremble”) + -ēscō, from Proto-Indo-European *trem- (“tremble”).

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /is.tɾe.meˈse(ʁ)/ [is.tɾe.meˈse(h)], /es.tɾe.meˈse(ʁ)/ [es.tɾe.meˈse(h)]
* (Brazil) IPA: /is.tɾe.meˈse(ʁ)/ [is.tɾe.meˈse(h)], /es.tɾe.meˈse(ʁ)/ [es.tɾe.meˈse(h)]
** (São Paulo) IPA: /is.tɾe.meˈse(ɾ)/, /es.tɾe.meˈse(ɾ)/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /iʃ.tɾe.meˈse(ʁ)/ [iʃ.tɾe.meˈse(χ)], /eʃ.tɾe.meˈse(ʁ)/ [eʃ.tɾe.meˈse(χ)]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /es.tɾe.meˈse(ɻ)/
* (Portugal) IPA: /(i)ʃ.tɾɨ.mɨˈseɾ/
* (Portugal) IPA: /(i)ʃ.tɾɨ.mɨˈseɾ/
** (Southern Portugal) IPA: /(i)ʃ.tɾɨ.mɨˈse.ɾi/

### Verb

estremecer (first-person singular present estremeço, first-person singular preterite estremeci, past participle estremecido)
* to cause to shake
    Synonyms: abalar, balançar, chacoalhar, sacudir
    O terramoto estremeceu o prédio.The earthquake shook the building.
* to shake; to tremble
    Synonym: tremer
    O prédio estremeceu devido ao terramoto.The building shook due to the earthquake.
* to shiver
    Estremeciamos no frio.We were shivering in the cold.
* to terrify; to send shivers down someone's spine
    Synonyms: amedrontar, apavorar, aterrorizar

#### Conjugation
## Spanish
### Etymology

From ex- (“out of”) +‎ tremiscere (“to start shaking”), from Latin tremō, whence English tremble and tremor.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Spain) /estɾemeˈθeɾ/ [es.t̪ɾe.meˈθeɾ]
* IPA: (Latin America, Philippines) /estɾemeˈseɾ/ [es.t̪ɾe.meˈseɾ]
* Rhymes: -eɾ
* Syllabification: es‧tre‧me‧cer

### Verb

estremecer (first-person singular present estremezco, first-person singular preterite estremecí, past participle estremecido)
* (transitive) to shake, make tremble, make shudder
* (transitive) to thrill
* (reflexive) to shudder, to flinch

#### Conjugation

$^1$Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language. $^2$Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.
These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

#### Derived terms

* estremecedor
* estremecimiento
* estremezón (“shake; shiver, shivering”) (Colombia, Venezuela); ("tremor") (Andalusia, Caribbean)

#### Related terms

* temblor
* tremor
* trémulo

### Further reading

* “estremecer”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10