# दुःख
## Hindi
### Alternative forms

* दुख (dukh)

### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit दुःख (duḥkha). Cognate with Assamese দুখ (dukh), Bengali দু:খ (duḥkho), Odia ଦୁଃଖ (duḥkha), Marathi दुःख (duḥkha), Nepali दुःख (duḥkh), Gujarati દુઃખ (duḥkha), English dukkha.

### Pronunciation

* (Delhi) IPA: /d̪ʊkʰ/, /d̪ʊ(ɦ)kʰ/

### Noun

दुःख • (duḥkh) m (Urdu spelling دکھ)
* sorrow, grief, sadness
    Synonyms: ग़म (ġam), उदासी (udāsī)
    अपना दुःख मित्र के साथ बाँटना चाहिए।apnā duḥkh mitra ke sāth bā̃ṭnā cāhie.You should share your sorrows with friends.
* suffering, distress
    Synonym: कष्ट (kaṣṭ)
    Antonym: सुख (sukh)
    उसने जीवन में बहुत दुःख उठाया।usne jīvan mẽ bahut duḥkh uṭhāyā.He has endured much suffering in his life.

#### Declension
### References

* Bahri, Hardev (1989) “दुःख”, in Siksarthi Hindi-Angrejhi Sabdakosa [Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary], Delhi: Rajpal & Sons.

## Marathi
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Marathi 𑘟𑘳𑘾𑘏 (duḥkha), from Sanskrit दुःख (duḥkha).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /d̪u.ʰkʰə/

### Noun

दुःख • (duḥkha) n
* grief, sadness, unhappiness, sorrow
    दु:ख व्यक्त केल्याने मनावरील ओझे हलके होते।du:kha vyakta kelyāne manāvrīl ojhe halke hote.Expressing grief eases the burden on the mind.

#### Declension
### References

* Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983) “दुःख”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies
* Shankar Gopal Tulpule, Anne Feldhaus (1999) “दुःख”, in A Dictionary of Old Marathi, Mumbai: Popular Prakashan

## Nepali
### Alternative forms

* दुख (dukha)

### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit दुःख (duḥkha).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [d̪uk̚kʰʌ], [d̪uk̞ʰʌ]
* Phonetic Devanagari: दुक्ख, or दुखअ

### Noun

दुःख • (duḥkha)
* sorrow, grief, sadness
* suffering, distress
    Synonyms: वेदना (vedanā), कष्ट (kaṣṭa), क्लेश (kleś)
    Antonym: सुख (sukha)
* trouble, hardship
    Synonym: तकलीफ (taklīph)
* shortage, need

### References

* “दुःख”, in नेपाली बृहत् शब्दकोश (nepālī br̥hat śabdakoś) [Comprehensive Nepali Dictionary]‎, Kathmandu: Nepal Academy, 2018
* Schmidt, Ruth L. (1993) “दुःख”, in A Practical Dictionary of Modern Nepali, Ratna Sagar

## Sanskrit
### Alternative forms

* दुᳵख (duxkha)

### Alternative scripts

* দুঃখ (Assamese script)
* ᬤᬸᬄᬔ (Balinese script)
* দুঃখ (Bengali script)
* 𑰟𑰲𑰾𑰏 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀤𑀼𑀂𑀔 (Brahmi script)
* ဒုးခ (Burmese script)
* દુઃખ (Gujarati script)
* ਦੁਃਖ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌦𑍁𑌃𑌖 (Grantha script)
* ꦢꦸꦃꦑ (Javanese script)
* 𑂠𑂳𑂂𑂎 (Kaithi script)
* ದುಃಖ (Kannada script)
* ទុះខ (Khmer script)
* ທຸະຂ (Lao script)
* ദുഃഖ (Malayalam script)
* ᡩᡠᢁᡘᠠ (Manchu script)
* 𑘟𑘳𑘾𑘏 (Modi script)
* ᢑᠤᢁ᠋ᠻᠠ (Mongolian script)
* 𑦿𑧔𑧟𑦯 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐡𑐸𑑅𑐏 (Newa script)
* ଦୁଃଖ (Odia script)
* ꢣꢸꢁꢓ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆢𑆶𑆂𑆒 (Sharada script)
* 𑖟𑖲𑖾𑖏 (Siddham script)
* දුඃඛ (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩭𑩒𑪗𑩝 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚛𑚰𑚬𑚋 (Takri script)
* து³𑌃க² (Tamil script)
* దుఃఖ (Telugu script)
* ทุะข (Thai script)
* དུཿ་ཁ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒠𑒳𑓁𑒐 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨛𑨃𑨹𑨌 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

Created as antonym to सुख n (sukhá, “ease, pleasure”), with the element दुस्- (dus-).

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /duh.kʰɐ́/, [dux.kʰɐ́]
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /ˈd̪uh.kʰɐ/

### Noun

दुःख • (duḥkhá) stem, n
* sorrow, distress, suffering, grief, misery, uneasiness, pain

#### Descendants

* Assamese: দুখ (dukh)
* Romani: dukh
* → Bengali: দুঃখ (dukkho)
* → Bikol Central: dukha
* → Hindi: दुःख (duḥkh)
* → Kannada: ದುಃಖ (duḥkha)
* → Malayalam: ദുഃഖം (duḥkhaṁ)
* → Marathi: दुःख (duḥkha)
* → Nepali: दुःख (duḥkha)
* → Pali: dukkha
** → Malay: duka
** → Burmese: ဒုက္ခ (dukhka.)
** → English: dukkha
** → Thai: ทุกข์ (túk)
** → Khmer: ទុក្ខ (tuk)
** → Tagalog: dukhâ
* → Punjabi: ਦੁੱਖ (dukkha)
* → Tagalog: dukha
* ⇒ Hindi: दुख (dukh)
* ⇒ Urdu: دکھ (dukh)
* → Tamil: துக்கம் (tukkam)
* → Telugu: దుఃఖము (duḥkhamu)

### Adjective

दुःख • (duḥkhá) stem
* painful, uncomfortable, uneasy, difficult

#### Declension
### References

* Monier Williams (1899) “दुःख”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 483, column 2.
* Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) “duḥkhá-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 730
* Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “duḥkha”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press