# جهنم
## Arabic
### Etymology

Borrowed from Aramaic גֵּיהִנָּם (gēhinnām), from גֵּיא בֶן הִנֹּם (gē ḇen hinnōm, “valley of the son of Hinom”). The vocalization suggests that it may have been borrowed via Ge'ez ገሀነም (gähännäm).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /d͡ʒa.han.nam/

### Proper noun

جَهَنَّم • (jahannam) f
* (Islam, Christianity) hell, Gehenna
    Synonyms: سَعِير (saʕīr), لَظَىٰ (laẓā), النَّار (an-nār), هاوِيَة (hāwiya), جَحِيم (jaḥīm), حُطَمَة (ḥuṭama), سَقَر (saqar)

#### Related terms

* جَهَنَّمِيّ (jahannamiyy)

#### Descendants

* → Armenian: ջանդամ (ǰandam), ջհանդամ (ǰhandam), ջահանդամ (ǰahandam), ջհաննամ (ǰhannam), ջայնամ (ǰaynam), ջահնամ (ǰahnam)
* → Azerbaijani: cəhənnəm
* → Bashkir: йәһәннәм (yəhənnəm)
* → English: Jahannam
* → Karaim: джаханам (cahanam)
* → Kazakh: жаһаннам (jahannam)
* → Malay: jahanam
* → Ottoman Turkish: جهنم (cehennem)
** Turkish: cehennem
** → Abkhaz: џьаҳаным (džaḥanəm)
** → Bulgarian: дженде́м (džendém), джанде́м (džandém)
** → Macedonian: џенем (dženem)
** → Serbo-Croatian:
    Cyrillic script: џехѐнем, џехѐннем, Џехѐнем, Џехѐннем
    Latin script: džehènem, džehènnem, Džehènem, Džehènnem
* → Classical Persian: جَهَنَّم (jahannam)
** → Bengali: জাহান্নাম (jahannam)
** → Punjabi:
    Gurmukhi script: ਜਹੰਨਮ (jahannam)
    Shahmukhi script: جہنم (jahannam)
** → Hindustani:
    Hindi: जहन्नुम (jahannum), जहन्नम (jahannam)
    Urdu: جَہَنُّم (jahannum), جَہَنَّم (jahannam)
* → Swahili: jahanamu
* → Tabasaran: жегьеннем (žehennem)
* → Turkmen: jähennem

#### References

* Jonas Meyer (1901) Die Hölle im Islam‎ (in German), Basel: Fr. Reinhardt, Universitäts-Buchdruckerei

## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology

From Arabic جَهَنَّم (jahannam), from Hebrew גֵּיהִנּוֹם (gehinóm, “Gehenna”), from גַּיא בֶּן הִנֹּם (Ge ben Hinnom, “Valley of Hinnom”).

### Noun

جهنم • (cehennem)
* (Islam) hell, Gehenna, a place of torment where sinners are believed to go after death.
    Synonyms: دوزخ (duzah), طامو (tamu)

#### Derived terms

* جهنم دیبی (cehennem dibi, “bottom of the hell”)
* جهنم طاشی (cehennem taşı, “lunar caustic”)
* جهنم كوتوكی (cehennem kütüğü, “a hardened sinner”)
* جهنملك (cehennemlik, “place like hell”)
* جهنملی (cehennemli, “hellish, damned”)
* جهنمی (cehennemî, “hellish, damned”)

#### Descendants

* Turkish: cehennem
* → Abkhaz: џьаҳаным (džaḥanəm)
* → Bulgarian: дженде́м (džendém), джанде́м (džandém)
* → Macedonian: џенем (dženem)
* → Serbo-Croatian:
    Cyrillic script: џехѐнем, џехѐннем, Џехѐнем, Џехѐннем
    Latin script: džehènem, džehènnem, Džehènem, Džehènnem

### Further reading

* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “cehennem”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 768
* Hindoglu, Artin (1838) “جهنم”, in Hazine-i lûgat ou dictionnaire abrégé turc-français‎, Vienna: F. Beck, page 193a
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “جهنم”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 453
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Infernus”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎, Vienna, column 795
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “جهنم”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, column 1695
* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “cehennem”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “جهنم”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 694

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic جَهَنَّم (jahannam), borrowed from Aramaic גֵּיהִנָּם.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [d͡ʒa.han.ˈnam]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [d͡ʒä.ɦän.nǽm]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [d͡ʒä.ɦän.nǽm]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [d͡ʒɑːän.nǽm]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [d͡ʒɔːän.nǽm]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [d͡ʒæ.ɦæn.nǽm]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [d͡ʒä.ɦän.nǽm]

### Noun

| Dari | جهنم |
| Iranian Persian | جهنم |
| Tajik | ҷаҳаннам |
جَهَنَّم • (jahannam)
* hell
    Synonym: دوزخ (duzax)

#### Descendants

* → Bengali: জাহান্নাম (jahannam)
* → Punjabi:
    Gurmukhi script: ਜਹੰਨਮ (jahannam)
    Shahmukhi script: جہنم (jahannam)
* → Hindustani:
    Hindi: जहन्नुम (jahannum), जहन्नम (jahannam)
    Urdu: جَہَنُّم (jahannum), جَہَنَّم (jahannam)