# gulag
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Russian ГУЛА́Г (GULÁG), the acronym of Гла́вное управле́ние исправи́тельно-трудовы́х лагере́й (Glávnoje upravlénije ispravítelʹno-trudovýx lageréj, “Chief Administration of Corrective-Labor Camps”), the government agency in charge of the Soviet Union’s network of forced labour camps, which was established in 1918 and formally abolished in 1960: see GULAG.

### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈɡuːlɑɡ/, (sometimes) /-læɡ/, /ɡuːˈlɑk/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* (General American) IPA: /ˈɡuˌlɑɡ/, (sometimes) /-ˌlæɡ/
* Rhymes: (Received Pronunciation) -ɑːk
* Hyphenation: gu‧lag

### Noun

gulag (plural gulags)
* (historical) Also GULAG: the system of all Soviet labour camps and prisons in use, especially during the Stalinist period (1930s–1950s).
** [2006?], David Hosford, Pamela Kachurin, Thomas Lamont, “Day 1 Content Essay: The Establishment and Scope of the GULAG System”, in GULAG: Soviet Prison Camps and Their Legacy […]‎, [U.S.A.]: National Park Service; Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies, Harvard University, →OCLC, archived from the original on 31 October 2021, page 7, column 1:One important difference between the GULAG system and the Nazi concentration camps was that a person sentenced to five years of hard labor in a Soviet labor camp could expect, assuming he or she survived, to be released at the end of the sentence.
* (by extension)
** A prison camp, especially one used to hold political prisoners.
** (also figuratively) A place where, or political system in which, people with dissident views are routinely oppressed.

#### Alternative forms

* Gulag
* GULAG

#### Derived terms

* gulaglike

#### Translations
### Verb

gulag (third-person singular simple present gulags, present participle gulaging or gulagging, simple past and past participle gulaged or gulagged)
* (transitive, informal, also figuratively) To compel (someone) into a forced labour camp or a similar place of confinement or exile.
** 1988, Sue Curry Jansen, Censorship: The Knot that Binds Power and Knowledge (Communication and Society), New York, N.Y., Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 8:Regulative censorships can be amended or revolutionized in ways that raise or lower bodycounts, numbers of books banned or citizens ghettoed or gulaged.
** 1993 September, Nelson George, “Haywired”, in Jonathan Van Meter, editor, Vibe, New York, N.Y.: Time Inc. Ventures, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 116, column 3:The marriage would be the last good thing in [Spencer] Haywood's life for a long time. He was gulaged to basketball Siberia—the now-defunct New Orleans franchise—for his failure to resurrect the Knicks, but at [Kareem Abdul-]Jabbar's urging the Lakers acquired him in 1980.
** 1998, Peter Makuck, “Dangerous Difference: W[illiam] D[e Witt] Snodgrass’s The Death of Cock Robin”, in Philip Raisor, editor, Tuned and Under Tension: The Recent Poetry of W. D. Snodgrass, Newark, N.J.: University of Delaware Press; London: Associated University Presses, →ISBN, page 31:Such a situation touches off in the reader a powerful sense of historical déjà vu: witch hunts, Gestapo roundups, the McCarthy era, Argentinian death squads, [Francisco] Franco and the murder of [Federico] Garcia Lorca, the KGB and the disappearance of Isaac Babel, the gulagging of Osip Mandelstam and Anna Akhmatova, to name just a few.
** 2001, Larry Gross, “Journalism’s Closet Opens”, in Up from Invisibility: Lesbians, Gay Men, and the Media in America (Between Men—Between Women), New York, N.Y.: Columbia University Press, →ISBN, page 118:[Abraham Michael] Rosenthal's reign was described by many as a period of paranoia and terror at the [New York] Times—one reporter said, "He was like the Czar; people would get gulaged at the drop of a hat."
** 2012 October, Paul Kengor, “Frank’s Writings in the Chicago Star (1946–48)”, in The Communist: Frank Marshall Davis: The Untold Story of Barack Obama’s Mentor, New York, N.Y.: Threshold Editions/Mercury Ink, →ISBN, page 138:He wanted American Christians to pay reverence to the greater glory of the USSR, which, in his mind, was not a nation blowing up churches, gulaging the religious, shooting priests, locking up nuns with prostitutes—declaring nus "whores to Christ"—and pursuing what Mikhail Gorbachev later correctly described as a "war on religion."
** 2017, Susan S. M. Edwards, “Cyber-grooming Young Women for Terrorist Activity: Dominant and Subjugated Explanatory Narratives”, in Emilio C. Viano, editor, Cybercrime, Organized Crime, and Societal Responses: International Approaches, Cham, Switzerland=: Springer Nature, →DOI, →ISBN, page 30:Knowledge that does not serve the state ideological apparatus or the dominant ruling, economic, intellectual or political force is knowledge or ideas that are consciously suppressed and "gulaged".
** 2019, Jal Mehta, Sarah Fine, “The Progressive Frontier: Project-based Learning”, in In Search of Deeper Learning: The Quest to Remake the American High School, Cambridge, Mass., London: Harvard University Press, →ISBN, page 52:The kids of high socioeconomic status were on the fifth floor, the lowest on the ground floor. The Technical Arts building had the Cape Verdeans and the Haitians … all of whom were Gulagged there in a building which they not-so-ironically called "the island."
** 2020, Fady Joudah, “Your Name is on the List and Other Vignettes”, in Pauline Kaldas, Khaled Mattawa, editors, Beyond Memory: An Anthology of Contemporary Arab American Creative Nonfiction, Fayetteville, Ark.: University of Arkansas Press, →ISBN, page 116:For Dad, home had been pulverized, reduced repeatedly to its nuclear constituents. As if he'd been gulagged to the Big Bang of belonging. An imaginary time, without boundary, without beginning or end.

#### Translations
### References

* ↑ “Gulag, n.”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, March 2019; “Gulag, n.”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.

### Further reading

* gulag on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* “gulag”, in Dictionary.com Unabridged, Dictionary.com, LLC, 1995–present.
* “gulag” in TheFreeDictionary.com, Huntingdon Valley, Pa.: Farlex, Inc., 2003–2024.

## Finnish
### Etymology

Russian ГУЛА́Г (GULÁG)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɡulɑɡ/, [ˈɡulɑ̝ɡ]
* Rhymes: -ulɑɡ
* Hyphenation: gu‧lag

### Noun

gulag
* gulag

#### Declension

Possessive forms of gulag (Kotus type 5/risti, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
gulagini
gulagini
accusative
nom.
gulagini
gulagini
gen.
gulagini
genitive
gulagini
gulagieni
partitive
gulagiani
gulagejani
inessive
gulagissani
gulageissani
elative
gulagistani
gulageistani
illative
gulagiini
gulageihini
adessive
gulagillani
gulageillani
ablative
gulagiltani
gulageiltani
allative
gulagilleni
gulageilleni
essive
gulaginani
gulageinani
translative
gulagikseni
gulageikseni
abessive
gulagittani
gulageittani
instructive
comitative
—gulageineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
gulagisi
gulagisi
accusative
nom.
gulagisi
gulagisi
gen.
gulagisi
genitive
gulagisi
gulagiesi
partitive
gulagiasi
gulagejasi
inessive
gulagissasi
gulageissasi
elative
gulagistasi
gulageistasi
illative
gulagiisi
gulageihisi
adessive
gulagillasi
gulageillasi
ablative
gulagiltasi
gulageiltasi
allative
gulagillesi
gulageillesi
essive
gulaginasi
gulageinasi
translative
gulagiksesi
gulageiksesi
abessive
gulagittasi
gulageittasi
instructive
comitative
—gulageinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
gulagimme
gulagimme
accusative
nom.
gulagimme
gulagimme
gen.
gulagimme
genitive
gulagimme
gulagiemme
partitive
gulagiamme
gulagejamme
inessive
gulagissamme
gulageissamme
elative
gulagistamme
gulageistamme
illative
gulagiimme
gulageihimme
adessive
gulagillamme
gulageillamme
ablative
gulagiltamme
gulageiltamme
allative
gulagillemme
gulageillemme
essive
gulaginamme
gulageinamme
translative
gulagiksemme
gulageiksemme
abessive
gulagittamme
gulageittamme
instructive
comitative
—gulageinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
gulaginne
gulaginne
accusative
nom.
gulaginne
gulaginne
gen.
gulaginne
genitive
gulaginne
gulagienne
partitive
gulagianne
gulagejanne
inessive
gulagissanne
gulageissanne
elative
gulagistanne
gulageistanne
illative
gulagiinne
gulageihinne
adessive
gulagillanne
gulageillanne
ablative
gulagiltanne
gulageiltanne
allative
gulagillenne
gulageillenne
essive
gulaginanne
gulageinanne
translative
gulagiksenne
gulageiksenne
abessive
gulagittanne
gulageittanne
instructive
comitative
—gulageinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
gulaginsa
gulaginsa
accusative
nom.
gulaginsa
gulaginsa
gen.
gulaginsa
genitive
gulaginsa
gulagiensa
partitive
gulagiaan gulagiansa
gulagejaan gulagejansa
inessive
gulagissaan gulagissansa
gulageissaan gulageissansa
elative
gulagistaan gulagistansa
gulageistaan gulageistansa
illative
gulagiinsa
gulageihinsa
adessive
gulagillaan gulagillansa
gulageillaan gulageillansa
ablative
gulagiltaan gulagiltansa
gulageiltaan gulageiltansa
allative
gulagilleen gulagillensa
gulageilleen gulageillensa
essive
gulaginaan gulaginansa
gulageinaan gulageinansa
translative
gulagikseen gulagiksensa
gulageikseen gulageiksensa
abessive
gulagittaan gulagittansa
gulageittaan gulageittansa
instructive
comitative
—gulageineen gulageinensa :

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ɡu.la.ɡuˈi/ [ɡu.la.ɡʊˈi], /ɡu.laˈɡi/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ɡu.lɐˈɡi/ [ɡu.lɐˈɣi]
* Hyphenation: gu‧lag

### Noun

gulag m (plural gulags)
* gulag (Soviet labour camp)

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Russian ГУЛАГ (GULAG).

### Noun

gulag n (plural gulaguri)
* gulag

#### Declension
## Slovak
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈkulak]

### Noun

gulag m inan (genitive singular gulagu, nominative plural gulagy, genitive plural gulagov, declension pattern of dub)
* gulag

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “gulag”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2024

## Spanish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Russian ГУЛА́Г (GULÁG).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡuˈlaɡ/ [ɡuˈlaɣ̞]
* Rhymes: -aɡ
* Syllabification: gu‧lag

### Noun

gulag m (plural gulags)
* gulag

### Further reading

* “gulag”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10