# murus
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin mūrus (“wall”).

### Noun

murus (plural muri)
* A wall, in the context of Ancient Rome. (Can we add an example for this sense?)
* (palynology) A pattern-forming ridge on the surface of a pollen grain.

#### Synonyms

* vallum

#### Derived terms

* murate
* muroid

## Estonian
### Noun

murus
* inessive singular of muru

## Latin
### Etymology

From Proto-Italic *moiros, from Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“to fix, to build fortifications or fences”), see also Latin mūnīre (“to protect”), Old Norse -mæri (“border-land, boundary”), Old English mære (“landmark, border, boundary”). See also Sanskrit मुर् (múr, “wall”), Sanskrit मुर (mura, “surrounding, encircling, enclosing”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈmuː.rus/, [ˈmuːrʊs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈmu.rus/, [ˈmuːrus]

### Noun

mūrus m (genitive mūrī); second declension
* wall, city wall(s), (usually of a city, as opposed to pariēs)
** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 2.234:“Dīvidimus mūrōs et moenia pandimus urbis.”“We breach the walls and lay open the defenses of the city.”

#### Declension

Second-declension noun.

#### Derived terms

* mūrātus
* mūrālis
* pōmērium
* Mūrus dācicus
* Mūrus gallicus
* Mūrus Rōmulī

#### Descendants

* Balkan Romance:
** Aromanian: mur
** Romanian: mur
** → Albanian: mur
* Dalmatian:
** mor, moir
* Italo-Romance:
** Italian: muro
** Sicilian: muru
* Padanian:
** Friulian: mûr
** Romansch: mir, mür, meir
** Venetan: muro, mur
* Northern Gallo-Romance:
** Franco-Provençal: mur
** Old French: mur
*** Bourguignon: meur
*** Middle French: mur
**** French: mur
*** Norman: mur
** Walloon: meur
* Southern Gallo-Romance:
** Catalan: mur
** Occitan: mur, mura (Guardiol)
* Ibero-Romance:
** Galician: muro
** Portuguese: muro
** Spanish: muro
** Fala: muru
* Insular Romance:
** Sardinian: muru
* Borrowings:
** → English: murus (learned)
** → Old Irish: múr
*** Irish: múr
*** Scottish Gaelic: mùr
** → Welsh: mur
** → Proto-West Germanic: *mūrā (see there for further descendants)
** → Slovak: múr

#### See also

* pariēs

### References

* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “mūrus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 396

### Further reading

* “murus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “murus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* murus in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* murus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. to throw oneself from the ramparts: se deicere de muro to scale the walls by means of ladders: positis scalis muros ascendere the battering-ram strikes the wall: aries murum attingit, percutit to drive the defenders from the walls: murum nudare defensoribus
* “murus”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “murus”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin