# 年代
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): niándài
    (Zhuyin): ㄋㄧㄢˊ ㄉㄞˋ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): nin$^4$ doi$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): nen$^3$ oi$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ngièn-thoi / ngiàn-thoi
    (Hailu, HRS): ngien toi$^˖$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ngian$^2$ toi$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): nî-tāi
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ni$^5$ do$^7$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: niándài
*** Zhuyin: ㄋㄧㄢˊ ㄉㄞˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: niándài
*** Wade–Giles: nien$^2$-tai$^4$
*** Yale: nyán-dài
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nianday
*** Palladius: няньдай (njanʹdaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /ni̯ɛn³⁵ taɪ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: nin$^4$ doi$^6$
*** Yale: nìhn doih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: nin$^4$ doi$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: nin$^4$ doi$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /niːn²¹ tɔːi̯²²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: nen$^3$ oi$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ⁿden²² ᵘɔi³²/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngièn-thoi
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngien$^ˇ$ toi
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngian$^2$ toi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯en¹¹ tʰoi̯⁵⁵/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngiàn-thoi
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngian$^ˇ$ toi
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngian$^2$ toi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯an¹¹ tʰoi̯⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngien toi$^˖$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋien⁵⁵ tʰoi³³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: ngian$^2$ toi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋian¹¹ tʰoɪ⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nî-tāi
*** Tâi-lô: nî-tāi
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ni'dai
*** IPA (Xiamen): /nĩ²⁴⁻²² tai²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /nĩ²⁴⁻²² tai⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /nĩ¹³⁻²² tai²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /nĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ tai³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /nĩ²³⁻³³ tai³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ni$^5$ do$^7$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: nî tō
*** Sinological IPA : /ni⁵⁵⁻¹¹ to¹¹/
* Middle Chinese: nen dojH
Rime :
| Character | 年 | 代 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 泥 (8) | 定 (7) |
| Final (韻) | 先 (85) | 咍 (41) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | IV | I |
| Fanqie | 奴顚切 | 徒耐切 |
| Baxter | nen | dojH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /nen/ | /dʌi$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /nen/ | /dəi$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /nɛn/ | /dɒi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /nɛn/ | /dəj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /nen/ | /dᴀi$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /nien/ | /dɒi$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /nien/ | /dʱɑ̆i$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | nián | dài |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | nin$^4$ | doi$^6$ |

### Noun

年代
* age; era; period
    確定年代／确定年代 ― quèdìng niándài ― to determine the age; to date
* number of years; year count
* time (in general)
* a decade of a century
       Zhōngguó zhèngfǔ zài 1970 niándài kāishǐ tuīxíng jìhuàshēngyù. [Pinyin]
       In the 1970s, the Chinese government started to enact the One-Child Policy.
* year timeline; dating; chronology
    年代測定／年代测定 ― niándài cèdìng ― dating
    夏王朝年代 ― Xià Wángcháo niándài ― chronology of the Xia dynasty

#### Synonyms

* (age):
* 世 (shì) (literary, or in compounds)
* 世代 (shìdài) (literary)
* 光陰 / 光阴 (Dungan)
* 年候兒 / 年候儿 (niánhour) (Beijing Mandarin)
* 年歲 / 年岁 (niánsuì)
* 年華 / 年华 (niánhuá)
* 時代 / 时代 (shídài)
* 時期 / 时期 (shíqī)
* 朝代 (cháodài)
* 歲月 / 岁月 (suìyuè)
* (number of years): 積年／积年 (jīnián), (archaic) 年紀／年纪 (niánjì), 年數／年数 (niánshù)
* (time): 年數／年数 (niánshù), (archaic) 年紀／年纪 (niánjì), 時候／时候 (shíhou), 時間／时间 (shíjiān), (Hokkien, Teochew) 時陣／时阵 (sî-chūn), (Wu) 辰光 (zen kuaan (T3))

#### Derived terms

* 地質年代 / 地质年代 (dìzhì niándài)
* 年代學 / 年代学 (niándàixué)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 年代(ねんだい) (nendai)
* → Korean: 년대(年代) (nyeondae)
* → Vietnamese: niên đại (年代)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 年 | 代 |
| ねん Grade: 1 | だい Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ねんだい [nèńdáí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [nẽ̞nda̠i]

### Noun

年(ねん)代(だい) • (nendai)
* age, era, period
** 1912, 島崎藤村, 北村透谷の短き一生:
    明治(めいじ)年代(ねんだい)に記憶(きおく)すべき、大(おお)きな出来事(できごと)の一(ひと)つは、士族(しぞく)の階級(かいきゅう)の滅亡(めつぼう)である。
       Meiji nendai ni kioku subeki, ōkina dekigoto no hitotsu wa, shizoku no kaikyū no metsubō de aru.
       If there's one event that one must remember about the Meiji era, it's the downfall of the samurai class.
* date
** 1924, 宮本百合子, 蠹魚:
    この本(ほん)の印刷(いんさつ)された年代(ねんだい)で見(み)ると、祖父(そふ)は三十前後(さんじゅうぜんご)の壮年(そうねん)で、末弟(ばってい)が十七八(じゅうななはち)であったらしい。
       Kono hon no insatsu sareta nendai de miru to, sofu wa san jū zengo no sōnen de, battei ga jū nana hachi de atta rashii.
       Looking at the date when this book was printed, it seems that my grandfather was around 30 and in the prime of his life, and his younger brother was 17 or 18.
* a decade in a century

#### Derived terms

* 年代記 (nendaiki): annals, chronicle, chronology
* 年代順 (nendaijun): chronological order
* 年代物 (nendaimono): antique
* 同年代 (dōnendai): the same generation, coeval
* 絶対年代 (zettai nendai): absolute age
* 相対年代 (sōtai nendai): relative age
* 地質年代 (chishitsu nendai): geological time
* 放射年代 (hōsha nendai): radiometric age
* 言語年代学 (gengo-nendaigaku): glottochronology
* 放射性炭素年代測定 (hōshaseitanso nendai sokutei): radiocarbon dating, carbon-14 dating
* 放射性炭素年代測定法 (hōshaseitanso nendai sokuteihō): radiocarbon dating

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 年 | 代 |

### Noun

年代 • (nyeondae) (hangeul 년대)
* hanja form of 년대 (“period of years such as a decade or century”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 年 | 代 |

### Noun

年代
* chữ Hán form of niên đại (“era; period; years; time”).