# 悲哀
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): bēi'āi
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄟ ㄞ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): bei$^1$ oi$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): pî-ôi
    (Hailu, HRS): bui$^ˋ$ oi$^ˋ$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): pi-ai
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bēi'āi
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄟ ㄞ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bei-ai
*** Wade–Giles: pei$^1$-ai$^1$
*** Yale: bēi-āi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: beiai
*** Palladius: бэйай (bɛjaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /peɪ̯⁵⁵ ˀaɪ̯⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: bei$^1$ oi$^1$
*** Yale: bēi ōi
*** Cantonese Pinyin: bei$^1$ oi$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: béi$^1$ oi$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /pei̯⁵⁵ ɔːi̯⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: pî-ôi
*** Hakka Romanization System: bi$^ˊ$ oi$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: bi$^1$ oi$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /pi²⁴⁻¹¹ oi̯²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: bui$^ˋ$ oi$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /pui⁵³ oi⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pi-ai
*** Tâi-lô: pi-ai
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pi'ay
*** IPA (Xiamen): /pi⁴⁴⁻²² ai⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /pi³³ ai³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /pi⁴⁴⁻²² ai⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /pi⁴⁴⁻³³ ai⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /pi⁴⁴⁻³³ ai⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: pij 'oj
Rime :
| Character | 悲 | 哀 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 幫 (1) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 脂 (17) | 咍 (41) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 府眉切 | 烏開切 |
| Baxter | pij | 'oj |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /pˠiɪ/ | /ʔʌi/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /pᵚi/ | /ʔəi/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /piɪ/ | /ʔɒi/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /pji/ | /ʔəj/ |
| Li Rong | /pji/ | /ʔᴀi/ |
| Wang Li | /pi/ | /ɒi/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /pi/ | /ʔɑ̆i/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | bī | āi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | bei$^1$ | oi$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*prəj ʔˤəj/
    (Zhengzhang): /*prɯl qɯːl/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 悲 | 哀 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | bēi | āi |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ pij › | ‹ ʔoj › |
| Old Chinese | /*prəj/ | /*ʔˁəj/ |
| English | sad | to pity; sad |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 悲 | 哀 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 3067 | 14835 |
| Phonetic component | 非 | 衣 |
| Rime group | 微 | 微 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 悲 | 哀 |
| Old Chinese | /*prɯl/ | /*qɯːl/ |

### Adjective

悲哀
* sorrowful; sad
    From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
    Yǐnjiǔ zé huānyuè, chùsàng zé bēi'āi. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Synonyms

* 京京 (jīngjīng) (literary)
* 傷心／伤心 (shāngxīn)
* 傷悲／伤悲 (shāngbēi) (literary)
* 傷感／伤感 (shānggǎn)
* 傷懷／伤怀 (shānghuái) (literary)
* 傷痛／伤痛 (shāngtòng)
* 傷神／伤神 (shāngshén) (literary)
* 刺心 (cìxīn)
* 哀傷／哀伤 (āishāng)
* 哀切 (āiqiè)
* 哀怨 (āiyuàn)
* 哀悽／哀凄 (āiqī)
* 哀慟／哀恸 (āitòng)
* 哀戚 (āiqī) (literary)
* 哀痛 (āitòng)
* 哀苦 (āikǔ)
* 心酸 (xīnsuān)
* 怛傷／怛伤 (dáshāng) (literary)
* 悄然 (qiǎorán) (literary)
* 情傷／情伤 (qíngshāng) (literary)
* 悲催 (bēicuī) (neologism, jocular)
* 悲傷／悲伤 (bēishāng)
* 悲切 (bēiqiè) (literary)
* 悲悽／悲凄 (bēiqī)
* 悽惶／凄惶 (qīhuáng) (literary)
* 悱惻／悱恻 (fěicè) (literary)
* 悲愴／悲怆 (bēichuàng) (literary)
* 悽愴／凄怆 (qīchuàng) (literary)
* 悲慟／悲恸 (bēitòng)
* 悲慘／悲惨 (bēicǎn)
* 悲戚 (bēiqī)
* 悽戚／凄戚 (qīqī) (literary)
* 悲摧 (bēicuī) (literary)
* 悲楚 (bēichǔ) (literary)
* 悲涼／悲凉 (bēiliáng)
* 悲痛 (bēitòng)
* 悲苦 (bēikǔ)
* 感傷／感伤 (gǎnshāng)
* 愀愴／愀怆 (qiǎochuàng)
* 愁楚 (chóuchǔ) (literary)
* 惻然／恻然 (cèrán) (literary)
* 愴然／怆然 (chuàngrán) (literary)
* 慘／惨 (cǎn)
* 憂傷／忧伤 (yōushāng)
* 慘悽／惨凄 (cǎnqī)
* 憂愁／忧愁 (yōuchóu)
* 憂戚／忧戚 (yōuqī) (literary)
* 慘淡／惨淡 (cǎndàn)
* 憯懍／憯懔 (cǎnlǐn)
* 懤懤／㤽㤽 (chóuchóu)
* 沉痛 (chéntòng)
* 淒切／凄切 (qīqiè)
* 淒惻／凄恻 (qīcè) (literary)
* 淒慘／凄惨 (qīcǎn)
* 淒楚／凄楚 (qīchǔ)
* 淒涼／凄凉 (qīliáng)
* 淒然／凄然 (qīrán) (literary)
* 痛心 (tòngxīn)
* 艱苦心／艰苦心 (Hokkien)
* 蒼涼／苍凉 (cāngliáng)
* 酸心 (suānxīn)
* 難受／难受 (nánshòu)
* 難過／难过 (nánguò)
* 青凊 (Hokkien)
* 黯然 (ànrán)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 悲 | 哀 |
| ひ Grade: 3 | あい Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ひあい [hìáí] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) ひあい [híꜜàì] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [çia̠i]

### Noun

悲(ひ)哀(あい) • (hiai)
* sorrow, sadness
    サラリーマン生(せい)活(かつ)の悲(ひ)哀(あい)
       sararīman seikatsu no hiai
       the sorrows of the life of an office worker

#### Synonyms

* 哀(あい)痛(つう) (aitsū)

### Adjective

悲(ひ)哀(あい) • (hiai) -na (adnominal 悲(ひ)哀(あい)な (hiai na), adverbial 悲(ひ)哀(あい)に (hiai ni))
* pitiful; pathetic; miserable

#### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Imperfective (未然形) | 悲哀だろ | ひあいだろ | hiai daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 悲哀で | ひあいで | hiai de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 悲哀だ | ひあいだ | hiai da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 悲哀な | ひあいな | hiai na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 悲哀なら | ひあいなら | hiai nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 悲哀であれ | ひあいであれ | hiai de are |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 悲哀ではない 悲哀じゃない | ひあいではない ひあいじゃない | hiai de wa nai hiai ja nai |
| Informal past | 悲哀だった | ひあいだった | hiai datta |
| Informal negative past | 悲哀ではなかった 悲哀じゃなかった | ひあいではなかった ひあいじゃなかった | hiai de wa nakatta hiai ja nakatta |
| Formal | 悲哀です | ひあいです | hiai desu |
| Formal negative | 悲哀ではありません 悲哀じゃありません | ひあいではありません ひあいじゃありません | hiai de wa arimasen hiai ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 悲哀でした | ひあいでした | hiai deshita |
| Formal negative past | 悲哀ではありませんでした 悲哀じゃありませんでした | ひあいではありませんでした ひあいじゃありませんでした | hiai de wa arimasen deshita hiai ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 悲哀で | ひあいで | hiai de |
| Conditional | 悲哀なら（ば） | ひあいなら（ば） | hiai nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 悲哀だったら | ひあいだったら | hiai dattara |
| Volitional | 悲哀だろう | ひあいだろう | hiai darō |
| Adverbial | 悲哀に | ひあいに | hiai ni |
| Degree | 悲哀さ | ひあいさ | hiaisa |
Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 悲哀なら | ひあいなら | fiainara |
| Continuative (連用形) | 悲哀に$^{[1]}$ 悲哀なり$^{[2]}$ | ひあいに ひあいなり | fiaini fiainari |
| Terminal (終止形) | 悲哀なり | ひあいなり | fiainari |
| Attributive (連体形) | 悲哀なる | ひあいなる | fiainaru |
| Realis (已然形) | 悲哀なれ | ひあいなれ | fiainare |
| Imperative (命令形) | 悲哀なれ | ひあいなれ | fiainare |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 悲哀ならず | ひあいならず | fiainarazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 悲哀なれど | ひあいなれど | fiainaredo |
| Causal conjunction | 悲哀なれば | ひあいなれば | fiainareba |
| Conditional conjunction | 悲哀ならば | ひあいならば | fiainaraba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 悲哀なりき | ひあいなりき | fiainariki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 悲哀なりけり | ひあいなりけり | fiainarikeri |
| Adverbial | 悲哀に | ひあいに | fiaini |
| $^{[1]}$Without auxiliary verb. $^{[2]}$With auxiliary verb. ||||

### References

* 1 2 Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 悲 | 哀 |

### Noun

悲哀 • (biae) (hangeul 비애)
* hanja form of 비애 (“grief; sorrow; sadness”)