# croch
## Irish
### Pronunciation

* (Munster, Connacht) IPA: /kɾˠɔx/
* (Ulster) IPA: /kɾˠʌx/

### Etymology 1

From Old Irish croch, from Latin crux (“cross”). Doublet of cros.

#### Noun

croch f (genitive singular croiche, nominative plural crocha)
* cross, gallows
* hook, hanger
* crane
* (figuratively) tall, stooped figure

##### Declension

bare forms
case
singular
plural
nominative
croch
crocha
vocative
a chroch
a chrocha
genitive
croiche
croch
dative
croch croich (archaic, dialectal)
crocha
forms with the definite article
case
singular
plural
nominative
an chroch
na crocha
genitive
na croiche
na gcroch
dative
leis an gcroch leis an gcroich (archaic, dialectal) don chroch don chroich (archaic, dialectal)
leis na crocha :

### Etymology 2

From Old Irish crochaid, from the noun croch (“cross”).

#### Verb

croch (present analytic crochann, future analytic crochfaidh, verbal noun crochadh, past participle crochta) (transitive, intransitive)
* hang
* raise up
* lift, carry
* (card games) throw down (one's hand)
* clear up, clear off

##### Conjugation

| | | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural | relative | autonomous |
| | | first | second | third | first | second | third | relative | autonomous |
| indicative | present | crochaim | crochann tú; crochair$^†$ | crochann sé, sí | crochaimid | crochann sibh | crochann siad; crochaid$^†$ | a chrochann; a chrochas / a gcrochann* | crochtar |
| indicative | past | chroch mé; chrochas | chroch tú; chrochais | chroch sé, sí | chrochamar; chroch muid | chroch sibh; chrochabhair | chroch siad; chrochadar | a chroch / ar chroch* | crochadh |
| indicative | past habitual | chrochainn / gcrochainn‡‡ | chrochtá / gcrochtá‡‡ | chrochadh sé, sí / gcrochadh sé, sí‡‡ | chrochaimis; chrochadh muid / gcrochaimis‡‡; gcrochadh muid‡‡ | chrochadh sibh / gcrochadh sibh‡‡ | chrochaidís; chrochadh siad / gcrochaidís‡‡; gcrochadh siad‡‡ | a chrochadh / a gcrochadh* | chrochtaí / gcrochtaí‡‡ |
| future | future | crochfaidh mé; crochfad | crochfaidh tú; crochfair$^†$ | crochfaidh sé, sí | crochfaimid; crochfaidh muid | crochfaidh sibh | crochfaidh siad; crochfaid$^†$ | a chrochfaidh; a chrochfas / a gcrochfaidh* | crochfar |
| conditional | conditional | chrochfainn / gcrochfainn‡‡ | chrochfá / gcrochfá‡‡ | chrochfadh sé, sí / gcrochfadh sé, sí‡‡ | chrochfaimis; chrochfadh muid / gcrochfaimis‡‡; gcrochfadh muid‡‡ | chrochfadh sibh / gcrochfadh sibh‡‡ | chrochfaidís; chrochfadh siad / gcrochfaidís‡‡; gcrochfadh siad‡‡ | a chrochfadh / a gcrochfadh* | chrochfaí / gcrochfaí‡‡ |
| subjunctive | present | go gcrocha mé; go gcrochad$^†$ | go gcrocha tú; go gcrochair$^†$ | go gcrocha sé, sí | go gcrochaimid; go gcrocha muid | go gcrocha sibh | go gcrocha siad; go gcrochaid$^†$ | — | go gcrochtar |
| subjunctive | past | dá gcrochainn | dá gcrochtá | dá gcrochadh sé, sí | dá gcrochaimis; dá gcrochadh muid | dá gcrochadh sibh | dá gcrochaidís; dá gcrochadh siad | — | dá gcrochtaí |
| imperative | imperative | crochaim | croch | crochadh sé, sí | crochaimis | crochaigí; crochaidh$^†$ | crochaidís | — | crochtar |
| verbal noun | verbal noun | crochadh | crochadh | crochadh | crochadh | crochadh | crochadh | crochadh | crochadh |
| past participle | past participle | crochta | crochta | crochta | crochta | crochta | crochta | crochta | crochta |
* indirect relative † archaic or dialect form ‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “croch”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “croch”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 crochaid”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “croch”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
* “croch”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2024

## Middle English
### Noun

croch
* Alternative form of crucche

## Old Irish
### Etymology

From Insular Proto-Celtic *krukā (compare Welsh crog), borrowed from the oblique stem of Latin crux. Doublet of cros, which was instead formed by attaching feminine ā-stem inflectional endings directly onto the nominative singular.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /krox/

### Noun

croch f
* cross
** c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 20$^c$21
    Is dó da·gníat: maith leu indocbál apstal doib et ní fodmat ingreimm ar chroich Críst.It is for this they do it: they like to have the glory of apostles, and they do not endure persecution for the cross of Christ.
* gallows

#### Inflection

Feminine ā-stem :
| | Singular | Dual | Plural |
| Nominative | croch$^L$ | croich$^L$ | crocha$^H$ |
| Vocative | croch$^L$ | croich$^L$ | crocha$^H$ |
| Accusative | croich$^N$ | croich$^L$ | crocha$^H$ |
| Genitive | croiche$^H$ | croch$^L$ | croch$^N$ |
| Dative | croich$^L$ | crochaib | crochaib |
| Initial mutations of a following adjective: $^H$ = triggers aspiration $^L$ = triggers lenition $^N$ = triggers nasalization ||||

#### Derived terms

* crochaid

#### Descendants

* Irish: croch
* Scottish Gaelic: croch

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “croch”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## Scottish Gaelic
### Etymology

From Old Irish crochaid, from the noun croch (“cross”). Doublet of crois.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kʰɾɔx/

### Verb

croch (past chroch, future crochaidh, verbal noun crochadh, past participle crochte)
* hang, suspend
* depend

#### Usage notes

* It is more usual to use bi an crochadh for depend.

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Scottish Gaelic. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* Edward Dwelly (1911) “croch”, in Faclair Gàidhlig gu Beurla le Dealbhan [The Illustrated Gaelic–English Dictionary]‎, 10th edition, Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited, →ISBN
* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 crochaid”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language