# folc
## Catalan
### Alternative forms

* folcat

### Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *folk (“people, tribe”), perhaps via a Vulgar Latin fulcus. Compare Old French foulc (Modern French foule).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈfolk]

### Noun

folc m (plural folcs)
* herd, flock
    Synonym: ramat

### Further reading

* “folc” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.

## Friulian
### Etymology

From Latin fulgur.

### Noun

folc m
* thunderbolt
    Synonyms: saete, sfulmin

## Irish
### Etymology 1

From Old Irish folc (“heavy rain, wet weather”).

#### Noun

folc f (genitive singular foilce, nominative plural folca)
* downpour, flood

##### Declension

bare forms
case
singular
plural
nominative
folc
folca
vocative
a fholc
a fholca
genitive
foilce
folc
dative
folc
folca
forms with the definite article
case
singular
plural
nominative
an fholc
na folca
genitive
na foilce
na bhfolc
dative
leis an bhfolc don fholc
leis na folca :

##### Derived terms

* folcmhar (“pouring, torrential”, adjective)

### Etymology 2

From Old Irish folcaid (“washes”), from Proto-Celtic *wolkīti. Cognate with Scottish Gaelic failc (“to bathe”), and more distantly Welsh golchi, Cornish golhi, Breton gwalc'hiñ.

#### Verb

folc (present analytic folcann, future analytic folcfaidh, verbal noun folcadh, past participle folctha)
* (transitive) bathe
* (transitive) wash
* (transitive) immerse, submerge, drench

##### Conjugation

| | | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural | relative | autonomous |
| | | first | second | third | first | second | third | relative | autonomous |
| indicative | present | folcaim | folcann tú; folcair$^†$ | folcann sé, sí | folcaimid | folcann sibh | folcann siad; folcaid$^†$ | a fholcann; a fholcas / a bhfolcann* | folctar |
| indicative | past | d'fholc mé; d'fholcas / fholc mé‡; fholcas‡ | d'fholc tú; d'fholcais / fholc tú; fholcais‡ | d'fholc sé, sí / fholc sé, sí‡ | d'fholcamar; d'fholc muid / fholcamar; fholc muid‡ | d'fholc sibh; d'fholcabhair / fholc sibh; fholcabhair‡ | d'fholc siad; d'fholcadar / fholc siad; fholcadar‡ | a d'fholc / ar fholc* | folcadh |
| indicative | past habitual | d'fholcainn / fholcainn‡; bhfolcainn‡‡ | d'fholctá / fholctá‡; bhfolctá‡‡ | d'fholcadh sé, sí / fholcadh sé, sí‡; bhfolcadh sé, sí‡‡ | d'fholcaimis; d'fholcadh muid / fholcaimis; fholcadh muid‡; bhfolcaimis‡‡; bhfolcadh muid‡‡ | d'fholcadh sibh / fholcadh sibh‡; bhfolcadh sibh‡‡ | d'fholcaidís; d'fholcadh siad / fholcaidís; fholcadh siad‡; bhfolcaidís‡‡; bhfolcadh siad‡‡ | a d'fholcadh / a bhfolcadh* | d'fholctaí / fholctaí‡; bhfolctaí‡‡ |
| future | future | folcfaidh mé; folcfad | folcfaidh tú; folcfair$^†$ | folcfaidh sé, sí | folcfaimid; folcfaidh muid | folcfaidh sibh | folcfaidh siad; folcfaid$^†$ | a fholcfaidh; a fholcfas / a bhfolcfaidh* | folcfar |
| conditional | conditional | d'fholcfainn / fholcfainn‡; bhfolcfainn‡‡ | d'fholcfá / fholcfá‡; bhfolcfá‡‡ | d'fholcfadh sé, sí / fholcfadh sé, sí‡; bhfolcfadh sé, sí‡‡ | d'fholcfaimis; d'fholcfadh muid / fholcfaimis‡; fholcfadh muid‡; bhfolcfaimis‡‡; bhfolcfadh muid‡‡ | d'fholcfadh sibh / fholcfadh sibh‡; bhfolcfadh sibh‡‡ | d'fholcfaidís; d'fholcfadh siad / fholcfaidís‡; fholcfadh siad‡; bhfolcfaidís‡‡; bhfolcfadh siad‡‡ | a d'fholcfadh / a bhfolcfadh* | d'fholcfaí / fholcfaí‡; bhfolcfaí‡‡ |
| subjunctive | present | go bhfolca mé; go bhfolcad$^†$ | go bhfolca tú; go bhfolcair$^†$ | go bhfolca sé, sí | go bhfolcaimid; go bhfolca muid | go bhfolca sibh | go bhfolca siad; go bhfolcaid$^†$ | — | go bhfolctar |
| subjunctive | past | dá bhfolcainn | dá bhfolctá | dá bhfolcadh sé, sí | dá bhfolcaimis; dá bhfolcadh muid | dá bhfolcadh sibh | dá bhfolcaidís; dá bhfolcadh siad | — | dá bhfolctaí |
| imperative | imperative | folcaim | folc | folcadh sé, sí | folcaimis | folcaigí; folcaidh$^†$ | folcaidís | — | folctar |
| verbal noun | verbal noun | folcadh | folcadh | folcadh | folcadh | folcadh | folcadh | folcadh | folcadh |
| past participle | past participle | folctha | folctha | folctha | folctha | folctha | folctha | folctha | folctha |
* indirect relative † archaic or dialect form ‡ dependent form ‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

##### Derived terms

* folcadán (“bath”)

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “folc”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “folc”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
* “folc”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2024

## Middle English
### Noun

folc
* (chiefly Early Middle English) Alternative form of folk

## Old Dutch
### Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *folk, from Proto-Germanic *fulką.

### Noun

folc n
* people, folk
* army, troop

#### Descendants

* Middle Dutch: volc
** Dutch: volk
*** Afrikaans: volk
*** Negerhollands: volk, folok, folk, fulok, fuluk, folluk
*** → Sranan Tongo: folku
** Limburgish: vouk

#### Further reading

* “folk”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012

## Old English
### Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *fulką (“people”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /folk/, [foɫk]

### Noun

folc n
* the people, especially the common people
    Lēodhatan frēoġaþ hīe selfe, ac hīe ġeþēowiaþ þæt folc.Dictators free themselves, but they enslave the people.
* a people, nation, or tribe
    "Iūdēum þyncþ þæt hīe sīen Godes ġecorene folc." "Hwā ne dēþ?""The Jews think they're God's chosen people." "Who doesn't?"
* crowd
* the public
** late 9th century, translation of Orosius' History Against the Pagans
    Hīe sæġdon þām folce þæt heora godu him wǣren ierru, tō þȳ þæt hīe him þā ġīet swīðor blēoten þonne hīe ǣr dydon.They told the public that their gods were angry at them, so they would sacrifice to them even more than they had before.
* (in the singular or plural) people (multiple individuals)
* military, army; troop
* (in compounds) popular
* (in compounds) public, common
* (in compounds) country, rural

#### Declension

Strong a-stem:

#### Derived terms

* folcġerēfa
* folcland
* folclīċ
* folcmōt
* folcryht
* folcsæl
* folcscaru
* folcstede

#### Descendants

* Middle English: folk, folke, foolk, fok, folck, folc, follc, volk
** English: folk
** Scots: fowk

## Old Irish
### Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *wolkos, from a devoiced variant of Proto-Indo-European *welg-.

### Noun

folc m
* wet weather, heavy rain

#### Inflection

Masculine o-stem :
| | Singular | Dual | Plural |
| Nominative | folc | folc$^L$ | foilc$^L$ |
| Vocative | foilc | folc$^L$ | folcu$^H$ |
| Accusative | folc$^N$ | folc$^L$ | folcu$^H$ |
| Genitive | foilc$^L$ | folc | folc$^N$ |
| Dative | folc$^L$ | folcaib | folcaib |
| Initial mutations of a following adjective: $^H$ = triggers aspiration $^L$ = triggers lenition $^N$ = triggers nasalization ||||

#### Descendants

* Middle Irish: folc
** Irish: folc

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* ↑ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*wolko-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 437

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 folc”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## Old Saxon
### Noun

folc n
* Alternative spelling of folk