# 外人
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): wàirén
    (Zhuyin): ㄨㄞˋ ㄖㄣˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ngoi$^6$ jan$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ngoi-ngìn
    (Hailu, HRS): ngoi$^˖$ ngin
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): gōa-lâng / gōa-lîn / gōa-jîn
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wàirén
*** Zhuyin: ㄨㄞˋ ㄖㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wàirén
*** Wade–Giles: wai$^4$-jên$^2$
*** Yale: wài-rén
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wayren
*** Palladius: вайжэнь (vajžɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /waɪ̯⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ngoi$^6$ jan$^4$
*** Yale: ngoih yàhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ngoi$^6$ jan$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ngoi$^6$ yen$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋɔːi̯²² jɐn²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngoi-ngìn
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngoi ngin$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngoi$^4$ ngin$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋoi̯⁵⁵ ŋin¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngoi$^˖$ ngin
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋoi³³ ŋin⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gōa-lâng
*** Tâi-lô: guā-lâng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: goaxlaang
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ɡua²²⁻²¹ laŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡua⁴¹⁻²² laŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ɡua³³⁻¹¹ laŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡua²²⁻²¹ laŋ¹³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡua³³⁻²¹ laŋ²³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gōa-lîn
*** Tâi-lô: guā-lîn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: goaxliin
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ɡua²²⁻²¹ lin²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gōa-jîn
*** Tâi-lô: guā-jîn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: goaxjiin
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡua²²⁻²¹ d͡zin¹³/
* Middle Chinese: ngwajH nyin
Rime :
| Character | 外 | 人 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) | 日 (38) |
| Final (韻) | 泰 (26) | 眞 (43) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 五會切 | 如鄰切 |
| Baxter | ngwajH | nyin |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ŋuɑi$^H$/ | /ȵiɪn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ŋʷɑi$^H$/ | /ȵin/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ŋuɑi$^H$/ | /ȵʑjen/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ŋwaj$^H$/ | /ȵin/ |
| Li Rong | /ŋuɑi$^H$/ | /ȵiĕn/ |
| Wang Li | /ŋuɑi$^H$/ | /ȵʑĭĕn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ŋuɑi$^H$/ | /ȵʑi̯ĕn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | wèi | rén |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ngoi$^6$ | jan$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ]ʷˤa[t]-s ni[ŋ]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋʷaːds njin/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 外 | 人 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | wài | rén |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ngwaj$^H$ › | ‹ nyin › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ŋ]ʷˁa[t]-s/ | /*ni[ŋ]/ |
| English | outside | (other) person |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 外 | 人 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 12606 | 10800 |
| Phonetic component | 外 | 人 |
| Rime group | 祭 | 眞 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 外 | 仁 |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋʷaːds/ | /*njin/ |

### Noun

外人
* non-family member
* outsider; stranger
* foreigner

#### Synonyms

* (stranger):
* 生人 (shēngrén)
* 生份人 (Hakka, Hokkien)
* 生保人 (Cantonese)
* 生頭人 / 生头人 (Ningbonese)
* 過路人 / 过路人 (guòlùrén) (figurative)
* 陌生人 (mòshēngrén)
* 陌路 (mòlù) (literary)
* (foreigner):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 夷, 夷人, 外夷, 四夷, 胡人 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 外國人, 外賓, 外人, 洋人 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 老外, 色糖 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 外國人, 老外 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 外國人, 老外 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 外國人 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 老外 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 外國人, 老外, 洋人 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 外國人 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 老外, 洋人, 洋鬼子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 洋人 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 老外, 洋人 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yanqi | 外國人 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 老外 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 外國人, 夷人 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 洋人, 老外, 洋鬼子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 外國人 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 老外, 外國人, 洋人 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 外國人, 洋人 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 外國人, 洋人 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 老外, 洋老咪 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 外國人 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 老外 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 外國人, 老外, 洋人, 洋鬼子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 外國人, 老外 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 外國人, 老番 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 外國人 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 老外 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 番鬼佬, 鬼佬 |
| Cantonese | Qinzhou | 鬼佬, 外國佬, 番鬼佬 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 老番鬼 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 鬼佬 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 外國人 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 鬼佬 |
| Cantonese | Móng Cái | 外國人, 鬼佬 |
| Cantonese | Yangon (Taishan) | 紅毛鬼, 外國人 |
| Cantonese | Mandalay (Taishan) | 外國人 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 外國人, 洋人 |
| Gan | Pengze | 外國佬 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 外國人, 洋人 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 洋人 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 外國人, 番人, 番仔, 番鬼 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 外國人, 外國佬, 洋人 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 外國人 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 外國人 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 外國人 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 外國人 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 外國人 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 外國人 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 外國佬 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 外國人, 洋人, 洋鬼子 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 外國人 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 外國人, 番仔 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 番儂, 番囝, 番囝哥, 鬼佬 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 外國儂, 番仔 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 番仔 |
| Southern Min | Hui'an | 外國仔 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 番仔 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 外國儂 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 外國儂 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 外國儂, 番鬼, 番囝 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 番囝, 番儂, 番囝鬼 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 外地儂, 外國儂 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 番邦儂 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 番囝 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 番囝 |
| Central Min | Nanping (Wangtai, Yanping) | 外國人 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Sanxiang) | 番鬼佬 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 外國人 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 老外, 外國人, 外頭人, 洋人 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 外國人 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 外國人 |
| Wu | Danyang | 老外, 洋人 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 外國佬兒 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 番人 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 外國人, 外國佬, 洋鬼子兒 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 外國人, 外國佬, 洋人子, 洋人 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 洋人, 外國佬 |
| Note | Terms that include 鬼 and/or 番 are potentially derogatory. | Terms that include 鬼 and/or 番 are potentially derogatory. |

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “non-family member”): 自己人 (zìjǐrén)

#### See also

* 內人／内人 (nèirén)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 外 | 人 |
| がい Grade: 2 | じん Grade: 1 |
| on'yomi ||

### Etymology 1

/gwaizin/ > /gaizin/ [gaidʑin]. Literally outside person. From the late 19th on also used for foreigners.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) がいじん [gàíjíń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɡa̠iʑĩɴ]

#### Noun

外(がい)人(じん) • (gaijin)
* (obsolete) outsider; an estranged, unfamiliar person
** 995-999: Fusōshū (volume 9; Gunsho Ruijū volume 8, page 578)
    口畔懸河渉漢深。春杉拭盞就花陰。外人傾耳猶添愛、況是堂中父母心。(please add an English translation of this quotation)
** c. 13th century: Heike Monogatari (volume 1, page 123)
    しかるに其恩をわすれて、外人もなき所に兵具をとゝのへ、軍兵をかたらひをき、其營みの他は他事なし。(please add an English translation of this quotation)
** c. 1349: Renri Hishō (page 38)
    但、外人など上手おほからむ座にては、聊か斟酌すべし(please add an English translation of this quotation)
** 1597: Ekirin Setsuyōshū (page 133)
    外人 (グワイジン)(please add an English translation of this quotation)
** 1603, Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam (Nippo Jisho) [Vocabulary of the Language of Japan] (in Portuguese), Nagasaki, page 314:Guaijin, グヮイジン(外人) Focano fito. (他の人) 他国の人、すなわち、土着の人ではない者.(please add an English translation of this quotation)
** 1617: Gennabon Kagakushū (page 73)
    外人 (グワイジン) 他人也(please add an English translation of this quotation)
* (sometimes derogatory) alien, foreigner; especially foreigner in Japan
** 1875: 文明論之概略 (page 18)
    譬えば頑固なる士民は外国人を悪むを以て常とせり。又学者流の人にても少しく見識ある者は外人の挙動を見て決して心酔するに非ず，之を悦ばざるの心は彼の頑民に異なることなしと云うも可なり。(please add an English translation of this quotation)
* (Hawaii) A white person

##### Usage notes

Today 外人 often has a stereotyped connotation, and 外国人 is used as a neutral term.

##### Synonyms

* 異(い)人(じん) (ijin)
* 外(がい)国(こく)人(じん) (gaikokujin)
* 異(い)国(こく)人(じん) (ikokujin)
* 異(い)邦(ほう)人(じん) (ihōjin)

##### Derived terms

* 内(ない)外(がい)人(じん) (naigaijin)
* 外(がい)人(じん)さん (gaijin-san)
* 外(がい)人(じん)ハンター (gaijin hantā)
* 外(がい)人(じん)向(む)き (gaijin muki)
* 外(がい)人(じん)向(む)け (gaijin muke)
* 外(がい)人(じん)売(う)り (gaijin uri)
* 外(がい)人(じん)投(とう)資(し)家(か) (gaijin tōshika)
* 外(がい)人(じん)記(き)者(しゃ) (gaijin kisha)
* 外(がい)人(じん)買(が)い (gaijin gai)
* 外(がい)人(じん)選(せん)手(しゅ) (gaijin senshu)
* 外(がい)人(じん)部(ぶ)隊(たい) (gaijin butai)

### Etymology 2

Adjective 疎い (utoi, “unacquainted”) in attributive form and 人 (hito, “person”).

#### Noun

外人(うときひと) • (utoki hito)
* an estranged, unfamiliar person
** c. 11th century: Ruiju Myōgishō
    外人ウトキ人(please add an English translation of this quotation)

### References

* Doi, Tadao (1603–1604) Hōyaku Nippo Jisho (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 1980, →ISBN.
* Fukuzawa, Yukichi (1995) [1875] Bunmeiron no Gairyaku, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
* Hanawa, Hokiichi (1960) Gunsho Ruijū, volume 8, Tōkyō: Zoku Gunsho Ruijū Kanseikai
* Kamei, Takashi (1944) [1617] Kagakushū: Gennabon, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten
* Kidō, Saizō with Imoto Nōichi (1961) Iwanami Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei: Renga Ronshū, Haironshū (in Japanese), Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
* Takagi, Ichinosuke with Masao Ozawa, Kaoru Atsumi, Haruhiko Kindaichi (1959) Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 32: Heike Monogatari 1 (in Japanese), Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
* Tasaka, Junko (1985) [995-999] Fusōshū: Kōhon to Sakuin, Fukuoka: Tōka Shobō
* Fukkoku Nihon Koten Zenshū: Setsuyōshū, Tōkyō: Gendai Shichō Shinsha, 2006 [1597], →ISBN

### Anagrams

* 人(じん)外(がい) (jingai)

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 外 | 人 |

### Noun

外人 • (oein) (hangeul 외인)
* hanja form of 외인 (“foreigner, alien”)