# -NAʼ
## Navajo
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Athabaskan *na (“to live, to move, to work”). Related to -NÁÁʼ (“to move”) and to -NÁÁD (“to last”). Maybe originating in several distinct roots.
Cognate root found in Ahtna ghetnaa (“he is working”), Chipewyan ɣɛna (“he is alive”), Carrier nelnaʼ (“to be slow, sluggish”).

#### Root

-NAʼ
1. to live
| Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) |
| hi + ∅ | adjectival | S is alive hiná (ni-NEUT) | |
| hi + ∅ | | S comes to life hidinaah (∅-MOM) hiinaah (TRANS) | S brings O to life, generates O — yiiiłnaah (TRANS) |
2. to last, to endure (supplies)
| Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) |
| di + ∅ | operative | S lasts dinaʼ (DUR) hodinaʼ | |
3. to act slowly
| Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) |
| di + l | motion? | S acts slowly ndilnaʼ (CONT) | |

#### Stem set

| Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
| MOM | -naah | -naʼ | -naah | -naał | -naah |
| DUR / CONT | -naʼ | -naʼ | -naah | -naał | -naʼ |
| NEUT | -ná | — | — | — | — |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

##### Synonyms

to live, to come to life:
* -CHĮ́
* -DÉÉL
* -DĮĮD
* -GHAN
to last, to endure:
* -NAʼ (FFO moves)

##### Antonyms

to die:
* -DĮĮD
* -NÁ
* -TSĄ́
to run out, to exhaust:
* -CHĄ́Ą́ʼ
* -DĮĮD
* -NAʼ

##### Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root -NAʼ (live)
Navajo terms belonging to the root -NAʼ (act slowly)

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Athabaskan *nə̓q’ (“to swallow”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna itełnaʼ (“he swallowed it”).

#### Root

-NAʼ
* to swallow, to regurgitate, to choke
| Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) |
| O + ł | motion | S swallows iiłneeh (MOM) hanéíłneeh ↳ hááʼiiłneeh (“ruminate”) néíłneeh | |
| ni + l | ? | S chokes yinilneeh ↳ náʼniłnah (“hiccup”) | |

#### Stem set

| Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
| DUR / CONT | -naʼ | -naʼ | -naah | -naał | -naʼ |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

##### Synonyms

to regurgitate:
* -KWI

##### Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root -NAʼ (swallow)

### Etymology 3

From Proto-Athabaskan *nəɢ, with a wide semantic range including “a flat flexible object (as sheets) moves”, “to last, to endure, to become tired”.
Compare with -NAʼ above for the meaning "to last, to endure".
Cognate root found in Ahtna naghinak (“(a blanket) fell down”), łdaniniłnak (“it lasted a long time”), taatnak (“he is tired”).

#### Root

-NAʼ
1. FFO moves, falls (blanket, surface of water)
| Theme | Category | Bases |
| ∅ | motion | FFO moves yinééh (∅-MOM) iinééh dinééh diinééh haanééh naanééh nʼdiinééh (“break loose”) yínééh (ni-MOM) chʼénééh niinééh yinah (PROG) |
| ∅ | successive | FFO flaps, bounces nikídínah (REP) nikídiinah (SEM) |
| di + ł | ? | S infects P yiʼdiłnééh |
| ni + ł | motion? | S lasts, runs out; S wilts, tires out aneełnééh chʼíhiniłnééh díníłnééh naniłnééh neełnééh nineełnééh niiłnééh noołnah (PROG) |
2. to crawl, to creep
| Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) |
| d | motion | S crawls yinééh (∅-MOM) iiʼnééh diʼnééh diiʼnééh diniʼnééh (“stuck”) haaʼnééh kʼéʼnééh naaʼnééh ńdíníiʼnééh (“good start”) nʼdiiʼnééh (“break loose”) ńdiiʼnééh (“get up”) yisdáʼnééh tádíʼnééh (DIV) yíʼnééh (ni-MOM) chʼéʼnééh niiʼnééh naaʼnaʼ (CONT) yiʼnah (PROG) | S stands O up                     néidiiłʼnééh |

#### Stem set

| Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
| MOM | -nééh | -naʼ | -nah | -nah | -nééh |
| CONT | -nah | -naʼ | -nah | -nah | -nééh |
| REP | -nah | — | — | — | — |
| SEM | -nah | -nah | -nah | -nah | -nah |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

##### Synonyms

to crawl, to creep:
* -DLOOZH
to wilt:
* -GAN
to last, to endure:
* -NAʼ (live)
to run out, to exhaust:
* -CHĄ́Ą́ʼ
* -DĮĮD

##### Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root -NAʼ (FFO moves)
Navajo terms belonging to the root -NAʼ (crawl)