# 沉

| 沉 | U+6C89, &#27785; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6C89 |
| ← 沈 [U+6C88] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 沊 → [U+6C8A] |

## Translingual

| Traditional | 沉 |
| Simplified | 沉 |
| Japanese | 沈 |
| Korean | 沈 |

### Han character

沉 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 水月竹弓 (EBHN) or 水月竹山 (EBHU), four-corner 3711$_0$, composition ⿰氵冗(GJKV) or ⿰氵⿱冖儿(HT))

#### Derived characters

* 𩂸, 𫪌

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 610, character 7
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17190
* Dae Jaweon: page 1003, character 1
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1574, character 1
* Unihan data for U+6C89

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 冘 | *lu, *lum |
| 抌 | *lu, *ʔl'uːmʔ, *loʔ |
| 狖 | *lus |
| 貁 | *lus |
| 耽 | *ʔl'uːm |
| 眈 | *ʔl'uːm, *ʔl'uːmʔ, *l'uːm |
| 酖 | *ʔl'uːm |
| 妉 | *ʔl'uːm |
| 黕 | *ʔl'uːmʔ |
| 衴 | *ʔl'uːmʔ |
| 瓭 | *ʔl'uːmʔ |
| 馾 | *ʔl'uːms |
| 髧 | *l'uːmʔ |
| 紞 | *ʔl'oːmʔ |
| 鈂 | *zlum, *l'um |
| 沈 | *l'um, *l'ums, *hljumʔ |
| 沉 | *l'um |
| 枕 | *l'um, *ʔljumʔ, *ʔljums |
| 莐 | *l'um |
| 霃 | *l'um |
| 鴆 | *l'ums |
| 訦 | *ɦljum, *ɦljumʔ |
| 忱 | *ɦljum |
| 邥 | *hljumʔ |
| 魫 | *hljumʔ |
Variant of 沈, see there for more.

### Etymology

MSEA areal etymon: similar words exist in Austroasiatic, Kra-Dai, & Tibeto-Burman; yet those are difficult to match with potential OC relations (Schuessler, 2007).
Possible allofams are 淫 (OC *lɯm), 瀋 (OC *l̥ʰjɯmʔ), 函 (OC *ɡuːm, *ɡruːm), & 湛 (OC *ʔl'uːm, *r'uːmʔ, *l'um) (ibid.).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): chén (chen$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄔㄣˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): cen$^2$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): cam$^4$ / zam$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): cim$^3$
* Gan (Wiktionary): ciin$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chhṳ̀m / chhṳm / tem
    (Hailu, HRS): chim / chim$^ˇ$ / dem$^ˇ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): cem$^2$
* Jin (Wiktionary): ceng$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): dêng
* Eastern Min (BUC): tèng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ding$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tîm / tiâm / têm / thiām
    (Teochew, Peng'im): dim$^5$ / ding$^5$ / tim$^7$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$zen
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): zhen$^2$ / zhen$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chén
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chén
*** Wade–Giles: chʻên$^2$
*** Yale: chén
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chern
*** Palladius: чэнь (čɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰən³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: cen$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: cen
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰən²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: cam$^4$ / zam$^6$
*** Yale: chàhm / jahm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsam$^4$ / dzam$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cem$^4$ / zem$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɐm²¹/, /t͡sɐm²²/
* cam4 - literary;
* zam6 - vernacular.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit沉 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ʈ͡ʂʰən³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ʈ͡ʂʰən²⁴/ ～重 /ʈ͡ʂʰən⁵³/ ～底 |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /ʈ͡ʂʰən⁴⁵/ /t͡sʰən⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /ʈ͡ʂʰẽ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /tʃʰə̃⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ʈ͡ʂʰən⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /ʈ͡ʂʰẽ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /ʈ͡ʂʰə̃²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ʈ͡ʂʰəŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ʈ͡ʂʰə̃n⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /t͡sʰən²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /t͡sʰən³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /t͡sʰen²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ʈ͡ʂʰə̃³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /ʈ͡ʂʰən²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /ʈ͡ʂʰən⁵⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡sʰəŋ¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /ʈ͡ʂʰəŋ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /t͡sʰə̃ŋ³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /zəŋ²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /zən¹³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /d͡zen²¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /d͡zaŋ³¹/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /t͡ɕʰiʌ̃⁴⁴/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /t͡ɕʰian⁴⁴/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /ʈ͡ʂən¹³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /d͡zən¹²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /t͡sʰɨn²⁴/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /t͡sʰəm¹¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /tʃʰem¹¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /t͡sʰɐm²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /t͡sʰɐm²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /t͡sʰɐm²¹/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /tim³⁵/ /tiam³⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /tʰɛiŋ⁵³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /teiŋ³³/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /tim⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /sim³¹/ /hiam³¹/ |
* Middle Chinese: drim
Rime :
| Character | 沉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 澄 (11) |
| Final (韻) | 侵 (140) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 直深切 |
| Baxter | drim |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɖˠiɪm/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɖᵚim/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȡiem/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɖjim/ |
| Li Rong | /ȡjəm/ |
| Wang Li | /ȡĭĕm/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȡʱi̯əm/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | chén |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | cam$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*l'um/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 沉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 15256 |
| Phonetic component | 冘 |
| Rime group | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 沈 |
| Old Chinese | /*l'um/ |
| Notes | 俗沈字見易林漢碑 |

### Definitions

沉
* to sink; to submerge (into water)
       ngo$^5$ deng$^2$ wing$^6$ mou$^{6-2}$ cam$^4$ zo$^2$ lok$^6$ seoi$^2$ dai$^2$. [Jyutping]
       My swimming cap sank to the bottom of the pool.
* to fall; to sink; to subside
* to settle; to make sink
* to suppress; to stifle; to neglect
* to be neglected
* to indulge in; to be given to
* to hide; to be hidden
* heavy; weighty
* dark; gloomy
* deep; profound
    睡得很沉 ― shuì de hěn chén ― to sleep soundly
* long (duration); prolonged; lengthy
* deeply; profoundly
* (Cantonese) Alternative form of 浸 (zam6, “to drown”)

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 重 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 重 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 沉, 重 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 重 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 沉, 重 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 沉, 重 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 重 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 重 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 重 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 重 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 重 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 重 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 重 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 重 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 重 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 重 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 重, 沉 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 重 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 重 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 重 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 重 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 重 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 重 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 重 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 重 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 重 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 重 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 重 |
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 沉, 熟 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 死, 實 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 沉, 熟 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 淰 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 淰 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 淰 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 沉 |

### Compounds

* 一頭兒沉 / 一头儿沉 (yītóurchén)
* 下沉 (xiàchén)
* 不沉木
* 低沉 (dīchén)
* 兔缺烏沉 / 兔缺乌沉
* 升沉
* 南極星沉 / 南极星沉
* 口沉
* 小隙沉舟
* 屁股沉
* 屈沉
* 悶沉沉 / 闷沉沉
* 意志消沉
* 打個沉兒 / 打个沉儿
* 打破沉默
* 折戟沉沙 (zhéjǐchénshā)
* 提沉
* 昏昏沉沉
* 昏沉 (hūnchén)
* 暮氣沉沉 / 暮气沉沉
* 月落星沉
* 死氣沉沉 / 死气沉沉 (sǐqìchénchén)
* 沉下臉 / 沉下脸
* 沉不住氣 / 沉不住气
* 沉伏
* 沉住氣 / 沉住气 (chénzhùqì)
* 沉冥
* 沉冤 (chényuān)
* 沉冤莫白
* 沉勇 (chényǒng)
* 沉博絕麗 / 沉博绝丽
* 沉厚
* 沉厚寡言
* 沉吟 (chényín)
* 沉吟章句
* 沉寂 (chénjì)
* 沉屁股
* 沉得住氣 / 沉得住气
* 沉心
* 沉思 (chénsī)
* 沉悶 / 沉闷 (chénmèn)
* 沉憂 / 沉忧
* 沉抑 (chényì)
* 沉李浮瓜
* 沉枷
* 沉毅 (chényì)
* 沉水
* 沉水香
* 沉沒 / 沉没 (chénmò)
* 沉沉 (chénchén)
* 沉浸 (chénjìn)
* 沉浮 (chénfú)
* 沉淪 / 沉沦 (chénlún)
* 沉湖 (Chénhú)
* 沉湎 (chénmiǎn)
* 沉渣 (chénzhā)
* 沉湎淫逸
* 沉溺 (chénnì)
* 沉滯 / 沉滞 (chénzhì)
* 沉漸剛克 / 沉渐刚克
* 沉潛剛克 / 沉潜刚克
* 沉澱 / 沉淀 (chéndiàn)
* 沉灶產蛙 / 沉灶产蛙
* 沉甸甸
* 沉痛 (chéntòng)
* 沉痼 (chéngù)
* 沉痾 / 沉疴 (chénkē)
* 沉眠 (chénmián)
* 沉睡 (chénshuì)
* 沉積 / 沉积 (chénjī)
* 沉積作用 / 沉积作用
* 沉積岩 / 沉积岩 (chénjīyán)
* 沉積物 / 沉积物 (chénjīwù)
* 沉穩 / 沉稳 (chénwěn)
* 沉箱 (chénxiāng)
* 沉綿 / 沉绵 (chénmián)
* 沉脈 / 沉脉
* 沉舟破釜
* 沉菜
* 沉著 / 沉着 (chénzhuó)
* 沉著痛快 / 沉着痛快
* 沉落 (chénluò)
* 沉迷 (chénmí)
* 沉遠 / 沉远
* 沉邃
* 沉酣 (chénhān)
* 沉醉 (chénzuì)
* 沉重 (chénzhòng)
* 沉重寡言
* 沉重少言
* 沉降 (chénjiàng)
* 沉陰 / 沉阴
* 沉陷 (chénxiàn)
* 沉雄 (chénxióng)
* 沉雄古逸
* 沉靜 / 沉静 (chénjìng)
* 沉靜少言 / 沉静少言
* 沉香 (chénxiāng)
* 沉鬱 / 沉郁 (chényù)
* 沉鬱頓挫 / 沉郁顿挫
* 沉魚落雁 / 沉鱼落雁 (chényúluòyàn)
* 沉默 (chénmò)
* 沉默寡言 (chénmòguǎyán)
* 沉默是金 (chénmò shì jīn)
* 浮沉 (fúchén)
* 消沉 (xiāochén)
* 浮沉船塢 / 浮沉船坞
* 浮沉酒醆 / 浮沉酒盏
* 浮瓜沉李
* 海相沉積 / 海相沉积
* 浮石沉木
* 深沉 (shēnchén)
* 淹沉
* 湮沉
* 玄石沉湎
* 玉石同沉
* 玉碎珠沉
* 珠沉滄海 / 珠沉沧海
* 珠沉玉沒 / 珠沉玉没
* 珠沉玉碎
* 珠沉璧碎
* 石沉大海 (shíchéndàhǎi)
* 破釜沉舟 (pòfǔchénzhōu)
* 破釜沉船
* 碧沉沉
* 神州陸沉 / 神州陆沉 (shénzhōulùchén)
* 積羽沉舟 / 积羽沉舟
* 缾沉簪折 / 瓶沉簪折
* 耳沉 (ěrchén)
* 聽沉 / 听沉
* 與世沉浮 / 与世沉浮
* 與世浮沉 / 与世浮沉
* 與時浮沉 / 与时浮沉
* 船沉鉅鹿 / 船沉巨鹿
* 落雁沉魚 / 落雁沉鱼
* 載沉載浮 / 载沉载浮
* 轟沉 / 轰沉
* 鉤沉 / 钩沉 (gōuchén)
* 銀質沉著 / 银质沉着
* 鐵鎖沉江 / 铁锁沉江
* 閉目沉思 / 闭目沉思
* 陰沉 / 阴沉 (yīnchén)
* 陸沉 / 陆沉 (lùchén)
* 陰沉木 / 阴沉木
* 陰沉沉 / 阴沉沉
* 陸相沉積 / 陆相沉积
* 陰陰沉沉 / 阴阴沉沉
* 隨世沉浮 / 随世沉浮
* 隨俗沉浮 / 随俗沉浮
* 隨俗浮沉 / 随俗浮沉
* 雁杳魚沉 / 雁杳鱼沉 (yànyǎoyúchén)
* 飛沉 / 飞沉
* 香銷玉沉 / 香销玉沉
* 體沉 / 体沉
* 鬱沉沉 / 郁沉沉
* 魚沉 / 鱼沉
* 魚沉雁杳 / 鱼沉雁杳 (yúchényànyǎo)
* 魚沉雁渺 / 鱼沉雁渺
* 魚沉雁落 / 鱼沉雁落
* 魚雁沉沉 / 鱼雁沉沉
* 黑沉沉

### References

* “沉”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “沉”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 29.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: しん (shin)、じん (jin)
* Kan-on: しん (shin)、ちん (chin)
* Kun: しずむ (shizumu, 沉む)、しずめる (shizumeru, 沉める)

## Korean
### Hanja

沉 • (chim, sim) (hangeul 침, 심, revised chim, sim, McCune–Reischauer ch'im, sim, Yale chim, sim)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

沉: Hán Nôm readings: tròm, chằm, chìm, đắm, đẫm, ngằm, ngầm, trằm, trầm, đẵm
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.