# recalcitrant
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from French récalcitrant, from Latin recalcitrāns, recalcitrantis, present participle of recalcitrō, recalcitrāre (“be disobedient, kick back [as a horse]”), from calx (“heel”), 1820s.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɹɪˈkæl.sɪ.tɹənt/
* Audio (General Australian):(file)

### Adjective

recalcitrant (comparative more recalcitrant, superlative most recalcitrant)
* Marked by a stubborn unwillingness to obey authority.
** 1908, Edith Wharton, “In Trust”, in The Hermit and the Wild Woman and Other Stories:His nimble fancy was recalcitrant to mental discipline.
** 1914, P. G. Wodehouse, Death at the Excelsior:There was something in her manner so reminiscent of the school teacher reprimanding a recalcitrant pupil that Mr. Snyder's sense of humor came to his rescue.
** 1959 June 8, “Kenya: The Hola Scandal”, in Time:Kenya's official "Cowan Plan," named after a colonial prison administrator, decreed that recalcitrant prisoners "be manhandled to the site and forced to carry out the task."
* Unwilling to cooperate socially.
* Difficult to deal with or to operate.
** 2003, Robert G. Wetzel, “Solar radiation as an ecosystem modulator”, in E. Walter Helbling, Horacio Zagarese, editors, UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, page 13:The more labile organic constituents of complex dissolved and particulate organic matter are commonly hydrolyzed and metabolized more rapidly than more recalcitrant organic compounds that are less accessible enzymatically.
** 2004, Derek W. Urwin, Germany: From Geographical Expression to Regional Accommodation, in Michael Keating (editor), Regions and Regionalism in Europe, page 47:
    The Hansa had no legal status, independent finances or a common institutional framework, while the major weapon against recalcitrant members (or opponents) was the threat of embargo.
** 2006, Janet Pierrehumbert, “Syllable structure and word structure: a study of triconsonantal clusters in English”, in Patricia A. Keating, editor, Phonological Structure and Phonetic Form, page 179:Particularly recalcitrant examples which made it impossible to remove actual words while maintaining the balance of the set were resolved by altering a consonant in the base word to create a new base form.
** 2010, Brian J. Hall, John C. Hall, Sauer's Manual of Skin Diseases, page 251:However, when a clinician is faced with a more recalcitrant case, it is important to remember to ask the patient whether psychological, social, or occupational stress might be contributing to the activity of the skin disorder.
** 2014 May 11, Ivan Hewett, “Piano Man: a Life of John Ogdon by Charles Beauclerk, review: A new biography of the great British pianist whose own genius destroyed him [print version: A colossus off-key, 10 May 2014, p. R27]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Review)‎:The temptation is to regard him [John Ogdon] as an idiot savant, a big talent bottled inside a recalcitrant body and accompanied by a personality that seems not just unremarkable, but almost entirely blank.
* (botany, of seed, pollen, spores) Not viable for an extended period; damaged by drying or freezing.

#### Synonyms

* (stubbornly unwilling to obey authority): argumentative, defiant, disobedient, rebellious
* (difficult to operate or deal with): stubborn, unruly, adversarial, obstreperous, intransigent
See also Thesaurus:obstinate

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “stubbornly unwilling to obey authority”): compliant, obedient
* (antonym(s) of “difficult to operate or deal with”): amenable, cooperative, eager
* (antonym(s) of “not viable for long period”): orthodox

#### Derived terms

* recalcitrance
* recalcitrancy
* recalcitrantly

#### Translations

    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

### Noun

recalcitrant (plural recalcitrants)
* A person who is recalcitrant.

#### Translations
## Dutch
### Etymology

Borrowed from French récalcitrant, from Middle French recalcitrant, from Latin recalcitrāns.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˌreː.kɑl.siˈtrɑnt/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: re‧cal‧ci‧trant
* Rhymes: -ɑnt

### Adjective

recalcitrant (comparative recalcitranter, superlative recalcitrantst)
* recalcitrant
    Synonym: weerspannig

#### Declension
## Latin
### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /reˈkal.ki.trant/, [rɛˈkäɫ̪kɪt̪rän̪t̪]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /reˈkal.t͡ʃi.trant/, [reˈkäl̠ʲt͡ʃit̪rän̪t̪]

### Verb

recalcitrant
* third-person plural present active indicative of recalcitrō

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from French récalcitrant.

### Adjective

recalcitrant m or n (feminine singular recalcitrantă, masculine plural recalcitranți, feminine and neuter plural recalcitrante)
* recalcitrant