# 堵

| 堵 | U+5835, &#22581; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5835 |
| ← 場 [U+5834] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 堶 → [U+5836] |

## Translingual
### Han character

堵 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 土十大日 (GJKA), four-corner 4416$_0$, composition ⿰土者)

#### Derived characters

* 𧹻

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 234, character 9
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5279
* Dae Jaweon: page 472, character 3
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 448, character 7
* Unihan data for U+5835

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 觰 | *rtaːʔ, *rtaː |
| 諸 | *tjaː, *tja |
| 者 | *tjaːʔ |
| 堵 | *tjaːʔ, *taːʔ |
| 赭 | *tjaːʔ |
| 撦 | *l̥ʰjaːʔ |
| 扯 | *tʰjaːʔ |
| 闍 | *djaː, *taː |
| 奢 | *hljaː |
| 鍺 | *toːlʔ |
| 都 | *taː |
| 醏 | *taː |
| 覩 | *taːʔ |
| 睹 | *taːʔ |
| 暏 | *taːʔ |
| 賭 | *taːʔ |
| 帾 | *taːʔ |
| 楮 | *taːʔ, *tʰaʔ |
| 屠 | *daː, *da |
| 瘏 | *daː |
| 廜 | *daː |
| 鷵 | *daː |
| 緒 | *ljaʔ |
| 豬 | *ta |
| 猪 | *ta |
| 瀦 | *ta |
| 藸 | *ta, *da |
| 櫫 | *ta |
| 褚 | *taʔ, *tʰaʔ |
| 著 | *taʔ, *tas, *da, *taɡ, *daɡ |
| 箸 | *tas, *das |
| 儲 | *da |
| 躇 | *da |
| 櫧 | *tja |
| 藷 | *tja, *djas |
| 蠩 | *tja |
| 煮 | *tjaʔ |
| 渚 | *tjaʔ |
| 煑 | *tjaʔ |
| 陼 | *tjaʔ |
| 翥 | *tjas |
| 署 | *djas |
| 薯 | *djas |
| 曙 | *djas |
| 書 | *hlja |
| 暑 | *hjaʔ |
| 鐯 | *taɡ |
| 擆 | *taɡ |
| 櫡 | *taɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *tjaːʔ, *taːʔ) : semantic 土 + phonetic 者 (OC *tjaːʔ).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): dǔ (du$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨˇ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): dou$^2$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): u$^2$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): tù
* Eastern Min (BUC): dū
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tó͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): du$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$tu
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dǔ
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄨˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: dǔ
*** Wade–Giles: tu$^3$
*** Yale: dǔ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duu
*** Palladius: ду (du)
*** Sinological IPA : /tu²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: dou$^2$
*** Yale: dóu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dou$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: dou$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /tou̯³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: u$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /u⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tù
*** Hakka Romanization System: du$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: du$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /tu¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: dū
*** Sinological IPA : /tu³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tó͘
*** Tâi-lô: tóo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dor
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tɔ⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tɔ⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tɔ⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tɔ⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tɔ⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: du$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tú
*** Sinological IPA : /tu⁵²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$tu
*** MiniDict: tu$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$tu
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /tu³⁴/
* Middle Chinese: tuX
Rime :
| Character | 堵 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 端 (5) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 當古切 |
| Baxter | tuX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tuo$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /tuo$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /to$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /tɔ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /to$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /tu$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /tuo$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | dǔ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | dou$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*tˤaʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*taːʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 堵 | 堵 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | dǔ | dǔ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tu$^X$ › | ‹ tu$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*tˁaʔ/ | /*tˁaʔ/ |
| English | a row or set of bells or musical stones | measure of length of wall |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 堵 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 16975 |
| Phonetic component | 者 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 覩 |
| Old Chinese | /*taːʔ/ |

#### Definitions

堵
* (obsolete) a unit of measure of the length and height of a wall
* (literary) wall
    From: c. 392 or 405~427, Tao Yuanming, 《五柳先生傳》, translation based on the work by A. R. Davis
    Huán dǔ xiāorán, bù bì fēng rì, duǎn hè chuān jié, dān piáo lǚ kōng — yànrú yě. [Pinyin]
    His house with surrounding walls is lonely and does not shelter him from wind or sun. His short coarse robe is torn and mended. His basket and gourd are often empty. Yet he takes all this at peace.
    From: 1740 CE, Pu Songling, Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio
    Xī Wáng Xīnyì cháng yán: zài dū ǒu guò shìlǐ, wén xiángē shēng, guān zhě rú dǔ. [Pinyin]
    Wang Xinyi once said he was passing through a marketplace in the capital when he heard a song accompanied by a string instrument. Onlookers were packed together as densely as a wall.
* to block up; to stop up
    堵車／堵车 ― dǔchē ― to be jammed with traffic
    堵上這個漏洞／堵上这个漏洞 ― dǔ shàng zhège lòudòng ― to close this loophole
    下水管堵了。 ― Xiàshuǐguǎn dǔ le. ― The drain pipe is clogged.
* (Teochew) to encounter
* stifled; suffocated
    心裡堵得慌／心里堵得慌 ― xīnlǐ dǔ dé huāng ― to feel suffocated; to be depressed
* (obsolete) An ancient unit of measure, denoting sixteen bells or chimes hanging on a bell pendant stand.
* Classifier for walls. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier
* a surname
    姬申扶堵 ― Jī Shēn Fú Dǔ ― (a verse from the Hundred Family Surnames)

##### Synonyms

* (to block up): 塞 (sāi)
* (to encounter):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 遇, 碰, 遭 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 遇, 碰 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 遇, 碰 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 遇, 碰 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 遇, 撞 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 遇, 撞 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 遇, 撞 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 遇 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 遇, 撞 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 拄, 撞, 衝, 磅 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 拄, 撞, 衝 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 拄, 衝 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 拄, 撞, 磅 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 拄 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 拄 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 拄, 遇 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 遇, 堵 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 遇 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 遇, 堵 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 堵 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 碰 |
* (classifier for walls):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 堵, 面, 道 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 堵, 面, 道 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 堵 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 堵 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 堵 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 堵 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 堵 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 堵 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 堵 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 堵 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 堵 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 埲, 幅 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 埲, 幅 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 條 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 皮 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 堵, 面, 皮 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 堵 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 堵 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 板, 堵 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 堵 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 堵 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 堵 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 堵 |
| Southern Min | Taipei (Wanhua) | 片 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 面 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 堵 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 面 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 片 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 片 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 堵, 面 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 片 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 片 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 片 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 爿, 埤, 片 |
| Southern Min | Puning | 方, 埤 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 幅 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 幅 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 堵 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 堵 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 堵 |
| Wu | Danyang | 堵 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 堵 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 堵 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 堵 |

#### Compounds

* 七堵 (Qīdǔ)
* 傳神阿堵 / 传神阿堵
* 八堵 (Bādǔ)
* 圍堵 / 围堵 (wéidǔ)
* 堵人
* 堵喪 / 堵丧
* 堵嘴 (dǔzuǐ)
* 堵城 (Dǔchéng)
* 堵塞
* 堵心 (dǔxīn)
* 堵牆 / 堵墙
* 堵門兒 / 堵门儿
* 堵頭 / 堵头
* 壁堵 (piah-tó͘) (Min Nan)
* 安堵 (āndǔ)
* 安堵如故
* 安堵樂業 / 安堵乐业
* 對堵 / 对堵
* 按堵如故
* 環堵 / 环堵
* 環堵蕭然 / 环堵萧然
* 當堵 / 当堵
* 百堵
* 百堵皆作
* 觀者如堵 / 观者如堵
* 防堵 (fángdǔ)
* 阿堵 (ādǔ)
* 阿堵物 (ādǔwù)

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhě (zhe$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄜˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ze$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhě
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄜˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhě
*** Wade–Giles: chê$^3$
*** Yale: jě
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jee
*** Palladius: чжэ (čžɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂɤ²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ze$^2$
*** Yale: jé
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dze$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zé$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɛː³⁵/
* Middle Chinese: tsyaeX
Rime :
| Character | 堵 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 章 (23) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (100) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 章也切 |
| Baxter | tsyaeX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ɕia$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡ɕia$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ɕia$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /cia$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ɕia$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ɕĭa$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡ɕi̯a$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhě |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ze$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*tjaːʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 堵 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 16961 |
| Phonetic component | 者 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 者 |
| Old Chinese | /*tjaːʔ/ |

#### Definitions

堵
* (～河) Zhe or Du River (river in Hubei Province, China)

### References

* “堵”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese

| Shinjitai (extended) | Shinjitai (extended) |
| 堵󠄂 堵+&#xE0102; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) | Shinjitai (extended) |
| Kyūjitai | 堵 |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: つ (tsu)
* Kan-on: と (to)
* Kun: かき (kaki, 堵)

## Korean
### Hanja

堵 • (do) (hangeul 도, revised do, McCune–Reischauer to)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

堵: Hán Nôm readings: đổ
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation