# 肯定
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kěndìng
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄣˇ ㄉㄧㄥˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hang$^2$ ding$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): khién-thin
    (Hailu, HRS): kien$^ˊ$ tin$^˖$
* Jin (Wiktionary): keng$^2$ ding$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): khéng-tēng / khńg-tēng / khún-tēng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kêng$^2$ dian$^7$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kěndìng
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄣˇ ㄉㄧㄥˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kěndìng
*** Wade–Giles: kʻên$^3$-ting$^4$
*** Yale: kěn-dìng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: keendinq
*** Palladius: кэньдин (kɛnʹdin)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰən²¹⁴⁻²¹ tiŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hang$^2$ ding$^6$
*** Yale: háng dihng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hang$^2$ ding$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: heng$^2$ ding$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɐŋ³⁵ tɪŋ²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khién-thin
*** Hakka Romanization System: kien$^ˋ$ tin
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kian$^3$ tin$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯en³¹ tʰin⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: kien$^ˊ$ tin$^˖$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰien²⁴⁻³³ tʰin³³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: keng$^2$ ding$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /kʰəŋ⁵³ tiŋ⁴⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khéng-tēng
*** Tâi-lô: khíng-tīng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qefngdeng
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰiɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɪŋ³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kʰiɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɪŋ²²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰiɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiɪŋ³³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khńg-tēng
*** Tâi-lô: khńg-tīng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qngfdeng
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiɪŋ⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khún-tēng
*** Tâi-lô: khún-tīng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qwndeng
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰun⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɪŋ³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰun⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiɪŋ³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: kêng$^2$ dian$^7$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khéng tiāⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰeŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ tĩã¹¹/

### Adjective

肯定
* (attributive) certain; affirmative; positive
* fixed; certain; sure

#### Synonyms

* (certain): 正面 (zhèngmiàn)
* (fixed): 固定 (gùdìng), 確定／确定 (quèdìng), 一定 (yīdìng)

### Adverb

肯定
* surely; definitely; must be
       Yīlù zǒu lái kěndìng bùróngyì. [Pinyin]
       The journey must have been difficult.
       Wǒmen kěndìng shì méiyǒu qián zuò shénme guǎnggào le. [Pinyin]
       We definitely wouldn't have money for advertising.

#### Synonyms

* 一定 (yīdìng)
* 保準 / 保准 (bǎozhǔn) (colloquial)
* 保管 (bǎoguǎn)
* 保險 / 保险 (bǎoxiǎn) (dialectal)
* 勢必 / 势必 (shìbì)
* 定必 (ding$^6$ bit$^1$) (Cantonese)
* 局 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 必定 (bìdìng)
* 必然 (bìrán)
* 決計 / 决计 (juéjì)
* 準保 / 准保 (zhǔnbǎo)
* 準定 / 准定 (zhǔndìng)
* 無疑 / 无疑 (wúyí)
* 硬額 / 硬额 (Quanzhou Hokkien)

### Verb

肯定
* to approve; to confirm; to affirm
** 2013, “歹逗陣”, in 潘協慶 [Tom Pan] (lyrics), 陳子鴻 [Eric Chen] (music), 遠走高飛‎, performed by 江蕙 [Jody Chiang] and 陳嘉樺 [Ella Chen]:
       tán pa̍t-lâng lâi khún-tēng, put-lû chi̍t ê lâng khah chheng-chēng [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       Waiting for others' affirmation is not as good as being in the traquility of being alone
* to be certain

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “to confirm”): 否定 (fǒudìng)

### Noun

肯定
* approval; validation; affirmation

### Derived terms

* 性別肯定手術 / 性别肯定手术 (xìngbié kěndìng shǒushù)
* 肯定命題 / 肯定命题
* 肯定性
* 自我肯定

### Related terms

* 當然／当然 (dāngrán)
* 確定／确定 (quèdìng)
* 一定 (yīdìng)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 肯 | 定 |
| こう Grade: S | てい Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こーてー [kòótéé] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ko̞ːte̞ː]

### Noun

肯(こう)定(てい) • (kōtei)
* affirmation
    Antonym: 否定 (hitei)

#### Derived terms

* 肯定的(こうていてき) (kōteiteki)

### Verb

肯(こう)定(てい)する • (kōtei suru) suru (stem 肯(こう)定(てい)し (kōtei shi), past 肯(こう)定(てい)した (kōtei shita))
* affirm, answer yes

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 肯定し | こうていし | kōtei shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 肯定し | こうていし | kōtei shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 肯定する | こうていする | kōtei suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 肯定する | こうていする | kōtei suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 肯定すれ | こうていすれ | kōtei sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 肯定せよ¹ 肯定しろ² | こうていせよ¹ こうていしろ² | kōtei seyo¹ kōtei shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 肯定される | こうていされる | kōtei sareru |
| Causative | 肯定させる 肯定さす | こうていさせる こうていさす | kōtei saseru kōtei sasu |
| Potential | 肯定できる | こうていできる | kōtei dekiru |
| Volitional | 肯定しよう | こうていしよう | kōtei shiyō |
| Negative | 肯定しない | こうていしない | kōtei shinai |
| Negative continuative | 肯定せず | こうていせず | kōtei sezu |
| Formal | 肯定します | こうていします | kōtei shimasu |
| Perfective | 肯定した | こうていした | kōtei shita |
| Conjunctive | 肯定して | こうていして | kōtei shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 肯定すれば | こうていすれば | kōtei sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

#### Antonyms

* 否(ひ)定(てい)する (hiteisuru)

### References

* ↑ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ “肯定”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 肯 | 定 |

### Noun

肯定 • (geungjeong) (hangeul 긍정)
* hanja form of 긍정 (“affirmation”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 肯 | 定 |

### Verb

肯定
* chữ Hán form of khẳng định (“to affirm”).