# 民主
## Chinese
### Etymology

In Classical Chinese, 民主 meant "sovereign", as in 民之主, or "ruler of the people". This was repurposed in the mid-1860s to mean "democracy", "democratic" during the translation of the book Elements of International Law.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): mínzhǔ
    (Zhuyin): ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄓㄨˇ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): man$^4$ zyu$^2$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): min$^3$ zi$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): mìn-chú
    (Hailu, HRS): min zhu$^ˊ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): min$^2$ zu$^3$
* Eastern Min (BUC): mìng-ciō
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): bîn-chú
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ming$^5$ zu$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$min-tsy
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: mínzhǔ
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄓㄨˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: mínjhǔ
*** Wade–Giles: min$^2$-chu$^3$
*** Yale: mín-jǔ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: minjuu
*** Palladius: миньчжу (minʹčžu)
*** Sinological IPA : /min³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: man$^4$ zyu$^2$
*** Yale: màhn jyú
*** Cantonese Pinyin: man$^4$ dzy$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: men$^4$ ju$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /mɐn²¹ t͡syː³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: min$^3$ zi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /ᵐbin²² t͡si⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mìn-chú
*** Hakka Romanization System: min$^ˇ$ zu$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: min$^2$ zu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /min¹¹ t͡su³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: min zhu$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /min⁵⁵ t͡ʃu²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: min$^2$ zu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /min¹¹ t͡su³¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: mìng-ciō
*** Sinological IPA : /miŋ⁵³⁻³³ $^{(t͡s-)}$ʒuo³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bîn-chú
*** Tâi-lô: bîn-tsú
*** Phofsit Daibuun: binzuo
*** IPA (Xiamen): /bin²⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /bin²⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /bin¹³⁻²² t͡su⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /bin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /bin²³⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ming$^5$ zu$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: mîng tsú
*** Sinological IPA : /miŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡su⁵²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$min-tsy
*** MiniDict: min$^去$ tsy
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$min-tsr
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /min²² t͡sz̩⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: mjin tsyuX
Rime :
| Character | 民 | 主 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) | 章 (23) |
| Final (韻) | 眞 (43) | 虞 (24) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 彌鄰切 | 之庾切 |
| Baxter | mjin | tsyuX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /miɪn/ | /t͡ɕɨo$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /min/ | /t͡ɕio$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /mjen/ | /t͡ɕio$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /min/ | /cuə̆$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /miĕn/ | /t͡ɕio$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /mĭĕn/ | /t͡ɕĭu$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /mi̯ĕn/ | /t͡ɕi̯u$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | mín | zhǔ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | man$^4$ | zyu$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*mi[ŋ] toʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*min tjoʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 民 | 主 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | mín | zhǔ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ mjin › | ‹ tsyu$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*mi[ŋ]/ | /*toʔ/ |
| English | people | master; host |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 民 | 主 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 9130 | 17618 |
| Phonetic component | 民 | 主 |
| Rime group | 眞 | 侯 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 民 | 主 |
| Old Chinese | /*min/ | /*tjoʔ/ |

### Noun

民主
* democracy
    全過程人民民主／全过程人民民主 ― quán guòchéng rénmín mínzhǔ ― whole-process people's democracy (officialese)
       Pǔjí kēxué yǔ mínzhǔ, gēnzi zài jiàoyù. [Pinyin]
       Education is at the root of the popularization of science and democracy.
    From: 鄭觀應《盛世危言·議院》 (1893)
    Jūnzhǔ zhě, quán piān yú shàng; mínzhǔ zhě, quán piān yú xià. [Pinyin]
    Monarchy skews power toward the upper class; democracy skews power toward the lower class.
    From: 2008: 周琪 (Zhou Qi), 【美国大选观察】奥巴马为什么大胜？ ([Observations on the American Elections] Why did Obama have a great victory?)
    Měiguó zhōngyú chǎnshēng le lìshǐ shàng dì yī wèi hēirén zǒngtǒng Bālākè Àobāmǎ, zhè duìyú měiguó de mínzhǔ zhèngzhì jùyǒu huàshídài de yìyì. [Pinyin]
    The historic election of the US’s first black president, Barack Obama, marked an epoch in the history of American democracy.
* (Classical) monarch
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Qíjūn zhī yǔ tōu. Zāng Wénzhòng yǒu yán yuē: ‘Mínzhǔ tōu, bì sǐ.’ [Pinyin]
    The words of the marquis of Qi are rude; and Zang Wenzhong remarked that when a people's lord is rude, he is sure to die.
* (Classical) functionary; official

#### Synonyms

* (democracy): (obsolete) 德謨克拉西／德谟克拉西 (démókèlāxī)

### Adjective

民主
* democratic
    民主協商／民主协商 ― mínzhǔ xiéshāng ― democratic consultation
    人民民主專政／人民民主专政 ― rénmín mínzhǔ zhuānzhèng ― people's democratic dictatorship

#### Derived terms

* 基層民主／基层民主 (jīcéng mínzhǔ)
* 民主主義／民主主义 (mínzhǔzhǔyì)
* 民主人士 (mínzhǔ rénshì)
* 民主剛果／民主刚果 (Mínzhǔ Gāngguǒ)
* 民主國家／民主国家 (mínzhǔ guójiā)
* 民主性 (mínzhǔxìng)
* 民主改革 (mínzhǔ gǎigé)
* 民主政治 (mínzhǔ zhèngzhì)
* 民主權利／民主权利 (mínzhǔ quánlì)
* 民主社會主義／民主社会主义 (mínzhǔ shèhuì zhǔyì)
* 民主進步黨／民主进步党 (Mínzhǔ Jìnbù Dǎng)
* 民主集中制 (mínzhǔ jízhōngzhì)
* 民主革命 (mínzhǔ gémìng)
* 民主黨／民主党 (mínzhǔdǎng)
* 民主黨派／民主党派 (Mínzhǔ Dǎngpài)
* 民盟 (Mín-Méng)
* 泛民主派 (fànmínzhǔpài)

#### Descendants

* → Zhuang: minzcuj

### Proper noun

民主
* (～村) Minzhu (a village in Zhonglu, Lichuan, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 民 | 主 |
| みん Grade: 4 | しゅ Grade: 3 |
| goon | kan'on |

### Etymology

From Sinitic 民主 (mínzhǔ). Purposed in China in the mid-1860s, giving the word a new meaning, during the translation of the book Elements of International Law into Chinese.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) みんしゅ [míꜜǹshù] (Atamadaka – [1])
* (Tokyo) みんしゅ [mìńshú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [mʲĩɰ̃ɕɨ]

### Noun

民(みん)主(しゅ) • (minshu)
* democracy

#### Synonyms

* 民主主義(みんしゅしゅぎ) (minshu shugi) (more commonly used)

#### Derived terms

* 民主党(みんしゅとう) (minshutō): democratic party
* 民主的(みんしゅてき) (minshuteki): democratic

### References

* ↑ Chen, Sheng Bao (1996 December 17) “中国語の中の日本語 (Chinese Borrowings from the Japanese Language), paper presented at the Japanese Language Research Forum held by the International Research Center for Japanese Studies”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name)‎ (in Japanese), International Research Center for Japanese Studies, archived from the original on 10 September 2012: “古代漢語のことばを利用して訳したものだが、本来の意味とは違うもの。...「民主」”
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 民 | 主 |

### Noun

民主 • (minju) (hangeul 민주)
* hanja form of 민주 (“democracy”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 民 | 主 |

### Noun

民主
* chữ Hán form of dân chủ (“democracy”).

### Adjective

民主
* chữ Hán form of dân chủ (“democratic”).