# παρά
## Ancient Greek
### Alternative forms

* πᾰ́ρ (pár) — Epic, Lyric
* πᾰρ’ (par’) — apocopic
* πᾰ́ρᾰ (pára)
* πᾰραί (paraí) — Epic, Poetic

### Etymology

From Proto-Hellenic *pərai, from Proto-Indo-European *preh₂- (“before, in front”). Compare Mycenaean Greek 𐀞𐀫 (pa-ro).
The genitive is from the PIE ablative of origin or cause. The dative is from the locative. The accusative is perhaps from a metaphor of going near someone to attack them. Compare Latin ante.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pa.rá/ → /paˈra/ → /paˈra/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /pa.rá/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /paˈra/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /paˈra/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /paˈra/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /paˈra/

### Preposition

πᾰρᾰ́ • (pará) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)
* [with genitive]
** from
** because of
* [with dative]
** at, beside, by, near
    μένειν παρὰ τισί ― ménein parà tisí ― to stay at someone's house/home
* [with accusative]
** contrary to
** beside, by, near (w/ verbs of coming or going; w/ verbs of past motion; w/ verbs of striking or wounding)
    παρ’ ἔμ’ ἵστασο ― par’ ém’ hístaso ― stand by/beside me

#### Derived terms

* παρα- (para-)

### References

* ↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πάρα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1151

### Further reading

* “παρά”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “παρά”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “παρά”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
* παρά in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
* παρά in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
* “παρά”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
* G3844 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
* παρά in Trapp, Erich, et al. (1994–2007) Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität besonders des 9.-12. Jahrhunderts [the Lexicon of Byzantine Hellenism, Particularly the 9th–12th Centuries], Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
* Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited. against idem, page 18.along idem, page 25.among idem, page 27.at idem, page 48.before idem, page 69.beside idem, page 75.by idem, page 107.contrary idem, page 169.contravention idem, page 169.deposit idem, page 212.during idem, page 256.except idem, page 288.from idem, page 346.house idem, page 408.next idem, page 557.parallel idem, page 591.past idem, page 597.pay idem, page 600.presence idem, page 636.reason idem, page 676.refer idem, page 684.resort idem, page 703.rule idem, page 725.time idem, page 875.to idem, page 878.violation idem, page 953.visit idem, page 954.

## Greek
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /paˈɾa/
* Hyphenation: πα‧ρά

### Etymology 1

From Ancient Greek παρά (pará)

#### Preposition

παρά • (pará) (+ accusative)
* despite, in spite of
* less (minus; not including)
** (time) to (preceding the next whole hour)
    Είναι έξι παρά είκοσι πέντε.Eínai éxi pará eíkosi pénte.It's twenty-five to six(literally, “It's six less twenty-five.”)
    Στις έντεκα παρά τέταρτο.Stis énteka pará tétarto.At a quarter to eleven.(literally, “At eleven less (a) quarter.”)

##### Alternative forms

* παρ' (par')

#### Conjunction

παρά • (pará)
* (qualifying a negative) but
* (comparative) than

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Noun

παρά • (pará) m
* nominative/accusative/vocative singular of παράς (parás)

### References

* παρά, in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998 at the Centre for the Greek language