# 土話
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): tǔhuà
       (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨˇ ㄏㄨㄚˋ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): тухуа (tuhua, II-III)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): tou$^2$ waa$^6$ / tou$^2$ waa$^{6-2}$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thú-fa
* Jin (Wiktionary): tu$^2$ hua$^3$
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): tou$^3$ ua$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): thó͘-ōe / thó͘-ōa
    (Teochew, Peng'im): tou$^2$ uê$^7$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tǔhuà
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄨˇ ㄏㄨㄚˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tǔhuà
*** Wade–Giles: tʻu$^3$-hua$^4$
*** Yale: tǔ-hwà
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tuuhuah
*** Palladius: тухуа (tuxua)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯ä⁵¹/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: тухуа (tuhua, II-III)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰou⁵¹ xua⁴⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: tou$^2$ waa$^6$ / tou$^2$ waa$^{6-2}$
*** Yale: tóu wah / tóu wá
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tou$^2$ waa$^6$ / tou$^2$ waa$^{6-2}$
*** Guangdong Romanization: tou$^2$ wa$^6$ / tou$^2$ wa$^{6-2}$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰou̯³⁵ waː²²/, /tʰou̯³⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thú-fa
*** Hakka Romanization System: tu$^ˋ$ fa
*** Hagfa Pinyim: tu$^3$ fa$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰu³¹ fa⁵⁵/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: tu$^2$ hua$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /tʰu⁵³ xua⁴⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: tou$^3$ ua$^5$ [Phonetic: tou$^2$ ua$^5$]
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰɔu⁴⁵³⁻¹³ ua²¹/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: tou$^3$ ua$^5$ [Phonetic: tou$^2$ ua$^5$]
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰɔu³³²⁻¹³ ua²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thó͘-ōe
*** Tâi-lô: thóo-uē
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tofoe
*** IPA (Taipei): /tʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ue³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ue²²/
*** IPA (Singapore): /tʰɔ⁴²⁻²⁴ ue²²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ue³³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ue⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thó͘-ōa
*** Tâi-lô: thóo-uā
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tofoa
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ua²²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: tou$^2$ uê$^7$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thóu uē
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰou⁵²⁻³⁵ ue¹¹/

### Noun

土話
* local, colloquial expressions; local dialect
    羊城土話／羊城土话 [Cantonese] ― joeng$^4$ sing$^4$ tou$^2$ waa$^{6-2}$ [Jyutping] ― Canton dialect
** 1886, A. Mouillesaux de Bernières, 公餘瑣談 [Leçons progressives pour l'étude du chinois parlé et écrit], Peking: Typographie du Pé-T'ang, page 10:
       Gèchùr yǒu gèchùr de tǔhuà, bùnéng dōu xué, yàojǐn de shì xué guānhuà. Guānhuà néng shuō le, gèchùr de rén, dōu kěyǐ dǒngde. [Pinyin]
       (please add an English translation of this quotation)
* (Hokkien) rough and blunt speech

#### Synonyms

* (local, colloquial expressions): (Xiang) 土話子／土话子

#### Derived terms

* 湘南土話／湘南土话
* 粵北土話／粤北土话
* 韶州土話／韶州土话 (Sháozhōu tǔhuà)

### References

* 莆田市政协文化文史和学习委员会 [Culture, History and Learning Committee of Putian CPPCC], editor (2021), “土话”, in 莆仙方言大词典 [Comprehensive Dictionary of Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 545.