# 壓

| 壓 | U+58D3, &#22739; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-58D3 |
| ← 壒 [U+58D2] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 壔 → [U+58D4] |

## Translingual

| Traditional | 壓 |
| Shinjitai | 圧 |
| Simplified | 压 |

### Han character

壓 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+14, 17 strokes, cangjie input 一大土 (MKG), four-corner 7121$_4$, composition ⿸厭土(GHT) or ⿱厭土(JKV))

#### Derived characters

* 𢹥, 𲄒

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 241, character 10
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5557
* Dae Jaweon: page 480, character 33
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 495, character 6
* Unihan data for U+58D3

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 猒 | *qem, *qems |
| 懕 | *qem |
| 饜 | *qem, *qems |
| 嬮 | *qem, *qems, *qeb |
| 厭 | *qemʔ, *qems, *qeb |
| 黶 | *qemʔ |
| 檿 | *qemʔ |
| 魘 | *qemʔ, *qeb |
| 厴 | *qemʔ |
| 擪 | *qemʔ, *qeb |
| 壓 | *qreːb |
| 靨 | *qeb |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qreːb) : phonetic 厭 (OC *qemʔ, *qems, *qeb) + semantic 土 (“dust”).

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *krap (“to beat, thrash, winnow”), which is distantly related (via an allofam) to Burmese ယပ် (yap, “fan”), and more directly to the following Sinitic words (STEDT):
* 躐 (OC *rab, “to tread, trample”)
* 押 (OC *kraːb, *qraːb, “to seal, stamp”)
* 臿 (OC *sʰreːb, “pestle; to husk grain with a mortar and pestle”)

#### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yā, yà (ya$^1$, ya$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄚ, ㄧㄚˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): aat$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ap
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ab$^5$
* Northern Min (KCR): ă̤ / ă
* Eastern Min (BUC): dáh / ák
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): ah / ap
    (Teochew, Peng'im): iab$^4$ / iag$^4$ / dêh$^4$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^7$aq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yā
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄚ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ya
*** Wade–Giles: ya$^1$
*** Yale: yā
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ia
*** Palladius: я (ja)
*** Sinological IPA : /jä⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yà
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄚˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yà
*** Wade–Giles: ya$^4$
*** Yale: yà
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yah
*** Palladius: я (ja)
*** Sinological IPA : /jä⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: aat$^3$
*** Yale: aat
*** Cantonese Pinyin: aat$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ad$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /aːt̚³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ap
*** Hakka Romanization System: ab$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ab$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /ap̚²/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: ab$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /ap̚¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ă̤ / ă
*** Sinological IPA : /ɛ²⁴/, /a²⁴/
* ă̤ - vernacular;
* ă - literary.
* Middle Chinese: 'aep
Rime :
| Character | 壓 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 狎 (150) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 烏甲切 |
| Baxter | 'aep |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʔˠap̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʔᵚap̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʔap̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʔaɨp̚/ |
| Li Rong | /ʔap̚/ |
| Wang Li | /ap̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʔap̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | ya |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | aap$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ʔˤrep/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qreːb/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 壓 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yā |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ʔæp › |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔˁrep/ |
| English | press down |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 壓 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 14430 |
| Phonetic component | 猒 |
| Rime group | 盍 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 鴨 |
| Old Chinese | /*qreːb/ |

##### Definitions

壓
* to press; to push down
    壓碎／压碎 ― yāsuì ― to crush to pieces
       Wǒ de tuǐ bèi shítou yā zhù le. [Pinyin]
       My legs were held down by rocks.
       Zuìjìn bèi gōngzuò yā de chuǎn bù guò qì lái. [Pinyin]
       I've been so stressed by work lately that it almost makes me out of breath.
* to keep under control; to control
    壓住怒火／压住怒火 ― yā zhù nùhuǒ ― to control one's anger
* to suppress; to bring pressure on; to intimidate
    鎮壓／镇压 ― zhènyā ― to suppress
* to approach; to draw near; to close in on
    大軍壓境／大军压境 ― dàjūnyājìng ― the army is bearing down in force
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
    Chǔ chén yā Jìn jūn ér zhèn. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* to surpass; to prevail over
    From: Feng Menglong, Stories to Awaken the World, 1627 CE
    Gāo Zàn fǎng dé tā zǐdì cái bù yā zhòng, mào bù chāoqún, suǒyǐ bùcéng xǔyǔn. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* to shelve; to lay aside
* to risk; to stake
    alt. forms: 押 (yā)
* (physics) pressure
    加壓／加压 ― jiāyā ― to raise pressure
    血壓／血压 ― xuèyā ― blood pressure
    電壓／电压 ― diànyā ― voltage
* Used in 壓根兒／压根儿 (yàgēnr, “in the first place”).
* (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to press and draw (a line)
* (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to scrape or pare off horizontally

###### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 壓 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 壓 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 壓 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 壓 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 壓 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 壓 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 壓 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 壓, 榨 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 壓 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 壓 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 磕, 壓 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 矺, 壓 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 矺, 壓 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 㩒, 扎, 壓 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 矺 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 矺 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 矺, 壓 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 矺 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 矺 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 矺 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 矺 |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 矺 |
| Hakka | Wengyuan | 矺 |
| Hakka | Liannan | 矺 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 矺 |
| Hakka | Luhe | 矺 |
| Hakka | Changting | 矺 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 矺 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Yanqian) | 矺 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 矺 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 矺 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 矺 |
| Hakka | Ningdu | 矺 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 矺 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 矺 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 矺 |
| Hakka | Tonggu (Sandu) | 矺 |
| Hakka | Dayu | 矺 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 矺 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 矺 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 矺 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 矺 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 矺 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 矺 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 矺 |
| Hakka | Mengshan (Xihe) | 矺 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 矺 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 壓 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 矺 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou (Changle) | 矺 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 矺 |
| Eastern Min | Yongtai | 矺 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 矺 |
| Eastern Min | Fu'an | 矺 |
| Eastern Min | Ningde | 矺 |
| Eastern Min | Shouning | 矺 |
| Eastern Min | Zhouning | 矺 |
| Eastern Min | Fuding | 矺 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 硩 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 硩 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 硩 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 硩 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 硩 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 硩 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 硩 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 硩 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 硩 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 硩 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 硩 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 硩 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 硩 |
| Southern Min | Lufeng | 硩 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 硩 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 硩 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 硩 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 硩 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 壓 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 壓 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 榨, 塸, 壓 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 壓 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 榨 |

##### Compounds

* 下壓力／下压力
* 低壓／低压 (dīyā)
* 低壓帶／低压带
* 低氣壓／低气压 (dīqìyā)
* 低血壓／低血压 (dīxuèyā)
* 偏壓／偏压
* 側壓力／侧压力
* 光壓／光压 (guāngyā)
* 冷低壓／冷低压
* 冷高壓／冷高压
* 制壓射擊／制压射击
* 加壓／加压 (jiāyā)
* 反壓／反压
* 壓一／压一
* 壓不住／压不住
* 壓事／压事
* 壓住／压住
* 壓低／压低 (yādī)
* 壓倒／压倒 (yādǎo)
* 壓倒元白／压倒元白
* 壓倒性／压倒性
* 壓倒群雄／压倒群雄
* 壓價／压价 (yājià)
* 壓克力／压克力 (yākèlì)
* 壓冑子／压冑子
* 壓制／压制 (yāzhì)
* 壓力／压力 (yālì)
* 壓力團體／压力团体 (yālì tuántǐ)
* 壓力機／压力机 (yālìjī)
* 壓力艙／压力舱
* 壓力計／压力计 (yālìjì)
* 壓力鍋／压力锅 (yālìguō)
* 壓卵／压卵
* 壓卷／压卷
* 壓境／压境 (yājìng)
* 壓契／压契
* 壓子／压子
* 壓子息／压子息
* 壓寨夫人／压寨夫人
* 壓寶／压宝 (yābǎo)
* 壓尺／压尺
* 壓尾／压尾
* 壓強／压强 (yāqiáng)
* 壓扁／压扁 (yābiǎn)
* 壓手／压手
* 壓抑／压抑 (yāyì)
* 壓服／压服 (yāfú)
* 壓枝／压枝 (yāzhī)
* 壓枉造舌／压枉造舌
* 壓桌／压桌
* 壓根／压根
* 壓根兒／压根儿
* 壓條／压条 (yātiáo)
* 壓條法／压条法
* 壓榨 (yāzhà)
* 壓機／压机 (yājī)
* 壓歲／压岁 (yāsuì)
* 壓歲錢／压岁钱 (yāsuìqián)
* 壓死／压死 (yāsǐ)
* 壓氣兒／压气儿
* 壓派／压派
* 壓災／压灾
* 壓痛／压痛 (yātòng)
* 壓碎／压碎 (yāsuì)
* 壓碟兒／压碟儿
* 壓秤／压秤
* 壓箱底／压箱底
* 壓線／压线
* 壓縮／压缩 (yāsuō)
* 壓縮性／压缩性
* 壓縮機／压缩机
* 壓縮空氣／压缩空气 (yāsuō kōngqì)
* 壓肩疊背／压肩叠背
* 壓腰／压腰 (yāyāo)
* 壓良為賤／压良为贱
* 壓花／压花
* 壓花會／压花会
* 壓蔓／压蔓
* 壓衣刀／压衣刀
* 壓製／压制 (yāzhì)
* 壓覺／压觉
* 壓角章／压角章
* 壓路機／压路机 (yālùjī)
* 壓軸／压轴 (yāzhòu)
* 壓軸子／压轴子 (yāzhòuzi)
* 壓軸戲／压轴戏 (yāzhòuxì)
* 壓轎／压轿
* 壓迫／压迫 (yāpò)
* 壓迫感／压迫感
* 壓酒／压酒
* 壓酒囊／压酒囊
* 壓金線／压金线
* 壓鑄／压铸
* 壓陣／压阵
* 壓隊／压队
* 壓雪求油／压雪求油
* 壓電效應／压电效应
* 壓霸／压霸 (yābà)
* 壓青／压青
* 壓靜／压静
* 壓頭／压头 (yātóu)
* 壓馬路／压马路
* 壓驚／压惊 (yājīng)
* 壓魅／压魅
* 大氣壓／大气压 (dàqìyā)
* 大氣壓力／大气压力 (dàqì yālì)
* 大軍壓境／大军压境 (dàjūnyājìng)
* 層壓法／层压法
* 彈壓／弹压 (tányā)
* 心縮壓／心缩压
* 心舒壓／心舒压
* 打壓／打压 (dǎyā)
* 按壓／按压 (ànyā)
* 指壓／指压 (zhǐyā)
* 排山壓卵／排山压卵
* 摜壓／掼压
* 擠壓／挤压 (jǐyā)
* 施壓／施压 (shīyā)
* 旁壓力／旁压力
* 模壓／模压
* 欺壓／欺压 (qīyā)
* 欺大壓小／欺大压小
* 氣壓／气压 (qìyā)
* 氣壓山河／气压山河
* 氣壓梯度／气压梯度
* 氣壓表／气压表 (qìyābiǎo)
* 氣壓計／气压计 (qìyājì)
* 水壓／水压
* 水壓機／水压机
* 汽壓／汽压
* 沖壓／冲压 (chōngyā)
* 沖壓機／冲压机
* 油壓／油压 (yóuyā)
* 泰山壓卵／泰山压卵
* 泰山壓頂／泰山压顶
* 洩壓／泄压
* 液壓／液压 (yèyā)
* 液壓機／液压机
* 減壓／减压 (jiǎnyā)
* 減壓站／减压站
* 減壓閥／减压阀
* 烏壓壓／乌压压
* 蒸氣壓／蒸气压 (zhēngqìyā)
* 熱帶低壓／热带低压
* 眼壓／眼压 (yǎnyā)
* 社會壓力／社会压力
* 禁壓／禁压
* 積壓／积压 (jīyā)
* 等壓線／等压线 (děngyāxiàn)
* 緊壓茶／紧压茶
* 腦壓／脑压
* 舒張壓／舒张压 (shūzhāngyā)
* 藝壓當行／艺压当行
* 血壓／血压 (xuèyā)
* 血壓計／血压计 (xuèyājì)
* 解壓／解压 (jiěyā)
* 變壓器／变压器 (biànyāqì)
* 鎮壓／镇压 (zhènyā)
* 降壓器／降压器
* 陵壓／陵压
* 電壓／电压 (diànyā)
* 顱內壓／颅内压 (lúnèiyā)
* 風壓／风压
* 騎鞍壓馬／骑鞍压马
* 高壓／高压 (gāoyā)
* 高壓手段／高压手段
* 高壓球／高压球
* 高壓線／高压线 (gāoyāxiàn)
* 高壓迴流／高压回流
* 高壓鍋／高压锅 (gāoyāguō)
* 高壓電／高压电 (gāoyādiàn)
* 高氣壓／高气压 (gāoqìyā)
* 高血壓／高血压 (gāoxuèyā)
* 黑壓壓／黑压压 (hēiyāyā)

#### Pronunciation 2

* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): a̍h
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: a̍h
*** Tâi-lô: a̍h
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ah
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /aʔ¹²¹/

##### Definitions

壓
* (Zhangzhou Hokkien) to separate; to set apart
* (Zhangzhou Hokkien) to gather together; to collect

### Etymology 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 壓 – see 硩 (“to pick; to smash up; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 硩).

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 圧 |
| Kyūjitai | 壓 |

### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 圧)
* pressure

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): あつ (atsu)、おう (ō)、えん (en)
* Kun: おさえる (osaeru)

## Korean
### Hanja

壓 (eumhun 누를 압 (nureul ap))
* hanja form of 압 (“pressure”)

#### Compounds

* 기압 (氣壓, giap, “air pressure”)
* 압축 (壓縮, apchuk, “compression”)
* 탄압 (彈壓, tanap, “oppression”)
* 압력 (壓力, amnyeok, “pressure”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

壓: Hán Nôm readings: áp, ếm
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.