# 養育
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yǎngyù
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄤˇ ㄩˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): joeng$^5$ juk$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): yông-yuk
    (Hailu, HRS): rhong$^ˋ$ rhug$^ˋ$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): ióng-io̍k / iáng-io̍k
    (Teochew, Peng'im): iang$^2$ iog$^8$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yǎngyù
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄤˇ ㄩˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yǎngyù
*** Wade–Giles: yang$^3$-yü$^4$
*** Yale: yǎng-yù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yeangyuh
*** Palladius: янъюй (janʺjuj)
*** Sinological IPA : /jɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ y⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: joeng$^5$ juk$^6$
*** Yale: yéuhng yuhk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: joeng$^5$ juk$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yêng$^5$ yug$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /jœːŋ¹³ jʊk̚²/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yông-yuk
*** Hakka Romanization System: iong$^ˊ$ iug$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yong$^1$ yug$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /i̯oŋ²⁴ i̯uk̚²/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yông-yuk
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)iong$^ˊ$ (r)iug$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yong$^1$ yug$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯oŋ²⁴ (j)i̯uk̚²/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: rhong$^ˋ$ rhug$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /ʒoŋ⁵³ ʒuk²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ióng-io̍k
*** Tâi-lô: ióng-io̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: iofng'iok
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /iɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ iɔk̚²⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei, Xiamen): /iɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iɔk̚⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /iɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ iɔk̚⁴/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iáng-io̍k
*** Tâi-lô: iáng-io̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: iafng'iok
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /iaŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ iɔk̚⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /iaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iɔk̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /iaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iɔk̚⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: iang$^2$ iog$^8$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: iáng io̍k
*** Sinological IPA : /iaŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ iok̚⁴/
* Middle Chinese: yangX yuwk
Rime :
| Character | 養 | 育 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 以 (36) | 以 (36) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (105) | 屋 (4) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 餘兩切 | 余六切 |
| Baxter | yangX | yuwk |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /jɨɐŋ$^X$/ | /jɨuk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /jiɐŋ$^X$/ | /jiuk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /iɑŋ$^X$/ | /iuk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /jɨaŋ$^X$/ | /juwk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /iaŋ$^X$/ | /iuk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /jĭaŋ$^X$/ | /jĭuk̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /i̯aŋ$^X$/ | /i̯uk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yǎng | yù |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | joeng$^5$ | juk$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]aŋʔ m-quk/
    (Zhengzhang): /*laŋʔ luɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 養 | 育 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yǎng | yù |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ yang$^X$ › | ‹ yuwk › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɢ]aŋʔ/ | /*m-quk/ |
| English | nourish, raise | breed, produce |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 養 | 育 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 14613 | 15984 |
| Phonetic component | 養 | 育 |
| Rime group | 陽 | 覺 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 養 | 育 |
| Old Chinese | /*laŋʔ/ | /*luɡ/ |
| Notes | 說文羊聲 | 說文肉聲非，實毓右隸變 |

### Verb

養育
* to foster; to rear; to bring up

#### Synonyms

* 供養／供养
* 保 (bǎo) (literary, or in compounds)
* 奉養／奉养
* 扶養／扶养 (fúyǎng)
* 撫育／抚育 (fǔyù)
* 撫養／抚养 (fǔyǎng)
* 渡子 (Hakka, to raise a child)
* 育兒／育儿 (yù'ér) (to raise a child)
* 贍養／赡养 (shànyǎng)
* 邀飼／邀饲 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 鞠養／鞠养 (jūyǎng) (literary)
* 養活／养活 (yǎnghuo) (colloquial)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 養育(よういく) (yōiku)
* → Korean: 양육(養育) (yang'yuk)
* → Vietnamese: dưỡng dục (養育)