# 愁

| 愁 | U+6101, &#24833; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6101 |
| ← 愀 [U+6100] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 愂 → [U+6102] |

## Translingual
### Han character

愁 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+9, 13 strokes, cangjie input 竹火心 (HFP), four-corner 2933$_8$, composition ⿱秋心)

#### Derived characters

* 僽, 𠿈, 𱟓, 𢶲, 㵞, 𣜷, 𦡗, 矁, 𧒸, 𩼗, 𰂵, 𰒁, 𭅿, 𮧿

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 393, character 21
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10885
* Dae Jaweon: page 729, character 18
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2322, character 8
* Unihan data for U+6101

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 鍫 | *sʰew |
| 篍 | *sʰiw, *sʰiws, *sʰɯw |
| 愀 | *sʰiwʔ, *zɯwʔ |
| 湫 | *ʔsliwʔ, *ʔsɯw, *sʰɯw, *zɯwʔ |
| 揪 | *ʔsɯw |
| 揫 | *ʔsɯw |
| 啾 | *ʔsɯw |
| 鬏 | *ʔsɯw |
| 秋 | *sʰɯw |
| 鰍 | *sʰɯw |
| 楸 | *sʰɯw |
| 秌 | *sʰɯw |
| 鞦 | *sʰɯw |
| 鶖 | *sʰɯw |
| 萩 | *sʰɯw |
| 甃 | *ʔsrɯws |
| 醔 | *sʰrɯw |
| 愁 | *zrɯw |
| 僽 | *zrɯws |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zrɯw) : phonetic 秋 (OC *sʰɯw) + semantic 心 (“heart”)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): chóu (chou$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄔㄡˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): cou$^2$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): sau$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): seu$^3$
* Gan (Wiktionary): ceu$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): sèu
    (Meixian, Guangdong): sêu$^2$
* Jin (Wiktionary): cou$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): chě
* Eastern Min (BUC): chèu
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chhiû / chhô͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): cou$^5$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): ceu$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$zeu
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): cou$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chóu
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄡˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chóu
*** Wade–Giles: chʻou$^2$
*** Yale: chóu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chour
*** Palladius: чоу (čou)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰoʊ̯³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: cou$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: cou
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰəu²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: sau$^4$
*** Yale: sàuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sau$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: seo$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɐu̯²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: seu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /seu²²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: ceu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɛu²⁴/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sèu
*** Hakka Romanization System: seu$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: seu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /seu̯¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: sêu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /seu¹¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: cou$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡sʰəu¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: chě
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰe²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: chèu
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɛu⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiû
*** Tâi-lô: tshiû
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chiuu
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰiu¹³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰiu²³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /t͡sʰiu²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhô͘
*** Tâi-lô: tshôo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhoo
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Xiamen): /t͡sʰɔ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰɔ¹³/
* chhiû - vernacular;
* chhô͘ - literary.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit愁 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ʈ͡ʂʰou³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ʈ͡ʂʰou²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /t͡sʰou⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /ʈ͡ʂʰou⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /ʈ͡ʂʰou⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ʈ͡ʂʰou⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /t͡sʰou²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /t͡sʰɯ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /t͡sʰəu⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ʈ͡ʂʰou⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /t͡sʰɤu⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /t͡sʰəu²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /t͡sʰəu³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /t͡sʰəu²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ʈ͡ʂʰəu³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /t͡sʰəɯ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /t͡sʰɯ⁵⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡sʰəu¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /səu¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /t͡sʰəu³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /zɤ²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /zɤ¹³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /d͡zei²¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /zau³¹/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /t͡sʰiu⁴⁴/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /t͡ɕʰiu⁴⁴/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /t͡səu¹³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /d͡zəɯ¹²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /t͡sʰɛu²⁴/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /seu¹¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /seu¹¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /sɐu²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /t͡sʰɐu²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /sɐu²¹/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /t͡sʰɔ³⁵/ /t͡sʰiu³⁵/ 俗 |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /t͡sʰɛu⁵³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /t͡sʰe²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /t͡sʰou⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /sɔu³¹/ |
* Middle Chinese: dzrjuw
Rime :
| Character | 愁 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 崇 (20) |
| Final (韻) | 尤 (136) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 士尤切 |
| Baxter | dzrjuw |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡ʒɨu/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɖ͡ʐiu/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡ʒiəu/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɖ͡ʐuw/ |
| Li Rong | /d͡ʒiu/ |
| Wang Li | /d͡ʒĭəu/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɖ͡ʐʱi̯ə̯u/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | chóu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | cau$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[dz]riw/
    (Zhengzhang): /*zrɯw/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 愁 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | chóu |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dzrjuw › |
| Old Chinese | /*[dz]riw/ |
| English | grieved |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 愁 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 10550 |
| Phonetic component | 秋 |
| Rime group | 幽 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 愁 |
| Old Chinese | /*zrɯw/ |

### Definitions

愁
* to worry about; to be anxious; to be grieved
* anxiety; sadness; sorrow

#### Synonyms

* (to worry):
* 急 (jí)
* 怕
* 急眼 (jíyǎn) (colloquial)
* 恐怕 (kǒngpà)
* 患 (huàn) (literary, or in compounds)
* 憂心／忧心 (yōuxīn)
* 憂慮／忧虑 (yōulǜ)
* 懸心／悬心 (xuánxīn)
* 掛心／挂心 (guàxīn)
* 掛礙／挂碍 (guà'ài)
* 揪心 (jiūxīn)
* 提心 (tíxīn)
* 擔心／担心 (dānxīn)
* 擔憂／担忧 (dānyōu)
* 燒心／烧心 (shāoxīn) (regional or dated)
* 犯愁 (fànchóu)
* 疑慮／疑虑 (yílǜ)
* 發急／发急 (fājí)
* 發愁／发愁 (fāchóu)
* 發極／发极 ($^7$faq $^8$jiq) (Wu)
* 著急／着急 (zháojí)
* 起急 (qǐjí) (colloquial)
* 顧慮／顾虑 (gùlǜ)

### Compounds

* 不愁 (bùchóu)
* 不用愁
* 今愁古恨
* 借酒澆愁／借酒浇愁 (jièjiǔjiāochóu)
* 千愁萬恨／千愁万恨
* 千愁萬慮／千愁万虑
* 千愁萬緒／千愁万绪
* 哀愁 (āichóu)
* 四愁詩／四愁诗
* 坐困愁城
* 多愁善感 (duōchóushàngǎn)
* 多愁多病
* 天愁地慘／天愁地惨
* 悲愁 (bēichóu)
* 愁坐
* 愁城
* 愁容 (chóuróng)
* 愁山悶海／愁山闷海
* 愁布袋
* 愁帽
* 愁思 (chóusī)
* 愁悶／愁闷 (chóumèn)
* 愁愁
* 愁懼兼心／愁惧兼心
* 愁戚戚
* 意擾心愁／意扰心愁
* 愁江恨海
* 愁海
* 愁疾
* 愁眉 (chóuméi)
* 愁眉不展 (chóuméibùzhǎn)
* 愁眉淚眼／愁眉泪眼
* 愁眉苦目
* 愁眉苦眼
* 愁眉苦臉／愁眉苦脸 (chóuméikǔliǎn)
* 愁紅慘綠／愁红惨绿
* 愁緒／愁绪 (chóuxù)
* 愁緒如麻／愁绪如麻
* 愁腸／愁肠 (chóucháng)
* 愁腸九轉／愁肠九转
* 愁腸寸斷／愁肠寸断
* 愁腸百結／愁肠百结
* 愁苦 (chóukǔ)
* 愁蹙
* 愁雲／愁云
* 愁雲慘霧／愁云惨雾
* 愁霖
* 愁霧／愁雾
* 愁顏不展／愁颜不展
* 憂愁／忧愁 (yōuchóu)
* 憂愁夫人／忧愁夫人
* 慘綠愁紅／惨绿愁红
* 懷愁／怀愁 (huáichóu)
* 掃愁帚／扫愁帚
* 排愁破涕
* 新愁
* 新愁舊恨／新愁旧恨
* 日坐愁城
* 消愁
* 消愁解悶／消愁解闷
* 消愁釋悶／消愁释闷
* 消愁釋憒／消愁释愦
* 淚眼愁眉／泪眼愁眉
* 滿腹憂愁／满腹忧愁
* 滿面愁容／满面愁容
* 澆愁／浇愁
* 煩愁／烦愁
* 牢愁
* 發愁／发愁 (fāchóu)
* 神愁鬼哭
* 窮愁／穷愁
* 窮愁潦倒／穷愁潦倒
* 篆愁君
* 紅愁綠慘／红愁绿惨
* 綠慘紅愁／绿惨红愁
* 羈愁／羁愁
* 舊恨新愁／旧恨新愁
* 舊愁新恨／旧愁新恨
* 莫愁
* 莫愁湖
* 解愁 (jiěchóu)
* 蹙額愁眉／蹙额愁眉
* 轉愁為喜／转愁为喜
* 遠愁／远愁
* 遠愁近慮／远愁近虑
* 鄉愁／乡愁 (xiāngchóu)
* 酒病花愁
* 閒愁／闲愁
* 離愁／离愁 (líchóu)
* 馬見愁／马见愁
* 鬼見愁／鬼见愁 (guǐjiànchóu)

### Descendants

* → Vietnamese: sầu (愁)

### References

* “愁”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* distress

#### Readings

* Go-on: じゅう (jū)
* Kan-on: すう (sū)
* Kan’yō-on: しゅう (shū, Jōyō)
* Kun: うれい (urei, 愁い, Jōyō)、うれえる (ureeru, 愁える, Jōyō)

## Korean
### Hanja

愁 • (su) (hangeul 수, revised su, McCune–Reischauer su, Yale swu)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

愁: Hán Nôm readings: sầu, rầu, ràu, xàu, xầu
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.