# 春秋
## Chinese

* 春秋

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chūnqiū
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄨㄣ ㄑㄧㄡ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ceon$^1$ cau$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chhûn-chhiû
* Eastern Min (BUC): chŭng-chiŭ
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chhun-chhiu
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chūnqiū
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄨㄣ ㄑㄧㄡ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chunciou
*** Wade–Giles: chʻun$^1$-chʻiu$^1$
*** Yale: chwūn-chyōu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chuenchiou
*** Palladius: чуньцю (čunʹcju)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chūnqiūr
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄨㄣ ㄑㄧㄡㄦ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chunciour
*** Wade–Giles: chʻun$^1$-chʻiu$^1$-ʼrh
*** Yale: chwūn-chyōur
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chuenchioul
*** Palladius: чуньцюр (čunʹcjur)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɤʊ̯ɻʷ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ceon$^1$ cau$^1$
*** Yale: chēun chāu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsoen$^1$ tsau$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cên$^1$ ceo$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɵn⁵⁵ t͡sʰɐu̯⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhûn-chhiû
*** Hakka Romanization System: cun$^ˊ$ qiu$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: cun$^1$ qiu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰun²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰi̯u²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: chŭng-chiŭ
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰuŋ⁵⁵ $^{(t͡sʰ-)}$ʒieu⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhun-chhiu
*** Tâi-lô: tshun-tshiu
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhunchiw
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰun⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiu⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰun³³ t͡sʰiu³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰun⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiu⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰiu⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰiu⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: tsyhwin tshjuw
Rime :
| Character | 春 | 秋 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 昌 (24) | 清 (14) |
| Final (韻) | 諄 (47) | 尤 (136) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 昌脣切 | 七由切 |
| Baxter | tsyhwin | tshjuw |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ɕʰiuɪn/ | /t͡sʰɨu/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡ɕʰʷin/ | /t͡sʰiu/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ɕʰjuen/ | /t͡sʰiəu/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /cʰwin/ | /t͡sʰuw/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ɕʰiuĕn/ | /t͡sʰiu/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ɕʰĭuĕn/ | /t͡sʰĭəu/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡ɕʰi̯uĕn/ | /t͡sʰi̯ə̯u/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | chūn | qiū |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ceon$^1$ | cau$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*tʰun tsʰiw/
    (Zhengzhang): /*tʰjun sʰɯw/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 春 | 秋 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | chūn | qiū |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsyhwin › | ‹ tshjuw › |
| Old Chinese | /*tʰun/ | /*tsʰiw/ |
| English | springtime | autumn; crop |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 春 | 秋 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 12573 | 10537 |
| Phonetic component | 屯 | 秋 |
| Rime group | 文 | 幽 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 春 | 秋 |
| Old Chinese | /*tʰjun/ | /*sʰɯw/ |
| Notes | 說文從艸從日屯聲， 實屯繁化轉註字 | |

### Noun

春秋
* (literally) spring and autumn
* (metonymically) the four seasons
* (figurative) a year's time; year
* (figurative) person's age
    春秋鼎盛 ― chūnqiū dǐngshèng ― in the prime of one's life
* (figurative) time (as a general concept)
* (figurative) annal; chronicle of events by year

#### Derived terms

* 富春秋
* 春秋幾何／春秋几何
* 春秋日高
* 春秋榜
* 春秋鼎盛 (chūnqiūdǐngshèng)
* 楚漢春秋／楚汉春秋
* 皮裡春秋／皮里春秋
* 蟪蛄不知春秋

### Proper noun

春秋
* the Spring and Autumn Annals (the chronicle of the state of Lu)
* the Spring and Autumn period (770–476 BC)

#### Synonyms

* (Spring and Autumn Annals): 麟經／麟经 (Línjīng), 麟史 (Línshǐ)

#### Coordinate terms

* 大學／大学 (Dàxué, “Great Learning”)
* 中庸 (Zhōngyōng, “Doctrine of the Mean”)
* 論語／论语 (Lúnyǔ, “Analects”)
* 孟子 (Mèngzǐ, “Mencius”)
* 詩經／诗经 (Shījīng, “Classic of Poetry”)
* 書經／书经 (Shūjīng, “Book of Documents”)
* 禮記／礼记 (Lǐjì, “Book of Rites”)
* 易經／易经 (Yìjīng, “I Ching”)
* 春秋 (Chūnqiū, “Spring and Autumn Annals”)

#### Derived terms

* 呂氏春秋／吕氏春秋 (Lǚshìchūnqiū)
* 春秋三傳／春秋三传 (Chūnqiū Sānzhuàn)
* 春秋五霸
* 春秋大一統／春秋大一统
* 春秋大夢／春秋大梦 (chūnqiūdàmèng)
* 春秋大義／春秋大义
* 春秋時代／春秋时代 (Chūnqiū Shídài)
* 春秋筆削／春秋笔削
* 春秋筆法／春秋笔法 (Chūnqiū bǐfǎ)
* 晏子春秋 (Yànzǐ Chūnqiū)

#### See also

Dynasties (朝代) in Chinese history :
| Name | Time period | Divisions | Divisions |
| Xia 夏 (～朝, ～代) | 2070 – 1600 BCE | | |
| Shang 商 (～朝, ～代) 殷 (～朝, ～代) | 1600 – 1046 BCE | | |
| Zhou 周 (～朝, ～代) | 1046 – 256 BCE | Western Zhou 西周 | |
| Zhou 周 (～朝, ～代) | 1046 – 256 BCE | Eastern Zhou 東周／东周 | Spring and Autumn period 春秋 |
| Zhou 周 (～朝, ～代) | 1046 – 256 BCE | Eastern Zhou 東周／东周 | Warring States period 戰國／战国 |
| Qin 秦 (～朝, ～代) | 221 – 206 BCE | | |
| Han 漢／汉 (～朝, ～代) | 206 BCE – 220 C.E. | Western Han 西漢／西汉 | Western Han 西漢／西汉 |
| Xin 新 (～朝) ||
| Eastern Han 東漢／东汉 ||
| Three Kingdoms 三國／三国 | 220 – 280 C.E. | Wei 魏 | Wei 魏 |
| Shu Han 蜀漢／蜀汉 ||
| Wu 吳／吴 ||
| Jin 晉／晋 (～朝, ～代) | 265 – 420 C.E. | Western Jin 西晉／西晋 | Western Jin 西晉／西晋 |
| Eastern Jin 東晉／东晋 ||
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Northern dynasties 北朝 | Northern Wei 北魏 |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Northern dynasties 北朝 | Western Wei 西魏 |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Northern dynasties 北朝 | Eastern Wei 東魏／东魏 |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Northern dynasties 北朝 | Northern Zhou 北周 |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Northern dynasties 北朝 | Northern Qi 北齊／北齐 |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Southern dynasties 南朝 | Liu Song 劉宋／刘宋 |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Southern dynasties 南朝 | Southern Qi 南齊／南齐 |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Southern dynasties 南朝 | Liang 梁 (～朝, ～代) |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Southern dynasties 南朝 | Chen 陳／陈 (～朝, ～代) |
| Sui 隋 (～朝, ～代) | 581 – 618 C.E. | | |
| Tang 唐 (～朝, ～代) | 618 – 907 C.E. | | |
| Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 五代十國／五代十国 | 907 – 960 C.E. | | |
| Liao 遼／辽 (～朝, ～代) | 907 – 1125 C.E. | | |
| Song 宋 (～朝, ～代) | 960 – 1279 C.E. | Northern Song 北宋 | Northern Song 北宋 |
| Southern Song 南宋 ||
| Western Xia 西夏 | 1038 – 1227 C.E. | | |
| Jin 金 (～朝, ～代) | 1115 – 1234 C.E. | | |
| Western Liao 西遼／西辽 | 1124 – 1218 C.E. | | |
| Yuan 元 (～朝, ～代) | 1271 – 1368 C.E. | | |
| Ming 明 (～朝, ～代) | 1368 – 1644 C.E. | | |
| Qing 清 (～朝, ～代) | 1636 – 1912 C.E. | | |

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 春秋(しゅんじゅう) (shunjū)
* → Korean: 춘추(春秋) (chunchu)
* → Vietnamese: Xuân Thu (春秋)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 春 | 秋 |
| しゅん Grade: 2 | しゅう > じゅう Grade: 2 |
| kan'on ||
From Middle Chinese compound 春秋 (MC tsyhwin tshjuw, literally “spring and autumn”). The kan'on, so probably a shift in reading after initial borrowing.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しゅんじゅう [shùńjúú] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) しゅんじゅう [shúꜜǹjùù] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɕɨ̃ɲ̟d͡ʑɨː]

#### Noun

春(しゅん)秋(じゅう) • (shunjū)
* spring and autumn
* (metonymically) a year; (by extension) one's age

#### Proper noun

春(しゅん)秋(じゅう) • (Shunjū)
* the Spring and Autumn Annals

#### Coordinate terms

* 大(だい)学(がく) (Daigaku, “Great Learning”)
* 中(ちゅう)庸(よう) (Chūyō, “Doctrine of the Mean”)
* 論(ろん)語(ご) (Rongo, “Analects”)
* 孟(もう)子(し) (Mōshi, “Mencius”)
* 詩(しき)経(ょう) (Shikyō, “Classic of Poetry”)
* 書(しょ)経(きょう) (Shokyō, “Book of Documents”)
* 礼(らい)記(き) (Raiki, “Book of Rites”)
* 易(えき)経(きょう) (Ekikyō, “I Ching”)
* 春(しゅん)秋(じゅう) (Shunjū, “Spring and Autumn Annals”)

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 春 | 秋 |
| はる Grade: 2 | あき Grade: 2 |
| kun'yomi ||
Compound of 春 (haru, “spring”) +‎ 秋 (aki, “autumn”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) はるあき [háꜜrùàkì] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ha̠ɾɯ̟a̠kʲi]

#### Noun

春(はる)秋(あき) • (haruaki)
* spring and autumn
* (metonymically) a year; (by extension) one's age
** 1212, Kamo no Chōmei, Hōjōki [The Ten-Foot Square Hut]:
    四(よん)十(じゅう)あまりの春(はる)秋(あき)をおくれる間(あいだ)に
       yonjū amari no haruaki o okureru aida ni
       during the course of living some forty-odd years

### References

* 1 2 3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 春 | 秋 |

### Proper noun

春秋 • (Chunchu) (hangeul 춘추)
* hanja form of 춘추 (“Spring and Autumn Annals”)

#### Coordinate terms

* 대학 (大學, Daehak, “Great Learning”)
* 중용 (中庸, Jung'yong, “Doctrine of the Mean”)
* 논어 (論語, Noneo, “Analects”)
* 맹자 (孟子, Maengja, “Mencius”)
* 시경 (詩經, Sigyeong, “Classic of Poetry”)
* 서경 (書經, Seogyeong, “Book of Documents”)
* 예기 (禮記, Yegi, “Book of Rites”)
* 역경 (易經, Yeokgyeong, “I Ching”)
* 춘추 (春秋, Chunchu, “Spring and Autumn Annals”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 春 | 秋 |

### Proper noun

春秋
* chữ Hán form of Xuân Thu.