# 工夫
## Chinese
### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gōngfu, gōngfū
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄥ ˙ㄈㄨ, ㄍㄨㄥ ㄈㄨ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gung$^1$ fu$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kûng-fû
    (Hailu, HRS): gung$^ˋ$ fu$^ˋ$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kang-hu
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gang$^1$ hu$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$kon-fu
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gōngfu
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥ ˙ㄈㄨ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gongfů
*** Wade–Giles: kung$^1$-fu$^5$
*** Yale: gūng-fu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gong.fu
*** Palladius: гунфу (gunfu)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʊŋ⁵⁵ fu²/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$功夫 工夫
** (Standard Chinese, variant in Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gōngfū
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥ ㄈㄨ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gongfu
*** Wade–Giles: kung$^1$-fu$^1$
*** Yale: gūng-fū
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gongfu
*** Palladius: гунфу (gunfu)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʊŋ⁵⁵ fu⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gung$^1$ fu$^1$
*** Yale: gūng fū
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gung$^1$ fu$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gung$^1$ fu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʊŋ⁵⁵ fuː⁵⁵/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$功夫 工夫
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kûng-fû
*** Hakka Romanization System: gung$^ˊ$ fu$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gung$^1$ fu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ fu²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: gung$^ˋ$ fu$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /kuŋ⁵³ fu⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kang-hu
*** Tâi-lô: kang-hu
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kanghw
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hu⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kaŋ³³ hu³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hu⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hu⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hu⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gang$^1$ hu$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kang hu
*** Sinological IPA : /kaŋ³³⁻²³ hu³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$kon-fu
*** MiniDict: kon$^平$ fu
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$kon-fu
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /koŋ⁵⁵ fu²¹/
* Middle Chinese: kuwng pju
Rime :
| Character | 工 | 夫 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 幫 (1) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (1) | 虞 (24) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 古紅切 | 甫無切 |
| Baxter | kuwng | pju |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kuŋ/ | /pɨo/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kuŋ/ | /pio/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kuŋ/ | /pio/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kəwŋ/ | /puə̆/ |
| Li Rong | /kuŋ/ | /pio/ |
| Wang Li | /kuŋ/ | /pĭu/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kuŋ/ | /pi̯u/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gōng | fū |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gung$^1$ | fu$^1$ |

#### Noun

工夫
* time and effort taken to perform a task; work
    From: UM-Corpus: A Large English-Chinese Parallel Corpus by NLP2CT
    Wǒmen qiánjǐtiān de gōngfu suànshì báihuā. [Pinyin]
    All the work I've put in on her for the past few days has just been wasted.
    From: UM-Corpus: A Large English-Chinese Parallel Corpus by NLP2CT
    zài kāifāzhě wéndàng zhōng huā shàng yīfān gōngfu qù jiěshì qí bèihòu de sīxiǎng [Pinyin]
    take pains in the developer's documentation to explain the thinking behind it
* skills attained after taking the time and effort; skilfulness; expertise; workmanship
* work; labour; job; task
* time (for doing something); free time
    From: UM-Corpus: A Large English-Chinese Parallel Corpus by NLP2CT
    Jìrán nǐ méiyǒu gōngfu, nǐ jiù bùbì cānjiā cháhuì le. [Pinyin]
    Since you have no time, you need not attend the tea party.
    From: UM-Corpus: A Large English-Chinese Parallel Corpus by NLP2CT
    “rújīn cái jiǔyuèbàn, háiyǒu sì wǔ ge yuè de gōngfu, shénme bìng zhì bù hǎo ne?” [Pinyin]
    “It's only the middle of the ninth month now. You've got four or five months' time still, quite long enough to recover from any illness.”
* (colloquial) time (when something happened); moment; period
    From: UM-Corpus: A Large English-Chinese Parallel Corpus by NLP2CT
    Tā dàochù zhuīzhú xiǎngxiàng zhōng de lǎoshǔ hé sōngshǔ, yīzhǎyǎn de gōngfu jiù cóng zhuōzi shàng tiào dào yǐzi shàng. [Pinyin]
    She raced around, chasing imaginary mice and squirrels, and vaulted from table to chair in the blink of an eye.
    From: UM-Corpus: A Large English-Chinese Parallel Corpus by NLP2CT
    Tā tǎng zhe yīdòngbùdòng yǒu bàntiān de gōngfu, pīnmìng zhèngtuō hūnmí de kòngzhì. [Pinyin]
    For half a day he lay motionless, trying to fight off unconsciousness.
* Alternative form of 功夫 (gōngfu, “martial arts; kung fu”)

##### Synonyms

* (time and effort): 功夫 (gōngfu)

#### Adjective

工夫
* (Southern Min) skilful; delicate; refined
* (Taiwanese Hokkien, Taiwanese Hakka) thoughtful; thorough
* (Taiwanese Hokkien) too polite; too courteous

#### Derived terms

* 一盞茶工夫／一盏茶工夫
* 下工夫 (xià gōngfu)
* 不多一會兒工夫／不多一会儿工夫
* 不多工夫
* 做工夫
* 半刻工夫
* 半頓飯工夫／半顿饭工夫
* 只要工夫深，鐵杵磨成針／只要工夫深，铁杵磨成针
* 均工夫
* 工夫不負有心人／工夫不负有心人
* 工夫茶 (gōngfuchá)
* 得工夫
* 抓工夫
* 拼得工夫深，鐵杵磨成針／拼得工夫深，铁杵磨成针
* 有工夫
* 枉費工夫／枉费工夫
* 死工夫
* 水磨工夫
* 沒一頓飯的工夫／没一顿饭的工夫
* 沒工夫／没工夫
* 沒得工夫／没得工夫
* 用工夫
* 破工夫
* 磨工夫
* 表面工夫
* 費工夫／费工夫 (fèi gōngfu)
* 賣工夫／卖工夫
* 賣零工夫／卖零工夫
* 踏破芒鞋沒覓處，得來全不費工夫／踏破芒鞋没觅处，得来全不费工夫
* 踏破草鞋無覓處，得來全不費工夫／踏破草鞋无觅处，得来全不费工夫
* 踏破鐵鞋無覓處，得來全不費工夫／踏破铁鞋无觅处，得来全不费工夫 (tàpò tiěxié wú mìchù, délái quán bù fèi gōngfu)
* 踏破鐵鞋無覓處，算來全不費工夫／踏破铁鞋无觅处，算来全不费工夫
* 閒工夫／闲工夫 (xiángōngfu)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 工夫(くふう) (kufū, “device, scheme”); 工夫(こうふ) (kōfu, “labourer”)
* → Korean: 공부(工夫) (gongbu, “study”)
* → Jeju: 공븨 (gongbui, “study”) ; 공비 (gongbi, “study”); 공부 (gongbu, “study”)

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gōngfū
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄥ ㄈㄨ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gung$^1$ fu$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gōngfū
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥ ㄈㄨ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gongfu
*** Wade–Giles: kung$^1$-fu$^1$
*** Yale: gūng-fū
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gongfu
*** Palladius: гунфу (gunfu)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʊŋ⁵⁵ fu⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gung$^1$ fu$^1$
*** Yale: gūng fū
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gung$^1$ fu$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gung$^1$ fu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʊŋ⁵⁵ fuː⁵⁵/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$功夫 工夫
* Middle Chinese: kuwng pju
Rime :
| Character | 工 | 夫 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 幫 (1) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (1) | 虞 (24) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 古紅切 | 甫無切 |
| Baxter | kuwng | pju |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kuŋ/ | /pɨo/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kuŋ/ | /pio/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kuŋ/ | /pio/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kəwŋ/ | /puə̆/ |
| Li Rong | /kuŋ/ | /pio/ |
| Wang Li | /kuŋ/ | /pĭu/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kuŋ/ | /pi̯u/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gōng | fū |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gung$^1$ | fu$^1$ |

#### Noun

工夫
* (literary) temporary worker; casual labour

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 工 | 夫 |
| く Grade: 2 | ふう Grade: 4 |
| goon | kan'yōon |

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) くふう [kùfúú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [kɯ̟ɸɯ̟ː]

#### Noun

工(く)夫(ふう) • (kufū)
* device; scheme; devising; scheming
* dedication to spiritual improvement (especially through Zen meditation)

#### Verb

工(く)夫(ふう)する • (kufū suru) suru (stem 工(く)夫(ふう)し (kufū shi), past 工(く)夫(ふう)した (kufū shita))
* devise, come up with, contrive

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 工夫し | くふうし | kufū shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 工夫し | くふうし | kufū shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 工夫する | くふうする | kufū suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 工夫する | くふうする | kufū suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 工夫すれ | くふうすれ | kufū sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 工夫せよ¹ 工夫しろ² | くふうせよ¹ くふうしろ² | kufū seyo¹ kufū shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 工夫される | くふうされる | kufū sareru |
| Causative | 工夫させる 工夫さす | くふうさせる くふうさす | kufū saseru kufū sasu |
| Potential | 工夫できる | くふうできる | kufū dekiru |
| Volitional | 工夫しよう | くふうしよう | kufū shiyō |
| Negative | 工夫しない | くふうしない | kufū shinai |
| Negative continuative | 工夫せず | くふうせず | kufū sezu |
| Formal | 工夫します | くふうします | kufū shimasu |
| Perfective | 工夫した | くふうした | kufū shita |
| Conjunctive | 工夫して | くふうして | kufū shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 工夫すれば | くふうすれば | kufū sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 工 | 夫 |
| こう Grade: 2 | ふ Grade: 4 |
| kan'on ||

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こーふ [kóꜜòfù] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ko̞ːɸɯ̟]

#### Noun

工(こう)夫(ふ) • (kōfu)
* labourer; blue-collar worker

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 工 | 夫 |

### Noun

工夫 • (gongbu) (hangeul 공부)
* hanja form of 공부 (“learning, study”)