# 骨肉
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gǔròu
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨˇ ㄖㄡˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gwat$^1$ juk$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kut-ngiuk
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): goh$^6$ zoeh$^7$ / guoh$^6$ zyeh$^7$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kut-jio̍k / kut-lio̍k / kut-bah / kut-hia̍k / kut-he̍k
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gǔròu → gǔrou (toneless final syllable variant)
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˇ ㄖㄡˋ → ㄍㄨˇ ˙ㄖㄡ (toneless final syllable variant)
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gǔro̊u
*** Wade–Giles: ku$^3$-jou$^5$
*** Yale: gǔ-rou
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guu.row
*** Palladius: гужоу (gužou)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐoʊ̯⁵¹/ → /ku²¹⁴ ʐoʊ̯⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gwat$^1$ juk$^6$
*** Yale: gwāt yuhk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gwat$^7$ juk$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gued$^1$ yug$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʷɐt̚⁵ jʊk̚²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kut-ngiuk
*** Hakka Romanization System: gud$^ˋ$ ngiug$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gud$^5$ ngiug$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /kut̚² ŋi̯uk̚²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: goh$^6$ zoeh$^7$ [Phonetic: goh$^7$ zoeh$^7$]
*** Sinological IPA : /kɔʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ t͡sœʔ⁴/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: guoh$^6$ zyeh$^7$ [Phonetic: guoh$^7$ zyeh$^7$]
*** Sinological IPA : /kuoʔ²⁻²⁴ t͡syøʔ²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kut-jio̍k
*** Tâi-lô: kut-jio̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kutjiok
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kut̚³²⁻⁵ d͡ziɔk̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kut̚³²⁻⁴ ziɔk̚⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kut-lio̍k
*** Tâi-lô: kut-lio̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kutliok
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /kut̚³²⁻⁴ liɔk̚⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kut̚⁵⁻²⁴ liɔk̚²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kut-bah
*** Tâi-lô: kut-bah
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kutbaq
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kut̚³²⁻⁵ baʔ³²/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kut̚³²⁻⁴ baʔ³²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kut-hia̍k
*** Tâi-lô: kut-hia̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kuthiak
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kut̚⁵⁻²⁴ hiak̚²⁴/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kut-he̍k
*** Tâi-lô: kut-hi̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kuthek
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kut̚³²⁻⁴ hiɪk̚⁴/
* kut-jio̍k/kut-lio̍k - literary (“flesh and blood; kindred”);
* kut-bah/kut-hia̍k/kut-he̍k - vernacular (“meat and bones”).
* Middle Chinese: kwot nyuwk
Rime :
| Character | 骨 | 肉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 日 (38) |
| Final (韻) | 沒 (56) | 屋 (4) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 古忽切 | 如六切 |
| Baxter | kwot | nyuwk |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kuət̚/ | /ȵɨuk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kuot̚/ | /ȵiuk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kuət̚/ | /ȵʑiuk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kwət̚/ | /ȵuwk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /kuət̚/ | /ȵiuk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /kuət̚/ | /ȵʑĭuk̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kuət̚/ | /ȵʑi̯uk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gu | rù |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gwat$^1$ | juk$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤut k.nuk/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kuːd njuɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 骨 | 肉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gǔ | ròu |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kwot › | ‹ nyuwk › |
| Old Chinese | /*kˁut/ | /*k.nuk/ |
| English | bone | meat, flesh |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 骨 | 肉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 4321 | 10866 |
| Phonetic component | 骨 | 肉 |
| Rime group | 物 | 覺 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 骨 | 肉 |
| Old Chinese | /*kuːd/ | /*njuɡ/ |
| Notes | 冎亦聲 | |

### Noun

骨肉
* (literally) bones and flesh
* (figurative) flesh and blood; blood relative; kindred; kin
    From: 637, Wei Zheng（魏徵）, 《諫太宗十思疏》 Notes: in some versions of the text, 吳越／吴越 appears to be 胡越 (húyuè)
    Jiéchéng zé wúyuè wéi yītǐ, àowù zé gǔròu wéi xínglù. [Pinyin]
    If treated with utmost sincerity, even deadly enemies could be united in one, but when held in contempt, even kith and kin could become strangers.
    From: c. 800, Bai Juyi, 《自河南經亂，關內阻飢，兄弟離散，各在一處，因望月有感，聊書所懷，寄上浮梁大兄、於潛七兄、烏江十五兄，兼示符離及下邽弟妹》, tr. Xu Yuanchong
    Tiányuán liáoluò gāngē hòu, gǔròu liúlí dàolù zhōng. [Pinyin]
    Battles have left the fields and gardens desolate; By roadside wander families wars separate.
* (figurative) close relations; kinship

#### Synonyms

* (close relative): 至親／至亲 (zhìqīn), 親骨肉／亲骨肉 (qīngǔròu)

#### Derived terms

* 一家骨肉
* 人親骨肉香／人亲骨肉香
* 情同骨肉
* 情深骨肉
* 情逾骨肉
* 父母骨肉
* 生死骨肉
* 異姓骨肉／异姓骨肉
* 至親骨肉／至亲骨肉
* 親如骨肉／亲如骨肉
* 親生骨肉／亲生骨肉
* 親骨肉／亲骨肉 (qīngǔròu)
* 賤骨肉／贱骨肉
* 骨肉之恩
* 骨肉之情
* 骨肉之親／骨肉之亲
* 骨肉分離／骨肉分离 (gǔròu fēnlí)
* 骨肉各方
* 骨肉團圓／骨肉团圆
* 骨肉團圞／骨肉团𪢮
* 骨肉情
* 骨肉未寒
* 骨肉瘤 (gǔròuliú)
* 骨肉相殘／骨肉相残
* 骨肉相親／骨肉相亲
* 骨肉相連／骨肉相连
* 骨肉私情
* 骨肉至親／骨肉至亲 (gǔròuzhìqīn)
* 骨肉親／骨肉亲
* 骨肉重逢
* 骨肉離散／骨肉离散
* 骨肉離異／骨肉离异

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 骨肉(こつにく) (kotsuniku)
* → Korean: 골육(骨肉) (goryuk)
* → Vietnamese: cốt nhục (骨肉)

### References

* 莆田市政协文化文史和学习委员会 [Culture, History and Learning Committee of Putian CPPCC], editor (2021), “骨肉”, in 莆仙方言大词典 [Comprehensive Dictionary of Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 228.

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 骨 | 肉 |
| こつ Grade: 6 | にく Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||

### Noun

骨(こつ)肉(にく) • (kotsuniku)
* one's own flesh and blood, a blood relative

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 骨 | 肉 |

### Noun

骨肉
* (literary) chữ Hán form of cốt nhục (“one's own flesh and blood, a blood relative”).