# kell
## English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kɛl/
* Rhymes: -ɛl
* Audio (Southern England):(file)

### Etymology 1

Compare caul.

#### Noun

kell (plural kells)
* (obsolete) The caul.
* (obsolete, figurative) That which covers or envelops, like a caul; a net; a fold; a film.
** c. 1608–1610, Francis Beaumont, John Fletcher, “Philaster: Or, Love Lies a Bleeding”, in Comedies and Tragedies […], London: […] Humphrey Robinson, […], and for Humphrey Moseley […], published 1679, →OCLC, Act V, scene iv:I'll have him cut to the kell.
* (obsolete) The cocoon or chrysalis of an insect.
** 1616, Ben Jonson, The Devil Is an Ass:Bury himself in every silkworm's kell

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

kell (plural kells)
* A kiln.

### Etymology 3
#### Noun

kell (uncountable)
* Alternative spelling of kale (“broth”)
Part or all of this entry has been imported from the 1913 edition of Webster’s Dictionary, which is now free of copyright and hence in the public domain. The imported definitions may be significantly out of date, and any more recent senses may be completely missing. (See the entry for “kell”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.)

## Breton
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkɛlː/

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Brythonic [Term?], borrowed through Vulgar Latin from Latin cōleus (“testicle”) (compare Cornish kell, Welsh caill), ultimately from Ancient Greek κολεός (koleós).

#### Noun

kell f (plural kelloù, dual divgell)
* testicle

### Etymology 2

From Latin cella (compare Old Irish cell).

#### Noun

kell f (plural kelloù or killi)
* cell (of prisoner, monk):

### Mutation
## Cornish
### Pronunciation

* (Revived Middle Cornish) IPA: [kɛlː]
* (Revived Late Cornish) IPA: [kɛlʰ]

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Brythonic [Term?], borrowed through Vulgar Latin from Latin cōleus (“testicle”) (compare Breton kell, Welsh caill), ultimately from Ancient Greek κολεός (koleós).

#### Noun

kell f (dual diwgell, plural kellow or kellyow)
* testicle

### Etymology 2

From Latin cella (compare Old Irish cell).

#### Noun

kell f (plural kellow or kellyow)
* cell

### Mutation
## Estonian
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kellä, borrowed from Proto-Germanic *skellǭ (“bell”).

### Noun

kell (genitive kella, partitive kella)
* clock
* bell
* (in the plural, colloquial) balls, testicles

#### Derived terms

* käekell

## Hungarian
### Alternative forms

* kék, köll, kő (all three: dialectal)

### Etymology

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *kelke- (“to be necessary, need to, must, be obligatory”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈkɛlː]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛlː

### Verb

kell
* (auxiliary with a verb in the infinitive) must, need to, have to
    Synonyms: muszáj, kénytelen
    Ezt látnod kell. ― You have to / need to / must see it.
* to be needed
    Synonym: szüksége van
    Kell nekem az a ház. ― I need that house.

#### Usage notes

The subject of certain verbs is not someone who acts but a stimulus that prompts sensory or emotional feelings, like when things interest someone, matter to someone, please someone or appeal to someone. In these cases, the experiencer can take the accusative (e.g. interest) or the dative (e.g. appeal). The experiencer is expressed with the dative in the case of hiányzik (“to be missing or missed by someone”), ízlik (“to taste good”), kell (“to be needed, necessary, or required”), tetszik (“to be appealing”), and van/megvan (“to be had, to be owned by someone”). If the experiencer is expressed with the accusative, third-person objects (him, her, it, or them) are considered definite, while first- and second-person objects (me, us, and you), indefinite. For example, the verb érdekel can take the definite form érdekli őt (“he/she is interested”, literally “it interests him/her”) or the indefinite form érdekel engem/​téged/​minket (“I am, you are, we are interested”, literally “it interests me, you, us”). The form érdekellek means “you are interested in me” (literally, “I interest you”). — Similar verbs include zavar (“to be bothered by”) and izgat (“to be intrigued by”).

#### Derived terms

* kellemes
* kellemetlen
* kellet
* (kellete → ) kelleténél
* kelletlen
* kellék
* jó bornak nem kell cégér
* jó munkához idő kell
* jöjjön, aminek jönnie kell

### See also

* Category:Hungarian auxiliary verbs

### References

* ↑ Entry #281 in Uralonet, online Uralic etymological database of the Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics.
* ↑ kell in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)
* ↑ See also Verbs and adjectives that behave differently (in English vs. in Hungarian), Által (’By’), on the past participles derived from such verbs, On verbs of emotion, with special regard to their aspectual properties, especially the chart on page 3. In addition, see Thematic relation and Theta role in Wikipedia.

### Further reading

* kell in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN

## Maltese
### Etymology

Univerbation of kien (“was”) +‎ l- (“to”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kɛll/
* Rhymes: -ɛll

### Verb

kell- (imperfect ikoll)
* to belong to; expresses English have
    Kelli ktieb. ― I had a book. (literally, “It was to me a book.”)
    Ir-raġel kellu ktieb. ― The man had a book. (literally, “The man it was to him a book.”)
** 1975, Anton Buttigieg, “Il-Ħajja u l-Għarajjes”, in L-Għanja tas-Sittin:Il-Ħajja ma’ l-għarajjes daret kollha daħkana; għalihom ferħ biss kellha u daqq u żfin u għana, xita ta’ ross, xewqiet f’għomor mimli għaxqiet;(please add an English translation of this quotation)
* (with following verb) to be obligatory for; to be necessary for; expresses English have to, must
    Kelli nikteb ktieb.I had to write a book.(literally, “It was to me (that) I write a book.”)
** 2018, Antoinette Borg, Amina, Merlin Publishers, →ISBN:Imnalla għajjatlu Fredu u kellu jwaqqaf l-eloġju ta’ nannuh, għax naħseb l-istorja li kien imiss kienet li għandu xi gżira privata.(please add an English translation of this quotation)

#### Usage notes

* The perfect of this verb expresses the past, while the imperfect expresses future and subjunctive senses. The present is expressed by forms of għand. This is equivalent to the situation in the underlying kien (“to be”), where the present is expressed (if expressed at all) by the personal pronouns.
* The verbal inflection is that of a defective verb that inflects only for tense (imperfect ikoll), but not for person or number. They who “have” something, or “have to do” something, are given with the appropriate personal suffixes (as above: kelli = it was to me = I had; kellu = it was to him = he had; etc.).
* Syntactically, it is not sound to define either of the two elements (possessor or thing possessed) as the object of the phrase. Rather the construction is that which in Arabic and Greek grammar is called a nominativus pendens: The possessor is prepositioned and referred back to with a personal suffix, while the thing possessed is the grammatical subject. This construction is generally popular in Maltese; for example: Ir-raġel qatluh. (“They killed the man.”, literally “The man, they killed him.”).

#### Inflection

Inflected forms of kell :
| Personal-pronoun- including forms | Personal-pronoun- including forms | singular | singular | plural | plural |
| Personal-pronoun- including forms | Personal-pronoun- including forms | m | f | plural | plural |
| 1st person | 1st person | kelli | kelli | kellna | kellna |
| 2nd person | 2nd person | kellek | kellek | kellkom | kellkom |
| 3rd person | 3rd person | kellu | kellha | kellhom | kellhom |

#### See also

* għand (possessive)

## Old Norse
### Verb

kell
* third-person singular present indicative of kala