OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# phytomelan
## English
### Noun

phytomelan (uncountable)
* Alternative form of phytomelanin
# kiviane
## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Noun

kiviane m
* definite plural of kivi
# ADV
## Translingual
### Symbol

ADV
* (international standards, aviation) IATA airport code for Ed Daein Airport, which serves Ed Daein, East Darfur, Sudan.

## English
### Noun

ADV (plural ADVs)
* (finance) Initialism of average daily volume.
* Initialism of abandoned and derelict vessel.

### Anagrams

* VAD
# балоз
## Chechen
### Etymology

Borrowed from Kumyk балавуз (balawuz).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /baːlu̯ɔz/
* Hyphenation: ба̄‧лоз
* Rhymes: -ɔz

### Noun

ба̄лоз • (baaloz) class bb
* wax

#### Declension

This entry needs an inflection-table template.

### References

* Nichols, Johanna, Vagapov, Arbi (2004) “балоз”, in Chechen–English and English–Chechen Dictionary, London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon, page 51b
# wareful
## English
### Etymology

From ware +‎ -ful.

### Adjective

wareful (comparative more wareful, superlative most wareful)
* (obsolete) wary; watchful; cautious

#### Derived terms

* warefulness

### References

* “wareful”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
# 著書立說
## Chinese

| | | to write a book; written work | to present an argument; to put forth a position; to provide reasoning |
| trad. (著書立說) | trad. (著書立說) | 著書 | 立說 |
| simp. (著书立说) | simp. (著书立说) | 著书 | 立说 |
(This form in the hanzi box is uncreated: "著书立说".)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhùshūlìshuō
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄨˋ ㄕㄨ ㄌㄧˋ ㄕㄨㄛ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zyu$^3$ syu$^1$ lap$^6$ syut$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhùshūlìshuō
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄨˋ ㄕㄨ ㄌㄧˋ ㄕㄨㄛ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhùshulìshuo
*** Wade–Giles: chu$^4$-shu$^1$-li$^4$-shuo$^1$
*** Yale: jù-shū-lì-shwō
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: juhshulihshuo
*** Palladius: чжушулишо (čžušulišo)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹ ʂu⁵⁵ li⁵¹ ʂu̯ɔ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zyu$^3$ syu$^1$ lap$^6$ syut$^3$
*** Yale: jyu syū lahp syut
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzy$^3$ sy$^1$ lap$^9$ syt$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ju$^3$ xu$^1$ leb$^6$ xud$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡syː³³ syː⁵⁵ lɐp̚² syːt̚³/

### Idiom

著書立說
* to write books and set forward one's theory
# subulately
## English
### Etymology

From subulate +‎ -ly.

### Adverb

subulately
* In a subulate manner.
# ювргӏа
## Ingush
### Etymology

Borrowed from Kumyk ювургъан (yuwurğan).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈjuːrʁa/
* Hyphenation: ювр‧гӏа
* Rhymes: -uːrʁa

### Noun

ювргӏа • (juvrğa) class jj
* blanket
* comforter

#### Declension

This entry needs an inflection-table template.

### References

* Nichols, Johanna B. (2004) “ювргӏа”, in Ingush–English and English–Ingush Dictionary, London and New York: Routledge, page 191a
# Bjornstad
## English
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Proper noun

Bjornstad (plural Bjornstads)
* A surname.

#### Statistics

* According to the 2010 United States Census, Bjornstad is the 28856th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 824 individuals. Bjornstad is most common among White (97.33%) individuals.
# electron shell
## English
### Noun

electron shell (plural electron shells)
* (physics) The collective states of all electrons in an atom having the same principal quantum number (visualized as an orbit in which the electrons move).
# sandale
## French
### Etymology

Inherited from Old French [Term?], from Ecclesiastical Latin sandalium, from Ancient Greek σανδάλιον (sandálion), diminutive of σάνδαλον (sándalon, “sandal”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sɑ̃.dal/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

sandale f (plural sandales)
* sandal (type of footwear)
    Hypernym: chaussure
    Hyponyms: crépide, sandalette

#### Derived terms

* sandalette

#### Descendants

* → Vietnamese: xăng-đan

### Further reading

* “sandale”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Middle English
### Noun

sandale
* Alternative form of sandal (“sandalwood”)

## Old French
### Noun

sandale oblique singular, f (oblique plural sandales, nominative singular sandale, nominative plural sandales)
* sandal (type of footwear)

#### Descendants

* French: sandale
* → Middle English: sandal, sandalle, sandelle, sendylle, sendale
** English: sandal
** Scots: sandal

## Serbo-Croatian

sandále f (Cyrillic spelling санда́ле)

### Noun

sandale
* nominative plural of sandala (and other forms)
# татол
## Chechen
### Etymology

Borrowed from Kumyk татавул (tatawul).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈtaːtu̯ɔl/
* Hyphenation: та̄‧тол
* Rhymes: -aːtu̯ɔl

### Noun

та̄тол • (taatol) class dd
* stream, creek
* ditch, irrigation canal

#### Declension

This entry needs an inflection-table template.

### References

* Nichols, Johanna, Vagapov, Arbi (2004) “татол”, in Chechen–English and English–Chechen Dictionary, London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon, page 200b
# subcastaneous
## English
### Etymology

From sub- +‎ castaneous.

### Adjective

subcastaneous (not comparable)
* Somewhat or partly castaneous.
# stofvrijs
## Dutch
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Adjective

stofvrijs
* partitive of stofvrij
# hemerochore
## English
### Noun

hemerochore (plural hemerochores)
* (botany) A hemerochorous plant.
# hemerochoric
## English
### Adjective

hemerochoric (not comparable)
* Synonym of hemerochorous
# Hartl
## English
### Proper noun

Hartl (plural Hartls)
* A surname.

#### Statistics

* According to the 2010 United States Census, Hartl is the 19456th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 1389 individuals. Hartl is most common among White (94.82%) individuals.

## Czech
### Etymology

Derived from German hart (“hard”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈɦartl̩]

### Proper noun

Hartl m anim (female equivalent Hartlová)
* a male surname

#### Declension
### References

* ↑ Moldanová, Dobrava (2019) Naše příjmení [Our surnames] (in Czech), 5th edition, Prague: Agentura Pankrác, →ISBN, page 60

### Further reading

* “Hartl”, in Příjmení.cz (in Czech)
# customary marriage
## English

* It has been requested that this entry be moved to customary marriage.

### Noun

customary marriage (countable and uncountable, plural customary marriages)
* A marriage conducted according to the traditional customs and practices of a specific cultural or ethnic group and legally recognized as valid. These marriages often involve rituals, negotiations, and the exchange of a bride price, and may include distinct rights and responsibilities for the spouses.
# κεφαλαία γράμματα
## Greek
### Noun

κεφαλαία γράμματα • (kefalaía grámmata) n
* nominative/accusative/vocative plural of κεφαλαίο γράμμα (kefalaío grámma) capital or uppercase letters

#### Antonyms

* μικρά γράμματα n pl (mikrá grámmata)
# αυτόματες ταμειακές μηχανές
## Greek
### Noun

αυτόματες ταμειακές μηχανές • (aftómates tameiakés michanés) f
* nominative/accusative/vocative plural of αυτόματη ταμειακή μηχανή (aftómati tameiakí michaní)
# διερμηνεύτριες
## Greek
### Noun

διερμηνεύτριες • (dierminéftries) f
* (feminine) nominative/accusative/vocative plural of διερμηνεύτρια (dierminéftria)
# μίνι φούστες
## Greek
### Noun

μίνι φούστες • (míni foústes) f
* nominative/accusative/vocative plural of μίνι φούστα (míni foústa)
# άνω και κάτω τελείες
## Greek
### Noun

άνω και κάτω τελείες • (áno kai káto teleíes) f
* nominative/accusative/vocative plural of άνω και κάτω τελεία (áno kai káto teleía)
# διπλές στιγμές
## Greek
### Noun

διπλές στιγμές • (diplés stigmés) f
* nominative/accusative/vocative plural of διπλή στιγμή (diplí stigmí)
# διπλώματα οδήγησης
## Greek
### Noun

διπλώματα οδήγησης • (diplómata odígisis) n
* nominative/accusative/vocative plural of δίπλωμα οδήγησης (díploma odígisis)
# έργα τέχνης
## Greek
### Noun

έργα τέχνης • (érga téchnis) n
* nominative/accusative/vocative plural of έργο τέχνης (érgo téchnis)
# ηλιακές ακτίνες
## Greek
### Noun

ηλιακές ακτίνες • (iliakés aktínes) f
* nominative/accusative/vocative plural of ηλιακή ακτίνα (iliakí aktína)
# ηχητικές μόνωσεις
## Greek
### Noun

ηχητικές μόνωσεις • (ichitikés mónoseis) f
* nominative/accusative/vocative plural of ηχητική μόνωση (ichitikí mónosi)
# κινητά τηλέφωνα
## Greek
### Noun

κινητά τηλέφωνα • (kinitá tiléfona) n
* nominative/accusative/vocative plural of κινητό τηλέφωνο (kinitó tiléfono)
# ακίνητες περιουσίες
## Greek
### Noun

ακίνητες περιουσίες • (akínites periousíes) f
* nominative/accusative/vocative plural of ακίνητη περιουσία (akíniti periousía)
# λιπαρά οξέα
## Greek
### Noun

λιπαρά οξέα • (lipará oxéa) n
* nominative/accusative/vocative plural of λιπαρό οξύ (liparó oxý)
# οδικοί χάρτες
## Greek
### Noun

οδικοί χάρτες • (odikoí chártes) m
* nominative/vocative plural of οδικός χάρτης (odikós chártis)
# οθόνες αφής
## Greek
### Noun

οθόνες αφής • (othónes afís) f
* nominative/accusative/vocative plural of οθόνη αφής (othóni afís)
# λευκοί νάνοι
## Greek
### Noun

λευκοί νάνοι • (lefkoí nánoi) m
* nominative/vocative plural of λευκός νάνος (lefkós nános)
# εκτυπωτές μήτρας
## Greek
### Noun

εκτυπωτές μήτρας • (ektypotés mítras) m
* nominative/accusative/vocative plural of εκτυπωτής μήτρας (ektypotís mítras)
# φορητοί υπολογιστές
## Greek
### Noun

φορητοί υπολογιστές • (foritoí ypologistés) m
* nominative/vocative plural of φορητός υπολογιστής (foritós ypologistís)
# αίτια και αιτιατά
## Greek
### Noun

αίτια και αιτιατά • (aítia kai aitiatá) n
* nominative/accusative/vocative plural of αίτιο και αιτιατό (aítio kai aitiató)
# ταχυδρομικοί κώδικες
## Greek
### Noun

ταχυδρομικοί κώδικες • (tachydromikoí kódikes) m
* nominative/vocative plural of ταχυδρομικός κώδικας (tachydromikós kódikas)
# Μεγάλες Εβδομάδες
## Greek
### Noun

Μεγάλες Εβδομάδες • (Megáles Evdomádes) f
* nominative/accusative/vocative plural of Μεγάλη Εβδομάδα (Megáli Evdomáda)
# συμφωνικά ποιήματα
## Greek
### Noun

συμφωνικά ποιήματα • (symfoniká poiímata) n
* nominative/accusative/vocative plural of συμφωνικό ποίημα (symfonikó poíima)
# τσιπς
## Greek
### Noun

τσιπς • (tsips) n pl (indeclinable)
* crisps (UK), chips (US) (fried sliced potato)
* plural of τσιπ (tsip)

#### Synonyms

* (potato crisp): πατατάκια n pl (patatákia)

#### Further reading

* τσιπς on the Greek Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{el}$
# υπόγεια ύδατα
## Greek
### Noun

υπόγεια ύδατα • (ypógeia ýdata) n
* nominative/accusative/vocative plural of υπόγειο ύδατο (ypógeio ýdato)
# αιολικά πάρκα
## Greek
### Noun

αιολικά πάρκα • (aioliká párka) f
* nominative/accusative/vocative plural of αιολικό πάρκο (aiolikó párko)
# χαρτιά κουζίνας
## Greek
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /xaɾˈtça kuˈzinas/

### Noun

χαρτιά κουζίνας • (chartiá kouzínas) n
* nominative/accusative/vocative plural of χαρτί κουζίνας (chartí kouzínas)
# World War IV
## English
### Proper noun

World War IV
* A hypothetical world war following a hypothetical World War III.
    I don't know how World War III will be fought, but I do know World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones.

#### Synonyms

* Fourth World War
* World War Four

#### Related terms

* world war
* World War I
* World War II
* World War III
# thong manh
## Vietnamese
### Etymology

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 從冥 (SV: thung minh).

### Pronunciation

* (Hà Nội) IPA: [tʰawŋ͡m˧˧ majŋ̟˧˧]
* (Huế) IPA: [tʰawŋ͡m˧˧ mɛɲ˧˧] ~ [tʰɔŋ˧˧ mɛɲ˧˧]
* (Saigon) IPA: [tʰawŋ͡m˧˧ man˧˧]

### Adjective

thong manh
* (medicine, of one's eyes) blind or obscure, yet with no apparent symptoms
# बालिग़
## Hindi
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic بَالِغ (bāliḡ, “mature, of age”).

### Pronunciation

* (Delhi) IPA: /bɑː.lɪɣ/, [bäː.lɪɣ], /bɑː.lɪɡ/, [bäː.lɪɡ]

### Adjective

बालिग़ • (bāliġ) (Urdu spelling بالغ)
* adult, major
    Synonyms: वयस्क (vayask), प्रौढ़ (prauṛh)

### Noun

बालिग़ • (bāliġ) m (Urdu spelling بالغ)
* An adult, a major
    Synonyms: वयस्क (vayask), प्रौढ़ (prauṛh)

#### Derived terms

* नाबालिग़ (nābāliġ, “minor, underage”)
# She-She-She Camps
## English
### Noun

She-She-She Camps
* plural of She-She-She Camp
# Cucurbiteae
## Translingual
### Etymology

Cucurbita +‎ -eae

### Proper noun

Cucurbiteae
* A taxonomic tribe within the family Cucurbitaceae.

#### Hypernyms

* (tribe): Eukaryota – superkingdom; Plantae – kingdom; Viridiplantae – subkingdom; Streptophyta – infrakingdom; Embryophyta – superphylum; Tracheophyta – phylum; Spermatophytina – subphylum; angiosperms, eudicots, core eudicots, rosids, fabids - clades; Cucurbitales - order; Cucurbitaceae - family; Cucurbitoideae - subfamily

#### Hyponyms

* (tribe): Abobra, Anacaona, Calycophysum, Cayaponia (syn. Arkezostis), Cionosicys, Cucurbita, Penelopeia, Peponopsis, Polyclathra, Schizocarpum, Selysia, Sicana, Tecunumania - genera

### References

* Cucurbiteae on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* Cucurbiteae on Wikispecies.Wikispecies
* Category:Cucurbiteae on Wikimedia Commons.Wikimedia Commons
# бадар
## Southern Altai
### Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *bat-. Kyrgyz батуу (batuu, “to come in, to sink”), Kumyk батмакъ (batmaq), etc.

### Verb

бадар • (badar)
* to come in, sink

### References

* Čumakajev A. E., editor (2018), “бадар”, in Altajsko-russkij slovarʹ [Altaic–Russian Dictionary], Gorno-Altaysk: NII altaistiki im. S.S. Surazakova, →ISBN
* Sevortjan, E. V. (1978) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume II, Moscow: Nauka, page 78
# سر زدن
## Persian
### Etymology

From سر (sar, “head”) +‎ زدن (zadan, “hit”). Compare Northern Kurdish serî lê dan (“to visit”)

### Verb

| Dari | سر زدن |
| Iranian Persian | سر زدن |
| Tajik | сар задан |
سَر زَدَن • (sar zadan) (present stem سَر زَن)
* (transitive, used with به) to visit (to go and meet, as an act of friendliness or sociability)
** می‌خواستم به دوستم سر بزنم ولی حالم خوش نبود مادرم گفت خونه بمون.mi-xâstam be dust-am sar bezanam vali hâl-am xoš nabud mâdaram goft xune bemun.I wanted to visit my friend but I did not feel well (so) my mother said to stay home.
* (intransitive) to grow (of plants)
** Nasir Khusraw
    این نو شکوفه زنده سر از باغ برزده.in now šokufe-ye zende sar az bâğ barzade.this lively blossom has newly (recently) bloomed in the garden.
* (intransitive) to rise (of the sun or other celestial bodies)
** خورشید از پشت کوه سر زده.xoršid az pošt-e kuh sar zade.the sun has risen from behind the mountain.
    Synonym: طلوع کردن (tolu' kardan)
* (transitive, used with را) to decapitate, to kill
    Synonym: گردن زدن (gardan zadan)

#### Derived terms

* سرزنش (sarzaneš)

#### References

* Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar (1931–) “سر زدن”, in Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute, editors, Dehkhoda Dictionary (in Persian), Tehran: University of Tehran Press
# 柴明
## Chinese

* For pronunciation and definitions of 柴明 – see 柴樠 (“firewood with a lot of oil”). (This term is a variant form of 柴樠).
# кокиль
## Russian
### Etymology

Borrowed from French coquille.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kɐˈkʲilʲ]

### Noun

коки́ль • (kokílʹ) m inan (genitive коки́ля, nominative plural кокиля́, genitive plural кокиле́й)
* (metallurgy) metal, mold, chill mold (collapsible mold for casting)

#### Declension

$^△$Irregular.
# middle age
## English
### Noun

middle age (uncountable)
* That period of life directly preceding old age, often defined roughly as ages 45–65; midlife.
** 2017 January 26, Christopher D. Shea, “T2 Trainspotting’: The Early Reviews”, in New York Times‎:The sequel checks in with the unmoored but largely lovable characters from the first movie as they face middle age.

#### Derived terms

* middle-ager
* middle-age spread

#### Related terms

* middle-aged
* middle-agedness

#### Translations
### Proper noun

the middle age
* Alternative letter-case form of Middle Age

### See also

* Middle Ages
* mid-life crisis
# air flown
## English
### Adjective

air flown (not comparable)
* (Singapore) Alternative form of airflown
# 名號
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): mínghào
    (Zhuyin): ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄏㄠˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ming$^4$ hou$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): miàng-ho
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): bêng-hō / miâ-hō
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: mínghào
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄏㄠˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: mínghào
*** Wade–Giles: ming$^2$-hao$^4$
*** Yale: míng-hàu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: minghaw
*** Palladius: минхао (minxao)
*** Sinological IPA : /miŋ³⁵ xɑʊ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ming$^4$ hou$^6$
*** Yale: mìhng houh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ming$^4$ hou$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ming$^4$ hou$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /mɪŋ²¹ hou̯²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: miàng-ho
*** Hakka Romanization System: miang$^ˇ$ ho
*** Hagfa Pinyim: miang$^2$ ho$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /mi̯aŋ¹¹ ho⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bêng-hō
*** Tâi-lô: bîng-hō
*** Phofsit Daibuun: benghoi
*** IPA (Xiamen): /biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ho²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ho⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /biɪŋ¹³⁻²² ho²²/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: miâ-hō
*** Tâi-lô: miâ-hō
*** Phofsit Daibuun: mia'hoi
*** IPA (Taipei): /miã²⁴⁻¹¹ ho³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /miã²³⁻³³ hɤ³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /miã²⁴⁻²² ho²²/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /miã¹³⁻²² ho²²/

### Noun

名號
* (literary) name; title (of a person or thing)
* (literary) reputation; good name

#### Synonyms

* (name):
* 叫法 (jiàofǎ)
* 名 (míng)
* 名兒／名儿 (míngr)
* 名字
* 名目 (míngmù)
* 名稱／名称 (míngchēng)
* 名色 (míngsè) (literary)
* 命名 (mìngmíng)
* 稱呼／称呼 (chēnghū)
* 稱號／称号 (chēnghào) (usually a complementary one)
* 稱謂／称谓 (chēngwèi)
* 題目／题目 (tímù) (archaic)
# Fernhalten
## German
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈfɛʁnˌhaltn̩/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: fern‧hal‧ten

### Noun

Fernhalten n (strong, genitive Fernhaltens, no plural)
* gerund of fernhalten
# ectomorphically
## English
### Etymology

From ectomorphic +‎ -ally.

### Adverb

ectomorphically
* In an ectomorphic manner.
# экстраверсия
## Russian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɪkstrɐˈvʲersʲɪjə]

### Noun

экстраве́рсия • (ekstravérsija) f inan (genitive экстраве́рсии, nominative plural экстраве́рсии, genitive plural экстраве́рсий)
* (psychology) extroversion, a personality orientation towards others and things outside oneself; behavior expressing such orientation
# Haussmannization
## English
### Etymology

From Haussmann +‎ -ization, after Baron Haussmann.

### Noun

Haussmannization (plural Haussmannizations)
* The creative destruction of something for the betterment of society.
# robur
## Latin
### Alternative forms

* rōbus, rōbor

### Etymology

From earlier rōbus (with change of nominative after the pattern of iecur), from Proto-Italic *rouβos ~ *rouβoses, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”), named for its reddish hardwood and thus cognate to ruber.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈroː.bur/, [ˈroːbʊr]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈro.bur/, [ˈrɔːbur]

### Noun

rōbur n (genitive rōboris); third declension
* an oak tree
** Designating a specific kind and opposed to quercus, aesculus.
* hardness
* strength
    Synonyms: vīs, ops, vehementia
** c. 98 CE, Tacitus, Germania 6.4:In ūniversum aestimantī plūs penes peditem rōboris.In general, to one estimating, more of their strength is in their infantry.
** c. 65 CE, Seneca the Younger, Epistulae morales ad Lucilium 116.7:Satis natura dedit roboris si illo utamur.Nature has given us enough strength, if only we would employ it.
* stronghold

#### Declension

Third-declension noun (neuter, imparisyllabic non-i-stem).
* Note: an oblique stem rōburis was advocated by some grammarians, such as Gnipho.

#### Synonyms

* fortitūdō

#### Derived terms

* rōbustus
* rōborō → corrōborō

#### Descendants

* Aromanian: arobul
* Aragonese: robre
* French: rouvre
* Catalan: roure
* Piedmontese: róvol, rol, rovr
* Galician: robra, rebor (archaic), Reboreda
* Italian: rovere
* → Portuguese: roble
* Spanish: roble
* Sicilian: rùvulu
* Venetan: róare

### References

* “robur”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “robur”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* robur in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* robur in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* “robur”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “robur”, in William Smith, editor (1854, 1857), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, volume 1 & 2, London: Walton and Maberly
* “robur”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin
* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 525
# hran
## Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈɦran]

### Noun

hran f
* genitive plural of hrana

## Old English
### Etymology 1

Origin unknown, cf. Épinal Glossary hran (c. 700) and Futhorc ᚻᚱᚩᚾᚫᛋ (hrónæs) (gen. sg.) on the Franks Casket (early 8th c.). Perhaps related to Proto-Germanic *harzaz (“a kind of fish”). Compare Norwegian harr (“grayling”), Swedish harr (“grayling”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /xrɑn/, [r̥ɑn]

#### Noun

hran m
* a small whale or large delphinid
    (gloss) ballaena
** 7~8th c., Glossa in Psalmos; Vatican Library MS. Pal. lat. 68, folio 12v:
    ... VII fiscas sēlaes fyllu, sifu sēlas hronaes fyllu, sifu hronas hualaes fyllu.... seven fish fill a seal, seven seals fill a "hran", seven "hrans" fill a whale.

##### Usage notes

This word, especially as part of the well-known poetic compound hranrād, has long been translated as just "whale", as if fully synonymous with hwæl; however, Tolkien argues that the term better refers to some kind of porpoise or dolphin. Another article addresses this more directly; concluding that hran likely refers to the larger members of the family Delphinidae, such as the Orca and Pilot whale, but not any much smaller than the Risso's dolphin.

##### Declension

Strong a-stem:

##### Alternative forms

* hron, ran

##### Derived terms

* hranfisċ

##### Collocations

* mereswīn
* seolh

##### References

* Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller (1898) “hran”, in An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary‎, 2nd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Angus Cameron, Ashley Crandell Amos, Antonette diPaolo Healey, editors (2018), “hran”, in Dictionary of Old English: A to I ⁠‎, Toronto: University of Toronto, →OCLC.
* ↑ Tolkien, J.R.R (2014), Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary, together with Sellic Spell, edited by Christopher Tolkien, →ISBN, page 142
* ↑ Scheper, G. A. C. (2024), Ofer Hronrade—Defining the Long-Enigmatic “Hron” of Old English, https://doi.org/10.1080/0013838X.2024.2391669

### Etymology 2

Calque of Old Norse hreinn, as if from Proto-West Germanic *hrain, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *hrainaz. At the time, Old Norse and Old English were sufficiently close that the correspondence between ā and ei was transparent, as in words like stān (“stone”) and steinn (“id.”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /xrɑːn/, [r̥ɑːn]

#### Noun

hrān m
* reindeer
** late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
    Þā dēor hī hātaþ hrānas...They call those animals reindeer...

##### Declension

Strong a-stem:

##### Derived terms

* stælhrān

##### References

* Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller (1898) “hrán”, in An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, 2nd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Angus Cameron, Ashley Crandell Amos, Antonette diPaolo Healey, editors (2018), “hrān”, in Dictionary of Old English: A to I ⁠‎, Toronto: University of Toronto, →OCLC.

## Tircul
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /hàɴ/

### Noun

* eight.