# 諶

| 諶 | U+8AF6, &#35574; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8AF6 |
| ← 諵 [U+8AF5] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 諷 → [U+8AF7] |

## Translingual
### Han character

諶 (Kangxi radical 149, 言+9, 16 strokes, cangjie input 卜口廿一女 (YRTMV), four-corner 0461$_1$, composition ⿰訁甚)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1171, character 15
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 35739
* Dae Jaweon: page 1636, character 23
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3994, character 2
* Unihan data for U+8AF6

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 諶 :
| Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 湛 | *ʔl'uːm, *r'uːmʔ, *l'um |
| 媅 | *ʔl'uːm |
| 黮 | *l̥ʰuːmʔ, *l'uːmʔ |
| 糂 | *sluːmʔ |
| 堪 | *kʰluːm |
| 戡 | *kʰluːm, *ʔl'umʔ |
| 嵁 | *kʰluːm, *ŋɡluːm, *ŋɡluːmʔ, *sɡruːmʔ, *kʰruːm |
| 歁 | *kʰluːmʔ, *kʰluːb |
| 勘 | *kʰluːms |
| 磡 | *kʰuːms |
| 墈 | *kʰuːms |
| 偡 | *r'uːmʔ |
| 碪 | *ʔl'um |
| 椹 | *ʔl'um |
| 揕 | *ʔl'ums |
| 踸 | *l̥ʰumʔ |
| 鍖 | *l̥ʰumʔ |
| 斟 | *kljum |
| 諶 | *ɡljum |
| 愖 | *ɡljum |
| 瘎 | *ɡljum |
| 煁 | *ɡljum |
| 甚 | *ɡljumʔ, *ɡljums |
| 葚 | *ɦljumʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡljum) : semantic 言 (“speech”) + phonetic 甚 (OC *ɡljumʔ, *ɡljums).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chén, shèn (chen$^2$, shen$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄣˊ, ㄕㄣˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): sam$^4$
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): sing$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): sîm
    (Teochew, Peng'im): sim$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chén
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chén
*** Wade–Giles: chʻên$^2$
*** Yale: chén
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chern
*** Palladius: чэнь (čɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰən³⁵/
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shèn
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄣˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shèn
*** Wade–Giles: shên$^4$
*** Yale: shèn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shenn
*** Palladius: шэнь (šɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂən⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: sam$^4$
*** Yale: sàhm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sam$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sem$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɐm²¹/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: sing$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬiŋ¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sîm
*** Tâi-lô: sîm
*** Phofsit Daibuun: siim
*** IPA (Xiamen): /sim²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /sim²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /sim¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /sim²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /sim²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: sim$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sîm
*** Sinological IPA : /sim⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: dzyim
Rime :
| Character | 諶 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 常 (25) |
| Final (韻) | 侵 (139) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 氏任切 |
| Baxter | dzyim |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡ʑiɪm/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡ʑim/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡ʑjem/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡ʑim/ |
| Li Rong | /ʑiəm/ |
| Wang Li | /ʑĭĕm/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʑi̯əm/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | chén |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | sam$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[t.ɢ][u]m/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡljum/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 諶 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | chén |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dzyim › |
| Old Chinese | /*[t.ɢ][u]m/ |
| English | reliable, to trust |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 諶 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 11292 |
| Phonetic component | 甚 |
| Rime group | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 諶 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡljum/ |

### Definitions

諶
* (literary) to believe
* (literary) sincere; honest
* (literary) indeed
* a surname
    諶龍／谌龙 ― Chén Lóng ― Chen Long (Chinese badminton player）

### References

* “諶”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “谌”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 29.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* sincere
* faithful

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): しん (shin)、じん (jin)
* Kun: まこと (makoto)

## Korean
### Hanja

諶 • (sim) (hangeul 심, revised sim, McCune–Reischauer sim, Yale sim)
* truth
* to believe

## Vietnamese
### Han character

諶: Hán Nôm readings: kham, thầm, thòm, xầm
* (Rare) A Vietnamese surname (pronounced as xầm)