# سمندر
## Pashto
### Etymology

Borrowed from Hindustani سمندر / समंदर (samandar), from Sanskrit समुद्र (samudra).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /səmˈənˈd̪ər/

### Noun

سمندر • (səməndər) m
* ocean

## Persian
### Alternative forms

* سمندل (samandal)
* سمندول (samandul)
* سمندور (samandur)
* سمندون (samandun)
* سمندوک (samanduk)

### Etymology

Long considered a compound from سام (sâm, “fire, flame”), and اندر (andar, “inside”) by most Persian dictionaries.
This would be etymologically correct because a synonym of salamander in Persian is آذرشین (âzaršin, literally “fire-sitter”) and this animal has been long featured in Persian mythology and Persian literature.
However, Dehkhoda rejects this derivation, and contends that it is folk etymology; as سمندر (samandar), is most likely from Ancient Greek σαλαμάνδρα (salamándra). But the origin of the Greek term is uncertain and there is a small possibility that it is from Persian.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [sa.man.ˈdaɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [sä.män̪.d̪ǽɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [sä.män̪.d̪ǽɾ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [sä.män̪.d̪ǽɾ]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [sä.män̪.d̪ǽɾ]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [sæ.mæn̪.d̪ǽɹ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [sä.män̪.d̪ǽɾ]

### Noun

| Dari | سمندر |
| Iranian Persian | سمندر |
| Tajik | самандар, саламандр |
سَمَنْدَر • (samandar)
* salamander
** 9th century, Rudaki
    به آتش درون بر مثال سمندر به آب اندرون بر مثال نهنگانba âtaš darôn bar misâl-î samadar, ba âb andarôn bar misâl-î nahangânin fire like a salamander, in water like a whale
* a mythological fire-dwelling creature which will die should it leave the fire

#### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: səməndər
* → Malay: semandar
* → Ottoman Turkish: سمندر (semender)
** Turkish: semender

### References

* ↑ Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar (1931–) “سام”, in Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute, editors, Dehkhoda Dictionary (in Persian), Tehran: University of Tehran Press
* ↑ Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar (1931–) “آذرشین”, in Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute, editors, Dehkhoda Dictionary (in Persian), Tehran: University of Tehran Press
* ↑ Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar (1931–) “سمندر”, in Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute, editors, Dehkhoda Dictionary (in Persian), Tehran: University of Tehran Press

## Urdu
### Etymology

Semi-learned borrowing from Sanskrit समुद्र (samudra). Doublet of سَمُدْر (samudr). First attested in c. 1564 as Middle Hindi سمندر (smndr).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /sə.mʊn.d̪əɾ/
* (Punjabic Urdu, Delhi Urdu) IPA: /sə.mən.d̪əɾ/
* Rhymes: -əɾ
* Hyphenation: سَ‧مُن‧دَر

### Noun

سَمُنْدَر • (samundar) f (Hindi spelling समंदर)
* sea, ocean
    Synonyms: ساگَر (sāgar), بَحَر (bahar)
* (figuratively) vast; boundless; limitless (entity, land etc.)

#### Usage notes

Samundar is standard Urdu, although Fallon (repeated by Shams-ud-Din Farooqi) notes that samundar is prevalent in the Eastern [Indian] provinces (states), such as UP. Samandar (not to be confused with the noun meaning 'salamander') is considered dialectal which is prevalent in Punjabic Urdu and Delhi Urdu, and neighbouring regions.

#### Declension

Declension of سمندر :
| | singular | plural |
| direct | سَمُنْدَر (samundar) | سَمُنْدَر (samundar) |
| oblique | سَمُنْدَر (samundar) | سَمُنْدَروں (samundarõ) |
| vocative | سَمُنْدَر (samundar) | سَمُنْدَرو (samundaro) |

#### Descendants

* → Pashto: سمندر (samandar)
* → Torwali: سمندر (samandar)
* → Ushojo: سمندر (samandar)

### Further reading

* “سمندر”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
* “سمندر”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2024.
* Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971) “سمندر”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary‎, Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co.
* Platts, John T. (1884) “سمندر”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.
* S. W. Fallon (1879) “سمندر”, in A New Hindustani-English Dictionary, Banaras, London: Trubner and Co.
* John Shakespear (1834) “سمندر”, in A dictionary, Hindustani and English: with a copious index, fitting the work to serve, also, as a dictionary of English and Hindustani, 3rd edition, London: J.L. Cox and Son, →OCLC

## Ushojo
### Etymology

From Urdu سمندر (samandar).

### Noun

سمندر (samandar)
* sea