# 乃

| 乃 | U+4E43, &#20035; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E43 |
| ← 乂 [U+4E42] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 乄 → [U+4E44] |

## Translingual
### Han character

乃 (Kangxi radical 4, 丿+1, 2 strokes, cangjie input 弓竹尸 (NHS), four-corner 1722$_7$, composition ⿹㇡丿)

#### Derived characters

* 仍, 𠮨, 𡉁, 奶, 屷, 𢖱, 扔, 𣱽, 𤜠, 𨸐, 辸, 𣅅, 㭁, 𤆈, 㲌, 𠂫, 礽, 䄧, 𧘌, 𥾋, 𮋣, 𦨋, 𧈣, 䚮, 𬤻, 𬦠, 釢, 𪥑, 𬝡, 𬼅, 𢒁, 𫡐, 𠂪, 𫡝
* 𡦺, 㞧, 艿, 𫶵, 秀, 𬔬, 𠂱, 𭺹, 隽, 𣤃, 𣫉, 䯮, 𩾖, 𧤢, 疓, 氖, 𡩍, 𫡄, 𭑩, 孕, 尕, 𫹭, 朶, 𤆄, 盁, 呄, 㭆, 𫂲, 𧈦, 㚉, 鼐, 𬩄, 𩜒
* 夃, 𠂏, 𡕔, 𡭘, 𢒀, 𪜌, 𦮘, 𠂐, 𪣍, 𬊅, 𦙕, 𥙯, 𥚣, 𮂁, 𥟄, 𨨍, 𩉶, 𠛘, 𨾫, 𡧿, 𫴟, 𬼎, 𡥗, 𣏻, 𫞯, 𫞰, 𣕼, 𧁅

#### Descendants

* の (Hiragana character derived from Man'yōgana)
* ノ (Katakana character derived from Man'yōgana)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 81, character 12
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 113
* Dae Jaweon: page 165, character 3
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 31, character 5
* Unihan data for U+4E43

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 乃 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Warring States | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Shizhoupian script | Ancient script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| Oracle bone scriptj11474j11475j11476j11477j11478j11479j11480j11481Bronze inscriptionsb07002b07003b07004b07005b07006b07007b07008b07009b07010b07011b07012b07013b07014b07015b07016b07017b07018b07019b07020b07021b07022b07023b07024b07025b07026b07027b07028b07029b07030b07031b07032b07033b07034b07035b07036b07037b07038b07039b07040Small seal scripts03493Transcribed ancient scriptsL34567L34568L34569L34570L15245L15246L15247L15230L15231L15232L15233L15234L15235L15236L15237L15238L15239L15240L15241L15242L15243L15244L15248L15249L15250L15251L15252L15253L15254L15255 ||||||||||
| References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script). ||||||||||
| | Old Chinese |
| 乃 | *nɯːʔ |
| 鼐 | *nɯːʔ, *nɯːs |
| 疓 | *njɯːʔ |
| 奶 | *rneːlʔ |
| 仍 | *njɯŋ |
| 艿 | *njɯŋ |
| 辸 | *njɯŋ |
| 礽 | *njɯŋ |
| 扔 | *njɯŋ, *njɯŋs |
| 芿 | *njɯŋs |
Its original form is 𠄎 and its origin is uncertain. Various theories exists:
* Chen Duxiu, Guo Moruo: Pictogram (象形) – sideway view of a person with protruding breasts. Original form of 奶 (OC *rneːlʔ)
* Zhu Fangpu: Pictogram (象形) – a rope. Original form of 繩 (OC *ɦbljɯŋ)
* Wang Yunzhi, Shihong: Pictogram (象形) – a rope in midair being thrown. Used as a component in 扔 (OC *njɯŋ, *njɯŋs).
* Lin Yiguang: Ideogram (指事) – the shape of dragging or pulling.
Unrelated to 廴.

### Etymology 1
#### “you; your”

    From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *na-ŋ (“you”).

#### "then; now"

    Related to Tibetan ན (na, postposition following temporal causes) (Coblin, 1986).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): nǎi (nai$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄋㄞˇ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): naai$^5$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): nai$^4$
* Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): nai$^1$
* Eastern Min (BUC): nāi
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): nai$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): nái / ná / nǎ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): nai$^2$ / nai$^6$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$ne
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: nǎi
*** Zhuyin: ㄋㄞˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: nǎi
*** Wade–Giles: nai$^3$
*** Yale: nǎi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nae
*** Palladius: най (naj)
*** Sinological IPA : /naɪ̯²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: naai$^5$
*** Yale: náaih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: naai$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: nai$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /naːi̯¹³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: nai$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ⁿdai²¹/
* Hakka
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: nai$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /naɪ⁴⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: nāi
*** Sinological IPA : /nˡai³³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: nai$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /nai⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: nai$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /nai³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nái
*** Tâi-lô: nái
*** Phofsit Daibuun: nae
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /nãi⁴¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /nãi⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /nãi⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ná
*** Tâi-lô: ná
*** Phofsit Daibuun: nar
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /nã⁵⁵⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nǎ
*** Tâi-lô: nǎ
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /nã²²/
* nái - literary;
* ná/nǎ - vernacular.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit乃 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /nai²¹⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /nai²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /nai¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /nɛ⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /nɛ⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /nai⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /nai⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /nɛ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /nɛ¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /lɛ⁴⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /nai⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /nai⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /nai⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /nai⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /næ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /lae²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /le̞²⁴/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /nai⁵³/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /næ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /nɛ⁵³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /na²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ne̞⁵¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ne̞⁵³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /na³⁵/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /na³⁵/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | |
| Xiang | Changsha | /lai⁴¹/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /nai⁴²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /lai²¹³/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /nai⁴⁴/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /nɑi²⁴/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /nai²³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /nai²⁴/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /nai²³/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /nai⁵³/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /nai³²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /nai²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /nãi⁵³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /nai²¹³/ |
* Middle Chinese: nojX
Rime :
| Character | 乃 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 泥 (8) |
| Final (韻) | 咍 (41) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 奴亥切 |
| Baxter | nojX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /nʌi$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /nəi$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /nɒi$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /nəj$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /nᴀi$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /nɒi$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /nɑ̆i$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | nǎi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | noi$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*nˤə(ŋ)ʔ/, /*nˤəʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*nɯːʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 乃 | 乃 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | nǎi | nǎi |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ noj$^X$ › | ‹ noj$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*nˁə(ŋ)ʔ/ | /*nˁəʔ/ |
| English | your | then |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 乃 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 9337 |
| Phonetic component | 乃 |
| Rime group | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 乃 |
| Old Chinese | /*nɯːʔ/ |

#### Definitions

乃
* (literary) you, your
    From: The Book of Documents, circa 4th – 3rd century BCE
    Zhèn xīn zhèn dé, wéi nǎi zhī. [Pinyin]
    Only you know my heart and my virtue.
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
    Wǎng jiàn nǎi zhí, wú nì zhèn mìng. [Pinyin]
    Go and carry out your duties, and do not disobey my orders!
    From: 1210, 陸游 (Lu You), 示兒
    Wángshī běi dìng zhōngyuán rì, jiājì wú wàng gào nǎi wēng. [Pinyin]
    On the day the Song army reconquers the Central Plain in the North, do not forget to inform your father when making offerings to your ancestors.
* (literary) be
    失敗乃成功之母／失败乃成功之母 ― shībài nǎi chénggōng zhī mǔ ― failure is the mother of success
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Lǚ Gōng nǚ nǎi Lǚ Hòu yě, shēng Xiàohuì Dì, Lǔyuán Gōngzhǔ. [Pinyin]
    The daughter of Lü Gong was Empress Lü, who gave birth to Emperor Hui and Princess Luyuan.
* (literary) then; hence
    Synonym: 於是／于是 (yúshì)
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Xiàngrú duò Qín wáng suī zhāi, jué fùyuē bù cháng chéng, nǎi shǐ qí cóngzhě yì hè, huái qí bì, cóng jìngdào wáng, guī bì yú Zhào. [Pinyin]
    Lin Xiangru reckoned even though the King of Qin agreed to fast, he would certainly break his promise and not hand over the cities. Hence, he ordered his servant to put on ragged clothes, hide the jade under his bosom, and flee Qin on trails, in order to smuggle the jade back to Zhao.
* (literary) only then; not ... until
    Synonym: 才 (cái)
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Zhào wáng sòng bì shí zhāijiè wǔ rì. Jīn dàwáng yì yí zhāijiè wǔrì, shè jiǔbīn yú tíng, chén nǎi gǎn shàng bì. [Pinyin]
    The King of Zhao fasted for five days before sending the jade off. Now Your Majesty should also fast for five days, and receive me with the Ceremony of Jiubin at the court. Only then will I dare to present the jade.
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Pèi Gōng wèi Zhāng Liáng yuē: “Cóng cǐ dào zhì wú jūn, bùguò èrshí lǐ ěr. Duò wǒ zhì jūn zhōng, gōng nǎi rù.” [Pinyin]
    Liu Bang said to Zhang Liang, "It is only twenty lis from here to our camp. Only after you estimate that I have arrived at our camp should you enter."
* (literary) but
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Bù jiàn Zǐdōu, nǎi jiàn kuángqiě. [Pinyin]
    I do not see Zidu, but I see this mad fellow.
    From: 11th century, Sima Guang, 訓儉示康
    Gǔrén yǐ jiǎn wéi měidé, jīnrén nǎi yǐ jiǎn xiāng gòubìng. [Pinyin]
    The ancient people regarded frugality as a virtue, but now people criticize one another for being frugal.
* (literary) surprisingly; unexpectedly
    Synonym: 竟然 (jìngrán)
    From: The Peach Blossom Spring (桃花源記), by Tao Yuanming, 421 (Wiktionary translation)
    Wèn jīn shì hé shì, nǎi bùzhī yǒu hàn, wúlùn Wèi Jìn. [Pinyin]
    They asked what the current ruling dynasty was. Surprisingly, they had not even heard of the Han, let alone the Wei and the Jin.
* (Mainland China, Internet slang, cute-sounding) you (singular)
    乃萌 ― nǎiméng ― (cute-sounding variant of 你們) you (plural)
* (Northern Wu) now
       From: 2007, Qian Nairong, 上海话大词典, page 14
       $^6$zon-zhi $^6$yi $^6$veq$_8$-koe $^5$thiau-gu-chi $^6$ne $^6$yi $^6$veq$_8$-pho $^8$leq [Wugniu]
       A long time ago he was scared to jump over, but now he isn't.
* This entry needs quotations to illustrate usage. If you come across any interesting, durably archived quotes then please add them!

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 汝, 爾, 乃, 而, 若, 伊, 子, 君 †, 卿 † |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 你, 您 †, 閣下 †, 臺端 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 你, 您 †, 您老人家 † |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 你, 您 † |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chengde | 你, 您老人家 † |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Ulanhot | 你 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tongliao | 你 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 你, 您 †, 你老人家 † |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 你, 您 †, 你老人家 † |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Heihe | 你, 您 †, 你老人家 † |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Qiqihar | 你, 您 †, 你老人家 † |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 你, 您 †, 你老人家 †, 你老 † |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jiamusi | 你, 您 †, 你老人家 † |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Baicheng | 你, 你老 †, 你老人家 † |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Changchun | 你, 你老 † |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tonghua | 你, 你老 † |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 你, 您 †, 你老人家 †, 你老 † |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jinzhou | 你, 您 †, 你老人家 † |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 你, 您 † |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 你, 您 † |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Olginsky (Mikhaylovka) | 你 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 你, 你了 † |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 你, 你老 † |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 你, 你老 † |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 你, 你老 † |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 你, 你家 † |
| Jilu Mandarin | Lijin | 你, 恁 †, 恁老人家 † |
| Jilu Mandarin | Weifang (Weicheng) | 你 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Weifang (Fangzi) | 你 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Changle | 你 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shouguang | 你 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Wulian | 你 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 你, 你老人家 † |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dalian | 你, 你老 † |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dandong | 你, 您 †, 你老人家 † |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai | 你 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 你 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 你 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Weifang (Hanting) | 你 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Changyi | 你 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Gaomi | 你, 恁 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Zhucheng | 你, 恁 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Anqiu | 你 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Linqu | 你, 恁 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingzhou | 你 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 你 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Lingbao | 你 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 你 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Linfen | 你 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Shangqiu | 你, 恁 †, 恁老人家 † |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yuanyang | 你, 你老 † |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 你, 你老人家 † |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xinyang | 你, 你老人家 † |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baihe | 你, 你老兒 † |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 你, 你老人家 † |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Dingbian | 你 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baoji | 你, 你老人家 † |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Tianshui | 你, 你老人家 † |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 你, 喬, 你老人家 † |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yanqi | 你 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 恁, 你, 你老人家 † |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Pizhou | 恁, 你 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Lianyungang (Ganyu) | 你 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Donghai | 你 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Fuyang | 你, 你家 †, 你老人家 † |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 你 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 你, 你老人家 † |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Bayanhot | 你, 您 † |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 你 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Hami | 你, 您 †, 你家 †, 你老人家 † |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 你, 你老人家 † |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 你, 你老人家 † |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanchong | 你, 你老人家 † |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dazhou | 你, 你老人家 † |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanyuan | 你, 你老人家 † |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xichang | 你, 你老 † |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zigong | 你, 你老人家 † |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 你, 你老人家 † |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 你, 你家 †, 你老人家 † |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yichang | 你, 你家 †, 老人家 †, 你老人家 † |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangyang | 你, 你家 †, 你老人家 † |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianmen | 你, 您哪 †, 你老人家 † |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 你, 你老人家 † |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zunyi | 你, 你老人家 † |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Bijie | 你 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liping | 你, 您 † |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zhaotong | 你, 你家 †, 你老人家 † |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dali | 你, 你家 † |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 你, 你家 †, 你老人家 † |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mengzi | 你, 你老人家 † |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 你, 你老人家 † |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 你, 你老人家 † |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanning (Xiakuojie) | 你 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanning (Fujian) | 你 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanning (Wuming) | 你 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanning (Fucheng, Wuming) | 你 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Binyang (Nanjie) | 你 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jishou | 你 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Changde | 你, 你家 † |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangtan (Jiangnan Industries Group koine) | 你 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanzhong | 你 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dagudi (Maliba) | 你 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Reshuitang (Longling) | 你 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Salong (Lancang) | 你 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Sai (Tengchong) | 你 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 你, 你老人家 † |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 你, 你老人家 † |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Baoying | 你 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Taizhou | 你 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Zhenjiang | 你 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianyungang | 你, 你老人家 † |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Huai'an (Huaiyin) | 你, 您兒 † |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianshui | 你 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Xuyi | 你 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Xinghua | 你 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 你, 你老人家 † |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Rugao | 你 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yancheng | 你 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Funing | 你 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Sihong | 你 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Anqing | 你, 你老人家 † |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Wuhu | 你, 你老人家 † |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 你, 你老人家 † |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hong'an | 你, 你老人家 † |
| Mandarin | Qinzhou (Longmengang) | 你 |
| Mandarin | Fuzhou (Qinjiang, Changle) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 你 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 你 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Shek Pik; Weitou) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 你 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 你 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Huancheng) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Nanlang) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Xiaolan) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Dongsheng, Xiaolan) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Tanbei, Xiaolan) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Henglan) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Dongfeng) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Nantou) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Fusha) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shalang) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Gangkou) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Huangpu) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Sanjiao) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Langwang, Minzhong) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Minzhong) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Guzhen) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Banfu) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Tanzhou) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 你 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Maoming (Beixipo, Dianbai; Malan) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Maoming (Bengtangque, Dianbai; Malan) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Maoming (Mianhuadi, Dianbai; Malan) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Maoming (Shanzuipo, Dianbai; Malan) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Maoming (Binglanghua, Dianbai; Malan) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 你 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Dapeng) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Pingdong, Longgang; Shehua) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Pingshan; Zhanmi) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Qingyuan | 你 |
| Cantonese | Fogang | 你 |
| Cantonese | Yingde (Hanguang) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Yangshan | 你 |
| Cantonese | Lianshan (Butian) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Lianzhou (Qingshui; Sihui) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan | 你 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Renhua | 你 |
| Cantonese | Lechang | 你 |
| Cantonese | Zhaoqing (Gaoyao) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Sihui | 你 |
| Cantonese | Guangning | 你 |
| Cantonese | Deqing | 你 |
| Cantonese | Huaiji | 你 |
| Cantonese | Fengkai (Nanfeng) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Yunfu | 你 |
| Cantonese | Xinxing | 你 |
| Cantonese | Luoding | 你 |
| Cantonese | Yunan (Pingtai) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 你 |
| Cantonese | Xinyi | 你 |
| Cantonese | Lianjiang | 你 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 你 |
| Cantonese | Baise | 你 |
| Cantonese | Qinzhou | 你 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 你 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Danzhou | 你 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Penang (Guangfu) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 你 |
| Cantonese | Móng Cái | 你 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 爾, 恁 |
| Gan | Nanchang (Wangcheng) | 恁 |
| Gan | Anyi | 爾仂 |
| Gan | Lushan | 爾 |
| Gan | Pengze | 爾 |
| Gan | Duchang | 爾, 爾儂 |
| Gan | Wuning (Quankou) | 恁 |
| Gan | Poyang | 你 |
| Gan | Yugan | 你, 你郎 |
| Gan | Wannian | 你 |
| Gan | Hengfeng | 爾, 爾仂 |
| Gan | Yanshan (Hekou) | 爾, 爾仂 |
| Gan | Leping | 你 |
| Gan | Yichun | 你 |
| Gan | Yifeng | 爾 |
| Gan | Gao'an | 爾 |
| Gan | Fengxin | 你 |
| Gan | Shanggao | 爾 |
| Gan | Wanzai | 爾 |
| Gan | Fengcheng | 你 |
| Gan | Xinyu | 你 |
| Gan | Fuzhou (Shangdundu) | 你 |
| Gan | Fuzhou (Dongxiang) | 爾仂 |
| Gan | Nancheng | 恁 |
| Gan | Nanfeng | 你仂, 你 |
| Gan | Yihuang | 恁 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 汝 |
| Gan | Chongren | 爾 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 恨, 你 |
| Gan | Lianhua | 你 |
| Gan | Ji'an | 你 |
| Gan | Yongfeng | 恁 |
| Gan | Taihe | 你 |
| Gan | Xiajiang | 你 |
| Gan | Yongxin | 你 |
| Gan | Yingtan (Yujiang) | 爾 |
| Gan | Guixi | 爾, 爾仂 |
| Gan | Jianning | 你 |
| Gan | Jinxian | 恁, 爾 |
| Gan | Jinxi | 恁 |
| Gan | Le'an | 你 |
| Gan | Guangchang | 你 |
| Gan | Anfu | 你 |
| Gan | Suichuan | 你 |
| Gan | Wan'an | 你 |
| Gan | Jing'an | 爾 |
| Gan | Zhangshu | 你 |
| Gan | Xingan | 你 |
| Gan | Fenyi | 你 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 你 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 你 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 你 |
| Hakka | Huiyang | 你 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 你 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 你 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 你 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 你 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 你 |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 你 |
| Hakka | Nanxiong (Zhuji) | 你 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 你 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 你 |
| Hakka | Liannan | 你 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 你 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 你 |
| Hakka | Changting | 你 |
| Hakka | Shanghang | 汝 |
| Hakka | Longyan (Yongding) | 汝 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 你 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 你 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 你 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 你 |
| Hakka | Qingliu | 你 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 你 |
| Hakka | Ningdu | 恁 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 你 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 你 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 你 |
| Hakka | Ganzhou (Nankang) | 你 |
| Hakka | Dayu | 你 |
| Hakka | Dingnan | 你 |
| Hakka | Longnan | 你 |
| Hakka | Xunwu | 爾 |
| Hakka | Huichang | 恨, 爾 |
| Hakka | Chongyi | 你 |
| Hakka | Xingguo | 你 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 你 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 你 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 你 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 你 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 你 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 你 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 你 |
| Hakka | Luchuan | 你 |
| Hakka | Bobai (Shahe) | 你 |
| Hakka | Bobai (Longtan) | 你 |
| Hakka | Bobai (Lingping) | 你 |
| Hakka | Bobai (Lingjiao) | 你 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Longchuan) | 你 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 你 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 你 |
| Hakka | Singkawang | 你 |
| Hakka | Singapore (Dabu) | 你 |
| Hakka | Bangkok (Meixian) | 你 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 爾, 爾仂 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 爾, 你, 你老人家 † |
| Huizhou | Huangshan (Tunxi) | 爾, 爾仂 |
| Huizhou | Wuyuan | 爾 |
| Huizhou | Fuliang | 爾 |
| Huizhou | Dexing | 爾 |
| Huizhou | Chun'an (Qiandaohu) | 爾 |
| Huizhou | Jiande (Meicheng) | 爾 |
| Huizhou | Jiande (Shouchang) | 曾, 曾儂 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 你, 你家 † |
| Jin | Yangyuan | 你, 您 †, 你家 †, 你老人家 † |
| Jin | Datong | 你, 您兒 † |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 你, 你吶 † |
| Jin | Lüliang (Lishi) | 你, 你老兒家 † |
| Jin | Changzhi | 你 |
| Jin | Taibus (Baochang) | 你, 您 † |
| Jin | Linhe | 你, 您 †, 你老兒家 † |
| Jin | Jining | 你, 您 †, 你家 † |
| Jin | Hohhot | 你, 您 †, 您老兒家 † |
| Jin | Baotou | 你, 您 † |
| Jin | Dongsheng | 你, 您 † |
| Jin | Haibowan | 你, 您 † |
| Jin | Erenhot | 你, 您兒 † |
| Jin | Pingshan | 你 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 你, 您 †, 你老 † |
| Jin | Handan | 你, 你老人家 † |
| Jin | Linzhou | 你 |
| Jin | Suide | 你 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 你 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou (Dikou) | 你 |
| Northern Min | Songxi | 你 |
| Northern Min | Zhenghe | 你 |
| Northern Min | Zhenghe (Zhenqian) | 汝 |
| Northern Min | Jianyang | 你 |
| Northern Min | Wuyishan | 你 |
| Northern Min | Pucheng (Shibei) | 你 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 汝 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou (Changle) | 汝 |
| Eastern Min | Lianjiang | 汝 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 汝 |
| Eastern Min | Pingtan | 汝 |
| Eastern Min | Yongtai | 汝 |
| Eastern Min | Minqing | 汝 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 汝 |
| Eastern Min | Pingnan | 汝 |
| Eastern Min | Luoyuan | 汝 |
| Eastern Min | Fu'an | 汝 |
| Eastern Min | Ningde | 汝 |
| Eastern Min | Xiapu | 汝 |
| Eastern Min | Zherong | 汝 |
| Eastern Min | Shouning | 汝 |
| Eastern Min | Zhouning | 汝 |
| Eastern Min | Fuding | 汝 |
| Eastern Min | Matsu | 汝 |
| Eastern Min | Taishun | 爾 |
| Eastern Min | Cangnan | 爾 |
| Eastern Min | Singapore (Fuqing) | 汝 |
| Eastern Min | Sitiawan (Gutian) | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Nan'an | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Shishi | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Hui'an | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Anxi | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Yongchun | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Dehua | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou (Longhai) | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou (Changtai) | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Hua'an | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Nanjing | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Pinghe | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Zhangpu | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Yunxiao | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 汝 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Cijin) | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang) | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang) | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Medan (Hokkien) | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Longyan | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Zhangping | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Datian | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Guilin (Biyange) | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Batam (Teochew) | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Pontianak (Teochew) | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 汝 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 汝 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 汝 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 汝 |
| Central Min | Yong'an | 你 |
| Central Min | Sanming (Sanyuan) | 你 |
| Central Min | Sanming (Shaxian) | 你 |
| Central Min | Nanping (Wangtai, Yanping) | 你 |
| Shaojiang Min | Shaowu | 𫣴 |
| Shaojiang Min | Guangze | 𫣴 |
| Shaojiang Min | Mingxi | 你 |
| Shaojiang Min | Shunchang | 你 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 汝 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Sanxiang) | 汝 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 你 |
| Shehua | Fu'an | 你 |
| Shehua | Fuding | 你 |
| Shehua | Luoyuan | 你 |
| Shehua | Sanming | 你 |
| Shehua | Shunchang | 你 |
| Shehua | Hua'an | 你 |
| Shehua | Guixi (Zhangping) | 你 |
| Shehua | Cangnan | 你 |
| Shehua | Jingning (Hexi) | 你 |
| Shehua | Lishui | 你 |
| Shehua | Longyou | 你 |
| Shehua | Chaozhou | 你 |
| Shehua | Fengshun | 你 |
| Waxiang | Guzhang (Gaofeng) | 你 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 儂 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Songjiang) | 是奴 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Jiading) | 儂, 甚, 恆儂 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Shuangcaodun, Baoshan) | 儂 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 爾 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 倷 |
| Wu | Suzhou (Shengze, Wujiang) | 㑚 |
| Wu | Wuxi | 你 |
| Wu | Changshu | 儂 |
| Wu | Kunshan | 能 |
| Wu | Nantong (Haimen) | 你 |
| Wu | Jiaxing | 你 |
| Wu | Jiashan | 你 |
| Wu | Pinghu | 爾儂 |
| Wu | Haining (Yanguan) | 儂, 你 |
| Wu | Tongxiang | 儂 |
| Wu | Haiyan | 你 |
| Wu | Changzhou | 你 |
| Wu | Danyang | 爾 |
| Wu | Nanjing (Gaochun) | 你 |
| Wu | Huzhou | 是爾 |
| Wu | Changxing | 是爾 |
| Wu | Anji | 爾 |
| Wu | Deqing | 爾 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 你 |
| Wu | Hangzhou (Yuhang) | 儂, 是儂, 爾, 是爾 |
| Wu | Hangzhou (Lin'an) | 儂, 是儂 |
| Wu | Hangzhou (Fuyang) | 儂, 你, 爾, 是爾 |
| Wu | Hangzhou (Xiaoshan) | 爾 |
| Wu | Tonglu | 你, 是你 |
| Wu | Shaoxing | 諾 |
| Wu | Zhuji | 你 |
| Wu | Shengzhou | 儂 |
| Wu | Xinchang | 爾, 奶 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 諾, 爾, 爾諾 |
| Wu | Ningbo (Zhenhai) | 諾 |
| Wu | Ningbo (Fenghua) | 儂, 爾 |
| Wu | Yuyao | 儂 |
| Wu | Cixi | 儂 |
| Wu | Xiangshan | 爾, 像爾 |
| Wu | Ninghai | 爾, 爾儂 |
| Wu | Zhoushan | 儂 |
| Wu | Taizhou (Huangyan) | 爾 |
| Wu | Tiantai | 爾 |
| Wu | Xianju | 爾 |
| Wu | Sanmen | 爾 |
| Wu | Linhai | 爾 |
| Wu | Wenling | 爾 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 你 |
| Wu | Yueqing | 你 |
| Wu | Yongjia (Fenglin) | 你 |
| Wu | Pingyang | 你 |
| Wu | Taishun | 你 |
| Wu | Wencheng | 你 |
| Wu | Lishui | 你 |
| Wu | Qingtian | 你 |
| Wu | Jinyun | 你, 定你 |
| Wu | Wuyi (Liucheng) | 爾 |
| Wu | Songyang (Xiping) | 你 |
| Wu | Yunhe | 你 |
| Wu | Jingning | 你 |
| Wu | Qingyuan | 你 |
| Wu | Longquan | 你 |
| Wu | Quzhou | 你 |
| Wu | Suichang | 你 |
| Wu | Jiangshan | 你 |
| Wu | Changshan | 爾 |
| Wu | Kaihua | 你 |
| Wu | Longyou | 你, 你儂 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 儂 |
| Wu | Jinhua (Tangxi) | 爾, 爾儂 |
| Wu | Yiwu | 儂 |
| Wu | Yongkang | 爾 |
| Wu | Pujiang | 爾 |
| Wu | Dongyang | 爾 |
| Wu | Wuyi | 儂 |
| Wu | Lanxi | 爾, 爾儂 |
| Wu | Shangrao | 爾儂 |
| Wu | Shangrao (Guangfeng) | 爾 |
| Wu | Yushan | 恁 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 你 |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | 你 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 你 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 你 |
| Note | †: honorific | †: honorific |
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 當今, 此時, 方今, 今朝, 如今, 而今, 今$_1$, 茲, 乃今, 於今 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 現在, 現今, 現時, 當今, 此時, 此刻, 如今, 而今, 茲 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 現在, 現而今, 如今晚兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 現在 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Ulanhot | 現在 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tongliao | 現在 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 現在 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 現在 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 現在, 現如今, 現下, 現前兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 現在 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 現在 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 現在 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 現如今, 當下 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 現在, 如今, 現如今 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 這時晚兒, 現時晚兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 現在, 而今, 現如今 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 人根, 移根 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 致兒, 現在 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 眼今, 眼是, 腳底下, 現如今, 現而今 dated, 至而今 dated |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 現在 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Bayanhot | 現在 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 賈 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 眼下, 現在 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 這陣子, 這陣, 這下兒, 這個時候, 現在 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 如今, 此如今 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 這下, 這崗, 掌, 這歇, 這個時候 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 現在 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 現在 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 一寁 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 現在 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 現在 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 而今, 如今 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 而家, 家下, 家陣 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 而家, 家下, 家陣, 而家下 dated |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 那下 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 而家 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 而家 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 該時 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 家下, 那下 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 果陣 |
| Cantonese | Xinyi | 個陣 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 而家, 而卡 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 家陣, 而家 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 而家 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 而家 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 現在, 如今 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 該行崽 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 該仔, 如今 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 今下, 今仔下, 現下 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 如下 |
| Hakka | Fengshun (Tangkeng) | 今$_1$ |
| Hakka | Fengshun (Fengliang) | 今時 |
| Hakka | Fengshun (Pantian) | 今子 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 今下 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 如今 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 如今 |
| Hakka | Changting | 如今 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 今下 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 今$_1$ |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 已久 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 今子 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 如今 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 如今, 今下子 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 今底 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 如今 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 這下, 現下, 今下, 今時, 今這下 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 這下, 現下, 今嘎, 今這下 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 這下, 現下, 今這下 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 這下, 現下, 今這下, 這滿 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 這下, 現下, 今這下, 今下, 今時 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 這下, 現時, 今這下, 這滿 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 今下 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Bao'an) | 今下, 今下子, 今下仔 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Longchuan) | 今下 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 今下 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 呢下 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 爾歇 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 爾扎兒 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 如今, 而今 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 現時 |
| Jin | Taibus (Baochang) | 現在 |
| Jin | Linhe | 這咱會兒 |
| Jin | Jining | 這會兒 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 這會兒 |
| Jin | Baotou | 這會兒 |
| Jin | Dongsheng | 這會兒 |
| Jin | Haibowan | 如今 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 迦今, 今迦, 現刻 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou (Dikou) | 迦 |
| Northern Min | Zhenghe (Zhenqian) | 迦 |
| Northern Min | Wuyishan | 今下 |
| Northern Min | Pucheng (Shibei) | 迦, 今下 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 現時, 現刻, 現在, 現今, 仱, 今旦日 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 現時 |
| Eastern Min | Ningde | 現在, 仱 |
| Eastern Min | Fuding | 足古 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 這陣, 這滿, 這輒仔, 這輒, 這站仔, 這站, 這幫, 現主時, 現時, 今$_2$, 這氣 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 這陣, 這站仔, 這站, 這幫, 現主時, 現時, 現當今, 今$_2$, 際, 這氣 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 這陣, 這輒仔, 這輒, 這站仔, 這站, 這幫, 現主時, 現時, 現主在, 現在, 現曾, 今$_2$, 這氣 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou (Changtai) | 現主清 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 這陣, 這馬, 現在 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 這馬 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 這馬 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 今$_2$, 這時, 這陣, 這馬 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 今$_2$, 這陣, 這馬 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 這陣, 這馬, 這路尾 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 這馬, 這陣 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 這馬 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 今$_2$, 這時, 這陣, 這馬, 這站, 現主時, 現這馬, 現步 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 這馬 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 這陣, 這馬 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 這陣 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 這陣, 今$_2$, 這馬 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 今仔, 當今 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 這陣, 這時, 當今, 這久, 這馬 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 這陣, 現時, 現在, 現主時, 這際, 這時 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 此在, 現在, 現時, 只陣 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 現在, 現時, 只陣, 只回, 此在, 眼在 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 此在, 只陣 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 此在, 只時, 只回, 只陣 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 現在 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 只陣, 當今 |
| Southern Min | Pontianak (Teochew) | 只旦 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 現旦 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 現旦 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 現旦 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 現旦 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 今$_2$, 即下, 現時 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang) | 今$_2$, 現時 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang) | 即下, 現時 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu) | 今$_2$, 即下, 現時 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 今$_2$, 即下, 現時 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Fengting) | 今$_2$, 現時 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Youyang) | 今$_2$, 即下, 現時 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 而今 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 現在, 乃, 葛歇, 搿歇, 搿個辰光, 迭歇, 迭個辰光 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 那末 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 現在, 姑歇, 哀歇, 該歇 |
| Wu | Danyang | 格歇候, 格娘收, 現在 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 記歇 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 恁界, 恁仰界 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 格孑 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 如今, 如至今, 如嶄, 現在 |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | 咯如在 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 而界, 如今 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 侯基 |
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 惟, 為, 乃 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 是, 係 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 是 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 是 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 是 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 是 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 是 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 是 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 是 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 是 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 是 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 是 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 是 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 是 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 是 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 係 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 係 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 係 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 係 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 係 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 係 |
| Cantonese | Maoming (Xinpo) | 係 |
| Cantonese | Wuchuan (Wuyang) | 是 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 係 |
| Cantonese | Penang (Guangfu) | 係 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 係 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 是 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 係 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 係 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 係 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 係 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Meilin) | 係 |
| Hakka | Zijin | 係 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 係 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 係 |
| Hakka | Changting | 係 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 係 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 係 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 係 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 係 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 係 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 係 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 係 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 係 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 係 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 係 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 係 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 係 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 係 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 係 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 係 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 係 |
| Hakka | Singapore (Dabu) | 係 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 是 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 是 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 是 |
| Eastern Min | Singapore (Fuqing) | 是 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 是 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 是 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 是 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 是 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 是 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 是 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 是 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 是 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 是 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 是 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 是 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 是 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 是 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 是 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 是 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 是 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 是 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 是 |
| Southern Min | Datian | 是 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 是 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 是 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 是 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 是 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 是 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 是 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 是 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 是 |
| Southern Min | Qionghai | 是 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 是 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 是 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 是, 正是 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 是 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Songjiang) | 是 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Zhoupu, Pudong) | 是 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Jiading) | 是 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Shuangcaodun, Baoshan) | 是 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Luodian, Baoshan) | 是 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 是 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 是 |
| Wu | Suzhou (Wujiang) | 是 |
| Wu | Wuxi | 是 |
| Wu | Changshu | 是 |
| Wu | Kunshan | 是 |
| Wu | Taicang | 是 |
| Wu | Qidong | 是 |
| Wu | Haimen (Sijia) | 是 |
| Wu | Jiaxing | 是 |
| Wu | Jiashan | 是 |
| Wu | Pinghu | 是 |
| Wu | Haining (Yanguan) | 是 |
| Wu | Tongxiang | 是 |
| Wu | Haiyan | 是 |
| Wu | Changzhou | 是 |
| Wu | Liyang | 是 |
| Wu | Changzhou (Jintan) | 是 |
| Wu | Yixing | 是 |
| Wu | Danyang | 是 |
| Wu | Jingjiang | 是 |
| Wu | Jiangyin | 是 |
| Wu | Nanjing (Gaochun) | 是 |
| Wu | Huzhou | 是 |
| Wu | Changxing | 是 |
| Wu | Anji | 是 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 是 |
| Wu | Hangzhou (Yuhang) | 是 |
| Wu | Hangzhou (Lin'an) | 是 |
| Wu | Hangzhou (Fuyang) | 是 |
| Wu | Hangzhou (Xiaoshan) | 是 |
| Wu | Tonglu | 是 |
| Wu | Tonglu (Wusheng) | 是 |
| Wu | Shaoxing | 是 |
| Wu | Zhuji | 是 |
| Wu | Shengzhou | 是 |
| Wu | Xinchang | 是 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 是 |
| Wu | Ningbo (Zhenhai) | 是 |
| Wu | Ningbo (Fenghua) | 是 |
| Wu | Yuyao | 是 |
| Wu | Cixi | 是 |
| Wu | Xiangshan | 是 |
| Wu | Ninghai | 是 |
| Wu | Zhoushan | 是 |
| Wu | Tiantai | 是 |
| Wu | Xianju | 是 |
| Wu | Sanmen | 是 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 是 |
| Wu | Yueqing | 是 |
| Wu | Lishui | 是 |
| Wu | Longquan | 是 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 是 |
| Wu | Yiwu | 是 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 是 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 是 |

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Cantonese (Taishan, Wiktionary): nai$^4$ / nai$^{4*}$
* Cantonese
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: nai$^4$ / nai$^{4*}$
*** Sinological IPA : /ⁿdai²¹/, /ⁿdai²¹⁻²¹⁵/

#### Definitions

乃
* (Taishanese, colloquial) Alternative form of 哪 (“which; where”)

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): nai$^3$ / nae$^3$
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: nai$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /nai⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: nai$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /nai³³²/
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: nae$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /nɛ⁴⁵³/

#### Definitions

乃
* (Puxian Min) an interjection for response
* (Puxian Min) why
* (Puxian Min) what to do
    叫我卜乃？ [Puxian Min] ― gieo$^4$ gua$^3$ boh$^6$ nai$^3$? [Pouseng Ping'ing] ― What do you want me to do?
* (Puxian Min) how

### Compounds

* 乃今 (nǎijīn)
* 乃公
* 乃則爾巴格／乃则尔巴格 (Nǎizé'ěr Bāgé)
* 乃可
* 乃始
* 乃心王室
* 乃文乃武
* 乃是 (nǎishì)
* 乃武乃文
* 乃父
* 乃爾／乃尔 (nǎi'ěr)
* 乃眷
* 乃祖
* 乃翁
* 乃者
* 乃至 (nǎizhì)
* 乃若
* 乃蠻／乃蛮
* 告訴乃論／告诉乃论 (gàosùnǎilùn)
* 康乃馨 (kāngnǎixīn)
* 有容乃大
* 木乃伊
* 楊乃武／杨乃武
* 欸乃
* 欸乃曲
* 毋乃 (wúnǎi)
* 況乃／况乃
* 無乃／无乃 (wúnǎi)
* 若乃
* 請求乃論／请求乃论

### References

* 莆田市政协文化文史和学习委员会 [Culture, History and Learning Committee of Putian CPPCC], editor (2021), “乃”, in 莆仙方言大词典 [Comprehensive Dictionary of Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 393.
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “乃”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 162.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* from
* possessive particle
* whereupon
* accordingly
* you

#### Readings

* Go-on: ない (nai)
* Kan-on: だい (dai)
* On: え (e)
* Kun: お (o, 乃)、すなわち (sunawachi, 乃ち)、なんじ (nanji, 乃)、の (no, 乃)
* Nanori: おさむ (osamu)、のり (nori)
Alternative reading as in 欸乃, compare Mandarin ǎoǎi, Cantonese oi$^1$ oi$^2$:
* Go-on: あい (ai)
* Kan-on: あい (ai)

### See also

* 之
* の

## Korean
### Hanja

乃 (eumhun 이에 내 (ie nae))
* hanja form of 내 (“then”)
* hanja form of 내 (“really, indeed”)
* hanja form of 내 (“as it turned out, after all”)

#### References

* Naver Hanja Dictionary: 乃

## Old Korean
### Alternative forms

* 言利, 曰利 (logographic variant)

### Verb

乃 (*nwoy-)
* to speak; to say
** c. 1250, Interpretive gugyeol glosses to the Golden Light Sutra:佛[言]善男子$^良$五種法依PWUTHYE-n nwoy-si-l SYEN.NAM.CO-ya WO.CYONG.PEP-ur UY[?]-aAs for the Buddha, his [honored] sayings: "O good men! Rely on the Five Laws, and..."(N.B. Gugyeol glyphs are given in non-abbreviated forms. Bracketed terms were ignored when read.)

#### Descendants

* Korean: 뇌다 (noeda, “to say repeatedly”)
* ⇒ Korean: 되뇌다 (doenoeda, “to repeat the same thing”)
* ⇒ Korean: 뇌까리다 (noekkarida, “to say whatever comes to mind”)

### Further reading

* 남풍현 (Nam Pung-hyeon) (2018) “ko:<願往生歌>의 새로운 解讀 [A new reading of the Wonwangsaeng-ga]”, in Gugyeol Yeon'gu, volume 41, pages 5-27
* 황선엽 (Hwang Seon-yeop) (2009) 釋讀口訣辭典 [Dictionary of interpretive gugyeol], Taehaksa, →ISBN
* 이병기 (Yi Byeong-gi) (2014) “구결자료의 어휘 [gugyeoljaryoui eohwi, Vocabulary in the gugyeol sources]”, in Gugyeol Yeon'gu, volume 33, pages 23–61

## Vietnamese
### Han character

乃: Hán Việt readings: nãi, ái
乃: Nôm readings: náy, nãy, nảy, nải, nấy, nới
* chữ Hán form of nãi (“but; then”).
* chữ Hán form of nãi (“you”).

#### References

* 1 2 Génibrel (1898).
* 1 2 Thiều Chửu (1942).
* ↑ Nguyễn (1974).
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hồ (1976).
* ↑ Trần (1999).
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* ↑ Bonet (1899).