# kanaka
## English
### Alternative forms

* Kanaka

### Etymology

1840. From Hawaiian kanaka (“person”), ultimately from Proto-Polynesian *taŋata.

### Noun

kanaka (plural kanakas or kanaka)
* A person of Hawaiian descent.
** 2004 October 29, Peter Wong, “Interracial-marriage ban used in Measure 36 comparisons”, in Statesman Journal, volume 152, number 214, Salem, OR, page 2A:It was considered one of the nation’s strictest bans because of the reference to Kanakas – native Hawaiians – and because Nevada was the only other state to add Chinese.
** 2010, Mike Farris, Kanaka Blues, Savant Books and Publications, page 21:"Who was the call from?" "I don't know. Sound like a kanaka though.” When Erin frowned, he added, “A Hawaiian, like me.”
* (historical) A South Pacific Islander, especially a labourer in Australia or Canada.
** 1912, Arthur Berriedale Keith, Responsible Government in the Dominions, Volume II‎, page 1098:There remains one case to be considered, that of the deportation of the Kanakas who were introduced into Queensland for the purpose of work on the sugar plantations. […] It was, however, felt in the south that a white Australia was essential, and the Commonwealth passed in 1901 an Act (No. 16) which arranged for the deportation of all Kanakas within a few years.
** 1921, W. Somerset Maugham, “Red”, in The Trembling of a Leaf: Little Stories of the South Sea Islands, The Floating Press, published 2011, page 47:The Kanaka at the wheel gave him a glance, but did not speak.
** 1933, Cambridge History of the British Empire, Part I, Volume VII, Cambridge University Press, Reissued 1988, Ernest Scott (editor), Australia, Volume 1, Cambridge University Press, page 313,
    So long as the Kanakas remained, white labour in Queensland went into the mills, from which the Kanakas were excluded, rather than into the cane brakes. Slowly, however, the change proceeded. […] The gentleman planter, owning broad estates worked by Kanaka gangs, crushing and refining his own sugar after a fashion in the plantation mill, was by that time obsolescent. Though the small farmers into whose hands the plantations were divided might employ a Kanaka or two, no Kanaka might own land.

#### Descendants

* → French: canaque
** → English: Kanak
* → German: Kanake

#### See also

* Canaque
* Canuck
* Kanak
* Kanake (German)

## Hawaiian
### Etymology

From Proto-Polynesian *taŋata, cognate with Maori tangata. Doublet of kaʻaka.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kaˈna.ka/, [kəˈnɐ.kə]

### Noun

kanaka (irregular plural kānaka)
* human being
* subject, retainer
* a Hawaiian

#### Descendants

* → Hawaiian Creole: kanak
* → Chinook Jargon: kanaka (or via English)
* → English: kanaka
** → French: canaque
*** → English: Kanak
** → German: Kanake

### References

* Pukui, Mary Kawena, Elbert, Samuel H. (1986) “kanaka”, in Hawaiian Dictionary, revised & enlarged edition, Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai'i Press, →ISBN, page 127

## Javanese
### Romanization

kanaka
* Romanization of ꦏꦤꦏ

## Tok Pisin
### Etymology

Probably from German Kanake (see other entries on this page for more).

### Noun

kanaka
* aborigine; native; tribesman

#### Derived terms

* bus kanaka/buskanaka

#### See also

* tokples