# 績

| 績 | U+7E3E, &#32318; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7E3E |
| ← 總 [U+7E3D] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 縿 → [U+7E3F] |

## Translingual
### Han character

績 (Kangxi radical 120, 糸+11, 17 strokes, cangjie input 女火手一金 (VFQMC), four-corner 2598$_6$, composition ⿰糹責)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 936, character 23
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 27845
* Dae Jaweon: page 1376, character 1
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3441, character 1
* Unihan data for U+7E3E

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 債 | *ʔsreːɡs, *ʔsreːɡ |
| 積 | *ʔseɡs, *ʔseɡ |
| 刺 | *sʰeɡs, *sʰeɡ |
| 莿 | *sʰeːɡs, *raːds |
| 㓨 | *sʰeɡs |
| 朿 | *sʰeɡs |
| 漬 | *zeɡs |
| 耫 | *zraːd, *zreːɡ |
| 嘖 | *ʔsraːɡ, *ʔsreːɡ, *zreːɡ |
| 梀 | *sreːɡ, *sʰloːɡ, *sloːɡ, *l̥ʰoɡ |
| 捒 | *sreːɡ, *sroɡs, *sroɡs |
| 幘 | *ʔsreːɡ |
| 簀 | *ʔsreːɡ |
| 嫧 | *ʔsreːɡ, *sʰreːɡ, *sʰeɡ |
| 謮 | *ʔsreːɡ |
| 責 | *ʔsreːɡ |
| 皟 | *sʰreːɡ |
| 憡 | *sʰreːɡ |
| 策 | *sʰreːɡ |
| 筴 | *sʰreːɡ, *kreːb, *keːb |
| 拺 | *sʰreːɡ, *sreːɡ |
| 賾 | *zreːɡ |
| 鰿 | *zreːɡ, *ʔseɡ |
| 擌 | *sreːɡ |
| 蹟 | *ʔseɡ |
| 襀 | *ʔseɡ |
| 磧 | *sʰeɡ |
| 洓 | *sʰeɡ |
| 績 | *ʔseːɡ |
| 勣 | *ʔseːɡ |
| 樍 | *ʔseːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔseːɡ) : semantic 糸 (“thread”) + phonetic 責 (OC *ʔsreːɡ) – to spin thread.

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jì, jī
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧˋ, ㄐㄧ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zik$^1$ / zek$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chit
    (Hailu, HRS): zid
    (Meixian, Guangdong): jid$^5$
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): zih$^6$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chek / chiak / chit / cheh
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zêh$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jì
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jì
*** Wade–Giles: chi$^4$
*** Yale: jì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jih
*** Palladius: цзи (czi)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jī
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ji
*** Wade–Giles: chi$^1$
*** Yale: jī
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ji
*** Palladius: цзи (czi)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zik$^1$ / zek$^3$
*** Yale: jīk / jek
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzik$^7$ / dzek$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: jig$^1$ / zég$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɪk̚⁵/, /t͡sɛːk̚³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chit
*** Hakka Romanization System: jid$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: jid$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sit̚²/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: jid$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sit̚¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: zid
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sit⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: zih$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siʔ¹/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: zih$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siʔ²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chek
*** Tâi-lô: tsik
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zeg
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡siɪk̚³²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiak
*** Tâi-lô: tsiak
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ciag
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡siak̚⁵/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chit
*** Tâi-lô: tsit
*** Phofsit Daibuun: cid
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sit̚⁵/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: cheh
*** Tâi-lô: tseh
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zeq
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen): /t͡seʔ³²/
* chek/chiak — literary ("achievement");
* chit — common variant (俗);
* cheh — vernacular ("to spin into thread").
* Middle Chinese: tsek
Rime :
| Character | 績 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 精 (13) |
| Final (韻) | 錫 (127) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | IV |
| Fanqie | 則歷切 |
| Baxter | tsek |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡sek̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡sek̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡sɛk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡sɛjk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡sek̚/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡siek̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡siek̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | ji |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zik$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ts]ˤek/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ʔseːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 績 | 績 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jī | jì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsek › | ‹ tsek › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ts]ˁek/ | /*[ts]ˁek/ |
| English | twist, spin | achieve; achievement |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 績 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 1782 |
| Phonetic component | 朿 |
| Rime group | 錫 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 績 |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔseːɡ/ |

#### Definitions

績
* to spin hemp into thread
* achievement; accomplishment
    alt. forms: 勣／𪟝 (jì)

#### Compounds

* 丕績／丕绩
* 佳績／佳绩 (jiājì)
* 偉績／伟绩 (wěijì)
* 功績／功绩 (gōngjì)
* 功績制／功绩制
* 勞績／劳绩 (láojì)
* 勛績／勋绩 (xūnjì)
* 實績／实绩 (shíjì)
* 庶績／庶绩
* 懋績／懋绩
* 成績／成绩 (chéngjì)
* 成績單／成绩单 (chéngjìdān)
* 成績平平／成绩平平
* 成績斐然／成绩斐然
* 戰績／战绩 (zhànjì)
* 政績／政绩 (zhèngjì)
* 敗績／败绩 (bàijì)
* 敬姜猶績／敬姜犹绩
* 業績／业绩 (yèjì)
* 殊勛異績／殊勋异绩
* 殊勛茂績／殊勋茂绩
* 汗馬之績／汗马之绩
* 汗馬功績／汗马功绩
* 治績／治绩
* 清績／清绩
* 紡績／纺绩 (fǎngjì)
* 紡績井臼／纺绩井臼
* 紡績器／纺绩器
* 績優／绩优
* 績優股／绩优股 (jìyōugǔ)
* 績學／绩学
* 績效／绩效 (jìxiào)
* 績效不彰／绩效不彰
* 績效斐然／绩效斐然
* 績用／绩用
* 績緒／绩绪
* 績麻拈苧／绩麻拈苎
* 考績／考绩 (kǎojì)
* 考績幽明／考绩幽明
* 考績黜陟／考绩黜陟
* 茂績／茂绩
* 著績／著绩
* 蠶績蟹匡／蚕绩蟹匡 (cánjìxièkuāng)
* 豐功偉績／丰功伟绩 (fēnggōngwěijì)
* 針黹紡績／针黹纺绩

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): za$^5$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chioh
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: za$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sa²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chioh
*** Tâi-lô: tsioh
*** Phofsit Daibuun: cioiq
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sioʔ³²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sioʔ⁵/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sioʔ³²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sioʔ³²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡siɤʔ³²/

#### Definitions

績 (Southern Min)
* (Hokkien, Puxian Min) to spin hemp into thread for weaving

#### Compounds

* 拍棉績／拍棉绩
* 棉績／棉绩
* 棉績被／棉绩被
* 棉績裘／棉绩裘
* 秧績／秧绩
* 秧績埕／秧绩埕
* 經績／经绩
* 績䶓／绩䶓

### References

* 莆田市政协文化文史和学习委员会 [Culture, History and Learning Committee of Putian CPPCC], editor (2021), “绩”, in 莆仙方言大词典 [Comprehensive Dictionary of Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 563.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)
* to spin thread or yarn

#### Readings

* Go-on: しゃく (shaku)
* Kan-on: せき (seki, Jōyō)
* Kun: うむ (umu, 績む)

## Korean
### Hanja

績 • (jeok) (hangeul 적, revised jeok, McCune–Reischauer chŏk, Yale cek)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

績: Hán Nôm readings: tích
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.