# توبال
## Arabic
### Alternative forms

* طُوبَال (ṭūbāl), طُوفَال (ṭūfāl)

### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian توبال (tūbāl).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tuː.baːl/

### Noun

تُوبَال • (tūbāl) m
* (obsolete) flakes, what falls off from copper or iron or another metal due to it being hammered – that of copper yore was mixed into hydromel against phlegm, that of iron used in eye remedies and against ulcers

#### Declension
### References

* Freytag, Georg (1830) “توبال”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎ (in Latin), volume 1, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 185
* Käs, Fabian (2010) Die Mineralien in der arabischen Pharmakognosie. Eine Konkordanz zur mineralischen Materia medica der klassischen arabischen Heilmittelkunde nebst überlieferungsgeschichtlichen Studien (Akademie der Wissenschaften und Literatur · Mainz · Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission; 54) (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, pages 350–356
* Kazimirski, Albin de Biberstein (1860) “توبال”, in Dictionnaire arabe-français contenant toutes les racines de la langue arabe, leurs dérivés, tant dans l’idiome vulgaire que dans l’idiome littéral, ainsi que les dialectes d’Alger et de Maroc‎ (in French), volume 1, Paris: Maisonneuve et C$^{ie}$, page 192a
* Lane, Edward William (1863) “توبال”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate, page 296c
* Levey, Martin, Al-Khaledy, Noury (1967) The Medical Formulary of Al-Samarqandi: And the Relation of Early Arabic Simples to Those Found in the Indigenous Medicine of the Near East and India, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, →DOI, page 237
* مروان بن جناح [Marwān ibn Janāḥ] (a. 1050) Gerrit Bos, Fabian Käs, editors, كتاب التلخيص [kitāb at-talḵīṣ] [On the Nomenclature of Medicinal Drugs] (in Arabic), Leiden: Brill, published 2020, →DOI, →ISBN, pages 1126 Nr. 1007 fol. 83r,14–16
* Vázquez de Benito, María Concepción, Herrera, María Teresa (1989) Los arabismos de los textos médicos latinos y castellanos de la Edad Media y de la Modernidad, Madrid: CSIC, page 276

## Persian
### Alternative forms

* توپال (tūpāl)

### Etymology

From Akkadian 𒆳𒋫𒁀𒇷 ($^{KUR}$ta-ba-li /⁠Tabalu⁠/), as also Biblical Hebrew תֻּבַל (tuḇal) (in Genesis 10:2 and elsewhere) and תּוּבַל (tuḇal) (Genesis 4:22 explained as a figure forging the tools for all artificers), ultimately the name of the Tabal state.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [tuː.ˈβɑːl]

### Noun

توبال • (tūbāl)
* (obsolete) metal flakes, dross, filings

#### References

* Haschmi, Mohamed Yahia (1966) “Die geologischen und mineralogischen Kenntnisse bei Ibn Sīnā”, in Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft‎ (in German), volume 116, page 55, leaning upon Levey, Martin (1959) Chemistry and chemical technology in Ancient Mesopotamia, Amsterdam · London · New York · Princeton: Elsevier · D. Van Nostrand, page 200
* Vullers, Johann August (1855) “توبال”, in Lexicon Persico-Latinum etymologicum cum linguis maxime cognatis Sanscrita et Zendica et Pehlevica comparatum, e lexicis persice scriptis Borhâni Qâtiu, Haft Qulzum et Bahâri agam et persico-turcico Farhangi-Shuûrî confectum, adhibitis etiam Castelli, Meninski, Richardson et aliorum operibus et auctoritate scriptorum Persicorum adauctum‎ (in Latin), volume I, Gießen: J. Ricker, page 476a