OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# torturer
## English
### Etymology

From torture +‎ -er.

### Pronunciation

* This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA or enPR then please add some!
* Audio (Southern England):(file)

### Noun

torturer (plural torturers)
* Someone who tortures.
** 1595 December 9 (first known performance), [William Shakespeare], The Tragedie of King Richard the Second. […] (First Quarto), London: […] Valentine Simmes for Androw Wise, […], published 1597, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii], signature F3, recto:I play the torturer by ſmall and ſmall / To lengthen out the worſt that muſt be ſpoken: […]
** 1816 June – 1817 April/May (date written), [Mary Shelley], chapter V, in Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus. […], volume III, London: […] [Macdonald and Son] for Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mavor, & Jones, published 1 January 1818, →OCLC, page 102:My destruction might indeed arrive a few months sooner; but if my torturer should suspect that I postponed it, influenced by his menaces, he would surely find other, and perhaps more dreadful means of revenge.
** 1876, James John Garth Wilkinson, On Human Science: Good and Evil, and on Divine Revelation:The torturers of any form of life torture the life. In this they are not only abominators of form, but haters of nature; and the violationist school is misozoic, life-hating; in continuation of that which it also is, misanthropic, or an enemy of mankind.

#### Translations
## Danish
### Noun

torturer c
* indefinite plural of tortur

## French
### Etymology

From torture +‎ -er.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tɔʁ.ty.ʁe/
* Audio:(file)

### Verb

torturer
* to torture

#### Related terms

* tortureur

### Further reading

* “torturer”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Verb

torturer
* imperative of torturere
# ariki
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Maori ariki, Proto-Polynesian *qariki.

### Noun

ariki (plural arikis)
* A person having a hereditary chiefly or noble rank in Polynesia.

## Ainu
### Alternative forms

* araki

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /àꜛɾíkʲí/

### Verb

ariki (Kana spelling アリキ)
* plural of ek

## Maori
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Polynesian *qariki.

### Noun

ariki
* paramount chief of a tribe, the most senior by descent of the rangatira (chiefs) of the tribe
* first-born male or female in a family of high rank
* leader

#### Descendants

* English: ariki

### References

* “ariki” in John C. Moorfield, Te Aka: Maori–English, English–Maori Dictionary and Index, 3rd edition, Longman/Pearson Education New Zealand, 2011, →ISBN.
# stĺpmi
## Slovak
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈstl̩ːpmi]

### Noun

stĺpmi
* instrumental plural of stĺp
# autonominavi
## Italian
### Verb

autonominavi
* second-person singular imperfect indicative of autonominarsi
# autonominerebbero
## Italian
### Verb

autonominerebbero
* third-person plural conditional of autonominarsi
# autonomineremmo
## Italian
### Verb

autonomineremmo
* first-person plural conditional of autonominarsi
# Pornografiesucht
## German
### Alternative forms

* Pornographiesucht
* Pornosucht

### Etymology

From Pornografie (“pornography”) +‎ Sucht (“addction”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˌpɔʁnoɡʁaˈfiːzʊxt/, [-zʊχt]
* Rhymes: -ʊxt, -ʊχt
* Hyphenation: Por‧no‧gra‧fie‧sucht

### Noun

Pornografiesucht f (genitive Pornografiesucht, no plural)
* pornography addiction
** 2018 April 12, “Vom Wert christlicher Werte”, in Dolomiten, page 8:Die zunehmende Pornografiesucht zeigt ganz deutlich, wohin die Reise geht, sagt Kuby und verweist auf die Gefahr der Neuen Medien, in denen Kinder von klein auf sexualisiert werden.The increasing addiction to pornography shows clearly where things are headed, says Kuby, pointing to the danger of new media, in which children are sexualized from an early age.

#### Derived terms

* pornografiesüchtig

### Further reading

* “Pornografiesucht” in Uni Leipzig: Wortschatz-Lexikon
# 𑀛𑀫𑀸𑀮
## Prakrit
### Etymology

Perhaps from Ashokan Prakrit *𑀛𑀫𑁆𑀫𑁆 (*jhamm).

### Noun

𑀛𑀫𑀸𑀮 (jhamāla) n (Devanagari झमाल)
* illusion, trickery, magic

#### Descendants

* Old Gujarati: झमाल (jhamāla)

### References

* ↑ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “jhamm”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 295
* ↑ Ernest Bender (1951) Nalarāyadavadantīcarita, Independence Square, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, page 351.
* ↑ Sheth, Hargovind Das T[rikamcand] (1923–1928) “झमाल”, in पाइअ-सद्द-महण्णवो (in Hindi), Calcutta: [Published by the Author], page 366.
# floghera
## English
### Etymology

From Greek φλογέρα (flogéra). Doublet of fujara.

### Noun

floghera
* (music) A Greek folk instrument of the end-blown flute family; a simple form of recorder.

#### Further reading

* floghera on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
# 關稅
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): guānshuì
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄢ ㄕㄨㄟˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gwaan$^1$ seoi$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): koan-sòe / koan-sè / koan-sèr
    (Teochew, Peng'im): guêng$^1$ suê$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: guānshuì
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄢ ㄕㄨㄟˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: guanshuèi
*** Wade–Giles: kuan$^1$-shui$^4$
*** Yale: gwān-shwèi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guanshuey
*** Palladius: гуаньшуй (guanʹšuj)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku̯än⁵⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gwaan$^1$ seoi$^3$
*** Yale: gwāan seui
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gwaan$^1$ soey$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: guan$^1$ sêu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʷaːn⁵⁵ sɵy̯³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: koan-sòe
*** Tâi-lô: kuan-suè
*** Phofsit Daibuun: koansoex
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kuan⁴⁴⁻²² sue²¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kuan⁴⁴⁻³³ sue²¹/
** (Hokkien: Taipei, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: koan-sè
*** Tâi-lô: kuan-sè
*** Phofsit Daibuun: koansex
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kuan⁴⁴⁻²² se²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kuan⁴⁴⁻³³ se¹¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: koan-sèr
*** Tâi-lô: kuan-sèr
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kuan³³ sə⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: guêng$^1$ suê$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kueng suè
*** Sinological IPA : /kueŋ³³⁻²³ sue²¹³/

### Noun

關稅
* customs duty; tariff

#### Derived terms

* 保護關稅／保护关税 (bǎohù guānshuì)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 関税(かんぜい) (kanzei)
* → Korean: 관세(關稅) (gwanse)
* → Vietnamese: quan thuế (關稅)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 關 | 稅 |
| かん Hyōgai | ぜい Hyōgai |
| on'yomi | kan'yōon |

### Noun

關(かん)稅(ぜい) • (kanzei)
* Kyūjitai form of 関税

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 關 | 稅 |

### Noun

關稅 • (gwanse) (hangeul 관세)
* hanja form of 관세

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 關 | 稅 |

### Noun

關稅
* chữ Hán form of quan thuế.
# evrimi
## Turkish
### Noun

evrimi
* inflection of evrim:
** definite accusative singular
** third-person singular possessive singular
# nazistregimerna
## Swedish
### Noun

nazistregimerna
* definite plural of nazistregim
# krčag
## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kъrčagъ, compare to Russian корчага, Slovak krčah.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kř̩t͡ʃaɡ/
* Hyphenation: kr‧čag

### Noun

kr̀čag m (Cyrillic spelling кр̀чаг)
* jug, pitcher

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “krčag”, in Hrvatski jezični portal (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2024
# rasistregimer
## Swedish
### Noun

rasistregimer
* indefinite plural of rasistregim
# talibanregimers
## Swedish
### Noun

talibanregimers
* indefinite genitive plural of talibanregim
# regimmotståndaren
## Swedish
### Noun

regimmotståndaren
* definite singular of regimmotståndare
# απόβλητου
## Greek
### Adjective

απόβλητου • (apóvlitou)
* genitive masculine/neuter singular of απόβλητος (apóvlitos)
# leikfang
## Icelandic
### Etymology

From Old Norse leikfang (“wrestling; a plaything”), compare leikur (“a game”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈleiːkˌfauŋk/

### Noun

leikfang n (genitive singular leikfangs, nominative plural leikföng)
* toy, plaything
    Synonym: dót
* (archaic) wrestling

#### See also

* gestaþraut
* þraut

### References

* ↑ leikfang
# vonast eftir
## Icelandic
### Verb

vonast eftir
* to expect something, to await something, to hope for something [with dative]
    Varstu að vonast eftir einhverju?Were you hoping for something?
    Hann vonast eftir samningi.He expects a contract.
# rassskella
## Icelandic
### Etymology

From rass (“ass/arse”) +‎ skella (“to slam, to slap”).

### Verb

rassskella (weak verb, third-person singular past indicative rassskellti, supine rassskellt)
* to spank to slap on the ass [with accusative]
    Ekki rassskella barnið!Don't spank the child!

#### Synonyms

* (spank): flengja, rassa (rare)
# didzé
## Navajo
### Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *giʼgə. Cognates include South Slavey jíye.

### Noun

didzé
* berry

#### Alternative forms

* dzidzé

#### Derived terms

* didzéchííʼ (“cherry”)
* dzidzé łikaní dinilchííʼígíí (“raspberry”)
# sovnet
## Norwegian Bokmål
### Alternative forms

* sovna

### Verb

sovnet
* inflection of sovne:
** simple past
** past participle
# 弓兵
## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 弓 | 兵 |
| きゅう Grade: 2 | へい Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi | on'yomi |

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) きゅうへー [kyúꜜùhèè] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [kʲɨːhe̞ː]

### Noun

弓(きゅう)兵(へい) • (kyūhei)
* archer; a soldier who mainly fights using archery

#### See also

* 射手
# vök
## Icelandic
### Etymology

From Old Norse vǫk, from Proto-Germanic *wakwō.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /vœːk/
    Rhymes: -œːk

### Noun

vök f (genitive singular vakar, nominative plural vakir)
* (hydrology) a hole in the ice, a polynya
* (nephology) a break or an opening in clouds

#### Derived terms

* afætuvök
* álfavök
* brunnvök
* brynningarvök
* dorgarvök
* eiga í vök að verjast (“to be in a tight spot”)
* heiðríkjuvök
* ísvök
* selavök
* smávök
* skýjavök
* vakarbarmur
* vakarskör
* veiðivök
# þver-
## Icelandic
### Prefix

þver-
* cross-, intersecting
# þvert í gegnum
## Icelandic
### Preposition

þvert í gegnum
* through
# gratisan
## Indonesian
### Etymology

From gratis +‎ -an.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Indonesian) IPA: /ɡraˈtisan/ [ɡraˈt̪i.san]
* Rhymes: -isan
* Syllabification: gra‧ti‧san

### Adjective

gratisan
* (colloquial) Synonym of gratis
# thòi
## Khiamniungan Naga
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tʰoi³¹/

### Verb

thòi
* (Patsho) push
# thòikhūa
## Khiamniungan Naga
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tʰoi³¹kʰua³³/

### Verb

thòikhūa
* (Patsho) push away
# tāngkǖhùojî
## Khiamniungan Naga
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /taŋ³³kə³³huo³¹tʃi⁵²/

### Noun

tāngkǖhùojî
* (Patsho) Clerodendrum chinense; Chinese glory-bower
# باسبور
## North Levantine Arabic
### Alternative forms

* پاسپور (paspōr, alternate spelling)

### Etymology

From French passeport

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pas.pɔːr/, [bas.boːr]

### Noun

باسبور • (paspōr) m (plural باسبورات (paspōrāt))
* passport
# Mengkasar
## Indonesian
### Etymology

From Malay Mengkasar, from Makasar Mangkasaraʼ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /məŋˈkasar/
* Hyphenation: Meng‧ka‧sar

### Proper noun

Mengkasar
* Obsolete form of Makassar.

## Malay
### Etymology

From Makasar Mangkasaraʼ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /məŋˈkasar/
* Hyphenation: Meng‧ka‧sar

### Proper noun

Mengkasar (Jawi spelling مڠکاسر)
* Obsolete form of Makassar.
    Setelah bertemu dengan kelengkapan Mengkasar lalu berperang berlanggar-langgaran.After meeting with the Makassar equipment, they fought side by side.
# arlot
## Catalan
### Etymology

Uncertain, probably related to Old French arlot (“rascal”). Compare Italian arlotto (“beggar”) and English harlot.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [ərˈlɔt]
* IPA: (Valencia) [aɾˈlɔt]

### Noun

arlot m (plural arlots or arlotz)
* pimp
    Synonym: macarró
* (informal) boy, lad
    Synonyms: fadrí, minyó

#### Derived terms

* al·lot

### Further reading

* “arlot” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
* “arlot” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.

## Old French
### Alternative forms

* herlot

### Etymology

Of obscure origin. Likely to be ultimately of Germanic origin, either from a derivation of *harjaz (“army; camp; warrior; military leader”) or from a diminutive of *karilaz (“man; fellow”).

### Noun

arlot oblique singular, m (oblique plural arloz or arlotz, nominative singular arloz or arlotz, nominative plural arlot)
* rascal; scoundrel

#### Descendants

* Catalan: arlot
* Middle English: harlot
** English: harlot
* Italian: arlotto
* Spanish: arlote

### Further reading

* Godefroy, Frédéric, Dictionnaire de l’ancienne langue française et de tous ses dialectes du IX$^e$ au XV$^e$ siècle (1881) (arlot)
# pinruang
## Makasar
### Etymology

piN- (“multiplier prefix”) +‎ rua (“two”)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [pinˈruaŋ]

### Adverb

pinruang (Lontara spelling ᨄᨗᨑᨘᨕ)
* twice

#### Coordinate terms

* pintallung
* pinngappaʼ
* pillimang
# pillimang
## Makasar
### Etymology

piN- (“multiplier prefix”) +‎ lima (“five”)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [pinˈruaŋ]

### Adverb

pillimang (Lontara spelling ᨄᨗᨒᨗᨆ)
* five times

#### Coordinate terms

* pinruang
* pintallung
* pinngappaʼ
# schoer
## Dutch
### Etymology

From Middle Dutch schure, schuur, from Old Dutch *scūr, from Proto-West Germanic *skūr, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *skūraz. The form schoer instead of expected schuur comes from an eastern dialect.
Cognate with English shower (Old English scūr), German Schauer (Old High German scūr), Danish and Swedish skur (Old Norse skúr).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sxuːr/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -uːr

### Noun

schoer m or n (plural schoeren, diminutive schoertje n)
* (regional) downpour, heavy rainshower
# zusammensuchen
## German
### Etymology

From zusammen- +‎ suchen.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tsuˈzamənˌzuːxən/ (Germany)
* IPA: /tsuˈsamɛnˌsuːxɛn/ (Austria)
* Hyphenation: zu‧sam‧men‧su‧chen

### Verb

zusammensuchen (weak, third-person singular present zusammensucht, past tense zusammensuchte, past participle gezusammensucht, auxiliary haben)
* (transitive or dative reflexive) to gather, to collect

#### Conjugation

$^1$Rare except in very formal contexts; alternative in würde normally preferred.

#### Derived terms

* Zusammensuchen

### Further reading

* “zusammensuchen” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
* “zusammensuchen” in Uni Leipzig: Wortschatz-Lexikon
* “zusammensuchen” in Duden online
* “zusammensuchen” in OpenThesaurus.de
# CWA
## English
### Pronunciation

* Audio (General Australian):(file)

### Proper noun

CWA
* (US, historical, 1933–1934) Initialism of Civil Works Administration.
* (US) Initialism of Clean Water Act.
** 2023 March 31, Alisha Ebrahimji and Andi Babineau, “US Justice Department sues Norfolk Southern following train derailment in East Palestine”, in CNN‎:DOJ is asking for $64,618 per day, per violation of the CWA and $55,808 per day or $2,232 per barrel of oil or unit of hazardous substance, per violation of the CWA – but it was not immediately clear from the suit how many days the DOJ considered the violation to be applicable.
* (US) Initialism of Communications Workers of America.
** 2011 September 4, Will Marshall, “Why America Needs a New Deal for Labor and Business”, in The Atlantic‎:But CWA is focused on upping investment in job creation, not just low prices. As part of the proposed merger, AT&T has agreed to make significant investment in new mobile broadband services which could lead to the creation of up to 96,000 new jobs.
** 2021 March 2, Brian Heater, “Following unionization, Glitch signs collective bargaining agreement”, in TechCrunch‎:In January, workers at Google formed a solidarity union in affiliation with CWA. The following month, Medium workers announced plans to unionize as well (the organization recently failed to win majority support in a third-party election and is momentarily pausing organizing activities).
* (Australia) Initialism of Country Women's Association.

### Anagrams

* ACW, WAC, WCA, caw
# thólū
## Khiamniungan Naga
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tʰo⁵⁵lu³³/

### Verb

thólū
* (Patsho) ponder
# Thōngnyùmōng
## Khiamniungan Naga
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tʰoŋ³³ɲu³¹tʰoŋ³³/

### Noun

Thōngnyùmōng
* (Patsho) stream name in Shauthoi liu of Patsho
# melancong
## Malay
### Etymology

From me- +‎ lancong.

### Verb

melancong
* to travel
    Zhou Fei suka melancong ke China dan Taiwan.Zhou Fei loves to travel to China and Taiwan.

#### Related terms

* pelancongan
# лайка
## Bulgarian
### Etymology

Uncertain:
* Mladenov: Modified deverbal of ле́я (léja, “to pour”) +‎ -ка (-ka), presumably from an earlier *ляйка.
* Lj. Kurkina: Deverbal of Proto-Slavic *lajati (“to lie in ambush”) + -ка (-ka).
Doublets have been confused (by folk etymology) for a compound of лай (laj, “barking”) +‎ куче (kuče, “dog”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈɫajkɐ]
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: лай‧ка

### Noun

ла́йка • (lájka) f (diminutive ла́йчица)
* camomile (flower of genus Matricaria)
    медици́нска ла́йка ― medicínska lájka ― medicinal camomile
    чай от ла́йка ― čaj ot lájka ― camomile tea

#### Alternative forms

* лайкуче n (lajkuče), лайкучка f (lajkučka), лайкуца f (lajkuca) — dialectal

### References

* “лайка”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
* “лайка”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Chitanka, 2010
* Nayden Gerov (1899) “лай-ку́чка, лай-лай-ку́чка”, in Рѣчникъ на Блъгарскꙑй язꙑкъ. Съ тлъкувание рѣчи-тꙑ на Блъгарскꙑ и на Русскꙑ. [Dictionary of the Bulgarian language]‎ (in Bulgarian), volume 3, Plovdiv: Дружествена печꙗтница "Съгласие.", page 2
* Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1986), “лайка¹”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 3 (крес¹ – мѝнго¹), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 285

## Russian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈɫajkə]

### Etymology 1

лай (laj) +‎ -ка (-ka)

#### Noun

ла́йка • (lájka) f anim or f inan (genitive ла́йки, nominative plural ла́йки, genitive plural ла́ек)
* Laika (lit., barker), a native Russian breed of dog, a rather small hunting dog of Russia’s northern forests, similar to a husky
* kidskin, kid leather

##### Declension
### Etymology 2
#### Noun

ла́йка • (lájka) m inan
* genitive singular of лайк (lajk)

## Ukrainian
### Etymology

By surface analysis, ла́яти (lájaty, “to bark, to scold”) +‎ -ка (-ka).
Ultimately from Old East Slavic лаꙗти (lajati, “to bark, to scold”), from Proto-Slavic *làjati (“to bark”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈɫai̯kɐ]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

ла́йка • (lájka) f inan (genitive ла́йки, nominative plural ла́йки, genitive plural лайк)
* invective, swearing, profanity
    украї́нська ла́йка ― ukrajínsʹka lájka ― Ukrainian profanity
* Laika (lit., barker), a native Russian breed of dog, a rather small hunting dog of Russia’s northern forests, similar to a husky
* kidskin, kid leather

#### Synonyms

* матю́к (matjúk) (sense 1)

#### Related terms

* ла́яти (lájaty)
* ла́ятися (lájatysja)

### References

* Bilodid, I. K., editor (1970–1980), “лайка”, in Словник української мови: в 11 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 11 vols] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka
* “лайка”, in Горох – Словозміна [Horokh – Inflection] (in Ukrainian)
# renormalonic
## English
### Etymology

From renormalon +‎ -ic.

### Adjective

renormalonic (not comparable)
* Of or relating to renormalons.
# Skala
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Czech Skála and Polish Skała.

### Proper noun

Skala (plural Skalas)
* A surname.

#### Statistics

* According to the 2010 United States Census, Skala is the 16944th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 1678 individuals. Skala is most common among White (96.42%) individuals.

### Further reading

* Hanks, Patrick, editor (2003), “Skala”, in Dictionary of American Family Names, volume 3, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN.

### Anagrams

* Laska, laksa, salak

## German
### Etymology

Borrowed from Italian scala.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈskaːla/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

Skala f (genitive Skala, plural Skalen or (rare) Skalas)
* scale, gamut (ordered numerical sequence)
* (figuratively) gamut
    Dort erleben Sie die ganze Skala der Gefühle. ― There you experience the whole gamut of emotions.

#### Declension

$^1$Rare.

#### Descendants

* → Polish: skala

### Further reading

* “Skala” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
* “Skala” in Uni Leipzig: Wortschatz-Lexikon
* “Skala” in Duden online
# gavia
## Latin
### Etymology

Of uncertain origin.
One theory, preferred by De Vaan, derives the word from Proto-Indo-European *gowh₂-i- (“shouter”), seemingly from either *geH- (“to sing, cry”) or *gewH- (“to call, cry out”), and adduces as cognates Sanskrit गु (gu, “to proclaim”), Ancient Greek γοάω (goáō, “to groan, weep”), Proto-Slavic *gȍvorъ (“grumble, talk”), and perhaps Old English ċīeġan (“to call”). He also mentions an alternative connection to gaius (“jaybird”), via an independent onomatopoeic root in Proto-Italic *gā̆-.
Another theory derives the word from Proto-Indo-European *gʰabʰl- (“fork, branch of tree”) (due to the similarity of a hawk's claws to a pitchfork), from *gʰeh₁bʰ- (“to grab, take”); compare Old High German gabila, gabala (“sparrow hawk”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈɡaː.u̯i.a/, [ˈɡäːu̯iä]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈɡa.vi.a/, [ˈɡäːviä]

### Noun

gāvia f (genitive gāviae); first declension
* common gull and seagull (any kind of gull, generically a kind of bird)

#### Usage notes

The identity of the gāvia in Classical Latin is uncertain, possibly the gull and the seagull. Modern taxonomic Latin applies the term Gavia to the loon (diver), but Classical Latin called this bird mergus.

#### Declension

First-declension noun.

#### Descendants

* Catalan: gavina
* Galician: gaivota (“gull”), gueivota (“gull”), avión (“swallow”)
* Italian: gabbiano (“gull”), gavina (“common gull”)
* Maltese: gawwi (“gull”)
* Occitan: gabian (“gull”)
* Portuguese: gavião (“hawk”), gaivota (“gull”)
* Romanian: gaie (“kite”)
* Sicilian: gàipa (“common gull”), gaipazza (“yellow-legged gull”), gaipuni (“yellow-legged gull”)
* Spanish: gaviota (“gull”), gavilán (“sparrowhawk”)
* Translingual: Gavia (“loon, diver”)
* Tunisian Arabic: ڨاوية (gāwya, “seagull, black-headed gull”)

### References

* “gavia”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* gavia in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “gā̆via”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 256

## Spanish
### Noun

gavia f (plural gavias)
* (nautical) topsail

### Further reading

* “gavia”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.7, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2023 November 28
# 伯公生
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): Pak-kûng-sâng
    (Hailu, HRS): bag gung$^ˋ$ sang$^ˋ$
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Pak-kûng-sâng
*** Hakka Romanization System: bag$^ˋ$ gung$^ˊ$ sang$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: bag$^5$ gung$^1$ sang$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /pak̚² kuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ saŋ²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: bag gung$^ˋ$ sang$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /pak⁵⁻² kuŋ⁵³ saŋ⁵³/

### Proper noun

伯公生
* (Hakka, religion) Tudigong's Birthday

#### Synonyms

* (Hokkien, Puxian Min) 土地公生

### References

* “Entry #1813”, in 臺灣客語辭典 [Dictionary of Taiwan Hakka] (overall work in Chinese and Hakka), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2022.