# 空氣
## Chinese

* 空氣 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 空氣 (Cantonese)
* khûng-hi (Hakka)
* kŭng-ké (Eastern Min)
* khong-khì (Southern Min)
* 空气 (Wu)

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): kōngqì
       (Zhuyin): ㄎㄨㄥ ㄑㄧˋ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): кунчи (kunči, I-III)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): hung$^1$ hei$^3$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): huung$^1$ hei$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): khûng-hi
    (Hailu, HRS): kung$^ˋ$ hi$^ˇ$
* Eastern Min (BUC): kŭng-ké
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): khong-khì
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kong$^1$ ki$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$khon-chi
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kōngqì
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄥ ㄑㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kongcì
*** Wade–Giles: kʻung$^1$-chʻi$^4$
*** Yale: kūng-chì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kongchih
*** Palladius: кунци (kunci)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: кунчи (kunči, I-III)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰuŋ²⁴ t͡ɕʰi⁴⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hung$^1$ hei$^3$
*** Yale: hūng hei
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hung$^1$ hei$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hung$^1$ héi$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /hʊŋ⁵⁵ hei̯³³/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$凶器 空氣 / 空气 胸器
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: huung$^1$ hei$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɵŋ³³ hei³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khûng-hi
*** Hakka Romanization System: kung$^ˊ$ hi
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kung$^1$ hi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hi⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: kung$^ˋ$ hi$^ˇ$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰuŋ⁵³ hi¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: kŭng-ké
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰuŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ $^{(kʰ-)}$ŋɛi²¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khong-khì
*** Tâi-lô: khong-khì
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qongqix
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰi²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰɔŋ³³ kʰi⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰi²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰi¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰi²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: kong$^1$ ki$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khong khì
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰoŋ³³⁻²³ kʰi²¹³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$khon-chi
*** MiniDict: khon$^平$ chi
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$khon-qi
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰoŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi²¹/
* Middle Chinese: khuwng khj+jH
Rime :
| Character | 空 | 氣 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (1) | 微 (20) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 苦紅切 | 去旣切 |
| Baxter | khuwng | khj+jH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰuŋ/ | /kʰɨi$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰuŋ/ | /kʰɨi$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰuŋ/ | /kʰiəi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰəwŋ/ | /kʰɨj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰuŋ/ | /kʰiəi$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰuŋ/ | /kʰĭəi$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kʰuŋ/ | /kʰe̯i$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | kōng | qì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hung$^1$ | hei$^3$ |

#### Noun

空氣
* (meteorology) air
    空氣質量／空气质量 ― kōngqì zhìliàng ― air quality
    空氣流通／空气流通 ― kōngqì liútōng ― air circulation; ventilation
    呼吸新鮮空氣／呼吸新鲜空气 ― hūxī xīnxiān kōngqì ― to breathe in fresh air
    被污染的空氣／被污染的空气 ― bèi wūrǎn de kōngqì ― polluted air
* (Taoism) empty qi; pneuma
* (figurative) atmosphere; ambience; environment
    From: 1940, 毛澤東 (Mao Zedong), 《新民主主義論》 (On New Democracy), 《毛澤東選集》. English translation based on the Foreign Languages Press edition
    Dànshì jìnlái de tuǒxié kōngqì, fǎngòng shēnglàng, hū yòu shènxiāochénshàng, yòu bǎ quánguó rénmín dǎrù mènhúlu lǐ le. [Pinyin]
    Of late, however, the dust and din of compromise and anti-communism have once again filled the air, and once again the people are thrown into bewilderment.
* (figurative) public opinion; information; rumour

##### Synonyms

* (air): 大氣／大气 (dàqì)
* (ambience):
* 氛圍 / 氛围
* 氣氛 / 气氛
* 氣象 / 气象 (qìxiàng) (literary)

##### Derived terms

* 壓縮空氣 / 压缩空气 (yāsuō kōngqì)
* 放空氣 / 放空气 (fàngkōngqì)
* 空氣傳染 / 空气传染 (kōngqì chuánrǎn)
* 空氣動力學 / 空气动力学 (kōngqì dònglìxué)
* 空氣壓縮機 / 空气压缩机
* 空氣機 / 空气机
* 空氣污染 / 空气污染 (kōngqì wūrǎn)
* 空氣浴 / 空气浴 (kōngqìyù)
* 空氣淨化器 / 空气净化器 (kōngqì jìnghuàqì)
* 空氣清新劑 / 空气清新剂 (kōngqì qīngxīnjì)
* 空氣濾清器 / 空气滤清器
* 空氣調節 / 空气调节
* 空氣調節機 / 空气调节机
* 空氣警報 / 空气警报
* 空氣軸承 / 空气轴承
* 空氣錘 / 空气锤
* 空氣鎗 / 空气枪
* 空氣閥 / 空气阀
* 空氣阻力 / 空气阻力
* 空調 / 空调 (kōngtiáo)
* 讀空氣 / 读空气 (dú kōngqì)
* 飽和空氣 / 饱和空气

##### Descendants

* → Japanese: 空(くう)気(き) (kūki)
* → Korean: 공기(空氣) (gonggi)
* → Vietnamese: không khí (空氣)

### Pronunciation 2

* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khang-khùi
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khang-khùi
*** Tâi-lô: khang-khuì
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qangquix
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰui²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰaŋ³³ kʰui⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰui²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰui¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰui²¹/

#### Noun

空氣
* (Hokkien) thing; matter; affair (bad)
       Lí tī pìⁿ sím-mi̍h khang-khùi? [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       What [bad thing] are you doing?

##### Synonyms

* (Hokkien) 空頭／空头

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 空 | 氣 |
| くう Grade: 1 | き Jinmeiyō |
| on'yomi ||
For pronunciation and definitions of 空氣 – see the following entry. :
| 【空気くうき】 | [noun] air, atmosphere [noun] mood, atmosphere, usually with peer pressure [noun] (colloquial, figurative) someone or something with a weak presence |
(This term, 空氣, is the kyūjitai of the above term.) :

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 空 | 氣 |

### Noun

空氣 • (gonggi) (hangeul 공기)
* hanja form of 공기 (“air”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 空 | 氣 |

### Noun

空氣
* chữ Hán form of không khí (“air”).