# 修行
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xiūxíng
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄡ ㄒㄧㄥˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): sau$^1$ hang$^4$ / sau$^1$ hang$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): siû-hàng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): siu-hēng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): siu$^1$ gian$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiūxíng
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄡ ㄒㄧㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: siousíng
*** Wade–Giles: hsiu$^1$-hsing$^2$
*** Yale: syōu-syíng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shioushyng
*** Palladius: сюсин (sjusin)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕiŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: sau$^1$ hang$^4$ / sau$^1$ hang$^6$
*** Yale: sāu hàhng / sāu hahng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sau$^1$ hang$^4$ / sau$^1$ hang$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: seo$^1$ heng$^4$ / seo$^1$ heng$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɐu̯⁵⁵ hɐŋ²¹/, /sɐu̯⁵⁵ hɐŋ²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: siû-hàng
*** Hakka Romanization System: xiu$^ˊ$ hang$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: xiu$^1$ hang$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /si̯u²⁴ haŋ¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siu-hēng
*** Tâi-lô: siu-hīng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: siu'heng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /siu⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /siu³³ hiɪŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /siu⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /siu⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /siu⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: siu$^1$ gian$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: siu kiâⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /siu³³⁻²³ kĩã⁵⁵/

### Verb

修行
* to cultivate one's spiritual virtues; to train oneself; to work at self-improvement
* (religion) to practise Buddhism or Taoism; specifically, a sadhana of either one

#### Derived terms

* 公門中好修行／公门中好修行
* 公門之中好修行／公门之中好修行
* 公門修行／公门修行
* 公門裡好修行／公门里好修行
* 出家修行
* 半路修行
* 師父領進門，修行在個人／师父领进门，修行在个人
* 帶髮修行／带发修行
* 恨苦修行
* 束身修行

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 修(しゅ)行(ぎょう) (shugyō); 修(す)行(ぎょう) (sugyō)
* → Korean: 수행(修行) (suhaeng)
* → Vietnamese: tu hành (修行)

### Further reading

* Ding, Fubao (丁福保) (1922), “修行” in 佛學大辭典 [A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms].

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 修 | 行 |
| しゅ Grade: 5 | ぎょう Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||

### Noun

修(しゅ)行(ぎょう) or 修行(すぎょう) • (shugyō or sugyō)
* training
    厳(きび)しい修行(しゅぎょう)に励(はげ)んだ。
       Kibishii shugyō ni hagenda.
       We were training hard.
* (Buddhism) sadhana; ascetic practices

### Verb

修(しゅ)行(ぎょう)する or 修行(すぎょう)する • (shugyō suru or sugyō suru) suru (stem 修(しゅ)行(ぎょう)し (shugyō shi), past 修(しゅ)行(ぎょう)した (shugyō shita))
* to train
* (Buddhism) to undergo ascetic training

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 修行し | しゅぎょうし | shugyō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 修行し | しゅぎょうし | shugyō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 修行する | しゅぎょうする | shugyō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 修行する | しゅぎょうする | shugyō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 修行すれ | しゅぎょうすれ | shugyō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 修行せよ¹ 修行しろ² | しゅぎょうせよ¹ しゅぎょうしろ² | shugyō seyo¹ shugyō shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 修行される | しゅぎょうされる | shugyō sareru |
| Causative | 修行させる 修行さす | しゅぎょうさせる しゅぎょうさす | shugyō saseru shugyō sasu |
| Potential | 修行できる | しゅぎょうできる | shugyō dekiru |
| Volitional | 修行しよう | しゅぎょうしよう | shugyō shiyō |
| Negative | 修行しない | しゅぎょうしない | shugyō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 修行せず | しゅぎょうせず | shugyō sezu |
| Formal | 修行します | しゅぎょうします | shugyō shimasu |
| Perfective | 修行した | しゅぎょうした | shugyō shita |
| Conjunctive | 修行して | しゅぎょうして | shugyō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 修行すれば | しゅぎょうすれば | shugyō sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 修 | 行 |

### Noun

修行 • (suhaeng) (hangeul 수행)
* hanja form of 수행 (“sadhana”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 修 | 行 |

### Noun

修行
* chữ Hán form of tu hành (“to undergo ascetic training”).