# 天王
## Chinese

* 天王 (Written Standard Chinese)
* Tian Wang (English)

### Etymology

Earliest extant attestation is in the Spring and Autumn Annals [c. 5th century BCE]:
* 秋，七月，天王使宰咺來歸惠公仲子之賵。 [MSC, trad.]秋，七月，天王使宰咺来归惠公仲子之赗。 [MSC, simp.]From: Spring and Autumn Annals, c. 5th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's versionQiū, qīyuè, tiānwáng shǐ zǎi Xuān lái guī Huìgōng Zhòngzǐ zhī fèng. [Pinyin]In autumn, in the seventh month, the Heaven-appointed king sent the [sub] administrator Xuan with a present of [two] carriages and their horses for the funerals of duke Hui and [his wife] the second-born Zi.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tiānwáng
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄧㄢ ㄨㄤˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): tin$^1$ wong$^4$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): thian-ông
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$thi-waon
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tiānwáng
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄧㄢ ㄨㄤˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tianwáng
*** Wade–Giles: tʻien$^1$-wang$^2$
*** Yale: tyān-wáng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tianwang
*** Palladius: тяньван (tjanʹvan)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ wɑŋ³⁵/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$天亡 天王
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: tin$^1$ wong$^4$
*** Yale: tīn wòhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tin$^1$ wong$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: tin$^1$ wong$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰiːn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$天王 天皇
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thian-ông
*** Tâi-lô: thian-ông
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tien'oong
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² ɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰiɛn³³ ɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² ɔŋ¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ ɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ ɔŋ²³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$thi-waon
*** MiniDict: thi$^平$ waon
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$thi-hhuaan
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /tʰi⁵⁵ ɦuɑ̃²¹/
* Middle Chinese: then hjwang
Rime :
| Character | 天 | 王 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 透 (6) | 云 (35) |
| Final (韻) | 先 (85) | 陽 (106) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | IV | III |
| Fanqie | 他前切 | 雨方切 |
| Baxter | then | hjwang |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tʰen/ | /ɦʉɐŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /tʰen/ | /ɦʷiɐŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /tʰɛn/ | /ɣiuɑŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /tʰɛn/ | /ɦuaŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /tʰen/ | /ɣiuaŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /tʰien/ | /ɣĭwaŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /tʰien/ | /iwaŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | tiān | wáng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | tin$^1$ | wong$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*l̥ˤi[n] ɢʷaŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qʰl'iːn ɢʷaŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 天 | 王 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | tiān | wáng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ then › | ‹ hjwang › |
| Old Chinese | /*l̥ˁi[n]/ | /*ɢʷaŋ/ |
| English | heaven | king |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 天 | 王 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| No. | 12387 | 12742 |
| Phonetic component | 天 | 王 |
| Rime group | 眞 | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 天 | 王 |
| Old Chinese | /*qʰl'iːn/ | /*ɢʷaŋ/ |

### Noun

天王
* (chiefly historical) the son of heaven; emperor
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Tiānwáng shǐ Shào Wǔgōng, nèishǐ Guò, cì Jìnhóu mìng. [Pinyin]
    The Heaven-appointed king sent duke Wu of Shao, and Guo, the historiographer of the interior, to confer the symbol of his rank on the marquis of Jin.
    From: Yang Xiong, Fa Yan (Exemplary Sayings), 9 CE
    Wén, Xuān, Líng zōng, xìng Fū, Mì, Shàng, Xià, yòng shì sì dì, ér tiānwáng bù kuāng, fǎn zhì Wén, Wǔ zuò. [Pinyin]
    Dukes Wen, Xuan and Ling built temples at Fu, Mi, Shang and Xia to sacrifice to the Four Deities. The Son of Heaven did not rectify this, and to the contrary, wrongly made offerings to King Wen and King Wu.
    From: 《朝鮮正使前以扇贈故云》 ("The Korean Envoy Previously Gifted Me a Fan, so I Reply"), by Lê Quý Đôn to Hong Gye-hui, 1760
    Doanh hải đông nam các nhất phương, tề xu tượng khuyết bái thiên vương. [Sino-Vietnamese]
    Each from the east and south of the vast oceans, we hurry together to the palace to pay respect to the sovereign.
* Name for deities in the Chinese folk religion or some religions.
* one who is extraordinary or excellent; king; master; superstar; idol

#### Usage notes

This term originally gained popularity during the Spring and Autumn Period in reference to the Zhou kings. Later on, the term 天子 (tiānzǐ) gradually gained more favor, even though 天子 (tiānzǐ) had been apparently attested earlier in Zhou dynasty's bronze inscriptions.

#### Derived terms

* 四大天王 (sìdàtiānwáng)
* 增長天王／增长天王 (Zēngzhǎng Tiānwáng)
* 多聞天王／多闻天王 (Duōwén Tiānwáng, “Vaiśravaṇa”)
* 天王巨星
* 天王星 (Tiānwángxīng)
* 天王殿
* 天王老子
* 托塔天王
* 托塔李天王
* 童天王

#### See also

* 天皇 (tiānhuáng)

### Proper noun

天王
* (historical) Heavenly King (the title for Hong Xiuquan, the head of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom)
* (～村) Tianwang (a village in Xinshi, Jingshan, Jingmen, Hubei, China)

## Japanese
### Etymology

Kanji in this term :
| 天 | 王 |
| てん Grade: 1 | おう > のう Grade: 1 |
| on'yomi ||
The ō reading for 王 changes to nō as an instance of renjō (連声).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) てんのー [tèńnóꜜò] (Nakadaka – [3])
* IPA: [tẽ̞nːo̞ː]
* Homophone: 天皇

### Noun

天(てん)王(のう) • (tennō)
* (Buddhism) heavenly king

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN