# fers
## English
### Alternative forms

* ferz

### Etymology

Borrowed from Middle English fers, from Old French fierce, from Medieval Latin ferzia, from Classical Persian فَرْزِین (farzīn).

### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /fɪəs/
* (General American) IPA: /fɪɹs/

### Noun

fers (plural ferses)
* (historical) The medieval chess piece that developed into the modern queen.
** 1898 January, A. A. McDonald, “The Origin and Early History of Chess”, in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society‎, volume 30, number 1, London: Royal Asiatic Society, →DOI, →ISBN, page 138:With their introduction the fers and the alfil disappeared from European chess.
** 1979 [1960], R. C. Bell, “War Games”, in Board and Table Games from Many Civilizations‎, 2nd edition, New York: Dover Publications, →ISBN, page 71:In the Chronique of Philip Mouskat (a.d. 1243), lines 23617–20, is a reference to a king of Fierges, indicating that a fers could be promoted to a king at this early period.
** 2015 September, Nancy Marie Brown, Ivory Vikings: The Mystery of the Most Famous Chessmen in the World and the Woman Who Made Them‎, New York: St. Martin's Press, →ISBN, page 112:This fers mates him in straight lines; this fers mates him at an angle.

## Catalan
### Adjective

fers
* masculine plural of fer

## Crimean Gothic
### Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *firhwijaz. Krause & Slocum argue that the ending may reflect the Proto-Germanic nominative singular ending *-az.

### Noun

fers
* man
** 1589, Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, letter:Fers. Vir.(please add an English translation of this quotation)

### References

* ↑ https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/gotol/100#grammar_718

## French
### Noun

fers m
* plural of fer

### Anagrams

* serf

## Latin
### Verb

fers
* second-person singular present active indicative of ferō

## Middle English
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Old French fers, fiers, nominative of fer, fier, from Latin ferus.

#### Alternative forms

* feers, ferce, ferse, fiers, fierse, firs, frese, fuerse, fyers, fyerse

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /feːrs/

#### Adjective

fers (plural and weak singular ferse)
* brave, bold
* arrogant, haughty
* fierce, savage
* severe, devastating

##### Derived terms

* fersly
* fersnesse

##### Descendants

* English: fierce
* Yola: fearse

##### References

* “fẹ̄rs, adj.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Old French fierce, from Medieval Latin ferzia, from Persian فرزین (farzin).

#### Alternative forms

* ffers

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /feːrs/

#### Noun

fers (plural ferses)
* queen (chess piece)

##### Descendants

* → English: fers, ferz

##### References

* “fẹ̄rs, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

## Old English
### Alternative forms

* færs, fyrs, uers

### Etymology

From Latin versus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /fers/, [ferˠs]

### Noun

fers n
* verse
* sentence, title

#### Declension

Strong a-stem:

#### Derived terms

* bēodfers (“song or hymn sung during mealtime”)
* fersian (“to make verse”)
* meterfers (“hexameter”)

### References

* Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller (1898) “fers”, in An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary‎, 2nd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

## Old Irish
### Etymology

From Latin versus.

### Noun

fers m (genitive ferso or fersa, nominative plural fersai)
* verse
** c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 137$^b$7
    Is he in fers-[s]o ro·gab Ch[i]rine oc techt i mBethil .i. haec requies rl. "Bid fír æm," olsesom, "is sunt bia-sa in eilithri co llae messa."This is the verse that Jerome sang as he went into Bethlehem, namely, haec requies and so on; “it will indeed be true,” he says: “it is here that I will be in pilgrimage until the Day of Judgement.”
** c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 111$^d$1
    Noch ní accam isint saltair in fers n-ísin.However, we do not see that verse in the Psalter.

#### Inflection

Masculine u-stem :
| | Singular | Dual | Plural |
| Nominative | fers | fers$^L$ | fersae$^H$, fersai |
| Vocative | fers | fers$^L$ | fersu |
| Accusative | fers$^N$ | fers$^L$ | fersu |
| Genitive | ferso$^H$, fersa$^H$ | ferso$^L$, fersa$^L$ | fersae$^N$ |
| Dative | fers$^L$ | fersaib | fersaib |
| Initial mutations of a following adjective: $^H$ = triggers aspiration $^L$ = triggers lenition $^N$ = triggers nasalization ||||

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “fers”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language