# 按

| 按 | U+6309, &#25353; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6309 |
| ← 挈 [U+6308] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 挊 → [U+630A] |

## Translingual
### Han character

按 (Kangxi radical 64, 手+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 手十女 (QJV), four-corner 5304$_4$, composition ⿰扌安)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 429, character 26
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 12038
* Dae Jaweon: page 779, character 3
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1876, character 1
* Unihan data for U+6309

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 安 | *qaːn |
| 鞍 | *qaːn |
| 鞌 | *qaːn |
| 侒 | *qaːn |
| 按 | *qaːns |
| 案 | *qaːns |
| 洝 | *qaːns |
| 荌 | *qaːns |
| 晏 | *qaːns, *qraːns |
| 鴳 | *qraːns |
| 騴 | *qraːns |
| 鷃 | *qraːns |
| 頞 | *qaːd |
| 胺 | *qaːd |
| 咹 | *qaːd |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qaːns) : semantic 扌 + phonetic 安 (OC *qaːn). The phonetic component however indicates the concept to be at ease, hence it is linked with the meaning "to restrain; to push down".

### Etymology

Exoactive of 安 (OC *qaːn, “be calm”), lit. "cause to be settled, calmed".

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): àn (an$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): on$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): on
* Eastern Min (BUC): áng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): àn
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ang$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$oe
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: àn
*** Zhuyin: ㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: àn
*** Wade–Giles: an$^4$
*** Yale: àn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ann
*** Palladius: ань (anʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ˀän⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: on$^3$
*** Yale: on
*** Cantonese Pinyin: on$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: on$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɔːn³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: on
*** Hakka Romanization System: on
*** Hagfa Pinyim: on$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /on⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: áng
*** Sinological IPA : /ɑŋ²¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Singapore, Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: àn
*** Tâi-lô: àn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: axn
*** IPA (Taipei): /an¹¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Philippines): /an⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung, Singapore): /an²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ang$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: àng
*** Sinological IPA : /aŋ²¹³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$oe
*** MiniDict: oe$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$oe
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ø³⁴/
* Middle Chinese: 'anH
Rime :
| Character | 按 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 寒 (61) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 烏旰切 |
| Baxter | 'anH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʔɑn$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʔɑn$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʔɑn$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʔan$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ʔɑn$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɑn$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʔɑn$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | àn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | on$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ʔˤa[n]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qaːns/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 按 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | àn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ʔan$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔˁa[n]-s/ |
| English | repress |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 按 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 15 |
| Phonetic component | 安 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 按 |
| Old Chinese | /*qaːns/ |

### Definitions

按
* to push (with hands); to press
    按鈕／按钮 ― ànniǔ ― to press a button
* to put aside
* to restrain
* to check against something, chiefly a text
    按圖索驥／按图索骥 ― àntúsuǒjì ― literally, "to seek a fine horse by checking against a drawing"
* to make comments; to write notes
    Synonym: 案 (àn)
* according to; referring to; following
    按照 ― ànzhào ― according to
    按計劃行事／按计划行事 ― àn jìhuà xíngshì ― to follow the plan
* (Malaysia, Singapore) to withdraw (money)
* (Cantonese) to mortgage
    按揭 [Cantonese] ― on$^3$ kit$^3$ [Jyutping] ― to mortgage
* (Hokkien) to estimate; to evaluate; to assess; to figure; to suppose; to reckon; to plan
* (Hokkien) to pawn; to borrow money while depositing an item as collateral from a pawnshop or someone for later payment
* (Hokkien) from (place or time); by; since

#### Synonyms

* (to push):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 按 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 按, 摁 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 按 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 按 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 按 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 按, 摁 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 按, 壓 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 按, 逞 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 按, 逞 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 捺 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 按, 捺 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 撳, 的 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 撳 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 撳 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 擪 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 撳 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 按, 陣 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 撳 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 撳 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 撳 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 撳 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 撳, 擪 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 撳 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 擪 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 撳 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 按 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 壓 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 扼 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 揤 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 揤 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 揤 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 揤 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 揤 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 揤 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 揤 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 揤 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 揤 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 揤 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 揤 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 揤 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 揤 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 揤, 捏 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 揤, 捏 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 揤 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 揤 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 揤 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 撳 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 撳 |
| Wu | Wuxi | 撳 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 捺, 捼 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 捘, 按 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 撳 |
* (to restrain):
* 主宰 (zhǔzǎi)
* 主張／主张 (zhǔzhāng) (archaic)
* 克制 (kèzhì)
* 克治 (kèzhì) (literary)
* 制禦／制御 (zhìyù) (literary)
* 制約／制约 (zhìyuē)
* 君 (jūn) (literary)
* 執掌／执掌 (zhízhǎng)
* 壓制／压制 (yāzhì)
* 壓抑／压抑 (yāyì)
* 局 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 局限 (júxiàn)
* 左右 (zuǒyòu)
* 把
* 抑制 (yìzhì)
* 把持 (bǎchí)
* 把控 (bǎkòng)
* 把攬／把揽 (bǎlǎn)
* 抵制 (dǐzhì)
* 拘束 (jūshù)
* 按捺 (ànnà) (usually in the negative)
* 控 (literary, or in compounds)
* 控制 (kòngzhì)
* 掌控 (zhǎngkòng)
* 掌握 (zhǎngwò)
* 提控 (tíkòng) (literary)
* 撥弄／拨弄 (bōnòng)
* 撙節／撙节 (zǔnjié)
* 操控 (cāokòng)
* 操縱／操纵 (cāozòng)
* 擺佈／摆布 (bǎibù)
* 擺治／摆治 (bǎizhì) (regional)
* 支配 (zhīpèi)
* 收斂／收敛 (shōuliǎn)
* 束 (literary, or in compounds)
* 束縛／束缚 (shùfù)
* 柄 (literary, or in compounds)
* 框 (kuàng)
* 禁錮／禁锢 (jìngù) (figurative)
* 積壓／积压 (jīyā) (figurative)
* 節制／节制 (jiézhì)
* 節撙／节撙 (Quanzhou Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien)
* 管制 (guǎnzhì)
* 管束 (guǎnshù)
* 約束／约束 (yuēshù)
* 統御／统御 (tǒngyù) (literary)
* 統治／统治 (tǒngzhì)
* 羈束／羁束 (jīshù) (literary)
* 裁 (cái) (literary, or in compounds)
* 遏抑 (èyì) (literary)
* 鎮／镇 (zhèn)
* 限 (xiàn)
* 限乏 (Xiamen Hokkien)
* 限制 (xiànzhì)
* 駕／驾 (jià)
* 駕馭／驾驭 (jiàyù) (figurative)
* (according to):
* 依 (yī)
* 依據／依据 (yījù)
* 依照 (yīzhào)
* 憑／凭 (píng)
* 憑借／凭借 (píngjiè)
* 按照 (ànzhào)
* 據／据
* 本著／本着 (běnzhe)
* 根據／根据 (gēnjù)

### Compounds

* 不按君臣
* 心臟按摩／心脏按摩
* 按下
* 按例 (ànlì)
* 按兵 (ànbīng)
* 按兵不動／按兵不动 (ànbīng-bùdòng)
* 按兵不舉／按兵不举
* 按分比例
* 按劍／按剑 (ànjiàn)
* 按名責實／按名责实
* 按呢 (án-ni)
* 按問／按问
* 按圖索驥／按图索骥 (àntúsuǒjì)
* 按堵如故
* 按壓／按压 (ànyā)
* 按家伏業／按家伏业
* 按察 (ànchá)
* 按察使 (àncháshǐ)
* 按彊助弱／按强助弱
* 按怎 (àn-chóaⁿ)
* 按手
* 按捺 (ànnà)
* 按捺不住 (ànnàbùzhù)
* 按摩
* 按摩器
* 按摩師／按摩师 (ànmóshī)
* 按摩椅 (ànmóyǐ)
* 按摩襪／按摩袜
* 按日 (ànrì)
* 按時／按时 (ànshí)
* 按月 (ànyuè)
* 按期 (ànqī)
* 按檔兒／按档儿
* 按次
* 按殺／按杀
* 按照 (ànzhào)
* 按理 (ànlǐ)
* 按甲休兵
* 按甲寢兵／按甲寝兵
* 按納／按纳 (ànnà)
* 按脈／按脉 (ànmài)
* 按討／按讨
* 按說／按说 (ànshuō)
* 按語／按语 (ànyǔ)
* 按調／按调
* 按資排輩／按资排辈
* 按轡／按辔
* 按部就班 (ànbùjiùbān)
* 按酒
* 按鈕／按钮 (ànniǔ)
* 按鈴申告／按铃申告
* 按鍵／按键 (ànjiàn)
* 按音 (ànyīn)
* 按章工作 (ànzhānggōngzuò)
* 按驗／按验 (ànyàn)
* 按鷹／按鹰
* 細按／细按
* 覆按
* 巡按
* 巡按使
* 逢時按節／逢时按节

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 按(あん) (an)
* → Korean: 안(按) (an)
* → Vietnamese: án (按)
Others:
* → Vietnamese: ấn (按, “to press”)

### References

* “按”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: あん (an)
* Kan-on: あん (an)
* Kun: おさえる (osaeru, 按える)、しらべる (shiraberu, 按べる)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 按
* あん Jinmeiyō
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 按 (MC 'anH).

### Affix

按(あん) • (an)
* push (with hands); press
* examine; investigate

## Korean
### Hanja

按 • (an, al) (hangeul 안, 알, revised an, al, McCune–Reischauer an, al, Yale an, al)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Tày
### Verb

按 (án)
* Nôm form of án (“to count”).
    度𫠯保按啓Tò lồng bấu án kháiCan no longer count the steps taken when going down
    𨀎𪪈開帝𱍭按鉼Khuốp pi khai đảy ngần án pẻng(please add an English translation of this usage example)

### References

* Lục Văn Pảo, Hoàng Tuấn Nam (2003) Hoàng Triều Ân, editor, Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày [A Dictionary of (chữ) Nôm Tày]‎ (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội

## Vietnamese
### Han character

按: Hán Nôm readings: án, ấn, ướn
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.