# 長安
## Chinese

* 長安 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 長安 (Cantonese)
* 長安 (Classical)
* Tiông-an (Southern Min)
* Chang'an (English)

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): cháng'ān
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄤˊ ㄢ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): coeng$^4$ on$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chhòng-ôn
* Eastern Min (BUC): diòng-ăng
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): tiông-an
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: cháng'ān
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄤˊ ㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cháng-an
*** Wade–Giles: chʻang$^2$-an$^1$
*** Yale: cháng-ān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: charngan
*** Palladius: чанъань (čanʺanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: coeng$^4$ on$^1$
*** Yale: chèuhng ōn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsoeng$^4$ on$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cêng$^4$ on$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ ɔːn⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhòng-ôn
*** Hakka Romanization System: cong$^ˇ$ on$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: cong$^2$ on$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ on²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: diòng-ăng
*** Sinological IPA : /tuoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ $^{(Ø-)}$ŋaŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiông-an
*** Tâi-lô: tiông-an
*** Phofsit Daibuun: diong'afn
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² an³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tiɔŋ¹³⁻²² an⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ an⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiɔŋ²³⁻³³ an⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: drjang 'an
Rime :
| Character | 長 | 安 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 澄 (11) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (105) | 寒 (61) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 直良切 | 烏寒切 |
| Baxter | drjang | 'an |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɖɨɐŋ/ | /ʔɑn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɖiɐŋ/ | /ʔɑn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȡiɑŋ/ | /ʔɑn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɖɨaŋ/ | /ʔan/ |
| Li Rong | /ȡiaŋ/ | /ʔɑn/ |
| Wang Li | /ȡĭaŋ/ | /ɑn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȡʱi̯aŋ/ | /ʔɑn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | cháng | ān |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | coeng$^4$ | on$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*Cə-[N]-traŋ [ʔ]ˤa[n]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*daŋ qaːn/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 長 | 安 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | cháng | ān |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ drjang › | ‹ 'an › |
| Old Chinese | /*Cə-[N]-traŋ/ | /*[ʔ]ˁa[n]/ |
| English | long (adj.) | peace(ful) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 長 | 安 |
| Reading # | 2/3 | 1/1 |
| No. | 1276 | 11 |
| Phonetic component | 長 | 安 |
| Rime group | 陽 | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 長 | 安 |
| Old Chinese | /*daŋ/ | /*qaːn/ |

### Proper noun

長安
* (historical) Chang'an (an ancient capital of various Chinese empires located within present-day Xi'an)
* (～區, formerly ～縣) Chang'an (a district and former county of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China)
* (～區) Chang'an (a district of Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China)
* (～鎮) Chang'an (name of various towns in China)
** Chang'an (a town in Dongguan, Guangdong, China)
* (～鄉, ～土家族鄉) Chang'an (a township in Fengjie, Chongqing, China)
* Tràng An Scenic Landscape Complex (an UNESCO World Heritage Site in Ninh Bình, Vietnam)

#### Derived terms

* 小長安／小长安 (Xiǎocháng'ān)
* 長安街／长安街 (Cháng'ān Jiē)

#### Descendants

* → English: Chang'an, Ch'ang-an

### Noun

長安
* (literary, figurative) capital city

#### Synonyms

* 上國／上国 (shàngguó) (literary)
* 京城 (jīngchéng) (literary)
* 京師／京师 (jīngshī) (literary)
* 京華／京华 (jīnghuá) (literary)
* 京邑 (jīngyì) (literary)
* 京都 (jīngdū) (literary)
* 國家／国家 (guójiā) (Classical Chinese)
* 國都／国都 (guódū)
* 帝都 (dìdū) (imperial capital)
* 王京 (wángjīng) (literary, royal capital)
* 王都 (wángdū) (formal, royal capital)
* 皇州 (huángzhōu) (literary, imperial capital)
* 神州 (shénzhōu) (literary)
* 都城 (dūchéng)
* 都邑 (dūyì) (literary)
* 都門／都门 (dūmén) (literary)
* 鎬京／镐京 (hàojīng) (literary)
* 首都 (shǒudū)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 長 | 安 |
| ちょう Grade: 2 | あん Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ちょーあん [chóꜜòàǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [t͡ɕo̞ːã̠ɴ]

### Proper noun

長(ちょう)安(あん) • (Chōan)
* (historical) Chang'an

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 長 | 安 |

### Proper noun

長安 • (Jang'an) (hangeul 장안)
* hanja form of 장안 (“Chang'an”)

## Tày
### Proper noun

長安 (an)
* Nôm form of Tàng An (“Chang'an”).

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 長 | 安 |

### Proper noun

長安
* chữ Hán form of Tràng An (“Chang'an”).
Notes: An alternative reading could be Trường An