OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# greenhouse effect
## English
### Etymology

First used in this sense by Swedish meteorologist Nils Gustaf Ekholm in 1901.

### Noun

greenhouse effect (plural greenhouse effects)
* (climatology, climate change) The process by which a planet is heated by solar radiation which is retained by its atmosphere.
    Synonym: hothouse effect
** 1988 June 24, James E. Hansen, quotee, “Quotation of the Day”, in The New York Times‎, →ISSN, page A2:It is time to stop waffling so much and say that the evidence is pretty strong that the greenhouse effect is here.
** 1989 May 9, George H. W. Bush, quotee, “The White House and the Greenhouse”, in The New York Times‎, →ISSN, page A30:This contrasts strangely with Mr. Bush's campaign oratory last summer. “Those who think we are powerless to do anything about the greenhouse effect forget about the ‘White House effect’; as President, I intend to do something about it,” he said in Michigan on Aug. 31. […] Mr. Bush has not acted.
** 2010, Naomi Oreskes, Erik M. Conway, quoting James E. Hansen, chapter 4, in Merchants of Doubt:In August 1988, Hansen had given dramatic testimony to Congress asserting that “the scientific evidence for the greenhouse effect is overwhelming.” “The greenhouse effect is real, it is coming soon, and it will have major effects on all peoples.”

#### Derived terms

* anti-greenhouse effect

#### Translations
### See also

* greenhouse gas
* global warming

### References

* “greenhouse effect”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
* ↑ Nils Gustaf Ekholm (1901) “On the Variations of the Climate of the Geological and Historical Past and their Causes”, in Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society‎, volume XXVII, number 117, page 19: “Firstly, the atmosphere may act like the glass of a green-house, letting through the light rays of the sun relatively easy, and absorbing a great part of the dark rays emitted from the ground, and it thereby may raise the mean temperature of the earth's surface.”

### Further reading

* greenhouse effect on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
# groundwork
## English
### Alternative forms

* ground-work

### Etymology

From ground +‎ work.

### Noun

groundwork (countable and uncountable, plural groundworks)
* The foundation; the basic or fundamental parts that support or allow for the rest.
    The discovery of the laws of electricity laid the groundwork for a century of innovation.
** 1961 December, “Planning the London Midland main-line electrification”, in Trains Illustrated, page 720:This outline programme was compiled by a working party consisting of members from the Regional Planning Office, the civil, mechanical and electrical, and signal engineering departments and the traffic services, on the basis of much groundwork done within each of these departments.

#### Derived terms

* lay the groundwork

#### Translations
### See also

* formwork (construction)
* legwork
* spadework
# gypsy mushroom
## English

* This entry needs a photograph or drawing for illustration. Please try to find a suitable image on Wikimedia Commons or upload one there yourself!

### Noun

gypsy mushroom (plural gypsy mushrooms)
* Cortinarius caperatus, a highly esteemed edible mushroom related to webcaps.

#### Synonyms

* (Cortinarius caperatus): Rozites caperatus (obsolete)

#### Translations
### See also

* Cortinarius caperatus on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* Cortinarius on Wikispecies.Wikispecies
# hard candy
## English
### Noun

hard candy (countable and uncountable, plural hard candies)
* (US) A candy prepared from one or more syrups boiled to a temperature of 160°C (320°F), thereafter becoming stiff and brittle at room temperature.

#### Synonyms

* boiled sweet (British)
# vacuum bubbles
## English
### Noun

vacuum bubbles
* plural of vacuum bubble
# ամպերին
## Armenian
### Pronunciation

* (Eastern Armenian) IPA: /ɑmpeˈɾin/, [ɑmpeɾín]
* (Western Armenian) IPA: /ɑmbeˈɾin/, [ɑmbeɾín]

### Noun

ամպերին • (amperin)
* definite dative plural of ամպ (amp)
# highland tinamou
## English
### Noun

highland tinamou (plural highland tinamous)
* A tinamou, Nothocercus bonapartei.
# hydrogen cyanide
## English
### Noun

hydrogen cyanide (uncountable)
* (inorganic chemistry) A colourless, very poisonous, volatile liquid, HCN, used in the production of dyes, plastics and fumigants; it dissolves in water to form hydrocyanic acid and reacts with bases to form cyanides, and with some organic compounds to form nitriles.

#### Synonyms

* chyazic acid
* formonitrile
* Nevada gas

#### Related terms

* hydrocyanic acid
# hydroxyapatite
## English
### Alternative forms

* hydroxylapatite

### Etymology

From hydroxy- +‎ apatite.

### Noun

hydroxyapatite (countable and uncountable, plural hydroxyapatites)
* A basic calcium phosphate mineral that is the principal inorganic constituent of bone and teeth.

#### Derived terms

* fluorhydroxyapatite

#### Translations
### Further reading

* David Barthelmy (1997–2024) “Hydroxyapatite”, in Webmineral Mineralogy Database.
* “hydroxyapatite”, in Mindat.org‎, Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, 2000–2024.
# identity document
## English
### Noun

identity document (plural identity documents)
* A document which may be used to prove a person's identity.
    Synonyms: identification, ID, papers

#### See also

* identity card
* travel document
# yerine
## Turkish
### Noun

yerine
* second/third-person singular possessive dative singular of yer

### Postposition

yerine
* in lieu of, instead of
# impoundment
## English
### Etymology

From impound +‎ -ment.

### Noun

impoundment (countable and uncountable, plural impoundments)
* A body of water impounded within an enclosure, such as a reservoir.
* The act of impounding.
* The state of being impounded.
# incandescent lamp
## English
### Noun

incandescent lamp (plural incandescent lamps)
* A light bulb whose metallic filament is heated by an electric current.
# incubate
## English
### Etymology

From Latin incubātus, past participle of incubō (“to hatch”), from in- (“on”) + cubō (“to lie”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɪŋkjʊbeɪt/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)

### Verb

incubate (third-person singular simple present incubates, present participle incubating, simple past and past participle incubated)
* (transitive) To brood, raise, or maintain eggs, organisms, or living tissue through the provision of ideal environmental conditions.
** 1907, “Nesting Habits of the Passenger Pigeon”, in W. B. Mershon, editor, The Passenger Pigeon‎:The places where the birds are nesting are interesting spots to visit. Both parents incubate and the scene is animated as the birds fly about in all directions.
** 1975, Catherine Marshall, Adventures in Prayer, New York: Ballantine Books, page 46:Part of our problem in praying for our children, he suggested, is the time lage, the necessary slow maturation of our prayers. But that's the way of God's rhythm in nature. For instance, the hen must patiently sit on her eggs to incubate them before the baby chicks hatch.
** 1985, Cormac McCarthy, Blood Meridian […] , →OCLC:The mother dead these fourteen years did incubate in her own bosom the creature who would carry her off.
** 2004, A. J. Jacobs, The Know-It-All: One Man's Humble Quest to Become the Smartest Person in the World, New York: Simon & Schuster, page 50:The female cichlid fish are called "mouth breeders," which means they incubate eggs in their mouth.
* (transitive, figurative) To incubate metaphorically; to ponder an idea slowly and deliberately as if in preparation for hatching it.
** 1908 September – 1909 September, Jack London, chapter XXIII, in Martin Eden, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company, published September 1909, →OCLC:It was a habit he developed, of incubating and maturing his thought upon a subject, and of then rushing into the type-writer with it.
** 1992, Sheila Davis, The Songwriters Idea Book: 40 Strategies to Excite Your Imagination, Help You Design Distinctive Songs, and Keep Your Creative Flow, Cincinnati: Writer's Digest Books, page 96:When you've got your theme–let the concept incubate. Walk around with it, sleep on it.

#### Derived terms

* incubatee
* incubation
* incubative
* incubator
* preincubate

#### Translations
### Anagrams

* cubanite

## Italian
### Etymology 1
#### Verb

incubate
* inflection of incubare:
** second-person plural present indicative
** second-person plural imperative

### Etymology 2
#### Participle

incubate f pl
* feminine plural of incubato

### Anagrams

* ubicante

## Latin
### Verb

incubāte
* second-person plural present active imperative of incubō

## Spanish
### Verb

incubate
* second-person singular voseo imperative of incubar combined with te
# indecisive
## English
### Etymology

From in- +‎ decisive.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˌɪndɪˈsaɪsɪv/
* Audio (General Australian):(file)
* Rhymes: -aɪsɪv

### Adjective

indecisive (comparative more indecisive, superlative most indecisive)
* (of a person) Not decisive; not marked by promptness or decision.
    Synonym: undecisive
    They were all being very indecisive about what to wear to the party.
* (of a contest etc.) inconclusive or uncertain
    The outcome of the race was so indecisive.

#### Antonyms

* decisive

#### Derived terms

* indecisiveness
* indecisively

#### Related terms

* indecision

#### Translations

    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

### Further reading

* “indecisive”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
* indecisive, undecisive at the Google Books Ngram Viewer.
# interlaminar
## English
### Etymology

From inter- +‎ laminar.

### Adjective

interlaminar (comparative more interlaminar, superlative most interlaminar)
* Occurring between layers.
* (anatomy) Between the ectoderm and the endoderm.
# bişe
## Turkish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /biˈʃe/
* Hyphenation: bi‧şe

### Pronoun

bişe
* Informal form of bir şey.
# բաներով
## Armenian
### Pronunciation

* (Eastern Armenian) IPA: /bɑneˈɾov/, [bɑneɾóv]
* (Western Armenian) IPA: /pɑneˈɾov/, [pʰɑneɾóv]

### Noun

բաներով • (banerov)
* instrumental plural of բան (ban)
# judicial remedy
## English
### Noun

judicial remedy (plural judicial remedies)
* (law) The legal means to recover a right or to prevent or obtain redress for a wrong

#### Synonyms

* judicial relief
* legal remedy
# kenesa
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Karaim כְּנִיסָא (kǝnîsāʾ), from Aramaic כְּנִישָׁא (kənīšā, “gathering”), likely via Arabic كَنِيسَة (kanīsa, “church, synagogue”).

### Noun

kenesa (plural kenesas)
* An Eastern European or Persian Karaite synagogue.

#### Translations
### Further reading

* kenesa on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

## Lithuanian
### Alternative forms

* kinèsė

### Etymology

Borrowed from Hebrew כְּנֶסֶת (knéset, “gathering”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kʲɛnʲɛˈsɐ]
* Hyphenation: ke‧ne‧sa

### Noun

kenesà f (plural kenèsos) stress pattern 2
* (Judaism) kenesa
    Coordinate term: sinagogà

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “kenesa”, in Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas [Dictionary of common Lithuanian], ekalba.lt, n.d.
* kenesa, entry by Rasa Butvilaitė, in Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia)
* “kenesa”, in Konsultacijų bankas [Consultation bank], Valstybinė lietuvių kalbos komisija [Commission on the Lithuanian language], 2003–2024

## Polish
### Alternative forms

* kienesa

### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Hebrew כְּנֶסֶת (knéset, “gathering”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kɛˈnɛ.sa/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛsa
* Syllabification: ke‧ne‧sa

### Noun

kenesa f
* (Judaism) kenesa
    Coordinate term: synagoga

#### Declension
### References

* ↑ Mirosław Bańko, Lidia Wiśniakowska (2021) “kenesa”, in Wielki słownik wyrazów obcych, →ISBN

### Further reading

* kenesa in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# բաներն
## Armenian
### Pronunciation

* (Eastern Armenian) IPA: /bɑˈneɾn/, [bɑnéɾn]
* (Western Armenian) IPA: /pɑˈneɾn/, [pʰɑnéɾn]

### Noun

բաներն • (banern)
* definite nominative plural of բան (ban)
# lay down the law
## English
### Pronunciation

* Audio (General Australian):(file)

### Verb

lay down the law (third-person singular simple present lays down the law, present participle laying down the law, simple past and past participle laid down the law)
* To promulgate law.
** 1982, “Mesopotamia”, performed by The B-52's:Six or eight thousand years ago / They laid down the law / In Mesopotamia
** 2004, John Lierman, The New Testament Moses, page 125:[I]n other words, some Jews thought of Moses as the one who laid down the Law, while others saw him more as a prophet.
* (law, dated) To present the law that applies to a given case.
* (idiomatic) To authoritatively or dogmatically assert what is permitted or not permitted.
** 1818, Sir Walter Scott, The Heart of Mid-Lothian, chapter 4:He concluded this sentence with a self-important cough, as one who has laid down the law in an indisputable manner.
** 1908, Upton Sinclair, The Moneychangers, chapter 19:Montague could picture the grim, hawk-faced old man, sitting at the head of the council board, and laying down the law to the masters of the Metropolis.
** 2003, Robert Ludlum with Gayle Lynds, The Altman code, page 357:Looks like the governor's laid down the law about the guards getting too lax, so we have to be damned careful.

#### Translations
### See also

* read the riot act
# lemon squeezer
## English
### Alternative forms

* lemon-squeezer

### Pronunciation

* Audio (US):(file)

### Noun

lemon squeezer (plural lemon squeezers)
* A device used to extract juice from lemons by crushing the lemon using the sharp middle part.
* (Cockney rhyming slang) A geezer; a man.
** 2020, S. C. Hamill, Brick Lane. East-End Pub-Share, page 107:Oh well, your loss big feller. Just lead the way my old lemon squeezer, there's a good man.
* (slang) A kind of broad-brimmed hat with a symmetrically pinched crown resembling the top of a lemon squeezer (juicing device).
# life is short
## English
### Phrase

life is short
* One should make the most of one's life, as one never knows when one will die.

#### Translations
### See also

* art is long, life is short
* tempus fugit
# слюр
## Ukrainian
### Etymology

Borrowed from English slur.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sʲlʲur]

### Noun

слюр • (sljur) m inan (genitive слю́ра, nominative plural слю́ри, genitive plural слю́рів)
* (neologism) a slur (an extremely offensive or hurtful word towards people over their background)
    Дядько Вован мав біду, бо обзивав сусідів слюрами. ― Djadʹko Vovan mav bidu, bo obzyvav susidiv sljuramy. ― Uncle Vovan was in trouble because he called his neighbours with slurs.
    Слова «п***р» і «х***л» є прикладами слюри. ― Slova “p***r” i “x***l” je prykladamy sljury. ― The words "f****t" and "k*****l" are examples of slurs.

#### Derived terms

* п-слю́р (p-sljúr)
* х-слю́р (x-sljúr)

#### See also

* нецензурний лексика (necenzurnyj leksyka)
# limnology
## English
### Etymology

From limno- +‎ -logy.

### Pronunciation

* Audio (US):(file)

### Noun

limnology (countable and uncountable, plural limnologies)
* (ecology) The science concerning the biological, physical and geological properties of fresh water bodies, especially lakes and ponds.
** 1999, Michael T. Arts, Bruce C. Wainmann, editors, Foreword: Lipids in Freshwater Ecosystems, page v:Although limnology is a young discipline, it has, over the past century, experienced marked growth. Its early descriptive period was a long one, given the enormous diversity of biota and environments in freshwater ecosystems.
** 2000, Robert G. Wetzel, Gene E. Likens, Preface to the Third Edition: Limnological Analyses, page vii:The exercises in this book were set forth initially because of our frustrations in teaching such a complex, multifaceted discipline as limnology.
** 2011, Bo-Ping Han, Zhengwen Liu, editors, Preface: Tropical and Sub-Tropical Reservoir Limnology in China: Theory and Practice, page v:Reservoir limnology and water quality management are associated with functions such as flood control, hydropower generation, irrigation, and fishery.

#### Synonyms

* (scientific study of bodies of fresh water): freshwater science

#### Derived terms

* landscape limnology

#### Related terms

* limnobiology
* limnoecology
* limnogeology
* limnological

#### Translations
### See also

* hydrobiology
* hydroecology
* hydrogeology
* hydrology

### Anagrams

* loomingly
# locksmith
## English
### Etymology

From Middle English loksmith; equivalent to lock +‎ smith.

### Pronunciation

* (General American) IPA: /ˈlɑksmɪθ/
* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈlɒksmɪθ/
* Audio (General Australian):(file)
* Hyphenation: lock‧smith

### Noun

locksmith (plural locksmiths)
* one who practices locksmithing
** 1897, Bram Stoker, chapter 21, in Dracula, New York, N.Y.: Modern Library, →OCLC:Piccadilly, 12:30 o'clock.--Just before we reached Fenchurch Street Lord Godalming said to me, "Quincey and I will find a locksmith. You had better not come with us in case there should be any difficulty. For under the circumstances it wouldn't seem so bad for us to break into an empty house.
* (gambling, slang) someone who only bets when they are sure they will win
    Synonym: (slang) handcuff artist
# bu arada
## Turkish
### Prepositional phrase

bu arada
* (conjunctive, speech act, idiomatic) by the way
# matchstick
## English
### Alternative forms

* match stick

### Etymology

From match +‎ stick.

### Noun

matchstick (plural matchsticks)
* A small, slender piece of wood or cardboard serving as a component of a match.
    A piece of wood or cardboard becomes a matchstick once the end has been dipped in a sulfurous compound to turn it into a complete match.
* (chiefly in the plural) Any similarly small and thin piece.
    The explosion blew the powder shed to matchsticks.

#### Synonyms

* (generic small thin piece): shred, sliver, splinter

#### Translations

    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
# methotrexate
## English
### Etymology

Probably from metho- +‎ tre- (“alteration of pteridine”) +‎ (carbo)x(yl)ate.

### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˌmɛθ.əˈtɹɛk.seɪt/, /ˌmiː.θəˈtɹɛk.seɪt/
* (General American) IPA: /ˌmɛθ.əˈtɹɛkˌseɪt/

### Noun

methotrexate (countable and uncountable, plural methotrexates) (abbreviated MTX)
* (pharmacology) An antimetabolite and antifolate drug used in treatment of cancer, autoimmune diseases, and ectopic pregnancies.
    Synonym: amethopterin
** 2010, Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies, Fourth Estate, published 2011, page 133:One group would be treated with intensive methotrexate dosing, while the other group would be treated with milder and less intensive dosing.

#### Derived terms

* -trexate (“folic acid analog”)

#### Translations
### References

* “methotrexate”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
* “methotrexate”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.
# methylmercury
## English
### Etymology

From methyl +‎ mercury.

### Noun

methylmercury (countable and uncountable, plural methylmercuries)
* (chemical compound) The organometallic cation CH$_3$Hg$^+$; it is a toxicant that accumulates in the environment in the form of various compounds
# mini hi-fi system
## English
### Noun

mini hi-fi system (plural mini hi-fi systems)
* An electronic equipment that generally include a CD player, AM/FM radio and an integrated amplifier and two identical speakers. Used to play recorded sound, especially music.
    Synonyms: mini hi-fi, mini stereo system, mini stereo

#### Coordinate terms

* home cinema
# campaigner
## English
### Etymology

From campaign (verb) +‎ -er (agent noun suffix), or From campaign (noun) +‎ -er (occupational suffix).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kæmˈpeɪnə(ɹ)/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Audio (US):(file)

### Noun

campaigner (plural campaigners)
* A person who has served in a military campaign.
* (by extension) A military veteran.
* A person who campaigns for a person running for political office or works, or supports, in an organised and active way towards a goal; an activist.
** 2013 June 21, Karen McVeigh, “US rules human genes can't be patented”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 2, page 10:The US supreme court has ruled unanimously that natural human genes cannot be patented, a decision that scientists and civil rights campaigners said removed a major barrier to patient care and medical innovation.
** 2023 March 8, Gareth Dennis, “The Reshaping of things to come...”, in RAIL, number 978, page 44:It is remembered unfondly by politicians, communities and campaigners as the document that heralded widespread reductions in the size of the railway.
* Someone with experience in a certain field. (Can we add an example for this sense?)

#### Translations
### References

* ↑ “campaigner, n.”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, launched 2000.

### Anagrams

* recampaign
# miscarry
## English
### Etymology

From Middle English miscarien, equivalent to mis- +‎ carry.

### Pronunciation

* (US, UK) IPA: /ˌmɪsˈkæɹi/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Rhymes: -æɹi

### Verb

miscarry (third-person singular simple present miscarries, present participle miscarrying, simple past and past participle miscarried)
* (obsolete) To have an unfortunate accident of some kind; to be killed, or come to harm. [14th–18th c.]
* (now rare) To go astray; to do something wrong. [from 14th c.]
* To have a miscarriage; to involuntarily abort a foetus. [from 16th c.]
* To fail to achieve some purpose; to be unsuccessful, to go wrong (of a business, project etc.). [from 16th c.]
** 1599 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Life of Henry the Fift”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i], page 84, column 2:So, if a Sonne that is by his Father ſent about Merchandize, doe ſinfully miſcarry vpon the Sea; the imputation of his vvickedneſſe, by your rule, ſhould be impoſed vpon his Father that ſent him: […]
** 1730, Jonathan Swift, “Death And Daphne,”, in Some Verse Pieces:Pluto observing, since the Peace, The Burial Article decrease; And, vext to see Affairs miscarry, Declar'd in Council, Death must marry […]
* Of a letter etc.: to fail to reach its intended recipient. [from 16th c.]
** c. 1595–1596 (date written), William Shakespeare, “Loues Labour’s Lost”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, (please specify the act number in uppercase Roman numerals, and the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):Sir Nathaniel, this Biron is one of the votaries with the king; and here he hath framed a letter to a sequent of the stranger queen's, which accidentally, or by the way of progression, hath miscarried.
** 1817 December 31 (indicated as 1818), [Walter Scott], chapter V, in Rob Roy. […], volume II, Edinburgh: […] James Ballantyne and Co. for Archibald Constable and Co. […]; London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, →OCLC, page 88:It likewise alluded to several letters, which, as it appeared to me, must have miscarried or have been intercepted, […].
** 1842, [Katherine] Thomson, chapter VII, in Widows and Widowers. A Romance of Real Life., volume II, London: Richard Bentley, […], →OCLC, page 144:Since the luckless Friday morning he had neither been seen nor heard of; day after day, Adeline had trusted to receive a letter, but in those times posts were slow and uncertain, messengers and couriers were often employed instead; and the hope might reasonably be clung to of a letter having miscarried.

#### Derived terms

* miscarriage
# mobad
## English
### Alternative forms

* mobed, mobud

### Etymology

From Classical Persian موبَد (mōbad).

### Noun

mobad (plural mobads)
* (religion) A Zoroastrian cleric of a particular rank, qualified to serve as celebrant priest at the Yasna ceremony and to train other priests.

#### Translations
### Anagrams

* dambo