# 眺める
## Japanese

* Kanji in this term
* 眺
* なが Grade: S
* kun'yomi

### Etymology

Modern form of classical 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verb 眺む (nagamu). Related to adjective 長い (nagai, “long”), possibly deriving from 長 (naga, “long”) +‎ む (mu, verbalizing suffix, with an underlying meaning of “becoming that way”). Alternatively, may originally derive from the compound 長眺 (naga me, literally “long watching, long gaze”) found in the Kojiki of 711-712 CE.
Likely related to 詠める (nagameru).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ながめる [nàgáméꜜrù] (Nakadaka –)
* IPA: [na̠ɡa̠me̞ɾɯ̟]
* Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「眺める」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary :
| Stem forms ||||
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) | 眺める | ながめる | [nàgáméꜜrù] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 眺めろ | ながめろ | [nàgáméꜜrò] |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 眺められる | ながめられる | [nàgáméráréꜜrù] |
| Causative | 眺めさせる | ながめさせる | [nàgámésáséꜜrù] |
| Potential | 眺められる | ながめられる | [nàgáméráréꜜrù] |
| Volitional | 眺めよう | ながめよー | [nàgáméyóꜜò] |
| Negative | 眺めない | ながめない | [nàgáméꜜnàì] |
| Negative perfective | 眺めなかった | ながめなかった | [nàgáméꜜnàkàttà] |
| Formal | 眺めます | ながめます | [nàgámémáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 眺めた | ながめた | [nàgáꜜmètà] |
| Conjunctive | 眺めて | ながめて | [nàgáꜜmètè] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 眺めれば | ながめれば | [nàgáméꜜrèbà] |

### Verb

眺(なが)める • (nagameru) transitive ichidan (stem 眺(なが)め (nagame), past 眺(なが)めた (nagameta))
* to look at, to view, to gaze
    Often implies for a longer period of time than 見る (miru, “to see, to look at”).
* to watch something for a continuous period of time
* to look at and consider something carefully
* to observe or look off at something in the distance
* to space out, to be lost in thought

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 眺め | ながめ | nagame |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 眺め | ながめ | nagame |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 眺める | ながめる | nagameru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 眺める | ながめる | nagameru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 眺めれ | ながめれ | nagamere |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 眺めよ¹ 眺めろ² | ながめよ¹ ながめろ² | nagameyo¹ nagamero² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 眺められる | ながめられる | nagamerareru |
| Causative | 眺めさせる 眺めさす | ながめさせる ながめさす | nagamesaseru nagamesasu |
| Potential | 眺められる 眺めれる³ | ながめられる ながめれる³ | nagamerareru nagamereru³ |
| Volitional | 眺めよう | ながめよう | nagameyō |
| Negative | 眺めない 眺めぬ 眺めん | ながめない ながめぬ ながめん | nagamenai nagamenu nagamen |
| Negative continuative | 眺めず | ながめず | nagamezu |
| Formal | 眺めます | ながめます | nagamemasu |
| Perfective | 眺めた | ながめた | nagameta |
| Conjunctive | 眺めて | ながめて | nagamete |
| Hypothetical conditional | 眺めれば | ながめれば | nagamereba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential ||||

#### Synonyms

* (look at): 見(み)る (miru)
* (watch): 傍観(ぼうかん)する (bōkan suru), 見詰(みつ)める (mitsumeru)
* (consider): 考慮(こうりょ)する (kōryo suru)
* (look off): 見遣(みや)る (miyaru), 見渡(みわた)す (miwatasu)

### References

* 1 2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN