# 引公
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): ín-kong
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ín-kong
*** Tâi-lô: ín-kong
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ynkofng
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /in⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kɔŋ³³/

### Noun

引公
* (Quanzhou and Jinjiang Hokkien) grandfather

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 祖父 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 祖父 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 爺爺 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 爺爺, 阿公 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Ulanhot | 爺爺 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tongliao | 爺爺 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 爺爺 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 爺爺 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 爺, 爺爺 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 爺, 爺爺 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 爺爺 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 爺爺 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 爺爺 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 爺, 爺爺 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 爺爺 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 爺 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 爺 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 爺爺, 爺 non-face-to-face |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 爺, 把把 Hui |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 爺爺, 爺, 爺兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 爺爺 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 爺爺 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan) | 把把 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 爺爺 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Bayanhot | 爺爺 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 爺爺 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 爺爺, 阿爺 Hui, face-to-face |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 爺爺, 爺 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 爹爹, 爺爺 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 太爺, 老太爺, 爺爺 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 老爹 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 爺爺 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 阿公, 公, 爺爺 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 爺爺, 把把 Hui |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 爹爹 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 爹爹 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 爹爹 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Huanggang | 爹爹 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 阿爺, 爺爺 face-to-face |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 阿爺, 爺爺 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 阿公, 阿爺 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 爺公 face-to-face, 阿公 non-face-to-face, 阿爺 non-face-to-face |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 阿公 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 阿公 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 阿爺 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Xinjiao, Haizhu) | 阿爺 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Longxi, Liwan) | 阿爺 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huangpu) | 公爺 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Xinshi, Baiyun) | 阿爺 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Shijing, Baiyun) | 阿爺 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Jiangcun, Baiyun) | 阿爺 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Longgui, Baiyun) | 阿公 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Renhe, Baiyun) | 阿爺 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zhuliao, Baiyun) | 阿公 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zhongluotan, Baiyun) | 阿公 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Jiufo, Huangpu) | 阿公 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 阿爺 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 阿爺 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 阿公 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 阿公, 阿爺 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 阿爺 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 阿爺 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 阿爺 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 阿爺 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 阿公 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 阿公 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 阿公 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 阿公 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 阿公 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 阿公 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 阿公 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 阿爺 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 阿爺 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 阿爺 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 阿爺 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 阿公, 阿爺 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 阿公, 阿爺 |
| Cantonese | Qingyuan | 阿公 |
| Cantonese | Fogang | 阿公 |
| Cantonese | Yingde (Hanguang) | 阿公 |
| Cantonese | Yangshan | 阿公 |
| Cantonese | Lianshan (Butian) | 吾蒙 |
| Cantonese | Lianzhou (Qingshui; Sihui) | 阿公 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan | 阿公, 阿爺 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 阿公, 阿爺 |
| Cantonese | Renhua | 阿公, 阿爺 |
| Cantonese | Lechang | 阿爺 |
| Cantonese | Zhaoqing (Gaoyao) | 爺爺 |
| Cantonese | Sihui | 阿公, 阿爺 |
| Cantonese | Guangning | 阿公 |
| Cantonese | Deqing | 阿翁, 阿爺 |
| Cantonese | Huaiji | 阿公 |
| Cantonese | Fengkai (Nanfeng) | 翁 |
| Cantonese | Yunfu | 阿爺 |
| Cantonese | Xinxing | 阿爺 |
| Cantonese | Luoding | 阿爺 |
| Cantonese | Yunan (Pingtai) | 阿公 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 阿公, 阿爺 |
| Cantonese | Xinyi | 阿公 |
| Cantonese | Maoming (Xinpo) | 阿公 |
| Cantonese | Lianjiang | 阿公, 公爹 |
| Cantonese | Wuchuan (Wuyang) | 爹, 阿爹 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 阿公, 爺爺 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 爺爺, 阿爺 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 阿公, 阿爺 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 阿公 |
| Cantonese | Danzhou | 爸 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 阿爺 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 阿爺, 爺爺 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 阿爺 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 公公, 爺爺 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 公, 公兒 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 公公 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 阿公 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 阿公 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 阿公 |
| Hakka | Huiyang | 阿公 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 阿公 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 阿公 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 阿公 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 阿公 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Shuizhai) | 阿公 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 阿公 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Changbu) | 阿公 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Mianyang) | 阿公 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Meilin) | 阿公 |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 阿公 |
| Hakka | Wengyuan | 阿公 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 公爹 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 阿公 |
| Hakka | Liannan | 公 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 阿公 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 阿公 |
| Hakka | Luhe | 阿公 |
| Hakka | Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) | 阿公 |
| Hakka | Changting | 公爹 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 公爹 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Yanqian) | 公爹 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 阿公 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 爹 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 公公 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 公爹 non-face-to-face, 公公 face-to-face |
| Hakka | Ningdu | 公公 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 公公, 公 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 公, 公公 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 爹爹, 阿爹 |
| Hakka | Tonggu (Sandu) | 公爹 |
| Hakka | Ganzhou (Panlong) | 爹爹 |
| Hakka | Dayu | 爹爹 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 阿公 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 阿公 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 阿公 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 阿爹, 阿公 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 阿公 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 阿公 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 阿公 |
| Hakka | Yangxi (Tangkou) | 阿公 |
| Hakka | Yangchun (Sanjia) | 阿公 |
| Hakka | Xinyi (Sihe) | 阿公 |
| Hakka | Xinyi (Qianpai) | 阿公 |
| Hakka | Gaozhou (Xindong) | 阿公 |
| Hakka | Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai) | 阿公 |
| Hakka | Huazhou (Xin'an) | 阿公 |
| Hakka | Lianjiang (Shijiao) | 阿公 |
| Hakka | Lianjiang (Qingping) | 阿公 |
| Hakka | Mengshan (Xihe) | 公 |
| Hakka | Luchuan | 阿公 |
| Hakka | Luchuan (Daqiao) | 阿公 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Longchuan) | 阿公 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 阿公 |
| Hakka | Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa (Hepo) | 阿公 |
| Hakka | Singkawang | 阿公 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 朝, 阿朝 face-to-face |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 朝, 朝朝, 朝奉, 老奉 |
| Huizhou | Huangshan (Tunxi) | 朝朝, 老朝兒 |
| Huizhou | Xiuning | 阿朝, 阿爹 |
| Huizhou | Yixian | 老官 |
| Huizhou | Qimen | 老兒 |
| Huizhou | Wuyuan | 朝朝 |
| Huizhou | Fuliang | 公公, 大大 |
| Huizhou | Dexing | 老爹 |
| Huizhou | Jingde | 公公 |
| Huizhou | Shitai (Xianyu) | 大大 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 爺爺 |
| Jin | Pingyao | 爺爺 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 爺爺 non-face-to-face, 爺爺啊 face-to-face, 呀爺 face-to-face |
| Jin | Taibus (Baochang) | 爺爺 |
| Jin | Linhe | 爺爺 |
| Jin | Jining | 爺爺 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 爺爺 |
| Jin | Baotou | 爺爺 |
| Jin | Dongsheng | 爺爺 |
| Jin | Haibowan | 爺爺 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 公公, 爹爹, 老爹 face-to-face, 爺爺 new-style |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou (Dikou) | 阿公 |
| Northern Min | Songxi | 家公 |
| Northern Min | Zhenghe | 公仔 |
| Northern Min | Zhenghe (Zhenqian) | 公 |
| Northern Min | Jianyang | 爹爹 |
| Northern Min | Wuyishan | 爹爹 |
| Northern Min | Pucheng (Shibei) | 公爹 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 依公, 公 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou (Changle) | 依公 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 阿公 |
| Eastern Min | Yongtai | 依公 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 公 |
| Eastern Min | Fu'an | 公 |
| Eastern Min | Ningde | 翁 |
| Eastern Min | Zhouning | 阿翁 |
| Eastern Min | Fuding | 阿公 |
| Eastern Min | Matsu | 依公 |
| Eastern Min | Singapore (Fuqing) | 阿公 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 阿公, 俺公, 內公 non-face-to-face |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 阿公 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 阿公, 引公, 內公 non-face-to-face |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 俺公, 引公 |
| Southern Min | Yongchun | 阿公, 公 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 阿公, 咉公, 內公 non-face-to-face |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 公 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 阿公, 俺公, 內公 non-face-to-face; GT |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 阿公 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 阿公 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 阿公 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 阿公, 俺公 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 阿公 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 阿公 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 阿公 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 阿公 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 阿公 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 俺公 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 阿公 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 阿公, 公, 內公 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 俺公, 阿公, 內公 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 俺公, 內公 non-face-to-face |
| Southern Min | Pingnan (Shangdu) | 阿公 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 阿公 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 阿公 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 阿公 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 阿公 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 阿公, 公 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 阿公 |
| Southern Min | Ho Chi Minh City (Teochew) | 內公 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 阿公 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 阿公 |
| Southern Min | Batam (Teochew) | 阿公 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 尼公, 祖公, 公 face-to-face |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 公 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 爸 non-face-to-face, 公 non-face-to-face, 阿爸 face-to-face, 阿公 face-to-face |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 阿公 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 阿公 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang) | 阿公 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang) | 阿公 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu) | 阿公 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 阿公 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Fengting) | 阿公 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Youyang) | 阿公 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 爹, 太公, 阿爹, 阿公 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Dahe) | 爹爹 |
| Shehua | Fu'an | 翁 |
| Shehua | Fuding | 阿公 |
| Shehua | Luoyuan | 阿公 |
| Shehua | Sanming | 阿公 |
| Shehua | Shunchang | 阿翁 |
| Shehua | Hua'an | 公 |
| Shehua | Cangnan | 公 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 老爹, 爺爺 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 裡公 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 阿爹 |
| Wu | Wuxi | 爺爺 |
| Wu | Danyang | 爺爺 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 爹爹, 爺爺, 阿爹 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 阿爺 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 阿爺, 祖公 non-face-to-face, 祖公爺 non-face-to-face |
| Wu | Jinhua | 爺爺 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 爹爹, 爺爺, 公公 |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | 公公, 公毑 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 阿公, 公公, 佳佳 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 公公 |
| Xiang | Hengyang | 爺爺 |
| Xiang | Quanzhou | 爹爹 |
| Note | GT - General Taiwanese (no particular region identified) | GT - General Taiwanese (no particular region identified) |

#### Descendants

* → Tagalog: ingkong
* → Indonesian: engkong

#### See also

* 引媽／引妈

#### Further reading

* 晋江市方言志‎, (Can we date this quote?), page 38 (PDF) / 106 (Book)
* Douglas, Carstairs (1873) “ín (Cn.)”, in Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy, [With 1923 Supplement after the Appendix by Thomas Barclay, Shanghai: Commercial Press, Ltd.] edition (overall work in Hokkien and English), London: Trübner & Co., page 172; New Edition (With Chinese Character Glosses) edition, London: Presbyterian Church of England, 1899, page 172
* Dictionario Hispánico-Sinicum‎ (overall work in Early Modern Spanish, Hokkien, and Classical Mandarin), kept as Vocabulario Español-Chino con caracteres chinos (TOMO 215) in the University of Santo Tomás Archives, Manila: Dominican Order of Preachers, 1626-1642, page 23/10 & 36/18 & 488/463 & 378/356; republished as Lee, Fabio Yuchung (李毓中), Chen, Tsung-jen (陳宗仁), José, Regalado Trota, Caño, José Luis Ortigosa, editors, Hokkien Spanish Historical Document Series I: Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum‎, Hsinchu: National Tsing Hua University Press, 2018, →ISBN