# 發明
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): fāmíng
    (Zhuyin): ㄈㄚ ㄇㄧㄥˊ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): faat$^3$ ming$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): fat$^2$ men$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): fat-mìn
* Eastern Min (BUC): huák-mìng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hoat-bêng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): huêg$^4$ mêng$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: fāmíng
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄚ ㄇㄧㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: famíng
*** Wade–Giles: fa$^1$-ming$^2$
*** Yale: fā-míng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: faming
*** Palladius: фамин (famin)
*** Sinological IPA : /fä⁵⁵ miŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: faat$^3$ ming$^4$
*** Yale: faat mìhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: faat$^8$ ming$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fad$^3$ ming$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /faːt̚³ mɪŋ²¹/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$法名 發明／发明
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: fat$^2$ men$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /fat̚⁵⁵ ᵐben²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fat-mìn
*** Hakka Romanization System: fad$^ˋ$ min$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fad$^5$ min$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /fat̚² min¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: huák-mìng
*** Sinological IPA : /huaʔ²⁴⁻²¹ miŋ⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoat-bêng
*** Tâi-lô: huat-bîng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoatbeeng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /huat̚³²⁻⁴ biɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /huat̚⁵⁻²⁴ biɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /huat̚³²⁻⁵ biɪŋ¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /huat̚³²⁻⁴ biɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /huat̚³²⁻⁴ biɪŋ²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: huêg$^4$ mêng$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huek mêng
*** Sinological IPA : /huek̚²⁻⁴ meŋ⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: pjot mjaeng
Rime :
| Character | 發 | 明 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 幫 (1) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 月 (68) | 庚 (111) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 方伐切 | 武兵切 |
| Baxter | pjot | mjaeng |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /pʉɐt̚/ | /mˠiæŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /pʷiɐt̚/ | /mᵚiaŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /piuɐt̚/ | /miaŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /puat̚/ | /miajŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /piuɐt̚/ | /miɐŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /pĭwɐt̚/ | /mĭɐŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /pi̯wɐt̚/ | /mi̯ɐŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | fa | míng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | faat$^3$ | ming$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*Cə.pat mraŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*pad mraŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 發 | 明 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | fā | míng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ pjot › | ‹ mjæng › |
| Old Chinese | /*Cə.pat/ | /*mraŋ/ |
| English | fly forth, send forth | bright |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 發 | 明 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 164 | 9188 |
| Phonetic component | 癹 | 明 |
| Rime group | 月 | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 髮 | 明 |
| Old Chinese | /*pad/ | /*mraŋ/ |

### Verb

發明
* to invent
       Zhōngguórén fāmíng le zhǐnánzhēn, huǒyào, zàozhǐ hé yìnshuāshù, zhèxiē bèi chēngwéi Zhōngguó Sì Dà Fāmíng. [Pinyin]
       The Chinese invented the compass, gunpowder, papermaking and printing. They are known as the Four Great Chinese Inventions.
* (literary) to expound
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Jiē xué huánglǎo dàodé zhī shù, yīn fāmíng xù qí zhǐyì. [Pinyin]
    These men studied the doctrines of the Yellow Emperor and Lao Tzu and propounded their own ideas according to these.
    From: 1907, Liu E, The Travels of Lao Ts'an（《老殘遊記》）, translated by Harold Shadick, first published in 1952
    Dànshì sòngrú cuò huì shèngrén yìzhǐ de dìfāng, yě shì yǒude, rán qí fāmíng zhèngjiào de gōngdé, yì bùkě jí. [Pinyin]
    But even though there are places where the Sung scholars may have misunderstood the Sage’s intention, still, their development of the orthodox doctrine was an achievement beyond the reach of others.
* (literary) to show; to prove
    From: 1924, Lu Xun, A Brief History of Chinese Fiction（《中國小說史略》）, translated in English by Yang Hsien-yi and Gladys Yang
    Nǎi zhuàn “Sōushénjì” èrshí juàn, yǐ “fāmíng shéndào zhī bù wū” (zìxù zhōng yǔ), jiàn “Jìnshū” běnzhuàn. [Pinyin]
    He (Kan Pao) compiled his Records of Spirits in twenty books to prove the existence of supernatural beings. All this is related in his biography in the Tsin Dynasty History.
* (Classical) to enlighten; to inspire
    From: c. mid-3rd century BCE, Song Yu (宋玉),《風賦》, translated into English as Wind by Herbert Giles, 1922
    Qīngqīng lěnglěng, yù bìng xī chéng, fāmíng ěrmù, níngtǐ biànrén. Cǐ suǒwèi dàwáng zhī xióngfēng yě. [Pinyin]
    The effect of this wind upon those who are in it, is to make them look sad, and chilled, even to sobbing. Pure and fresh, it cures disease and sobers the drunk; it sharpens one’s sight and hearing; it gives repose to the body and comfort to the man; and thus it is called the virile wind of the sovereign.
* (Korean Classical Chinese) to make excuses; to claim an alibi; to lie
    From: 《朝鮮王朝實錄》 (Journal of the Royal Secretariat), 1431
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    From: 《朝鮮王朝實錄》 (Joseon Veritable Records), 1730
    Gi moyeok ji seo, o gyeon ji, yeo ha gam balmyeong ho? [Sino-Korean]
    As for those documents of treason, I have seen them myself! So how do you dare lie?
    From: 《朝鮮王朝實錄》 (Joseon Veritable Records), 1733
    Yeo eon par-wol ijeon, mu sanggyeong sa, gi gwa wi balmyeong ji dan ho? [Sino-Korean]
    You say that before the eighth month, there is no time when you have come to the capital. Does that truly suffice to make an alibi?

### Noun

發明
* invention (Classifier: 個／个 m; 項／项 m)
* (mythology) a kind of legendary bird from the east
    See also: 鷦明, 鷫鷞, 幽昌

### Derived terms

* 僱員發明實施權／雇员发明实施权 (gùyuán fāmíng shíshī quán)
* 四大發明／四大发明 (Sì Dà Fāmíng)
* 發明權／发明权
* 需要是發明之母／需要是发明之母 (xūyào shì fāmíng zhī mǔ)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 発明(はつめい) (hatsumei)
* → Korean: 발명(發明) (balmyeong)
* → Vietnamese: phát minh (發明)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 發 | 明 |
| はつ Hyōgai | めい Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||
For pronunciation and definitions of 發明 – see the following entry. :
| 【発明はつめい】 | [noun] invention [verb] to invent |
(This term, 發明, is the kyūjitai of the above term.) :

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 發 | 明 |

### Noun

發明 • (balmyeong) (hangeul 발명)
* hanja form of 발명 (“invention; (archaic) elucidation, explanation; excuse”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 發 | 明 |

### Noun

發明
* chữ Hán form of phát minh (“invention”).

### Verb

發明
* chữ Hán form of phát minh (“to invent”).