# 論語
## Chinese

* 論語 (Written Standard Chinese)
* Analects of Confucius (English)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Lúnyǔ
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄨㄣˊ ㄩˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): leon$^4$ jyu$^5$ / leon$^6$ jyu$^5$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): Lùn-ngî
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): Lûn-gír / Lūn-gú / Lûn-gú / Lūn-gí
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Lúnyǔ
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄣˊ ㄩˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Lúnyǔ
*** Wade–Giles: Lun$^2$-yü$^3$
*** Yale: Lwún-yǔ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Luenyeu
*** Palladius: Луньюй (Lunʹjuj)
*** Sinological IPA : /lu̯ən³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: leon$^4$ jyu$^5$ / leon$^6$ jyu$^5$
*** Yale: lèuhn yúh / leuhn yúh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: loen$^4$ jy$^5$ / loen$^6$ jy$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lên$^4$ yu$^5$ / lên$^6$ yu$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɵn²¹ jyː¹³/, /lɵn²² jyː¹³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Lùn-ngî
*** Hakka Romanization System: lun$^ˇ$ ngi$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: lun$^2$ ngi$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /lun¹¹ ŋi²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lûn-gír
*** Tâi-lô: Lûn-gír
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /lun²⁴⁻²² ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/
** (Hokkien: Taipei)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lūn-gú
*** Tâi-lô: Lūn-gú
*** Phofsit Daibuun: luxn'guo
*** IPA (Taipei): /lun³³⁻¹¹ ɡu⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lûn-gú
*** Tâi-lô: Lûn-gú
*** Phofsit Daibuun: lun'guo
*** IPA (Xiamen): /lun²⁴⁻²² ɡu⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lūn-gí
*** Tâi-lô: Lūn-gí
*** Phofsit Daibuun: luxn'gie
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /lun²²⁻²¹ ɡi⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /lun³³⁻²¹ ɡi⁴¹/
* Middle Chinese: lwin ngjoX
Rime :
| Character | 論 | 語 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 諄 (47) | 魚 (22) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 力迍切 | 魚巨切 |
| Baxter | lwin | ngjoX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /liuɪn/ | /ŋɨʌ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /lʷin/ | /ŋiɔ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ljuen/ | /ŋiɔ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /lwin/ | /ŋɨə̆$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /liuĕn/ | /ŋiɔ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /lĭuĕn/ | /ŋĭo$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /li̯uĕn/ | /ŋi̯wo$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | lún | yǔ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | leon$^4$ | jyu$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]u[n] ŋ(r)aʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*run ŋaʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 論 | 語 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | lún | yǔ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ lwin › | ‹ ngjo$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[r]u[n]/ | /*ŋ(r)aʔ/ |
| English | (in name of Lúnyǔ 論語) | speak |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 論 | 語 |
| Reading # | 3/3 | 1/2 |
| No. | 8667 | 13159 |
| Phonetic component | 侖 | 五 |
| Rime group | 文 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 淪 | 語 |
| Old Chinese | /*run/ | /*ŋaʔ/ |

### Proper noun

論語
* Lunyu, the Analects of Confucius (one of the Four Books (四書／四书 (Sìshū)) of Confucianism)
    From: attributed to 趙普 Zhao Pu, based on a line in 高文秀 Gao Wenxiu's play《好酒趙元遇上皇》 Tippler Zhao Yuan Encounters the Prior Emperor
    bàn bù Lúnyǔ zhì tiānxià [Pinyin]
    With a knowledge of only half of the Analects I can govern all under heaven.
    From: 高文秀 Gao Wenxiu, 《好酒趙元遇上皇》 Tippler Zhao Yuan Encounters the Prior Emperor, [Yuan dynasty]
    Měi jué dàshì, qǐwén guānshū, nǎi “lùnyǔ” yě, cǐshí chēng xiǎoguān yǐ bàn bù “lùnyǔ” zhì yī tiānxià. [Pinyin]
    Each time I decide on some important affair, I open up a piece of writing — the Analects. Now it is said of me that “I order the empire with half of the Analects.”

#### Coordinate terms

* 大學／大学 (Dàxué, “Great Learning”)
* 中庸 (Zhōngyōng, “Doctrine of the Mean”)
* 論語／论语 (Lúnyǔ, “Analects”)
* 孟子 (Mèngzǐ, “Mencius”)
* 詩經／诗经 (Shījīng, “Classic of Poetry”)
* 書經／书经 (Shūjīng, “Book of Documents”)
* 禮記／礼记 (Lǐjì, “Book of Rites”)
* 易經／易经 (Yìjīng, “I Ching”)
* 春秋 (Chūnqiū, “Spring and Autumn Annals”)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 論 | 語 |
| ろん Grade: 6 | ご Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi | goon |

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ろんご [ròńgó] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) ろんご [róꜜǹgò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɾõ̞ŋɡo̞]

### Proper noun

論(ろん)語(ご) • (Rongo)
* Lunyu, the Analects of Confucius (one of the Four Books (四書) of Confucianism)

#### Coordinate terms

* 大(だい)学(がく) (Daigaku, “Great Learning”)
* 中(ちゅう)庸(よう) (Chūyō, “Doctrine of the Mean”)
* 論(ろん)語(ご) (Rongo, “Analects”)
* 孟(もう)子(し) (Mōshi, “Mencius”)
* 詩(しき)経(ょう) (Shikyō, “Classic of Poetry”)
* 書(しょ)経(きょう) (Shokyō, “Book of Documents”)
* 礼(らい)記(き) (Raiki, “Book of Rites”)
* 易(えき)経(きょう) (Ekikyō, “I Ching”)
* 春(しゅん)秋(じゅう) (Shunjū, “Spring and Autumn Annals”)

### References

* 1 2 Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 論 | 語 |

### Proper noun

論語 • (Noneo) (hangeul 논어)
* hanja form of 논어 (“Lunyu, the Analects of Confucius (one of the Four Books (四書) of Confucianism)”)

#### Coordinate terms

* 대학 (大學, Daehak, “Great Learning”)
* 중용 (中庸, Jung'yong, “Doctrine of the Mean”)
* 논어 (論語, Noneo, “Analects”)
* 맹자 (孟子, Maengja, “Mencius”)
* 시경 (詩經, Sigyeong, “Classic of Poetry”)
* 서경 (書經, Seogyeong, “Book of Documents”)
* 예기 (禮記, Yegi, “Book of Rites”)
* 역경 (易經, Yeokgyeong, “I Ching”)
* 춘추 (春秋, Chunchu, “Spring and Autumn Annals”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 論 | 語 |

### Proper noun

論語
* chữ Hán form of Luận Ngữ (“Lunyu, the Analects of Confucius (one of the Four Books (四書) of Confucianism)”).

#### Coordinate terms

* Đại Học (大學, “Great Learning”)
* Trung Dung (中庸, “Doctrine of the Mean”)
* Luận Ngữ (論語, “Analects”)
* Mạnh Tử (孟子, “Mencius”)
* Kinh Thi (經詩, “Classic of Poetry”)
* Kinh Thư (經書, “Book of Documents”)
* Kinh Lễ (經禮, “Book of Rites”)
* Kinh Dịch (經易, “I Ching”)
* Kinh Xuân Thu (經春秋, “Spring and Autumn Annals”)