# 直筆
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhíbǐ
    (Zhuyin): ㄓˊ ㄅㄧˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zik$^6$ bat$^1$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): ti̍t-pit
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhíbǐ
*** Zhuyin: ㄓˊ ㄅㄧˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhíhbǐ
*** Wade–Giles: chih$^2$-pi$^3$
*** Yale: jŕ-bǐ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jyrbii
*** Palladius: чжиби (čžibi)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$執筆／执笔 直筆／直笔
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zik$^6$ bat$^1$
*** Yale: jihk bāt
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzik$^9$ bat$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: jig$^6$ bed$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɪk̚² pɐt̚⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ti̍t-pit
*** Tâi-lô: ti̍t-pit
*** Phofsit Daibuun: didpid
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tit̚⁴⁻³² pit̚³²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tit̚²⁴⁻² pit̚⁵/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ pit̚³²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tit̚⁴⁻³² pit̚³²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tit̚⁴⁻³² pit̚³²/

### Verb

直筆
* (literary, of a court historian) to record something in an honest and straightforward manner, without embellishment or omission

#### Antonyms

* 曲筆／曲笔

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 直 | 筆 |
| じき Grade: 2 | ひつ Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||
* /dikipitu/ → /dikifitu/ → /d͡ʑikihit͡su/
From Middle Chinese compound 直筆／直笔 (drik pit, literally “straight, direct + writing”). Compare modern Mandarin 直筆／直笔 (zhíbǐ, “an honest story, a straightforward account of something”).
This reading uses the goon of jiki for the first character and the kan'on of hitsu for the second character, possibly suggesting an innovation in the reading within Japanese after the initial borrowing.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) じきひつ [jìkíhítsú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [d͡ʑikʲiçit͡sɨ]

#### Noun

直(じき)筆(ひつ) • (jikihitsu)
* the act of writing something oneself by hand
* the resulting handwritten document or writing:
** one's own handwriting
** a holograph, an autograph (something written by oneself, not just one's signature)

##### Synonyms

* 自筆(じひつ) (jihitsu)
* 直書(じきしょ) (jikisho)
* 親書(しんしょ) (shinsho)

#### Verb

直(じき)筆(ひつ)する • (jikihitsu suru) suru (stem 直(じき)筆(ひつ)し (jikihitsu shi), past 直(じき)筆(ひつ)した (jikihitsu shita))
* to write something oneself by hand

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 直筆し | じきひつし | jikihitsu shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 直筆し | じきひつし | jikihitsu shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 直筆する | じきひつする | jikihitsu suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 直筆する | じきひつする | jikihitsu suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 直筆すれ | じきひつすれ | jikihitsu sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 直筆せよ¹ 直筆しろ² | じきひつせよ¹ じきひつしろ² | jikihitsu seyo¹ jikihitsu shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 直筆される | じきひつされる | jikihitsu sareru |
| Causative | 直筆させる 直筆さす | じきひつさせる じきひつさす | jikihitsu saseru jikihitsu sasu |
| Potential | 直筆できる | じきひつできる | jikihitsu dekiru |
| Volitional | 直筆しよう | じきひつしよう | jikihitsu shiyō |
| Negative | 直筆しない | じきひつしない | jikihitsu shinai |
| Negative continuative | 直筆せず | じきひつせず | jikihitsu sezu |
| Formal | 直筆します | じきひつします | jikihitsu shimasu |
| Perfective | 直筆した | じきひつした | jikihitsu shita |
| Conjunctive | 直筆して | じきひつして | jikihitsu shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 直筆すれば | じきひつすれば | jikihitsu sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 直 | 筆 |
| ちょく Grade: 2 | ひつ Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||
From Middle Chinese compound 直筆／直笔 (drik pit, literally “straight, direct + writing”). Compare modern Mandarin 直筆／直笔 (zhíbǐ, “an honest story, a straightforward account of something”).
This reading uses the kan'on for both characters, suggesting either a later borrowing of the term as a whole, or a shift in reading influenced by other later borrowings.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ちょくひつ [chòkúhítsú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [t͡ɕo̞kɯ̟çit͡sɨ]

#### Noun

直(ちょく)筆(ひつ) • (chokuhitsu)
* an honest and straightforward record of something, without embellishment or omission
* holding a brush vertically when writing to use the tip of the brush
* the act of writing something oneself by hand
* the resulting handwritten document or writing:
** one's own handwriting
** a holograph, an autograph (something written by oneself, not just one's signature)

##### Usage notes

For the writing oneself senses, this reading appears to be less common than jikihitsu above.

##### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “honest record”): 曲筆(きょくひつ) (kyokuhitsu): an embellished story, a tall tale
* (antonym(s) of “vertical brush”): 側筆(そくひつ) (sokuhitsu): holding a brush at an angle to use the body of the brush

#### Verb

直(ちょく)筆(ひつ)する • (chokuhitsu suru) suru (stem 直(ちょく)筆(ひつ)し (chokuhitsu shi), past 直(ちょく)筆(ひつ)した (chokuhitsu shita))
* to record something in an honest and straightforward manner, without embellishment or omission
* to hold a brush vertically when writing to use the tip of the brush
* to write something oneself by hand

##### Usage notes

For the write oneself sense, this reading appears to be less common than jikihitsu above.

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 直筆し | ちょくひつし | chokuhitsu shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 直筆し | ちょくひつし | chokuhitsu shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 直筆する | ちょくひつする | chokuhitsu suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 直筆する | ちょくひつする | chokuhitsu suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 直筆すれ | ちょくひつすれ | chokuhitsu sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 直筆せよ¹ 直筆しろ² | ちょくひつせよ¹ ちょくひつしろ² | chokuhitsu seyo¹ chokuhitsu shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 直筆される | ちょくひつされる | chokuhitsu sareru |
| Causative | 直筆させる 直筆さす | ちょくひつさせる ちょくひつさす | chokuhitsu saseru chokuhitsu sasu |
| Potential | 直筆できる | ちょくひつできる | chokuhitsu dekiru |
| Volitional | 直筆しよう | ちょくひつしよう | chokuhitsu shiyō |
| Negative | 直筆しない | ちょくひつしない | chokuhitsu shinai |
| Negative continuative | 直筆せず | ちょくひつせず | chokuhitsu sezu |
| Formal | 直筆します | ちょくひつします | chokuhitsu shimasu |
| Perfective | 直筆した | ちょくひつした | chokuhitsu shita |
| Conjunctive | 直筆して | ちょくひつして | chokuhitsu shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 直筆すれば | ちょくひつすれば | chokuhitsu sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

##### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “honest record”): 曲筆(きょくひつ) (kyokuhitsu): to write an embellished story, to write a tall tale
* (antonym(s) of “vertical brush”): 側筆(そくひつ) (sokuhitsu): to hold a brush at an angle to use the body of the brush

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN