# 敢若
## Chinese
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): káⁿ-ná / kà-ná / kán-ná / ká-ná / kah-ná
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: káⁿ-ná
*** Tâi-lô: kánn-ná
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kvafnar
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /kã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nã⁵³/
*** IPA (Singapore): /kã⁴²⁻²⁴ na⁴²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ nã⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kà-ná
*** Tâi-lô: kà-ná
*** Phofsit Daibuun: karnar
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ka⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ nã⁵⁵⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, variant in Taiwan, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kán-ná
*** Tâi-lô: kán-ná
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kafnnar
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kan⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ nã⁴¹/
*** IPA (Singapore): /kan⁴²⁻²⁴ na⁴²/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /kan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nã⁵³/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ká-ná
*** Tâi-lô: ká-ná
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kafnar
*** IPA (Taipei): /ka⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nã⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ka⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ nã⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kah-ná
*** Tâi-lô: kah-ná
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kahnar
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ka(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ nã⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ka(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ nã⁵³/

#### Verb

敢若
* (Hokkien) to seem; to be like; as if

##### Synonyms

* 不啻 (bùchì) (literary)
* 似 (ci$^5$) (Cantonese, Classical Chinese)
* 似乎 (sìhū)
* 似如 (si$^4$ y$^2$) (Xiang)
* 像 (xiàng)
* 像係／像系 (Hakka)
* 像是 (xiàngshì)
* 儼如／俨如 (yǎnrú) (literary)
* 儼然／俨然 (yǎnrán)
* 儼若／俨若 (yǎnruò) (literary)
* 勝如／胜如 ($^5$sen-zy) (Wu)
* 好似 (hǎosì)
* 好像 (hǎoxiàng)
* 如同 (rútóng)
* 好比 (hǎobǐ)
* 宛 (Classical Chinese, or compounds only)
* 宛如 (wǎnrú) (literary)
* 宛然 (wǎnrán) (literary)
* 宛若 (wǎnruò) (literary)
* 就像 (jiùxiàng)
* 彷彿／仿佛 (fǎngfú)
* 忽如 (hūrú) (literary)
* 恍若 (huǎngruò)
* 敢若是 (Hokkien)
* 𣍐輸／𫧃输 (bē-su) (Hokkien)
* 有如 (yǒurú) (formal)
* 猶似／犹似 (yóusì) (literary)
* 猶像／犹像 (yóuxiàng) (literary)
* 猶如／犹如 (yóurú) (formal)
* 甲像 (Hokkien)
* 甲像是 (Hokkien)
* 甲親像／甲亲像 (Hokkien)
* 看上去 (kàn shàngqù)
* 看似 (kànsì)
* 看來／看来 (kànlái)
* 看樣子／看样子 (kànyàngzi)
* 看起來／看起来 (kànqilai)
* 若 (Classical Chinese, or compounds only)
* 若像 (Hokkien)
* 若親像／若亲像 (Hokkien)
* 表面上 (biǎomiànshang)
* 親像／亲像 (Hakka, Hokkien)
* 象 (xiàng)
* 貌似 (màosì)
* 賽可／赛可 (Ningbonese)
* 較像／较像 (Hokkien)
* 較像是／较像是 (Hokkien)
* 較親像／较亲像 (Hokkien)
* 顯得／显得 (xiǎnde)
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 好像, 似乎, 彷彿 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 好像 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 好像 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 好像 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 好似 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 好似 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 親像 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 親像 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 親像 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 親像 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 親像 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 親像 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 敢若, 敢若是, 親像, 恰像, 恰親像 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 敢若, 敢若是, 親像 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 親像, 恰像 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 敢若 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 敢若, 敢若是, 親像 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 較若像, 敢若像, 較若, 敢若, 敢若是, 親像, 若像, 較像 |

#### References

* “Entry #8469”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): káⁿ-nā / kà-nǎ / kah-nā
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: káⁿ-nā
*** Tâi-lô: kánn-nā
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kvafna
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nã²²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kà-nǎ
*** Tâi-lô: kà-nǎ
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ka⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ nã²²/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kah-nā
*** Tâi-lô: kah-nā
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kahna
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ka(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ nã²²/

#### Conjunction

敢若
* (Hokkien) since; as; now that

##### Synonyms

* 既然 (jìrán)
* (Hokkien) 敢若是

#### References

* “Entry #8469”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.