OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# เครื่องสาย
## Thai
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | เครื่องสาย e g r ụ̄ ˋ ɒ ŋ s ā y |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | เคฺรื่อง-สาย e g ̥ r ụ̄ ˋ ɒ ŋ – s ā y |
| Romanization | Paiboon | krʉ̂ʉang-sǎai |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | khrueang-sai |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /kʰrɯa̯ŋ˥˩.saːj˩˩˦/ |

### Noun

เครื่องสาย • (krʉ̂ʉang-sǎai)
* khrueang sai, an ensemble of stringed instruments, flute, and percussion instruments in Central Thai classical music

#### Synonyms

* วงเครื่องสาย
# 惩

| 惩 | U+60E9, &#24809; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-60E9 |
| ← 惨 [U+60E8] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 惪 → [U+60EA] |

## Translingual
### Han character

惩 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+8, 12 strokes, cangjie input 竹一心 (HMP), composition ⿱征心)
* punish, reprimand
* warn

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: not present, would follow page 392, character 18
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10851
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2311, character 13
* Unihan data for U+60E9

## Chinese

* For pronunciation and definitions of 惩 – see 懲 (“to warn; to give a warning; to punish; to reprimand”). (This character is the simplified form of 懲).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
# สำริด
## Thai
### Etymology

Compare Khmer សំរិត (sɑmrɨt).

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | สำริด s å r i ɗ |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | สำ-ริด s å – r i ɗ |
| Romanization | Paiboon | sǎm-rít |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | sam-rit |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /sam˩˩˦.rit̚˦˥/ |
| Homophonesedit | Homophonesedit | สัมฤทธิ์ |

### Noun

สำริด • (sǎm-rít)
* bronze.
# durchströmt
## German
### Participle

durchströmt
* past participle of durchströmen

### Verb

durchströmt
* inflection of durchströmen:
** second-person plural present
** third-person singular present
** plural imperative
# encalistravam
## Portuguese
### Verb

encalistravam
* third-person plural imperfect indicative of encalistrar
# กระแสไฟฟ้า
## Thai
### Etymology

From กระแส (grà-sɛ̌ɛ) +‎ ไฟฟ้า (fai-fáa).

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | กระแสไฟฟ้า k r a æ s ai f f ˆ ā |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | กฺระ-แส-ไฟ-ฟ้า k ̥ r a – æ s – ai f – f ˆ ā |
| Romanization | Paiboon | grà-sɛ̌ɛ-fai-fáa |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | kra-sae-fai-fa |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /kra˨˩.sɛː˩˩˦.faj˧.faː˦˥/ |

### Noun

กระแสไฟฟ้า • (grà-sɛ̌ɛ-fai-fáa)
* electric current.
# ᠵᠠᡴᡡᡨᠠ
## Manchu
### Pronunciation

* (standard) IPA: [t͡ʃa.qʰʊ.tʰa]

### Adverb

ᠵᠠᡴᡡᡨᠠ • (jakūta)
* eight each

### Proper noun

ᠵᠠᡴᡡᡨᠠ • (jakūta)
* Jakūta, a Manchu clan during the Qing dynasty
# 𬂇三
## Tày
### Noun

𬂇三 (bươn slam)
* Nôm form of bươn slam (“a year's third lunar month”).
    𫇥考結𬂇三Bioóc khảo kết bươn samKhảo flowers bloom on the third lunar month

### References

* Lục Văn Pảo, Hoàng Tuấn Nam (2003) Hoàng Triều Ân, editor, Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày [A Dictionary of (chữ) Nôm Tày]‎ (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội
# เครื่องร่อน
## Thai
### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | เครื่องร่อน e g r ụ̄ ˋ ɒ ŋ r ˋ ɒ n |
| Phonemic {Unorthographical; Short} | Phonemic {Unorthographical; Short} | เคฺรื่อง-ร็่อน e g ̥ r ụ̄ ˋ ɒ ŋ – r ˘ ˋ ɒ n |
| Romanization | Paiboon | krʉ̂ʉang-rɔ̂n |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | khrueang-ron |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /kʰrɯa̯ŋ˥˩.rɔn˥˩/ |

### Etymology 1

From เครื่อง (krʉ̂ʉang, “machine”) +‎ ร่อน (rɔ̂n, “to glide”).

#### Noun

เครื่องร่อน • (krʉ̂ʉang-rɔ̂n) (classifier ลำ)
* glider

### Etymology 2

From เครื่อง (krʉ̂ʉang, “machine”) +‎ ร่อน (rɔ̂n, “to sift; to winnow”).

#### Noun

เครื่องร่อน • (krʉ̂ʉang-rɔ̂n)
* sifter; screen
# 我手写我口
## Chinese

* For pronunciation and definitions of 我手写我口 – see 我手寫我口 (“"my hand writes [what] my mouth [speaks]", referring to writing in written vernacular Chinese rather than the literary register of Classical Chinese.”). (This term is the simplified form of 我手寫我口).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
# ຂ້ອຍ
## Lao
### Alternative forms

* ຂ້ຽ (khīa), ຂ້ອຽ (khǭi) — dated

### Etymology

Derived from the elision of the disyllabic polite pronoun ຂ້ານ້ອຍ (khān ʼa nya) into the monosyllable ຂ້ອຍ (khǭi). Cognate with Thai ข้อย (kɔ̂ɔi), Isan ข้อย, Northern Thai ᨡᩬ᩠᩶ᨿ, Khün ᨡᩭ᩶, Lü ᦃᦾᧉ (ẋoay²).

### Pronunciation

* (Vientiane) IPA: [kʰɔːj˧˩]
* (Luang Prabang) IPA: [kʰɔːj˥˥˨]
* Hyphenation: ຂ້ອຍ
* Rhymes: -ɔːj

### Noun

ຂ້ອຍ • (khǭi)
* servant

### Pronoun

ຂ້ອຍ • (khǭi)
* (colloquial) I, me

#### See also

Lao personal pronouns :
| | Singular | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural | Plural |
| | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person |
| Formal | ຂ້ານ້ອຍ (khān ʼa nya), ຜູ້ຂ້າ (phū khā) | ທ່ານ (thān) | ເພິ່ນ (phœn), ຂ້າເຈົ້າ (khā chao) | ພວກຂ້ານ້ອຍ (phūakkhān ʼa nya) | ພວກທ່ານ (phūakthān) | ພວກເພິ່ນ (phūakphœn), ຂ້າເຈົ້າ (khā chao) |
| Common | ເຮົາ (hao) ຂ້ອຍ (khǭi) | ເຈົ້າ (chao) | ເຂົາ (khao) | ເຮົາ (hao), ພວກເຮົາ (phūak hao) ພວກຂ້ອຍ (phūakkhǭi) | ພວກເຈົ້າ (phūakchao) | ພວກເຂົາ (phūakkhao) ພວກລາວ (phūaklāo) |
| Informal | ເຮົາ (hao) ຂ້ອຍ (khǭi) | ໂຕ (tō) | ລາວ (lāo) | ເຮົາ (hao), ພວກເຮົາ (phūak hao) ພວກຂ້ອຍ (phūakkhǭi) | ພວກເຈົ້າ (phūakchao) | ພວກເຂົາ (phūakkhao) ພວກລາວ (phūaklāo) |
| Vulgar | ກູ (kū) | ມຶງ (mưng) | ມັນ (man) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
# equilibreremo
## Italian
### Verb

equilibreremo
* first-person plural future of equilibrare
# activiser
## Norman
### Etymology

acti (“active”) +‎ -iser

### Verb

activiser
* (Jersey) to activate

#### Derived terms

* activisâtion (“activation”)
# ഗമനം
## Malayalam
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit गमन (gamana).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡamanam/

### Noun

ഗമനം • (gamanaṁ)
* travel
* going
* motion

### References

* Gundert, Hermann (1872) “ഗമനം”, in A Malayalam and English dictionary, Mangalore, London: C. Stolz; Trübner & Co.
# ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ
## Santali
### Alternative forms

* ᱵᱟᱱᱟ (bana)

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [banar]

### Pronoun

ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ • (banar)
* both

### Adjective

ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ • (banar)
* both

### References

* A. Campbell (1899) “ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ”, in A Santali-English Dictionary‎, Pokhuria, West Bengal: Santal Mission Press, page 38
# 𬂅

| 𬂅 | U+2C085, &#180357; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2C085 |
| ← 𬂄 [U+2C084] | CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E | 𬂆 → [U+2C086] |

## Translingual
### Han character

𬂅 (Kangxi radical 74, 月+8, 12 strokes, composition ⿰月单)
* paunchy
* a large belly

#### References

* Unihan data for U+2C085

## Chinese

* For pronunciation and definitions of 𬂅 – see 䐷. (This character is the simplified form of 䐷).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
# ཀ་པཱ་ལ
## Tibetan
### Alternative forms

* ཀ་པ་ལ (ka pa la)
* ཀ་པའ་ལ (ka pa' la)
* ཀ་པཱལ (ka pāl)
* ཀ་པཱ་ལི (ka pā li)
* ཀ་པ་ལི (ka pa li)
* ཀབ་ལི (kab li)
* ཀ་ལི (ka li)

### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit कपाल (kapāla).

### Noun

ཀ་པཱ་ལ • (ka pā la)
* kapala (cup made from a human skull used as a ritual implement)

#### Descendants

* → English: kapala
# 我愛你
## Chinese

* This entry is part of the phrasebook project, which presents criteria for inclusion based on utility, simplicity and commonness.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): wǒ ài nǐ
    (Zhuyin): ㄨㄛˇ ㄞˋ ㄋㄧˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ngo$^5$ oi$^3$ nei$^5$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): góa ài lí
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wǒ ài nǐ
*** Zhuyin: ㄨㄛˇ ㄞˋ ㄋㄧˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wǒ ài nǐ
*** Wade–Giles: wo$^3$ ai$^4$ ni$^3$
*** Yale: wǒ ài nǐ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: woo ay nii
*** Palladius: во ай ни (vo aj ni)
*** Sinological IPA : /wɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀaɪ̯⁵¹ ni²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ngo$^5$ oi$^3$ nei$^5$
*** Yale: ngóh oi néih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ngo$^5$ oi$^3$ nei$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ngo$^5$ oi$^3$ néi$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋɔː¹³ ɔːi̯³³ nei̯¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: góa ài lí
*** Tâi-lô: guá ài lí
*** Phofsit Daibuun: goar aix lie
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡua⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ai²¹⁻⁴¹ li⁴¹/

### Phrase

我愛你
* I love you

#### Usage notes

* In Cantonese, the phrase is considered too formal. 我好鍾意你／我好钟意你 (ngo5 hou2 zung1 ji3 nei5) "I like you very much" is more natural for vernacular Cantonese.

#### Descendants

* Vietnamese: ngộ ái nị (from Cantonese)
# มีเพศสัมพันธ์
## Thai
### Etymology

มี (mii) +‎ เพศสัมพันธ์ (pêet-sǎm-pan)

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | มีเพศสัมพันธ์ m ī e b ɕ s ạ m b ạ n dʰ ʻ |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | มี เพด สัม-พัน m ī   e b ɗ   s ạ m – b ạ n |
| Romanization | Paiboon | mii pêet sǎm-pan |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | mi phet sam-phan |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /miː˧.pʰeːt̚˥˩.sam˩˩˦.pʰan˧/ |

### Verb

มีเพศสัมพันธ์ • (mii pêet sǎm-pan) (abstract noun การมีเพศสัมพันธ์)
* to have sex; to make love.

#### Synonyms

* มีเซ็กส์ (mee sék)
* ร่วมประเวณี (rûam bprà way nee)
# орбитам
## Russian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɐrˈbʲitəm]

### Noun

орби́там • (orbítam) f inan pl
* dative plural of орби́та (orbíta)
# activina
## Portuguese
### Alternative forms

* ativina

### Noun

activina f (plural activinas)
* activin (a peptide that participates in diverse bodily functions)

## Spanish
### Noun

activina f (plural activinas)
* activin
# การประณาม
## Thai
### Etymology

From การ (gaan) +‎ ประณาม (bprà-naam).

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | การประณาม k ā r p r a ɳ ā m |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | กาน-ปฺระ-นาม k ā n – p ̥ r a – n ā m |
| Romanization | Paiboon | gaan-bprà-naam |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | kan-pra-nam |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /kaːn˧.pra˨˩.naːm˧/ |

### Noun

การประณาม • (gaan-bprà-naam)
* abstract noun of ประณาม (bprà-naam)

### Anagrams

* การประมาณ (gaan-bprà-maan)
# ᦶᦡᧃ
## Lü
### Alternative forms

* ᦶᦤᧃ (daen)

### Etymology

From Proto-Southwestern Tai *ˀdɛːnᴬ³ (“boundary; border”). Cognate with Thai แดน (dɛɛn), Lao ແດນ (dǣn), Shan လႅၼ် (lěn), Tai Nüa ᥘᥦᥢ (laen), Phake ꩫိꩫ် (nin), Ahom *𑜓𑜢𑜐𑜫 (*diñ), 𑜃𑜢𑜐𑜫 (niñ).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dɛn˥/

### Noun

ᦶᦡᧃ • (ḋaen)
* border; boundary
* realm; region

### References

* Dai Lue dictionary ᦈᦹᧈ ᦶᦑᧃ ᦺᦑ ᦟᦹᧉ 傣泐词典 - . Webonary – Dictionaries and Grammars of the World. https://www.webonary.org/dailu/
# 𬂇征
## Tày
### Noun

𬂇征 (bươn chiêng)
* Nôm form of bươn chiêng (“first lunar month of a year”).
    𬂇征徒𣖙壘𬂇二徒𣖙派Bươn chiêng tò mạy lị, bươn nhi̱ tò mạy phaiOn the first lunar month, [one] gathers trees [to make] fences; on the second lunar month, [one] gathers trees [to make] dams

### References

* Lục Văn Pảo, Hoàng Tuấn Nam (2003) Hoàng Triều Ân, editor, Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày [A Dictionary of (chữ) Nôm Tày]‎ (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội
# 我愛汝
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): góa ài lí / góa ài lír / góa ài lú / óa ài lí / óa ài lír
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ua$^2$ ain$^3$ le$^2$
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: góa ài lí
*** Tâi-lô: guá ài lí
*** Phofsit Daibuun: goar aix lie
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡua⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ai²¹⁻⁴¹ li⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ɡua⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ai²¹⁻⁵³ li⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Tong'an)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: góa ài lír
*** Tâi-lô: guá ài lír
*** IPA (Tong'an): /ɡua³¹⁻²⁴ ai¹¹²⁻⁴² lɯ³¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡua⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ lɯ⁵⁵⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Penang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: góa ài lú
*** Tâi-lô: guá ài lú
*** Phofsit Daibuun: goar aix luo
*** IPA (Penang): /ɡua⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ ai²¹⁻³³ lu⁴⁴⁵/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡua⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ai²¹⁻⁵³ lu⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: óa ài lí
*** Tâi-lô: uá ài lí
*** Phofsit Daibuun: oar aix lie
*** IPA (Singapore): /ua⁴²⁻²⁴ ai²¹⁻⁴² li⁴²/
** (Hokkien: Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: óa ài lír
*** Tâi-lô: uá ài lír
*** IPA (Singapore): /ua⁴²⁻²⁴ ai²¹⁻⁴² lɯ⁴²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ua$^2$ ain$^3$ le$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: uá àiⁿ lṳ́
*** Sinological IPA : /ua⁵²⁻³⁵ ãĩ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ lɯ⁵²⁻²¹/

### Phrase

我愛汝
* (Hokkien, literal) I like you; I want you
* (Hokkien, Teochew) I love you (expression)

#### Synonyms

* (Hokkien) 我疼汝 (goá thiàⁿ lí / góa thiàⁿ lír / góa thiàⁿ lú / óa thiàⁿ lí / óa thiàⁿ lír)
* (Mandarin) 我愛你／我爱你 (wǒ ài nǐ)
# ཀ་ལ
## Dzongkha
### Noun

ཀ་ལ (ka la)
* aluminium, aluminum (chemical element)

#### Synonyms

* ཧ་ཡང (ha yang​)
# มีอันเป็นไป
## Thai
### Etymology

From มี (mii, “to have”) +‎ อัน (an, “that; which”) +‎ เป็นไป (bpen-bpai, “to take place; to happen”).

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | มีอันเป็นไป m ī ɒ ạ n e p ˘ n ai p |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | มี-อัน-เป็น-ไป m ī – ɒ ạ n – e p ˘ n – ai p |
| Romanization | Paiboon | mii-an-bpen-bpai |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | mi-an-pen-pai |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /miː˧.ʔan˧.pen˧.paj˧/ |

### Verb

มีอันเป็นไป • (mii-an-bpen-bpai) (abstract noun การมีอันเป็นไป)
* (idiomatic) to suffer calamity, especially because of a supernatural power or the like.
** 2021 June 29, “ผวาอาถรรพณ์ "ไม้ตะเคียน" อดีตผู้ใหญ่บ้านเสียชีวิต หลังถูกทักเก็บไว้อาจมีอันเป็นไป”, in ไทยรัฐ‎, วัชรพล, retrieved 2021-07-10:
    เกจิทักไม่ควรเก็บไม้ตะเคียนไว้ในบ้านจะมีอันเป็นไป
       gee-jì ták mâi kuuan gèp máai dtà-kiian wái nai bâan jà mii-an-bpen-bpai
       [An occult] master warned [him] not to keep the ta-khian timber within [his] house, [or else he] would be doomed.
* (idiomatic) to die, especially a violent or miserable death.
# орбиты
## Russian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɐrˈbʲitɨ]

### Noun

орби́ты • (orbíty) f inan or f inan pl
* inflection of орби́та (orbíta):
** genitive singular
** nominative/accusative plural
# steamproof
## English
### Etymology

From steam +‎ -proof.

### Adjective

steamproof (comparative more steamproof, superlative most steamproof)
* Resistant to steam.
# การประชุมสุดยอด
## Thai
### Alternative forms

* ประชุมสุดยอด

### Etymology

From การประชุม (gaan-bprà-chum, “conference; meeting; etc.”) +‎ สุดยอด (sùt-yɔ̂ɔt, “highest; supreme; top; utmost; etc.”).

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | การประชุมสุดยอด k ā r p r a d͡ʑ u m s u ɗ y ɒ ɗ |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | กาน-ปฺระ-ชุม-สุด-ยอด k ā n – p ̥ r a – d͡ʑ u m – s u ɗ – y ɒ ɗ |
| Romanization | Paiboon | gaan-bprà-chum-sùt-yɔ̂ɔt |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | kan-pra-chum-sut-yot |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /kaːn˧.pra˨˩.t͡ɕʰum˧.sut̚˨˩.jɔːt̚˥˩/ |

### Noun

การประชุมสุดยอด • (gaan-bprà-chum-sùt-yɔ̂ɔt)
* summit (meeting).

#### Related terms

* ที่ประชุมสุดยอด
# ᦷᦂ
## Lü
### Etymology

Cognate with Thai กลัว (gluua), Lao ກົວ (kūa), Isan กัว, Northern Thai ᨠᩖ᩠ᩅᩫ, Khün ᨠ᩠ᩅᩫ, Shan ၵူဝ် (kǒ), Tai Dam ꪀꪺ, Tai Nüa ᥐᥨᥝ (kow), Ahom 𑜀𑜥 (kū).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /koː˥/

### Verb

ᦷᦂ • (k̇o) (Tai Tham spelling ᨠᩰ, abstract noun ᦂᦱᧃᦷᦂ)
* To be afraid

### References

* Hanna, William J. (2019) “Query for ᦷᦂ”, in Dai Lue - English Dictionary (in Chinese), SIL International
# Ref
## English
### Proper noun

Ref (plural Refs)
* A surname.

#### Statistics

* According to the 2010 United States Census, Ref is the 32599th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 705 individuals. Ref is most common among White (60.99%), Black/African American (22.84%), and Hispanic/Latino (11.21%) individuals.

### Anagrams

* FER, RFE, erf, f***er, fer

## German
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ʁɛf]

### Noun

Ref n (strong, genitive Refs, plural Refs)
* (colloquial, education) Clipping of Referendariat.

#### Declension
### Noun

Ref m (strong, genitive Refs, plural Refs)
* (colloquial, sports) Clipping of Referee.
* (colloquial, law, nonstandard) Clipping of Referendar.
    Synonym: (of teachers instead of jurists) Refi

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “Ref” in Uni Leipzig: Wortschatz-Lexikon
* Ref on the German Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{de}$
# contaminandola
## Italian
### Verb

contaminandola
* compound of contaminando, the gerund of contaminare, with la
# รศ.
## Thai
### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | รศ. r ɕ |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | รอ-สอ r ɒ – s ɒ |
| Romanization | Paiboon | rɔɔ-sɔ̌ɔ |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | ro-so |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /rɔː˧.sɔː˩˩˦/ |
* Homophone: ร.ศ. (rɔɔ.sɔ̌ɔ.)

### Noun

รศ. • (rɔɔ-sɔ̌ɔ)
* Abbreviation of รองศาสตราจารย์ (rɔɔng sàat-dtraa-jaan).

#### Usage notes

* Not to be confused with ร.ศ. (rɔɔ-sɔ̌ɔ)
# รส
## Pali
### Alternative forms

* rasa (Latin script)
* 𑀭𑀲 (Brahmi script)
* रस (Devanagari script)
* রস (Bengali script)
* රස (Sinhalese script)
* ရသ (Burmese script)
* ระสะ (Thai script)
* ᩁᩈ (Tai Tham script)
* ຣສ or ຣະສະ (Lao script)
* រស (Khmer script)
* 𑄢𑄥 (Chakma script)

### Noun

รส m
* Thai script form of rasa (“taste”)

#### Declension
## Thai
### Alternative forms

* (obsolete) รศ (rót)

### Etymology

From Sanskrit रस (rasa) or Pali rasa. Cognate with Lao ລົດ (lot), Lü ᦷᦟᧆ (lod) or ᦷᦟᧆᦉ (lodṡ), Burmese ရသ (ra.sa.), Khmer រស (rŭəh), Malay rasa.

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | รส r s | รส r s |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | รด r ɗ | [bound form] รด-สะ- r ɗ – s a – |
| Romanization | Paiboon | rót | rót-sà- |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | rot | rot-sa- |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /rot̚˦˥/ | /rot̚˦˥.sa˨˩./ |
| Homophonesedit | Homophonesedit | รด รถ รท | |

### Noun

รส • (rót) (classifier รส)
* taste.

#### Derived terms

* รสเผ็ด

### See also

Basic tastes in Thai · รส หรือ รสชาติ (layout · text) :
| หวาน (wǎan) | เปรี้ยว (bprîao), ส้ม (sôm) | เค็ม (kem) | ขม (kǒm) | เผ็ด (pèt) | อูมามิ (uu-maa-mí) |
# randomnesses
## English
### Noun

randomnesses
* plural of randomness
# fattegli
## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈfat.teʎ.ʎi/
* Rhymes: -atteʎʎi
* Hyphenation: fàt‧te‧gli

### Verb

fattegli
* (archaic) compound of fatte, the feminine plural past participle of fare, with gli
# การทำให้เป็นอาณานิคม
## Thai
### Etymology

การ (gaan) +‎ ทำให้ (tam-hâi) +‎ เป็น (bpen) +‎ อาณานิคม (aa-naa-ní-kom).

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | การทำให้เป็นอาณานิคม k ā r d å au h ˆ e p ˘ n ɒ ā ɳ ā n i g m |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | กาน-ทำ-ไห้-เป็น-อา-นา-นิ-คม k ā n – d å – ai h ˆ – e p ˘ n – ɒ ā – n ā – n i – g m |
| Romanization | Paiboon | gaan-tam-hâi-bpen-aa-naa-ní-kom |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | kan-tham-hai-pen-a-na-ni-khom |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /kaːn˧.tʰam˧.haj˥˩.pen˧.ʔaː˧.naː˧.ni˦˥.kʰom˧/ |

### Noun

การทำให้เป็นอาณานิคม • (gaan-tam-hâi-bpen-aa-naa-ní-kom)
* colonization/colonisation
# ṣäṃs-
## Tocharian A
### Verb

ṣäṃs-
* to count

## Tocharian B
### Verb

ṣäṃs-
* to count
# Reew
## Plautdietsch
### Noun

Reew f (plural Reewen)
* turnip
# རྙིང
## Tibetan
### Pronunciation

* Old Tibetan: /*rȵiŋ/
* Lhasa: /ȵiŋ˥˥/
* Old Tibetan:
** IPA: /*rȵiŋ/ (reconstructed)
* Ü-Tsang
** Tibetan pinyin: nying$^f$
** (Lhasa) IPA: /ȵiŋ˥˥/

### Adjective

རྙིང • (rnying)
* old, ancient
* worn out

### Verb

རྙིང • (rnying) (nominal form རྙིང་བ)
* (intransitive) to age, to wear out
# consolaríamos
## Galician
### Verb

consolaríamos
* (reintegrationist norm) first-person plural conditional of consolar

## Portuguese
### Verb

consolaríamos
* first-person plural conditional of consolar

## Spanish
### Verb

consolaríamos
* first-person plural conditional of consolar
# орфоэпий
## Russian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɐrfɐˈɛpʲɪj]

### Noun

орфоэ́пий • (orfoépij) f inan pl
* genitive plural of орфоэ́пия (orfoépija)
# རྗེས་དྲན
## Tibetan
### Pronunciation

* Old Tibetan: /*rd͡ʑes.dran/
* Lhasa: /t͡ɕeː˩˨.ʈ͡ʂɛ̃˥˥/
* Old Tibetan:
** IPA: /*rd͡ʑes.dran/ (reconstructed)
* Ü-Tsang
** Tibetan pinyin: jee$^v$-zhaen$^f$
** (Lhasa) IPA: /t͡ɕeː˩˨.ʈ͡ʂɛ̃˥˥/

### Noun

རྗེས་དྲན • (rjes dran)
* commemoration, remembrance
# การทำมาหากิน
## Thai
### Etymology

การ (gaan, abstract noun prefix) +‎ ทำมาหากิน (tam-maa-hǎa-gin).

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | การทำมาหากิน k ā r d å m ā h ā k i n |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | กาน-ทำ-มา-หา-กิน k ā n – d å – m ā – h ā – k i n |
| Romanization | Paiboon | gaan-tam-maa-hǎa-gin |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | kan-tham-ma-ha-kin |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /kaːn˧.tʰam˧.maː˧.haː˩˩˦.kin˧/ |

### Noun

การทำมาหากิน • (gaan-tam-maa-hǎa-gin)
* abstract noun of ทำมาหากิน (tam-maa-hǎa-gin)
# fatten the curve
## English
### Etymology

A pun on flatten the curve.

### Verb

fatten the curve (third-person singular simple present fattens the curve, present participle fattening the curve, simple past and past participle fattened the curve)
* (humorous) To fatten or gain weight due to COVID-19 pandemic lockdown.
** 2020 June 2, “Quarantini? Moronavirus? COVID-10? Wordplay Brings Humor to These Times”, in Voice of America‎, archived from the original on 2024-04-21:Did you hear about the town that was fattening the curve so much that the mayor had to take away everyone’s quarantinis?
** 2020 October 6, “Bailey’s High 5: 5 Ways to Ease Back into Exercise”, in Smile FM‎, archived from the original on 2024-04-21:Some people really got into the virtual way of working out in lockdown and we saw online exercise courses boom in lockdown… and others, like me, well, we fattened the curve and ate our feelings.
** 2020 November 19, Jen, “Daily Structure And Small Activities”, in OTCoach‎, archived from the original on 2024-04-21:My daily occupations are also being shaped by my back is playing up (I have successfully “fattened the curve” and put on about stone of late, so I can’t actually stay in bed for more than 6 hours anyway and if I come downstairs and sit at the desk straight away, it aches even more, so I am doing this sort of walking/standing/yoga mix of trying to work at my laptop – its not easy. […] Meal times have become real markers of time and have gained greater meaning in our house “yey, structure!”, “yey activity”, “yey yummy food” “fatten that curve baby”
** 2021 April 3, Josh Freed, “Josh Freed: After COVID, we'll need to relearn some old habits”, in Montreal Gazettte‎, archived from the original on 2024-04-21:FAILING FITNESS: The average American gained two pounds a month, possibly some 20 pounds during COVID — stuck indoors in close contact with the fridge. Have we Canadians? If so, we have “fattened the curve” of Canada by some 700 million pounds — placing more weight on our cracked roads, sidewalks and bridges, not to mention car springs.
** 2022 March 15, Betty Pei Ing Chang, Igor Pravst, Monique Maria Raats, The Effects of the COVID-19 Outbreak on Food Supply, Dietary Patterns, Nutrition and Health: Volume 1, Frontiers Media S. A., pages 140–141:This public health action markedly disrupted everyday activities and increased unstructured time for people, making weight management a concern (1-3) frequently referred to on social media as "Quarantine 15", "gaining the COVID-19" or "fattening the curve."
** 2022 March 24, Alison Colwell, No Excuses: Turning Around One of Britain's Toughest Schools, Biteback Publishing, page 207:At the start of the pandemic, the internet was awash with jokes. Mostly they revolved around all-day drinking and weight gain – fattening the curve.
* Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see fatten,‎ the,‎ curve.
** 2012 October 23, Edmund Morris, This Living Hand: And Other Essays, Random House Publishing Group, page 93:Just as important is the pen's ability to dawdle in midstroke, fattening the curve of a y, for example, while pondering whether to follow up with a comma or not.
# enrequentássedes
## Galician
### Verb

enrequentássedes
* (reintegrationist norm) second-person plural imperfect subjunctive of enrequentar
# རྗེ་བོ
## Tibetan
### Noun

རྗེ་བོ • (rje bo)
* lord, master, ruler

### Further reading

* “རྗེ་བོ” in The Tibetan Living Dictionary, Mandala Collections, 2021.