# 投降
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tóuxiáng
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄡˊ ㄒㄧㄤˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): tau$^4$ hong$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thèu-hòng
* Eastern Min (BUC): dàu-hòng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tâu-hâng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): dao$^5$ hang$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tóuxiáng
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄡˊ ㄒㄧㄤˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tóusiáng
*** Wade–Giles: tʻou$^2$-hsiang$^2$
*** Yale: tóu-syáng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tourshyang
*** Palladius: тоусян (tousjan)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰoʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: tau$^4$ hong$^4$
*** Yale: tàuh hòhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tau$^4$ hong$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: teo$^4$ hong$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰɐu̯²¹ hɔːŋ²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thèu-hòng
*** Hakka Romanization System: teu$^ˇ$ hong$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: teu$^2$ hong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰeu̯¹¹ hoŋ¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: dàu-hòng
*** Sinological IPA : /tau⁵³⁻³³ $^{(h-)}$ouŋ⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tâu-hâng
*** Tâi-lô: tâu-hâng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dau'haang
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tau²⁴⁻²² haŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tau²⁴⁻²² haŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tau¹³⁻²² haŋ¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tau²⁴⁻¹¹ haŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tau²³⁻³³ haŋ²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: dao$^5$ hang$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tâu hâng
*** Sinological IPA : /tau⁵⁵⁻¹¹ haŋ⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: duw haewng
Rime :
| Character | 投 | 降 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 定 (7) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 侯 (137) | 江 (9) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | II |
| Fanqie | 度侯切 | 下江切 |
| Baxter | duw | haewng |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /dəu/ | /ɦˠʌŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /dəu/ | /ɦᵚɔŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /dəu/ | /ɣɔŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /dəw/ | /ɦaɨwŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /du/ | /ɣɔŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /dəu/ | /ɣɔŋ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /dʱə̯u/ | /ɣɔŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | tóu | xiáng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | tau$^4$ | hong$^4$ |

### Verb

投降
* to surrender; to capitulate
* to submit; to give in; to yield
    From: 2020, November 6, kenchiu233 (username), answer to the question “对于跨性别者而言家长党和天赋党哪个重要？”, on Zhihu, quoted in 2021 January 15, 张楠茜, 《拯救可橙： 被父母强送矫治的跨性别者》, in 《鳳凰週刊》 [Phoenix Weekly], →ISSN, issue 747, page 42
    bù xiàng jiāolǜ yǔ yìyù tóuxiáng, zhège shìjiè zhōng huì yǒu wǒmen cúnzài de dìfāng [Pinyin]
    Don't submit to anxiety and depression; eventually there'll be a place for us in the world

#### Synonyms

* (to surrender): 收降 (shōuxiáng), 投誠／投诚 (tóuchéng)
* (to submit):
* 屈從／屈从 (qūcóng)
* 屈服 (qūfú)
* 臣服 (chénfú)
* 降服

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “to submit”):
* 不屈 (bùqū)

#### Derived terms

* 拱手投降
* 無條件投降／无条件投降 (wútiáojiàn tóuxiáng)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 投 | 降 |
| とう Grade: 3 | こう Grade: 6 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) とーこー [tòókóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [to̞ːko̞ː]

### Noun

投(とう)降(こう) • (tōkō)
* surrender

### Verb

投(とう)降(こう)する • (tōkō suru) intransitive suru (stem 投(とう)降(こう)し (tōkō shi), past 投(とう)降(こう)した (tōkō shita))
* surrender

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 投降し | とうこうし | tōkō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 投降し | とうこうし | tōkō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 投降する | とうこうする | tōkō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 投降する | とうこうする | tōkō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 投降すれ | とうこうすれ | tōkō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 投降せよ¹ 投降しろ² | とうこうせよ¹ とうこうしろ² | tōkō seyo¹ tōkō shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 投降される | とうこうされる | tōkō sareru |
| Causative | 投降させる 投降さす | とうこうさせる とうこうさす | tōkō saseru tōkō sasu |
| Potential | 投降できる | とうこうできる | tōkō dekiru |
| Volitional | 投降しよう | とうこうしよう | tōkō shiyō |
| Negative | 投降しない | とうこうしない | tōkō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 投降せず | とうこうせず | tōkō sezu |
| Formal | 投降します | とうこうします | tōkō shimasu |
| Perfective | 投降した | とうこうした | tōkō shita |
| Conjunctive | 投降して | とうこうして | tōkō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 投降すれば | とうこうすれば | tōkō sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 投 | 降 |

### Noun

投降 • (tuhang) (hangeul 투항)
* hanja form of 투항 (“surrender”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 投 | 降 |

### Verb

投降
* chữ Hán form of đầu hàng (“to surrender”).