# cruach
## Irish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kɾˠuəx/
* (Ulster) IPA: /kɾˠɔx/ (in the phrase cruach fhéir (“hayrick”) /kɾˠɔxˈeiɾʲ/)

### Etymology 1

From crua (“hard”) +‎ -ach.

#### Alternative forms

* cruaidh (Munster)
* cruaidhe (Ulster)
* cruadhach (obsolete)

#### Noun

cruach f (genitive singular cruach)
* steel (metal alloy)

##### Declension

Fourth declension

##### Derived terms

* cruach charbóin (“carbon steel”)
* giotár cruach (“steel guitar”)

### Etymology 2

From Middle Irish crúach, from Old Irish crúach (“stack; mountain, hill”), from Proto-Celtic *krowkos (“heap”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *krewH- (“to heap up”), shared with Proto-Germanic *hraukaz (“heap”), Lithuanian kruvà (“heap”).

#### Noun

cruach f (genitive singular cruaiche, nominative plural cruacha)
* stack (of corn or hay), pile
* (geography) hill, mountain

##### Declension

Second declension

##### Descendants

* → English: croagh
* →⇒ Yola: kurkeen

#### Verb

cruach (present analytic cruachann, future analytic cruachfaidh, verbal noun cruachadh, past participle cruachta)
* (transitive) stack; pile

##### Conjugation

| | | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural | relative | autonomous |
| | | first | second | third | first | second | third | relative | autonomous |
| indicative | present | cruachaim | cruachann tú; cruachair$^†$ | cruachann sé, sí | cruachaimid | cruachann sibh | cruachann siad; cruachaid$^†$ | a chruachann; a chruachas / a gcruachann* | cruachtar |
| indicative | past | chruach mé; chruachas | chruach tú; chruachais | chruach sé, sí | chruachamar; chruach muid | chruach sibh; chruachabhair | chruach siad; chruachadar | a chruach / ar chruach* | cruachadh |
| indicative | past habitual | chruachainn / gcruachainn‡‡ | chruachtá / gcruachtá‡‡ | chruachadh sé, sí / gcruachadh sé, sí‡‡ | chruachaimis; chruachadh muid / gcruachaimis‡‡; gcruachadh muid‡‡ | chruachadh sibh / gcruachadh sibh‡‡ | chruachaidís; chruachadh siad / gcruachaidís‡‡; gcruachadh siad‡‡ | a chruachadh / a gcruachadh* | chruachtaí / gcruachtaí‡‡ |
| future | future | cruachfaidh mé; cruachfad | cruachfaidh tú; cruachfair$^†$ | cruachfaidh sé, sí | cruachfaimid; cruachfaidh muid | cruachfaidh sibh | cruachfaidh siad; cruachfaid$^†$ | a chruachfaidh; a chruachfas / a gcruachfaidh* | cruachfar |
| conditional | conditional | chruachfainn / gcruachfainn‡‡ | chruachfá / gcruachfá‡‡ | chruachfadh sé, sí / gcruachfadh sé, sí‡‡ | chruachfaimis; chruachfadh muid / gcruachfaimis‡‡; gcruachfadh muid‡‡ | chruachfadh sibh / gcruachfadh sibh‡‡ | chruachfaidís; chruachfadh siad / gcruachfaidís‡‡; gcruachfadh siad‡‡ | a chruachfadh / a gcruachfadh* | chruachfaí / gcruachfaí‡‡ |
| subjunctive | present | go gcruacha mé; go gcruachad$^†$ | go gcruacha tú; go gcruachair$^†$ | go gcruacha sé, sí | go gcruachaimid; go gcruacha muid | go gcruacha sibh | go gcruacha siad; go gcruachaid$^†$ | — | go gcruachtar |
| subjunctive | past | dá gcruachainn | dá gcruachtá | dá gcruachadh sé, sí | dá gcruachaimis; dá gcruachadh muid | dá gcruachadh sibh | dá gcruachaidís; dá gcruachadh siad | — | dá gcruachtaí |
| imperative | imperative | cruachaim | cruach | cruachadh sé, sí | cruachaimis | cruachaigí; cruachaidh$^†$ | cruachaidís | — | cruachtar |
| verbal noun | verbal noun | cruachadh | cruachadh | cruachadh | cruachadh | cruachadh | cruachadh | cruachadh | cruachadh |
| past participle | past participle | cruachta | cruachta | cruachta | cruachta | cruachta | cruachta | cruachta | cruachta |
* indirect relative † archaic or dialect form ‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

##### Derived terms

* is é cosaint na pingine a chruachas na puint (“take care of the pennies and the pounds will take care of themselves”)

### References

* ↑ Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931) Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, § 209, page 105
* ↑ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 151, page 59
* ↑ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 27, page 14
* ↑ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 crúach”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* ↑ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “krowko-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 226-27
* ↑ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “616”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 616

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “cruach”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “cruach”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
* “cruach”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2024

## Scottish Gaelic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kʰɾuəx/

### Etymology 1

From Old Irish crúach (“stack of corn; rick; heap, conical pile; mountain, hill”), from Proto-Celtic *krowko- (“heap”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *krā(u)- (“to heap up”), shared with Proto-Germanic *hraukaz (“heap”), Lithuanian krûvà (“heap”).

#### Noun

cruach f (genitive singular cruaiche, plural cruachan)
* pile, heap, stack

##### Derived terms

* cho seasgair ri luchag ann an cruach (“snug as a bug in a rug”, literally “snug as a mouse in a haystack”)

### Etymology 2

From Old Irish crúachaid (“heaps, piles”), from crúach (“heap, pile”).

#### Verb

cruach (past chruach, future cruachaidh, verbal noun cruachadh, past participle cruachte)
* pile or heap up
* make into a stack

### References

* ↑ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “krowko”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 226-27
* ↑ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “1513”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1513