# tum
## Translingual
### Symbol

tum
* (international standards) ISO 639-2 & ISO 639-3 language code for Tumbuka.

## English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tʌm/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Rhymes: -ʌm

### Noun

tum (plural tums)
* shortened form of tummy
    Synonym: tum-tum
** 1918, Norman Lindsay, The Magic Pudding, Sydney: Angus and Robertson, page 18:For here am I without a crumb To satisfy a raging tum-- O what an oversight!" As he was indulging in these melancholy reflexions he came round a bend in the road, and discovered two people in the very act of having lunch.

### See also

* rum-tum
* som tum
* tum tum
* tum-tum

### Anagrams

* MTU, Mut., UTM, mut.

## Balinese
### Romanization

tum
* Romanization of ᬢᬸᬫ᭄

## Iban
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tʊm/

### Noun

tum
* an ancient jar that is large in the middle and opening, having a black surface and no design

### Verb

tum
* to heat; to warm
    Tum dulu lauk chelap nyaHeat the cold dish first
* to host lot of people for a long period of time
    Kami kena tum bala pengabang dua hari.We hosted the visitor for two days

## Irish
### Alternative forms

* tom

### Etymology

From Middle Irish tummid.

### Verb

tum (present analytic tumann, future analytic tumfaidh, verbal noun tumadh, past participle tumtha) (transitive, intransitive)
* to dip (lower into a liquid), immerse, plunge, duck, submerge
* to dip (treat cattle or sheep by immersion)
* to dive (jump into water head-first; descend)
* to pitch (move so that the front of the craft goes alternatively up and down)
    Synonym: bocáil

#### Conjugation

| | | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural | relative | autonomous |
| | | first | second | third | first | second | third | relative | autonomous |
| indicative | present | tumaim | tumann tú; tumair$^†$ | tumann sé, sí | tumaimid | tumann sibh | tumann siad; tumaid$^†$ | a thumann; a thumas / a dtumann* | tumtar |
| indicative | past | thum mé; thumas | thum tú; thumais | thum sé, sí | thumamar; thum muid | thum sibh; thumabhair | thum siad; thumadar | a thum / ar thum* | tumadh |
| indicative | past habitual | thumainn / dtumainn‡‡ | thumtá / dtumtá‡‡ | thumadh sé, sí / dtumadh sé, sí‡‡ | thumaimis; thumadh muid / dtumaimis‡‡; dtumadh muid‡‡ | thumadh sibh / dtumadh sibh‡‡ | thumaidís; thumadh siad / dtumaidís‡‡; dtumadh siad‡‡ | a thumadh / a dtumadh* | thumtaí / dtumtaí‡‡ |
| future | future | tumfaidh mé; tumfad | tumfaidh tú; tumfair$^†$ | tumfaidh sé, sí | tumfaimid; tumfaidh muid | tumfaidh sibh | tumfaidh siad; tumfaid$^†$ | a thumfaidh; a thumfas / a dtumfaidh* | tumfar |
| conditional | conditional | thumfainn / dtumfainn‡‡ | thumfá / dtumfá‡‡ | thumfadh sé, sí / dtumfadh sé, sí‡‡ | thumfaimis; thumfadh muid / dtumfaimis‡‡; dtumfadh muid‡‡ | thumfadh sibh / dtumfadh sibh‡‡ | thumfaidís; thumfadh siad / dtumfaidís‡‡; dtumfadh siad‡‡ | a thumfadh / a dtumfadh* | thumfaí / dtumfaí‡‡ |
| subjunctive | present | go dtuma mé; go dtumad$^†$ | go dtuma tú; go dtumair$^†$ | go dtuma sé, sí | go dtumaimid; go dtuma muid | go dtuma sibh | go dtuma siad; go dtumaid$^†$ | — | go dtumtar |
| subjunctive | past | dá dtumainn | dá dtumtá | dá dtumadh sé, sí | dá dtumaimis; dá dtumadh muid | dá dtumadh sibh | dá dtumaidís; dá dtumadh siad | — | dá dtumtaí |
| imperative | imperative | tumaim | tum | tumadh sé, sí | tumaimis | tumaigí; tumaidh$^†$ | tumaidís | — | tumtar |
| verbal noun | verbal noun | tumadh | tumadh | tumadh | tumadh | tumadh | tumadh | tumadh | tumadh |
| past participle | past participle | tumtha | tumtha | tumtha | tumtha | tumtha | tumtha | tumtha | tumtha |
* indirect relative † archaic or dialect form ‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

#### Derived terms

* tumadóir

### References

* ↑ “tum”, in Historical Irish Corpus, 1600–1926, Royal Irish Academy
* ↑ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “tummaid, tu(i)mmid”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

### Further reading

* Dinneen, Patrick S. (1904) “tomaim”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 1st edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 744
* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “tum”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN

## Javanese
### Romanization

tum
* Romanization of ꦠꦸꦩ꧀

## Latin
### Etymology

From Proto-Italic *tom, from Proto-Indo-European *tóm, accusative of *só. Cf. its feminine form Latin tam, as in tamquam. Cognate with Ancient Greek τότε (tóte).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /tum/, [t̪ʊ̃ˑ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /tum/, [t̪um]

### Adverb

tum (not comparable)
* then, thereupon
    Tum Caecilius in horto sedet.Then Caecilius sits in the garden.
* at the time, at that time
    tum primum ― for the first time, then at first
** 58 BC, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico, VII, 11:Qui tum primum allato nuntio de oppugnatione VellaunoduniWho then for the first time being delivered information about the siege of Vellaunodunum
** between 27 and 9 BC, Livy, Ab urbe condita:Ea tum cura maxime intentos habebat Romanos, non ab ira tantum, quae in nullam unquam ciuitatem iustior fuit, quam quod urbs tam nobilis ac potens, sicut defectione sua traxerat aliquot populos, ita recepta inclinatura rursus animos uidebatur ad ueteris imperii respectumThis concern in particular troubled the mindful Romans at the time, not so much because of anger, which has never been more justified against any other city, rather because a city so noble and powerful, in the same way that it had attracted the support of a number of communities by its revolt, was thought would again turn attention back towards respect for the previous government once recaptured.
* further on
** between 29 and 19 BC, Vergil, Aeneid, Book 1, line 164:[…] tum silvis scaena coruscis […](please add an English translation of this quotation)

#### Usage notes

Often coupled with cum
* Such that "tum x, cum y" = "then x, when y"
* "cum x tum y" = "not only x but also y"
** 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita I.13:movet res cum multitudinem tum ducesThis event not only shocked the crowd but also the commanders

#### Synonyms

* (then): deinde
* (at that time): tunc

#### Derived terms

* tunc

#### Related terms

| type | demonstrative | demonstrative | demonstrative | anaphoric | identity | interrogative/ relative | indefinite | indefinite | indefinite | indefinite | indefinite | negative | other |
| type | proximal | medial | distal | anaphoric | identity | interrogative/ relative | relative | indefinite | free choice | universal | negative polarity | negative | other |
| basic | hic | iste, istic | ille, illic | is | ipse, īdem | quis/quī | quisquis, quīcumque | quis, quī, quīdam, aliquis, aliquī, quispiam | quīvis, quīlibet | quisque | quisquam, ūllus, °aliquisquam | nēmō, nihil, nūllus | alius |
| dual | | | | | | uter | utercumque | alteruter | utervīs, uterlibet | uterque | | neuter | alter |
| place | hīc | istīc | illīc | ibī̆ | ibī̆dem | ubī̆ | ubiubi, ubī̆cumque | alicubī, uspiam | ubivīs, ubilibet | ubīque | usquam | nusquam, nūllibī | alibī, aliās |
| source | hinc | istinc | illinc | inde | indidem | unde | undecumque, undeunde | alicunde | °undelibet | undique | | | aliunde |
| destination | hūc, °hōrsum | istūc, °istōrsum | illūc, °illōrsum | eō | eōdem | quō, quōrsum | quōquō, quōcumque | aliquō, quōpiam, °aliquōvorsum | quōvīs, quōlibet | | quōquam | nusquam, nūllōrsum | aliō, aliōrsum |
| method, means, path, place | hāc | istāc | illāc | eā | eādem | quā | quāquā, quācumque | aliquā | quāvīs, quālibet | quāque | | nēquāquam, haudquāquam | aliā |
| manner | hōc modō | istō modō | illō modō | ita, sīc, eō modō | item, itidem | ut, quī, quō modō, quōmodo, quemadmodum | utut, utcumque, quōmodocumque | quī, quōdam modō, aliquō modō | quōmodolibet | utīque | ūllō modō | nūllō modō | aliter, aliōquī, alterō/aliō modō |
| time | num, nunc | | ōlim | tum, tunc | simul | quandō, ‡cum | cumque, quandōcumque, quandōque | quondam, aliquandō | quandōlibet | quandōque | umquam | numquam | aliās |
| quantity | | | | tam | †tamen, †tandem | quam | †quamquam | aliquam | quamvīs, quamlibet | | | | |
| size | | | | tantus | tantusdem | quantus | quantuscumque | aliquantus | quantusvīs, quantuslibet | | | | |
| quality | | | | tālis | | quālis | quālis, quāliscumque | aliquālis | quālislibet | | | | |
| number | | | | tot | totidem | quot | quotquot, quotcumque | aliquot | quotlibet | | | | |
| order | | | | totus | | quotus | quotuscumque | aliquotus | quotuslibet | | | | |
| repetition | | | | totiēns | | quotiēns | quotiēnscumque | aliquotiēns | quotiēnslibet | | | | |
| multiplication | | | | totuplex | | quotuplex | | | | | | | |
| † Turned conjunction with original meaning somewhat dissimulated ° Rare ‡only used as a conjunction, not as an interrogative ||||||||||||||

### References

* “tum”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “tum”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* tum in Enrico Olivetti, editor (2003-2024), Dizionario Latino, Olivetti Media Communication
* tum in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. at the same moment that, precisely when: eo ipso tempore, cum; tum ipsum, cum Pericles, the greatest man of his day: Pericles, quo nemo tum fuit clarior Pericles, the greatest man of his day: Pericles, vir omnium, qui tum fuerunt, clarissimus I was ten years old at the time: tum habebam decem annos to be sound asleep: sopītum esse to talk of a subject which was then the common topic of conversation: in eum sermonem incidere, qui tum fere multis erat in ore a hand-to-hand engagement ensued: tum pes cum pede collatus est (Liv. 28. 2)

## Middle English
### Adjective

tum
* (Northern) Alternative form of tome (“empty”)

## Norn
### Etymology

From Old Norse *þumi, from Proto-Germanic *þūmô.

### Noun

tum
* thumb

## Old Javanese
### Etymology

Unknown, probably from Proto-Mon-Khmer *t$_1$um (“to boil, to distil”) (compare Thai ต้ม (dtôm, “to boil”), Khmer ដាំ (dam, “to boil”)).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tʊm/
* Rhymes: -tum
* Hyphenation: tum

### Verb

tum
* (cooking) to cook by warping by banana leaf then steamed

#### Descendants

* Javanese: ꦠꦸꦩ꧀ (tum)
* → Balinese: ᬢᬸᬫ᭄ (tum)

## Portuguese
### Etymology

Onomatopoeic.

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈtũ/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈtũ/

### Interjection

tum
* (onomatopoeia) crash (to collide with something)
    Synonym: crás

## Scottish Gaelic
### Etymology

From Old Irish tummaid (“dips, plunges, immerses”).

### Verb

tum (past thum, future tumaidh, verbal noun tumadh, past participle tumta)
* plunge, immerse, dip, duck, steep

### References

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “tummaid, tu(i)mmid”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* Edward Dwelly (1911) “tum”, in Faclair Gàidhlig gu Beurla le Dealbhan [The Illustrated Gaelic–English Dictionary]‎, 10th edition, Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited, →ISBN

## Sumerian
### Romanization

tum
* Romanization of 𒌈 (tum)

## Swedish
### Etymology

From Old Swedish tumme.

### Noun

tum c
* inch (unit of length)

#### Usage notes

Can mean at least three different units: 24.74 mm (verktum) before 1855, 29.69 mm (decimaltum) between 1855 and 1889, and usually 25.4 mm (engelsk tum) today – an international inch.

#### Related terms

* decimaltum
* fyrtumsspik
* tumgänga
* tumstjock
* tumstock
* verktum

### References

* tum in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* tum in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* tum in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

## Tabasco Zoque
### Numeral

tum
* one

### References

* A. G. de León G., El ayapaneco: una variante del zoqueano en Ja Chontalpa tabasquena [The Ayapaneco dialect: a variant of the Zoque language in the Chontalpa region of Tabasco]

## Ternate
### Etymology

From tumu, with word-final vowel deletion.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈtum]

### Verb

tum
* Alternative form of tumu (“to dive, leap down from”)

#### Conjugation
### References

* Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

## Vietnamese
### Pronunciation

* (Hà Nội) IPA: [tum˧˧]
* (Huế) IPA: [tum˧˧]
* (Saigon) IPA: [tʊm˧˧]

### Noun

tum • (𡉾)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Volapük
### Numeral

tum
* hundred
** 1932, Arie de Jong, Leerboek der Wereldtaal, page 19:Cils äbinons-li i pö zäl et? Si! elogob us tumis.Were there children at that party as well? Yes, I've seen hundreds of them there.

#### Usage notes

This word must be preceded by a numeral for a single-digit number, so "one hundred" is expressed in Volapük as "baltum."

#### Derived terms

* teltum (“two hundred”)
* kiltum (“three hundred”)
* foltum (“four hundred”)
* lultum (“five hundred”)
* mältum (“six hundred”)
* veltum (“seven hundred”)
* jöltum (“eight hundred”)
* zültum (“nine hundred”)