# 如是
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): rúshì
    (Zhuyin): ㄖㄨˊ ㄕˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jyu$^4$ si$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: rúshì
*** Zhuyin: ㄖㄨˊ ㄕˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: rúshìh
*** Wade–Giles: ju$^2$-shih$^4$
*** Yale: rú-shr̀
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: rushyh
*** Palladius: жуши (žuši)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʐu³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jyu$^4$ si$^6$
*** Yale: yùh sih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jy$^4$ si$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yu$^4$ xi$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /jyː²¹ siː²²/
* Middle Chinese: nyo|nyoH dzyeX
Rime :
| Character | 如 | 如 | 是 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 日 (38) | 日 (38) | 常 (25) |
| Final (韻) | 魚 (22) | 魚 (22) | 支 (11) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III | III |
| Fanqie | 人諸切 | 人恕切 | 承紙切 |
| Baxter | nyo | nyoH | dzyeX |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ȵɨʌ/ | /ȵɨʌ$^H$/ | /d͡ʑiᴇ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ȵiɔ/ | /ȵiɔ$^H$/ | /d͡ʑiɛ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȵʑiɔ/ | /ȵʑiɔ$^H$/ | /d͡ʑjɛ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ȵɨə̆/ | /ȵɨə̆$^H$/ | /d͡ʑiə̆$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ȵiɔ/ | /ȵiɔ$^H$/ | /ʑie$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ȵʑĭo/ | /ȵʑĭo$^H$/ | /ʑǐe$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ȵʑi̯wo/ | /ȵʑi̯wo$^H$/ | /ʑie̯$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | rú | rù | shì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jyu$^4$ | jyu$^6$ | si$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*na [d]eʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*nja|njas djeʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 如 | 如 | 是 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | rú | rú | shì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ nyo › | ‹ nyo › | ‹ dzye$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*na/ | /*na/ | /*[d]eʔ/ |
| English | go to | as, like, if | this |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 如 | 如 | 是 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 9623 | 9631 | 11645 |
| Phonetic component | 女 | 女 | 是 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 魚 | 支 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 如 | 洳 | 是 |
| Old Chinese | /*nja/ | /*njas/ | /*djeʔ/ |
| Notes | | | 金文從早從止， 馬敘倫謂正加射的。按象對準目標行進， 表所行正確 |

### Adverb

如是
* (literary) like this; so; such
    From: c. 77 B.C.E., 劉向 (Liu Xiang), 《說苑》 (Garden of Stories), chapter 6
    Zhuāngwáng guài ér wèn yuē: “Guǎrén débó, yòu wèicháng yì zǐ, zǐ hégù chūsǐ bù yí rúshì?” [Pinyin]
    King Zhuang thought it strange, and asked him, "I am not a particularly virtuous person, nor have I granted you any special favors. Why would you fight like this, as if your life depended on it?"

#### Synonyms

* (literary) 如此 (rúcǐ)

#### Derived terms

* 如是我聞／如是我闻 (rúshìwǒwén)
* 日日如是 (rìrìrúshì)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 如 | 是 |
| にょ Grade: S | ぜ Grade: S |
| goon ||

### Etymology

From Old Japanese, in turn from Middle Chinese 如是 (MC nyo dzyeX). Used to translate Sanskrit एवम् (evam, “such, thus”).
First cited to the Buddhist text 勝鬘経義疏 (Shōmangyō Gisho), part of the 三経義疏 (Sangyō Gisho) dated to 611. The text is written in 漢文 (kanbun), a kind of specialized Classical Chinese adapted slightly for Japanese readers. The first citation in a definitively Japanese-language text might not be until the 正法眼蔵 (Shōbōgenzō) compiled during the years 1231–53.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) にょぜ [nyóꜜzè] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ɲ̟o̞ze̞]

### Adverb

如(にょ)是(ぜ) • (nyoze)
* [from 611] (Buddhism) like this
* [from mid-1200s] (Buddhism) short for 十如是 (jū-nyoze): the ten thusnesses of the Tendai sect
* [from mid-1200s] (Buddhism) expression of approval of something said by another person

#### Derived terms

* 如(にょ)是(ぜ)我(が)聞(もん) (nyoze gamon, “thus I hear”)
* 十(じゅう)如(にょ)是(ぜ) (jū-nyoze, “ten thusnesses of the Tendai sect”)

### References

* 1 2 3 “如是”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN