# 湍

| 湍 | U+6E4D, &#28237; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6E4D |
| ← 湌 [U+6E4C] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 湎 → [U+6E4E] |

## Translingual
### Han character

湍 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 水山一月 (EUMB), four-corner 3212$_7$, composition ⿰氵耑)
* rapid water current, rapids

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 636, character 25
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17825
* Dae Jaweon: page 1043, character 23
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1677, character 10
* Unihan data for U+6E4D

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 湍 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 揣 | *toːlʔ, *sʰrolʔ |
| 褍 | *toːlʔ, *toːn |
| 惴 | *tjols |
| 圌 | *djol, *djon |
| 篅 | *djol, *djon |
| 瑞 | *djols |
| 端 | *toːn |
| 剬 | *toːn, *tjonʔ |
| 偳 | *toːn, *tʰoːn |
| 鍴 | *toːn |
| 耑 | *toːn |
| 踹 | *toːns, *djonʔ |
| 湍 | *tʰoːn, *tjon |
| 煓 | *tʰoːn |
| 貒 | *tʰoːn, *tʰoːns |
| 諯 | *stʰons, *tjon, *tʰjons, *djon |
| 顓 | *tjon |
| 喘 | *tʰjonʔ |
| 遄 | *djon |
| 輲 | *djon |
| 椯 | *djon |
| 歂 | *djon, *djonʔ |
| 腨 | *djonʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰoːn, *tjon) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 耑 (OC *toːn).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tuān (tuan$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨㄢ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): teon$^1$ / tyun$^1$ / zyun$^2$ / cyun$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chhoan / thoan
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zuêng$^1$ / zuang$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tuān
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄨㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tuan
*** Wade–Giles: tʻuan$^1$
*** Yale: twān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tuan
*** Palladius: туань (tuanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰu̯än⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: teon$^1$ / tyun$^1$ / zyun$^2$ / cyun$^2$
*** Yale: tēun / tyūn / jyún / chyún
*** Cantonese Pinyin: toen$^1$ / tyn$^1$ / dzyn$^2$ / tsyn$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: tên$^1$ / tün$^1$ / jun$^2$ / qun$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰɵn⁵⁵/, /tʰyːn⁵⁵/, /t͡syːn³⁵/, /t͡sʰyːn³⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhoan / thoan
*** Tâi-lô: tshuan / thuan
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhoafn, toafn
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/, /tʰuan⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰuan³³/, /tʰuan³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/, /tʰuan⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/, /tʰuan⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/, /tʰuan⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: zuêng$^1$ / zuang$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsueng / tsuang
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sueŋ³³/, /t͡suaŋ³³/
* Middle Chinese: thwan, tsywen
Rime :
| Character | 湍 | 湍 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 透 (6) | 章 (23) |
| Final (韻) | 桓 (62) | 仙 (78) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Closed |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 他端切 | 職緣切 |
| Baxter | thwan | tsywen |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tʰuɑn/ | /t͡ɕiuᴇn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /tʰʷɑn/ | /t͡ɕʷiɛn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /tʰuɑn/ | /t͡ɕjuæn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /tʰwan/ | /cwian/ |
| Li Rong | /tʰuɑn/ | /t͡ɕiuɛn/ |
| Wang Li | /tʰuɑn/ | /t͡ɕĭwɛn/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /tʰuɑn/ | /t͡ɕi̯wɛn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | tuān | zhuān |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | tyun$^1$ | zyun$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*tʰˤor/
    (Zhengzhang): /*tʰoːn/, /*tjon/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 湍 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | tuān |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ thwan › |
| Old Chinese | /*tʰˁor/ |
| English | rushing water |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 湍 | 湍 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 2507 | 2515 |
| Phonetic component | 耑 | 耑 |
| Rime group | 元 | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 湍 | 專 |
| Old Chinese | /*tʰoːn/ | /*tjon/ |

### Definitions

湍
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

### Compounds

* 急湍 (jítuān)
* 涌湍 (yǒngtuān)
* 湍急 (tuānjí)
* 湍水
* 湍流 (tuānliú)
* 湍瀨／湍濑
* 飛湍／飞湍
* 驚湍／惊湍

### References

* “湍”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: たん (tan)
* Kan-on: たん (tan)
* Kun: はやい (hayai, 湍い)、はやせ (hayase)

## Korean
### Hanja

湍 (eum 단 (dan))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

湍: Hán Nôm readings: suyền, đoan, thoan, thoăn, thuân
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation