# 機械
## Chinese
### Etymology

Attestable in ancient Chinese texts.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jīxiè
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧ ㄒㄧㄝˋ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gei$^1$ haai$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): gei$^1$ hai$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kî-hái
    (Hailu, HRS): gi$^ˋ$ hai$^ˊ$
* Eastern Min (BUC): gĭ-huôi
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): ki-hāi / ki-hâi / ki-kài
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gi$^1$ hai$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jīxiè
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧ ㄒㄧㄝˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jisiè
*** Wade–Giles: chi$^1$-hsieh$^4$
*** Yale: jī-syè
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jishieh
*** Palladius: цзисе (czise)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gei$^1$ haai$^6$
*** Yale: gēi haaih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gei$^1$ haai$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: géi$^1$ hai$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /kei̯⁵⁵ haːi̯²²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: gei$^1$ hai$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /kei³³ hai³²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kî-hái
*** Hakka Romanization System: gi$^ˊ$ hai$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gi$^1$ hai$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki²⁴ hai̯³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: gi$^ˋ$ hai$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki⁵³ hai²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gĭ-huôi
*** Sinological IPA : /ki⁵⁵⁻⁵³ $^{(h-)}$ui²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ki-hāi
*** Tâi-lô: ki-hāi
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ki'hai
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ki⁴⁴⁻²² hai²²/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ki⁴⁴⁻³³ hai³³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ki³³ hai⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ki-hâi
*** Tâi-lô: ki-hâi
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ki'haai
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ki⁴⁴⁻²² hai²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ki⁴⁴⁻³³ hai²³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ki³³ hai²⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ki⁴⁴⁻³³ hai²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ki⁴⁴⁻²² hai¹³/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ki-kài
*** Tâi-lô: ki-kài
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ki'kaix
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ki⁴⁴⁻³³ kai²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ki⁴⁴⁻³³ kai¹¹/
* ki-hāi - literary;
* ki-hâi - colloquial variant.
* Middle Chinese: kj+j heajH
Rime :
| Character | 機 | 械 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 微 (20) | 皆 (33) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | II |
| Fanqie | 居依切 | 胡介切 |
| Baxter | kj+j | heajH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɨi/ | /ɦˠɛi$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kɨi/ | /ɦᵚæi$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kiəi/ | /ɣɐi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kɨj/ | /ɦəɨj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kiəi/ | /ɣɛi$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kĭəi/ | /ɣɐi$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ke̯i/ | /ɣăi$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jī | xiè |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gei$^1$ | haai$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kəj [m-k]ˤrək-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kɯl ɡrɯːɡs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 機 | 械 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jī | xiè |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kjɨj › | ‹ hɛj$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*kəj/ | /*[m-k]ˁrək-s/ |
| English | mechanism | fetters; weapon |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 機 | 械 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 5788 | 6547 |
| Phonetic component | 幾 | 戒 |
| Rime group | 微 | 代 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 機 | 械 |
| Old Chinese | /*kɯl/ | /*ɡrɯːɡs/ |

### Noun

機械
* machine; machinery
    Synonym: 機器／机器 (jīqì)
    機械製造業／机械制造业 ― jīxiè zhìzàoyè ― machinery manufacturing industry
* (Classical) machination

#### Derived terms

* 機械人／机械人 (jīxièrén)
* 機械工程／机械工程 (jīxiè gōngchéng)
* 機械翻譯／机械翻译 (jīxiè fānyì)
* 機械臂／机械臂 (jīxièbì)
* 簡單機械／简单机械 (jiǎndān jīxiè)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 機(き)械(かい) (kikai)
* → Korean: 기계(機械) (gigye)
* → Vietnamese: cơ giới (機械)

### Adjective

機械
* (figuratively) stiff; inflexible

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 機 | 械 |
| き Grade: 4 | かい Grade: 4 |
| kan'on ||
For pronunciation and definitions of 機械 – see the following entry. :
| 【器械きかい】 | [noun] 機械, 器械: [from 1850s] any powered mechanical device for performing work [noun] 機械: a machine, equipment, an apparatus [noun] 機械, 器械: [from 1520] (archaic) a clockwork, a mechanism, especially one using strings and pulleys [noun] 機械: [from 1862] (uncommon, biology) an internal organ, biological machinery [noun] 機械: [from 1899] (uncommon) a means for accomplishing a goal |
(This term, 機械, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 機 | 械 |

### Noun

機械 • (gigye) (hangeul 기계)
* hanja form of 기계 (“machinery or heavy equipment”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 機 | 械 |

### Noun

機械
* chữ Hán form of cơ giới (“machine; motor”).