# تاوان
## Ottoman Turkish
### Alternative forms

* طاوان (tavan), طوان (tavan)

### Etymology

Unknown. Nişanyan does not consider Old Turkic [script needed] (taban) to be related and doubts the similar Classical Syriac ܬܘܢܐ (tawwān, “room”) is the origin.

### Noun

تاوان • (tavan) (definite accusative تاوانی (tavanı), plural تاوانلر (tavanlar))
* ceiling, the overhead interior surface that covers the upper limits of a room
    Synonym: سقف (sekf)

#### Derived terms

* آغز تاوانی (ağız tavanı, “palate of the mouth”)
* تاوان آراسی (tavan arası, “space between the ceiling and the roof”)
* تاوان دلیكی (tavan deliği, “oculus, skylight”)
* تاوان سوپوركه‌سی (tavan süpürgesi, “ceiling broom”)
* تاوان كوبكی (tavan göbeği, “central ornament of a ceiling”)
* تاوانلامق (tavanlamak, “to ceil”)
* تاوانلتمق (tavanlatmak, “to make or let be ceiled”)
* تاوانلنمق (tavanlanmak, “to be ceiled”)
* تكنه تاوان (tekne tavan, “concave ceiling”)

#### Descendants

* Turkish: tavan
* → Albanian: tavan
* → Armenian: թավան (tʻavan)
* → Bulgarian: таван (tavan)
* → Crimean Tatar: tavan
* → Greek: ταβάνι (taváni)
* → Macedonian: таван (tavan)
* → Romanian: tavan
* → Serbo-Croatian: tavan, таван

### Further reading

* Barbier de Meynard, Charles (1881) “تاوان”, in Dictionnaire turc-français, volume I, Paris: E. Leroux, page 436
* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “tavan1”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 4642
* Hindoglu, Artin (1838) “تاوان”, in Hazine-i lûgat ou dictionnaire abrégé turc-français‎, Vienna: F. Beck, page 143b
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “تاوان”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 338
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Laquear”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎, Vienna, column 915
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “تاوان”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, column 1047
* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “tavan”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “تاوان”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 481

## Pashto
### Etymology

From Persian تاوان (tâvân).

### Pronunciation

IPA: /tɑˈwɑn/

### Noun

تاوان • (tāwān) f
* harm, injury; loss
    Synonyms: زیان, نقصان, تلف, ضرر
* compensation, indemnity, reparations

#### Derived terms

* تاواني
* تاوان جن
* تاوان کول ,تاوانول
* تاوانېدل ,تاوان کېدل
* تاوان اخيستل
* تاوان ورکول
* تاوان رسوونکی

### References

Pashtoon, Zeeya A. (2009) “تاوان”, in Pashto–English Dictionary, Hyattsville: Dunwoody Press

## Persian
### Etymology

Inherited from Middle Persian [script needed] (t'dw'n' /⁠tāvān⁠/, “compensation, obligation”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [tɑː.wɑːn]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [t̪ʰɑː.wɑːn]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [t̪ʰɑː.wɑːn]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [t̪ʰɑː.wɑːn]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [t̪ʰɔː.wɔːn]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [t̪ʰɒː.vɒːn]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [t̪ʰɔ.vɔn]

### Noun

تاوان • (tâvân) (plural تاوان ها (tâvân-hâ))
* punishment, penalty, compensation.

### References

Mackenzie, D. N. (1971) A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary. p. 82. Retrieved December 16, 2022.

## Ushojo
### Etymology

From Persian تاوان (tâvân).

### Noun

تاوان (tāvān)
* loss, damage