# 橄欖
## Chinese

* 橄欖

### Etymology

Borrowed from a Kra-Dai language in ancient times.
Compare Zhuang gyamj (“olive”), Lao ເຫລືອມ (lư̄am, “Canarium kerrii”), ເກິມ (kœm, “Canarium venosum”), as well as Middle Vietnamese tlám (“olive”) (from earlier < *klam; Modern trám).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): gǎnlǎn
       (Zhuyin): ㄍㄢˇ ㄌㄢˇ
    (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): gǎnlǎn
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gaam$^3$ laam$^2$ / gaam$^3$ laam$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ká-lám / kám-lám
    (Hailu, HRS): ga$^ˋ$ lam$^ˊ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): gam$^3$ lam$^3$
* Jin (Wiktionary): gan$^2$ lan$^2$
* Northern Min (KCR): găng-lǎng
* Eastern Min (BUC): gā-lāng / gāng-lāng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): káⁿ-ná / kaⁿ-ná / kán-ná / kan-ná
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gan$^1$ na$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$ke-le
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): gan$^3$ lan$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gǎnlǎn [Phonetic: gánlǎn]
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄢˇ ㄌㄢˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gǎnlǎn
*** Wade–Giles: kan$^3$-lan$^3$
*** Yale: gǎn-lǎn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gaanlaan
*** Palladius: ганьлань (ganʹlanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /kän²¹⁴⁻³⁵ län²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
** (Nanjing)
*** Nanjing Pinyin: gǎnlǎn [Phonetic: gánlǎn]
*** Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): gan$^3$ lan$^3$ [Phonetic: gan$^2$ lan$^3$]
*** Sinological IPA : /kã¹¹⁻¹² lã¹¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gaam$^3$ laam$^2$ / gaam$^3$ laam$^5$
*** Yale: gaam láam / gaam láahm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gaam$^3$ laam$^2$ / gaam$^3$ laam$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gam$^3$ lam$^2$ / gam$^3$ lam$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /kaːm³³ laːm³⁵/, /kaːm³³ laːm¹³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ká-lám / kám-lám
*** Hakka Romanization System: ga$^ˋ$ lam$^ˋ$ / gam$^ˋ$ lam$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ga$^3$ lam$^3$ / gam$^3$ lam$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /ka³¹ lam³¹/, /kam³¹ lam³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: ga$^ˋ$ lam$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /ka⁵³ lam²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: gam$^3$ lam$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /kam³¹ lam³¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: gan$^2$ lan$^2$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /kæ̃⁵³⁻¹¹ læ̃⁵³/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: găng-lǎng
*** Sinological IPA : /kaŋ²⁴ laŋ²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gā-lāng / gāng-lāng
*** Sinological IPA : /ka³³⁻³⁵ l̃aŋ³³/, /kaŋ³³⁻³⁵ $^{(l-)}$nˡaŋ³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: káⁿ-ná
*** Tâi-lô: kánn-ná
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kvafnar
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nã⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Kinmen, Magong, variant in Taiwan, Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kaⁿ-ná
*** Tâi-lô: kann-ná
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kvanar
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kã⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁴¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kã³³ nã⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kã⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁵³/
*** IPA (Philippines): /kã³³ na⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Kinmen): /kã⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kán-ná
*** Tâi-lô: kán-ná
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kafnnar
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nã⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Lukang, Hsinchu, Taichung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kan-ná
*** Tâi-lô: kan-ná
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kannar
*** IPA (Taipei): /kan⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁵³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kan⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kan⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁴¹/
*** IPA (Lukang): /kan³³ nã⁵⁵/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gan$^1$ na$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kaⁿ ná
*** Sinological IPA : /kã³³⁻²³ na⁵²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$ke-le
*** MiniDict: ke$^去$ le
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$ke-le
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ke³³ le⁴⁴/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: gan$^3$ lan$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kan⁴¹ l̃an⁴¹/
* Middle Chinese: kamX lamX
Rime :
| Character | 橄 | 欖 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 談 (143) | 談 (143) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 古覽切 | 盧敢切 |
| Baxter | kamX | lamX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɑm$^X$/ | /lɑm$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kɑm$^X$/ | /lɑm$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kɑm$^X$/ | /lɑm$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kam$^X$/ | /lam$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /kɑm$^X$/ | /lɑm$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /kɑm$^X$/ | /lɑm$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kɑm$^X$/ | /lɑm$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gǎn | lǎn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gam$^2$ | laam$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*klaːmʔ ɡ·raːmʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 橄 | 欖 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 3675 | 6089 |
| Phonetic component | 敢 | 監 |
| Rime group | 談 | 談 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 敢 | 覽 |
| Old Chinese | /*klaːmʔ/ | /*ɡ·raːmʔ/ |

### Noun

橄欖
* Chinese olive (Canarium album)
* European olive (Olea europaea)

#### Usage notes

It is easy to confuse the European and Chinese olives, because they are often referred to by the same name. Fortunately, there is little overlap in use: the European olive is packaged for food in brine (it is inedible fresh), or as oil pressed from the fruit. The Chinese olive is dried or candied, or the nuts are eaten. The European olive is foreign and mentioned in the Bible, as well as in the context of the Middle East and Europe, while the Chinese olive is native and East Asian.

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 橄欖 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 橄欖 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 橄欖 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 橄欖 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 青果 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 青果, 橄欖 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 青果 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 青果, 橄欖 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 橄欖 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 青果 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 青果 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 橄欖 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 橄欖 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 橄欖 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dagudi (Maliba) | 橄欖, 橄欖果 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Reshuitang (Longling) | 橄欖果 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Salong (Lancang) | 橄欖果 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Sai (Tengchong) | 橄欖 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 青果, 橄欖 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 橄欖 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Chuzhou | 青果 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 欖 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 橄欖 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 青果 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 橄欖 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 青果 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 欖仔, 橄欖 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 橄欖 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 橄欖, 欖仔 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 橄欖 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 橄欖 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 橄欖 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 橄欖 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 青果 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 橄欖 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 橄欖 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 橄欖 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 青果, 橄欖 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 橄欖 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 橄欖 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 橄欖 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 草橄欖 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 草橄欖 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 草橄欖 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 草橄欖 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 橄欖 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 橄欖 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 草橄欖 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 橄欖 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 橄欖 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 橄欖 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 橄欖 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 橄欖 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 青果, 欖 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 橄欖 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang) | 橄欖 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang) | 橄欖 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu) | 橄欖 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 橄欖 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Fengting) | 橄欖 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Youyang) | 橄欖 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 欖果 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 橄欖 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 橄欖 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 橄欖 |
| Wu | Danyang | 橄欖 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 青果, 橄欖 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 青果, 橄欖 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 橄欖 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 青果 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 青果, 橄欖 |

#### Derived terms

* 橄榄仙
* 橄榄岩
* 橄欖僊／橄榄仙
* 橄欖子／橄榄子 (“betel nut”)
* 橄欖孫／橄榄孙
* 橄欖山／橄榄山 (Gǎnlǎn Shān)
* 橄欖枝／橄榄枝 (gǎnlǎnzhī, “olive branch”)
* 橄欖樹／橄榄树 (gǎnlǎnshù)
* 橄欖油／橄榄油 (gǎnlǎnyóu, “olive oil”)
* 橄欖球／橄榄球 (gǎnlǎnqiú, “rugby”)
* 橄欖石／橄榄石 (gǎnlǎnshí, “olivine”)
* 橄欖糖／橄榄糖
* 橄欖綠／橄榄绿
* 橄欖色／橄榄色 (gǎnlǎnsè)
* 橄欖菜／橄榄菜
* 橄欖香／橄榄香
* 油橄欖／油橄榄 (yóugǎnlǎn)
* 洋橄欖／洋橄榄
* 綠橄欖／绿橄榄 (lǜgǎnlǎn)
* 錫蘭橄欖／锡兰橄榄 (xīlán gǎnlǎn)
* 黑橄欖／黑橄榄 (hēigǎnlǎn, “black olive”)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 橄欖(かんらん) (kanran)
* → Korean: 감람(橄欖) (gamnam)
* → Vietnamese: cảm lãm (橄欖)
Others:
* → English: kana (“olives that have been dried and preserved using salt and sugar, eaten as a snack”)
* Macanese: (from 欖) lám
* → Malay: kanar (“Chinese olive eaten salted or sweet”)
* → Thai: กาน้า (kānā, “Canarium album”)

### Verb

橄欖
* (Mainland China, Internet slang, vulgar) Alternative form of 幹爛／干烂 (“to ruin”)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 橄 | 欖 |
| かん Hyōgai | らん Hyōgai |
| on'yomi ||

### Noun

橄(かん)欖(らん) or 橄欖(カンラン) • (kanran)
* Chinese olive, Canarium album
* (dated, by confusion) olive

#### Usage notes

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary).

#### Derived terms

* 橄欖岩(かんらんがん) (kanrangan, “peridotite”)
* 橄欖石(かんらんせき) (kanranseki, “olivine, peridot”)
* 橄欖山(かんらんざん) (Kanranzan, “Mount of Olives”)
* 橄欖油(かんらんゆ) (kanran'yu, “olive oil”)
* 橄欖色(かんらんしょく) (kanranshoku, “olive colour”)

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 橄 | 欖 |

### Noun

橄欖 • (gamnam) (hangeul 감람)
* hanja form of 감람 (“Chinese white olive”)