# pactum
## Latin
### Etymology 1

From pangō.

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈpaːk.tum/, [ˈpäːkt̪ʊ̃ˑ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈpak.tum/, [ˈpäkt̪um]

#### Participle

pāctum
* inflection of pāctus (“fixed, fastened”):
** accusative masculine singular
** nominative/accusative/vocative neuter singular

### Etymology 2

Originally from pacīscor (“to arrange by negotiation”), from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂ḱ- (“to fix; settle”), whence also pāx (“peace”). Not easily distinguishable from Etymology 1 already in Proto-Indo-European, which might reflect an eventual merger of a split outcome of the same root.

#### Alternative forms

* pactus, -ūs (Late Latin)

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈpak.tum/, [ˈpäkt̪ʊ̃ˑ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈpak.tum/, [ˈpäkt̪um]
Note: uncertainty about derivation likely entailed variation in the length of the /a/; however, vowel reduction in compectum indicates that it was originally short.

#### Participle

pactum
* inflection of pactus (“arranged by negotiation, agreed”):
** accusative masculine singular
** nominative/accusative/vocative neuter singular

#### Noun

pactum n (genitive pactī); second declension
* an agreement, bargain, pact
    Synonyms: compositum, condiciō, stipulātiō
* (in adverbial expressions) a means, manner, method, consideration
    Synonyms: modus, ratiō, via
    quō pactō possum vīvere sī..? ― how can I live when..?
** 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita I.32:quo pacto ius nostrum adipiscamurhow we may obtain our right
** Cicero, In Catilinam I 17:Servi mehercule mei si me isto pacto metuerent ut te metuunt omnes cives tui, domum meam relinquendam putaremIf my servants feared me in such a manner as all your countrymen fear you, I should think that I need to leave my house

##### Declension

Second-declension noun (neuter).
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | pactum | pacta |
| Genitive | pactī | pactōrum |
| Dative | pactō | pactīs |
| Accusative | pactum | pacta |
| Ablative | pactō | pactīs |
| Vocative | pactum | pacta |

##### Related terms

* compectum
* pactiō
* pactīcius

##### Descendants

* >? Catalan: pati
* Friulian: pat
* Italian: patto
* Old Occitan: pati, patu
** Occitan: pati
** →? Portuguese: pátio
** →? Spanish: patio
* Old Galician-Portuguese: peito (“tribute”)
** Galician: peito
** Portuguese: peito, peita
* Old Spanish: pecho (“tribute”)
* Sicilian: pattu
* Borrowings:
** → Bulgarian: пакт (pakt)
** → Catalan: pacte
** → Danish: pagt
** → English: pact
** → French: pacte (see there for further descendants)
** → German: Pacht, Pakt
** → Galician: pacto
** → Macedonian: пакт (pakt)
** → Polish: pakt
** → Portuguese: pacto, pauta
** → Russian: пакт (pakt)
** → Spanish: pacto, pauta

### References

* “pango, pago, paco” in volume 10, part 1, column 203, line 13 in the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae (TLL Open Access), Berlin (formerly Leipzig): De Gruyter (formerly Teubner), 1900–present
* “pactum; pactus” on page 1410 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (2nd ed., 2012)
* De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pangō; pāx”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 442; 452

### Further reading

* “pactum”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “pactum”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* pactum in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* pactum in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.