# 高句麗
## Chinese

* 高句麗

### Etymology

Borrowed from Old Korean [Term?]. (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “from Old Korean?”)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Gāogōulí
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄠ ㄍㄡ ㄌㄧˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gou$^1$ ngau$^1$ lei$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Gāogōulí
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄠ ㄍㄡ ㄌㄧˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Gaogoulí
*** Wade–Giles: Kao$^1$-kou$^1$-li$^2$
*** Yale: Gāu-gōu-lí
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Gaugouli
*** Palladius: Гаогоули (Gaogouli)
*** Sinological IPA : /kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ koʊ̯⁵⁵ li³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gou$^1$ ngau$^1$ lei$^4$
*** Yale: gōu ngāu lèih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gou$^1$ ngau$^1$ lei$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gou$^1$ ngeo$^1$ léi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kou̯⁵⁵ ŋɐu̯⁵⁵ lei̯²¹/
* Middle Chinese: kaw kuw lje
Rime :
| Character | 高 | 句 | 麗 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/4 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 見 (28) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 豪 (89) | 侯 (137) | 支 (11) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I | III |
| Fanqie | 古勞切 | 古侯切 | 呂支切 |
| Baxter | kaw | kuw | lje |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɑu/ | /kəu/ | /liᴇ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kɑu/ | /kəu/ | /liɛ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kɑu/ | /kəu/ | /ljɛ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kaw/ | /kəw/ | /liə̆/ |
| Li Rong | /kɑu/ | /ku/ | /lie/ |
| Wang Li | /kɑu/ | /kəu/ | /lǐe/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kɑu/ | /kə̯u/ | /lie̯/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gāo | gōu | lí |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gou$^1$ | gau$^1$ | lei$^4$ |

### Proper noun

高句麗
* Goguryeo (one of the ancient Three Kingdoms of Korea)

#### Coordinate terms

* 百濟／百济 (Bǎijì)
* 新羅／新罗 (Xīnluó)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 高 | 句 | 麗 |
| こう Grade: 2 | く Grade: 5 | り Grade: S |
| on'yomi |||
* Alternative spelling
* 高勾麗
/kaukuri/ → /kɔːkuri/ → /koːkuri/
From written Middle Chinese 高句麗, in turn likely from some variety of Old Korean.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ko̞ːkɯ̟ɾʲi]

#### Proper noun

高(こう)句(く)麗(り) • (Kōkuri)
* (historical) the Goguryeo kingdom of 37 BCE – 668 CE, one of the ancient Three Kingdoms of Korea, located in what is now North Korea and parts of Manchuria and far-eastern Russia

##### Synonyms

* 高麗(こま) (koma)

##### Coordinate terms

* 百済 (Kudara, Hyakusai, “Baekje”, another of the Three Kingdoms)
* 新羅 (Shiragi, “Silla”, another of the Three Kingdoms)

##### Derived terms

* 高(こう)句(く)麗(り)古(こ)墳(ふん) (Kōkuri kofun): a Goguryeo tumulus tomb

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 高 | 句 | 麗 |
| こう > こ Grade: 2 | く Grade: 5 | り Grade: S |
| irregular | on'yomi | on'yomi |
/koːkuri/ → /kokuri/
Alteration from Kōkuri. This usage developed after the two failed attempts in 1274 and 1281 to invade Japan by the combined forces of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty and the Goryeo kingdom. Goryeo was a successor kingdom to Goguryeo, but in the popular Japanese language of the time, Goryeo was still referred to as 高句麗 (Kōkuri or Kokuri, i.e. “Goguryeo”) instead of 高麗 (Kōrai, the Japanese reading of “Goryeo”).
The adverb こくり (kokuri, “startedly, startlingly, (jumping up) suddenly”) likely derives from this usage.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ko̞kɯ̟ɾʲi]

#### Noun

高(こ)句(く)麗(り) • (kokuri)
* something very unfortunate and scary
    これは中々天人(なかなかてんじん)の子(こ)ではないぞ。むくりこくりが卵(たまご)よ。
       Kore wa nakanaka tenjin no ko de wa nai zo. Mukuri kokuri ga tamago yo.
       I tell you, this really isn't the child of any heavenly being. This is the spawn of great googly moogly.

##### Usage notes

Generally always seen in combination with むくり (mukuri) or もくり (mokuri), terms of similar meaning that derive from the word 蒙古 (Mōko, “Mongolia”). Compare the English slang phrase googly-moogly, possibly derived from this Japanese phrase.

##### Derived terms

* 蒙古高句麗 (mokuri kokuri, mukuri kokuri)
* 高句麗蒙古 (kokuri mokuri, kokuri mukuri)

##### Idioms

* 高句麗蒙古(こくりもくり)の鬼(おに)が来(く)る (kokuri mokuri no oniga kuru): “Goguryeo and the Mongol demons are coming”

#### Proper noun

高(こ)句(く)麗(り) • (Kokuri)
* (rare) the Goguryeo kingdom of 37 BCE – 668 CE, one of the ancient Three Kingdoms of Korea, located in what is now North Korea and parts of Manchuria and far-eastern Russia

##### Synonyms

* 高麗(こま) (koma)

### References

* 1 2 3 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ c. 1610: 昨日は今日の物語 (Kinō wa Kyō no Monogatari, “The Tale of Yesterday is Today”), Anrakuan Sakuden

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 高 | 句 | 麗 |

### Proper noun

高句麗 • (Goguryeo) (hangeul 고구려)
* hanja form of 고구려 (“Goguryeo”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 高 | 句 | 麗 |

### Proper noun

高句麗
* chữ Hán form of Cao Câu Li (“Goguryeo”).