# 久遠
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jiǔyuǎn
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄡˇ ㄩㄢˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gau$^2$ jyun$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kiú-yén / kiú-yán
    (Hailu, HRS): giu$^ˊ$ rhan$^ˊ$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kiú-oán
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiǔyuǎn [Phonetic: jiúyuǎn]
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄡˇ ㄩㄢˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jiǒuyuǎn
*** Wade–Giles: chiu$^3$-yüan$^3$
*** Yale: jyǒu-ywǎn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jeouyeuan
*** Palladius: цзююань (czjujuanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ɥɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gau$^2$ jyun$^5$
*** Yale: gáu yúhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gau$^2$ jyn$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: geo$^2$ yun$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɐu̯³⁵ jyːn¹³/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiú-yén
*** Hakka Romanization System: giu$^ˋ$ ien$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: giu$^3$ yan$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki̯u³¹ i̯en³¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiú-yán
*** Hakka Romanization System: giu$^ˋ$ (r)ian$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: giu$^3$ yan$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki̯u³¹ (j)i̯an³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: giu$^ˊ$ rhan$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /kiu²⁴⁻³³ ʒan²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiú-oán
*** Tâi-lô: kiú-uán
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kiwoarn
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ uan⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kiu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ uan⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ uan⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ uan⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ uan⁴¹/
* Middle Chinese: kjuwX hjwonX
Rime :
| Character | 久 | 遠 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 云 (35) |
| Final (韻) | 尤 (136) | 元 (66) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 舉有切 | 雲阮切 |
| Baxter | kjuwX | hjwonX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɨu$^X$/ | /ɦʉɐn$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kiu$^X$/ | /ɦʷiɐn$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kiəu$^X$/ | /ɣiuɐn$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kuw$^X$/ | /ɦuan$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /kiu$^X$/ | /ɣiuɐn$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /kĭəu$^X$/ | /ɣĭwɐn$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ki̯ə̯u$^X$/ | /i̯wɐn$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiǔ | yuǎn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gau$^2$ | jyun$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ʷəʔ C.ɢʷanʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʷlɯʔ ɢʷanʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 久 | 遠 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jiǔ | yuǎn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kjuw$^X$ › | ‹ hjwon$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[k]ʷəʔ/ | /*C.ɢʷanʔ/ |
| English | a long time | far |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 久 | 遠 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| No. | 6969 | 16226 |
| Phonetic component | 久 | 袁 |
| Rime group | 之 | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 久 | 遠 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʷlɯʔ/ | /*ɢʷanʔ/ |

### Adjective

久遠
* a long time ago; far back

#### Synonyms

* 久長／久长 (jiǔcháng) (literary or Hakka, Min)
* 延延 (yányán) (literary)
* 延長／延长 (yáncháng) (literary)
* 彌遠／弥远 (míyuǎn) (literary)
* 恆久／恒久 (héngjiǔ)
* 悠久 (yōujiǔ)
* 悠長／悠长 (yōucháng)
* 曠世／旷世 (kuàngshì) (literary)
* 永久 (yǒngjiǔ)
* 永恆／永恒 (yǒnghéng)
* 漫長／漫长 (màncháng)
* 終古／终古 (zhōnggǔ) (literary)
* 迢迢 (tiáotiáo) (literary)
* 長久／长久 (chángjiǔ)
* 長遠／长远 (chángyuǎn)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 久 | 遠 |
| く Grade: 5 | おん Grade: 2 |
| goon ||

### Alternative forms

* 久遠の (kuon no): of or relating to eternity, eternal

### Etymology 1

From ku (久, of long duration, longstanding, lasting a long time) + on (遠, distant (in time), far-off, remote).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) くおん [kùóń] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) くおん [kúꜜòǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [kɯ̟õ̞ɴ]

#### Noun

久(く)遠(おん) • (kuon)
* eternity

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 久 | 遠 |
| きゅう Grade: 5 | えん Grade: 2 |
| kan'on ||
From kyū (久, of long duration, longstanding, lasting a long time) + en (遠, distant (in time), far-off, remote).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) きゅうえん [kyùúéń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [kʲɨːẽ̞ɴ]

#### Noun

久(きゅう)遠(えん) • (kyūen)
* eternity

### Usage notes

* kuon is more commonly used than kyūen

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN