# 辟

| 辟 | U+8F9F, &#36767; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8F9F |
| ← 辞 [U+8F9E] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 辠 → [U+8FA0] |

## Translingual
### Han character

辟 (Kangxi radical 160, 辛+6, 13 strokes, cangjie input 尸口卜廿十 (SRYTJ), four-corner 7064$_1$, composition ⿰𡰪辛)

#### Derived characters

* 僻, 噼, 壀, 𢕾, 𫻏, 擗, 澼, 𤢣, 隦, 檘, 㱸, 𤐙, 𤖟, 𤗺, 䑀, 䁹, 礔, 𧞃, 䌟(𦈞), 𧓄, 𧲉, 躃, 䡶(𬨔), 鐴(𬭽), 𩪧, 𩼎, 𪇊, 避, 𧾑, 鸊(䴙)
* 𠒱, 劈, 𠮃, 䢃, 壁, 嬖, 孹, 幦, 𨐢, 𢐦, 𠙮, 憵, 擘, 檗, 𣦢, 𣩩, 㵨, 𤩹, 臂, 𨐨, 𠙱, 𨐯, 𨐬, 璧, 甓, 𤴣, 礕, 𨐴, 糪, 繴, 𦡜, 襞, 譬, 躄, 鐾, 𩁊, 𨐽, 𩼢, 鷿(𬸯), 𧲜, 鼊(𱌉)
* 𫴎, 㠔, 薜, 𦌠, 𥴬, 霹, 𠪮, 廦, 癖, 闢(𰿾), 𨐧, 𦡍, 𡦯

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1251, character 6
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 38642
* Dae Jaweon: page 1730, character 12
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4037, character 8
* Unihan data for U+8F9F

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 嬖 | *peːɡs |
| 薜 | *beːɡs, *preːɡ |
| 鐾 | *beːɡs |
| 臂 | *peɡs |
| 譬 | *pʰeɡs |
| 避 | *beɡs |
| 檗 | *preːɡ |
| 擘 | *preːɡ |
| 糪 | *preːɡ, *pʰreːɡ |
| 掰 | *preːɡ |
| 繴 | *breːɡ, *peːɡ |
| 辟 | *peɡ, *pʰeɡ, *beɡ |
| 璧 | *peɡ |
| 鐴 | *peɡ |
| 躄 | *peɡ |
| 襞 | *peɡ |
| 僻 | *pʰeɡ, *pʰeːɡ |
| 癖 | *pʰeɡ, *pʰeːɡ |
| 廦 | *pʰeɡ, *peːɡ |
| 擗 | *beɡ |
| 躃 | *beɡ |
| 闢 | *beɡ |
| 壁 | *peːɡ |
| 鼊 | *peːɡ |
| 霹 | *pʰeːɡ |
| 劈 | *pʰeːɡ |
| 澼 | *pʰeːɡ |
| 憵 | *pʰeːɡ |
| 甓 | *beːɡ |
| 鷿 | *beːɡ |
| 幦 | *mbeːɡ |
In the oracle bone script, it is an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 卩 (“kneeling person”) + 䇂 (“sickle-like tool”) – to administer; to regulate; to punish.
〇 was sometimes added, though its function is disputed:
* Lin (1920) suggests that it represents “bind; restrain”.
* Luo (1927) suggests that it is the original character for 璧 (OC *peɡ, “jade annulus”) and that 辟 is the early form of 璧, with 〇 as the semantic component and ⿰卩䇂 as the phonetic component. Chi (2010), based on this theory, proposes that 〇 acted as a phonetic component in 辟 instead.
* Yu (1999) suggests that it is a decorative component with no meaning.
〇 was later corrupted into 口 or 日. Shuowen interprets 口 as representing the enforcer of the law.
In the bronze script from the Warring States period, forms where 䇂 is corrupted to 辛 begin to appear (Chi, 2010).
Officially adopted as the simplified form of 闢 in the Chinese Character Simplification Scheme (《漢字簡化方案》) in 1956 due to homophony and shared semantic fields.

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): bì (bi$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄧˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): bik$^1$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): phiah / pek / piak / phek / phiak
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bì
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bì
*** Wade–Giles: pi$^4$
*** Yale: bì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bih
*** Palladius: би (bi)
*** Sinological IPA : /pi⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: bik$^1$
*** Yale: bīk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: bik$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: big$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /pɪk̚⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phiah
*** Tâi-lô: phiah
*** Phofsit Daibuun: phiaq
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /pʰiaʔ⁵/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /pʰiaʔ³²/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pek
*** Tâi-lô: pik
*** Phofsit Daibuun: peg
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /piɪk̚³²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: piak
*** Tâi-lô: piak
*** Phofsit Daibuun: piag
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /piak̚⁵/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phek
*** Tâi-lô: phik
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pheg
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /pʰiɪk̚³²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phiak
*** Tâi-lô: phiak
*** Phofsit Daibuun: phiag
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /pʰiak̚⁵/
* phiah - vernacular (“to avoid”);
* pek/piak, phek/phiak - literary.
* Middle Chinese: bjiek
Rime :
| Character | 辟 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 並 (3) |
| Final (韻) | 昔 (123) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 房益切 |
| Baxter | bjiek |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /biᴇk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /biɛk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /biæk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /biajk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /biɛk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /bĭɛk̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /bʱi̯ɛk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | bí |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | bik$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[b]ˤek/, /*[N]-pek/, /*pek/
    (Zhengzhang): /*peɡ/, /*beɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 辟 | 辟 | 辟 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | bì | bì | bì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ bek › | ‹ bjiek › | ‹ pjiek › |
| Old Chinese | /*[b]ˁek/ | /*[N]-pek/ | /*pek/ |
| English | inner coffin | law, rule; lawful | ruler, prince |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 辟 | 辟 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 3/3 |
| No. | 675 | 684 |
| Phonetic component | 辟 | 辟 |
| Rime group | 錫 | 錫 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 辟 | 擗 |
| Old Chinese | /*peɡ/ | /*beɡ/ |

##### Definitions

辟
* (literary) monarch; sovereign
    From: The Book of Documents, circa 4th – 3rd century BCE
    Wéi bì zuòfú, wéi bì zuòwēi, wéi bì yùshí. [Pinyin]
    It belongs only to the sovereign to confer dignities and rewards, to display the terrors of majesty, and to receive the revenues (of the kingdom).
* (literary) government official; minister
* (literary) to rule; to govern
* (literary) crime
* to summon; to appoint to an official position
* to remove; to drive out
* (literary) to avoid; to hide; to dodge
    alt. forms: 避 (bì)
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Ruò yǐ jūn zhī líng, dé fǎn Jìn guó, Jìn Chǔ zhì bīng, yù yú zhōngyuán, qí bì jūn sān shè. [Pinyin]
    If by your lordship's powerful influence I shall recover the State of Jin, should Chu and Jin go to war and meet in the plain of the Middle Land, I will withdraw from your lordship three stages [each of 30 li].
    From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
    Rú yǒu nèi chēng bù bì qīn, wài jǔ bù bì yuàn. [Pinyin]
    The scholar recommends members of his own family (to public employment), without shrinking from doing so, because of their kinship.
* (literary) lame in the leg
    alt. forms: 躄 (bì)

##### Compounds

* 三徵七辟
* 五辟
* 八辟
* 后辟
* 復子明辟
* 復辟 (fùbì)
* 徵辟
* 機辟
* 百辟 (bǎibì)
* 皇辟 (huángbì)
* 磐辟
* 群辟
* 辟世
* 辟人之士
* 辟召
* 辟君三舍
* 辟命
* 辟地
* 辟廱 (bìyōng)
* 辟引
* 辟惡
* 辟易 (bìyì)
* 辟書
* 辟淫
* 辟舉
* 辟色
* 辟芷
* 辟言
* 辟邏
* 辟雍 (bìyōng)
* 還辟
* 鞭辟入裡 (biānpìrùlǐ)
* 鞭辟近裡

#### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): pì (pi$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄆㄧˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): pi$^2$ / pie$^2$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): pik$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): phit
    (Meixian, Guangdong): pid$^5$
* Jin (Wiktionary): bieh$^4$
* Northern Min (KCR): pĭ
* Eastern Min (BUC): bĭk
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): phek / phiak
    (Teochew, Peng'im): pêg$^4$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^7$phiq; $^7$piq
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): pi$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: pì
*** Zhuyin: ㄆㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: pì
*** Wade–Giles: pʻi$^4$
*** Yale: pì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: pih
*** Palladius: пи (pi)
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰi⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: pi$^2$ / pie$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: pi / pie
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰi²¹/, /pʰiɛ²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: pik$^1$
*** Yale: pīk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: pik$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: pig$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰɪk̚⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: phit
*** Hakka Romanization System: pid$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: pid$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /pʰit̚²/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: pid$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /pʰit̚¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: bieh$^4$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /piəʔ²/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: pĭ
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰi²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: bĭk
*** Sinological IPA : /piʔ⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phek
*** Tâi-lô: phik
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pheg
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /pʰiɪk̚³²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phiak
*** Tâi-lô: phiak
*** Phofsit Daibuun: phiag
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /pʰiak̚⁵/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: pêg$^4$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: phek
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰek̚²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^7$phiq; $^7$piq
*** MiniDict: phih$^入$; pih$^入$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^4$phiq; $^4$piq
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /pʰiɪʔ⁵⁵/, /piɪʔ⁵⁵/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: pi$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰi²⁴/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit辟 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /pi⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /pʰi²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /pʰi⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /pi²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /pʰi⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /pʰi²⁴/ /pi³¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /pʰi⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /pʰji⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /pʰi⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /pʰi¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /pi²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /pʰi²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /pʰi³¹/ /pʰie³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /pʰi²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /pʰi³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /piʔ⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /pʰiəʔ⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /piəʔ²/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /pʰiʌʔ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /pʰiəʔ⁴³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /pʰiɪʔ⁵/ /piɪʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /pʰiəʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /pʰiəʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /pi²¹³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /pʰiʔ²¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /pi⁵/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /pʰi²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /pʰi²⁴/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | |
| Hakka | Meixian | /pʰit̚¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /pʰit̚⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /pʰek̚⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /pʰek̚⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /pʰek̚⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /pik̚³²/ /pʰik̚³²/ 復～ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /piʔ⁵/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /pʰi²⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /pʰek̚²/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /fek̚⁵/ |
* Middle Chinese: phjiek
Rime :
| Character | 辟 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 滂 (2) |
| Final (韻) | 昔 (123) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 芳辟切 |
| Baxter | phjiek |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /pʰiᴇk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /pʰiɛk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /pʰiæk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /pʰiajk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /pʰiɛk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /pʰĭɛk̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /pʰi̯ɛk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | pi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | pik$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*pʰeɡ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 辟 |
| Reading # | 2/3 |
| No. | 682 |
| Phonetic component | 辟 |
| Rime group | 錫 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 僻 |
| Old Chinese | /*pʰeɡ/ |

##### Definitions

辟
* (literary) law; (specifically) penal code
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Xià yǒu luànzhèng ér zuò “Yǔ xíng”, Shāng yǒu luànzhèng ér zuò “Tāng xíng”, Zhōu yǒu luànzhèng ér zuò “Jiǔxíng”. Sān pì zhī xīng, jiē shūshì yě. [Pinyin]
    When the government of Xia had fallen into disorder, the penal code of Yu was made; under the same circumstances of Shang, the penal code of Tang; and in Zhou, the code of the nine punishments:—those three codes all originated in ages of decay.
* to open
    alt. forms: 闢／辟 (pì)
    From: Guoyu, circa 4th century BCE
    Shǐ Chú Ní zéi zhī, chén wǎng, zé qǐnmén pì yǐ. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* to open up
    alt. forms: 闢／辟 (pì)
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Yù pì tǔdì, cháo Qín Chǔ, lì Zhōngguó ér fǔ sìyí yě. [Pinyin]
    You wish to enlarge your territories, to have Qin and Chu wait at your court, to rule the Middle Kingdom, and to attract to you the barbarous tribes that surround it.
* (literary) to make an analogy
    alt. forms: 譬 (pì)
    From: Xunzi, c. 3rd century BCE
    Shì guò zhě yě, guò yóu bùjí yě; pì zhī shì yóu lì zhí mù ér qiú qí yǐng zhī wǎng yě. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (literary) to thump one's chest
    alt. forms: 擗 (pǐ)
* (literary) to show bias; to be partial
    From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
    Suǒwèi qí qí jiā zài xiū qí shēn zhě: rén zhī qí suǒ qīn'ài ér pì yān, zhī qí suǒ jiànwù ér pì yān, zhī qí suǒ wèi jìng ér pì yān, zhī qí suǒ āijīn ér pì yān, zhī qí suǒ áoduò ér pì yān. [Pinyin]
    What is meant by "The regulation of one's family depends on the cultivation of his person is this:-men are partial where they feel affection and love; partial where they despise and dislike; partial where they stand in awe and reverence; partial where they feel sorrow and compassion; partial where they are arrogant and rude.
* (literary) remote
    alt. forms: 僻
    From: Zhanguo Ce, circa 5th – 3rd centuries BCE
    Jīn fú Shǔ, xī pì zhī guó, ér róngdí zhī zhǎng yě. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (literary) eccentric; perverted
    alt. forms: 僻
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Chái yě yú, Cān yě lǔ, Shī yě pì, Yóu yě yàn. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
    Mìng shì nà jià, yǐ guān mín zhī suǒ hàowù, zhì yín hào pì. [Pinyin]
    [O]rdered the superintendents of markets to present (lists of prices), that he might see what the people liked and disliked, and whether they were set on extravagance and loved what was bad.
* (literary) a tool for catching animals
    alt. forms: 繴 (bì)

##### Compounds

* 三辟
* 便辟
* 六通四辟
* 刑辟
* 大辟 (dàpì)
* 旋辟
* 舉薦征辟
* 辟匿
* 辟咡
* 辟惡除患
* 辟支佛
* 辟歷施鞭
* 辟然
* 辟穀
* 辟穀絕粒／辟谷绝粒
* 辟纑
* 辟違 (pìwéi)
* 辟邪 (bìxié)

### Etymology 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 辟 – see 闢 (“to open; to settle; to develop; to open up”). (This character is the simplified form of 闢).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

### Etymology 3

* For pronunciation and definitions of 辟 – see 弭 (“to stop; to put an end to; to remove; bow decorated with bone or ivory at the ends; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 弭).

### Etymology 4

* For pronunciation and definitions of 辟 – see 僻 (“to avoid; to evade; unorthodox; etc.”). (This character is the second-round simplified form of 僻).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: ひゃく (hyaku)、びゃく (byaku)
* Kan-on: へき (heki)
* On: はく (haku)、ひ (hi)、び (bi)
* Kun: きみ (kimi, 辟)、ひらく (hiraku, 辟く)、めす (mesu, 辟す)

## Korean
### Hanja

辟 • (baek, byeok, pi, bi, mi) (hangeul 백, 벽, 피, 비, 미, revised baek, byeok, pi, bi, mi, McCune–Reischauer paek, pyŏk, p'i, bi, mi, Yale payk, pyek, phi, pi, mi)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

辟: Hán Nôm readings: vếch, tích, bích, thịch, tịch, phích, thí
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.