# 堂堂
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tángtáng
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄤˊ ㄊㄤˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): tong$^4$ tong$^4$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): tông-tông
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tángtáng
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄤˊ ㄊㄤˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tángtáng
*** Wade–Giles: tʻang$^2$-tʻang$^2$
*** Yale: táng-táng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tarngtarng
*** Palladius: тантан (tantan)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰɑŋ³⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: tong$^4$ tong$^4$
*** Yale: tòhng tòhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tong$^4$ tong$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: tong$^4$ tong$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰɔːŋ²¹ tʰɔːŋ²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tông-tông
*** Tâi-lô: tông-tông
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dongdoong
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tɔŋ²⁴⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tɔŋ²⁴⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tɔŋ¹³⁻²² tɔŋ¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tɔŋ²³⁻³³ tɔŋ²³/
* Middle Chinese: dang dang
Rime :
| Character | 堂 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 定 (7) |
| Final (韻) | 唐 (101) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 徒郎切 |
| Baxter | dang |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /dɑŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /dɑŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /dɑŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /daŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /dɑŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /dɑŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /dʱɑŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | táng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | tong$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[d]ˤaŋ [d]ˤaŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*daːŋ daːŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 堂 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | táng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dang › |
| Old Chinese | /*[d]ˁaŋ/ |
| English | hall |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 堂 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 11138 |
| Phonetic component | 尚 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 唐 |
| Old Chinese | /*daːŋ/ |

### Adjective

堂堂
* (literary) imposing; magnificent; majestic; stately
* (literary) grave; solemn; dignified
    From: June 1919; 胡適 Hu Shih; 我的兒子
    Jiānglái nǐ zhǎngdà shí, Mò wàng le wǒ zěnyàng jiàoxùn érzi: Wǒ yào nǐ zuò yīge tángtáng de rén, Bù yào nǐ zuò wǒ de xiàoshùn érzi. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (literary) powerful; strong
* (literary) ambitious

#### Derived terms

* 一貌堂堂
* 亮堂堂
* 堂堂正正 (tángtángzhèngzhèng)
* 堂堂皇皇
* 正正之旗，堂堂之陳／正正之旗，堂堂之陈
* 正正堂堂
* 相貌堂堂 (xiàngmàotángtáng)
* 風采堂堂

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 堂 | 堂 |
| どう Grade: 5 | どう Grade: 5 |
| goon ||
* Alternative spelling
* 堂々

### Etymology

Ultimately from Middle Chinese 堂堂 (MC dang dang). First cited in Japanese in the late 1100s.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) どーどー [dòódóó] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) どーどー [dòódóꜜò] (Nakadaka –)
* IPA: [do̞ːdo̞ː]

### Adjective

堂(どう)堂(どう) • (dōdō) $^†$-tari (adnominal 堂(どう)堂(どう)とした (dōdō to shita) or 堂(どう)堂(どう)たる (dōdō taru), adverbial 堂(どう)堂(どう)と (dōdō to) or 堂(どう)堂(どう)として (dōdō to shite))
* [from late 1100s] magnificent, grand, bold, impressive, majestic, imposing, dignified, stately
    堂々(どうどう)たる大聖堂(だいせいどう)の外観(がいかん)
       dōdōtaru daiseidō no gaikan
       the exterior of the grand cathedral
* [from 1906] proud, fair, square, open, unreserved, hiding nothing

#### Usage notes

* As an adjective, this takes the たる (taru) attributive ending, as shown in the usage examples.

#### Conjugation

Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 堂堂たら | だうだうたら | daudautara |
| Continuative (連用形) | 堂堂と$^{[1]}$ 堂堂たり$^{[2]}$ | だうだうと だうだうたり | daudauto daudautari |
| Terminal (終止形) | 堂堂たり | だうだうたり | daudautari |
| Attributive (連体形) | 堂堂たる | だうだうたる | daudautaru |
| Realis (已然形) | 堂堂たれ | だうだうたれ | daudautare |
| Imperative (命令形) | 堂堂たれ | だうだうたれ | daudautare |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 堂堂たらず | だうだうたらず | daudautarazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 堂堂たれど | だうだうたれど | daudautaredo |
| Causal conjunction | 堂堂たれば | だうだうたれば | daudautareba |
| Conditional conjunction | 堂堂たらば | だうだうたらば | daudautaraba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 堂堂たりき | だうだうたりき | daudautariki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 堂堂たりけり | だうだうたりけり | daudautarikeri |
| Adverbial | 堂堂と | だうだうと | daudauto |
| $^{[1]}$Without auxiliary verb. $^{[2]}$With auxiliary verb. ||||

### Adverb

堂(どう)堂(どう) • (dōdō)
* [from late 1100s] magnificently, grandly, boldly, impressively, majesticly, imposingly, in a dignified or stately manner
    その老人(ろうじん)は堂々(どうどう)とした顔(かお)つきをしていた。
       Sono rōjin wa dōdō to shita kaotsuki o shite ita.
       The old man had a noble countenance.
    彼(かれ)はその式典(しきてん)で堂々(どうどう)と振(ふ)る舞(ま)った。
       Kare wa sono shikiten de dōdō to furumatta.
       He bore himself well at the ceremony.
    堂々(どうどう)としなさい。
       Dōdō to shinasai.
       Walk tall, son.
* [from 1906] proudly, fairly, squarely, openly, unreservedly, without apology, without hesitation, hiding nothing

#### Usage notes

* As an adverb, this takes the adverbial particle と (to), as shown in the usage examples.

### References

* ↑ “堂堂”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
   * EDICT and KANJIDIC dictionary files. Electronic Dictionaries Research Group. Used in accordance with the group's license.
   * Michael Panzera (2010 March 6 (last accessed)) “List of -Taru Adjectives”, in Blastitwonner: Law and Language in Japan‎