# 慫

| 慫 | U+616B, &#24939; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-616B |
| ← 慪 [U+616A] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 慬 → [U+616C] |

## Translingual
### Han character

慫 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+11, 15 strokes, cangjie input 竹人心 (HOP), four-corner 2833$_8$, composition ⿱從心)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 399, character 29
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11127
* Dae Jaweon: page 739, character 16
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2343, character 10
* Unihan data for U+616B

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 摐 | *sʰroːŋ, *sʰloŋ |
| 鏦 | *sʰroːŋ, *sʰloŋ |
| 豵 | *ʔsloːŋ, *ʔsloŋ |
| 嵸 | *ʔsloːŋ, *ʔsloːŋʔ |
| 蓯 | *ʔsloːŋʔ |
| 蹤 | *ʔsloŋ |
| 縱 | *ʔsloŋ, *ʔsloŋs |
| 樅 | *ʔsloŋ, *sʰloŋ |
| 磫 | *ʔsloŋ |
| 熧 | *ʔsloŋ |
| 瘲 | *ʔsloŋs |
| 暰 | *sʰloŋ |
| 瑽 | *sʰloŋ |
| 從 | *zloŋ, *zloŋ, *zloŋs |
| 从 | *zloŋ |
| 慫 | *sloŋʔ |
| 聳 | *sloŋʔ |
| 傱 | *sloŋʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sloŋʔ) : phonetic 從 (OC *zloŋ, *zloŋ, *zloŋs) + semantic 心 (“heart”).

### Etymology

Probably related to 兇／凶 (xiōng, “fear”) (Schuessler, 2007, p. 480).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): sǒng (song$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄙㄨㄥˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): sung$^2$
* Southern Min (Teochew, Peng'im): song$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: sǒng
*** Zhuyin: ㄙㄨㄥˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sǒng
*** Wade–Giles: sung$^3$
*** Yale: sǔng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: soong
*** Palladius: сун (sun)
*** Sinological IPA : /sʊŋ²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: sung$^2$
*** Yale: súng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sung$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /sʊŋ³⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: song$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sóng
*** Sinological IPA : /soŋ⁵²/
* Middle Chinese: sjowngX
Rime :
| Character | 慫 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 心 (16) |
| Final (韻) | 鍾 (7) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 息拱切 |
| Baxter | sjowngX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /sɨoŋ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /sioŋ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /sioŋ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /suawŋ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /sioŋ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /sĭwoŋ$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /si̯woŋ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | sǒng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | sung$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*sloŋʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 慫 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 1860 |
| Phonetic component | 从 |
| Rime group | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 悚 |
| Old Chinese | /*sloŋʔ/ |

#### Definitions

慫
* (obsolete) to be afraid; to be frightened; to be alarmed
* Used in 慫恿／怂恿 (sǒngyǒng, “to instigate; to incite; to provoke”).

#### Compounds

* 慫恿／怂恿 (sǒngyǒng)
* 慫悀／怂悀
* 慫惥／怂惥
* 慫慂／怂慂 (sǒngyǒng)

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): sóng (song$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄙㄨㄥˊ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: sóng
*** Zhuyin: ㄙㄨㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sóng
*** Wade–Giles: sung$^2$
*** Yale: súng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sorng
*** Palladius: сун (sun)
*** Sinological IPA : /sʊŋ³⁵/

#### Definitions

慫
* Alternative form of 㞞／𪨊 (sóng, “weak; useless”)
    你慫了！／你怂了！ ― Nǐ sóng le! ― You are a chicken!

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): しょう (shō)
* Kun: すすめる (susumeru)

## Korean
### Hanja

慫 • (jong) (hangeul 종, revised jong, McCune–Reischauer chong, Yale cong)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

慫: Hán Nôm readings: túng
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.