# 中庸
## Chinese

* 中庸 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 中庸 (Cantonese)
* 中庸 (Classical)
* Tiong-iông (Southern Min)
* Doctrine of the Mean (English)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhōngyōng
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄨㄥ ㄩㄥ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zung$^1$ jung$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chûng-yûng
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): tiong-iông
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhōngyōng
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄥ ㄩㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhongyong
*** Wade–Giles: chung$^1$-yung$^1$
*** Yale: jūng-yūng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jongiong
*** Palladius: чжунъюн (čžunʺjun)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ jʊŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zung$^1$ jung$^4$
*** Yale: jūng yùhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzung$^1$ jung$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zung$^1$ yung$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ jʊŋ²¹/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chûng-yûng
*** Hakka Romanization System: zung$^ˊ$ iung$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: zung$^1$ yung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ i̯uŋ²⁴/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chûng-yûng
*** Hakka Romanization System: zung$^ˊ$ (r)iung$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: zung$^1$ yung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ (j)i̯uŋ²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiong-iông
*** Tâi-lô: tiong-iông
*** Phofsit Daibuun: diong'ioong
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tiɔŋ³³ iɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/
* Middle Chinese: trjuwng yowng
Rime :
| Character | 中 | 庸 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 知 (9) | 以 (36) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (2) | 鍾 (7) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 陟弓切 | 餘封切 |
| Baxter | trjuwng | yowng |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʈɨuŋ/ | /jɨoŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʈiuŋ/ | /jioŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȶiuŋ/ | /ioŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʈuwŋ/ | /juawŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /ȶiuŋ/ | /ioŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /ȶĭuŋ/ | /jĭwoŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȶi̯uŋ/ | /i̯woŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhōng | yóng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zung$^1$ | jung$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*truŋ loŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*tuŋ loŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 中 | 庸 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zhōng | yōng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ trjuwng › | ‹ yowng › |
| Old Chinese | /*truŋ/ | /*loŋ/ |
| English | center | use; advantage |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 中 | 庸 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 17407 | 15459 |
| Phonetic component | 中 | 用 |
| Rime group | 終 | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 中 | 容 |
| Old Chinese | /*tuŋ/ | /*loŋ/ |

### Proper noun

中庸
* the Doctrine of the Mean (one of the Four Books (四書／四书 (Sìshū)) of Confucianism)

#### Coordinate terms

* 大學／大学 (Dàxué, “Great Learning”)
* 中庸 (Zhōngyōng, “Doctrine of the Mean”)
* 論語／论语 (Lúnyǔ, “Analects”)
* 孟子 (Mèngzǐ, “Mencius”)
* 詩經／诗经 (Shījīng, “Classic of Poetry”)
* 書經／书经 (Shūjīng, “Book of Documents”)
* 禮記／礼记 (Lǐjì, “Book of Rites”)
* 易經／易经 (Yìjīng, “I Ching”)
* 春秋 (Chūnqiū, “Spring and Autumn Annals”)

### Noun

中庸
* moderation; neutrality; middle way; middle path; golden mean

#### Derived terms

* 中庸之道 (zhōngyōng zhī dào)

### Adjective

中庸
* moderate (of virtuousness and ability)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 中(ちゅう)庸(よう) (chūyō)
* → Korean: 중용(中庸) (jung'yong)
* → Vietnamese: Trung Dung (中庸)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 中 | 庸 |
| ちゅう Grade: 1 | よう Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||

### Adjective

中(ちゅう)庸(よう) • (chūyō) -na (adnominal 中(ちゅう)庸(よう)な (chūyō na), adverbial 中(ちゅう)庸(よう)に (chūyō ni))
* moderate; neutral

#### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Imperfective (未然形) | 中庸だろ | ちゅうようだろ | chūyō daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 中庸で | ちゅうようで | chūyō de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 中庸だ | ちゅうようだ | chūyō da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 中庸な | ちゅうような | chūyō na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 中庸なら | ちゅうようなら | chūyō nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 中庸であれ | ちゅうようであれ | chūyō de are |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 中庸ではない 中庸じゃない | ちゅうようではない ちゅうようじゃない | chūyō de wa nai chūyō ja nai |
| Informal past | 中庸だった | ちゅうようだった | chūyō datta |
| Informal negative past | 中庸ではなかった 中庸じゃなかった | ちゅうようではなかった ちゅうようじゃなかった | chūyō de wa nakatta chūyō ja nakatta |
| Formal | 中庸です | ちゅうようです | chūyō desu |
| Formal negative | 中庸ではありません 中庸じゃありません | ちゅうようではありません ちゅうようじゃありません | chūyō de wa arimasen chūyō ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 中庸でした | ちゅうようでした | chūyō deshita |
| Formal negative past | 中庸ではありませんでした 中庸じゃありませんでした | ちゅうようではありませんでした ちゅうようじゃありませんでした | chūyō de wa arimasen deshita chūyō ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 中庸で | ちゅうようで | chūyō de |
| Conditional | 中庸なら（ば） | ちゅうようなら（ば） | chūyō nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 中庸だったら | ちゅうようだったら | chūyō dattara |
| Volitional | 中庸だろう | ちゅうようだろう | chūyō darō |
| Adverbial | 中庸に | ちゅうように | chūyō ni |
| Degree | 中庸さ | ちゅうようさ | chūyōsa |

#### Antonyms

* 両(りょう)極(きょく)端(たん) (ryōkyokutan, “both extreme”)

#### Related terms

* 中(ちゅう)間(かん) (chūkan, “middle”)

### Noun

中(ちゅう)庸(よう) • (chūyō)
* moderation; neutrality; middle way; middle path
* (philosophy) golden mean

### Proper noun

中(ちゅう)庸(よう) • (Chūyō)
* the Doctrine of the Mean (one of the Four Books (四(し)書(しょ) (shisho)) of Confucianism)

#### Coordinate terms

* 大(だい)学(がく) (Daigaku, “Great Learning”)
* 中(ちゅう)庸(よう) (Chūyō, “Doctrine of the Mean”)
* 論(ろん)語(ご) (Rongo, “Analects”)
* 孟(もう)子(し) (Mōshi, “Mencius”)
* 詩(しき)経(ょう) (Shikyō, “Classic of Poetry”)
* 書(しょ)経(きょう) (Shokyō, “Book of Documents”)
* 礼(らい)記(き) (Raiki, “Book of Rites”)
* 易(えき)経(きょう) (Ekikyō, “I Ching”)
* 春(しゅん)秋(じゅう) (Shunjū, “Spring and Autumn Annals”)

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 中 | 庸 |

### Noun

中庸 • (jung'yong) (hangeul 중용)
* hanja form of 중용 (“(philosophy) golden mean”)

### Proper noun

中庸 • (Jung'yong) (hangeul 중용)
* hanja form of 중용 (“the Doctrine of the Mean (one of the Four Books (사서 (saseo)) of Confucianism)”)

#### Coordinate terms

* 대학 (大學, Daehak, “Great Learning”)
* 중용 (中庸, Jung'yong, “Doctrine of the Mean”)
* 논어 (論語, Noneo, “Analects”)
* 맹자 (孟子, Maengja, “Mencius”)
* 시경 (詩經, Sigyeong, “Classic of Poetry”)
* 서경 (書經, Seogyeong, “Book of Documents”)
* 예기 (禮記, Yegi, “Book of Rites”)
* 역경 (易經, Yeokgyeong, “I Ching”)
* 춘추 (春秋, Chunchu, “Spring and Autumn Annals”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 中 | 庸 |

### Proper noun

中庸
* chữ Hán form of Trung Dung (“the Doctrine of the Mean (one of the Four Books of Confucianism)”).

#### Coordinate terms

* Đại Học (大學, “Great Learning”)
* Trung Dung (中庸, “Doctrine of the Mean”)
* Luận Ngữ (論語, “Analects”)
* Mạnh Tử (孟子, “Mencius”)
* Kinh Thi (經詩, “Classic of Poetry”)
* Kinh Thư (經書, “Book of Documents”)
* Kinh Lễ (經禮, “Book of Rites”)
* Kinh Dịch (經易, “I Ching”)
* Kinh Xuân Thu (經春秋, “Spring and Autumn Annals”)