# 芙蓉
## Chinese

* 芙蓉 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 芙蓉 (Cantonese)

### Etymology

Possibly derived from a word meaning “to blossom”; compare 敷榮／敷荣 (fūróng, “to blossom”) (Zhang and Shen, 2014).

#### "Seremban"

    Phono-semantic matching of Malay Sungai Ujong via Cantonese.

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): fúróng
    (Zhuyin): ㄈㄨˊ ㄖㄨㄥˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): fu$^4$ jung$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): phù-yùng
    (Hailu, HRS): pu rhung
* Eastern Min (BUC): hù-ṳ̀ng
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hû-iông / phû-iông / phû-jiông / phû-jêng
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$vu-yon
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: fúróng
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄨˊ ㄖㄨㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: fúróng
*** Wade–Giles: fu$^2$-jung$^2$
*** Yale: fú-rúng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fwurong
*** Palladius: фужун (fužun)
*** Sinological IPA : /fu³⁵ ʐʊŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fu$^4$ jung$^4$
*** Yale: fùh yùhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fu$^4$ jung$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fu$^4$ yung$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /fuː²¹ jʊŋ²¹/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: phù-yùng
*** Hakka Romanization System: pu$^ˇ$ iung$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: pu$^2$ yung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /pʰu¹¹ i̯uŋ¹¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: phù-yùng
*** Hakka Romanization System: pu$^ˇ$ (r)iung$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: pu$^2$ yung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /pʰu¹¹ (j)i̯uŋ¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: pu rhung
*** Sinological IPA: /pʰu⁵⁵ ʒuŋ⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: hù-ṳ̀ng
*** Sinological IPA : /hu⁵³⁻³³ yŋ⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hû-iông
*** Tâi-lô: hû-iông
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hu'ioong
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /hu²⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hu²³⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /hu²⁴⁻¹¹ iɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hu¹³⁻²² iɔŋ¹³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phû-iông
*** Tâi-lô: phû-iông
*** Phofsit Daibuun: phu'ioong
*** IPA (Taipei): /pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ iɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /pʰu²⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /pʰu²³⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phû-jiông
*** Tâi-lô: phû-jiông
*** Phofsit Daibuun: phujioong
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /pʰu¹³⁻²² d͡ziɔŋ¹³/
** (Hokkien: Yilan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phû-jêng
*** Tâi-lô: phû-jîng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: phujeeng
*** IPA (Yilan): /pʰu²⁴⁻³³ d͡ziɪŋ²⁴/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$vu-yon
*** MiniDict: vu$^去$ yon
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$vu-hhion
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /vu²² ɦioŋ⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: bju yowng
Rime :
| Character | 芙 | 蓉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 並 (3) | 以 (36) |
| Final (韻) | 虞 (24) | 鍾 (7) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 防無切 | 餘封切 |
| Baxter | bju | yowng |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /bɨo/ | /jɨoŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /bio/ | /jioŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /bio/ | /ioŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /buə̆/ | /juawŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /bio/ | /ioŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /bĭu/ | /jĭwoŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /bʱi̯u/ | /i̯woŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | fú | yóng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | fu$^4$ | jung$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ba loŋ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 芙 | 蓉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 3283 | 4287 |
| Phonetic component | 夫 | 谷 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 扶 | 容 |
| Old Chinese | /*ba/ | /*loŋ/ |
| Notes | 見爾雅 | 見離騷 |

#### Noun

芙蓉
* lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)
    From: The Verses of Chu, 4th century BCE – 2nd century CE
    Zhì jìhé yǐwéi yī xī, jí fúróng yǐwéi shāng. [Pinyin]
    I fashioned the flowers of the water-caltrops to adorn my upper garment; I collected those of the lotus for my lower one.
* cotton rose (Hibiscus mutabilis)

##### Synonyms

* (lotus):
* 水芝 (shuǐzhī) (literary)
* 水芙蓉 (shuǐfúróng)
* 芙蕖 (fúqú) (literary)
* 荷花 (héhuā)
* 菡萏 (hàndàn) (literary)
* 蓮／莲
* 蓮花／莲花 (liánhuā)
* 藕花 (ǒuhuā)
* (cotton rose):
* 拒霜 (jùshuāng) (literary)
* 木芙蓉 (mùfúróng)
* 芙蓉花 (fúrónghuā)

##### Derived terms

* 並蒂芙蓉／并蒂芙蓉
* 出水芙蓉 (chūshuǐfúróng)
* 初日芙蓉
* 初發芙蓉／初发芙蓉
* 山芙蓉
* 木芙蓉 (mùfúróng)
* 水芙蓉 (shuǐfúróng)
* 清水出芙蓉
* 玉芙蓉 (yùfúróng)
* 秋水芙蓉
* 芙蓉世 (Fúróng Shì)
* 芙蓉並蒂／芙蓉并蒂
* 芙蓉之精
* 芙蓉出水
* 芙蓉刃
* 芙蓉國／芙蓉国
* 芙蓉城
* 芙蓉帳／芙蓉帐
* 芙蓉幕
* 芙蓉府
* 芙蓉月印
* 芙蓉糕
* 芙蓉膏
* 芙蓉蛋 (fúróngdàn)
* 芙蓉褥
* 芙蓉鏡／芙蓉镜
* 芙蓉面
* 芙蓉麵／芙蓉面
* 草芙蓉
* 遠山芙蓉／远山芙蓉
* 阿芙蓉 (āfúróng)

##### Descendants

* → English: foo yung, foo young

#### Proper noun

芙蓉
* (～區) Furong (a district of Changsha, Hunan, China)
* (～市) Seremban, Fu Yong (a city, the state capital of Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia)

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Fúróng
    (Zhuyin): ㄈㄨˊ ㄖㄨㄥˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): fu$^4$ jung$^4$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): Phû-chhiûⁿ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Fúróng
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄨˊ ㄖㄨㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Fúróng
*** Wade–Giles: Fu$^2$-jung$^2$
*** Yale: Fú-rúng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Fwurong
*** Palladius: Фужун (Fužun)
*** Sinological IPA : /fu³⁵ ʐʊŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fu$^4$ jung$^4$
*** Yale: fùh yùhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fu$^4$ jung$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fu$^4$ yung$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /fuː²¹ jʊŋ²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Phû-chhiûⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: Phû-tshiûnn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: phuchviuu
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /pʰu²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiũ²⁴/

#### Proper noun

芙蓉
* Alternative name for 梅山 (Méishān, “Meishan Town, Nan'an, Fujian”).

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 芙 | 蓉 |
| ふ Jinmeiyō | よう Jinmeiyō |
| on'yomi ||

### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 芙蓉 (MC bju yowng).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ふよー [fùyóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɸɯ̟jo̞ː]

### Noun

芙(ふ)蓉(よう) or 芙蓉(フヨウ) • (fuyō)
* hibiscus (Hibiscus mutabilis)

#### Usage notes

* As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary).

#### Derived terms

* 芙蓉蟹(フーヨーハイ) (fūyōhai)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN