# re-
## English
### Etymology

From Middle English re-, from Old French re-, from Latin re-, red- (“back; anew; again; against”), of uncertain origin but conjectured by Watkins to be from Proto-Indo-European *wret-, a metathetic alteration of *wert- (“to turn”). Displaced native English ed-, eft-, a-, with-/wither-, gain-/again-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɹiː/
** Audio (US):(file)
* IPA: /ɹɪ/
** Audio (US):(file)
* IPA: /ɹə/
** Audio (US):(file)

### Prefix

re-
* again, anew
    ‎re- + ‎new → ‎renew (“to make something new again”)
    ‎re- + ‎commit → ‎recommit (“to commit an act again”)
    ‎re- + ‎heat → ‎reheat (“to heat something that has cooled off”)
* a completive or intensification of the base; up, a-, out
    reletter, relead, rebronze (examples from:)
* back, backward
    reject, reply, resist

#### Usage notes

* The pronunciation varies depending on the word, with /ɹiː/, /ɹɪ/ (some pronunciations), /ɹɛ/ found in words like replay, resist and revolution, respectively.
* The hyphen is not normally included in words formed using this prefix, except when the absence of a hyphen would make the meaning unclear. Hyphens are used in the following cases:
** Sometimes in new coinages and nonce words.
    stir and re-stir the mixture
** When the word that the prefix is combined with begins with a capital letter.
    re-Christianise
** When the word that the prefix is combined with begins with another re-.
    re-record
** In British usage, when the word that the prefix is combined with begins with e.
    re-entry (North American: reentry)
** When the word formed is identical in form to another word in which re- does not have any of the senses listed above.
    The chairs have been re-covered (covered again)
    The chairs have been recovered (obtained back)
* A dieresis may be used instead of a hyphen, as in reëntry. This usage is now rare, but extant; see diaeresis (diacritic) for examples and discussion.
* re- is highly productive, to the point of being almost grammaticalized — almost any verb can have re- applied, especially in colloquial speech. Notable exceptions to this include all forms of be and the modal verbs can, should, etc. When used productively, it is always pronounced /ɹiː/.

#### Synonyms

* (again): ana-, palin-
* (back): with-

#### Translations
### See also

* again
* re
* repeat

### References

* “re-”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.
* ↑ Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. “re- (prefix),” December 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1031113569.

### Anagrams

* 'er, -'er, -er, E-R, E. R., E.R., ER, er, er.

## Catalan
### Etymology

From Latin re-.

### Prefix

re-
* re- (again)
    ‎re- + ‎fer (“to do”) → ‎refer (“to redo”)
* intensifier for adjectives and adverbs
    Synonym: -íssim
    ‎re- + ‎vell (“old”) → ‎revell (“very old”)
* great-, grand- (used to denote the removal of one generation)
    Synonym: bes-
    ‎re- + ‎nebot (“nephew”) → ‎renebot (“grandnephew”)

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* “re-” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “re-”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2024
* “re-” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
* “re-” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

## Chuukese
### Prefix

re-
* (inflected as a noun) with
* (subject marker for tense modifying adverbs) they

## Esperanto
### Etymology

From Latin re-.

### Prefix

re-
* indicates repetition, again
* indicates a return to previous state, back
* indicates an action performed reciprocally, back (e.g., to hit back, to talk back)

#### Derived terms
## Franco-Provençal
### Etymology

From Latin re-.

### Prefix

re- (ORB, broad)
* Attaches to verbs, often adding a sense of repetition or reversion.

#### Derived terms
## French
### Etymology

From Latin re-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʁə/
* Audio:(file)

### Prefix

re-
* re-
    ‎re- + ‎marcher (“to function”) → ‎remarcher (“to function again”)
* meaningless generic derivation prefix, especially as r-. From semantic bleaching of sense 1 followed by the unprefixed terms becoming obsolete or diverging in meaning.

#### Usage notes

This is only used when the stem starts with a consonant; otherwise, ré- or r- are used.

#### See also

* r-

## German
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʁe/
* Audio:(file)

### Prefix

re-
* re-

#### Derived terms
## Hungarian
### Etymology

From Latin re- (“again; back”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈrɛ]

### Prefix

re-
* indicates repetition, again
* indicates a return to previous state, back

#### Derived terms
## Interlingua
### Etymology

From Latin re-.

### Prefix

re-
* back, backwards
* again; prefix added to various words to indicate an action being done again, or like the other usages indicated above under English.

#### Derived terms
## Italian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin re-. The prefix re- is borrowed from Latin, while the variant ri- is inherited from Latin.

### Prefix

re-
* re-
    Synonym: ri-

#### Usage notes

* The prefix re- normally replaces ri- before words beginning with i, for euphonic reasons.

#### Derived terms
### References

* ↑ Migliorini, Bruno with Aldo Duro (1950) Prontuario etimologico della lingua italiana (in Italian), Paravia

## Latin
### Etymology

From Proto-Italic *wre- (“again”), of uncertain origin (OED); see the Proto-Italic entry for more.

### Prefix

re-
* back, backwards
* un-, de-
    ‎re- + ‎glūtinō (“glue”) → ‎reglūtinō (“unglue, separate”)
    ‎re- + ‎neō (“spin, weave, entwine”) → ‎reneō (“unspin, unravel”)
    ‎re- + ‎gelō (“freeze, congeal”) → ‎regelō (“thaw, unfreeze”)
* again; prefix added to various words to indicate an action being done again, or like the other usages indicated above under English.

#### Usage notes

The alternative form red- occurs before vowels or h in old formations; it is used with the linking vowel -i- in the word redivīvus. The -d- can be compared to that in sēditiō (compare sē- and sed) and in prōd-, antid-, postid- (alternative forms of prō-, ante-, post-). It may originate from the particle *de or from the use of -d as an archaic ablative singular ending. The use of the form re- before vowels, as in reaedifico, reinvito, is not seen until Late Latin. (See Lewis & Short, A Latin Dictionary, 1897, s.v. "re" and "D").
Before consonants, its usual form is rĕ- with short /e/, but the following consonant is sometimes doubled. In some cases, such as reccidī, the double consonant comes from syncope of an originally reduplicated syllable of the base word: compare the unprefixed form cecidī. In other cases, such as redducō, relligiō, relliquiae, the double consonant may have arisen from preconsonantal use of red-, with assimilation of -d- to the following consonant.

#### Descendants

* Catalan: re-
* → English: re-
* French: re-, ré-, r-
* Galician: re-
* Interlingua: re-
* Italian: re-, ri-
* Norman: re-, èr-
* Occitan: re-
* Picard: ar-
* Portuguese: re-
* Romanian: ră-, re-
* Spanish: re-

### References

* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “re-, red-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 516
* ↑ R. B. Burnaby (1905) Elegiac Selections from Ovid, page 98
* 1 2 Lindsay, Wallace Martin (1894) The Latin Language, page 591

## Middle French
### Prefix

re-
* re- (again; once more)

## Neapolitan
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin re-.

### Prefix

re-
* re-

#### Derived terms
## Norman
### Alternative forms

* èr-

### Etymology

From Old French re-, from Latin re-.

### Prefix

re-
* re-

#### Derived terms
## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

From Latin re-.

### Prefix

re-
* re-

### References

* “re-” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

From Latin re-.

### Prefix

re-
* re-

### References

* “re-” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Occitan
### Etymology

From Latin re-.

### Prefix

re-
* re-

#### Derived terms
## Old French
### Prefix

re-
* re- (again; once more)

## Polish
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin re-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /rɛ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛ
* Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]
* Homophones: re, Re

### Prefix

re-
* re- (again, anew)
* re- (back, backward)

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* re- in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Portuguese
### Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese re-, from Latin re-.

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ʁe/ [he], /ˌʁe/ [ˌhe]
* (Brazil) IPA: /ʁe/ [he], /ˌʁe/ [ˌhe]
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /ʁe/ [χe], /ˌʁe/ [ˌχe]
* (Portugal) IPA: /ʁɨ/

### Prefix

re-
* re- (forms verbs indicating that the action is being done again)
    ‎re- + ‎fazer (“to do”) → ‎refazer (“to redo”)

#### Derived terms
## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin re-. The form ră- only appears in a few inherited words.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /re/

### Prefix

re-
* re-

## Slovak
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin re-.

### Prefix

re-
* re- (again, anew)
* re- (back, backward)

#### Derived terms
## Spanish
### Etymology 1

From Latin re-.

#### Prefix

re-
* again
    ‎re- + ‎construir → ‎reconstruir
* backwards
    ‎re- + ‎fluir → ‎refluir
* opposition
    ‎re- + ‎pugnar → ‎repugnar

### Etymology 2

Of Proto-Celtic origin, cognate with Irish ró- (“very”). (Can this etymology be sourced?)

#### Prefix

re-
* forms superlatives from adjectives
    Synonyms: muy, -ísimo
    ‎re- + ‎bueno (“good”) → ‎rebueno (“great”)
    ‎re- + ‎chulo (“cute”) → ‎rechulo (“very cute”)

##### Derived terms

* rete-, requete-, recontra-
* re

##### Derived terms

* Spanish terms prefixed with re-

### Further reading

* “re-”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.7, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2023 November 28

## Swedish
### Prefix

re-
* re-; doing something again
    Synonyms: åter-, om-

#### Derived terms
### Anagrams

* -er, er, er-