# 功臣
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gōngchén
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄥ ㄔㄣˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gung$^1$ san$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kûng-sṳ̀n
    (Hailu, HRS): gung$^ˋ$ shin
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kong-sîn / kong-chhîn
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gōngchén
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥ ㄔㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gongchén
*** Wade–Giles: kung$^1$-chʻên$^2$
*** Yale: gūng-chén
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gongchern
*** Palladius: гунчэнь (gunčɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʊŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰən³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gung$^1$ san$^4$
*** Yale: gūng sàhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gung$^1$ san$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gung$^1$ sen$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʊŋ⁵⁵ sɐn²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kûng-sṳ̀n
*** Hakka Romanization System: gung$^ˊ$ siin$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gung$^1$ sin$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /kuŋ²⁴ sɨn¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: gung$^ˋ$ shin
*** Sinological IPA: /kuŋ⁵³ ʃin⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kong-sîn
*** Tâi-lô: kong-sîn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kongsiin
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sin²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔŋ³³ sin²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sin²³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sin¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sin²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Longyan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kong-chhîn
*** Tâi-lô: kong-tshîn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kongchiin
*** IPA (Longyan): /koŋ³³⁴ t͡sʰin¹¹/
* Middle Chinese: kuwng dzyin
Rime :
| Character | 功 | 臣 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 常 (25) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (1) | 眞 (43) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 古紅切 | 植鄰切 |
| Baxter | kuwng | dzyin |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kuŋ/ | /d͡ʑiɪn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kuŋ/ | /d͡ʑin/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kuŋ/ | /d͡ʑjen/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kəwŋ/ | /d͡ʑin/ |
| Li Rong | /kuŋ/ | /ʑiĕn/ |
| Wang Li | /kuŋ/ | /ʑĭĕn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kuŋ/ | /ʑi̯ĕn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gōng | chén |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gung$^1$ | san$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤoŋ [ɡ]i[ŋ]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*koːŋ ɡiŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 功 | 臣 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gōng | chén |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kuwng › | ‹ dzyin › |
| Old Chinese | /*kˁoŋ/ | /*[ɡ]i[ŋ]/ |
| English | work, effort | slave, subject |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 功 | 臣 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 4021 | 1342 |
| Phonetic component | 工 | 臣 |
| Rime group | 東 | 眞 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 公 | 辰 |
| Old Chinese | /*koːŋ/ | /*ɡiŋ/ |
| Notes | | 甲文臧象以戈刺目爲奴， 省戈表不刺者則爲臣， 專指役使於家內者 |

### Noun

功臣
* person who has made an exceptional contribution
* (historical) subject, minister or official who has rendered outstanding service

#### Synonyms

* (subject, minister or official): 勛臣／勋臣 (xūnchén)

### References

* 郭启熹 [Guo, Qixi], editor (2016), “功臣”, in 龙岩方言词典 LONGYAN FANGYAN CIDIAN [Dictionary of Longyan dialect] (overall work in Min Nan and Mandarin), Xiamen: 鷺江出版社 [Lujiang Publishing House], →ISBN, page 486.

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 功 | 臣 |
| こう Grade: 4 | しん Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||

### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 功臣 (MC kuwng dzyin).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こーしん [kòóshíń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ko̞ːɕĩɴ]

### Noun

功(こう)臣(しん) • (kōshin)
* a meritorious retainer

### References

* ↑ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ “功臣”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 功 | 臣 |

### Noun

功臣 • (gongsin) (hangeul 공신)
* hanja form of 공신

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 功 | 臣 |

### Noun

功臣
* chữ Hán form of công thần.