# wnpšk'
## Middle Persian
### Alternative forms

* [script needed] (vanafša)

### Etymology

The origin is uncertain.
Bailey derives from the Iranian colour-name *van- (“blue”), comparing for it Khotanese [script needed] (banāte, “plum or pear”), Old English ƿann (“dark”) and Old Armenian վան- (van-, “crystal”). For the suffix -ap- he compares Latin cannabis.
On the other hand, Martirosyan proposes connection with Ancient Greek ἴον (íon, “violet”), earlier *ϝίον (*wíon), γία (gía, “ἄνθη”) = ϝία (wía), and Latin viola (“violet”), suggesting that "we might be dealing with a Mediterranean-Iranian flower-name" with a proto-form like *wion- which might yield Iranian *v(y)an-. He regards Iranian *-afš as a suffix of substrate origin comparable with -աւշ (-awš) in Old Armenian թեղաւշ (tʻeławš).
Some of the descendants (e.g. Old Armenian մանուշակ (manušak)) presuppose a by-form *manafšak.

### Noun

wnpšk' • (wanafšag)
* violet (flower)

#### Descendants

(Taking Middle Persian as representative for all Middle Iranian and including the descendants of the unattested by-form *manafšak:)
* Mazanderani ونوشه (vanūše)
* Persian: بنفشه (banafše)
** → Avar: мана́рша (manárša)
** → Azerbaijani: bənövşə
** → Bashkir: миләүшә (miləwşə)
** → Bengali: গুলবনফ্‌শা (gulbonoph‌śa)
** → Central Iranian dialects:
*** Gazi: benapše
*** Kafruni: benewše
*** Kasha’i: benafša
*** Qohrudi: benawša
*** Sivandi: benafše
*** Vonishuni: benafša
*** Zefra’i: bönowše
** → Gujarati: બનફશા (banaphśā)
** → Hindustani:
*** Hindi: बनफ़्शा (banafśā)
*** Urdu: بنفشہ (banafša)
** → Kurdish:
    Northern Kurdish: binefş, benefş, binevş
** → Lak: банавша (banawša)
** → Lezgi: бене́вша (benévša)
** → Ottoman Turkish: بنفشه (benefşe), منكشه (menekşe), منوشه (menevşe)
*** Turkish: menekşe
*** → Albanian: menekshe
*** → Armenian: մէնէքշէ (mēnēkʻšē)
*** → Bulgarian: менекше́ (menekšé), мана́кше (manákše)
*** → Greek: μενεξές (menexés)
*** → Middle Armenian: մանօշայ (manōšay)
*** → Romanian: micșunea
*** → Serbo-Croatian: менѐкше, менѐкша, менѐвша, меневиш
** → Sangisari: benafše
** → Sarikoli: [script needed] (banafša)
** → Sedehi: benafše
** → Shahmirzadi: [script needed] (benafše)
** → Tabasaran: беневша (benevša), бене́ш (benéš), бене́вш (benévš), бала́вш (balávš)
** → Wakhi: [script needed] (banāfš)
** → Uzbek: binafsha
* → Arabic: بنفسج (banafsaj), بنفشج (banafšaj), منفشج (manafšaj)
** Andalusian Arabic: بنفسج (banafsaj)
* → Classical Syriac: ܡܢܝܫܟܐ (mənīškāʼ)
** Middle Armenian: մանիշակ (manišak), մանեմշակ (manemšak)
*** Armenian: մանիշակ (manišak)
**** → Turkish: manişak — Trabzon
* → Old Armenian: մանուշակ (manušak)
** Armenian: մանուշակ (manušak)
*** → Udi: мамушӏакӏ (mamuš:aḳ), мумушӏакӏ (mumuš:aḳ)
** → Byzantine Greek: μανουσιάκων (manousiákōn)
*** Greek: μανουσάκι (manousáki)
**** → Albanian: manushaqe
***** → Aromanian: manushachi／manushache
*** Pontic Greek: μανουσ̌άκ' (manoušák')
**** → Turkish: manuşak — Trabzon
** → Ossetian: ма́лусӕг (málusæg, “snowdrop”)

#### References

* 1 2 علی صیادانی، وام‌واژه‌های فارسی دیوان ابن هانی؛ شاعر شیعه اندلس, پژوهش‌های زبان‌شناسی تطبیقی، ص ۱۵۵
* Horn, Paul (1893) Grundriss der neupersischen Etymologie (in German), Strasbourg: K.J. Trübner, page 53
* Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1977) “մանուշակ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume III, Yerevan: University Press, page 256
* MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, page 86
* Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 759
* Cabolov, R. L. (2001) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ kurdskovo jazyka (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Russian Academy Press Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 115, 180
* Bailey, H. W. (1979) Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 268b
* Abajev, V. I. (1973) Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка (in Russian), volume II, Moscow and Leningrad: Academy Press, page 69