# 努力
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): nǔlì
    (Zhuyin): ㄋㄨˇ ㄌㄧˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): nou$^5$ lik$^6$
* Gan (Wiktionary): lu$^3$ lit$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): nú-li̍t
    (Hailu, HRS): nu$^ˊ$ lid$^ˋ$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): nó͘-le̍k / lǒ͘-lia̍k / ló͘-le̍k
    (Teochew, Peng'im): no$^3$ lag$^8$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$nu-liq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: nǔlì
*** Zhuyin: ㄋㄨˇ ㄌㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: nǔlì
*** Wade–Giles: nu$^3$-li$^4$
*** Yale: nǔ-lì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nuulih
*** Palladius: нули (nuli)
*** Sinological IPA : /nu²¹⁴⁻²¹ li⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: nou$^5$ lik$^6$
*** Yale: nóuh lihk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: nou$^5$ lik$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: nou$^5$ lig$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /nou̯¹³ lɪk̚²/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$努力 腦力／脑力
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: lu$^3$ lit$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /lu²¹³⁻¹³ lit̚⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nú-li̍t
*** Hakka Romanization System: nu$^ˋ$ lid
*** Hagfa Pinyim: nu$^3$ lid$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /nu³¹ lit̚⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: nu$^ˊ$ lid$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /nu²⁴⁻³³ lit²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nó͘-le̍k
*** Tâi-lô: nóo-li̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: noflek
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /nɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪk̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /nɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪk̚⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lǒ͘-lia̍k
*** Tâi-lô: lǒo-lia̍k
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /lɔ²² liak̚²⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ló͘-le̍k
*** Tâi-lô: lóo-li̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: loflek
*** IPA (Taipei): /lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪk̚⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /lɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ liɪk̚⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: no$^3$ lag$^8$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: nò la̍k
*** Sinological IPA : /no²¹³⁻⁵⁵ lak̚⁴/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$nu-liq
*** MiniDict: nu$^去$ lih
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$nu-liq
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /nu²² liɪʔ⁴⁴/

### Verb

努力
* to make an effort; to strive; to endeavor; to work hard
    不懈努力 ― bùxiè nǔlì ― to persevere; perseverance
    共同努力 ― gòngtóng nǔlì ― to work together
       Wǒ huì hǎohǎo nǔlì bǎ wǒ de bóshì dúwán. [Pinyin]
       I will work hard to finish my doctorate.
       Yàoshì xiànzài bù nǔlì dehuà, jiānglái huì hòuhuǐ de. [Pinyin]
       If you don't work hard now, you'll regret it later on.
       Wǒ yīzhí zài chángshì nǔlì, kě jiéguǒ zǒngshì bùjìn rényì. [Pinyin]
       I have been putting in a lot of effort, but the results are always less than satisfactory.

#### Synonyms

* 一力 (yīlì)
* 下力 (xiàlì)
* 不遺餘力／不遗余力 (bùyíyúlì)
* 僶俛／𠊟俯 (mǐnmiǎn) (literary)
* 儘力／尽力 (jǐnlì) (archaic)
* 全力以赴 (quánlìyǐfù)
* 出力 (chūlì)
* 力 (lì) (literary, or in compounds)
* 力圖／力图 (lìtú)
* 力求 (lìqiú)
* 力爭／力争 (lìzhēng)
* 加勁／加劲 (jiājìn)
* 勉力 (miǎnlì)
* 呵嘶呵嘶 (o$^4$ sr$^1$ o$^4$ sr$^1$) (Xiang)
* 強力／强力 (qiánglì) (literary)
* 悉力 (xīlì) (literary)
* 打拼 (dǎpīn)
* 拍拚 (Hokkien, Teochew)
* 拍灘／拍滩 (Xiamen Hokkien)
* 拼搏 (pīnbó)
* 搏 (bó) (literary, or in compounds)
* 摔拍 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 攢勁／攒劲 (zan$^3$ jin$^4$) (Xiang)
* 旅力 (lǚlì) (literary)
* 極力／极力 (jílì)
* 殫力／殚力 (dānlì)
* 用力 (yònglì)
* 盡力／尽力 (jìnlì)
* 竭力 (jiélì)
* 竭盡全力／竭尽全力 (jiéjìnquánlì)
* 落力 (lok$^6$ lik$^6$) (Cantonese, Pinghua, Hakka, Pinghua, Hokkien, Pinghua, Teochew, Pinghua, Wenzhounese, Pinghua)
* 賣力／卖力 (màilì)
* 賣力氣／卖力气 (mài lìqi)

### Adjective

努力
* hard-working; diligent; industrious
       yī ge fēicháng nǔlì de yuángōng [Pinyin]
       a hardworking employee

#### Synonyms

* 下力 (xiàlì) (Muping Mandarin)
* 亹亹 (wěiwěi) (literary)
* 刻苦 (kèkǔ)
* 力落 (lag$^8$ loh$^8$) (Teochew)
* 勤力 (qínlì) (literary or Cantonese)
* 勤勉 (qínmiǎn)
* 勤勞／勤劳 (qínláo)
* 勤奮／勤奋 (qínfèn)
* 勤快 (qínkuài) (informal)
* 勤懇／勤恳 (qínkěn) (diligent and conscientious)
* 勤謹／勤谨 (Dungan)
* 堅苦／坚苦 (jiānkǔ) (hardworking and persevering)
* 巴劫 (bājié) (literary)
* 巴巴結結／巴巴结结 (bāba-jiējiē) (regional)
* 急計／急计 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 用功 (yònggōng)
* 發狠／发狠 (fa$^3$ hen$^6$) (Xiang)
* 耐勞／耐劳 (nàiláo)
* 骨力 (Hokkien, Puxian Min)

#### Antonyms

* 懶惰／懒惰 (lǎnduò)

### Adverb

努力
* diligently; hard (with a great deal of effort)
    非常努力地工作 ― fēicháng nǔlì de gōngzuò ― to work extremely hard

### Noun

努力
* endeavor; ability; effort
    盡最大的努力／尽最大的努力 ― jìn zuìdà de nǔlì ― to do all one can
       Zīzhì yúbèn de rén yìng jiābèi nǔlì, fāng kě huòzhì chénggōng. [Pinyin]
       People who are naturally clumsy should redouble their efforts in order to achieve success.

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 努(ど)力(りょく) (doryoku)
* → Korean: 노력(努力) (noryeok)
* → Vietnamese: nỗ lực (努力)

### See also

* (Cantonese) 畀心機／畀心机 (bei2 sam1 gei1)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 努 | 力 |
| ど Grade: 4 | りょく Grade: 1 |
| kan'on ||

### Etymology

From Middle Chinese compound 努力 (MC nuX lik, literally “to exert + strength”). Compare modern Cantonese reading nou$^5$ lik$^6$ or Min Nan ló͘-le̍k.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) どりょく [dóꜜryòkù] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [do̞ɾʲo̞kɯ̟]

### Noun

努(ど)力(りょく) • (doryoku)
* an effort, an endeavor

#### Synonyms

* 労力(ろうりょく) (rōryoku), 尽力(じんりょく) (jinryoku)

### Verb

努(ど)力(りょく)する • (doryoku suru) suru (stem 努(ど)力(りょく)し (doryoku shi), past 努(ど)力(りょく)した (doryoku shita))
* to endeavor, to make an effort
    彼(かれ)は試験(しけん)に合格(ごうかく)するために努力(どりょく)した。
       Kare wa shiken ni gōkaku suru tame ni doryoku shita.
       He worked hard to pass the exam.

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 努力し | どりょくし | doryoku shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 努力し | どりょくし | doryoku shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 努力する | どりょくする | doryoku suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 努力する | どりょくする | doryoku suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 努力すれ | どりょくすれ | doryoku sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 努力せよ¹ 努力しろ² | どりょくせよ¹ どりょくしろ² | doryoku seyo¹ doryoku shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 努力される | どりょくされる | doryoku sareru |
| Causative | 努力させる 努力さす | どりょくさせる どりょくさす | doryoku saseru doryoku sasu |
| Potential | 努力できる | どりょくできる | doryoku dekiru |
| Volitional | 努力しよう | どりょくしよう | doryoku shiyō |
| Negative | 努力しない | どりょくしない | doryoku shinai |
| Negative continuative | 努力せず | どりょくせず | doryoku sezu |
| Formal | 努力します | どりょくします | doryoku shimasu |
| Perfective | 努力した | どりょくした | doryoku shita |
| Conjunctive | 努力して | どりょくして | doryoku shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 努力すれば | どりょくすれば | doryoku sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

#### Synonyms

* 努(つと)める (tsutomeru)

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
   * 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 努 | 力 |

### Noun

努力 • (noryeok) (hangeul 노력)
* hanja form of 노력 (“an effort, an endeavor”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 努 | 力 |

### Noun

努力
* chữ Hán form of nỗ lực (“great effort; endeavor”).

### Verb

努力
* chữ Hán form of nỗ lực (“to strive; to endeavor”).