# tukšs
## Latvian
### Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *tuskjas, from Proto-Indo-European *tews-, *tus- (“to empty”), from *tew-, *tu- (“to swell”) (whence also Latvian tūkt (“to swell”), q.v.).
The kš sequence suggests irregular changes: *tušjas > insertion of *k and *t > *tukšjas > tukša-. Semantic development: “swollen, bloated” → “empty inside” → “empty”.
Cognate with Lithuanian tùščias (nominative plural tuštì), Old Church Slavonic тъшть (tŭštĭ, “empty”), Old East Slavic тъщь (tŭščĭ), Russian то́щий (tóščij, “weak, thin, lean”), Proto-Slavic *tъska (“emptiness”) (Russian тоска́ (toská, “anguish, tedium, longing”)), Vedic Sanskrit तुच्छ्य (tucchyá, “empty, vain”), Latin tesqua (“desert”) (< Old Latin *tuesquā), Iron Ossetian тыссӕ́г (tyssǽg, “weak, skinny, thin”).

### Pronunciation

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### Adjective

tukšs (definite tukšais, comparative tukšāks, superlative vistukšākais, adverb tukši)
* (of containers, hollow objects) empty (in which nothing was put)
    tukša bļoda, pudele, soma, atvilktne ― empty bowl, bottle, bag, drawer
    tukšs grozs, maiss, spainis ― empty basket, bag, bucket
    tukša kabata ― empty pocket (colloquially, lack of money)
* (of places, areas) empty, blank (not taken, not filled with something)
    tukšs pagrabs, plaukts ― empty cellar, shelf
    tukša malkas nojume ― empty wood shed
    tukšs sienas laukums ― empty, blank area on the wall
    tukšs galds ― empty table (esp. without food, drink)
* (of rooms) unfurnished
    tukša istaba ― empty room
* (of hanging supports) empty (with nothing hanging on them)
    tukšs drēbju pakaramais ― empty clothes hanger
    tukšs vadzis ― empty peg
* (of windows, doors) empty (without panes, leaves)
    tukšas logu ailes ― empty window frames
* (of wells, bodies of water) empty (without water)
    tukša aka ― empty well
* (stomach) empty (without food)
    tukšs vēders ― empty stomach
* (of paper, book) empty (without any writing or drawing on it)
    Ēvalds pagrieza baltajai lapiņai otru pusi, tā bija tukša ― Ēvalds turned the white page over to the other side, it was empty
* (of buildings, rooms, areas, means of transportation) empty (without people, animals; vacant, uninhabited)
    tukša iela, šoseja, laiva ― empty street, highway, ship
    tukšs trolejbuss, vagons ― empty trolley, train car
    tukšs bišu strops ― empty beehiļve
    tukša lapsu ala ― empty fox hole, earth
    (of places to sit, stand, etc.) empty (vacant)
    mēs visi sēdam pie galda, tikai mātes vieta tukša ― we all sat at the table, only mother's place (was) empty
* (of places, areas) empty (without vegetation, without plants, without crops)
    visi tīrumi ir tukši ― all fields are empty
    zeme nekur nepaliek tukša, augi ieviešas katrā piemērotā' stūrītī ― the earth is nowere empty, plants grow in every appropriate spot
* (of fruits, nuts) empty (without pit, kernel, seed, more rarely without leaves)
    tukšs rieksts ― empty nut
    tukša zirņu pāksts ― empty pea pod
* (of time periods) empty (with strongly felt shortage or lack of food, money, goods, etc.))
    tagard ir tukškais laiks; nav ne gaļas, ne naudas ― now is the emptier (= emptiest) time: there is neither meat nor money
* (of time periods) empty (without harvest, produce)
    šogad manām ābelēm ir tukšais gads ― this year my apple trees are having an empty (= fruitless) year
* (of shops, establishments, entities) empty (without merchandise, goods in stock; without money)
    tukšs pārtikas veikals ― empty grocery store (i.e., without groceries)
    Prūsijas valsts kase bija tukša ― the Prussian treasury was empty
    šīs mājas ir tukšas, viss, kas te kādreiz bija, ir jau paņemts ― these houses are empty, everything that used to be here has already been taken
* (of peoples) empty, poor
    kur citur lai šie atstātie, tukšie, bezspēcīgie atrastu patversmi? ― where else would the abandoned, empty, powerless find shelter?
* (of actionss) empty, in vain (without the desired effect)
    tukši pūliņi ― empty efforts
* (of actions, words) empty, vain, idle (without serious content, without purpose, without meaning, significance)
    tukšas runas, tukša runāšana ― empty talk, empty talking
    tukšas frāzes ― empty sentences, words
    tukšas izpriecas, cerības ― empty pleasures, hopes
    tukši sapņi ― empty dreams
    tukšs apgalvojums ― empty statement
* (of time periods) empty (without activity, uneventful)
    tukšs, bezdarbībā pavadīts laiks ― empty, idly spent time
* (of people) empty (without depth, meaningful spiritual life; frivolous)
    nožēlojami tukša dvēsele ― a miserably empty soul
    vieglprātīgas, tukšas meitenes portrets ― portrait of a frivolous, empty girl
* (of eyes, gaze, face) empty (colorless, lifeless)
    skumji tukšs skatiens ― sadly empty gaze
    lai cik skaista, bet tukša seja vienmēr būs vulgāra ― no matter how beautiful, an empty face will always be vulgar

#### Antonyms

* pilns

#### Related terms

* tuksnesis

### References

* ↑ Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) “tukšs”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca‎ (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN