# 椹

| 椹 | U+6939, &#26937; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6939 |
| ← 椸 [U+6938] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 椺 → [U+693A] |

## Translingual
### Han character

椹 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+9, 13 strokes, cangjie input 木廿一女 (DTMV), four-corner 4491$_1$ or 4491$_8$, composition ⿰木甚)

#### Derived characters

* 𦾢

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 537, character 30
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 15082
* Dae Jaweon: page 925, character 14
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1243, character 3
* Unihan data for U+6939

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 湛 | *ʔl'uːm, *r'uːmʔ, *l'um |
| 媅 | *ʔl'uːm |
| 黮 | *l̥ʰuːmʔ, *l'uːmʔ |
| 糂 | *sluːmʔ |
| 堪 | *kʰluːm |
| 戡 | *kʰluːm, *ʔl'umʔ |
| 嵁 | *kʰluːm, *ŋɡluːm, *ŋɡluːmʔ, *sɡruːmʔ, *kʰruːm |
| 歁 | *kʰluːmʔ, *kʰluːb |
| 勘 | *kʰluːms |
| 磡 | *kʰuːms |
| 墈 | *kʰuːms |
| 偡 | *r'uːmʔ |
| 碪 | *ʔl'um |
| 椹 | *ʔl'um |
| 揕 | *ʔl'ums |
| 踸 | *l̥ʰumʔ |
| 鍖 | *l̥ʰumʔ |
| 斟 | *kljum |
| 諶 | *ɡljum |
| 愖 | *ɡljum |
| 瘎 | *ɡljum |
| 煁 | *ɡljum |
| 甚 | *ɡljumʔ, *ɡljums |
| 葚 | *ɦljumʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔl'um) : semantic 木 (“wood; tree”) + phonetic 甚 (OC *ɡljumʔ, *ɡljums).

### Etymology

For the "chopping block" sense, perhaps from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-k(u/i)m (“pillow, block, bench, bedstead”); see 枕 (OC *l'um, *ʔljumʔ, *ʔljums, “pillow”) for more (STEDT).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhēn (zhen$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄣ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zam$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhēn
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄣ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhen
*** Wade–Giles: chên$^1$
*** Yale: jēn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jen
*** Palladius: чжэнь (čžɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zam$^1$
*** Yale: jām
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzam$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zem$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɐm⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: trim
Rime :
| Character | 椹 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 知 (9) |
| Final (韻) | 侵 (140) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 知林切 |
| Baxter | trim |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʈˠiɪm/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʈᵚim/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȶiem/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʈjim/ |
| Li Rong | /ȶjəm/ |
| Wang Li | /ȶĭĕm/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ȶi̯əm/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhēn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zam$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*tr[ə]m/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ʔl'um/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 椹 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zhēn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ trim › |
| Old Chinese | /*tr[ə]m/ |
| English | chopping-block |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 椹 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 11285 |
| Phonetic component | 甚 |
| Rime group | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 碪 |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔl'um/ |

#### Definitions

椹
* Alternative form of 砧 (“base for chopping”)

##### Compounds

* 椹質／椹质

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shèn (shen$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄕㄣˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): sam$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shèn
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄣˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shèn
*** Wade–Giles: shên$^4$
*** Yale: shèn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shenn
*** Palladius: шэнь (šɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂən⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: sam$^6$
*** Yale: sahm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sam$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sem$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɐm²²/

#### Definitions

椹
* Alternative form of 葚 (“mulberry fruit”)
* mold or fungus grown on fallen trees

##### Compounds

* 蔡順分椹／蔡顺分椹

### References

* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), B01761
* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), B03944-002#19
* “椹”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* type of cypress

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): ちん (chin)、じん (jin)
* Kun: あてぎ (ategi, 椹)、さわら (sawara, 椹)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 椹
* さわら Hyōgai
* kun'yomi

### Noun

椹(さわら) or 椹(サワラ) • (sawara)
* sawara cypress, Chamaecyparis pisifera

#### Usage notes

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary).

## Korean
### Hanja

椹 • (chim) (hangeul 침, revised chim, McCune–Reischauer ch'im, Yale chim)
* (모탕 침): chopping block
* (오디 심): mulberry fruit (桑實)

#### Synonyms

* (오디 심): 葚

#### Compounds

* 地椹 (지심, jisim) berry

#### See also

* 莓 (심, sim) berry, strawberry; moss

#### References

* ↑ 南廣祐 (1997). 敎學古語辭典. 敎學社. p. 968.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

椹: Hán Nôm readings: cụm, châm, thầm
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation