# حسد
## Arabic
### Etymology 1

* Root
* ح س د (ḥ s d)
* 6 terms
Compare Hebrew חֶסֶד (khésed, “shame”).

#### Verb

حَسَدَ • (ḥasada) I (non-past يَحْسِدُ (yaḥsidu) or يَحْسُدُ (yaḥsudu), verbal noun حَسَد (ḥasad) or حُسُود (ḥusūd) or حَسَادَة (ḥasāda) or حَسِيدَة (ḥasīda))
* to envy, to be jealous of
** Qur'an 4:54
    أَمْ يَحْسُدُونَ النَّاسَ عَلَىٰ مَا آتَاهُمُ اللَّهُ مِن فَضْلِهِʔam yaḥsudūna an-nāsa ʕalā mā ʔātāhumu l-lahu min faḍlihiOr do they envy people for what Allah has graciously furnished them with?
** Quran 113:05
    وَمِنْ شَرِّ حَاسِدٍ إِذَا حَسَدَwamin šarri ḥāsidin ʔiḏā ḥasadaAnd from the evil of the envious when they envy
* (proscribed) to curse with the evil eye through envy
    Synonyms: عَانَ (ʕāna), نَجَأَ (najaʔa)

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2
#### Noun

حَسَد • (ḥasad) m
* verbal noun of حَسَدَ (ḥasada) (form I)
* envy
* (proscribed) the evil eye
    Synonym: عَيْن (ʕayn)

##### Usage notes

It is common to use the word similarly to the English envy, that is, without supernatural connotations. In religious and folklore-related contexts, however, the word is almost exclusively used to denote hateful and malicious thoughts and feelings that purportedly curse the envied with العَيْن (al-ʕayn, “the [evil] eye”) and cause them myriad afflictions. As such, it is often idiomatically combined with حِقْد (ḥiqd, “ill will, malice”) for their consonance and like semantic fields since حِقْد (ḥiqd) particularly highlights the hidden and dissimulated nature of the hatred and loathing of the referent. Other commonly collocated words include غِلّ (ḡill, “concealed animosity and hate often with hidden injurious intent, spite, malice”), غَيْظ (ḡayẓ, “hateful or envious fury, bitterness, rage, resentment”), بَغْضَاء (baḡḍāʔ, “burning hatred, loathing, aversion, rancor, detestation, malevolence, hostility, antagonism”), and ضَغِينَة (ḍaḡīna, “dissembled extreme hate and malice, venom”).

##### Descendants

* → Ottoman Turkish: حسد
** → Turkish: haset
* → Urdu: حسد

##### References

* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “حسد”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic حَسَد (ḥasad).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ha.sað]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [hä.säd̪]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [hä.säd̪]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [ʔä.säd̪]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [ʔä.säd̪̥]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [hæ.sæd̪̥]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [hä.säd̪]

### Noun

| Dari | حسد |
| Iranian Persian | حسد |
| Tajik | ҳасад |
حسد • (hasad)
* envy, jealousy
** c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume II, verse 809:بو الحکم نامش بد و بو جهل شد ای بسا اهل از حسد نااهل شدBū-l-Hakam nām-aš bud u Bu-Jahl šud ay basā ahl az hasad nā-ahl šudHis name was Abu ’l-Hakam, and he became Abú Jahl: oh, many a worthy has become unworthy because of envy.
* grudge

### References

* Hayyim, Sulayman (1934) “حسد”, in New Persian–English dictionary, Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Béroukhim

## South Levantine Arabic

* Root
* ح س د
* 2 terms

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ħa.sad/, [ˈħa.sad]
* Audio (al-Lidd):(file)

### Etymology 1

From Arabic حَسَدَ (ḥasada).

#### Verb

حسد • (ḥasad) I (present بحسد (biḥsid), active participle حاسد (ḥāsed))
* to envy, to be envious
    Synonym: غار (ḡār)

##### Conjugation

Conjugation of حسد (ḥasad) :
| | | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural |
| | | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person |
| past | m | حسدت (ḥasadt) | حسدت (ḥasadt) | حسد (ḥasad) | حسدنا (ḥasadna) | حسدتو (ḥasadtu) | حسدو (ḥasadu) |
| past | f | حسدت (ḥasadt) | حسدتي (ḥasadti) | حسدت (ḥasdat) | حسدنا (ḥasadna) | حسدتو (ḥasadtu) | حسدو (ḥasadu) |
| present | m | بحسد (baḥsid) | بتحسد (btiḥsid) | بحسد (biḥsid) | منحسد (mniḥsid) | بتحسدو (btiḥsidu) | بحسدو (biḥsidu) |
| present | f | بحسد (baḥsid) | بتحسدي (btiḥsidi) | بتحسد (btiḥsid) | منحسد (mniḥsid) | بتحسدو (btiḥsidu) | بحسدو (biḥsidu) |
| subjunctive | m | أحسد (ʔaḥsid) | تحسد (tiḥsid) | يحسد (yiḥsid) | نحسد (niḥsid) | تحسدو (tiḥsidu) | يحسدو (yiḥsidu) |
| subjunctive | f | أحسد (ʔaḥsid) | تحسدي (tiḥsidi) | تحسد (tiḥsid) | نحسد (niḥsid) | تحسدو (tiḥsidu) | يحسدو (yiḥsidu) |
| imperative | m | | احسد (iḥsid) | | | احسدو (iḥsidu) | |
| imperative | f | | احسدي (iḥsidi) | | | احسدو (iḥsidu) | |

### Etymology 2

From Arabic حَسَد (ḥasad).

#### Noun

حسد • (ḥasad) m
* envy
    Synonym: غيرة (ḡēre)

## Urdu
### Etymology

From Arabic حَسَد (ḥasad).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /ɦə.səd̪/

### Noun

حَسَد • (hasad) m (Hindi spelling हसद)
* jealousy, envy, malevolence, jealous
* emulation, ambition

### References

* “حسد”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
* “حسد”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2024.