# 羌

| 羌 | U+7F8C, &#32652; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7F8C |
| ← 羋 [U+7F8B] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 羍 → [U+7F8D] |

## Translingual
### Han character

羌 (Kangxi radical 123, 羊+2 in traditional Chinese, 羊+1 in simplified Chinese, 8 strokes in traditional Chinese, 7 strokes in simplified Chinese, cangjie input 廿土竹山 (TGHU) or 廿手山 (TQU), four-corner 8021$_1$, composition ⿸⺶乚(G) or ⿱𦍌儿(HTJK))

#### Derived characters

* 𠊡, 唴, 㛨, 𭘤, 𫹕, 𢮲, 𬁿, 𪲞, 㳾, 猐, 琷, 𥇉, 𥓌, 蜣, 錓, 𩸑, 𪁸, 𡝸, 𢒘, 𢻐, 𠒤, 𠻁, 𬝆, 𦍑, 羗, 𪉬, 𡬎

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 951, character 3
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 28429
* Dae Jaweon: page 1393, character 11
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3125, character 3
* Unihan data for U+7F8C

## Chinese

* 羌族 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 羌族 (Cantonese)
* Kiông-chhu̍k (Hakka)
* Giŏng-cŭk (Eastern Min)
* Kiuⁿ-cho̍k (Southern Min)
* Qiang people (English)
* 古羌人 (Written Standard Chinese)
* Qiang (historical people) (English)

### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 样 | *ʔslaːŋ, *laŋ |
| 佯 | *zlaŋ, *laŋ |
| 詳 | *ljaŋ, *laŋ |
| 洋 | *ljaŋ, *laŋ |
| 翔 | *ljaŋ |
| 庠 | *ljaŋ |
| 祥 | *ljaŋ |
| 痒 | *ljaŋ, *laŋʔ |
| 姜 | *klaŋ |
| 羌 | *kʰlaŋ |
| 蜣 | *kʰlaŋ |
| 猐 | *kʰlaŋ |
| 唴 | *kʰlaŋs |
| 羊 | *laŋ |
| 徉 | *laŋ |
| 烊 | *laŋ |
| 蛘 | *laŋ, *laŋʔ |
| 眻 | *laŋ, *laŋs |
| 鴹 | *laŋ |
| 恙 | *laŋs |
| 羕 | *laŋs |
| 樣 | *laŋs |
| 漾 | *laŋs |
A man 人 with two sheep horns 羊 on his head - barbarian. The character 羊 also indicates the pronunciation. See also 茍 and 美.

### Etymology

Unclear.
Pulleyblank (1983) suggests a derivation from 羊 (OC *laŋ).
Schuessler (2007) prefers to relate it to Proto-Tibeto-Burman *s-klawŋ (“to guard; to herd; to tend (cattle); to graze; to be at leisure”), whence Tibetan སྐྱོང (skyong, “to guard; to nurture; to keep; to care for”), Asho Chin klóng (“to herd; to graze”), Burmese ကျောင်း (kyaung:, “to feed; to tend (cattle)”); then 羌 means "herders". Compare 養 (OC *laŋʔ, *laŋs, “to raise; to nourish”).
Beckwith (2009) proposes a possible Indo-European origin; compare Tocharian B klank- (“to ride; to go by chariot”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qiāng (qiang$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄤ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): goeng$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kiông
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kiuⁿ / kioⁿ / khiong / khiang / kiong
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qiāng
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄤ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ciang
*** Wade–Giles: chʻiang$^1$
*** Yale: chyāng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiang
*** Palladius: цян (cjan)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: goeng$^1$
*** Yale: gēung
*** Cantonese Pinyin: goeng$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gêng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kœːŋ⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiông
*** Hakka Romanization System: giong$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: giong$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki̯oŋ²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Lukang, Sanxia, Taipei, Yilan, Kaohsiung, Kinmen, Magong, Hsinchu, Taichung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiuⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: kiunn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kviw
*** IPA (Lukang): /kiũ³³/
*** IPA (Taipei, Yilan, Kaohsiung, Kinmen): /kiũ⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Tainan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kioⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: kionn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kvioy
*** IPA (Tainan): /kiɔ̃⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiong
*** Tâi-lô: khiong
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qiofng
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiɔŋ³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiang
*** Tâi-lô: khiang
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qiafng
*** IPA (Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kʰiaŋ⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiong
*** Tâi-lô: kiong
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kiofng
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kiɔŋ⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: khjang
Rime :
| Character | 羌 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (105) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 去羊切 |
| Baxter | khjang |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰɨɐŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰiɐŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰiɑŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰɨaŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰiaŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰĭaŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kʰi̯aŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qiāng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hoeng$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.qʰaŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰlaŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 羌 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | qiāng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ khjang › |
| Old Chinese | /*C.qʰaŋ/ |
| English | western tribes |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 羌 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 14531 |
| Phonetic component | 羊 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 羌 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰlaŋ/ |

### Definitions

羌
* (～族, ～人) Qiang people
* Name of a historical tribe in ancient China.
* muntjac (species of deer)
    山羌 ― shānqiāng ― Reeves's muntjac
* (obsolete) Meaningless sentence-initial particle, often used in the Chuci.
* a surname

### Compounds

* 婼羌
* 山羌 (shānqiāng)
* 氐羌
* 羌人 (Qiāngrén)
* 羌塘 (Qiāngtáng)
* 羌家壪／羌家塆 (Qiāngjiāwān)
* 羌帖
* 羌戎
* 羌族 (Qiāngzú)
* 羌活 (qiānghuó)
* 羌無故實／羌无故实
* 羌笛 (qiāngdí)
* 羌管
* 羌語／羌语
* 羌鷲／羌鹫 (qiāngjiù)
* 若羌 (Ruòqiāng)
* 葉爾羌／叶尔羌 (Yè'ěrqiāng)
* 西羌
* 阿羌 (Āqiāng)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: こう (kō)
* Kan-on: きょう (kyō)
* Kun: えびす (ebisu, 羌)、あう (au)
* Nanori: あきら (akira)、すすむ (susumu)

## Korean
### Hanja

羌 • (gang) (hangeul 강, revised gang, McCune–Reischauer kang, Yale kang)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

羌: Hán Nôm readings: cưng, gừng, khương
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.