# jou
## Afrikaans
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /jœu/

### Alternative forms

* djou (Cape Afrikaans)

### Etymology 1

From Dutch jou. Also related to English you.

#### Pronoun

jou (subject jy)
* you (singular, object)

#### See also

| | | subjective | objective | possessive determiner | possessive pronoun |
| singular | 1st | ek | my | my | myne |
| singular | 2nd | jy | jou | jou | joune |
| singular | 2nd, formal | u | u | u | u s’n |
| singular | 3rd, masc | hy | hom | sy | syne |
| singular | 3rd, fem | sy | haar | haar | hare |
| singular | 3rd, neut | dit | dit | sy | syne |
| plural | 1st | ons | ons | ons | ons s’n |
| plural | 2nd | julle / jul$^1$ | julle / jul$^1$ | julle / jul$^1$ | julle s’n |
| plural | 3rd | hulle / hul$^1$ | hulle / hul$^1$ | hulle / hul$^1$ | hulle s’n |
| 1. The forms jul and hul are unstressed variants. They are used mostly in possessive function, but also otherwise, chiefly when the pronoun is repeated within the same sentence. ||||||

### Etymology 2

From Dutch jouw.

#### Determiner

jou
* your (singular)
** 2016, “In Jou Atmosfeer”, in Sal Jy Met My Dans?‎, performed by Kurt Darren, South Africa:In jou atmosfeer.In your atmosphere.

#### See also

| | | subjective | objective | possessive determiner | possessive pronoun |
| singular | 1st | ek | my | my | myne |
| singular | 2nd | jy | jou | jou | joune |
| singular | 2nd, formal | u | u | u | u s’n |
| singular | 3rd, masc | hy | hom | sy | syne |
| singular | 3rd, fem | sy | haar | haar | hare |
| singular | 3rd, neut | dit | dit | sy | syne |
| plural | 1st | ons | ons | ons | ons s’n |
| plural | 2nd | julle / jul$^1$ | julle / jul$^1$ | julle / jul$^1$ | julle s’n |
| plural | 3rd | hulle / hul$^1$ | hulle / hul$^1$ | hulle / hul$^1$ | hulle s’n |
| 1. The forms jul and hul are unstressed variants. They are used mostly in possessive function, but also otherwise, chiefly when the pronoun is repeated within the same sentence. ||||||

## Baltic Romani
### Alternative forms

* jo

### Pronoun

jou (third person masculine singular, nominative case)
* (Litovska) he

#### Declension

* ↑ The ablative is in decline in Lithuanian Romani

## Catalan
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Catalan jou, from Latin iugum (compare Occitan jo, French joug, Spanish yugo), from Proto-Italic *jugom, from Proto-Indo-European *yugóm.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [ˈʒow]
* IPA: (Valencia) [ˈd͡ʒɔw]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

jou m (plural jous)
* (agriculture, also figuratively) yoke
* col (between mountains)
* (nautical) transom (type of structural beam)

#### Derived terms

* enjovar

#### Related terms

* conjugar
* jova
* jovada
* subjugar

### Further reading

* “jou” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “jou”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2024
* “jou” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
* “jou” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

## Champenois
### Alternative forms

* (Rémois) dour
* (Langrois) jo

### Etymology

Inherited from Old French jor, from Late Latin diurnum.

### Pronunciation

IPA: /ʒu/

### Noun

jou m (plural jous)
* (Troyen, Langrois) day

### References

* Daunay, Jean (1998) Parlers de Champagne : Pour un classement thématique du vocabulaire des anciens parlers de Champagne (Aube - Marne - Haute-Marne)‎ (in French), Rumilly-lés-Vaudes
* Baudoin, Alphonse (1885) Glossaire de la forêt de Clairvaux‎ (in French), Troyes

## Dutch
### Etymology

From Middle Dutch jou, from Old Dutch *jū, a northern (Frisian?) variant of *iu, from Proto-Germanic *iwwiz, a West Germanic variant of *izwiz. Doublet of u.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /jɑu̯/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: jou
* Rhymes: -ɑu̯
* Homophone: jouw

### Pronoun

jou
* objective form of jij (“you (singular)”): you
    Ik zal dit wel even doen voor jou. ― I'll do this for you.
    Kan ik jou iets vragen?Can I ask you something?
    Ik geef jou mijn boek om te lezen.I'm giving you my book to read.
    Zij heeft een cadeau voor jou gekocht.She bought a gift for you.
* Misspelling of jouw (“your”).

#### Usage notes

In informal language, mostly replaced by the unstressed form je, with the form jou used for emphasis or contrast.
    Hoe gaat het met je? — Goed. En met jou?How are you? — I'm good. What about you?
    Heb je zijn telefoonnummer voor me? — Dat mag ik je eigenlijk niet geven, maar voor jou maak ik graag een uitzondering.Could you give me his phone number? — I'm not really supposed to give it out to you, but for you I'll gladly make an exception.

#### Declension

| | subject | subject | object | object | possessive | possessive | possessive | reflexive | genitive$^5$ |
| singular | full | unstr. | full | unstr. | full | unstr. | pred. | | |
| 1st person | ik | 'k$^1$ | mij | me | mijn | m'n$^1$ | mijne | me | mijner, mijns |
| 2nd person | jij | je | jou | je | jouw | je | jouwe | je | jouwer, jouws |
| 2nd person archaic or regiolectal | gij | ge | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u | uwer, uws |
| 2nd person formal | u | – | u | – | uw | – | uwe | zich | uwer, uws |
| 3rd person masculine | hij | ie$^1$ | hem | 'm$^1$ | zijn | z'n$^1$ | zijne | zich | zijner, zijns |
| 3rd person feminine | zij | ze | haar | h'r$^1$, 'r$^1$, d'r$^1$ | haar | h'r$^1$, 'r$^1$, d'r$^1$ | hare | zich | harer, haars |
| 3rd person neuter | het | 't$^1$ | het | 't$^1$ | zijn | z'n$^1$ | zijne | zich | zijner, zijns |
| plural | | | | | | | | | |
| 1st person | wij | we | ons | – | ons, onze$^2$ | – | onze | ons | onzer, onzes |
| 2nd person | jullie | je | jullie | je | jullie | je | – | je | – |
| 2nd person archaic or regiolectal$^6$ | gij | ge | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u | uwer, uws |
| 2nd person formal | u | – | u | – | uw | – | uwe | zich | uwer, uws |
| 3rd person | zij | ze | hen$^3$, hun$^4$ | ze | hun | – | hunne | zich | hunner, huns |
| $^{1)}$ Not as common in written language. $^{2)}$ Inflected as an adjective. $^{3)}$ In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). $^{4)}$ In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative). | $^{1)}$ Not as common in written language. $^{2)}$ Inflected as an adjective. $^{3)}$ In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). $^{4)}$ In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative). | $^{1)}$ Not as common in written language. $^{2)}$ Inflected as an adjective. $^{3)}$ In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). $^{4)}$ In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative). | $^{1)}$ Not as common in written language. $^{2)}$ Inflected as an adjective. $^{3)}$ In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). $^{4)}$ In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative). | $^{5)}$ Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. $^{6)}$ To differentiate from the singular gij, gelle (object form elle) and variants are commonly used colloquially in Belgium. Archaic forms are gijlieden and gijlui ("you people"). | $^{5)}$ Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. $^{6)}$ To differentiate from the singular gij, gelle (object form elle) and variants are commonly used colloquially in Belgium. Archaic forms are gijlieden and gijlui ("you people"). | $^{5)}$ Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. $^{6)}$ To differentiate from the singular gij, gelle (object form elle) and variants are commonly used colloquially in Belgium. Archaic forms are gijlieden and gijlui ("you people"). | $^{5)}$ Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. $^{6)}$ To differentiate from the singular gij, gelle (object form elle) and variants are commonly used colloquially in Belgium. Archaic forms are gijlieden and gijlui ("you people"). | $^{5)}$ Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. $^{6)}$ To differentiate from the singular gij, gelle (object form elle) and variants are commonly used colloquially in Belgium. Archaic forms are gijlieden and gijlui ("you people"). | $^{5)}$ Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. $^{6)}$ To differentiate from the singular gij, gelle (object form elle) and variants are commonly used colloquially in Belgium. Archaic forms are gijlieden and gijlui ("you people"). |

#### Alternative forms

* a (Brabant)

#### Synonyms

* u
* U

#### Descendants

* Afrikaans: jou
* Jersey Dutch: jāu
* Petjo: jou
* Skepi Creole Dutch: asu

### Verb

jou
* inflection of jouen:
** first-person singular present indicative
** (in case of inversion) second-person singular present indicative
** imperative

## Finnish
### Etymology

< English yo

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈjou̯/, [ˈjo̞u̯]
* Rhymes: -ou
* Syllabification: jou

### Interjection

jou (slang)
* yo (greeting)

### Anagrams

* juo, ujo

## Haitian Creole
### Etymology

From French jour.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʒu/

### Noun

jou
* day

## Japanese
### Romanization

jou
* The hiragana syllable じょう (jou) or the katakana syllable ジョウ (jou) in Hepburn romanization.

## Kalo Finnish Romani
### Pronoun

jou
* he

### References

* “jou” in Finnish Romani-English Dictionary, ROMLEX – the Romani Lexicon Project, 2000.

## Mbyá Guaraní
### Verb

jou
* to find
* to obtain

#### Conjugation
## Old French
### Pronoun

jou
* Alternative form of je

## Romansch
### Pronoun

jou (Sutsilvan)
* Alternative form of jau (“I”)

## Saterland Frisian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /joːu̯/
* Hyphenation: jou
* Rhymes: -oːu̯

### Etymology 1

From Old Frisian jūwe, from Proto-West Germanic *iuwar, from Proto-Germanic *izweraz. Cognates include West Frisian jim and German euer.

#### Determiner

jou (predicative jouens)
* your

##### See also
### Etymology 2

From Old Frisian jō, from Proto-West Germanic *iuwiz, from Proto-Germanic *izwiz. Cognates include West Frisian jo and German euch.

#### Pronoun

jou
* yourselves

##### See also
#### Pronoun

jou
* oblique of jie; you

##### See also
### References

* Marron C. Fort (2015) “jou”, in Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch mit einer phonologischen und grammatischen Übersicht, Buske, →ISBN

## Ternate
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈd͡ʒo.u/

### Noun

jou
* Alternative spelling of joou (“lord”)

### References

* Frederik Sigismund Alexander de Clercq (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate, E.J. Brill
* Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

## Toba Batak
### Verb

jou (active manjou)
* (transitive) to call

### References

* J. Warneck (1906) Tobabataksch-Deutsches Wörterbuch‎, Batavia: Landsdrukkerij, page 57

## West Frisian
### Verb

jou
* first-person singular present of jaan (to give)
* imperative of jaan (to give)