# 功績
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gōngjì, gōngjī
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄥ ㄐㄧˋ, ㄍㄨㄥ ㄐㄧ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gung$^1$ zik$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kûng-chit
    (Hailu, HRS): gung$^ˋ$ zid
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kong-chek / kong-chit
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gong$^1$ zêh$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gōngjì
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥ ㄐㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gongjì
*** Wade–Giles: kung$^1$-chi$^4$
*** Yale: gūng-jì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gongjih
*** Palladius: гунцзи (gunczi)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi⁵¹/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$公祭 功績／功绩
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gōngjī
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥ ㄐㄧ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gongji
*** Wade–Giles: kung$^1$-chi$^1$
*** Yale: gūng-jī
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gongji
*** Palladius: гунцзи (gunczi)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$公積／公积 公雞／公鸡 功績／功绩 攻擊／攻击
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gung$^1$ zik$^1$
*** Yale: gūng jīk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gung$^1$ dzik$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gung$^1$ jig$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɪk̚⁵/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$公積／公积 公職／公职 功績／功绩
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kûng-chit
*** Hakka Romanization System: gung$^ˊ$ jid$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gung$^1$ jid$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /kuŋ²⁴ t͡sit̚²/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: gung$^ˋ$ zid
*** Sinological IPA: /kuŋ⁵³ t͡sit⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kong-chek
*** Tâi-lô: kong-tsik
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kongzeg
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siɪk̚³²/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siɪk̚³²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kong-chit
*** Tâi-lô: kong-tsit
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kongcid
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔŋ³³ t͡sit̚⁵/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gong$^1$ zêh$^4$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kong tseh
*** Sinological IPA : /koŋ³³⁻²³ t͡seʔ²/
* Middle Chinese: kuwng tsek
Rime :
| Character | 功 | 績 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 精 (13) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (1) | 錫 (127) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | IV |
| Fanqie | 古紅切 | 則歷切 |
| Baxter | kuwng | tsek |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kuŋ/ | /t͡sek̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kuŋ/ | /t͡sek̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kuŋ/ | /t͡sɛk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kəwŋ/ | /t͡sɛjk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /kuŋ/ | /t͡sek̚/ |
| Wang Li | /kuŋ/ | /t͡siek̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kuŋ/ | /t͡siek̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gōng | ji |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gung$^1$ | zik$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤoŋ [ts]ˤek/
    (Zhengzhang): /*koːŋ ʔseːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 功 | 績 | 績 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gōng | jī | jì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kuwng › | ‹ tsek › | ‹ tsek › |
| Old Chinese | /*kˁoŋ/ | /*[ts]ˁek/ | /*[ts]ˁek/ |
| English | work, effort | twist, spin | achieve; achievement |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 功 | 績 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 4021 | 1782 |
| Phonetic component | 工 | 朿 |
| Rime group | 東 | 錫 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 公 | 績 |
| Old Chinese | /*koːŋ/ | /*ʔseːɡ/ |

### Noun

功績
* deed; achievement; feat; contribution
    From: Xunzi, c. 3rd century BCE
    Míngshēng ruò rìyuè, gōngjì rú tiāndì. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Synonyms

* 事蹟／事迹 (shìjì)
* 功勞／功劳 (gōngláo)
* 功勛／功勋 (gōngxūn)
* 功效 (gōngxiào) (literary)
* 功烈 (gōngliè) (literary)
* 勛伐／勋伐 (xūnfá) (literary)
* 勞績／劳绩 (láojì)
* 業績／业绩 (yèjì)
* 貢獻／贡献 (gòngxiàn)

### References

* “Entry #9257”, in 臺灣客語辭典 [Dictionary of Taiwan Hakka] (overall work in Chinese and Hakka), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2022.

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 功 | 績 |
| こう Grade: 4 | せき Grade: 5 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こーせき [kòósékí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ko̞ːse̞kʲi]

### Noun

功(こう)績(せき) • (kōseki)
* attainment, performance, achievement

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN