# استاد
## Persian
### Alternative forms

* استاذ (ostâz) (archaic)
* اوستاد (ôstâd)
* استا (ostâ), اوستا (ustâ)
* (informal) اوسا (ussâ), (slang) اوس (us)

### Etymology

From earlier اوستاد (ustâd), from Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾwstʾt'), 𐫀𐫇𐫏𐫘𐫤𐫀𐫅 (ʾwystʾd /⁠awestād⁠/, “master, craftsman”), from Proto-Iranian *Hawastātas (compare Avestan 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬁𐬙𐬀 (auuastāta), Northern Kurdish hoste, oste, wista, wusta, وەستا (westa), Mazanderani استات (estât), استا (estâ), اسا (essâ)), verbal noun of Proto-Iranian *HawastaHyáti (compare Old Persian 𐎠𐎺𐎠𐎿𐎫𐎠𐎹𐎶 (a-v-a-s-t-a-y-m /⁠avāstāyam⁠/), Avestan 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀 (auuastaiia)), from *Hawa- (compare Avestan 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀 (auua)) +‎ *staHyáti, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háwa + *staHyáti, the latter from Proto-Indo-European *stoh₂éyeti (“to cause to stand”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ʔus.tɑːð]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʔʊs.t̪ʰɑːd̪]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʔʊs.t̪ʰɑːd̪]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [ʔʊs.t̪ʰɑːd̪]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [ʔus.t̪ʰɔːd̪̥]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [ʔos.t̪ʰɒːd̪̥]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [ʔus.t̪ʰɔd̪]
* Audio (Iran):(file)

### Adjective

اُسْتَاد • (ostâd) (comparative اُسْتَادتَر (ostâd-tar), superlative اُسْتَادتَرین (ostâd-tarin))
* skilled, expert

### Noun

| Dari | استاد |
| Iranian Persian | استاد |
| Tajik | устод |
اُسْتَاد • (ostâd) (plural استادان (ostâdân) or استادها (ostâd-hâ) or اساتید (asâtid))
* master (an expert at something; a tradesman who is qualified to teach apprentices; a skilled artist)
** ustad
* (archaic) tutor
* a senior craftsman
* expert
* professor (a teacher or faculty member at a college or university regardless of formal rank)

#### Derived terms

* استادی (ostâdi)
* استادانه (ostâdâne)
* استاخانه (ostâxâne)
* استادکار (ostâdkâr), استاکار (ostâkâr)
* استادیار (ostâdyâr)
* استادتمام (ostâdtamâm)

#### Descendants

* → Arabic: أُسْتَاذ (ʔustāḏ)
** Gulf Arabic: استاذ (istāḏ)
** → Lishana Deni: אסתאדא (ʾəstāḏa)
** → Malay: ustaz
*** Indonesian: ustaz
** → Swahili: stadi
** → Yakan: ustad
* → Assamese: ওস্তাদ (üstad)
* → Azerbaijani: usta, ustad
* → Bashkir: оҫта (ośta), остаз (ostaz)
* → Bengali: ওস্তাদ (ōstad)
* → Chinese:
** → Dungan: вуста (vusta)
* → Georgian: ოსტატი (osṭaṭi)
** → Bats: ოსტატ (osṭaṭ)
** → Mingrelian: ორსანტი (orsanṭi)
** → Svan: უ̂ოსტა̈ტ (ûosṭäṭ)
* → Gujarati: ઉસ્તાદ (ustād)
* → Hindustani:
    Hindi: उस्ताद (ustād)
    Urdu: استاد (ustād)
*   * → English: ustad
* → Kazakh: ұста (ūsta), ұстаз (ūstaz)
* → Mandaic: ࡀࡎࡕࡀࡃ (astad)
* → Ottoman Turkish: استا (usta), استاد (üstâd)
    > Turkish: üstad, üstat, usta (inherited)
    → Albanian: usta
    → Middle Armenian: ուսթայ (ustʻay), ուսթա (ustʻa), ուստայ (ustay)
       → Armenian: ուստա (usta)
    → Romanian: usta
* → Punjabi: ਉਸਤਾਦ (usatād)
* → Uyghur: ئۇستا (usta), ئۇستات (ustat), ئۇستاز (ustaz)
* → Uzbek: usta, ustoz

### References

* ↑ Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 358-61

## Urdu
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian اُسْتَاد (ustād). Doublet of اُسْتاذ (ustāz).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /ʊs.t̪ɑːd̪/
* Rhymes: -ɑːd̪
* Hyphenation: اُسْ‧تاد

### Noun

اُسْتاد • (ustād) m (formal plural اَساتِذَہ (asātiza), Hindi spelling उस्ताद)
* professor; teacher, tutor
* expert, master
* (religion) spiritual leader
* An honorific title used for a great musician of Hindustani classical music

#### Declension

Declension of استاد :
| | singular | plural |
| direct | اُسْتاد (ustād) | اُسْتاد (ustād) |
| oblique | اُسْتاد (ustād) | اُسْتادوں (ustādõ) |
| vocative | اُسْتاد (ustād) | اُسْتادو (ustādo) |

#### Descendants

* → English: ustad

### Further reading

* Platts, John T. (1884) “استاد”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co., page 47
* Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971) “استاد”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary‎, Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co., page 50
* “استاد”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2024.
* John Shakespear (1834) “استاد”, in A dictionary, Hindustani and English: with a copious index, fitting the work to serve, also, as a dictionary of English and Hindustani, 3rd edition, London: J.L. Cox and Son, →OCLC
* “استاد”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.