OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# past tense
## English
### Noun

past tense (plural past tenses)
* (grammar) A grammatical form (often a verb form) that refers to an event, transaction, occurrence, or object that happened (or had happened), or existed, at some time before now (the applicable reference time).
** 2004, Tomoko Koneko, “The Use of Past Tense Forms by Japanese Learners of English”, in Junsaku Nakamura, Nagayuki Inoue, Tomoji Tabata, editors, English Corpora under Japanese Eyes, Rodopi, page 215:This is a report on a study of the use of the past tense forms in the 53 Japanese samples compiled for the Louvain International Database of Spoken English Interlanguage (LINDSEI) project.
** 2009, Eric W. Vogt, Practice Makes Perfect: Spanish Past-Tense Verbs Up Close, McGraw Hill, page v:As you have studied Spanish, you have probably had the feeling that there are just too many past tenses.
** 2012, Robert I. Binnick, The Past Tenses of the Mongolian Verb, BRILL, page 1:Some members of the [Mongolic language] family have three or more different affixes which seem to be markers of the past tense, so that in Khalkha, for example, irev, irjee, irlee, and irsen all can translate, and be translated by, the English past tense verb came.

#### Translations
### See also

* be
* is
* was
* were
* aorist
* past continuous
* past indicative
* past perfect
* past perfect continuous
* past subjunctive
* preterite

### Further reading

* Grammatical tense on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* Tense–aspect–mood on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* Subjunctive on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* Irrealis mood on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
# pilgrimage
## English
### Etymology

From Middle English pilgrimage. By surface analysis, pilgrim +‎ -age.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpɪlɡɹɪmɪd͡ʒ/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Hyphenation: pil‧gri‧mage

### Noun

pilgrimage (plural pilgrimages)
* A journey made to a sacred place, or a religious journey.
    In the Muslim faith, the pilgrimage to Mecca is known as the Hajj.
** 1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter XVII, in Francesca Carrara. […], volume I, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC, page 187:Rome, the mighty mother of the Christian faith, whose amphitheatres had been red with the blood of the saints, and where the pilgrimage and the miracle still testified to the truth.
** 1899 February, Joseph Conrad, “The Heart of Darkness”, in Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, volume CLXV, number M, New York, N.Y.: The Leonard Scott Publishing Company, […], →OCLC, part I, page 204:It was like a weary pilgrimage amongst hints for nightmares.
** 2008, BioWare, Mass Effect (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC, scene: Quarians: Pilgrimage Codex entry:Quarians are surgically fitted with their various immunity-boosted implants in preparation for leaving on Pilgrimage.
* (by extension) A visit to any site revered or associated with a meaningful event.
    Each year we made a pilgrimage to New York City to visit the pub where we all first met.
** 2023 August 5, Ben Sisario, “How Taylor Swift’s Eras Tour Conquered the World”, in New York Times‎:For fans, the shows are a pilgrimage, and a rediscovery of the joys of mass gatherings.

#### Related terms

* pilgrim

#### Translations
### Verb

pilgrimage (third-person singular simple present pilgrimages, present participle pilgrimaging, simple past and past participle pilgrimaged)
* To go on a pilgrimage.
** 2023, Eleanor Catton, Birnam Wood, page 78:in descent, as now, he always had a holy sense of having pilgerimaged, of returning having seen behind a veil.

#### Related terms

* peregrinate

#### Translations
## Middle English
### Alternative forms

* pilgermage, piligrimage, pilgrinage, pilgrenage, pilgramege, pilgrimache, pilrimage, pelrimage

### Etymology

From Old French peligrinage, pelrimage, variants of pelerinage (“pilgrimage”); equivalent to pilegrim +‎ -age.

### Noun

pilgrimage (plural pilgrimages)
* pilgrimage
** late 14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 12-14.
    Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages And palmeres for to seken straunge strondes To ferne halwes, kowthe in sondry londes;Then folk do long to go on pilgrimage, And palmers to go seeking out strange strands, To distant shrines well known in distant lands.

#### Descendants

* English: pilgrimage
* Scots: pilgrimag, pilgrimage, pilgramage
# onfallen
## English
### Verb

onfallen
* past participle of onfall
# plant pot
## English
### Alternative forms

* plant-pot

### Noun

plant pot (plural plant pots)
* A pot used as a container to grow plants

#### Translations
### Anagrams

* pot plant, pot-plant, potplant
# shaken on it
## English
### Verb

shaken on it
* past participle of shake on it
# polynomial function
## English
### Noun

polynomial function (plural polynomial functions)
* (mathematics) Any function whose value is the solution of a polynomial; an element of a subring of the ring of all functions over an integral domain, which subring is the smallest to contain all the constant functions and also the identity function. (If the polynomial is multivariate then there is a different identity function corresponding to each variable.)

#### See also

* polynomial form

#### References

* Garret Birkhoff with Saunders Mac Lane (1953) A Survey of Modern Algebra, Revised edition, New York: Macmillan, published 1960, §3.3, page 66
* Prime.mover with Barto (2012) Definition:Polynomial Function (Abstract Algebra)‎, Proof Wiki, retrieved 2017-11-16
# pornographer
## English
### Etymology

From pornography +‎ -er.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pɔː(ɹ)ˈnɒɡɹəfə(ɹ)/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)

### Noun

pornographer (plural pornographers)
* One who is involved in the creation or dissemination of pornography. [from mid-19th c.]
** 2011, Patrick Spedding, James Lambert, “Fanny Hill, Lord Fanny, and the Myth of Metonymy”, in Studies in Philology, volume 108, number 1, page 112:Clearly, if pornographers could still use the name without any sexual connotation in the late-nineteenth century, it is likely that many conventional writers in this period were completely unaware that fanny carried a sexual meaning.

#### Synonyms

* pornographist

#### Related terms

* porn
   * porn star
* porno
* pornographic
   * pornographically
* pornography
* pornosexual
# presidency
## English
### Alternative forms

* presidence (obsolete)

### Etymology

From Medieval Latin praesidentia. By surface analysis, president +‎ -cy.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpɹɛzɪdənsi/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)

### Noun

presidency (countable and uncountable, plural presidencies)
* The office or role of president.
    After many years as a party leader, she finally ascended to the presidency.
** 1963, Dwight Eisenhower, Mandate for Change 1953-1956‎, Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 4:The American people gave me the priceless privilege of serving them in the Presidency.
** 2009 February 5, Adam Nagourney, “The pros and cons of admitting a presidential error”, in The New York Times‎:The presidencies of George W. Bush and Bill Clinton were marked by the resistance of both men to confessing mistakes; Bush's advisers long made it clear that he viewed such acknowledgments as akin to admitting weakness.
** 2012 November 7, Matt Bai, “Winning a Second Term, Obama Will Confront Familiar Headwinds”, in The New York Times‎:The Clintons, who once seemed banished to the wilds of Westchester County, are once again the most powerful family in Democratic politics, with talk of another Clinton presidency already rife in Washington.
** 2023 January 13, Peter Baker, “Presidents and Their Prosecutors”, in The New York Times‎:For some, the political damage proved modest. But for others, the investigations came to consume and even threaten their presidencies, at least for a time.
* The bureaucratic organization and governmental initiatives devolving directly from the president.
    Because of the president's lame duck status, the presidency was often hampered by congressional actions.
* The time during which one is president; a president's term of office.
    In France, a presidency lasts for five years.
    Ernest was a historian specializing in the presidency of Herbert Hoover.
* (Mormonism) A supreme local council made up of three persons; (usually capitalized; also First Presidency) the highest authority.
* (British, India, historical) One of the three original provinces of British India.
* (Christianity) The role of ordained clergy in the celebration of the Eucharist in some denominations.

#### Synonyms

* presidenthood
* presidentship

#### Derived terms

* vice-presidency

#### Translations

    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
# protectress
## English
### Etymology

From protector +‎ -ess.

### Pronunciation

* (UK) IPA: /pɹəˈtɛktɹɪs/

### Noun

protectress (plural protectresses)
* A female protector.
** 1820, [Walter Scott], chapter I, in The Abbot. […], volume I, Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne & Co.] for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, […]; and for Archibald Constable and Company, and John Ballantyne, […], →OCLC, page 25:But consider, whether in the sacred promise to be not only a protectress, but a mother to this poor child, your purpose may meet the wishes of the noble knight your husband.
** 1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter XII, in Francesca Carrara. […], volume II, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC, page 123:She left a daughter, who was adopted by Lady Evelyn, to share a like fate with her mother; for when I saw Lucy Aylmer, her protectress was dead, and she had returned to her father's house, with a pale cheek and languid step, which showed how little her heart was there.
** 1897, Henry James, What Maisie Knew:Her protectress, at this, was upon her again [...]. For the rest of the conversation she was enclosed in Mrs. Wix's arms [...].
** 2007 March 11, Michael Kimmelman, “The Goal Standard”, in New York Times‎:In Titian’s hands, Diana, protectress of pubescent girls, became a sporty archer in tie-up sandals and bracelets, hair gathered in a loose bun, a silky tunic gaping to reveal one breast, shooting an arrow at her hunky voyeur, who has newly furry ears and a shiny nose, dogs nipping at his crotch.

#### Synonyms

* protectrix

#### Translations
### Anagrams

* retrospects
# rip sawn
## English
### Verb

rip sawn
* past participle of rip saw
# recessive
## English
### Etymology

From Latin recēdō +‎ -ive, or directly from New Latin recessīvus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɹɪˈsɛsɪv/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛsɪv

### Adjective

recessive (comparative more recessive, superlative most recessive)
* Going back; receding.
* (genetics) Able to be masked by a dominant allele or trait.
** 1944 June 21, James A. G. Rehn, South African Bird-Locust Records and Notes (Orthoptera; Acrididae; Cyrtacanthacridinae; Group Cyrtacanthacres), Notulae Naturae, Number 137, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, page 3,
    The Lydenburg male and the other two females have the infuscate pattern definitely more recessive and less evident, although traceable.
** 1988, American Pigeon Journal, volume 76, page 36:This plan takes advantage of the fact that barless is the most recessive of a series of alleles.
** 2001, D. P. Sponenberg, M. F. Rothschild, 6: Genetics of Coat Colour and Hair Texture, page 65:The series of murine Agouti alleles is a consistent array as it progresses from the most recessive to the most dominant allele (Jackson, 1994).
* (by extension) Not dominant; whose effect is masked by stronger effects.
** 1979, Ken Heap, Process and Action in Work with Groups: The Preconditions for Treatment and Growth, page ix:The worker–client relationship is more recessive and has a more catalytic and enabling quality.
** 2004, Jonathan H. Turner, Human Institutions: A Theory of Societal Evolution‎, page 112:The law-making or legislative component was the most recessive component of the legal system of hunter-gatherers, although decisions or advice given by mediators were remembered and used again to settle similar violations of rules or disputes among parties.

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “genetics”): dominant

#### Translations
### Noun

recessive (plural recessives)
* (genetics) A gene that is recessive.
** 1915, Reginald Crundall Punnett, Mimicty in Butterflies‎, page 95:Suppose, for example, that we started with a population consisting of pure dominants, heterozygotes, and recessives in the ratio 1 : 4 : 4.
** 1930, R. A. Fisher, J. H. Bennett, The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection, page 50:Finally, if we suppose provisionally that the mutant genes are dominant just as often as they are recessive, selection will be far more severe in eliminating the disadvantageous dominants than in eliminating the disadvantageous recessives.
** 1988, Arnel R. Hallauer, Marcelo J. Carena, J.B. Miranda Filho, 6: Selection: Theory, 2nd edition, page 234:Selection favoring recessives is common in maize breeding for several traits, such as sweetness, opacity, brachysm, lack of ligules.
** 2008, Ascertainment Test, entry in George P. Rédei, Encyclopedia of Genetics, Genomics, Proteomics, and Informatics, page 147,
    In three-child families 27/64 will have no affected offspring, 9/37 will have 2, and 1/37 are expected to have 3 recessives.

### Anagrams

* cerevises, e-services

## Danish
### Adjective

recessive
* definite/plural of recessiv

## Italian
### Adjective

recessive f pl
* feminine plural of recessivo

### Anagrams

* ricevesse
# haplology
## English
### Alternative forms

* haplogy (itself a haplology of haplology)

### Etymology

From haplo- +‎ -logy.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /hæˈplɒləd͡ʒi/
* Rhymes: -ɒlədʒi

### Noun

haplology (countable and uncountable, plural haplologies)
* (phonology, uncountable) The process of deleting one of two almost identical syllables within a word.
    Hypernym: syncope
* (phonology, countable) An instance of deleting one of two almost identical syllables within a word.
    Hypernym: syncope

#### Derived terms

* haplologic
* haplological
* haplologize

#### Translations
### See also

* glossary entry on haplology

### Further reading

* haplology on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
# partaker
## English
### Etymology

From partake +‎ -er.

### Noun

partaker (plural partakers)
* One who partakes of something.
    The joint was passed around the circle, but he was not a partaker, so he waved it away.
** c. 1587–1588, [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], 2nd edition, part 1, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire, London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act I, scene ii:Won with thy words, & conquered with thy lookes, I yeeld my ſelfe, my men & horſe to thee: To be partaker of thy good or ill, As long as life maintaines Theridimas.
* A partner or accomplice.

#### Synonyms

* (one who partakes): imbiber, participant, user

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “one who partakes”): abstainer, faster, refuser
# red tape
## English
### Etymology

Alluding to the former practice of binding government documents in red-colored tape. First use appears c. 1658 in the publication Public Intelligencer. See cite below.

### Pronunciation

* Audio (General Australian):(file)

### Noun

red tape (uncountable)
* The binding tape once used for holding important documents together.
** 1884, Eliezer Edwards, Words, Facts and Phrases ...curious, Quaint and Out-of-the Way Matters, page 469:The use of red tape for tying up papers is of considerable antiquity. An advertisement in the Public Intelligencer, December 6, 1658, offers the reward for a restoration of a 'A little bundle of papers tied with a red tape, were lost on Friday last was a sevennight, between Worcester House and Lincoln's Inn.
** 1892, Walter Besant, chapter II, in The Ivory Gate […], New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, […], →OCLC:At twilight in the summer there is never anybody to fear—man, woman, or cat—in the chambers and at that hour the mice come out. They do not eat parchment or foolscap or red tape, but they eat the luncheon crumbs.
* (metonymically, idiomatic) Time-consuming regulations or bureaucratic procedures.
    Synonyms: administrivia, administrativia, paperwork
    All the red tape and paperwork that goes on there prevents any progress.
** 1979, United States Senate, Committee on Finance, Crude Oil Tax‎, U.S. Government Printing Office:That committee does not cut through red tape ; it merely provides better scheduling for different agencies so you do not have sequential review by different agencies , so that you have some kind of simultaneity in the review by different agencies.
** 2022 October 5, David Wallace-Wells, “Progressives Should Rally Around a Clean Energy Construction Boom”, in The New York Times‎:One conspicuous cost of the compromise reached was a promise made by Senator Chuck Schumer to Manchin on what was vaguely called permitting reform: a catchall phrase referring to a whole host of efforts to cut red tape and ease the rollout of energy infrastructure.
** 2023 June 23, Jonathan Freedland, “With even leavers regretting Brexit, there’s one path back to rejoining the EU”, in The Guardian‎, →ISSN:They said we’d be free of all that tedious European red tape and would take back control of our borders, encouraging anyone agitated by immigration to believe that fewer people would come in. […] Post-Brexit red tape is strangling thousands of small businesses, whether travelling musicians or exporters of goods, tying them up in daunting forms or extra charges that cost time and money they don’t have.

#### Usage notes

* For the figurative sense of bureaucratic procedures, the metaphor is often extended, e.g. cutting [through] red tape, bound up in red tape.

#### Derived terms

* green tape
* red-tapism
* red-tapist

#### Translations
### Anagrams

* adepter, pad-tree, pre-date, predate, readept, retaped, tapered
# relentless
## English
### Etymology

From relent +‎ -less.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɹɪˈlɛntləs/
** Audio (Southern England):(file)

### Adjective

relentless (comparative more relentless, superlative most relentless)
* Unrelenting or unyielding in severity.
** 1930, Norman Lindsay, Redheap, Sydney, N.S.W.: Ure Smith, published 1965, →OCLC, page 111:She sniffed, too, comprehendingly, and fixed her son with a relentless eye.
* Unremitting, steady and persistent.
** 2016 January 31, “Is Huma Abedin Hillary Clinton’s Secret Weapon or Her Next Big Problem?”, in Vanity Fair, retrieved 21 January 2016:In Clintonworld, the reaction to Grassley’s relentless assault on Huma is one of resignation.

#### Derived terms

* relentlessness
# renown
## English
### Etymology

From Old French renoun (compare with Modern French renom), equivalent to re- + noun.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɹɪˈnaʊn/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -aʊn

### Noun

renown (usually uncountable, plural renowns)
* Fame; celebrity; wide recognition.
** c. 1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, The Famous Historie of Troylus and Cresseid. […] (First Quarto), London: […] G[eorge] Eld for R[ichard] Bonian and H[enry] Walley, […], published 1609, →OCLC,:She is a theame of honour and renowne, / A ſpurre to valiant and magnanimous deeds, / Whoſe preſent courage may beate downe our foes, / And fame in time to come canonize us, […]
** 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Numbers 16:2:And they rose up before Moses, with certain of the children of Israel, two hundred and fifty princes of the assembly, famous in the congregation, men of renown: […]
** 1700, [John] Dryden, “Palamon and Arcite: Or, The Knight’s Tale. In Three Books.”, in Fables Ancient and Modern; […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC, book I, page 3:[…] Nor envy we / Thy great Renown, nor grudge thy Victory; / 'Tis thine, O King, th' Afflicted to redreſs, / And Fame has fill'd the World with thy Succeſs; […]
** 1922 February, James Joyce, “[Episode 12: The Cyclops]”, in Ulysses, Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC:There sleep the mighty dead as in life they slept, warriors and princes of high renown.
** 1985, Lawrence Durrell, chapter 3, in Quinx‎, New York: Viking, page 63:[…] one day local fame would become world renown […]
* (obsolete) Reports of nobleness or achievements; praise.
** 1610–1611 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tempest”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i]:[…] She / Is daughter to this famous Duke of Milan, / Of whom so often I have heard renown, / But never saw before;

#### See also

* renowned

### Verb

renown (third-person singular simple present renowns, present participle renowning, simple past and past participle renowned)
* (transitive) To make famous.
# repellent
## English
### Etymology

From Latin repellēns. Equivalent to repel +‎ -ent.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɹəˈpɛlənt/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)

### Adjective

repellent (comparative more repellent, superlative most repellent)
* Tending or able to repel; driving back.
* Repulsive, inspiring aversion.
** 1978 December 23, Michael Bronski, “Notes and Thoughts by One Gay Man on Pornography and Censorship”, in Gay Community News, volume 6, number 22, page 11:People are rightly and justifiably terrified with our culture. Many aspects of it are destructive and repellant.
** 2014 April 12, Michael Inwood, “Martin Heidegger: the philosopher who fell for Hitler [print version: Hitler's philosopher]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Review)‎, London, page R11:[Martin] Heidegger's repellent political beliefs do not contaminate his philosophical work.
* Resistant or impervious to something.

#### Hyponyms

* moisture-repellent
* water-repellent

#### Translations
### Noun

repellent (plural repellents)
* Someone who repels.
* A substance used to repel insects, other pests, or dangerous animals.
* A substance or treatment for a fabric etc to make it impervious to something.

#### Derived terms

* pussy repellent
* water repellent

#### Translations

    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

### References

* repellent on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

## Latin
### Verb

repellent
* third-person plural future active indicative of repellō
# revealable
## English
### Etymology

From reveal +‎ -able.

### Adjective

revealable (not comparable)
* Able to be revealed; capable of revealing.

#### Antonyms

* unrevealable
# reverse vending machine
## English
### Noun

reverse vending machine (plural reverse vending machines)
* A machine that accepts used (empty) beverage containers and returns money to the user, as part of a recycling initiative.
# gone off the boil
## English
### Verb

gone off the boil
* past participle of go off the boil
# cross-exams
## English
### Noun

cross-exams
* plural of cross-exam
# rose apple
## English
### Noun

rose apple (plural rose apples)
* Angophora costata, a common woodland and forest tree of Eastern Australia.
* Any of various Syzygium species or their fruit, especially:
** Syzygium aqueum, the watery rose apple.
** Syzygium jambos, the jambu fruit.
** Syzygium malaccense, the Malay rose apple.
** Syzygium samarangense, the Semarang rose-apple or wax jambu.

#### Translations
### Anagrams

* apple rose, polespear
# beaten the bushes
## English
### Verb

beaten the bushes
* past participle of beat the bushes