# 舂

| 舂 | U+8202, &#33282; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8202 |
| ← 舁 [U+8201] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 舃 → [U+8203] |

## Translingual
### Han character

舂 (Kangxi radical 134, 臼+5, 11 strokes, cangjie input 手大竹難 (QKHX), four-corner 5077$_7$, composition ⿱𡗗臼)

#### Usage notes

* This character is not to be confused with 春 (U+6625) which is visually similar but unrelated.

#### Derived characters

* 𠌴, 𠽅, 𢠅, 摏, 𣻛, 樁, 𥊎, 䄝, 𥡟, 𧐍, 𧜧, 蹖, 𩥫, 𪄻, 㦼, 䚎, 𪅖, 𬸥, 𩮱, 憃, 𦦜, 𧢆, 𦦱, 𪆊, 𦦺, 𦦾, 𫴛

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1003, character 20
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30195
* Dae Jaweon: page 1460, character 14
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3039, character 4
* Unihan data for U+8202

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 舂 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 樁 | *ʔr'oːŋ |
| 憃 | *hr'oːŋ, *l̥ʰoŋs, *hljoŋ |
| 舂 | *hljoŋ |
| 摏 | *hljoŋ |
| 蹖 | *hljoŋ |
Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 廾 (“both hands”) + 午 (“pestle”) + 臼 (“mortar”) – using both hands to pound with a mortar and pestle. See also the top component of 秦.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chōng (chong$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄨㄥ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zung$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chûng
    (Meixian, Guangdong): zung$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): ché̤ng
* Eastern Min (BUC): cṳ̆ng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): cheng / chiong
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zêng$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chōng
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄨㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chong
*** Wade–Giles: chʻung$^1$
*** Yale: chūng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chong
*** Palladius: чун (čun)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zung$^1$
*** Yale: jūng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzung$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chûng
*** Hakka Romanization System: zung$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: zung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡suŋ²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: zung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ché̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰœyŋ⁵⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: cṳ̆ng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡syŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: cheng / chiong
*** Tâi-lô: tsing / tsiong
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zefng, ciofng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴/, /t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡siɪŋ³³/, /t͡siɔŋ³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴/, /t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴/, /t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴/, /t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴/
* cheng - vernacular;
* chiong - literary.
* Middle Chinese: syowng
Rime :
| Character | 舂 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 書 (26) |
| Final (韻) | 鍾 (7) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 書容切 |
| Baxter | syowng |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɕɨoŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɕioŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɕioŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɕuawŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /ɕioŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /ɕĭwoŋ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ɕi̯woŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shōng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | sung$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-toŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*hljoŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 舂 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | chōng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ syowng › |
| Old Chinese | /*s-toŋ/ |
| English | hull grain, beat (v.) stick for beating (n.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 舂 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 1498 |
| Phonetic component | 舂 |
| Rime group | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 舂 |
| Old Chinese | /*hljoŋ/ |

### Definitions

舂
* to pound on grains in a mortar in order to husk them
* (Cantonese, Hakka, Southern Min, Shanghainese) to hit with a fist; to punch
* (Cantonese) to fall (especially head down)

### Compounds

* 痟狗舂墓壙／痟狗舂墓圹 (siáu káu cheng bōng-khòng) (Min Nan)
* 盲舂舂 (maang$^4$ zung$^1$ zung$^1$) (Cantonese)
* 舂容
* 舂眼瞓／舂眼𰥛 (zung$^1$ ngaan$^5$ fan$^3$) (Cantonese)
* 舂碓
* 舂米 (chōngmǐ)
* 舂鉏／舂锄
* 舂陵
* 霜舂雨薪

### References

* “舂”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* to grind in a mortar

#### Readings

* Go-on: しゅ (shu)
* Kan-on: しょう (shō)
* Kun: うすずく (usuzuku, 舂く)、うすつく (usutsuku, 舂く)

## Korean
### Hanja

舂 • (yong, song, chang) (hangeul 용, 송, 창, revised yong, song, chang, McCune–Reischauer yong, song, ch'ang, Yale yong, song, chang)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

舂: Hán Nôm readings: thung
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation