# 尚書
## Chinese

* 尚書

### Etymology

Originally, the person in this position was a lowly clerk, responsible for drafting and editing imperial decrees on behalf of the emperor. Later on, the person in this position became more like a chief of staff who handled all aspects of governance on behalf of the emperor.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shàngshū
    (Zhuyin): ㄕㄤˋ ㄕㄨ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): soeng$^6$ syu$^1$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): siūⁿ-su / siōng-su
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shàngshū
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄤˋ ㄕㄨ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shàngshu
*** Wade–Giles: shang$^4$-shu$^1$
*** Yale: shàng-shū
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shanqshu
*** Palladius: шаншу (šanšu)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂɑŋ⁵¹ ʂu⁵⁵/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$上書／上书 上疏 尚書／尚书
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: soeng$^6$ syu$^1$
*** Yale: seuhng syū
*** Cantonese Pinyin: soeng$^6$ sy$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sêng$^6$ xu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sœːŋ²² syː⁵⁵/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$上書／上书 尚書／尚书
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siūⁿ-su
*** Tâi-lô: siūnn-su
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sviuxsw
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /siũ³³⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /siũ³³⁻¹¹ su⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siōng-su
*** Tâi-lô: siōng-su
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sioxngsw
*** IPA (Taipei): /siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ su⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: dzyang|dzyangH syo
Rime :
| Character | 尚 | 尚 | 書 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 常 (25) | 常 (25) | 書 (26) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (105) | 陽 (105) | 魚 (22) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III | III |
| Fanqie | 市羊切 | 時亮切 | 傷魚切 |
| Baxter | dzyang | dzyangH | syo |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡ʑɨɐŋ/ | /d͡ʑɨɐŋ$^H$/ | /ɕɨʌ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡ʑiɐŋ/ | /d͡ʑiɐŋ$^H$/ | /ɕiɔ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡ʑiɑŋ/ | /d͡ʑiɑŋ$^H$/ | /ɕiɔ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡ʑɨaŋ/ | /d͡ʑɨaŋ$^H$/ | /ɕɨə̆/ |
| Li Rong | /ʑiaŋ/ | /ʑiaŋ$^H$/ | /ɕiɔ/ |
| Wang Li | /ʑĭaŋ/ | /ʑĭaŋ$^H$/ | /ɕĭo/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʑi̯aŋ/ | /ʑi̯aŋ$^H$/ | /ɕi̯wo/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | cháng | shàng | shū |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | soeng$^4$ | soeng$^6$ | syu$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[d]aŋ-s s-ta/
    (Zhengzhang): /*djaŋ|djaŋs hlja/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 尚 | 尚 | 書 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | shàng | shàng | shū |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dzyang$^H$ › | ‹ dzyang$^H$ › | ‹ syo › |
| Old Chinese | /*[d]aŋ-s/ | /*[d]aŋ-s/ | /*s-ta/ |
| English | upwards | still, yet | write |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 尚 | 尚 | 書 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 11156 | 11161 | 17013 |
| Phonetic component | 尚 | 尚 | 者 |
| Rime group | 陽 | 陽 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 常 | 尚 | 書 |
| Old Chinese | /*djaŋ/ | /*djaŋs/ | /*hlja/ |
| Notes | 說文從向聲，金文不似，疑堂或常初文 | | |

### Noun

尚書
* (archaic, position title) secretary; chief of staff

#### Derived terms

* 尚書令／尚书令 (shàngshūlìng)
* 尚書郎／尚书郎 (shàngshūláng)

#### Descendants

* → Vietnamese: thượng thư (尚書)

### Proper noun

尚書
* Classic of History (a collection of documents and speeches alleged to have been written by rulers and officials of the early Zhou Dynasty and before)

#### Synonyms

* 書經／书经 (Shūjīng)
* 佚書／佚书 (Yìshū)
* 逸書／逸书 (Yìshū)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 尚(しょう)書(しょ) (Shōsho)
* → Korean: 상서(尙書) (Sangseo)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 尚 | 書 |
| しょう Grade: S | しょ Grade: 2 |
| kan'on ||
* Alternative spelling
* 尙書 (kyūjitai)

### Etymology

Middle Chinese 尚書

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しょーしょ [shòóshó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɕo̞ːɕo̞]

### Proper noun

尚(しょう)書(しょ) • (Shōsho)
* Synonym of 書経 (Shokyō)

### See also

* 尚(しょう)書(しょ)省(しょう) (Shōshoshō)
* 尚(なお)書(が)き (naogaki)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 尚 | 書 |

### Proper noun

尚書
* chữ Hán form of thượng thư.