# Kaifeng
## English
### Alternative forms

* Kai-feng, K'ai-feng, K'ai-fêng (Wade–Giles)
* Caifung, Caifum, Kae-fung, Kae-fung Foo (obsolete)

### Etymology

A romanization of the Standard Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 開封／开封 (Kāifēng, “Opening Up the Borders”), reinforced by Hanyu Pinyin, named in the late 8th century BC by the Zhuang Duke of Zheng as he settled new territory.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kaɪˈfʌŋ/, enPR: kīʹfǔngʹ

### Proper noun

Kaifeng
* A prefecture-level city on the Yellow River in Henan, China, a former national capital.
** 1889, Willis Fletcher Johnson, chapter XXVIII, in History of the Johnstown Flood‎, Edgewood Publishing Co., →OCLC, page 322:For several weeks preceding the actual overflow of its banks the Hoang-Ho had been swollen from its tributaries. It had been unusually wet and stormy in northwest China, and all the small streams were full and overflowing. The first break occurred in the province of Honan, of which the capital is Kaifeng, and the city next in importance is Ching or Cheng Chou. The latter is forty miles west of Kaifeng and a short distance above a bend in the Hoang-Ho.
** 1897, P. N. Tsü, “Historical Description of China”, in The Geography of the Chinese Empire‎, Kelly & Walsh, →OCLC, page 9:The supposed founder of the Chinese monarchy was Fu-hsi [about 2852 B.C.], and his capital was Kaifeng, now the provincial city of Honan. The early inhabitants of China are said to have lived in this Province.
** 1905, “Foreign Mission Board Report”, in Annual of the Southern Baptist Convention 1905‎, number 60, Nashville, Tenn.: Marshall & Bruce Company, page 149:Chengchow is on the Pehan (Peking-Hankow) railway, about fifteen miles south of the Yellow river, and about forty-five miles west of Kaifeng. This railway is being rapidly pushed to completion. Another railway is to be built from Kaifeng to Honanfu, which will have its junction with the Pehan railway at this place.
** 1913 November, “Far Eastern Railways”, in The Far Eastern Review‎, volume X, number 6, Shanghai, →OCLC, page 234, column 3:Actual work has begun on the railway which is to link Kaifeng to the Tientsin-Pukow railway at Hsuchowfu and will bring Kaifeng within about two days of Shanghai, writes the Kaifeng correspondent of the C. C. Post on the 11th instant.
** 1921 February 17, Hendon M. Harris, “Annual Report Country Work for Year 1920”, in The Baptist Record‎, volume XXIII, number 7, Jackson, Miss.: Mississippi Baptist Convention, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 2, column 3:During the summer I attended as a speaker and teacher, a summer Conference north of the Yellow River, in which one of our brightest young Christians at Kaifeng felt the call to the ministry; he Is now studying for the ministry in Shantung University.
** 1929 June 1, “From the Chinese Press”, in The China Weekly Review‎, volume XLIX, number 1, →OCLC, page 32, column 1:It is learned that Feng Yu-hsiang has decided to abandon Kaifeng and Chengchow and withdraw his army to the west of Fulikwan and Heishihkwan.
** 1938 June 18, “Profits on Slaughter”, in The Nation‎, volume 146, number 25, New York, page 686:After months of blundering, caused by underestimating Chinese resistance, the Japanese have finally thrown their full force into the drive. Kaifeng has fallen and the vital city of Chengchow is endangered.
** 1939 January, Lin Yu, “"The China Incident"”, in Philippine Magazine‎, volume XXXVI, number 1 (369), →OCLC, page 211:Kaifeng was raided by the Chinese twice, who remained there long enough to smash up the Japanese puppet organizations. They also dislodged the Japanese from the nearby town of Tunghsu and disrupted the Lung-Hai Railway, cutting the Japanese line of supply to Kaifeng.
** 1942, Violet Cressy-Marcks, “Waiting for the Moon”, in Journey Into China‎, New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., →OCLC, page 231:TO REACH THE city of Kaifeng from Sian, it was necessary to get on to the Lung-hai Railway.
** 1955, Vincent Cronin, “Adorers of the Cross”, in The Wise Man from the West‎, London: Rupert Hart-Davis, →OCLC, page 221:Ricci learned that Ai was born in Honan province and now lived in Kaifeng, its capital.
** 1979 January 7, “Wang Kuang-mei in jail”, in Free China Weekly‎, volume XX, number 1, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3:Liu, who was purged in a power struggle with Mao Tse-tung during the “cultural revolution,” died of pneumonia while being sent to Kaifeng by train several years after he was struggled down, according to mainland reports.
** 2012 July 12, Joe McDonald, “China’s economic slowdown painful despite stimulus”, in AP News‎, archived from the original on 18 May 2022:“A lot of people want to go work in big cities, but there is far less demand this year,” said a manager at the Tongxu County Enterprise Bureau, an employment service in the central city of Kaifeng in Henan province. He refused to give his name.
** For more quotations using this term, see Citations:Kaifeng.

#### Synonyms

* Bianjing, Bianliang (historical)

#### Translations
### Further reading

* "Kaifeng—Ancient Capital" at China Internet Information Center, State Council Information Office of the PRC
* “Kaifeng”, in Collins English Dictionary.
* Kaifeng in Encyclopædia Britannica
* Kaifeng, Kai-feng, K'ai-feng, K'ai-fêng, Kae-fung, Bianjing at the Google Books Ngram Viewer.
* “Kaifeng, pn.”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
* “Kaifeng”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.
* “Kaifeng”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
* “Kaifeng” in TheFreeDictionary.com, Huntingdon Valley, Pa.: Farlex, Inc., 2003–2024.

### Anagrams

* feaking