# 運動
## Chinese

* 運動 (Gan)
* 運動 (Cantonese)
* 運動 (Written Standard Chinese)
* ūn-tōng (Southern Min)

### Etymology

The modern meaning derives from a Japanese coinage in the nineteenth century, as wasei kango (和製漢語) (Heinrich, 2021).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): yùndòng
       (Zhuyin): ㄩㄣˋ ㄉㄨㄥˋ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): йүндун (yündun, III-III)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): wan$^6$ dung$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): vun$^5$ uung$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): yun-thung
    (Hailu, HRS): rhun$^˖$ tung$^˖$
* Eastern Min (BUC): ông-dông
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): ūn-tōng / ūn-tǒng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ung$^7$ dong$^6$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$yun-don; $^6$yon-don
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yùndòng → yùndong (toneless final syllable variant)
*** Zhuyin: ㄩㄣˋ ㄉㄨㄥˋ → ㄩㄣˋ ˙ㄉㄨㄥ (toneless final syllable variant)
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yùndo̊ng
*** Wade–Giles: yün$^4$-tung$^5$
*** Yale: yùn-dung
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yunn.donq
*** Palladius: юньдун (junʹdun)
*** Sinological IPA : /yn⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʊŋ⁵¹/ → /yn⁵¹ d̥ʊŋ¹/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$暈動／晕动 運動／运动
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: йүндун (yündun, III-III)
*** Sinological IPA : /yŋ⁴⁴ tuŋ⁴⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: wan$^6$ dung$^6$
*** Yale: wahn duhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: wan$^6$ dung$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: wen$^6$ dung$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /wɐn²² tʊŋ²²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: vun$^5$ uung$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /vun³² ɵŋ³²/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yun-thung
*** Hakka Romanization System: iun tung
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yun$^4$ tung$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /i̯un⁵⁵ tʰuŋ⁵⁵/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yun-thung
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)iun tung
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yun$^4$ tung$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯un⁵⁵ tʰuŋ⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: rhun$^˖$ tung$^˖$
*** Sinological IPA: /ʒun³³ tʰuŋ³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ông-dông
*** Sinological IPA : /uŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ $^{(t-)}$nouŋ²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ūn-tōng
*** Tâi-lô: ūn-tōng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: uxndong
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /un²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /un³³⁻¹¹ tɔŋ³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /un³³⁻²¹ tɔŋ³³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ūn-tǒng
*** Tâi-lô: ūn-tǒng
*** IPA (Philippines): /un⁴¹⁻²² tɔŋ³³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /un⁴¹⁻²² tɔŋ²²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ung$^7$ dong$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ūng tŏng
*** Sinological IPA : /uŋ¹¹ toŋ³⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$yun-don; $^6$yon-don
*** MiniDict: yuin$^去$ don; yon$^去$ don
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$hhyn-don; $^3$hhion-don
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦyn²² doŋ⁴⁴/, /ɦioŋ²² doŋ⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: hjunH duwngX
Rime :
| Character | 運 | 動 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 云 (35) | 定 (7) |
| Final (韻) | 文 (59) | 東 (1) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 王問切 | 徒揔切 |
| Baxter | hjunH | duwngX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦɨun$^H$/ | /duŋ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦiun$^H$/ | /duŋ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣiuən$^H$/ | /duŋ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦun$^H$/ | /dəwŋ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣiuən$^H$/ | /duŋ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣĭuən$^H$/ | /duŋ$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /i̯uən$^H$/ | /dʱuŋ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yùn | dòng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | wan$^6$ | dung$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ʷər-s [Cə-m-]tˤoŋʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɢuns doːŋʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 運 | 動 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yùn | dòng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hjun$^H$ › | ‹ duwng$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɢ]ʷər-s/ | /*[Cə-m-]tˁoŋʔ/ |
| English | turn round, move | move |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 運 | 動 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 7341 | 17449 |
| Phonetic component | 軍 | 重 |
| Rime group | 文 | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 運 | 動 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɢuns/ | /*doːŋʔ/ |

### Verb

運動
* to exercise; to move about
* to get things done by pulling strings

#### Synonyms

* (to exercise): 鍛鍊／锻炼 (duànliàn), 活動／活动 (huódòng), 健身 (jiànshēn)

### Noun

運動
* sports; athletics; exercise; game
    球類運動／球类运动 ― qiúlèi yùndòng ― ball games
    運動器材／运动器材 [Hokkien] ― ūn-tōng khì-châi [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― exercise equipment
* (physics) movement; motion
* (politics) movement; campaign
    掃盲運動／扫盲运动 ― sǎománg yùndòng ― movement to eliminate illiteracy
    平權運動／平权运动 ― píngquán yùndòng ― equal rights movement

#### Synonyms

* (sports): 體育／体育 (tǐyù)
* (campaign): 行動／行动 (xíngdòng), (military operation) 作戰／作战 (zuòzhàn)

### Adjective

運動
* (biology) motor

### Derived terms

* 一二·九運動／一二·九运动 (Yī'èr-Jiǔ Yùndòng)
* 五卅運動／五卅运动 (Wǔ-Sà Yùndòng)
* 五四運動／五四运动 (Wǔsì Yùndòng)
* 健美運動／健美运动 (jiànměi yùndòng)
* 共運／共运 (gòngyùn)
* 冰上運動／冰上运动 (bīngshàng yùndòng)
* 勃朗運動／勃朗运动 (Bólǎng yùndòng)
* 團隊運動／团队运动 (tuánduì yùndòng)
* 學生運動／学生运动 (xuéshēng yùndòng)
* 布朗運動／布朗运动 (Bùlǎng yùndòng)
* 技巧運動／技巧运动 (jìqiǎo yùndòng)
* 啟蒙運動／启蒙运动 (qǐméng yùndòng)
* 新文化運動／新文化运动 (Xīn Wénhuà Yùndòng)
* 有氧運動／有氧运动 (yǒuyǎng yùndòng)
* 極限運動／极限运动 (jíxiàn yùndòng)
* 民族運動／民族运动 (mínzú yùndòng)
* 洋務運動／洋务运动 (Yángwù Yùndòng)
* 田徑運動／田径运动 (tiánjìng yùndòng)
* 精神運動／精神运动 (jīngshén yùndòng)
* 維新運動／维新运动 (Wéixīn Yùndòng)
* 義和團運動／义和团运动 (Yìhétuán Yùndòng)
* 肅反運動／肃反运动 (sùfǎn yùndòng)
* 變速運動／变速运动 (biànsù yùndòng)
* 運動健將／运动健将 (yùndòng jiànjiàng)
* 運動員／运动员 (yùndòngyuán)
* 運動場／运动场 (yùndòngchǎng)
* 運動學／运动学 (yùndòngxué)
* 運動戰／运动战 (yùndòngzhàn)
* 運動會／运动会 (yùndònghuì)
* 運動服／运动服 (yùndòngfú)
* 運動機／运动机 (yùndòngjī)
* 運動治療／运动治疗 (yùndòng zhìliáo)
* 運動神經／运动神经 (yùndòng shénjīng)
* 運動神經元／运动神经元 (yùndòng shénjīngyuán)
* 運動能力／运动能力 (yùndòng nénglì)
* 運動衫／运动衫 (yùndòngshān)
* 運動襪／运动袜 (yùndòngwà)
* 運動醫學／运动医学 (yùndòng yīxué)
* 運動量／运动量 (yùndòngliàng)
* 運動鞋／运动鞋 (yùndòngxié)
* 體育運動／体育运动 (tǐyù yùndòng)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 運(うん)動(どう) (undō)
* → Korean: 운동(運動) (undong)
* → Vietnamese: vận động (運動)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 運 | 動 |
| うん Grade: 3 | どう Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) うんどー [ùńdóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɯ̟̃ndo̞ː]

### Noun

運(うん)動(どう) • (undō)
* athletics, exercise
* (politics) movement, drive, campaign
* (physics) movement

#### Synonyms

* (athletics): スポーツ (supōtsu, “sport”)
* (public movement): ムーブメント (mūbumento, “movement”)

#### Derived terms

* 運(うん)動(どう)会(かい) (undōkai): athletic meet
* 運(うん)動(どう)場(じょう) (undōjō), 運(うん)動(どう)場(ば) (undōba): athletic ground
* 運(うん)動(どう)選(せん)手(しゅ) (undōsenshu): athlete

#### See also

* 体(たい)操(そう) (taisō, “gymnastics, exercises”)
* エクササイズ (ekusasaizu)

### Verb

運(うん)動(どう)する • (undō suru) intransitive suru (stem 運(うん)動(どう)し (undō shi), past 運(うん)動(どう)した (undō shita))
* exercise, work out

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 運動し | うんどうし | undō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 運動し | うんどうし | undō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 運動する | うんどうする | undō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 運動する | うんどうする | undō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 運動すれ | うんどうすれ | undō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 運動せよ¹ 運動しろ² | うんどうせよ¹ うんどうしろ² | undō seyo¹ undō shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 運動される | うんどうされる | undō sareru |
| Causative | 運動させる 運動さす | うんどうさせる うんどうさす | undō saseru undō sasu |
| Potential | 運動できる | うんどうできる | undō dekiru |
| Volitional | 運動しよう | うんどうしよう | undō shiyō |
| Negative | 運動しない | うんどうしない | undō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 運動せず | うんどうせず | undō sezu |
| Formal | 運動します | うんどうします | undō shimasu |
| Perfective | 運動した | うんどうした | undō shita |
| Conjunctive | 運動して | うんどうして | undō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 運動すれば | うんどうすれば | undō sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

#### Synonyms

* 鍛(たん)錬(れん) (tanren)

### References

* 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 運 | 動 |

### Noun

運動 • (undong) (hangeul 운동)
* hanja form of 운동 (“exercise; physical activity; sport; movement in general”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 運 | 動 |

### Verb

運動
* chữ Hán form of vận động (“to move; to be in motion”).