# 強強
## Chinese
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khiòng-khiòng
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kiông-kiông / kiâng-kiâng / kiōng-kiōng
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiòng-khiòng
*** Hakka Romanization System: kiong$^ˇ$ kiong$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kiong$^2$ kiong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯oŋ¹¹ kʰi̯oŋ¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiông-kiông
*** Tâi-lô: kiông-kiông
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kiongkioong
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɔŋ²³⁻³³ kiɔŋ²³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kiɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɔŋ¹³⁻²² kiɔŋ¹³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /kiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiâng-kiâng
*** Tâi-lô: kiâng-kiâng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kiangkiaang
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiaŋ²³⁻³³ kiaŋ²³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiaŋ¹³⁻²² kiaŋ¹³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /kiaŋ²⁴⁻²² kiaŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kiaŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kiaŋ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiōng-kiōng
*** Tâi-lô: kiōng-kiōng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kioxngkiong
*** IPA (Taipei): /kiɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ kiɔŋ³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kiɔŋ³³/

#### Adverb

強強
* (Southern Min) almost; nearly; all but

##### Synonyms

* 幾乎／几乎 (jīhū)

#### References

* “Entry #7233”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.

### Etymology 2

See 小強／小强 (siu$^2$ koeng$^4$).

#### Pronunciation

* Cantonese (Jyutping): koeng$^4$ koeng$^{4-2}$
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: koeng$^4$ koeng$^{4-2}$
*** Yale: kèuhng kéung
*** Cantonese Pinyin: koeng$^4$ koeng$^{4-2}$
*** Guangdong Romanization: kêng$^4$ kêng$^{4-2}$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰœːŋ²¹ kʰœːŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

#### Noun

強強
* (Cantonese) cockroach

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 蜚蠊, 䗅蜋, 香娘子 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 蟑螂, 蜚蠊 |
| Taxonomic name | Taxonomic name | 蜚蠊 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 老蟑兒, 油炸豆兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 蟑螂, 小強 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Ulanhot | 老蟑 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tongliao | 蟑螂 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 蟑螂 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 蟑螂 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 蟑螂, 老蟑 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 老蟑 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 蟑螂 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 蟑螂 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 蟑螂 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 蟑火螂 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 蟑螂 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 蟑螂 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Bayanhot | 蟑螂 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 蟑螂 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 蟑螂, 油蟲 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 偷油婆, 蟑螂 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 偷油婆 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 灶馬子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 偷油婆 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 偷油婆 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 偷油婆, 臊甲 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanning (Wuming) | 騷夾 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kokang | 灶麻雞 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 蟑螂 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 蟑木蟲子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 蟑木蟲兒 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 曱甴 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 曱甴, 小強 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) | 曱甴 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 曱甴 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 曱甴 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 曱甴 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 曱甴 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 曱甴 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 曱甴 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan | 曱甴 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 曱甴 |
| Cantonese | Xinyi | 曱甴 |
| Cantonese | Maoming (Xinpo) | 曱甴 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 曱甴 |
| Cantonese | Nanning (Tanka) | 曱甴 |
| Cantonese | Baise | 曱甴 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 曱甴 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 曱甴 |
| Cantonese | Penang (Guangfu) | 曱甴 |
| Cantonese | Ipoh (Guangfu) | 曱甴 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 曱甴 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 曱甴 |
| Cantonese | Yangon (Taishan) | 曱甴 |
| Cantonese | Mandalay (Taishan) | 曱甴 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 煠撥子, 赤膊子 |
| Gan | Pengze | 鍋灶髦 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 蚻 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 油賊婆 |
| Gan | Guixi | 煠撥子 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 黃蚻 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 黃蚻 |
| Hakka | Huiyang | 黃蚻 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 黃蚻 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 黃蚻 |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 蜞蚻 |
| Hakka | Wengyuan | 黃蚻 |
| Hakka | Nanxiong (Zhuji) | 黃蚻 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 黃蚻 |
| Hakka | Liannan | 黃蚻 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 蜞蚻 |
| Hakka | Luhe | 蜞蚻 |
| Hakka | Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) | 黃蚻 |
| Hakka | Changting | 黃蚻 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 黃蚻 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Yanqian) | 黃蚻 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 黃蚻 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 黃蚻 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 黃蚻 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 黃蚻 |
| Hakka | Ningdu | 黃蚻 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 黃蚻 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 黃蚻 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 黃蚻 |
| Hakka | Tonggu (Sandu) | 虼蚻 |
| Hakka | Ganzhou (Panlong) | 黃蚻 |
| Hakka | Dayu | 黃蚻 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 黃蚻 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Gongguan; N. Sixian) | 黃蚻 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Zhuolan; N. Sixian) | 黃蚻 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 黃蚻 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian) | 黃蚻 |
| Hakka | Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian) | 黃蚻 |
| Hakka | Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian) | 黃蚻 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 蜞蚻, 蜞蚻仔 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 黃蚻 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 蜞蚻 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Zhuolan; Raoping) | 黃蚻 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 黃蚻 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 黃蚻 |
| Hakka | Mengshan (Xihe) | 黃蚻 |
| Hakka | Luchuan | 黃蚻 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Longchuan) | 黃蚻 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 蜞蚻 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 蜞蚻 |
| Hakka | Singkawang | 蜞蚻 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 油蟲 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 蟑油蟲 |
| Huizhou | Fuliang | 油蟲 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 蟑螂 |
| Jin | Taibus (Baochang) | 蟑螂 |
| Jin | Linhe | 蟑螂 |
| Jin | Jining | 蟑老財 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 蟑螂 |
| Jin | Baotou | 蟑老財 |
| Jin | Dongsheng | 蟑螂 |
| Jin | Haibowan | 蟑螂 |
| Jiuxing Yumin | Lanxi | 蟑毛蟲 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 蚻 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou (Dikou) | 蚻 |
| Northern Min | Songxi | 蚻 |
| Northern Min | Zhenghe | 蚻 |
| Northern Min | Zhenghe (Zhenqian) | 蚻 |
| Northern Min | Jianyang | 蚻 |
| Northern Min | Wuyishan | 蚻 |
| Northern Min | Pucheng (Shibei) | 蚻 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 虼蚻 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou (Changle) | 蚻母 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 虼蚻 |
| Eastern Min | Yongtai | 虼蚻 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 蚻母 |
| Eastern Min | Fu'an | 蚻 |
| Eastern Min | Ningde | 蚻母 |
| Eastern Min | Shouning | 蚻 |
| Eastern Min | Zhouning | 蚻 |
| Eastern Min | Fuding | 蚻, 虼蚻 |
| Eastern Min | Matsu | 灶蚻 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Nan'an | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Anxi | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Yongchun | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Dehua | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou (Longhai) | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou (Changtai) | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Hua'an | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Zhangpu | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Yunxiao | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Longyan | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Zhangping (Yongfu) | 虼蚻仔 |
| Southern Min | Datian | 油蚻 |
| Southern Min | Pingnan (Shangdu) | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 虼蚻 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 虼蚻 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang) | 虼蚻, 灶雞 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 虼蚻 |
| Central Min | Yong'an | 蚻 |
| Central Min | Sanming (Sanyuan) | 蚻 |
| Central Min | Sanming (Shaxian) | 蚻 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Sanxiang) | 虼蚻 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 臊甲 |
| Waxiang | Yuanling (Shaojiwan) | 油蟲 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 蟑螂, 小強 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Songjiang) | 灶雞, 蟑螂 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Jiading) | 蟑螂 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 灶鴨 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 蟑螂 |
| Wu | Wuxi | 蟑螂 |
| Wu | Danyang | 蟑螂 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 蟑螂 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 蟑螂 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 膠蚻 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 偷油婆 |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | 偷油婆 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 油鹽蟲 |
| Xiang | Quanzhou | 臊甲子 |
| Xiangnan Tuhua | Dong'an | 油蟲, 偷油婆, 騷家婆 |
| Yuebei Tuhua | Shaoguan (Dacun, Baitu, Qujiang) | 枯蚻 |
| Yuebei Tuhua | Shaoguan (Xiangyang, Xihe, Wujiang) | 枯蚻 |
| Yuebei Tuhua | Shaoguan (Shibei, Xinshao, Zhenjiang) | 枯蚻 |
| Yuebei Tuhua | Renhua (Zhoutian) | 枯蚻 |
| Yuebei Tuhua | Renhua (Shitang) | 枯蚻 |
| Yuebei Tuhua | Ruyuan (Songwei, Guitou) | 枯蚻 |
| Yuebei Tuhua | Lechang (Changlai) | 枯蚻 |
| Yuebei Tuhua | Lechang (Beixiang) | 曱甴 |
| Yuebei Tuhua | Lechang (Huangpu) | 客子婆 |
| Yuebei Tuhua | Lechang (Guitang, Pingshi) | 瞎擦 |
| Yuebei Tuhua | Lechang (Sanxi) | 臊雞婆 |

### Etymology 3

* For pronunciation and definitions of 強強 – see 彊彊 (“fly in a group; follow each other”). (This term is the simplified and variant traditional form of 彊彊).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.