# فضل
## Arabic
### Etymology 1.1

* Root
* ف ض ل (f ḍ l)
* 10 terms

#### Verb

فَضَلَ • (faḍala) I (non-past يَفْضُلُ (yafḍulu), verbal noun فَضْل (faḍl))
* (intransitive) to remain, to be left over
    Synonym: بَقِيَ (baqiya)
* (transitive, of someone) to exceed or outdo (especially in virtue, merit, or worth); to outworth
    Synonym: أَفْضَلَ (ʔafḍala)

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 1.2
#### Verb

فَضُلَ • (faḍula) I (non-past يَفْضُلُ (yafḍulu), verbal noun فُضُول (fuḍūl))
* to become meritorious; to become illustrious
    Synonym: شَرُفَ (šarufa)

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 1.3
#### Verb

فَضَّلَ • (faḍḍala) II (non-past يُفَضِّلُ (yufaḍḍilu), verbal noun تَفْضِيل (tafḍīl))
* (transitive) to deem more favorable, to prefer, to favor [with عَلَى (ʕalā) ‘over’]
    Synonym: آثَرَ (ʔāṯara)
* (transitive, of a superior or a superordinate) to make dominant, to privilege [with عَلَى (ʕalā) ‘over’]
** (transitive) to make distinct or prominent, to distinguish, to honor, to grace
    Synonyms: مَازَ (māza), مَيَّزَ (mayyaza), شَرَّفَ (šarrafa), مَزَّى (mazzā)

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 1.4
#### Noun

فَضْل • (faḍl) m (plural فُضُول (fuḍūl) or أَفْضَال (ʔafḍāl))
* (uncountable) grace, favor (especially when seen as unmerited or unconditional); courtesy
    Synonym: إِحْسَان (ʔiḥsān)
** (countable) a blessing, an honor, a generous gift, a bestowment
* (uncountable) distinction
    Antonym: نَقْص (naqṣ)
** (uncountable, theology) merit
* (uncountable) leftovers, remnants

##### Derived terms

* فَضْلًا عَنْ (faḍlan ʕan)
* مِنْ فَضْلِكَ (min faḍlika)

## Hijazi Arabic

* Root
* ف ض ل
* 1 term

### Etymology 1

From Arabic فَضَلَ (faḍala).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /fidˤil/, [fɪdˤɪl]

#### Verb

فضل • (fiḍil) I (non-past يِفْضَل (yifḍal))
* to stay, to remain
    Synonyms: بِقِي (bigi), قَعَد (gaʕad)
* to continue

##### Conjugation

Conjugation of فضل (fiḍil) :
| | | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural |
| | | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person |
| past | m | فضلت (fiḍilt) | فضلت (fiḍilt) | فضل (fiḍil) | فضلنا (fiḍilna) | فضلتوا (fiḍiltu) | فضلوا (fiḍlu) |
| past | f | فضلت (fiḍilt) | فضلتي (fiḍilti) | فضلت (fiḍlat) | فضلنا (fiḍilna) | فضلتوا (fiḍiltu) | فضلوا (fiḍlu) |
| non-past | m | أفضل (ʔafḍal) | تفضل (tifḍal) | يفضل (yifḍal) | نفضل (nifḍal) | تفضلوا (tifḍalu) | يفضلوا (yifḍalu) |
| non-past | f | أفضل (ʔafḍal) | تفضلي (tifḍali) | تفضل (tifḍal) | نفضل (nifḍal) | تفضلوا (tifḍalu) | يفضلوا (yifḍalu) |
| imperative | m | | افضل (afḍal) | | | افضلوا (afḍalu) | |
| imperative | f | | افضلي (afḍali) | | | افضلوا (afḍalu) | |

### Etymology 2

From Arabic فَضَّلَ (faḍḍala).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /fadˤ.dˤal/

#### Verb

فضل • (faḍḍal) II (non-past يِفَضِّل (yifaḍḍil))
* to prefer, to favor

##### Conjugation

Conjugation of فضل (faḍḍal) :
| | | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural |
| | | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person |
| past | m | فضلت (faḍḍalt) | فضلت (faḍḍalt) | فضل (faḍḍal) | فضلنا (faḍḍalna) | فضلتوا (faḍḍaltu) | فضلوا (faḍḍalu) |
| past | f | فضلت (faḍḍalt) | فضلتي (faḍḍalti) | فضلت (faḍḍalat) | فضلنا (faḍḍalna) | فضلتوا (faḍḍaltu) | فضلوا (faḍḍalu) |
| non-past | m | أفضل (ʔafaḍḍil) | تفضل (tifaḍḍil) | يفضل (yifaḍḍil) | نفضل (nifaḍḍil) | تفضلوا (tifaḍḍilu) | يفضلوا (yifaḍḍilu) |
| non-past | f | أفضل (ʔafaḍḍil) | تفضلي (tifaḍḍili) | تفضل (tifaḍḍil) | نفضل (nifaḍḍil) | تفضلوا (tifaḍḍilu) | يفضلوا (yifaḍḍilu) |
| imperative | m | | فضل (faḍḍil) | | | فضلوا (faḍḍilu) | |
| imperative | f | | فضلي (faḍḍili) | | | فضلوا (faḍḍilu) | |

### Etymology 3

From Arabic فَضْل (faḍl).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /fadˤil/, [fadˤɪl]

#### Noun

فضل • (faḍil) m (construct state فَضْل (faḍl), plural أفضال (ʔafḍāl))
* grace

## Moroccan Arabic

* Root
* ف ض ل
* 2 terms

### Etymology

From Arabic فَضَّلَ (faḍḍala).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /fadˤ.dˤal/

### Verb

فضّل • (faḍḍal) II (non-past يفضّل (yfaḍḍal))
* to favor

#### Conjugation

Conjugation of فضل :
| | | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural |
| | | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person |
| past | m | فضّلت (faḍḍalt) | فضّلتي (faḍḍalti) | فضّل (faḍḍal) | فضّلنا (faḍḍalna) | فضّلتوا (faḍḍaltu) | فضّلوا (faḍḍlu) |
| past | f | فضّلت (faḍḍalt) | فضّلتي (faḍḍalti) | فضّلت (faḍḍlāt) | فضّلنا (faḍḍalna) | فضّلتوا (faḍḍaltu) | فضّلوا (faḍḍlu) |
| non-past | m | نفضّل (nfaḍḍal) | تفضّل (tfaḍḍal) | يفضّل (yfaḍḍal) | نفضّلوا (nfaḍḍlu) | تفضّلوا (tfaḍḍlu) | يفضّلوا (yfaḍḍlu) |
| non-past | f | نفضّل (nfaḍḍal) | تفضّلي (tfaḍḍli) | تفضّل (tfaḍḍal) | نفضّلوا (nfaḍḍlu) | تفضّلوا (tfaḍḍlu) | يفضّلوا (yfaḍḍlu) |
| imperative | m | | فضّل (faḍḍal) | | | فضّلوا (faḍḍlu) | |
| imperative | f | | فضّلي (faḍḍli) | | | فضّلوا (faḍḍlu) | |

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic فَضْل (faḍl).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [fazl]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [fäzl]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [fäzl]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [fäzl]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [fäzl̥]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [fæzl̥]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [fäzl]

### Noun

فضل • (fazl)
* learning, knowledge
    Synonyms: دانش (dâneš), علم (elm), دانایی (dânâyi), فضیلت (fazliyat)
** c. 1390, Shams-ud-Dīn Muḥammad Ḥāfiẓ, “Ghazal 329”, in دیوان حافظ [The Divān of Ḥāfiẓ]‎:شاها اگر به عرش رسانم سریر فضل مملوک این جنابم و مسکین این درمšāhā agar ba arš rasānam sarīr-i fazl mamlūk-i īn jinābam u miskīn-i īn daramO king! Even if I raise the throne of knowledge to the Empyrean, I am the slave at this side, I am the wretch at this gate.(Classical Persian transliteration)
* excellence, virtue, merit
    Synonym: فضیلت (fazliyat)
* favor, grace, gift
    Synonym: لطف (lotf)

### Further reading

* Hayyim, Sulayman (1934) “فضل”, in New Persian–English dictionary, Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Béroukhim

## South Levantine Arabic

* Root
* ف ض ل
* 2 terms

### Etymology

From Arabic فَضَّلَ (faḍḍala).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /fadˤ.dˤal/, [ˈfʌdˤ.dˤʌl]
* Audio (al-Lidd):(file)

### Verb

فضّل • (faḍḍal) II (present بفضّل (bifaḍḍel))
* to prefer

#### Conjugation

Conjugation of فضّل (faḍḍal) :
| | | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural |
| | | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person |
| past | m | فضّلت (faḍḍalt) | فضّلت (faḍḍalt) | فضّل (faḍḍal) | فضّلنا (faḍḍalna) | فضّلتو (faḍḍaltu) | فضّلو (faḍḍalu) |
| past | f | فضّلت (faḍḍalt) | فضّلتي (faḍḍalti) | فضّلت (faḍḍalat) | فضّلنا (faḍḍalna) | فضّلتو (faḍḍaltu) | فضّلو (faḍḍalu) |
| present | m | بفضّل (bafaḍḍel) | بتفضّل (bitfaḍḍel) | بفضّل (bifaḍḍel) | منفضّل (minfaḍḍel) | بتفضّلو (bitfaḍḍlu) | بفضّلو (bifaḍḍlu) |
| present | f | بفضّل (bafaḍḍel) | بتفضّلي (bitfaḍḍli) | بتفضّل (bitfaḍḍel) | منفضّل (minfaḍḍel) | بتفضّلو (bitfaḍḍlu) | بفضّلو (bifaḍḍlu) |
| subjunctive | m | افضّل (afaḍḍel) | تفضّل (tfaḍḍel) | يفضّل (yfaḍḍel) | نفضّل (nfaḍḍel) | تفضّلو (tfaḍḍlu) | يفضّلو (yfaḍḍlu) |
| subjunctive | f | افضّل (afaḍḍel) | تفضّلي (tfaḍḍli) | تفضّل (tfaḍḍel) | نفضّل (nfaḍḍel) | تفضّلو (tfaḍḍlu) | يفضّلو (yfaḍḍlu) |
| imperative | m | | فضّل (faḍḍel) | | | فضّلو (faḍḍlu) | |
| imperative | f | | فضّلي (faḍḍli) | | | فضّلو (faḍḍlu) | |

## Urdu
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian فَضْل (fazl), borrowed from Arabic فَضْل (faḍl). First attested in c. 1582 as Middle Hindi فضل (fẓl /⁠fazl⁠/).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /fəzl/
* (common) IPA: [fə.zəl]
* Rhymes: -əzl, -əl

### Noun

فَضْل • (fazl) m (formal plural اَفْضَال (afzāl), Hindi spelling फ़ज़ल)
* grace (ie. bounty; favour)
* excellence, virtue
* (archaic) beneficence
* (obsolete) learning, knowledge

#### Declension

Declension of فضل :
| | singular | plural |
| direct | فَضْل (fazl) | فَضْل (fazl) |
| oblique | فَضْل (fazl) | فَضْلوں (fazlō̃) |
| vocative | فَضْل (fazl) | فَضْلو (fazlō) |

### References

* ↑ Platts, John T. (1884) “فضل”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.
* ↑ “فضل”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.

### Further reading

* “فضل”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2024.
* Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971) “فضل”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary‎, Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co.
* S. W. Fallon (1879) “فضل”, in A New Hindustani-English Dictionary, Banaras, London: Trubner and Co.
* John Shakespear (1834) “فضل”, in A dictionary, Hindustani and English: with a copious index, fitting the work to serve, also, as a dictionary of English and Hindustani, 3rd edition, London: J.L. Cox and Son, →OCLC