# ध्वज
## Hindi
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit ध्वज (dhvajá).

### Pronunciation

* (Delhi) IPA: /d̪ʱʋəd͡ʒ/, [d̪ʱʋɐd͡ʒ]

### Noun

ध्वज • (dhvaj) m (Urdu spelling دھوج)
* flag, banner
    Synonyms: झंडा (jhaṇḍā), ध्वजा (dhvajā), पताका (patākā)
    नेपाल का ध्वज अनोखे आकार का है।nepāl kā dhvaj anokhe ākār kā hai.The flag of Nepal has a unique shape.

#### References

* McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “ध्वज”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press
* Bahri, Hardev (1989) “ध्वज”, in Siksarthi Hindi-Angrejhi Sabdakosa [Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary], Delhi: Rajpal & Sons.

## Marathi
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit ध्वज (dhvaja).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /d̪ʱʋəd͡ʑ/

### Noun

ध्वज • (dhvaj) m
* flag, banner
    Synonyms: झेंडा (jheṇḍā), पताका (patākā)

#### Declension
### See also

* ध्वजारोहण (dhvajārohaṇ, “flag hoisting”)
* राष्ट्रध्वज (rāṣṭradhvaj, “national flag”)

### References

* Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983) “ध्वज”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies
* Molesworth, James Thomas (1857) “ध्वज”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press
* दाते, यशवंत रामकृष्ण [Date, Yashwant Ramkrishna] (1932-1950) “ध्वज”, in महाराष्ट्र शब्दकोश (mahārāṣṭra śabdakoś) (in Marathi), पुणे [Pune]: महाराष्ट्र कोशमंडळ (mahārāṣṭra kośmaṇḍaḷ).

## Sanskrit
### Alternative scripts

* ধ্বজ (Assamese script)
* ᬥ᭄ᬯᬚ (Balinese script)
* ধ্বজ (Bengali script)
* 𑰠𑰿𑰪𑰕 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀥𑁆𑀯𑀚 (Brahmi script)
* ဓွဇ (Burmese script)
* ધ્વજ (Gujarati script)
* ਧ੍ਵਜ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌧𑍍𑌵𑌜 (Grantha script)
* ꦣ꧀ꦮꦗ (Javanese script)
* 𑂡𑂹𑂫𑂔 (Kaithi script)
* ಧ್ವಜ (Kannada script)
* ធ្វជ (Khmer script)
* ຘ຺ວຊ (Lao script)
* ധ്വജ (Malayalam script)
* ᢡᠣᠸᠠᡯᠠ (Manchu script)
* 𑘠𑘿𑘪𑘕 (Modi script)
* ᢑᠾᢦᠽᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
* 𑧀𑧠𑧊𑦵 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐢𑑂𑐰𑐖 (Newa script)
* ଧ୍ଵଜ (Odia script)
* ꢤ꣄ꢮꢙ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆣𑇀𑆮𑆘 (Sharada script)
* 𑖠𑖿𑖪𑖕 (Siddham script)
* ධ‍්වජ (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩮 𑪙𑩾𑩣 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚜𑚶𑚦𑚑 (Takri script)
* த்⁴வஜ (Tamil script)
* ధ్వజ (Telugu script)
* ธฺวช (Thai script)
* དྷྭ་ཛ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒡𑓂𑒫𑒖 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨜𑩇𑨭𑨥 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

From the root ध्वज् (dhvaj, “(of a banner) to move and wave around”), of uncertain origin. Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *dʰweg- (“cloth”), and compared with Proto-Germanic *dōkaz (“cloth, rag”). However, Kroonen and Mayrhofer find this derivation phonetically unconvincing, with Mayrhofer preferring to derive the Sanskrit from a homophonous root *dʰweg-, albeit with a different root meaning "to move back and forth", which he takes as a verbal extension related to धव् (dhav, “to run, flow”).

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /dʱʋɐ.d͡ʑɐ́/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /ˈd̪ʱʋɐ.d͡ʑɐ/

### Noun

ध्वज • (dhvajá) stem, m
* a flag-staff
* a mark, an emblem
* a characteristic sign
* a distiller or vendor of spirituous liquors
* pride, arrogance, hypocrisy

#### Derived terms

* ध्वजगृह (dhvajagṛha, “a room in which banners are kept or from which banners wave”)
* ध्वजग्रीव (dhvajagrīva, “necked like a banner (ie, high-necked)”)
* ध्वजद्रुम (dhvajadruma, “the palm tree used for making flag-staffs”)
* ध्वजपट (dhvajapaṭa, “banner-cloth”)
* ध्वजनवमी (dhvajanavamī, “festival”)
* ध्वजभङ्ग (dhvajabhaṅga, “the fracture or fall of a banner, impotence”)
* ध्वजवत् (dhvajavat, “decorated with banners”)
* ध्वजाग्र (dhvajāgra, “the top of a standard”)
* ध्वजिन् (dhvajin, “having or bearing a banner”)

#### Descendants

* Pali: dhaja
* Prakrit: 𑀥𑀚 (dhaja), 𑀥𑀸 (dhā), 𑀛𑀬 (jhaya), 𑀛𑀬𑀸 (jhayā)
** Southern:
*** Helu Prakrit:
**** Dhivehi: ދިދަ (dida)
**** Sinhalese: දදය (dadaya)

#### Borrowed terms

* → Hindi: ध्वज (dhvaj)
* → Assamese: ধ্বজ (dhoz)
* → Bengali: ধ্বজা (dhoja) (semi-learned)
* → Gujarati: ધ્વજ (dhvaj)
* → Kannada: ಧ್ವಜ (dhvaja)
* → Konkani: ध्वज (dhvaj)
* → Malayalam: ധ്വജം (dhvajaṁ)
* → Marathi: ध्वज (dhvaj)
* → Odia: ଧଜା (dhajā), ଧୋଜା (dhojā), ଧ୍ବଜ (dhbaja)
* → Sinhalese: ධවජය (dhawajaya), ධජ (dhaja)
* → Tamil: துசம் (tucam), துவசம் (tuvacam), தூசு (tūcu), தொசம் (tocam)
* ⇒ Telugu: ధ్వజము (dhvajamu)
* → Thai: ธวัช (tá-wát)
* → Indonesian: duaja

### References

* ↑ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) “*dhvajá-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 800-1

### Further reading

* Monier Williams (1899) “ध्वज”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 522, column 1.
* “ध्वज॑” in Carl Cappeller, A Sanskrit–English Dictionary: Based upon the St. Petersburg Lexicons, Strasbourg: Karl J. Trübner, 1891, →OCLC, page 257, column 2.
* Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1893) “ध्वज”, in A practical Sanskrit dictionary with transliteration, accentuation, and etymological analysis throughout, London: Oxford University Press, page 135
* Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “dhvaja”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 396