# 氓

| 氓 | U+6C13, &#27667; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6C13 |
| ← 氒 [U+6C12] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 气 → [U+6C14] |

## Translingual
### Han character

氓 (Kangxi radical 83, 氏+4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 卜女口女心 (YVRVP), four-corner 0774$_7$, composition ⿰亡民)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 598, character 4
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17030
* Dae Jaweon: page 990, character 2
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2131, character 3
* Unihan data for U+6C13

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 氓
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 忙 | *maːŋ |
| 芒 | *maːŋ, *maŋ |
| 茫 | *maːŋ |
| 恾 | *maːŋ |
| 吂 | *maːŋ, *maːŋs |
| 汒 | *maːŋ, *maŋs |
| 朚 | *maːŋ, *hmaːŋ, *maŋ, *mraːŋ, *mraːŋs |
| 邙 | *maːŋ, *maŋ |
| 杗 | *maːŋ, *maŋ |
| 荒 | *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋs |
| 肓 | *hmaːŋ |
| 衁 | *hmaːŋ |
| 巟 | *hmaːŋ |
| 詤 | *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋʔ, *hmaŋʔ |
| 慌 | *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋʔ |
| 謊 | *hmaːŋʔ |
| 喪 | *smaːŋs, *smaːŋ |
| 亡 | *maŋ |
| 望 | *maŋ, *maŋs |
| 莣 | *maŋ |
| 朢 | *maŋ, *maŋs |
| 鋩 | *maŋ |
| 硭 | *maŋ |
| 忘 | *maŋ, *maŋs |
| 网 | *mlaŋʔ |
| 罔 | *mlaŋʔ |
| 蛧 | *maŋʔ |
| 網 | *mlaŋʔ |
| 輞 | *maŋʔ |
| 棢 | *maŋʔ |
| 惘 | *maŋʔ |
| 菵 | *maŋʔ |
| 誷 | *maŋʔ |
| 魍 | *maŋʔ |
| 妄 | *maŋs |
| 盲 | *mraːŋ |
| 蝱 | *mraːŋ |
| 虻 | *mraːŋ |
| 氓 | *mraːŋ |
| 甿 | *mraːŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mraːŋ) : phonetic 亡 (OC *maŋ) + semantic 民 (“people”).

### Etymology 1

* 流氓

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): máng (mang$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄇㄤˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): mong$^4$ / man$^4$
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): meng$^2$ / morng$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): bâng / bîn
    (Teochew, Peng'im): mang$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: máng
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄤˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: máng
*** Wade–Giles: mang$^2$
*** Yale: máng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mang
*** Palladius: ман (man)
*** Sinological IPA : /mɑŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: mong$^4$ / man$^4$
*** Yale: mòhng / màhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: mong$^4$ / man$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: mong$^4$ / men$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /mɔːŋ²¹/, /mɐn²¹/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: meng$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /mɛŋ¹³/
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: morng$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /mɒŋ¹³/
* meng2 - literary;
* morng2 - vernacular.

#### Definitions

氓
* Only used in 流氓 (liúmáng).

### Compounds

* 流氓 (liúmáng)
* 流氓罪

### Etymology 2

Cognate with Tibetan དམངས (dmangs, “ordinary people; populace”), Tibetan འབངས ('bangs, “subjects”) (Benedict, 1976). Unrelated to 民 (OC *min, “people”); probably unrelated to etymology 1 (Schuessler, 2007).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): méng (meng$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄇㄥˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): mang$^4$ / man$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: méng
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: méng
*** Wade–Giles: mêng$^2$
*** Yale: méng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: meng
*** Palladius: мэн (mɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /mɤŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: mang$^4$ / man$^4$
*** Yale: màhng / màhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: mang$^4$ / man$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: meng$^4$ / men$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /mɐŋ²¹/, /mɐn²¹/
* Middle Chinese: meang
Rime :
| Character | 氓 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 耕 (117) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 莫耕切 |
| Baxter | meang |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /mˠɛŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /mᵚæŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /mɐŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /məɨjŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /mɛŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /mæŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /mæŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | méng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | mang$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*mˤr[i]ŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*mraːŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 氓 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | méng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ mɛng › |
| Old Chinese | /*mˁr[i]ŋ/ |
| English | population, people |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 氓 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 12694 |
| Phonetic component | 亡 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 甍 |
| Old Chinese | /*mraːŋ/ |

#### Definitions

氓
* (literary) people; folk
** alt. forms: 萌, 甿 (méng)
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Méng zhī chīchī, bào bù mào sī. [Pinyin]
    A simple-looking lad you were, Carrying cloth to exchange it for silk.
* nomad; wanderer (used to refer to migrants in ancient China)

### Compounds

* 愚氓 (yúméng)
* 群氓

### References

* “氓”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “氓”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 151.
* zi.tools

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* people, subjects

#### Readings

* Go-on: みょう (myō)
* Kan-on: もう (mō)
* Kan’yō-on: ぼう (bō)
* Kun: たみ (tami, 氓)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 氓
* ぼう Hyōgai
* kan'yōon
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Affix

氓(ぼう) • (bō)
* people; subjects

## Korean
### Hanja

氓 • (maeng) (hangeul 맹, revised maeng, McCune–Reischauer maeng, Yale mayng)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

氓: Hán Nôm readings: manh
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.