# 前世
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qiánshì
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄕˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): cin$^4$ sai$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chhièn-se / chhièn-sṳ
    (Hailu, HRS): cien she$^ˇ$
* Eastern Min (BUC): cièng-sié
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chêng-sì / chûiⁿ--sì / chiân-sì / chân-sì / chiân-sè / chêng-sè
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qiánshì
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄕˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ciánshìh
*** Wade–Giles: chʻien$^2$-shih$^4$
*** Yale: chyán-shr̀
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyanshyh
*** Palladius: цяньши (cjanʹši)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$前世 前事
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: cin$^4$ sai$^3$
*** Yale: chìhn sai
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsin$^4$ sai$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: qin$^4$ sei$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰiːn²¹ sɐi̯³³/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhièn-se
*** Hakka Romanization System: qien$^ˇ$ se
*** Hagfa Pinyim: qian$^2$ se$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰi̯en¹¹ se⁵⁵/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhièn-sṳ
*** Hakka Romanization System: qien$^ˇ$ sii
*** Hagfa Pinyim: qian$^2$ si$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰi̯en¹¹ sɨ⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: cien she$^ˇ$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰien⁵⁵ ʃe¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: cièng-sié
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sieŋ⁵³⁻²¹ $^{(s-)}$niɛ²¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chêng-sì
*** Tâi-lô: tsîng-sì
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zengsix
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡siɪŋ²³⁻³³ si²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡siɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ si¹¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² si²¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡siɪŋ¹³⁻²² si²¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chûiⁿ--sì
*** Tâi-lô: tsuînn--sì
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiân-sì
*** Tâi-lô: tsiân-sì
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ciensix
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡siɛn²⁴⁻²² si²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡siɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ si¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡siɛn²³⁻³³ si²¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡siɛn¹³⁻²² si²¹/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chân-sì
*** Tâi-lô: tsân-sì
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zansix
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡san¹³⁻²² si²¹/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou-like accent in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiân-sè
*** Tâi-lô: tsiân-sè
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ciensex
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chêng-sè
*** Tâi-lô: tsîng-sè
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zengsex
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡siɪŋ²³⁻³³ se²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡siɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ se¹¹/
* Middle Chinese: dzen syejH
Rime :
| Character | 前 | 世 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 從 (15) | 書 (26) |
| Final (韻) | 先 (85) | 祭 (35) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | IV | III |
| Fanqie | 昨先切 | 舒制切 |
| Baxter | dzen | syejH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡zen/ | /ɕiᴇi$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡zen/ | /ɕiɛi$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡zɛn/ | /ɕjæi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡zɛn/ | /ɕiaj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /d͡zen/ | /ɕiɛi$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /d͡zien/ | /ɕĭɛi$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /d͡zʱien/ | /ɕi̯ɛi$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qián | shì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | cin$^4$ | sai$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[dz]ˤen l̥ap-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*zleːn hljebs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 前 | 世 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | qián | shì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dzen › | ‹ syej$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[dz]ˁen/ (~ *m-dzˁen) | /*l̥ap-s/ |
| English | before | generation |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 前 | 世 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 10256 | 11537 |
| Phonetic component | 前 | 世 |
| Rime group | 元 | 蓋 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 前 | 丗 |
| Old Chinese | /*zleːn/ | /*hljebs/ |
| Notes | | 本枼葉初文（文源） |

### Noun

前世
* (literary) previous era
* previous life; past life; past existence; previous incarnation
* of a VTuber, another VTuber that was portrayed by the same person; past life

#### Synonyms

* (previous era): 前代 (qiándài), 先世 (xiānshì)
* (previous life):
* 上輩子／上辈子 (shàngbèizi)
* 前世人 (Hokkien)
* 前生 (qiánshēng)
* 頂世人／顶世人 (Hokkien)
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 前生, 前世 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 上輩子, 前世 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 前世年 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 前世 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 前世 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 前生人 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 前世 |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 前世 |
| Hakka | Wengyuan | 前世 |
| Hakka | Liannan | 前世 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 前世 |
| Hakka | Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) | 前世 |
| Hakka | Changting | 前世 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 前世 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 前世 |
| Hakka | Ningdu | 前世 |
| Hakka | Tonggu (Sandu) | 頭世 |
| Hakka | Ganzhou (Panlong) | 前世 |
| Hakka | Dayu | 前生世 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 前生, 前世 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 前生, 前生人, 前世 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 前生, 前世 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 前生, 前世 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 前生, 前世 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 前世 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 前世 |
| Hakka | Yangxi (Tangkou) | 前世 |
| Hakka | Yangchun (Sanjia) | 前世 |
| Hakka | Xinyi (Sihe) | 前世 |
| Hakka | Xinyi (Qianpai) | 前世 |
| Hakka | Gaozhou (Xindong) | 前世 |
| Hakka | Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai) | 前世 |
| Hakka | Huazhou (Xin'an) | 前世 |
| Hakka | Lianjiang (Shijiao) | 前世 |
| Hakka | Lianjiang (Qingping) | 前世 |
| Hakka | Mengshan (Xihe) | 前世 |
| Hakka | Luchuan | 前世 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 前世 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 頂世, 頂世儂, 前世, 前世儂 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 頂世, 頂世儂, 前世 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 頂世, 頂世儂, 前世, 前世儂 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 頂世儂, 前世儂, 前世 GT |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 頂世儂 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 前世 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 前世 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 前世 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 前世 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 前世 |
| Note | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) |

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 前(ぜん)世(せ) (zense)
* → Korean: 전세(前世) (jeonse)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 前 | 世 |
| ぜん Grade: 2 | せ Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ぜんせ [zéꜜǹsè] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [d͡zẽ̞ɰ̃se̞]

### Noun

前(ぜん)世(せ) • (zense)
* previous life; past life; past existence
* of a VTuber, another VTuber that was portrayed by the same person; past life
** 2023 May 14, 天頂バス - VTuberの前世や魂の情報サイト‎:ですが、デビュー前からほぼ確定で前世がバレていました。However, even before her début, it was obvious what graduated VTuber she used to be.

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 前 | 世 |

### Noun

前世 • (jeonse) (hangeul 전세)
* hanja form of 전세 (“previous eras”)