# मुष्टि
## Hindi
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit मुष्टि (muṣṭí). Doublet of मूठ (mūṭh), मुट्ठी (muṭṭhī), and मुठिया (muṭhiyā).
Cognate to Persian مشت (môsht)

### Pronunciation

* (Delhi) IPA: /mʊʂ.ʈiː/

### Noun

मुष्टि • (muṣṭi) f
* (rare, formal) a fist

#### Declension
### References

* Dāsa, Śyāmasundara (1965–1975) “मुष्टि”, in Hindī Śabdasāgara [lit. Sea of Hindi words] (in Hindi), Kashi [Varanasi]: Nagari Pracarini Sabha
* McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “मुष्टि”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press
* Platts, John T. (1884) “मुष्टि”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.

## Sanskrit
### Alternative scripts

* মুষ্টি (Assamese script)
* ᬫᬸᬱ᭄ᬝᬶ (Balinese script)
* মুষ্টি (Bengali script)
* 𑰦𑰲𑰬𑰿𑰘𑰰 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀫𑀼𑀱𑁆𑀝𑀺 (Brahmi script)
* မုၑ္ဋိ (Burmese script)
* મુષ્ટિ (Gujarati script)
* ਮੁਸ਼੍ਟਿ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌮𑍁𑌷𑍍𑌟𑌿 (Grantha script)
* ꦩꦸꦰ꧀ꦛꦶ (Javanese script)
* 𑂧𑂳𑂭𑂹𑂗𑂱 (Kaithi script)
* ಮುಷ್ಟಿ (Kannada script)
* មុឞ្ដិ (Khmer script)
* ມຸຩ຺ຏິ (Lao script)
* മുഷ്ടി (Malayalam script)
* ᠮᡠᢢᢞᡳ (Manchu script)
* 𑘦𑘳𑘬𑘿𑘘𑘱 (Modi script)
* ᠮᠤᢔᢌᠢ (Mongolian script)
* 𑧆𑧔𑧌𑧠𑦸𑧒 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐩𑐸𑐲𑑂𑐚𑐶 (Newa script)
* ମୁଷ୍ଟି (Odia script)
* ꢪꢸꢰ꣄ꢜꢶ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆩𑆶𑆰𑇀𑆛𑆴 (Sharada script)
* 𑖦𑖲𑖬𑖿𑖘𑖰 (Siddham script)
* මුෂ‍්ටි (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩴𑩒𑪀 𑪙𑩦𑩑 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚢𑚰𑚶𑚔𑚮 (Takri script)
* முஷ்டி (Tamil script)
* ముష్టి (Telugu script)
* มุษฺฏิ (Thai script)
* མུ་ཥྚི (Tibetan script)
* 𑒧𑒳𑒭𑓂𑒙𑒱 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨢𑨃𑨯𑩇𑨔𑨁 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *muštíš (“fist”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬨𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬌 (mušti), Middle Persian mwšt' (mušt).

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /muʂ.ʈí/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /ˈmuʂ.ʈi/

### Noun

मुष्टि • (muṣṭí) stem, m or f
* fist, clenched hand
** c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 4.47.30:अप प्रोथ दुन्दुभे दुच्छुना इत इन्द्रस्य मुष्टिर्असि वीळयस्व॥apa protha dundubhe ducchunā ita indrasya muṣṭirasi vīḷayasva.O War-drum, drive away misfortune: thou art the Fist of Indra: show thy firmness.
* a handful, fistful
** c. 700 BCE, Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa
* stealing
* sword hilt
* the penis

#### Descendants

* Dardic:
** Kalasha: muṣṭí
** Kashmiri: مۄٹھ (mọṭh)
* Prakrit: 𑀫𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀞𑀺 (muṭṭhi) (see there for further descendants)
* → Bengali: মুষ্টি (muśṭi)
* → Gujarati: મુષ્ટિ (muṣṭi)
* → Kannada: ಮುಷ್ಟಿ (muṣṭi)
* → Old Javanese: muṣṭi
* → Javanese: ꦩꦼꦱ꧀ꦛꦶ (mesthi)
** → Malay: mesti
*** > Indonesian: mesti (inherited)
* → Tamil: முஷ்டி (muṣṭi)
* → Telugu: ముష్టి (muṣṭi)
* → Hindi: मुष्टि (muṣṭi) (learned)

### References

* Monier Williams (1899) “मुष्टि”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 824.
* Apte, Vaman Shivram (1890) “मुष्टि”, in The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary, Poona: Prasad Prakashan
* Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 363
* Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
* Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “muṣṭí”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press
* Hellwig, Oliver (2010-2024) “muṣṭi”, in DCS - The Digital Corpus of Sanskrit, Berlin, Germany.