# ⲑⲱⲙ
## Coptic
### Alternative forms

* ⲧⲱⲙ (tōm) — Sahidic, Lycopolitan, Akhmimic

### Verb

ⲑⲱⲙ • (thōm) (nominal state ⲑⲉⲙ-, pronominal state ⲑⲟⲙ⸗, stative ⲑⲏⲙ, conjunct participle ⲑⲁⲙ-)
* (Bohairic) to shut

#### Conjugation

| infinitive | affirmative | ⲑⲱⲙ thōm | imperative | affirmative | ⲑⲱⲙ thōm |
| infinitive | negative | ϣⲧⲉⲙⲑⲱⲙ štemthōm | imperative | negative | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲣⲑⲱⲙ m̀perthōm |
| | | | singular | singular | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural | nominal |
| | | | 1st person | 2nd person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | nominal |
| | | | 1st person | masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | nominal |
| durative sentence ||||||||||||
| | | | ⲁⲛⲟⲕ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲟⲕ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲟ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲟϥ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲟⲥ | ⲁⲛⲟⲛ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲱⲧⲉⲛ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲱⲟⲩ | - |
| present | basic | basic | ϯⲑⲱⲙ tithōm | ⲕⲑⲱⲙ kthōm | ⲧⲉⲑⲱⲙ tethōm | ϥⲑⲱⲙ fthōm | ⲥⲑⲱⲙ sthōm | ⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ tenthōm | ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ tetenthōm | ⲥⲉⲑⲱⲙ sethōm | ⲑⲱⲙ thōm |
| present | circumstantial | circumstantial | ⲉⲓⲑⲱⲙ eithōm | ⲉⲕⲑⲱⲙ ekthōm | ⲉⲣⲉⲑⲱⲙ erethōm | ⲉϥⲑⲱⲙ efthōm | ⲉⲥⲑⲱⲙ esthōm | ⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ enthōm | ⲉⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ eretenthōm | ⲉⲩⲑⲱⲙ euthōm | ⲉⲣⲉ- ⲑⲱⲙ ere- thōm |
| present | relative | relative | ⲉϯⲑⲱⲙ etithōm | ⲉⲧⲉⲕⲑⲱⲙ etekthōm | ⲉⲧⲉⲑⲱⲙ etethōm | ⲉⲧⲉϥⲑⲱⲙ etefthōm | ⲉⲧⲉⲥⲑⲱⲙ etesthōm | ⲉⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ etenthōm | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ etetenthōm | ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲑⲱⲙ etouthōm | ⲉⲧⲉ- ⲑⲱⲙ ete- thōm |
| present | preterite | preterite | ⲛⲁⲓⲑⲱⲙ naithōm | ⲛⲁⲕⲑⲱⲙ nakthōm | ⲛⲁⲣⲉⲑⲱⲙ narethōm | ⲛⲁϥⲑⲱⲙ nafthōm | ⲛⲁⲥⲑⲱⲙ nasthōm | ⲛⲁⲛⲑⲱⲙ nanthōm | ⲛⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ naretenthōm | ⲛⲁⲩⲑⲱⲙ nauthōm | ⲛⲁⲣⲉ- ⲑⲱⲙ nare- thōm |
| present | focalising | focalising | ⲁⲓⲑⲱⲙ aithōm | ⲁⲕⲑⲱⲙ akthōm | ⲁⲣⲉⲑⲱⲙ arethōm | ⲁϥⲑⲱⲙ afthōm | ⲁⲥⲑⲱⲙ asthōm | ⲁⲛⲑⲱⲙ anthōm | ⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ aretenthōm | ⲁⲩⲑⲱⲙ authōm | ⲁⲣⲉ- ⲑⲱⲙ are- thōm |
| future | basic | basic | ϯⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ tinathōm | ⲭⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ khnathōm | ⲧⲉⲣⲁⲑⲱⲙ terathōm | ϥⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ fnathōm | ⲥⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ snathōm | ⲧⲉⲛⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ tennathōm | ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ tetennathōm | ⲥⲉⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ senathōm | ⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ nathōm |
| future | circumstantial | circumstantial | ⲉⲓⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ einathōm | ⲉⲭⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ ekhnathōm | ⲉⲣⲉⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ erenathōm | ⲉϥⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ efnathōm | ⲉⲥⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ esnathōm | ⲉⲛⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ ennathōm | ⲉⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ eretennathōm | ⲉⲩⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ eunathōm | ⲉⲣⲉ- ⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ ere- nathōm |
| future | relative | relative | ⲉϯⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ etinathōm | ⲉⲧⲉⲭⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ etekhnathōm | ⲉⲧⲉⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ etenathōm | ⲉⲧⲉϥⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ etefnathōm | ⲉⲧⲉⲥⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ etesnathōm | ⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ etennathōm | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ etetennathōm | ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ etounathōm | ⲉⲧⲉ- ⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ ete- nathōm |
| future | preterite | preterite | ⲛⲁⲓⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ nainathōm | ⲛⲁⲭⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ nakhnathōm | ⲛⲁⲣⲉⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ narenathōm | ⲛⲁϥⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ nafnathōm | ⲛⲁⲥⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ nasnathōm | ⲛⲁⲛⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ nannathōm | ⲛⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ naretennathōm | ⲛⲁⲩⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ naunathōm | ⲛⲁⲣⲉ- ⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ nare- nathōm |
| future | focalising | focalising | ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ ainathōm | ⲁⲭⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ akhnathōm | ⲁⲣⲉⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ arenathōm | ⲁϥⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ afnathōm | ⲁⲥⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ asnathōm | ⲁⲛⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ annathōm | ⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ aretennathōm | ⲁⲩⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ aunathōm | ⲁⲣⲉ- ⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ are- nathōm |
| negated with | negated with | negated with | (ⲛ̀-) … ⲁⲛ (ǹ-) … an | (ⲛ̀-) … ⲁⲛ (ǹ-) … an | (ⲛ̀-) … ⲁⲛ (ǹ-) … an | (ⲛ̀-) … ⲁⲛ (ǹ-) … an | (ⲛ̀-) … ⲁⲛ (ǹ-) … an | (ⲛ̀-) … ⲁⲛ (ǹ-) … an | (ⲛ̀-) … ⲁⲛ (ǹ-) … an | (ⲛ̀-) … ⲁⲛ (ǹ-) … an | (ⲛ̀-) … ⲁⲛ (ǹ-) … an |
| non-durative sentence ||||||||||||
| | | | ⲁⲛⲟⲕ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲟⲕ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲟ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲟϥ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲟⲥ | ⲁⲛⲟⲛ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲱⲧⲉⲛ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲱⲟⲩ | - |
| past | basic | affirmative | ⲁⲓⲑⲱⲙ aithōm | ⲁⲕⲑⲱⲙ akthōm | ⲁⲣⲉⲑⲱⲙ arethōm | ⲁϥⲑⲱⲙ afthōm | ⲁⲥⲑⲱⲙ asthōm | ⲁⲛⲑⲱⲙ anthōm | ⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ atetenthōm | ⲁⲩⲑⲱⲙ authōm | ⲁ- ⲑⲱⲙ a- thōm |
| past | basic | negative | ⲙ̀ⲡⲓⲑⲱⲙ m̀pithōm | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲕⲑⲱⲙ m̀pekthōm | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲑⲱⲙ m̀pethōm | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉϥⲑⲱⲙ m̀pefthōm | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲥⲑⲱⲙ m̀pesthōm | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ m̀penthōm | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ m̀petenthōm | ⲙ̀ⲡⲟⲩⲑⲱⲙ m̀pouthōm | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉ- ⲑⲱⲙ m̀pe- thōm |
| past | circumstantial | affirmative | ⲉⲁⲓⲑⲱⲙ eaithōm | ⲉⲁⲕⲑⲱⲙ eakthōm | ⲉⲁⲣⲉⲑⲱⲙ earethōm | ⲉⲁϥⲑⲱⲙ eafthōm | ⲉⲁⲥⲑⲱⲙ easthōm | ⲉⲁⲛⲑⲱⲙ eanthōm | ⲉⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ eatetenthōm | ⲉⲁⲩⲑⲱⲙ eauthōm | ⲉⲁ- ⲑⲱⲙ ea- thōm |
| past | circumstantial | negative | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲓⲑⲱⲙ em̀pithōm | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲕⲑⲱⲙ em̀pekthōm | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲑⲱⲙ em̀pethōm | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉϥⲑⲱⲙ em̀pefthōm | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲥⲑⲱⲙ em̀pesthōm | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ em̀penthōm | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ em̀petenthōm | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲟⲩⲑⲱⲙ em̀pouthōm | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉ- ⲑⲱⲙ em̀pe- thōm |
| past | relative | affirmative | ⲉⲧⲁⲓⲑⲱⲙ etaithōm | ⲉⲧⲁⲕⲑⲱⲙ etakthōm | ⲉⲧⲁⲣⲉⲑⲱⲙ etarethōm | ⲉⲧⲁϥⲑⲱⲙ etafthōm | ⲉⲧⲁⲥⲑⲱⲙ etasthōm | ⲉⲧⲁⲛⲑⲱⲙ etanthōm | ⲉⲧⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ etaretenthōm | ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲑⲱⲙ etauthōm | ⲉⲧⲁ- ⲑⲱⲙ eta- thōm |
| past | relative | negative | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲓⲑⲱⲙ etm̀pithōm | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲕⲑⲱⲙ etm̀pekthōm | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲑⲱⲙ etm̀pethōm | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲉϥⲑⲱⲙ etm̀pefthōm | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲥⲑⲱⲙ etm̀pesthōm | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ etm̀penthōm | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ etm̀petenthōm | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲟⲩⲑⲱⲙ etm̀pouthōm | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲉ- ⲑⲱⲙ etm̀pe- thōm |
| past | preterite | affirmative | ⲛⲉⲁⲓⲑⲱⲙ neaithōm | ⲛⲉⲁⲕⲑⲱⲙ neakthōm | ⲛⲉⲁⲣⲉⲑⲱⲙ nearethōm | ⲛⲉⲁϥⲑⲱⲙ neafthōm | ⲛⲉⲁⲥⲑⲱⲙ neasthōm | ⲛⲉⲁⲛⲑⲱⲙ neanthōm | ⲛⲉⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ neatetenthōm | ⲛⲉⲁⲩⲑⲱⲙ neauthōm | ⲛⲉⲁ- ⲑⲱⲙ nea- thōm |
| past | preterite | negative | ⲛⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲓⲑⲱⲙ nem̀pithōm | ⲛⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲕⲑⲱⲙ nem̀pekthōm | ⲛⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲑⲱⲙ nem̀pethōm | ⲛⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉϥⲑⲱⲙ nem̀pefthōm | ⲛⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲥⲑⲱⲙ nem̀pesthōm | ⲛⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ nem̀penthōm | ⲛⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ nem̀petenthōm | ⲛⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲟⲩⲑⲱⲙ nem̀pouthōm | ⲛⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉ- ⲑⲱⲙ nem̀pe- thōm |
| past | focalising, precursive | affirmative | ⲉⲧⲁⲓⲑⲱⲙ etaithōm | ⲉⲧⲁⲕⲑⲱⲙ etakthōm | ⲉⲧⲁⲣⲉⲑⲱⲙ etarethōm | ⲉⲧⲁϥⲑⲱⲙ etafthōm | ⲉⲧⲁⲥⲑⲱⲙ etasthōm | ⲉⲧⲁⲛⲑⲱⲙ etanthōm | ⲉⲧⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ etaretenthōm | ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲑⲱⲙ etauthōm | ⲉⲧⲁ- ⲑⲱⲙ eta- thōm |
| expectative | basic | negative | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁϯⲑⲱⲙ m̀patithōm | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲕⲑⲱⲙ m̀patekthōm | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲑⲱⲙ m̀patethōm | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉϥⲑⲱⲙ m̀patefthōm | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲥⲑⲱⲙ m̀patesthōm | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ m̀patenthōm | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ m̀patetenthōm | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩⲑⲱⲙ m̀patouthōm | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉ- ⲑⲱⲙ m̀pate- thōm |
| expectative | circumstantial | negative | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁϯⲑⲱⲙ em̀patithōm | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲕⲑⲱⲙ em̀patekthōm | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲑⲱⲙ em̀patethōm | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉϥⲑⲱⲙ em̀patefthōm | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲥⲑⲱⲙ em̀patesthōm | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ em̀patenthōm | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ em̀patetenthōm | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩⲑⲱⲙ em̀patouthōm | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉ- ⲑⲱⲙ em̀pate- thōm |
| expectative | relative | negative | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁϯⲑⲱⲙ etm̀patithōm | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲕⲑⲱⲙ etm̀patekthōm | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲑⲱⲙ etm̀patethōm | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉϥⲑⲱⲙ etm̀patefthōm | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲥⲑⲱⲙ etm̀patesthōm | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ etm̀patenthōm | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ etm̀patetenthōm | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩⲑⲱⲙ etm̀patouthōm | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉ- ⲑⲱⲙ etm̀pate- thōm |
| expectative | preterite | negative | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁϯⲑⲱⲙ nam̀patithōm | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲕⲑⲱⲙ nam̀patekthōm | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲑⲱⲙ nam̀patethōm | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉϥⲑⲱⲙ nam̀patefthōm | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲥⲑⲱⲙ nam̀patesthōm | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ nam̀patenthōm | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ nam̀patetenthōm | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩⲑⲱⲙ nam̀patouthōm | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉ- ⲑⲱⲙ nam̀pate- thōm |
| aorist | basic | affirmative | ϣⲁⲓⲑⲱⲙ šaithōm | ϣⲁⲕⲑⲱⲙ šakthōm | ϣⲁⲣⲉⲑⲱⲙ šarethōm | ϣⲁϥⲑⲱⲙ šafthōm | ϣⲁⲥⲑⲱⲙ šasthōm | ϣⲁⲛⲑⲱⲙ šanthōm | ϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ šatetenthōm | ϣⲁⲩⲑⲱⲙ šauthōm | ϣⲁⲣⲉ- ⲑⲱⲙ šare- thōm |
| aorist | basic | negative | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲓⲑⲱⲙ m̀paithōm | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲕⲑⲱⲙ m̀pakthōm | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉⲑⲱⲙ m̀parethōm | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁϥⲑⲱⲙ m̀pafthōm | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲥⲑⲱⲙ m̀pasthōm | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲛⲑⲱⲙ m̀panthōm | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ m̀paretenthōm | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲩⲑⲱⲙ m̀pauthōm | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉ- ⲑⲱⲙ m̀pare- thōm |
| aorist | circumstantial | affirmative | ⲉϣⲁⲓⲑⲱⲙ ešaithōm | ⲉϣⲁⲕⲑⲱⲙ ešakthōm | ⲉϣⲁⲣⲉⲑⲱⲙ ešarethōm | ⲉϣⲁϥⲑⲱⲙ ešafthōm | ⲉϣⲁⲥⲑⲱⲙ ešasthōm | ⲉϣⲁⲛⲑⲱⲙ ešanthōm | ⲉϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ ešatetenthōm | ⲉϣⲁⲩⲑⲱⲙ ešauthōm | ⲉϣⲁⲣⲉ- ⲑⲱⲙ ešare- thōm |
| aorist | circumstantial | negative | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲓⲑⲱⲙ em̀paithōm | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲕⲑⲱⲙ em̀pakthōm | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉⲑⲱⲙ em̀parethōm | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁϥⲑⲱⲙ em̀pafthōm | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲥⲑⲱⲙ em̀pasthōm | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲛⲑⲱⲙ em̀panthōm | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ em̀paretenthōm | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲩⲑⲱⲙ em̀pauthōm | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉ- ⲑⲱⲙ em̀pare- thōm |
| aorist | relative | affirmative | ⲉⲧϣⲁⲓⲑⲱⲙ etšaithōm | ⲉⲧϣⲁⲕⲑⲱⲙ etšakthōm | ⲉⲧϣⲁⲣⲉⲑⲱⲙ etšarethōm | ⲉⲧϣⲁϥⲑⲱⲙ etšafthōm | ⲉⲧϣⲁⲥⲑⲱⲙ etšasthōm | ⲉⲧϣⲁⲛⲑⲱⲙ etšanthōm | ⲉⲧϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ etšatetenthōm | ⲉⲧϣⲁⲩⲑⲱⲙ etšauthōm | ⲉⲧϣⲁⲣⲉ- ⲑⲱⲙ etšare- thōm |
| aorist | relative | negative | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲓⲑⲱⲙ etm̀paithōm | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲕⲑⲱⲙ etm̀pakthōm | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉⲑⲱⲙ etm̀parethōm | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁϥⲑⲱⲙ etm̀pafthōm | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲥⲑⲱⲙ etm̀pasthōm | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲛⲑⲱⲙ etm̀panthōm | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ etm̀paretenthōm | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲩⲑⲱⲙ etm̀pauthōm | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉ- ⲑⲱⲙ etm̀pare- thōm |
| aorist | preterite | affirmative | ⲛⲁϣⲁⲓⲑⲱⲙ našaithōm | ⲛⲁϣⲁⲕⲑⲱⲙ našakthōm | ⲛⲁϣⲁⲣⲉⲑⲱⲙ našarethōm | ⲛⲁϣⲁϥⲑⲱⲙ našafthōm | ⲛⲁϣⲁⲥⲑⲱⲙ našasthōm | ⲛⲁϣⲁⲛⲑⲱⲙ našanthōm | ⲛⲁϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ našatetenthōm | ⲛⲁϣⲁⲩⲑⲱⲙ našauthōm | ⲛⲁϣⲁⲣⲉ- ⲑⲱⲙ našare- thōm |
| aorist | preterite | negative | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲓⲑⲱⲙ nam̀paithōm | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲕⲑⲱⲙ nam̀pakthōm | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉⲑⲱⲙ nam̀parethōm | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁϥⲑⲱⲙ nam̀pafthōm | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲥⲑⲱⲙ nam̀pasthōm | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲛⲑⲱⲙ nam̀panthōm | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ nam̀paretenthōm | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲩⲑⲱⲙ nam̀pauthōm | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉ- ⲑⲱⲙ nam̀pare- thōm |
| aorist | focalising | affirmative | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲓⲑⲱⲙ em̀paithōm | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲕⲑⲱⲙ em̀pakthōm | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉⲑⲱⲙ em̀parethōm | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁϥⲑⲱⲙ em̀pafthōm | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲥⲑⲱⲙ em̀pasthōm | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲛⲑⲱⲙ em̀panthōm | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ em̀paretenthōm | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲩⲑⲱⲙ em̀pauthōm | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉ- ⲑⲱⲙ em̀pare- thōm |
| optative | basic | affirmative | ⲉⲓⲉⲑⲱⲙ eiethōm | ⲉⲕⲉⲑⲱⲙ ekethōm | ⲉⲣⲉⲑⲱⲙ erethōm | ⲉϥⲉⲑⲱⲙ efethōm | ⲉⲥⲉⲑⲱⲙ esethōm | ⲉⲛⲉⲑⲱⲙ enethōm | ⲉⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲉⲑⲱⲙ eretenethōm | ⲉⲩⲉⲑⲱⲙ euethōm | ⲉⲣⲉ- ⲑⲱⲙ ere- thōm |
| optative | basic | negative | ⲛ̀ⲛⲁⲑⲱⲙ ǹnathōm | ⲛ̀ⲛⲉⲕⲑⲱⲙ ǹnekthōm | ⲛ̀ⲛⲉⲑⲱⲙ ǹnethōm | ⲛ̀ⲛⲉϥⲑⲱⲙ ǹnefthōm | ⲛ̀ⲛⲉⲥⲑⲱⲙ ǹnesthōm | ⲛ̀ⲛⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ ǹnenthōm | ⲛ̀ⲛⲉⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ ǹnetenthōm | ⲛ̀ⲛⲟⲩⲑⲱⲙ ǹnouthōm | ⲛ̀ⲛⲉ- ⲑⲱⲙ ǹne- thōm |
| jussive | basic | affirmative | ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲑⲱⲙ marithōm | (use imperative) | (use imperative) | ⲙⲁⲣⲉϥⲑⲱⲙ marefthōm | ⲙⲁⲣⲉⲥⲑⲱⲙ maresthōm | ⲙⲁⲣⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ marenthōm | (use imperative) | ⲙⲁⲣⲟⲩⲑⲱⲙ marouthōm | ⲙⲁⲣⲉ- ⲑⲱⲙ mare- thōm |
| jussive | basic | negative | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲛⲑⲣⲓⲑⲱⲙ m̀penthrithōm | (use imperative) | (use imperative) | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲛⲑⲣⲉϥⲑⲱⲙ m̀penthrefthōm | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲛⲑⲣⲉⲥⲑⲱⲙ m̀penthresthōm | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲛⲑⲣⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ m̀penthrenthōm | (use imperative) | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲛⲑⲣⲉⲩⲑⲱⲙ m̀penthreuthōm | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲛⲑⲣⲉ- ⲑⲱⲙ m̀penthre- thōm |
| subordinate clause ||||||||||||
| | | | ⲁⲛⲟⲕ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲟⲕ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲟ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲟϥ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲟⲥ | ⲁⲛⲟⲛ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲱⲧⲉⲛ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲱⲟⲩ | - |
| conjunctive | conjunctive | conjunctive | ⲛ̀ⲧⲁⲑⲱⲙ ǹtathōm | ⲛ̀ⲧⲉⲕⲑⲱⲙ ǹtekthōm | ⲛ̀ⲧⲉⲑⲱⲙ ǹtethōm | ⲛ̀ⲧⲉϥⲑⲱⲙ ǹtefthōm | ⲛ̀ⲧⲉⲥⲑⲱⲙ ǹtesthōm | ⲛ̀ⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ ǹtenthōm | ⲛ̀ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ ǹtetenthōm | ⲛ̀ⲥⲉⲑⲱⲙ, ⲛ̀ⲧⲟⲩⲑⲱⲙ ǹsethōm, ǹtouthōm | ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ- ⲑⲱⲙ ǹte- thōm |
| future conjunctive | future conjunctive | future conjunctive | ⲧⲁⲣⲓⲑⲱⲙ tarithōm | ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲕⲑⲱⲙ tarekthōm | ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲑⲱⲙ tarethōm | ⲧⲁⲣⲉϥⲑⲱⲙ tarefthōm | ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲥⲑⲱⲙ taresthōm | ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ tarenthōm | ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ taretenthōm | ⲧⲁⲣⲟⲩⲑⲱⲙ tarouthōm | ⲧⲁⲣⲉ- ⲑⲱⲙ tare- thōm |
| limitative | limitative | limitative | ϣⲁϯⲑⲱⲙ šatithōm | ϣⲁⲧⲉⲕⲑⲱⲙ šatekthōm | ϣⲁⲧⲉⲑⲱⲙ šatethōm | ϣⲁⲧⲉϥⲑⲱⲙ šatefthōm | ϣⲁⲧⲉⲥⲑⲱⲙ šatesthōm | ϣⲁⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ šatenthōm | ϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ šatetenthōm | ϣⲁⲧⲟⲩⲑⲱⲙ šatouthōm | ϣⲁⲧⲉ- ⲑⲱⲙ šate- thōm |
| conditional | long | long | ⲁⲓϣⲁⲛⲑⲱⲙ aišanthōm | ⲁⲕϣⲁⲛⲑⲱⲙ akšanthōm | ⲁⲣⲉϣⲁⲛⲑⲱⲙ arešanthōm | ⲁϥϣⲁⲛⲑⲱⲙ afšanthōm | ⲁⲥϣⲁⲛⲑⲱⲙ asšanthōm | ⲁⲛϣⲁⲛⲑⲱⲙ anšanthōm | ⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛϣⲁⲛⲑⲱⲙ aretenšanthōm | ⲁⲩϣⲁⲛⲑⲱⲙ aušanthōm | ⲁⲣⲉϣⲁⲛ- ⲑⲱⲙ arešan- thōm |
| conditional | short | short | ⲁⲓⲑⲱⲙ aithōm | ⲁⲕⲑⲱⲙ akthōm | ⲁⲣⲉⲑⲱⲙ arethōm | ⲁϥⲑⲱⲙ afthōm | ⲁⲥⲑⲱⲙ asthōm | ⲁⲛⲑⲱⲙ anthōm | ⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲙ aretenthōm | ⲁⲩⲑⲱⲙ authōm | ⲁⲣⲉ- ⲑⲱⲙ are- thōm |
| negated with | negated with | negated with | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- |

### References

* Crum, Walter E. (1939) A Coptic Dictionary‎, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, page 412b
* Černý, Jaroslav (1976) Coptic Etymological Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 187